,f/://yi i^y^^^ UCSB LIBRARY T~~s=Mter T ■*^k^r. ^^'- [IVEB. MTEiaSBX :fe_B~"^ fa^^SaH '-> If 1 1 ^tll ^iffnf^ni'-^MSijiMi^t^ fH'Tiiiim I*ITERF0OL. Just Published, BY BENJAMIN SMITH, 74, SOUTH CASTLE-STREET, AND MAY BE HAD OF ALL THE BOOKSELLERS. A NEW PLAN OF LIVERPOOLo A New Illustrated Plan of Liverpool and its Suburbs, (on a Sheet) Os. 'Jd. Ditto, Ditto, (in Case, for Pocket) with Lists of Coach Fares, Hotels and Banks, Is. 6tl. of the PRINCIPAL PUBLIC IWIlUliS of LIVERPOOL, containing The New Assize Coui-ts, and St. George's Hall, Town Hall, Custom House, Apothecaries' Hall, | Plan of Liverpool 1650. Royal Bank Buildings, ' View of Liverpool 1729, Railway Station, Saint Luke's Church, Great George-st. Chapel, Saint James' Cemetery. On Enamelled Cards, price id. each, or Is. 6d per Set oj six in a neat Envelope ; And on Letter Paper, price "id. each, or 3s. 6d.per quire. SMITH'S STRANGERS' GUIDE TO LIVERPOOL, ITS ENVIRONS, AND PART OF CHESHIRE, 1843. BY ALEXANDER BROWN, A. M. iibPtpool : FEINTED AND PUBLISHED BY BENJAMIN SMITH, SOUTH CASTLE-STKEET. PREFACE. The Publisher of tie "Stranger's Guide to Liverpool' trusts that the following pages will be found useful, not only as a silent cicerone to the sti-anger, enabling him to spend, with plea- sure and profit, a few days in this seat of commerce, but that they will open up to the resident much that is interesting, as well as new. In compressing an accoimt of every public building, institu- tion, and object of note in Liverpool, into a space so small, as to enable the work to be afforded at a moderate price, care has been taken to omit nothing of importance ; and the arrangement which has been adopted, is that best suited to the wants of the stranger. For his special use an Itixerart has been added, together with an Appendix, containing such Usts for reference as are most required. In connexion with the descriptive matter, interesting statistical information has been introduced whenever practicable or useful. This department might have been extended, but while we write the figures, the facts are changing, and it is, therefore, needless to give numbers of only present value. The Editor is aware that in the descriptions of nearbj five hundred of " the things of fame That do renown this city" — some errors may have found their way into his work, yet he hopes they are both few and unimportant, and that he has delineated faithfully, though briefly, the most prominent features of the ob- jects constituting "the lions" of Livei-pool; its sights, amuse- ments, exhibitions, theatres, churches, courts of justice, prisons, hospitals, monuments ; squares, streets, docks, warehouses, pub- PREFACE. lie buildings, markets, shops; manufactures, railroads, steam- boats, shipping ; together with the manifold associations of civil government, police, population, mortality, charities, industry, wealth, education, literature, science and the ai-ts. To the kind patronage of the public, therefore, is committed The Strangers' Guide to LIVERPOOL, " one of the finest towns in the world ; the abode of industry and of opulence ; the home of commerce and magnificence, familiar to those far sojourners who inhabit ' realms that Caesar never knew,' whose merchants are princes, and whose name is borae in ocean leagues ' thrice form the centre to the uttermost pole' by all the winds that blow — ." The Publisher will feel grateful for information respecting Nev: Buildings, Institutions, Societies, ifc. ; or for suggestions of any additions or alterations that may be desirable. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 1. Plan of Liverpool, with Elevations of Principal Public Buildings, drawn to Scale, and a View of THE Rock Fort and Lighthouse. 2. Assize Courts and St. George's Hall. — Frontispiece. 3. View of Liverpool in 1650 page 9 4. Plan of Ditto in 1729 IS -5. Custom-house 26 6. Town-hall 31 7. Royal Bank Buildings 37 8. Mechanics' Institution 79 9. Collegiate Institution 82 10. St. Luke's Church 127 11. Great George-street Chapel 140 12. St. James' Cemetery 1.51 13. Railway Station 155 14. Apothecaries' Hall 161 15. Promoli and Hausburg's Bazaar IHO 16. COALBROOKDALE IrON COMPANY'S WAREHOUSE . . 181 17. Birkenhead Ferry 228 18. Royal Rock Ferry ., .. 229 INDEX. PAGE Abb AToiR Company . . .. .. .. .. 162 Accommodations, Public . • . . . . . . 163 Aigburth 225 Aintree Race Course .. .. .. .. 177 Allerton 224 Alms-bouses . . . . . . . . . . 99 Sbipwrigbts' 99 American Packets . . . . . . . . . . 57 Ampbitbeatre . . . . . . . . . . 176 Amusement, Places of . . . . . . . . 170 Ancient Buildings, Fragments of . . . . . . 204 Ancient Records and Manuscripts . . . . . . 204 Antiquities . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Apotbecaries' Hall . . . . . . . . . . 161 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Arcade 166 Arrirals of Vessels, Total 24 Assembly Rooms . . . . . . . . . . 179 Assize Courts, New .. .. .. .. .. 67 Bankers in Liverpool , , . . . . . . 40 Banks 37 North and Soutb Wales 39 of England, Branch 39 of Savings , . . . , . . . . . 39 Royal 37 Union 38 Barracks 168 Bathing Machines 168 Baths, and AVasbhouse .. .. .. .. 167 Corporation 166 Floating 166 Medicated 167 Vapour 167 Bazaar, Promoli and Hausburg's . . . . . . 180 Beacon, Everton . . . . . . . . . . 202 Bebbington 229 INDEX. PAGE Bethel Union 107 Bidston 230 Biographical Sketches of Natives . • . . . . 188 Birkenhead 228 Priory 201 Blind Asylum 94 Catholic 95 Blue Coat Hospital 99 Bootle 223 Borough Jail . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Botanic Garden 170 Bridewell 71 British and Foreign Bible Society . . . . . . 108 Ladies' Branch 108 Broad Green 224 Brougham Institute . . . . . . . . . . 84 Buildings, Public and Commercial . . . . . . 26 Caldee Stones . . . . . . . . . . 202 Canal Packets 245 Catholic Orphan House . . . . . . . . 105 Cemeteries .. .. .. .. .. .. 151 Jews' . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Necropolis ,. .. .. .. .. 153 Old Baptist 154 Parochial . . . . . . . . . . 154 St. James' .. .. .. .. .. 151 St. Mary's 153 Chapels, Baptist . . 143 Byrom-street . . . . • . 144 Lime-street . . . . • . . . 144 Pembroke . . . . . . . . 143 Soho-street . . . . . . . . 144 Floating 149 Independent . . . . . . . . 140 Crescent . . . . . . . . 142 Great George-street . . .. .. 140 Hanover . . . . . . . . 143 Nemngton . . . . . . . . 143 Independent Methodist (Seamen's Church) 147 Methodist New Connexion . . . . 146 Hotham-street . . . . . . 146 Roman Catholic 136 St. Anne's 138 St. Anthony's 137 INDEX. Chapels, Roman Catholic. St. Francis Xavier's 138 St. Mary's 136 St. Nicholas' 137 St. Oswald's 138 St. Patrick's 137 St. Peter's 136 Scotch Secession . . . . . . 144 Unitarian . . . . . . . . 149 Paradise-street . . . . . . 149 Park 149 Renshaw-street . . . . . . 149 Wesleyan . . . . . . . . 145 Brunswick .. .. .. ., 145 Great Homer-street . . . . 146 Mount Pleasant . . . . . . 145 Pitt-street . . . . . . . . 145 Wesley . . . . . . . . 146 Wesleyan Association . . . . . . 146 Pleasantstreet . . . . , . 146 Welsh 147 Calvinistic Methodists . . . , 148 Ebenezer . . . . . . . . 148 Pall mall 148 Independent . . . . . . . . 147 Bethel 147 Salem 147 Tabernacle . . . . . . 147 Wesleyan , . . . . . . . 148 Benn's Garden . . . . . . 148 Chester-street 148 Baptist, Great Crosshall-street .. 251 Stanhope-street . . . . . . 251 Charitable Institution House . . . . . . 106 Charitable Institutions . . . . . . . . 86 Charity Schools Ill Cheshire 226 Childwall 203 Christian Knowledge Society . . , , , . 109 Churches, .. .. .. .. .. .. 114 All Saints 121 Christ 121 St. Andrew's 122 St. Anne's 119 1 X INDEX. 1 PAGE 1 Churclies. St. Augustine's . . 126 St. Barnabas' 132 St. Bartholomew's 131 St. Bride's 127 St. Catharine's 129 St. Clement's 133 St. David's 125 St. George's 117 St. George's (Everton) . . 122 St. .Tames' 121 St. John's 119 St. John the Baptist's . . 130 St. John the Evangelist's 134 St. Jude's 128 St. Luke's 127 St. Mark's 122 Mariner's 134 St. Martin's-in-the-Fields 125 St. Mary's (Blind Asvlum) 123 St. Mary's (Edge-hill) . . 122 St. Matthew's 120 St. Matthias' 130 St. Michael's 124 St. Nicholas' 114 St. Paul's 118 St. Peter's 116 St. Philip's 123 St. Saviour's 131 St. Silas' 132 St. Simon's 131 St. Stephen's 120 St. Thomas' 118 St. Thomas' -in-the-Fields 133 Trinity 120 Church of Holy Apostles 138 of Scotland 135 Oldham-street 135 St. Andrew's . . 135 St. Peter's 136 Civil Jurisdiction 65 Clarendon Rooms 72 Coaches, Stage 244 Coalbrookdale Company's Warehouse 181 INDEX. xi PAGE Commercial and Joint Stock Companies 155 Commercial and Literary Institutions 72 Convent of Sisters of Mercy 106 Cotton Sales-room 41 Conveyances . . 169 Com Exchange 37 Crosby 223 Croxteth Park 224 Custom-house 26 Dingle 172 Dispensaries, North and South 88 Eastern 90 Dissenters, Origin of in Liveqjool . . 139 Disti-ict Pro^-ideut Society 103 Dock Office 30 Docks, The 41 Brunswick 51 Canning 48 Clarence 44 Cohurg 51 Duke's 49 George's 47 Graving 56 Kings 50 New 49 New South 52 Prince's 46 Queen s 50 Salthouse 49 Trafalgar 45 Union 51 1 Victoria 45 1 Waterloo 46 1 Government of 43 1 Table of Dimensions 53 Eastham 229 Educational Institutions . . . . . . 110 Egremont 232 Emigration 64 Environs 223 Estabhshed Church 114 Everton 219 Exchange Buildings . . 34 Excise Office 30 INDEX. PAGE Exhibition Rooms . . . . . . . . . . 178 Eye and Ear Infirmary . . . . . . . . 98 Fawcett AND Preston's Works .. .. .. 182 Female Orphan Society .. .. .. .. 105 Female Penitentiary .. .. .. .. .. 101 Floating Lights 64 Fort and Lighthouse 232 Friends' Meeting-house .. .. .. .. 150 Gas Light Companv, Liverpool 160 Birkenhead 160 Gas (New) and Coke Company, Liverpool . . . . 160 Gateacre 224 Government, Civil . . . . . . . . . . 65 Gymnasiums . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Hackney Coach and Car Fares . . . . . . 240 Hale HaU 203 Healthy Situation of Liverpool .. .. .. 16 History of Liverpool, Ancient .. .. ., 9 Commercial . . . . . . 18 Hotels, &c 168 List of Principal 245 House of Correction , . . . . . . . . . 70 House of Recovery . . . . . . • . . - 93 Ince Bldndell .. .. .. •. .. 223 Infirmary . . . . . . . . • • . . 86 Institutions, Collegiate . . . . • . . . 82 Literary, Scientific, and Commercial . . 84 Mechanics' . . . . . • . . 79 Ditto, Northern 81 Medical 83 Royal 76 Institute, Brougham 84 Itinerary 205 Jews' Synagogue . . . . • • • • • • 150 Kiekdale 224 Knowsley Hall 224 Ladies' Charity 103 Lancashire Refuge for the Destitute . . . . 102 Leasowe Castle . . . . . . . . • . 231 Libraries, Athenaeum . . . . . . . . 73 Clerical 75 Liverpool . . . . . . . . . . 74 IXDEX, xiii page Libraries, Mechanics' and Apprentices' 84 Life-boats 60 Light-houses . . 62 Litherland 223 Liscard 232 Liverpool Charitable Society 104 Lock Hospital 88 Lunatic Asylum 87 Magazines, The 232 Magdalen Asylum, CathoUc 101 Manufactures 182 Miscellaneous 186 Marine Humane Society 106 Mariner's Church Society 107 Markets, Cattle 165 Fish 163 Hay 16o Pedlers' 164 St. James' 164 St. John's 163 St. Martin's 164 Mates' Association Rooms . • 85 Mersey Iron and Steel Works 185 Monks' Ferry 228 Monument of George III. . . 217 Huskisson 152 Nelson 35 MortalitT, Bills of 16 Mount, The 173 Music Hall 179 Naval and ]Military Bible Society 109 Ladies' Branch . 109 Nelson Assembly Eooms 179 Nelson's Moniunent . 35 New Brighton 231 New Ferry 229 Newspapers . . 200 Newsrooms . . 73 Athenaeum 73 Exchange 73 Lyceum 74 Union . . 75 Night Asylum 102 INDEX, Nortliern Hospital . . . . . . . . . . 90 Old Swan 224 Olive Mount 226 Omnibuses . . . • . . . . . . . . 244 Origin of Dissenters in LiverjDOol . . . . . . 139 Palatine Club House . . . . . . . . 177 Parish Offices 72 Patent Slip, Laird's 185 Permanent Gallery of Art . . . . . . . . 78 Photographic Establishment .. .. .. 173 Pilot Boats 60 Places of Meeting 179 Worship .. .. .. .. .. 114 Hours of Service at, and Ministers of 249 Police Establishment . . . . . . . . 66 Population of Liverpool . . . . . . . . 14 the Environs . . . . . . 15 Porters 169 Portico 179 Post-office 29 Arrangements . . . . . . . . 234 Prince Rupert's Cottage 201 Prince's Parade .. .. ■• .. •• 210 Priorv, Birkenhead 201 Public Parks 172 Quarantine 61 Eace Course . . . . . . . . • • . . 177 Railway Trains, Departures of . . . . . . 239 Railways, Chester and Birkenhead . . . . 158 Liverpool and Manchester .. .. 155 Recreations and Amusements . . . . . . 170 Revenue Buildings . . . . . • . . . . 26 Rock Ferry 228 Rotunda 177 Royal Assembly Rooms .. .. .. .. 179 Schools, Charity .. .. .. .. .. Ill Church of England 110 Corporation .. .. .. .. 110 for the Blind 94 for the Deaf and Dumb 95 Seacombe .. .. " 233 Seaforth 223 INDEX. Seal of King John 204 Seamen's Friend Society . . . . . . . . 107 Sefton 223 Sessions House • . • . . . . . . . 69 Ship Building Yards, Laird's 185 Wilson's 186 Shipmasters' Association . . . . . • . . 85 Shipping . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Shipwreck and Humane Society . . . . . . 107 Society for Bettering the Condition of the Poor . . 104 Soup Kitchens . . . . . . . . . . 104 Southern and Toxteth Hospital .. .. .. 91 SpekeHall 202 Stamp Office 30 Steam Tug Company .. .. .. .. 161 Steam Vessels . . . . . . . . . . 58 Duhlia 59 Glasgow . . . . . . . . 59 North American . . . . . . 58 Time of Sailing 237 Strangers' Friend Society . . . . . . . . 104 St. Domingo House . . . . . . . . . . 220 St. George's Hall 178 St. James' Walk 173 Sunday School Union . . . . . . . . 109 Sword of State, Ancient 204 Telegraph 61 Theatres, Amphitheatre 176 Liver .. .. .. .. .. 176 Royal 176 Tobacco Warehouse . . . . . . . . . • 30 Town-hall 31 Town Mission 108 Toxteth-park 225 Tract Society 109 Tranmere 228 Underweiteks' Eooms . . . . . . . . 41 Vessels, Total arrivals of 24 Wallasey . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Walton 224 Wash-house and Baths . . . . . . . . 167 Water Company, Birkenhead .. .. .. 160 Waterloo 223 Water Works, Bootle 159 Liverpool and Harrington . . . . 159 Wavertree 225 Wavertree Ancient Well 202 Wellington-rooms • . . . . . . . . . 176 Welsh Charitable Society 105 West Derby 224 Woodside 226 Woolton 224 Workhouse, Liverpool . . . . . . . . 93 West Derby Union 220 Zoological Gabdens . . . . . . . . 170 HISTORY OF LIVERPOOL. As is the case with all places which have slowly emerged from obscurity, the early history of Liverpool is very imperfect. It was not known by name pre- viously to the year ] 089, and it is not mentioned in Doomsday-Book, although the neighbouring villages of E verton, Formby, and Litherland, are enumerated. The derivation of the name Livei-pool, has been fre- quently examined, but nothing decisive has been ascertained respecting it. The orthography has un- dergone many alterations, the name having succes- sively been Lyrpul, Litherpul, Ly'rpole, LjTerpool, Lyverpol, Lurpole, Liverpol, Leverpool,and Liverpool. In the year 1207 a charter was granted by King John to this embryo town, conferring on the inhabi- tants " all the liberties and free customs which any other free borough upon the sea hath in our terri- tories." In 1227 the charter was confirmed by Henry III, who made the place a free borough for ever, for a tine of ten marks, and directed the forma- tion of a guild, enacting that no person, unless of that guild, should " make merchandise," without the consent of the burgesses. At various periods other charters were obtained, all of which appear to have been the means of bringing the town into notice, and of promoting its improvement and extension. In 1561 there were B 10 HISTORY OF only seven streets, with 138 cottages and 690 inha- bitants. They were Chapel-street, Bancke-street, (now Water- street), Moor-street, (now Tithebam- street), Castle-street, Dale-street, High-street or Joggler-street,and Mylnestreet, (now Oldhall- street). In the year 1650 Liverpool had acquired consider- able importance ; and from that period may be dated the rapid progress of its prosperity, and the com- mencement of that commercial greatness which now renders it so conspicuous. Atthistime the most prominent objects in the town were the Castle, the Tower, the Custom-house, and the Old Church. The Castle stood on the site of St. George's Church, and is supposed to have been built by Roger de Poictiers about the year 1076. It was intended to command the harbour, and was sur- rounded by a moat, into which the tide was admitted. It long stood the ravages of time, and the storms of political changes, and was only taken down in 1721. In 1420 its form was nearly rectangular, and it had four towers and battlements, with a large hall, and numerous apartments, and it enclosed an area about 49 yards square. Witliin the building was a well, brewhouse, bakehouse, and other conveniences. In digging the foundation for St. George's Church in 1826, the supposed south-west angle of the tower was discovered, and in 1828, when the Crescent was being built, a much larger portion of the ruins of the castle was met with. The Tower was situated at the bottom of Water- street, on the north side ; but it is not known at what period, or by whom it was erected. About the year 1360 the tower was the property of Sir Thomas LIVERPOOL de Latham, by whom it was presented to his son-in- law Sir John Stanley, along with several houses in the neighbourhood. In 1406 permission was obtained from Henry IV. to erect a spacious building on the former site, which received the same appellation, and it remained for some centuries in possession of the Stanley family. At a later period, prior to the mid- dle of the 18th century, it was converted into an assembly room, and was subsequently occupied as a jail. In 1819 this relique of antiquity was pulled down and warehouses erected on its site. The Custom-house was a small building on the margin of the river, at the bottom of Water-street. The Old Church occupied the present site of St. Nicholas' Church; and the cemetery attached to it, being on the beach, was washed by each successive tide. The Pool was a dirty swampy inlet, extending over the space now occupied by the Custom-house, along Paradise- street, Whitechapel, and Byrom- street, to Richmond-row, varjing in width from about 1200 feet at its junction with the Mersey, to 150 or 200 feet at the bottom of Shaw's Brow, and being upwards of a mile in length. It was crossed by a bridge where Cooper's Row now is, by another at the end of Dale-street, and by a third, which was built by Lord Molyneux, at the bottom of Lord-street. It is not known at what period these bridges were re- moved. At the corner of Whitechapel and Sir Thomas' Buildings was a boat-house, with a ferry- boat for the convenience of passengers crossing the Pool; and there were sluices, or flood-gates, for the retention of the water, a little higher up. There 12 HISTORY OF was a stream proceeding from Mosslake fields, in a course along the present Pembroke-place, across London-road to the north end of Byrom-street, thence to the Pool, which was considered of great im- portance, as it served to cleanse the Pool when its flood-gates were opened. The Harbour, till the construction of the first dock, was probably nothing more than a projecting pier, affording partial shelter to vessels lying within it. Where St. John's Church now stands was an extensive heath, which in 1743 was enclosed by order of the corporation, as a place for the inhabi- tants to dry clothes. Behind the present site of the Exchange was a hall belonging to the Moore family, where now stands the office occupied by Messrs. Barton, Irlam, and Higginson, and which gave name to Oldb all -street, in which it was situated. In different parts of the town were crosses, none of which now remain, although the names of some of the streets may be traced to their proximity to them. The High Cross was situated where Exchange- street East now is. White Cross at the top of Chapel - street, St. Patrick's Cross in Tithebarn-street, and Townsend Cross at the bottom of Shaw's Brow. It is pleasing to examine the ancient history of Liverpool, and to observe occurrences there noted, which we are now inclined to think strange, and to trace the rapid progress of the town as it rises from the condition of a fishing village to that of the second commercial seaport in the world : but the limits of this work do not admit of further detail. A notice of a few of the leading historical events may, how- ever, be given : — LIVERPOOL. 13 In 1338 King Edward the Third, in his expedition against France, required Liverpool to furnish one small vessel to be manned by six mariners, while Bristol had to provide 24, and Hull 16 vessels. In 1563 the first prize ship taken by a Liverpool privateer arrived in the river, captured by a vessel of Sir Thomas Stanley's. In 1644 the town was besieged by Prince Rupert, and was defended for a considerable time by Colonel Moore. At this period a high mud wall, with a ditch twelve yards wide and three yards deep, forti- fied the town from the east end of Dale-street to the river. It was also defended by the castle, which mounted a number of cannon, and a fort with eight guns, at the entrance of the harbour, which served not only to annoy the besiegers, but to protect the shipping. The head quarters of the Prince were at Everton, the camp being in the neighbourhood of St. Domingo ; and the cottage in which he himself lodged is still remaining. After numerous unsuc- cessful attacks had been made on the town, it sur- rendered on the 26th June, and many of the inhabitants were put to the sword, while the remain- der were confined in the tower and St. Nicholas' Church. Shortly afterwards it was retaken by the par- liamentary forces ; and in 1646 the walls were ordered to be repaired, and 500 tons of timber were granted for re-building the houses that had been destroyed by the troops of the Prince. In 1648 Wallasey was considered a powerful rival to Liverpool, which now possessed 24 vessels of 462 tons, and 76 men. In 1651 the town was visited by a dreadful plague. 14 HISTORY OF which carried off 200 persons. For the purpose of preventing the threatened extension of the contagion, all who died of it were ordered to be immediately buried in Sickman's-lane, now Addison- street. In 1715, on the advance of the Pretender's army, great preparations were made for the defence of the town. An intrenchment was thrown up, 70 pieces of cannon mounted, and one-third of the avenues laid under water. The shipping was so disposed that the rebels could neither plunder the town, nor make use of the vessels if they had so determined ; and four of the rebels were executed in the neigh- bourhood of Loudon road. During the rebellion in 1745, Liverpool raised an entire regiment, called the Royal Liverpool Blues, composed of 648 men, and five companies of volun- teers, for the defence of the town. The expense, upwards of £6000, was defrayed by subscription, the corporation giving £2000. Active preparations were made for the protection of the inhabitants, batteries were erected, and the town was put in a complete state of defence. Referring the reader who is desirous of studying more minutely the early history of Liverpool, to " Enfield's History," or " Gregson's Fragments of the History of Lancashire," we now pass on to the more recent statistics of the town. The population of Liverpool in 1555 consisted of 138 householders, inhabiting 28 houses or cottages. In 1700 there were 1,142 houses and 5,714 inhabitants. „ 1720 „ 2,367 „ 11,833 18,000 25,787 77,708 1742 3,600 1760 5,156 1801 „ 11,784 LIVERPOOL. In 1821tliere were 20,339 houses and 118,972 inhabitants. „ 1831 „ 27,361 „ 165,221 „ 1841 „ „ 224,954 The above statement gives the population of the parish only. From 1801 to 1811 the increase per cent, of inhabitants appears to have been nearly 23 ; from 1811 to 1821 it was 26 per cent. ; from 1821 to 1831, 38| per cent.; and from 1831 to 1841 nearly 35 per cent. In the parliamentary borough are included the townships of Everton, Kirkdale, "West Derby, and Toxteth Park, The following exhibits the po- pulation of these townships at three decennial periods. 1821. 1831. 1841. Everton 2,109 4,518 9,148 Kirkdale 861 2,591 3,779 West Derby .. 6,304 9,613 16,902 Toxteth Park.. 12,829 24,067 41,180 22,103 40,789 71,009 Taking the aggregate population of these town- ships, there appears to have been in the 10 years ending 1831, an increase at the rate of 84f per cent., and in the 10 years ending in 1841, an in- crease of 74 per cent. By adding together the total population of these townships and that of the parish, we arrive at the actual population of the par- liamentary borough, viz. 293,963, shewing an increase on the last ten years of 87,999 inhabitants. In addi- tion to this there are upwards of 13,000 seamen be- longing to the port, who are not included in the above return, which number must be added to the population of the borough to obtain the actual amount of the inhabitants in Liverpool. It is no exaggera- 16 HISTORY OF ted statement therefore, to say that the total popu- lation of Liverpool may be considered to be about 308,000. From the general bill of mortality for 1841, it ap- pears that the total number of bui'ials in the parish of Liverpool, during that period was 5358, being a decrease of 691 on the amount of the previous year. The number of births during 1841, (as indicated by the baptisms,) was 10,223, and of marriages 3383, shewing an increase in births of 170, and in mar- riages of 242, since 1840. The total number of births, including those occurring in the suburbs, but within the Parliamentary borough, was 11,242; of deaths, 8520; and of marriages, 3687. The following table distinguishes the ages of the deceased in the parish during 1841 : — Under 2 years, 2010 Between 60 and 70 yrs. 297 a2a nd 5 yrs. 718 „ 70 „ 80 „ 224 5 „ 10 „ 252 „ 80 „ 90 „ 76 10 , 20 „ 203 „ 90 „ 100 „ 13 20 » 30 „ 408 100 & upwards 4 30 » 40 „ 468 40 » 50 „ 372 Total 5358 50 , 60 „ 309 From the Registrar-general's returns for 1840, a most extraordinary inference, on the subject of the mortality of Liverpool has been drawn by a recent writer, in a work entitled " England in the I9th Cen- turyJ'^ It is there stated, from calculations errone- ously made on the necessary data, that in Liverpool there are " double the deaths and marriages, and little more than half the number of births, averaged in the totality of England. * * * * This statement we submit with regret to the high-minded and jjublic- spirited inhabitants of Liverpool, for they may, per- LIVERPOOL. 17 haps, })robe the cause." It will be seen, however, by | applying the Registrar-general's return of births, I deaths, and marriages, to the total population of j England in 1841, and the number of births, deaths, i and marriages in laverpool, to the population of the j parish, that the very opposite is the ease ; and that j Liverpool, so far from being an unhealthy town, is j more salubrious than the majority of the larger towns | in England. The following are the data on which j this is grounded : — England. L'pool parish. Population in 1841 14,99o,o08 224,954 Proportion of Births to population 1 to 31 1 to 22 „ Deaths „ 1 to 44§ 1 to 43 „ Marriages „ 1 to 125J 1 to 66§ „ Births to Marriages 4 to 1 3 to 1 There are therefore, in the parish of Liverpool, one half more births, than the proportion averaged in the total population of England, nearly the same number of deaths, and double the marriages; which at once demonstrate the gratifying fact, that the climate of Liverpool is one of the most congenial in the king- dom. 18 COMMERCIAL COMMERCIAL HISTORY OF LIVERPOOL. For part of the following history of the commerce of Liverpool, the author is in a great measure in- debted to an able article on the subject, which re- cently appeared in the Colonial Magazine. The naturally advantageous situation of Liverpool, rendered it at an early period, a place of some con- sequence, as the emporium whence the productions of the surrounding country were exported, and to which vessels in the coasting trade were accustomed to bring merchandise for the use of the interior. The sudden and extraordinary increase in the trade of the town, which has been apparent during the present century, has been chiefly commensurate with the manufacturing system, which sprung into ex- istence in the latter part of the preceding century, converting villages into towns, with a rapidity only equalled in the fertile and virgin lands of the new continent. With the counties of York and Lancaster, Liverpool has long been connected, and by the nu- merous means of inland communication which they possess, it has become the port of the manufacturing districts, and almost the only place of transit for their raw material. It is also the chief port from which these materials are exported in their ma- nufactured state to other countries, and so long as England maintains her proud pre-eminence as a manufacturing country, so long will Liverpool pre- serve its high prosperity. So lately as the year 1648, the port was dependent HISTORY. 19 on Chester, aud had to make its returns of shipping to that place. A short time afterwards, we find Li- verpool rated for shipping at £25, while Chester and Bristol are rated respectively at £26 and £1000. The earliest traffic with foreign ports, consequent on the extension of the coasting trade, was chiefly with the northern parts of Europe, whence timber, iron, hemp, flax, &c., were imported, and shortly afterwards, a trade w^as opened with the south of Europe direct, instead of, as formerly, through the medium of Bristol and London. After the com- mencement of the West India and American trade, Bristol still maintained the superiority ; and it was not until the manufactures of Manchester called for a large and constant supply of staple commodities, that Liverpool took the decided lead in commercial greatness which it still retains. From 1722 to 1740, this port was engaged in the exportation of Manchester goods to Spanish Ame- rica, to the amount of a million and a half sterling annually, supplying, by the co-operation of Spanish and West India traders, in an illicit manner, goods greatly lower than the jjrice at w^hich an exorbi- tant duty allow^ed them to be imported. When this trade was abolished by the British government, a new channel was opened, by means of which, Liver- pool amassed enormous wealth. With the West India trade sprung up, in violation of the principles of justice and humanity, that in- human traffic, which has disgraced every nation ever engaged in it. In 1709, one vessel sailed from Liver- pool for Africa, for a cargo of slaves, and in 1730, 15 vessels were despatched for the purpose of conveying 20 COMMERCIAL slaves to the Spanish settlements in Jamaica. This attempt succeeded beyond all anticipation, and in 1765, no fewer than 86 vessels sailed by this route to the West Indies, conveying 25,720 slaves, and re- turning with 10,000 hogsheads and casks of sugar. London and Bristol now began to feel, by an abate- ment of the customs received, that a large amount of the trade was being transferred to Liverpool ; for at this period, the port had more than one -half of the African vessels in the kingdom. When the slave trade was prohibited, the number of vessels had increased to 126, and although the African and West India trade consequently suffered some decline during the following years, yet it afterwards improved in a still greater ratio than before. The cessation of the slave trade has not, as might have been expected, seriously affected the interests of Liverpool ; on the contrary, a succession of causes continually opened up fresh channels for enterprise, and gave increasing facility to mercantile operations. The American trade, with the exception of the whale fisheries and the timber trade, is of recent origin. With the decay of the whale fisheries of the kingdom generally, the share of its prosperity which Liverpool possessed during its existence, was re- moved. In 1764 Liverpool had three whalers engaged ; in 1788, when the trade was at its zenith, 21 ; and in 1823, when the last vessel was despatched, it ceased entirely. The timber trade is of more recent origin, and dates its prosperity from the year 1808, since which period it has become one of the most important branches of commerce connected with Liverpool. In 1841 the number of vessels with HISTORY. 2] cargoes of timber from British America was 318, of 175,000 tons burden. The intercourse between Liverpool and the Baltic, and north of Europe, was long of slow but steady growth, a circumstance to be attributed to the more favourable position of the ports of London and Hull, In 1770 the whole amount of imports from the Baltic was 621 bales and bundles of hemp, and 2 casks of tallow. In 1821 it had increased to 2530 tons of hemp, and 16,670 casks of tallow; and there were also imjjorted 12,000 barrels of tar. In 1841 the amount of tallow from the Baltic was 18,000 barrels, and of tar 46,200 barrels. A considerable trade is car- ried on in Baltic timber, of which the cargoes of 40 vessels, amounting to 12,000 tons, were received during 1841. From the south of Europe and the Levant a large amount of produce is annually re- ceived in exchange for British manufactm-es, consist- ing chiefly of oil, grain, gums, madders, and dye- stuffs, fruit, valonia, &c.; and traders sail regularly from Liverpool to the different Mediterranean ports. Outstepping the bounds of the European continent, the Liverpool merchants, at no very remote period, extended their traffic to the western hemisphere, em- bracing in their range the whole extent from the shores of Greenland to the extremity of Cape Horn. In 1764, 150 vessels were employed in the American trade ; but this number declined during the war of independence. A mighty cause was however in ope- ration, which soon produced an amazing effect, not only on the commerce of Liverpool, but on the traffic of the world. The steam engine and the spinning jenny were beginning to supersede hand-labour in 22 COMMERCIAL Britain; and at this juncture, with the means called into haing of consuming an immensely increased supply of cotton, America discovered her capability of affording a supply of the rawmaterial. As early as 1770 minute samples of the article had been brought to this country ; but at a period even so recent as 1784, an American vessel was seized with eight bales of cotton on board, it being suspected that they were falsely entered. Since that time the ratio of increase in the amount of cotton imported has been as rapid as that of the manufacture. In 1790 the amount of imports into Liverpool was 50 bales, in 1800 it had increased to 29,138 bales, and in 1841 to the enormous amount of 844,601 bales from North America, and including the imports from Brazil, the East and West Indies, and Egypt, 1,161,949 bales. The exports of manu- factures to North America are more than one-fifth of those to all parts of the globe; and of this part of the trade Liverpool has by far the greatest proportion. Upwards of ten packet-ships, as well as other vessels, and the line of steamers mentioned in a subsequent part of this work, sail regularly every month to the different ports in the States, and the Canadas. With South America, the connexion of this port is not of very early origin. Although an illicit trafiic with South America was previously carried on, a regular communication was not established until the present century. Since the commercial treaty with Brazil, cotton is now received directly from that country, to the extent of, in 1841, 89,534 bales. The quantity of sugar imported from the same quarter, during the same year, was 24,960 chests and barrels. The trade with Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, and Val- HISTORY. 23 paraiso, appears to have commenced with that to the Brazils, and since 1808, the amount of hides and tal- low received thence, and manufactures exported in return, has been very considerable. In 1841, the number of hides imported into Liverpool, was up- wards of 462,000. The number of vessels engaged in this trade is about 230, of 45,000 tons burthen. The commerce with the East Indies, though ex- tensive and valuable, has been carried on for scarcely more than 28 years; for until 1814, the monopoly of the East India Company prevented the merchants of Liverpool from embarking in this extensive field of enterprise. In 5 years they had 38 vessels engaged in the traffic, and they imported, besides other valu- able produce, 62,000 bales of cotton. This branch of trade has since that period very rapidly increased, and during 1841, the imports amounted to 336,500 packages of sugar, 162,500 bales of cotton, 184,300 casks and bags of coflFee, 476,000 hides, and 38,959 bags of saltpetre, besides a great variety of other valuable produce. The opening of the trade with Canton, in 1834, was followed by the despatch of several vessels to China. In 1836, there were twelve arrivals, and in 1838, before the present interruption of that trade, the tea imported exceeded 4,000,000 lbs. The intercourse with Australia is rapidly increas- ing ; and since the wool of that country came into demand, the traffic has been considerable. During the past year, the number of bales of wool imported into Liverpool from Australia and Van Dieman's land, was 5,800, being an increase of 900 on the im- port of the previous year. 24 COMMERCIAL The Irish and coasting trades constituted the prin- cipal part of the limited commerce of the port, at a period when foreign intercourse was unknown. The earliest record of the actual traffic between Liverpool and Ireland, is of the date of 1759, when 327 vessels of 15,777 tons burthen arrived from Irish ports. In 30 years this amount was trebled; but the great era in this branch of trade, is to be dated from the in- troduction of steam navigation in 1820. In 1839, the cattle alone imported, amounted in value to £3,500,000, and numbered 964,000 head ; and at pre- sent, with other articles, the trade cannot fall short of seven millions sterling per annum ; it emjjloys up- wards of 400,000 tons of shipping, and from 30 to 40 large steam vessels. The coasting trade is scarcely of less importance, though more limited in value. A large portion of it is with the Isle of Man, which has for many years contributed no mean share of domestic products. In the coasting trade, a large amount of shipping is en- gaged, in addition to the numerous steamers, exceed- ing in 1830, 5000 vessels; and the recent returns shew that this branch of home commerce is rapidly pro- gressing. The average number of arrivals from all parts of the world, now annually exceeds 16,000 vessels, of 2,400,000 tons, and the custom-house revenue at Liverpool, is nearly one- fourth of that of the whole kingdom ; and of the total tonnage of Great Britain and Ireland, one- twelfth, or upwards of 10,000 vessels are connected by trade with Liverpool. Tlie time is not far distant, when Liverpool, in its foreign com- merce, will outvie the metropolis itself, for every HISTORY. 25 circumstance conspires to extend its prosperity. Her physical resources are inexhaustible ; and, had the limits of this work allowed it, a much more de- tailed account might have been given of her com- mercial prosperity, and of the particulars of commer- cial practice. The above brief sketch of the trade in its different branches, will, however, give some idea of the extent and wealth of that seaport " whose merchants are princes,'' and whose fortunate position, as the out- port of a country abounding in mineral fuel, places in her hands the sinews of that mighty power, which is extending its conquest over the wide world, walk- ing the waters through storm and calm, and bridging the Atlantic itself, gliding over the plains of the old world, and through the eternal forests of the new. PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS. Although the public buildings of Liverpool appear to have been erected more for use than for ornament, on which account, until of late years, Liverpool could not furnish many specimens of architectural elegance, yet the taste of her inhabitants, keeping pace with the increase of their wealth, has latterly combined ornamental design with the mere substantialities of erection, and learned to appreciate architectural talent and genius. THE CUSTOM HOUSE deserves a prominent place among the public com- mercial buildings, as the magnitude of this simple and majestic pile of masonry, cannot fail to impress the stranger with an idea of the importance of that seaport which requires such an edifice for the tran- saction of its public business. Rr.vENUE Buildings (the greater part of which is occupied by the offices of the customs, for which reason it is generally known as the Custom-house,) is situated on the site of the Old Dock, a little to the west of the old Custom-house. That small, incon- venient, and inelegant building had long been in- adequate to the rapidly increasing trade of the port; and accordingly the interest of Messrs. Canning and Huskisson was employed in the negociation with government, on the subject of erecting a building = l\ PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS. 27 which should afiFord accommodation for all the public offices. After a short period, a satisfactory arrange- ment was made, the government agreeing to pay £150,000, in annual instalments of £25,000, for the building, which was to be erected by the funds of the corporation, and on their land, and at the expiration of twenty years to be ceded to the crown. The plans of Mr. Foster, the corporation architect, were ap- proved of by the Lords of the Treasury and the Board of Works, and the erection was commenced on the 12th August, 1828, the foundation stone having been then laid with great splendour by the mayor, Thomas CoUey Porter, Esq. The building made rapid progress towards completion, and the greater part of it was opened for business in- 1839, the dif- ferent portions of the work having been contracted for by the following gentlemen : — Messrs Tomkinson and Son, for the masonry ; Messrs. S. and J. Holme, brickwork j Messrs. Foster and Stewart, joiners' and carpenters' work ; Mr. R. M'Kee, slating and plas- tering ; Mr. J. Knight, plumbing and glazing ; Mr. J. Thompson, painting j Messrs. Mather, Dixon and Co., iron- work. On the east and west fronts, as well as on the north side of the centre, are porticos, each composed of eight columns of the Ionic order, supporting an entablature and pediment, the former of which is carried round three sides of the building. The base of the columns of the east and west porticos, rest on platforms, ascended by flights of steps. Por- ticos slightly receding, formed by two Ionic columns, with corresponding pilasters, surmounted by a cor- nice, form the entrance to the north ends of both 28 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL wings ; and all the angles of the building, the lower part of which is rusticated, are ornamented by bold pilasters. The following dimensions will give some idea of the magnitude of this stupendous pile of masonry : — The entire building covers 6700 superficial yards ; the extreme length from east to west, is 466 feet 8 inches ; the length of the centre portion, 252 feet 6 inches; the breadth of the centre, through the por- tico, 9o feet; the extreme length of the wings, 224 feet 7 inches, and their depth 94 feet 4 inches. The height of the columns, including the capital and base, is 50 feet 9 inches ; that of the first or principal story, 20 feet; height of the second story, 21 feet 6 inches ; and of the attics, 14 feet 8 inches. Total height from the plinth to the cornice, 66 feet 10 inches. The basement is set apart for the reception of bonded and other goods ; the southern part of the east wing contains the Post-office on the first floor, on the second, the Excise and Stamp-ofiices. The north end of the east wing is appropriated to the oflices of the Dock-trust, aud the whole of the centre and west wing is fitted up for the accommodation of the various Custom-house officers. The long-room, which occupies the centre of the second story, is the greatest object of attraction. The total length of this splendid apartment is 146 feet, its width 70 feet, and height 45 feet; and when viewed from either end, it has a noble appearance. The roof is sup- ported by sixteen handsome Ionic pillars of stone, and corresponding pilasters, and it is surmounted by a magnificent cupola, containing the royal arms on four sides, and illuminated by twelve windows of BUILDINGS. 29 stained glass. The ceiling of this room is divided into compartments, with handsome mouldings and carved work, and the apartment is lighted by 14 windows on the sides. The floor is flagged, and the desks and ofiices of the clerks, are in the recesses between the projections at the side of the room, which is heated by Price and Manby's patent hot air apparatus. The long-room is approached by a hand- some staircase at each end, the landings of which are supported on eight Ionic pillars of stone and four pilasters. Each staircase has four flights of steps, two of which are on each side, and unite before reaching the ground floor. The passage opposite South Castle-street, supported on massive groupings of pilasters, with a groined roof, is under the long- room, and the passages to the right and left lead to the foot of the staircases already described. THE POST OFFICE occupies half of the ground floor of the east wing. The letter- boxes, paid-letter and registration windows, are under the portico on the east side, and a clock, which strikes the hours and quarters, is over the centre door leading to the ship-letter, money-order, &c., ofiices. A flight of stone steps at the south side, aff"ords access to the delivery windows, in the numerous boxes of which are distributed the letters for the mercantile houses which prefer sending for them, to having them delivered by the letter-carriers, as well as to the strangers' window, which is on the right hand when entering the room. The offices of the post-master, and the other departments of the establishment are entered from the west side 30 PUBLIC AND COMMEKCIAL of the wing. The internal arrangements of the esta- blishment are of the most complete description, and the regularity and despatch with which the entire post-office business is conducted, do great credit to Mr. Banning, the post- master. Particulars of the despatch and arrival of mails, delivery of letters, re- ceiving houses, &c., will be found in the Appendix. THE EXCISE OFFICE, formerly situated in Hanover-street, has been removed to the portion of the building above the post-office, and access to the various offices of this department, is from the east staircase leading to the long-room. THE STAMP OFFICE is in the same portion of the building; and the prin- cipal part of the business connected with this depart- ment of the revenue is transacted here, although the old stamp-office in the Old Churcli-yard, is still re- tained as a convenient place for the sale of stamps, &c. THE DOCK OFFICE is entered from the north side, and occupies half of the east wing. On the landing of the staircase, leading to the room in which the dock-committee hold their meetings, is a handsome and very complete model of a ship of war, an inspection of which may be interesting to those who have seldom an oppor- tunity of seeing a vessel fully equipped. THE TOBACCO WAREHOUSE. Although not worthy of notice on account of any architectural elegance, the Tobacco Warehouse as BUILDINGS. 31 connected with the Custom-house may here be de- scribed. It is situated on the west side of King's- dock, and extends nearly the whole of its length, the dimensions being 575 feet in length and 239 feet in breadth. All tobacco coming to the port, is required to be deposited here until the duty is paid ; and on this account, vessels discharging tobacco have gene- rally a berth allotted them on the west side of the dock. The building was erected by the corporation, and is rented by government for the annual amount of £4,200. Between the warehouse and the river there is an agreeable promenade. THE TOWN HALL. When Liverpool was little more than a village, the Town-hall was one of its most important buildings. In the year 1350, it was denominated " Domus heatce MariceJ' Several edifices in succession have been erected on the same site, and removed to make way for more modern structures. The foundation of the present handsome erection, was laid in 1794, and the building executed according to the designs of Mr. Wood of Bath ; but the interior having been de- stroyed by fire, on the 18th January, 1795, consider- able additions were made to it, and the whole finished in its present form, at an outlay of more than £ 1 10,000^ under the superintendence of Mr. John Foster, the town architect, and opened on the 4th June, 1797. The whole of the basement is rusticated, and lighted by windows with semicircular heads. The portico on the south front, which harmonizes with the rest of the structure, is of recent erection, and gives an air of elegance and finish to the entire building. It 32 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL consists of a plain but bold pediment, with a balus- trade, supported on six Corinthian columns, resting on the archways of rusticated stone, corresponding with the lower part of the building itself. At the angles and spaces between the windows, which are decorated with Corinthian pillars and friezes, are placed pilasters of the same order, between the capi- tals of which are emblematical tablets of bas-relief. The North front is composed of eight coupled columns in the centre, which stands a little forward, with corresponding pilasters resting on the rusticated base- ment, and finished with a pediment and balustrade, the latter being carried round the building. The east and west fronts have six three-quarter columns in the centre, and pilasters, between each of which is a segment-headed window. That portion of the building which was more recently added, recedes a little from the principal part, and on the east and west sides, the place of windows is supplied by niches, and ornamental work, between coupled pilas- ters. The dome, which is light and well proportioned, adds greatly to the elegance of the building. It is supported on Corinthian columns, between which are the long windows which illuminate the staircase in the interior, and it is surmounted by a colossal figure of Britannia. On the outside, above the columns* is a circular gallery, from which a splendid view of the town and surrounding country is obtained ; and the labour of ascending the staircases is well repaid by the magnificent prospect afforded on reaching the summit. Four clock faces are placed above the gallery, each of which is supported by a lion and unicorn, sculptured in stone. The interior of this BUILDINGS. 33 establishment may be viewed between ten and four o'clock, by obtaining an order from the Treasurer's office, on the west side, and no one will regret the time occupied in the survey of what may be justly called the finest building in Liverpool. The ground floor is occupied by the council room, committee rooms, and the mayor's, town-clerk's and other offices. The suite of rooms forming the principal story, all communicate with each other, and consist of a saloon, two drawing rooms, two ball rooms, a banquet room, refectory, and other apartments. The entire north front of the building is occupied by a magnificent ball room, 89 feet in length, 41 feet 6 inches in breadth, and 40 feet in height. This splendid apartment is fitted up in a most superb manner, and is lighted by three massive gas chandeliers with 72 burners. The sides of this, as well as the smaller ball room, are or- namented by pilasters of highly polished artificial Scagliola marble, which in this room are surmounted by richly executed Corinthian capitals. The smaller ball room on the east side of the building measures 61 feet by 28, and has also a lofty ceiling. The saloon opening from the grand staircase presents a magnificent appearance, as its furniture is of the most costly description. It contains full length portraits of George III., by Sir T. Lawrence; of George IV., when Prince of Wales, by Hopner ; of the late Duke of York, by Philips ; and of William IV., when Duke of Clarence, by Shee. The banquet room is on the west side, and is used by the mayor for the civic entertainments. Its length is 50 feet, and breadth 30 feet. The refectory occupies the centre of the building, and is entered from the stair- 34 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL cases and the small ball room. From the grand staircase at the door of the saloon, is presented one of the most imposing coups d' ceil to be met with in modern architecture, as the interior of the dome, illuminated by a lateral light of peculiar softness, displays a richness and elegance of design, and taste in the execution, which is seldom to be met with, the pure Grecian style of architecture having been preserved throughout. The height from the pave- ment to the centre of the dome is 106 feet. On the first landing of the staircase is a colossal statue of Canning, beautifully executed in marble, by Chan- trey, delineating the features of the statesman at the moment when he had arrived at a great oratorical climax, standing in a graceful but commanding attitude, with his hands crossed upon his breast and resting on his right foot, watching with interest the effect of his oratory on his audience. The figure is gracefully wrapped in a Roman toga, and the mel- low light of the dome falling on the brilliantly pure marble of which it is constructed, gives it an ex- pression of exquisite finish, which can scarcely be equalled, even by the other works of that great sculptor. EXCHANGE BUILDINGS. So splendid a range of building as the quadrangle of the Liverpool Exchange, erected solely for commer- cial purposes, is perhaps not to be formd in any other part of Britain. It is situated immediately behind the Town-hall, the north front of which forms one side of the square. The first stone was laid on 30th June, 1803, and the entire expense of the erection, BUILDINGS. 35 which amounted to £110,848, was defrayed by sub- scriptions of £100 per share. The structure was nearly four years in building. The architect of this, as well as of many other of our public buildings, was Mr. John Foster, senior. The area inclosed by the four sides is 16,848 square feet, and on three sides it is surrounded by a piazza \o feet wide, supported by arches, which give the building a stately appearance. The north side corresponds with the opposite front of the Town -hall in its architectural arrangement, the centre part of it projecting, and having eight coupled Corinthian columns 25 feet in height, sup- porting an entablature similar to that on the Town- hall. On this entablature are placed four emblema- tical figures, of stone, representing the four elements, to correspond with the figures of the four quarters of the globe on the opposite side. The entrance from Oldhall-street is well deserving of notice. It is through a spacious vestibule, divided into three avenues by thirty -two coupled columns, supporting a beautifully groined roof, and presenting a specimen of architectural taste worthy of a more conspicuous situation. The ground floor of the east side of the quadrangle is occupied by the spacious newsroom, subsequently described; and the second floor, by a smaller room used by the underwriters. The re- mainder of the building consists of merchants', bro- kers', and other commercial ofiices, and the upper floors at the back comprise warehouses, &c,, for the reception of merchandise. NELSOX'S MONUMENT. In the centre of the area is a magnificent monument, 36 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL cast in bronze, erected in memory of Nelson, by R. Westmacott, of London, from the design of Matthew Charles Wyatt, of the same place. The expense of its erection was entirely defrayed by public sub- scription, £9000 having been raised in a few days, and it was completed on 21st October, 1813. The prin- cipal figure is Nelson, who, resting one foot on a conquered enemy, and the oiher on a cannon, with an eye stedfast and upraised to Victory, is receiving from her a fourth naval crown upon his sword, which, to indicate the loss of his right arm, is held in the left hand. The right shoulder is concealed by the flag which Victory is lowering to him, under the folds of which death lies in ambush for his victim, indicating that he received the reward of victory and the stroke of death at the same time. The zeal of the navy, eager to revenge the loss of its gallant ad- miral, is represented by the figure of an enraged British seaman. Britannia in the back ground, with laurels in her hand, and leaning, regardless of them, on her shield and spear, describes the feeling of the country, fluctuating between the pride and anguish of a triumph so dearly purchased. Round the moulding of the pedestal are inscribed the memo- rable words of Nelson, "England expects every MAN TO DO HIS DUTY.'' At thc basc of thc pedestal are four figures as captives in chains, emblematic of his four greatest victories, and on the sides are four fine bas-reliefs, executed in bronze, illustrative of the same victories, viz. St. Vincent, The Nile, Copen- hagen and Trafalgar. The figures are all in the pro- portion of 7 feet, and the weight of bronze of which the monument is composed is upwards of 22 tons. BUILDINGS. 37 THE CORN EXCHANGE was erected in 1807, by Mr. Foster, and opened on 4th August, 1808, the expense having been defrayed by public subscription. It is situated in Brunswick- street, and has a plain stone front, in the Doric style of architecture. Its length is 114 feet, and breadth 60 feet. THE BANKS. The business hours of the majority, are from ten to three, except Friday, when they are closed at one. The following are worthy of notice on account of their architectural elegance. THE ROYAL BANK, AND BUILDINGS. This extensive and magnificent range of buildings (situate at the west end of Dale -street,) was lately erected by the proprietors of the Royal Bank, from the plans of Samuel Rowland, Esq. The ground story is rusticated, and the centre part is lighted by a range of segment-headed windows. The wings, which are divided from the centre by two archways, are decorated with palladium windows of the Doric order. A facia and cornice finishes the ground story, and supports a range of lofty columns and pilasters of the Corinthian order. The centre of the upper part of the building consists of eight three- quarter columns, and two stories of windows and a string course; the wings, and the spaces over the arches, have two stories of palladium windows, three of the lower story of the Ionic order, with enriched friezes, decorated with elaborate and beautiful foliage. The entablature of the Corinthian order, in its full proportions and ornaments, is continued 38 PUBLIC AND COMMERCIAL along the entire front of the building, and is sur- mounted by a balustrade, in the centre of which a pedestal supports the Royal Arms, giving an appro- priate finish to the upper part of the edifice. At the end of the enclosure is the Bank itself, which is of chaste and elegant design. Four well proportioned fluted Doric columns support a plain but bold cor- nice, on which rest four fluted Ionic columns, of more slender proportions, finished with a rich entab- lature and a pediment. The lintels of the side doors are handsomely ornamented by carved- work, and the sides and angles of the building are further improved by pilasters corresponding with the rest of the design. The interior of the Bank, in elegance, almost sur- passes the exterior. The ceiling is panelled with gilded mouldings, and supported by columns of a composition resembling marble. The other parts of this extensive range of building are occupied by private offices, THE UNION BANK, Brunswick- street. This building, which is of recent erection, has an exceedingly neat apijcarance, and is constructed of Portland stone. Two fluted Ionic columns support a pediment over the entrance, on which is a scroll with the motto, " Vis unitafortior.^^ A finely executed allegorical bas-relief, carved from one block of stone, is placed above the doorway, and a balustrade finishes the side of the building, which, with the exception of a bold cornice at tlie top, and pediments over the windows, is very simple. The interior is richly fitted up, and the ceiling is divided into compartments by mouldings. BUILDINGS. 39 THE NORTH AND SOUTH WALES BANK, situated at the corner of Derby-square and Fenwick street. It v\as completed in 1841, and is built entirely of stone. It is surmounted by an exceedingly massive, but elaborately carved entablature, and the portico in front, is formed by two fluted Corinthian columns. The side in Fenwick-street, is adorned by Corin- thian pilasters, with rich capitals, between which are placed the windows, those of the lower story^ having semicircular heads. The appearance of the building is somewhat injured by the awkwardness of the site which prevented the architect from making it rec- tangular, two of its angles being acute, and two obtuse. THE BRANCH BANK OF ENGLAND, in Hanover- street, is a plain stone edifice, with a rusticated front, and is scarcely worthy of notice, on account of any elegance. It was opened in J 828, before which period, there was no Branch of the Bank of England in Liverpool. THE BANK OF SAVINGS is situated near the top of Bold-street, and, as its name implies, was instituted for the deposit of the savings of the humbler class of society, which are invested in the public funds. It is open for receiving deposits daily, and one week's notice is required previous to the withdrawal of money. The affairs of the bank are managed by twenty- one directors, five of whom are trustees, who meet on the first Friday and day following, of each month, to transact busi- ness, receive deposits, &c. o o 6 ■3 2 1 O ^ , 03 ^ CU O ia' >. fw o a w a $. i m ODSQgoO^ m ^ « I s ^ « •! 1.^ SI a t5 •" ^ iJ cq i0050iO-*C5i— iO)rtir-i(>»OCO O O O o o »o I I I -i. -i -1. --i , =^1 =v "^^ 00 O 00 o o o o ' ' O Tt< Tf< O ' >— o o !-< -^ CO CM C^ O O-H <©o 55 yj 2 ■/3 ^ n Q >H « .ml ^coo 1= 'm^, P'cu O- Q^^ fifS fi != S ° S P^ h-. "H ^ cS g 2 t^ c^ ® tow o O 1 ■1 ■ to 2 ■-0 1 o5 :;| o t^ o 1>- C5 (M oo C) o ooo coo o o oo oco OOOO CO Ol 30 :z;'^ ss QhJ S3 ►? «* ^w ^ CO aj oj |l >« 5 S fi 56 THE SHIPPING, &c. GRAVING DOCKS. Canning Dock . . No. 1 34 6 6 35 9 6 35 9 42 42 01 70 1 Of 45 45 42 42 137* 158| 146 Yards. No. 2 No. 3 No 1 442| Queen's Doci . . 146 145 No. 1 No. 2 No, 1 291 2661 Clarence Dock . . 1331 1331 133* 133^ No 2 266§ 1266| Meas.' at Bottom. The extreme Unijth of the River Wall belonging to the Dock Estateis 2 viiles and 1087 yards. THE SHIPPING, &c. The rapid increase in the amount of Shipping belonging to Liverpool, has taken place almost en- tirely of late years, since the improvements in science have given a new stimulus to commercial enterprise. In 1540 Liverpool had only twelve vessels, of 177 tons burthen, and manned by seventy-five men, while in 1840, after a lapse of three centuries, she could boast of 15,998 vessels, of 2,445,708 tons, having entered the port during the short space of one year. The number of vessels in the port at one time, ex- clusive of those discharging or loading in part at Runcorn, frequently amounts to upwards of 800. The dock dues annually received average £180,000, During one week in May of the present year, 1842, THE SHIPPING, &c. 57 £8400 were received for dock duties, which is the largest amount ever drawn in so short a period. From a parliamentary paper, dated April 5th, 1842, it appears that the gross customs revenue received at Liverpool during 1840, was £4,607,326, and in 1841, £4,140,593 „ London „ 11.116,685, „ 11,757,262 „ Bristol „ 1,027,160, „ 1,046,800 „ Dublin „ 889,564, „ 977,718 „ Glasgow and Greenock 814,211, „ 949,635 As the American packets, and other large vessels most deserving of notice, generally lie in Prince's Dock, the stranger will be most interested by visiting the vessels there, although there are many other elegant ships, equally worthy of attention, in the other docks. THE AMERICAN PACKET-SHIPS have long been known for their superior accommo- dations and handsome equipment, and an inspection of their cabins and other conveniences, which the officers on board are at all times ready to allow, will afford ample gratihcation for the small trouble incurred. These vessels are of very large size, most of them being about 1000 tons burthen, and they have ac- commodation for from twenty to fifty cabin passen- gers, as well as for a few in the steerage. They are generally punctual in sailing on the day appointed, or as soon after as possible. The average length of passage out to New York is about five weeks, and the homeward passage is generally accomplished in about three weeks. This differs but little from the time occupied in the passage to Philadelphia, Boston, &.c. 58 THE SHIPPING, &c. STEAM VESSELS. The number of steam ships belonging to Liverpool is rapidly increasing, and she can already boast of some of the finest specimens of this description of naval architecture frequenting the Mersey. The most deserving of notice, as being the largest and most important, are — THE BRITISH AND NORTH AMERICAN ROYAL MAIL STEAM SHIPS. These splendid steamers are appointed by the Admi- ralty to carry the mails to Boston, calling at Halifax, and are despatched twice a month in summer, and once in winter. They are the Acadia, Britannia, Columbia, and Caledonia, of 1200 tons, and 440 horses' power each, built on the same model, at diffe- rent ports on the Clyde, with every part of their arrangements similar. The dimensions of the Bri- tannia, which was the first on the station, will give an idea of the size of the others. They are, — length, from taffrail to figure-head, 230 feetj breadth of beam, 36§ feet; depth of hold, 22f feet. Since the establishment of this line of steamers, in July, 184D, the time required for crossing the Atlantic can be known, with almost as much certainty as that of conveyance by land, the average outward passage requiring about fourteen days and a half, and the homeward eleven or twelve days. The shortest pas- sage made since their commencement was by the Britannia, which arrived on the 9th July, 1841, from Halifax in nine days and a half, and from Boston in twelve davs seven hours. This steamer has also made THE SHIPPING, &c. 59 the longest passage, which occupied eighteen days and a half. This line of steamers lie in Coburg Dock, and visitors are admitted on board by an order from Messrs. Mac Iver, the agents. The Glasgow Steamers, lying in Clarence Dock, are deserving of notice on account of the superior manner in which their interior is fitted up, and the elegance and comfort of their entire arrangements. They each have accommodation for nearly one hun- dred cabin passengers. The usual length of their passage to Greenock is seventeen or eighteen hours, according to the state of the weather. The Dublin Mail and Contract Steam Packets are vessels of the first class, and are well worthy of inspection. They are moored in the Sloyne, off Birkenhead, from which place the morning mails sail; but the contract mails are despatched in the evening from George's pier. Ten or twelve hours is the average length of passage from Dublin. Several of the other large steamers, sailing coast- wise, to Ireland, Isle of Man, &c., are fitted up in a superior manner, and may be generally found in Clarence or Trafalgar Dock. Of the River Steam Packets there is a large number, their average size being about 80 tons. The greater part of them sail half-hourly in summer, and hourly in winter, from George's Pier, but a few are de- spatched from the south end of Princes' Pier. Not fewer than from fifty to sixty steamers sail regularly from Liverpool every week ; and, including those lying in dock unemployed, the port has pro- bably upwards of a hundred steam vessels connected 60 THE SHIPPING, &c. with it, many of which could, upon any sudden na- tional emergency, be made available as vessels of war. For particulars of the sailing of the Steam Packets from Liverpool, see the appendix. THE PILOT BOATS are small sloops, of beautiful model and exceedingly strong build, eleven in number; which cruise about the channel for the purpose of furnishing pilots to inward-bound vessels, and receiving them on board when they have conducted outward-bound vessels into the open sea and are about to leave them. The crews of these boats are all men of experience, who have a thorough knowledge of the approaches to the harbour ; and immediately on a pilot's boarding a vessel, the master and officers resign the entire control and responsibility to him, merely acting un- der his direction till he brings the vessel into dock. THE LIFE-BOATS, belonging to the harbour and bay of Liverpool are, two at Liverpool, two at the Magazines, two at Hoy- lake, two at Point of Ayr, and one at Formby. The Liverpool boats are kept at the boat-house on Canning, or No. 2, pierhead, tlie keys of which are to be had at the Custom-house or dock-office, and are manned by a master and ten men.— The Steam-tug Company have also a life-boat, kept at tlie south end of Prince's Pier, the key of the building in which it is deposited is to be found at No. 5, New Quay. The valuable assistance rendered by these boats in cases of ex- treme danger has been very frequently displayed, and the number of lives saved by the exertions of their THE SHIPPING, &c. 61 crews, aflFords the strongest evidence of their practi- cal utihty. QUAKANTINE. The anchorage appointed for vessels from the Levant and other ports from which they are liable to bring infectious diseases, is opposite New Ferry. The hulks of several old men of war are there moored for the reception of cargoes which undergo fumigation &c., and for the accommodation of the crews of the vessels which have not a clean bill of health. The extreme rigour with which the quarantine regulations are enforced, seems almost unnecessary, as no symp- tom of infectious disease has appeared in any vessel from the usual plague ports for nearly 180 years ; but it is better to submit to these precautionary mea- sures for the public safety, than, by want of due care endanger the health of the community. A modi- fication of the present quarantine system might be advantageous in a commercial point of view. THE TELEGRAPH is on the roof of a warehouse at the bottom of Chapel- street, and was erected in 1827 by the dock trustees, according to the arrangement of Lieut. Watson, and is now under the superintendence of Lieut. Lord, the marine surveyor. The communication with Holyhead, a distance of 72 miles, was opened on the 26th October, 1827, by the telegraphing of the American ship " Napoleon" in fifteen minutes to Bidston. The stations are eleven in number, and the time ordinarily occupied in communicating in- 62 THE SHIPPING, &c. formation is about five minutes, but it is very fre quently performed in less than one minute. The shortest time in which a question has been asked at Liverpool and an answer returned from Holyhead, (a distance of 144 miles having been traversed), is thirty-five seconds. The whole arrangements are so complete that its utility is considerably greater than that of the government telegraph line between Ports- mouth and London, Information received by this means is immediately communicated to the Exchange News-room, and there made public. THE LIGHT-HOUSES. Of these there are several in the neighbourhood of Liverpool. The Rock Light-house is situated on a rock on the west side of the entrance of the Mersey, and is a very conspicuous object in approaching the town from the sea. The foundation of this elegant structure was laid by Thomas Littledale, Esq., on the 8th June, 1827, and the building completed by Mr. Tomkinson^ from the design of Mr. Foster, in June, 1829, and opened in March following. Its height is ninety feet above the level of the rock, and its form is such as is bestcalculated toresistthefury of the waves. The stone of which it is built is of the hardest description, pro- cured from Anglesea, and each block is dove-tailed in to the other, and the whole united into one solid mass by a liquid cement of volcanic origin, which, when hardened, becomes even more durable than the rock itself. The expense of the erection, £27,500, was en- tirely defrayed by the Corporation, with a view to the benefit of the commerce of the port. The light ex- hibited at night is one of the most splendid in the THE SHIPPING, &c. 63 kingdom, being a revolving coloured light, which makes a revolution once in three minutes, and exhi- bits two brilliant white lights and one red light in succession. Each light attains its utmost luminous effect every minute, after which it becomes gradually less brilliant, till it appears to a distant observer totally eclipsed. In clear weather the light can be seen on the level of the sea, fifteen miles. Bidston Light-house is in the form of a tower, on an eminence in Cheshire, at some distance from the shore, and shows a light only in a north-west direc- tion, being masked to give a defined light in the Rock Channel. In connexion with this building is the first telegraph station on the Holyhead line, and immediately contiguous, on the ledge of the hill, are a number of private signal poles belonging to the different merchants and ship-owners in Liverpool, by means of which their vessels are reported. Leasowe Light-house is a tall pile of building farther south on the Cheshire shore, and shows a masked light in tlie North Channel, but having nothing particularly worthy of notice. Still farther south, and nine miles from Liverpool, are Hoylake upper and lower Light-houses, which are low buildings, exhibiting masked lights, the former to the northward, and both serving as a di- rection over Hoyle Bank. On the Lancashire coast there are several light- houses, land-marks, and beacons, the chief of which are the Crosby Light, Bootle Land-marks, South- east Mark, &c. There are three Light - Ships, the principal of which is 64 THE SHIPPING, &c. THE NORTH-WEST FLOATING LIGHT. This is a large three-masted vessel, moored in Liver- pool Bay about fifteen miles and a half from Liverpool, shewing three lights, which can be seen about ten miles in clear weather, and sounding a gong and bell alternately, when the atmosphere is thick. During the summer months some of the steamers sail regularly from George's Pier to this vessel and back, with passengers who are fond of a short but pleasant aquatic excursion. FORMBY LIGHT-SHIP has two masts, on which two lights are exhibited at night, and a red ball by day ; and a bell is tolled in foggy weather. It is moored in Victoria Channel, about 9§ miles from Liverpool. CROSBY LIGHT-SHIP, is a similar vessel, shewing one light at night, and a red ball by day, stationed in Crosby Channel, about 6^ miles from Liverpool. EMIGRATION. The number of individuals emigrating from Liver- pool is very great, as the convenience for procuring shipping to the United States and the Canadas, is greater at this than at any other seaport in the king- dom. For the purpose of giving information, and for the protection of emigrants, a government agent is appointed, to whom all enquiries should be addressed, unless the emigrant is willing to become the dupe of impostors, who hover about the docks, and are constantly entrapping the unwary. CIVIL JUKISDICTION. 65 The number of emigrants who sailed from Liver- pool in the month of April, 1842, was To the United States 13,056 To British Colonies, North Amer.. 1,945 Total.. 15,001 This surprising number exceeds the departures in April, 1841, by 8284. CIVIL JURISDICTION. Liverpool has been a corporate borough since 1208, (and probably earlier,) at which period it received a charter from King John, the original copy of which still exists. At various times further charters were granted by succeeding sovereigns, conferring several important privileges. It appears to have been re- presented in parliament since the reign of Henry II., in 1159, but the burgesses frequently neglected to avail themselves of the privilege of returning a mem- ber. Prior to the reform act, the two representatives were chosen by the burgesses or freemen, of whom there were about 5000, but the election is now con- ducted as in other boroughs. In 1841, the number of electors was 15,537, including 3903 freemen. By the municipal act, Liverpool is divided into sixteen wards, each of which returns three council- lors, and is also represented by an alderman, chosen by the council. The corporation thus consists of 66 'CIVIL JURISDICTION. sixty-four members, one of whom, (John Shaw Leigh, Esq.) is the present mayor, (1842.) The council is formed into a number of committees, which attend to the particular interests of the docks, the corporation funds, the improvement of the town, lighting, watching, and cleansing the streets, the markets, schools, gaols, gardens, courts of law, &,c., and their proceedings are periodically laid before the council, who are empowered to enact bye-laws. The corporate estate of the borough of Liverpool is the most opulent in the kingdom, as it possesses an amount of property of not less value than £2,500,000, exclusive of the interest in leases. The income during the year ending 1st September, 1841, amounted to £249,216 2s 7d, of which £65,933 18s 9d, were town-due receipts. The chief borough officers are the Recorder, Sti- pendiary Magistrate, Town Clerk, Coroner, &c., all of whom have been some time in office. The magistrates hold a court daily at the Sessions' House, for the trial of offenders, previous to their being passed to the sessions or assizes. The other courts, such as the Court of Requests, &c., are held in the same building, or at the office in High- street. The government of the parish is invested in two churchwardens, four overseers, and other officers, with twenty-four guardians of the poor. There are twenty-four commissioners under the paving and sewerage acts, a number of whom are elected from the town council. The Police establishment of Liverpool is exceed- ingly efficient, and consists of 619 men and officers, of whom about one-third are on duty during the day CIVIL JURISDICTIOX. and two thirds during the night. They consist of 1 head constable, 1 commissioner of police, 7 super- intendents, 41 inspectors and acting inspectors, 35 bridewell keepers, station-house clerks, &c., 534 constables, making a total of 619. About 60 of this number are set apart for service at fires, and are dis- tinguished by a different uniform. Since their estab- lishment in 1836 they have proved of essential ser- vice to the town, in repressing vice, preserving the peace, and affording a degree of protection to pro- perty, the advantage of which is only known to those who experienced the working of the old constabulary system. Officers on duty are distinguished by a strap of blue and white on their left arm. BUILDINGS CONNECTED WITH THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT. THE NEW ASSIZE COURTS. The foundation stone of a magnificent building, for the purpose of holding the Assizes, Sessions, and other courts, was laid on the 28th June, 1838, on the site of the old Infirmary, near the Haymarket. The following description, abridged from the Companion to the British Almanack, is given, as the building is not yet in a state of forwardness. The order adopted is Corinthian, continued throughout, and arranged so as to produce a very rich polystyle composition, possessing more than an ordinary degree of variety and contrast. The eastern 68 BUILDINGS CONNECTED WITH fa9ade, or the longer side of the building, is 420 feet, the columns being 46 feet high, and 4 feet 6 inches in diameter. The south front, which, owing to the great fall of the ground at the end of the site, (about 16 feet), has the appearance of being raised on a terrace, and thereby acquires both additional dignity and picturesque effect, consists chiefly of a hexastyle monoprostyle portico, recessed within, to make its entire depth 24 feet. The columns are raised on a stylobate 10 feet high, and continued along the other fronts ; and the height from the ground line to the apex of the pediment is 95 feet. This front alone would constitute an imposing piece of architecture ; yet it appears little more than a subordinate portion, when compared with the eastern fa9ade. Indepen- dently of its beauties of design, the latter has the merit of clearly expressing the general internal arrangement of the plan. The advanced or mono- prostyle colonnade in the centre is 200 feet in length, and being recessed, forms within an ample sheltered ambulatory 26 feet in depth ; this corresponds with St. George's Hall, which comes in between the two Assize Courts, and defines itself externally in the composition, by being carried up higher than the rest. This division of the front consists of fifteen intercolumns, and the one on either side of it of five more. The north front presents a projecting hemi- cycle, in which the order is continued in attached columns ; a very agreeable variety is thus produced, and the view of the building from the north-east differs considerably from that seen from the south- east. The northern portion of the plan will form a Concert-room, (subsequently noticed), and it makes THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 69 the entire extent from north to south, including the steps leading up to the south portico, 500 feet. Taking into account its unusual altitude, the struc ture will, in point of magnitude alone, have few rivals in the kingdom. The two courts, which are lighted from above, are of similar dimensions, viz, 60 by 50 feet, and 35 feet high ; and during the assizes, &c. the spacious hall between them will be opened to the public as the approach to both courts. The archi- tect of this magnificent building is H. Lonsdale Elmes, Esq. The entire building is to be heated and ventilated under the joint directions of Dr. Reid and the archi- tect, the arrangements being such, that if necessary the whole effect of the apparatus can be directed to any one apartment. SESSIONS HOUSE. The Assizes, Sessions, and other Courts, have been, since 1828, held in the buUding in Chapel- street, erected for that purpose. It is a plain edifice, of the Grecian style of architecture, extending 174 feet south from Chapel- street, having principal en- trances at each end, together with others on the sides. At the south end, a winding stair leads from the vestibule to the room above, which is fitted up in a handsome manner for holding the assizes, with convenience for the judges, magistrates, barristers, jurors, &c., and about one-third of the space gradu- ally rising like steps from the front, is allotted to spectators. The prisoner's dock is about the centre of the room, from which a staircase proceeds, com- municating by a subterranean passage with the 70 BUILDINGS CONNECTED WITH Bridewell opposite. At the north end is a larger apartment, 6 If by 39 feet, lighted from the roof, fitted up in a similar manner, and used as the Civil Court. In the centre of the building, between the two courts, are the magistrates', barristers', and other rooms. The expense of erection, amounting to £19,312 was defrayed by the corporation. THE BOROUGH GAOL, situated in Great Howard- street, was erected during the last century, on a plan recommended by the philan- thropist Howard, and from its open and rather elevated situation, is a healthy jilace of confinement for the unfortunate individuals incarcerated therein. Till 181 1, it was occupied as a prison for French prisoners of war, since which period it has been used as the Borough Gaol. From the report of the Rev. T. Carter, chaplain of this gaol, it appears that during the year ending 30th September, 1841, there were committed 2,943 males, and 2,542 females, total •5,485. Of debtors, there were 366, viz., 342 males and 24 females, and the average daily number of all classes was 550. HOUSE OF CORRECTION, KIRKDALE. This spacious and well ventilated building, covers 28,648 square yards, and was built from designs by Mr. Wright, of Manchester, The front of the centre of the edifice is fitted up as the County Sessions- house, and is ornamented by an Ionic portico of eight columns, and the general form of the building is that of two semicircular wards, united at the ex- tremities. The governor's and turnkeys' apartments THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 71 command a view of all the prisoners, who are em- ployed in various trades, and on a treadmill capable of admitting 130 persons on it at one time. In the centre of the building is a commodious chapel, in which divine service is performed ever\' Sunday. The prison is capable of containing 800 prisoners, who can be divided into 22 classes, and the arrange- ments for the separation and classification of offenders are very judicious. BRIDEWELL is a small and inconvenient structure, opposite the Sessions-house, with which it communicates by a subterranean passage, as formerly mentioned. Pri- soners are seldom kept here longer than until they have been examined before the magistrates, when they are removed to the other gaols. STATION HOUSES. There are six smaller bridewells for the temporary reception of offenders, in Vauxhall-road, Rose-hill, Hotham-street, Brick-street, and at the Prince's and Brunswick Docks. In Seel- street and Rose-hill are commodious Police Stations, where the men are daily mustered and drilled between two and three o'clock. THE FIRE POLICE STATION is in Temple Place, Temple Court. Belonging to this establisliment are fifteen powerful fire-engines, each of which has an ample supply of hose, fire-escapes, &c., six water carts, and two large tanks, which can be drawn by horses to the neighbourhood of a 72 COMMERCIAL AND fire, each capable of containing seven tons of water. Several of the engines are distributed in diflFerent parts of the town. At the principal station, horses are kept harnessed night and day, in readiness for instant departure with the engines the moment an alarm of fire arrives. THE PARISH OFFICES in Fen wick- street, have a plain stuccoed front, and have been rebuilt since a considerable part of the street was destroyed by fire in 1831. CLARENDON ROOMS, in South John, street, contain a number of apart- ments, generally used as the place of meeting of trustees, creditors, law-societies, &c., and here is de- posited a library belonging to the gentlemen of the legal profession. COMMERCIAL AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. In a great commercial town, it is natural to ex- pect to find a number of the former class of institu- tions; but Liverpool, while providing for her sons of commerce, has not been unmindful that commerce and literature ought to go hand in hand, and has therefore, at various periods, given birth to Literary Institutions, which in their respective characters may vie with any in the kingdom. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 73 THE news-rooms AND LIBRARIES are worthy of a prominent place, as being both of a commercial and literary description. THE EXCHANGE NEWS-ROOM. To this elegant room strangers are admitted when introduced by a subscriber ; and any one wishing to have an idea of the general appearance and business-looks of Liverpool merchants, ought to see them assembled in this spacious apartment, pro- menading the room, anxiously poring over a news- paper or shipping list, or clustering in groups; and un- disturbed by the " busy hum of men," transferring propertj' to the amount of millions. The length of the room is 130 feet, and breadth 52 feet. Twenty Doric columns, each of a single stone, support a coved and panneled ceiling, and form a magnificent colonnade in the centre of the room. Over the fire- places, on the east side, are two emblematical tableaux in bas-relief, and the room is lighted by five large chandeliers. On a slate at the north end, is pub- lished the telegraphic intelligence, shipping arrivals, sailings, &c., and the tables are amply provided with London, provincial and foreign newspapers; shipping, share, and other lists, supplying every information necessary for the man of business. THE ATHEN^UM, the first institution of the kind in the kingdom, was erected in 1799 at an expense of £4000. It is a plain but well built stone edifice in Church-street, the news-room of which is well lighted, fitted up in an elegant and convenient manner; and supplied with 74 COMMEKCIAL AND London and provincial papers, magazines, reviews, periodicals, &c. The number of proprietors is five hundred, whose annual payment is two guineas and a half. Above the news-room is a library consisting of about 16,000 volumes, many of which are exceed- ingly rare and valuable. None of the books are allowed to circulate ; but a comfortable room is pro- vided for individuals wishing to considt works in the library. Among other curious and ancient volumes may be mentioned a copy of the work of Henry VIII,, which obtained for him the title of Defender of the Faith. THE LYCEUM is a handsome edifice at the bottom of Bold-street, having on the Bold-street side a neat portico, sup- ported by six Ionic columns. It was intended to enter from the Church-street side, but local circum- stances caused the present entrance to be adopted. It was erected from the design of Mr. Harrison, of Chester, at an outlay of £11,000. The news-room is 68 feet long, and 48 feet wide, and has a coved ceiling 31 feet high. It is constantly supplied with newspapers, magazines, &c., and has six hundred subscribers ; proprietors paying one guinea, and non- proprietors one pound ten shillings per annum each. The appearance of the library is striking ; it is of a circular form, and lighted from the roof. A gallery surrounds the entire room, which is 135 feet in diameter, affording access to volumes on the higher shelves. This library, which is known as the " Liver- pool Library," was originally established in 1758, for the purpose, as stated in the first " prospectus, of LITERAKY IXSTITUTIOXS. affording an ample fund of amusement and improve- ment in many kinds of useful and polite knowledge." The number of volumes then amounted to 450, and the library had 109 subscribers. In 1770, it had extended to 1600 volumes, since which period it has rapidly increased, and it now contains upwards of 34,000 volumes. As these works are allowed to cir- culate among 893 proprietors, it is consequently the largest circulating librarj' in the kingdom. This library, to which the subscription is one guinea per annum, in addition to the purchase of a share, is daily increasing in value, as ever}- standard work, and the popular literature of the day, are liberally supplied. THE UNION NEWS KOOM is a plain stone building, in Duke-street, so named from the circumstance of its being opened on the 1st Januar}', 1801, the day on which the Irish Union took place. On the ground-floor is a large news- room, provided with the usual Metropolitan and provincial papers, &.C., and the adjoining apartments are occasionally used as exhibition rooms. The cost of erection, which was subscribed in shares, was was nearly £6000. THE CLERICAL LIBRARY was instituted for the use of the clergy of Liverpool, and is deposited at No. 93, Bold-street. In addition to the above, there are several reading rooms and libraries connected with other institutions, which will be noticed along with the institutions themselves. 76 COMMERCIAL AXD At the head of the Literary Institutions, as being the first established in Liverpool, is the EOYAL INSTITUTION. This is a plain brick building, in Colquitt-street, which was originally a private house, and was altered to its present form for the purposes of the institution. It was founded in 1814, under the auspices of the late William Roscoe, Esq., and other eminent literary gentlemen, £30,000 having been subscribed in shares of £100 each. As detailed in a report published by the first committee, its objects are, " to perpetuate in the town of Liverpool, an establish- ment for continuing and extending the acquisitions of early years to the subsequent periods of life, and forming that character of intellectual and moral im- provement, without which, successful labour is only misapplied, and riches are of no real use to their pos- sessor." Since its establishment, it has proved of essential service to Liverpool, in improving and ripening a literary taste, which is now every w here fostered by the erection of kindred institutions. The public are admitted gratuitously on the first Monday of each month, and at any other time on payment of one shilling. When introduced by a proprietor or subscriber, strangers, not residing in Liverpool, are admitted free, and foreigners and travellers, though not introduced by a proprietor, are always admitted gratuitously. Hours of exhibiting from ten a.m., to four P.M. During the year ending Feb. 1842,30,956 persons visited the museum, on free-admission days, without any injury having been done to the property of the institution ; and in the previous year, 40,275 LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. individuals availed themselves of the privilege. On entering the building, the first room on the left is the committee-room, which contains a small library of works of reference. At the end of the hall is the lecture-room, a commodious and comfortable apart- ment, capable of accommodating 500 persons. Be- hind tlie lecture- room is a laboratory with various conveniences. In the philosophical department, is an excellent collection of apparatus and mechanical models. Above stairs is a variety of curiosities from the South Seas, many of which are extremely rare. The first room on the right contains the natural his- tory specimens, comprising a great number of stuffed quadrupeds, &c. A small room on the left is devoted to antiquities, most of which, including several mum- mies, are from Egypt. The most elegant apartments are those containing the collection of birds, which are arranged in handsome glass cases round the rooms ; and a xery complete classification of minerals and shells occupies the tables in the centre of the room. On the higher floor is a further collection of fossils and minerals. The schools of the institution are in Seel-street, and have a handsome stone front of the Doric style of architecture, consisting of a pediment supported by four beautifully proportioned columns. They are attended chiefly by the sons of the higher classes, who receive education to qualify them for the Uni- versities, &c. 78 COMMERCIAL AND THE PERMANENT GALLERY OF ART is in Colquitt-street, opposite the Royal Institution, to which it belongs. It was projected in 1840, and in May 1841, the plans of Mr. Cunningham were adopted, and the work contracted for by Mr. Beattie, for about £1450. The building is intended for the reception of casts and works of art; and the collec- tion of casts from the Elgin, ^gina, Phygalian, and other ancient marbles, has been removed from the room in the Institution in which they were formerly deposited, to this more eligible situation, where are also models of the Laocoon, Apollo Belvedere, Venus de Medici, &c. The building consists of two stories, with one principal apartment in each. The lower one is occupied as the gallery of casts, and is lighted by a row of lateral windows on the north side. In the upper room is a series of very rare and antique paintings, chiefly of the old Italian school, from the collection of the late Mr. Roscoe, together with many which have been purchased or presented to the Insti- tution. A splendid statue of Roscoe, executed in white marble by Chantrey, has, by the generosity of the committee, to whom it is entrusted, been added to this gallery. Open from ten o'clock in the morning till six in the evening during summer, and in winter from ten o'clock to dusk. Charge for admission one shilling. LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 79 MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. This is the most flourishing establishment of the kind in the kingdom, and is conducted in a manner eminently calculated to benefit all classes of the community. The building is in Mount-street, and has a massive stone front with a projecting portico, consisting of a cornice supported on four Ionic columns, erected from the plans of Mr. A. H. Holme, at an expense of upwards of £11,000, exclusive of £3000, the amount required to repair the damage sustained by fire immediately prior to its opening in 1837, and the cost of erecting the two wings, which have been recently added. The lecture-room is in the middle of the building, in the form of a horse- shoe, with the rostrum in the centre, and lighted from the roof, and it is capable of accommodating 1200 persons. Behind the lecture-room are apart- ments used as a laboratory and apparatus room, and the remainder of the ground floor is occupied by the library, board-room, school-rooms, &c. It is contemplated to erect an organ and orchestra at the back of the platform, in the lecture-room, in order to give additional effect to the musical performances. The second floor is appropriated to school-rooms, in- cluding the statue-gallery, which is used by the pupils of the drawing department. The space over the labo- ratory is elegantly fitted up as a museum, which pro- mises at no distant period, to be of great interest and value. The walls of the passages above stairs are ornamented with several appropriate paintings, which have been presented by diff"erent individuals ; andthe niches on the staircases and in the lecture-room, are 80 COMMERCIAL AND filled with busts and statues, some of which are ex- ecuted in marble. The institution is open to visitors every Saturday morning, when the pupils are publicly examined; but the public are at any time at liberty to inspect the establishment. On Wednesday and Satur- day evenings, lectures are given on popular and scientific subjects, to which non-members are ad- mitted on payment of one shilling. During the year ending March, 1843, the number of members of the institution was : — Life members 539 Annual members 1204 Quarterly Members 16 Sons of members 538 Apprentices of members 273 Apprentices of non-members. ... 401 Ladies 404 Total 3375 The schools connected with the institution are in three divisions. The evening schools consist of twenty-five departments, conducted by thirty-one masters, and contain about 600 pupils, to whom instruction is given in reading, grammar, composi- tion, elocution, debating, geography, history, writing, arithmetic, and mathematics, book-keeping, che- mistry, natural philosophy, mineralogy, astronomy ; the Latin, Greek, French, German, and Spanish lan- guages; figure, ornamental, landscape, perspective, mechanical and architectural drawing; naval archi- tecture, painting, modelling, vocal music, dancing LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 81 and gymnastics. The lower school has sixteen mas- ters, and contains 576 pupils, who receive for £1 15s- per annum, an excellent solid education. The terms of admission to the high school are £10 10s. per annum for sons of members ; and there are at pre- sent in this department 180 pupils, who receive in- struction in every branch of education necessary for a commercial or professional life, and have access to all the advantages afforded by the institution. The library contains 11,011 volumes, in every department of literature. During 1842, 44,953 sets of works, or 68,603 volumes have been taken out by 2,805 readers. In the mouths of June and July, 1 842, an exhibition of fine arts, manufactures, curiosities, &c., was held in the institution, the receipts for which were about £4,000. During the thirty six days which it con- tinued open, it was visited by nearly 100,000 indi- viduals. About 20,000 pupils belonging to the dif- ferent charity schools of the town were admitted gratuitously, as were also the police and militarj' forces of the town, and 380 domestic servants. The whole of the privileges and advantages of the insti- tution, including admission to several of the evening classes, are obtained for £1 Is. per annum, and .5s. for sons of members. 82 COMMERCIAL AXD THE COLLEGIATE INSTITUTION. The foundation stone of this elegant building was laid by the Right Hon. Lord Stanley, M.P., on the 22nd October, 1840, and it was publicly opened by the Lord Bishop of Chester, the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M. P., and other distinguished individuals, on the 6th January, 1843. The object of the institu- tion, as stated in the first prospectus, is " the edu- cation of the commercial, trading, and working clas- ses, in which instruction in the doctrines and duties of Christianity, as taught by the United Churches of England and Ireland, shall for ever be communicated, in combination with literary, scientific, and commer- cial information.'' The building, which has been erected under the able superintendence of its talented architect, H. Lonsdale Elmes, Esq., is the noblest edifice erected for educational purposes in this part of the kingdom. The principal elevation faces Shaw- street, is of the Tudor style, 280 feet in length, col- legiate in its aspect, and is consistently decorated throughout, with projecting centre and wings. A magnificent arch in the centre, over the principal entrance, together with colossal statues of Lord Francis Egerton and Lord Stanley, placed in richly carved canopied niches in the wings, add to the im- posing effect. The lofty oriel windows carried up through two stories, give solidity and repose to the angles of the structure. The elevation con- sists of three tiers of windows, those of the two upper floors being combined together into a general composition, producing the effect of a single range of lofty windows. The highest floor is lighted LITEEARY INSTITUTIONS. 83 from the roof. The four stories comprise forty-eight apartments. Those on the ground floor are 14 feet in height, and consist of six school rooms, (two 26 by 20 feet, two 40 by 2o feet, and two 50 by 2o feet,) dining rooms, and keeper's rooms, besides vestibules, waiting rooms, and others of a subordinate nature. On the first floor are the board room, secretary's room, nine school rooms, (two 50 by 25 feet, three 40 by 25 feet, and four 25 by 20 feet,) lecturer's room, laboratory, &c., all 17 feet high. On the upper floor are several spacious apartments, used as a museum, picture and sculpture gallery, the latter of which is 218 feet in length, and access is to be had to each story by three separate staircases. The theatre is a spacious octagonal apartment, 50 feet high, capable | of accommodating 2,300 persons, occupying a part of the first and second floors. It has an upper and a lower gallery, and behind the lecturer's platform is a music room, with rising seats for 300 performers, which is capable of being thrown open to the hall at pleasure. The monthly performances of the Phil- harmonic Society are held here, and their organ has been removed to this situation, till a more powerful one shall have been built for the institution. The schools of the institution are in three classes. The upper school is under the superintendence of 12 masters, and the course of education comjjrises the classics, mathematics, chemistry, natural philosophy writing, and book-keeping, the French, German, Italian, and Hebrew languages, drawing and vocal music. The middle school is conducted by 12 mas- ters, and the lower school by 7 masters. In the even- ing schools are taught the following branches by 14 84 COMMERCIAL AND masters : navigation and nautical astronomy, algebra and geometry, English, arithmetic, writing; land- scape, figure, and ornamental drawing and painting ; mechanical and architectural drawing; modelling, and anatomical drawing, naval architecture, the classics, the German and French languages, vocal music, chemistry and natural philosophy. The terms are twenty guineas per annum for pupils of the upper school, ten for the middle school, and three for the lower school, with an annual subscription to the library and lectures. Lectures are delivered on Tuesday and Friday evenings, at half-past seven o'clock, on various interesting subjects, to which in- dividuals are admitted, at 2s. for the lower gallery, Is. for the body of the hall, and 6d. for the upper gallery. The Bishop of Chester is the visitor of the institution, Lord Francis Egerton the president, the Rev. Rectors of Liverpool the chairmen, and the principals are clergymen, graduates of the Univer- sities of Oxford, Cambridge, or Dublin. THE MEDICAL INSTITUTION is a neat building, at the corner of Hope-street and Mount Pleasant, in the form of a segment of a circle, with a stone front, consisting of six Ionic columns and corresponding pilasters, forming an elevation 198 feet long and 35 feet high. The cost of erection was nearly £3,000, £1,000 of which was given, together with the laud on which it stands, by the corporation, and the remainder was subscribed by the medical gentlemen of the town. The interior consists of a lecture room, lighted from the roof, LITEEARY INSTITUTIONS. 8o capable of accommodating 300 or 400 persons, a library belonging to the members of the medical pro- fession, a museum, and various other apartments. The meetings of several philosophical societies are held in this building. It was built from the plans of Messrs. Rampling. THE BEOUGHAM INSTITUTE, over the Arcade passage in Lawton- street, was estab- lished in 1836, for the jjurpose of providing instruc- tion to the lower classes of society at a cheap rate, and to give them an opportunity of holding meetings for mutual improvement. Lectures are delivered on Thursday evenings ; discussions on questions of gene- ral interest take place on Tuesday evenings; and there is connected with the institute a newsroom, well supplied with newspapers, magazines, and peri- odicals. The subscription to the newsroom is 7s. per annum, or Id. for a casual visit. Open from eight in the morning till ten at night. THE MECHANICS AND APPEENTICES' LIBEARY was established in 1803, chiefly through the exer- tions of the late Egerton Smith, Esq., and was lately removed to the Brougham Institute. Books are allowed to be taken out by mechanics and others for the small sum of id, a volume per week, on their producing a recommendation from their employers. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. The proudest monuments of a nation's wealth are its Charitable Institutions; and in Liverpool the extent and utility of these establishments have uni- formly kept pace with the wealth of the inhabitants THE INFIRMARY, situated in Brownlow-street, was opened for the re- ception of patients in 1824, having been erected from the designs of Mr. Foster, at an outlay of £27,000, in room of the old Infirmary in St. John's Lane, which was opened in 1749, and had become too small for the increasing population. Six Ionic columns, supporting a plain frieze and jjrojecting cornice, (which is carried round the whole building,) form the portico at the front. The width at the back, includ- ing the wings which recede from the portico 82 feet, is 204 feet, and the depth from the front of the build- ing to the back, 108 feet. Nearly twenty rooms on the ground floor afford accommodation for the officers of the Institution, committees, household, &c., except one large apartment in the left wing, which is fitted up as a ward-room for accidental cases. The upper stories are entirely appropriated for patients, and additions have been recently made to the estab- lishment, by which more ample accommodation is aflForded. Out of twenty wards, five, containing up- wards of one hundred beds, are allotted to surgical cases, four to medical cases for men, and the remain- der are set apart for women. In the centre of the CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 87 building is a steam engine which supplies the esta- blishment with water, and with steam for cooking, works a mangle, and is applied to other useful pur- poses. In the yard is an elevated erection, on which is placed a clock, which can be seen from all parts of the building, and strikes the hours and quarters. The utility of this Institution is proved by the num- ber and variety of patients who are annually admitted. During 1841, 2186 patients were admitted, of which number only 135 cases proved fatal, and 1375 were cured. The average weekly number in the house was 212. The affairs of this charity are managed by a president, a committee of twenty-five, and the other officers of the Institution are, a consulting physician and two consulting surgeons, three phy- sicians, three sui'geons, a house surgeon, an apothe- cary, and a matron. THE LUNATIC ASYLUM is connected with the above, and under the manage- ment of the same committee, besides a physician, governor, and matron. It is situated in Ashton- street, contiguous to the Infirmary, on extensive premises, which are enclosed by a high stone wall. The foundation-stone was laid in 1829 and the build- ing was finished, under the direction of Mr, Foster, at an expense of £11,000. The centre portion of the structure recedes, the sides forming projecting wings, and the walls, as high as the string sill of the upper windows, are rusticated. The interior arrangemeut provides every convenience to the unfortunate indi- viduals requiring its restraint, affording a sufficiency of light, air, and warmth. The wangs are formed 88 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. into wards, with cells on each side, and the centre part is used as day-rooms, and as the keepers' apart- ments. Within this establishment patients of the more wealthy class of society receive all the atten- tion, and experience all the comforts of a private asylum. During 1841 forty-three new patients were admitted in addition to forty- eight in the Institution on the 1st January, of which number twelve were cured and five died. The average weekly number in the house was thirty-four. THE LOCK HOSPITAL, 30 named from the founder of such Institutions, is under the same superintendence as the Infirmary and Lunatic Asylum, and is situated opposite the latter, on the east side of Ashton-street. The building was opened in 1834, is of simple construction, and affords accommodation to about 60 persons; 503 were ad- mitted during the past year, of whom 400 have been cured. The average weekly number in the building was 42. THE DISPENSARIES, NORTH AND SOUTH, are situated, the former in Vauxhall-road, and the latter in Upper Parliament -street. This Charity was originally instituted in September, 1778, at premises in John-st., and was afterwards removed to Church-st. and Marybone, and latterly to the present building in Vauxhall-road, which was occupied 1st Jan., 1831. The South Dispensary was established inl822, in the building which it now occupies. The North Dispensary has a front, the centre of which consists of four Ionic columns, 30 feet high, supporting an entablature and CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 89 battlement. The side parts project a little forward, and are ornamented by pilasters with Grecian capitals. The basement story is appropriated to the domestic arrangements of the establishment, besides having two bathing-rooms. On the principal floor are the Phy- sicians' Hall, (39 by 20 feet). Surgeons' Hall, (22^ by 18 feet), with their examination rooms, the Secretary's ofiice, laboratoiy, shop, waiting room, &c. On the second floor are the board-room, surgeons', apotheca- ries' and apprentices' rooms, library, &c. ; and the upper floor is entirely occupied by sleeping apartments. Behind the main building are the bleeding and dis- secting-rooms. The fact that upwards of 52,000 cases were relieved during the year 1841, at once attests the efficiency and utility of these institutions, which have, since their commencement in 1778, afforded relief to nearly 1,372,000 patients. During 1840 the total medical cases relieved at the North Dispensary were 17,569, at the South Dispensary 15,093, and surgical cases, 9125 and 8420 respectively j and of this number 19,262 were visited at their own houses, and supplied with medicine. The govern- ment of this charity is vested in a committee, which meets monthly, consisting of a president, two vice- presidents, a treasurer, two auditors, the churchwar- dens, and fifteen other governors, with a physician and surgeon from each Dispensary. Each Dispensary has a sub-committee of its own, which holds its meetings weekly, and whose decisions are under the control of the general board. Attendance is given daily, (Sundays excepted), at ten o'clock in the morn- ing ; and the only proper objects of this charity are 90 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. the sick and poor, who are unable to pay for medicine. EASTERN DISPENSARY. In addition to the above long established institutions, the Eastern Dispensary was formed in 1838 for the convenience of the poor in the east district of the town. The building, which is No. .35, Islington, was formerly a private dwelling-house. The utility of this establishment may be seen from the number of cases relieved during the year 1841, which amounted to 6567, and 2204 were visited at their own residences. All patients require a subscriber's recommendation ; and attendance is given daily at the Institution from eleven till one o'clock. The affairs of this charity are superintended by a presi- dent, four vice-presidents, a treasurer, a secretar}^, and a committee of twenty-four trustees. There are also connected with it three honorary medical officers, a consulting physician, and a house surgeon. THE NORTHERN HOSPITAL is a brick building, which was formerly a dwelling- house, situated at the end of Leeds-street, near the canal. The situation has rendered it of greater utility than it would have possessed had it been farther re- moved into town, as prompt assistance is now afforded in the case of the numerous accidents that occur in the neighbourhood of the docks. It is intended, as soon as the funds of the institution shall permit, to erect a more commodious building, as the present house is frequently so crowded, that cases even of extreme danger, have to be refused admittance. In CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 91 1841, 669 accidental cases, 507 medical, and 246 sur- gical patients were received, making with those in the establishment on the 1st January, 1,493 total patients; of this number 1,208 were cured, and 65 died. The direction of the affairs of this charity is vested in a committee, consisting of a president, vice-president, treasurer, two auditors, and twenty other trustees, who meet at least once a month, and oftener, if necessary. The medical officers are three honorary physicians, three honorary surgeons, and two house surgeons. SOUTHERN AND TOXTETH HOSPITAL. The first meeting of parties favourable to the forma- tion of this institution, was held in the early part of 1838, when a subscription was commenced for carry- ing the plans of the projectors into effect. The cor- poration of Liverpool liberally presented 1,400 square yards of land, valued at £3,400, for the site of the hos- pital ; and plans for the erection were gratuitously furnished by Mr. Cunningham. On the 2nd March, 1841, the foundation stone was laid by the mayor^ and the building was completed on the 17th January, 1842, on which day it was publicly opened. The erection was contracted for by Mr. Bateman, for the sum of £3,925, which was i-aised by subscription. It consists of a handsome brick building, fronting Parliament-street, Flint-street, and Greenland-street. The principal front, which is in Flint- street, is two stories high, stuccoed, and has white stone facings. In the centre is a solid projection to relieve the uni- formity of the appearance, and the building is entered by a plain portico, surmounted by a stone cornice. 92 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. with an arched door way, and lighted by windows at the sides. The front part of the principal floor is occupied by the house-surgeon's and matron's private apartments, committee room, &.C., A spacious corri- dor leads from the entrance hall along the entire length of the building, from w hich the wards on each side are entered, and it is terminated by the theatre, in which important operations are performed. This apartment is large, comfortable, and well lighted, and possesses conveniences for operation, equal to those of any similar institution in the kingdom. Adjoining it are baths and washing rooms. The remainder of the principal floor is occupied by the pupils' rooms, wards for male patients, the shop, nurses' rooms, and other conveniences. The whole establishment is ventilated and heated by Dr. Reid's apparatus, being the first hospital into which it has been introduced. There is a second floor over the front part of the building only, and this is entirely appropriated to the female patients, of whom about 15 can be accommodated. The entire building, which has in all nine wards, will contain from 50 to 60 patients, without crowding the apartments. Patients are admitted by a recommendation from a trustee; but cases of accident or extreme urgency are admitted at all times, night or day. The govern- ment of the hospital is vested in a committee, con- sisting of a president, vice-president, treasurer, two auditors, and fifteen other trustees, which meets monthly, and a sub-committee which meets every week. The medical officers are an honorary phy- sician, three honorary surgeons, and a house surgeon ; CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 93 and the domestic arrangements are superintended by a matron. THE WORKHOUSE was opened in 1772, and is situated on the space of ground between Brownlow-hilland Mount-pleasant; the front of the principal part of the building, before which is a large lawn, facing the former street. The interior accommodation is good ; aged persons inhabiting apartments on the ground floor. Each individual is employed in some trade ; the male adults as joiners, tailors, shoemakers, bricklayers, slaters, blacksmiths, spinners, &c., and the females as semps- tresses, bonnet-makers, kc. Boys are instructed in various trades to fit them for becoming apprentices. The establishment is supported by the poor-rates, and is under the control of the parish authorities. THE HOUSE OF RECOVERY is a detatched building, in grounds contiguous to the workhouse, entering from Mount-pleasant, and it was opened in 1806. Patients are admitted to the benefits of this establishment when ill of fever, or any con- tagious disease,on the recommendation of aPhysician, orofoueofthe ofiicersofthe Infirmary or Dispensaries. All due care is taken of the patients; and the judicious treatment here received, combined with the openness of the situation, is frequently the means of restoring the diseased to health and vigour, and of preventing the spread of epidemic diseases in the confined parts of the town. — Supported and governed as the work- house. 94 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. This institution is situated in London-road, at the corner of Hotham-street,has a plain stuccoed exterior, and extends in a long range of building as far back as Lord Nelson-street. A resolution has been re- cently made by the committee, that, " owing to the interruption which the pupils experience from the indiscriminate admission of visitors, non-subscribers cannot be admitted beyond the shop, without an introduction, either personally or by note, by a donor or subscriber." The institution is, however, with the above restriction, at all times open to visitors, who will derive most gratification from attending the school on Tuesdays and Fridays, at two o'clock, when there is a musical performance of the pupils. This establishment was founded in 1791, by a num- ber of benevolent individuals, among the principal of whom was Pudsey Dawson, Esq., and it has since been very liberally supported. The inmates, of whom there are at present 107, are employed in various trades, such as weaving, spinning, rope and basket- making, the manufacture of mats, rugs, stair-carpets, floor-cloth, sash-line, shoe-making, &c., and the articles are sold for the benefit of the institution. During 1840, the amount disposed of was £1496 16s. 8d. Many of the pupils receive instructions in music, both vocal and instrumental, on the system of Dr. Bell, which has in other establishments been successfully introduced, and from this institution have emanated not a few talented musical performers. Particular care is paid to the religious and moral training of the inmates, as well as to their health ; and inducements to proficiency and good conduct CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 95 are held out to them, in the shape of gratuities on quitting the establishment, varjing from £2 to £5, according to merit. From its commencement till 1840, 1062 have been received into the school, of whom 179 belonged to the parish of Liverpool, 241 to other parts of Lancashire, and 642 to other parts of the United Kingdom. THE CATHOLIC BLIND ASYLUM, situated at No. 16, Islington, was established in 1841, for the purpose of " affording to the Catholic blind an elementary education, and instruction in those branches of industry which shall be found suitable to each pupil's capacity, and of bringing them up in the principles of their religion." The government of the asylum is vested in a committee who hold quar- terly meetings, and the institution is supported by subscription. Applicants must be above ten years of age, and have a recommendation from a sub- scriber; and a payment of two shillings a week towards the maintenance of each pupil, must be guaranteed, prior to his admission. There are at present eleven inmates in the establishment, which can accommodate sixteen, who are chiefly employed in basket and mat making, knitting, and in learning music. The institution is open to visitors at all hours of the day, and articles made by the pupils are exposed for sale. SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB. This institution, founded by William Comer, Esq., in 1825, was originally opened in Wood-street, and removed in October, 1840, to the present commodious 96 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. premises in Oxford-street South, on the site of the entrance to the old Botanic Garden. The principal object of the benevolent founder was to give to the institution more the character of a seminary than an asylum, by connecting with it a day school, the great importance of which is, as is shown in the report for 1829, " that attendance at a day school still leaves the pupils at liberty to par- ticipate in the exercise of those endearing relations, which it should ever be the object of christian charity to foster and promote;" and the system of day pupils allows, with a smaller outlay, the advantages of the institution to be aflForded to a larger number of in- dividuals, than if they were boarded in the establish- ment. The daily association of mutes, under the training of such an institution, with children of their own age, in possession of all their organs, must also be highly advantageous, as by imitation and ex- ample, faculties which would probably never be exer- cised in an asylum are here brought into play. This school is at present the only one in the kingdom open for the reception of day pupils, which is a matter of regret, as it appears from their last report, that in Great Britain there are 14,328 mutes, with only twelve institutions for their rece])tion, at which no more than 745 are receiving the benefit of instruc- tion. The school now contains 58 pupils, viz., 31 boarders, of whom 23 are boys and 8 girls, 22 day pupils, of whom 15 are boys and 7 girls, 5 private pupils who reside with the master. Of this number 52 are instructed, gratuitously ,3ind for all the children, a substantial dinner, (also gratis) is daily provided by the institution. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 97 The foundation stone of the building was laid by the mayor, Hugh Hornby, Esq., on the 24th October, 1839, and the erection completed in one year. The building is of a plain Grecian character, the entrance front, which is of white stone, being relieved by a solid projection in the centre, surmounted by an entablature and pediment. A parapet or attic is carried round the principal fronts, and effectually hides the roof of the building, A portico of beautiful proportions, comprising two Ionic columns in antis approached by a broad flight of steps, forms the en- trance to the principal floor, on each side of which are windows with moulded architrave. On entering the hall, which measures 18 feet by 18 feet, a paint- ing by lUidge, of VV. Comer, Esq., over the staircase, is the most prominent object. The principal floor has two private parlours for parlour-boarders, each 24 by 16 feet, private rooms for the master and matron, each 18 by 16 feet; an assistants' room, communicating with the school-room, 18 by 12 feet ; a spacious school-room, 40 by 33 feet, and a dining- room. Between the dining and school-rooms are sliding doors, by means of which the two can be thrown into one when more accommodation is neces- sary. The second and third floors are occupied by private bedrooms, and large and comfortable dormi- tories, capable of accommodating 100 resident -pupils. The internal arrangement of the entire building is such, that each floor is divided into three compart- ments, by which means the boys' and girls' rooms are kept distinct from each other, as well as from the master's private rooms. The principal apartments are heated and ventilated by a simple but efficient 98 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. apparatus, connected with a furnace in the yard. The basement story, the floor of which is only 1 foot 6 inches below the level of the street, contains spacious kitchens, store rooms, washing and bathing rooms for both boys and girls, &c, ; and the part under the dining and school rooms is open to the play-grounds, and fitted up as two separate gymna- siums. The entire building is the most complete of its kind in the kingdom, and reflects great credit on the skill of the architects, Messrs. Cunningham and Holme, and on the judgement of Mr. Rhind, the head- master, according to whose suggestions they acted. The structure was erected by Messrs. S. and J. Holme, at an expense of £5,938, the greatest part of which was defrayed by subscription. Visitors are admitted at any time by an order from a subscriber, but they are requested to attend, if possible, on Tuesdays, between the hours of ten and twelve, and two and four, in order that the arrangements of the school may not be interrupted. Every stranger who visits this interesting institution, cannot fail to be astonished at the proficiency which these unfortunate mutes exhibit in every department of study, and especially in the faculty of articulation, which has been most successfully introduced by Mr. Rhind, who shews that it is possible that even the dumb may he taught to speak. THE EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY was formed in January, 1841, by the Union of the Ophthalmic and Ear Institutions, the former of which had been in operation upwards of twenty years, during which period not fewer than 31,000 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 99 cases had been assisted, either with prescriptions or operations. The institution is near the bottom of Mount Pleasant, and has accommodation for eleven in-door patients, whose cases require peculiar care. The object of the charity is to atford gratuitous relief to the poor afflicted with diseases of the eye or ear, any person being eligible to assistance on the recom- mendation of a subscriber. It is open daily from eleven to twelve o'clock, and patients also receive occasional medical attendance at their own resi- dences. During 1841, the number of patients relieved, or cured of the diseases of the eye, amounted to 2280, whose attendance amounted to 9000 visits. The number of patients relieved or cured of diseases of the ear, was 1879. The number of in-patients was 57. THE ALMS HOUSES in Cambridge-street, are a range of low buildings, in the form of three sides of a square, open to the front, built, as stated on the inscription, " By the Corpora- tion of Liverpool, in 1787, in lieu of others formerly erected for certain charitable purposes." THE SHIPWRIGHTS' ALMS HOUSES, in Bond-street, have been erected by the Shipwrights, for the accommodation of decayed members of their Society. THE BLUE COAT HOSPITAL, in School-lane, consists of an extensive range of brick buildings, with stone ornaments, having a spacious area in front, enclosed by iron railings. 100 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. This institution was originally established in 1709, and consisted of a small building accommodating forty boys and ten girls, who received clothing and instruction gratuitously from the charity, but lived with their parents. In 1714, through the exertions of Bryan Bluudell, Esq., a subscription was raised for providing an establishment in which the children should reside, and be entirely under the control of the institution. It was commenced in 1717, and completed in 1726. The object of this institution is stated in the inscriptions, " Christiance Charitati pro- movendce inopique pueritice, Eccksiee Anglicanoe prin- cipiis imhuendee Sacrum. Anno Salutis, MDCCXVII. Large additions have been subsequently made, nearly equal to the original building, the centre part of which is occupied by a large hall, over which is the Chajjel. The wings are used as school-rooms, dor- mitories, and private apartments. 250 boys and 100 girls are boarded, clothed, and educated by this charity, the former of whom are instructed in reading* writing, arithmetic, grammar, geography, history, and occasionally geometry, and mensuration ; and the girls are taught sewing, knitting, and domestic duties, in addition to the usual subjects. The Madras system is pursued, and the scholars are trained according to the principles of the established church. The age for admission of boys is nine years, and eight if they are orphans, and for girls eight years, all remaining till they are fourteen years of age. Service is performed every Sunday afternoon, at half past four, in the chapel of the institution, to CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 101 which the public are admitted, on making a small donation at the door. One of the elder boys offici- ates as chaplain, and the whole of the children unite in singing and chanting the responses. About thirty of the boys and girls are then examined by another boy, on religious subjects, after which the service is concluded, and the pupils then proceed to the room below, where they have a substantial supper of bread and cheese, with a can of beer. The order, neatness, and ability of the scholars, reflect great credit on those under whose care they are placed. The charity has been very liberally supported, and many munifi- cent donations have been made by benevolent individuals, some of whom have been educated in the institution. FEMALE PENITENTIARY. This institution was established in 1809 by a few benevolent individuals in premises in Edge-hill, and was afterwards removed to the more commodious building in Falkner-street, which can accommodate upwards of sixty individuals. The number of in- mates during last year averaged fifty-eight, and the total number admitted since the institution was founded is 1092. It is supported by subscription, and has been successful in restoring to society more than one-third of the unfortunate females who have been received into the establishment. Previous to their being fully received to the benefits of the house, inmates undergo three months' probation. CATHOLIC MAGDALEN ASYLUM. The foundation stone of a building for this purpose 102 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. in connexion with a church to be also erected, was laid at Edge-hill 17th March, 1841. The expense to be defrayed by subscription. PERMANENT NIGHT ASYLUM FOR THE HOUSELESS POOR. This excellent institution, opened 25th December, 1830, is situated in Freemason's-row, Vauxhall-road, and has for its object to provide " an asylum during the rain and the chilling blasts of a winter's night? to the aged, the destitute, and the stranger in distress.'' This charity which owes its origin to the exertions of the late Egerton Smith, Esq., was the first of the kind established in the kingdom, and has during the first eight years of its existence afforded a comforta- ble shelter to individuals, occupying 122,736 berths. The actual number of persons admitted during that period was 42,266, shewing that the average stay of each individual was between two and three nights. The inmates sleep on sloping wooden beds, like those in a soldiers' guard-room, ranged against the wall in three tiers, and particular attention is paid to their cleanliness, and to the ventilation of the apartments. Over the entrance is the following inscription : — ASYLUM FOR THE HOUSELESS POOR. " Knock and it shall be opened unto you." Luke^ chap. 1 1 , v. 9. LANCASHIRE REFUGE FOR THE DESTITUTE, in Roscoe-street, was opened in 1823, and is sup- ported by voluntary contributions. The object of this charity is to afford a home, clothing, and maintenance to such of the female felons, liberated from the county CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 103 jails, as shew signs of penitence and reformation, and it has been eminently useful in reforming the charac- ter and restoring to society many unfortunate females, who would otherwise have lived in a state of utter moral degradation. After a course of good conduct they are either reconciled and restored to their friends, or provided with situations as domestic servants. LADIES' CHARITY. This charity was established in 1795 for affording assistance and relief to poor but reputable married women, in child-bed, at their own houses, and pro- viding them with the comforts which their situations require. It is conducted by a committee of ladies of the highest respectability, and a ball is annually held at the Town-hall, the proceeds of which are devoted to the objects of this charity. The number of cases relieved during 1841 was 1757, and the total number since the commencement exceeds 58,000. DISTRICT PROVIDENT SOCIETY, instituted in 1831, has for its objects " the encourage- ment of industr}- and frugality; the suppression of mendicity and imposture ; and the occasional relief of sickness and unavoidable misfortune.'' The poor are encouraged to make small deposits, returnable with interest when required, and these in 1840-41 amounted to £12,818, received from 6,329 depositors. The number of families relieved by the charity during the same year, was 14,506, at a cost of £1,230. The total deposits with the society since its commence- ment have been £117,434. Office, Queen's-square. 104 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. STRANGERS' FRIEND SOCIETY, Office in Benn's garden. This society originated with the Wesleyan Methodists in 1795, and has for its ob- ject the relief of poor strangers who have no claims for support on the parish of Liverpool, It is main- tained by private subscription, and annually affords assistance to upwards of 16,000 individuals. LIVERPOOL CHARITABLE SOCIETY was established in 1823, and conducted on a plan similar to the above, chiefly by members of the esta- blished church. SOCIETY FOR BETTERING THE COITDITION OF THE POOR. The business of this Society, instituted in 1809, is carried on at the Saving's Bank, and is conducted on the principal that the best relief the poor can receive is that which comes from themselves. This is attained by the organization of Friendly Societies and Sick Clubs, to which small monthly contribu- tions are made. With this society originated the SOUP KITCHENS, which are now supported by a distinct fund. These I establishments are three in number, and their utility I is apparent from the amount of wholesome food provided for the poor during periods of general ! distress. From 22nd December, 1841, to 7th Feb- ruary, 1842, were distributed,— at the Pickup-street Kitchen, 88,941 quarts. Flint-street Kitchen, 66,397 quarts. Gill- street, Kitchen, 59,301 quarts.— Total 214,639 quarts. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 105 WELSH CHARITABLE SOCIETY, was established in 1804, for the purpose of educating and clothing the children of Welsh parents in Liver- pool. The societ}' supports large schools in Russell- street, which are attended by between 200 and 300 children, who pay one penny per week, and are taught the usual branches of plain education. They are conducted on the principles of the established church. LIVERPOOL FEMALE ORPHAN SOCIETY. The object of this institution, established 24th Aug. 1840, is to " relieve poor female orphans, belonging to Liverpool, deprived of both parents, exposed to the risk of want, the certainty of temptation, and the too frequent consequence of vice and misery ; " to bring them up in the principles of the established church, and qualify them for domestic service. The institution, which will accommodate from forty to fifty children, is at present situated in L'pper Stan- hope-street • but it is contemplated to erect a more commodious building in 31yitle-street, near the new Haymarket, as soon as the funds of the institution are sufficient for the purpose. The age of admission is from eight to eleven, and the number of inmates in the establishment, on 28th February, 1842, was forty-two. THE CATHOLIC ORPHAN HOUSE is an institution of a similar nature in Mount Pleasant, established in 1819, in which about eighty girls are supported, who are admitted between the ages of six and eleven years. 106 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. CONVENT OF THE SISTERS OF MERCY. A building for this purpose has been recently com- menced in Mount Vernon-street, Edge-hill, the in- terior of which is to be on the plan of a similar establishment at Birmingham. The structure will be of the old ecclesiastical character, and will contain a chapel, cloisters, oratory, cemetery, sacristy, refectory, noviciate parlour, community room, work room, school room, twenty cells, a dining room for poor children, for whom there are also a dormitory and play room, and kitchen with other offices. To be erected by subscription, and from part of the funds left for charitable purposes by the late C. R. Blun- dell, Esq., of Ince. THE CHARITABLE INSTITUTION HOUSE, in Slater- street, is an institution peculiar to Liver- pool, and was erected in 1819, at the joint expense of John Gladstone, James Cropper, and Samuel Hope, Esqrs., as a place of meeting for the committees of the charitable institutions of the town, who are ac- commodated without charge, on application to the trustees. A record office is attached to the establish- ment for the reports of all charitable institutionsj and the lower part of the building is used as a de- pository for the Bible Society. MARINE HUMANE SOCIETY, instituted in 1823, for the laudable purpose of in- ducing seamen and others, by rewards and otherwise, to exert themselves in cases of shipwreck, danger, &c. for the preservation of life. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 107 '| :! THE LIVEEPOOL SHIPWEECKand HUMANE SOCIETY, is of a nature similar to the foregoing, and originated after the memorable hurricane which occurred in January, 1839. The objects of the society are, " the preservation of life from shii^wreck, — providing relief for the immediate necessities of the unfortunate sufiFerers wrecked on the shores contiguous to the port of Liverpool, and the reward of persons instni- mental in rescuing life from shipwreck." During the first two years of its existence, the society distributed £363 as rewards for saving life, and £113 as relief to sufiFerers from sliipwreck. SEAMENS' FEIEND SOCIETY, OE BETHEL UNION was established for the purpose of improving the religious and moral condition of the seamen of the port, by procuring a suitable place of worship, establishing Day and Sunday Schools, circulating the scriptures and useful tracts, providing respectable lodging-houses for seamen, and encouraging among them habits of economy and frugality. The society has several meeting-rooms and libraries in the neighbourhood of the docks, and the Floating Chapel in King's Dock, is under their direction. The Bethel Union is chiefly supported by Dissenters. MAEINEES' CHURCH SOCIETY, instituted in 1826, "for promoting the religious instruction of seamen, agreeably to the constitution of the established church." The Mariners' Church, in George's Dock, is under the management of this society, who have also recently opened a Mariners' Reading-room, at the south end of the dock. A 108 CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. Sunday School is also supported by their funds, at present attended by about eighty children. Since its commencement, upwards of 14,000 tracts have been distributed by the society. THE TOWN MISSION, formerly called the Christian Instruction Society, was established in 1831, and has for its object the promotion of the religious improvement of the poor, by the employment of agents who visit them at their own houses, read the scriptures, converse on religious subjects, and endeavour to induce them to attend places of worship. Their efforts have been crowned with the happiest success. During 1841, 64,565 visits have been paid by the agents, who have held 3,152 meetings for prayer and expounding the scrip- tures, and have circulated 1,646 testaments, 1,715 religious books, and 68,000 tracts. LIVERPOOL AUXILIARY OF THE BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY was instituted in 1811, has been well supported by persons of all denominations, and has provided thousands, who would otherwise have been without the blessing, with copies of the scriptures. A LADIES' BRANCH SOCIETY was formed in 1817, which has been carried on with a degree of zeal and energy, surpassing the most sanguine expectations of the founders. The bible depository is in Slater- street. CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 109 LIVERPOOL BRANCH OF THE NAV.IL & MILITARY BIBLE SOCIETY. established in November, 1831. An agent is em- ployed by the society to visit outward-bound vessels, and supply the seamen with copies of the Bible at reduced rates. During the year ending 3Iay, 1840, 961 copies were thus distributed. A LADIES' AI-:s:iLIARY of the above society was formed in October, 1839. LIVERPOOL CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE SOCIETY is a district committee of the parent society, estab- lished 1815, which has a depository- at 93, Bold- street, for the sale of bibles and other religious publications. LIVERPOOL RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY has a depositor}- at 50, Lord- street. SUNDAY SCHOOL UNION. Depository, 74, South Castle- street. This society has for its object the encouragement of the formation of Sunday Schools, and the elevation of the character of the teachers. A course of lectures is annually delivered to the teachers of the schools in the union, by ministers of various denominations. In addition to the above charitable, benevolent, and religious societies, there are numerous others, which, though of minor importance, would have been here successively noticed, had the limits of the work allowed it. EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Besides the Royal, Collegiate, and Mechanics' In- stitutions, which from their comprehensive nature, are classed with the Literary Institutions, Liverpool possesses many excellent schools adapted to the wants of the poorer classes. THE CORPORATION SCHOOLS are two in number, and from their respective locali' ties, are denominated the North and South Schools ; the former situated in Limekiln-lane, and the latter in Park-lane. They arose out of the Free Grammar School which was given up in 1803, and although its re-establishment was frequently discussed in coun- cil, no measure was adopted till 1825, when the pre- sent schools were erected, at an expense of £12,000. They were opened in 1827. The course of instruc- tion consists of reading, writing, arithmetic, geogra- phy, &c., but the religious part of the education is a subject of constant dispute between the parties forming the town council. Connected with each school is a library. The number of children at present receiving education is — N. School, 223 boys, 156 girls, 157 infants. .Total 545 S. School, 197 „ 126 „ 170 „ „ 493 Total 1038 THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND FREE SCHOOLS are two in number, and were opened in 1837, in op- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. Ill position to the Corporation Schools. The children educated in them receive the usual branches of edu- cation, with religious instruction in accordance with the principles of the Church of England. The North School is in Bond-street, and the South School is situated in Cornwallis- street, each of them having a boys', girls', and infants' school. Besides these two there are Free Schools connected with almost every Established Church in the town, and as they are all conducted on similar principles, it is unnecessary to enter into detail respecting them. CHARITY SCHOOLS. Hunter-street Charity School was established in 1793, by the late Stephen Waterworth, Esq., and endowed by bequest with the sum of £4000 from the late Mrs. Frances Waterworth, his sister, in 1800. The children are taught gratuitously on the National School system, and in conformity with the tenets of the Church of England. Edge Hill Girls^ Charity School was endowed by bequest of the late Miss Mason, in 1813. There are 40 girls on the books, who receive a useful education, and are partly clothed by the funds of the endow- ment. Caledonian Charity School, erected in 1812 by sub- scription, for the education of children of Scottish parentage. The education is gratuitous, and the children are required to attend regularly some Sun- day School. Copperas Hill Charity School, erected by subscrip- tion among the Roman Catholics in 1806, and sup- ported by subscription and donations. The system 112 EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. of instruction pursued is a modification of that of Dr. Bell. Mr. Croppers^ Orphan House, Toxteth Park, estab- lished in 1832, for boarding, clothing and educating indigent female orphans of all denominations. Manesty-lane Charity School, is connected with Paradise-street Chapel, and was established by the late Mrs. Clough. St. Patrick's Charity School, Toxteth Park, was established in 1807, by the Benevolent Society of St. Patrick, to provide instruction for the cliildren of the indigent Irish of all denominations. Hotham-street Day and Infant Schools are supported by members of the Society of Friends. The day schools were opened in 1819, and the Infant school was added in 1824. Connected with the Infant school is a soup establishment, at which from sixty to seventy children dine daily. St. James^ and St. Philip's Charity Schools, in St. James' Road, was originally established by the late Moses Benson, Esq., in 1802, who endowed the school with £1000, and by the congregation of St. James' Church. In 1825 the schools of the congregation of St. Philip's were united with those of St. James'. National School, Edge-hill, was established in 1824 by voluntary contributions. Connected with the school is a library and a clothing society. Girls' Charity School, Windsor, established by Miss Colquitt, in 1832, and supported by subscription. Harrington Charity School was established in 1807, and supported by subscriptions and donations, aided by the payment of Id. per week from each scholar. Mr. Cropper's Charity School, Toxteth Park, was EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. 1 13 established ill J 830, and is principally supported by ; J. Cropper, Esq. There is a library, and a clothing j society connected with the school. | Leeds-street Charity Day and Infant Schools, were established in 1815, in connexion with Leeds-street Wesleyan Chapel, and is supported by subscription. Jordan-street Charity Day and Infant Schools. The former was opened in 1819 and the latter in 1821, and are supported by subscriptions chiefly among the Wesleyans. In addition to the above there are charity schools connected with nearly all the places of worship in j the town, which it is unnecessary to particularize, i as they are chiefly supported by voluntary con- I tributions from the members of the respective con- i gregations to which they belong, and are conducted in a similar manner. The state of Education generally, may be gathered ; from the following statement, founded on a " Report ' on the State of Education in the borough of Liver- ; pool," compiled by the Manchester Statistical Society, in 1836, and read at the meeting of the British Association, at Bristol. Of the total population of Liverpool it appears that 6f per cent, attend Sunday Schools; If per cent, receive Sunday School instruction only ,• 12§ per cent, attend Day Schools; i per cent attend Evening Schools; and 14§ per cent, of the entire population are receiving instruction from all kinds of schools. This average must now be considerably greater, as since the period that the tables were compiled, numerous other educational establishments of all descriptions have sprung into existence. PLACES OF WORSHIP. The number of these erections is very considerable, and the style of architecture and internal arrange- ments of many, render them objects of interest. ESTABLISHED CHURCH. Till the year 1699, the town of Liverpool was merely a chapelry of the parish of Walton, and St. Nicholas, or the Old Church, was at that time the only ec- clesiastical building in the town. So early as the year 1361, the Bishop of Lichfield, in whose diocese Liverpool then was, granted license to bury in the cemetery, attached to the chapel, which was probably erected about the period of the conquest. In 1565, the chapel was endowed by Queen Elizabeth, with the annual sum of £4 17s. 5d., for the support of the minister. The earliest parish records in Liverpool, are of the date of 1681, although there is in the Chester register office, a Liverpool register, dated 1624, from which it appears, that during that year, there were 21 burials, 4 marriages, and 35 chris- tenings. ST. NICHOLAS' CHUECH. St. Nicholas', or the Old Church, is at the bottom of Chapel-street, and the present structure was erected in 1774, under the direction of Joseph Brooks, Esq., on the site of the former building. The old spire was, however, at that period left standing, and till 1810 was the only part of the Old Church re- PLACES OF WORSHIP. 115 maiiiing. Its entire removal was occasioned by its falling, on Sunday, the lltli February, that year, as the congregation were assembling for divine service. While the second peal was ringing, the whole of the spire, and the north and east sides of the upper part of the tower fell into the body of the church, burying beneath the ruins twenty-eight individuals, seventeen of whom were girls of the Moorfields School, at that moment proceeding up the aisle. This melan- choly accident was attributed to the gradual decay of the arches supporting the spire, by the action of the elements, and the vibrations caused by the frequent ringing of the bells. The present handsome steeple was built in 1815, from plans by Mr. Harrison, of Chester, and consists of a tower of the Gothic style of architecture, surmounted by a beautifully designed open lantern, of a light and elegant form. The height from the base to the summit is 180 feet, 120 feet of which is the elevation of the tower, and it is provided with a peal of twelve bells. With the old spire were destroyed some of the few fine specimens of antiquity, of which Liverpool formerly boasted. An image of St. xsicholas, the tutelar saint of the mariner, formerly stood in the church yard, at whose shrine sailors presented their offerings and vows. The church is 102 feet long and 70 feet wide, is well lighted by six windows on each side, has a gallery supported by short stone pillars, and has seat-room for 1322 persons. In the interior are several monu- ments, some of which are of considerable antiquity. One dated 1716, is in memory of William Clayton, Esq., who represented the borough in six different parliaments. Another marks the burial place of 116 PLACES OF WORSHIP. Bryan Blundell, Esq., alderman, and one of the founders of the Bkie Coat Hospital. A third tablet appears in memory of William Naylor Wright, for- merly a captain, and once mayor of the town, erected by an unknown individual, whose life he saved. An elegant monument by Gibson, at one side of the communion table, serves as a memorial of Mrs. Earle, whose " innate goodness endeared her to her family and connexions." The rectors of the parish are the Rev. Jonathan Brooks, and the Rev. Augustus Campbell. ST. PETER- S CHURCH, situated in Church-street, is next in point of anti- quity, and is supposed to be the lirst parish church erected in Lancashire after the Reformation. It w as built by assessment in 1700, and was consecrated in 1704. The exterior is plain, of dark stone, and at the west end is a tower 108 feet high, the upper part of which is octangular, each angle being surmounted by a pinnacle in the shape of a candlestick. The clock is illuminated with gas, and there is in the tower a peal of ten bells. Each of the four portals, the designs of which were obtained from London, is of a different style of architecture. The interior of the church is plain, and has the appearance of consider- able antiquity ; the galleries being supported on oak pedestals, richly carved, on each of which rests a slender column supporting the roof. Behind the altar is a piece of elaborate carving in brown oak ; and over it, in the altar window, a representation of St. Peter. At the west end is an upper gallery, the centre of which is occupied by the organ, and the PLACES OF WOESHIP. 117 side parts are appropriated to the children of the Bhie Coat Hospital. The principal monuments are? one at the south side of the church, in memory of Foster Cunlifte, Esq., who died in 1758; and another at the east end of the church, marked by costliness rather than beauty, in memory of William Lawley, Esq. The church is 86 feet 9 inches long, and 67 feet 2 inches wide, and will accommodate 1,287 persons. ST. GEORGES CHURCH, at the top of Lord-street, was originally built in 1732, but, with the exception of the interior framework, was entirely rebuilt under the direction of Mr. Foster, in 1821. The walls of the building, (which is lighted by twelve segment-headed windows,) are rusticated and finished by a rich Doric entablature and em- panelled parapet. The spire is at the west end of the church, and the lower part, to correspond with the building itself, is ]-usticated and crowned by a similar entablature. From this base, which is 30 feet square, rises a square pedestal supporting an octagonal stylobate with Ionic columns 22§ feet high, and 2| feet in diameter, at each angle. Between these columns are the belfry-windows and clock- dials. Eight Corinthian columns 21 feet high, of which the next tier consists, disposed round the centre part of the steeple, (which is here circular,) support a balustrade forming a passage round the steeple at the point whence the spire springs. The spire is octangular, and its total height 214 feet. The interior of the church is very handsomely fitted up, and contains 817 sittings. In the chancel window is a beautiful painting of the crucifixion, by 118 PLACES OF WORSHIP. Hilton. Below the church are vaults for sepulture, but there is no church-yard attached. The incum- bents of this church succeed to the parish churches on the demise of the rectors. ST. THOMAS'S CHURCH, situated near the bottom of Park-lane, was consec- rated in 1750. The body of the church is rusticated, and the interior is lighted by two rows of windows, between which are Ionic pilasters. On these rest an entablature and empanelled parapet, with vases above each pilaster. The spire was originally 240 feet high, but 20 feet of it was blown down on the loth March, 1797, which was afterwards rebuilt. In 1822, con- siderable danger was apprehended from its having become insecure and vibrating during violent gales. It was accordingly surveyed, and ordered to be taken down. A short but handsome tower, with a square rustic basement now occupies its place. From this basement, a little above the cornice, the tower becomes octagonal, and has eight large belfry win- dows with circular heads and ornaments, and it is finished by a dome and cross. The interior of the church is plain, and will accommodate 1188 persons. The chancel is of a circtilar form, richly panelled and ornamented by fluted Corinthian pilasters. The galleries rest on eight pedestals, from which proceed Corinthian columns, finished by an entablature which supports the roof. At the west end is an upper gallery for the organ, &c. ST. PAUL'S CHURCH is situated in St. Paul's Square, and was consecrated PLACES OF WOKSHIP. 119 in 1769. The building has a rustic basement, and is of a soft stone, which in many places has suffered decay from the action of the elements. On the west side is a bold Ionic portico, consisting of a pediment projecting considerably, and supported on four columns, approached by a broad flight of steps. There are similar porticoes of three-quarter columns^ on the north and south sides. The sides of the church are finished by a range of balustrades and plain vases. A handsome dome on an octangular base, crowned by a ball and cross, gives effect to the structure. This dome is supported internally by eight stone Ionic columns, reaching to the roof, which, from their heaviness, detract considerably from the appearance of the interior. The gallery, which is octangular, is placed behind these columns, and the altar is in an oval niche. This church will accommodate 1658 persons. In addition to the usual services, there is service in the Welsh language on Sunday evenings. ST. AXNE'S CHURCH, in Great Richmond- street, was erected in 1772, at the expense of two private gentlemen, and vN-ill ac- commodate 864 persons. The building is of brick, stuccoed, of a plain appearance, and the principal entrance is at the south end, facing St. Anne-street. At the north end is a brick tower, the four angles of which are finished by small pinnacles. It is neatly fitted up, the gallery being supported on cast-iron pillars, said to have been the first of the kind used. ST. JOHN'S CHUECH, in St. John's-lane, Haymarket, has seat-room for 120 PLACES OF WORSHIP. 1094, and was built in 1784, of yellow free-stone. The north and south fronts are each lighted by ten windows, with pointed arches, five in each story, between which are niched buttresses on each of which rests a pedestal and pinnacle. The tower is 123 feet high, rectangular, and finished at the top, with a number of small pyramids. The altar, over which is the organ gallery, is in a square recess at the east end. The lower part of the Church is free to the poor. TRINITY CHURCH in St. Anne street will accommodate 1188 persons. It was erected by a number of private individuals? and consecrated in 1792. At the west end of the Church, which is of stone, with a rusticated basement, is a square tower, which, towards the top, becomes ortagonal, with vases on each angle. It is lighted by two tiers of windows on each side ; and finished by an attic demi-balustrade. ST. STEPHEN'S CHURCH is a small cemented building in Byrom-street, with seats for 497 persons. It was licensed as a Protestant dissenters' meeting-house of the Baptist denomination in 1722, and afterwards consecrated as a Church. ST. MATTHEWS CHURCH is situated in Key- street, and accommodates 526 in- dividuals. It was first licensed as a Protestant dis- senters' meeting-house in 1707, and subsequently consecrated. PLACES OF WOESHIP. 121 CHRIST CHUECH is a handsome brick building in Hunter-street, orna- mented with stone, capable of seating 2805 persons, erected at the sole expense of the late John Hough- ton, Esq., in 1797, and consecrated in 1800. On the north end of the building is a light cupola, in which is a commodious room with four large windows, com- manding an extensive prospect of the town and neighbourhood. The top is surrounded by a circular gallery which may be ascended from this apartment. The interior of the church is handsome and commo- dious, with a light and airy appearance. It has a lower and upper gallery on three sides, besides an organ gallery on the south side over the altar. Four hundred of the sittings are free, and an endowment is provided for the minister, organist, clerk, and sex- ton, from the rents of several of the pews. The cost of erection of this church was about £15,000. ST. JAMES' CHUECH, in Upper Parliament- street, was erected by private proprietors in 1774. It is a plain brick building, with two tiers of circular-headed windows, and a square tower at the west end. The interior has re- cently undergone considerable improvement and de- coration. ALL SAINTS' CHUECH, in Grosvenor-street, is a plain building, originally a tennis-court, which will hold nearly 2000 persons. It was built in 1798, and opened by license from the Bishop of the diocese in 1834. 122 PLACES OF WORSHIP. ST. MARK'S CHURCH, in Upper Duke-street, is a large brick building which had formerly a tower, the upper part of which has been removed. It was erected by subscription, licensed in 1803, and consecrated in 1815, having cost £10,000. It accommodates 1626 individuals, and has 300 free seats. The painting of the church window representing the " Ascension," is worthy of notice. The cost of this window was £700. ST. MARY'S CHURCH, Edgehill, is a plain but neat brick edifice, with a square tower at the west end, erected in 1813, by the late Thomas Mason, Esq. The interior is comfort- able and convenient. ST. GEORGE'S CHURCH, (EVERTON.) This church, which was erected in 1814, on the site of the old beacon, is a handsome Gothic building of red sandstone. It is lighted by seven windows on each side, between each of which is an abut- ment terminating in a pinnacle. The whole of the window-frames, pillars, arches, groins, roof, &c. are of cast iron, giving the interior a light and tasteM appearance. In the church is a beautifully painted window, and at the other end of the church is a Gothic tower, 96 feet high, each angle of which is finished by a pinnacle. ST. ANDREWS CHURCH in Renshaw-street, was built in 1815, at the sole ex- pense of John Gladstone, Esq., at a cost of £14,000. It will accommodate 1650 persons, and has 400 free PLACES OF WORSHIP. 123 seats. The exterior is stuccoed, with stone ornaments, and it has a light turret steeple, sunnounted by a dome and cross resting on eight columns. ST. PHILIPS' CHURCH, in Hardman- street, was built at an expense of £12,000, by Mr. John Cragg, and consecrated in 1816. It will accommodate 1000 individuals, and has 150 free seats. It is built of brick, plastered, in the Gothic style, and the frame work both in- ternally and externally is of cast iron. ST. MARY'S CHAPEL; OR, CHURCH OF THE SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND. This beautiful building, situated in Hotham-street, (formerly called Duncan-street,) was erected by John Foster, Esq., who, after a long residence in Greece, was desirous of building in his native town, a church, the architecture of which should be a copy of some of the most perfect models of Grecian art, and at an outlay consistent with the resources of the charity. The foundation stone was laid on the 6th October, 1818, by the bishop of the diocese, and the church was opened by the same prelate on the 6th October of the following year. The architecture of the building is a peculiar species of the Doric order, and the portico of the w^est end is an exact copy of that of the temple of Jupiter Panhellenius, in the island of Egina. The church is capable of accom- modating 1000 individuals, and one-half of the seats are appropriated for the use of strangers. With the school for the blind this building communicates by a subterraneous passage, through which the pupils enter 124 PLACES OF WORSHIP, the church. Over the altar is a stained glass paint- ing of the "Ascension," executed by Mr. Lyon, of this town. Nearly behind the reading desk is an appro- priate painting, by James Hilton, Esq., who obtained for it the prize from the British Institution, the sub- ject of which is " Christ restoring the blind to sight." The picture was presented to the institution by Henry Wilson, Esq. Over the vestry door, on the north side, is a painting, by Haydon, purchased by the institution, illustrative of the passage " Suffer little children to come unto me." Within the church is also a monument erected in memory of the late Pud- sey Dawson, Esq., one of the founders of the charity. A principal object in the erection of this elegant church was to make it serve as an auxiliary for supporting the benevolent institution with which it is connected, on the plan of the Magdalen and Foundling Hospitals of the Metropolis. Every stranger, therefore, who attends divine service is expected to contribute a small amount in silver towards the charity; plates for receiving contribu- tions being held at the door. The amount received in this manner during 1840 was £756 2s. 8d. The vocal part of the service is conducted by the blind pupils, who are assisted by a powerful organ, built by Gray, of London. ST. MICHAEL' S CHUKCH is situated in Upper Pitt -street. The first stone w^as laid on 24th June, 1816, and the parish expended £35,000 on its erection, but it being still unfinished, the corporation, in 1823 arranged for its completion, which cost them £10,267. The church will accom- PLACES OF WOESHIP. J 25 modate 1306 persons, and has 520 free seats. It is of the Corinthian order, having on the west side a portico 61 feet 7 inches in length, consisting of ten Corinthian columns .3 feet 2 inches in diameter, and 31 feet 8 inches high ; the capitals of which are copied from the remains of the temple of Jupiter Stator at Rome, supporting an entablature, which is carried round the building. The windows are circular- headed, and divided into two by a panel. The pedes- tal, on which the steeple rests, is at the west end, and supports sixteen Ionic columns 22 feet 6 inches high, between which, are the belfry windows, with an entab- lature and balustrade. Above this is a pedestal car- rying eight Corinthian columns and pilasters, forming four projecting portals, and from this order sprang an octangular spire, the total height of which was 201 feet from the ground. This part was struck by lightning on the 24th August, 1841, and was so much shattered as to require to be taken down. ST. DAVID'S CHURCH, near the bottom of Brownlow-hill, is a plain building, 98 feet by 52 feet, with a stone front, fitted up with galleries on three sides, capable of accommodating 1200 persons, and having 300 free seats. It was erected in 1827, Divine service is performed in Welsh at nine and three o'clock, and in English at eleven and half-past six o'clock every Sunday. ST. MARTIN'S IN THE FIELDS. This church is situated in Oxford-street (north,) and was erected by government in 1828, at an expense of £20,000, from the designs of 3Ir. Foster, on land 126 PLACES OF WORSHIP. given by the late Edward Houghton, Esq. The mo- dern Gothic style of architecture is that adopted in the building, and at the west end is a tower, with oc- tagonal turrets at the angles finished by pinnacles. From this tower rises an octangular spire crowned by a movdded cap and ornamental tinial,the total height of which is 198 feet. It was shattered by lightning during the same storm by which St. Michael's spire was injured, but has been recently repaired. The Church, w^hich is 97 feet by 69 feet, will hold 2000 persons, and has 1300 free seats. It is lighted by six lofty windows on each side, with pointed heads, and moulded traceries, and between each of which is a projecting buttress finished with a canopy and pin- nacle. The interior is handsomely arranged ; the gal- lery and a portion of the roof rest on iron pillars, from the top of which, spring 12 moulded arches, with a wall dividing the nave from the aisle. The parish authorities have purchased 10,000 square yards of land adjoining the church as a public cemetery, and surrounded it by a substantial stone wall. ST. AUGUSTIXE'S CHURCH, situated on an eminence, in Shaw^-street, Everton, was erected in 1830, at an expense of £5,000, on land given for the purpose by Thomas Shaw, Esq. The architect was Mr. John Broadbent, and the general design is Grecian. The details of the body of the church and the lower part of the tower are copied from the Choragic monument of Thrasyllus at Athens. The upper part of the tower consists of fluted columns, disposed round an octagonal centre, supporting an ogee dome, and is copied from the 1 t AU'WicifT^r IJeni Snu'd' . St ■/Uk ( 't/sf/, ■ SfnYtJ.ii crfwl. PLACES OF WORSHIP. 127 Ionic Temple on the Illissus. The pillars in the interior, supporting a gallery on three sides of the building, are continued to the roof, which is neatly ornamented. The church will seat 1500 persons, and has 250 free sittings, ST. BRIDE'S CHURCH. This church which is situated in Percy-street, Upper Parliament- street, was erected under the superin- tendence of Mr. Samuel Rowland, architect. It is capable of accommodating 1400 persons, 400 sittings being set apart for the poor, and was consecrated 29th December, 1830. At the west end is a bold portico of six Ionic columns, 29 feet 4 inches high, sup- porting an entablature and pediment. Six Gr^eco- Egyptian windows on each side afford light to the interior, which is commodious and elegant. The gallery is supported on cast-iron pillars, and the ceiling is panelled. ST. LUKE'S CHURCH, at the comer of Berry-street and Leigh-street, forms a prominent object from the whole length of Bold- street. The foundation stone was laid in April, 1811, but owing to a variety of unavoidable circum- stances it was not opened till 1831. The sum of £44,110 was expended by the corporation on its erection, from the design of John Foster, Esq. It is a beautiful specimen of the Gothic style of the fourteenth century, constructed entirely of white stone ; and a considerable amount of ornament, both internally and externally, has been successfully introduced. The tower, which is at the west end, 128 PLACES OF WORSHIP. is 137 feet high, and has octagonal turrets at the angles, perforated by jiointed loop-holes, with rich labels, and finished with embrasures. The beautiful proportions of the lofty windows add greatly to the appearance of the tower. The sides of the building are supported by buttresses, finished with pinnacles, and the windows between them are of three com- partments, with tracery heads. The cornice is sur- mounted by moulded embrasures. The east window in the chancel has a pleasing appearance, and har- monises well with the richness of the panelling, the octagonal-headed turrets, and the open quatrefoil blocking at this end of the building. The interior is finished in a manner coi'responding with the ex- terior of the edifice. There are no side galleries, and only a small one at the west end for the organ and choir. The ceiling is richly panelled in the centre, and groined at the sides, the intersections being filled up with foliage, drops, and open bosses. The ceiling of the chancel is also groined and di- vided from the body of the church by a bold arch. This church will accommodate about 2,000 persons in the area, including the chancel. The windows are ornamented with stained glass, and contain the armorial bearings of each member of the old cor- poration. The west entrances are approached by a broad flight of stone steps, and the church-yard is enclosed by handsome iron railings, with lofty pin- nacled piers. ST. JUDE'S CHUECH, Low-hill. This church was erected by subscription, from designs by Messrs. Rickman and Hutchinson, PLACES OF WORSHIP. 129 of Birmingham, at an expense of little more than £6,000, and consecrated in 1831. It is built of brick, and cemented, with stone ornaments and facings, and the style of architecture is the Gothic of the thirteenth century. It has four large turrets with lofty pinnacles, and all the angles of the build- ing are finished by smaller pinnacles. The principal entrance is a platform, approached by a flight of steps. The side windows are of the lancet form, having bold buttresses between them. At the east end is a large and richly filled circular window over the altar. The interior will accommodate 1,500 person, and it has 500 free seats ; it is handsomely arranged and decorated, and has galleries on three sides. The organ, the form of which harmonizes with the architecture of the church is placed over the altar. Below the church are commodious schools for the accommodation of about 400 children. ST. CATHARIXES CHURCH forms the centre part of the east side of Abercromby- square. It was erected by subscription in 1831, by John Foster, Esq., at an expenseof £10,000, and will accommodate 1,000 persons. The front has a portico of six Ionic columns, supporting an entablature with dentilled cornice, and a suitable pediment. The only light admitted into the interior, with the excep- tion of that from the altar window, is by the cupola in the roof; this arrangement being necessary from the situation of the building. The galleries rest on square piers, which support Corinthian columns ex- tending to the roof, and the ceiling is richly panelled. 130 PLACES OF WORSHIP. ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST'S CHURCH, situated in Park-road, is a beautiful specimen of the old English style of ecclesiastical architecture, and was erected in 1832. Its shape is cruciform, and it is built of red stone, finished on all the sides with a battlement, and pinnacles at the angles. The side aisles and angles of the building are supported by buttresses, which are also terminated by pinnacles with crockets and finials. The entrances at the north, south, and west ends, are plain, having above the door way circular windows, lighting the stair- cases within, and small niches on each side. The upper part of the building is lighted by numerous small lancet windows near the roof, but the lower ones are large and circular-headed. The steeple is at the west end, and consists of a square tower, with buttresses at the angles, terminating in pinnacles, with large belfry windows, above which are the clock faces and a battlement. From this springs a plain octagonal spire. The interior has a striking appear- ance, the lofty roof, in which the rafters are shewn, being supported on pointed arches, the piers of which are clustered. The aisles are separated from the nave by smaller stone arches, and the galleries are placed on cast iron pillars, at the extremities of the nave and transepts. The chancel window has three lancets, and before it is placed the pulpit, which is extremely light. ST. MATTHIAS' CHURCH is situated in Love-lane, Great Howard- street, and will accommodate 1,050 persons, having 500 free seats. It was opened in July, 1834, having been PLACES OF WORSHIP. 131 erected at an expense of £3,100, on land presented by the corporation. Under the church are two school- rooms, which will accommodate 500 scholars. The exterior is of brick, with a portico in front, supported by two massive Ionic columns. ST. SIMON'S CHURCH in Gloucester-street, was originally a Scotch Seces- sion chapel, and afterwards occupied by the Inde- pendents, from whom it was purchased. It was con- secrated in 1841, the congregation of the Hebrew church having removed from their former place of worship in Sir Thomas'-buildings. ST. SAVIOUE'S CHURCH is situated near Falkner-square, and was erected by subscription in 1839, from the design of Mr. Murray, of Dublin. It is of brick plastered, with a tower at the east end, the upper part of which is octagonal, com- posed of eight arches of brick-work, with four pedi- ments, and surmounted by a vase. The design of the front and tower was by Mr. Welch of this town, and not that originally intended. The interior is lighted by two tiers of windows, and the gallery is supported by neat cast iron pillars. The pulpit and desks are of massive oak and stand in the centre aisle. ST. BARTHOLOMEWS CHURCH situated in Nay lor- street, was opened on 6th Febru- ary, 1841, being the first erected by the Liverpool Church Building Society. It will accommodate from 1300 to 1400 persons, and half of the sittings are free. The architect was Mr. Clayton, of Ormskirk, and the i32 PLACES OF WORSHIP. expense of erection was £6000, inclusive of £2000, the price of the land. It is built of brick, of the Go- thic style, with a neat spire from one of the angles ; and its internal as w^ell as external appearance im- presses the spectator with the idea of an old ecclesi- astical structure. ST. BAEXABAS' CHUECH is situated at the bottom of Parliament-street, and was consecrated in June, 1841. It is built of red stone, and the workmanship is of a rery superior de- scription. It will accommodate about 1560 persons, and the interior is elegantly fitted up, with a due re- gard to convenience. The windows are of the lancet form, and between each of them, and at the angles are projecting buttresses, which are terminated by slender pinnacles. The steeple, which is 135 feet high, is at the south end, and the lower part is square, finished with pinnacles, cornice, &.C., having a clock face and belfry windows above the door. From this tower, springs a slender spire with small lancet loop-holes. The principal entrance is at the south end under the steeple. ST. SILAS- CHURCH in Pembroke-place, was erected in 1841, by subscrip- tions and donations, chiefly raised by the congrega- tion of St. Jude's Church. The front is of red stone, and the remainder of the building is of brick. The principal entrance is by a platform elevated a little above the level of the street. There is a plain Saxon spire, wath a square base, projecting from the church. The building is well lighted by long lancet PLACES OF WORSHIP, 133 windows on each side. The interior is neatly ar- ranged, with galleries on three sides, and upper gal- leries above the stair- case for the Sunday scholars. The roof is supported by rafters in the old Gothic style, which greatly improve its appearance. The chancel, which is in a square recess, is separated from the body of the church by a pointed arch, and is lighted by a small lancet window on each side. ST. CLEMENT' S CHUECH, Upper Stanhope-street, Windsor, is built of red sand- stone, in the Saxon style, with a belfry at the east end. The principal entrance is at the north side, and the church is lighted by lancet windows. The ap- pearance of the interior is striking, as it is low in the sides, and has a lofty pointed roof supported by oak rafters. The altar is in a projection at the east end, and there is a gallery carried round three sides of the building. Over the stair-cases are two small galleries for the Sunday school children, separated from the body of the church by arches. The whole of the in- terior is painted in imitation of black oak, and the design is exceedingly chaste and ornamental. The first stone was laid in May, 1840, and it was conse- crated in June, 1841. £1500 of the expense was raised by subscription, and the remainder w^as de- frayed by the Liverpool Church Building Society. ST. THOMAS' CHURCH. Warwick-street, near Brunswick Dock, is built of red sandstone, with a tower at the north end, the lower part of which is square, with pinnacles at the angles, and the upper part octagonal, finished with 134 PLACES OF WORSHIP. a battlement and pinnacles, and having four belfry windows. An inscription on the lower part of the tower informs us that " This church was built and en- dowed in 1840, by John Gladstone, Esq., of Fasque, N. B.,a merchant of Liverpool.'^ The interior is plain, with a gallery at the north end, and it will accom- modate about 900 individuals. The pulpit and read- ing desk project on brackets from the wall on each side of the altar, and enter by a door opening into a staircase behind. The altar is lighted from the roof, and the place of the usual chancel window is sup- plied by pannelling. Prayers are performed here daily, at nine o'clock in the morning and at seren in the evening, and on Sundays at three o'clock in the afternoon, in addition to the usual services. In this church, as well as in St. Silas', St. Clements, and nearly all the new churches, there is not the usual clerk's desk, the congregation being expected to join in the responses. ST. JOHN THE EVANGELIST'S CHURCH is situated in Hope- street, and was opened as a Church of England on 21st March, 1841, it having been previously occupied as a place of worship by a denomination styling themselves " the Christian Society," who on that day, together with their pastor, joined the established church. It is a plain stuccoed building. MARINER'S CHURCH. This is a commodious place of worship for the use of seamen, moored at the south end of George's Dock, It was originally the " Tees,'' an 18 gun sloop, which PLACES OF WORSHIP. 135 was granted by government for the purpose to which it is now applied. It is fitted up in the usual man- ner of a church, with galleries, &c., and the church of England service is regularly used. Many of the churches in the suburbs are worthy of notice, some on account of their antiquity, and others for their architectural beauty. They will be pointed out in the Itinerar}\ The hours of service and the clergymen of the different churches in Liverpool, are given in the Appendix. CHURCHES IX CONNEXION WITH THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. OLDHAM-STREET. This is a large brick building without any architec- tural ornament; which was the first erected for the convenience of the Scottish inhabitants of Liverpool. ST. ANDREW'S CHURCH, in Rodney-street, was erected from the designs of Mr. Foster, and opened in 1824. It has a stone front wath a lofty Ionic portico, very much enriched, sur- mounted by an entablature and balustrade. Over the stair- cases, which are at the angles, are two square turrets, composed of a square tower lighted by four windows, with eight isolated Corinthian columns, supporting an entablature, blocking, &c., and finish- ed by a cupola. The interior is handsomely fitted up with galleries on three sides. 136 PLACES OF WORSHIP. ST. PETER'S CHURCH. The foundation stone of a handsome building, to be styled St. Peter's Church, was laid a few month's ago, in Scotland-road, near St. Anthony's Chapel, and the building is rajDidly progressing. CATHOLIC CHAPELS. ST. MARY'S, EDMUND-STREET. A chapel erected on this site has existed from a very early period. About the year 1745, it was attacked by a mob, and burned to the ground, and soon after- wards the present one was erected. It is of very humble appearance, and though small, (measuring but 66 feet 6 inches, by 43 feet 8 inches,^ will ac- commodate a large congregation in consequence of having two galleries, which extend far into the body, on all except the altar side. It is intended to be re- placed by a magnificent chapel in the Gothic or ancient English style, the architect of which will be Welby Pugin, Esq. There are no schools attached to the present chapel, but it is intended to erect large, ones adjoining the new building. The clergy are monks of the order of St. Benedict. ST. PETER'S, SEEL-STREET, is a spacious building, (86 feet 4 inches, by 48 feet,) attended by a numerous congregation, and has in connection with it, schools for the education of 600 children, boys, girls, and infants. The clergy are Benedictine monks. PLACES OF WOESHIP. 137 ST. XICHOLAS', COPPERAS-HILL, is a large and elegant Gothic building, measuring 84 feet 3 inches, b}' 62 feet 6 inches, in which a beautiful painted window, designed by W. Pugin, Esq., has re- cently been placed. It was erected by public subscrip- tion, and has attached to it schools, in which are educated, 2o0 boys, and 230 girls. A convent, (formerly noticed,) in connexion with this chapel, is in progress of erection, in Mount Vernon- street. The clergy are secular. ST. PATRICK'S, PAEK-PLACE, TOXTETH-PAEK. is a spacious brick building, the expense of which was defrayed by subscription, on condition that the ground-floor be for ever free to the poor. The front is ornamented by a well-executed figure of St. Patrick, presented by James Bran cker, Esq., and the entrance is from Doric porticos, at the north and south sides. The schools educate about 450 children. The boys' school is under the care of the religious brothers of the christian schools. The clergy are secular ST. ANTHOXY'S, IN SCOTLAXD-EOAD, was erected in 1832, in place of a small chapel which stood at the top of Drj- den-street; it is a brick build- ing in the Gothic style, designed by Mr. Broadbent, and cost in erection about £12,000. Its extreme length from east to west is 15Sf feet, breadth 74 feet and height 43^ feet. At the west end is a gallery- ex- tending 29 feet into the body of the chapel supported on cast iron pillars. The ceiling is so formed as to exhibit a nave and side aisles, and is pannelled and enriched with bosses at the intersections. The cha- K 138 PLACES OF WORSHIP. pel will accommodate 1700 persons, and has 500 free seats. Attached to the building is a burying ground, and there are also upwards of 700 vaults for single interments, under the body of the chapel. The schools will accommodate about 1200 children. The clergy are secular. ST. OSWALD'S, OLD SWAN, is a handsome building in the old ecclesiastical style, the arrangements of which are faithfully revived from ancient authorities. The land on which it is erected was presented by Edward Challinor, Esq., of Oak Hill, and the funds for its erection were contributed chiefly by the late C. R. Blundell, Esq., of Ince. The clergy is secular. ST. ANNE'S, CHATHAM-PLACE, EDGEHILL. The first stone was laid on the 17th March, 1841. It is intended to be erected, as a church, in the Gothic style, and adjoining it, will be a convent for Nuns of the order of Sisters of Mercy. A Magdalen Asylum, for unfortunate females, will be erected at Aigburth, in connexion with it. The clergy will be Benedictine monks. ST. FRANCIS XATIER'S is intended to be erected in the prevailing style (Go- thic,) in Salisbuiy-street. The ground is already purchased. The clergy will be Jesuits. CATHOLIC CHURCH. THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY APOSTLES is situated atthecorner of Catherine-street, and Duke- PLACES OF WORSHIP. 139 Street This church, which has been already upwards of two years in progress, is built of white stone, in the florid Gothic style, with costly workmanship, and it is intended to be cruciform. The choir will be opened for service about the end of the present year, and the nave, tower, &c., will be afterwards added. The length of the entire building from east to west will be 129 feet, and breadth 57 feet; the height of the roof will be 60 feet inside, and the west window will be 30 feet high, richly embellished. A spire will be raised about 180 feet high, and the internal ar- rangements of the building will be strictly in accord- ance with old ecclesiastical architecture. The con- gregation, at present, meet in Pilgrim -street. ORIGIN- OF DISSENTERS IN LIVERPOOL.* The dissenters in Liverpool are numerous, and highly respectable whether considered as to station, numbers, or character. It is probable that the ejec- tion of the non-conformist ministers, in the reign of Charles II, under the act of uniformity, laid the foun- dation of the dissenting interest in this town, as it did in many other parts of the kingdom. The Rev. John Fog, of Liverpool, was among the ejected ministers, and the Rev. Joseph Thompson, of Sefton, a member of the University of Oxford, and the Rev. Thomas Crompton, M.A., of Toxteth-park, were also of the number. The original dissenting congregation in Livei-pool, was a branch from the ancient chapel of some note in the annals of non-conformity, situated in the adjoining township of Toxteth-park. This ♦From " Baines' Lancashire." 140 PLACES OF WOKSHIP. place -was in the hands of the non-conformists at the time of passing the Bartholomew act, in 1662, and the Rev. Thomas Crompton was the minister. Im- mediately after the revolution in 1688, a chapel was built in Castle Hey, now called Harrington-street, which, in 1727, was removed to Benn's Gardens. The original Baptist congregation was a branch of a society at Hill Cliffe, near Warrington, which came to Liverpool about the year 1700. In 1714, they erected a chapel in Everton-road, where their burial ground still remains. The first Independent congregation was established in 1777, at Newington chapel, Renshaw-street, and was principally formed by seceders from Toxteth- park, and Benn's Gardens chapels. The Scotch Presbyterians were established in 1793, and the Society of Friends since 1709. Methodism has existed since it became a distinct religious sect ; and the establishment of the Roman Catholics is co- eval with the origin of the town itself. INDEPENDENT CHAPELS. GREAT GEORGE-STREET CHAPEL. This beautiful edifice was erected from designs by J. Franklin, Esq., on the site of the former spacious chapel, which was destroyed by fire on the 19th Februaiy, 1840. It was opened on 21st October, 1841 ; is built of free-stone, of the description com- monly known as " Park -stone," and is 127 feet in length, including the portico, and 66 feet in width. There is pew-accommodation for 1750 persons, be- PLACES OF WOESHIP. 141 sides the children's galleries. The site is at the junc- tion of Great George-street, and Nelson- street, form- ing an acute angle; for which the former chapel, being a parallelogram, was obviously unsuitable. The present building is placed several yards back- wards, thereby giving space for a circular vestibule, of 25 feet diameter, fronting Great George- street. The principal elevation consists of a portico of ten fluted columns of the Corinthian order, after the ele- gant example of the temple of Jupiter Stator. The height of the columns, including the plinth, base, and capital, is 33 feet, the shaft being of one stone, a cir- cumstance without precedent in this country. The entire base of this front is approached by a flight of steps corresponding in outline with the portico. The columns are surmounted by an enriched entablature. The circular part of the portico roof, is formed of stone, in radiating courses, having moulded ribs and terminals. Above this, is a continuation of the cir- cular vestibule, the centre of which is enriched with a continuous perforated quillochi to light the vesti- bule. Above the cornice is a trussed springer for the dome, which is pannelled and ribbed, and sur- mounted by a carved finial. The flanks of the building are decorated with pilasters, ten on each side, with continued plinth and base-course, capitals, and enriched entablature, corresponding with the front elevation, these sides being terminated with an attic. Between the pilasters are eighteen circular-headed windows, with moulded architraves. The entrance to the ground floor is through corridors leading from the vestibule by a handsome double staircase, geo- metrically constructed. There is a gallery' round the 142 PLACES OF WORSHIP. vestibule, under which is placed a monument of chaste design, opposite the entrance, in memory of the Rev. Thomas Spencer. The ceiling of the interior is panelled and enriched, with a circular centre part, deeply sunk, under which hangs a mas. sive chandelier, by which the whole of the gallery, and middle portion of the ground floor are lighted for evening service. The pulpit is of elaborate design and executed in Dantzic oak. There is a gallery round the four sides of the building, and behind the pulpit is the organ, one of the largest in the town, built by Mr. Hill, of London. The design is elegant and greatly enriched. The corner towers are composed of Corinthian columns, with gilt pipes between, and the centre tower is three parts of a circle, composed of gilt pipes fifteen feet high, under a richly carved canopy ; and the whole instrument, which is 25 feet high, is superbly carved and gilt . The whole of the aisles are covered with Brussels carpet. Below the chai>el are two spacious school- rooms and a lecture-room, to accommodate 450 persons; also, a library, vestry, and other minor apartments. A vestry at the rear of the building presents a front of four Ionic columns, supporting an entablature, the only relics of the former structure. CRESCENT CHAPEL, EVERTON BROW, is a handsome stone building with a portico of four fluted Ionic columns, in antis, supporting a pediment and cornice, and was opened on 23rd November, 1837. It was built by the congregation formerly worshipping at Bethesda chapel, Hotham-street, which was small and inconvenient. The chapel has accommodation PLACES OF WORSHIP. 143 for 1230 adults, and 260 children. Its extreme length is 92 feet, and it is 65 feet wide. The cost of the site and of the building was £9000. Architect, Joseph Franklin, Esq. NEWINGTON CHAPEL, REXSHAW-STEEET, is a small brick building with a Gothic front. It was the place of the short ministry of the Rev. Thos. Spencer, a young man of extraordinary^ piety and talent, at the time when a melancholy accident deprived him of life, in 1811, shortly after the com- mencement of the erection of Great George- street chapel, which was intended for him. HANOVER CHAPEL is situated at the comer of Mill-street and Warwick- street, and is a plain brick building, opened for divine service on the 17th January, 1830. The other Independent Chapels are plain in ap- pearance, and do not require particular notice. They are to be found in the appendix. BAPTIST CHAPELS. The handsomest belonging to this denomination is PEMBROKE CHAPEL, which was opened 3rd July, 1839, and is situated at the comer of Pembroke-place and Crown- street. The front elevation has a projecting portico of four fluted Ionic columns, supporting a suitable pediment, and the whole of the building is of white sandstone. The interior, which is much admired for its con- 144 PLACES OF WORSHIP. venience and simplicity of arrangement, is lighted by two tiers of windows. A fine toned organ, the ease of which harmonizes with the architectural arrange- ment of the building, is placed in a gallery at the east end, behind the pulpit. The number of sittings amount to 1050, although 200 more may be added if necessary, by altering the disposition of the aisles. The cost of this edifice was about £9000, and the architect, Joseph Franklin, Esq. SOHO-STREET CHAPEL is a neat and commodious building, recently erected by the congregation formerly worshipping at Cock- spur-street chapel. BYEOM-STREET CHAPEL is a commodious building, with seat room for 936 persons. It is the oldest belonging to the Baptist denomination in Liverpool. LIME-STREET CHAPEL is an old brick building, with accommodation for 579 persons. This chapel has been purchased by the Corporation, being in the line of projected improve- ments, in consequence of which, it will shortly be taken down, and a new one built in Hope-street. SCOTCH SECESSION CHURCH, situated at the corner of Great Orford- street, and Mount Pleasant, is a plain and substantial structure with stone front. The centre slightly recedes, and the lower part consists of a portico with four Doric PLACES OF AVOKSHIP. 145 columns, above which are the gallery windows. The interior is well arranged, and instead of the usual pulpit, there is a handsome platform formed by a con- tinuation of the two stairs, supported on a massive pillar. Over this, is a canopy hung with drapery, and behind, it is painted in imitation of a circular recess. The chapel was erected by the congregation, formerly worshipping at Gloucester- street chapel, from the design of Mr. S. Rowlands, at an expense of £6441, and was opened 1st June, 1827. It will ac- commodate 1200 persons. WESLEYAN CHAPELS. MOUNT PLEASANT CHAPEL is a plain brick building near the bottom of the street, with seat room for 680 persons. PITT-STREET CHAPEL is a spacious building, with a gallery of an oval form, surrounding the interior. It has a neat organ of good tone, and the pulpit, which is light, rests on fluted columns. Its dimensions are 74 feet 8 inches, by 63 feet 8 inches, and it holds 1300 individuals. BRUNSWICK CHAPEL, in Moss-street, has a handsome stone front, with a portico consisting of Ionic columns. It is of a horse- shoe form, disposed in the form of an amphitheatre, the seats rising as they recede from the pulpit. A small gallery is appropriated to the organ, the choir, and the children. The chapel will seat 1500 persons, and is 335 feet in circumference. 146 PLACES OF WORSHIP. WESLEY CHAPEL, in Stanhope -street, Toxteth-parkj-was opened in 1827. It has a stone front, and is surrounded by a spacious burial ground. The interior will accommodate 1500 persons, and has an organ by Bewsher and Fleetwood of this town. GREAT HOMER.STREET CHAPEL, is a handsome erection, with an elevation of the Gre- cian style, which is capable of accommodating 1300 persons. It was opened in 1839. The other chapels of this denomination being buildings so plain as to require no description, will be seen on reference to the list of places of worship in the appendix. WESLEYAN ASSOCIATION. The principal chapel of this denomination is PLEASAXT-STREET CHAPEL. This is a spacious building of brick, with stone ornaments and lacings, measuring 75 by 57 feet, and capable of accommodating 1390 persons. It was erected from the designs of Mr. Duckworth. METHODIST NEW CONNEXION. This denomination occupy a handsome chapel in Park-place, connected with which are spacious school- rooms ; and hotha:m-street chapel, (formerly called Bethesda,) which was purchased PLACES OF WORSHIP. 147 from the Independent congregation, now removed to Crescent Chapel, Everton. Their other chapel is in Bevington-hill. SEAMENS' CHURCH, Rathbone-street, of the Independent Methodist de- nomination, is a large brick building, with stone ornaments, and an emblematical design, in relief, on the front, erected in 1835, for the convenience of seamen. It has accommodation for 1,000 persons, and it measures 51 feet by 50 feet. WELSH CHAPELS. The chapels in which the service is regularly per- formed in the Welsh language, are more numerous in proportion to the Welsh population, than those of any other description. WELSH INDEPENDENT CHAPELS. The oldest of this denomination is THE TABERNACLE, situated at the corner of Great Crosshall-street and Marybone. It was erected in 1817, and measures 60 by 48 feet. BETHEL, in Bedford-street, Toxteth Park, was erected in 1837, and is a neat brick building, with stone facings, measuring 54 by 42 feet. 148 PLACES OF WORSHIP. SALEM, in Brownlow-hill, is a handsome cemented building, measuring 57 by 45 feet, the interior of which is conveniently and tastefully arranged. It was opened in 1841. WELSH CALVINISTIC METHODISTS. PALL MALL CHAPEL, is the oldest Welsh place of worship in Liverpool, and was built in 1787. It was afterwards rebuilt in 1816, and measures 57 feet by 46§ feet. EBENEZER CHAPEL, Bedford-street, was originally built in 1805, and re- built in 1840. It is the largest place belonging to this body, and will accommodate about 2,000 persons. The other chapels of this denomination are to be found in the list of places of worship in the appendix. WELSH WESLEYAX CHAPELS. CHESTER-STREET CHAPEL was opened in 1837, and has a neat front, with two Doric porches, BENN'S GARDEN CHAPEL, which is at present occupied by this denomination, was the property of the Renshaw- street Unitarian congregation, who removed from it in 18] 1. It was erected in 1727, for the convenience of part of the congregation of Park chapel. The Baptist and other Welsh chapels, being struc- PLACES OF VOESHIP. 149 tures with no pretension to architectural design, it is, perhaps, unnecessary to notice individually. They will be found in the appendix. UNITAEIAX CHAPELS. PARADISE-STREET CHAPEL is an octagonal brick building, surmounted by an attic balustrade, and vases at the angles. Over the centre of the building is an octagonal lantern, which is a considerable ornament to the building. The pulpit is ascended by a double staircase, and is sup- ported on columns ; and the front of the galleries afford a specimen of rich inlaying and Teneering with different kinds of wood. EENSHAW-STEEET CHAPEL, is nearly opposite St. Andrew's church. It has a stone front, is well arranged in the interior, and has a large burial ground attached. PARK CHAPEL, in Park- road, near the Dingle, is the oldest Dissen- ters' chapel in Liverpool or the neighbourhood, having been occupied from the period of the act of uniformity in 1662, when its minister was ejected from the established church. It has frequently under- gone extensive repairs. THE FLOATING CHAPEL, lies in the north west comer of King's Dock. It was originally a merchantman of 800 tons burthen, and loO PLACES OF WORSHIP. now belongs to the Bethel Union, by whom it was purchased for £940. It is fitted up with a gallery, &c., in the form of a chapel, and will accommodate from 500 to 600 persons. Service is performed by the different dissenting ministers in the town, by rotation. FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSE, is situated in Hunter-street, and is a commodious but exceedingly plain brick building, capable of accommodating 2000 persons. JEWS' SYNAGOGUE in Seel-street, is a costly building with stone front, having four three-quarter Ionic columns supporting a pediment. Above the entrance is an inscription in Hebrew, and the date of erection, a.m. 5568, which, in the usual notation, is the year 1807. The interior is elegantly fitted up, the gallery being appropriated exclusively to ladies ; and at the north end of the building within an enclosed space, is the ark, containing the Law, &c. The above description comprehends all the places of worship which are deserving of particular notice. For the convenience of visitors, a list of all the places of worship in Liverpool and its neighbour- hood, their ministers, and the hours of service, is given in the appendix. CEMETERIES. Comparatively few of the places of worship have burial grounds attached, but their place is supplied by spacious cemeteries in different parts of the town and neighbourhood. ST. JAMES' CEMETERY is situated between Upper Parliament-street, and Duke-street, along the lower side of Hope-street. It contains 44,000 square yards of ground, which was originally a stone quarry, but was converted into a cemetery, and consecrated on 12th Januarj', 1829. The land was given for the purpose by the Corpora- tion, and the sum of £20,000 was raised by sub- scription to carry into effect the designs of a committee of management. It has the appearance of a narrow dell, the west side of which is covered with rich foliage, and the east side is arranged in inclined planes or terraces, cut from the solid rock, which, being without wood, have a very bare appearance The catacombs or vaults, 105 in number, are hewn from the rock, and are entered from these terraces. The lower part of the cemetery is studded with graves tastefully arranged; and it is ornamented with serpentine walks, and shrubberies filling up the remainder ; causing this mournful habitation of the King of terrors to have little of the gloominess which generally characterizes the abodes of the dead. The orator}^ is placed on the edge of a perpen- dicular rock, at the north west corner, and is reached from the lower part of the cemetery by a small tunnel cut through the rock, leading to the platform lo2 CEMETERIES. on which the chapel is situated. It is a fine specimen of the Grecian Doric architecture, and is a perfect model of a Greek Hypasthral temple. It has a portico at each end, consisting of a pediment supported by six fluted columns, and is lighted from the roof. The floor of the interior is of mosaic work, and there are several well-executed busts ranged round the building. Near the oratory, enclosed by a shrub- bery, is the clergyman's house. In the centre of the lower part of the cemetei-y is a circular mausoleum, similar to the lantern of Demosthenes, at Athens, consisting of a rustic basement, supporting ten three-quarter Corinthian columns, sunnounted by a cornice and dome. It was erected by public subscription in memory of William Huskisson, Esq., M.P., who was unfor- tunately killed on the day of the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, on the 15th September, 1830, by a locomotive engine passing over his body. The light is admitted from near the roof, and falls with effect on the statue of the lamen- ted Huskisson within. The figure is standing erect, habited in the Roman Toga, with the arms folded on the breast. The artist has happily caught an ex- pression of countenance which the senator frequently exhibited, and has rejDresented it with feeling and vigour. The mausoleum was erected by Messrs. Tomkinson and Son, and the statue was executed by our townsman, Mr. Gibson. Closer inspection of the figure may be procured by obtaining the key from the clerk, at the south end of the cemetery. The number of interments at this cemetery during 1841, was 1074. CEMETERIES. 153 THE NECEOPOLIS, or " City of the dead," is a cemetery, opened in 182o, at the corner of Derby and Everton Roads, Low-hill. It was laid out from the design of Mr. Foster, at an an outlay of £8,000, and is the property of a number of proprietors. It occupies 24,000 square yards, and is tastefully arranged, the graves being placed at the north end, and beyond them, at the extremity of the ground, is a railed and covered space, appropriated to tombs with monumental tablets, &c. The house of the resident minister, and the chapel, are of the Grecian style of architecture, and separated by a lofty gateway on massive columns, the design of Mr. Foster. Parties interring are at liberty to avail them- selves of the services of the resident chaplain, or of their own minister, and to use their own form of worship. During 1841, 1,797 burials took place here. I i ST. MAEYS CEMETERY, I Kirkdale, covers three acres of ground, and has a i handsome stone entrance, over which is the inscrip- tion "St. Mary's Cemetery, A. D. 1837." "Mors Janua VUcbP The architecture is Gothic, presenting an extensive and highly ornamented fa9ade, finished by a battlement and pinnacles. The chapel, the in- terior of which is fitted up with oak carved work, is on the north side, and the house of the minister is on the south side of the entrance. Parties are at liberty to employ their own form of service, and their own minister, or to have the service performed by the resident chaplain. 154 CEMETERIES. PAROCHIAL CEMETERY. In addition to that at St. Martin's church, there is a large burial ground in St. Mary's-lane, Abercromby- square, nearly opposite the Alms-houses, with a small chapel attached. JEWS' BURIAL GROUND was formerly in Boundary-place, but a new and more commodious cemetery was consecrated in September, 1837, in Deane-street, Kensington. It has a handsome cemented entrance, with a portico having two fluted j Doric columns, under which is an arched gateway. OLD BURIAL GROUND, EVERTON ROAD, nearly opposite the Necropolis, belongs to the Bap- tists, and was used when they were excluded from the parish grounds. It was the site of the first Bap- tist chapel erected in Liverpool. COMMERCIAL AND JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES are exceedingly numerous, but it will be necessary to mention only a few of the most important. THE RAILWAYS. " In this wonder-working age/' says a writer in No. 96, of the Quarterly Review, " few greater improve- ments have been made in any of the useful arts than in those applied to the system of travelling on land. Projectors and projects have multiplied with our years, and the fairy -petted princes of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments, were scarcely transported from place to place with more facility or despatch than Englishmen are in a.d. 1832. From Liverpool to Manchester, thirty-six miles, in an hour and a half !* Surely Doedalus is come amongst us again.'' The Railway Station is situated in Lime-street, and occupies the whole of the space between Gloucester-street and Lord Nelson-street. The front elevation is a fagade of white freestone, 330 feet in length, with thirty-six three-quarter Corinthian columns, supporting a suitable entablature. The ornaments are chaste and expressive, and relieve the heaviness which would otherwise characterize so extensive a range of building. The entrance is formed by two large archways, and two other blank doorways are added for the sake of uniformity. * The journey is now performed in little more than an hour. 156 COMMERCIAL AND Smaller doors form the entrance to the booking and parcel offices. The total expense of this elegant erection was £7000, £2000 of which was handsomely granted by the Corporation; and it was built from the design of John Foster, Esq. Behind the fa9ade is a suite of spacious offices, occupied by the Liverpool and Manchester, Grand Junction, North Union, and other railway com- panies. On entering the area, the feeling with which the spectator is impressed, is that of the strength, durability, completeness, aptitude and simplicity, of almost every thing he sees ; and the order and re- gularity preserved, strongly displays the importance of method in such an establishment. The roof of the area is 70 feet in span, supported on massive beams and columns of iron, and lighted by numerous sky lights. From this point passengers are conveyed through a tunnel 2,230 yards in length, 25 feet in width, and 17 feet in height, which terminates a little above Edge-bill. At the Edge-hill station are two powerful steam-engines which draw the train, by means of an endless rope, up the tunnel from Lime-street; the carriages going down the declivity to Lime-street without any assistance. This tunnel, which is for passengers only, was opened in 1836. Merchandise conveyed by the railway is deposited and received at the station, Wapping, near King's- dock, whence a large tunnel proceeds to within a short distance of the Edge-hill station, where the passenger tunnel ends. The length of this tunnel is 2,2.50 yards, and it is 22 feet in width, and 16 feet high, with a semicircular arch of 11 feet radius. It terminates at a spacious area, sunk 40 feet below the JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. 157 level of the ground, at Edge-hill, across which is stretched a Moorish arch, with towers on each side. Below are the boilers and engine houses, the former of which are used also for generating steam for the engines at Edge-hill station, a few hundred yards distant. A small tunnel proceeds from this area, upwards to Crown-street, where cattle, pigs, sheep, &c., are landed or shipped in the waggons. From the period of the opening of the railway, the pas- senger station was here, until the erection of the more convenient offices in Lime-street. Although it is unnecessary, in this work, to enter into detail respecting the entire line, that having been already done in the numerous Railway Guides pub- lished in this and other towns ; yet it will not be out of place to give a few of the leading events connected with the establishment of this railway, which was the first in the country, designed for the conveyance of passengers, and which now proudly triumphs as the great leader of a most important change in the na- tional system of social communication. The first meeting held for the proposal of establish- ing the railroad, was on 20th May, 1824, and on the 29th October following, the first prospectus of the undertaking was issued. In passing through par- liament, the bill met with strenuous opposition from the proprietors of the various canals, and from local landowners, and it was ultimately lost in June, 1825. The application to parliament was afterwards re- newed, and it was carried, on 26th April, 1826, after upwards of £70,000 had been expended in parliamen- tary proceedings. The work now commenced with spirit, under the superintendence of Mr. Stephenson, I 158 COMMERCIAL AND Engineer, and in Sept. 1826, the first shaft of the tunnel was opened. In 1829, atrial of the respective merits of several new locomotive engines was made, when Mr. Stephenson's engine, the Rocket, was de- clared the winner. On the 1st of January, 1830, a line of rails was completed over the much-dreaded Chat-moss, and on the 15th September, the same year, this magnificent work of art was opened the entire distance from Liverpool to Manchester, with all the pomp and splendour, which titled visiters and wealth were able to display. A deep gloom was thrown over the jjroceedings of that eventful day, by the melancholy accident which deprived the Right Hon. Wm. Huskisson, Esq., M.P. for Liverpool, of life. The circumstances are too well known to re- quire detail. He was publicly interred in St. James' cemetery, and a splendid mausoleum was erected to his memory, as formerly noticed. A marble slab at Parkside, marks the spot where the melancholy acci- dent took place. According to the statement of Mr. Pemberton, the original cost of construction of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was £1,089,818 17s. 7d. The amount of traffic on this railway is enormous, and it yields the proprietors a profitable return. The Grand Junction, and other railways, need not be separately described, as they all unite with the Manchester line, a considerable distance from Liver- pool. THE CHESTER AND BIRKENHEAD RAILWAY was opened in 1840. The terminus is at Grange- JOINT STOCK COMPANIES. 159 lane, Birkenhead, whence passengers are conveyed to Liverpool by steamers from Monks' Ferry. The establishment is very comiilete, and in its arrange- ments has profited considerably by the experience of the earlier constructed railways. The booking-office in Liverpool is at the corner of James-street. LIVERPOOL AND HARRINGTON WATER-WORKS, the principal office of which is in Hotham-street, were established in 1800, for the purpose of supply- ing the town with water. In 1826, an act was ob- tained empowering them to extend their supplies to the suburbs of Toxteth-park and Harrington. They now have pipes and mains for the supply of water in every part of the town, and spacious reservoirs at various places, which are supplied by steam-engines from several springs. A spacious reservoir, with a steam-engine and forcing pumps, &.c., has recently been erected in Lodge-lane, Windsor. LIVERPOOL (BOOTLE) WATER-WORKS was established in 1799. They supply the town and shipping from springs at Bootle, a village about three miles north of Liverpool. The water is conveyed to the town, from reservoirs at the higher part of the town, to which it is pumped by powerful engines at the springs, through pipes 14 and 9 inches diameter. The reservoirs of this company, in different parts of the town, will contain about 5000 tons of water, and the extent of mains laid, is upwards of ninety miles. The principal office is in Manchester- street. 160 COMMERCIAL AND LIVEEPOOL GAS-LIGHT COMPANY was established in 1816, and was one of the earliest provincial gas companies. The works are situated in Dale-street and Vauxhall-road, the former building being of neat brick with the motto, " Ex funio dare lucent" inscribed under a Liver, at the front. The mains of this company, the largest of which are a foot in diameter, are upwards of 100 miles in length, and convey gas to the suburbs, as far as Seaforth, the Old Swan, Wavertree, and St. Michael's Hamlet, Toxteth-park. The gas is retained in nine gas- holders, four of sixty feet in diameter, and one of fifty- five feet; and the others will contain 139,000 cubic feet of gas. The gas works are at all times open to strangers on obtaining an order from the office. THE LIVERPOOL NEW GAS AND COKE COMPANY was formerly the Oil-gas Company. They have ex- tensive mains laid from their works at Leigh-bridge, Vauxhall-road, to all parts of the town, and about 250 of the street lights at the docks are supplied by this company. The office is in Queen's-square. In the town of Liverpool, there are 2700 street lamps and 350 at the docks ; and, during winter, there is daily consumed not less than 1,000,000 cubic feet of gas ; 650,000 feet of which is supplied by the for- mer company. THE BIRKENHEAD AND CLAUGHTON GAS AND WATER COMPANY, on 1st January, 1841, opened works at Birkenhead, JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. 161 for supplying that populous neighbourhood with gas. The mains already laid are upwards of fourteen miles in length, and extend as far south as Rock Ferry. The gas-holder, in which the gas is retained, is 51 ft. in diameter, and will hold 35,000 cubic feet of gas. The company is at present engaged in opening the first shaft in the stratum, where they expect to obtain a supply of water. THE APOTHECARIES' COMPANY was established for the purpose of supplying medi- cine, and drugs, both wholesale and retail, free from adulteration. Their premises are in Colquitt-street, and consist of a spacious building of a most elabor- ate and unique design. The front is of freestone and has four pilasters on the lower story, between which, are the door and windows. Over each of them, are two beautifully carved oxen, bearing a heavy pedestal. Between the pedestals is a light balustrade, the whole forming a balcony. On the four pedestals are colos- sal figures of Galen, Hippocrates, Esculapius and Hygeia. The upper part of the building is finished by an enriched frieze and heavy dentilled cornice, with an attic balustrade at the top. The interior is fitted up in the same elaborate style as the exterior, with light carving and gilding, and mahogany carvings in the form of Sphynxes. The manufactory is behind, and is of a most complete description. The design was that of Messrs. Cunningham and Holme, and the erection cost £20,000. THE STEAM-TUG COMPANY, are a joint-stock company, the proprietors of seven 162 COMMERCIAL & JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES. powerful steamers, which are employed in towing vessels in or out of port during contrary winds. Four of these steamers are of one hundred horse-power The office is at 5, New Quay, opposite Prince's Dock. THE ABBATOIE COMPANY. The premises of this company are in Trowbridge- street, Brownlow-hill, and consist of extensive public slaughter houses, and places of accommodation for cattle, pigs, &c., which were erected by a private individual, assisted by the corporation, to prevent the nuisance being spread over the town. PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. ST. JOHNS MARKET. This extensive building is situated in Great Char- lotte-street, near Clayton and Williamson Squares, and was erected from the designs of Mr. Foster, in 1822. It is built of brick, and is 183 yards long, and 45 yards wide, enclosing an area of 8235 square yards. The roof is light and in five ranges, with side lights, supported on 116 slender cast-iron pillars twenty-five feet high, and the building is divided into five avenues, extending the entire length. It is lighted by 136 windows, and has numerous entrances. The walls are lined by shops, and the sides of the different avenues are occupied by stalls, on which are offered for sale provisions of every description. The total number of shops, stalls, and standings, amounts to 669, which, in 1840-41, realized the sum of £5,344 to the corporation as rent. Below the south-west end of the building are a number of store cellars. On entering this market the stranger cannot fail to be astonished at the magnitude and lightness of this extensive building ; and at night, when lighted by gas, it presents a brilliant appearance. It is closed at eight o'clock every evening, except Wednes- days and Saturdays, when it is open till ten. ST. JOHN'S FISH MAEKET is situated on the opposite side of Great Charlotte - street, and was opened on 8th February, 1837. It contains nineteen commodious shojDS, fifty- six stalls, 164 PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. and twenty-two vaults underneath. The building has a handsome front which is rather elevated above the level of the street, and is entered by two flights of steps. It is entirely appropriated to the sale of fish, and the tables of the principal stalls are of white marble. The regulations regarding cleanliness are strictly enforced by the market constables, and from the lofty and airy construction of the building, the nerves of the most delicate need not be off"euded on entering this market. THE PEDLEES' MARKET, in Elliot-Street, opposite the end of St. John's mar- ket, is appropriated to the sale of crockery -ware, baskets, shoes, pedlery,&c. It is of similar construc- tion to those already described, but considerably narrower. ST. JAMES" MAEKET is situated at the south end of Great George-street, near St. James' church. It was erected by the cor- poration at an expense of £13,662, and has recently been considerably enlarged. Its internal arrange- ment is similar to that of St. John's market, and it is appropriated to the sale of all kinds of pi'ovisions, butcher's meat, vegetables and fruits. The rent of the stalls in 1841, amounted to £1735. ST. MAETIX'S MAEKET, situated between Scotland-road and Bevington-bush, was erected from Mr. Foster's designs, and opened in 1831 , the cost of erection having been £13,000. It is 213 feet long and 135 feet wide, and divided into PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. 165 five compartments, with a lofty roof supported on cast iron pillars. The stalls are arranged so as to form a principal, and two smaller avenues at each side. The principal elevations in Scotland-road and Bev- ington-bush are of stone, in the Grecian-Doric style of architecture. The centre part forms a portico, which consists of four Doric columns supj)ortiug a pediment with an entablature and cornice. The en- trances are approached by broad flights of steps. THE HAY-MARKETS. The hay-market was formerly held in Lime-street, but in 1841 it was removed to Crown-street, at the south end of the town, and Great Homer-street at the north. As the south hay -market, which occupies the site of the old Botanic Garden, is not sufficiently frequented, it is contemplated to remove it to a more central neighbourhood. THE CATTLE MARKET is at the Old Swan ; Monday is the market day. Other markets are held at Islington, Pownall- square, Cleveland square, &c., which are partly cov- ered in. A spacious general market is now in course of erec- tion in Gill street. The market days in Liverpool are Wednesdays and Saturdays, but every day the markets are well sup- plied. All the markets are the property of the Corporation, who derive from them an annual gross rental of £11,000. 166 PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. THE AECADE enters from Newington, and is parallel with Bold- street. It was erected by a company of proprietors, and has a number of neat shops on one side, but the situation has caused it to be a complete failure. The new arcade near St. Luke's Church is a much more handsome affair, but it extends as yet only a few shops in length. THE CORPORATION BATHS were erected from Mr. Foster's designs at an expense of £30,763. They are situated between George's Dock and the river; are 239 feet in length, and 87 feet wide. The centre part of the principal elevation projects, and on each side is a colonnade, formed by coupled columns, eighty-six feet in length, and eight feet wide. The gentlemen's baths are at the north end. The principal bath is forty-five feet long by twenty-seven feet wide, provided with numerous comfortable dressing-rooms. Private tepid, vapour, and shower-baths, are adjoining. The ladies' baths are similarly arranged, at the south end of the building. The water is received from the river, and filtered till it is perfectly free from impurities, and a fresh supply is constantly flowing into the baths. The charges are very moderate. THE FLOATING BATH is in Summer moored opposite Prince's Pier, and two boats are constantly plying between it and the shore with visitors. It was launched in 1816. The centre part is a large gentlemen's swimming bath, PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. 167 with numerous dressing-rooms attached, and on the deck above is a delightful promenade. The charge, including the boat to and from the bath, is only sixpence. THE COEPORATION WASH-HOUSE AND BATHS, were opened in June, 1842, and are situated in Upper Frederick- street, a little above St. Thomas' church. It is a convenient brick building, with a large reser- voir and boilers attached, fitted up with numerous apartments, in which are warm, cold, and shower baths, both private and public. The lower part of the building, and out-house, are occupied as wash- houses, and have large troughs with sloping sides, divided into compartments, ranged round the walls, as well as others in the centre of the room. Into these hot and cold water is admitted by pipes. The scale of charges is, for a warm bath, 2d.; private ditto, 6d. ; and for the use of tubs, water, and drying in the wash-hbuse. Id. for not more than six hours; and it is expected that these extremely moderate rates, will induce the jioorer classes to exercise the virtue of cleanliness, which is so essential to health. The hours of admission for men, are Tuesday, Wed- nesday, and Saturday, from six to nine, a.m., and six to nine, p.m.; Thursday, six to nine, p.m.; Sun- day, six to eight, a.m. For women, Tuesday, Wed- nesday, and Saturday, from ten, a.m., to two, p.m., and four to five, p.m. ; and on Friday, ten, a.m. to five, p.m. MEDICATED AND VAPOUR BATHS. Of these there are several. The principal are the 168 PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. Victoria baths in Cases-street, Clayton-square, Great George-street baths, and Whitlaw's medicated baths in Renshaw- street. BATHING MACHINES. On the beach at the north shore, and at several of the ferries in Cheshire, there are bathing machines, for the convenience of those who prefer bathing in the open sea. They are only to be had during the flow of the tide, or about high water, as it is unsafe to bathe on the open beach of the Mersey when the tide is ebbing. THE BARRACKS, (formerly a private house,) are situated at the bottom of Duke-street. HOTELS, &c. The hotel accommodation of Liverpool is very ample, as those of the first-class and better description amount to nearly a hundred. Good Inns are to be found in the neighbourhood of the railway-stations and coach-oflices. ■ There are also excellent commercial and private boarding-houses in various parts of the town, which have a very respectable character. A list of the principal Inns is given in the ap- pendix. In the neighbourhood of the Exchange, there are numerous dining and coffee-rooms, and restaurants, as welJ as those attached to the hotels, where indi- viduals may provide themselves at a moderate rate. PUBLIC ACCOMMODATIONS. 169 with any meal, without having the trouble to pro- ceed to their lodgings. CONVEYAXCES, &c. of all kinds are very numerous. Omnibuses run at all hours to the suburbs from the neighbourhood of the Exchange, and from the principal hotels to the railway station, and the steamers. The hours of starting are given in the appendix. Coaches, Cars and Cabs are to be had at a reason- able rate at any of the car stands and livery stables. The list of coach fares, &c., is in the appendix. Luggage Porters are not numerous in Liverpool, it being generally cheaper, as well as more agreeable to hire a car than to engage a porter, if luggage is to be conveyed any distance. Porters are to be found principally in the neighbourhood of the docks, but the stranger must be on his guard against imposition. PLACES OF RECREATION AND AMUSEMENT. THE BOTANIC GARDEN, is situated in Edge-lane, about half a mile beyond Edgehill church. It is the property of a company of proprietors, who have arranged with the corporation for gratuitous admission to the public on Mondays and Fridays, from one to eight p.m. Strangers are at other times admitted gratuitously, by an order from a proprietor, or on payment of one shilling, between the hours six a.m. and nine p.m. The Botanic Gar- den was originally in Oxford- street, but the increase of buildings in the neighbourhood, rendered a new site necessary. The present premises occupy eleven statute acres, and are tastefully arranged. The con- servatory which is 240 feet in length, contains many rare botanical specimens. The entrance lodge is built of stone in the chaste Grecian st}le of architec- ture. THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN, was opened on 27th May, 1833, and is the sole pro- perty of Mr. Atkins, who formerly possessed an ex- cellent travelling menagerie. They are delightfully situated on a plot of ground singularly irregular, in Derby-road, a little beyond the Necropolis, and cover upwards of ten acres. No expense has been spared by the spirited proprietor in the arrangement and PLACES OF AMUSEMENT. 171 construction of the establishment. Nothing has been omitted in the way of ornament ; the trees, the shrubs, the flowers, are manifold in their varieties, and group- ed with judgment; and the rustic and playful designs of the houses and enclosures of the animals, add much to the picturesque effect. The collection of animals is very extensive, and constant additions are made to the already valuable stock; as the position of Liverpool, as a sea port, gives the proprietor great advantages over inland towns, in making his selec- tions. To give a list, even of the most interesting animals, would be impossible in this work; the stranger can only appreciate their interest after hav- ing visited the establishment. The gardens acquire additional interest from the fetes and galas which are frequently given during the summer season. Impos- ing representations of Mount Vesuvius and St. Jean D'Acre, accompanied by pyrotechnic displays, formed the i^rincipal attraction during the last seasons. The season of 1842 opened with a scene of still greater magnificence, representing the city of Rome on the night of the grand festival of St. Peter. In front of the spectator, who is kept at a distance by a sheet of water, the bridge of St. Angelo spans the river Tiber which is crowded with vessels. On the right is the tower of St. Angelo, and in the back ground the vast edifice of St. Peter's, towering above the city. The Vatican andPontificial palace are conspicious objects; and even when viewed by day light, the scene has all the appearance of reality. As evening closes in, St. Peter's and the habitations in the city are illuminated, and every detail of that cAe/fZ'ojMire of modern archi- tecture shines forth in lines of light. The display of PLACES OF EECREATIOX fireworks produces a gorgeous effect; but it must be seen to form an idea of its splendour. The gardens are open from nine in the morning till dark, and the charge for admission is one shilling. PUBLIC PARKS. The construction of Public Parks in the neighbour- hood of the town was agitated in the town council for a considerable period, and a committee was chosen to make the necessary arrangements; but the difficulty of procuring a proper situation, and the diversity of opinion as to its utility, have for the present caused the project to be laid aside. Since the plan was relinquished, Richard Vaughan Yates, Esq., has in the most public- spirited manner, pur- chased, at an expense of £47,000, from the Earl of Sefton, forty-three acres of land in the vicinity of the Dingle, Toxteth Park, two-thirds of which are to be immediately converted into a public park, and the remainder is to be appropriated as sites for villas. The Earl of Sefton has generously contributed £1000 towards the expense of laying out the grounds. The property is dehghtfully situated; and the inhabitants of Liverpool will thus, tlirough the muni- ficence of Mr. Yates, in a short time, enjoy all the advantages of a public park, without any expenditui'e of the public money. THE DINGLE is a sweet romantic dell, in the neighbourhood of the above, and is the property of Joseph Brooks Yates, Esq., who in the most generous manner opens it to the public on Wednesdays and Thursdays, from AND AMUSEMENT. 173 twelve to eight p.m., during the summer. It is a delightful retreat, extending to the river, having all the diversity of hill and dale, wood and grove, taste- fully laid out in shady and winding walks, with numerous arbours and rustic seats. Few persons in Liverpool are aware of the beauty of this romantic spot, which is certainly a rare acquisition for the neighbourhood of a large town. Admission is gratuitous, visitors being only required to enter their names in a book at the lodge, to prevent improper persons gaining access to the grounds. The Dingle, in Park-road, is two miles from the Exchange, and is passed by an omnibus from town eight times a day. ST. JAMES' WALK is a pleasant promenade beside St. James' Cemetery, at the top of Duke street, with an extensive shrub- bery attached to it, which is at all times open to the public. It was erected during a period of public distress, about the year 1767, at the expense of the Corporation, who in this way afforded work to many individuals who were unemployed. On an elevated part of the grounds is a neat stuccoed building, formerly an observatory, now fitted up with apparatus for taking photogenic portraits. The specimens of this description of likenesses taken by the action of light on a prepared metallic plate, are worthy of examination, and will be readily shewn by the proprietors of the establishment. One or two humorous anecdotes connected with this garden, shew that the Mount has contributed in- directly as well as directly, to the amusement of the J 74 PLACES OF EECEEATIOX inhabitants. The place was at first known as " Quarry Hill," but, on its being ornamented, it re- ceived, with the sanction of the civic dignitaries, the appellation of " Mount Zion.'' This name was the source of annoyance to a certain class of individuals, and as is usual in such cases, poetical satire became the channel by which they expressed their sentiments. Among several other effusions, the following lines, part of a long poem, ascribed to a Welsh clergyman, were the means of causing its name to be altered: — Fond of impiety, behold a shrine They've dedicated to the God of wine, And to excite our admiration more, See " Bottled Beer " recorded on the door ! But thou who hear' St the poor man's prayer, Protect the innocent, and guard the fair, And if thou can'st forgive, forgive tlie Mayor. The Rooks of the Mount Gardens have been long known as a kind of interesting curiosity, as they had taken up their abode among the dwellings of men. Their history, like that of many families, which have been equally looked up to, is hallowed by a legend which accounts for their origin ; like many such tales it is at once marvellous and apocryphal. It is said that a certain gentleman who took great delight in walking in the gardens early in the morning, once upon a time, spied a magpie and his lady perched on one of the trees, enjoying sweet converse among the leafy boughs. Though unacquainted with the lan- guage of birds he saw enough to convince him that they were conversing on the important subject of a future location. The result showed that they came to the conclusion, that they might fly further and fare worse, for they forthwith commenced building a nest. A bright thought struck the gentleman, which AND AMUSEMENT. 175 was the parent of a resolve, and that resolve was, that the magpies should become the parents of a rookery. He forthwith substituted rook's eggs for those of the magpie; and, in due time, the spurious brood came forth. Both foster parents performed the duties of father and mother with affectionate zeal, and thus became the founders of the colony. The poor mag- pies dreamt not of the future, and knew not the destiny of their illustrious family. THEATRES. THE THEATRE ROYAL, in Williamson-square, is the only patent theatre in Liverpool, and therefore the only one in which the legitimate drama can be performed. It has a semi - circular stone front, with a rusticated basement, and the upper story is ornamented by coupled Ionic pil- asters, bas-reliefs, &c. It was erected in 1772, at an expense of £6000, and has had additions subsequently made to it. The interior is very commodious, ele- gantly finished, and well adapted to the purpose for which it is intended. The present conductors are Messrs. J. H. Anderson, (the " Wizard of the North,") and J. Hammond, by whom the Metropolitan sys- tem of half -'price has been adopted. Connected with the early history of this theatre is an incident, which, at the period of its occurrence, produced a great im- pression on the public mind. On the 2nd August, 1798, during the play of " The Stranger," Mr. John Palmer, of the London stage, suddenly dropped down and expired after having uttered the words; — " There is anothei- and a better world." 176 PLACES OF RECREATION The spectators thinking that it was an incident in the play felt no alarm. The body was removed from the stage, but all attempts to restore animation were fruitless. When the announcement was made, an intense sensation, which it is impossible to describe, prevaded the audience, who slowly and silently re- tired. A few days after the interment a benefit was given for the widow and family, the prologue of the play having been written for tlie occasion by Mr. Roscoe. By this means upwards of £400 was col- lected in a single evening. THE LIVER THEATRE, is a small, but well arranged, and appropriately de corated building in Church-street, conducted by Mr Raymond and a respectable company of performers During the winter months, this establishment pre sents a great variety of attractions, and is a formida ble rival to the Theatre Royal. THE AMPHITHEATRE, is the largest building of this description, and is open during the winter months for the performance of equestrian feats, jjantomines, &c. The building, in- cluding the circle, which is very commodious, has frequently contained nearly oOOO persons, when assembled at a public meeting. It is situated in Great Charlotte- street, opposite St John's Market. THE WELLINGTON ROOMS were erected in 1815, by subscription, according to the design of Mr. Edmund Aikin, of London, for the purpose of holding public assemblies, balls, &c. The building is situated at the corner of Mount Pleasant and Great Orford-street, and it has a stone front AND AMUSEMENT. 177 without windows. The centre has a circular portico supported by four Corinthian columns. The interior is tastefully arranged, and contains a ball-room, 80 feet by 37 feet ; a card-room 41 feet by 2d feet; a sup- per-room 50 feet by 25 feet, and other apartments. THE KOTUXDA is a circvdar building situated in Bold- street, near the Lycaeum, elegantly fitted up as a billiard and club-room, and frequented by a select number of subscribers of the higher class of society. THE PALATINE CLUB-HOUSE is on the same side of Bold-street, a little higher up. Its interior is finished in a superior style, and it is conducted on the plan of some of the numerous clubs of the metropolis, and frequented by the most fashionable circles. THE EACE-COURSE. Although Aintree Race-course is five miles distant from the town, it still claims a place under the head of Liverpool Amusements. The Maghull Race-course, seven miles from Liverpool, was projected by the late Mr. Francis Bretherton, and on tlie 25th July, 1827, the first Liverpool races were run on that course. It subsequently passed into the hands of a committee, but on the opening of Aintree Race-course, shortly afterwards, its popularity declined, till it was finally deserted, and rich crops of corn now wave on the spot once marked by all the fun, frolic, dissipation and extravagance of a race meeting. The funds necessary for the establishment of Aintree Race- 178 PLACES OF EECEEATION course were provided by the munificence of Mr. Lynn, who had warmly supported Maghull course, till its affairs were mismanaged. A short time ago he disposed of a portion of the concern in shares of £25 each, to proprietors, who have free admission to the grand stand. The grand stand has ample accom- modation, the course is convenient, the ground is well chosen, and the races are well attended. Aintree (or Liverpool,) races are run in July and September, and the Steeple Chase is in March. ST. GEORGE'S HALL. This building will form the centre part of the splen- did structure of the new Assize Courts, described in the early part of this volume. As regards the in- terior, St. George's Hall, measuring 161 by 75 feet, will be further extended along the upper part of its sides, by a series of recesses 13 feet deep, covering over the corridors which surround this part of the interior, and both separate it from, and connect it with the law courts. On the west side of the hall the light will be admitted laterally, through windows witliin these recesses, and on the opposite one through small domes, one in each recess. During the assizes this spacious hall will be open to the p\iblic, as the approach to both courts ; at other times it will be appropriated at the discretion of the council to public or private meetings. THE EXHIBITION ROOMS, are situated in Post-office Place, Church- street. In these apartments there is held an annual exhibition of paintings during the autumn months ; and through- AND AMUSEMENT. 179 out the season there are frequently collections of paintings, engravings, &c., exhibited here. PLACES OF MEETING, &c. THE MUSIC-HALL, Bold- street, entering from Concert-street, is a spa- cious apartment, much used for holding public meet- ings, soirees, &.c. THE ROYAL ASSEMBLY ROOMS are situated in Great George- street, and were, until lately, called the Templars'-hall. The apartments are used for balls, lectures, &c. The building has a neat front of stuccoed brickwork. THE NELSON ASSEMBLY ROOM, formerly called the Hall of Science, was erected and occupied by the Socialists, until the period of their extinction in Liverpool, a few months ago, when it was purchased by a building-society, and is now ad- vertised to be let for any moral and legal purpose, and is licensed as a place of public worship. It is a large, plain brick building, with cemented front, and numerous apartments, situated in Lord Nelson- street. THE PORTICO, Newington, is a small building erected for a pano- ramic exhibition, but now made use of as a concert or lecture room. During the winter season, concerts, soirees musi- cales, and other musical entertainments, are to be 180 PLACES OF EECREATION. met with at one or other of these rooms, nearly every evening. In summer they are less frequent. GYMNASIUMS. That of Mr. Huguenin in Cook-street, and Mr. Har- rison in Colquitt-street, are worthy of inspection. The former is very commodious, and is fitted up with a more complete and extensive set of gymnastic ap- paratus, than any other establishment in the king- dom. It is open at all hours of the day, and the proprietor permits visitors to inspect his premises. THE CHURCH-STREET BAZAAR, the property of Messrs. Promoli and Hausburg, shews the rapid strides which wealth, and its atten- dant desire for the luxuries, elegancies, and refined necessaries of life, have made in this great commer- cial town. The front of the shop measures 60 feet, and it extends backwards 125 feet. Within this immense sjjace, and in three stories of the building, are ranged on marble slabs and pedestals, with a great degree of taste and care, a magnificent and costly stock of every description of manufactured articles from all parts of the world. To describe the variety of articles exposed would be impossible j every description of clocks and watches, jewellery, antique urns, vases, casts, writing-desks, and costly articles of furniture and luxury constantly meet the eye. The proprietors invite the visit of strangers, who receive polite attention from the assistants, and are shewn through the entire premises, without it being expected of them to make a purchase. AND AMUSEMENT. 181 ^- "% "i n_ THE COALBEOOKDALE IRON WAREHOUSE, is a handsome building in James'-street, with a stone front in the Grecian style. The splendid show rooms of this establishment are, at all times, open to visitors, who will be interested by the extent of the premises, and the beautiful specimens of iron manufacture. Chimney and table ornaments, casts, vases, chande- liers, ornamental tables, grates, fenders, fire-irons, and articles of taste and elegance, are here displayed. The upper rooms, about twelve in number, contain a vast variety of the more common cast-iron articles. The visitor is lost among the endless ranges of fire grates and stoves, beds, garden chairs, pans, boilers, &c., thousands of which are piled up together. The works are at Coalbrookdale, in Shropshire. MANUFACTURES. Liverpool is not to any great extent a manufactur- ing town, and the few manufactures which do exist, are incidental to the traffic of the port, or arise from the domestic necessities of its large population. The most important are the Steam-engine and Boiler Manufactories. The following description of Messrs. Fawcett and Preston's establishment* which is the largest in this neighbourhood, will be suflBicient to give an idea of the other numerous engineering works. MESSRS. FAWCETT AND PRESTONS WORKS, are situated in York-street, and cover a very exten- sive piece of ground. The principal object of this establishment is the construction of marine and other steam-engines, mill machinery, pieces of ordnance, &c. One department is devoted to the founding and boring of cannon. The guns are cast solid and after- wards bored, the cannon revolving horizontally on the boring machine, which gradually moves forward as the work proceeds. The operation is repeated till the aperture is of sufficient calibre ; and the bore produced is as true and smooth as that of a rifle. In the Foundry department, castings are made, the single pieces of which frequently weigh twenty tons. The detail of operations is similar to that adopted in smaller estabhshments. * Abridged from the Standard. MANUFACTURES. 183 The Smithy is one of the most extensive portions of the building. With the exception of the largest marine shafts, which are made at the Mersey Iron Works, all the malleable iron is worked on the pre- mises. The dusky visages of the athletic workmen, the incessant hammering, and the constant roaring of the fires, remind the visitor of the description of the workshop of the Cyclops. Here, however, " bolts," are " forged," of which neither Jove nor his armourer, Vulcan, could have formed any notion. In the Planing-machine room, are a number of machines, for planing and smoothing metal plates with mathematical accuracy. That the machine is nearly perfect is shown by the fact of two plates ad- hering when their surfaces have been smoothed by this apparatus. In the Turning room are powerful lathes in which steam-engine shafts, cylinders, &c., are turned. The shafts of the President (steamer,) which weighed ten tons each, were manufactured here. Another de- scription of lathe is employed in turning the tops or lids of the cylinders, and has turned the cylinder tops of the same vessel's engines, 80 inches in diameter. The Pattern Makers' and "Fitting-up" shops are interesting on account of their magnitude. In the Model room are hundreds of models of all possible parts of machines, many of which are of great value. In the spacious sheds there are generally several powerful engines in the course of erection, and some of the largest ever manufactured have been produced from these premises. The frame work of the larger description of engines is most stupendous, and is 184 MANUFACTURES. generally of elegant architectural design, and is fre- quently of such magnitude as strongly to resemble a handsome Gothic church. Some of the dimensions of the engines of the ill-fated President will show what has been executed at their works : — Diameter of Cylinder 80 inches ; Stroke of Engine 7 feet 6 in- ches; Weight of Cylinders 11 tons; Beams, (four of them) upwards of 5 tons each; Condensers about 10 tons; Gothic Pillars, (four pairs) each 11 tons 7 cwt.; Paddle shaft 9 tons; Boilers, each, .30 tons; Two Bed Plates, each in one casting, lo tons. The hoisting tackle used in setting up these engines is worthy of notice. By means of scaffolds and rail- ways, any portion of a machine may be lowered per- pendicularly over any spot of the building. Not the least interesting department of their works is that appropriated to the boiler-making, situated in Oil-street. The plates of which the boilers are* composed are rivetted together by red hot bolts which, by contracting when cold, draw the plates together with a force that could not otherwise be obtained. The whole establishment, at which upwards of 700 men are employed, is a world of mechanism in itself; and a visit to the extensive works, when per- mitted by the kindness of the proprietors, is one of the most interesting that can be well imagined. The premises of Messrs. Forrester and Co., at Vaux- hall Foundry, and the Clarence Foundry belonging to Messrs. E. Bury and Co., as well as the works of Messrs. Mather, Dixon, and Co., are also very exten- sive. At the former were manufactured the engines for the steam-frigate " Guadaloupe," launched 12th April, 1842. MANUTACTUEES. 185 THE MERSEY lEOX AND STEEL VORKS, are situated at the south end of the town beside Har- rington Dock. In these works old and scrap iron is forged into bars, shafts, &c. and a considerable quan- tity of steel is manufactured. In the former process huge hammers worked by steam are employed, which eflFectually unite the masses of heated metal. The largest piece of malleable iron manufactured at these works was a paddle shaft for the Great Western Steam Ship Company, Bristol, measuring 17 feet 6 inches in length, and 7 feet in circumference ; and weighing 15 tons, 15 cwt., 2 qrs-, and 20 lbs. The two crank pins for the same engine were the largest ever constructed, and together weighed 3 tons. MR. LAIRDS' IRON SHIP- BUILDING YARD, AND PATENT SLIP, are situated in North Birkenhead, Cheshire. From these extensive premises have been launched, nearly all the large iron steamers that have already been constructed. The Guadaloupe, a steam frigate of 800 tons, launched on 1 2th April 1842, is the eighth iron war-vessel which 3Ir. Laird has built j they all carry pivot guns, fore and aft. Four of them, the Nemesis, Phlegethon, Ariadne, and Medusa, are at present in the China seas, and have proved the utility of iron vessels for naval purposes. The Guadaloupe, (with the exception of the Hindostau, launched a few days afterwards,) is the only large vessel of war, which has been built in this port since the "Havannah" Frigate in 1809. Her dimensions are, length on deck 190 feet; beam 30 feet; and slie will carry two sixt}-eight pounder pivot guns, one fore and one aft. 186 MAXUFACTUEES. A visit to these works, is as interesting as any that can be obtained in the neighbourhood of the town. The Patent Slip is used for the purpose of hoisting vessels out of the water, and affording all the advan- tages of a graving-dock, without the loss of time caused by docking and undocking. MESSES. WILSON AND COS SHIP BUILDING YARDS. On this side of the river, near Clarence Dock, are the ship building yards of Messrs. Wilson and Co., whence several large iron as well as wooden steam-ships have been launched. By these gentlemen were built the Oriental steamer, now carrying the mails be- tween this country and Egypt, and the Hindostan, launched April 26th, of the present year, which will be fitted out as a vessel of war, with sixty-four pounders. Her dimensions are, length of keel 230 feet; length from tafFrail to figure-head 250 feet; breadth of beam, exclusive of paddle-boxes 39 feet ; depth of hold from the upper deck 30§ feet ; burden 2,000 tons ; power of engines 500 horse. There are a number of anchor-smiths and chain- cable manufacturers, as there is a good demand for such articles in the port. There is only one Cotton Factory in Liverpool. Tt is a ver}^ extensive building, in which the spinning department is carried on, situated on the canal bank, at the north end of the town. Soap Manufactories are numerous, and exceed those of the metropolis, or any other provincial town. Albion Oil Mills. — In these mills, which are situated in Pembroke- street, powerful machinery is MANUFACTUEES. 187 employed for compressing oil from seeds, by means of stamping engines, rollers, &c. The Oil Mills of Messrs. Earle and Carter, Oil- street, are also of considerable extent. There are several Veneer Mills in different parts of the town, where the finer descriptions of wood are cut by circular saws, into boards almost as thin as a shaving. The steam saw mills, of which there are four or five, are worthy of notice. The principal remaining manufactures, are those of glass at the Olive Mount bottle-glass works; sugar- refining; ship-bread baking, by machinery; comb- making, coach-building, fringe -making; brewing and distilling; oi'gan-building ; printing of paper-hang- ings; and the manufacture of files, tools, watches and their movements. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF EMINENT PERSONS, CONNECTED WITH LIVERPOOL EITHER BY BIRTH 01 RESIDENCE.* Sir Wm. De La More was created a knight ban- neret by Edward the Black Prince, for his valour at Poictiers. Thomas De La More was twelve times chosen mayor of Liverpool, towards the close of the 14th century, an office which was afterwards held by ten or twelve branches of the same family. The re- nowned ballad of the " Dragon of Wantley," had its origin in one of the Mores of this family. Jeremiah HoRRox,a celebrated astronomer, was bom at Lower-lodge, Toxteth-park, in 1619. At an early age he manifested a desire to become acquaint- ed with the science of astronomy, and in 1633 he en- tered Emanuel College, Cambridge, where he became acquainted with Wm. Crabtree, of Manchester, who was engaged in similar pursuits. The genius of Horrox overcame every obstacle which poverty and other circumstances threw in his way, and on the 24th Nov. 1639 he made an observation of a transit of Ve- nus, which, from his own calculation, he ascertained would then occur. Part of the works of Horrox *The eai-lier part of these sketches is collected from " Smithers Commerce and Statistics of Liverpool." EMINENT PEESONS. 189 have been collected by his biographer, Dr. Wallis, a copy of which is now deposited in the Athenasum library. Sir Isaac Newton made use of Horrox's " Lun» Theoria Nova,'' or new theory of Lunar ob- servations, and held his talents in high estimation. In a letter written by Newton, dated 2oth May, 1672, he says " the world will enjoy the writings of the ex- cellent astronomers Horrox and Helvetius." He was cut off by the hand of death in 1641, at the early age of twenty -two. Edward Rushton was born in John-street, Liver- pool, on the 13th November, 1756, and at the early age of six years commenced his education at the free school of Liverpool. A desire to engage in the sea- faring life was inspired by a perusal of Anson's voy- age, and when little more than ten years of age, he was apijrenticed to Messrs. Watt and Gregson, mer- chants, of this town. When only sixteen years old he was promoted to the rank of second mate for an act of intrepidity and courage, by which the ship in which he sailed was saved. At a period when the African slave trade was scarcely thought a crime, he was engaged as mate of a slaver bound for Guinea. When near Jamaica he was sent with a boat's crew on shore, and through some unknown cause, the boat was upset, and aU were immersed in the boisterous element. A negro, whom he had treated with kind- ness and taught to read, seeing the perilous situation of Rushton, pushed towards him a cask, which he had seized for his own perservation, bade him good bye, and sunk to rise no more. This incident awakened the deepest emotions in the breast of Rushton when- 190 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ever he related it. For his earnest exertions in behalf of the slaves he was frequently threatened with imprisonment, but he persevered, and shortly after- wards became a victim to his philanthrophy, by los- ing his sight in affording relief to a cargo of slaves afflicted with ophthalmia; medical aid was tried, but in vain; and, on returning to Liverpool, the con- duct of his step-mother banished him, in this helpless state, from a father's home. On the scanty allow- ance of four shillings a week he managed to subsist for seven years, paying threepence a week to a boy for reading to him in the evening. By this means he became conversant with the best English poets and essayists, Milton being his favourite. In 1782, he published a political poem against the American irar, and in 1787 his West India Eclogues. His father re- lenting and wishing to befriend him, established him and his sister in a tavern, a line of business which, of all others, was most uncongenial to his pursuits. He shortly quitted this, and became partner and editor of the Liverpool Herald. The candid state- ment of his sentiments regarding the impressment of seamen, caused a dissension between himself and partner, which obliged him to leave the concern ; and he opened a bookseller's shop in Paradise-street. Once more his political opinions brought him into difficul- I ties, but he ultimately succeeded, and gave to his I children the best of all endowments, a good education. Mr. Rushton is maintained by Dr. Shepherd, his bio- grapher, to have been the first projector of the Blind Asylum. He died in 1814 at the age of fifty-eight, leaving behind him several poetical works. OF EMINENT PERSONS. 191 George Stubbs, the celebrated animal painter, was the son of a currier, and born at Liverpool in 1724. He contributed annually to the exhibitions of the Metropolis, and in 1766 published a work on the anatomy of the horse, engraved by himself. He died at the advanced age of eighty-two, when in the course of preparing a work on "The Structure of the Hu- man Body compared with that of a Tiger and a Fowl." John Deare, an eminent Sculptor, was born at Liverpool, I7th October, 1759. The first indication which he gave of artistical talent, was his carving a miniature human skeleton with a penknife, when only ten years of age. This interesting specimen of youthful genius is still preserved. At the age of twenty he obtained the first gold prize medal from the Royal Academy, for a design, from Milton, executed in alto relievo. Under the patronage of George III., and of the Royal Academy, he was sent to Rome, where he prosecuted his studies with undiminished ardour and untiring enthusiasm, till death, (brought on by sleeping all night on a block of marble, under the superstitious idea that his dream- ing fancy would enable him to disjjlay greater talent in the work about to be executed,^ suddenly closed his career. In the gallery of art of the Royal Institution are two of his works, the subjects of which are, the Struggle of Satan with the Angel, and Eleanor sucking the Poison from the wound of her Husband. FoRTUNATus Wright was the son of a master mariner of Liverpool, who distinguished himself in 192 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES the defence of his country. At an early age he followed his father's profession. SmoUet, in his History of England, in the reign of George II., records a heroic action between the St. George, a privateer, equipped and commanded by Wright, and a large French Xebeque, in which the former was victorious. He fell a victim to political interests about the year 1760. Sir William David Evans, a celebrated legal practitioner, was sometime resident in Liverpool, and was afterwards appointed as recorder of Bom- bay, on which occasion lie was knighted. He was remarkable for an unusual degree of absence of mind. When he arrived in India he found he had left his despatches in England, and died before they arrived. He was the author of numerous legal works, pub- lished about the beginning of this century. Matthew Gregson, F.A.S., was one of those humble individuals whom industry and frugality have elevated to wealth and importance in society. He was apprenticed to a paper-hanger and stationer, and having gained the confidence of his employers, he succeeded in commencing business for himself. At an early period of life he devoted himself to literary pursuits, and was elected fellow of the Anti- quarian Society, and a member of several philo- sophical societies. In 1817, he published the '^Antiquities of Lancashire^ having for a long period previously been collecting materials. He died in 1824, from an injury sustained in reaching a book from his library. OF EMINENT PEESONS. 193 I Mrs. Susannah Dobson, the wife of Dr. Dobson, ! was renowned as the authoress of the "Life of i Petrarch," " Literary History of the Troubadours,'' " Memoirs of Ancient Chivalry," &c. She died in 1795. James Currie, M.D., born in the year 1756, was a native of Dumfrieshire. At an early age, he proceeded to Virginia, in a mercantile capacity, but the breaking out of the American war caused him to return in 1776. He subsequently studied at Edin- burgh University, and received his degree at Glasgow. He settled in Liverpool, and became an intimate friend of Roscoe. He published several miscellaneous works, and w-as a promoter of several literary and benevolent institutions in Liverpool; but when all these shall be forgotten, the name of Dr. Currie will go down to posterity, as the enlightened editor of " The Life of Burns.'' He died in 1805, aged forty- nine years. William Enfield, LL.D., was born on the 29th March, 1761, at Sudbury, Suffolk, of humble but respectable parents. At an early period he displayed considerable talent, and when aged seventeen, turned his attention to the ministry. In November 1763, he was ordained pastor of the congregation of Dissen- ters, meeting in Benn's Garden, Liverpool. He immediately commenced arranging materials for a history of Liverpool, which was published in 1773, and about the same period he published several other works. He afterwards received the degree of LL.D., from Edinburgh University. Besides the works he published during his lifetime. Dr. Aiken, his bio- 194 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES grapher, edited several others, which at the period of his death, in 1797, were in course of preparation. Richard Watt, of Speke, came to Liverpool, when a boy, about the year 1750, and occupied the humble station of stable boy. His master finding him willing to learn, sent him to an evening school. Watt made such progress that he was speedily advanced to the counting-house, and he was ultima- tely sent as supercargo to Jamaica, where he amassed a fortune of upwards of half a million. On his return to Liverpool, he settled annuities on the survivors of his late master's family who were now in difficulties, and purchased the splendid estate of Speke Hall, which still belongs to his descendants. William Hutchinson, Dockmaster of the Port for upwards of forty years, kept an accurate tidal and meteorological register, which invaluable document is now deposited in the Liverpool library. In 1794 he published a treatise on Naval Architecture, &c. He was originally apprenticed in a small collier be- longing to Newcastle, but he rose by his persever- ance and integrity to the command of a government frigate in 1750, and was subsequently made dock- master of Liverpool. He died in 1800. Rev. Thomas Spencer was born at Hertford on 21st January, 1791. In 1807 he was admitted into Hoxton Academy to study for the ministry. On the 3rd of February he accepted the pastoral charge of the Independent congregation meeting at Newing- ton Chapel. His extraordinary talents and exem- OF EMINENT PERSONS. 195 plary piety rendered him so acceptable that it was de- termined to erect a larger place of worship. The foundation of Great George-street Chapel was laid, and the work was rapidly progressing, when the be- loved Spencer was suddenly snatched from his affec- tionate people, by the hand of death. On oth August, 1811 he went, as was his practice, to the south shore to bathe in the 3Iersey. The tide had just turned and the spot was dangerous, but unapprehensive for his safety he plunged into the element, and was in a few minutes overwhelmed. His biographer. Dr. Raffles, thus describes him, " As a man he was generous, frank, independent, unaffected, unsuspecting and sincere; as a friend he was disinterested and affec- tionate; and as a christian fervent, holy, humble." Rev. Legh Richmond, was born in St. Paul's- square, Liverpool, in 1772. At the age of seventeen he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, and there became intimately acquainted with John Singleton Copley, (now Lord Lyndhurst.) At college he was the projector, and an active member of several literary societies. In 1797 he entered on the curacies of Brading and Yaverland, in the Isle of Wight, where he discharged the duties of the pastoral office with faithfulness and zeal. He was the author of the well-known tracts of" The Dairyman^s Daughter," " The Negro Servant," and " The Young Cottager,'^ of each of which millions of copies have been printed in many languages, and distributed over the face of the whole civilized world. He also published several larger works, which are held in high estimation. They breathe that fervour of spirit and amiability of 196 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES character which w as the ornament of his life. He died in 1827, and was interred in Turvey Church, Bedfordshire, of which he had been rector twenty- two years. William Roscoe, who has been aptly styled the Lorenzo de Medici of Liverpool, deserves the most prominent place among its literati. He was born at a small cottage in Mount Pleasant, a few yards from the corner of Hope- street, in 1753, and at the age of twelve, was at his own request removed from school. For four years he employed himself in study and out door labour, after which he was apprenticed to an attorney. When engaged in legal pursuits, he acquired, during his leisure hours, a knowledge of several languages, and wrote a few pieces of poetry. When nineteen years of age, he published a long ej)ic poem, entitled " Mount Pleasant," which is still read with pleasure. From a very early period he took a deep interest in the progress of the arts and literature in Liverpool, and a number of the in- stitutions, noticed in the former part of this work, may be traced to his exertions in the cause of liter- ature. His business required his attention until his forty-fourth year, after which he retired from the occu- pations of the desk to the more agreeable one of the study, vi'ith a competency sufficient to enable him to live an easy and respectable life. His most celebrated work is the " Life of Lorenzo de Medici," which has gained for him an enduring reputation, and caused him to be ranked among classic historians. " The Life and Pontificate of Leo X.'' in four volumes, was another of his great works, which succeeded the former OF EMINENT NATIVES. 197 in about ten years. His other writings are numerous, and are both of a political, scientiiic and classic nature. Toward the close of his life, Roscoe was chosen representative of the borough in parliament, where he warmly supported the liberal interest. His affluence was not destined to support him during his old age, for the bank in which he was partner stop- ped payment, and he was thus led into difficulties, which obliged him to part with his valuable library and costly collection of antiquities by auction, w here they realized upwards of £11,000. Eleven years after- wards, in 1831, this excellent man died of influenza, leaving behind him a name which makes " our own Roscoe,'' dear to the heart of every friend of literature in Liverpool. The works of several members of his family, show that the bright genius of the parent was stamped on the minds of the children. Mrs. Hemans, (Felicia Dorothea Browne) was one of those bright gems in the literary world,of which any place might be proud. She was born in Duke-street, Liverpool, in 1794, and was the daughter of a respect- able merchant. At an early age she discovered a romantic turn of mind, and an extreme fondness for poetry, and these feelings had freer scope for their exercise, on the removal of the family to North Wales, when Felicia was but a girl. Roaming amid the mountains and woods of Cambria, she indulged her fanciful imagination with every description of mental luxury. Chivalry was her idol ; by the recital of the deeds of the gallant knights of old, her soul was animated with a martial fire: and her enthusiasm 198 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES was kindled by the mention of the national prowess of England. Heroism and patriotism filled her heart. In the year 1812, she was married to Capt. Hemans, who shortly afterwards was obliged to pro- ceed to India, and leave her behind. At St. Asaph, where she now look up her residence, were written many of those beautiful pieces of poetry, that have raised her to the eminence which she holds among our female authors. They are too well known to require to be particularized. Her writings are pecu- liarly sweet, and possess a power over the feelings and affections of which few can boast. The plain- tive, melancholy strains in which she sometimes in- dulges, render her still more endearing, and the feel- ing of sympathy which she displays in her writings, brings her nearer to our hearts. The character of her plaintive poems cannot be better described, than by giving the well known lines of her beautiful poem — " The Graves of a Household :" — They grew iu beauty, side by side, They filled one home with glee; Their graves are sever' d far and wide, By mount, and stream, and sea. The same fond mother bent at night O'er each fair sleeping brow ; She had each folded flower in sight — Where are Uiose dreamers now ? One, midst the forest of the west By the dark stream is laid — The Indian knows his place of rest, Far iu the cedar shade. The sea, the lone blue sea, hath one — He lies where pearls lie deep, He was the loved of ail, yet none O'er his low bed may weep. One sleeps where southern vines are drest Above the noble slain ; He wrapped his colours round his breast, On a blood-red field of Spain. OF EMINENT PEESONS. 199 And one — o'er her the mjrtle showers Its leaves, by soft winds fanned; She faded 'midst Itahan flowers — The last of that bright baud. And parted thus they rest who played Beneath the same green ti-ee ; Whose voices mingled as they prayed Around one parent knee I They that with smiles lit up the hall, And cheer'd with song the hearth — Alas I for love, if thou wert all, And nought beyond, earth I Mrs. Hemans spent the latter part of her life at Wavertree, near Liverpool, where she complains in a letter to a friend, of the annoyance she constantly received, in being requested to supply autographs to her friends. She concludes her letter with, " O the pleasures of fame ! O that I were but the little girl on the top of the elm tree again," — alluding to the romantic and playful habits of her childhood. She died at Dublin, where she had gone for the benefit of her health, in 1835, and the place of her burial is recorded by a monument, with the inscription, " In memory of Felicia Hemans, whose character is best pourtrayed in her writings." Several other eminent characters may be claimed by Liverpool, but having already so far exceeded the space allotted for this department of the w ork, they are necessarily, though reluctantly, omitted. NEWSPAPERS. The earliest Liverpool newspaper on record is the Liverpool Courant, printed by S. Terry, Dale- street, No. 18, July 18th, 1712. The Liverpool Advertiser was commenced by Mr. Robert Williamson, on 28th May, 1756. It contained thirty advertisements. This paper has more than once changed its name, and is still published under the title of the Liverpool Times. On 27th December, 1765, Gore's Liverpool Advertiser was first published, and is still continued under the same name. There are now ten newspapers published in Liver- pool, viz: — Newspapers. Days of PuiUcation. Political Bias. WEEKLY. Albion Monday Liberal. Chronicle Saturday Liberal. Courier Wednesday Conservative. Gore's Advertiser . . Thursday ^Mercantile. Journal Saturday Liberal. Mercury Friday Liberal. Myers' Mercantile Exclusively Gazette Monday mercantile. Times Tuesday Liberal. TWICE-A-\VEEK. Standard Tuesday & Friday. Conservative. THRICE-A-WEEK. Mail Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday .. Conservative. ANTIQUITIES. The reader who has perused the foregoing pages will have observed that there are few buildings in Liverpool which can lay claim to antiquit}^, modern improvement having caused the removal of nearly all the reliques of the days of yore. Birkenhead Priory, was founded in the reign of Henry II, by Hamo de Massey, for the accommoda- tion of sixteen Benedictine monks ; and the right of carrying passengers by the ferry from Birkenhead to Liverpool, was claimed exclusively by the monks, who made what was in those days considered a very exorbitant charge. At the time of the dissolution of this monastery, in the reign of Henry VIIL, the annual revenue amounted to £90 13s. In 1818, a grave stone, which is now placed in the wall of the chapel, was discovered, with an inscription signifying the spot to have been the burial place of Thomas Rayneford, formerly the good vicar of this house, who died 20th May, 1373. The ruins of this ancient gothic pile are beside the church of Birkenhead, and are well worthy of a visit. Prince Rupert's Cottage. — This small cottage was the head quarters of the Prince during the siege of the town, mentioned in the ancient history, at the commencement of the volume. It is a small white- washed and thatched cottage, one story high, a little above Everton Brow, having still the same humble appearance which it had when occupied by the illustrious visitor. In the neighbourhood are several 202 ANTIQUITIES. houses of considerable antiquity. Till the year 1803, a Beacon, erected probably in the reign of Henry III., stood on the site of St. George's Church, Everton. It was a square tower, two stories high, capable of holding a small garrison, and on the roof were placed combustible materials for the purpose of giving a signal of alarm to the beacons of Rivington Pike and Ashurst. When the country had ceased to be distracted by civil wars, the tower fell into decay, and was blown down during a storm in 1803. VVavertree Well. — A little beyond the village of Wavertree, beside the lake, is an ancient well on which appears the following inscription : — QVI. NON. DAT. QVOD. HABET. DOEMON. INFRA. RIDET. ANNO. 1414. Above the arch there was formerly a cross on which were the additional words — DEVS. DEDIT. HOMO. BIBIT. but it has been many years removed. The Calder Stones, are four or five in number, placed irregularly at the junction of four roads near Allerton. They appear to be of considerable anti- quity, and resemble what are generally considered Druidical remains. They bear traces of rude char- acters which have never been decijDhered, but from the circumstance of finding coarse urns, containing human bones and dust, in digging about them, there is reason to believe that they indicate an ancient burial-place, — of what age or what people it has never been ascertained. Speke Hall, although nine miles from Liverpool, may be noticed on account of its being an object of ANTIQUITIES. 203 considerable attraction to the visitor. " It was built about 350 years ago, and is surrounded by a ditch or moat, and possesses every trait interesting to the lovers of antiquity. Gigantic yews shed their gloom over an antique court ; the old hall is decorated with a wainscot mantel-piece, said to have been brought from Edinburgh Castle after the victory at Flodden Field ; and Sir Wm. Norreys brought here a part of the Scotch king's library from Holyrood House. On the wainscoting is inscribed " Sleep xot till thou HAST WELL CONSIDERED HOW THOU SPENT THE DAY PAST : IF THOU HAST DONE WELL, THANK GoD FOR IT; IF OTHERWISE, REPENT.'' Hale Hall, nine miles south east of Liverpool, is the residence of John Blackburne, Esq., M.P. It has an ancient appearance and is partly covered with ivy. On the square tower in front is the date 1674, and the inscription " Built by Sir Gilbert Ireland, and Dame Margaret, his wife". In 1809 the south front was rebuilt in a style corresponding with the rest of the building. In this chapelry was born, in 1578, John Middleton, " The Child of Hale," who was possessed of extraordinary strength, and mea- sured 9 feet 3 inches in height ! He visited the court of James I., and a portrait of him is preserved in Brazenose College, Oxford. Childwall Church, four miles south east of Liverpool, is a building of considerable antiquity, of irregular form, with a low pointed spire. In the im- mediate vicinity, is Childwall Abbey, the property of the Marquis of Salisbury. The village of Childwall is a favourite place of holiday resort with the inhabi- tants of Liverpool. 204 ANTIQUITIES. Several Fragments of Ancient Buildings in the town have, from time to time, been met with in dig- ging the foundations of modern erections. During the excavations made in Moor-street and Fenwick- street, a few years ago, several portions of arches and walls evidently, belonging to the ancient castle, were met with, A piece of a curious ancient pier was dis- covered during the recent alterations made in Can- ning-dock, which is supposed to have been a part of the harbour of the Pool, prior to the formation of the first dock. It was supported on oaken piles shod with iron, a number of which have been removed to the dock-office for preservation as reliques of the good old times. The Records and Manuscripts in possession of the town are, with a few exceptions, not of very great antiquity, as many valuable documents were des- troyed by fire when the Town-hall was consumed. The Original Seal of King John is one of the few antiquities which have been preserved. It is silver, of an oval form, and has the " Lever," or Liver engraved upon it, with a sprig of sea-weed in its beak. The Sword of State carried before Sir William Norreys, of Speke, during his embassy to the great Mogul, lies unnoticed among the civic treasures. It was presented in 1702 to the Corporation, by whom it was long used as the sword of state. Its handle was of silver. The scabbard is now so fixed on the blade by rust, that Herculean strength could not separate them. ITINERARY. For the convenience of Visitors, tlie following Routes are laid down, whicli will embrace tlie principal objects worthy the attention of Strangers in Liverpool. ROUTE FIEST. Exchange, Castle-st., South Castle-st., Custom-house, Salthouse Dock, Duke's Dock, King's Dock, Queen's Dock, Coburg Dock, Union Dock, Beunswick Dock, Toxteth Dock, Haeeington Dock, Paeliament-st., St. James'-place, Geeat Geoege-st , Duke-st,, Can- ning Dock, James'-st., Fenwick-st., Bkunswick-st., Castle-st., Exchange. After visiting the Town-hall, Exchange-buildings, and Nelsons Monument, the visitor will accompany us along Castle-street, at the end of which is St. George's Church, in St. George's Crescent. Proceeding forward along South Castle-street, we arrive at the Custom-house. South Castle- street was formerly called Pool-lane, and it was narrow and irregular. Since the erection of the Custom-house, it has become a street of considerable importance. After walking completely ToundBeveniie-buildings, and viewing the interior, we turn towards the shipping. Immediately opposite is the corner of Canning Dock, and adjoining it is Salthouse Dock. Between Salthouse Dock and the River, is a new dock, in course of erection. Proceeding along the side of Salthouse Dock, we arrive at Duke's Dock. A little further is a large pile of warehouses belonging to the Union Company, one side of which faces King's Dock, and the other Duke's Dock. By continuing along "NVapping, we come to the Railway Station for goods. The tunnel proceeds from this point to Edge-hUl, as formerly mentioned, and is 2,250 yards in 206 ITINERARY, length. Turning to the right we arrive at Kings Dock, on the opposite side of which, is the Tobacco Warehouse. Before reaching this building we pass the Floating Chapel, in the north west corner of the dock. After leaving the Tobacco Warehouse, we may proceed to the Parade between it and the river, from which we have an excellent \\evf of the upper part of the Mersey, Birkenhead, where the spire of the church stands in a picturesque manner among the trees ; Tranmere, Rock and New Ferries, with the numerous marine villas on the margin of the river ; Bebbington Church in the distance ; and still higher up, almost con- cealed in the thick wooded scenery, is the Ferry of Eastham. From the Parade we proceed to Queens Dock, along the west side, and examine the Gra\-ing Docks. A little further south is Cohiirg Dock, in which are the North American Steamers, which ought by all means to be inspected. To save trouble, the visitor should previously provide himself with an order of admission from the agents, Messrs. Mac Iver, in Water-street, near the Town-hall. On the south side of this dock is the Dock Yard. Crossing the passage between Union and Coburg Docks, we come to Brunsvjick Dock, the largest in the port ; — keeping along the west side of it, and passing the basin, we arrive at the Graving Docks. From this we cross the bridge to the east side of the Dock, and still keep in a southward direction. Toxteth Dock is the first dock we pass, and forms the boundary of the Corporation property. The space on the left is entirely occupied by timber sheds, which are situated here on account of the proximity of the timber docks. A little further are the Harrington Docks, adjoining which are the Mersey Steel and Iron Company's Works, which shall be the southernmost point of this route. After inspecting them we retrace our steps to Brunswick Dock, keeping along the east side. Nearly opposite the centre of tliis side is Warwick-street, at the bottom of which is St. Thomas's Church. On the ITINEEAEY. 207 eminence a little towards tlie south-east, appears the spire of St. John the Baptist's Church. From "Warwick-street, still going north, we come to Parliament-street, at the bottom of which is the handsome Church of St. Barnabas. The next building above it is the Southern and Toxteth Hospital. Proceeding up Parliament-street, and passing one or two chemical, lime, and other manufactories, we cross Bedford- street, in which there are several large Chapels belonging to the Welsh. A little higher up the street is .S7. James' Church on the right. We here turn to the left and see a spacious triangular area, on the upper side of which is St. James Market. Keeping along great George-street, we arrive at Great George-street Chapel, a splendid building, at the angle formed by this street and Nelson street. Opposite is the Nelson Assembly Booms, and from the end of the street we see St. Mark's Church, in Duke-street, a little above where we now are. Turning down Duke-street, which was formerly the fashionable portion of the town, and in which stUl many opulent families reside, we pass the Union News- room on the right, and arrive at York-street, along which, we turn to Messrs. Fawcett and Preston's Establishment. After inspecting these extensive premises, we return to Duke- sti'eet, and pass the Mates Association-rooms, and Barracks, on the right-hand side of the street. In a few minutes we reach the Custom-house, which we now pass, and proceed to Canning Dock. On the west side of this dock is the Life- boat Station, and the Tide Surveyors' Office. At the north end of the dock is a large stone building, which is occupied by the head-constable. We then turn along James'-street, on the right-hand side of which, is the Coalbrookedale Company's warehouse. At the top is St. George's Church, on the right, and the North and South Wales Bank on the left. Proceeding along Fenwick-street, which, from being one of the narrowest and most irregular, has been recently made a wide and elegant street, we see a number of hand- I 208 ITINERARY. some offices, and at the comers of Brunswick- street, are the Union and Messrs. Heywood's Banks. Turning up Brunswick-street, we find ourselves once more before the Exchange, where we conckide our first route. ROUTE SECOND. Exchange, Watek-st., Prince's Dock, Waterloo Dock, Victoria Dock, Trafalgar Dock, Clarence Dock, North Battery, "Waterloo-road, Oil-st., Great Ho- WARD-sT., Neptune-st., Waterloo-road, Prince's Parade, George's Dock, George's Pier, Chapel-st., Exchange. This route embraces all the north docks, after which, we T\ill proceed to survey the tovrn . From the Exchange we pass down Water-street, in which most of the steam-packet offices are situated. Messrs. Bai- ley Brothers' iron warehouse at the bottom of the street occupies the site of the Ancient Tower. Turning to the right we pass St. Nicholas Church,dcaA. arrive at Princes Dock. We proceed along the east side and examine the American Packets, which are generally much superior in appearance to the vessels in the docks visited during the first route. Leaving Prince's Dock, we pass Prince's Basin, and arrive in succession, at Waterloo, Victoria and Trafalgar Docks. On the north side of Trafalgar Dock, is the Corporation Crane, at which some steamer will probably be receiving its engines. Beyond this, is Clarence Dock, in which lie the larger steamers. The Glasgow packets are most superbly fitted up, and wiU be readily she%vn by the parties on board. Keeping along the south side of the dock and crossing a bridge we come to Clarence Pier, whence we have a view of Bootle Bay, the Rock Light-house, and the Ferries near ITINEKARY 209 the mouth of the river. If it be near high water, we shall probably be amused by watching the arrival of an Irish steamer, and the curious scenes which occur when landing the cargo of bipeds and quadrupeds * If the gates of the half-tide dock are closed, we cross them to the Graving Docks, and afterwards proceed to the Battery at the north extremity of the Docks. This Battery is about to be taken down to make room for dock improvements, and another building wUl be erected a little more to the eastward A little further is a Windmill, and beyond it the North Shore, a considerable length of which is studded with Bathing Ma- chines, and enlivened by the number of individuals of both sexes to be seen floundering among the waves of the Mersey. A little to the east is a large Cotton Factory ; and, surround- ed by brick fields, and blackened by their smoke, stands St. Martin s-in-the-fields, with its lofty spire. Returning along Waterloo-road, we pass iliessrs. Wilson and Cos. Ship-huild- ing Yards, the St. George Steam-packet Company's Offices, and one or two manufacturies of various kinds. Turning to the left along Oil-street, we pass the Oil-mills and several large engineering establishments. Turning to the right, * Oui' attention Ijeing drawn to the side of the river by a gi-oup of steamers which had just arrived, we went over to them, and were much amused by the odd scene their decks exhibited. The stern part raised beyond the waist, as usual contained a freight of bipeds old and young, some decently clothed, others in looped and windowed garments, conversing in a jargon that, for what we knew, might be Chaldee. The deck, from the waist forward, was crowd- ed with sheep and pigs; so that it was difficult, without seeing it, to conceive the medley of living creatm-es and disgusting filth. While the animals on deck were slowly driven along a plank up to the wharf, sailors were busily engaged at the windlass, and pre- sently a large bullock emerged from the hatchway, like a lifeless log, suspended in the air by a rope round his body. The poor beast seemed paralyzed , for, on being lowered upon the dirty deck, he sunk down as if he had never known the use of his legs ; but on the sling, upon which he was raised, being pulled from under him, he rose as if he recollected himself and " moved aft," as is the sea phrase. A second animal then slowly ascended to the light of day in the same manner, the sailors treating them all as unceremoniou.sly as if they had been bags of coiton.— England in the Y'dth century. 210 ITINERARY. when we come into Great Howard-street, we pass St. Mat- thias Church, a short distance from the street, the Borough Jail, and several immense piles of warehouses. Proceeding towards the docks through Neptune-street, we are again in Waterloo-road. A few yards to the north is a Jiotel, called the Rotunda Steam-packet Tavern, which was formerly a windmill. Its interior having been destroyed by fire, it was converted to its present purpose, and is a place of favourite resort by " Tars," who, provided with a quantum of grog and tobacco, delight to " keep a good look out" on the roof, which is flat and fitted up with benches and other conveni- ences. Passing several slate-yards, and Prince's Basin, we cross the bridge beside Prince's Dock, and are on Princes Parade. From this noble esplanade we have, at high water, a magnificent view of the Mersey with the Cheshire shore, and in the distance the blue mountains of Wales. The scenery is bounded by the Rock Light-house on the right, and we perceive, in succession, the fashiouable villas of New Brighton, the Magazines, Egremont, and the populous neigh- bourhood of Seacombe. StiU more to the left is Wallasey- pool, which seperates Seacombe from Woodside. On the hill behind Woodside is Bidston Light-house, with the tele- graph and numerous signal poles adjoining. The scene on the river is indescribably beautiful. Here and there are river steamers and ferry boats ploughing the smooth surface of the water. " Here is a vessel deeply laden just passing the dock gates, for a voyage to the Antipodes; there is ano- ther destined, perhaps, to the Indies, and afterwards to ' The Pole.' Now the weather-beaten rigging and patched sails of a ship preparing to enter, speak of tempests encountered beyond the equator, or amid the icebergs and snowy coves of Greenland."* Opposite to the parade is moored the Floating Bath, to which boats are constantly plying with passengers. W^alking round the basin we come to George's * England in the I9th century. ITIXEKAKY. 21 Dock, at the south end is the Mariners Church. The east side is flanked bv a range of lofty warehouses called the Goree, with piazzas on the ground story. On the west side between the dock and the river are the Corporation Baths. If the visitor is here at low water, he will observe at George's as well as at Prince's Pier, an ingenious F^oa^/w^r Landing-stage to enable steamers to land their passengers without the inconvenience of small boats. At the Egremont slip is a Landing-stage of a more improved construction, ex- tending about 70 feet beyond the sea wall to a strong float- ing -pier, along side of which steamers can be moored. At this stage carriages can be landed at low water. Returning to St. Nicholas' Church, we perceive the Telegraph on the roof of a warehouse at the bottom of Chapel-street. Proceed- ing up Chapel-street, we arrive at the Sessions-house and Bride- well, from which we find our way to the Exchange area, our starting point. ROUTE THIED. Exchange, CiSTLE-ST., Loed-st., Church-st., Pa.rkee-st., Clattox-square, Elliot-st., Markets, Roe-st., Mue- BAY-ST., WiLLIAMSOX-SQUAEE, RoE-ST., HaY-MARKET- LoRD Nelsox-st., Hotham-st., Gloucestee-st., Russel- ST., Brownlow-hill, Edge-hill, Edge-lane, Rake- lane, Waveetree-eoad, Doke-st., Chatham-place, Geinfield-st.,Oxfoed-st., Mount Pleasant, Renshaw- sT,, Newington, Bold-st., Chuech-st., School-lane, Paeadise-st., Loed-st., Castle-st., Exchange. After proceeding along Castle-street, we turn to the left and have a full view of Lord-street, which is now one of the handsomest in the town. Passing through it we enter Church-street, in which is situated St. Peter's Church. 212 ITINERARY. A little further on the same side is Messrs. Promoli and Haushurg's Bazaar, and the Exhibition-rooms in old Post- office Place. On the same side of the street is the AthencBiim and the Liver Theatre, the latter of uhich will scarcely be recognised, except by the Liver, which is placed in front, as the lower story is occupied by shops. Turning up Parker- street, we are in Clayton-square, which is chiefly appropria- ted to Hotels. Passing forward we reach St. John's Market. On the right is the Pedlers Market, and on the left the general market, which we enter. After proceeding from end to end we leave it by one of the side gates, leading to Great Chai-lotte-street, and there see the Fish Market and the Amphitheatre. Walking towards Queen-square, and then turning to the left, we pass the end of the market and the Fish Hall in Roe-street, in which fish is sold in wholesale quantities. A Httle further is WUliamson-square, in which is the Theatre Royal. From this we retrace our steps along Murray-street and Roe-street, to the spacious area formerly occupied as a Haymarket, and see before us the Railway Station, and on the left St. Johns Church and the new building of the Assize Courts and St. George s Hall. At the south angle of the Haymarket is a Baptist Chapel. We pass the Railway Station and turn up Lord Nelson-street. The first building on our right is the Church of the School for the Blind, and that on the left, the Blind Asylum, which we will visit in a subsequent walk. Nearly opposite the church is the Nelson Assembly-rooms. We pass along Hotham-street till we arrive at Gloucester- street, in which is St. Simons Church. In Copperas-hill, the next street beyond Gloucester-street, is St. Nicholas Catholic Chapel. We continue in Gloucester-street till we arrive at Russel-street, in which are the Welsh Charity Schools and the New Jerusalem Chapel. Behind Russel- street are the Public Slaughter-houses and Ahbatoir Com- pany's premises. From Russel-street, which is one of a ITINEBARY. 213 principal line of streets, we turn into Brownlow-hiU, and some distance higher up, we pass the Workhouse, the House of Recovery, and the Lunatic Asylum, In Brownlow-street, which we cross, the Infirmary is situated. Keeping up Brownlow hill, we pass a Welsh Chapel on the left, and see Edge-hill Church before us. Leaving this and turning a little to the left, we get into Edge-lane, which leads us to the Botanic Garden. We pass several mansions before we arrive at it, and if we continue our walk further in the same direction, we meet -with many more of the residences of the wealthy inhabitants. After inspecting the garden we turn towards town, till we arrive at Rake-lane, which leads to "SVavertree-road, and to the Edge-hill Railway Station and Tunnel. We proceed along Wavertree-road, towards town, till we arrive at Duke-street, (Edge-hill,) through which we pas3 into Chatham-place, nearly opposite which is the site of the new Catholic Chapel and Convent. Turning do^vn Chatham-place and Grinfield-street, to Oxford-street, and passing a small Chapel in Sidney-place, we come to the School for the Deaf and Dumb, heliAndi which it the South Haymarket. Below this is Abercromby-square, in which is St. Catharine's Church, and a little to the left of the bottom of Oxford-street, are the Alms-houses and the Parochial Cemetery. At the comer of Hope-street are the Medical Institution and St. John the Evangelist's Church; and nearly opposite are the back of the Workhouse, the Scotch Secession Chapel, and the Wellington-rooms. Behind the latter, by passing along Great Orford-street we come to two Chapels in Pleasant-street. We continue our walk down Mount Pleasant, and pass on the left, Rodney-street, in which is St. Andrew's Scotch Church, and a httle lower on the same side is the Catholic Orphan House, and on the right, a Methodist Chapel, and the Eye and Ear Institution. At the bottom of the street is the Adelphi Hot:l, wMch is the largest establishment of the kind in the town. In Brownlow- 214 ITINERARY. hill, a little above the Adeljjhi Hotel, is the Welsh Church. From the Adelphi six streets proceed in different directions. We choose Renshaw-street, and find on our right Newington Chapel, and Si. Andrew s Church, a.ud on the left a Unitarian Chapel. Beyond this on the same side is Oldham-street, in ■which is the Oldest Scotch Church. Turning along Newing- ton, we pass on the left the Portico and a Billiard-room, (intended to be appropriated for a junior club-house,) and on the right the Arcade; and we arrive in Bold-street, the Regent-street of Liverpool, in which the beauty and fashion of this wealthy town are, about the middle of the day, to be seen promenading. We walk down Bold-street, near the top of which is the Savings' Bank, passing the Music-hall on the left, and the Palatine Club-house, the Rotunda, and the Lycceum on the right ; and are then in Church-street. Walking forward till we arrive at St. Peters Church,vi-e there turn to the large building behind the church, which is the Blue Coat Hospital. Leaving this interesting institution, we pass the Unitarian Chapel in Paradise-street, and by turning to the right, find ourselves in Lord-street, from which we once more proceed to the Exchange and complete our third route. ROUTE rOURTH. Exchange, Castle-st., South Castle-st., Pbice-st., Cleveland-square, Pitt-st., Great George-square, Great George-st., Alfred-st., Mount, Cemetery, MouNT-sT., Knight-st., Berry-st., Seel-st,, Colquitt- sT., Seel-st., Hanover-st., Church-st., Lord-st., North John-st., Cook-st., Castle-st., Exchange. Passing from the Exchange through Castle-street and South Castle-street, and under the portico of the Custom- house, we arrive at Price-street by which we enter Cleve- ITINERARY. 215 land-square. On the riglit through a small opening we see St. Thomas' Church, in Park-lane. We pass through the square into Pitt-street, which is of considerable length. On the right is a Wesleijan Chapel, and in Upper Frederick- street, the next street behind Pitt-street, are situated the Cor- poration Wash-house and Baths. On the left in the upper part of the street is St. Michael's Church, and Great George- square still higher up ; crossing Great George-street we enter Alfred- street, at the top of which is St. James'-road with St. James Walk, (or the Mount,) before us. From this agreeable promenade we obtain a fine view of the town below, and of the opposite parts of Cheshire and the moun- tains of Wales in the distance. Lea^•ing it at the north end we enter the Cemetery, and after spending half an hour among the habitations of the dead, we leave it by the same entrance. Above the Cemetery is Gambier-terrace, a noble range of buildings, behind which is Percy-sti-eet, which, al- though a retired street, contains some of the most elegant private dwellings in the town, together with (S"^. Brides' Church. From the lower corner of the Cemetery in Duke- street we perceive the back of the Mechanics Institution, in Mount-street, to which we proceed. After having surveyed this extensive building, we go downwards, crossing Rodney- street, thi-ough Knight-street, till we arrive in Berry-street, in which is St. Luke's Church. We enter Seel-street, and the first building which attracts our attention, on the right, is the Jews' Synagogue. On the left is the Police Hall and the Royal Institution Schools. In Colquitt-street are the Apothecaries' Hall, the Royal Institution, the Permanent Gallery of Art, and Harrisons Gymnasium. Further down Seel-street is aS^^ Peter's Catholic Chapel and Messrs. Samuel and James Holmes' Works on the left, and the Liverpool Sawmills on the right. We cross Slater-street, in which the Bible Depository and Charitable Institution House, are situated. Seel-street terminates at Hanover-sti-eet, at 216 ITINEEARY. the comer of which is the the Bank of England. From this we turn to the right into Church-street, and from that to Lord-street. About the middle of Lord-street, is North John- street, along which we proceed. In Temple-court, on the right is the Fire Engine Station, and most of the coffee roasters' premises. Cook-street is on the left, in which we find a small piece of Wood Pavement and Monsieur Hugiienins Gymnasium. After inspecting these, we turn into Castle-street, and are once more at the Exchange. EOUTE FIFTH. ExcHANGK, Oldhall-steeet, Leeds-st., Vauxhall-road, Naylor-st., Bevington Bush, Bevington Hill, Scot- LAND-EOAD, ElCHMOXD-ROW, SOHO-ST., STAEFORD-ST., LON- DON-ROAD, Prescot-road, Mouxt Terxon, Edgehill, Irtixe-st., West Derby-st., Pembroke-place, Londox- ROAD, Shaw's Brow, Dale-st., Exchange. Part of this route is through the more disagreeable portion of the town, but it is nevertheless worthy the attention of those who wish to make a complete survey of Liverpool. We pass through the area of the Exchange into Oldhall- street, and on the left see the Ship Masters' Association Rooms. In Union-street, a little further on, 'is the Govern- ment Emigration and Irish Pass-office. Edmund-street, on the right, contains the Catholic Chapel and Refonned Pres- byterian Chapjel; and Prussia-street on the same side leads us to St. Pauls Church. Returning to OldhaU-street, we pass Messrs. Bartons, Irlam and Higginson's office, formerly "the Old-hall^' from which the street derives its name. At the end of tlie street is the Leeds and Liverpool Canal Basin, on the right of which is iheNorthern Hospital. Proceeding along Leeds-street we pass Leeds-street Chapel and School, and enter VauxhaU-road nearly opposite the North Dispen- ITIXERARY. 217 sary. Further north are the Gas Works, a number of TFlnd- mills, and lime, soap, starch, and a variety of other J/an?<- factories. In the south direction are the Clarence Foundry, and Bridewell. We proceed through Naylor-street, in which are St. Bartholomew's Church and Mr. Logan's Veneer Mills, to Bevington Bush ; on the Tvest side of which is the North Corporation School. Passing along Bevington Hill we enter St. Martin's Market, from which we proceed to Scot- land-road. Proceeding north we pass the new Scotch Church and St. Anthony's Catholic Chapel on the right, and a little distance to the left is St. Martin s-in-the-fields. Returning towards town we pass the end of Nelson-street (north,) at the other end of which is a New Wesleyan Chapel. We then turn up Richmond-row, and leave on our right the Baptist Chapel, in Byron-street, and Queen's TJieatre, Christian- street; and on the left the Two Chajjels in Comus-street, All Saint's Church and St. Annes Church. Turning along Soho- street we pass a Baptist Chapel on the left, and see St. Au- gustine's Church, on the eminence above, and Trinity Church on the right. Crossing Islington we enter Stafford-street, at the end of which is the Monument of King George III. The statue was executed by Westmacott ; and the figure, the countenance of which is an excellent hkeness of his late majesty, sits gracefully on his horse. This monu- ment was intended to have been placed in Great George- square, but the present situation was chosen in con- sequence of the inhabitants of the square not agreeing in which direction the horse's head was to be placed. We are now in London-road the great thoroughfare for vehicles pre-v-ious to the opening of the Railways. Proceeding in the direction from the town we pass the Methodist Chapel in Moss-street, and St. Jude's Church on the left. A little above the church on the other side is Harper-street, in which the West Derby Public Offices are situated, under which are cells capable of confining two hundred prisoners. In Low- 218 ITIXEEARY. hill the old IFest Darby f Derby) Workliouse faces us. The inmates have been removed to the more spacious premises in Evertou, and it is now occupied bv the children belonging to the Liverpool workhouse. From this point we turn to the right, along Mount Vernon, from which we have a good ^iew of the town. In the next street below, the Catholic Convent for the Sisters of Mercy is now erecting. At the end of Mount Vernon on the left is an antiquated buUding called The Piory, the residence of the Rev. F. Barker. We now leave Edgehill and turn towards town, along Irvine- street, which leads us to West Derby-street and Pembroke- place, at the comer of which is Pembroke Chapel, (Baptist.) The next street we pass is Ashton-street, in which are situ- ated the Lunatic Asylum and Lock Hospital. Brownlow- street already noticed is also passed, as well as Pembroke- street, in which are the Albion Oil Mills. Nearly opposite this is St. Silas' Church. Below, on the left, is GUI-street, in which is the Sandemanian Chapel, the Market, now building, the Soup Kitchen, ^-c. We are once more at the monument, whence we continue our walk downwards past the Blind Asylum. After leaving this interesting institution, we come to Islington Market on the right, having on our left the Railway Station, the Assize Courts,Q.n(i St. John's Church. Shaw's Brow, (a steep and narrow declivity through which all the coaches, in former days, used to pass prior to the opening of Manchester-street,^ is our next object ; aud this leads us, after crossing Byrom-street, at the end of which is St. Stepjhens Church, to Dale-street, in wliich the principal Inns and Coach Offices are situated. This street we may always recognize by the bustle of porters and the rattling of omni- buses. Formerly we should, perhaps, have been interrupted in our walk by the sudden exit of four fiery greys, with a loaded coach at their heels, from the yard of the Saracen's Head, or by the luggage landing from the roof of a London coach at the door of the Angel; now, though still a busy ITINERARY. 219 scene, the "High Fljer," and " L'Hirondelle," with their splendid teams, are changed for the cumbrous omnibus and its hacks; and Dale-street possesses only three coaches, a miserable remnant of its former number ! On the right is the gas works, whence we perceive the Exchange, to wluch we hasten, after viewing the Royal Bank Buildings, on the left, glad to conclude our fifth route. ROUTE SIXTH. Exchange, Dale-st., Manchestee-st., St. John's-lane, Hat-market, Commutation-row, Islington, Shaw-st., Ev£rton-village,Eveetox-teerac£, St. George's-hill, Noethumberlaxd-terrace, St. Domixgo-lane, Church- st.,(Evertox,) Evertox-road,Deeby-road, Zoological Gardens, Exchange. Leaving our usual starting place, we pass along Dale-street to Manchester-street, on the left side of which is the princi- pal office of the Bootle Water-works. AVe then proceed from tliis point across the old haymarket, up St. John's-lane, leav- ing Queen's-square, in which is the office of the New Gas- works on the right. This brings us to the Haymarket whence we turn to Islington Market in London-road. Pro- ceeding along Commutation-row, we arrive at Islington, and find on our right the Catholic Blind Asylum, and on the left the Eastern Dispensary. Keeping straight up this street we pass on the left Salisbury-street, in which St. Francis' Xavier's Catholic Chapel is about to be built. A little above this, is Shaw-street, along which we turn, passing the Colle- giate Institution and St Augustine's Church, i^bout half way down Everton-brow is Crescent Chapel, and a little above Shaw-street is the Round-house and the celebrated Everton Toffee Shop. Turning upwards here, through Ever- ton-village we pass Prince Rupert's Cottage onXhexi^i with P 220 ITINERARY. several otlier buildings of antiquity. We next proceed along Ever ton-terrace, and then ascend St. George's-hill, whence we have a noble view of the mouth of the river. From this we go through Northumberland-terrace into St. Domingo- lane, close to which is St. Domingo-house. This elegant mansion was built by Mr. Sparling with the proceeds of a French prize ship from St. Domingo, whence it derived its name. It was occupied for a short period as the residence of the Duke of Gloucester when on a \asit to Livei-pool, and was afterwards purchased by government. It was latterly used as a boarding school, and very recently was purchased for a comparatively small sum,for a Roman Catholic College. In the neighbourhood of Everton are some of the most fashionable residences of the Liverpool merchants. A little past St. Domingo is the Booile Water Works reservoir, and further on is the ^^llage of Kirkdale. Returning along St. Domingo-lane we pass Messrs. WhaUey's Nursery, which is well worthy of a visit, and arrive at St. George's Church. Passing again through the village of Everton, we go along Everton-road and perceive on our left the chimney of Hy- geia-street Glass-works, (at present disused,) and in Mill-lane, the Everton National School. Further south in Everton- road we come to the old Baptist Burial-ground on the right, and at the angle formed by this and Derby-road, we find the Necropolis. Having walked round this " city of the dead," we proceed along Derby road and perceive before us the Zoological Gardens on the right, together with " The Derby" i Hotel, a Zoological Museum, &c. On the left we see the West Derby Union TFor^-7iouse, which is approached by Mill- lane. This extensive building was opened in 1841, for the reception of the poor of West Derby Union, which consists of twenty-one parishes, and at present contains four hundred individuals, although there is accommodation for five hun- dred. The building is of brick and has all the modern im- provements. It consists of an octangular centre, in which ITINERARY. 221 is the governor's house, Avith front, back, and side ivines of considerable extent. From the octagon, all the parts of the building mar be seen, by which arrangement the inmates are constantly under the eye of the governor. The east ■wing is appropriated to females and the west to males. The ground-floor of the back wing is occupied as school-rooms, the story above as a dining-room, and on the upper floor is a chapel capable of containing sis hundred individuals. On the roof are spacious reservoirs for supplying the apartments, to which the water is forced by a small steam-engine, which also performs several culinary and other domestic operations. The entire area of the ground on which the buUding is situ- ated is about two acres. We then enter the Zoological Gar- dens where we will probably stay several hours, after which we will find it more agreeable to return to the Exchange in an omnibus or car, than to trudge the distance, after so long a previous walk. ROUTE SEVENTH. ExcHiNGE, Castle-st., Lokd-st., Chuech-st., Bold-st., Leece-st., Hardmax-st., Hope-st., Falknek-st., Crowit- STREET, Upper SxANHorE-sx., Lodge-laxe, Ullet-lane, DlxGLE, Park-road, St. James'-place, St. James'-st., Park-lane, South Castle-st., Castle-st., Exchange. Leaving the Exchange for the seventh time, we arrive by way of Castle-street, Lord-street, Church-street and Bold- street, at St. Luke's Church in Berry-street, opposite which is the Keto Arcade. We proceed along Leece-street, and Hardman-street, crossing Rodney-street, past St. Philips Church to Hope-street, and turning to our right we come to Falkner-street. From Falkner-street we pass into Canning- street, in which is the Church of the Holy Apostles, and re- turn to Falkner-street a little below the Female Penitentiary. 222 ITIXEEARY. Ill Mulberry- street, a short distance from this, is a Welsh Chapel. We continue in Falkner-street keeping St. Savi' ours Church to the right till we come to Crown-street, in which the old Railway Station is situated. This street leads us across Parliament-street to Upper Stanhope-street, in which is St. Clement's Church, and a little above it at the corner of Lodge-lane, the new Reservoir ^c. of the Liver- pool and Harrington Water-worlcs. From near this point a pathway leads across a field on the left to the Railway Station at Edgehill. Turning to the right at the Water- works we walk the whole length of Lodge-lane, passing several handsome dwellings, till we arrive at Ullet^lane which leads us past the ground allotted to the New Park, to the Dingle- lodge. After wandering through these delightful grounds, we turn into Park-road and pass on the right Park Chapel, the oldest dissenting chapel in the neighbourhood, and on the left a handsome Independent Chapel in South Hill-place. As we approach town we leave, at some distance on the left, the place where the Hercidanceum Potteries formerly stood, and we pass in succession St. John the Baptist's Church, a New Connexion Methodist Chapel, and St. Patrick's Catho- lic Chapel. A. little above Park-road is a Wesleyan and a Welsh Chapel, and at the comer of Warwick-street and Mill- street is Hanover (an Independent) Chapel. From the Ca- tholic Chapel we proceed along St. Jaraes'-place, St. James'- street and Park-lane, in the latter of which are the North Corporation School and St. Thomas's Church, to the Cus- tom-house, whence we easily find our way to the Exchange. THE ENVIRONS. I ^ Ij The following are tlie principal villages and hamlets in j { the neighbourhood of Liverpool, arranged according to their i ] relative position, commencing with those to the north of the j town. — I BooTLE is a village about three miles distant, much fre- M quented during summer months for sea bathing. The prin- | cipal objects of attraction are the Church, which has two towers, the Water-works, and the Land-marks on the sands. Seaforth is about a mUe beyond Bootle and contains a number of delightful residences. Wateeloo is a newly estabUshed, but much frequented watering place, disposed in the form of a crescent with a large hotel in the centre. A handsome church has been re- cently erected. Near this are the ^-illages of LiTHEELAND and Crosby, the latter of which has a church and gi-ammar- 1 school, and four miles farther north is the village of I>:cE j Bluxdell, in which is the Hall, long the residence of the ' Blundell family, containing an extensive and rare collection I of casts, pictures, sculptures, and other curiosities. The ! property of this estate was the occasion of the celebrated law-suit Blundell versus Weld, by Avhich it was alienated j from the heirs to a^ son of Cardinal Weld. ; Sefton is a township seven miles north of Liverpool. i The parish church is dedicated to St. Helen, and the beauty 4 of its interior, perhaps, exceeds that of any church in the j county. The ancient church was erected in the year 1111, j but the present edifice is of the'time of Henry VIII., built by I Anthony Molyneux, rector of the-place. The chancel is di- vided by a magnificent screen from the body of the church, and contains sixteen stalls of elegant sculpture. The sepul- ture of the " noble and knightly family of Molyneux," as 224 ITINERARY. Camden styles them, lias been here for a succession of ages. A monument records that Sir. Wm. Molyneux distinguished himself in the battle of Agincourt, and received the honour of knighthood from Henry V. Croxteth-park is the residence of the Earl of Sefton, four miles south east of Liverpool. Knowsley Hall is the seat of the Earl of Derby, eight miles east of Liverpool. Walton is three miles from Liverpool, and is the parish to which Liverpool originally belonged. The church is of gi'eat antiquity and of an irregular form ; it has recently had a handsome steeple added, together with a large and powerful new organ. At Spellow Mount a short distance from this, are the beautiful nurseries of Mr. Skirving. KiRKDALE is a large suburb of the town, with which it is now connected by a continuous line of streets. It contains a neat church, St Mary's Cemetery, several chapels, and the county House of Correction, previously noticed. AVest Derby, the greatest part of which is the property of the Earl of Derby, is an old and picturesque village, four miles north east, surrounded by a thickly wooded country. Old Swan is a small hamlet on Prescot-road, near which is the cattle-market, a church, a new Catholic chapel, and a Wesleyan chapel. A short distance from the Old Swan is Broad Green railway station, and a little further in the southerly direction is the romantic village of Childwall, with its abbey and church. Allerton is five miles south east of Liverpool. In its neighbourhood are the calder stones, formerly noticed, and Allerton Hall, the residence of Roscoe, till the reverses of fortune obliged him to quit it in the decline of life. Gateacre and Woolton are delightful villages, the latter of which contains a neat church. They are much visited by the inhabitants of the town during summer. ITINERAEY. 225 Wavektkee is a large village containing numerous residences of the more opulent classes, together with an old church and an Independent and Weslevan chapel. In the village is a large sheet of water called Wavertree lake, near which are the bridewell and an ancient well. The cut- ting for the railway at Olive Mount, is a little distance from this place. This is a stupendous excavation, in one place 70 feet below the level of the gi-ound, and is well worthy the notice of the visitor. Between Wavertree and Aigburth are numerous elegant villas and suburban residences. The ^•illage of Aigbdrth is beautifully situated three miles south of Liverpool, on the Mersey. In the neighbourhood is a handsome modern church in the Norman style of architecture, in which is a fine painted window representing "Christ healing the leper." There is also a Cathohc chapel ; and a Cathohc Magdalen asylum is shortly to be bmlt. Returning towards town we come into Toxteth-park, in Avhich is situated St. Michael's church, a handsome Gothic erection ; and the whole of the neighbourhood through which we pass is thickly studded with gentlemen's seats. Till the visitor has made the tour of the environs, he vnH. have no idea of the splendour of the private dwellings of the opulent Liverpool merchants, and of the taste which is dis- played in the arrangement of the grounds. In meiking this survey he will find much to interest, as well as to amuse ; and, had not tliis little work been already considerably ex- tended beyond the limits at first proposed, he would have been assisted in his perambulations by a more detailed ac- count of the environs than is now given. THE CHESHIRE SHORE OF THE MERSEY has become so tliorouglalj identified with the interests of Liverpool, that, to omit a short description of the numerous populous villages opposite Liverpool, would be to render this Strangers' vade meeum incomplete. Although there are many places worthy of particular notice on the Cheshire side of the Mersey, two routes will be sufficient to enable the stranger to see the principal objects of attention. ROUTE FIRST. WooDsiDE, Birkenhead, Rock Ferry, New Ferry, Bebbingtox, and Eastham. Proceeding to George's Pier, we make our way to the Woodside steamer,* by wliicli we are in a few minutes con- veyed to the slip at the other side. WOODSIDE is the most ancient of the ferries on the Mersey, and it has been in the family of Mr. Price, the present proprietor, for upwards of 500 years. Though formerly merely a ferry house it is now a densely populated neighbourhood, laid out with a considerable degree of elegance and taste. The prin- cipal streets are wide and regular, the houses being generally of stone ; and it is evident that considerable attention has been paid to efi'ect in their construction. Hamilton-square, designed by G. Graham, Esq., of Edinburgh, contains a num- * The names of the ferries to which the steamers ply are painted ou the paddle boxes ; but in addition to this, passengers are as- sisted in distinguishing the ditferent boats by a Ball at the mast head of the Birkenhead steamer, a IF at that of the Woodside boat, a Star at that for Rock Ferry, and the representation of a Loco- motive Engine at that of the JRailway steamer. ixn.'ERArvY. 227 ber of elegant dwellings of the Doric style of architecture, and the centre is occupied by a spacious shrubbery. The principal buildings worthy of notice are the Town-hall, Prison, and Market, which is an extensive erection one story high with a stone front, the centre part of which rests on sis columns. The right wing is used as the Jail, and the left as the Town-hall and Parish-offices. The rear of the building which is continued to form a square, is fitted up conveniently as a Market, and is well supplied with provisions, .See. The building was designed by Mr. Rampling, of Liverpool, and erected by Messrs. J. and W. Walker, for less than ^'4,000. Trinity Church is a splendid Norman edifice, recently opened, constructed entirely of white freestone, and the workmanship is of the richest and most costly description. The tower, which is square, is at the west end, and under it is the principal entrance, enriched by carved heads and other ornaments. The Independent Chapel, Hamilton-square, is a handsome building in the Gothic style, with lancet windows between the buttresses. The entrance is by a porch, sup- ported on Gothic arches. The Scotch Church, also in the Gothic style, has a stone front with projecting turrets, which are carried up above the walls of the building, and terminated by pinnacles. The sides are stuccoed, and have buttresses, each of which is finished with a pinnacle. The principal entrance is by a pointed arched doorway, ascended by a broad flight of steps. Brunsicich Chapel, belonging to the Wesley- ans, situated in Brunsvrick-terrace, is a neat biulding with an Ionic portico, and the date of erection, A.D. MDCCCXXX, inscribed over the entrance. The Catholic Chapel (St. Wer- burg's) is a large substantial building of red stone, with a cross at each end. The Chester and Birkenhead Railway Sta- tion, in Grange-lane, has nothing in its appearance to render it worthy of notice. At a little distance from it are two hand- some lodges, forming the entrance to that part of the neigh- bourhood called Clifton Park, which is laid out in villas. i 228 ITINERARY. In the hollow below Holt-hill, on ground recovered from a pool, caused by the influx of the tide, are situated the Gas- works, from which the whole of this part of Cheshire is lighted. There are several large hotels in different parts of the -village, as well as those in the neighbourhood of the ferry. A little beyond Monks' Ferry, which is at present chiefly used by the railway passengers is BIRKENHEAD. The Church of St. Mary, built in the Gothic style of archi- tecture, %vith a lofty spire, is a promment object from Liver- pool, and its position in connexion with the Old Abbey , renders it an interesting object to the visitor. The abbey has been already noticed under the head Antiquities. The church is cruciform, and was erected by F. R. Price, Esq., the lord of the manor, in 1819, since which period it has been enlarged, by the addition of the transepts. The Inn at Birkenhead is very commodious, and there are tastefully arranged gardens adjoining, overlooking the river, and com- manding an excellent view of the town of Liverpool. From Birkenhead we proceed to Tbanmere, a ferry which is not now in use, and crossing the bridge over Tranmere Pool, we direct our steps to the next ferry up the river, which is THE ROYAL ROCK FERRY. This is a delightful neighbourhood, thickly studded with elegant villas and mansions, all of which are of modem erection. A splendid esplanade connects this with the New Ferry. Near the slip is a neat edifice containing hot and cold baths, and above this, is a good hotel. The park, which is open to the public, contains some of the best houses; and a handsome New Church, dedicated to St. Peter has just been built by subscription, on ground presented by R.W. Barton, Esq. The foundation stone was laid on the 14th April, 1841, and the work completed by Messrs. Samuel liiiiJ^jW IP ITINERARY. 229 and Walker, from the designs of ^Messrs. Hurst and Moflat. The building is of the old Norman style of architecture, with a spire rising 68 feet above the roof of the church. The interior is appropriately fitted up, without galleries, although they may easily be added if necessary, and it will accommodate 750 individuals. Half a mile higher up the river is NEW FERRY, from which only small sailing-boats ply to Liverpool. Modem improvement and taste has not done so much for this ferry as for the one last named, although there are many beau- tiful cottages near the shore. There are also comfortable baths, and bathing-machines to be had in summer. Leaving New Ferry, and proceeding from the river across the Chester road, we pass under the railway, and shortly arrive at LOWER BEBBIXGTON. This is a retired hamlet, having a fine Old Church, with an ivy-mantled spire, a glimpse of which can be caught from the Liverpool side of the Mersey. A little before arriving at the church we pass a curiously ornamented house, and find in the wall of the garden several stones with curi- ous inscriptions. From Bebbington we make will our way across or round Bromboro' Pool to EASTHAM, a small village situated among the richly wooded property of Sir Thomas Stanley. The Church is of great antiquity, and the architect is said to have been Inigo Jones. Half a mile from the village, and entirely concealed by the luxu- riant plantations, is the Ferry of Eastham, which is the most picturesque on the river. The gardens of the hotel are delightfully laid out, and will form a pleasant resting 230 ITIXERAliY, place after the long route wliicli we have taken. After we have partaken sufficiently of the choice things provided by * mine host' of the Inn, we return to Liverpool by one of the steamers. ROUTE SECOND. WooDSiuE, BiDSTON, Wallaset, Leasowe, New Brigh- ton, Fort and Lighthouse, Magazines, Egremont, LiSCARD, SeaCOMBE. Once more at Woodside, we turn to the right, after leaving the ferry, and pass Mr. Laird's iron ship-huilding yard and patent-slip, on the margin of Wallasey Pool. This pool is a large inlet of the river, proceeding several miles into the interior, preventing us from getting directly to the next ferry in tlie southward direction, A handsome bridge is about to be built over the puol by the inhabitants of the neigh- bourhood. It will be a draw-bridge, working on stone piers at a height of 30 feet above the present sm-face, having seven wooden arches of 20 feet span each, leaving a waterway of neeirly 200 feet. The bridge will be approached by a new road across Bidston-moss. The architect is Mr. Alfred Yarrow, and the contractors are Messrs. Walker and Craven. From Woodside we make ior Bidston Lighthouse on Bidston hill, about three miles distant, from which we have a splendid view of the Mersey and the Dee, and the neighbouring mountains of Flintshire and Denbighshire. The lighthouse was erected in 1770, and the internal arrangements are worthy of inspection. At the top of the pool is the village of Wallaset, which was at one time a formidable rival of Livei-pool. The Church stands on an eminence above the village. Not far from "Wallasey, in the dii'ection of Sea- combe, is a Monument with a small spire, on the road side. ITINERARY. 231 in memory of Mrs. Boode, of Leasowe Castle, who was killed near the spot, b}- a fall from her pony carriage, in 1826. About two miles from Wallasey is LEASOWE CASTLE, to which an omnibus runs daily from ^^'oodsideJ at twelve o'clock. Some parts of the building are of modern con- struction, while other parts are of considerable antiquity. One of the apartments contains the wainscotting of the celebrated Star Chamber, which was transferred to this place from St. Stephen's Chapel, in 1834, by Sir Edward Cnst, the proprietor of the castle. A part of the castle is used as an Inn, and is a favourite place of resort by the inhabitants of Liverpool. Leasowe Lighthouse is on the shore opposite the Inn, and is a prominent object from the sea. From Leasowe we proceed to NEW BRIGHTON, a watering place, which at no very distant period, promises to become one of the most fashionable and delightful places of resort in this part of the kingdom. It was projected by James Atherton, Esq., of Liverpool, who purchased 170 acres of land, about seven years ago, and immediately com- menced erecting marine villas. The situation has consider- able advantages, it rises in a succession of ridges of a convex semicircular form, from the margin of the sea, and is capable of being arranged in terraces, so that none will intercept each other's view. The shore is admirably adapted for bathing, and there is an abundant supply of fresh water, which is received in a reservoir, capable of containing 1,600 gallons. Spacious streets, nearly a mUe in length, are laid out, and numerous villas, and a commodious hotel, have been already erected ; shewing the spirited manner in which the project of the proprietor is being carried out, and the gigantic nature of his plans. 322 ITINERARY. THE FORT, AND LIGHTHOUSE described in a previous part of this volume, are situated at the entrance to the Mersey, below New Brighton. The Fort will accommodate 100 men, and has all the necessary conveniences. The west front is 200 feet in length, and mounts six thirty-two pounders, and the north front has four guns, which with those at the west front and at the angles, -^^ill give a direct fire of fourteen guns on an enemy attempting to pass up the Rock channel, which he is com- pelled by the nature of the sand-banks to do within 900 yards of the fort. The approach is by a stone bridge of three arches, and the interior of the building is elevated 14§ feet above the surface of the rock. The entire area is upwards of 3,000 square yards, and it mounts eighteen thirty-two pounders. It was planned by Captain Kitson, of the Royal Engineers. THE MAGAZINES. The ^-illage is so named from the circumstance of all the gunpowder arriving at the port being deposited in a build- ing in the neighbourhood. It is situated on the margin of a sand-hill, and the rustic simplicity of the cottages strongly contrasts with the appearance of the elegant villas of the neighbouring ferries. EGREMONT is the next ferry southward. At the slip is a large hotel, and at a little distance are numerous elegant residences. Westward of the hotel is a handsome Church, erected by Sir John Tobin, for the joint convenience of the inhabitants of Egremont and Seacombe. LISCARD as a neat hamlet, a short distance from Egremont ferry, in which there is a Wesleyan and an Independent Chapel. ITINERARY. 233 SEACOMBE is a populous village pleasantly situated on the rising ground on the north side of Wallasey Pool, having a comfortable hotel, the gardens of which are neatly laid out as a tea^ garden. In the neighbourhood are many agreeably situated marine villas. From this ferry we cross in the steamer, and once more reach Liverpool. APPENDIX POST OFFICE, LIVERPOOL. WILLIAM BAXXING, ESQ., POSTMASTEK. THE DELIVERIES. The office opens for the First Delivery about 8 15 every morning, and continues open until 9 p.m. The letters in the first delivery are those (brought by the Grand Junction Railway Mails) from Loudon and tlie line of road, the East, South, and 'West of England, Falmouth, Exeter, Bristol, Gloucester, Worcester, South Wales, Bii-mingham, Bilston, Wolverhampton, Stafford, Eccles- hall. Stone, Rugely, Newcastle, the Potteries, and Warrington: and from Chester, "North Wales, Shropshire, and Cheshire; the East and West Indies, North and South America, and the Medi- terranean ; (by the Carlisle Mail) from Onnskirk, Preston, Black- bum, Burnley, Garstang, Lancaster, Kendal, Penrith, Carlisle, Westmoreland, Cumbeiiaud, and all Scotland; (by the Dublin Packet) from all Ireland, and (by the first Manchester and first York Mails) from Manchester, Stockport, Rochdale, Macclesfield, all Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Lincolnshire, Notting- hamshire, and Derbyshire. The Secoxd Delivery commences about 11 a.m. and in- cludes letters from Kenyon, Newton, Bolton, and Manchester (per Second IManchester Mail). The Third Delivery includes the letters by the second Dub- lin Packet, due at 11 30 a.m. -which will be ready for delivery in half an hour after arrival. The Fourth Delivery commences about 1 30 p.m. (the third Manchester Mail) with letters from Manchester, Prescot, and St. Helens. The Fifth Delivery commences at 3 30 a.m. and includes letters from Chester, Neslon, Eastham, and New Ferry. The Sixth Delivery commences about 4 30 p.m. and includes letters (brought by the third Manchester and second York Mails) from Newton, and Manchester, Rochdale, Halifax, Bradford, Wetherby, Leeds, and York, and (by the second Grand Junction Railway Mail) from Biimiugham, Walsall, Wolverhampton, Staf- ford, Newcastle, Middlewich, Winsford, Northwich, Warrington and Huylon. APPEXDIX. 235 The Seventh Delivery commences at 6 30 p.m., and includes letters from Southport, Ormskirk, Ma^hull, Crosby,' Bootle, Wal- ton, West Derby, Old Swan, Wavertree, Woolton, Upton, Birken- head, Seacombe, and Xew Brighton. The Eighth Delivery commences at 7 45 p.m., including let- ters from Manchester, and (by the second London and third Grand Junction Railway Mails) from Loudon and the towns beyond London, and Foreign Parts passing through London, and the line of road from London and Birmingham. *^* When any delay occurs in the arrival of the Mails, a corresponding one must unavoidably take place in the commence- ment of the deliveries. N.B. — The post-office is not open for the delivei^ of letters on Sundays between the hours of nine and two, on which day it finally closes at 8 p.m. The Box Deliveky is closed daily (Sundays excepted) at 9 p.m. Letters addressed to the post-office, " Until called lor," are not delivered after 9 p.m. ; and letters to be post-paid, are received until twelve at midnight, and on Sundays from 9 to 10 15 a.m. There are tliree deliveries daily by the letter earners, com- mencing about 8 15 a.m., 2 p.m. and 6 p.m. On Sundays only the first. THE DESPATCHES. The making up despatched Box closed at 1 30 A.ilA 6 15 A.M 6 65 A.M 7 30 A.M 9 15 A.M 1 A.M P.M are the hours at which the letter box is closed for the several mails, and the hour at which each ma il is Mail despatched at For Wan-ington, Bolton, Wigau, Chor-"\ ley, Sandbacb,Congleton,Macclesfield, Stafford, Wolverhampton, Birming- ham, London; Foreign (via London), Preston, Garstang, Lancaster, Burton, Kendal, Penrith, Carlisle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, and all Scotland ; for Ches- ter, and the line of road to Holyhead, and for Wrexham, Euabon, Euthiu, Denbigh, and Carnarvon i_For Dublin, and all Ireland 5 A.M For Manchester and York line of road. . f For New Ferry, Eastham, Neston, and ) t Chester J For Maghull, Ormskirk and Southport iForWarrington,Xorthwich,Middlewich, 1 Newcastle, Stafford, Wolverhampton, [• 10 15 a.m. Walsall and Birmingham j For Prescot, St. Helens and Manchester. 10 45 a.m. For Keuyon, Newton and Manchester. 1 45 p.m. 3 a.m. 6 45 A.M. 7 15 A.M. 8 A.M. 236 APPENDIX. 4 30 P.M. Box closed at Mail despatched at 3 P.M. For Birkenhead, Eastham and Chester. 3 45 p.m. for "Wiccan, Bolton, Manchester, Roch- dale, Halifax, Huddersfield, Bradford, Preston, the North Road, Westmore- land, Cumberland, and all Scotland. 'For Birkenhead, Chester, Wrexham,^ and North Wales ; Warrington, Wol- verhampton, SheflBeld, Nottingham, and Birmingham; the counties of Rut- land, Lincoln, Northampton, Bed- ford, Berks, Suffolk, Herts, War- wick, Worcester, Huntingdon, Cam- }- 6 45 P.M. bridge, Norfolk, and Oxford; for 5 30 p.M.-{ London, Bristol, Exeter, Falmouth, all parts of the South and South- west of England and South Wales; also South America, and the West Indies For Rochdale, Halifax, Bradford, Leeds, } ,, -.i- „ ,. York, and all Durham ]" ^ ^^ ^■^'• l^For Dublin and all Ireland 7 15 p.m. MONEY ORDER OFFICE. To prevent the loss of money sent in letters by post, /or which the Post Office is not accountable, and for the convenience of per- sons remitting small sums not exceeding live pounds, a clerk attends at the Monej--order Office, Post Office, from ten in the morning until three in the afternoon, and from half-past five to seven in the evening, (Sunday excepted), to pay orders drawn upon the Post Master, Liverpool, and to give orders payable at sight, on the Post Masters where the remittances are required to be paid, in any part of the United Kingdom, Time from 8 30 1 45 8 THE LOCAL POST OFFICES. of Despatch Liverpool. Places. Receivers. p'.u.^ { N'ewton ... .Mr. Saile 9 15 a, 20 A.M. 8 15 A.M. 1 45: 8 30 i Time of Despatch to Liverpool. ,M. & 2 15 p.m. f Maghull — Watkinson, Saddler 4 30 — ( Walton — Musker, Schoolmaster ... 5 15 — IBootle — Peters, Shopkeeper 3 40 — Crosby Miss Gilles, Repository 3 — Waveiti'ee. . .Mr. Rigby, Shopkeeper 4 — I Woolton — Ball,' Shopkeeper 3 — Old Swan ... — Hoult, Old Swan Inn ... 3 45 — VWest Derby.. — Westmore, Shopkeeper.. 3 15 — {N. Brighton. . — Williams, Albion House, 2 45 — Egremont ... — Dewhurst, Church-street, 3 30 — Seacombe ... — Hill, Victoria-road 3 55 — Aigburth — Cockbum 3 30 — Kenyon — Leather, Lane-end 9 Oa.m. Huyton — Broadhui-st, Shopkeeper, 3 15 p.m. APPENDIX. 23: THE POST OFFICE KECEIVING HOUSES. Situations. Receivers. Letters sent to Gen. Office at P.M. P.M. 4, Gt. Howard-street.Mr. Bark 114.5 a.m. ..4 0&8 1 , Regent-road — Sharrock. . . . 12 — ..41o&8l5 97, New Scotland-rd. — Hardistv 12 1-5 — .. 4 30 & 8 30 1, VauxbaU-road — Mucklow 12 30 p.m. .. 4 45 & 8 45 Exchange-buildiuss. .The News Room. . 12 45 — ..3 0&5 Kirkdale,37.Castle-st.Mr. Walker 11 45 a.m. . . 4 & 8 Everton,.3:3,Church-st. — Walsh 12 — ..415&815 83, Low-hill — Watson 12 15 P.M . . . 4 30 & 8 30 68, London road — UnderhiU ... 12 30 — ., 4 45 & 8 45 Lime-street The Railway Stu. 12 35 — .. 4 50 & 8 50 67, Church-street Mr. H. Marcus . . 12 45 — 3 5 & 9 ^ (?p:S ChJrch) 1- - ^--^1^ 11 45 A.M. . . 4 & 8 256, Falkner-street .. — Garlick 12 — . . 4 15 & 8 15 30, Oxford-street — Titherington. 12 15 p.m. .. 4 30 & 8 30 Harrington, 2 Mill-st. — Balderston . . 12 30 — ,. 4 45 & 8 45 42,Ben-y-street — Davies 12 45 — ..5 0&9 73, Park-road — Pearson 3 45 The Post-office Receiving Houses are Closed on Sundays. Postage Stamps are sold at the General Post Office, and at the Penny Post Offices, and Post Office Receiving Houses, Labels at Id. and 2d. each, Covers at l^d. and 2^d. each. STEAM NAVIGATION. When the hoiir of sailing is not specified, it is generally a short time before high water. The most accurate and cheapest Liver- pool Tide Tables, are in the Liverpool Commercial Almanack, published annually, at 74, South Castle-street, containing 72 pages, price 6d. Steam Boats sail from Geoege's Pier, for Runcorn. — Daily, 2i hours before high water. Offices, Mann Island. Eastham. — Summer, at 6, 8, and 11, a.m.; i-past 1, 3, 5, and 7, p.m. Winter, 8 and 11, a.m. ; 3 and 5, p.m. "Office, Mrs. Dod's, James'-street. JHonk's Ferry. — Twenty minutes before the starting of the trains of the Birkenhead and Chester Railway. Rock Ferry, Birkenhead, and TFoo^Zstde.— Every half hour. Feom south end Prixce's Parade or North Piek of George's Basix, for Seacomhe and Egremont. — Every half hour. New Brighton. — Every hour during the summer. Amlwch. — Windermere, every Tuesday morning, from George's Pier. Elizabeth Winder, Upper Pownall-street. Annan , Dumfries, Carlisle, and MTiitehaven. — Royal Victoria three times a fortnight, from Clarence Dock. J, D. Thompson, 35, Water-street. 238 APPENDIX. Beaumaris, Bangor, and Menai Bridge. — Erin go Bragh, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Samuel Peiry, Water-street. Beaumaris, Bangor, Menai Bridge and Carnarvon. — Snow- don and Benledi, in summer, Men., Wed., and Friday, at j-past 10 ; winter, twice a week. R. Roberts, Canton-buildings, Water-street. Belfast. — Atlilone, Wednesday, two hoars before high water. Samuel Perry, Water-street. Belfast. — Keindeer and Falcon, Monday and Friday, from Clarence Dock. Langtrys and Co., 20, Water-street. Carlisle and Annan. — Newcastle, thi'ee times a fortnight, calling otf Whitehaven and Maryport. H. Halton, 31, Water-street. Chester. — Dairy Maid, Wednesday and Saturday, from Trafal- gar Dock. Charles Davison, 9, James'-street. CoZe?'aiwe.— Coleraine, Monday, to Port Rush, Lame, and Giant's Causeway. J. A. and R. Forshaw, G, Goree Piazzas. Conway. — The Oswald, Monday and Thur3.,from George's Pier. Cork. — Prince of Wales, every Wednesday, from Clarence Basin. J. Brebner, 20, Water-street. Cork. — Ocean and Erin, Tuesday and Saturday, St. George Steam-packet Company, Clarence Dock. Down Patrick and Strangford Lough.— Eclipse, every Sat., from Trafalgar Dock, T. M'Tear, 15, Water-streel. Down Patrick and Strangford Lough. — Warrington, once a fortnight. Glover and Thorpe, India-buildings, "Water-street. Douglas. — H. M. Royal Mail Steam Packets, King Orry, Queen of the Isle, and Mona's Isle, twice a week in winter, about high water; in summer, daily, at half-past 10 o'clock, from George's Pier. Moore and Christian, 7, Strand-street. Drogheda. — Grana Ueile, Irishman, Green Isle, Fair Trader, and Town of Drogheda, daily, from the Clarence Dock. Patrick Tern an, 25, Water-street. Dublin.—^. M. Royal Mail Steam-packets, Medusa, Merlin, Urgent, and Medina, for Kingstown, every morning, at 6, from Birkenhead, to which passengers are conveyed by the tender Red- wing, at |-past 5 ; Com. T. Bevis,5, India-buildings., Water-st. Dublin. — The City of Dublin Steam-packet Company's first class vessels. Queen Victoiia, Prince, and Princess, every evening at 7 o'clock, from George's Pier to Kingstown Hai-bour, with Her Majesty's Mail and Cabin Passengers only; and second-class Steam-packets, with goods and passengers, about 2 hours before high water, daily, (Sunday excepted.) Samuel Perry, Water-st. Dumfries, direct. — Nithsdale, twice a week in summer, and once in Avinter. John Rae, Rhodes'-buildings, South Castle-street, Dundalk. — Fin M'Coul, and Glasgow, Wednesday and Saturday, James Metge, 31, Water-street. Galloway. — Countess of Galloway, summer twice, and winter once a week, for Kirkcudbright, Garliestown, and Wigtown, alternately. A. Laurie and Co., 11, King-street. Greenock Sf- Glasgow. — Admiral and Commodore, from Clarence Dock, three times a fortnight. D. M'lver and Co., 12, Water-st. Greenock and Glasgow. — Achilles and Fire King, from Clarence Dock, three times a fortnight. Martin and Co., 7, Water-st. Greenock 4' Glasgov:. — Princess Royal, and Royal George, from Clarence Dock, three times a fortnight. J Brebner, 20, Water-st. Lancaster. — Duchess of Lancaster, from Clarence Dock, twice a week. William Dowson aud Son. 8, Goree Piazzas. Londonderry. — Robert Napier and Isabella Napier, and Maiden City, Tuesday aud Friday, at the morning tide, from the Clairence Dock. "VT. Moore, 35, Water-street. Maryport, Kirkcudbright, and Isle of Whithorn. — Warrington, twice a week. Glover and Thorpe, India Buildings, Water-street. Maryport.— ^ee Carlisle. Mostyn. — Taliesiu and Black Diamond, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday. Office, Holyhead Tavern, Chapel-street. Xeury. — Lee and Severn, Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, from Clarence Dock. St. George Steam Packet Company, Cla- rence Dock : or T. 3I'Tear, 15, Water-street. Preston. — Tuesday, Thursday, and Satui-day, from George's Dock Basin. J. M. Nelson, 4, Georges Dock Gates. Rhyl. — The Benledi, in summer, thrice, and in winter, once a week. R. Roberts, Cantou-buildings, 13, Water-street. Swansea, Jlilford, and Bristol. — Troubadour, every Saturday. T. M'Tear, Water-street. Ulverston. — Windermere, ^vith passengers only, smnmer thrice, and winter, once a week. E. Winder, Upper PownaU-street. Waterford. — WiDiam Penn or Gipsy, from Clarence Dock, every Tuesday. Ai-cher,Daly and Co., 2*, Cook-street. Wexford. — Warrington, on Tuesday and Wednesday, alter- nately. Glover and Thorp, India-buildings, Water-sti-eet. Wexford. — Town of Wexford, from Trafalgar Dock, every Tuesday. T. M'Tear, 15. Water- street. TTldtehaven. — Eai-1 of Lonsdale and Countess of Lonsdale, summer, thi-ee times, and winter, twice a week, from Trafalgar Dock. William Dowsou and Son, 8, Goree Piazzas. Boston and Halifax. — The Hibemia, Britannia, Acadia, Cale- donia, or Columbia, the 4Lh and 19th of every month, except in Dec, Jan., Feb., and March, when they sail on the 4th only. D. and C. M'lver, 12, Water-street. New York. — The Great Western, alternately from this port aud Bristol. RAILWAY INFORMATION. GRAXD JUNCTION. From Liverpool and Manchester to Birmingham. H. M. H. M. 3 30 a.m. First Class joins London Train at 8 30 a.m. 6 a.m. Mixed Class joins London Train at 12 Ouoon 8 15 a.m. Fu-st Class joins London Train at 1 15 p.m. and Derby Train at 1 p.m. 10 .30 a.m. First Class joins London Train at 4 p.m. and Derby Train at 3 30 p.m. 1 p.m. First Class. 4 45 p.m. Mixed. *7 p.m. First Class joins London Train at 12 Onight and Derby Train at 12 40 a.m. The 3h 30m a.m. Train from Liverioool starts from the Station at Edge-hill only. 210 APPENDIX. On Sundays the Departures tvill he 3 30 a.m. First Class joins Loudou Train at 8 30 a.m. 8 15 a.m. Mixed Class joins London Train at ... . 1 30 a.m. 10 30 a.m. Mixed Class *7 p.m. Mixed Class joins London Train at 12 Onight To Derby, First Class passengers only. The Trains on Sundays stop at the First Class Stations only. * No private carriages or horses can be conveyed by the 7 p.m. departure from Liverpool and Manchester. By the Trains 8 15 a.m. „ „ 10 30 a.m. „ „ 7 p.m. TO LONDON on week days f and at 8 1 " ' 15a.m. 0p.m. Sundays TO DEEBT, NOTTINGHAM, AND THE MIDLAND COUNTIES FROM LIVERPOOL. 30 a.m. Mail Train. a.m. 2nd Class Train 15 a.m. Ist Class Train 10 30 a.m. Mail Train 4 p.m. Mixed Train 7 p.m. Mail Train Fares.— 1st Class, 28s.; 2nd Class, 20s. 6d. ; one horse, £"2 18s. ; two, £4: lis. ; three, £6 4s. Carnages, £'4 4s. each. First Class Passengers, Horses and Carriages, wUl, if required be booked throughout from Liverpool and Manchester only, to London, without change of can-iage at Binningham. Fares betiveen Liverpool or Manchester and Birmingham. Four Inside Coach. ..£1 7 6 Six Inside 1st Class do. 16 2ndClasscloseCarriage 18 3rd Class open Carriage by 6 a.m. Train from L'pl. or Man., (book- ing to 1st Class Sta- tions only) 13 Passengers in Private Carriages 18 Children under 10 yrs, half price. Children in anns, free. One Horse £2 Two Horses 3 Three Ditto 4 Dogs, each Cai-riages, four wheels . . 3 Ditto , two wheels ... 2 Grooms in Charge of Horses, if with them in the box. Servants in attendance on their employers, may go in First Class Trains at Second Class Fares 14 18 Fares from Liverpool or Manchester to London, when hooked throughout as above. G. J. L. & B. TOTAL. Mail Trains.— Six Inside Coach£l 6 — £1 10 0— £2 16 Ditto. Four Inside do. 1 7 6 — 1 10 — 2 17 6 Ditto, night. Six Inside do. 1 6 — 1 12 6 — 2 18 6 Ditto. „ Four] Inside do. 176— 1 12 6— 30 Other Trains.— Six Inside do. 1 4 6— I 10 — 2 14 6 Ditto. Four Inside do. 1 7 6 — 1 10 — 2 17 6 Ditto, night. Six Inside do. 1 4 6 — 1 12 6 — 2 17 Ditto. „ Four Inside do. 176—1126—3 00 APPENDIX. 241 LIVEPvPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. The following are the times of departure from Lime-street, Liverpool, and from Liverpool-road, Manchester : — From Liverpool to Manchester . First Class. Second Class. 3 15 Morning. 8 45 „ 11 3 30 Aftern., . 7 30 E vening 7 Morning 9 45 „ 2 15 Aftern. 5 15 „ , 7 30 Mixed. Stopping only at Huyton Gate, KainhUI, St. Helens' Junction. Newton, Parkside, and Keuyon Junction. From Mauchester to Liverpool, First Class. Second Class. 3 30 Morning.. 7 15 Morning 9 „ ..10 11 15 „ . . 2 30 Aftern. 3 45 Aftern., . . 5 30 „ 7 30 ,. . . 7 30 Mixed. Stopping only at Patricroft, Bury-kue, Bolton Junction, Parkside, Newton, and St. Helens' Junction. On Sundays. From Liverpool to Manchester. First Class, Second Class, 3 15 Morning, hy Parkside. 7 30 Morning. 5 15 Afternoon. 7 30 Evening. . 7 30 Mixed. Stopping as on other days. From Manchester to Liverpool. First Class. Second Class. 3 30 Morning, by Parkside. 7 3U Morning. 5 30 Afternoon 7 30 Evening. . 7 30 Mixed. Stopping as on other days. FARES. By First Class Train, Four Inside, Royal Mail 6s. 6d, Ditto, Six Inside Glass Coaches 6 By Second Class Train, Glass Coaches 6 Ditto Open Carriages 4 6 Four-wheeled Carriages, 20s. each. — Two-wheeled ditto, 15s. each. Horses. — For One Horse, 14s, — Two Horses, 20s. — Thi-ee Horses, 24s. TO PRESTON AND WIGAN. From Liverpool. 3 15 Morning, 1st Class Train From Manchester. 3 30 Momins, 1st Class Train 8 45 11 ;; 2 30 Aftern. 4 45 „ 7 30 Mixed do. First Class do. Second Class do. Mised do. Fh-st Class do. 9 11 15 2 45 Aftern. 5 7 30 Mixed do. Fii-st Class do. Second Class do. Mixed do. Fii-st Class do. 3 15 Morning, 1st Class Train 7 30 „ Mised do. 4 45 Afternoon, do. do. 7 30 „ First Class do. Fares to Preston „ Wigan On Sundays. 3 30 Morning, 1st Class Train 7 30 „ Mixed do. 4 45 Afternoon, do. do. 7 30 „ First Class do. First Class, 7s. 6d.— Second Class, 5s. Od. OS. Od. „ 3s. 6d. 242 APPENDIX. TO FLEETWOOD AND POULTON. From Livei-pool. 8 45 Morning, Mixed Train. 2 .30 Afternoon, do. From Manchester. 9 Momin,?, Mixed Train. 2 45 Afternoon, do. On Sundayiy. 7 30 Morning, Mixed. | 7 30 Morning, Mixed. Fares to Fleet^vood— First Class, 12s. 6d.— Second Class, Poulton ,, lis. 6d. TO LANCASTER From Liverpool. 3 15 Morning, 1st Class Train 8 45 „ Mixed do. II „ First Class do. 2 30 Aftern. Second Class do. 4 45 „ Mixed do. Fares.— First Class, 13s. ( Carriages. — Four wheels, 42s Horses. — For one Horse, 21s. — Two Horses, 40s Three Horses, 48s. From Manchester. 3 30 Morning, 1st Class Train 9 „ Mixed do. 11 15 „ First Class do. 2 45 Aftern. Second Class do. 5 „ Mixed do. id.— Second Class, 9s. Od. . 6d.— Two wheels, 30s. each- From Liverpool. 8 45 Morning, 1st Class Train 2 30 Afternoon, Second do. 5 30 „ do. do. TO BOLTON. From Manchester. 9 ]\Ioming, 1st Class Train 2 45 Afternoon, Second do. 5 30 „ do. do. On Stmdays. 7 30 Morning, 2nd Class Train 4 45 Afternoon, do. do. Fares from Liverpool — Inside, 5s, 6d. — Outside, 4s.; and from Manchester, 2s. 6d. and 2s. 7 30 Morning 2nd Class Train 4 45 Afternoon, do, do. TO ST. HELENS. From Liverpool. 7 Morning, 2nd Class Train 9 45 „ do. 2 Afternoon, do. 5 30 „ do. From Manchester. 7 15 Morning,2nd Class Train 10 „ do. 2 Afternoon, do. 2 45 „ do. 5 30 „ do. On Sundays. 7 30 Morning, 2nd Class Train I 7 30 Morning, 2nd Class Train 4 45 Afternoon, do. | 4 45 Afternoon, do. Fares from Livei-pool — Inside, 2s. 6d. — Outside, 2s. ; and from Manchester, 4s. and 3s. APPENDIX. 243 CHESTER AND BIRKENHEAD. TO CHESTER, From Grange Lane Station, Birkenhead. MOEXING. AKTERXOON. At +7 o'clock. 20 minutes past 8 o'clock. 20 „ „ 10 „ 10 minutes before 1 o'clock. 10 >, „ 4 15 ., „ 7 „ or immediately on arrival of mail, tlO minutes before 8 oclock. On Sundays. 10 minutes before 9 o'clock. I 15 minutes before 7 o'clock, or I immediately on arrival of mail. The Steamer sails from George" s Pier for the Railway, twenty minutes before the starting of the train. TO BIRKENHEAD. From Brook-street Station, Chester. MORNING, AFTERNOON, +* At 5 oclock, I At 1 o'clock. Half-past 8 „ Half-past .3 „ Half-past 10 „ I 15 minutes past 6 „ or I irmnediately on arrival of mail, I at +8 o'clock On Sundays. * At 5 o'clock. I At 8 o'clock. „ 10 „ I * Mail Trains will not stop on the Road. All the above Trains, except those marked *, are Mixed Trains, and will stop at Sutton, Hooton, Eebbington, and Mollington Stations. The departures of 3rd Class Carriages will be confined to trains marked thus (t) except on Sundays, when they will be attached to all the trains, A Steam-packet will wait the arrival of the Train to convey Passengers and Produce to Liverpool. FARES. From Birkenhead 1st Class. 2nd Class. 3rd Class. To Chester 3s. 6d. 2s. 6d. Is. 6d, Bebbington 10 9 6 Hooton 16 10 9 Sutton 19 13 9 Mollington 3 6 2 6 16 From Chester To Mollington 10 9 6 Birkenhead 3 6 2 6 16 Sutton 19 13 9 Hooton 2 16 10 Bebbington 3 6 2 6 16 244 APPENDIX. Children above Three Years old, and under Ten, Half Fare. Carriages, 4 wheels, 15s. — 2 wheels, 10s. — 1 Horse, 6s. — 2 Horses, 10s. The charge for the Ferry, in addition to the above, is 2d., for passengers of all classes. Omnibuses are provided between Monks' FeiTy and Grange Lane, fare '3d. each. Passengers and Parcels booked at the Eailway-office, James'- street, Livei-pool, or at Grange Lane Station, Birkenhead. CHESTER AND CREWE, FROM CHESTEE. *IMail 4 15 a.m., to meet 3 30 a.m. train from L'pl. & Man. FirstClassll 30 „ „ 10 30 „ Mixed 5 0p.m. „ 4 Op.m.Trainfrm.do. &4 30p.m. Train from Binn. *Mail 7 50 p.m. „ 7 0p.m. Train from L'pL & Man. FROM CREWE. *Mail 4 15 a.m. on arriv. of 1 45 a.m. Train from Binning. Mixed 9 „ „ 6 0., Trains from L'pool. Man.& Birmingham. First Class 2 p.m. „ 1130 „ Train from Bii-ming. Mail 5 15 „ „ 2 45 p.m. Horses and Carriages wiU not be conveyed by the Trains marked thus *. The 3Iail Trains only run on Sundays. Fares — Chester to Crewe, os. and 4s. —Chester to Birmingham, 18s. and I4s.— Chester to Manchester, 10s. and 7s. COACHES- Ormskirk. — From the Mitre Inn, Dale-street, every afternoon at 5 p.m. summer, and 4 p.m. in winter, except on Sundays and Thursdays. Oemskirkand Preston.— From Atkinson's, Scotland-road, at 7 a.m., Sundays excepted. Ormskirk and Southport. — From the Saracen's Head, Dale-street, daily, at 4 p.m., Sundays excepted. SoTJTHPORT Royal Mail, from the Saracen's Head, Dale-street, at a quarter before 8 every morning. St. Helens. — From "the Crown Vaults, London-road, at 5 p.m., daily. OMNIBUSES. AiGBURTH AXD ToxTETH Paek. — From the Exchange at 9|, 10, and 12 a.m., and \-2\, U, 2, 3, 4, 4i, 4^, 4|, 5, oj, 7|, and 8 p.m. On Sundays at If, 2, 3,~8, and 8J p.m. BooTLE, Seaforth, WATERLOO, AND Ceosby. — From the Angel Hotel, Dale-street, every half-houi- duiiug summer, and every hour during winter, from 9 in the mommg to 9 in the evening, (Sudays excepted.) Edge Hill.— From the Exchange at 9i a.m., 1, 4^, and b\ p.m., (Sundays excepted.) APPENDIX. 245 EvERTOX. — From tLe Exchange at 9^ a.m , and 4J, and 5^ p.m., (Sundays excepted.) EvERTox AND KiKKDALE. — From the Exchange at QJ a.m., 4, 5, and 7 p.m. KiRKDALE AND WALTON.— From the Exchange at 9J a.m., 4|, and 7 p.m. Old Swan and Knotty Ash.— From the Angel Hotel, Dale- street, and the Exchange, at 11 a.m., 2, 4i, 5, 7, and 8 p.m. Prescot. — From the Grapes Imi, Liine-street, every evening at 5 p.m. Prescot. — From the Stanley Arms, London-road, every even- ing at 5 p.m. Wavertkee, Woolton, and Gateacre. — From the Exchange though Clayton-square, at 9.f a.m., 2, 4J, oh, and 7k p.m. On Sun- days, from "Claj-ton-square, at 10 a.m., 2, 2^, 7, and 9 p.m. Wavertree. — From the Exchange at 9J a.m., 2, 5, and 7 p.m. West Derby and Zoological Gardens. — From the George Inn, Dale-street, at lOj a.m., 4|, and 8 p.m. On Sundays at 11 a.m., and 8 p.m. There are also omnibuses from the principal hotels to the EaU- way and Steam-packets. CANAL PACKETS. Bootle, Crosby, &c., from the Canal Basin, back Leeds- street, during the summer at 8 a.m., and at 1, 4J, and 6 p.m., daily, except Sundays, when they go at 8 a.m., and 2 p.m. Dui-ing winter at If, 4^ and 6 p.m., daily. Aintree every evening at 6, in summer; in winter at 4^ p.m., except Sundays. LIST OF PEINCIPAL HOTELS IN LIVEEPOOL, Adelphi, Eanelagh-place ; Angel, Dale-street ; British, Moor- fields; Belvedere, South Castle-street; Brunswick, Hanover-st., Castle, Clayton-square ; Clayton Arms, Clayton-square ; " The Derby," West Derby-road; Dolphin, Claytoii-square ; Feathers, Clayton-square; George, Dale-street; Grecian, Dale-sti-eet ; Mer- sey, Old Church-yard ; Neptune, Clayton-square ; Eainbow, Bas- nett-street; Eoyal, Moorfields; Stork, Queen-square; Talbot, Great Charlotte-street; Union, Clayton-square; Waterloo, Eane- lagh-street ; Wellington, Dale-street. Besides these, there are many other highly respectable establish- ments in the neighbourhood of the railway station and coach- offices. 246 APPENDIX, COACH AND CAR FARES, CAR FARE TWO-THIRDS OF COACH. FROM GEORGE'S PIER, TO Coach Fares. S d Abercromby-sq. (east end).. 2 6 Adelphi hotel 1 6 Ange] hotel 1 Bedford-st.,Brownlow-hill..2 Falkner-street ..26 Botanic garden 3 6 Boundary-place, London-rd.2 6 Byrom-sti-eet 1 6 Canal-packet Sta., Leeds-st.l 6 Cattle Market ....4 6 Cemetery (St. James') north entrance 2 Clarence Dock c 2 Clayton-square 1 6 Cleveland-square 1 6 Coburg Dock 2 6 Crown-street, Brownlow-hill2 6 Up. Parliament-st.3 Custom-house 1 Duke-street, end Suffolk-st..l end GT;. Georgest..2 Duke's-place, Wapping .... 1 6 Edge-hill Coffee-house 3 Everton village, (centre) 2 6 St. Domingo house ..3 6 St. George's Church.. 3 6 Eairfield 3 6 Falkner-terrace, Upper Par- liament-street 2 6 Gilead-house, Kensington ..3 Great George-square 2 Hopesti-eet, Hardman-st ..2 Infirmary 2 6 Islington Market ,1 6 King's Monmt., London-rd.l 6 Ku'kdale, (Stretch's) 3 6 Lodge-lane, Smithdo\vn-lane3 to Roperies 3 6 Low-hill 2 6 Marybone,topGt.Crosshl.-st.l 6 Moss-street, London-road ..2 Mount Vernon, Prescot-st ..2 6 Necropolis, Low-hill 3 Newsham-house 3 6 North Sh. (Townson's-mill)2 6 FROM GEORGE'S PIER, TO Coach Fares. S d Old Swan 5 Parliament-st., Queen's Dk.2 Plumbe's-hall 3 6 Railway Station, Lime-streetl 6 "Wapping..! 6 Richmond-row,Scotlaud-pla.2 end St. Anne-street2 Rodney-st., Mount-pleasant.2 Roscommon-st.jGt. Hom.-st.2 6 upper end.... 3 Royal hotel 1 Russell-st., Brownlow-hiU ..2 Sandhills Bridge 4 Saracen' s-head Inn 1 6 Scotland-rd.jto St. Anthony's Chapel 2 6 Shaw-street, Islington 2 Soho-street, Richmond-row.2 Islington 2 Spekelauds (west gate) ... .3 St. Anne-street, Islington ..2 Richmond-row.. 2 St. James' Market 2 St. Luke's Church 2 St. Martins Market 2 St. Michael's Church, Pitt-st.I 6 St. Pati-ick's Ch., St. James'2 6 Town-haU 1 Toxteth-park, High-park Cofifee-house 3 St. John Baptist's Ch.3 Alfred-place 3 6 Park Chapel 3 6 St. Michael's Church4 6 Otterspool 5 Tue-brook 5 Up. Parlmt.-st.,endHope-st.2 6 end Crown-st.3 Vauxhall-rd.endGt.0xfd.-st.3 Walton-road, to Skirving's. .4 6 Wapping, Duke's-place ....1 6 Waterloo hotel 1 6 Williamson-square 1 6 Zoological Gardens 3 APPENDIX. 247 FROM RAILWAY STATION, , FROM RAILWAY STATION, LIME-STREET, TO LIME-STREET, TO Coach Coach Fares. Fares. S d S d Abercromby-square 1 6 Gt. Oxford-st. N., south end.2 Adelphihotel 1 north end.2 Allerton (Mr. Cleggs) 5 6 Highfield-house, Old-swan.. 5 Angel hotel 1 Hope-street to Canning-st. . .1 6 Beacon' s-gutter 2 6 to L p. Parliament-st.2 Bedford-street, north of Kensington, to Mr. Carver'sl 6 Abercrombv-squai-el 6 Kirkdale (Stretch's) 2 6 south of ditto 2 Knotty-ash 5 Bold-street 1 Low-hill 1 6 Bootle lower road, south end3 Moss-st., Islington-square ..10 First Toll-bar ....3 6 Mount-pleasant,endHope-st.l 6 Rimrose hotel ....5 6 Necropolis, Low-hiU 1 6 Botanic garden 2 6 Old Swan 4 Boundarv-st.,Kirkdale-road, Oxford-street, Crown-street.2 end of 2 6 Park-lane, end Kent-street. . 1 6 Pembroke-pl.,endAshton-st.l Breck-la., end Whitefield-la.2 6 Prince's Dock, (centre gate)2 Queen's Arms hotel 1 6 Brook-house, Smithdown-la.3 6 Brownlow-st., end Brown- Queen's Dock, ISorfolk-st.. .2 low-hill 16 Ptailway Station, Wapping. .2 Brunswick dock (centre) ..2 6 Rodney-street, Duke-street.. 1 6 Canal-packetStation,Leeds-stl 6 Roscommon-st., bottom end.l 6 Cattle Alarket ... 36 Vpthprfiplrl rnad South 9 ScoUand-place 1 Seacombe slip 1 6 ChildwaU 6 Clarence dock (centre gate).2 6 Shaw-street, Islington 1 6 Smithdown-la.,endLodge-la.2 6 Clavton-square 1 Custom-house 1 6 Spekelands 2 6 Duke-st., end Hanover-st. . . 1 St. James' Market 1 6 endBeriy-st 1 6 St. Martin's Market 1 6 £dge-hiU Cotfee-house 2 St. Michael's Church, Pitt-st.l 6 Everton-vUlage, west end ..16 Town-hall 1 6 Brow, end of Netherfield Toxteth-park, High-park road South 1 6 Coffee-house 2 6 The Dingle 3 6 Crescent 1 6 Netherfield-road,S.end.2 St. Michael's Church ..4 Ditto, North end. 2 6 Falkner-st., end Bedford-st.l 6 Tue-brook 3 6 Walton-road, to Skirving's. .3 6 Fox-st.,end Gt. Homer-st..l 6 Walton Village 4 George' s-pier = 1 6 Warwick-street, Park-road. .2 Gilead-house, Kensington ..2 Waterloo hotel 1 Grinfield-st., Smithdown-la.2 Great George-st., St. Jas.-st.l 6 Gt. Homer-st.,endofFox-st.l 6 Wavertree .... . . 40 Williamson-square 1 GreatMersey-st.,Kirkdale..2 6 Zoological Gardens 2 248 APPENDIX. COUNTRY FARES, FROM THE STAND IN CASTLE-STREET. Names of Places. Miles. A igburth-L all 4| Allerton-hall 5| Anfield 3 Ashfield 4i Barlow's Strawberry Garden 2 J Black Bull, Warbreck Moor 4| Bootle CofFee-liouse 3| Bootle ToU-bar 2| Broad-green 4| Brook-farm 2| ChildwaU 5 Crosby, Little Crosby, Great Croxteth 5| Derbv-road, Bibby's-lane Derby Town 4^ Eaton-house or Lodge. .4| Everton Coffee-house ..l| Fairfield 2| Fazakerly b% Finch-House 6f Fir-grove 4 Garston of Gilead-house Green-bank 3 J Halewood-green Hazels U Highfield-house 4| Huy ton 7| Ince-hall Jericho 3^ Kirkby Chapel Kirkdale Coffee-house. . Knowslev-hall 8^ Coach tares ■ s d 6 8 4 6 6 6 3 6 6 6 5 3 6 6 6 3 6 7 14 12 8 5 6 6 6 2 6 3 8 8 6 8 3 4 6 10 10 fi 10 16 5 12 3 11 Names of Places. Coach Miles. Fares. s d Lark-hill or Mill-hiU ..3^ 4 6 Liuacre 4| 5 6 Linacre ToU-bar 3| 5 Litherland 5 7 Livesley'sbou3e&Breck2 3 Lowhill lA 2 MaghuU 7| 10 May-place 5 Meiling 12 Mosley-hill 4 5 6 Xewsham-house 2^ 3 6 Norris-green 4 6 Oak-hill 5 6 OldEoan 6 8 Old Swan ....31 5 Orrell 4| 6 6 Park Cofiee-house ....2| 3 Park Chapel 2| 3 6 Plumbe"s-haU 3 6 Prescot 81 11 Roby 5| 8 Rock-house 2| 3 6 Round-house 4+ 6 6 Seaforth-house 4| 6 6 Sephton 8 11 Speke 9 12 Spekelauds 3 St. Domingo 2 3 6 Summer-hill 7 Vernon' s-haU 1| 3 Walton, Town 3| 4 AValton-hall 4^ 5 6 Waterloo 7 6 Waverti-eeCofiee-hous6..3^ 4 6 Wheat-hUl 8 6 Woolton 6 8 ;ar fares two-thirds of the above. APPEXDIX. 249 i 1 LIST OF THE PLACES OF WORSHIP, CLERGYMEN, «fcc., IX LITEEPOOL AXD ITS ENTIEOXS. ESTABLISHED CHUKCH, In the Order of the Date of Consecration. CHUiCHES. CLERGTJIEX. CURATES, ETC. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. A. E. 1! St. X-xholas', Eev. A. CampbeU, Eev. C.T. Wilson, loi 2# — || ChcpeUst. A.M., Kector. A. M. T. MacgiU. St Peter's, Jonathan Brooks, T.Halton,&J.G. lOi 3 6* Church-st. A.M., Eector. Headlam, A.M. St. George's, J. B. Monk, A.M. T. G.Leigh, A.M. 11 3 — Ccstle-st. St. Ihomas", J.C. Prince, A.M. T.L. Pain, A.M. 11 - 6i Paik-lane. St. PluIs, J.H.Stafiford^A.M J. Jackson, even- 11 3 — St.Iaul s-sq. Pi. Davies, A.M. ing lecturer. W. Hughes, do. ^Velsh, 6 St. Ame's, Gt. Richnond-st. W. D. Blundell, A.M. lOi- 61 St Join's, R. Loxham,A.M. T. Stringer, A.M. 11 3 — Haynarket. T. Moss, A.M. J.E. Wentworth, Trinitv Thos.Bibby,A.M. A.M. 10|3i - St. 'Anne-it. St. Steihen's, T.S.Ackland,A.B. loj- H Byron^t. St. Mathew's, J.L.Figgins,A.B. lOi - 6i Key^. Christ, F. Ould, A.M. — HiU, A.M. lOi- 6i Hunl3r-st. St James', r/?r. H.Hampton,A.M H. Berkeley ,A.B. 11 - 6i 1 Parliamentst All Sairts, A.M'Conkey,A.M J.X. PeiU,B.D. 101 _ 61 G^osisnor-sf. St Maik's, Ed. Blacow,A.M. B. A.MarshaU, lOf- 61 Duke^t. A.B. St Maiy's, F. Barker, A.M. IQi 3 6| Edge-hill. St Gen-ge's, Wm. "W. Ewbank, J. Bush, A.B. 10|- 61 i't-erfort. A.B. 250 APPENDIX. ESTABLISHED CHURCH. CHURCHES. CLERGYMEN. CURATES, ETC. National school in con. with St. George's. St. Andrew's, Renshaw-st. St. Philip's, Hardman-st. St. Mary's school for the Blind. Hothamst. i StMichael' Up, Pitt-st St. David's Brownlow-h. St. Martin's in the Fields, Gt.Oxford-st. St. Augustine's, Shawst. St. Bride's, Percy-st. St. Luke's, Berry-st. St. Jude's, icw hill. St. Catharine's, Abercromby-sq St. John the Baptist,Par^ road. St. Matthias, Love-la., Gt, Howardst. St. Simon's, Gloucester-st. St. Saviour's, Falkner-sq. St. Barnabas, Parliamentst St. Silas, Pembroke-pl. St. Thomas, Warvcick-st. John Jones, A.M. Rd.L.Townsend, A.M. E.Hull, A.M. H. Carpenter, A.B. Cyrus MorraU, A.M. C. T. Gladwin, LL.B. Cecil Wrav, A.M. T. Tattershall, D.D. Jas. H. Stewart, A.M. T. Hornby, A.M. C. W. Lawrence, A.M. Hugh M'Neile, A.M. J. North, A. M. J. Hassall, A.M. E. Spencer, A.M. John B. Connor, A.M. Prince Crawford, A.M. T. Nolan, A.M. John Cordeaux, A.M. Walter Butler, A.M. ■ Crowther,A.B. D. H. Morice, A.B. HOURS OF SEETICE. M. A. E. 10i3i - 11 — 6^ II 3 — II — 6^ E. WhiQey, A.B. E. P. Jones. J. Blair, A.M. A. Townsend, A.M. y\. Faloon,A.B. C. Badham.A.B. I0| Welsh 9&3 Ei 101 :Dg.ii,6i Of- 6i II - 6i II - 6i II 3 — lOJ— 6i 11 3 — II — 6* 10^- 61 101- 6| II — 6J 10^— 6i II — 6J II 3 6i APPENDIX. 251 ESTABLISHED CHUECH. CHCRCHES. CLERGYMEN. CURATES, ETC. St. John Evan. Hopes t. St. Clement's Up.Stanhope-st St. Bartholo- mew's, Naylor-st. Mariner's, George's-dk. "Workhouse, Broicnlow-h. Borough Gaol. GtHoward-st. "West Derby U. Woi-khouse. Mill-lane. In the Neigh- bourhood. St. Mary's, Kirkdale. St. Mary's Bootle. St. Thomas', Seaforth. St. Michael's, Crosby. Christ Church, Waterloo. St. Mary's, Walton. St. Ann's, Old Swan. StJohnEvang. Knotty Ash. Derby Chapel. Woolton. Childwall. Trinity, Wavertree. St. Ann's, Aigburth. St. Michael's, ToxtethPark St. Mary's, Birkenhead. R. Cai'gill, LL.B. F. Parry, B.D. G. Dover, A.M. Wm. Maynard, A.M. Stephen Cragg, A.M. T. Carter, A.M. T. Dwver, A.M. D. James, A.M. John Gladstone, A.M. W. Eawson, A.M. E. B. Chalmer. J. E.Bates, A.M. T. Moss, A.M. T. Gardner, A.M. F. Green, A.B. Rd.Blacow,A.M. R.Leicester, A.M. A.Campbell,A.M. W. BadnaU,A.M. Wm. J. Purdon. Wm. Hesketh, A.M. Andrew Knox, A.B. R. Wilson, A.B. W.Moriarty,A.M A. J. Douglas, A.M. C. J. Hamilton, A.M. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. A. E. lOf- ^ lOf- 6| m- 6* lOi 3 — 11 — 6i 11 3 — mn 10* - 11 3 — 11 — f> 252 APPENDIX. ESTABLISHED CHURCH. CHURCHES. Trinity, North Birkenhead. St. Catherine's U. Tranmere. St. Peter's, Rock Ferry. Behbington. Bidston Wallasey St. John's, Egremont. CLEEGXMEN. CURATES, ETC. HOURS OF Joseph Baylee, A.M. Wm. Cleminson, M. Spencer, A.B. .A.B. T. F. Eedhead. Pv. M. Fielden, A.M. Joshua Gate, T. Byrth, D.D. J. Tobin, A.M. CHURCHES IN CONNEXION WITH THE ESTABLISHED CHURCH OF SCOTLAND. CHURCHES. MINISTERS. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. A. E. Oldham-street. Ptev.Jos.R. SVelsh. 11 3 — St. Andrew's, Rodney-st. „ John Paj-ke, A.M. 11 - el St. Ve\.er's,Scotland-rd. „ John Ferries. Woodside. „ John Gardner. 11 3 - APPENDIX. 253 ROMAN CATHOLICS. CHAPELS. CLERGY. HOURS OF SERVICE. Sundays Sf Holidays. Daily. St. Mary's Ptev. T. Fisher. MORN. VESP. A.M. Edmund-st. James Wilkinson. "William Dale. n 8i loi 3 8J - St. Peter's, J.F.Appleton,DD Seel-street. George CaldweU. Thos. Margieson. Richard Croft. n H loi 3 74 8X St. Nicholas'. T. Youeus, D.D., Copperas-itill. V.G. Ptobert Gillow. — Gillow. 8 9 10^ 3 «4 - St. Patrick's, "William Parker. 8 9 11 4 84 - Park-iilace. Wm. Grayston. J. Walmsley. St. Anthony's, Peter Wilcock. Scotland-rd. Ambrose Lennan. Patrick PL Ian. Jas. Fleetw ood. 7 8 9 11 6i 84 - St. Werburg's, "V\'m. Hendttrson. Birkenhead. St. Oswald's John Maddocks. Old Sivan. Aigburth Ciiap. Robert Prest. Crosby, do. J. H. Dowding. Woolton, do. "Workhouse, In- John Dawber. firmary, &c. CATHOI JCS. CHURCHE 5. CLERGl HOURS OF SEI {VICE. Sun. S( Hoi. L -tally. Church of the Holy Apostles, Eev.J. Houghton, A.M. A.M. P.M. 6 9 3 5 A.M. P.M. 6 b Canning-street. Wed.&F. at 9 a.m . 254 APPENDIX. DISSENTERS' CHAPELS. INDEPENDENTS. PLACES OF WORSHIP. MINISTEPvS. HOURS OP SERVICE. Great George-street. Crescent, Everton. Newington, Renshaic-st. Hanover, Mill-street. Toxteth,SouthHill.2}lace. Providence, Pleasant-st. Claremont, Kirkdale. Hamilton-sq., Woodside. Trinity, Wavertree. Liscard, Cheshb'e. Eev.T. Raffles,D.D.,LLD. 10| 6i „ John Kelly. | lo| 6| „ William Bevan. I lo| 6| „ George Pridie, B.A. \ lo| 6| „ William P. Appleford.l lo| 6| „ Charles Farusworth, ; lol 6^ „ Joshua Tunstall. I lo| 6^ „ W. M. O'Hanlon. j 10| 6^ „ Thomas Sleigh. 10^ 6| BAPTISTS. PLACES OF WORSHIP. Pembroke, Pemhrokepl. Soho-street. Byrom-street. Lime-street. Comus-street. Sidney-place, Edge-hill. MIKISTERS. Kev. C. M. Birrell. „ R. B. Lancaster „ D. H. Giles. „ James Lister. „ William Guyton. HOURS OF SERVICE. — fii 2* — D. S. Wylie, A.M. | 10| 2J SCOTCH SECESSION CHUECH. PLACES OF WORSHIP. MINISTERS. HOURS OF SERVICE. Mount Pleasant. Bond-street. Eev. Hugh Crichton,D.D. 1 11 — GJ „ John Eiddel. | 11 — 6| APPENDIX. 255 WESLEYAN METHODISTS. PLACES OF WOKSHIP. HOrES OF SERVICE. Mount Pleasant Pitt-street Brunswick, Moss-street "Wesley, Stanhope-street Great Homer-street Windsor Wavertree .... "Woolton Garston Old Swan Aigburth Brunswick, North Birkenhead. Queen-street, Tranmere Seacombe West Derby Walton Lower Bebbington Upper Tranmere WESLEYAN ASSOCIATION. PLACES OF WORSHIP. MINISTERS. Pleasant-street. Tabernacle, Bispham-st. Heath-st., Toxteth Park. Scotland-road. Rev. J. Molyneux, Jos. Saul, and Pi. Rutherford, in rotation. METHODIST NEW CONNEXION. PLACES OF WORSHIP. Hotham-street. Bevington-hill. St. James's-road. MINISTERS. Rev. Wm. Burrows, Wm. Cook, and J. Candelet, in rotation. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. E. lOi — 6 lOl — 6 lo; — 6 256 APPENDIX PRIMITIVE METHODISTS. PLACES OF WOESHIP. MINISTERS. Maguire-street. Walnut-street. Liscard, Cheshire. Various. Seamen's Church, Eathbone-street. INDEPEXDEXT METHODISTS. I Eev. Edward Loxdale. Paradise-street. Pienshaw-street. Park, Park-road. UNITAPJANS. I Eev. James Martineau. J H. Thorn. John Eobberds. EEFORMED PRESBYTERIANS. Edmund-sti-eet. ] Rev. John Nevin. NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. Russel-street. Rose-place. Gill-street. Bold-street. King's Dock. Hunter-street. Woodside. SANDEMANIANS. I Rev. Abraham Banks. BEREAN UNIVEESALISTS. I Rev. David Thorn. FLOATING CHAPEL. I' Supplied by Dissenting ministei-s of diflerent denominations. FRIENDS' MEETING HOUSE. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. A. E. 101 _ 6 10* — 6 101 3 ra 11 — 61 11 3 — II .3 — I lOi - 61 lOf — 6i 11 — 6J I 11 3 — I 11 - 61 10^ 21 - 10—6 Winter, 3 — 4 — JEWS' SYNAGOGUE. M. S. Oppenheim. M. D. Isaac, lecturer. Summer. Friday. 71 Winter, 4^ Saturday, 8 A.M. APPENDIX. 257 WELSH CHAPELS. INDEPENDENTS. PLACES OF WORSHIP. MINISTERS. Tabernacle, Great Crosshall-street. Bethel, Bedford-street. Salem, Brownloiu-hUl. Seacombe. Kev. Wm. Eees. T. Pierce. E. Thomas. HOURS OF SERVICE. M. A. E. 101 2 6 lOi 2 6 10| 2 6 — 2 6 CALVINISTIC METHODISTS. PaU Mall. Bedford-street. Eose-place. BurUngton-street. Midberry-street. Comus-street. Woodside. Seacombe. Eev. H. Bees, J. Hughes, and John Eoberts, in rotation. WESLETAN METHODISTS. Benn's Gardens. Chester-street. BoiToughs' Gardens. Rev. T. Aubrey, and — Jones, in rotation. lOi 2 10| 2 lOi 2 INDEPENDENT METHODISTS, lOi 2 Great Crosshall-street. Stanhope-street. Sir Thomas' s-buUdings. Great Howard-street. BAPTISTS. Eev. vr. Eoberts. D. Jones. J. Eoberts. 10 9. 10 2 10 2 10 2 B, SMITH, PRIKTEE, SOUTH CASTIE-STBEET, LIVERPOOL. UCSB LIBRARY