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 THE LIBRARY 
 OF 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 I OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
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 / 
 
 UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY; 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A COPIOUS ACCOUNT, 
 
 CRITICAL AND HISTORICAL^ 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LIFE AND CHARACTER, LABORS AND ACTIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 EMINENT PERSONS, 
 
 IN 
 
 ALL AGES AND COUNTRIES, CONDITIONS AND PROFESSIONS, 
 ARRANGED IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. 
 
 [ ABRIDGED FROM THE LARGER WORK. ] 
 
 By J. LEMPRIERE, D.D. 
 
 LONDON s 
 
 PANTED FOR T. CADELL AND W. DAVIES, IN THE STRANG 
 l808. 
 
Strahan and PreS/>n, 
 Pr.uters-btitet, iModaa. 
 
QrT/.os 
 
 TO 
 
 THE RIGHT REVEREND 
 
 BEILBY PORTEUS, D.D. 
 
 , LORD BISHOP OF LONDON, 
 bV. W. Vc. 
 
 THE FOLLOWING WORK, 
 
 AS A SMALL BUT SINCERE TESTIMONY OF RESPECT, 
 
 FOR ABILITIES LONG HONORABLY AND SUCCESSFULLY EXERTED 
 
 , IN THE SUPPORT OF VIRTUE, 
 
 IN THE PROMOTION OF RELIGION, 
 
 AND IN THE DISSEMINATION OF CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE 
 
 AND OF TRUE HAPPINESS, 
 
 BOTH BY PRECEPT AND BY EXAMPLE, 
 
 IS, 
 
 WITH PERFECT DEVOTION, 
 
 INSCRIBED 
 
 -; BY 
 
 / THE AUTHOR. 
 
 a % 
 
 M36~~047 
 
PREFACE 
 
 TO THE QUARTO EDITION. 
 
 ^THHE advantages which a biographical work offers to the reader, are fo 
 -*- numerous and fo important, that it is hoped every endeavour to 
 enlarge the knowledge of mankind, and impartially to develope the character 
 of thofe who have contributed to the happinefs or to the calamities of the 
 world, will be received by the public with indulgence and candor. More 
 minute than hiftory, biography regan& the jperfon, the acquirements, and 
 the conduct of the individual, and curforily paffes over thofe more general 
 details of public tranfactions which are more properly the object of the 
 hiftorian's refearch. While in the hiftorj of nations, and in the political 
 changes of ftates, the reader views the confequences of fuccefsful intrigue, of 
 diplomatic dexterity, or of military prowefs, it is in the details of private 
 and of domeftic life where he feeks for inftruction, and for the minute docu- 
 ments which may conduct his footfleps, and hold out the lamp of experience 
 to warn him againil the dangers of ill-directed paffions, or of mifguided 
 ambition. 
 
 In the following work, every character, it may generally be faid, has been 
 included which might have ftrong claim on the notice of pofterity, either 
 from public notoriety, or from lafting celebrity. Thofe who have benefited 
 their fellow creatures by their exertions, either in the walks of fcience and 
 literature, or in the improvement of the polite arts, in the extenfion of 
 commerce, or in the ufeful labors of induftry ; or thofe who, in the field of 
 honor, have fought with fuperior valor for the glories and for the inde- 
 pendence of their parent Hate, all are ftrongly intitled to the gratitude of 
 
 mankind. 
 
Hi . PREFACE. 
 
 With thefe fentiments he commits, to the judgment of the pubjic, his 
 biographical labors, as a companion to the Classical Dictionary, in 
 anxious confidence, that they will not be deemed unworthy of the fame 
 flattering patronage, and of the fame extenlive circulation, with which that 
 work has fo long and fo liberally been honored. 
 
 March 8th, i8c8. 
 
 IN offering to the public this octavo edition of his Universal Bio- 
 graphy, the author thinks it neceffary to fay, that he has attempted to 
 comprefs his fubject into a more compendious form, without however lofing 
 any part of what is moft interefting and important in the account of the 
 life of each individual mentioned. A few of thofe characters among foreign 
 nations, whofe labors and actions appeared not of fufficient confequence, or 
 of flriking notoriety, to engage and to fix the particular attention of a native 
 of England, have occafionally been paffed over ; and the omiffion, it is 
 hoped, will not be regarded as depreciating the general utility, or the real 
 value of the work. The names alfo that occur in the ancient claffics have 
 not been all inferted in this edition, as the author has in the Clafiical Diction- 
 ary given a more copious and more fatisfa&ory account of them, than could 
 have been with propriety introduced into the following pages in their 
 prefent epitomized form. 
 
 5th September, 1808. 
 
 UNI. 
 
^^< 
 
 UNIVERSAL BIOGRAPHY, 
 
 &C. &C* &C. 
 
 AAR 
 
 A A, Peter Fandrr, a bookleller of Ley 
 den, who, under the title of Galerie du 
 Monde, publiihed, in 66 vols. foL an atlas of 
 aoo charts, as explanatory of the various voy- 
 ages made between the 13th and the clofe of 
 the 17th century. He was ftiH living in 
 I729. 
 
 Aagard, Nicholas and Chrrjlian, two bro- 
 thers, born at Wiburg in Denmark, in the be- 
 ginning of the 1 8th century. The eldeit, 
 diHinguifhed for the acutenels of his philofo- 
 phical writings, died 1657, and the other, 
 known for his poetical talents, died 1664. 
 
 Aai.am, an aftrologer of the ninth century 
 at the court of Adado Daub. 
 
 Aalst, Everard, a Dutch painter, born at 
 Delft 1602. His talents were diiplayed with 
 peculiar fuccefs in the reprefentation of ihields 
 and military accoutrements, of dead birds, &c. 
 He died in 1658. His nephew William 
 hecarrie his rival, and in his travels through 
 France and Italy he obtained the patronage of 
 the great, and pr.rticnl.1rly of the grand duke of 
 Tufcany. His fruit and flower pieces are moft 
 admired. He died in Holland in 1679, a 5 ec * 
 
 59- 
 
 Aaron, elder brother of Mofes, (on of 
 Amram, of the tribe of Levi, was born A. M 
 2434. He was the friend and the affiftant of 
 his brother, and as being more happily gifted 
 with the powers of eloquence, he attended him 
 in all his interviews with Pharaoh in Egypt, 
 and in his conferences with the people of lira el. 
 Though he offended God by making a calf of 
 gold, as the reprefentative of the divinity, he 
 was permitted to become the firft high prieft. 
 He died in his 123d year, without being per- 
 mitted to enter the promiled land. 
 
 Aaron Raschiq, a caliph of the Abaf- 
 fides, diftinguifhed by his conquefts, and the 
 eccentricity of his character. Valiant in bat- 
 tle, he mowed himfelf inhuman and perfidious 
 towards the conquered. He deferves our ad- 
 miration for the patronage which he afforded 
 to literature and to the arts. He was eight 
 
 AAR 
 
 times victorious in battle, and eight times 
 paid his adoration at the tomb of the prophet. 
 Charlemagne refpected his charadter, and 
 Aaron in token of friendfhip prefented to the 
 European prince a clock, the mechanifm and 
 conftriiction of which were regarded among the 
 prodigies of the age. He died A. D. 809, ia 
 the 23d year of his reign. 
 
 Aaron Schascou, a rabbi of ThefTalonica, 
 celebrated for his writings. 
 
 Aaron, a Britim faint, put to death with 
 his brother Julius, during Dioclefian's perfec- 
 tion, and buried at Caerleon m Wales. 
 
 Aaron, a prefbyter and phyfician of Alex- 
 andria in the eifchthcentury, whowrote30 books 
 or pande&s on medicine in the Syriac language. 
 He is the firft author whomakes mention of the 
 fmall-pox, and of the mealies, difeafes which 
 were introduced into Egypt by the conquefts of 
 the Arabians about 640. 
 
 Aaron, Ha-nfcon, a Caraite rabbi who 
 was known as a phyfician at Conftantinople in 
 1224, and who wrote a learned commentary 
 on the pentateuch, befides annotations on the 
 Old Teftament,a Hebrew grammar, Sec. 
 
 Aaron, Hacharon or Poflerior, a learned 
 rabbi, born in Nicodemia in 1346. He wrote 
 on the law of Mofes, and on the cuftoms of his 
 nation. 
 
 Aaron, Ifaac, an interpreter of languages 
 at the court of Conftantinople under the Com- 
 meni. He abufed the confidence repofed in 
 him, and recommended to Andronicus, the 
 ufurper of his mailer's throne, to put cut the 
 eyes and cut off the tongue of, bis enemies, a 
 puniihment afterwards infli&ed on hknfelf by 
 Ifaac Angelus 1203. 
 
 Aaron-Bf.n-Chaxm, the chief of the 
 Jewilh fynagogues at fez and Morocco in the 
 beginning of the 17th century, wrote commen- 
 taries on Jofhua, the la-", the prophets, &c. 
 Aaron Ben-aser, a rabbi in the fifth 
 century, to whom the invention of the He- 
 brew points r>nd accents is attributed. He 
 wrote a Hebrew grammar. 
 
 S Aaron, 
 
ABA 
 
 ABA 
 
 Aaron, a levite of Barcelona, who wrote 
 613 precepts on Moles, printed Venice 1523. 
 He died 129 i. 
 
 Aarsens, Francis, a celebrated ftatefman, 
 f-n of the regillcr of the United Provinces. 
 He was early initiated in politics ; and at the 
 court of France, where he was nmbaffidor of 
 Holland, he acquired the knowledge and the 
 arts of negotiation under Henry IV. and his 
 minifters Villeroi, Roihi, Silleri, &c. He after- 
 wards was employed in the fame capacity at 
 Venice, and in other Italian ftates,and he was 
 one of thofe who negotiated in England for 
 the marriage of William of Orange with the 
 daughter of Cha les I. A perfuaflve eloquence 
 and the arts of diffimulation were united in 
 Aarlens with an impofing appearance of blunt- 
 nels, and rendered him at once dangerous and 
 fuccefsful, fo that Richelieu, who knew and 
 employed his abilities, acknowledged that he 
 fharrd with Oxeniiiern of Sweden, and Vifcar- 
 di of Montferat the honor of being the mod 
 confumtnate politician of his age. He died in an 
 advanced age, and left behind him an account 
 of all the embaffies in which he was engaged. 
 
 Aarsens or Aertsen, Peter, furnamed 
 Longo from his tallncfs, was born at Amfttr-. 
 dam 1519, where he alfo died in his 66th year. 
 Though brought up like his father to the pro- 
 fefiion of a ftocking-maker, he was at laft per- 
 mitted, by the entreaties of his mother, to 
 full w the bent of his genius, and at 18 he be- 
 
 ?;an to ftudy painting, architecture, and per- 
 pe&ive. He excelled in reprefenting the 
 utenfils of a kitchen, and his painting of the 
 Virgin for an altar piece at Amfterdam was 
 highly elteemed, and alfo another in which he 
 represented the crucifixion with the executioner 
 in the aft of breaking with an iron bar the legs 
 of the two thieves. This laft was torn to 
 pieces in 3 public infurreciion 1566, and the 
 ferock>us populace were with difficulty prevent- 
 ed from murdering the artiit. He left 3 fons 
 who alfo engaged in his profeflion. 
 
 Aartgen or Aeriokn, the fon of a 
 wookomber at Leyden, who, after following 
 his father's occupation, turned his thoughts to 
 painting, in the profecution of which he ac- 
 quired reputation. He was habitually intem- 
 perate, and as he never touched his pencil on 
 Mondays, he devoted rhofe days^o feftivity 
 and drunkennefs. He was drowned in the 
 canals of the city iu the night as he amuled 
 himfelf in playing through the ftrects on the 
 jeiman flute. 
 
 Aba, brother in-law to Stephen, the firft 
 cbriftian king of Hungry, defeated Peter who 
 had fucieedcd his uncle on the throne, and 
 after he had banifhed him to Bavaria, he 
 ! the crown 1041 or 104a. He dii'- 
 graccd himfelf ny b and was fncri- 
 
 ficed to the refenuneiit of his offended fub- 
 jecls 1044- 
 
 ABAFfi, M;ch*tl, toa uf a majiftte of 
 
 H'rmanftnd, rofe by his abilities to the fove- 
 reignty of Tranlylvania, in 1661. He affifted 
 the Turks, and became formidable to the em- 
 peror of Geimany. 
 
 Abaoa or Abaka, a king of Tartary 
 whole ambafiadors were introduced in 1724 
 to the ccelefiaftical fynod of Lyons. He con- 
 quered Perfia, and proved a formidable neigh- 
 bour to the Chriftians who had fettled at Jeru- 
 falem. He died 1282. 
 Abano, -vid. Apono. 
 Abas, Schab, feventh king of Perfia, of the 
 race of the Sophis, was brave and active, and 
 enlarged the boundaries of his dominions. He 
 took conjointly with the Englifh forces 1622 
 the ifland of Ormus, which had been in the 
 porTeflion of the Portuguefe 122 years. He 
 died 1629 in the 44th year of his reign. 
 
 Abas, Scbab,the great grandlbn of the pre- 
 ceding, fucceeded his father in 1642m hifi-uh 
 year. He took Candahar from the Moguls, 
 and refilled the attacks of 300,000 befiegers. 
 He was cut off by the lues venerea in his 37th 
 year, Sep. 2j>, 1666. * 
 
 Abassa, an officer who revolted againft 
 Muftapha I. emperor of tlie Turks, and after- 
 wards was employed againft the Poles 1634 a! 
 the head of 60,000 men. The cowardice of 
 his troops robbed him of the victory, and he 
 was ftrangled by order of the Sultan. 
 
 Abassa, a lifter of Aaron Rafchid, whofe 
 hand was bellowed by her brother on Giafar, 
 on 'condition that flie abftained from the mar- 
 riage rights. The promife was forgotten, and 
 the hulband's life was facrificed by the tyrant, 
 and AbalTa reduced to poverty. There are ftill 
 extant fome Arabic verfes which beautifully 
 celebrate her love and her misfortunes. 
 
 Abasson, an 'impoftor, who, under the 
 character of the grandlbn of Abbas the great, 
 obtained the patronage of the court of France 
 and of the grand feignior by whofe orders he 
 was at laft beheaded. 
 
 Abate, Andtetv, a painter of Naples, 
 engaged in the fervice of the Spanifh king. He 
 died 1732. His fruit pieces and landfcapes 
 were admired.' 
 
 Abauzit, Firmin, born at Uzes 1679, 
 fled from the persecution which attended hi* 
 parents on account of their profelfion of pro- 
 tcflantilm, and retired to Geneva. As he had 
 early loft his father, his education was promo- 
 ted by the care of his mother, who had the 
 happinefs to difcover that the fmall remains of 
 her (nattered fortune were amply compenfated 
 by the improvement of her fon. Abauzit^ dif- 
 fmguilhed for his fuperior progrels in every 
 branch of polite learning, but particularly ma- 
 thematics and natural hiftory, became the 
 frici d of Bayle, of Jurieu, and Bafnage, and 
 was honored with the friendlhip of St. Evre- 
 mond ar.d the corre-lpondence of Newton ; 
 and invited by William 111. by offers of liberal 
 patreoage to fettle in Engknd,but the t 
 
 biance 
 
ABB 
 
 ABB 
 
 brance of Geneva, the afylum of his Infant 
 years, made him decline the generofity of the 
 monarch. Though he chofe rather to' aflift 
 his friends than folicit fame in his own per- 
 fon, he republifhed Spon's hiftory of his fa- 
 vorite city, which he enriched with two differ- 
 tations, and other valuable explanations. As he 
 grew in years, he continued to encreafe in fame, 
 and he was flattered by Voltaire and RoufTeau. 
 He was an Arian in religion, and died 1767. 
 
 Abbadie, James., D.D. a celebrated pro- 
 teftant minifter born at Nay in Berne 1654,01- 
 according toothers 58. After improving him* 
 felf in France and Holland, he fettled at Ber- 
 lin, at the folicitation of the elector, where 
 he enforced the duties of religion and morality, 
 and gained by perfuafive eloquence the favor of 
 the prince and people. After his patron's 
 death, he was patyronifed by king William, 
 whofe caufe he fupported by his pen, and was 
 made minifter of the Savoy, and afterwards 
 advanced to the deanry of Killaloe in Ireland. 
 He died in London 1727. Well informed as 
 a writer, and eloquent as a preacher, he was 
 "univerlally refpedted. His writings were 
 moftly on divinity. Befides his treatile on the 
 Chriftian religion, he puhlifhed a defence of 
 the revolution, and an account of the late con- 
 fpiracy in England, compiled from the mate- 
 rials furnifhed by the earl of Portland, and by 
 Trumbull. 
 
 Abbas, Halli, a phyfician, and one of the 
 Perfian magi, who followed the doctrines of 
 Zoroafter. He wrote A. D. 980, a book cal- 
 led Royal Work at the requeft of the caliph's 
 fon, to whom it was dedicated. It was tran- 
 slated into Latin by Stephen of Antioch, 
 1127. 
 
 Abbas, the uncle of Mahomet, oppofed the 
 ambitious views of the impoftor, but when de- 
 feated in the battle of Bedr, he was not only 
 reconciled to his nephew but he warmly em- 
 traced his religion, and thanked heaven for 
 the profperity and the grace which he enjoyed 
 as a mufTulman. He i'erved the caufe of Ma- 
 homet at the battle of Honain by recalling his 
 difmayed troops to the charge, and inciting 
 them boldly to rally round their prophet who 
 was near expiring under the fcymetars of the 
 Thakefites. His fon, of the fame name, bc- 
 came ftill more celebrated by his knowledge of 
 the koran. Abbas was regarded with fuch ve- 
 neration that the caliphs Omar and Othman 
 never appeared before him without difmount- 
 ing from their horfes. He died in the jid 
 year of the hegira ; and 100 years ^fter, Abu- 
 Iabbas Saffah his grandfon, inverting himfelf 
 with fovereign power, laid the foundation of 
 the dynafty of the Abbafides, which continued 
 to be transmitted ih his family from father to 
 fon 524 years, during a fuccefiion of 37 ca- 
 liphs, till they were difpoflefTed by the Tartars. 
 Abbas' Abdallah, the grandfon of Abbas the un- 
 cle of the prophet, fn alio diftinguifhed as a 
 
 teacher of the facred book ; as, before he was 
 10 years of age, he was faid to have received 
 infpiration from the angel Gabriel. 
 
 Abbassa, via". Abassa. 
 
 Abbategio, Marian d\ an ecclefiaftic of 
 the 14th century, made governor of Aquila. 
 
 Abbatissa, Paul, a famous Sicilian poet, 
 born at Meffina, 1570. He tralfeated into 
 Italian verfe Homer's Iliad and Odyiley, and 
 Ovid's Metamorphofes. 
 
 Abbiati, Philip, an hiftorical painter of 
 Milan, who died 1715, aged 75. 
 
 Abb on, a monk of St. Germain des Pres, 
 who was prefent at the firge cf Paris by the 
 Normans at the clofe of the 9th century. He 
 wrote an account of this event in izoo verfes 
 in execrable Latin, but, however, valuable 
 for its fidelity and impartial minutenefs. 
 
 Abbon, dc Fleury, an ecclefiaftic of Or- 
 leans, who became abbot of Fleury, and fup- 
 ported with energy the rights of the monaftic 
 order againft the intrufions of the biihops. He 
 was employed by king Robert to appeale Gre- 
 gory V. who wifhed to place the kingdom of 
 France under an interdict. He was killed in * 
 quarrel between theFrench and Gafcons, 1004, 
 whilit he endeavoured to introduce a reform 
 in the abbey of Reole in Gafcony. Befidea 
 canons explaining the duty of kings and Sub- 
 jects, there is a volume of his letters extant, 
 printed 1687, folio. 
 
 Abbot, George, archbiihop of Canterbury , 
 fon of a clothworker, was born at Guildford 
 in Surrey 1562. After receiving his educa- 
 tion at the grammar fchool in his native town 
 he became a member and fellow of Baliol col- 
 lege in Oxford, where he foon diftinguifhed 
 himfelf as a preacher. He was chofen mafter 
 of Univerfity college in 1599, inftalled dean of 
 Winchester, and after ferving three times with 
 dignity and moderation the office of vice chan- 
 cellor, he was confecrated bifhop of Lichfield 
 and Coventry 1609. He was the fe<cond of 
 the Oxford divines whom king James appoint- 
 ed to tranflate the new teftament, except the 
 epiftles ; and he was employed to eftabliih and 
 cement an union beween the churches of Eng- 
 land and Scotland. After a rapid translation 
 to the fee of London he was, on the death of 
 Bancroft 1610, raifed to the primacy, and in 
 this high fituation he maintained a noblacbarac- 
 ter. The evening of his life was darkened by 
 a melancholy event, which his enemies wilihed 
 to convert to his degradations. As he amuled 
 himfelf with a crofcbow in the grounds of lord 
 ZouchinHampfhire, where he retired for re- 
 creation every fummer, he accidentally killed 
 the park keeper by an arrow which he aimed at 
 a deer. This homicide was attended w ith a 
 fettled melancholy in the archbiihop, who as 
 an atonement for the accident granted an an- 
 nuity of 2Cl. to the widow, and ever after once 
 a month obferved the fatal day, Tuefday, in 
 penitence and player. His conduct however 
 B a was 
 
ABB 
 
 ABD 
 
 was mil'reprefented, and though James remar- 
 ked that " .ui angel might have milcarried in 
 this fort, " a commiftion wt* directed to en- 
 quire whether he was incapacitated from per- 
 forming the duties of his office. He was ho- 
 norably reftored to his functions, the king pal- 
 led .t pardon and a dUpenfatton by which he wai 
 cleared t'ro|i all fcandal, irregularity, or infa- 
 tuation. From infirmity he was unable to attend 
 the council, though he wasprefent atthe laft ill- 
 nefs of the king, and he afiifted at the coronation 
 of Charles I. By the intrigues of Buckingham he 
 was difgracefully difmilfed from the powers of 
 primate, and ordered to withdraw to Canterbu- 
 ry, while the epifcopal authority was exercifed 
 by eommiffion by rive prelates. He was how- 
 ever foon after reftored to his full prerogative ; 
 but neither the threats of his enemies, nor 
 the enmity of Laud and Buckingham, could 
 prevail againft his determinate zeal in fupport 
 of the rights of the fubjeel, and the liberty of 
 confeience. He did not long prtderve the 
 royal favor, he died at Croydon on the fifth 
 of Augufti633, in his 71ft. year, and was 
 buried in the church of Holy Trinity at 
 Guildford, where a ftately monument was 
 erected over his grave by his brother Maurice. 
 Fn his general character Abbot was moderate 
 and inoftenfive \ though a rigid calvinift, he re- 
 commended to his clergy rather to gain the 
 public efteem by morality than 'claim it as 
 due to their office. He was benevolent and 
 humane, and among other ads of charity he 
 endowed with an income of 30CI. a year, a 
 holpital at Guildford. His publication! were 
 chiefly divinity, befides treatifes occasioned by 
 the fituation of the times. 
 
 Abbot, Maurice, youngefl brother of the 
 arehbilhop, was employed in the direction of 
 the Kaft India company's concerns refpedt- 
 ihg the Molucca Iflands, which were in the 
 hands of the Dutch. He was employed in 
 1624 in eftablilhing the fettlemcnt of Virgi- 
 nia, and he was the firft perfoo on whom 
 Charles I. conferred the honor of knighthood. 
 He vvas elected reprefentat've for London, 
 and in 1638 vvas mayor of she city. He died 
 J 640. His fon George was of Merton college, 
 where he took the degree of LLB. i6,;o, and 
 duiing the civil wars he defended Caldecote 
 Hall, in Warwickshire, againft the attacks of 
 pi ince Maurice and Rupert. He died 1648, 
 aged 44. He publilhed a paraphafe on Job, 
 1640, Vindiciap Sabbati 1641^ brief notes 
 I fahns 1051. 
 Abbot, Robert, DD. eldeft brother of the 
 f.vu preceding was born at Guildford, and edu- 
 cated at' Baliol college. He was elect c:l tnaf- 
 tcr of his college lr'.co, and he enforced obe- 
 dience, regularity, and temperance in his fo- 
 ciety. His eloquence as a preacher recom- 
 mended him to further patronage ; he was 
 ted -chaplain .to the king, and regius 
 r of divinity at Oxford. Laud was one 
 13 
 
 ofthofe who felt the fevcrity of his oratory, 
 and in a dil'courfe in which the preacher in- 
 veighed againft the arts of the puritans and the 
 friends of the Romim church, the eyes of 
 the audience were fixed upon the future arch- 
 biihop, and created confufiwn and fhame. On 
 the vacancy of Salifbury 1615, the king no- 
 minated Abbot to the fee, and he was confer 
 crated by his brother at Lambeth. 1 he in- 
 firmities of a fedentary life however checked 
 the intended improvements and reformation 
 of the new prelate. He died March ad, 161 7, 
 in his 58th year, and was one of the five bilhops 
 who in fix fu cceffive years were inftalled at 
 Salifbury. He was buried in his cathedral. 
 His writings were principally controverfial, and 
 fome of his MSS. were prefented to the Bod- 
 leian by Dr. Corbet, who married one of his 
 daughters, and was rector of Hai'eley, Oxford- 
 lhirc. 
 
 Abet, Thomas, the German translator of 
 Salluft, and the admired author of a treatife 
 u on merit, " and of another " of dying for 
 one's country, " was born at Ulrn and died at 
 Buckeberg 1766, aged 28. 
 
 Abdalcader, a Perffan, who w.is greatly 
 revered for his learning, his piety, and the 
 fandtity of his manners. His prayers breath- 
 ed the fpirit of Chriftianity ; "Almighty God, 
 laid he, in his devotions, I never forget thy 
 bounty ; my adoration is perpetually directed 
 to thee, deign therefore fometimes to remem- 
 ber and pity my infirmities." 
 
 Abdaliah, father of Mahomet, vvas a 
 flave and a driver of camels, who however poi- 
 lelfed fuch merit that his hand was folicited in 
 marriage by the faireft and the moil virtuous 
 of the women of his tribe. He was then in 
 his 75th or 85th year, but fo univerfally ad- 
 mired that on the night of his nuptials ico 
 young females expired in deipair. His wife, 
 though long barren, at laft became mother of 
 Mahomet. 
 
 Ahdai.lah, fon of Zohair, vvas proclaim- 
 ed caliph of Mecca and Medina, after the ex- 
 pulfion of Yefid. He was befieged in Mecca 
 by the fucceflbr of Yefid in Syria, and put to 
 death 733. 
 
 Abdaliah, a fon of Yefid, celebrated 
 as a mulTulman lawyer in the 7th century. 
 
 Abd Allah, fon of Abbas, endeavoured to 
 raife his family on the ruins of the Ommiades. 
 He was defeated by his rivals, and afterwards 
 perfidiouily murdered 754. 
 
 Abdai.mai.ek, fon of Marvan, was 5th 
 caliph of the Ommiades, and began to reign, 
 685. He furpalTed his predecelTors in mili- 
 tary exploits, and extended his power as far 
 as Spain huthe weft, and India in the call. He 
 was called Abulzebab, becaufe his breath wa* 
 fo ofTenflve that it killed the very- flies that fet- 
 tled en his lips. He reigned 21 years, and 
 was fucccedwi by Valid the eldeft of his 16 
 funs. 
 
 Ab-dalmalek, 
 
ABE 
 
 ABE 
 
 Abdalmai.ek, the laft of the caliphs of 
 the race of the Samanides, was dethroned and 
 murdered by Mahmoud 999, after a Ihort 
 reign dilgraced by effeminancy. 
 
 Abdalrahman or Abderames, vid. 
 Abderames. 
 
 Abdas, a biihop in Perfia, who, by de- 
 molishing a pagan temple of the fun, excited 
 the public indignation. He was the firft victim 
 of a perfecution, which called for the interfe- 
 rence of Theodofius the younger in favor of 
 the Chriftians, and which during 30 years 
 produced carnage, and deibiation, between the 
 Roman and Perfian empires. 
 
 Abdemelek, king of Fez and Morocco, 
 was dethroned by his nepliew Mahomet, but, 
 he afterwards defeated Sebaftian king of Por- 
 tugal, who had landed in Africa to fupport 
 the ufurper. The two African monarchs and 
 Sebaftian fell on the field, 1578. 
 
 Abderames, a caliph of the rac-c of the 
 Omrniades. He was invited into Spain by 
 the Saracens who had revolted from Jofeph, 
 and after he had conquered the whole king- 
 dom he aflumed the title of king of Corduba. 
 He died 790, after reigning 32 years. 
 
 Abderames, a Saracen general of the ca- 
 liph Hefcham, who penetrated into Aquitain 
 and Poitou, and was at laft defeated by Charles 
 Martel near Poitiers, 732. 
 
 Abderames, a petty prince in the king- 
 dom of Morocco, who murdered Amadin 
 his predecefibr and nephew, and was himfelf 
 after a long reign aftaflinated by a chieftain 
 whofe death he meditated, 1505. 
 
 Abdias, a native of Babylon, who preten- 
 ded to be one of the 72 difciples of our Savi- 
 our. He wrote a legendary treatile called 
 Hifto*ia certaminis Apoftolici, full of contra- 
 diction and abfurdity. 
 
 Abdissi, a patriarch of Aflyria, who paid 
 homage to pope Pius IV. 1562, and ex- 
 tended the power of the Romhh church in 
 the eaft. 
 
 Abdon, a Perfian, who fufFered martyr- 
 dom in fupport of chriftianity under Decius, 
 ISO. 
 
 Abdulmumen, a man of obfeure origin, 
 who feized the crow n of Morocco, by destroy- 
 ing the royal family, and extended hi domi- 
 nions by the conqueft of Tunis, Fez, and Tre- 
 mecen. He meditated the invafion of Spain, 
 when death flopped his career 1 156. His Ion 
 Jofeph II. carried his views of ambition into 
 effect 
 
 Ap ftlle, Gafpard, a native of Riez in 
 Provence, 1648. His wit procured him the 
 fi iendihip of Luxembourg, who at his death 
 recommended him to Conti, and Vendome. 
 His miniated converfation proved agreeable to 
 his patrons, and his witticiims were attended 
 with peculiar effect when delivered with all the 
 grimace of a wrinkled and deformed counte- 
 nance artfully diitcrted, to exprefs the molt 
 
 ludicrous ejaculations. He was at the head of 
 a priory, and had a place in the French aca- 
 demy. Befides odes and epiftles he wrote fe- 
 veral tragedies, one comedy, and two operas, 
 in a ftile languid and uninterefting. He died 
 at Paris 1718. 
 
 Abeille, Scipio, brother of the preceding, 
 publifhed an excellent hiftory of the bones, 
 l2mo. 1685, befides fome poetry and a trea- 
 tile relative to the employment which he held 
 in the army, in iamo. 1669. He died 
 1697. 
 
 Abel, fecond lbnof Adam, was cruellymaf- 
 facred by his brother Cain, becaufe his facra- 
 fice was accepted by the Almighty with great- 
 er favor than that of his murderer. 
 
 Abel, king of Denmark, and ibn of Valdi- 
 mar II. quarrelled with his eldeft brother Eric, 
 and murdered him to ufurp his throne 1250. 
 He was killed in battle two years after, during 
 an infurreclion of the Friibns. 
 
 Abel, Frederick Gottfried, a native of 
 Halberftadt, who abandoned divinity for the 
 purfuit of medicine, and took his do&or's de- 
 gree at Koningfberg 1744. He publifhed a 
 poetical tranflation of Juvenarin German 1788 
 and after practifmg in his native town died there 
 1794 aged 80. 
 
 Abel, Charles Frederic*) an eminent mu- 
 fician whofe performances on the viol digamba 
 were much admired. He died 1 787. 
 
 Abe la, John Francis, a commander of the 
 order of Malta, known by an excellent work 
 called Malta illuftrata, in four books in foL 
 1647. 
 
 Aselard, Peter, a native of Palais near 
 Nantes in Britany, born 1079^ who b'ecam 
 celebrated for his learning and his misfortunes. 
 After being the pupil and friend of William 
 de Champeaux, a famous profefTor of philolb- 
 phy at Paris, he declared himfelf his rival, and 
 opened a fchool at Melun, which he after- 
 wards removed to Cabeil, where the difplay of 
 his abilities drew numbers of pupils. Illnels 
 however, interrupted his career, and after 
 two years lpent with his family in Britany he 
 returned to Paris, and by the fuperiority of 
 his mental powers he had the intercft to gain 
 the profeflbrial chair which the fuccefTor of 
 Champeaux religned to become the pupil of 
 this famous logician. After violent Struggles 
 with Champeaux and his partifans, Abelard 
 ret red to JLaon, where he applied himfelf to 
 the lludy of divinity. Here he brought on 
 himfelf the refentment of Anfelm, who deli- 
 vered lecture* on theology, and he again re- 
 tirad to Paris, where his explanations of Eze- 
 klel gathered around him crowded audiences. 
 Naturally vain of his perfon, which, was grace- 
 ful and enjntgHig, and not unconfeious of the 
 reputation which his learning had acquired, he 
 liitened to the npplaufes of one fex, and recei- 
 ved with avidity the admiration and the praifes 
 of the other. Amongft thofe whole favors he 
 V 3 boafted 
 
ABE 
 
 ABE 
 
 he could gain, he Selected Helo'rfc, whom her 
 uncle Fulbert, a canon of Paris, was. ambiti- 
 ous to render as fuperior to her fex in learn- 
 
 ibe v. fs in penonal charms. With this 
 
 Abelard was perluaded to board in the 
 houfe, and he was now entrufted with the 
 education of the object of his heart whofe im- 
 provement he was exhorted to promote by 
 compuhion and even by ftripes. 7 he moments 
 intended for mental inltruction were ibon de- 
 voted to love, and, as he fays himfelf,our ftudies 
 new furnilhed us with that privacy and retire- 
 ment which our paffion defired. Abelard now 
 forgot the duties of his public life for the com- 
 pany of Heloife ; his lectures were delivered 
 with remiffhefs, and foon his pupils ceafed to 
 frequent his fchool. The paffion of the lo- 
 vers however was unveiled to the public eye, 
 but Fulbert alone remained unconfeious of the 
 guilt of the preceptor until the fituation of the 
 unfortunate Heloife at laft filled him with re- 
 fentment. Abelard fled from the houfe, and 
 perluaded foon after Heloil'e to retire to bis 
 filler's houfe in Britany, where Ihe gave birth 
 to a fon, whom Ihe called Altrolabus. The 
 indignation of the uncle was pacified by offers 
 of marriage from Abelard, and Heloife, 
 though actuated by the lingular wilh of being 
 the miftrefs rather than the wife of the man- 
 fbe loved, with difficulty confented. The nup- 
 tial bleffing was pronounced in private ; but 
 v.hilft Fulbert wilhed the union to be publicly 
 known, Heloife difdained to acknowledge it, 
 and even folemnly denied it with an oath. 
 Her conduct irritated Fulbert, and Abelard re- 
 moved her from his purfuit to the convent of 
 Argenteuil, where Ihe affumed the religious ha- 
 bit but not the veil. This however incenfed 
 the refentment of her family, who feemed to 
 dread further treachery from the lovers, and 
 ruffians were hired, who in the dead of 
 nijrht introduced themfelves Into the unfuipect- 
 ing hufband's chamber and inhumanly deprived 
 him of his manhood. Abelard fled upon this to 
 
 ; :r, where he concealed his confuiion 
 
 the public eye by affuming the habit of 
 
 St. Deny*. Here the immorality of the monks 
 
 roufed his indignation, and after he had wan- 
 
 d. red on the territories of the count of Cham- 
 
 . he retired to a Solitary place in the dio- 
 
 ,-s, where he built an oratory, 
 
 which he called the Paraclete. His reputation 
 
 and his misfortunes here drew around him a 
 
 number of pupils, and by his eloquence the 
 
 : of his refidence was converted into a 
 i theologians and philofo- 
 phers. New persecutions however again 
 ( d him with 
 fucw virulence, that he left ' royes and fled to 
 the abbey of Ruis : Gr of Vannes, 
 
 where the monks had elected him their fupe- 
 
 t might however be (pipe confolation to 
 him in dedicate the P.irn- 
 
 tkte to e cf Heloife and h?r finer 
 
 nuns, who had been driven from Argenteuil. 
 He had fcarcely entered upon his office at 
 Ruis than the monks, whole morals he wilhed 
 to reform, began to perfecute him, and even 
 to attempt his life by poilbn. His writings on 
 the Trinity likewife brought upon him the ac- 
 cufation ofherefy from the archbifhop of Sens, 
 and as he demanded to make his defence, a 
 council was alTembled, in which Lewis VII. 
 jffiiU'd, and St. Bernard appeared as the accu- 
 ser. Abelard terrified at the folemnity of the 
 fcene, inllead of defending himfelf, declared, 
 that he appealed to Rome, and immediately 
 left the aflembly. His conduct was confidered 
 as a proof of his guilt ; and pope Innocent II. 
 was lblicited by the council to condemn his 
 writings to the flames, and his perfon to perpe- 
 tual imprifonment. The fentence however 
 was delayed by the interceffion of Peter abbot 
 ofClugni. Abelard was received again into 
 the bolbm of the church and even reconciled 
 to his persecutor St. Bernard. In the peace- 
 ful retreat of Clugni, in the friendlhip of Pe- 
 ter, who had received the melancholy wande- 
 rer with hofpitality, the hulband of Heloife 
 forgot his misfortunes, and in his intercourfe 
 with the monks he exemplified the virtues of 
 humility and refignation, which he frequently, 
 enforced to them with the eloquence of youth. 
 He died foon after at the abbey of St. Mar- 
 cellus on the Saon near Chalons, April Zlft, 
 1142, aged 63, and his remains were claimed 
 by the unfortunate Heloife, who depofited 
 them in the Paraclete, and who, while Ihe 
 paid honor to . his memory as the founder of 
 her houfe, ftill remembered him with the 
 keennefs of anguiih as the former object of her. 
 lore. She Survived him till the 17th May 
 1163, and was buried in the fame tomb, where 
 her bones ftill repole, though removed to a dif- 
 ferent part of the church ; and an infeription 
 and monument, raifed by madame de Courcy, 
 the abbefs, in 1780, point out the venerated 
 fpot. The loves of Abelard and Heloife have 
 been immortalized by the pen of Pope ; but 
 the genius of the poet however brilliant cannot 
 throw a veil over the failings of the man. If 
 we execrate the conduct of Abelard to Heloife 
 while in the houfe of Fulbert, we cannot but 
 contemplate with encreafed indignation the 
 indifference with which he treats in his letters 
 the affections and the friendlhip of the abbefs 
 of the Paraclete. Whilft he languifhed during 
 the decline of life under the unmanly ven- 
 geance of Fulbert, he forgot that. Heloife once, 
 virtuous had facrificed her honor and happineis 
 to his paffion. The writings of Abelard are 
 mofdy on divinity or logical fuhje&s, but his 
 letters excite intereft from the fenfibility, and 
 the elegance which Heloife has infuled into 
 them. A voluminous life of thefe two lo- 
 vers has been publiihed in Englilh by Ber- 
 ringtou. 
 An ell, JqIjti, an Englifli mufician known 
 
 for 
 
ABE 
 
 ABE 
 
 for a fine countertenor voice, and for his (kill 
 on the lute. Hr> quitted England, where he 
 had been patron ifed by Charles II., and went to 
 Warfaw where he was invited to court. He 
 evaded the invitation, till obliged to attend in 
 confequence of a fecond order, he found him- 
 felf in the midft of a large hall, feated in a 
 chair which was fuddenly drawn up oppofite a 
 gallery, where the king appeared with his no- 
 bles..- At the fame inftant a number of bears 
 were let loofe below, and the terrified mufici- 
 an was ordered by the king to chufe either to 
 fing or be let down among the ferocious ani- 
 mals. Abell chofe to fing, and afterwards de- 
 clared he never exerted himfelf with fuch fuc- 
 cefsful powers before. He returned to Eng- 
 land, where he publifhed a collection of fongs 
 dedicated to William 1701. The time of his 
 death is unknown. He is iuppofed to have had 
 fome fecret by which he preferved the natural 
 powers of his voice tohis laft moments. 
 
 Abella, a female writer born at Salerne, 
 in the reign of Charles of Anjou. Among 
 other books on medicine fhe wrote a treatife de 
 atra bili. 
 
 Abelli, Leivis, a native of Vexin Fran- 
 cois, made bifhop of Rhodes. After three 
 years' refidence he abdicated his epifcopal office, 
 and chofe privacy at St. Lazare in Paris, in the 
 feofom of literary eafe. He died there 1601 
 in his 88th year. He publiihed among other 
 works Medulla theologica, in a ftyle harfh and 
 inelegant. 
 
 Abendana, Jacob, a Spanifh Jew who 
 died 1685, prefect of the fynagogue in Lon- 
 don. He wrote a Specilegium, or Hebrew 
 explanation of felect pafTages in the fcrip- 
 tures. 
 
 Abenezra, Abraham, a Spanifh rabbi, 
 furnamed the wife, great, and admirable, for 
 the extent of his learning. Though fkilled in 
 geom try, aftronomy, and poetry, he preferred 
 the explanation of the Tcriptures. His com- 
 mentaries are highly valued, and alio his Jefud 
 mora, in which he recommends the ftudy of 
 the Talmud. He died 1174, aged about 75. 
 
 Abengnefil, an Arabian pfiyfician of the 
 1 2th century, wrote de virtutibus medici- 
 narum & ciborum, fol Venice 1581. 
 
 Abenmelek, a learned rabbi who wrote 
 in Hebrew a commentary on the bible, Am- 
 sterdam, 1661, in fol. tranflated into Latin in 
 4to. and 8vo. 
 
 Abercrombie, fir Ralph, an Englifh ge- 
 neral celebrated for his bravery. He in 1760 
 obtained a lieutenancy in the third of dragoon 
 guards, and two years after he became cap- 
 tain of the third regiment of horfe, and in 
 1773 lieutenant colonel of that CorpV He 
 eameftly ftudied the duties of the military pro- 
 feflion; and in the revolutionary war of France, 
 <he vras one of the officers employed to fup- 
 port the Auftrians, and in the famous action 
 on the heights of Cateau he conducted himfelf 
 
 with fuch bravery that he was particularly no. 
 ticed in the difpatches of the commander in 
 chief. Ever foremoft in feat's of danger or 
 glory, fir Ralph was flightly wounded at the 
 affair of Nimeeuen ; and in the winter of 1796 
 when the treachery of the Dutch rendered the 
 continuance of the Englifh troops no longer 
 neceflary in Holland, he had the care cf the 
 retreat of his brave countrymen. After fup- 
 porting the honor of the "ritifh arms in the 
 Weft Indies as commander in chief and redu- 
 cing feveral of the enemy's colonies, he was 
 made a knight of the bath, governor of the Ifle 
 of Wight and forts George and Auguflus, and 
 raifed to the rank of lieutenant general. Du- 
 ring his refidence in Ireland as commander in 
 chief, his whole time was laudably devoted t 
 the health and difcipline of his troops, and to 
 the re-eftablifhment of concord and mutual at- 
 tachment among the native Irifh. In the at- 
 tack made on Holland, at the landing at the 
 Helder, and in the fubfequent actions, he 
 evinced judicious arrangement and military 
 fkill, fo that even the French themfelves were 
 eager to admire and commend him. In the 
 Egyptian expedition, the popularity of the ve- 
 teran chief marked him as deftined to gather 
 frefh laurels for his country. After a long de- 
 lay on the mores of the Mediterranean, fir 
 Ralph landed at Aboukir, in fpite of the obfti- 
 nate oppofition of the French, eighth March 
 1 801, and advanced boldly towards Alexandria. 
 On the 21 ft March a bloody battle was fought 
 between the two armies, and the French, who 
 had attempted to feize the Englifh by furprife, 
 found themfelves unable to withftand the im- 
 p^tuofity of their opponents, and retired dif- 
 mayed and conquered. This brilliant victory 
 however was dearly bought ; fir Ralph, whilft 
 animating his troops, received a mufket ball in 
 the hip, and died feven days after on board the 
 fleet. His remains were conveyed to Malta, 
 and there interred in the great church, where 
 a noble monument with a becoming infeription 
 records his fervices. The honors of the peerage 
 were granted to his widow and to his children. 
 
 Abercromby, Thomas, M.D. a native of 
 Forfar, who after ftudying medicine at St. An- 
 drew's and Leyden, became "phyfician to James 
 II. by renouncing the proteftant religion. The 
 revolution foon after difmifTed him from the 
 court, and he applied himfelf to celebrate the 
 martial atchievements of Scotland, in z vols, 
 fol. in the ift of which he is fabulous and dif- 
 gufting, but in the 2d. learned and inftructive. 
 He died 1726 aged 70. 
 
 Abernethy, John, a difTenting'minifter, 
 born at Coleraine in Ireland, 1680. He re* 
 moved to Scotland where he efcaped the mife- 
 ries which his family endured at the fiege of 
 Derry ; and after he had finiihed his ftudies 
 at Glafgow and obtained-the degree of MA. 
 he returned to Ireland, and was appointed mi- 
 "rtifter of the diluting congregation of Antrim. 
 JJ 4 Mis 
 
ABN 
 
 ABO 
 
 His aitempts to convert the catholics in his 
 neighbourhood met with fuccefs ; but the con- 
 cerns of religion were lor a white difregarded 
 whiht he purfucd with more zeal than prudence 
 the views of the Belfjft nonconformifts, a fo- 
 ciety whofc meafures would have eventually 
 proved dangerous to the tranquillity of the 
 country. Abandoned by his congregation he 
 retired to Dublin, where he became the paflor 
 of afmall fociety h Wood Street, an*' for ten 
 years difplayed nicderation in opinions and ex- 
 emplary manners. He died of the gout 1740 
 in the both year of his age. He left fever..l 
 volumes of Germans much efteemed, publifhed 
 1748, with an account of his life. 
 
 Abcarus, a king of Edeffa, famous for 
 the letter which he is laid to have lent to our 
 Saviour, and for the anfwer he received. This 
 legend, nrft divulged by Eufebius, who afferted 
 that he copied it from the public records of 
 Edefia, has been Sufficiently refuted by Span- 
 heim, Du Pin, and l.ardner, though fup- 
 porfed by Cave and Pearibn as founded on 
 fa&. 
 
 Abgillus, fon of the king of the Frifii, 
 was furnamed Preiter John. He was in the 
 Holy land with Charlemagne, and he is the 
 reputed author of a hiftory of his journey 
 and that of Charlemagne into the eall. 
 
 Abiathar, Ion of Abhnelech, was the 
 high prieft of the Jews, and the friend of 
 David. After that monarch's death he ef- 
 poufed the caufe of Adonijah, in confequence 
 of which he was depoled by Solomon and lent 
 into banifhment 1014 B.C. 
 
 Abigail, wife of Nabal, averted by her 
 fubmiflive demeanour the vengeance which 
 her hufband's infolente towards David had 
 brought upon him. The monarch, ftruck with 
 her beauty, married her alter Nabal's death 
 1057 B.C. 
 
 Abijah, fon of Rehoboam, was king of 
 Judah after his father 958 years before 
 Chrilt. He made war againfl Jeroboam and 
 defeated him, and was fuccecded by Afa one 
 of hiszifons. 
 
 Abicsi, John, an Italian phyfician and 
 aftronomer, at the beginning of the 16th 
 century, author of a dialogue on aftro 
 logy. 
 
 ABLANCOUR T, 1)\J. Perrot. 
 
 Able or Abel, Tbcmas, a chaplain at 
 the court of Henry VIII. His attachment to 
 the caufe of Catharine, brought upon him the 
 refentment of the tyrant. He was accufed as 
 concerned in the affair of the holy maid of 
 Kent, and fentenccd to die on pretence of de- 
 nying thi- king's Supremacy 1540. His writings 
 arc dow loft. 
 
 Abnkr, fon of Ner, was Saul's uncle, and 
 his faithfij general. After the monarch's 
 death, he wifhed to place Ilhbofheth on the 
 throne, but afterwards followed the caufe of 
 David. Ke was pejfidioufly naia by Joab, and 
 
 buried by his mailer, who honorad his remains 
 with an epitaph, 1048 B. C. 
 
 Aboukkker, -j'uI. Abubeker. 
 
 Abougkiiel, one of the enemies of Ma- 
 homet and of his religion. Though his fon 
 Acramas became a convert to the tenets of tba 
 impoftor, yet his father was for ever ihut out 
 from paradile; and fo violent is the refentment 
 of the mufTulmans againil this firft enemy of 
 their prophet, that they call the fruit coloquin- 
 tida, or cucumis afininus in contempt, the 
 melon of Abougehel. 
 
 Abou-hanifaTi, fumamed Al-nooman, a 
 celebrated dotor among the mulnilmans, born 
 in the 80th year of the hegira. Though he 
 was imprilbned at Bagdat by the caliph, 
 and though he died in his confinement, yet his 
 learning, his virtues, and moderation found 
 partizans in the eaft, and $35 years after his 
 deceafe the fultan Meliklhah erected a mau- 
 foleum in the city where his remains were de- 
 pofited ; and there were not wanting enthu- 
 fialts who declared that his name was enrolled 
 in the old teftament, and that his birth 
 had been foretold as well as that of the pro* 
 phet. 
 
 Abou-joseph, a learned mufTulman, ap, 
 pointed Supreme judge of Bagdat by the ca- 
 liphs Hadi and Aaron Rafchid. He fupported 
 the tenets of Abou-hanifah, and maintained 
 the dignity of his office by impartiality. When 
 one day reproached for his ignorance of one of 
 the caufes brought before him, fo? the deciiion 
 of which he received an ample allowance, he 
 jocofely replied, that he recived in proportion 
 as he knew ; but, fays he, If I was paid for 
 all I do not know, the riches of the caliphat 
 itfelf would not be fufficient to anfwer my de- 
 mand. 
 
 Aboulaina, a mufTulman doctor, cele- 
 brated for his wit. When Moles, fon of the 
 caliph Abdalmalek, put to. death one of his 
 friends, and afterwards Spread a report that he; 
 had efcaped, Aboulaina, laid in the words of 
 the lawgiver of the Hebrews, Mofes Smote 
 him and he died. The fenten.ee was reported 
 to the prince, and Aboulaina was fummoned 
 to appear. Inftead of dreading the threats of 
 the tyrant, he bsldly replied in the words of 
 the following verfe in Exodus, Wilt thou kill 
 me to-day as thou killefi the other man yefter- 
 day ? The ingenuity of the expreftion dis- 
 armed the anger of Mofes, who loaded him 
 with prefents. 
 
 Abou-lola, an Arabian poet, born at 
 Maora in 973. Though he loft his fight in the 
 3d year of his age by the fmall-pox, yet his 
 poetry was animated, and his defcriptions beau- 
 tiful and interefting. He became a brahmin, 
 and died 1057. 
 
 Abou-navas, an Arabian poet, whofe 
 merit was protected at the court of Aai*on 
 Rafchid. 
 
 Aflou-Riu an, a geographer and aftronomer, 
 
 whe 
 
ABR 
 
 ABU 
 
 - Vno employed 40 years of his life in travelling 
 through the Indies. 
 
 Abraeanel, Ifaac, a Jew of Lifbon, who 
 pretended to be descended from David king of 
 lirael. He was employed by Alphenfo V. 
 king of Portugal but on the accefiion of 
 John II. he fhared the difgrace of the miniilry, 
 and fled to Spain, whei'e he applied himielf to 
 literature. His fame recommended him to 
 Ferdinand and Iiabel, but when the Jews were 
 banifhed from Caftille, he yielded to the ftorm, 
 and found an afylum at the court of Ferdinand 
 of Naples, but upon the defeat of the next 
 monarch Alphonib by the French, he retired 
 to Corfu, and at laft to Venice, where he died 
 in 1508, in his 71ft year. His writings are 
 chiefly commentaries or explanations of icrip- 
 tnre, but they contain violent inve&ives againit 
 chriitianity. 
 
 Abraham, the patriarch, was born at Ur 
 in Chaldea, A.M. 2004. He lived at Karaa 
 in Melbpctamia with his father Terah who 
 was an idolater, and there he was informed by 
 God that he ihould be progenitor of a great na- 
 tion. Deipairing of railing children by Sarah 
 he had a lbn, Iihmaol, by Hagar his Egyptian 
 Have, and afterwards was promiied by the mef- 
 fage of an angel, that his wife, though 90 years 
 old, ihouid bear him a ion, and his name was 
 by divine command changed from Abram,into 
 Abraham, or the father of a great multitude. 
 T he promiled lbn, Ifaac, was born in due 
 time, and the rites of circumcifion ellablifhed ; 
 but no iboner had Ifaac reached his 25th year 
 than God to try the fidelity of the father, de- 
 manded the facrifice of his favorite fon. 
 Abraham obeyed, and feizcd the knife to 
 flay his lbn, when an angel flopped his hand, 
 and fubitituted a ram for the burnt facrifice. 
 After Sarah's death Abraham married Kcturah, 
 by whom he had fix ions. He died in his 175th 
 year. 
 
 Auraham, Nicholas, a learned Jefuit in 
 the diocefe of Toul in Lorraine, for 17 years 
 divinity profetior at Pont a Moufibn, where 
 he died 1 655, aged 66. His writings were on 
 theological fubjects. 
 
 Abraham, Beti-chaila, a Spaniih rabbi, 
 /killed in altrology. He prophefied that the 
 coming of the Mefiiah expected by the Jews 
 would be in 1358. He died 1303, author of a 
 treatife on the figure of the earth. 
 
 Abraham, Ufyue, a Jew of Portugal, 
 though Arnaud confiders him as a chriltian. 
 He undertook with Tobias Athias to tranflate 
 the bible into Spaniih ' n tne 16th centurv ; but 
 though accuracy i'eems to pervade the whole, 
 yet it is jullly viewed as a compilation from 
 preceding Chaldee paraphrafes and Spaniih 
 gloffuks. 
 
 Abraham, an emperor of the Moors of 
 Africa in the 12th century, was dethroned 
 by his fubjects, and his crown uiurped by Ab- 
 dulmumen. 
 
 Abrosi, John, an Italian phyfician, wrote 
 a dialogue on altrology, 4to, Venice 1494. 
 
 Auruzzo, Baltbafur, a Sicilian philofo- 
 pher and civilian, who died 1665, aged 
 64. 
 
 Abruzzo, Peter, a Neapolitan architect, 
 in the 17th century. His tafte and genius 
 were diiplaved in tlie beautiful edifices he erec- 
 ted in Italy. 
 
 Absalom, fon of David, was. diftinguimed 
 for his perianal acquirements, his popularity, 
 and his vices. He became the murderer of 
 his brother Ammon, and headed a rebellion 
 againft his father. He was flain by Joab, and 
 his death was bitterly lamented by David, 
 about 1030 B. C. 
 
 Absalom, archbilhop ofLunden in Den- 
 mark, is celebrated as the minilter, the favo- 
 rite, and the friend of Waldemir. He dis- 
 played his abilities in the cabinet, in the field, 
 and as commander of the fleet. To thefe 
 great qualities he added the virtues of a moft 
 humane and benevolent heart. He died 
 1202, 
 
 Abstemius, Laurentius, a native of Ma- 
 cerata, in the march of Ancona, who lived at 
 the time of the revival of learning in Europe, 
 and was patroniled by the duke of Urbino. 
 His writings were chiefly explanations of dif- 
 ficult pafTages, befides a collection of 100 fa- 
 bles after the manner ofJElbp, &c. in which 
 he frequently ladies the immorality of the 
 clergy. 
 
 Abubekt.r, father-in-law of Mahomet, 
 was elected his fucceflbr, in oppolition to Ali 
 the fon-in-ktw of the prophet. He fupported 
 with energv the fabric erected by the impof- 
 tor, and reduced feveral of the Arabian tribes 
 who wilhed to abandon the new doctrines to 
 return to the religion of their fathers. After- 
 wards Abubeker turned his arms againit fo- 
 reign nations, and by the valor of his active 
 general Khaled he defeated an army of 200,000 
 men whom the Greek emperor Heraelius 
 had fent to ravage Syria. His victories how- 
 ever were of ihort duration, a flow fever waf- 
 ted his vigor, but before he died he appointed, 
 for his fucceffor Omar, and after a reign of 
 two years and fix months he expired in his 63d 
 year. He was buried in the tomb of Maho- 
 met. 
 
 Abucara, Theodore* the metropolitan of 
 Caria 869, abjured the tenets of Photius, and 
 wrote feveral treat ifes againit the Jews and 
 Mahometans. 
 
 Ahpdhaher, the father of the Carmatians 
 in Arabia, not onlv oppofed the religion of 
 Mahomet but plundered and infulted the 
 temple of Mecca, and carried away the black 
 itone which was fuperftitioufly believed to have 
 fallen from heaven. He died 953. 
 
 AEULFARAGius,G>vjrcry,fon of aChriftian 
 phyfician, was born at Malatia near the fource 
 of theEuphrates. Hefollowed his father's profef- 
 
 iion 
 
ACA 
 
 ACC 
 
 tflnnbut aft "T-ards ftudied the eartesn languages 
 Q nd div nit y, ind was ordained bifhop of Oil- 
 ba in Ms-cth year, from whence be was tr.m- 
 
 bena and A! 
 Arabic hiltory divided into dynafties.which is an 
 epitome "of univerfal hiltory from the creation 
 An time, publifhed with a Latin tranlla- 
 tion iof')^!, by Dr. Pococke. He died 1286. 
 -LFi.DA, Jf;:;ael, fuccecded his brother 
 - of Hamath in Syria 1342 When a pri- 
 vate man he published in Arabic an account of 
 the regions beyond the Oxus, edited by Gravius 
 with a Latin 'tranfiation, London 1650, and 
 t>y Hudfon, Oxford 171 2. Abulfeda, who 
 Jad raffed fome part of his life in England, died 
 in 15.15, age J 72. 
 
 AbulGasi-Bayatur, k'-an of the " ar- 
 tars, was defcended froir. the great Zingis. 
 After a reign of 10 years during which he 
 was refpeeted at home and abroad, he refigned 
 the fovereignty to his fon, and retired to de- 
 vote himfelf to literature. He wrote a genea- 
 logies I hift cry of the Tartars, truly valuable, 
 t3 the only Tartar hiftory known in Europe. 
 It has been tranflited into German and French. 
 He died 1663. 
 
 Abvlola, ii<f. Aboui.ola. 
 
 Abu-Meslem, a mufTulman governor of 
 Khnrafan, who in 746 transferred the dig- 
 nity of caliph from the family of the Om- 
 rniades to that of the Abbafides, and by that 
 revolution oceafioned the death of above 
 6co,coo men. Almanfor, whom he had fup- 
 ported by his Cervices, threw him into the 
 Tigris, 754. 
 
 AbuMuus, bifhop of Come in Italy, 
 affifted at the council of Conftantinople, 
 as reprefentatjve to Leo, and died 469. 
 
 AsuNowAS^'an Arabian poet, patronifed 
 by Aaron Rafchid. He died 810. 
 
 Abu-obetdah, a friend and aflbciate of 
 Mahomet. He extended his conquefts over 
 Paleftme and Syria, and died 639. 
 
 Abv-said-eb-n-aljaptu, a fultan, the 
 laft of the family of Zingis-khan. After his 
 death 1335, the empire was torn by civil dif- 
 cord. v 
 
 Abusaid mikza, a man of* enterprize, 
 r.o during the civil dhTenfions between Uleg 
 Beg and his fdns, placed himfelf at the head of 
 an army, and at laft was killed in an ambufh, 
 j 468, aged 42. 
 
 Abutemam, a poet in high repute among 
 the Arabians. The liberality of the caliphs 
 y-ho patronifed him was the conftant theme of 
 his mute. He was born at Yafem between 
 Damafcus and Tiberias about 846. 
 
 Abtdene,* wrote an hiftory of Chaldea 
 and AfTyi ia, of which only a few fragments 
 h^ve been preferred by Euiebius . 
 
 Acacil's, furnamed Luscus, from having 
 but one eye, was the founder of the fec~t of 
 the Acaciani. When elevated to the cpifco- 
 raj dignity, he oppoled Athanafius, . and haf- 
 
 tened the banifliment of Liberius from Rome. 
 He was himfelf depofed by the tounctl of Sar- 
 dica, and died 365. He wrote the life of 
 EufebSul whofe pupil and iucceffi.r ne was at 
 Catfarea. 
 
 Acaciu:', patriarch of Conftantinople, 471, 
 eftabliilicd the fitperiority of his fee over the 
 eaftern bidjops. He was oppofed by pope Fe- 
 lix, but fec'ure in the protection of Zeno, he 
 derided the thunders of Rome. He died 
 489. 
 
 Acacius, bifhop of Berea in Syria, perfe- 
 cuted Chryfoftomand Cyril of Alexandria, and 
 affifted at the council of Conftantinople 381, 
 in which were prefent 150 bifhops. He died 
 432, very old. 
 
 Acacius, bifhop of Amida on the Tigris, 
 fold the facred veffels of his churches to ran- 
 fom 7000 Perfian flaves, which generous ac- 
 tion produced a peace between the Perfian 
 king and Theodofhis the younger. 
 
 Acca, bifhop of Hexham, author of trea- 
 tifes on the fufferings of the faints, and other 
 divinity works, was a great patron of learned 
 men, and contributed much to the embel- 
 lifhment of his cathedral. He died at Hex- 
 ham 740. 
 
 Accarisi, fames, a native of Bologna, 
 profefTor of rhetoric at Mantua, publifhed 
 fome learned works and died 1654. 
 
 Accetto, ReginmlJ, an Italian, author 
 of a thefaurus of the Italian tongue, died at 
 Naples ij6o. 
 
 Acciaioli, Dcnatus, a native of Florence, 
 who diftinguifhed himfelf by his learning. 
 Befides leveral treatifes, he wrote commen- 
 taries on die ethics of Ariftotle, and iran- 
 flated fome of the lives of Plutarch. He died 
 1478 in his 50th year, at Milan. His daugh- 
 ters were portioned for marriage at the pub- 
 lic expence, as a mark of the gratitude of the 
 country to the virtues of the father. 
 
 Acciaioli, Rcnatus, a noble Florentine 
 who conquered Athens, Corinth, and Boeotia 
 in the beginning of the nth century. Ashe 
 had no male uTue by Eubots bis wife, he di- 
 vided his conquefts, and gave Athens to the 
 Venetians, Corinth to 1 heodorus Palaeologus 
 who had married Viis eldeft daughter, and 
 Boeotia to his natural fon Antony, who after- 
 wards feized Athens, of which his fuccefTors 
 were difpofTeffed by Mahomet II. 1455. 
 
 Acciaioli, Zenolio, a learned ecclefiaftic 
 of Florence, who for 19 years was librarian 
 to Leo X. at Rome. Befides treatifes and 
 fermons, he publifhed a collection of Poli- 
 tian's epigrams, and died 1537. 
 
 Acciaioli, Magdalen^ a native of Y\o- 
 rence, celebrated for her beauty, but more 
 for the powers of her mind. She was in great 
 favor with Chriftina duchefs of Tufcany, and; 
 wrote verfes in a very pleafing ftile. She be- 
 gan a. heroic poem on the perfecutions of Da- 
 vid, but died before its completion 1610. 
 
 A.ccius ZuCciivS, 
 
ACE 
 
 ACH 
 
 Accius Zucchus, an Italian poet of the 
 l6th century, who paraphrafed Some of the 
 fables of iEfop. 
 
 Accolti, Benedid, a lawyer of Florence, 
 but originally of Arezzo, fecretary to the re- 
 public. Befides an account of the great men of 
 his time, he has written an account in 
 three books of the war of the Christians 
 againft the Infidels, for the recovery of the 
 Holy Land, from which Taffb has .drawn the 
 foundation of his Jerufalem delivered. He 
 died 1466 aged 51. 
 
 Accolti, Francis, brother to Benedict, 
 acquired an extenfive reputation by the clear- 
 ness of his judgment, the graces of his elo- 
 quence, and his knowledge of jurisprudence. 
 He afpired to the purple, but Sixtus VI. in 
 refilling it, flattered him with the compliment 
 that Such a promotion would deprive his pupils 
 and the world of the advantages of his inftruc- 
 tion. He'died in 1470, author of Some ill 
 digefted law books, and incorrect tranflations 
 of St. Chrylbftom. As he was a native of 
 Arezzo he is fometimes called Aretin. Vid. 
 Aretin. 
 
 Accolti, Peter, a fon of Benedict, patro- 
 nifed by the popes, and railed to the dignity 
 of cardinal. He defended in his treatiSes the 
 right of the pope over the crown of Naples, and 
 died at Florence 1549, aged 52. His brother 
 Benedict, duke of Nepi, diftinguiihed himfelf 
 by his Virginia, a comedy, and Some fmall 
 poems. 
 
 Accolti, Benedict, a man of violent paf- 
 fions, who confpired with five others to mur- 
 der Pius IV. on pretence that he was not law- 
 fully elected. He fufFered capital punilh- 
 ment, 1564. 
 
 Accords, Stephen Tabourot, Seigneur des, 
 an advocate in the parliament of Dijon, who 
 diftinguiihed himfelf by writing fome fonnets, 
 and other light pieces of poetry. His " Big- 
 arrures " and " les Touches, " though filled 
 with wit and humor, yet contain indelicate 
 pafiages, under the name of acroftics, rebufes, 
 leonine veries, &c. He died 1561, aged 
 46. 
 
 Accurse, Francis., a native of Florence, 
 profefibr of law at Bologna. Though furnamed 
 the idol of lawyers, his gloifiry, printed at 
 Lyons, in 6 vols. fol. 1627, is both inelegant 
 and incorrect. He died about 1229, aged 
 78. 
 
 Accurse, Marius Angclo, a native of 
 Aquila in the 16th century, eminent for his 
 critical and literary abilities. His Diatribae on 
 ancient and modern authors, are valuable. 
 He alio published Ammianus Marcellinus, 
 befides notes on Ovid, Solinus, Aufonius, and 
 other daffies. 
 
 Acer bo, Francis, a native of Nocera, au- 
 thor of lome inferior poems at Naples, 
 {666. 
 
 Acesius, biffiop of Conila^tinople, main- 
 
 tained at the council of Nice, that thofe who 
 had committed any fin after being baptifed, 
 ought not to be ag'-'in admitted into the church, 
 though they might repent. Conftandne told 
 the auftere prelate, Acefius, make a ladder 
 for yourfelf and go to heaven alone. 
 
 Ach Van or Acu-en, John, an eminent 
 hittorical painter born at Cologne. He died 
 1621, aged 5$. 
 
 Ac HARDS, Eleazcr Francis des, a native of 
 Avignon. He was nominated bifhop of Flali- 
 carnafftis by Clement XII. and foon after fent 
 to China as apoltolic vicar to fettle the difputes 
 of the million a ries. After four years of labor 
 and danger, he died at Cochin in 1741, aged 
 62. A tedious account of his miffion had been 
 publifhedin three volsiamo. 
 
 Achalen, a Britifh Sovereign in the 6th 
 century. When driven from his dominions he 
 took refuge in Wales. He is mentioned with 
 fome commendation by Owen in his Cambrian 
 biography, for having with his brother Artha- 
 nad performed a difficult journey up the 
 Maelwg hills in Cardiganfhire to avenge their 
 father's death. 
 
 Achery, Dom Luc d\ a native of St. 
 Quintin in Picardy, author of feveral valuable 
 publications, particularly editions of the Fa- 
 thers. He died at Paris 1685, aged 76. 
 
 Achillini, Alexander, a Bolognefe phy- 
 fician known by his publications on anatomy 
 and medicine, published at Venice 1568 in 
 folio. He gave the name of hammer and an- 
 vil to two of the. auditory bones, and died in 
 his 40th year 15 12. 
 
 Achillini, Philotheus, a relation of the 
 preceding, who wrote " il viridario, " a refpeo 
 table poem to honor the memory of Italian ge- 
 nius, and recommend morality. He died 
 r538. 
 
 Achillini, Claude, grand nephew of Alex- 
 ander, was diftinguiihed for his knowledge of 
 medicine, theology, and jurifprudence. He. 
 was a profeflbr of law -at Parma, Ferrara, and 
 Bologna, and gained the applaufes of the So- 
 vereign pontif, and wrote a well known Son- 
 net on the conquefts of Lewis XJII. in Pied- 
 mont, which procured from Richelieu the li- 
 beral prefent of a chain of gold worth 1000 
 crowns. He died at Bologna 1640 in his 66th 
 year. 
 
 Achmet I. emperor of Turkey fon and 
 Succeflbr of Mahomet III. made war againft thtj 
 Hungarians, and died 1617, aged 30. 
 
 Achmet II. Succeeded his brother Solyman 
 III. 1691, on the throne of Conftantinople, and 
 died in 1695. 
 
 , Achmet III. Son of Mahomet IV. was pla- 
 ced on the throne by the heads of a faction 
 which had depoled his brother Muftapha II. 
 He granted a friendly afylum to Charles XII. 
 of Sweden, after the battle of Pultowa, and 
 tho kindnefs and the hofpitality which marked 
 the whole of his intercoyrfe with that unfor- 
 tunate 
 
ADA 
 
 ADD 
 
 Adam, St. Filar, an ecclefiaftic at Paris, 
 who publilhed some theoi He 
 
 died 11:7 
 
 \M, Scotus, a monkish writer born in 
 Scotland, and educated at the monastery of 
 Lindisferna now Holy Iiland, fouth of Ber- 
 wick, at that time famous for the learning of 
 its protelfors. He wrote befides an account of 
 David I, of Scotland, the lives of Columbus, 
 and o( lbme of the faints of die iixth century. 
 Hed-ed 1 1 80. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jefuit of Bourdeaux, who 
 wr.\e feveral treatises againSt the new dil'ciples 
 of St. AuStin, He died 1684. 
 
 Adam, aOrUton, a native of Hereford, 
 b't.hop of Win che Iter. He was intriguing and 
 Turbulent, and it is faid that the life of Ed- 
 ward II. was Sacrificed to this ambiguous ex- 
 preflion which he uled : Edwardum regem occi- 
 dere noiite timere bonum ett, which, with and 
 witliout punctuation after noiite, will admit of 
 two very different meanings. 
 
 Adam, John, a Jefuit of Limofin, pro- 
 feffor of philoibphy, wrote feveral works on 
 theological Subjects, and died at Bourdeaux 
 1684- 
 
 Adams, Sir Thomas, a native of Wem in 
 Shropshire, who after receiving his education in 
 Cambridge, became a draper in London, and 
 was lord mayor of London 1645. He was well 
 acquainted with the privileges of the city,' but 
 his partiality to the royal caufe rendered him 
 iufpicious, and the republicans Searched his 
 houfe for the unfortunate Charles. His affec- 
 tion was afterwards transferred to the fon, to 
 whom during his exile he lent as a preient 
 io,icol. He accompanied Monk to Breda, to 
 congratulate the monarch on his reftoratiow, 
 and tor his loyalty he received the honor of 
 knighthood and i. baronetcy. He erected and 
 nobly endowed a fchpol at his native place, 
 fpunded the Arabic profeflbrfhip at Cambridge, 
 and at his fole expence printed the golpel in 
 Perfian, which he distributed in the eaft. He 
 died in his8iit year 1667, of the ftone, and 
 *fter death his body was opened and a calculus 
 of the extraordinary weight of 25 ounces ex- 
 tracted, which is (till preserved in the labora- 
 tory of Cambridge. 
 
 Adams, Thomas, fellow of Brazen Nofe, 
 was tutor to perlbns of rank durin Crom- 
 well's ufurpation, and officiated as chaplain to 
 fir Sa;.. f Shropshire, and to lady 
 
 ti Northamptonshire. He publifhed 
 lant union, or principles of religion," 
 valuable work, and died Dec. nth, 1670. 
 
 Adams, Richard, a member of Brazen 
 
 Nofe, minister of St. Mildred, Bread Street, 
 
 :.ich he was ejected 1662. He wrote 
 
 rmons, and aSvifted in the completion 
 
 l's annotations, and in the editing of 
 
 is worhs and died 1698. 
 
 >'/iluam, D. D. fellow and tftteTJ 
 raid, mailer of Pmbroke college Oxford, was 
 
 the friend of Dr. Johnfon, and distinguished 
 for the urbanity of his manners and the extent 
 of his learning. He wrote fome tracts and fer- 
 mons, and acquired celebrity by the manner 
 in which he attacked the tenets of Hume. It 
 was during this controverfy that the hiftorian 
 oblerved that he was the only perfon who main- 
 tained the dispute with the manners of a gen- 
 tleman. He died 1789, beloved by the fo- 
 ciety over which he prefided for fourteen 
 years. 
 
 Adam son, Patrick, a native of Perth, 
 who, after Studying at St. Andrew's, travelled 
 into France, as tutor, and with difficulty ef- 
 capedthe maffacres of Paris. On his return 
 to Scotland he was appointed minister of Pai- 
 fley, and afterwards by the intereft of lerd 
 Moreton, he was railed tthe archbifhopric of 
 St.Andrew's In this elevated Situation, though 
 Surrounded with difficulties, James VI. 
 fupported him, and lent him as his ambalTador 
 to England, where his eloquence and his ad- 
 drefs gained him admirers, and raifed fuch a 
 tide of popularity in favor of the young king 
 hismaiter, that the jealoufy of Elizabeth for- 
 bade him again to afcend the pulpit while at her 
 court. In 1584 he was recalled home, and 
 lb violent was the irritation of the prefbyterians 
 againSt him, that, at a provincial fynod, he , 
 was accufed and excommunicated. His life be- 
 came thus a fcene ' of perfecution ; even the 
 monarch grew deaf to his petitions, and ali- 
 enated the revenues of his fee in favor of the 
 duke of Lenox, lb that Adamfon had to add 
 to the indignities offered to his' office, the more 
 poignant Sufferings of indigence in the midSt of 
 a Starving family. He died 159 1, in his 48th 
 year. A 4to. volume of his works was pub- 
 lished, containing translations of fome of the 
 books of the bible into Latin verfe.- 
 
 Addison, Lancelot, D.D. fon of_a clor- 
 gyman of the fame name, born at Maulds Mea- 
 burne in WeStmoreland, was educated at 
 Queen's college Oxford, where his Satirical re- 
 flexions' on* the pride, ignorance, an! hypo- 
 crify of hi? Superiors in an oration 1658, caufed 
 Such irritation that he obtained f or givenefs on- 
 ly by a public recantation oh his knees. He 
 was afterwards chaplain at Dunkirk and at 
 Tangier, and in consideration of his Cervices, 
 he was preferred to the living of Million and 
 a Snvum prebend, and in 1683 to the deanry of 
 Lichfield and the ardeaconry of Coventry. 
 He died April the 20th 1703, aged 71, and 
 was buried af Lichfield. He wrote feveral va- 
 luable treatifes, among which were his histori- 
 cal obfervations while resident in Africa, an 
 account of the prefent State of the Jews, 
 ace. 
 
 Addison, Jcfrph, fon of Dr. Lancelot 
 Addifort, was born May ift, 1672, at Mil- 
 Ston near Ambrofbury, Wiltshire, of which 
 his father was rector. He appeared fo weak 
 and fo unlikely to live that he was christened 
 
 the 
 
ADD 
 
 ADD 
 
 the fame day. After pafiing through the ru- 
 diments of his education under Mr. Naiih, 
 of his native place, Mr. Taylor of Salifbury, 
 and Mr. Shaw of Lichfield, he was placed at 
 the Charter-houfe under Dr. Ellis, where his 
 intimacy began with fir Richard Steele. At 
 Oxford he entered at Queen's college and 
 two years after, 1689, was elected demy of 
 Magdalen. His academical hours were not 
 here devoted to bacchanalian orgies, or dil- 
 graceful intrigues ; but the posvers of the mind 
 were cultivated and improved, and the fre- 
 quent compofition of Latin verfes produced 
 fuch correctnefs of itile and elegance of diction 
 that the Mufas Anglicance alone would 
 give celebrity to the name of Addifon. In his 
 2Zd year, he addreffed fome verfes to Dryden, 
 and tranflated part of Virgil's fourth geor^ic 
 on the bees. As hrs friends increafed with his 
 popularity, the ftudent was gradually converted 
 into the courtier and he was introduced by 
 Congreve to Montague chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer, a man who in difcerrung merit did 
 not wifh it to be forgotten that flattery is a 
 tribute paid to power. By the advice of Mon- 
 tague, Addifon laid afide his intention of tak- 
 ing orders ; and ftudying the temper of the 
 times, he publifhed a poem addreffed to king 
 William, and two years after celebrated the 
 peace of Ryfwick in Latin verfes, which 
 paved the way to a penfion of 300I. a year, 
 and claimed the (till more honorable merit of 
 being, in the opinion of Smith, the beft La- 
 tin poem fince the iEneid. Raifed now to 
 eafy circumftances, he travelled to Italy, and 
 with the eyes and the genius of a claffical 
 poet furveyed the monuments and the heroic 
 deeds of ancient Rome, which he defcribed 
 in his famous epiftle to lord Halifax, the moft 
 elegant if not the moft; fullime of his pro- 
 ductions. He wrote here alio his dialogues 
 on medals, and according to Tickell fome 
 acts of his Cato ; and after a refidence of two 
 years returned to England 1702. He pub- 
 limed his travels, with a dedication to lord 
 Somers, and i'o great was its popularity that 
 the book rofe to five times its original price 
 before it could be reprinted. When the vic- 
 tory of Blenheim was obtained, Godolphin 
 looked out fur a poet equal to celebrate the 
 glory of his country, and Addifon was 
 recommended by Halifax ; and foon after, 
 when he bad read to his patron what he had 
 written, ar, far as the fimiie of the angel, he 
 was appointed commiflioner of appeals. On 
 the following year he accompanied Halifax to 
 Hanover, and was the next year made under- 
 fecretary of ftate. Wnen the duke of Whar- 
 ton went ;.s viceroy to Ireland, Addifon ac- 
 cepted the place of his fecretar) , and, with a 
 falary of 300 pounds a year as keeper of the 
 records of Birmingham, he made a rule a 
 Swift obferves, of never returning to his 
 friends, ut of politenefs, the fees due to his 
 
 office. During his refidence in Ireland the 
 firft paper of the Tatler was publifhed by 
 Steele, April the lad, 1709, unknown to 
 him, though he foon difcovered by the infer - 
 tion of a remark on Virgil, which had origi- 
 nated in himfelf, who the author was. The 
 Tatler was fucceeded in about two months by 
 the Spectator, a feries of efTays of the fame 
 nature, but written with lefs levity, and upon 
 a more regular plan, and publifhed daily. In 
 1713 the Cato was produced ontheftage, and 
 was the grand climacteric of Addifon's repu- 
 tation. The laft act was compofed with hafle, 
 and a houfe was afTembled by the intrigues of 
 Steele to judge of the merits of his friend's per- 
 form ance. As the nation was at that time 
 heated by party fpirit, the production was con- 
 fidered as political craft. The whigs applauded 
 every line which extolled liberty, as a fatire on 
 the tones ; and the tories reechoed every clap 
 to fhew that the fatire was unfelt. When the 
 play was printed, the queen exprefTed a wifh 
 it might be dedicated to her, but as Addifon 
 had promiied it elfewhere, as a man of honor 
 he could not retract, and Cato appeared with- 
 out a patron ; but fuch was its popularity, that 
 it was tranflated into fev'eral languages, and in- 
 troduced upon fome of the other theatres of 
 Europe. During the reprefentation of Cato, 
 Steele publifhed another daily paper called the 
 Guardian, to which Addifon contributed much 
 ef his affiftance. In this publication his 
 papers were diftinguifhed by a hand ; in the 
 Spectator they are rruirked by ona.of the let- 
 ters which compofe the name of the mule Clio. 
 Succefs in literature did not render Addifon 
 indolent or conceited, and Steele has attri- 
 buted to him the comedy of the Drummer; 
 Political difcuffions occafionally engaged the at- 
 tention of Addifon, and on temporary topics he 
 wrote the prefent ftate of the war, the whig 
 examiner, the trial of count Tariff; pam- 
 phlets which dilappeared with the iubjects 
 which gave them birth. Some time after, an 
 attempt was made to revive the Spectator, and 
 80 numbers were publifhed, of which a fourth 
 part was by Addifon ; and thefe papers, per- 
 haps more valuable than the others, for the 
 religious and moral topics which they difcufs, 
 were collected to form an 8vo. volume. On 
 the death of queen Anne, Addilbn who had 
 been appointed fecretary to the regency, was 
 officially required to announce to the elector of 
 Hanover his acceffion to the F.nglifh throne. 
 He was however fo overpowered by the great- 
 nefs of the event, that the lords grew tired 
 while waiting for the niceties of hisexpreffions, 
 and Southwell one of the clerkf of the office, 
 was directed to clofe the difpatches, which he 
 immediately completed in the common ftyle of 
 bufinefs, not a little elated that he could do 
 what feemed fo difficult for the gigantic powers 
 of Addifon. He publifhed the ' Freeholder 
 twice a week, from December 33d, 17 '5, to 
 
ADR 
 
 jNE 
 
 the papal chair November 1x54, a-nd he) 
 received on his elevation the congratulations ' 
 of Henry II. of England, who thus paid ho- 
 mage to a man who a few years before had 
 left his kingdom as a mendicant. Henry re- 
 ceived the papal permifiion when he undertook 
 the conquer! 'of Ireland. In his government 
 of Rome, Adrian was jealous of his power ; he 
 edthe inlurreclions of the confuls, and 
 he rendered the king of Sicily fubmifnVe to 
 his temporal authority. '1 he emperor of 
 Germany likewise acknowledged his power, j 
 and after holding the ftirrup whilil his fpiri- 
 tualmarcer mounted on horfeback, he owned 
 his dependence on the fee of Rome. Yet in 
 the midft of prosperity, Adrian felt the opref- 
 flvt- weight of greatnefs, and in a familiar con 
 in with his countryman John .of Salis- 
 bury, he complained that an elevated Otuation 
 is not always trie parent of happinefs. He 
 died September ift, 1550, in the fourth year 
 and tenth month of his pontificate, and was bu- 
 ried in St. Peter's church. 
 
 Adrian, V. a native of Genoa, raifed to 
 the pontificate in 1276. He died 38 days 
 after. 
 
 Adrian, VI. a native of Utrecht, of ob- 
 fcure birth. His abilities gradually railed him 
 to confequence ; he was preceptor to the em- 
 peror Charles V. and was elected pope jn 
 1522, but died after a fhort and turbulent reign 
 of one year. 
 
 Adrian*, de Cajiello, born at Cornetto in 
 ny ofobfeure parentage, was employed 
 by the popes as legate in Scotland and Eng- 
 land. By the friendfhip of Morton the pri- 
 mate, and the patronage of Henry VII., he was 
 raifed to the biihOpric cf Hereford, and after- 
 wards of Bath and Wells. He chiefly refided 
 at Rome, where he confpired againit pope 
 Leo X. in expectation of being raifed to the 
 ; po:uificate. He was fined 12,500 ducats, and 
 forbidden to leave Rome; but afterwards fled 
 from the cicy. The time of his death is un- 
 known. Polydore Virgil who ihared his friend- 
 fhip has heltowed the higheft encomium, upon 
 htsch'i 
 
 Adriani, John Baptijl, a noble of Flo- 
 rence, ftcretaiy to the republic, and diftin- 
 guUbed as a ftatefman and a man of letters. 
 He died 1579 in his 68th year. He wrote an 
 of his own times in continuation of 
 irdini's, valuable for its candor and au- 
 th' nti .\ ; ty, and highly commended by the inde- 
 fatigable 1 huanus. 
 
 ArtuANi, Marcdlas,* native of Florence, 
 who left a manufcript translation of Plutarch, 
 and of Demetrius Phalereuf He died 
 
 IIOMIA, (X> 
 
 nun in Hol- 
 
 f the Augultine order, who publilhed 
 a poetical verfiou of the pfalms in the 16th 
 
 '\ p hi c v: it \j 1 k ; s, CLriJlifuiy a native of Delft, 
 
 who d'ed at Cologne in 1585 in his f 2d yeari 
 He w.-sfor fome time director of the nuns of, 
 Barbara ;and published a delcription of Judira, 
 called M heatrum terra? fancta;, with a chronicle 
 of the old and new teftament, fol. 1593. 
 
 Adson, an abbot of Luxeuil, in 960, au- 
 thor of the miracles of Saint Vandalbert, third, 
 abbot of the place. 
 
 iEoEATEs, John, a pried of the Nefio- 
 rian feci, who about 483, wrote a treatile 
 againit the council of Chalcedon, and an ec- 
 clefiaftical hiftory from the reign of Theodo- 
 fius to that of Zeno. 
 
 JSgidius, Peter Albienfis, a writer fent by 
 Francis I. to examine and to give an account 
 of the moil celebrated places of Afin, Greece, 
 and Africa. He died hi his 65th year, 
 1555. He publilhed an account of his travels, 
 befides other works. 
 
 iEoiDius- Athen'ienfts, a Grecian phyficiart 
 in the 8th century, who publilhed feveral 
 learned treatites, efpecially de pulfibus, & de 
 venenis. 
 
 JEciDtus, de Colomia, divinity profeffor at 
 Paris, called from his learning Doctor funda- 
 tiffimus. His works are now forgotten. He 
 died 1 3 16. 
 
 JEgineta, Paulas, a phyfician of iEgina 
 in the 7th century, who firft was acquainted? 
 with the cathartic powers of rhubarb. 
 
 ^ginhard, a German, fecretary to 
 Charlemagne. He retired from the active 
 fcenes of life after the lofs of Imma his wife, 
 whom fome have called daughter of the 
 emperor, afferting that fhe conveyed her 
 hufband on her lhoulders from her houle 
 through the fnow, that his efcape might not bo 
 traced by the jealoufy of her father. .fligin- 
 hard is the author of a valuable life of Char- 
 lemagne, befides annals from 741 to 839', 
 and letters. He died 840. 
 
 JElfred, -old. Alfred. 
 
 JElst, a Dutch painter, -vid. Aaist. 
 
 ./EmiitIANJ, Jerome, a noble Venetian. 
 one of the founders of the regular clerks of 
 Saint Mfikul, in the 1 6th century. 
 
 JEmii.ius, Paulas, a native of Verona, 
 invited into France by Lewis XII. by the ad- 
 vice of Poncher biihop of Paris, and engaged 
 to write a Latin hiftory of the French mo- 
 narchy. The work, which employed 18 or 
 according to ofchers 30 years of his life, is di- 
 vided into ten books, from the reign of Pha- 
 raraond to the fifth year of Charles VIII. in 
 1488. The whote is written with judgment 
 and precrfion as the author was delicate 
 to a fault in the choice and collocation of hia 
 words. He died in 1529. 
 
 ./Eneas, Gazeus, author of a dialogue on 
 the immortality of the foul, and the refnrrec- 
 tion, printed Greek and Latin, 1560 ami 
 1655, was a plntonic philolbpher of the fifth 
 century, converted to chriitianity. 
 
 JEneas, Sylvius, a .native of Corfi<my in 
 SiMtyuy 
 
AGA 
 
 AGU 
 
 Sienna, of the family of Piccolimini. He rofe 
 to confequence by his abilities, and was em- 
 ployed as fecretary to the council of Bafil, an 
 aflembly which he defended againft the ufur- 
 patiort of Rome. He was afterwards engaged 
 in feveral embailies to Trent, Frankfort, 
 and the imperial court, and fo high was his 
 reputation that the emperor Frederic crowned* 
 him with the poetical laurel. His elevation to 
 the rank of cardinal, as a reward for hisfer- 
 vices, was followed in 1458, by his election to 
 the papal chair, on the death of Callixtus, and 
 by the publication of a bull which condemned 
 and renounced all tlwt he bad faid or written m 
 the defence of the council of Bafil, and ex- 
 horted the members of his church to reject 
 iEneas Sylvius, and fubmiffively to receive 
 Pius II. the name which he affumed. The 
 character of firmnefs and dignity which he had 
 maintained in private life, he difplayed at the 
 head of the church. He expelled tyrants, fup- 
 ported the election of princes, and every- 
 where eftablifhed and confirmed, the temporal 
 power of Rome over the chriflian world. He 
 died in his 59th year, 1464. His works, which 
 confift of letters of memoirs of the council of 
 Bafil -of two books on Coiinography of Eu- 
 ryalis and Lucretia, a romance- 1 of a poem on 
 the crucifixion of a hiftory of the Bohemians 
 ~-of memoirs cf his own life, &c. were printed 
 at Helrriftadt, 1700, fol. 
 
 Aertzen, vid. Arsens. 
 
 iERius, a prefbyter of Sebaftia, whoisfup- 
 pofed by fome to be the founder of the prefby- 
 terians. He feparated from the church, be- 
 caufe Euftathius was railed to the bifhopric of 
 Sebaflia in preference tohimfelf, about 385. 
 
 JEtu erius, an architectin the fixth century, 
 railed to the confidence of Anaftafiusl. He 
 is fuppoled to have built the wall which ex- 
 tended from Selembria to the fea, to check the 
 inroads of the barbarians of the north. 
 
 ./Etius, a Syrian, who from a menial fer- 
 vant was made biibop by Eudoxus the patri- 
 arch of Conftantinople. He was the founder 
 of a feci; called the iEtians, which adopted the 
 the tenets of the Arians, and befides maintain- 
 ed that faith alone without good works, was llif- 
 ficient for falvation. He florifhed 336. 
 
 JEtius, a phyfician of Amida in the fifth 
 century. Hiswork calledTetrabiblos, in Greek, 
 is divided into 16 books, containing the opinions 
 of preceding phyiicians. 
 
 AtsLiTTq, Matthe-zv, an able civilian, borft 
 at Naples 1443. He wrote various books on 
 the civil and canon law, and died 1553. 
 
 Akricanus, Julius, wrote a chronicle of 
 which fome fragments remain, befides a letter 
 to Origen, cenfuring the hiftory of Sufannah as 
 a romance, and another to reconcile the appa- 
 rent contradidtions of the genealogies of St,Mat- 
 thew and St. Luke. 
 
 Acapetus, I. was made pope 535. He 
 died at Conftantinople the following year. The 
 
 fecond of that name was elected pope 946, and 
 died 965. 
 
 Agapetvs, a deacon of Conftantinople, 
 who wrote a valuable letter to the emperor 
 Juftinian en the duties of a Chrifiian prince. 
 
 Agapius, a Greek monk of mount Athos, 
 in the 17th century. He wrote a treatife in 
 modern Greek, in favor of traniubflantia- 
 tion. 
 
 Agakv, Arthur, an Engirfh antiquary, bora 
 at Tofton in Derby (hire. He was deputy- 
 chamberlain in the Exchequer office, which 
 afforded him the means of confulting valuable 
 books and records, and his enquiries on political 
 and conftitutional lubjects were afterwards 
 made public by Mr. Hearne, among the pa- 
 pers of the antiquarian fociety, to the efta- 
 blifhment of which he himfeif contributed.' 
 He died 1615, in his 75th year, and was in- 
 terredin "vVeftmirifter abbey. 
 
 Agatjtemer, Ort bonis, wrote a Greek 
 compendium of geography, edited by Hudfen, 
 Oxford r/03. 
 
 Agathon, a native of Palermo, elected to 
 the papal chair 679. In his time the Euty- 
 chians or Monoth elites were condemned at the 
 council of Conftantinople. He died 68a. 
 
 Agelias, Anthony, bifhop of Acerno in 
 Italy, publifhed commentaries on the pialms, 
 and fome of the prophets, 1608. 
 
 Agelnoth, archbifhop of Canterbury, re- 
 fufed to crown Harold king, though he had en- 
 joyed the patroiaage of his father Canute. He 
 died 1038, after being feventeefr years in -the 
 fee of Canterbury. 
 
 Aggas, Robert, called Augus, a landfcape 
 painter, ohe of whole pieces is ftill preferved 
 in the hall of the paper-ftainers' company^ 
 He died in London, 1679, a *ed 6a. 
 
 Agila, king of the Vifigoths in Spain, was 
 murdered by his nobles 554. 
 
 Agilulf, duke of Turin, was appointed 
 on the death of Antharic king of Lombardv* 
 his fucceffbr, and married his widow Theude- 
 linda. He died 616, after a reign of 25 years, 
 and was fifcceeded by his fon Adalnald. 
 
 Aglt*onby, John, D. D. a native of Cum- 
 berland, educated at Queen's college, Oxford, 
 and known for his great learning. He was head 
 of St. Edmund's Hall, chaplain to James I. and 
 one of thofe who tranflated the newteftament. 
 He died at Iflip, where he was rector, 1610, 
 in his 43d year. His ion, of the fame name, 
 was dean of Canterbury, an honor which he 
 enjoyed but a few months, and died 1643. 
 
 Agneli.us, an abbot cf Ravenna, in the 
 ninth century, often confounded with a bifhop 
 of Ravenna of the fame name, in the fixth 
 century. Agnellus wrote an hiftory of the 
 lives of the prelates of Ravenna. 
 
 Agnesi, Maria Qaetana, a learned Ita- 
 lian lady, born at Milan, and made in con- 
 fequence of her great merit, mathematical 
 profeflbr to the unlverfity of Bologna, by Be- 
 
aw 
 
 AKA 
 
 Att.haud, John, a Frenrh Surgeon ofCa- 
 denet in 1': me cele- 
 
 brity by the felling of a purgative 
 vhichhe dc I i to cure all dileales. 
 
 He died in j . 
 
 born of an obfcure fa- 
 mily, rofe to the highe.t honors in the fer- 
 ;" Charles VI. and was made chancellor 
 of the univerCty of Pari6, and afterwaids 
 bilhop of Puy and Camhray. He labored 
 which exited in th<a Ro- 
 rr.ifh church, and prefided over the council of 
 ConSlance, and Vhar*d their guilt when they 
 .ned John Hufstothc flames. He was 
 rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and the office 
 of legate to the holy fee, and died 1419. His 
 works on theological Subjects were published at 
 Strafburg. 
 
 Aii.red, or Kthelred, author of a ge- 
 nealogy of Englifh kings, of a life of Edward 
 the confeflbr, &c. was abbot of Revefly in 
 Lincolnshire, and fiorifhed about the middle 
 of the 1 2th century. 
 
 Almoin, a benedicTine of Aquitaine in the 
 Iith century, author of a puerile hiftory of 
 France in five books, found in the third volume 
 of Duchelhe's collection. 
 
 Ainswcrth, He>:ry, a nonconformist, 
 known for his learning anci for the commen- 
 taries which he wrote on the holy fcriptures. 
 As attached to the tenets of the Brownifts, he 
 fied to A - fterdam, where, with Jolmion, he 
 erected a church of which he became the mi- 
 nifter. This union however was foon produc- 
 tive of a quarrel, Johnfon was violent, and he 
 was banifhed by the congregation ; and Ainf- 
 worth afterwards Shared his fate, and retired 
 to Ireland. He foon after returned to Am- 
 fterdam, where he died, as it is fuppofed, a 
 violent death. He had found a diamond of 
 great value, and he afked of the Jew to whom 
 it belonged, no other reward but a conference 
 trith the rabbis of his fynagogue, concerning 
 the prophecies relating to the Mefiiah. The 
 Jew had not intereft fufficient to fulfil his 
 wifhes, and in his disappointment he caufed 
 Airilworth to be poifoned, in the beginning of 
 the 17th century. His treatifes were admired 
 for their ingenuity and fo great was his name 
 that Dr. Hall, bifhop of Exeter, wrote againft 
 him and refuted his arguments in favor of the 
 Brownifts. 
 
 Ainsworth, Robert, was born at Wood- 
 yale four miles from Manchefter 1 660, and < du- 
 cat ed in the grammar fchool inBolton, of which 
 he afterwards became mafic r for a few years. 
 From thence he retired to London, and open- 
 ed a fchool at Bethnal Green, at Hackney, 
 and other places, where his pupils were nu- 
 : able. His great appiica- 
 ! him a comfortable competence, 
 and he fome time after retired to the enjoy- 
 I 1714 a plan was 
 
 pilation of an Englifh and Latin di#ion#7 
 after Faber's plan, and Aini worth was in- 
 vited to the undertaking, and the book was 
 published in 410. in 1736, dedicated to Dr. 
 Mead. I he fecond edition was improved 
 by Patrick, and publifhed 10 years after. 'Fhe 
 other publications by Ainfworth, were a 
 treatife on grammar, and other fmall claflieal 
 Compositions, befides fome fpecimens of En- 
 gliSh and Latin poetry. He died at London 
 1743, in his 83d year, and was buried in Pop- 
 lar church yard, under an inscription written 
 by himfelf. 
 
 Air.au LT, Ptfer, an advocate of Paris, 
 born at Angers, where he alfo died 1601, 
 aged 65. As a magistrate he behaved with 
 integrity, and was defervedly called the rock 
 of the accufed. He left ten children. He wrote 
 fome treatifes, efpecially on the power of fa-? 
 thers, &c. 
 
 Air ay, Renry, a native of Weftmorhnd, 
 patronifed by Bernard Gilpin, the northern 
 apoftle. He was of St. Edmund Hall, and af- 
 terwards of Queen's, Oxford, of which he was 
 elected provoft 1598. He was vice chancel- 
 lor of the univerfity, and died 1616, aged 57. 
 He was a Strict Calvinift, and was author of 
 fome theologies! pieces. 
 
 Airav, Christopher, a native of Clifton, 
 Westmorland, Student of Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford, and afterwards vicar of Milford, Hants, 
 He publifhed a logical treatife and other pieces, 
 and died at Milford 1670, aged 61. 
 
 Aisiulfe, a king of the, Lombards, after 
 his brother Rachis. He laid fiege to Rome, 
 from which he was driven in disgrace, by Pepin 
 king of France, at the Solicitation of pope Ste^ 
 phen III. He was killed in hunting, 756. 
 
 Aiton, William, a native of Lanarkshire, 
 knoivn as a botanift and gardener in the royal 
 gardens at Kew, to which he was appointed 
 1759. Thi s h'S' 1 patronage was due to his me- 
 rit, and, under his attentive eye and directing 
 hand, Kew foon exhibited the moft curious aRd 
 valuable plants, collected from every part of the 
 world by the munificence of his patron. He 
 publifhed in 1 7 89 an ufeful catalogue of the 
 plants of the gardens, called Hortus Kewenfis, 
 and died of that dreadful diltemper a fchirrous 
 liver, 1793, after enjoying the friendfhip and 
 efteem of men of rank, of virtue, and literary 
 eminence. The king appointed his fon his fuc- 
 ceflbr. 
 
 Aitzema, Leovan, a noble of Dorcum in 
 Friezland, employed as representative of the 
 Hanfeatic towns at the Hague. He wrote in 
 Dutch in feven volumes fol. an hiftojy of the 
 United Provinces, and an hiltory of the peace 
 of Munfter, continued by other hands to 1694. 
 He died at the Hague 1669, aged 69. 
 
 Akakia, Martin, a native of Chalons, 
 profefTor of medicine at Paris. He was fur- 
 named Harmlefs, which he altered to tha 
 
 .-ias fox the com- Greek wcrd Akakia. Fie publifhed translations 
 
 1 ' f 
 
ATCT 
 
 LA 
 
 of Galen's writings, and died 1551. His fan, 
 of the fame name, was phyfician to Henry III. 
 and wrote medical treadles de morbis muliebri- 
 bus. confilia medica, &c. and died 1 f88, aged 
 89.' 
 
 Akbar, a iultan of the Moguls, after his fa- 
 ther Hemayun, 1556. He enlarged his domi 
 nions by the conqueft of Bengal, Caihmere, and 
 Scindi, and died by ignorantly taking poifon 
 which he had prepared for the deilruction of 
 his enemies, 1605. 
 
 Ak en si uk, Mark, M.D. fon of a butcher 
 of Newcastle upon fyne, was educated in his 
 native town, and, at the age of 18, went to 
 Edinburgh to ftudy divinity. Here his intenti- 
 ons changed ; but he no fooner applied himfelf 
 to medicine, than he honorably replaced the 
 contribution which he had received from the 
 fund eftablifhed to promote the education of dif- 
 fenting miniiters. In 1741 he went toLeyden, 
 and on taking his degree three years after, 
 he publilhed a much admired differtation on the 
 growth of the human fatus. His genius unfold- 
 ed itfelf in his early years, and his greatelt 
 work, the pleafures of the imagination, was 
 publilhed in 1744. Dodllev, to whom it was 
 offered for fale at a high price, feemed reluct- 
 ant till he confulted Pope, who advifed the 
 bookfeller not to make a niggardly offer, as it 
 was no every day writer. The publication was 
 attacked by Warburton, as a note on the firft 
 book maintained, that ridicule is the tell of 
 .truth, and though defended anonymoufly by 
 Dyl'on, Akenfide had the fenfe or timidity to 
 Omit the objectionable paffige irj another edi- 
 tion. He published lbme odes afterwards, and 
 attacked lord Bath under the title of Curio, as 
 the betrayer of his country ; but the philippic 
 was afterwards expunged. He firft praclifed as 
 phyfician at Northampton, afterwards at h amp- 
 flead,and then at London, where his friend Dy- 
 fon fupported his appearance by an allowance 
 of 300I. a year. His abilities began now tore- 
 commend him ; he publilhed feveral medical 
 treatifes, elpecially on Dyfenteries, Reread the 
 Gultonian lectures, and was elected fellow of 
 the college of phyficians, and phyfician to the 
 queen, his hopes however were cut fliort by 
 a putrid fever, which terminated his life 23d 
 Juife, 1770, in his 59th year. He was buried 
 in St James's church, Weftminfter. Akenfide 
 poileffed great powers of mind; his poem was 
 publilhed before he was 23 years old, and af- 
 terwards altered and reviled ; but fo excellent 
 was the original confidered, that it is printed 
 feparately with the corrections, to ihow that 
 whatever comes from the hand of a mailer is 
 never devoid of elegance or dignity. 
 
 Aki b a, a learned rabbi, who quitted the ob- 
 fcure life of a (hepherd, and at the age of 40, 
 through his love for his uviller's daughter, who 
 cftfemed iearnod men, devoted himfelf to lite-_ 
 rarure. He joined himfelf to Earchxnebas the 
 fclfc Mefliah, and was, with hi$ fon Pappus 
 
 and his family, flayed alive by the Romans, 
 135- 
 
 Alabaster, William, a proteflant, born 
 at Hadleigh in Suffolk, and educated at Trinity, 
 Cambridge. He went to Cadiz with Essex, 
 and became canon of St. Paul's. He wrote a 
 Hebrew lexicon Pentagiotton, folio, and fome 
 theological tracts, befides Roxana, a Latin tra- 
 gedy performed at Cambridge. He died 1 640. 
 
 Ala go N, Claude,^ native of Provence, who 
 fooliihly attempted to introduce the Spaniards 
 into Marfeilies, for which he was put to death, 
 in 1705. 
 
 Alain, de Lylc; a divine of Paris, furnamed 
 the univerlal doctor. His works were printed 
 folio, 1653. e died 1294. 
 
 Alain, John, a Dane, author of a treatife 
 on the origin of the Cimbri, and other works, 
 died 1630, aged 61. 
 
 Alain, Chariier, fecretary to Charles VIF. 
 of France, was born 1386. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf by his writings, particularly his chro- 
 nicle of Charles VII. 
 
 Alain, Nicholas, fon of a cobler at the 
 beginning of the 18th century, known as the 
 writer of some comedies. His Epreuve Reci- 
 proque is ftill admired on the llage. 
 
 Ala leon a, Jofeph, a native of Macerate, 
 profeffor of civil law at Padua. He wrote lbme 
 admired treatifes, and died 1749, aged 73. 
 
 Alamanni, Lewis, a native of Florence, 
 who oppofed the power of Julius de Medicis 
 at Florence. The conlpiracy was dilcovered ; 
 one of the accomplices was punifhed with 
 death, and he himfelf faved his life by flight. 
 The election of Julius to the popedom by the 
 name of Clement VII- feemed to forbid his re- 
 paration to his country ; but the fuccefs of 
 Charles V. at Rome, and the confinement of 
 the pontiff in the caftle of St. Angelo, encou- 
 raged the Florentines to break their chains; 
 the Medici were banilhcd, and Alamanni re- 
 called. Again banilhed, he found ail afylurq in 
 the French court, and was employed as ambaf- 
 fador by Francis I. to Charles V. who re* 
 ceived him with coldnefs, and in aniwer to his 
 eloquent addi els, repeated the ludicrous verfes 
 which he had written againft him. Alamanni 
 vindicated himfelf, and by the dexterity of his 
 fpeech, he changed the emperor's dilpleafure 
 into admiration and efte.em. After being em- 
 ployed in another embally to Genoa, he died at 
 Amboife 1566, in his 66th year. His poems 
 and other cornpofitions in Italian are highly 
 commended. His ion Baptift was almoner to 
 the queen, and bifhop of Bazar and Maion, 
 and died 1581, author of lime letters and other 
 pieces. 
 
 Alamos, Balthazar, a Spanilh writer, in 
 the fervice of Anthony Perez, the fecretary f 
 (late under Philip II. He (harcd his mallei 's 
 difgrace, but afterwards was made counfeli;;r 
 of the council of.the Indies, and honored with 
 kii.gtithuoi. He died in his SSlh year. He 
 C 4 ^blilhflA 
 
ALA 
 
 ALB 
 
 publifhed an excellent tranflation of Tacitus 
 1614, befidesaphorifms much admired. 
 
 Alamundir, a king of die Suacensjoo, 
 whom the bifhopi of his age endeavoured to 
 convert to Chriffianky. 
 
 . Allyn, WWUm, a na- 
 f RofTal in Laiuaihire, educated at Oriel 
 . and made principal of St. Mary Hall 
 in his 24th year. As he was a warm defender 
 of the pope, he left his preferment in Eng- 
 land on the acceflion of Elizabeth, and retired 
 to Louvain, where he fupported the tenets of 
 his religion by his writings. His great applica- 
 tion endangered his health, and his phyficians 
 advifed him to return to England; but here, 
 neither Lancashire, nor Oxford, nor London 
 could long conceal the author of virulent at- 
 tacks againft the eftablifhed religion of His 
 country, and he fled with difficulty to Douay. 
 Here he was countered the champion of the 
 C4tholic caul'e, and he was raifed to the dig- 
 nitv of cardinal, and the archbifhopric of 
 Mechlin. His rebutment kept pace with his 
 elevation; in 1586 he publifhed a book to 
 explain the pope's bull, for the excommuni- 
 cation of Elizabeth, and to excite the people 
 of England to revolt againft their lawful fove- 
 jeign, and efpoufe the caufe of Philip of Spain, 
 and feveral thoufand copies of this unnatural 
 compofition were fent on board the Armada, 
 but were happily deftroyed with the projects 
 of the tyrant. Elizabeth indeed complained 
 of the indignity by Dr. DaTe fent as ambaflador 
 to the Low Countries ; but the duke of Par- 
 ma received the meflenger with fupercilious 
 indifference. Alan died at Rome 1594, aged 
 63. His publications were moftly on contro- 
 verfial or political fubjefts, one particularly in 
 anfwer to lord Burleigh. 
 
 At an, of Lynn, in Norfolk, a divine 
 known as the author of ufeful indexes to va- 
 rious books. He wrote a book called Moralia 
 Bibliorum, &c. in the 15th century. 
 
 Aland, fir John Forte/cue, was defcended 
 from fir Jchn Fortefcue lord chancellor under 
 Henry VI. After being honored with a de- 
 gree at Oxford, and called to the bar, he was 
 mad-? folicitor to the prince of Wales, and af- 
 terwards to George I. and the next year 
 1716-7, railed to the dignity of a baron of the 
 exchequer. In his judicial capacity, he dis- 
 played integrity of heart and firmnefs of con- 
 dir.r ; but his fervices were neglected, and 
 either from private refentment, or mifrepre- 
 n, he was the only judge whofe patent 
 M ienewed on the accelfion of George 
 I!. 1 las apparent difgrace however was mo 
 ry, he wjs reftored the following year 
 profeffon, and he continued to dignify 
 the bench till 1746; when he refigned, and as 
 ird for his long ferviccsfof 30 years, he 
 d a peer of Ireland. Sir John af- 
 .' land in compliment to 
 
 .... r. Wjttrford 
 
 He was remarkable for a fmall, Ihort, flat nofe, 
 which however was made to difappear in his 
 portrait, either by the adulation or the dexte- 
 rity of thepencil of fir Godfrey Kneller. This 
 deformity once expofedhim to the farcafm of a 
 barrifter, whom he cenfured for treating his 
 caufe rather obfeurely : My lord, replied 
 the undifmayed lawyer, if you will h pa- 
 tience I will make it appear as plain as the 
 nole in your lordfhip'sface. His 1 tings were 
 on judicial fubjecls, and are held m efteetn. 
 He died 1746. 
 
 Alap.d, a prieft of Amfterdam, author oi 
 fome learned works, felectaj fimilitudines, or 
 collationes, ex bibliis, 3 vols 8vo. Paris 1543. 
 He died at Louvain 153 1. 
 
 Alas co, John, a Roman catholic bifhop 
 uncle to the king of Poland. He became af. 
 terwards a convert to the proteftant principles 
 and came to England under Edward VI, but 
 the reign of Mary drove him to the continent 
 where he died 1560. He was much efteemee 
 by the learned of the times, and particularlj 
 by Erafmus, whole library he bought. 
 
 Alava, Diego Efquivel, a learned bifhep 
 born at Vittoria in Bifcay. He was at the 
 council of Trent, and publifhed a work or 
 councils and the regulations neceflary to re- 
 form the Chriftian religion. He died 156a. 
 
 Alban, St. a native of Vernlam, the pro- 
 tomartyr of England. He travelled in hi: 
 youth to Rome, and ferved as a foldier ir 
 Dioclefian's army for feven years. On his re- 
 turn to England he renounced the pagan re 
 ligion and during the perfecution of Dioclefian 
 he was martyred for the Chriftian faith 286 oi 
 296, or ieven years later according to Ufher, 
 Offa, king of the Mercians, built a ftatel) 
 monaftery over him from which the moderr 
 town of St. Alban's receives its name. 
 
 Albani, Francis, ion of a filk merchant 
 at Bologna, forfook his father's profeffion foi 
 painting. He was the fchool-fellow and after 
 wards the pupil of Guido, by whom he wa: 
 introduced to the Carracis ; and after he hac 
 ftudied amongft the monuments of Rome foi 
 fome years he returned to Bologna, where h< 
 married for his fecond wife Doralice a womar 
 of matchlefs beauty, and of fuperior under- 
 Handing. In her ha found a moft perfect mo- 
 del, and the Venus, the Nymphs and th< 
 Graces, which came from his pencil, pofiefiec 
 all her charms, and though remarkable foi 
 too much uniformity yet they were univerfalh 
 admired. She became mother of twelve chil- 
 dren, who equally inherited hjer perfona 
 accomplifhments, and were made by the fonc 
 father the originals of his cupids in the mof 
 playful and enchanting attitudes. He died it 
 his 8ad year 1660. His pieces are highh 
 efteemed, and are difperied in the cabinets o 
 Europe. His brother John Baptiji, was hi: 
 pupil, and excelled as a landfcape painter. H< 
 died 1668, 
 
 Albani 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 Albani, John Jerome, a learned civilian, 
 made cardinal 1570. He wrote treatifes on 
 ecclefiaftical affairs, &c. and died 1591. 
 
 Albani, Alexander, a Roman cardinal, 
 who died 1779, a ed **7- He was a man of 
 great merit, well acquainted with the record* 
 and monuments of antiquity. 
 
 Albany, John duke of, a Scotch noble- 
 man in the l'ervice of Francis I. of France. 
 He was entrufted by that monarch with an 
 army of 10,000 men to attack Naples, but 
 the battle of Pavia ebliged him to return to 
 France, where he died, 1536. 
 
 Albategnius, "an Arabian aftronomer, 
 who died 929. He wrote a treatife on the 
 knowledge and the obliquity of the zodiac of 
 the ftars. 
 
 Albemarle, Monk duke of, vid. 
 Monk. 
 
 Albemarle, Anne Clarges, Jiehefs of 
 daughter of a blackfmith, was brought up as a 
 milliner, and retained the vulgarity of her 
 manners in her higheft elevation. She was 
 firft the miftrefs of general Monk when con- 
 fined in the tower, and afterwards his wife ; 
 but fo clear was her underftanding, that fhe 
 was often conlulted in the greateft emergen- 
 cies ; and there is little doubt, but that by 
 bribery, fhe filled up the lift of privy counfel- 
 lors which was prefented to the fecond Charles 
 on his landing. Her animofity was fo great 
 againft Clarendon that fhe prevailed upon her 
 hufband to join in the ruin of his former friend. 
 The virulence of her temper was fuch that the 
 general was often forced to comply under her 
 threats, as he dreaded her more than the can- 
 non's mouth. 
 
 Albemarle, Keppel Lord, a native of 
 Guelders, one of the favorites of William 
 JII. In the laft of queen Anne's wars he was 
 made commander of the Dutch forces, and 
 was defeated by Villarsat Denain, 1712, and 
 made prilbner. He died fix years after. 
 
 AlberGati, Capacelli Marquis, a native 
 of Bologna, who devoted the firft years of his 
 life to licentioufnefs, and at the age of 34 
 began to make amends for ill-fpent hours, by 
 the fevereft application. Nature had endowed 
 him with great talents, and the knowledge of 
 the world had enriched his mind with falutary 
 -reflections, fo that at the age of 40 he burft 
 upon the public not only as a dramatift, ele- 
 gant, correct, and fublime, but as an aftor 
 lively, interefting, and judicious. He was 
 called the Garrick of Italy, and difplayed his 
 abilities with effect, and acquired delerved re- 
 putation by the wit and facetioufnefs of his 
 Compofitions. He died 1802. His works 
 were publifhed together 1783 in 12 vols. 
 
 Albergotti, Francis, an ancient civilian 
 born at Arez/o. At Florence he- was raited to 
 he honor of nobility, and deferved the name 
 of the teacher of folid truth". His trea- 
 
 tifes on the Digeft and the Code are now lictlcr 
 known. He died at Florence 1376. 
 
 Albekic or Albert, a canon of Aix in 
 Provence, who not being able to accompany 
 the firft Crufaders, wrote from the beft autho- 
 rities an account of their adventures from 1095 
 to 1 1 20 under the title of Chrqnicon Hiero- 
 folymitanum, two vols. 8vo, 1584. 
 
 Alberic, a French monk of Cluny, bifhop 
 of Oftia,and a cardinal, was legate in England, 
 Scotland, France, &c, and died 1147. 
 
 Ai.berini, Rodiana, a lady born at Parma 
 1530, diftinguifhed for her poetical works both 
 in Latin and in Italian. 
 
 Alberoni, Julius, fon of a gardener in 
 the fuburbs of Placentia, worked with his fa- 
 ther till his 14th year, but afterwards being 
 admitted to the meaner employments oftheca- 
 thedralhe was ordained prieft. At that timethe 
 poet Campiftron the favorite of the duke ofTen- 
 domej was plundered in his way to Rome, 
 and in his diftrefs he found a hoipitable afj iurn 
 in the houie of the new ecclefiaitic, who fup- 
 plied him for his journey. The kindnefs was 
 not forgotten ; Campiftron mentioned the ge- 
 nerous treatment to the duke, and Alberoni 
 foon after gained his protection, by difcovering 
 to him in the wars of Italy, the places, where 
 the inhabitants had concealed their corn. 
 Obliged tojly he followed the army, and when 
 Vendome was placed at the head of the military 
 forces in Spain, his abilities were employed to 
 negotiate between the duke and the princefs of 
 Urfino, whole intrigues had gained an afcen- 
 dancy over the Spanifh monarch. He be- 
 haved with fuch dexterity, that he became 
 the favorite of the princefs ; and affumed the 
 character of agent of the duke of Parma to 
 the court of Madrid, and employed his in- 
 fluence to fix a daughter of that houfe on the 
 throne of Spain. The tafk was dangerous, but 
 the princefs of Urfino was foothed into com- 
 pliance with the reprefentation that the inten- 
 ded queen was given to pleafure, and of a weak 
 character which could eafily be governed. Al- 
 beroni uled all poffible difpatch in this delicate 
 affair, the princefs of Urfino had already chan- 
 ged her mind, and a courier was fent to ftop 
 the negotiation, but the minifter forbade his ap- 
 pearance on pain of death, the treaty was 
 figned and Philip V. received his new queen. 
 The confequent difgrace of the princefs of Ur- 
 fino made room for Alberoni, the beauty and 
 the wit of the queen were made, with the king, 
 fubfervient to the elevation of the favorite, 
 who became prime minifter, and was raited to 
 the purple. His abilities gave vigor to the na- 
 tion, and in a little time infufed fuch a fpirit 
 of activity and enterprize that after a lethar- 
 gic repofe of a century, Spain rofe to the har- 
 dihood and heroic deeds of her forefathers. 
 Madrid became the center of negotiation, and 
 of intrigue, ani? the cardinal formed the de- 
 fign oUi iking Sardinia and Sicily, of replacing 
 
 die 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 the pretender on the Englifh throne by the 
 hands of Charles XII. and the czar of Rufiia, 
 whilit in the eait the Turks were to arm 
 againll Germany, whole lceptre in Italy was 
 to be broken, whilft the duke of Orleans 
 was to deprived of the regency of France. 
 Thefe valt projects however were defeated 
 by Orleans, who with George I. declared 
 war againlt Spain 171 9, and made it one of 
 the conditions of the pence, that the car- 
 dinal mould be banished from the court. 
 Albereni, yielding to the ftorm, retired to 
 Rome, wla-re he was bafely accufed of cor- 
 refpondence with the infidel Turks, and con- 
 fined for one year. He however ilill retained 
 ibme fnare of influence nt Madrid; but his 
 old age was tarnifhed by the attempt to dei- 
 troy the independence of the ifrtU republic 
 cl St. Marino. He died at Piacentia 1752, 
 in his 8 th year, with the character of a great 
 and ambitious ftatfcfman. His teftament po- 
 litique was publiihed at Laulanne 1753. 
 
 Albert I. fon of Rudolph us, was chufen 
 emperor of Germany, after the defeat of his 
 competitor Rodolphus of NalTau. He was 
 killed by his own nephew John duke of 
 Swabia 1308, leaving rive ibiio and ii.\ daugh- 
 ters. 
 
 Albert II. emperor of Germany, was 
 called grave or magnanime, and he pofTefled 
 the milder virtues which render a prince popu- 
 lar and beloved. Hq died 1439, aged 45. 
 
 Albert, archduke of Auftria, fixth ion of 
 the emperor Maximilian, was at firit a cardinal 
 and arehbifhop of Toledo ; but in 1583 he 
 was made governor of Portugal, and fome time 
 after governor of the Low Countries. He 
 reduced Calais, Ardres, and other towns; 
 and afterwards undertook the fiege of Oilend, 
 which lafted three years, three months, and 
 -three days, and which, when taken 1604, was 
 only a heap of aflies, after the daughter of more 
 than 100,000 men. '1 he archduke had refigned 
 the purple in 1598 to marry Elizabeth daughter 
 of Philip II. of Spain, and he obtained as her 
 portion the fovereignty of the Netherlands. 
 He made peace with the Dutch in 1609, and 
 the lait years of his life were ufefully devoted 
 to the happinefs of his people. He died 1621, 
 aged 62. 
 
 Albert 1. fon of Otho prince of Anhalt, 
 v/as made elector of Brandenburg U50. 
 After converting vaft forefts into cultivated 
 lands, where he bulk churches and towns for 
 the comfort of grateful ibbjects, he died univer- 
 sally regretted 1168. 
 
 Ai-Btxi V. duke of Bavaria, furnamed the 
 Magnanimous, was a wife and enlightened 
 prince, and died 1579, aged 50. 
 
 Albert VJ. duke of Bavuria, was known 
 for his learning, and died at Munich 1666. 
 
 AI.BKR7-, Charles d\ duke of Luynes, wns 
 the del 1 noble family of Florence 
 
 whofettku in Funce. He was much noticed 
 
 by Henry IV. and rofe from inferior offices to 
 be the favorite of Lewis XIII. His power was 
 lb great that the kingdom obeyed him as their 
 fovereign; but his tyranny became lb odious, 
 that, when he died of a fever in the camp of 
 Longueville 1621, the foldiers plundered his 
 tent, fo that there could not be found a cloth 
 to cover the remains of the royal favorite. 
 
 ALBERT, "Jofeph it, of Luynes, was am- 
 baflador from the emperor Charles VII. in 
 France. He wrote Le Songe d'Alcibiade 1 
 Timandre inftruitp.ar fon genie, &c. publiihed 
 1759 in 8vo. 
 
 Albert, king of Sweden, fucceeded to 
 the throne on the depofition of Magnus II. by 
 his rebellions nobles 1363. He was taken 
 prilbner 1387 by Margaret queen of Nor-* 
 way and Denmark, who had lirtened to the 
 intrigues of his difaflected barons; and died an 
 exile at Mccklenburgii, 141 2. 
 
 Albert, of Brandenburg, furnamed the 
 Alcibiades of German?, fon of Cafimir map* 
 grave of Culembach, was diftinguifhed by Ids 
 oj p'i'uon to the views of Charles V. agahrit 
 whom he made war with other ftates. A 
 reconciliation was of ihort continuance, he 
 provoked {.he refentment of his late allies by 
 retaining in his hands the plunder of the ec- 
 clefiailicai Hates, and in a battle fought by the 
 rival powers he was feverely wounded. He 
 was afterwards deprived of his pofTellions by 
 the decree of the diet, and died IJ58. 
 
 Albert, Erafrxwi, a native of Frankfortf 
 preacher to Joachim II. eleclor of Braden- 
 burg. He was the pupil of Luiher, and he 
 afliikd his caufe by collecting the greateft ab- 
 furdities of the conformities of Saint Francis, 
 with Jelhs Chrift, which he published in Ger- 
 man and Latin. This iatirical work, to which 
 Luther wrote a preface, highly premoted the 
 caufe of the reformation. Albert died at 
 New Brandenburg, 155 T. 
 
 Albert, Kranfz, author of the hiftory of 
 Saxony and of the Vandals, and of a chronicle 
 of Charlemagne up to 1504, was divinity pro-? 
 felfor at Hamburgh, and died 1517. 
 
 Albert, called the Great, was born at 
 Lawingen in Swabia, and put on the Domini- 
 can habit after vifiting Pavia, Cologne, and 
 Paris, where he read lectures with reputation* 
 Fie was called to Rome by pope Alexander 
 IV. and appointed matter of the facred palace, 
 and afterwards railed to the archbifhopric of 
 Ratifbon. A life of eaib was, however, his 
 delight, and the crofier was foon reiigned for 
 the monailie habit. His ftudies were eagerly 
 purfued in his retirement, and his great 
 knowledge foon palled among the vulgar and 
 illiterate for magic and enchantment. Al- 
 bert not only labored in quell of the philoib- 
 pher's itone, hut he was ibid to have formed 
 a human head of brafs, which like an oracle 
 guided all his actions. His works were vo- 
 luminous, without containing much iufonna- 
 
 tiea 4 
 
ALB 
 
 ALB 
 
 tlon, publifhed at Lyons 1615 in 21 vols, folio. 
 Some treatiles of an unchafte or licentious 
 tendency have been falfely afcribed to him, 
 fuch as the matter of fentences &c. He 
 died at Cologne, 1280, in his 87th or accord- 
 ing toothers his 75th year. 
 
 Albert, Jane d\ daughter of Margaret 
 "of Navarre. \v>s married at the age of 11, to 
 the duke of Cleves, but this union was annulled 
 by the pope, and in 1548 lhe gave her hand 
 to Antony duke of Vendome, and five years 
 after gave birth to a fon who became Henry 
 IV. of France. In 1555 me was made queen 
 of Navarre on her father's death. She 
 was prefent at Paris at the nuptials of her fon 
 with Margaret of Valois, and died there fud- 
 denly as it is fijppofed in confequence of poi- 
 fon, i5"2, in her 44th year. She had writ- 
 ten fome works. 
 
 Albkrtet, a mathematician and poet in 
 the 1 3th century, whole amorous verles were 
 perfidioufly publifhed after his death by one of 
 his friends, to whom he had entrufted the care 
 of committing them to the flames. 
 
 Alberti, Cberubino, an Italian painter 
 and engraver of eminence, who died 1615 
 aged 63. 
 
 Alberti, Giovanni, brother of the pre- 
 ceding! was equally eminent in the perfpec- 
 tive, and in hiltorical pieces. lie died j.601, 
 aged 43. 
 
 Alberti, Dominico, a native of Venice, 
 whole mufical powers were difplayed in Lon- 
 don in the fuite of the Spaniih ambaffador, 
 and alio at Rome, and other places on the con- 
 tinent. In 1737 he fet to mulic Metaitafio's 
 Endymion, and publifhed other things. 
 
 Alberti, Andreiv, was author of a trea- 
 tife. on perlpective, 1670. 
 
 Alberti, John, a German lawyer fur- 
 named Widman Stadius. His knowledge of 
 the oriental languages enabled him to abridge 
 the alcoran,and illuftrate it with learned notes ; 
 a work which procured him the chancellorfhip 
 of Auftria. He alfo publifhed a beautiful edi- 
 tion of the New Teftament in Syriac, at the ex- 
 pence of the emperor. 
 
 Alberti, Leander, a dominican of Bologna, 
 who wrote a hiftory of Italy 4to, -biographical 
 memoirs the hiftory of Bologna and that of 
 illuftrious Dominicans, &c. He died 1552, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Alberti, Leon BaptiJIa, a Florentine, au- 
 thor of a valuable work on architecture in 10 
 l>Qoks. He was well acquainted with painting 
 and fculpture, and was employed by pope Ni- 
 colas V. in ornamenting the buildings which he 
 erected. He died 1485. 
 
 Alberti-Aristotii.e, called alfo Ri- 
 dolfe Fioravente, a celebrated meehanic of 
 Bologna in the 16th century, who is faid to 
 have removed one of the fleeples of his native 
 city, with all the bells to the distance of 35 
 pace?, In Hungary, he fcailt 4 remarkable 
 
 bridge, and he was alfo employed in erecting 
 churches in Rufna. 
 
 Albertini, Francis, a Calabrian Jefuit, 
 author of fome theological works in two vols, 
 fol. and a treatiie, in which he aflerts that 
 brute ammals have their guardian angels. He 
 died 1619. 
 
 Albertj no, Edmund, a Calvinift minifter 
 of Chalons-fur-Marne, wrote a treatiie ajainfi 
 the eucharift. He died 1652. 
 
 Albertino, Francis, a Florentine, au- 
 thor of a book on the wonders of ancient and 
 of modern Rome,&c. in the 16th century. 
 
 Albertixus, Nujfutus, an Italian, au- 
 thor of a hiftory of the emperor Henry VII. 
 and of fome poetical pieces-, &c. 
 
 Albertus, archbifhop of Mentz, formed 
 a conipiracy againlt ihe emperor Henry V. 
 He was impriibned four years, but he was fa 
 popular that the inhabitants rofe up in arms 
 and reftored him to liberty. He died 1 137. 
 
 Albi, Henry, author of an interefting hif- 
 tory of illuftrious cardinals, befides ieveral 
 lives, was a Jefuit of Bolene in the VenaiffiiL, 
 and died at Aries, 1659. 
 
 Aleicus, was made archbifhop of Pngue 
 by Sigifmund king of Bohemia. His partia- 
 lity to John Hufs, and the followers of Wick- 
 liffjhave expofed him to the ceniures of the 
 catholics. He wrote three treatiles on medi- 
 cine. 
 
 Albinus, Bernard, a celebrated phyfeian, 
 born at Anhalt. He ftudied at Leyden, and 
 after travelling over the Low Countries and 
 France for improvement, he was railed to a 
 profeffbr's chair at Frankfort on Oder, and 
 22 years after enjoyed the fame dignity at 
 Leyden. He died 1 721, aged 69. He wrote 
 numerous medical treatiles. 
 
 A 1. b 1 N u s , Bernard Sigfred, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was profeffor of medicine at Leyden, 
 and furnafTed all former matters in the know- 
 ledge of anatomy. He publifhed three volumes 
 folio in 1744, 1749, and 1753, with elegant 
 plates of the mufcles, ligaments, and bones <% 
 the human body. He married in his 73d year, 
 and died 17 71, aged 88. His brother, Cbrif- 
 tian Bernard, profefTor at Utrecht, dittinguifh- 
 ed himfelf by his hiftory of ipiders and infects, 
 with engravings. 
 
 Albi n us, Eleazar, was author of a na- 
 tural hiftory of birds, with 30 copper plates 
 colored. 
 
 Albinus, Peter, an hiftorian and poet of 
 the 16th century, profeffor at Wittemberg, 
 and author of fome ell eemed hiftorical treatiles 
 efpecially the chronicles of Mifnia his native 
 country. 
 
 Albis, Thomas, or White, a catholic 
 prieft and eminent philofopher of Elfex. He 
 was intimate with Hobbs of Malmefbury, and 
 in their differtations it was often acknowledged 
 that Wjiite was funerior. He died 1676, aged 
 94. 
 
 Albizi, 
 
ALB 
 
 ALC 
 
 11X1, Bartholomew, n native of Rivano 
 in Tufcany, authu: unity of Saint 
 
 Francis with J eius Chrht, a performance in 
 which hr equals the faint to the fen of God. 
 He died at Pifa in 1401. 
 
 Aj.boin or Aleovimjs, fucceeded his fa- 
 ther Audoin as king of Lombardy . from Pan- 
 nonia where he had hill fettled, he advanced 
 towards Italy and canted himfclf to be pro- 
 d king of the country in 570, and made 
 Pavia the capital of his new dominions. He 
 r.flmated by order of his wife Rofa- 
 whom he had infulted by fending her 
 wine in the fkull of her father Gunimond. 
 
 Albos, J ames d', a French general, known 
 as marefehal St. Andre. He diftinguifhed him- 
 fclf in the campaigns of 1552 and 1554* at the 
 retreat of Quefnoy, and at the battles of Renti 
 t. Quintin. He was a Calvinift, and at 
 laft favored the party of the Guifes. He was 
 ftot at the battle of Dreux, 1562. 
 
 Albon", Cataille, a defcendant of the pre- 
 . ceding, was born ac Lyons, and died at Paris 
 178S aged 35. He publiihed various trea- 
 tifes, &c. which poflels feme merit. 
 
 Albornos, Gles Alvarez Carillo, a native 
 ofSuena, archbifhop of Toledo. He resigned 
 his preferment when raifed to the rank of car- 
 dinal, and taking up arms, he reduced Italy to 
 the obedience of the church, and recalled the 
 pope from Avignon to Rome. He founded 
 he college of Barcelona, and retired to Viter- 
 bo, wh< re he died 1367. 
 
 Albornos, Diego Philip, an ecclefiaftic 
 of Carthagena in Spain, author of a Spanilh 
 book called Elements of politique. 
 
 Albret, a noble and illuitrious family in 
 France, which has given generals and ftatef- 
 men to the kingdom. Charles commanded 
 the French forces at the battle of Agincourt 
 againft Henry V. of England, and he perifhed 
 in the field. 
 
 Albricus, a native of London, known as 
 a learned philofopher and phyfician. He ftu- 
 * died at Oxford about 121 7, and travelled for 
 improvement. 
 
 Ai.bucasa or Albucassis, an Arabian 
 phyfician of the nth century, who wrote fome 
 valuable traces en medicine. 
 
 Aibumazar, an Arabian phyfician of the 
 
 century, known alio as an aftrologer and 
 
 author of de magnis conjunctionibus, annorum 
 
 vonibus, ac eorurn perfoctionibus et 
 
 mtroductio ad aftrononr im. 
 
 Albuquerque, Alfwfo, a native of Lift 
 hofe great genius laid the foundation of 
 . the Port uiuefe power in India. He was fent 
 ,im:el Wing of Portugal in 1503, with 
 to form an eltabli foment 
 l eaft ; and by his fpirited bravery, he 
 large pofleffiom on the coaft of Co- 
 ope was attended by 
 ho perithed in the 
 . 6w gave way before 
 
 public concerns, and Albuquerque in 1508, 
 invelted with new power by his fovereign failed 
 back to India. In his way he plundered the 
 coaft of Arabia, and with a corps >f only 47c 
 men, he undertook the fiege of Ormuz, an 
 itland at the entrance of the Perfiau gulf, fuh- 
 jeci to a king of its own, and defended by nu- 
 merous forces ; and after fome months' obfti r 
 nate reliltancc, the place fubmitted to the 
 conqueror, and the king in defpair became tri- 
 butary to Portugal. When the Perfian mo- 
 narch demanded the tribute which Ormuz 
 paid to his fuperior power, Albuquerque threw 
 down bullets and arms before the ambaffadors 
 and exclaimed, to their confternation, 7 hois 
 are the tributes which my mailer contents tc 
 pay. His arms were now directed againfl 
 Goa, which he fubdued ; but the difTenfions ol 
 his officers checked for a while the career oi 
 his triumphs. He retired from his new cou- 
 queft, but unbroken by misfortune, and the 
 ingratitude of his countrymen, he loon re- 
 turned to Goa, which after the lofs of 3000 o; 
 its defenders, again fubmitted to him. Hi: 
 power was now extended over the whole coafl 
 of Malabar, and therefore he failed toward; 
 the eaft, and made the ifWnd of Sumatra 
 Malacca, and the neighbouring cities tributary 
 to the Portuguefe government. Qn his returr 
 to Goa, he meditated frefh conquefts, whei 
 he luddenly fell tick, and died 15 15, in hi: 
 63d year. In him were happily united th< 
 valor of a hero, and the more amiable virtue: 
 of mildnefs and humanity. On his death-bee 
 he had the mortification to learn, that the mo 
 narch whom he had fo faithfully ferved had th< 
 ingratitude to recall him by the appointment 
 of a fucceflbr. 
 
 Albuquerque, Blaife, fon of Alphonfy 
 was born in 1500. The merit of his father 
 and the regret of Emanuel for the lofs 01" th< 
 conqueror of the eaft, railed him to the firf 
 honors of the ftate, and to the rank of nob I 
 lity. He publifhed an account in Portugueft 
 of his father's victories, Liflson, 1576. 
 
 Albuquerque Coelho, Edivard, a no 
 bleman in the fervice of Philip IV. of Portu 
 gal, who wrote a journal of the war of th< 
 Brazils begun in 1 630. He died at Madrid 
 1658. 
 
 Alcasar, Louis d' } a Jefuit of Seville 
 author of a commentary on the apocalypfe am 
 other works. He died 1613, aged 59. 
 
 Alcendi, James, an Arabian phyficiai 
 about the year 1145. 
 
 Alchabitius, author of treatifes on th< 
 judgment of the ftars, on optics ; on th< 
 conjunction of the planets, printed Venice 
 1491, and Seville 1521, was an Arabiai 
 aftrologer of the 1 2th century. 
 
 Alciundus, an Arabian phyfician anc 
 aftrologer, who florifhed before the 12U 
 century, and wrote feveral tra&s ofter 
 quoted. 
 
 Alciat 
 
ALC 
 
 ALD 
 
 Alciat, Andrew, a native of Milan, who 
 ftfter ftudying the law at Pavia and Bologna 
 was Advanced to the profefibr's chair at Avig- 
 non. Francis I. prevailed on him to remove 
 to Bourges, where his lectures on law were 
 frequented and admired. His abilities how- 
 ever were too great to be loll in a diftant 
 country, and therefore the duke of Milan in- 
 vited him back to his native town, and wel- 
 comed his return by the grant of a large falary 
 and the dignity of fenator. Alciat labored 
 with indefatigable zeal in the lervice of fcience, 
 and at Pavia, at Bologna, and afterwards at 
 Ferrara,his lectures were delivered to crowded 
 and applauding auditors. The pope, Paul III. 
 treated him with kindnefs, and the emperor 
 raifed him to the rank of count palatine and i 
 fenator, and Philip king of Spain gave him a 
 gold chain as a mark of his favor. He died 
 at Pavia 1550, aged 58. It was his intention 
 with his immenfe wealth, to found and endow 
 a college; but the inlblence of fome ftudents 
 to his peribn irritated him, and he adopted 
 for his heir his diftant relation Francis Alciat. 
 His publications were chiefly on law, befides 
 notes on Tacitus , and fome emblems which 
 have been juftly commended for their ele- 
 gance, purity, and the flow pf genius which 
 they difplay. 
 
 Alcock, John, an Englilh divine born at 
 Beverley, and railed in 147 1 to the fee of 
 Rochefter, and afterwards tranfiated to Wor- 
 ceiter and Ely. His great learning recom- 
 mended him to the king's favor, by whom he 
 was appointed prefident of Wales, and chan- 
 cellor of England. He was the founder of 
 Jefus college Cambridge, and wrote leveral 
 theological tracts, and died 1500. He was 
 buried at K'mgfton upon Hull in the 
 chapel, which, befides the grammar fchool, he 
 had erected there, and liberally endowed. 
 
 Alcuinus or Albtnus; Flauus, a native 
 of Yorkshire, educated by venerable Bede 
 and Egbert a"rchbifhop of York. He was 
 made abbot of Canterbury, and afterwards 
 pa(Ted to the continent on the invitation of 
 Charlemagne. He inftru6ted his royal patron 
 in rhetoric, logic, divinity, and mathematics, 
 and labored t,o diffufe through Europe the 
 learning and the genius which he fo eminently 
 pofiefied. With difficulty he obtained per- 
 miflion to retire from court, to the abbey of 
 St. Martin at Tours, where he devoted the 
 reft of life to ftudy, and the duties of religion. 
 He died 804, and was buried at Tours, and a 
 Tatin epitaph of 24 verfes of his own compo- 
 fftion was placed on his grave. His writings, 
 moft of which are extant, are numerous, in a 
 ftile eleiant and fprightly. 
 
 Aj.cyonius, Peter, an Italian, for fome 
 time corrector of the prefs for Aldus Manu- 
 tius, and author of fome learned publications. 
 He tranfiated fome of Ariftotle's treatjfes, 
 and was feverely cenfuxed by Sepulveda for 
 
 inaccuracy. In his work on banifhment he 
 dilplayed luch a mixture of elegant and bar- 
 barous words, that he was fufpedted of large- 
 ly borrowing from Cicero's treatife de Gloria ; 
 and it is laid, that to avoid detedtion, he burnt 
 the only extant manuicript of Cicero, which 
 had been given by Bernard to the library of a 
 nunnery, of which Alcyonius was phyfician. 
 At Florence he was promoted to a profefibr's 
 chair, but he removed to Rome, where he loft 
 all his property, during the infuirection of- 
 the Colonnas. When the imperial troop3 
 took the city 1527, he elpoufed the caufe of 
 the pope, and though wounded, he joined 
 him in the caftle of St. Angelo, and afterwards 
 in bold and elegant language he arraigned, in 
 two orations, the injuitice of Charles V. Whenr 
 the fiege was raifed, he abandoned the pope, 
 and, with a ficklenefs that deferves the name 
 of ingratitude, he retired to the houfe of car- 
 dinal Pompeius Coloiina, where he fell fick 
 and died a few months after. Alcyonius has 
 been in fome inftances highly applauded for 
 his manv accomplishments, though his vanity 
 and abufive language have tarnifhed his pri. 
 vate character. 
 
 Aldana, Bernard, a Spaniard, governor 
 of Lippa on the confines of Turkey, which 
 in a fit of panic, he fet on fire 155a. He 
 was pardoned by the interference of Mary of 
 Bohemia, and afterwards behaved with great 
 valor at Tripoli. 
 
 Aldebert, an impoftor in France in the 
 8th century, who, by pretended vifions, railed 
 himfelf to a bilhopric. He aflferted that he 
 had a letter written by our Saviour which had 
 been brought .to him by St. Michael. 
 
 Aldegraef, Albert, a painter and en- 
 graver of Zouft in Weftphalia, born 1502. 
 His nativity was highly admired. 
 
 Alderette, Bernard and Jcfeph, JefuitS 
 of Malaga at the beginning of the 1.7th cen- 
 tury, in thei? features and voice very much 
 alike. They were authors of antiquities of 
 Spain, 4to. -a book on the Caftilian language. 
 4to. 
 
 Ai.deroti, Thadeus, a Florentine known 
 for his great abilities as a phyfician. He fet 
 lb high a value upon his fkill, that only princes 
 and prelates could be admitted as his patients. 
 He died 1295, aged 80. 
 
 Aldhelm, or Adei.m, Saint, an Engltfh 
 divine during the heptarchy. He was related 
 to the king of the Weft-Saxons, by whom he 
 was raifed to the bilhopric of Shirehorne over 
 the counties of Devon, Cornwall, Dorfet, and 
 Wilts. He travelled in France and Italy, and 
 he is faid to be the firft Englifhman who ever 
 wrote in Latin, and introduced poetry into 
 the ifland. 
 
 Aldhun, a bifhop jof Holy ifland, who 
 left his habitation becaufe infofted by the 
 Danes, and retired to Durham, where he 
 built the cathedral, and died 1018.. 
 I Aldixi, 
 
ALD 
 
 ALt 
 
 ArniKi, Tohi,is> a phyfician, of Cefena, 
 uthor of a botanical work printed at Rome 
 1525, infol. 
 
 Aldobrandiv, SyJvefter, a native of 
 Florence, profefi'or of law at Pifil, banifhed 
 for his oppofition to the Medicis. He died at 
 Rome 1558, aged 58. His Ion Hippdytus 
 became pope. Another foil, John, was made 
 cardinal 15 70.anddiedatRomethreeyearsafter. 
 
 Aldrko, abbot of Taviftock, and after- 
 wards bifhop of Worcefter, 1046. He was a 
 great favorite of Edward the confeflbr, and 
 his influence produced a reconciliation between 
 that monarch and Griffith king of Wales, and 
 alfowith Swayne fon of Godwin, who had in- 
 vaded the kingdom. He was the firft EugHlh 
 biihop who viiited Jerufalem, and after his 
 return he was raifed to the fee of York. On 
 the death of Edward he crowned Harold, and 
 afterwards the conqueror, whole efteem ho en- 
 joyed. It is faid that he died with grief in fee- 
 ing the north of England defolated by the ra- 
 vages of Harold and Canute ions of Swayne, 
 jo68. 
 
 Aldric, Saint, biihop- of Mans, diltin- 
 guifhed himfelf by his learning, and collected 
 the decrees of the popes, &c. He died 
 856. 
 
 Aldrich, Robert, a native of Burnham 
 in Buckinghamfhire, educated at Eton and 
 King's college, Cambridge. He was elected 
 mafter of Eton and provoft, and in I537> 
 raifed to the bifhopric of Carliile. Leland, 
 who enjoyed his frietullhip, has commended 
 his learning and piety. He wrote epigrams, 
 &c. and died 15 $5-, at Horncaftle in Lincoln- 
 shire. 
 
 Aldrich, ILn'y, a native of Weftminfter, 
 educated under Bufby, and admitted at Chrht 
 church. He was made canon in 1681, and at 
 the revolution he replaced Mafley the popifh 
 dean of Chrift-cburch. In this fituation lie 
 fupported difcipline, and encouraged learning. 
 He publiihed with Dr. Sprat, Qlarendon's hif- 
 tory, not however wfthout being charged by 
 Oldmixon with improper interpolations. To 
 his liberality as well as his tafte, Chrift-church. 
 is indebted for the erection of three fides of 
 Peckwater quadrangle, Trinity college for its 
 elegant chapel, and the pariih of All Saints fol- 
 ks beautiful church. He was author of a com- 
 pendium of logic, and feveral other ufeful 
 publications ; and he edited feveral of the 
 Greek daffies, for the benefit of the ftudents 
 of his ibciety. He alio paffes asthecompoler 
 of thofe popular catches, " Hark the bonny 
 Chrift church bells," and a fmoking catch. 
 He was rector of Wem in Shropihire, and 
 died at Chrift church, 1710. 
 
 Aldringkr, a native of Luxembourg, 
 who from a common lbloier was railed to be a 
 general of 'Ferdinand II. His abilities were 
 exerted in railing the liege of Conltance, but 
 he fell at Landmut xn Bavaria 1634. 
 
 Aldrovantjus, ffly/fts, a native of Sd- 
 logna, profeflbr of pi.-, fie and phllofopby 
 His inquiries into t<- f natur* were 
 
 lo ardent that he vifited the mc;t djfUnt coun- 
 tries in leaxch of minerals, plants, meuls 
 animals, and birds, but his refbtircei at lafl 
 failed, and he ended his days iri ;-;i ftofpRftl a 
 Bologna, at the great age of 80. and after liir- 
 vivingthe lofs of his fights ib r ". About & 
 large volumes folio, cpataining the hill 
 birds and infects, were publiihed during hil 
 life, and the work was contmu- i en the lam< 
 fcale after his death. 
 
 Aldrude, counted of Ber Jnoro, is cele- 
 brated in Italy for her coi.r- . and her elo 
 quence. When Ancona by th< 
 
 Venetians, and the eoiperor Frederic I. ii 
 1172, fhe pitied the fituation of the di.lreTec 
 inhabitants, and with heroic intrepidity ftev 
 to their relief, at the head of her friends, anc 
 fupported by William Degli A.delardi, of Fer 
 rara. Her troops were animated by her elo 
 quence and her example, and the enemy fle< 
 at her approach. The hiltory of that memo 
 rable fiege has been publiihed by Buon-Com 
 pagnono of Florence. 
 
 Aldus, Mamdius, a native ofBaffano, il 
 lultrious as a correct printer, and as the re 
 ftorer of the Greek and Latin languages v 
 Europe. He wrote a Greek grammar, an 
 publiihed learned notes on Horace, Homei 
 Sec; and his editions of the daffies are admirei 
 for neatnefs and elegance. He died at Ve 
 nice 1516. For his fon, &c. mid. Manu 
 tiu s. 
 
 Ai.t-ANDER, Jerome, was born in a fma] 
 village of Iitria, and recommended himfelf b 
 his great abilities to pope Alexander VI. an 
 Lewis XII. and taught belles letters at Pari; 
 He was afterwards in the fervice of Leo X. a 
 Rome, and nuncio of the holy fee, in the die 
 of Worms, againft the doctrines of Luthei 
 the burning of whofe books he procurer 
 though he could not filence his preaching. O 
 his return to Rome he was made archbifhop c 
 Brindifi by Clement VIII. and a cardinal b 
 Paul III. He died 1542. 
 
 Aleander, Jerome, great nephew of th 
 preceding, was born at Friuli. He was dil 
 tinguifhed as an antiquarian, a poet, and a lav\ 
 ycr, and died at Rome 163 1, in confequene 
 of an excels of eating, at the table of one ( 
 his friends. He was one of the original men 
 bers sf the academy of Humorifts. 
 
 Aleoambe, Philip, a native of BrufTcl 
 who attended the duke of OiTuna, when Spa 
 nifh viceroy of Sicily, and entered into tb 
 fociety of the Jefuits at Palermo. After fti 
 dying divinity at Rome, he retired to Grat 
 where his abilities f aifed him to the profeflbri 
 chair. He afterwards, as tutor to the print 
 of Eggemberg's fon, travelled through Ge: 
 many, France, Spain, Portugal, and Ital 
 and obtained offices of truft near his patra 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 jmd in the college of the Jefuits. He died at 
 Rome of a dropSy, 1652. The few books 
 which he wrote were in high estimation. 
 
 Alegre, Yves d\ an officer of an ancient 
 family in the fervice of the kings of France. 
 He was killed at the battle of Ravenna, 
 1512. 
 
 Alemal, I^u'h, archbishop of Aries, and 
 a cardinal, was born at the cattle of Arbent, 
 1390. He was employed as legate to Sienna, 
 to procure the removal of the council of Pavia 
 to Sienna ; but at the council of Bafil, where 
 he presided, hi? opposition to Eugenius IV. was 
 followed by his degradation and excommuni- 
 cation. He was rcftored to his honors by 
 Nicholas V. and fent as legate into Germany. 
 He died 1450, and was canonized. 
 
 Aleman, Mateo, a Spaniard, born near 
 Seville. He was near 20 years in the fervice 
 of the court of Philip II. and then employed 
 himfelf in writing the hiltery of Guiman 
 d'Alfarache, a romance, which has been 
 through more than 30 editions in Spain, and 
 has been tranilated into moft of the languages of 
 Europe. 
 
 Alembert, 'John le Fond d' an iiluStrious 
 philofopher, born at Paris 16th Nov. 1 71 7. 
 He was expofed ns a foundling, and from the 
 church, near which he almoft perilhed, he re- 
 ceived the name of le Rond His father at 
 laft listened to the cries of nature, and had the 
 fatisfaclion loon to learn that his ion's abilities 
 were brilliant, and his improvement unufunlly 
 rapid. As the ihlhes of his genius were early 
 displayed, he was encouraged by his friends to 
 feek reputation in Studying the law;butthat pur- 
 fuit as well as medicine was quickly abandoned, 
 and retirement .-yid geometry feemed his only 
 "ambition. In the houie of his nurfe, whole 
 poverty did not diminish the flow of his affec- 
 tions, he pafled 40 years, and refufed to quit 
 this humble dwelling for the Splendor of a 
 palace. Frederic of PruSlia, whofe friendfhip 
 ke enjoyed through life, wifhed to invite him 
 to Berlin with the mod liberal off-rs, but he 
 refilled ; and when the emprefs Catharine fo- 
 licited him to take the care of the education of 
 her l'on, with the promife of a penfion of a 
 hundred thoufand livres, he declined the 
 princely offer in firm but respectful terms, 
 and devoted the ftrong powers of his mind to 
 the fervice of his country. His labors were 
 ufefully exerted on philofophical fubjecrs. He 
 examined the power of fluids on the motion of 
 bodies, he wrote a difcourfe on the general 
 theory of the winds, which obtained the prize 
 medal at Berlin in 1746, he folved the pro- 
 blem of the preceffion of the equinoxes, and 
 explained the rotation of the terreftrhl axis ; 
 and in thefe and other numerous philofophical 
 works, he enriched fcience with new facts, 
 and explained the various phamomtna of nature 
 3:1 the moft interesting point of vi*vv. Few but 
 felect were the friends to whom this great man 
 14 
 
 was known ; and it muft be considered m rrdt 
 the leaftftriking part of his charadter, that he 
 who was flattered by the learned, courted bv 
 the great, and admired by princes, did not pay 
 his adoration to power; but he dedicated his 
 work to the count d'Argenibn and his brother, 
 two men who had been banilhed from the court, 
 but who in their prosperity had feen and re- 
 spected the philoibpher, and rewarded his ge- 
 nius by the grant of a fmall penlion. He was 
 of lb refined a tafte, that it h is been laid, that 
 what he expreffed on every Subject, could by 
 no other man have been exprefiedwith greater 
 elegance, more precifun, or Stricter propriety. 
 To him, we are to afcribe the plan of the En- 
 cyclopcdie ; and he adorned this Stupendous 
 work, bv Writing the preliminary c'ilcourle, lb 
 deservedly admired for the malterly record 
 which it unfolds, concerning the rife, progrefs, 
 connexions, and affinities 01 all the branches of 
 human knowledge, and the gradual improve- 
 ment of the arts and fciences. The friends of 
 d' Alembert could not, however, perceive in 
 the philoibpher and his coadjutors in the en- 
 cyclopedic, the Supporters of virtue and mora- 
 lity ; and latter times have too fatally, too 
 bitterly proved that a work, which, in explain- 
 ing the mylteries of philofophy, difarms provi- 
 dence of her powers of benevolence and govern- 
 ment, and obi'cures the views of falvation, 
 which religion holds forth to her votaries, but 
 ill delervesthe applauies of mankind. He alfo 
 publilhed a dilTertation on the fall of the Jefuits, 
 and his opufcules or memoirs, in nine volumes, 
 contained among other things the Solution of" 
 problems ill aftrocomy, mathematics, and na- 
 tural philofophy. He died 29th Oct. 1783, 
 Still in full poifeffion of all his frfrjlties, leaving 
 behind him a high character for learning and 
 diSintereStednefs, in which however, it mult be 
 confelTed were united, profound diffmiulation 
 affected candor, and imposing moderation. 
 
 Alen, John Van, a Dutch painter of Am- 
 sterdam, eminent in representing birds, land- 
 fcapes, and Still life. He died 1698, aged 
 
 47- 
 
 Alenio, Julius, a Jefuit of Brefcia, 
 who was milTionary in China for 36 years. 
 He died 1649, and left feveral works in the 
 ChineSe language on theological Subjects. 
 
 Aleotti, John . Baptijl, an Italian, who, 
 from the mean occupation of carrying bricks and 
 mortar to workmen, rofe to eminence as an 
 aftrologer and geometrician. He was con- 
 cerned in the hydrostatic controverfies about 
 the inundations So frequent at Bologna, Fer- 
 rara, and Romagna, and died 1630. 
 
 Ales or Hales, Alexander d\ a native of 
 England, who taught philofophy and divinity 
 at Paris, where he was much admired, and 
 called the irrefragable doctor. His works are 
 now little known. He died 1245. 
 
 Ales, Alexander, a native of Edinburgh, 
 
 who oppoied the tenets of Luther, which he 
 
 afterward! 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 sfrcnvards eagerly embraced, when he had 
 luficred perfecution for his religion, and fcen 
 the nrmnefs with which his countryman 
 Patrick Hamilton was burnt to death by 
 I archhiihop of St. Andrew's for protec- 
 tant ii'm. He came back to London from Ger- 
 many, when Henry VIII. aholifhed the papal 
 power in England, and he there enjoyed the 
 friendihip of Crair.ner, Cromwell, and Latimer. 
 He afterwards was appointed to a profeflbrial 
 chair at Frankfort upon Oder, and died at Leip- 
 fic, 1565, in his 65th year. His were on con- 
 verfial iubjects. 
 
 Ai.esio, Matthew Perez d\ a native of 
 Rome Ikilful in the exercife of the pencil as 
 well as of the graver. His mod curious piece 
 is the colofTal Saint Chriitopher in frefco, in 
 the great church of Seville, the calf of whofe 
 leg is an ell in thicknefs. He died in 1600. 
 
 Alessi, Galtasy an architect of Perufia, 
 whofe plans were the refult of a fertile genius. 
 He decorated many of the towns of Spain, 
 France, and Germany with palaces, churches, 
 and extenfive baths. He died 157 a, in his 
 7 id year. 
 
 Aletino, Benedetto, a profefTbr in the 
 Jefuits' colhge at Naples, who, in 1688, re- 
 futed the Cartefian fyflem, and undertook to 
 re-eftablifh the philoibphy of Ariltotle, as 
 more congenial to the catholic faith. He died 
 1719. 
 
 Alexander, bifhop ofHierapolisin the fifth 
 century, maintained after Neftorius, that there 
 were mo natures in Chrift. He was ba- 
 nished. 
 
 Alexander, a bifhop of Alexandria, who 
 oppofed the tenets of Arius. He died about 
 
 325- 
 
 Alexander, a bifhop of Jerufalem, known 
 for his virtues and his fufterings. He was ex- 
 pofed to the perfecutions of Severus and alio of 
 Decius, and died in priibn 251. He wrote 
 fome letters. 
 
 Alexander, an abbot of Sicily in the 
 1 2th century, author of a hiitery of Roger 
 king of Sicily. 
 
 Alexander, an Englifh abbot, who bold- 
 ly fupported the rights of his mailer Henry 
 IL at the court of Rome, for which he was 
 tyrannically excommunicated by Pandulph 
 the papal legate 1217. He wrote victoria a 
 Proteo, de ecclefia? poteltate, de ceflatione 
 papali, de poteflate vicaria, &c. 
 
 Alexander, fucceeded his brother John 
 Albert as king of Poland 1501. He died five 
 years after aged 45. 
 
 Alexander, I. king of Scotland, afcen- 
 ded the throne 1107 after his. brother Edgar, 
 and merited by his feverity the appellation of 
 * the fierce", though in private life hv- had 
 %ecn diftinguifhed for meeknefs, and modera- 
 tion. He had the good fortune to fupprefi the 
 infurredtions railed againlt him, and died 
 SI24* 
 
 o 
 
 Alexander II. king of Scotland 1274 
 after his father William the Lion, was en- 
 gaged in war with John of England, whofe do- 
 minions he invaded. Peace was reftored tc 
 the two kingdoms in 1221, by the marriage 
 of Alexander with the filter of Henry III 
 He died 1249, a S e d 5 1 - 
 
 Ai.exan'ur III. king of Scotland, fon of 
 the preceding, fucceeded his father 1249 
 when eight years old. He married Margarei 
 daughter of Henry III. He was fuccefsful in 
 the defeat of the Norwegians who had invadec 
 his kingdom, and he afliited his father-in-law 
 againit his rebellious barons. He was killed ic 
 hunting 1285. 
 
 Alexander I. bifhop of Rome, 109, af- 
 ter Saint Evariftus, died 119. He is men- 
 tioned as a faint and a martyr in the catholic 
 calendar. 
 
 Alexander II. pope, fucceeded 1061 
 His elevation was oppofed by the imperial 
 court, and Cadalous, bifhop of Parma, wai 
 appointed, under the title of Honorius II. 
 Alexander, however, though of difTolute man- 
 ners, prevailed, and banifhed his rival from 
 Rome. He died 1073. 
 
 Alexander III. pope, was a native oj 
 Sienna, and was raifed to the papal chair aftei 
 Adrian IV. 1159. ^' s election, though ac- 
 knowledged by England and France, was dif- 
 puted by the emperor Frederic, who caufec 
 Victor to be nominated in his room at Pavia. 
 Alexander for a while yielded to the ftorm : 
 but foon after the death of Victor, he wa< 
 acknowledged as the lawful pontiff, and wa 
 reconciled to the emperor at an interview al 
 Venice. Alexander died atRomeilBi, be- 
 loved and refpected. 
 
 Alexander IV. bifhop of Oftia, was 
 raifed to the papal chair at the death of In- 
 nocent IV. 1254. He died at Viterbc 
 1 261. 
 
 Alexander V. pope, was born of mean 
 parents at Candia near Milan. While beg- 
 ging his bread from door to door, an Italian 
 monk noticed his engaging manners, and pro- 
 cured his admilllon into his order. After dif 
 tinguilhing himfelf at Oxford and Paris, he 
 was made bifhop of Vicenza, and then arch- 
 bifhop of the Milanefe, and railed by Innocent 
 VII. to the purple, and named legate in 
 Lombardy. He was elected pope at the 
 council of Piia 1409, but died the next yeai 
 not without fufpicion of poiibn adminittercd 
 by his favorite cardinal CorTa. He was a mar 
 of great firmnefs, and in his character libera! 
 and munificent. 
 
 Alexander VI. pope, a native of Valen- 
 cia in Spain, originally called Roderic Borgia 
 The elevation of his uncle Calixtus III 
 to the pontificate paved the way to his great- 
 nets ; and on the death of Innocent VIII. hii 
 intrigues infured him the papal chair, though 
 he was inianiuui for his debaucheries, as the 
 adulterous 
 
ALE 
 
 ALE 
 
 adulterous father of four fons and one daugh- 
 ter. Thefe children followed the example of 
 their dhTolute father, and became monfters of 
 profligacy. The two eldeft, the duke of Can- 
 clia and C;efar, dilputed about the inceftuous 
 favors of their lifter Lucretia, and the hoary 
 father himlelf is laid tj have encreafed the 
 abomination by a horrid commerce with his 
 own daughter. Though thus devoted to the 
 grofTeitlicentiouihels, Alexander found means 
 to create intrigues in the courts of Europe, 
 and to convert their dhTenfions to the enrich- 
 ing of his favorite Czefar. His death, which 
 happened 8th Aug. 1503, was fuch as might 
 be expected to conclude an infamous life. The 
 great opulence of cardinal Corneto and others, 
 were ftrong temptations, and they were invi- 
 ted to a banquet, but by fome miftake the poi- 
 fon intended for them was taken by the guilty 
 pontiff and his Ion. The pope immediately 
 expired, but Csfar furvived the accident fome 
 years to perifh by the hands of an afTaffin. 
 
 Alexander VII. pope, a native of Sienna, 
 who gradually role through the offices of in- 
 quifitor, legate, bilhop, and cardinal, to the 
 papal chair 1655, on tne death of Innocent 
 X. Thus elevated by difTembled humility to 
 the head of the church, he fhowed himlelf 
 little in great things, and great in little ones. 
 In his conduct towards men of letters he was 
 liberal and munificent, and he embellifhed 
 Rome with fome fplendid buildings. He died 
 1667, aged 68. 
 
 Alexander VIII. pope, was a native of 
 Venice, and became bilhop of Brefcia and Fref- 
 cati, and cardinal, and in 1689 fucceeded to 
 the papal chair on the death of Innocent XI. 
 He died two years after, 1691, aged 82. 
 
 Alexander, Ncckam, a native of Saint 
 Alban's,who after ftudying in England, France, 
 and Italy, gave public lectures at Paris, at 
 that time the molt celebrated univerfity 
 in Europe. He returned to England, where 
 he 'died 1227 abbot of Exeter. His works, 
 written in elegant language, have never been 
 publifhed, but remain in manwfcript. 
 
 Alexander, AW or Natalis, an emi- 
 nent writer born at Rouen in Normandy. 
 For 12 years he taught phllofophy at Paris, 
 and, as a dominican friar, propagated the 
 doctrines of his order from the pulpit ; 
 but afterwards devoted himfelf to ecdefiafti- 
 cal hiftory, and was created a doctor of 
 the Sorbonne in 1675. Colbert faw his 
 abilities, and intruded him with part of 
 the education of his fon. His ecclefiaftical 
 hiftory is chiefly admired for its accuracy, mo- 
 deration, and fidelity, ia 24 vols. 8vo. or 8 
 vols. fol. Though for a little while perfecu-- 
 ted by the pope for fome of his opinions, yet 
 he was beloved and refpected, and died of a 
 decay of nature in his 86th year 1 724. 
 
 Alexander, Willtai*, native of Scot- 
 Uuii, who wrtc playj or. the ancient models 
 
 of Greece and Rome. After being flattered 
 by the poets of the age, he became a regular 
 attendant on the court of James VI., was 
 knighted, and in 1621 received a grant of 
 Nova Scotia, which he propofed to colonize at 
 his own expence. The death of James pre- 
 vented the creation of baronets to the number 
 of 150, who were to contribute to fupport his 
 views, though Charles I. in fome degree pur- 
 fued the intentions of his father by granting 
 patents of knight baronet to the chief pro- 
 moters of the fettlement. The original 
 fcheme was defeated, and fir William fold 
 his property in Novia Scotia to the French. 
 He died 12th February 1640 in his 
 60th year. His poetical works appeared 
 in three vols, fol.' three years before his 
 death. 
 
 Alexander, de Medlcis, firft duke of 
 Florence in 1530, was the natural fon of. 
 Lorenzo de Medicis, and nephew to pope 
 ClementVII, and became odious by his cruelty, 
 the debauchery of his manners, and his in-< 
 continence- He- was murdered by his re- 
 lation Lorenzo, who had gained his confi- 
 dence by promifing him an interview with a 
 woman of whom he was enamored. He . 
 died in his 26th year, 1537. 
 
 Alexander, Farnefe, duke of Parma, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf in the wars of Flanders 
 and of France, and died of a wound which he 
 received at the fiege of Rouen, 1592. 
 
 Alexander, Farneft, uncle to the pre- 
 ceding, was a cardinal, engaged in differ it 
 embaffies in France, Germany, and Flan- 
 ders, and afterwards retired to Rome, where 
 he lived in great fplendor, the friend of the 
 indigent, and the patron of the learned. He 
 died 1589, aged 69. 
 
 Alexander, a Norman, nephew to Ro- 
 ger bifhop of Salifbury in the reign of Henry. 
 I. and Stephen. By the intereit of his un- 
 cle he was made bifhop of Lincoln, and he 
 rebuilt his cathedral, which had been def- 
 troyed by fire, and added to its fecurity by 
 soaking the roof of ftone. He built the caitles. 
 of Baabury, Sleaford, and Newark for his de- 
 fence, and founded two monaiteries which he 
 liberally endowed, and died 1 147. 
 
 Alexander, of Paris, a poet of the 
 1 2th century, who -'introduced in a poem on 
 Alexander the Great, verfes of 12 fylhibl.es,. 
 which from him have been called Alexan- 
 drines. 
 
 Alexander, Nicholas, a benedic~tine of 
 St. Maur, known for his charitable character. 
 He is author of two ufeful works, " Phyfic 
 and Surgery for the Poor, 1 ' publifhed 1738, 
 " and a Botanical and Pharmaceutical Dictio- 
 nary," 8vo. He was born at Paris, and died 
 at St. Denys 1-28. v 
 
 Alexander, Ke.fhzi, grand duke of 
 
 Ruffia, horn 1 21 8, finalized hhmfelf by a 
 
 victory which he o&tahied ever the northern 
 
 I) poweis, 
 
AL 
 
 ALF 
 
 powers on the banks of the Neva. The frot 
 where the victory had been won was conle- 
 crated for a monastery by Peter the Great, 
 where the bones of the faint were ik-polited 
 with religious pomp, and which is become the 
 maufoleum of the fovereigns of Rutfia. There 
 is an order of knighthood inllituted in 
 honor of the faint, confuting of about 135 
 knights. 
 
 Alkxandrini, Julius de Wem/taik, a 
 native of Trent, phvfician and favorite of 
 Maximilian II. He died IJ90 in his 84th 
 year, author of fome medical treatifes in 
 proie and verfe. 
 
 Alexis, William, a benedictine monk of 
 Lyra, author of fome poems of coniiderable 
 merit, in 1500. 
 
 Alexis, a Piedmontefe, who applied him- 
 felf to ltudy, with the determination of not 
 revealing the diicoveries he might make in phi- 
 lofophy. After 5 7 years of travels, he faw a 
 poor man die of a diforder which might have 
 been removed, if he had imparted his know- 
 ledge to the furgeon, and with l'uch remorfe 
 was he vifited, that he retired from the world, 
 and let in order, for the benefit of mankind, 
 the refult of his rcfearches, which were after- 
 wards publifhed under the name of his fecrets, 
 at Bafil 1,536, and diiperi'ed through Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Alexis, M'xhaelovitch, fon of Michael, 
 Czar of RufTia, fuccecded to the throne at 
 the age of fixteen, and d'ulinguifhed himfelf 
 by his wars againft the Turks, the Swedes, 
 and Poles. Under him the laws of the em- 
 pire were printed for public information, and 
 no longer trufted to the incorrectnefs of ma- 
 nufcripts ; commerce was encouraged, and ma- 
 nufactures of filk and linen were introduced. 
 He died in his 46th year 1677, and was fuc- 
 ceeded by his fon the famous czar Peter. 
 
 Alexius, Petrovitcb, only fon of Peter 
 the Gr-*t and Eudocia Lapukin, was born 
 1690. His early youth was neglected in the 
 hands of women, and of ignorant priefts ; but 
 when in his eleventh year, he was intruited 
 to the care of baron Huyfen, the instructions 
 of this meritorious man were counteracted by 
 th intrigues of Mentfhik of ono of the czar's 
 minifters. The young prince, permitted to 
 indulge every palfion by the example of the 
 tnoft debauched, grew unprincipled and vi- 
 cious, and foon converted the contempt ha 
 felt for restraint upon the charaiter of his fa- 
 her. 1 his mutual hatred between the czar 
 and his fon was fomented by the arts of ene- 
 mies, and at laft Alexius renounced all his 
 rights to. the fucccflion, that he might fpend 
 in a convent the remains of a life already 
 shortened by inte mp e r ance. He was after- 
 wards betrayed by his Finlandifh minrefs, and 
 conveyed to Petersburg, where he was tried 
 by fecret judges and condemned to death 
 1719. Thi* cruel conduct of the father has 
 
 been palliated by his panegyrifts, who attribute 
 the death of the prince to an apoplectic 
 fit, brought on by his irregularities. 
 
 Alkxius or Alexis I. Commatus, born at 
 Conibintinople 1048, was nephew to the em- 
 peror Ifaac Commenus. He ufurped the 
 throne in 1081, and diitinguifhed himfelf by 
 his wars againft the 'Purks, and other northern 
 invaders. He received with coldnefs the; 
 crufaders; hut intimidated by their numbers, 
 he figned a treaty of peace with them, and 
 promifed them lupport. He died in his 70th 
 yearinS. His daughter, Anna Commena, 
 has written a Greek account of his reign ; but 
 her hiitory is a panegyric on the virtues of her 
 father. 
 
 Alexius II, Commenus, fucseeded his fa- 
 ther Michael on the throne of Conftantinople 
 1 1 80, in his 1 2th year. His tender age was 
 the caufe of tumults, and he was murdered 
 with his mother Mary two years after by 
 Andronicus, who ufurped the throne. 
 
 Alexius III. Angelas, dethroned his bro- 
 ther Ifaac Angelas 1 195, and put out his eyes. 
 An effeminate life rendered him deipifed at 
 home and abroad; he was defeated by the 
 Turks and Bulgarians, and his capital was 
 foon befieged and taken 1203, by an army of 
 Venetians and French crufaders, headed by 
 Alexius the fon of the depofed monarch. 
 Alexius received from Theodore Lafcaris the 
 fame cruel puniihment which he had inflicted 
 on his brother, and the young conqueror pla- 
 ced his blind father from the dungeon on the 
 throne, and reigned with him as Alexius IV.; 
 but his elevation was fuccecdcd by a rebellion, 
 and his life was facrificed to the fury of the 
 people 1204. 
 
 Alexius IV. Vid. Alexius III. 
 
 Alexius V. Dtoca* MurtzuphUs ox Mnur- 
 xoujlci from his black eyebrows, an officer at 
 the court of Ifaac Angtlus and Alexius IV. 
 who murdered his matter, and ufurped the 
 throne, He was attacked by the crufaders, 
 who took his capital, and after putting out 
 his eyes threw him down from the top of 
 Theodofius' pillar, 147 feet high, and killed 
 him, 1264, after a reign of only three months, 
 of extortion and cruelty. The conquerors 
 elected, two emperors ; Baldwin appointed by 
 the Latins, and Theodore Lafcaris by the 
 Gree!:s. 
 
 Alevn, Chatles, an Engiifh poet whe 
 publilhed in 1631, in ftanzas of fix lines, two 
 poems on the battles of Crefly and Poiitiers, 
 and feven years after another poem on Bof- 
 worth field, befides the hiftory of Euryalus 
 and Lucretia, tranflated from ./Eneas Sylvius. 
 He died in 1640, and was buried in St. An- 
 drew's church Holborn. 
 
 Al-farabi, a mufliilman philofopher in 
 the 10th century, remarkable for the gene- 
 rality and greatnefs of his talents. He was 
 killed by robbers in Syria in 954. 
 
 Alfargan, 
 
ALF 
 
 ALF 
 
 ALFARGAN, Ahmed Ebn Cothair, or Al- 
 fraganius, an Arabian aftronomer of the ninth 
 century, author of an introdudtion to agro- 
 nomy. 
 
 Alfonso, Fid. Alphonsus. 
 Alford, Michael, author of" Britannia 
 illuftrata" " Annales Ecelefiaftid Britan- 
 norum," and other works, was an Englifh Je- 
 fuit, born in London, and educated at Rome 
 and in Spain. He was in England as Jefuits' 
 miflionary for above 30 years, and died at 
 St. Omer's 165a, aged 65. 
 
 Alfred, the Great, fifth and youngeft fen 
 of Ethelwoli, king of the weft Saxons, was 
 Jborn at Wantage in Berkfliire 849. His 
 father fent him early to Rome, where he was 
 confirmed, and, according to fome, privately 
 anointed king by pope Leo IV. who faw and ad- 
 mired his manly character. After the death 
 of his brother, Alfred mounted the throne of 
 England in his 2 2d year, in 8 71, at a time when 
 the kingdom was a prey to domeftic diflenfions, 
 and to the invafion of the Danes. His valor 
 was foon called into the field ; battles were 
 followed by battles; but after a dreadful over- 
 throw Alfred concealed his misfortunes for a 
 year, under the drefs of a peafant, till the 
 fuccefs of one of his chiefs, in defeating a 
 >ody of the Danes, drew him from his retire- 
 wient. He examined the falie fecurity of 
 the enemy's camp, he was admitted into the 
 prefence of the chief under the difguife of a 
 arper, and returned to his friends to in- 
 fpire them with courage and lead them to 
 victory. The Danes were totally routed at 
 Eddington ; and Guthrum their chief, def- 
 pairing of further oppofition, coniented to 
 renounce paganifm, and was prefented at the 
 font by his conqueror. From that period the 
 kingdom became more fettled, and though the 
 Danes occafionally repeated their predatory 
 attacks, the mind of Alfred was not fhaken 
 from its noble purpofe of enlightening his fub- 
 jects, and giving (lability to their independence, 
 and protection to their property. He pub- 
 lished laws to the number of 51, and not only 
 divided his dominions into counties, and other 
 fmaller fubdivifions, but he made each houfe- 
 holder refponfihle for the behaviour of his fa- 
 mily. As the tythings confifted of ten fami- 
 lies, each became a pledge for the peaceful 
 conduct of the reft, fo that the whole king 
 dom was but a large family eager to preierve 
 the public fecurity, while they enfured do- 
 meftic concord. As a man of letters, Alfred 
 gained reputation, he not only tranflated and 
 wrote feveral books, particularly Bdethius' 
 confolations of philol'ophy ; but that learning ' 
 might find an afylum in England, he endowed 
 feveral fchools in the kingdom, and founded, 
 or according to others reftored, the univerfity 
 of Oxford, and filled the profefTorial chairs 
 with men of tafte, genius, and erudition. In 
 his own conduct he was a pattern of regularity, 
 
 fo that he divided the 24 hours of the day in- 
 to three equal portions, one of which was fet 
 apart for religious duties, the other for repofe, 
 recreation, and literature, and the third for the 
 affairs of the ftate. To his wifdom England 
 may look back with gratitude for the firft be- 
 ginning of her naval greatnefs. Alfred not 
 only built fnips, and enured his fubjects to the 
 toils and dangers of the fea, but he had the 
 boldnefa to attempt to dii'cover the north-esft 
 paffage. Though by profeffion and the cir- 
 cumftances of the times a foldier, the.humane 
 monarch, who had been perlbnally engaged ia 
 56 battles, viewed with deteilation the fcenes 
 of carnage which ambition or the love of 
 plunder might exhibit, and confidered his glory 
 as better cemented by the peaceful occupations 
 of his fubjects than by war, and by the pro- 
 motion of induftry and mutual confidence 
 than by the ufe of arms. After a reign of 
 above 28 years, devoted to the happinefs of 
 his people, this magnanimous prince died on 
 the 28th of October 900, and was buried in 
 Winchefter cathedral. Hiftory does not pre- 
 sent a man more amiable in his public and 
 private character, or whofe virtues entitled 
 him to a throne, more than this great and be- 
 nevolent hero. He left by his queen Eliwith3 
 two.fons and three daughters, and wasfucceeded 
 by his fecond fon, Edward, furnamed the elder. 
 Alfred or Alured, fon of Ethelred by 
 Emma daughter of Richard duke of Norman- 
 dy, was lent by his father to the Norman 
 court, during the invafion of the Danes. Af- 
 ter Canute's death he landed in England, and 
 might have fucceeded in the expulfion of H )- 
 rold, if not thwarted by the arts of Godwin. 
 He fell into the hands of his enemies, who 
 cruelly put out his eyes > and confined him in 
 Ely monaftery, where he was murdered 1037, 
 in his 34th year. 
 
 Alfred, a learned benedicYine monk of 
 Malmefbury, made bifhop of Exeter in the 
 10th century. He was intimate with St. 
 Dunftan, and wrote feveral learned books, 
 particularly the life ofAdelmus, the hiftory 
 of Malmefbury abbey, &c. 
 
 Alfred, of Beverley, an hiitorian. Vid. 
 Alredus. 
 
 A l f r e d , an Engliftiman, furnamed the Phi- 
 lofopher, much refpecred at, Rome. He died 
 1270, and left four books on the meteors of 
 Ariftotle, one on vegetables, and five on 
 the Confolations of Boethius. 
 
 Ai.fr ide, or Elfrid, the natural fon of 
 Ofwy king of Northumberland, fled to Ire- 
 land, or as fome fuppofe to Scotland, t avoid 
 the perfecution of his brother Egfrid, whom 
 he had fucceeded on the throne. Afterwards 
 the two brothers met to decide their fate by 
 arms, Egfrid was ilain, and Alfridc afcended 
 the vacant throne 686, and deferved the ap- 
 plaufes of his fubjects by his benevolence. 
 He died 705. 
 
 D 1 AicAKor, 
 
ALI 
 
 ALK 
 
 AlcAKMj Alexander, an architect and 
 fculptor of Bolofna, pupil to Lewis Carraci, 
 and intimate with Dominichino. He died at 
 Rome 1654. There is at Bologna, a group 
 of the beheading of St. Paul by him much 
 admired. 
 
 Algarotti, Francis, fon of a Venetian 
 merchant, who, after ftudying at Rome and 
 Bologna, came to Paris where he publifhed 
 his Newtonianifm for the ladies, in Italian, a 
 work tranflated into French by du Perron, 
 but of inferior merit to Fontenejj^'s plurality 
 of worlds. Algarotti vifited England and Ger- 
 many, and was noticed by the kings of Po- 
 land and PruiTia. After fame refidence in 
 the Polifh court as privy counfellor for the 
 affairs of war, he returned to Italy, and died 
 unexpectedly at Fifa 1764, in his 5'zd year. 
 As a connoiffeur in painting, fculpture, and 
 architecture, he poffefied taite and judgment, 
 and his genius as a poet is fully proved in the 
 elegant trifles which he wrote in Italian. 
 His works were publifhed in 4 volumes 8vo. 
 in 1765, and tranflated into French at Ber- 
 lin 177a, 8 volumes 8vo. 
 
 Al gaza li, an Arabian, born at Thous in 
 Khoraflan, author of a treatife on the different 
 f laffes of fcience which concern religion. 
 
 Alger, a monk of Liege, author of a 
 book on the facraments. He died at Cluny, 
 
 Alghisi, Thomas., an eminent furgeon and 
 lithotomift of Florence, who died in confe- 
 rence of being feverely wounded by the bunt- 
 ing of his gun 1713. 
 
 Algieri, Peter, a Venetian, whofe talents 
 in painting were employed in decorating the 
 epera at Paris. He died 1760. 
 
 Ai.uazek, an Arabian who wrote on op- 
 fics, about the year noo. 
 
 Ali, coufin and fon-in-law of Mahomet, 
 was oppofed in his view to fucceed the pro- 
 phet, by Othman and Omar, and retired into 
 Arabia, where his mild and enlarged inter- 
 pretation of the Koran iacrealed the number 
 f his profelytes. After the death of Othman 
 fee was acknowledged caliph by the Egyptians 
 and Arabians, but in lefs than five years af- 
 ter he was aflaffinated in a mofque 660. AM, 
 after the deceafe of his beloved Fatima, claim- 
 ed the privilege of polygamy, and left 15 fons 
 and 18 daughters. His memory is flill held 
 in thehigheil veneration by the Perfians. 
 
 Alj-Bkg, a Pole, born of Chriftian pa- 
 rents. When young he was made prifoner 
 by the Tartars and fold to the Turks, who 
 educated him in the Mahometan faith. He 
 role in the Turkifh court, and was appointed 
 interpreter to the grand fignior, and tranflated 
 the i bible and th - techifm into 
 
 the Turkifh language. > His great work is on 
 the liturgy of the Turks, their pilgri 
 to Mecca, and other 1 
 latdv . il$7J. 
 
 Ali Bet, a native of Natolia, fon of a 
 Greek prieft. In his 13th year he was car- 
 ried away by fome robbers as he was hunt- 
 ing, and fold to Ibrahim, a lieutenant ef the 
 Janiffaries, at Grand Cairo, who treated hhn 
 with kindnefs. Ali diitinguifhed himfelf 
 againft the Arabs, but when his patron was 
 bafely affiiilinated 1758, by Ibrahim the Cir- 
 caffiaa, he avenged his death, and flew the 
 murderer with his own hand. This violent 
 meafure raifed him enemies, and his flight to 
 Jerufalem and to St. John of Acre, with dif- 
 ficulty faved him from the refentment of the 
 Ottoman porte, that had demanded his head. 
 Time, however, paved the way to his ele- 
 vation. Thofe who had efpoufed the caufe 
 of the. Circaffian were.facrificed to the public 
 fafoty ; and Ali, reealled by the public voice, 
 governed the country with benevolence and 
 equity. The chiefs of each village were de- 
 clared relponfible for the ill conduct of their 
 neighbours, and whilfl the general link was 
 extended through every province, fecurity 
 was roitored, and confidence revived. But 
 the power of an eaftern prince is always pre- 
 cajaous; ingratitude was found among thofe 
 on whom Ali had heaped favors, and 4 when 
 he aflifted the Turkifh government his con- 
 duel was viewed with a jealous eye, and his 
 death determined at Conilantinople. In a 
 battle fought againft a rebellious Mameluke 
 to whom he had entrufted part of his army, 
 Ali faw fome of his troops defert, and, unwil- 
 ling to furvive a defeat, he defended hiaifelf 
 with the fury of o lion, till he was cut down 
 by a fabre and carried to the conqueror's 
 tent, where eight days after he expired of 
 his wounds. Ali died in his 45th year 1773, 
 and left behind him a character unrivalled 
 for excellence, for courage, and magnanimity. 
 As governor of Egypt he behaved- with the 
 tendernefs of a parent; and to the love of 
 his country were united humanity and an 
 elevated genius. 
 
 Ali-Berg, a learned Turk in the 17th 
 century, acquainted with 1 7 languages. He 
 tranflated the bible into the Turkifh lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Alice, daughter of Theobald IV. of Cham- 
 pagne, married Lewis VII. of France, by 
 whom lhe had, n 65, a fon called Philip Au- 
 guftus. During her fon's abfence in the holy 
 land, fhe was appointed regent of the king- 
 dom, and her government was marked by 
 moderation and juftice. She died at Paris 
 1 206. 
 
 Aljgre, F.ticnnc, a native of Chartrcs, 
 who role by his merit 60 be chancellor of 
 France. He died 1635 in his 76th year. 
 His fon, of the fame name, was raifed to the 
 fSrne dignity as his father, and enjoyed the 
 charach . it and upright magiftrate. 
 
 He died 1677 in his 85th year. 
 
 Alkmaak, Hauy D\ an eminent Ger- 
 . man 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 man of the 15th century, author of the* fable 
 of Reynard, an ingenious poem, which lafhes 
 the vices and foibles of mankind in the cha- 
 racter of beafts,eipecially of the fox. 
 
 Allainval, Leonor 'Jean-Chrijline Sou- 
 las d\ a native of Cbartres, author of feveral 
 comedies of confiderable merit.' His beft 
 piece was l'embarras des richeiTes. He died 
 of the palfy in the Hotel-dieu 1753. 
 
 Allais, Denys Vairaffe d\ a native of 
 Allais in Languedoc, who ferved in 1665 in 
 the duke of York's fleet, and afterwards taught 
 the Engliih language in Paris. His writings 
 were not much efteerced, except his hiftory 
 of Sevarambia, a political romance. 
 
 All am, Andrew, born at Garfington in 
 Oxfordshire, was of St. Edmund-hall of which 
 he became the vice principal. He tranflated 
 the life of Iphicrates, and aflifted Wood in 
 his Athena? Oxonicnfes. He died of the 
 fmall-pox 1685, in his 30th year. 
 
 Allatius, Leo, a native of Scio, who 
 ftudied belles lettres and the languages at 
 Rome. hough he took a degree in medicine, 
 literature was his favorite puriuit, and as his 
 cruuicion was great, he diftinguithed himfelf 
 as a teacher in the Greek college at Rome. 
 He was afterwards employed by pope Gre- 
 gory XV. to remove the elector Palatine's 
 library from Germany to the Vatican, in re- 
 ward for which fervices, he was appointed li- 
 brarian. Though employed among ecclefi- 
 aftics, he never entered into orders, becaufe, 
 as he told the pope, he wiflied to retain the 
 privilege of marrying, if he pleafed. His pub- 
 lications were numerous, chiefly on divinity. 
 It is laid that he wrote Greek for 40 years 
 with the fame pen, and that when he loll it, 
 he exprelTed his concern even to the (beddings 
 of tears. He died at Rome in his 83d year, 
 1669. 
 
 Allegrain, Cbrifopber Gabriel, a French 
 fculptor, admitted into the academy for the 
 mafterly execution of the figure of a young 
 man. Among other pieces his Venus and 
 his Diana were much admired. He died 
 1795- 
 
 Allegri, Antonio, an illuftrious painter, 
 better known by the name of Corregio, from 
 the plae where he was born. Though he 
 was neglected in his education, nature had 
 formed him for a painter, and his genius burft 
 through the fhackles of ignorance and poverty. 
 It is to be lamented that he never vifited 
 Rome, as his refidence at Parma procured 
 him neither patronage nor fame. His moft 
 celebrated paintings were the Virgin and 
 Child, with Mary Magdalen, St. Jerome, and 
 the Notte or Night, which is fo well deltribed 
 by lady Miliar in her letters from Italy; but 
 in every thing that he did there was fuperior 
 execution, great judgment, and infinite tafte. 
 The encomiums of Annibal Caraaci who, 
 fifty years after his death, admired and imi- 
 
 tated him; are ftrong but juft. " Every thing," 
 fays he, " that I fee aftcnifhes me, particu- 
 larly the coloring and the beauty of the chil- 
 dren. They live they breathe they frhile 
 with fo much grace and fo much reality, that 
 the beholder fmiles and partakes of their en- 
 joyments." Corregio was employed by the 
 canons of Parma to paint the alTumption of 
 the Virgin on the cupola of the cathedral j 
 but when the work, which will ever immor- 
 talize his name, was completed, the artift was 
 meanly forced to accept the fmall pittance of 
 2CO livres ; and, to load him with greater 
 indignity, it was paid in copper. Corregio 
 haftened with the money to his ftarving fa- 
 mily, but as he had fix or eight miles to tra- 
 vel from Parma, the weight of his burden 
 and the heat of the climate, added to the 
 oppreffion of his breaking heart, and he was 
 attacked with a pleurify which in three days 
 terminated his exiftence and his forrows 1534, 
 in his 40th year. Titian was the caule that 
 this great work wns not deftroyed. As he 
 paired through Parma, he vifited and admired 
 the cathedral, and told the ignorant priefts 
 who threatened lpeedily to efface the painting, 
 that they ought to value it as moft ineftima- 
 ble, for added he emphatically, " were I not 
 Titian, I would with to be Corregio." Cor- 
 regio was the firft who happily introduced 
 in his pictures fore-fhortenings,, an attitude 
 which exprelTes boldnefs of conception, and 
 is attended with (hiking effect. 
 
 Allegri, Gregcrio, an eminent compofer, 
 whofe wqrks are ftill ufed in the pope's cha- 
 pel at Rome. His " miferere" is always ufed 
 on Good Friday, and is much admired. He 
 died 1672. - 
 
 Allein, Ricbard, was born at Ditchet in 
 Scmerfetfhire, where his father was rector 
 for so years. He ftudied at Oxford, and ob* 
 tained the living of Batcomb in Dori'etfhire. 
 He was employed as commilfioner by par- 
 liament for the ejecting of fcandalous mi- 
 nifters, and on the reftoration he was expelled 
 from his living for non -conformity. His peace- 
 ful behaviour, however, entitled him to re- 
 fpect ; he preached frequently in private 
 houfes, and though fometirr.es reprimanded as 
 the holder of a conventicle, yet his.exemplary 
 life fliielded him againft persecution and impri- 
 fonment. His writings were moftly on the- 
 ological fubjects. He died 1681, in his 65th 
 year. 
 
 Allein, William, ion of the above, was 
 of Corpus Chrifti, Oxford, where he took his 
 degrees. He afterwards fettled at Blandford, 
 Dorfet, from which he was ejected as a non- 
 conformift. His millennium, among other 
 curious theological tracts, was much admired. 
 He died 1677. 
 
 Allein, Jofcpb, fon of Tobias Allein, 
 was born at Devizes 1623. He wns a mem- 
 ber of Lincoln and Corpus Chrifti colleges, 
 D 3 in 
 
ALL 
 
 ALL 
 
 In Oxford, and took orders, and afterwards 
 went to Taunton in Somerfetfhire, where he 
 married, and where as minilter he applied 
 himfelf with indef a tigable zeal to his office. 
 His income was thiall, but it was increafed by 
 the induilry of his wife, who kept a boarding 
 fchool. At the reft oration he was ejected 
 as a non-conformift, but as he continued his 
 miniftry in private, he was committed to II- 
 chefU-r goal, and fentenced at the affizes to 
 pay a fine of 100 marks, and to remain in 
 prifon till the payment. His confinement, 
 which was extended to one year, ruined his 
 conftitution. He died in November 1668, 
 in his 36th year. His alarm to unconverted 
 tinners has often been republifhed. 
 
 Allen, John., took his degree of LL. B. 
 at Cambridge though educated at Oxford. 
 He was nine years st Rome as commiflioner 
 from Warehain, and at Ms return he entered 
 into the fervice ofWolfey. In 1528 he was 
 raifed to the fee of Dublin, and made chan- 
 cellor of Ireland. He was murdered fix 
 years after by Thomas Fitzgerald, fon of lord 
 Kild:re. 
 
 A:.LEN,y?>- Thomas, an Englifli admiral who 
 made the firft hoflile attack en the Dutch'in 
 1665. Though with only eight ihips he at- 
 tacked their Smyrna fleet, killed their com- 
 mander Bracket, took four prizes, and dif- 
 perled the reft into Cadiz. The next year 
 he was at the memorable battle of the 25th 
 July, when de Ruyter the Dutch commander, 
 feeing his van defeated and three of his admi- 
 rals ki'Icd, exclaimed, " what a wretch I am, 
 that, among fo many thoufand bullets, none 
 can come and put an end to my mifery." 
 
 Allen, Thomas, a divine educated at Wor- 
 eefter fchool arid at Brazen Nofe and Merton, 
 Oxford, and intimate with fir Henry Savilte, 
 by whofe influence he was promoted to a fel- 
 lowfhip at Eton. He wrote learned obfer- 
 vatiorti on Chryfoftom's book on Ifaiah, and 
 died 1 638, aged 65. 
 
 Allen, Thomas, a native of Uttoxeter in 
 S'.affordfhire. He was fellow of Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, which he quitted 1570 for Glou- 
 cefter hall, where he applied himfelf to mathe- 
 matics. His abilities procured him the ef- 
 teem of the earl of Northumberland, and of 
 Robert earl of Leicefter. Allen, who was 
 employed in collecting the moft curious ma- 
 nufcripts on hiftory and aflronomy, did . not 
 efcape the fufpicions of the ignorant, who 
 accufed him of ufing magic and conjuration 
 to produce a marriage between the queen and 
 Leicefter. He publifhed in Latin the fecond 
 and third books of Ptolemy concerning the 
 judgment of the ftars, befides notes on Lilly's 
 , and on Bale's work de Scriptoribus 
 Britan. He died much refpected 1632. 
 
 Allestry or Allestree, Richard, a 
 native of Uppington in Shropshire, born in 
 March i(uj. He entered at Chxifl church 
 
 in Oxford, and in the civil war he joined th 
 king's party under fir John Biron, and was 
 at the battle of Keinton-field in Warwick- 
 fhire. At the conclufion of the war he took 
 orders, and was afterwards one of thofe ex- 
 pelled when the parliament in 1648 fent vi- 
 fitors to Oxford to demand the fubmiffion 
 of the univerfity. He found an afylum in 
 the family of lord Newport, in Shropfhire, 
 and after the battle of Worcefter, he was 
 fixed upon by tha royaliits as a proper per- 
 fon to convey difpatches, and have a confer- 
 ence with the king at Rouen. On his return 
 from a fecond journey in 1659 he was feized 
 at Dover by the parliament party, but he had 
 the addrefs to fave his papers, and after a 
 fhort confinement he was reftored to liberty. 
 He was at the reftoration made canon of 
 Chriit Church, king's chaplain, Regius pro- 
 feflbr of divinity, and in 1665 promoted to the 
 provoftlhip of Eton, which he refigned 1678. 
 He died of a dropfy 1680. He publifhed 40 
 iermons, befides a fmall tract on the privileges 
 of the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 Allestry, 3^<ro,anEnglilh poet, nephew 
 of the preceding, and fen of James Alleftry a 
 London bookfeller, who was ruined by the fire 
 of 1666. From Weftminfter fchool he paired 
 to Chrift Church Oxford, where he wrote 
 ibme verlesand paftorals, and died 1686. 
 
 Ali.etz, Pons Augujlin, a native of Mont- 
 pettier, who publifhed various works of fome 
 celebrity in France, in the compofition of 
 which he mowed indefatigable perfeverance, 
 and great judgment. He died at Paris 1785, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Alley, William, a native of Wycomb, 
 Bucks, who, after an Eton education, went to 
 King's college, Cambridge. He afterwards 
 ftudied at Oxford, but as he was a zealous ad- 
 vocate for the reformation, he retired during 
 Mary's reign into the north, where he kept a 
 fchool, and pradtifed phyfic. Under Elizabeth 
 he was made lecturer of St. Paul's, and in 
 1560 bifhop of Exeter. He wrote the poor 
 man's library, containing fermons, &c. befides 
 a commentary on St. Peter's firft epiftle, and 
 a tranflation of the pentateuch, in the bifhop's 
 bible. He died 1570. 
 
 Alleyn, EJivard, founder of Dulwich col- 
 lege, was born at St. Botolph, London, Sept. 
 lit, 1566. He applied himfelf to the ftage, 
 and with luch fucceis that he was flattered by 
 Ben Jonfcn's mufe, and applauded by crowded 
 audiences. He built the Fortune playhoufe 
 near Whitecrofs-ftreet, Moorfields, and added 
 to his income by being keeper of the king's 
 wild beafts, with a falary of 500I. per annum. 
 His erection of Dulwich college is attributed 
 to a fuperftitious caufe. Whilft with fix others 
 he was acYing the part of a demon in one of 
 Shakefpear's plays, he is faid to have been ter- 
 rified by the real appearance of the devil, and 
 the power of imagination was fogreat, that a vow 
 
 was. 
 
ALU 
 
 ALM 
 
 tfas mads, and the college ia 1614 was begun 
 under the direction of Inigo Jones, and in three 
 yenrs finifhed at the expence of io,oool. This 
 noblc> edifice was lblemnly appropriated on 
 the 13th Sept. 1619, in the preience of a nu- 
 merous audience, to the humane purpofes of 
 the founder, who appointed himfelf its firft 
 mafter. The original endowment was 800). 
 per annum, for the maintenance of one maf- 
 ter, one warden, always to be unmarried and 
 of the name of Alleyn, four fellows, three of 
 whom are in orders, and the 4th a organift, 
 befides fix poor men, and fix women, and 
 twelve boys to be educated till the age of 14 
 or 16, and then to be apprenticed. Alleyn 
 married three wives, the laft of whom Sur- 
 vived him. He died i6a6j in his 61ft year, 
 and was buried in the chapel of his college. 
 
 Aluot, JV. a civil officer in the fervice of 
 Stanillaus king of Poland. He wrote an ac- 
 count of the expences of his mailer in the 
 buildings at Nancy, and a rotation of the fu- 
 neral pomp of Leopold II. 1730. He died 
 
 *779- 
 
 Allix, Peter, a native of Alencon, mi- 
 nifter of th proteftant congregation of Rouen, 
 and of Charenton near Paris. On the can- 
 ceiling of the edict of Nantes, he left his coun- 
 try and came to England. His reflections on 
 the holy Scriptures were dedicated to James 
 II. and his remarks on the ecclefiaftical hii- 
 tory of the churches of Piedmont to William. 
 He was honored with the degree of D. D. 
 and promoted to the place of trealurer of Sa- 
 Jifbury. He died in London 171 7, in his 
 76th year. His works, which are numerous, 
 and expreffive of his piety and great erudition, 
 are all on theological Subjects, and confilt of 
 reflections on all the books of fcripture, 1688, 
 republished by bifhop Watfon in his theological 
 tracts, the ancient Jewilh church vindicated 
 ?.gainft the Unitarians, l69i,&c. 
 
 Alloisi, Balthazar, an able historical and 
 portrait painter, who ftudied under the Ca- 
 racas, jie was born at Bologna, and died 
 1638, aged 60. 
 
 Ai.lory, Alexander, a painter of Florence, 
 famous for his fkill in the reprefentation of 
 naked figures. As he was well acquainted 
 with anatomy, his portraits are correct and 
 graceful. He died 1607, in his 72d year. 
 
 Ai.magro, Diego, one of the conquerors 
 pf Peru, was of fo obfeure an origin that he 
 knew not his parents. He accompanied Pi- 
 zarro in 1525, and every where mowed the 
 greateft valor mingled with the bafeft cruelty. 
 He penetrated in J525 to Chili, took Cuzco, 
 and at laft afTaffinated his friend Pizarro. This 
 armed the partizans of Pizarro againft him, 
 and he was defeated, and condemned to be 
 ftrangled 1538, in his 75th year. His fon rofe 
 up to vindicate his character, and to avenge 
 his death, but he was defeated by the viceroy 
 *f Peru, and with 40 of his adherents was be- 
 
 headed 154*. Almagro's cruelty to the un- 
 fortunate Auhualpa, is defervedly cenfured 
 as infamous. 
 
 ALMAMONor ABDAi-LAa III. fon of Aaron 
 al Rafchid, caliph of the hcufe of the Ab- 
 baffides, after his brother ALmin, 813, was 
 famous for his protection of learning and of 
 learned men. He conquered part of Crete. 
 He had the belt Greek writers tranflated into 
 Arabic, and made a collection of the belt au- 
 thors. He alfo calculated a fet of aftrono- 
 mical tables, and founded an academy at Bag- 
 dad. He died 833. 
 
 Almarvs, JZlmerus, or Elmarus, was abbot 
 of St. Auguftin's monaftery in Canterbury, 
 when archbifhop Alphage was murdered by 
 the Danes ion. He efcaped, and 11 years 
 after was made bifhop of Sherborne, before 
 the fee was transferred to Sarum. 
 
 Almeida, Francis, a Portuguefe, diftin- 
 guifhed in die wars of Grenada, and lent out 
 by Emanuel in 1505, as firft viceroy of India. 
 After a perilous voyage he crfffed the cape of 
 Good Hope, and proceeded along the coaft of 
 Africa, where he Spread conqueft, terror, and 
 defolation. He reduced Ouiloa, MombafTa, 
 and other phices under the yoke of Portugal, 
 and with only 700 men he ftormed the fort 
 of Panama, which was defended by a ftrong 
 rampart and a garrifon of 4000 men of tried 
 and defperate valor, and inftead of fharing a 
 booty which might have rendered his lbldiers 
 inactive, he deftroyed it by fire. When his 
 ion was killed in an engagement with the Ara- 
 bians, the father refuted to mourn with his 
 friends, but declared that he had obtained a 
 fhort but glorious life. The fame of Albu- 
 querque, and the malice of enemies at home, 
 however, foon flopped his career ; but he re- 
 fufed to accept the orders of his recall, and 
 on pretence of avenging his fon's death he 
 failed to Dabul in queft of frefh laurels, and 
 in an engagement with the enemy's fiaet, he 
 killed 4000 men. ^he animofities between th* 
 rival governors were appeafed by the inter- 
 ference of Contigna ; and Almeida, after re- 
 figning his power to Albuquerque, let fail for 
 Europe. In his way he landed near the 
 cape of Good Hope, and in an unfortunate 
 quarrel with the natives he was wounded in. 
 the throat with a javelin, and immediately 
 expired. Some of the Portuguefe, who had 
 fhared his toils and glory, attempted to reco- 
 ver his body, but they fhared his fate. 
 
 Almeida, Lawrence, fon of the preced- 
 ing, accompanied his father to India. He de- 
 ftroyed the (hips of Caulan, and in vifiting Cey- 
 lon he made it tributary to Portugal, and 
 brought away 250,000 lbs. of cinnamon as the 
 firft annual payment. He was fent with eight 
 (hips to attack the Arabians, who were fup- 
 ported by the Sultan of Egypt ; but the fupe- 
 riority of the enemy's vefTels and the dangers 
 of the cpaft proved fatal to lus views. His 
 D 4 <hip 
 
ALP 
 
 ALP 
 
 fhip ran aground, and whilft the other veflels 
 attempted in vain to relieve him, he fought 
 with undaunted courage, r^trnrdlefs of the 
 wounds he had received. A ball at laft ftruck 
 h'rm on the breaft, and put a period to his 
 brilliant 'career. His failors reduced to 20 
 in number, unwilling to fubmit, were boarded 
 and overpowered, and met from their con- 
 querors that humanity which their valor de- 
 ferved. 
 
 Almeida, Apollinarius de, a Portuguefe 
 bifhop, of the order of the Jefuits, who went 
 as miflionary to ./Ethiopia. Though banifhed 
 by the inhabitants, he had the boldnels to 
 return, with two other ecclefiaftics, who to- 
 gether with him were cruelly murdered by 
 the natives, 1568. 
 
 Almeida, Manuel d', a Portuguefe Je- 
 fuit who, after a refidence of 40 years in the 
 Indies, died at Goa 1646. He publifhed hif- 
 torical obfervations on ^Ethiopia. 
 
 Almeioveen, Thomas J an (fen a*, a Dutch 
 phyfician, author of the Hortus Malabaricus, 
 and Flora Malabarica, defcriptive of the Ma- 
 labar plants, 13 vols. fol. 
 
 Almeloveen, Theodore Janjfen d\ pro- 
 feflbr of Greek, of hiftory, and phyfic at Har- 
 derwick in Holland, wrote learned notes on 
 ancient authors, and publifhed the Fafti Con- 
 fulares, Amcrnitates, Onomafticon, Vitas 
 Stephanorum, &c. He died at Amfterdam. 
 
 Aemici, Peter Camillus, an ecclefiaftic born 
 at Brefcia in Italy." He was well verfed in 
 claflical literature, and publifhed fome critical 
 reflections on Febronius, &c. He died 1779, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Alomlitadad, Ifmael, an Arabian hif- 
 tcrian who gave a chronological account of 
 the Saracen affairs in Sicily from 84a to 904. 
 
 Aloadjn, a Mahometan, prince of the 
 Arfacides or Anaflins, was called the old man 
 *of the mountain. He lived between Damaf- 
 : cus and Antioch, and was furrounded by a 
 number of youths, whom he intoxicated with 
 pleafures, and rendered fubfervient to his views, 
 by promifing ftill greater voluptuoulnefs in the 
 ne .t world. As thefe were employed to ftab 
 his enemies, he was dreaded by the neigh- 
 bouring princes. From the name and charac- 
 ter of his followers the word affaffin is de- 
 rived. 
 
 Alonzo, John, an eminent architect of 
 Spain. The church of the Hieronymites at 
 Guadaloupe, in Enramadura, is a 'beautiful 
 "monument of his genius. 
 
 Ai.vaoo, Andreiv, an Italian phyfician, 
 
 * fome time refided at Damafcus. On 
 
 his return he was made profeffor of medicine 
 
 ice, and died there 1555. He tranf- 
 
 \vicenna, Averroes, and Serapion, with 
 
 jiotes. 
 
 Altaide, was the beautiful wife of Pepin 
 Heriftei, after his divorce from Plectrude his 
 
 firft confort. This union was cenfured by 
 Lambert bifhop of Liege, and Alpaide excited 
 her brother Dodon to murder the bold eccle- 
 fiaflic. She was mother of Charles Martel. 
 
 Alphanus, Bcncdibl, archbifhop of Pa* 
 lermo, known as a phyfician and a poet, died 
 1086, author of the lives of fome faints in 
 verfe, &c. 
 
 Alphery, Mekeppe-r or Nlcephorus, z 
 native of Ruffia, defcended from the imperial 
 family. During the troubles of his country, 
 he came to England with his two brothers, 
 and by the care' of Mr. Bidell, a Ruffia mer- 
 chant, he ftudied at Oxford, where his bro- 
 thers fell victims to the fmall-pox. In 1618 
 he fucceeded to the living of Wooley, Hun- 
 tingdonfhire, and though he was twice invited 
 to return to Ruffia with the certainty of be- 
 ing placed on the throne, he preferred the 
 character of a parifh prieft in England to the 
 fplendor of the purple. He was ejected from 
 his living during the civil wars, and ill treated 
 by the republican ibldiers, though his prefby- 
 terian fuccefTor behaved towards him with hu- 
 manity. He faw the reiteration, and was re- 
 placed in his living, but retired to Hanimer- 
 fmith where his fon had fettled, and there died 
 aged above 80. The laft defcendant of this 
 fallen family married a Johnfon, a cutler at 
 Huntingdon, by whom fhe had eight children. 
 She was living in 1 764. 
 
 Alphonso or Alphonsus, furnamed the 
 Catholic, king of Afturias, fought againft. the 
 Moors, from whom he took upwards of 30 
 towns. He died in the 1 8th year of his reign, 
 75 7, aged 64. 
 
 Alphonso II. furnamed the Chafte, king 
 of Afturias, fignalized himfelf againft the Moors 
 and took Lifbon, and died 842. 
 
 Alphonso III. or the Great, king of Af- 
 turias, fucceeded his father Ordogno, 866. 
 He warded fuccefsful wars againft the Moors, 
 but the infurrefions of his fubjecls, headed 
 by Froila count of Gallicia, drove him from 
 his throne. After being reftored, he abdicated 
 the crown in favor of his eldeft fon Garcias, 
 who had fome time before ungratefully raited 
 an infurrecfion againft him, and then been 
 pardoned; but when the Moors threatened 
 the kingdom, he quitted his retirement, and, 
 at the head of his brave countrymen, he ob- 
 tained a moft fignal victorv over the enemy. 
 He died 9 1 2, univerlally reflected for valor 
 and benevolence. He wrote a chronicle of 
 the Spanifh monarchs. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Leon aud Caftile, 
 made war againft the Moors, took Toledo, 
 and died 1109. 
 
 Alphonso VIII. or IX. king of Leon and 
 Caft !e, furnamed the Geod or Noble, came to 
 the throne when only four years old, 1158. 
 When of age he retook from the Moors the 
 places loft during his minority. He defeated 
 his enemies at the great battle of Muradat 
 
 where 
 
ALP 
 
 ALR 
 
 vrhere the Moors loft near 2o,000 mcH. He 
 liied 1 21 2, aged 6cx 
 
 Alphonso X. king of Leon and Caftile, 
 furnamed the Wile, Succeeded his father Fer- 
 dinand III. in 1252. He married Iolante 
 daughter of the king of Arragon, whom he 
 was going to divorce for a Danifh prin- 
 cefs becauie (he was barren ; but the 
 queen at laft brought him nine children. He 
 was elected emperor of Germany in 1258, 
 but as he delayed vifiting the empire, Rodol- 
 phus was chofen in his room. His fon con- 
 spired againft him, and dethroned him ; and 
 though he fled among the Saracens for protec- 
 tion, and gained a victory over this unnatural 
 child, yet he was not reinftated. He died of 
 a broken heart 1284. As an artronomer and 
 a man of letters, Alphonlus obtained greater 
 fame than as a monarch. He perceived the 
 errors of Ptolemy's tables, and under his di- 
 rection at Toledo, thofe tables, called the Al- 
 phonfme tables, were drawn up by the fkill of 
 Hazan a Jew, and their epoch fixed on the 
 30th May 1232, the day on which he began 
 his reign. It has been faid of Alphonlus, that, 
 in viewing the Ptolemaic fyftem, he declared 
 that if God hadconfulted him in the formation 
 of the univerfe, he could have given him di- 
 rections for a more perfect whole ; a bold ex- 
 preffion which, if it does not breathe the lpirit of 
 pfofane fcepticifm, at leaft conveys fevere 
 cenfure on the ignorance of preceding 
 aftronomers. 
 
 Alphonso II. king* of Leon and Caftile, 
 fucceeded Ferdinand IV. in 13 12, and de- 
 feated the Moors 1340, killing not lefs than 
 200,000 of them. He died of the plague at 
 the fiege of Gibraltar 1350, aged 38. 
 
 Alphonso V. king of Arragon, furnamed 
 the magnanimous, fucceeded his father Fer- 
 dinand the jult 1416. He extended the Spa- 
 nifh influence over Italy, Naples, and Sicily, 
 where he- was acknowledged king 1412. He 
 died 1485 aged 74, leaving the kingdom of 
 Naples to his natural fon Ferdinand, and thole 
 of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily to Juan hisbro- 
 ther, king of Navarre. He gave a welcome 
 afylum to the mufes which periecntion ba- 
 nifhed from Conftantinople, and every where 
 encouraged the cultivation of lcience. He 
 walked with thegreateft frmiliaiity among his 
 fubjecls, obferving to his courtiers who fancied 
 -dangers and confpiracies, that a father has no- 
 thing to fear among his children. Seeing once 
 one of his veflels ready to periih, he haftened 
 in a fmall boat to the aftiftance of the crew, 
 exclaiming, I had rather die with you than 
 fee you periih. 
 
 Alphonso I. king of Portugal, fon of 
 Henry of Burgundy of France, by Theivfa 
 daughter of Alphonib king of Leon, was only 
 three years old at his father';, death. He de- 
 feated five Moorifh kings at the battle of 
 Purique, 1139, though with a very inferior 
 
 force ; and thus he raifed his country from a 
 dependent ftate to a powerful monarchy, of 
 which he was proclaimed the fir ft fovereign in 
 the field of battle. He was afterwards defeat- 
 ed and taken prilbner by Ferdinand ll. of 
 Caftile, who nobly let him at liberty. He 
 died 1 1 85 aged 76. 
 
 Alphonso II. king of Portugal, fucceeded 
 his father Sancho 1211. He was engaged in 
 war with the Moors, and died 1223, aged 38. 
 
 Alphonso III. king of Portugal, brother 
 of Sancho II. fucceeded 1248. His reign was 
 difturbed by diffenfions with the clergy and 
 with the pops. He died 1279, a 6 e( * 9* 
 
 Alphonso IV. king of Portugal fucceeded 
 his father Denys, 1325. He was engaged in 
 war with the king of Caftile, but afterwards 
 affifted him againft the Moors. He was aa 
 able prince under whom juftice was admini- 
 ftered with great impartiality. He died 1357, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Alphonso V, king of Portugal, furnamed 
 the African, fucceeded his father Edward, 
 though only fix years old, 1438. He made 
 war in Africa, and took Arzilla and Tangiers, 
 from the Moors, and he was alfo engaged in a 
 quarrel with Ferdinand and Iiabella of Caftile. 
 He died of the plague at Sintra 1481, aged 
 49. During his reign thePortuguefe difcovered 
 Guinea, and began to lpread Chriftianity in 
 that part of Africa. Alphonib was a great j^a* 
 tron of learning. 
 
 Alphonso VI. king of Portugal, fucceed-. 
 ed his father John IV. His *intellecls proved 
 to be weak, and in his conducr he exhibited 
 the tyrant and the madman. . He abdicated 
 the crown in favor of his brother Don Pe- * 
 dro, and died at Cyntra 1683, aged 41. 
 
 Alphonsus, Peter, a Jewifn writer of 
 Spain. He was converted to Chriftianity, 
 and had Alphonfo king of Arragon for his fpon- 
 for 1 106. He wrote a vindication of the Chrif- 
 tian religion. 
 
 Alpini, Profpero, a native of Maroftica in 
 the Venetian territory, born 1553. He left 
 the profefiion of arms, and ftudied botany and 
 phyfic, and in 1580 he embarked for Egypt 
 with his friend George Emo or Hemi, 
 the conful of the republic, and for three 
 years he was employed along the banks of the 
 Nile in learned researches, and in examining 
 the nature of plants. On his return he was ap- 
 pointed phyfician to Andrew Doria prince of 
 Melti, but he was recalled in 1593, and hono- 
 rably placed in the profefforial chair of Padua. 
 As his health had been injured by his travels 
 he died .at Padua 1617, aged 64. His works 
 which are in Latin, are chiefly on botanical 
 and medicinal fnbjecls. 
 
 Alredus, Alfredtts, or Aluredus, 
 a native of Beverley in Yorkfhire, who after 
 ftudying at Cambridge became a fecular prielt 
 and treafurer of St. John's church in his own 
 town. He is lliled the Englifh Florus, from 
 
 th t 
 
ALS 
 
 ALT 
 
 ant Latin hiftory which he wrote of 
 : tons from king Brutus to his own 
 trmcs. He died about 1126. 
 
 Alsaitaravjus, an Arabian phyfician, 
 about 1085, author of Altafrif, a treatife in 
 JJ books on medical practice. 
 
 Ai sop, Antbtny, received his education at 
 Wcftminfter fchool and at Chrilt church, and 
 was prefentcd by Trelawney biihop of Whi- 
 chever, to a prebend and the rectory of Bright- 
 well, Berks. In 1 71 7 he was fued by Mrs. 
 Elizabeth Aftrey of Oxford, for a breach of 
 snarri ge, and damages for 2000I. were given 
 againft him ; fo that he retired abroad to avoid 
 thefneers of the cenforious,as well as to elude 
 contributing with his puric to the triumph of 
 Ms fair one. The time of his afefence is not 
 known. His death was occasioned by a fall 
 into a ditch from near his garden door 1726. 
 KepofTeffed a poetical genius, which however 
 war, not frequently exerted. He publifhed 
 early iEfop's Greek fables, in the preface to 
 which he attacked Bent'ey. Some of his 
 poems are prefervt-d in Dcdfley's and Peach's 
 collections. 
 
 Ar.sor, Vincent, anative of Northampton- 
 shire, who, after.tak'mg his firft degree at St. 
 John's Cambridge, became affiftant in Oak- 
 Kim grammar fchool. Ke married Mr. King's 
 daughter, by whofe perfuafion he left the 
 church for the prefbyterian tenets. In his wri- 
 tings he attacked Dr. Sherlock with humor 
 and fpirit, and after refiding at Wilhy aud 
 WelJinrborough, and filtering imprifonment 
 for fix months during the prevailing perfec- 
 tion of the times, he fettled in London. Af- 
 ter the death of Charles II. he was reconciled 
 to kingly power, when James pardoned his 
 only lbn whole life might have been forfeited 
 fcr treaibnable pradlices. His life was fpent 
 in the exercife of piety, and in the difcharge 
 f his miniitry ; but in his writings, which 
 vrere all on theological fubjedts, he "difplayed, 
 with a mixture of fcrioufnefs, powerful flames 
 cf the wit with which nature had fo ftrongly 
 gifted him. He died in an advanced age, 
 703. 
 
 Ai.strdtus, John Henry, a protectant, 
 profdfor of divinity and philofophy at NafTau, 
 and afterwards atAlba Julia in Tranfylvania, 
 where he died 1638 in his 50th year. He is 
 belt known for his Encyclopedia, which is be- 
 come the foundation of all modern works of 
 the fame kind. His Thefaurus Theologicus, 
 and his treatife on arithmetic, are equally ef- 
 teemed. 
 
 Alston, Charles, ftudied at Glafgow, and 
 after taking his degrees at Leyden, fettled at 
 Edinburgh, where he lectured on the Materia 
 Medica and Botany. He is author of Tyro- 
 ciniurn Botauicum Edinburgenfe, in which he 
 confined l.inne's fexual fyftem, 1753 Lec- 
 i 1 the Materia Medica, 2 vols. 4to. 
 J77C, L.Q. He di^d 1760, aged 77. 
 
 Althamker, Andrew, a Lutheran mi 
 nilter of Nuremburg, in the 1 6th century, au 
 thor of notes on I acitus' treatife de German 
 Moribus, 4to. befide controverfial works. 
 
 Althusius, Jckn, a German lawyer ;r 
 the 17th century, w!k> inveighed againlt king 
 ly power, in which he was oppofed by Bo 
 ecler. 
 
 Altihus, Gabriel, a Neapolitan poet 
 preceptor to Ferdinand foil of the king of Na 
 pies, and made bifhop of Policaftro, 147 1 
 '1 hough lbmc imagine that he foribok the mu- 
 feswhen railed to his fee, it is certain that f< 
 wrote after that the firit of his poems, hi; 
 epithalamium on the marriage of Ifabella o: 
 Arragon, found in the Delicia; Italor. Poet, 
 Altilius died in 1484, or 1501. 
 
 Alting, Men/on, a burgomafter of Gro- 
 ningen, author of the belt delcription of th< 
 Low Countries now extanfa in foiio 1697 
 He died 1713, aged 76. 
 
 A Li in g, Henry, was born at Embden ir 
 1583. He was the preceptor, and the mini- 
 Iter of the elector palatine, and fat as one ol 
 his deputies at the fynod of Dort. He fillet: 
 the theological chair of Groningen from 1627 
 till his death in 1644. His works are on re- 
 ligious lubjects. 
 
 Alting, James, fon, cf the preceding 
 was born at Heidelberg 1618. He ftudied ai 
 Groningen and Einbden, and afterwards p.:i- 
 fed into England, where he was ordained by 
 Prideaux biihop of Worcefter. His determi- 
 nation to refide in England was altered by the 
 offer of the Hebrew profefforfhip at Groning- 
 en, which he accepted. As he followed the 
 fcriptures againft the doctrine of the fchool- 
 men he acquired popularity by his lectures ; bul 
 he was loon impeached by des Marets the di- 
 vinity profeffor as an innovator, and the 2| 
 articles of his accufation, were carried before 
 the divines of Leyden, who acquitted the ac- 
 cufed of herefy, though not of imprudence, 
 and cenfured his accufer for want of modera- 
 tion, 'f hefe differences were at laft fettled 
 by the kind interference of fome of their; 
 friends, on the death-bed of Defmarets. The 
 three laftjears of his life were fubject to con- 
 ftant pain and difeafe, and he died at laft of a 
 fever 1679. His works were printed in five 
 vols, folie, containing practical, philofophical, 
 and problematical tracts. 
 
 Alton, Richard count d\ an Auftrian ge- 
 neral who had the command of the Low 
 Countries in 1787. Though a man of bra- 
 very, he betrayed weaknefs during the infur- 
 rections in Br.'.bant 1789, for which he was 
 fent for to Vienna, to clear his character. He 
 died on the journey 1789. His brother dif- 
 tiuguhhed himfelf againft the Turks, and alfo 
 againft the French at the fiege of Valenciennes. 
 He was killed near Dunkirk 1793, much re- 
 gretted as a good foldier. 
 
 Altovxti, MurfcilU d\ a Florentine 
 
 lady, 
 
ALV 
 
 AMA 
 
 lady, who fettled at Mar fettles, and devoted 
 her'ielf to the writing of Italian poetry. She 
 *ed 1609. 
 
 Alured of Eeverley, vid. Alre- 
 pus. 
 
 Alva, Peter d\ a Spanifh Francifcan who 
 travelled through Peru, and in different coun- 
 tries of Europe. He died in the Low Coun- 
 tries in 1667, leaving a curious life of Saint 
 Francis. 
 
 ALVA, Ferdinand Alvarez , duke of, a fa- 
 mous general defcended from an ancient fa- 
 mily in Spain He was noticed by Charles 
 V. for his intrepidity at the battle of Pavia, and 
 at the fiege of Metz, and was entrufted with 
 the expedition againft the holy fee, and after 
 he had obliged the pope to fue for peace, he 
 repaired to Rome, and with fuperftitious 
 mockery threw himi'elf at the feet of the 
 humbled pontiff, imploring his forgivenefs. 
 When the flame of liberty was kindled in the 
 Low Countries, he was fent with full powers 
 by Philip II. 1567, to quell the infurrection. 
 His mealures were at firft crowned with fuc- 
 cefs, the undisciplined forces of his opponents 
 funk before his veterans, but the minds of the 
 people, which mildnefs might have reconciled 
 to a foreign yoke, were alienated by the devaf- 
 tation fpread over their fields, under the di- 
 rection of the governor and of his council de- 
 servedly denominated the bloody tribunal. 
 Alva ibonfelt the tide of fortune, and of un- 
 popularity fet againft. him, and after rendering 
 his memory execrable in the Low Countries 
 he folicited and obtained his recall 1573. His 
 abilities were afterwards employed againft Por- 
 tugal, and he had the good fortune to drive 
 don Antonio from the throne 1581, and thus 
 to add frelh laurels to his military fame. He 
 died 1582 aged 74. 
 
 Alva res, Francis, a Portuguefe prieft at 
 the court of Emanuel, was fent as ambaftador 
 to David king of Abyflinia. He publifhed an 
 account of his adventures, and of the country 
 which he had vifited. He died in 1540. 
 
 Alvarez de Luna, or Alvaro, natural 
 fon of Don Alvaro de Luna by a common 
 proftitute, was born in 1388. He was in his 
 aoth year introduced at the court of John II. 
 king of Caftile, and fo great was the power 
 which he gained over the mind of the monarch 
 that the whole empire was at his diipofal. 
 Though baniftied by the nobles he was recalled 
 and loaded with greater honors. For 30 years 
 out of the 45 which he fpent at court, he pof- 
 feffed fuch an afcendancy that the king could 
 not change a minifter or even alter his diet 
 or his clothes, without the approbation of the 
 favorite. His tyranny at laft haftened his ruin, 
 he was artfully feized by his enemies, and 
 he was tried and fentenced to lofe his head. 
 His punifhment was attended with every pof- 
 fible ignominy. On the fcaffold obferving a 
 took on a pole he aflced the executioner what 
 
 it meant, and being informed it was tofuf* 
 pend his head upon it, you may, fays he 
 do what you pleafe with my body after I am 
 dead, death can bring no difgrace to a man of 
 courage, nor is it untimely to a man who ha^. 
 enjoyed fo many honors. He bent his neck 
 to the axe with the cooleft intrepidity 1453, 
 exhibiting in his life and death the danger and 
 the uncertainty of royal favor improperly be& 
 towed and unworthily enjoyed. 
 
 Alvarez, Fma/tuel, a Portuguefe jefuit> 
 born at Madeira 1526. He diftinguifhed him- 
 felf as a grammarian and philologift at the head 
 of the colleges of Goimbra, Evora, and Lif- 
 bon. He died at Evora 1,58a. 
 
 Alvarez dePAZ, James y a jefuit born at 
 Toledo, author of ibme divinity tracls. He 
 died 1620. 
 
 Alvarez, Diego, a Spanifh dominican, en- 
 gaged in the controverfy of the Thormfts 
 againft the Molinifts. He died 1635. 
 
 Alvarotto, fames, a learned law pro- 
 fefforat Padua, whole authority is frequently 
 quoted by Italian lawyers. He died 1452 
 aged 68. 
 
 Alviano, Bartholomew, a general in the 
 fervice of Venice, who obtained fome fignal 
 advantages over the arms of the emperor 
 Maximilian. He died 1515 in his 60th year, 
 atBrefcia,fo poor that his fon was maintained, 
 and his daughters married, at the public ex? 
 pence. 
 
 Amadeddulat, the fon of a fifherman, 
 rofe to the command of the armies of the fultan 
 of Decan, and obtained poffefTion of Perfia, 
 &e which he divided with his two brothers. 
 He fixed his refidence at Schiraz 933 ; and 
 died 949 much regretted by his foldiers and 
 his Subjects. 
 
 Amadeus V. count of Savoy, furnamed 
 the great, defended Rhodes againft the Turks, 
 and for this added to his arms the crofs of 
 Malta with the letters F. E. R. T. fortitudq 
 ejus Rhodum tenuit. It is faid that he befieged 
 3a towns and took them all. He died at Avig- 
 non 1323. 
 
 Amadeus VI. count of Savoy 1343, af- 
 fifted the French againft Edward III. of Eng- 
 land, and afterwards Supported John Pakeolo- 
 gus, againft the king of Bulgaria. He died of 
 the plague 1383. 
 
 Amadeus VIII. count of Savoy, furnamed 
 the pacificator, fucceeded Amadeus VII, iq 
 1391. After erecting Savoy into a dutchy 
 1416, he retired from his family to a hermi- 
 tage called Ripaille. In this retreat, in the 
 midft of every luxury, with no appearance of 
 feclufion from the world except in name, he 
 paffed his time till 1439, when the council of 
 Bafil elected him pope, in oppofition to Eu- 
 genius IV. He quitted his hermitage and cut 
 off the venerable beard, which he had affect- 
 edly permitted to grow to a great length, and 
 aiiuraed the name of Felix V. but as he found 
 
 ft 
 
AMA 
 
 AMA 
 
 Vis enemies determined to fupport his rival, 
 he abdicated the tiara in favor of Nicholas V. 
 the fucceflhr of Eugenius, and fatisficd with a 
 cardinal's hat, he died 1451 aged 6g, at Ge- 
 
 Amadeus IX- duke of Savoy, fucceeded 
 Lewis 1465, and was a brave as well as a po- 
 pular and charitable prince. His fubjedrs who 
 knew the goodnefs of his heart, gave him the 
 furname of the blefled. He died 1472. 
 
 Amadeus, a Franciican monk in Portu- 
 gal who published fome myftical revelations 
 at Rome, and died 1482. 
 
 Amadeus, bifhopof Laufanne, died 1158, 
 author of a panegyric on the blefled vir- 
 gin. 
 
 Amaja, Francis, a Spanifh profeflbr of 
 civil law who died at Valladolid about 1640. 
 His commentary on the eight la ft books of the 
 Code, and his other trsatifes were highly va- 
 lued. 
 
 Amak, a Perfian poet of the fifth century, 
 at the court of the fultan Khedar Khan, who 
 made him prefident of the academy of poets 
 which he had cftablifhed. His poem on the 
 loves of Joleph and Zoleiikah was much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Amalaric or Amaury, king of the Vi- 
 ligoths5a6, married Clotilda daughter of Clo- 
 vis king of France, whom he attempted to con- 
 vert to arianifm, at firft by careffes, afterwards 
 by threats and violence, but in vain. The 
 injured queen at laft conveyed, as a token of 
 her mifery, a handkerchief covered with her 
 blood to her brothers, in confequence of which 
 Childebert king of Paris marched againft her 
 oppreflbr, and defeated him near Narbonne. 
 Amalaric was put to death either as he fled from 
 the battle, or afterwards by the hand of one 
 of his foldiers, 531. 
 
 Amai.asontha, daughter of Theodoric 
 king of the Oftrogoths, was mother of Atha- 
 laiic. She inherited her father's pofTeflions as 
 the guardian of her fon, but while Ihe wifhed 
 to educate him like her poliftied neighbours of 
 Rome, (lie offended her nobles, who con- 
 spired againft her, and obtained the govern- 
 ment o/the young prince. Athalaric, now no 
 longer inftruaed in the arts of poliftied life,, 
 but inured to debauchery, funk under the fatal 
 power of licentioufneis in his 17th year 534. 
 The afffidted mother not knowing how to fup- 
 port herfelf ajainft her rebellious fubjedts mar- 
 ried her relation Theodatus, but the favored 
 villain difpatched his uniufpecling queen, by 
 her to be ftrangied in a bath 534. 
 a.i.w, IbnofEIiphaz, the fon of Efau ; 
 as the : a nation which fettled in 
 
 Idumea, and made war againft the Ifraelkes, 
 under Saul and David. 
 
 Amaltiiku?, Jenmtt Join BatHfit, 
 
 and Cornelius, three brothers born at Oder/o, 
 
 in Italy, equally celt bra ted for their poetry. 
 
 ft itudkdph ' medicine, the 
 
 fecond was fecretary at the council of Trei 
 and the laft applied himfelf to literature, a 
 translated the catechifm of the council in 
 Latin. Among their poems is the followi 
 delicate epigram on two beautiful children w 
 had loft each an eye. 
 Lumine Aeon dextro, capta eftLeonillafiniftt 
 
 Et poterat forma vincere uterque Deos. 
 
 Parve puer, lumen quod babes, concede foro 
 
 Sic tu caecus Amor, fie erit ilia Venus. 
 
 Amama, Sixtinits, a Hebrew profeflbr 
 Franeker, who refufed the offers of the ui 
 verfity of Leyden to lucceed to the vaca 
 chair of Erpenius. He cenlured the vulgj 
 tranflation which had received the fanctj 
 of the council of Trent, in a work^called "an 
 barbarus Biblicus", which was lb refpeftab 
 that fome fynods refufed to admit candidal 
 to holy orders except they underftood Hebr< 
 and Greek originals. His precepts were fc 
 cefsfully employed in checking the diffblu 
 manners which prevailed in the univerfity 
 Franeker, and after his death in 1629, ti 
 gratitude of the people of Friefland for Lis m 
 mory was ihown in their generous conduct t 
 wards his children. He was in 16 13 
 Oxford and taught Hebrew in Exeter c< 
 lege. 
 
 Am AND, Mark Anthony Gerard, Sieur 
 St. born at Rouen in Normandy 1594, d 
 tinguifhed himfelf as a poet on comic, bu 
 lefque, and amorous fubjects. Pi is " Moi 
 Sauve" and his "Solitude" were much admire 
 but have fince been neglected or forgotte 
 In. a poem on the moon it is faid that he praili 
 the fkill of Lewis XIV. in fwimming, a con 
 pliment which the monarch difdained, whii 
 lb affected the poet, that he did not long fu 
 vive die indifference with which his mu 
 was tieated. . He died 1661, in his 67 
 year. 
 
 Amaseus, Romulus, a profeflbr of Bologn 
 author of ibme orations, and of a tranflation 
 Paufanias. He died 1558. His fon Pomp 
 lius publifhed a tranflation of part of Polybit 
 and was profeflbr of Greek at Bologna. 
 
 Amatus, de Portugal, a phyfician aboi 
 I 55y uno travelled through Europe, ai 
 wrote commentaries on Dioi'corides, Avicenn 
 &c. 
 
 Amauri, deChartres, a profeflbr of ph 
 lolbphy, bora near Chartres in the 13th cer 
 tury. He formed a new fyftem of religic 
 en the metaphyfics of Ariftotle, and aeknov 
 ledged three perfons in the Godhead, whk 
 he confidered as the primary caufe of matti 
 from which all beings are created. He fu] 
 poled that there would be three epochs in ll 
 government of the world, as there were thr< 
 perfons in the trinity. The reign of God 1 
 limited to the extinction of the law of Mofe 
 that of the fon was to laft as long as the chri 
 tian religion, after which would lucceed tl 
 empire of the holy ghoft, when men would a 
 
AMB 
 
 AME 
 
 fer only a fplritual worfhip to the fupreme be- 
 ing. Amauri was condemned by the pope, 
 and for fear of punifhment retracted his per- 
 nicious doctrines, and foon after died of 
 difappointment. His moil zealous difciple was 
 Dizant. 
 
 Amauri, king of Jerufalem after Baldwin 
 in 1 1 62, was unfuccefsful in an expedition 
 againft Egypt, and died 1173, in his 38th"year. 
 
 Amauri II. was king of Cyprus and Jeru- 
 falem, after his hrother #11 y de Lufignan 1164, 
 and he married Ifabella the fecond daughter of 
 the preceding, who had laid claims to his 
 crown. He was unfuccefsful againft the Sara- 
 cens, and died I2CK. 
 
 Am azia h, fucceeded his father Joafh, as king 
 f Judah, inhis 25th year. He made war againft 
 theEdomites, and with the affiftance of Ifrael 
 onquered them in the valley of Salt. He was 
 afterwards taken priibner, and put to death by 
 his fubjects, 810 B. C. 
 
 Am boise, Francois d\ fon pf a furgeon of 
 Charles IX. of France, rofe to the rank of 
 counfellor of ftate. He publifhed the works of 
 Abelard, and wrote feveral pieces for the 
 theatre. One of thefe, the Neopolitans, was 
 univerlally applauded. He died in the be- 
 ginning of the 17th century. His brother 
 Adrian, author of the tragedy of Holo- 
 fernes, was bilhop of Treguier, and died 1616. 
 -James, another brother, ftudied medi- 
 ae, and was rector of the univerfity of Paris. 
 He died of the plague 1606. 
 
 Am boise, George d\ of the houfe of Am- 
 boife in France, was born in 1460, and edu- 
 cated for the church, and at the age of 14 
 elected bifnop of Moutauban. After the death of 
 Lewis XI he favored the party of the duke of 
 Orleans, and was rewarded with the archbi- 
 fiiopric of Narbonne, which he exchanged for 
 Rouen. As deputy of Orleans, he reftored 
 tranquillity in the province ef Rouen, and for 
 his fervices was promoted to the dangerous 
 office of prime minifter,. when his patron, after 
 the death of Charles VIII. alcended the throne 
 under the name of Lewis XII. In this fitua- 
 tion he defervedly acquired popularity. In- 
 ftead of raifing the taxes,he diminifhed the bur- 
 dens of the people, and by economy and pru- 
 dence, he maintained the honor and glory of 
 the French name. Amboife, who had ob- 
 tained a cardinal's hat, afpired to the papal 
 chair, but the intrigues of the Italian bilhops 
 were too powerful for his integrity, and he was 
 disappointed. He died of the gout in his fto- 
 machat Lyons, in his 50th year, 1510. He 
 left behind him a popular character, and though 
 his genius was not gigantic, nor his counfels 
 guided by ambition, yet he poifeffed firmneis 
 and energy, and he exhibited a difinterefted- 
 nefs which awed cabal and intrigue into admi- 
 ration. 
 
 Am boise, Almery d*, brother to the car- 
 dinal, v; ^famous for the nav&i victory which 
 
 he obtained over the fultan of Egypt Ijt* 
 He died in his 78th year, 151a. 
 
 Amboise, Frances. d\ a lady celebrated for 
 the improvement which fhe introduced in the 
 manners and the fentiments of the Bretons. 
 She was the wife of Peter II. duke of Bri- 
 tanny, whofe inhumanity Ihe bore with Chrif- 
 tian refignation. After his death 1437, fhe 
 refufed to marry the duke of Savoy, and re- 
 tired to the trauquillity of a convent, where me 
 died 1485. 
 
 Ambrose, of the order of Camaldoli, was 
 born at Portico in Romania, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf by his fluency in the Greek tongue at 
 the councils of Bafil, Ferrara, and Florence. 
 He tranflated feveral Greek authors, and died 
 
 1439- 
 
 Ambrose, de Lombez, Fere, a capuchin, 
 author of a trait on inward peace, and of let* 
 tres fpirituelles, efteemed for their good fe'nfe, 
 moderation, and piety. He is extolled as a 
 man of uncommon meeknefs and humanity. 
 He died 1778, at St. Saviour near Bareges, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Ambrose, IJaac, was of Brazen Nofe col- 
 lege, Oxford, 1 621, and took orders, which, 
 however, he renounced, to adopt the prin- 
 ciples of the prefbyterians in the civil wars. As 
 he was in indigent circumftances, he was often 
 relieved by William earl of Bedford, and he 
 became a preacher at Gar (tang and Prefton,, 
 diftinguifhed by his vehement zeal in ejecting 
 the minifters of the eftablifhed church. He 
 publifhed a few traits, one of which M looking 
 unto Jefus" was in high repute among the 
 Calvinifts, and died of an apoplexy. 
 
 Ambrosini, Bartholomew, profeffor of 
 medicine and botany in his native city of Bo- 
 logna, publifhed feveral learned books. The 
 belt known are Panaca?a ex herbis quseafanctis 
 denominantur, 8vo. Hiftoria capiicorum cum 
 iconibus, i2mo. Theodorica medicina, 410. 
 He died 1657. 
 
 Ambrosini, Hyacinth, brother and fuc- 
 ceJfor of the preceding, wrote fome treatifes 
 on the names and fynonimes of plants diico- 
 vered in the 17th century. 
 
 Ambrosius, Aurelianus, a prince of Armo- 
 rica, who came 457 to aififtthe Briton3 in the 
 expulfion of the Saxons, whom Vortigern had 
 invited into the kingdom. After the death of 
 Vortigern, he was placed on the throne of Bri- 
 tain, and he reigned with great popularity. He 
 died at Winchefter 508. Arthur is faid to 
 have been his eleve. 
 
 Ambrosius, Catharines Folitus, a learned 
 Dominican, afterwards, achbifhop of Compfa, 
 in the kingdom of Naples. In his works, which 
 are fcriptural, fome of his tenets are erro- 
 neous, and he is to be read with caution. He 
 died at Naples 1552. 
 
 Amedeus, -vid. Amadeui 
 
 A:-:klot de la Houssaye, Abraham 
 Nicholas, a native of Orleans 1634, fecietsry 
 
 to 
 
AME 
 
 to the French ambaffador at Venice. His 
 writings were numerous, but fotr.e of them 
 gave uich offence that he was confined in the 
 baftilk. His moft popular works were his 
 tnaflatim of father Paul's hiftory of the coun- 
 ql of Trent, and his " Courtier" tranfiated 
 from Bnltafar. He alio tranllared Machiavel's 
 Prince, and the fix firft books of Tacitus' annals, 
 end died at Paris 1706, aged nearly 73. 
 
 Amklot, Denis, a French writer born at 
 Saintonge i6c6. He disregarded the farcafms 
 of the port royal, whom his life of de Gondren 
 bad offended, and had influence enough in the 
 Sorbonne, to prevent their obtaining the royal 
 licence to print the New Teftiment. Further 
 to thwart their views, he publifhed a translation 
 himfelf in 4 vols. 8vo. which, though not free 
 from error had yet its admirers. In his old 
 age, he lblicited his friends in power for a bi- 
 fhopric, but he was refilled in his application. 
 He became member of the oratory 1 650, and died 
 there 165S. He publiihed befides, a harmony 
 af the goi'pels an abridgement of theology. 
 
 Amerbach, John, a native of Swabia,one 
 eftbefirfl printers, who, initead of the Gothic 
 and Italian recommended the round and perfect 
 Roman letter. He fettled with fuccefs at Baftl 
 with Froben, and died 15 15. His Ion John 
 was prufeffor of law at Bafil, and the friend 
 of Frafmus. He died 1562, aged 67. 
 
 Amerbach, Vitus, a native of Bavaria, pro- 
 fefTor of philofophy at Ingoldftadt, where he died 
 1550, aged 70. He tranfiated into Latin, the 
 orations of Demofthenes and Ifocrates, and 
 vrote commentaries on Cicero, the triftia of 
 Ovid, Horace's art of poetry, &c. 
 
 Amk'ir'u^, Vt.fputiusy a native of Florence, 
 whofe mind was early bent to mathematics and 
 navigation. The fame of Columbus attracted 
 his notice, and, determined to rival his glory, 
 he obtained from Ferdinand king of Spain a 
 fquadron at four fhips, with which he failed 
 from Cadiz 1497. During this voyage, which 
 lafted 18 months, he vifited the coaft along the 
 Mexican gwlph, and in the following year he 
 extended his difcoveries to the Antilles, and 
 Guiana, and Vtnnezuela. On his return in 
 1500, he was received by the Spanilh court 
 with a coolnefs which his fervices ill deferved; 
 but his difcontent was forgotten under the pa- 
 tronage of Emanuel of Portugal, who fur- 
 ninVri him with three fluptia May 1501. Li 
 this third voyage, Ainericus difcovered the 
 BraziL boa La Plata to the coaft of Pata- 
 gonia, and he returned to Lifbon September 
 1592. A fourth voyage was undertaken with 
 fix fhips, with the intention of proceeding to 
 the Molucca iflands in a Southern direction 
 along the American coaft, but he was detained 
 by contrary winds for five months near the ri- 
 ver Curabado, and the want of provifions 
 obliged him to return to Europe. Americus 
 died in the illand of Tercera in 1514, aged 
 63. He pubhihed an account of his voyages, 
 
 AMH 
 
 but he is become illuflrious as he obtained ttf 
 lingular honor of giving his name to the nev 
 world, and thus monopolized the glory wind 
 was due to the genius and the enterprises o 
 the great Columbus. He has been aoculed o 
 giving falfe dntes to his writings, that he migh 
 eftabliih a priority ofdifcovery before his rival 
 7 he remains of his fhip the Victory, wen 
 preferved by the king of Portugal in the ca 
 thedral of Lifbon. 
 
 Ames, William, a native of Norfolk, who 
 after being educated at Ch rift's college, Canr 
 bridge, fettled as profefTor in the univerfity ol 
 Franeker in Holland. Here he enjoyed farm 
 and independence, but as the air of the plac< 
 was too (harp for his afthmatic constitution, he 
 removed to Rotterdam with the intention o; 
 pafling into new England. He, however, dio 
 at Rotterdam 163^, aged 57. His writing; 
 were all on controverfial fubjects, the principal 
 of which is Medulla Theologica. His fori 
 William was ejected for nonconformity, from 
 the living of Wrentham in Suffolk in 1662 
 and died 1689, aged 66. 
 
 Ames, Jofcph, a (hip-chandler of Wapping, 
 who, in an advanced period of life, ftudied an- 
 tiquities, and role to the fecretaryfhip of the 
 fociety of Antiquaries. He publifhed an ac- 
 count of the eariieft printers, with a regifter 
 of the books which they printed, in 4to. 1749, 
 befides the lift of Engliih heads engraved and in 
 mezzotinto, &c hi 8vo. He alio compiled the 
 " parentalia", from Wren's papers. He died 
 1759, and the following yew his curious col- 
 lection of foffils, fhells, medals, &c. was fold by 
 public auction. 
 
 Amu erst, Jrffery !ord,zn Englifh general, 
 defcended from an ancient family featc-d at Se- 
 ven Oaks in Kent. He wasborni727,andatthe 
 age of 14 embraced the military profeftiorr. 
 He was at the battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, 
 aad Rocoux, and in 1756 he obtained the 
 colonelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. He 
 was employed 1758 at thefiege of Louisbourg, 
 and made governor of Virginia, and com- 
 mander in chief of the forces in America, and, 
 the fall of Niagara, Ticonderago, Quebec, and 
 Montreal, with the fubmiffion of all Canada, 
 marked the progrefs of his judicious meafures. 
 He was made a knight of the h-uh, governor of 
 Guernfey, and the next year lieutenant gene- 
 ral of the ordnance, and in 1776 created baron 
 Amherft of Holmfdale. In 1 7 7 8 he was made 
 commander in chief, and was railed in 1791 to 
 the rank of field marfhaL He died 1798. 
 
 Amhurst, Nicholas, a native of Marden 
 in Kent, educated at Merchant Taylors', and 
 St. John's Oxford, from which laft he was ex- 
 pelled on a charge of irregularity. This dil- 
 grace, attributed to his attachment to the 
 Hanover fuccefTion, he feverely relented, and 
 all his powers of fatire and abufe were exerted 
 againft the univerfity and its members, in his 
 " Oculus Britannia.," and " Terr* filius." 
 
 After 
 
AMiM 
 
 AMO 
 
 After his expulfion he fettled in London as a 
 profeilional writer, but his mod fuccefsful un- 
 dertaking was the conducting of the " Crafts- 
 mau,"a paper ofwhichioor i2thoufand copies 
 were daily diiperfed, and which for a leries of 
 years guided the public tafte in politics, and 
 awed the administration into meafures of popu- 
 larity. In this he was occafionally aililted by 
 Eohngbroke, Pulteney, and others ; but his 
 o.vn productions were little inferior to the pa- 
 pers of thefe celebrated leaders of oppofition. 
 When the act for licenfing plays was palled, 
 a letter in the name of Colley Cibber appeared 
 in the Craftsman, to ridicule the check which 
 the law had placed upon the effufions of poe- 
 fcry, and this Co offended the miniitry that the 
 printer was feized, but Amhurft lurrendered 
 himfelf, and after being imprifoned, and refilling 
 to give bail for his good behaviour, he obtained 
 his releafe by bringing his habeas corpus, and 
 the profecution was dropped. On the recon- 
 ciliation of the oppofition to the court, his fcr- 
 vicei, which for 20 years had been exerted in 
 the caufe of his friends, were forgotten, and this 
 neglecl probably haltenedhisdifiblution. He died 
 of afever at Twickenham 1742. Though his mo- 
 ralswereimpeachable,andhisintegrity of a doubt- 
 ful appearance, yet the ingratitude which mark- 
 ed the evening of his days, reflects difhonor 
 en Bolingbroke and Pulteney, and proves that 
 virtue and honefty are feldom found with the 
 % reat, unmixed with interefted and ambitious 
 views. 
 
 Amiconi, Giacomo, a Venetian who came 
 to England in 1729, as a portrait and hiftory 
 painter. He adorned the ftaircafe of Powis 
 houfe with the ftory of Judith and Holofernes, 
 and the hall of More-park houfe in Herts, 
 with the fable of Jupiter and Io. In 1736, 
 he went to Paris, and marrying an Italian 
 linger, he returned to his own country. H e 
 afterwards was in Spain, and made painter 
 to the king, and heiied at Madrid 1752. 
 
 Amiral, Henry, a native of Auzolet in 
 Auvergne, known during the French revolu- 
 tion for his attempt to aflallinate Colktt d'Her- 
 bois and Robefpierre, and thus to rid France 
 of her tyrants. He was feized in the fadt and 
 condemned to die, 1792. 
 
 Amman, John Conrad, a Swifs phyfician , 
 fuccefsfully employed in teaching the deaf to 
 fpeak in France and Holland. He pub- 
 lifhed a curious account of it in two traces cal- 
 led Surdus loquens, and died at Amfterdam 
 about 1730. 
 
 Ammanatt, Bartholomew, a native of Flo- 
 rence eminent as a fculptor and architect. 
 Many of the Italian cities, efpecially Rome, 
 contained fpecimens of his labors and genius. 
 He died 15-6 in his 75th year. 
 
 Amman ATI, Laura Battiferri, wife to 
 the preceding, became celebrated for her ge- 
 nius and learning. Her poems, which abound 
 with excellent morality, are efteemed high 
 
 among the productions of the Italian mule. 
 She died at Florence 1589, aged 76. 
 
 Ammirato, Scipia, a native of Luce*. 
 He was intended for the law, but he took or- 
 ders, and after an uniettled life through Ita- 
 ly he fixed his refidence at Florence under the 
 patronage of the grand duke, who gave him a. 
 canonry in the cathedral. He wrote the his- 
 tory of Florence in 2 vols folio, befides nu- 
 merous other tracts in Italian both in prole 
 and verfe, and died there 1600 aged 69. 
 
 Ammonius, Saccas, a philolbpher in the 
 3d century, founder of the eekclic ledf,faid ko 
 have rejected the christian religion in which he 
 was educated, and have established a School <it 
 Alexandria, in which he attempted to recon- 
 cile the tenets of ArLtotle and Phto. Ha 
 died A. D. 243. 
 
 Ammonius, Ltvinus, a Carthufian monk 
 of Flanders, efteemed by Erafmus for his learn- 
 ing and piety. He died at Ghent 1556. 
 
 Ammonius, Andreiu, a native of Lucca 
 who fettled in England and lived under the 
 patronage of fir Thomas More. He was in- 
 timate with Erafmus and correfponded with 
 him. He was made fecretary to Henry VIIL 
 and employed in a public character by pope 
 L?o X- He died of the Sweating fickneis ia 
 1517 in his 40th year, and Was greatly la- 
 mented by Eraiinus. He wrote fome poetical 
 trifles In Latin, of confiderable merit. 
 
 Amontons, William, an eminent me- 
 chanic born in Normandy 1663. When at 
 feuool at Paris he was feized with fuch a deaf- 
 nefsthathe gave up ailpurfuits of a public na- 
 ture, and devoted himfelf to the Study of ge- 
 ometry. He fuggefted fome improve rnents 
 in the Structure of barometers and thermome- 
 ters, on which he published a treadle, and iss 
 invented a method for the rapid communica- 
 tion of intelligence from one place to the other, 
 which has lately been adopted under the appel- 
 lation of telegraph. Much of his time was 
 employed in constructing a new hour-glafs for 
 the ufe of the navy, which might not be fub- 
 jecl to the irregularities of fudden motion. He 
 died of an inflammation in his bowels, 1 705, 
 aged 42. 
 
 Aviory, Thomas, D. D. in the univer- 
 fity of Edinburgh, was fon of a grocer at Taun- 
 ton in Somerfetfhire, and distinguished 
 as a preacher among the diffenters. After 
 palling the greatelt part of his life near the place 
 oi his nativity, as public teacher, and as inltruc- 
 tor of youth, he removed toLondon, and was 
 a bold affertor of toleration, and warmly efpou- 
 fed the caufe of thole who foliated the ^ repeal 
 of the teft act. In his general condudr.Dr.Aroo- 
 ry was exemplary, his difcourles from the pulpit 
 were excellent, butperhaps too ferious and philo- 
 fophical for the vulgar apprehenfion. His writ- 
 ings were on theological fubjects. He died 
 1774, in his 74tn year. 
 
 Amort, Thomas Efq* an eccentric ch.i- 
 6 racier* 
 
AMU 
 
 AMY 
 
 radter, fon of counfellor Amory, who went 
 with king William to Ireland. Young Amory 
 was not born in Ireland, though he refickd 
 there, and frequently accompanied dean Swift 
 in his exc.nfions round Dublin. He afterwards 
 lived in Orchard-ftreet, Weftminfter, about 
 1 75 7> with his wife and a fon who acquired re- 
 putation as a phyfician during a refidence of 
 i ? ,'t \Y aketield. The moll remarkable 
 of his publications are his " memoirs on the 
 fives of feveral ladies," and his life of John 
 Buncle Efq. 4 vols. i2mo. In this laft he is 
 fuppofed to give 3 deicriplion of himfelf. 
 His application to his itudies was intenfe, and 
 his walks through the mod crowded ftreets, ex- 
 hibited him wrapped in the deepeit meditation, 
 and inattentive to what furrounded him. He 
 died at the advanced age of 97, 1789 
 
 Amos, the third of the 12 minor prophets, 
 Ihepherd at Tekoa. He prophefied in the 
 reigns of Jethoram king of lfrael, and Uzziah 
 king of Judah, and died about 785 B. C. 
 
 Amour, William de St., a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, born at St. Amour in Franche 
 Comte. His book on the perils of latter times 
 was condemned by Alexander IV. and himfelf 
 baniftied to his native town. He was author of 
 feveral other works, and died 1272. 
 
 Amoureux, N. I', an eminent fculptor 
 whofe works are preferred in his native city of 
 Lyons. He was drowned in the Soane in the 
 beginning of the 19th century. 
 
 Anphibilus, a native of Britain, faid to 
 have been born at Exeter, and to have been 
 biihop of Anglefey. He ftudied at Rome, 
 and is faid to have exerted his eloquence in 
 making converts in England and in Scotland. 
 According to fome, he fuffered martyrdom 
 about 291. 
 
 Ami-sixgius, John AJfuer, a profeffor 
 of phyfic at Roftock, in the 17th century, 
 author tif feveral medical treatifes, printed 
 1619. 
 
 Amru ep.n-al-as, a celebrated muffiilman, 
 at firft the enemy and afterwards the friend 
 of Mahomet. He extended his conqueils in 
 Egypt, Sec. and died 663. 
 
 Amsdorf, Nicholas, a fpirited follower of 
 Luther and biihop of Nuremburg. He died 
 at Magdeburg 1541, and the feet who ad- 
 hered to his tenets, and lupported in opposi- 
 tion to Melancfhon, that good works are not 
 neceffary to falvation, were called Amsdor- 
 fj^ns. 
 
 A.vl'Ratk I. an Ottoman emperor, who 
 fucceeded his father Orchan, and was known 
 fur his cruelties towards his fon, and thofe 
 who efpoufed his caufe. He was a great war- 
 rior, and obtained 37 victories, in the laft of 
 which he perifhed, 1389, aged 71, by the 
 hand of a foldier. He was the firft who 
 ed the formidable force of the Janif- 
 ftries. 
 
 Ami? rats II. fon *nd fucceflor of Maho- 
 
 met, as Ottoman emperor, was the firft Turl 
 who ufed canon in the field of battle. H< 
 refigned the crown in favor of his fon Maho. 
 met 1443^ ad retired to the feclufion of th< 
 dervifes; but the invafion of the Hungarians 
 rcufed him to conquer at the dreadful batth 
 of Varna. He afterwards reduced the rebel- 
 lious JanhTanes, and defeated the famou! 
 Scanderbeq, and finding his fon incapable tc 
 hold the reins, he abandoned his retirement 
 agairi for the throne, and again routed th( 
 Hungarians. He died 1451, aged 75. 
 
 Amp rath III. fucceeded his father Selirn 
 II. 1575, and to fecure himfelf in the poiTef- 
 fion of the throne, he caufed his five brother! 
 to be affaffinated. This adt of cruelty fo af- 
 fected his mother that fhe deftroyed herfelf, 
 Amuratli like the race of Mahomet was va- 
 liant. He died X595, aged 50. 
 
 Amdratii I. fucceeded his uncle Mufta- 
 pha in 1622. He took Bagdad, 30,0x30 d 
 whofe inhabitants he put to the fword, though 
 he had promifed them protection. He died 
 in 1640, aged 31, of exceifive intoxica- 
 tion. 
 
 Amy, N. advocate of Aix, was author of 
 fome very ufeful works in natural fcience, par- 
 ticularly obfervations on the waters of the 
 Seine, &c. new filtrating fountains reflec- 
 tions on lead, copper, and tin utenfils, &c. He 
 died 1760. 
 
 Amyot, James, was born at Milan, 1513, 
 of an obfeure family, but though of a dull under- 
 Handing, he by indefatigable application ac- 
 quired independence and reputation. Hit 
 merit recommended him to Margaret of 
 Berry, filler to Francis I. and he was promoted 
 to a public profefforfhip in the univerfity of 
 Bourges. His time was here ufefully devoted 
 to literature, and he publifhed tranilations of 
 the loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, befides 
 Plutarch's lives and morals. He was after- 
 wards entruftcd with the care of the king's 
 two younger fons, and for his meritorious 
 fervices he was railed to the biihopric of 
 Auxerre, the abbey of Cornelius de Com- 
 1 iegne, &c. He died 1593, in his 79th year. 
 He alio tranflated the feven firft books of 
 Diodorus Siculus, fome tragedies from the 
 Greek, the paftorals of Daphnis, &c. 
 
 Amyraui.t, Mofes, a French proteftant 
 divine, born in Tourraine 1596. He ftudied 
 the law, but afterwards entered the church, 
 and was divinity profefTor at Saumur. He 
 was deputed by the national council of Cha- 
 renton, to prcfent an addrefs to the French 
 kint;, in favor of the proteftants, without how- 
 ever paying homage upon his knees, and Rich- 
 elieu, who was prefent faw and admired his 
 bold character, and wifhed to tile his abili- 
 tiir, to procure a reconciliation between the 
 Komiih shurch and the proteftants, hut in vain, 
 This humane, virtuous and charitable man 
 died 1664, k 9, who diitinguifhed 
 
 himfelf 
 
ANC 
 
 ANC 
 
 himfelf ns an advocate at Paris, but retired to 
 the Hague, on the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes. His works, which are very nume- 
 rous, are chiefly theological. 
 
 Amyrwtzes, a philofopher ofTrebizond, 
 who renounced the Chriftian faith for Maho- 
 metanifm, and affirmed the name of Maho- 
 met Beg 1 46 1. He tr inflated feveral books 
 into Arabic' at the deiue of Mahomet II. 
 Jvhofe favor he enjoyed. 
 
 Anacletus, a biibop of Rome after 
 Linus 79. He luffered martyrdom 13 years 
 after. 
 
 Anacletus, an antipope,fupported in his 
 election by Roger of Sicily, agaiuft Innocent 
 II. the favorite of Lotharius II. The in- 
 fluence of Innocent prevailed, and his rival 
 died in obicurity 11 38. 
 
 Anacoana, queen of Xiragua in the 
 ifland of St. Domingo, was cruelly put to 
 death by Ovando, who owed her, agreeable 
 to the promifes of Bartholomew Columbus, 
 both friendfhip and pretention. 
 
 Anastasius I. the Silentiary, emperor 
 of the eait, was born of obicure parents, but 
 by marrying Ariadne, the widow of the em- 
 peror Zeno, he afcended the throne 491. 
 He pofTefTed merit and valor, and his reign 
 might have been prosperous if he had not 
 embraced the tenets of the Eutychians, and 
 thus offended his fubjects. He died 518, 
 aged 88. 
 
 Anastasius II. was raifed to the throne 
 from a private ftation 713. Three years af- 
 ter he wiihed to abdicate the fovereign power 
 for a religious habit, but with equal levity he 
 fightd again for the imperial purple; and be- 
 fieged Conftantinople, where his rival Leo 
 the Ifaurian was leated on the throne. Ke 
 was betrayed by the Bulgarians, his allies, and 
 cruelly put to death 719. 
 
 Anastasius I. pope after Siricius 398. 
 Ke . excommunicated the Origenifts, and 
 brought on a reconciliation between the 
 eaftern and weflern churches. He died 
 402. 
 
 Anastasius II. pope after Gelafius 496, 
 died after a lhort reign of two years. 
 
 Anastasius III. pope for two years after 
 Sergius III. 911, was eminent for wildom and 
 moderation. 
 
 Anastasius IV. pope after Eugenius III. 
 X153, died the following year. 
 
 Anastasius, an antipope, againft Bene- 
 dict III. 855. He gave way to his more for- 
 tunate rival, and died in obfcurity. 
 
 Anastasius, Bibliothecarius, a learned 
 Greek of the 9th century. He wrote liber 
 pontificalis, four vols. fol. 1718, containing 
 the lives of fome of the popes ; and affirted 
 3t the eighth general council of Conftantino- 
 ple, whofe canons he tranflated from Greek 
 into Latin. 
 
 Anciiarano, Peier, a native cf Eologrra, 
 
 who, in 1409, defended the rights of that aC 
 fembly during the fchifms of the popes. He 
 wrote feveral books on civil and canon law, and 
 on the decretals, and died 1 71 7. 
 
 Ancharano, James, or Paladino, author 
 of two curious books, on the temptations of 
 the virgin Mary, and of Chrift, by the devil. 
 
 Ancilon, David, a proteliant divine 
 born at Metz, who in his youth refufed to fa- 
 crisice his religion to the folicitations of the 
 Jefuit*;. He ftudied divinity and phil fophy at 
 Geneva, and after the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, he retired to Frankfort, and fettled at 
 Hanau, where hisdifcourfes weremuch admired. 
 His colleagues in the miniltry, however, were 
 jealous of his popularity, and by their intrigues, 
 he fettkd at Berlin, where he was received with 
 kindnels at the court, and had the Satisfaction 
 to fee his family promoted to places of honor 
 and truft. He died in his 73th year, 169a. 
 As his learning was very extenlive, he pub- 
 iifhed feveral ufeful works, and he made fo ju- 
 dicious a collection of books, that it was fre- 
 4iiently vifited as a curiofity by foreigners. 
 I he beft known of his works are A relation of 
 the controverfy concerning traditions, 4to. 
 I ^57 An apology for Luther, Zuinglius, 
 and Beza, 1666, ~ The life of William Farel 
 Converlations, two vols. iamo publifhed 
 by hisfon. 
 
 Ancili.on, Charles, eideft fon of the 
 foregoing, was born at Metz, 1659, and was 
 made infpector of the French courts of juftice 
 in Berlin, and hiftoriographer to the king. 
 He wrote on the edict of Nantes, &c. and 
 died at Berlin 1 7 15. 
 
 ANCKWiTZ,a Pole of confiderable abilities. 
 After being employed as ambaffador in Den- 
 mark, and negotiating a treaty with Ruflia, he 
 was, at the infurrection of Warfaw in 1794, 
 feized and imprifoned. He was accufed of 
 attempts to betray his country to the Ruffians, 
 and in confequence was condemned and hanged 
 at Warfaw, with the greateft ignominy. 
 
 Ancourt, Florent Carton d\ a French 
 actor and dramatic writer, born at Fontain- 
 bleau, 1661. The Jefuits tried to gain him 
 into their fociety, but he preferred the ftudy 
 of philoiophy and law to divinity, and at laft 
 turned his thoughts to the ftage by marrying 
 in his 19th year an actrels. He afterwards 
 wrote for the ftage, and obtained by his pieces 
 credit to himielf, and wealth to the actor. 
 His converfation was fo agreeable that Lewis 
 XIV. bellowed many marks of his favor upon 
 him, as alfo the duke of Bavaria, whofe ar- 
 rival at Paris was celebrated by the poet by a 
 particular entertainment. Ancourt, after 
 being the hero of the ftage, retired in 1718 
 to his eftate in Berri, that he might devote 
 himielf to religion. He there tranflated the 
 pfalms into verfe, and wrote a facred tragedy, 
 He died 1726, in his 65th year. His plays 
 were 5 a in number. 
 
 Anderson, 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 Anderson, Alexander, profefTor of ma- ItgCp to fame by the powers of his genius, anc 
 
 thematics at Paris, was author of a hook Calred his felf-taught knowledge of mathematics. A 
 
 nentum Apollonji redivivi, dedicated neighbouring clergyman enabled him to receive 
 
 to Cardinal Perron, 1592. I inftruction at a grammnr-fchool, and to entei 
 
 Anderson Andrew, 1 Glafgow printer,! at New college, Oxford, where he took hi 
 who obtained a patent from Charles II. to j matter's degree. From Oxford he came tc 
 print every thing in Scotland for 41 years. ! London, and Obtained the appointment o 
 After his death, his patent was dilputed, and | clerk in the board of controul, under Ion 
 
 reltricted to the printing of bibles and 
 acts of parliament, it funk into contempt. 
 
 Anderson, Adam, a Scotchman, for 40 
 years employed as clerk to the South -lea 
 houfe, and alio truftee for the colonization in 
 America, &c. He is known as the author of 
 an hiftorical and chronological deduction of 
 trade and commerce, a valuable book repub- 
 liihed, four vols. 4to. He died 1775 
 
 Anderson, Janus, D. D. brother to 
 Adam, was miniiter of the Scots preflbyterian 
 church in Swaliow-ftreet, London, and edi- 
 tor of the Diplomata Scotiie, and Royal gene- 
 alogies. 
 
 Anderson, James Efq, an advocate at the 
 Scotch bar, and clerk of the Scotch parliament 
 . 1 700. He was author of a mafterly vindication 
 of the independence of the Scotch parliament, 
 for which he was publicly thanked by that bodv, 
 and rewarded with a penfion of 4C0 pounds per 
 annum. He made a collection of records from 
 Duncan to Robert Bruce, engraved and pub- 
 lifhed in one vol. fol. by Ruddiman. He died 
 at Edinburgh!. 7 1 2, aged 42. 
 
 Anderson, John, A.M. was born near 
 Glafgow, and educated at Saint Andrew's. He 
 was a popular preacher, and a fpirited writer 
 in favor of the prefbyterians. He was miniiter 
 of Dumbarton 1704, and in 1710 removed to 
 Glafgow. He died aged 4?, 1 7 20. 
 
 Anderson, Edmund, a native of Lincoln- 
 shire, defcehded from a Scotch family. He 
 ftudied at Lincoln college, Oxford, and after- 
 wards at the Inner Temple, and was made a 
 judge under Elizabeth, 1578. He was chief 
 juftice of the common pleas in 1582, and four 
 years after he fat in judgment upon the unfor- 
 tunate iVlary of Scotland. He afterwards 
 prefided at the trial of Daviibn, who had 
 iflued the warrant for the execution of that 
 wretched queen. He was efteemed for his 
 firmiiefs and impartiality, and he maintained 
 the dignity of the throne, and the rights of 
 the people ; ;ind he refitted Elizabeth herfelf, 
 whert fhe was advifed to act contrary to the 
 laws of the land. He was continued in his 
 office Under James, and died 1605. His 
 works, all on law, were publifhed 1653, in 
 4 to. 
 
 Anderson, Job*, author of die natural 
 hiftory of Iceland, Greenland, Davis's ftraits, 
 Sec. was fvndic of his native city, Hamburgh, 
 and acted as ks commercial agent in various 
 courts of Kjto;*e. He died 1743. 
 
 IDE9SOM, George, a native of Wefton, 
 Buckinghamshire, who from a day laborer 
 
 Melville ; but lb indefatigable was his applica- 
 tion, that he brought on a dilbrder whici 
 proved fatal, 1796, in bis 36th year. Hi' 
 widow received a penfion, as the reward du< 
 to the merits of her hufband. He was author 
 a general view of the variations in the affair 
 of the Eaft India company, fince the conclu- 
 fion of the war of 1784 and he alio tran 
 Hated Archimedes' treatife on meafuring tin 
 land. 
 
 Anderson, Larz, a minifter of Guftavu 
 Vafa, whole abilities railed him from obfu 
 rity to the dignity of chancellor of Swederi 
 He was the means of the introduction of Lu 
 theranifm into Sweden. 
 
 Andier des Rochers, John, a Frenc! 
 engraver born at Lyons, known for his en 
 gravings after Corregio, and particularly fo 
 his portraits and bufts amounting to upward 
 of 700, with delcriptive verfes at the botton 
 by Gac,on. He died 1741, advanced ii 
 years. 
 
 And r a da, Diego de Payva d? a Portt: 
 guefe, born at Coimbria. He was fent b; 
 Sebaftian to the council of Trent, 1562, am 
 there diftinguifhed himl'elf by hi? eloquenc 
 as a preacher, and his vivacity in reafoning a 
 an author. Though a warm catholic he i 
 quoted by the proteftants, and admired for hi 
 great erudition, and uncorrupted judgment. 
 
 And rad a, Francis d\ brother to th 
 above, and hiftoriographertoPhilipIII. ofSpair 
 was author of an hiltory of John III. of Portuga 
 
 A\drada, Thomas d\ reformer of th 
 barefoot Auguftines, was called Thomas c 
 Jefus. He was with Sebaftian in Africa, an 
 being taken by the infidels, was confined i 
 a cave, where he wrote his " Sufferings t 
 Jefus," tranilated into Englifti by Welt or 
 He refufed to purchafe his liberty, but pre 
 ferred confoling his fellow-flaves. He die 
 1682. 
 
 Andrada, Anthony d\ a Jefuit of Pol 
 tugal, who when miflionary discovered Thibe 
 and Cathay, of which he has written an ac 
 count. He died 1634^ 
 
 Andre, Nathaniel St. a furgeon intimat 
 with Pope. He was poifoned by drinking 
 glal's with an unknown patient, 1725, bt. 
 unexpectedly recovered. He died 1776 s 
 Southampton. He was impofed upon in th 
 affair of Mary Tofts, but he afterwards pub 
 licly acknowledged his error. 
 ' A N d r e', John r a jBritifh officer, who fror 
 the jompting houfe, entered into the arrm 
 and role by his merits to the rank of Majo 
 
 Whc 
 
AND 
 
 4 
 
 When General Arnold made an offer of fur- 
 rendering a ftrong pofition to the Britilh for- 
 ces in America, Andre was entrufted with 
 the delicate negociation. He was feized in 
 the attempt and being regarded as a fpy, was 
 tried by a court-martial, by order of General 
 Waihington, and fentenced to be hanged. 
 Though he requeued to die like a foldier, the 
 ignominious lentence was executed upon him 
 1780, and he fell with great intrepidity at the 
 age of 29. The American General was cen- 
 fured for the leverity of his conduct, and not 
 only Englishmen, but the Americans them- 
 ielves, murmured at the cruel conduct of the 
 new government, and pitied the fate of a 
 deferring officer. A monument was erected 
 to his memory by the king, in Weitminiter 
 Abbey. 
 
 Andreas, James, an eminent Lutheran, 
 born 1528, in the duchy of Wirtemberg. 
 His parents, who were poor, had bound him 
 to a carpenter, but forae peribns of diitinction 
 y.ho had obferved his promiiing genius enabled 
 hjjn to ltudy, and in two years he made him- 
 fcif mafter of Latin, Greek, and Logic. L'e 
 took his degrees at Tubingen, and was in 
 1546 made mmiiter of Stutgard, which foon 
 after he refigned. He was frequently em- 
 ployed either as a writer or as a deputed di- 
 vine, at the public conferences held at Worms, 
 Ratiibon, Augfburg, &c. and in 1561 he was 
 made chancellor and rector of the univerfity 
 of Tubingen. His. works are numerous, ail 
 on polemical divinity, the molt famous of 
 which is that on Concord. He died 1590, 
 aged 61. On his death-bed he made a 
 folemn profeflion of his faith hi proteitan- 
 tifm. 
 
 Andreas, John, a native of Mugello 
 near Florence, who ftudied the canon law at 
 Bologna. He gained great popularity by his 
 learning and aufterity, as he lay upon the 
 ground for 20 years covered only with a bear 
 lkin. His daughter, called Novella, was care- 
 fully inftriicted in the learning of the times, 
 and when her father was engaged, (he read 
 lectures to his Icholars; but that her great 
 beauty might not draw off the attention of 
 her audience, a curtain was placed before 
 her. The works of Andreas were numerous 
 and all on la"w. He died of the plague at 
 Bologna in 1348, after enjoying his profeffor- 
 lldp 45 years. In his epitaph he was filled 
 " Rabbi doclorum, lux, cenfor, normaque 
 morum;" and pope Boniface called him 
 " lumen mundi." 
 
 Andreas, John Valentine, a German pro- 
 teftant divine, author of fome myftical books 
 in Latin. He died 1654. 
 
 Andreas, John, a Mahometan of Xativa 
 In Valencia, converted tochriftianity on hear- 
 ing a fermon in the great church of Valencia. 
 He was afterwards admitted into holy orders, 
 and exerted his zeal in the converfion of the 
 
 AND 
 
 Moors, with wonderful fuccefs. He tranf- 
 lated from the Arabic into Spanifh the laws 
 of the Moors, but his moft, valuable work was 
 the " Confufion of the feet of Mahommed" 
 in 12 chapters, in which he throws into view 
 all the ftories, fables, and abfurdities. of the im- 
 porter. This work has been tranflated into 
 leveral languages. 
 
 Andrew, John Gerhard Re'mhard, a na- 
 tive of Hanover, fon of an apothecary. He. 
 was brought up to iiis father's profeflion, and 
 then travelled over different countries to af- 
 certain their natiual hiltory and their produc- 
 tions, thus to enlarge his knowledge of che- 
 miitry and botany. .He died 1793, aged 69. 
 He wrote various works, the beft known of 
 which are his Tour in Switzerland, 4to. 1776 
 A treatile on the feveral kinds of earth 
 found in Hanover, 1769, &c. 
 
 Andreini, Ifdbelle, a famous a&refsborrs 
 at Padua 1562. She was alfo diftinguimed as 
 a poetefs. She viiited France, where fhe was 
 received by the court with particular attention. 
 She died of a mifcarriage at Lyons 1604, in 
 her 42d year, and her hulb.and. Francis An- 
 dreini praifed her virtues in the following 
 epitaph : " Ilab. Andr. Patavina mulier magna! 
 virtute przdita, honeltatis ornamentum, ma- 
 ritaliique pudicitue decus, ore facunda, mentes 
 fcecuuda, reliriofa, pia, mufis arnica, et art is 
 fcenicae caput, hie refumectionem expeclat." 
 Her compoiitions we/e, lbnnets, longs, ma- 
 drigals, eclogues, &c. 
 
 Andrelinus, Publ. Fauftus, a native of 
 Forli in Italy, profeffor of philofophy and poet 
 laureat to Lewis XII. and to his queen. He 
 was dhTolute in his manners, but neither hi* 
 life nor his iati * 3 againft the clergy, brought 
 him into trouble. His epiftles were learned 
 and witty, and his varies elegant, efpecially 
 thofe on Livia his miftrefs, which procured 
 him the prize of Latin poetry from the Ro- 
 man academy. He died 1518. His works 
 confift of four books of love letters, mifcel- 
 laneouS elegies, about 200 dillichs, and 1% 
 eclogues. 
 
 Andrew, St. a fitherman of Bethfaida in 
 Galilee, called with his brother Peter to wit- 
 nels the holy life and to learn the doclrines of 
 our bleffed Saviour. It is fuppofed that he 
 preached the gofpel in Scythia, and that there 
 he was put to death on a crofs of the figure 
 of the letter X. 
 
 Andrew, a native of Pifa, known as 
 a fcwlptor, architect, painter, and mufioan. 
 He died at Florence 1330, aged 60. 
 
 Andrew, Jobn^ fecretary to the Vatican, 
 and bilhop of Aleria in Corfica, publilbeo 
 editions of Livy, Aulus Gelliui, Herodotus, 
 Strabo, &c. and died 1493. 
 
 Andrew, of Ratiibon, was author of a 
 chronicle of the dukes of Bavaria, and of 
 an hiftory of Bohemia, in the 1 jth cen- 
 tury. 
 
AND 
 
 AND 
 
 AtfDREW, Tobias, author of Methodi j 
 Cartefianae aflbrtio, was a bold defender of J 
 the Cartefian ph tofophy. He was profeflbr 
 of Greek and of hiftojy at Grouingen, and 
 died 1676. 
 
 Andrew del Sarto, a painter of Flo- 
 rence 1483, fon of a tnylor. He was a great 
 favorite of Francis L of France. He is com- 
 mended for the coloring of his pictures, and 
 the corre&nefs and elegance of his figures, 
 rhough there is a coldnefs and uniformity in 
 all. He pofTtfTed the happy talent of copy- 
 ing pictures to great perfection. He died 
 
 Andrew, Valerius, a native of Brabant, 
 profeflbr of civil law at Louvain, and author 
 of Bibliotheca Belgica, was ftill living in 
 3652. 
 
 Andrew, Ives Mary, a native of Cha- 
 teaulin in Cornouailles, profeflbr of mathe- 
 matics at Caen for 33 years, was a man of 
 great learning and genuine vivacity. His 
 poetry is admired, but his chief wotk is his 
 eflay fur le beau, as alfo his traitc fur l'homme. 
 He died 1764, in his 89th year, His Works 
 were publifhcd frve vols. i2mo. 
 
 Andrew I. long of Hungary, eldeft fon 
 cf Ladiflaus the Bald, left his native country 
 with Bela his brother in 1044, when Peter 
 was raifed to the throne. He was afterwards 
 invited back by the people, who wifhed to 
 reftore the pagan religion, but when invefted 
 with power he obliged his barbarous fubjedls 
 to embrace chriftianity. He was flain in 
 battle by his brother 1059. 
 
 Andrew II. king of Hungary, fucceeded 
 his nephew Ladiflaus 1204. He was in the 
 crufades, and behaved with great valor. He 
 died 1235. 
 
 Andrew III. king of Hungary, grand- 
 fon of the peceding, fucceeded on the death 
 of Ladiflaus, 1299. His elevation was op- 
 pofed by Charles of Sicily fon of Ladiflaus' 
 filler, and a civil war was the confequence. 
 The troubles continued till the death of 
 both the rivals, who died the fame year 1 305. 
 
 Andrew, fon of Charofeert of Hungary 
 married Joan II. queen of Naples his coufin, 
 but fuch was the diflike which was kindled 
 between thefe youthful fovereigns, that the 
 queen was at laft perfuaded by her favorites to 
 eonfent to the aflaffination of her hufband in 
 his 19th year 1345. 
 
 Andrews or Adrewe, Eufebius, a bar- 
 rister of j,ood family in Middlesex, fejeretary 
 to lord Capel, and on the breaking out of the 
 civil wars, a colonel in Charles' fervice. Af- 
 ter the lofs of Worccfter, he attempted the 
 recovery of the ifland of Ely, and being taken 
 prifoner he was condemned by Bradfhaw to be 
 hanged and quartered, but on his petition the 
 fentence was changed to beheading, which he 
 fufFered with great fortitude on Tower Hill, 
 
 Andrews, Lancelot, an Engliih divine 
 born in London 1565. After being educated 
 at Merchant Taylors', he entered at Pem- 
 broke hall, Cambridge. His abilities were 
 made known to Walfingham fecretary to 
 Elizabeth, who procured for him St. Giles 
 Cripplegate in London, and a prebend and 
 reiidentiaryfhip of St. Paul's. He was after- 
 wards matter of his college, and on the de- 
 cealiB of Elizabeth he gained the favor of 
 James fo much by his pulpit eloquence, that 
 the monarch employed him to defend his 
 kingly right aga'.nft the attack of Bellarmine, 
 under the name of Matthew Tortus. An- 
 drews iupported his caufe with fpirit in his 
 Tortura torti, and the king rewarded him with 
 the rank of privy counfellor, and the bilhop- 
 ric of Chichefter 1605. He was afterwards 
 advanced to Ely, and then to Winchefter; 
 but though he enjoyed the favors of the mo- 
 narch, he did not forget his independence as 
 an Englishman ; and when James wilhed to 
 know the fentiments of his courtiers with 
 refpect to raifing money without parliament, 
 he found Andrews decidedly fevere againft 
 the unconftitutional meafure. He died at 
 Winchefter-houfe in Southwark, 1626. Mil- 
 ton has written an elegant elegy on him. 
 Befides the Tortura torti, he wrote a ma- 
 nual of devotions in Greek, tranflated by 
 Stanhope into Engliih, and a volume of 
 fermons. 
 
 Andronicus I. fon of IfaacCommenus.was 
 imprifoned for his rebellious conduct againft 
 Manuel, but after 12 years' confinement, he 
 efcaped into Ruflia, and on the elevation of 
 young Alexis II. he was received as a protec- 
 tor and a partner of the throne. Thus armed 
 with power he ftrangled the unfufpecYmg youth, 
 and feated himfelf fole Emperor on the throne 
 of Conitantiuopls 1183 in his 71ft year. His 
 cruelties however rendered him odious, and he 
 was two years after feized in an infurrection, 
 and put to death in the molt ignominious 
 maimer. 
 
 Andronicus Paljeologus Tl.fucceeded 
 his father Michael VIII. in 1282. His feeble 
 rule was unable to withftand the attacks of his 
 enemies, and he was banifhed from the throne 
 by hisgrandfon of the fame name, andfinifhed 
 his days in amonaftery 1332, aged 74. 
 
 Andronicus Pal^eologus III. grand- 
 fon of the preceding, was warlike and en- 
 terprifing. He died of a- fever, univerfally 
 regretted by his fubjefts, 1341, in his 45th 
 year. 
 
 Andronicus IV. was aflbciated to his fa- 
 ther John V. 1355. His perfidy irritated his 
 father, who put out one of his eyes, and raifed 
 his brother Manuel in his place. He died ia 
 exile. 
 
 Andronicus, founder of a feci; of the 
 fame name, adopted the errors of the Severians, 
 and fupported that the upper part of a woman 
 
 was 
 
ANE 
 
 ANG 
 
 was the work of God, but the lower the work 
 of the devil. 
 
 Andronicus, a learned mandfThefla 
 lonica, who took refuge in Italy, after the faTl 
 of Conftantinople, and taught Greek at Rome, 
 JFlorence, and Paris. He died at Paris 
 M78. 
 
 Androuet du Cerceau, yames, nn 
 arc. s .tec~t at the end of the 16th century, who 
 furnifhed the deiigns for the grand gallery of 
 the Louvre, the Pontneuf, Sec. He pub- 
 lished feme works on his proMion and died 
 abroad. 
 
 An drv, Nicholas, a profeflbr of philofo- 
 phy, and dean of the faculty of medicine at 
 Paris, was a native of Lyon9, and author of 
 ieveraltreatifes now little known, except thofe 
 on medicine, efpecially a treatife on the gene 
 ration of worms in the human bodyy on phle- 
 botomy, on brthopjedia, or the method of 
 correcting defoimities in children. He died 
 1742, aged 84. 
 
 Aneau, Bartholomew, a native ofBourges, 
 principal of the college of Lyons. In 1565, 
 during a proceffion, a ftone was thrown from 
 the college upon the prieft who carried the 
 confecrated bre::d, and immediately the place 
 was itormed, and Aneau, whofe calviniftical 
 opinions were unpopular, being found alone 
 and fulpe&ed, was dragged, and inhumanly 
 murdered by the populace. He was author 
 of fome fatires and other pieces in French 
 and in Latin. 
 
 Aneli.o, Thomas, called commonly Mai- 
 faniello, a fifherman of Naples, born 1623. 
 He felt for the wrongs of his country, when 
 the Auftrian government, to which Naples 
 was fubjeft, laid a frelh tax upon fruits which 
 the already opprefled people were unable to 
 bear. A number of boys, to the amount of 
 2000, were armed with canes by the dema- 
 gogue, the viceroy was attacked, and the go- 
 vernment fuipended. Anello poflefled firm- 
 nefs and popularity, and he was invefted with 
 the fupreme power, and faw himielf fuddenly 
 at the head of 150,000 people, who bowed 
 to his nod. He did not forget the right of 
 the nation, he figned a fol'emn convention 
 with the terrified government, and after ie- 
 curing the freedom of the fubjecl, he nobly 
 determined to lay afide his power. 'I he 
 thought was heroic, but the felicitations of his 
 wife and kindred, or the more powerful calls 
 of ambition, forbad it ; and he itill continued 
 his authority, loft in debauchery and intem- 
 perance, till the dagger of four aflaffins rid the 
 world of a man whom the intoxication oflplen- 
 dor began to render cruel and vindictive, 
 1647- 
 
 Aneurin, a Britifh poet, celebrated as 
 the king of bards, and as the leader of the 
 Olidinian Britons at the battle of Catraeth. 
 The valor difplayed on this bloody day was 
 celebrated by the. warlike ba;d in a poem (till 
 
 preferred among the records of Welch lite- 
 rature, as alfo his odes of the months. He 
 died about 570. 
 
 Ange de St. Joseph, le Pere % a car- 
 melite of Touloufe. He travelled into Per- 
 fia as miflionary, and tranilated the Perfian 
 pharmacopoeia into Latin, befides a treatife on 
 the language of The country, a very valuable 
 ^performance. He died at Perpignanji6o7. 
 
 Ange de Ste. Rosalie, a learned Au- 
 guiline born ac Blcis. He died at Paris 17*6, 
 aged 71, before he had completed the new edi- 
 tion of the hiftory of the royal family of 
 France, &c. by Anfelm- This work was 
 afterwards edited in 9 vols, fot 
 
 Angeu, Bonaiienturt, a native of Ferrara, 
 profeflbr of the law and author of the hiftory 
 of Parma, printed 1591. He died 1576. 
 
 Angeu, Baldus, an Italian phyfician,au- 
 thor of a Latin treatife on vipers, at the Ut- 
 ter end of the 1 6th century. 
 
 Angeli, Peter, a Latin poet of Barga in 
 Tufcany. After teaching at Reggio he came 
 to Pifa, where Cofmo I. feated him in a 
 profeubrial chair. When the town was fud- 
 denly befleged by Stroz^i in 1554, Angeli 
 animated the (Indents by his example, and 
 withftood the enemy rill luccours came from 
 Flqrence. He wrote two poems, Cynege- 
 ticon, or of the Chace, in fix books, which, 
 coft him 20 years' labor, and Syrius or the 
 expedition of Godfrey de Bouillon, ill 12 
 books. He died 1596, aged 79. 
 
 Angelic, "John, a Dominican of Fiezok, 
 known as the painter of pope Nicholas V.'s 
 chapel, for which he refuted the archbifhopric 
 of Florence. He is faid to have left inaccu* 
 racies in his great works, that he might not 
 draw too much the admiration of mankind. 
 He died 1455, a g e( * 68. 
 
 Ange us, Dominico de, a native of Lecce 
 in Otranto, admitted into the molt celebrated 
 academies of France and Spain. When Phi- 
 lip V. of Spain was mafter of Naples, he was 
 appointed hiftoriographer, and afterwards fe 
 cretary to the duke of Gravina. His cempo- 
 fitions are 14 in number, raoftly upon hifto- 
 rical, biographical, or critical fubjects, in ka- 
 lian. He diM at Lecce 1719, in his 44th 
 year. 
 
 Angelo Buonaroti, Michael, a great 
 painter, fculptor, and architect. He was 
 born 1474 in Tufcany, and was nurfed by a. 
 woman of Settiniano, whofe hufband was emi- 
 nent as a fculptor, fo that he was faid to have 
 fucked fculpture with his very milk. His 
 genius was early difplayed, and it railed fuch 
 jealoufy among his youthful rivals, that one 
 of them, Torri^iano, itruck him with fuch vio- 
 lence on the ncie that he carried the mark to 
 his grave. (in protection of Lorenzo do Me- 
 dicis railed him to confequence. An aca- 
 demy was ere&id, but the painter fled with 
 his patron during the troubles of irlorencs, 
 F. 3 *.- 
 
ANK 
 
 to Bologna. It is fald that about 
 life, he made and buried an image of 
 it Rome, which was loom after di;g 
 ideied by cardinal Gregory as a 
 inert valuable antique, till Michael Atigelo 
 be his own, by fitting to it the 
 broken arm which it had rod, and which he 
 h id kept ori purpofe. The moll celebrated 
 cf his pieces is his lad judomcut, painted for 
 Paul III. though it is perhaps to be lamented, 
 that the artiiVs revenge had been cruelly im- 
 mortalized, by his reprefentattlon of a cardi-. 
 ml, who was his enemy, in the number of 
 the damned. His architectural abilities are 
 bed difplayed in the public buildings of Flo- 
 rence, and particularly of Rome, where he 
 completed the building of St. Peter's church, 
 in the execution of which he fpent 17 labo- 
 rious years without falary. He was alio an 
 elegant poet, as his fomiets, canzonets, &c. 
 publimed by his grand-nephew at Florence 
 1617, fully lhov. He died 1,564, aged 
 60. 
 
 A.vorio, Thomas de, an ecclefiaftic, au- 
 thor of an hiftory of Sicily for the firlt five 
 centuries, and of other work;. He died at 
 Mefiina, 1720. 
 
 Akci-lom, Francis, born at Terni in 
 
 Spohtto, was author of an 'hidory of his native 
 
 and of a valuable Augultan hidory by 
 
 medals, from J. CaHar to Conftantine the 
 
 sreat. 
 
 Axcelus, Ckrijiophcr, a learned Greek, 
 driven from Peloponnefus by the Turks. He 
 came to England and Itudied at Cambridge 
 under the patronage of the bilhop of Nor- 
 wich. He afterwards went to Baliol , Oxford, 
 'vhjre he indrueted the dudents in Greek. 
 He died 1638. He was author of feveral 
 works, the bed of which is his account of his 
 fufferiugs in Greek and Englilh. 
 
 Anoier, Samuel, a native of EfTex, edu- 
 cated at Emanuel college Cambridge. He 
 was ejected for nonconformity from his living 
 at Denton Lancalhire, in 1662, and died 
 1677 aged 72. He was author of a theolo- 
 gical tre.itil'e called a help to better hearts for 
 better times. 
 
 Anoilbkrt, St. defcended from a noble 
 family of Neudria, lludied under Alcuinus 
 with Charlemagne, and not only became his 
 minilter and favorite, but married his daugh- 
 ter Bertha. He was made governor ot the 
 coad,but he religned his honors and the com- 
 pany of his wife for the monadery ofCentula 
 or St. Requier of which he became the abbot. 
 He was often drawn from his religious retire 
 ment to affairs of ftate ; he went three times 
 to Rome, and faw Charlemagne crowned em- 
 peror of the Welt. Of his works few remain. 
 He was fo elegant a poet that Charlemagne 
 called him his Homer. He died February 
 814 
 ' Anjoiolixlo, born at Vicenza, wrote in 
 
 the Italian and Turkifh tongue an hidory of 
 Mahomet I. which he inferibed to him. He 
 had been Have to Mudapha 1473, and there r 
 fore his hidory is that of an eye-witnefs. 
 
 Anci.U'US, Gllbcrtus, phyfician to Her- 
 bert, archbilhop of Canterbury, was Author 
 of a compendium of phyfic, the earlieft extant, 
 at the end of the 13th century. 
 
 A'KCElccfs', Ricardus, an Englifh meaical 
 writer who dudied at Oxford, a>nd afterwards 
 at Paris, about 1230. He was eminent in 
 his profelfion. A lid of his works is prefer- 
 ved in Aikin's Biog. Mem. of Medicine. 
 
 Anglus, Thomas, an Er.glifh pried, dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf by his learning and genius* 
 His fondnefs for the peripttetic philofophy, 
 and his attempts to apply the principles of 
 Aridotle to explain the myderies of religion, 
 created him many enemies, who procured 
 the condemnation of his writings, both at Douay 
 and at Rome. He died after the rdtoration 
 of Charles II. 
 
 Anguier, Francis and Jffkhaft, two bro- 
 thers, natives of Eu, in Normandy, who 
 adorned Paris by their beautiful fculpture. 
 The former died 1699, a S ot ^ 95 > an ^ *^ e other 
 1686, aged 74. 
 
 A n o u 1 L l a r 1 , John Andre d?V, an Italian 
 poet, who wrote a tragedy on CKdipus, notes 
 on the Orlando of Ariodo, and a valuable, 
 tranllation of Ovid's Metamorphofes, in the 
 1 6th century. 
 
 AnGVSClOLAy.Sopboni/ba, a native^jof Al- 
 mona in Italy, eminent for her hidorical and 
 portrait paintings. She bellowed fuch atten- 
 tion to her profeffion that lhe became blind. 
 She died 1626 aged 93. Her filters Lucia 
 and Europa, alio excelled in the execution of 
 the pencil. 
 
 Anicetus, pope of Rome, after Pius, 
 157, differed martyrdom under M. Aure- 
 lius, 168. 
 
 Anicii, Peter, fon of a turner, wis born 
 near Inlpruck 1723, and after being employ- 
 ed as a laborer and a Ihepherd, his genius for 
 mechanics burd forth. He was admired for 
 his knowledge of allronomv, for the accuracy 
 of the maps and charts which he drew ; and 
 the pair of globes which he made for the uni- 
 verfity of Inlpruck were judly confidered as of 
 fuperior beauty and value. He died early in 
 life 1766. 
 
 Anichini, Lewis, a Venetian engraver, 
 celebrated for the delicacy and precilion with 
 which he engraved even the minuted objects. 
 It was at the light of his pieces that Michael 
 Angelo exclaimed, that the art of engraving 
 under his hand had reached the fummit of per- 
 lectijn. f- is bed piece was a medal of Alex- 
 ander the great, proltrating himfelf before the 
 high pried at Jeruialem. 
 
 A NIELLO, Thomas, <vid. ANELLO. 
 
 Askkkstroom, J^'' 1 * "James, a S 
 officer who in the war earned on by Sweden 
 
 againlt 
 
ANN 
 
 ANN 
 
 againft Rufiia, flittered himfelf to be gained 
 over againft the interefts of his country. He 
 was lentenced to death, but the pardon 
 of his king, inltead of producing gra- 
 titude, rendered his hatred more inveterate. 
 tie confpired againft Guftavus, and as the mo- 
 narch entered a room where a malked ball 
 was aflembled, the affaflin discharged at him 
 a piftW containing two balls and lbme nails. 
 The wound was mortal and the king expired 
 29th March 1792. The 37th of April fol- 
 lowing the bloody murderer was led to execu? 
 tion, but inftead of contrition fie gloried in 
 hiideed. His right hand and his head were cut 
 off. 
 
 Anna Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan 
 Alexiovitch, emperor of Ruffia, married in 
 j 710 Frederic William duke of Courland, and 
 fucceeded Peter II. on the throne 1730. At 
 the death ofhe>- hufband, 17 n, fhe took for 
 her favorite Biren, a perfon of low birth, but 
 great duplicity ; and when railed to the throne 
 her fubjecfs were ruled by this capricious mi- 
 nion, who, it is laid, baniflied no lels than 
 ?o,ooo perfons to Siberia through revenge. 
 Anna cjied 1 740 aged 47. 
 
 Annand, William, A. fif. a native of 
 Edinburgh, who was chofen one of the mini- 
 fters and became a popular preacher there. 
 He behaved with great kiudnefs towards the 
 prefbyterians, and oppofed James when he 
 "ifhed to difpenfe with the penal laws. At 
 the revolution he was made dean of Raphoe in 
 Ireland, where he died 1710 aged 64. He 
 wrote a volume of valuable iermons. 
 
 An nat, Francis, a native of Rouergue, 
 of the order of Jeluits, teacher of philolophy 
 at Touloufe. He was made confeffor to the 
 French king 1654, which office he held 16 
 years. He is known for his great zeal in op- 
 pofing the Janfenifts, and for his uncommon 
 modefty and difintereftednefs. His writings 
 are controversial and admired for judgment 
 and moderation. He died at Paris 1670, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Anne, of Auftria, daughter of Philip II. 
 of Spain married Lewis XIII. 1615, andwas 
 mother of Lewis XIV. of France. The in- 
 trigues of Richelieu rendered her marriage- 
 ftate unhappy, but during the minority of her 
 fon, fhe was permitted to govern the king- 
 dom by means of Mazarin. Her power was 
 p >pular by the victoiies of the great Conde. 
 When Lewis XIV. fucceeded to the govern- 
 ment in t66o, Hie retired to a convent, and 
 died :6o6, aged 64. 
 
 Anne, of Beaujeu, daughter of Lewis 
 XII. of France, married the duke of Bourbon, 
 and was. regent during the minority of her 
 brother Charles VIII. Her government was 
 marked by firmnef* and wifdom, though in 
 her private character fhe w,;s vindictive and 
 violent. She died a- Chatttejle 1522, aged 
 60. 
 
 Anne, of Britany, was wife of Maximi- 
 lian of Auftria, and next married Charles 
 VIII. of France,' and after his deafii Lewis 
 XII She was celebrated for her beauty, her 
 modefty, and her patronage of the learned. 
 She died 1514 in her 38th year. 
 
 Anne, of Cleves, a daughter of John IIL 
 duke of Cleves. Her picture by Holbein was 
 ihewn by Lord Cromwell to the licentious 
 Henry VIII. and he demanded her for his 
 queen. 'Fhe painter had flattered the prin- 
 CL-fs, and Henry, loon difgufted with the 
 Flanders mare, as he called this ill-treated 
 woman, obtained a divorce from his obfe 
 quious parliament. Anne, without ftruggle, 
 left England, and retired to Cleves, where fhe 
 died 1557. 
 
 Anne, daughter of James II. fucceeded 
 William III. as queen of England. Her reign 
 forms a brilliant epoch in the Englifh hiftory 
 from the victories of Marlborough ; but fhe 
 polTefted not the firmnefs required to diftin- 
 guilh the merits and virtues of her fubjecls. 
 Under her adminiftration, Scotland was united 
 to England. The queen poffefled the pecu- 
 liar felicity of having for her minifters the 
 ableft ftatefmen that ever lived, and among 
 her lubjeds the molt learned, fublime, and 
 eloquent writers in the walks of poetry, fci- 
 ence, and general literature 5 and therefore 
 with truth her reign has been denominated 
 the Auguftanage of England. In 1683 me 
 married prince George of Denmark, by whom 
 (be had feveral children who all died young. 
 She died Auguft 1 7 14, aged 50. 
 
 Annebaut, Claude d\ of an ancient far 
 mily in, Normandy, w^s taken prifoner with 
 Francis I. at the battle of Pavia. Pie was 
 afterwards marfhal and admiral of France, and 
 died 1$$%, 
 
 ANNEtX t)E SoUVENEL, Alexis Fran- 
 cis, an advocate of the parliament of Britany, 
 known by an elegant epiftle in verfe to the 
 fhades of Boileau. He died at Rennes 1758, 
 aged 69. 
 
 A^NNESDEy, Samuel LL.D. a native of 
 Cumberland, educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, and afterwards chaplain of a man of 
 war, andthenminifterof Bliffe in Kent. He 
 afterwards, in confequence of his violent fer- 
 mons againft the monarchy, obtained St. Giles 
 Cripplegate, London, from which he was 
 cjeited by the act of uniformity 1662. He 
 died 1696, aged 77, author of feveral fer- 
 rnbris, It is faid John Wefley was his grand- 
 ion by the mother's fide. 
 
 Annesi.ey, Arthur, ear} of A^iglefey, a 
 native of Dublin 16 14, educated at Magda- 
 len college, Oxford, and Lincoln's Inn. la 
 the beginning of the civil wars he favored the 
 royal caufe ; hut he afterwards efpoufed the 
 republican fide, and .vas employed with fuccefs 
 as a commiflioner in quelling the disturbances 
 of UlHx-r, and in withdrawing the command of 
 E 4 Dublin 
 
ANS 
 
 ANS 
 
 Dublin from the duke of Ormond. The 
 violence of his party hewever difplcafed him, 
 and after (he death of Cromwell he began to 
 favor the re-eit.iblifhment of regal authority, 
 and on Charles's return he was made a peer 
 for hisfignal fervices, in effecting the rcftora- 
 tion. He was made treafurer of the navy, 
 but his political quarrel with Caitlehavcn and 
 th? duke of Ormond, with relVecl to the in- 
 furrections in Ireland, rendered him unpopu- 
 lar with the king, to whom, in 1682, he ven- 
 tured to prefent a petitic/n againit the fuccef- 
 ficn of the duke of York, and he refigned. 
 He was marked out by James II. for the of- 
 fice of chancellor, but his death prevented his 
 elevation 1686, in his 73d year. He was a 
 man of abilities, and great fagacity and learn- 
 ing. He wrote, betides politic./l pamphlets, 
 a valuable hiltory of the troubles of Ireland 
 from 1 64 1 to 1660. He was the firft of thofe 
 fpirited nobles, who confidered a fhoice li- 
 brary as an ornament to their fplendid equi- 
 page, and he made a valuable and expensive 
 cohesion. On the fale of his books, a me- 
 morandum wasfound on a leaf, tomention that the 
 Eixvv BxriXiKn was not the work of the unfor- 
 tunate Charles, but of Dr. Gauden, which cir- 
 cumftance produced a war of controverfy. 
 
 Annius, de Vitcrbo, a Dominican, mafter 
 of the fa:red palace of Alexander VI. He 
 wrote commentaries, &c. befides 17 books- of 
 antiquities, a foolifh and injudicious collection 
 Of the ipurious works attributed to Xenophon, 
 Archilochu*, Philo, Fabius Pidtor, Berofus, 
 &c He died 1502, at R.ome aged 70. 
 
 Akscharius, a Frenchman, bifhop of 
 Hamburgh and Bremen, celebrated for the 
 conversion of the Danes to Chriftianity. He 
 died 865, aged 64. 
 
 Ansegisus, abbot of Lobbes in the diocefe 
 of Cambray, made a collection of the capitu- 
 laries of Charlemagne and Lewis his fon, in 
 two vols. fol. He died 833. 
 
 An s elm, a native of Aoft in Savoy, who 
 came to England in 1092, and was with dif- 
 ficulty prevailed upon by king Rufus to fill the 
 vacant fee of Canterbury. Though gratitude 
 might have influenced his conduct, Anfelm 
 looked with indifference upon the monarch, 
 and rcfufed to receive the metropolitan pall 
 from his hands. Anfelm had no fooner left 
 the kingdom to repair to Rome, than the king 
 feized the revenues of the archhifhop. The 
 prelate complained to Urban II. who, while he 
 wifhed to defend the rights of his office, did 
 notfailtoliftento the more powerful arguments 
 ofhisrivai accompanied by prefents,and the dif- 
 pute remained undecided till the death of the 
 monarch, and of the pope. On the acceffion of 
 Henry I. Anfelm received an invitation to 
 return, and his arrival was marked with the 
 mod extraordinary refpect, both from the 
 king and the people ; but when re-inveftiture 
 was demanded, and the homage generally paid 
 
 to a new monarch, the haughty prelate refufed. 
 The king was firm in his determination, and 
 Anfelm was bound to obey the commands of 
 the pope. The bifhops, who had before ef- 
 poufed the cauie of the king, now changed 
 their fentiments, and Anfelm, who had re- 
 tired into Normandy, had the gratification to 
 fee the king ccme to fo'icit a reconciliation, 
 which was effe6ted in the abbey of Bee. An- 
 felm returned to England before the final fet- 
 tlement of this difpute, and died 1109 in his 
 76th year. He v/as author of feveral theolo- 
 gical trcatifes. Ke was the firft prelate who 
 infifted upon the celibacy of his clergy, in the 
 fynod of Weftminfter 1102. In his time the 
 archbiihop of York attempted to throw eff his 
 dependency on the fee of Canterbury, in which , 
 however, he failed. 
 
 An s elm, an Auguftine monk, author oi 
 a chronological hiltory of France, &c. 1694, 
 continued afterwards to nine vols folio. 1726. 
 He died at Paris 1694 aged 69. 
 
 An s elm, Anthony, ion of a furgeon ol 
 Armagnac, diftinguifhed as a preacher and 
 poet. He died 1737 aged 86. 
 
 Anson, George Lord, was fon of William 
 Anfon elquire of Huckborough, the defcen- 
 dant of an indent family in Staffordmire. His 
 fondnefs for naval hiftory and bold adventures 
 was encouraged by his father. He was fent 
 with a iquadron of five fhips to annoy the Spa- 
 niards in the fouthern ocean, and he failed 
 from Portimouth 18th of Sept. 1740. He 
 was 40 days in crofting Cape Horn, March 
 1741, in the molt tempeftuous feafon, but 
 undifmayed he proceeded and reached Juan 
 Fernandez with only two fhips and two fmallex 
 attendant veffels, and 335 men. From thence 
 he fet fail to attack Paita, and after he had 
 deftroyed his fhips zs unferviceable except the 
 Centurion of 64 guns, he croffed the Pacific 
 ocean, and after refrefhing for fome time in 
 China, he returned towards the eaft, and took 
 the famous Acapulco galleon, off the Philip- 
 pine iflands. He touched at Cant.-m, where 
 he fupported the dignity of the Britifh flag, 
 and returning by the Cape of Good Hope, he 
 paff?d during a fog through a French fleet. 
 and arrived at Spithead the 15th June 1744. 
 after a voyage of three years and nine months. 
 His riches were conveyed to London in 32 
 waggons, with mufic playing, and amidft the 
 fhouts of the rejoicing populace, and the booty 
 was divided among thofe brave men who had 
 fhared his glory and his toils. Some years af- 
 ter his good fortune led him among a French 
 fleet of fix men of war and four Eaft India fhips 
 which he took. It was on this occafion that 
 the French admiral faid to him, in prefenting 
 his fword and pointing to two of his (hips 
 " monfieur, vous avez vaincu l'invincible, et 
 la gloire vous fuit." His fervices were reward- 
 ed by George II. with a peerage, and he waj 
 placfcd at the head of the admiralty, nomi- 
 10 nated 
 
ANT 
 
 ANT 
 
 nated vice admiral of England on the death of 
 fir John Norris, and became the naval oracle 
 of his country. He afterwards protected with 
 afquadronthe defcent made in 1758 at Cher- 
 bourg and St. jV!aloe9, but his exertions were 
 too great for the languid date of his health, 
 and the laft office he performed was the con- 
 veying of Charlotte, the confort of George 
 HI. to England. He died June 6th. 1762, at 
 his feat Moor- park Herts, lamented by the 
 whole nation. He had no hTue by his lady, 
 who was daughter of earl Hardwicke, and 
 who died before him. Lord Anfon was a great 
 and popular character, he pofTefled fuch in- 
 offenfive, artlefs manners, that it was jo- 
 cofely faid of him by a per ion who obferved 
 how he was impofed upon by characters of 
 whole company he was too fond, tnat he had 
 been round the world, but never in it. His 
 vovage round the world was a well executed 
 performance, compiled by Befijamin Robins ; 
 and fo popular that four large impreflions were 
 Ibid in 1 2 months. 
 
 Anstis, John, a native of St. Net's in 
 Cornwall, born 1669, and educated at Exeter 
 college Oxford, and at the Middle Temple. 
 He was in 1702 member for St. Germain's, 
 and opp fed the bill for cccafional conformity, 
 for which he was ridiculed among the Tackers. 
 He was commhTioner of prizes under queen 
 Anne, and was garter king of arms from 1714, 
 to his death, which happened 1741- He was 
 diftinguhhed by his great knewledge of he- 
 raldry, a fcience which he enriched by many 
 learned publications, as well as other gene- 
 alogical "treatifes. The belt- known of his 
 publications, were a letter on the ho- 
 nor of the earl marfhal, 8vo. 1706. the form 
 of the garter inftallation, 8vo. 1720 the re- 
 gifter of the noble order of the garter, 2 vols 
 fol. x-ii, obfervation introductory and an 
 hiftorical effay on the knighthood of the bath, 
 4to. 1725. His eldelt fon John, of Corpus 
 Chrifti Oxford, was afTociated with his father 
 is garter king 1725, and made genealogift and 
 regifter of the bath. He died a bachelor 
 *7J4- 
 
 Anthemius, an architect of Lydiaf in the 
 6th century, who was alfo an able mathema 
 tician, and invented feveral machines to imi- 
 tate thunder, earthquakes, &c. He was em- 
 ployed by Jultinian in the erection of St. So- 
 phia's church, Conftantinople, and other edi- 
 fices. 
 
 Anthony, Saht, the founder of monailic 
 life, was born at Coma in Egypt, 251. He 
 foldhiDpofTeflions, which he distributed to the 
 poor, and retired into the defert, where for 
 20 years, fay the catholics, his virtues were 
 expofed to the ereateft temptations from the 
 wiles of Satan, till he prevailed, and faw hini- 
 felf at lait iurrounded by a crowd of followers 
 jealous to merit his bleffings and to imitate his 
 piv. He died 25$ in the lojth yeartffjus 
 
 age. St. Athanafius, to whom he gave his 
 tunic, has written his life. 
 
 Anthony, Francis, was born in London 
 1550, and ftudied at Cambridge, where he 
 laid the foundation of that chemical knowledge 
 which enabled him to impofe upon the credu- 
 lous, by felling his panacea of potable gold, 
 on which a treatife was printed at Hamburgh 
 1598. His fuccefs as an empiric was great, 
 but he was violently oppofed by Gwinne and 
 Cotta, and it was confidently afferted that his 
 noftrum was poifonous, and many on their 
 death-bed attributed their death to it. The 
 inoffenfivenefs of his manners, his learning 
 and his private virtues however, ftemmed the 
 torrent of unpopularity, and though he was 
 impriibned for praciifing without a licence, his 
 reputation and his fortune encreafed. He died 
 in Bartholomew Clofe 1623, aged 74, leav- 
 ing two fons both phyficians, one of whom 
 John, Succeeded his father as the proprietor of 
 his medicine, and theother ->ract fed atBedford. 
 
 Anthony, king of Navarre, was fon of 
 Charles of Bourbon, duke of Vendome, and 
 married Joan d'Albret 1548, who" brought 
 him the principality ofBearne, and the king- 
 dom of Navarre. He abandoned the prote- 
 ftant tenets for the catholic faith, and then 
 formed with Guife and Montmorency the fa- 
 mous league called the triumvirate. During 
 the civil wars in 1562, he took the command 
 of the army ; and Blois, Tours, and Rouen, 
 furrendered to his arms. He was wounded 
 on the fhodder at the fiege of this laft place, 
 and died 25 days after at Andeli 1562. His 
 fon was afterwards the celebrated Henry IV. 
 of France. 
 
 Anthony, titular king of Portugal, was 
 fon of Lewis the fecond fon of Emanuel. His 
 pretentions to the throne were oppofed by- 
 Philip II. of Spain, who fent the duke of Alva 
 againlt him 1580, and obliged him to fly from 
 his dominions. Anthony was a wretched fu- 
 gitive iu Holland, France, and England, and 
 died at Paris 1595 aged 64. 
 
 Anthony, illegitimate Ion of Philip duke 
 of Burgundy, deferved by his valor the name 
 of the Great. He was engaged in Africa 
 againfl the Moors, and in Switzerland, and 
 was taken prilbner at the battle of Nanci. Le- 
 wis XI. of France and Charles VIII. hono- 
 rably rewarded his fervices. He died 1504. 
 aged 83. 
 
 Anthony, Paul Gahiel, a Jefuit, born 
 at Luneville. He was profeflbr of philofo- 
 phy and theology, and died at Pont-a-Mouf- 
 fon,i743. He wrote theologia univerfa dog- 
 matica, 7 vols. i2mo. &c " 
 
 Anthony, a Sicilian, who when taken 
 prifoner by Mahomet IJ. at the Negropont, 
 1473, fet fire to the arfenal at Gallipoli, 
 for which he was fawed in two by the Turks. 
 
 Anthony, N. an architect who fettled at 
 Paris, from Switzerland, during the revolu- 
 
ARA 
 
 ARC 
 
 plary life and refufcd the archbithopric of 
 me city, when offered by Clement IV. Gre- 
 gory X. iuvited him to the council of L\ons 
 to read the book which he had written 
 againft the Greeks ; and he died on his 
 way to join the pontiff' at the monafiery 
 cf Foffanova, near Terracina, 1174, in his 
 50th year. He was canonifed 1323. His 
 writings moftly upon theological fubjects, 
 prove him to have been a man of great 
 learning, and extenfive knowledge. They 
 have often been pubiiihed, in 17 volumes 
 folio. His authority in religion became 
 decifive in the Catholic fchools, and he ap- 
 proached fo near to the erudition of St. 
 Auguiline, that he was faid in the true 
 fpirit of the metempfychofis, to poffefs the 
 tranfmigrated foul of that celebrated faint. 
 It was in defence of Thomas Aquinas that 
 Henry VIII. compofed the book which pro- 
 cured him from the pope the title of the 
 Defender of the Faith. 
 
 Aquino, Philip, a Jew of Carpentras, 
 converted to Chriilianity, and profeffor of 
 Hebrew at Paris. He wrote a Hebrew 
 talmudical, &C. dictionary, and corrected 
 le Jay's polyglot bible. He died 1650. 
 His fon, Lezcis, was author of feveral valu- 
 able books in oriental literature. 
 
 Arab scah, author of ahiftory of Tamerlane, 
 and of a treatife of the unity of God, was a 
 Mahometan of Damafcus, who died there 1450. 
 
 Ara m, Eugene, a native of Ramfgill, York- 
 ftiire, Ion of a gardener. His genius difplayed 
 itfelf whilft in the humble occupation of his 
 father, mathematical calculations and geo- 
 metrical knowledge were quickly acquired, 
 and Lilly's grammar, though in unintelli- 
 gible language, was learnt by heart, and 
 afterwards Camden's Greek, till this f elf- 
 taught claffic unfolded the meaning of a few 
 Latin lines, and then with rapid fteps ad- 
 vanced to the comprehenfion of the au- 
 thors of Latin and Greek literature. He 
 alfo made himfelf perfecl [ in Hebrew, and 
 with thefe great acquirements he gained 
 his livelihood, by engaging in feveral fchools 
 in the fouth of England. In 1757, he 
 came to the free fchool at Lynn, a per- 
 fect mailer of the mod abftrufe ftudies, 
 aad acquainted with heraldry and botany. 
 He had begun to make collections for ra- 
 dical comparifons between the modern 
 languages and ancient tongues, and already 
 more than 3000 words were fele&ed to 
 eflablilh this affinity in a comparative lexi- 
 con, when his labors were arretted by the 
 hands of iuftice. He was taken up at 
 Lynn, 1758, for the murder of Daniel 
 Clark, a fhoemaker of Knarefborough, 
 who had been murdered 13 years before ; 
 and, after a trial in which he defended 
 himfelf with coolncfs and ability, he 
 was found guilty of the crime, and, after 
 ittempting to commit fuicidu, he Suf- 
 
 fered death at. York, Auuft, 1759. He 
 acknowledged the juftice of his fentence, 
 and attributed the crime to a fufpicion 
 of adultery between his wife and Clark. 
 
 Arantius, Julius, an Italian phyficiaq 
 and anatomill, the pupil of Vefalius and Bart, 
 Magus, known by a learned treatife on the 
 human fcetus. He was born at Bologna, and 
 died there I58i,aged6i. 
 
 Arbrissel, Robert d\ a native of Britany, 
 who founded the monaltery of Fontevrault, 
 and feparated his male and femalo difciples. 
 He died 11 17. 
 
 Arbuckle, James M. A. a native of 
 Glafgow, mafter of a fchool in the north of 
 Ireland. He pofiefied genius, and his merit 
 was acknowledged in his poems. He propofed 
 a tranflation of Virgil, but did not rtnifh it. 
 He died 1734, aged 34. 
 
 Arbutunot, Alexander, fon of lord Ar- 
 buthnot, was eminent for his learning. He 
 was a zealous defender of the reformation, 
 and publifhed Buchanan's hiftory of Scotland, 
 befides fome poetical trifles, and orations on 
 the origin of law, and died at Aberdeen, 1538. 
 
 Arbutunot, John, M. J), fon of an epif- 
 copal clergyman, was defcended from the no- 
 ble family of the lame name, and born at Ar- 
 buthnot, near Montrofe. After his education 
 at Aberdeen, he came to London, where he 
 attacked " Woodward's effay towards a na- 
 tural hiftory of the earth ;" and fopn rofe 
 in the medical profeflion, when he had fuccefs- 
 fully attended prince George of Denmark, 
 He was made phyfician to queen Anne, 1709, 
 and, foon after, his acquaintance was formed 
 wjch the moll celebrated wits of the age, with 
 two of whom, Swift and Pope, he engaged, 
 in 1714, to compofe in the true cervantic 
 ftile. a fatire on degenerated tafte and the abufe 
 f learning. Of this plan only the full book 
 was pubiiihed, under the name of " memoirs 
 of Martinus Scriblerus." The queen's death 
 in fome degree overturned the hopes of Ar 
 buthnot. He felt the blow, and paffed fome 
 time with his brother, the banker at Paris. 
 In 1727, he pubiiihed, in 410. his tables of an- 
 cient coins, &c. and afterwards employed his 
 pen in medical tracts, one of which, "effects of 
 air on human bodies," was unhappily fuggefted 
 by the afthmatic complaint under which he 
 labored. He died under this dreadful dis- 
 order, at his houfe, Cork-ftreet, 1735. His 
 fon George enjoyed a place in the Exche- 
 quer, and was one of Pope's executors; and 
 his daughter Anne was a legatee in the poet's 
 will. In praife of Arbuthnot, too much can- 
 not be faid. His benevolence was equal to 
 his wit, and it is admitted that he was inferio* 
 to none in learning, vivacity, and genuine hu- 
 mor. The letter which he wrote to Pope on 
 his death-bed is a ftrong inftance of the good- 
 nefs of his heart, the purity of his principles, 
 and the conilancy of his religious faith. 
 
 ARC, Joan cf, rid, Joan, 
 
 Arcerej 
 
Ri> 
 
 ARE 
 
 Arcrre, Anthony, a native of Marffcilles, 
 who was a prieft of the oratory. As (killed in 
 the oriental languages, he travelled into the 
 eait, where he made a valuable colle&ion of 
 marmicripts. He began a French and Tur- 
 kish dictionary, the completion of which was 
 unfortunately prevented by a fever, which 
 proved fatal, 1699, in his 35th year. 
 
 Arcere, Lciv'ts Etienne, a prieft of the 
 oratory of Marfeilles, known as a poet, but 
 more as the hiitorian of Rochelle mid of Ami- 
 ens. He died 178;, in extreme old age. 
 
 Archinto, OSiavius, defcended of a noble 
 family in the Milanefe, js known for his 
 ; antiquities," in 1 vol. folio, in the 1 6th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Archon, Lctv/s, chaplain of Lewis XIV. 
 horn at Riom in Auvergne, was patronifed by 
 the cardinal of Bouillon, and made himielf 
 known by his entertaining hiftory of the French 
 king's chapel, in 2 vols. 4to. 171 1. He died 
 at his abbey of St. Gilbert-neuf-fontaines. 
 1 71 7, in his 7 ad year. 
 
 Arcons, Cafar de, a Gafcon, advocate in 
 the parliament of Bourdeaux. He died 1681, 
 author of fome treatifes on the flux and reflux 
 of the fea, &c. 
 
 Arcq, Philip Augujie de St. Foi d\ an in- 
 genious Parifian, faid to have been the natu- 
 ral fon of count Touloute. He is known for 
 his hiftory of commerce and navigation his 
 temple of filence letters of Gfman, 3 vols. 
 Ilmo his general hiftory of war, 2 vols. 4 to. 
 fcc. He died 1774. 
 
 Arcudi, Alexander Themas, a dominican 
 f Venice, author of Galatina literata ; the 
 hiftory of Athanafius and other hiftorical and 
 biographical works. He died about 1720. 
 
 Arcudius, Pc'.f, a Greek ecclefiaftic of 
 Corfu, employed in Ruffia by Clement VIII. 
 He was patronifed by cardin. ' Borghefe; and 
 he diftinguiftied himielf as a writer on con- 
 troverfial works againft the Greek and Pro- 
 teftant chnrches. He died 1635. 
 
 Arcy, Patrick d\ an Englishman. Vide. 
 Darcy. 
 
 Arben, Edivard, a native of Warwick- 
 shire, of a refpetable family, who married 
 Mary, daughter of Sir George Tbrogmorton, 
 and lived a retired life on his eftate. He had 
 frequent quarrels with his neighbour, the great 
 earl of Leicefter, whofe pride looked down with 
 contempt on the independence of a country 
 gentleman, and his ruin was determined. So- 
 merville, a thoughtlefs young man, who had 
 married one of his daughters, was drawn into 
 a fuppofed confpiracy againft the queen's life, 
 and though no evidence appeared againft him, 
 except the report of a letter which had been 
 thrown into the fire by his father-in-law, not 
 only he, but Arden, his wife, his daughter, 
 wife of Somerville, and Somerville's fifter 
 were conreyed to the Tcwer, and after tor- 
 ture had been ufed to draw confeffionj, this 
 
 unhappy family were condemned to fufTe* 
 death. Somerville was found ftrangled the 
 night before his execution, ag was fuppofed, 
 that he might not accufe his perfecutors, and 
 Arden expired by the hand of the executioner 
 in Smithfield, December 20, 1583, in his 52d 
 year, amidft the tears of pitying thoufands. 
 The reft were pardoned, hut the mangled 
 heads of the father and of the fon-in-law were 
 expofed on London bridge. 
 
 Ardekn, 'John, an early medical writer, 
 fettled at Newark from 1348 to 13 70, after 
 which he came to London. He was emi- 
 nent in his profeffion, and thence his cures 
 were attributed to magic rnd fuperftition. He 
 wrote a treatile on the fiftula in ano. 
 
 Arena, Anthony de, a native of Soliers 
 near Toulon, author of ibme inferior treatifes 
 on jurifprudence. He alio wrote macaronic 
 verfes, a farrago of barbarous language, partly 
 French, and partly Latin, and partly provin- 
 cial, firft brought into fafhion by Merlin Coc- 
 caio. His chief work is his war of Charles 
 V. in Provence. He died 1544. 
 
 Aresi, Paul, a native of Cremona, bifhop 
 of Tortona, and author of fome theological 
 works, in Latin and in Italian. He died 
 1645, aged ?* 
 
 Aretin, Guy, a benedicYme monk, known 
 for his difcovery of a new method to learn 
 mufic, publiihed under the name of" Micro- 
 logus." He is the inventor of fix notes in 
 mufic, " ut, re, mi, fn, fol, la," borrowed, it 
 is faid, from the hymn to St. John, by taking 
 the iirft and fixth iyllables : 
 
 ur queant laxis ' REfonare fibris 
 Mira geflorum FAmuli tuorum 
 
 fOLve polutis LAbiis reatum. 
 
 Some attribute the woxi. gamnut to him, which 
 j he borrowed from the 3d letter of the Greek, 
 in the marking of his notes, and with the idea 
 that mufic originated in Greece. 
 
 Aretin, Leonard, a native of Arezzo, 
 from whence his name. He may be confider- 
 ed as the reftorer of the Greek language to 
 Italy. He was employed as fecretary of the 
 briefs under five popes, after which he be- 
 came fecretary to the republic of Florence. 
 He translated fome of Plutarch's lives, and 
 wrote fome hiftorical pieces, with elegance 
 and accuracy. His hiftory of the Goths ac- 
 i quired him alfo fame and patronage. He 
 I died at Florence, 1443, in his 74th year. 
 
 Aretin, Francis, a man eminent for his 
 learning, and his knowledge of Greek. He 
 j ftudied at Vienna, and afterwards taught there 
 with fuch fucceis that he was called prince 
 ' of fubtleties. In law, his opinion was confi- 
 dered of fuch weight, that whatever caufe he 
 previoufiy condemned was generally loft. He 
 read leclures at Pifa and Ferrara , but he 
 j was difappointed in his expectations at Rome, 
 i though Sextus IV. declared he would have ho- 
 I noxed him with a cardinal's hat, which was 
 
 due 
 
ARG 
 
 ARG 
 
 . c*ue to his merits, were he not afraid that by 
 iTo doing be lbculd rub the public of a molt 
 incomparable profeflbr. Aretin, whole tem- 
 per was choleric, never kept hi* ibrvants mure 
 than one or two months, as hft expected bet- 
 ter attendance from new on<>s. He was par- 
 limonious, and asjbe lived in celibacy, his for- 
 tune became immciile, and was divided among 
 his relations. He died about 1470. 
 
 Ark ii K, Peter, natural ion of I-cwis Boc- 
 ci oi Arezzo, became fo celebrated for his la- 
 tire, that he was called the icourge of princes. 
 His fiieudlhip was courted by Charles V. and 
 Francis I. who no doubt dreaded the venom 
 of his pen more than they efteemed his me- 
 rits ; and he grew lb arrogant, that he repre- 
 sented himfelf on a medal as a god, and on 
 the reverie received the prefents of obfequi- 
 mis monarchs. It is to be lamented, that 
 a genius, which lb ftrongly poflefTed the pow- 
 rs of latire and genuine humor, was not fully 
 employed in laming the vices of men. The 
 name of Aretin will be execrated by the vir- 
 tuous, for the obl'eenities, and the immoral 
 writings with which he has infuited the world. 
 His comedies were highly applauded, and his 
 works of devotion may be read with iatisfac- 
 tion and furprile. Some have faid, but falfe- 
 ly, that he abandoned his lafcivious principles. 
 Aretin is laid to have died by falling from a 
 chair, and injuring his head, upon laughing im- 
 moderately at fome indelicate converfation at 
 which he was prefent. He died 1556, aged 
 65. 
 
 Aretin, John, an able writer of Berne, 
 In the 15th century, author of Exaraen Theo- 
 logicum a catalogue of comets iermons, &c. 
 Argali., John, nn eminent fcholar, edu- 
 cated at Chrilt-church, and rector of Halef- 
 worth, Suffolk. He died fuddenly at a feaft 
 at Chellon, 1 606. He publifhed two tracts 
 in Latin. 
 
 ARGENS, *Jean Baptijle de Boyer, Mar- 
 quis a", a native of Aix in Provence. He 
 followed for fome time the military profeflion, 
 and then diftinguilhed himfelf as a writer, 
 and as the friend of the king of Pruflia, with 
 whom he lived 25 years as chamberlain. He 
 returned to his native country, and died there, 
 at the end of 1770, aged 66. He was a man 
 of ltrong fenfe,and great learning, as his Lettres 
 Juives, Chinoifes, Cabaliltiques, and his phi- 
 Iolbphy of goodlenfe^i^c. fufliciently prove. 
 
 Alt GEN SON, Mark Rene U Voyer, M..'r- 
 quis, d\ celebrated as the firft who introduced 
 letlres de cachet, during his admiwiftration of 
 the police at Paris, 1697, was born at Ve- 
 nice, where his father was ainbalfador from 
 the French court. He fuceeded d' Atruefieau 
 in the office of chancellor, 1719, but was dif- 
 graced the following year, and died of a bro- 
 ken heart in 1 721, aged 69. 
 
 Argent al, Charles Aiiguflus count d\ a 
 foreign mirjjller at the French court, known 
 
 as the friend of Lekain, Voltaire, and otf 
 learned men, and as the author of lbn; e el 
 gant verfes. He died 1788, aged 88. 
 
 Akgentier, John, borri at CalUenovo 
 Piedmont, died at Turin, 1572, aged 58. I 
 Ituaied medicine, and was called eenfor met 
 corum, bec.-nife he cenfured Galen. His wor 
 appeared in 12 vols, folio, Venice, 1592. 
 
 Akg.':\tke, Bert rand d\ a native of Viti 
 who died 1J90, in his 7 lit year, of a brok 
 heart, on account of the diiaiters brought up 
 his country by the plague. He wrote an a 
 count of Britany, &e. 
 
 ARGENTRE, Charles Duplrjps d\ a nati 
 of Britany, known for his valuable and inte 
 efting collectio judiciorum de novis errorib; 
 &c. 3 vols. fol. He died in 1740, aged 67. 
 
 ARGENVILLE,^//(j077. J'jji'ph Dezallier , 
 a French writer, fon of a bookl'eller at Par 
 He wrote feveral uleful works, efpecially 1 
 lives of painters, in 3 vols. 4to. 1755, of whii 
 Horace Walpole does not fpeakwith fuiiicie 
 encomium a valuable treatile on garde 
 ing, 4to. 1747 a catalogue of French foil 
 and other works. He died 1765. 
 
 Argoia, Andrew, a native of Tagliacozz 
 patronifed by the fenate of Venice, and mai 
 profeflbr of mathematics at Padua. He di< 
 1657, author of a book, de diebus criticis, 4t 
 1652 ephemerides from 1640, after 1 
 death continued to 1 700. 
 
 Argoli, John, lbn of the preceding, pu' 
 lifhed n idyllium on the filk worm , at tl 
 age of 15. With the defire of further a 
 plaule, he lliUt himfelf up, and after ievt 
 months, at the age of 17, he produced r 
 Endymion, in 12 cantos, a poem fo elega 
 that it was attributed to his father, h 
 wrote other pieces, equally admired; and fc 
 lowed the profeflion of jurifprudence at Bi 
 logna, with great credit. He died aboi 
 1660. 
 
 ARGON NE, Don Bonaventure d', a nat'n 
 of Paris, author of fome ufeful works, efp 
 cially mifcellanies of hiflory and literature, r 
 plete with entertaining anecdotes and valuab 
 reflections, publilbed under the name of Ma 
 viile. He died a Carthufian monk at Gaillo 
 near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. 
 
 Argues, Gerard des, a geometrician, ir 
 timate with Defcartes. He was born at JL] 
 ons, 1597, and died there 1661. He wroi 
 treatil'es on conic fe&ions, on perfpective, &( 
 Argyre, ffaac, an eminent mathematicia 
 of the 14th century, author of fome works c 
 geography and chronology. 
 
 Argyrotylus, Joannes, a learned ma 
 who rlt*d from Gonftantinople when taken b 
 Mahomet II. and contributed to the revival 
 Greek literature in Europe. He was r< 
 ceived by Cofmo de Medicis, of Tufcan; 
 placed in the profefTor's chair at Florence, ar 
 made tutor in the prince's family. He r< 
 tired during die plague, to Rome, where r 
 
 lei 
 
ARI 
 
 ARK 
 
 lectured on Ariftotle. lie died of a fever, 
 occafioned by eating melons, in h'S 70th year, 
 About 1478. He transited leveral of Arif- 
 Totle's works, in an able manner. He was 
 laid to be an- intemperate epicure, ib that 
 the whole at' his fortune was lquandered in 
 fupplying the delicacies of his tab!,-. He 
 treated Cicero with comempt, becauie he had 
 faid of his favorite Greek, that it is a lan- 
 guage verborum inops. 
 
 Ariadne, daughter of Leo I. married to 
 Zeno, who fuqoeeded as emperor, 474. She 
 was lb difgulted with her hufband, and To 
 eager to enjoy the company of her favorite 
 Anaftafius, that (he forgot her character in 
 barbarity. Zetto, when intoxicated was (hut 
 up in a fepulchre, where he was differed to 
 die ; and Anaftafius was placed on the throne. 
 She died 515. 
 
 Arias Mon*ta\-us, Ee/tsdifl, A native of 
 Seville, eminent for his knowledge of mo- 
 dern and ancient literature. He was enga- 
 ged by Philip II. of Spain to publilh an edi- 
 tion of the polyglot bible, which he com- 
 pleted, and publifhed in 8 vols. foL The mo- 
 narch liberally offered the author a bimopric, 
 but it was modeltly refufed. He died 1598, 
 iu his 71ft year. 
 
 Arias, Francis, a jefuit, author of feveral 
 theological treatifes. He died 1605, aged 72. 
 
 AniBERTjlbn of Clotaire II. king of France, 
 obtained part of Aquitaine as his patrimony 
 from his elder brother, Dagobert I. He was 
 crowned at Touloule, and died two years after, 
 630. 
 
 Arieh, yacob *Juda, a learned rabbi of 
 Amiterdam, in the 17th century, author of a 
 defcription of the tabernacle, in Hebrew. 
 
 Ariosti, Attilio, a mufician, born at Bo- 
 logna. He was at firft a Dominican, but 
 quitted the fociety, and diftinguifhed himfelf 
 as a compofer at Bologna, and Venice, and 
 :n Germany. He afterwards came to En- 
 gland, where his mafterly execution on the 
 viol d'amore, a new inftrument, gained him 
 applauie. He publilhed a book of cantatas, 
 
 Ariosto, LoJovico or Letch, an illuf- 
 trious poet, born at Reggio, 1474, of a fa- 
 mily aUied to the dukes of Ferrara. His 
 early genius difplayed itl'elf in the compofition 
 of the play of Pyramus and Thifbe, which he 
 acted with his brothers and filters; but his 
 father viewed his ftudies with a jealous eye, 
 and bade him forfake the mufes for the bar. 
 After his father's deceafe, he returned to his 
 favorite purfuits, and, under the patronage 
 of cardinal d' Lite, he began the plan of a poem, 
 which was to immortalize the Italian mule. 
 He was invited to write in Latin by cardinal 
 Bembo ; but, with the ardor of a poet, he re- 
 plied," that he afpired to the fir/frank of Ita- 
 lian compoCtion, and knew he mult be placed 
 nly lecond as the votary of the Latin mufe." 
 
 He r.Md with attention Homer and Virgil, and*, 
 with a mind ftored with all the learning of 
 antient times, he borrowed a fubjeet from 
 Bojardo's Orlando Inamorato, and produced 
 his incomparable poem of Orlando Furiolb. 
 When on the death of Hippolito, Alfohib 
 duke of Ferrara fucceeded 35 patron of the 
 poet, he (hewed his regard for him, by ap- 
 pointing him governor of Oraffignana. For 
 his retirement, he built a lioule at Ferrara; 
 and when qneltioned why he, who (hone in 
 the defcription of magnificent palaces, had 
 made it foimall, he replied," that words wert- 
 cheaper placed together than ftones." He 
 read his poems with lb tweet a voice, that 
 his frieitds were enraptured to hear him ; and 
 hf! poffelfed lb delicate an ear, with lb cho- 
 leric a temper, that he once entered into a 
 potter's (hop, who had been repeating ibme 
 of his verfes, with an improper accent, and 
 broke a great number of the pots expofed to 
 lale. The man expoltulated in Vain at the 
 violence of the ftranger. " I have not iuffici- 
 
 tly revenged rnvfelf on thee," exclaimed Ari- 
 ofto ; " I have broke only a few pots, and 
 you have fpoiled the rnoft beautiful of com- 
 pofitions to my face." Ariolto died at Fer - - 
 rafa, 8th July 1533, in his 59th year. A 
 buft was erected to his memory, with an epi- 
 taph written by himfelf. He had two fons 
 by a favorite, called Alexandra, whom he 
 would have married, had he not been appre- 
 henfive of lofing his benefices. The Orlando 
 Furiofo has been defervedly extolled, and it 
 ranks high after Homer. Ariolto pofTefles 
 all the fire of poetry ; he partes with incre- 
 dible rapidity and eafe from the terrible to 
 the tender, from the foft to the fublime ; 
 every character is interefting : his heroes 
 are valiant without rafnnefs ; and his heroines 
 are feminine without vulgarity ; and nature; 
 appears in all her native majelty, adorned by- 
 all the graces of art, and recommended by 
 the molt enchanting language of poetry. Be- 
 fides the Orlando, Ariofto wrote feven latires, 
 five comedies, fonnets, ballads, &c. Hoole has 
 given a fpirited verfion of this admired poem. 
 
 Ariosto, Gabriel, brother to the poet, 
 was himfelf eminent as a Latin poet, in the 
 (tile of Statius. He died 1552. His fon Ho- 
 race was born at Ferrara, and died there 
 1593, aged 38. He was author of a ipiritedl 
 defence of his uncle's poem againft Pelegrw 
 no; and compofed befides comedies, a poem 
 called Apheus. 
 
 Arkel, Cornel. Van, a Dutch Armenian 
 divine of Amfterdam, educated under Lim- 
 borch and Le Clerc. He died 1714, aged ,54. 
 He is author of Hadriani JunU, &c. 
 
 Arkenholz, Join, a nativ* of H elfin gfor$ 
 in Sweden, who ftudied at Upfal, and ob- 
 tained the office of fecretary of public accounts, 
 and was appointed, in 1746, keeper of the 
 cabinet curiofities of CafTcl. He died 1777, 
 
 author 
 
ARL 
 
 ARM 
 
 author of Tome treatifes on political Subject*, 
 memoirs of queen Christina, &c. 
 
 Arkwright,5/V Jtiebanf, a man who rofe 
 to opulence and reputation from the hum- 
 ble Station of penny barber, in Bolton, Lan- 
 cafhire. He was the inventor of the (pinning 
 jenny, a fyftem of machinery which, by his 
 perfeverance, was made to Shorten and facili- 
 tate the labor of fpinning cotton, and which 
 has introduced plenty and independence among 
 the lower orders of the community. This 
 enterprising man, after trying his fortune at 
 PreSton, and at Nottingham, raifed extenfive 
 works at Cromford-bridge, Derbyshire, where 
 he built a beautiful manfion, and a church, 
 in which his remains were deposited. When 
 Sheriff for the county, he was knighted, and 
 at his death, 3d Auguft 1792, he left proper- 
 ty to the amount of nearly half a million. 
 
 Arlaud, James Antony, a native of Ge- 
 neva, eminent as a painter. He was patro- 
 nifed 3t Paris by the duke of Orleans, and 
 afterwards pafTed to London. His moft cele- 
 brated piece was a copy of Leda, which in a 
 moment of fuperftitius devotion, he deftroyed 
 by cutting it in an anatomical ftile, and di- 
 viding the limbs among his friends. A copy 
 of tliis celebrated picture was fold in Lon- 
 don for 6col. He died at Geneva, 1743, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Arlotta, a beautiful woman of Falaife, 
 daughter of a tanrter. She was feen gazing 
 at her door by Robert duke of Normandy, 
 as he pafTed through the ftreet : and he made 
 her his miftrefs. She had by him the con- 
 queror, William; and after Robert's death, 
 the married Herluin, by whom fhe had three 
 children, for whom William honorably pro- 
 vided. 
 
 Arj.otto, a native of Magello, in Tuf- 
 cany, 1385. He was brought up in the trade 
 of the woollen manufacture, but he left it 
 for the church ; and he had the good for- 
 tune to obtain the rural deanry of St. Crefci 
 In the diocefe of Fiefole. The income of 
 this was fufficiently large to maintain him in 
 independence ; and ss refidence was not re- 
 quired, he indulged his partiality for foreign 
 countries by travelling. He vifited London, 
 where he was noticed by Edward IV. and 
 after a feries of ftrange adventures, he re- 
 turned to his native country. As he pof- 
 fefTed an inexhauftible fund of genuine hu- 
 mor, he was the companion of the gay and 
 the diffipated, and frequently forgot the dig- 
 nity of his character, by defcending to the 
 low buffoonery of a mimic. On his return 
 to the deanry, he fwore that he would clear 
 his church of mice ; and accordingly the ani- 
 mals were caught and confined in great num- 
 bers in a glafs cage for a month. Only one 
 Survived this dreadful punifhment, it was re- 
 stored to liberty, with a little bell about its 
 seek, which ierved to Scare away the whole 
 
 race, and it was alive three years afterwards 
 He died at Florence, 1483, in his 98th year. 
 
 Armellino, Francis, a banker, made 
 cardinal by Leo X. He became unpopular 
 on account of the taxes which he recommend- 
 ed. He died 1527. 
 
 Arminius, yames,a native of Oude-water, 
 in Holland, 1560, founder of the feci of the 
 Arminians. As he loft his father early, he 
 was fupported at Utrecht, and Marpurg, by 
 the liberality of his friends ; but when he re- 
 turned home, inftead of being received by 
 his mother, he found that fhe, as well as her 
 daughters, and all her family, had been fa- 
 crificed to the wantonnefs of the Spaniards. 
 His diftrefs was for a while inconfolable, but 
 the thirft after distinction called him to Ley- 
 den, where his induftry acquired him the pro- 
 tection of the magistrates of Amfterdam, at 
 whofe expericc he travelled to Geneva and 
 Italy, to hear the lectures of Theodore Beza 
 and Zabarella. On his return to Holland, 
 he was ordained minifter of Amfterdam, 1588, 
 and fo great was his popularity, that he was 
 followed by admiring auditors, and the ene- 
 mies of his doctrines and of his fuccefs wre 
 filenced by the folidity of his arguments, and 
 the integrity of his heart. In theological 
 difputes upon grace, and other contefted points, 
 he preferved his high reputation ; and though 
 not only his friends but the magistrates fre- 
 quently interfered in the difpute, the force 
 of lus reafoning was never weakened, or his 
 learning mifapplied in indecent invectives. 
 As profeflbr of divinity at Leyden, he diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf by three orations on the ob- 
 ject of theology on the author and end of it 
 and on the certainty of it ; and he after- 
 wards explained the prophet Jonah. In his 
 public and private life, Arminius has been ad- 
 mired for his moderation ; and though many 
 grofs infinuations have been thrown againft 
 him, yet he Seemed entitled to the motto 
 which he afTumed, a good confeience is a pa- 
 radife. A life of perpetual labor and vexa- 
 tion of mind, at laft brought on a ficknefs of 
 which he died, October 19, 1609. His writ- 
 ings were all on controversial and theological 
 Subjects, and were publlfhed in r vol. 4to. 
 Frankfort, 163 1. The Arminians, in the 
 number of whom appear Grotius, Epifcopius, 
 &c. are Still numerous in Holland. They 
 maintain, that man is made by God a fiee 
 agent, and that providence before-hand de- 
 crees his falvation or damnation, which, how- 
 ever, totally depend updn his own uninfluenced 
 action ; a doctrine directly oppofed by the 
 Calviniftical tenets of predestination. Of 
 thefe important opinions Burnet has given 
 an account in lus exposition of the 17th ar- 
 ticle. 
 
 Armstrong, Thomas, an active fupportcr 
 of the royal caufe during the civil wars, for 
 which he wa honored with knighthood. Af- 
 ter. 
 
ARN 
 
 ARN 
 
 ter the reftoration, Armftrong fhowed the 
 tnoft violent oppofition to popery ; and when 
 Monmouth was determined on rebellion, he 
 efpoufed his caufe, and vifited with him the 
 guards, with the intention either of attacking 
 them by force, or gaining them by artifice. 
 He fled from the country, and was outlawed. 
 His perfecutors, however, ieized hiin abroad. 
 and he was brought to London, and executed 
 without a trial. 20th June 1684. 
 
 Armstrong, Dr. John, a celebrated 
 poet, born at Caftleton, Edinburghshire. He 
 took his degrees of M D. in the univeriky 
 of Edinburgh. I7;;z, but he did not meet 
 with the fuccefs in his profeflion which his 
 merits delerved. He firft wrote fome lmall 
 medical traits, which were followed by the 
 economy of love, a poem after the man- 
 ner of Ovid, objectionable for its licentiouf- 
 nefs, though admired for the ipirit of its 
 lines, corrected and purged in the edition of 
 1768. In 1744, the art of preferving health 
 was publiihed, and on this highly finiihed per- 
 formance the fame of Armftrong totally de- 
 pends. By means of his friends, the poet 
 was recommended to the notice of the great. 
 He was appointed phyfician to the lame and 
 fick foldiers behind Buckingham houfe, and, 
 in 1760, he was made phyfician to the army 
 in Germany. It was at this time that he 
 wrote his poem called " Day," infcribed to 
 John Wilkes ; and the freedom of remark 
 which he ufed in one paflage upon Church- 
 ill not only drew the vengeance of the fatirift 
 upon him, but difiblved the friendfhip which 
 had before cordially exifted with Wilkes. He 
 collected his fcattered pieces, 1 7 70, and the 
 following year he wrote a ftiort ramble through 
 France and Italy by Lancelot Temple. He 
 died in September 1779, leaving behind him 
 about 3000I. a fum which furprized his friends, 
 as they knew that his income was (mall, and 
 that his heart was generous. 
 
 Armstrong, John, a native of Leith, 
 educated at Edinburgh, where he publifhed 
 his juvenile poems, and an eflTay on the means 
 of punifliing and preventing crimes. He came 
 to London about 1793, and wrote for the 
 newfpapers, and preached among the diffen- 
 ters. He died in his 26th year, 1 797. 
 
 Armyne, /c</v Mary, daughter of Hen- 
 ry Talbot, the fourth fon of George earl of 
 Shrewlbury, married fir William Armyne, 
 and rendeed herfelf diitinguifhed by her piety 
 and benevolence, as well as her knowledge 
 of hiftory, of divinity, and of the languages. 
 She contributed largely towards the encou- 
 ragement and iuppttrt of the miflionaries fent 
 to North America. She alio endowed three 
 hofpitals ; and died 1675. 
 
 Arnald, Richard, B. D. a native of Lon- 
 don, educated at Benet's and Emanuel col- 
 leges, and prefented to the redtory of 1'hur- 
 taiton in Leieftermire. He publiihed Se- 
 
 veral fermons, and befides a commentary on 
 wifdom, on ecclefiaftieus, &c. ; but his belt 
 known performance is his commentary on the 
 apocrypha. He died 1756. 
 
 Arnall, William, an attorney's clerk, 
 who became a political writer in the pay of 
 fir Robert Walpole. It appears from ths 
 report of a fecret committee that, in four 
 years, he received 10,997/. 6s. SJ. for his 
 pamphlets ; and though fo liberally rewarded, 
 he died of a broken heart, and in debt, 1741 
 aged 26. 
 
 Arnaud de MEYRVEiLiE,or Mereuil, 
 a poet of Provence, in the lervice of Beziers, 
 of whofe wife he became deeply enamoured. 
 He praifc-d the lady in anonymous lines ; and 
 when at lad difcovered, he was not difcarded, 
 but received valuable prefents from the hands 
 of a woman who had the virtue to pity and 
 not to enflame his paffion. He died 1220. 
 
 Aunaud de Villa Nova, a phyfician, 
 who improved himfelf by travelling through 
 Europe, and created himfelf enemies by hav- 
 ing recourfe to aftrology. He enjoyed* fome 
 reputation at Paris, and afterwards retired to 
 Sicily, to Frederic king of Arragon. He was 
 Shipwrecked on the coaft of Genoa, ijiOor 
 1313. His works appeared at Lyons, a vols, 
 fol. 
 
 Arnaud, Anthony, an advocate of Pari*, 
 born 1550. He was attorney-general to Ca- 
 therine de Medicis, and acquired reputation 
 by the exertion of his abilities, particularly 
 in defending the univerfity of Pari", where 
 he had been educated, againft the Jefuits, 
 1594. Bayle denies his being of the reformed 
 religion < He died in his 60th year. 
 
 Arnaud d'Andilli, Robert, elded fon of 
 the preceding, was early introduced at court, 
 diftinguifhed as the friend of the great, and 
 the patron of genius and learning. He re- 
 tired, in his 55th year, to the convent of 
 Port Royal des Champs, and employed him- 
 felf not only to ftudy, but to the cultivation 
 of trees, the fruit of which he yearly pre* 
 fented to queen Anne of Auftria. He died 
 1674, in his 8.6th year. He was author of 
 memoirs of his own life memoirs of the 
 houfe of Portugal, &c. 
 
 Arnaud, Anthony, brother of the prece- 
 ding, was horn at Paris 161 2. He was in- 
 tended for the law; but ftudied divinity, in 
 which he took his degrees at the Sorbonne. He 
 was engaged in the controverfy upon grace, 
 and fided with the Janfenifts againft the Je- 
 fuits. In one of his public letters, however, 
 he proceeded farther than prudence permitted ; 
 for which he was expelled from the faculty of 
 divinity ; and it was during this iufpenfion 
 of favor that he for twenty-five years devoted 
 himfelf to the compofition of thofe works in 
 logic, geometry, grammar, theology, and me- 
 taphysics, which have immortalized his name. 
 On his return to public life, he was prefented 
 F to 
 
ARN 
 
 ARN 
 
 %o the king, and recovered his popularity ; 
 but the violence of his enemies drove him a 
 fecond time, 1679, into obfeurity into the 
 Netherlands, where he continued his contro- 
 versial labors againft the Calvinills and Jefuits. 
 He died, in his 8 id year, 1694. He was a 
 man of a mild and inoftenfive character, of 
 no very promifing appearance, bat endowed 
 with uncommon powers of mind. His works 
 are very numerous. 
 
 Arnaud, Henry, brother of Robert and 
 Anthony, was employed as negociator at the 
 court of Rome ; and, on his return, 1649? 
 he was made bifhop of Angers, where, like 
 a father, he protected the poor, and by the 
 meft exemplary virtues difcharged the high 
 duties of his office. When the queen -mother 
 marched with an army to punhh the rebellion 
 of Angers, the good bifhop dilarmed her re- 
 fentment, in his adminiftration of the facra- 
 ment. Take, faid he, to the incenfed prin- 
 ce(s, the body of him who forgave his ene- 
 mies as he was dying on the crofs. He died 
 at Angers 1691, in his 95th year. 
 
 Arnaud, de Brefcie, a bold ecclefiaftic, the 
 difciple of Peter Abehrd, in the iath century, 
 who maintained that it was unlawful for the 
 clergy to hold a temporal eftate. On the 
 death of Innocent II. by whom he had been 
 condemned, and obliged to fly to Switzerland, 
 he attacked the papal power, drove the pon- 
 tiff from Rome, and reformed the govern- 
 ment of the city. He was afterwards feized, 
 and burnt alive, in ili5,and bisafhes thrown 
 into the Tiber. Some of his followers came 
 to England, 1160; but were all put to death, 
 as perfons dangerous to the happinefs of the 
 ftate. 
 
 Arnaud, Francis, a native of Carpentras, 
 diftinguifhed by his literary labors, in con- 
 nection with Sicard, efpecially the Gazette 
 literaire de l'Europe in the journal etranger 
 and in pieces on philolbphy, literature, and 
 the arts, 4 vols. iamo. He died at Paris, 
 1784. 
 
 Akndt, John, a native of Ballenftadt in 
 Anhalt, known as minifter of Quedlinburg, 
 and afterwards of Brunfwick. As he lived 
 in times when controverfial points were dif- 
 jutted upon with acrimony, he felt the rancor 
 of oppofite opinions. He was for eleven 
 years minifter of Kellj on the prefentation of 
 the duke of Lunenburgh, where he died, 
 16 li. His chief work is his treatifie of true 
 chrlftianity, in 4 books, in German, which, 
 on account of its excellence, has been tranf- 
 lxted into levcral languages. 
 
 Arndt, Jo/bua, profellbr of logic at Ro- 
 Aock, died at Guftrof, the place of his births, 
 1617, in his 6ift year. He wrote milcelknea 
 iacra, 8vo. tec. 
 
 Arne, Thomas Augujline, fon ofanuphol- 
 fterer in Covent Garden, whom Addilbn cha- 
 tatttrkicd in the Tatitr, N. i;; * ifa. He 
 
 wascducated at Eton, and bound toan attorney ; 
 buthe preferred mufic, and foon role to be lead- 
 er of the band at Drury Lane. He compofed 
 the mufic for Addition's opera of Rofamond, 
 that for Milton's Com us, and that of Mallet's 
 mafque of Alfred, in which Rule Britannia 
 was firfl introduced. In confequencc of his 
 reputation, he was created Muf.D. at Oxford, 
 in 1759. He died of a fpafm in the lungs, 
 1778, author of the favorite opera of Artax- 
 erxes, the Guardian outwitted, and the Role. 
 Mrs. Cibber, the famous aclrefs, was his 
 filler. 
 
 Arnis\?f.us, Kenningus,* German profefibr 
 of phyfic at Helmfladt. He is known for his 
 able political treatil'es in defence of the autho- 
 rity of princes. He died 1635. 
 
 Arnold, Samuel, an eminent mufical 
 compoler, educated under Gates and Nares. 
 His cure of Satfl, and his prodigal fon* ob- 
 tained him great celebrity, fo that, in 1778, he 
 was honored with the degree of Mui*. D. by 
 the univesfity of Oxford. After leaving Co- 
 vent Garden, where he firfl appeared, 1760, 
 he became the proprietor of the fafhionable 
 Marybone Gardens ; and, in 1783, fucceeded 
 Dr. Nares at the royal chapel He was alio 
 organift of Weftminfter Abbey, in which his 
 remains are depofited. He died 1802. Be- 
 fides mufical compositions, he began a fplendid 
 edition of Handel's works, in 1786. 
 
 Arnold, Jeffcry, author of a hlftory of 
 myilical theology, and of a hiftory of the 
 church and .of heretics, befides other traits, 
 was a zealous minifter of Perleberg, and a 
 ftrong advocate of the pietifts. He died 
 1714. 
 
 Arnold, Chrifiopher, a native of Nurem- 
 berg, who ftudred at Altorf, and afterwards 
 travelled on the continent and in England. 
 He died profefibr at Altorf 168.fi aged 58. 
 He is author of teftimonium Elavianum, 
 feu epiftolie 30. de Jofephi teftiraonio de 
 Chritto, kc. 
 
 Arnold, Benedicl, an American, f-orn in 
 New England, and brought up as a furgeon. 
 He quitted this profellion for the lea; and after- 
 wards embraced, with enthufialm.the republican 
 caufe againft the mother-country, and took 
 the command of a company of volunteers at 
 J^ewhaven. His good conduct railed him to 
 higher offices, and he was lelcdted to make an 
 attack, through pathlels wilds, upon Canada. 
 In his attempt to take Quebec by l'urprile, he 
 received a wound in his leg ; and upon the 
 failure of his plans, he withdrew the remains of 
 his forces to Crown Point. He was afterwards 
 employed on Take Champlain ; but though 
 attached to the American caufe, either dif- 
 fatisfaclion, or the fear of finding himfelf on the 
 vanquifhed fide, induced him to open a nego- 
 ciation with lir Henry Clinton, and, as a 
 proof of his lincerity, to deliver up into the 
 hands* the EneWh Weft point, of which he 
 
 had 
 
ARP 
 
 ART 
 
 hi\ the command. In the attempt poor 
 Andre was facrificed, and Arnold, with dif- 
 ficulty, efcaped on board a Britilh fhip of war. 
 Here he was treated with refpecT:, and on the 
 unfortunate conclufion of the war, he was re- 
 warded with a penfion. He was afterwards 
 in Nova Scotia, and in the Wed Indies, where 
 he was taken by the French, from whom 
 he efcaped. He returned toj England, and 
 died in London, 1801. 
 
 Arnoul, a biihop of Lifieux, who re- 
 figned his office to retire in his old age, to the 
 abbey of St. Victor at Paris, where he died 
 1 1 84. His letters are curious, in containing 
 an account of the diicipline and manners of 
 his time. 
 
 Arntzf.nius, John Henry, a learned 
 Dutchman, law profeilbr at Utrecht, where he 
 tiied 1799. ^ e vvrote academical difcourfes 
 and diflertations mifcellanies inftitutiones 
 juris Belgici, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Arnu, Nicholas, a dominican, profeflbr of 
 metaphyfics at Padua, where he died 1692, 
 aged 63. His works in 10 vols were chiefly on 
 the theology and philolbphy of Aquinas, and 
 curious for the extravagance of his ideas, and 
 his denunciations againft the Turkiih em- 
 pire. 
 
 Arnulph or Ernulph, a monk of St. Lu- 
 cian de Beauvais, patronifed by his friend 
 Lanfranc of Canterbury, and made biihop of 
 Rochefter under Henry I. He wrote an hil- 
 tory of the church of his diocefe, which is Hill 
 preferved at Rochefter, and theological treatifes, 
 and died, 1 1 24, aged 84. 
 
 Arnulph, natural fon of Carloman, was 
 ele&ed emperor of Germany 888, and 
 crowned at Rome 896, by pope Formofus. He 
 died, as is fuppofed, by poiibn, 899, and was 
 fucceeded by his fon Lewis IV. 
 
 Arnw ay, John, a native of Shropfhire,, who 
 ftudied at Oxford, and became rector of Ho- 
 dret and Ightfield, in his native county. In 
 the civil wars he loll hiseftntes, and retired to 
 Oxford, 1640, where he ferved the king, and 
 was made archdeacon of Coventry ; but on the 
 fuccefs of Cromwell, he went to the Hague, 
 where he publiihed two pamphlets n the mo- 
 deration of Charles I. and an alarm to the 
 Englilh. He afterwards went to Virginia, 
 where he died of a broken heart, 1653. 
 
 Aron, Peter, a mufical writer of Florence, 
 patronifed by Leo X. and made canon of 
 Rimini. The beft known of his compofitions, 
 is de inftitutione harmonica. 
 
 Arpino, Jofephd*, a celebrated painter, 
 born at Arpino, 1560. In his 13th year he 
 was in the humble fituation of waiter on the 
 painters who were adorning the Vatican ; and 
 it was from this time that his genius burft forth. 
 The pope, acquainted with his mexit, created 
 him knight of St. Michael. He poffefled fpirit ; 
 but when his rival Caravagio attacked him, he 
 refuted to fight him, before he was knight like 
 
 himfelf. Againft Annibal Caracci he like- 
 wife meditated revenge ; but the painter mow- 
 ing him his pencil, added, with this weapon I 
 defy you. The belt pieces of Arpino, who is 
 known among the painters by the name of 
 Jofepin, are from the hiftory of Rome, the 
 moil capital of which is the battle of Romulus 
 with the Sabines. He died at Rome, 1640, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Arracon, Jeanne d\ a celebrated Italian 
 lady, mother of Marc Anthony Colonna, whodif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf againft the Turks atLepanto. 
 The wits of the age embalmed her virtues and 
 her praifes in elegies, in all languages, publifhed 
 at Venice 1158, under the title of Tempio 
 alia divina fignora Arragona. She died 
 
 Arran, James Hamilton, earl of, a Scotch 
 nobleman, highly favored by Henry IL of 
 France, in 1555, and made captain of his 
 Scotch life guards. He at one time alpired to 
 the hand of queen Elizabeth of England, which 
 howevei, he did not difclofe, to pay bis ado- 
 ration to her more beautiful rival, the queen of 
 Scots. Mary received his propofals with indif- 
 ference and contempt, and Arran funk into 
 defpair and ii<fanity. He died 1609. 
 
 Arriaga, Roderic d', a Spanifh jefuit, 
 profeflbr of theology at Salamanca and Prague. 
 His works were on metaphyfics and divinity, 
 8 vols.fol. He died 1667, aged 75, 
 
 Arrow-smith, John, a theological profef- 
 for at Cambridge 1660, author of leveral va- 
 luable works Itrongly calvinittic, efpecially 
 Tactica facra Godman, or expofition of 
 St. John's firft chapter a chain of principles, 
 
 c, 
 
 ARSENiW3,bi(hop of Conftantinople, excom- 
 municated Michael Palseologus, for diipoflef- 
 fing John Lafcaris of the crown. The em- 
 peror demanded abfolution, but the prelate re- 
 fufed without refignation, and was banithed to 
 an uland, where he died in the 13th century. 
 
 Arsenius, a Roman deacon, appointed by 
 pope Damafcus, preceptor to Arcadius, fon of 
 Theodefius. The virtues of the mafter were 
 unable te correct the haughtinefs of the pupil. 
 One day Theodofius found his fon fitting and 
 the preceptor ftanding before him, upon which 
 he ordered him to fit down, and his pupil to 
 rife. It is faid, that the licentious prince 
 ordered his matter to be dilpatched, and that 
 Arfenius discovering the perfidy, fled from 
 the court to Egypt, and pafied the reft of hie 
 life among the anchorites of Scetis. 
 
 Arsenius, archbifhop of Malvafia in the 
 Morea, was author of a collection of apoph- 
 thegms, and fome fcholia on Euripides, and 
 died at Veniee 1 435. 
 
 Artali, Jofeph, a native of Ma tar a in 
 Sicily, who in his youth fought a duel and 
 killed his adverlary, and fled to Candia whefc 
 befieged by the Turks. In this place he dil- 
 tinguiftied himfelf, and was knighted, *nd *n 
 F % his 
 
AfcV 
 
 ASC 
 
 his return to Europe, he was patronifed by the 
 duke of Brunfwic, and the emperor Leopold. 
 He was fo fkilful as a duellift, that he was called 
 the chevalier du Sang. He wrote feveral 
 poetical pieces, and died 1679, at Naples, aged 
 
 Artaud, Peterfofeph, a native of Bonieux, 
 !n the comtat Venaifiin, bifhop of Cavaillon, 
 efteemed for his learning and his exemplary 
 piety. His works are paftoral difcourfes, &c. 
 He died 1670, aged 54. 
 
 Arteaga, Don Stephana, a Spanifh Je- 
 fuit, who died at Paris, 1800, aged $$. H I 
 is author of a treatife on ideal beauty in Spa- j 
 nifh, the revolutions of the Italian theatre to j 
 the prefent time, in Italian, 3 vols. 8vo. 1785,! 
 &c. 
 
 Artedi, Peter, a phyfician of Sweden, f b ( 
 intimate with Linnaus, that they made each 
 other heirs of their manufcripts and literary 
 property. He is known for his diligence in 
 the hiftory of foflils and quadrupeds. He 
 was accidentally drowned in a canal at Ley- 
 den, 1735, in his 30th year. 
 
 ARTHiNGTON,iird7iry,a native of Yorkshire, 
 who, under the pretence of being infpired, at- 
 tempted to introduce a reformation in the 
 kingdom by the wjldeft fchemes. 
 
 Arthur, a Britifh prince, whofe exiftence 
 fome historians regard as fabulous. He is faid 
 to have iucceeded his father as king of Bri- 
 tain 5 16. He attacked the Saxons, whom he 
 defeated, and afterwards made war againft the 
 Picls, and againft Ireland and the weftern Ifles 
 of Scotland. He eftablifhed the order of the 
 knights of the round table at Winchefter, and 
 died about 542. 
 
 Arthur, duke of Britany, was the poft- 
 humous fon of Geoffrey Plantagenet fon of 
 Henry II by Conftantine daughter of the duke 
 of Britany. Though eftablifhed in his domi- 
 nions by Richard I. his uncle, he was treated 
 harfhly by the next king John, alfo his uncle, 
 who confined him in the caftle of Rouen, 
 where it is fuppofed he was murdered. 
 
 ARTIGNI, Anthony Gachet d\ an ecclefi- 
 aftic, born at Vienna, known by his memoires 
 d'hiftoire, de critique, &c. 7 vols. i2mo. He 
 died at Vienna in his 65th year, 1768. 
 
 Artusi, Giamara, a mufical writer, au- 
 thor of the art of counterpoint reduced to 
 tables, the imperfections of modern mufic, 
 &c. 
 
 Arvieux, Laurent d\ a native of Mar- 
 feilles, who during 1 2 years' refidence in Pa- 
 leftine, was employed as a ui'eful negociator 
 for the French court. His name deferves to 
 be mentioned with refpeft, for his deliverance 
 of 380 captives from the dungeon of Tunis, 
 who prefented him with a purfe of 600 piftoles, 
 which he generoufly refufed. He alfo re- 
 deemed 240 flaves at Algiers, and after fer- 
 ving his country at Conftantinople, Aleppo, 
 . and othr places, died 1702, aged 67. His 
 
 travels to Conftantinople, &c. were publifhi 
 6 vols.i2mo. 
 
 Arundel, Mary, wife to Henry Howa 
 earl of Arundel, is known by her tranflatii 
 of the wifefayings, &c. of Alexander Seven 
 and of other things from Seneca, Plato, & 
 in the middle of the 16th century. 
 
 Arundel, Thomas, fon of the earl 
 Arundel, was made bifhop of Ely, thouj 
 only 21 years old, under Edward III. and afte 
 wards tranflated to York, and from thence 
 Canterbury. He was alio lord chancello 
 His quarrel with Richard II. obliged him 
 fly to Rome, and to this may be attributi 
 the fuccefs with, which Henry IV. invaded En 
 land and feized the crown. He was a ze 
 lous defender of the temporal power of tl 
 church, and he perfecuted the followers 
 Wickliffe with great feverity, and forbade t 
 tranflation of the bible into the vulgar tongu 
 He died 1414. 
 
 Arundel, Thomas Hoivard, earl of, 
 famous for the difcovery of the Parian marbl 
 which bear his name, and which he gave to t 
 univerfity of Oxford. Prideaux, ChandW 
 and Maittaire, publifhed an account of the 
 valuable relics of antiquity. 
 
 Arundel, Blanche, daughter of lord Wc 
 cefter, and wife of lord Arundel, bravely d 
 fended Wardour caftle, againft the pari: 
 mentary forces. Though affifted only by : 
 men, fhe refifted the attack of 1300 men, ai 
 at latt capitulated on honorable terms, whi 
 the conquerors bafely violated. She died 164 
 aged 66. 
 
 Asa, fon of Abijah, king of Judah, B.I 
 955, folicited the aid of Benhadad king of S 
 ria, againft the Ifraelites. He reigned 1 
 years. 
 
 Asaph, St. a native of North Wales, w 
 was a monk of Llanelvy under Kentigern t 
 bifhop of that fee. He fucceeded to the 1 
 fhopric, and Llanelvy exchanged its name f 
 St. Afaph. The bifhop wrote the ordinanc 
 of his church, the life of his predecefTor, & 
 and died about 600. 
 
 Asaph, a mufician of the tribe of Levi, 
 the age of king David, faid to have cOmpof 
 feveral of the pfalms. 
 
 As cham, Poger, a native of Kirkb 
 Wifke near Northallerton, Yorkfhire, knov 
 for his learning, and for the refpeclable fha 
 which he bore in the education of the fami 
 of Henry VIII. From St. John's colle 
 Gambridge, where he was known by his a 
 plication, and his knowledge of Greek, he v\ 
 introduced te Henry VIII. to whom he i 
 fcribed his treatife on archery, and he not or 
 received a penfion, but as he wrote a beautif 
 hand, he was appointed to inftruct in n-riti 
 prince Edward, the lady Elizabeth, and t 
 two brothers Henry and Charles dukes 
 Suffolk. Elizabeth was indebted to him a] 
 for her knowledge of Greek and Lawn, as i 
 
 re 
 
ASF 
 
 ASH 
 
 read with her the belt part of Livy, Cicero, 
 liberates, Sophocles, &c. He afterwards re- 
 turned to Cambridge as public orator of the 
 univerfity, and was invited 1550 to attend 
 an embafiy to Charles V. and it was on his way 
 to London he vifited lady Jane Grey at Brad- 
 gate-hall in Leicefterfhire, in whofe hands he 
 found a Greek edition of Plato's Phaedo, a 
 book from which this amiable woman faid (lie 
 received more real pleafure than from fliaring 
 the diverfion of her attendants and family 
 who were hunting in the park. In Germany, 
 he applied himlelf to politics fo fuccefsfully 
 that he wrote a book on the affairs of the em- 
 pire. He was appointed Latin fecretary to 
 king Edward, an office which was (till conti- 
 nued for him under Mary and Elizabeth; but 
 though a favorite at court, he did not ufe his 
 influence to raile himfelf to preferment, as a 
 
 quis ef, an illuftrious warrior at the battle of 
 Almanza in 1707. He took Philiplburg in 
 1734, and died at Paris 1743. 
 
 Asfeld, Jacques Vi?icent Bidal d\ an 
 ecclefiaftic, brother to the preceding, impri- 
 ibned for his attachment to the Janfenilts. He 
 wrote fome uninterefting treatifes on theology, 
 nd died at Paris 1745, aged 81. 
 
 Asgile, John, a lawyer of eminence, known 
 for his wit and his misfortunes. He was 
 brought up at Lincoln's inn, and rofe to con- 
 fequence and employment. Two treatifes 
 replete with humor and farcafm had already 
 given him popularity, when he publiflied ano- 
 ther on the poifibility of avoiding death, which 
 drew upon him the odium of the friends of 
 the church, and particularly of Dr. Sacheve- 
 rell ; lb that when he afterwards went to Ire- 
 land and by fuccefs in the law purchafed an 
 
 prebend in the church of York was the only eftate and procured a feat in the houfe of 
 
 favor he received, and unafked from the crown 
 He died in London 1568, aged 53, and was 
 interred in St. Sepulchre. Buchanan wrote 
 the following juft tribute to his memory : 
 
 Afchamum extinctum Patria; Graisequc 
 
 camcena;, 
 
 Et Latia? vera cum pietate dolent. 
 
 Principibus visit cams, jucundus amicis, 
 Re rnodica : in mores dicerefama nequit. 
 Afcham's molt valuable work is his fchool- 
 mafter, written at the requeft of fir Richard 
 Sackville, in confequence of a difpute with re- 
 flect to the various modes of education. His 
 latinity and the elegance of his diction in his 
 letters have been greatly and defervedly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 As cham, Anthony, author of tracts on af- 
 trology, and on the properties of herbs, ga- 
 thered IJ50, was a phyfician and alfo an ec- 
 clefiaftic. 
 
 AscRAM, Anthony, a friend of Cromwell, 
 and a member of the long parliament. He 
 WW educated at Eton, and King's college 
 Cambridge. He was aflafiinated with his in- 
 terpreter by fix exiled royalifts in Spain, where 
 he had been lent as envoy from England, 
 1650. He wrote a difcourfe on the revolu- 
 tions and confufions of governments, 8vo. 
 1648. 
 
 A r,co 1. 1, Cecco di, or Francifco de Stabili, 
 profefibr of mathematics at Bologna, wrote an 
 Italian poem on the iy.ftem of Empcdocles, for 
 which lie was burnt as a heretic at Florence 
 1328, aged 70. 
 
 Ascouoh, IVilltam, biihop of Sarum 1438, 
 was murdered at the altar by Jack C;ide and 
 his followers, 1450. 
 
 Aski.m, Gufpar, a phyfician of Cremona, 
 who discovered the lacteal veins in the me- 
 fentery. He was profefibr of anatomy at 
 Piiris, where he died 1626, and he pub- 
 liili"d a valuable account of his difcove- 
 
 Asfeld, Claude Franci'u Bidal Mar- 
 
 ommons, he was ignominioufly expelled for 
 the contents of his pamphlet. On his return 
 to England, he was returned for Bramber in 
 Suflex ; but here the morality of his writings 
 was alfo called in queftion, and though he 
 made an eloquent defence in favor of his opi- 
 nions, which he refufed to retract, he was ex- 
 pelled as a difgraced and unworthy member. 
 This blow haftened the ruin of his fortunes, 
 he became a prifoner of the King's Bench, and 
 afterwards of the Fleet, and after 30 years thus 
 fpent in confinement and poverty he expired 
 1728, aged upwards of 80. 
 
 Ashe, Simeon , a nonconforming educated 
 at Emanuel college, and fettled in Staflbrd- 
 fhire, where he became acquainted with Dodj 
 Ball, Hilderlham, and others. His princi- 
 pies" were obnoxious to Cromwell, and it is 
 faid, that he was greatly mftrumental in the 
 reftoration of Charles II. He died 1662. 
 He publiflied fermons and edited Ball's 
 works. 
 
 Ashley, Robert, a native of Nafhill in 
 Wilts educated at Harthall Oxford and the 
 Middle Temple London. He was called to 
 the bar, and was diitinguifhed as an eminent 
 writer, as a collector of books, in Flolland, 
 France, &c. and as a benefactor to the fociety 
 to which he belonged. He published a rela- 
 tion of the kingdom of Cochin China, and the 
 life of Almanzor, &c. and died 1641, in an 
 advanced old age. 
 
 As hmo 1. e or As mole, Elias, was born 
 at Lichfield, 1617, and is known as an anti- 
 quarian and as the founder of the Afhmolean 
 mufeum at Oxford. He was educated at the 
 grammar-fchool in his native tuwn, became a 
 chorifter of the cathedral, and at the age of 
 1 6 was admitted into the family of James Pa- 
 get baron of the exchequer, by whofe means 
 he rofe to befolicitor and attorney in the com 
 mon pleas. At the beginning of the civil war 
 he entered at Brazen-nofe college, where he la- 
 bored with great affiduity in mathematics, 
 F 3 philo- 
 
ATH 
 
 ATT 
 
 taken prifoner, but in his attempt to efcape, 
 he was (truck by a foldier on the head, and 
 the blow produced a fever, which proved fatal, 
 1643. He is author of a remonftrance againft 
 prefbytery of a brief review of the inftitu- 
 tion,&c. of bifhops, &:c. 
 
 Astruc, John, a French phyfician, who, 
 tfter ftudying at Montpellier, acquired great 
 reputation at Paris. He was for fome time 
 in Poland, phyfician to the king at Warfaw. 
 His works, de morbis venereis, &c. are highly 
 efteemed. He was born 1684? and died at 
 Paris, 1766. Befides the above, he wrote 
 treatiles on pathology -on ulcers and tu- 
 mors on the inoculation of the fmall-pox 
 on female difeafes, translated into Eng- 
 !ifh, &c. 
 
 ATABALiPA,or Atahualpa, the laft king 
 of Peru, of the nice of the Incas.* Ke was 
 made king of Quito on his father's death, 
 1529 : but he afpired to the whole kingdom, 
 and defeated his brother Hualfcar, who fat on 
 the throne of Peru. When Pizarro invaded 
 Peru, the unhappy monarch was invited to a 
 parley, and treachcrouily fuzed, and foon after 
 barbaroufly ftrangled, or burnt at the flake, 
 1533, though he had paid for his ranfom all 
 the gch} winch a room pointed out by the 
 Spaniards could contain. Some of the Spanifh 
 authors have endeavoured to reprelent him as 
 an ufurper, but little credit is to be given to 
 their affertions. They wilh to wipe off* the 
 odium defervedly fallen on their countrymen, 
 by attacking the innocent character of Ata- 
 bahpa. 
 
 Athaltah, wife cf Jehoram, and mother 
 of Ahaziah king of Judah, was daughter of 
 Ahab, by Jezebel. Her Ion, excited by her 
 advice and example, committed every excels 
 of wickednefs; and, after his death, (lie mur- 
 dered the whole of the royal family, except 
 Joafh, who was with difficulty preic-rved. She 
 was, after a reign of leven years, put to death. 
 The hiftory of this vicious princefs is the fub 
 ject of one of the fineft of the tragedies of 
 Racine. 
 
 3A.THEI.IWG, Edg&r, fon of Edward, and 
 grandfon of Edmund Jronfide, king of England, 
 was regarded as the future monarch ; but the 
 intrigues of Harold prevailed againft him. i he 
 battle of Hailings, rc66, in deilroying his 
 rival, cut off his hopes bf fuccefs ; and he fled 
 to Scotland, and afterwards to Normandy. 
 He was reconciled to the conqueror, and was 
 at the firft cruiadc, -here fife behaved with 
 great intrepidity. He palled the laft years of 
 his life at MTnfbury. 
 
 Atiu.lstan, though but natural fen cf 
 Edwai -.as made kjng of England 
 
 after his father's death., yi$. He was l'uc- 
 crftfu! againft the Danes, whom, he defeated 
 In Northumberland; ab.3 afterwards he de- 
 voted himfelf to the arts of peace. He cn- 
 mmercc, by Iseftorring the title of 
 
 thane on fuch of his merchants as had per- 
 formed three voyages. He died 941. 
 
 Athias, Jofeph, a learned printer of Am- 
 fterdam, who publifhed an edition of the 
 Hebrew bible, 2 vols, highly efteemed, befides 
 editions in Spanifh, Englifh, and German. He 
 died 1700. 
 
 Atkins, James, D.D. a learned Scotfman, 
 of Kirkwall in Orkney, educated at Edinburgh 
 and Oxford, and made bifhop of Moray, in 
 1677, and afterwards tranflated to Galloway. 
 He died at Edinburgh, 1687. He wrote 
 againft the prefbyterians. 
 
 Atkins, fir Robert, was educated at Baliol 
 college, and was made a judge of the court of 
 Common Pleas, 1672, which he refigned, in 
 1679, through diiguft at the conduct of the 
 government. He fhovved his impartiality on 
 the bench, though his mind was occafionally 
 tinctured by fuperftition ; and at the revolu- 
 tion he was made lord chief baron by William. 
 In June 1695, he refigned his high office, and 
 fpent the lait fourteen years of his life in dig- 
 nified retirement at Saperton Hall in Gloucei- 
 terlhire. He died 1709, aged 88. leaving 
 behind him a character of great probity. He 
 was twice married; and his only fon, fir 
 Robert Atkins, inherited his virtues, and was 
 representative of the county. He publifhed 
 the hiftory of Gloucefterfhire, from the mate- 
 rials collected by Dr. Paribus ; and died 1711, 
 aged 64. The writings of judge Atkins are 
 all on conftitutional and juridical fubjects. 
 
 ATKYNS, s Rrcbard, a native of Gloucefter- 
 fhire, who fuftered during the civil wars for 
 his attachment to the royal caufe, and fpent 
 above ioco/. in lawfuits, in twenty-four years, 
 to eftabli'h the right of the king's grant in 
 printing law books. He publifhed original and 
 growth of printing, in 4to, and, five years 
 after, his vindication, &c. He died in con- 
 finement in the Marfhallea, September 14, 
 1677. 
 
 Atratus, Hugh, or Black, called the 
 phecnix cf his age, from the great powers of 
 his mind, was born at Evefham in Worceller- 
 fhire, and was made a cardinal by Martin II. 
 1281. He died of the plague, fix years after, 
 author cf genealogia humana problemata, &c. 
 Attenduli, Margaret, a fitter of Sforz?, 
 grand conftable of Naples. When her brother 
 was perfidioufly feized, fbe armed her friends, 
 and at their head made repriials, and thus 
 obtained the liberation of the captive. 
 
 Atterbury, Leivis, fon of Dr. Atter- 
 bury, recior of Milton, Northamptonfhire, 
 was educated at Chrift Church, and fubmitted 
 to the republican vifitorr. He was, in 1654, 
 made rector of Great Riiiington, Gloucefter- 
 { fhhe, and, three years after, obtained the 
 living of Milton, Bucks. He was drowned 
 near his houle, 16^3. He publifhed three 
 fermons. 
 
 Atterbury, Lstvis, elded fon of the pre- 
 ceding, 
 
ATT 
 
 ATT 
 
 ceding, was educated at Weftminfter fchool, 
 and Chrift Church, Oxfoid. He, in 1684, 
 became rector of Symel in Northamptonihire, 
 which he afterwarus refigned. He fucceeded 
 as preacher at Highgate chapel, and, by being 
 one of the chaplains of the princefs Anne, he 
 was, 1707, pr jfented to the living of Shepper- 
 ton by the queen, and by the biihop of Lon- 
 don to that of Homfey, 17 19. His charitable 
 difpofiticn was ftrongly difplayed in his ftudy- 
 ing phytic for the benefit of the poor at High- 
 gate, and diftributing advice and drugs gratis. 
 On the death of Dr Sprat, the archdeacon of 
 Rochefter, he made application for the office, 
 and, as his brother was biihop of the fee and 
 patron, he expected no refufal; but he was 
 difappointed. He died at Bath, of a paralytic 
 ftroke, 1 731, in his 75th year. He was au- 
 thor of two vols, of fermons, and other tracts, 
 and he left his collection of pamphlets, &c. to 
 Chrift Church. He left the bifhop's ion, Of- 
 borne, heir to his fortune. 
 
 Atterbury, Francis, biihop of Rochefter, 
 was born at Middleton Keynes, near New- 
 port Pagnel, March 6, 1662 ; and after 
 finifhing his education at Weftminfter and 
 Chrift Church, he became known by his wit 
 and his learning. His poetical abilities were 
 early difplayed ; and as a defender of the 
 proteftant religion he alfo acquired celebrity. 
 Though diftinguiftied at Oxford as a fcholar, 
 and a tutor, he frequently complained of :he 
 hardfhip of his fituation to his father, and at 
 laft followed his advice, by marrying mil's 
 Oiborne, a lady in the neighbourhood, from 
 whofe diftant relationfhip to the Leeds family 
 he expected preferment. On leaving Oxford, 
 he was elected lecturer of St. Bride's, London, 
 1 691, and foon after made chaplain to Wil 
 liam and Mary. With the eloquence of a 
 popular preacher, he poiTcired the obftinacy 
 of a controverllalift, and therefore his works, 
 when published, drew upo* him the animad- 
 verfions of Hoadly, of Bentley, and others. 
 'His zeal, however, in fupport of the rights of 
 convocations, was rewarded by the thanks of 
 the Lower Houfe of Convocation, and by the 
 degree of D.D. from Oxford. Preferment 
 was now heaped upon him ; lir John Tre- 
 lawney, biihop of Exeter, gave him the arch- 
 deaconry of Totnefs, he became chaplain to 
 queen Anne, and was, in 1 704, railed to the 
 deanry of Carlifle. In 1 712, he wr.s made 
 dean of Chrift Church, though power and 
 influence were exerted in favor of Dr. Smal- 
 ridge ; and the following year he attained the 
 height of his ecclefiaftical dignity, bv being 
 made biihop of Rochefter, and dean of Weft- 
 minfter. When George fuccecded to the 
 throne, the bifhop was treated with coolnefs 
 and he refented the affront, by rcfufing to fign 
 the declaration of the bifhops, and by oppo- 
 sing, in the parliament, with vigor and elo- 
 quence, the meaiures of the government. 
 
 This decided and hoftile behaviour proved the 
 beginning cf his misfortunes. He was fuf- 
 pected of favoring the pretender, and, Auguft 
 24, 1722, he was arreted, and confined in 
 the I ower. '1 hough the mefTengers treated 
 him with rudenefs and harfh incivility- while 
 they fecured his peribn and feized his papers, 
 yet the council behaved towards him with that 
 candor and affability, which juftice and impar 
 tiality recommend. March 23, 1723, a bill 
 was brought in the houfe of commons to in- 
 flict penalties on Fiancis bifhop of Rochefter, 
 and he was ordered to prepare his defence. 
 He declined ufing his influence among the 
 commons, but, as he wrote to the fpeaker, he 
 referved the vindication of his conduct in that 
 houfe of which he had the honor to be a 
 member. The trial lafted above a week. The 
 biihop was fupported by all the learning of the 
 bar, and he fpoke in his own caufe with all the 
 energy of the perfuafive powers which he was 
 known to pofTefs ; but he was condemned, by 
 a majority of 83 to 43 votes. The bifhop 
 met the diigrace of banifhment with unufual 
 firmnefs ; he took an affectionate leave of his 
 friends; and, June 18, 1723, he embarked in 
 the Aldboreugh man of war, and was landed 
 at Calais ; where he met lord Bolingbroke, 
 whom the royal pardon recalled to England, 
 upon which he obferved, with his ufual face- 
 tiouihefs, " then his lordfhip and I are ex- 
 changed." In his exile, he was purfued with 
 mere vindictive rage that when in England. 
 Accefs to him was denied to his family, with- 
 out the king's fign manual, and the favor was 
 with difficulty obtained from the extortiqn of 
 high fees. He wifhed to pafs the remainder 
 of his life at Bruffels; but he was hurried to 
 Paris, where he had the prudence to refill the 
 iblicitations of the pretender. He was from 
 thence carried to Montpellier, for two years ; 
 and on his return to Paris, worn out by the 
 unkindnefs of the world, and domeftic forrow 
 on the lols of his daughter, in 1729, he died, 
 February 15, I7J2. His body was brought 
 over, and depofited in Weftminfter Abbey, in 
 a monument which, in 1722, Ire had pre 
 pared ; but no infeription marks the fpot, as 
 his friends were unwilling that his name lhould 
 6e recorded without mentioning that he died 
 bifhop of Rochefter. He had by his lady four 
 children. However blameable his conduct 
 may appear as a politician, it is to be remem- 
 bered, that thofe who have drawn his portrait 
 have efpoufed a different caufe. His good 
 fenfe and his prudence forbid us to think that 
 he formed any plot for the reiteration of the 
 Stuart*, to whom it is probable that he was 
 attached from ftrong prejudices, from early 
 habits, and from the temper of the times, 
 which permit neutrality to no man ; but it ?s 
 certain, that he was offered the fee of Win- 
 ehefter, and a penfion of 500c/. if he would 
 difconunuc his oppofition to the meafures of 
 
 Walpob, 
 
AUB 
 
 AUB 
 
 Va*poIe, and it is known th.n the reicAion of 
 thi* mean offer haikncd his downfal. His 
 private character as * man waft, moll amiable 
 Mini exemplary ; as a pre.ai.licr.. he was great 
 Kid eloquent; and a titer, his fcrmons, 
 his- letters, and other fronts, prove sioft de- 
 r uiedty that he poSeffed piety, genius, flow of 
 iinguaee, and wuditi'in. 
 
 Avalos, Ferdinand rami s d\ marquis of 
 iPefcara, in the fervice of Charles V. was taken 
 prisoner at the battle nf Ravenna, 151a, and 
 tnploved the hours of his captivity in writing 
 s dialogue of love, addreffed to his wife, she 
 U Victoria Colouna. His abilities con- 
 tributed much, to the battle of Brcoque, the 
 try of the Milanefe, and the victory of 
 Pavia. It is laid that the pope uillied to gain 
 ftkn to his caufe by the promife of the king- 
 dom- of Naples. He died, without ifTue, at 
 Milan, 1525, aged 36. 
 
 Avai.o-s r Alphonfo d", marquis del Vafto, 
 V3S the heir of the preceding. He affifted 
 barely the arms of CharJes V. in Italy ; but 
 wr.s defeated at Cerilb'es, 1544, and died 
 J4< aged 42. 
 
 Avantio, John Marion, aJearned civilian, 
 who left Rovigo when his brother had been 
 aflafTioated there,, and fettled at Padua. He 
 died 1622, aged 58. He wrote a poejn, and 
 Jeft a manuscript of an ecclefiaftic.il biftorv, 
 and concilia de criminalilms rebus, &c. 
 
 Aubkrt, Piter, :i French lawyer, who died 
 *735f *>?& 9 1 - He left to his native city, 
 lxpus, where he had exercifed various civil 
 offices, his valilable library. He was. author of 
 taUUB aide dVmiour, a romance, &c. 
 
 Ai'R'iRT m* Bavet, N. a French officer 
 engaged in the American war. At the revo- 
 lution, he favored the popular caufe, in the 
 national aflembly, and was at the defence of 
 A'lentr, in 1793, and in the war of La Ven- 
 due. He was, ambafladnr at Conftantinople, 
 j^ii'l died of a fever, btought on by intemper- 
 /#nce, 1797. 
 
 Ai'Rkrtim, Edmt % rniniftcr of the reformed 
 church at Chareuton, and rd'terwards at Paris, 
 1111631, died ;<l Paris, 165a. Fie was author 
 e a work on the eucharift of the ancient 
 church, attacked by Arnauld and others. 
 
 Aubery, or Aubry, John, a phyfician of 
 Bourbormeis, author, among other things, of 
 a curious and learned work called lantidote 
 4e I'aniour, in i2mo. &c. 
 
 Aubery, Anthony, a lawyer of Paris, re- 
 markable fur his uncommon application to 
 .^udy, from 5 in the morning till 6 in the 
 ening. His works, the principal of which 
 arc, his hiftory of Richelieu, 2 vols. fol. and of 
 Mazarin, 4 vols. 121110. are not poffefT'ed of 
 >r merit. He died of a fall, 1 695, aged 
 upwards of 78. 
 
 Al'bk.ry, Louis, fieiir du Maurier, travel- 
 
 h his father, who was amkaflador to 
 
 HcXLtnit and vifittd Poland, Berlin, and 
 
 Rome. After a few years paffed at court, he 
 led 2 life of philolbphical eal'e at his country - 
 feat, where he died, 1687. His memoirs on 
 the hiftory of Holland, a vols. umo. 1682, 
 arc often quoted, and are truly valuable. His 
 grandl9ii published memoirs of Hamburgh, 
 Lubec, &c. 
 
 Aubksvine, Charles Jc, chancellor of 
 France, was an able ftatefman, but proud and 
 haughty in his demeanor- He excited the 
 jealoufy of Richelieu and Mazarin, and, though 
 the favorite of the court, was imprifoned for 
 ten years; and died 1653, aged 73, 
 
 AuBioxe, Theodore Agrippa d\ a learned 
 Frenchman, grandfather to Madame Mainte 
 non. He is laid to have translated the Crito 
 of Plato into French when he was only eight 
 years old ; but the improvement of his mind 
 was checked by the death of his father, when 
 he had attained, his 13th year, fo that he for- 
 fook letters for the court, and became the fa- 
 vorite of Henry IV. He afterwards retired 
 to Geneva, where his abilities were admired 
 His principal work is an hiftoire univerfelle, 
 3 vols- fol. which was publicly burnt by the 
 parliament of Paris, becaufc he treats th< 
 name of king with unbecoming harfhnefs. He 
 died at Geneva, 1630, in his 80th year. 
 
 Aubrey, John, an F.nglifh antiquary, bora 
 at FLafton-Piers in Wiltfhire, 1625, and edu- 
 cated at Malmfbury, where he had for his 
 fchool fellow the famous Hobbes. He entered 
 a6 gentleman commoner of Trinity college 
 Oxford, and, four years after, 1640, was ad- 
 mitred of the Middle Temple ; but his father') 
 death checked his ftudics ; and the various lir 
 tigations which he had in Succeeding to hii 
 eftates, not only reduced his property, bul 
 called him to more acYive purfuits. He dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf in the Monaftkon Angh- 
 C2num, and preserved the remembrance oi 
 Olhey abbey by a curious draught before 11 
 was deftroyed. After the reltoration, he vt- 
 lited Ireland. After being twice fhipwrecked 
 he left his country for a fhort tour to Orleans 
 but misfortunes crowded upon hm fo that ht 
 parted with all his eftates, and at laft was re- 
 duced to indigence. Lady Long, of Drayton 
 however, received him with hofpitality, and he 
 continued hk indefatigable labors in purfuit 0^ 
 antiquities and of natural curiofities. He died 
 fuddenly about 1700. Hi* works are chiefly 
 on antiquities, confiding of mifcellanies oti 
 apparitions, magic, charms, &c 
 
 Aubriot, Hugo, a native of Burgundy 
 famous as the builder of the Baftille by order 
 of Charles V. of France, in 1369. He waj 
 accufed of herefy, and becamfe the founder ol 
 the feci which were called after him Hugonots, 
 but for his error he was condemned to be 
 confined for life between two bare walls, from 
 which however he was fet at liberty by the 
 Maillotins. He died in Burgundy 1382. 
 
 Aubusson, Peter d\ grand malter of the 
 
 oidei 
 
AUD 
 
 AVE 
 
 order of St. John of Jerufalem, died at 
 Rhodes, in 1503, aged 81, after having re- 
 peatedly fignalized himfelf as a warrior againft 
 the befieging Turks, and as a ftatefman. He 
 is blamed for betraying to the pope the brother 
 of Bajazet, who had returned to Rhodes, truit- 
 ing to his honor and protection. For this vil- 
 lainy lie was made a cardinal. 
 
 Audebert, Germain, a counfellor of Or- 
 leans, who, in a tour through Italy, celebrated 
 Venice in a poem, for which he was honored 
 by the Venetians with the order of St. Mark. 
 He died 1598, aged above 80. 
 
 Audebert, John Baptiji, a French natu- 
 r.alift of Rochefort, 1 759. As an engraver his 
 meiit was very great. He died 1800. His 
 firft performance was l'Hittoire des Singes, des 
 makis, &c. I vol. fol. 1802. 
 
 Aitdifret, Jean Bapt'ijle d\ a native of 
 Marfeilles, ambaffador at Parma, Modena, 
 Mantua, &c. He died at Nancy 1733, aged 
 76, author of an ufeful geography ancient and 
 modern, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Audiguier, Vital d*, a native of Ville- 
 iranche, known for his adventures in queft of 
 independence. He was author of fome ro- 
 mances, light poems, &c. % vols. 1614, and 
 was afTaflinated 163a 
 
 Audlev, James Lord, is diftinguifhed for 
 his valor in the wars of France under Ed- 
 ward III. at the battle of Poitiers. For his 
 fervices, he was made by the Black prince 
 conftable of Gloucefter caftle, governor of 
 Aquitaine, and fanefchal of Poiclou. He 
 was one of the firft knights of the garter, and 
 died about 1386. 
 
 Audi.ev or Awdei.ey, Thomas, of a noble 
 family in EfTex, was called to the bar after an 
 education at the univerfity, and, in 1529, his 
 merits raifed him to the chair of the houfe of 
 commons. He was fo fubfervient to the ca- 
 pricious Henry, that he not only received 
 from him the fcite of Chriltchurch priory, 
 with the plate, Sec. belonging to it, but was 
 appointed chancellor in the room of fir Thomas 
 More. He alio fat as judge at the trial of his 
 diihonored predecefTor, and at that of bifhop 
 Fifher, and eafily confented to all the rapaci- 
 ous meafures of his mafter. He was a great 
 benefactor to Magdalen, Cambridge, and died 
 1544. 
 
 Audrav, Girard, fon of an engraver of 
 Lyons, perfected at Rome what he had learned 
 at home, and gained fuch reputation by his 
 art, that he was efteemed the moft correct 
 hiftorical engraver that ever lived. Befides 
 Alexander's battles, he finifhed fix fheets of 
 the Cupola of Val-de-grace, from the defigns 
 of Mignard. He died 1703, aged 63. 
 
 Ai'dran, Claude, brother to Girard, an 
 hiftorical painter employed by le Brun. He 
 died at Paris 1684, aged 42, profeflbr of the 
 academy of painting. 
 
 Audran, Jihn, nephew of Girard, an en- 
 graver of Lyons. His principal works were 
 the draught of tithes and the refurrettioa of 
 
 T.azarus, from Jouvenet ; the rape of the S- 
 bines from PoufTin ; the coronation of Marr 
 de Medicis ; the departure of Henry IV. for 
 Germany, Sec. He died 1756, 3ged 89. This 
 family has been particularly diftinguifhed by 
 painters and engravers. 
 
 AVED, J acquis- Andre Jofcph, a painter of 
 eminence, fon of a phyfician of Douai. A 
 portrait of the ambaffador of the Porte pre- 
 sented to Lewis XV, procured him distinction. 
 He died at Paris 1766, aged 64. 
 
 Aveiro, Jofepb, duke cf, a Portuguefe 
 noble, who confpired with the Jefuits againft. 
 king Jofeph I. and, after mooting at the king, 
 was feized and brche on the wheel, 1759. 
 
 Avenpaca, a Spanifh moor, and peripatetic 
 philofopher, in the I2th century, who at- 
 tempted to reconcile and explain the Koran 
 by the fyftem of Ariftotle. 
 
 Ave la r, a Portuguefe painter, who be 
 came fo rich by his profeffion, that his name 
 became proverbial. 
 
 Aventin, John, was horn of obfeure pa- 
 rents, 1 4 60, at Abenfperg in Bavaria, and, 
 after being profeflbr of the learned languages 
 at Vienna and Cracow, he was made tutor to 
 the duke of Bavaria's children, and encreafed 
 his reputation by writing the annals of Bavaria, 
 firft publifhed in 1554, by Jerome Zieglerus. 
 In 1529, Aventin was violently feized, it is 
 fuppofed, on a complaint of herefy, but as no 
 charge was made againft him, he was releafed 
 from his captivity, and, though now 64, he 
 began to think of marriage. In the effer- 
 vefcence of a heated brain he confulted his 
 bible, and determined to take the firft woman 
 he met, which proved to be his own maid, 
 deformed and ill-tempered. By her he had a. 
 fon, who died young, and a daughter who fur- 
 vived him. He died 1534, aged 68. He has 
 been fufpedted by the Jefuits of being a Lu- 
 theran in difguife, but the imputation is againft. 
 his writings and not againft his religion, as he 
 fpeaks with freedom of the hbertinifm of the-- 
 catholic clergy. 
 
 Averanius, Jofeph, a native of Florence, 
 who acquired very rapidly an intimate know- 
 ledge of the learned languages, of mathematics 
 and philofophy, and of law. Befides tranflating 
 Archimedes, in his leifure hours, he afcer- 
 tained the momentum of bodies on inclined 
 planes, defended Galileo's philofophy, and en- 
 quired into the fwiftnefs and propagation of 
 found. As a lawyer he was patronized by 
 Cofmo III. de Medicis, who made him pro- 
 feffor of civil law at Pifa. He died 1738, 
 aged 76. 
 
 Avfranius, Bene did, eldeft brother of the 
 preceding, was born at Florence 1045. He 
 was well acquainted with Plato and Ariftotle, 
 and he alfo cultivated poetry, but, by the di- 
 rection of his father, he ftudied jurisprudence 
 at Pifa, and in 1676, he was made Greek 
 profeffor, and 6 years after raifed to the chair 
 of humanity. He was univcr "ally refpectcd 
 for h:s learning, ib that he was foftritcd by the 
 univerfi' y 
 
AVE 
 
 AVI 
 
 univerfity of Pavia to accept a profeflbr 's chair, 
 and alio by pope Innocent XL who admired 
 his genius. To improve his ltile he tranflated 
 Siliuft, Celfus, and other Latin authors, 
 into Greek, and wrote Greek elegies. He 
 died 1707. His diflertations and other works, 
 were printed after his death in 3 vols. fol. at 
 Florence 17 17. 
 
 Averdy, Clement Charles del*, a native of 
 Paris, minifter and comptroller of the finances 
 under Lewis XV. was at one time the favo- 
 rite of the people. Though he introduced the 
 reform of abufes, his endeavors proved abor- 
 tive in- the midft of a luxurious court, and in 
 1764, the meafures which he was forced to 
 recommend proved fo unpopular, that he fo- 
 liated and obtained his difmiflion. He re- 
 tired to his country feat, where the revolution 
 found him engaged in agricultural purfuits, and 
 regardlefs of the politics and the prejudices of 
 party. The recollection of his fervices was 
 too powerful to fuffer him to end his days 
 in privacy ; he was fufpected, and confequent- 
 ly condemned and guillotined 1794, aged 74. 
 He was author of the Code penal, the king's 
 fovereignty over Britany, &c. 
 
 Avkrroes, an Arabian philofopher born 
 at Corduba, where his father was judge, under 
 the emperor of Morocco. Kis knowledge 
 of law, divinity, mathematics, and aftrology 
 was very extenfive, and to this was added the 
 theory rather than the practice of medicine. 
 After being profeflbr at Morocco he was called 
 away to fucceed his father as judge in Cordu- 
 ba, and foon after he was inverted with the 
 fame powers in Morocco aiid Mauritania. 
 He poflefled a firmnefs and patience of mind, 
 which could diftinguifh and inveftigate the bi is 
 of human paflions, and he was humane and 
 rbcral, lb that the opulence which he derived 
 from his marriage and from his pods was not 
 heaped up, but generoufly difperfed for the 
 relief of indigence and ftarving merit. 7 he 
 attacks of malice, however, have too often 
 prevailed, and Averroes is in the number of 
 thofe whom fuperior virtues have not always 
 ihielded. Represented by the nobility of 
 Corduba, to Manfor king of Morocco as a 
 profane philofopher and a heretic, he was 
 ned ; but while many urged the ne- 
 ceffity of capital puniihment on fo great an 
 offender; it was agreed by the doctors 
 whom the mor.r.rch ccnfulted that Averroes 
 (hould retract. He was accordingly conducted 
 r ite of the mofque, barehe.ded, where 
 r.e who entered indignantly fpit into 
 " :>. he was r.fccd by the 
 d of his herefv, to which 
 he replied Y [ e con - 
 
 e till the king discovered 
 the fame 
 ..prig!..- 
 
 to all his 
 
 Morocco 1206. In his private life Averroe$ 
 was regular, and devoted much of his time 
 to philosophical purfuits. He grew very cor- 
 pulent, (o that he eat but once a day. He 
 was particularly fond of Ariftotle, on whofe 
 works he wrote commentaries, and for which 
 he was called the commentator. The medical 
 works of Averroes are fc3rce and above me- 
 diocrity, and of his numerous verfes on amo- 
 rous and light fubjedts very few remain. He 
 looked back upon his youthful follies with re- 
 gret ; and though a Mahometan in religion, 
 he exclaimed in the fpirit of a Chriftian, 
 <; Would to God I had been born old, or that 
 in my youth I had been in a ftate of per- 
 fection.". 
 
 Auger, Edmund, a Jefuit, whofe eloquence 
 is faid to have converted 40,000 proteftants 
 to the catholic faith. His difintereftednefs was 
 fudi that he refufed promotion to a bifhopric. 
 He died 1591, aged 61. 
 
 Augurelli, John Aurelius, a poet and 
 philofopher. He was profeflbr of literature 
 at Venice, and it was faid of him by Paulus 
 Jovius that he had a great genius in a little 
 body. He ruined himfelf by pretending that 
 he had difcovered the philofophsr's ftone fo 
 that Leo X. to whom he dedicated his beft 
 poem called Chryfopcea, gave him a large 
 empty purfe, adding, he who can make gold 
 wants nothing but a place to keep it in. He 
 died 1524, aged 83. 
 
 Augustin, Anthony, a native of Sara- 
 goflli, employed by the pope as ambafiador to 
 England 1554, and afterwards as his agent 
 at the council of Trent. In 1574 he was 
 made archbilhop of Tarragona, and died 1586. 
 He was author of fome treadles and of dia- 
 logues on medals. 
 
 Augustine or Austin, Saini, firfl arch- 
 bilhop of Canterbury, was lent with 40 others 
 by pope Gregory 1. from Rome to convert the 
 Britons to chriltianity, and he landed in the 
 ifle of Thanet about the year 596. He fixed 
 his feat at Canterbury, and by the directions 
 of the pope he ufed with moderation his new 
 converts, by permitting them ilill to afTemble 
 in the temples which were now converted to 
 Chriftian churches, and by only deftroying the 
 idols to which they paid the moft folemn wor- 
 ship. The converfion of the whole nation, 
 however, was a work of difficulty. Auftin 
 found adverfaries unwilling to yield to argu- 
 ment, and probably the difrefpeel which he 
 mewed to the Britons in receiving their depu- 
 ties fitting, irritated againft his doctrines a 
 people naturally fuperititious, and ftrongly 
 attached to the religious tenets of their fore- 
 fathers. Auftin died at Canterbury 604. 
 
 Auhadi-Maraoah, a MufTulman poet 
 who put into verfe the Giam-giam, a book full 
 of Mahometan fpirituality. He was enriched 
 by the prefents of the emperor of the Tar- 
 tars in 1319. Hit tomb is held in great ve- 
 qcration at Ifpahan. 
 
 V,'to::;xa, a famous Mahometan phy- 
 
 fician 
 
AUN 
 
 AUR 
 
 jjvian and philofopher, who early applied him- 
 felf to literature, to botany, arithmetic, and 
 mathematics. At the age of 16 he was fo far 
 acquainted with phyfic that he vifited patients 
 and that he might ftill more improve his un- 
 derftanding, he ftudied Ariftotle's metaphy- 
 (ics, which after reading 40 times, he gave 
 up in defpair as unintelligible, till by accident 
 he met a beggar that offered him to fale a 
 treatife of Al Farabius on metaphyfics, which 
 clearly opened to him the fenfe and the mean- 
 ing of the Grecian 'philofopher, after which 
 he had fo long labored in vain. He now ac- 
 quired credit as a phyfician by curing the king 
 of KhoraiTan, but his enemies raifed a perie- 
 cution againft him, when the monarch's li- 
 brary was deftroyed by fire, as he was accufed 
 of the milchief, that he might arrogate to 
 himfelf all the learning which he had received 
 from books. Some afll-rt that all his celebrity 
 arole from the iuperior talents of his matter, 
 to tthom his mother had bound him as a fer- 
 vant on pretence of being deaf. The old 
 man, as it is faid, admired his fidelity, and 
 left his papers open to his view, which the 
 crafty pupil copied and fent to his mother, 
 and after his matter's death publifhed as the 
 refult of his own knowledge and experience. 
 In the opinion of Dr. Friend, who mutt be 
 confidered as a judge, Avicenna had few me- 
 rits, his writings are extracts from Galen, and 
 others, and he often confufes the nature or 
 defcription of a difeafe by an affected dis- 
 play of learned terms. Avicenna died 
 1036 in his 56th year, with the character of 
 a learned man but too much addicted to wine 
 and to effeminate pleafures. His books on 
 medicine, &c. were in number about ioo, now 
 nearly all loft. 
 
 Avila, Louts' </', a native of Placentia, 
 general under Charles V. at the liege of 
 Metz 1552, of which the defence was con- 
 ducted by the duke of Guife. He wrote 
 memoirs of the African war, and of the 
 wars of Charles V. againft the proteftants of 
 Germany. 
 
 Avijler, Augujiin Charles d\ a native of 
 Paris, taken by the Algerine pirates as he 
 was failing from Marfeilles to Rome. During 
 his two years of captivity at Tunis he merited 
 the thanks of the dey by producing the much 
 admired plan of the mofque there, and on re- 
 gaining his liberty he vifited Rome, and after- 
 wards beautified Montpellier by the erection 
 of a magnificent gate in honor of Lewis XIV. 
 He died at Montpellier 1700, aged 47. He 
 wrote a courfe of architecture in two vols. 
 4 to. 
 
 Acngerville, Richard, a native of St. 
 Edmunfbury, Suffolk, educated at Oxford. 
 He was tutor to Edward III. and was raifed 
 to the fee of Durham 1333, and in 1334 
 made lord chancellor, and two years after trea- 
 furer. He was not only learned but the mu- 
 nificent patron of learned men, and founded 
 a library at Oxford. Ht wrote Philobiblos or 
 
 the right ufeof books, and died at Durham 1 345 , 
 aged 74. 
 
 Aunoy, Marie Catherine "Jumelle de Ber- 
 neville Countefs d\ widow of count d' Aunoy, 
 and niece of madame Defloges, is known as 
 a voluminous writer of Romances in a care- 
 lefs ftile, and with much affectation of tha 
 fupernatural and marvellous. Her adven- 
 tures of earl of Douglafs and tales of the 
 Fairies, are her bet pieces. Her hufband was 
 accufed of trealon, and with difficulty cleared 
 himfelf. One ofhis three accufers afterwards 
 through remorfe of confcience confefTed the 
 charge to be falie. She died 1705. 
 
 Avogardi, Lucia Albani, an Italian 
 poetefs of Bergamo. Her pieces pofTefTed 
 iuch merit, that Taffo became her commen- 
 tator. She died at Brefcia, where fhe mar- 
 ried a Venetian nobleman. 
 - Aurelli or Arelli, John Mutioy a 
 Latin poet, who clofely imitated Catullus, but 
 without following his feeble or indecent parts. 
 He was made by Leo X. governor of a place 
 where he was found dead foon after with his 
 mule at the bottom of a well, 1520; and it is 
 fuppofed that his oppreffion had drawn upon 
 him this punifhment from the inhabitants. 
 
 Aureng-Zeb, great mogul, confpired with 
 Moradone of his brothers againft his father Shah- 
 Gehan at Agra, and kept in him confinement 
 till he caufed him to be poifoned by one of his 
 phyficians. His brothers were deftroyed with 
 equal cruelty, and he became mafter of a large 
 dominion, which he extended by the conqueft of 
 Decan, Vifapour, and nearly the whole In- 
 dian peninfula. A power acquired by perfidy 
 and bloodfhed, was maintained with vigor, and 
 though Aureng-Zeb, did not efcape the tor- 
 tures of a reproaching confcience, he was 
 mild in his manners, and confulted the good of 
 his fubjects. As he had been cruel to his 
 father, he dreaded retaliation from his fons, 
 and lived himfelf conftantly in his camp, in 
 the midft of his foldiers. He died at Ahmed- 
 nager, 1707, aged 89. 
 
 Auria, Vincent, a native of Palermo, 
 wrote feveral works in Latin and in Italian, 
 the moft efteemed of which are his hiftory of 
 the great men of Sicily, in 4to. and his hil- 
 tory of the viceroys of Sicily, fol. He died 
 1 7 10, aged 85. 
 
 Aurigny, Gilles d\ an ingenious French 
 poet of the 16th century, of whofe private 
 character little is known. His tuteur d'amour 
 is a chef d'oeuvre for fancy, eafe, and ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Aurigny, Hyacinthe Robillard d*, a Je- 
 fuit of Caen, regent of the college of Alen- 
 con. He wrote fome chronological memoirs 
 on hiftory, valuable for their accuracy. He 
 died 1719, in his 44th year. 
 
 Avmllotx,' Jean Baptijie Elie, a native 
 of Paris, admired for his eloquence in the 
 pulpit, and his learning. He was author of 
 fome divinity tracts, and died 1729, aged 
 
 4 AURIOL, 
 
aut 
 
 AXT 4 
 
 Auriol, Shift J", a profeflbr of the cation 
 Taw at Touloufe, is known by tome poetical 
 pieces, and treaties. He was fo terrified at 
 ihe prediction of a deluge, by a pretended 
 prophet of his time, that he built himfelf a 
 large ark in which like Noah, he hoped to 
 i'kirvivc the general calamity. He died 1540. 
 
 AvitisrA, Job/it a native of Noto in Sicily, 
 patronifed and preferred by Nicholas V. 
 He trantlated Archimedes, Hieroclcs" com- 
 mentary on Pythagoras's golden verfes, fee. 
 and died at Ferrara, at the end of the ijth 
 century. 
 
 Aurogalius, Matthew, a native of Bo- 
 hemia, protellbr at Wittemberg, and afliftant 
 to Luther in translating the bible into German. 
 He published a Chaldee and Hebrew grammar, 
 and died 1543. 
 
 Austin, tVMLim, a barrifter of Lincoln's 
 Inn, author of hsec homo, or the excellency of 
 women, partly extracted from Agrippa's book 
 dr. nobilitate, &c. He wrote alio medita- 
 tons on the feafts and falls of the church, 
 
 Auteroche, Jean Chappe d 1 , was born at 
 Mauriac, and early diitinguilhed himfelf by his 
 rapid progrefs in learning, which was aided by 
 the advantages of rank and opulence. The 
 principal of his college mentioned him to Caf- 
 tini, he was therefore employed to furvey the 
 royal buildings, and he advanced his reputation 
 ytranllating Halley's works, and difplayed the 
 accuracy of his calculations in his obfervations 
 vn the two comets which appeared in 17 60. 
 The tranfit of Venus over the fun's difk, on 
 riie lixth of June 1761, added Still to his popu- 
 lrity. While Pinge was fent to the ille of 
 Roderigc, the abbe Auteroche braved the 
 rigors of the north, and fixed upon Tobolsk, 
 the capital of Siberia, as the place for his ob- 
 servations. The appearance of the philolbpher 
 with his mathematical apparatus was viewed by 
 the barbarian natives with terror, fo that the 
 governor was obliged to protect his perfon with 
 a guard ; but the caufe of fcience triumphed, 
 and the aStronomer, who made his obfervations 
 in the pretence of the archbifhop of Tobolflc, 
 and other men of fcience, immediately dif- 
 patched a courier to Paris with the refult. So 
 much intrepidity for the advancement of phi- 
 lofophy did not pafs unnoticed by the crnprefs 
 of Rulfia ; the abbe was invited to Petersburg, 
 where the higheft academical honors were to 
 attend his lettlement. The liberal offers were 
 however rejected by the independent French- 
 man, who prepared, in 1 769, to view another 
 tranfit of Venus, and crolfed the Atlantic for 
 the coalt of California, which w.is the place mod 
 favorable for observation. A pestilential dif- 
 cafe had lpread devaluation over the country, 
 but the abbe fearlefs of danger landed at 
 St. Jofeph, determined there to make his aitro- 
 j>:>mical remarks, a^ainlt the advice of his 
 friends. The 3d of June, the wi(hed-for day 
 arrived, the obfervations were completed, and 
 the difordgr fevmci to tefyeft ths perfon of die 
 
 abne ; but however, three days after he -was 
 attacked. Yet he might have Struggled againSt 
 the difeafe, had he not imprudently expofed 
 himfelf to the air, in obferving an eclipfo of 
 the moon, on the very day that he took phytic. 
 His fate was now decided, he grew worfe, and 
 died Augull ift, 1769, in his 49th year, 
 a remarkable iriltance of indefatigable appli- 
 cation, unfortunately facrificed to a too eager 
 puriuit after knowledge. His papers were 
 prelented to the world by young Caffini. 
 
 Avt aoti, John d\ abbot of Angle in Poitou, 
 was hiftoriographer to Lewis XII. His hiStery 
 of France from 149010 1508 is very circum- 
 ftantial and entertaining, though he is blamed 
 by feme for a coolnefs of narration, and a dif- 
 interefting detail of trifles occasionally interf- 
 perled with improbable facts. He died 
 
 15*3- 
 
 Autreau, Jacques d\ a painter of Paris, 
 who, at the age of 60, began to write for the 
 ftage. His pieces were favorably received, and 
 though deficient in intricacy of plot and action, 
 yet they were admired for vivacity, eafe, and 
 comic fpirit. The belt known of his pictures 
 was his Diogenes with a lanthern in fearch of 
 an honeft man, which he finds in a reprefenta- 
 tion of cardinal de Fleury. Autreau lived in 
 retirement, happy in his poverty. He died 
 at Paris, 1745, in the holpital of incura- 
 bles. 
 
 Auvercne, Anthony d\ a native of Cler- 
 mont, director of the opera at Paris, and 
 known as a very eminent compofer, whofe 
 works are held in the highelt admiration. He 
 died at Lyons I797> a g ed 8 4- 
 
 Auvignv, N.CaJlrcsd', a man of great 
 genius, born in the Hainaut, and intimate with 
 l'abbe des Fontaines, who nurtured and di- 
 rected his talte. He was killed at the battle 
 of Dettingen 1743, in his 31ft year. His 
 writings were numerous for his age, and all n 
 hiltorical lubjects, the moft admired of which 
 are his lives of illuftrious Frenchmen, 8 vols, 
 iamo. hiltory of Paris, 4 vols. nmo. be- 
 fides memoires of madame Barneveldt, a vols. 
 nmo. 
 
 Auzont, Adrian, a native of Rouen, 
 known as a mathematician. He is laid to be 
 the inventor of the micrometer in 1667, the 
 merit of which however is claimed alio by the 
 Englifh. He firlt fuggefted the idea of apply- 
 ing the telefcope to the astronomical quadrant, 
 though fome attribute it to Picard. He died 
 1691. 
 
 Aiereto or Assereto, Blatfe, a cele- 
 brated Genoefe admiral who defeated Alphon- 
 fo V.of Arragon, in a naval battle I435 and 
 took him prifoner. 
 
 Axtei, Danitl, a colonel in the parliamen- 
 tary army. He was ftrongly infected wkh 
 the puritanical tenets of the times, and from 
 a grocer he became a fbldier, and by his good 
 conduit rofe to the place of colonel. He was 
 employed at the trial of the king, and his be- 
 haviour fhowed that he had oot pieferved 
 
 much 
 
AYL 
 
 AT** 
 
 much reverence for fallen majefty. He after- 
 wards went to Ireland, but being diiratisfied 
 ivith the condu&of Henry Cromwell* he gave 
 m his refignation, till the reftoration of the 
 jld parliament called him again to a&ion. He 
 ivas however oppoled by Monk, and after fip- 
 porting general Lambert aga'mft Ingoldfoy, he 
 was obliged to fly, but was foon taken; and 
 committted to the tower. He was the 50th 
 of the 52 excepted from the bill of indemnity, 
 and he was accordingly tried as being con- 
 cerned in the king's murder, aiid was lentctrced 
 to be hanged at Tyburn. Axtel in his laft mo- 
 ments ihovved great firmnefs of mind, and at- 
 tempted to jultify his conduct to the lpeetators. 
 His head was let up at the end of Weftminfter 
 hall, and the limbs expofed in other places. , 
 He left a widow with feven children, for whom 
 he had provided in his profperity. 
 
 Ayesiia, daughter of Abubeker, was the 
 moft belovad of the wives of Mahomet, though 
 ihe bore him no child. After his death ihe 
 oppofed the fucceflion of Ali, but, though 
 violent, her character was relpee"ted, and when 
 taken prilbner me was dilmiu*ed without in- 
 jury. She died 677, agd 67. 
 
 Aylesbury, fir Thomas, a native of Lon- 
 don educated at Weftminfter fchool and Chrift- 
 church. His abilities^ a mathematician and 
 man of fcience recommended him to Bucking- 
 ham, by whole influence he was made a baronet, 
 and mailer of the mint. During the civil wars 
 he 1'urTered much from the parliament, and on 
 the king's death he retired to Flanders, where 
 he died 1657. In his public character he was 
 a great patron of literature ; and among his 
 friends particularly was Thomas Harriot, and 
 alio Thorn 2$ Allen who entrufted his MSS. to 
 his confidential care. 
 
 Aylesbury, William, fon of the preced- 
 ing, was educated at Weftminfter lchool and 
 Chriitchurch. Chr.rles I. who knew his merits, 
 appointed him tutor to the young duke 1 of 
 Buckingham, and his brother lord Francis 
 Villiers, with whom he travelled, and on his 
 return was made groom of the ro)al chamber, 
 and encouraged to tranflate d'Avila's hiftory 
 *>f the civil wars of France. The civil wars re- 
 duced him from comfortable independence to 
 poverty, and he patted to Jamaica, where 
 fce died 1657. 
 
 Aylett, Robert, a matter in chancery, 
 of Trinity hall, Cambridge, L. L. D. 1614, 
 wrote Sufanna or the arraignment of the two 
 elders in 8vo. divine and moral fpeculations 
 in verfe, &c. 
 
 Aylmkr, John, was born at Aylmer-hall 
 in Norfolk ijJi, and paironifed by the duke 
 of Suffolk, who maintained him at Cambridge, 
 and made him tutor to his children, among 
 whom was lady Jane Grey He efpoufed the 
 caufe of the reformation, and was inllrumental 
 in converting many of the people in Leiorfter- 
 fhire ; but when Mary came to the throne, he 
 fled to StrahSurg and Zurich till the eleva- 
 tion of Elizabeth recalled him home. He was 
 
 one of the eight divines appointed to dupuM 
 with the lame number of catholics -, but though 
 his learning was great, he received little pre- 
 ferment^ becaufe it is fard he liad refle&eA 
 upon the indolence of the biinops. At laft be 
 was made bifhup of London ; bat it k a ftrong 
 reflexion on his character, that helued for 
 dilapidations his predeceilbr, wim had beea 
 warm in his recommendation of hhatoadio- 
 cefc) and recovered 900 1 x 1000 k During 
 the plague, the biihup'a humanity was emi- 
 nently conlpicuous. Hy his orders the iick 
 were vifited by bra clergy, eveiy poftSble cona- 
 fort was liberally adminiftered, mid books with 
 directions to prevent thefpreading of the conta- 
 gion were freely circulated it his expence. la 
 his laft years he wilhed to exchange hydro- 
 cele for Ely or Winchester, but when this could 
 not be effected, he hoped to refiguin favor of 
 Dr. Bancroft, which tne latter .cejecled. He 
 died at Fulham 1594, aged 73. He was a 
 man of great learning, ftrong fenfe, of a van* 
 independent temper, eloquent and popular is a 
 preacher, and as a biihop rigid in enforcing 
 punctuality andfuberdination, lo that the ipsa 
 ritansand anabaptitts have defcribed him ^in- 
 tolerable in his conduci, virulent in his Liu- 
 guage,. and tyrannical over his in fe rio r s. 
 He has been aecul'ed of avarice in cutting down 
 the woods which belonged to his diocele,tothe 
 amount of 1000 1. to the hurt of his iuoceftor, 
 and in confequence of a reprefentatioa to the 
 countilof the ci-rcumltance, the queen enjoined 
 him to defift. He was author of an anl'wer 
 to Knox's blaft againit the empire of *v<o- 
 men. 
 
 A?i.QVTT.,ftr yopphy tart, defcended of 
 an ancent Saxon family, was educated st 
 Weftmintler fcheiol, and St. John's college-, 
 Oxford, and became eminent for bis learning 
 and his knowledge of die liiltory acid antiqui- 
 ties of his country. He intended to write die 
 hiftory of Suffolk, but he dropped the inten- 
 tion from the deficient)' of the materials pro 
 mifed to him, and in 1747 ne circulated pro>- 
 pufals for a tranllation of die French erreyuio- 
 piedia with additions and a large collection 
 of articles concerning the hiftory and antiqui- 
 ties of Great Britain, but after the firit vo- 
 lume was published, the work was laid afide 
 for want of fuffioient patronage. Sir Jofepb 
 was elected vice-prefident of the antiquarian 
 fociety. He died at Lambeth 1 781, aged 
 7a. Befides various papers in the Archatoh*- 
 gia, he publifhed calendars of the ancient 
 charters in the Tower of London, 410. 
 additions of Leland's collectanea, 9 volSi 
 8vo. Hearne's curious diicourfes, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 kc. 
 
 Aylon, Lule Fafyucs d\ a Spaniard, en- 
 gaged in the dilcovery and conqueft of Ame- 
 rica. He made an expedition into Florid* 
 1520, and is fuppolcd to have perilhed in a 
 fecond voyage to the fame place. 
 
 Ay mar, yames, a peafant of Dauphinc, 
 who acquired fome reputation hy pretending 
 S 
 
AYS 
 
 AZZ 
 
 to dlicover fecrets, hidden treaiures, robbe- 
 rTes, &c. by means of a facred wan>l. He died 
 1708, in his 46th year. 
 
 Aymon, John, a Piedmontefe, who em- 
 braced the tenets of Calvin in Holland, and 
 afterwards returned to the Romifh church. 
 He was permitted accefs to the king's library 
 at t aris, bpl he dilhonorably conveyed vMf 
 ibmeofthe books, and among others the ma- 
 nuscript original of the fynod of Jerufalem 
 held 167a. He wrote an eccleiiaflical hiitory 
 fee. 
 
 Ayres, John, an Englifli penman of con- 
 siderable eminence. He was in the houfe- 
 hold of fir William Alhurlt lord mayor of Lon- 
 don 1Y94, to whom he dedicated his arithme- 
 tic made eafy, of which a 12th edition appear - 
 ed 1 714. He lived at the hand and pen in 
 St. Paul's church y3id, where he publiihed fe 
 vernl other works on penmanfhin. 
 
 Ayrmin or Ayermin, William, a na- 
 tive of Lincolnfhire, chancellor of England, 
 and afterwards treafurer. H e was ambaflador 
 at Rome, where, he obtained the nomination 
 to the vacant bifliopric of Norwich from the 
 pope, which fo offended the king that he re- 
 fufed for a long time to admit him to his fee. 
 He died about 1337. 
 
 Ayscough, George Edward, an officer in the 
 foot guards, diftinguifhed by his literary accom- 
 plifhments. He wrote Semiramis a tragedy, 
 1777, and on his return from the continent, 
 which he vifited for the benefit of his health, he 
 publiihed letters with fome account of France 
 and Ita>y. He fell a vi&im to a rapid con- 
 fumption, 1779. 
 
 Ayscough, Samuel, an indefatigable com- 
 piler, born at Nottingham, where his educa- 
 tion was begun under the care of Mr. John 
 fon, till the misfortunes of his father rendered 
 his further progreis in learning impoffible. 
 From the mean occupation of fervant in a 
 mill, young Ayfcough was drawn by the 
 friendship of a fchool fellow, and admitted in- 
 to the Britifh mufeum. He made here a cor- 
 rect catalogue of the MSS. of the collection. 
 He alio afiifted in the arrangement of the pa- 
 pers in the tower, and made an index to the 
 firil 56 vols, of the Gentleman's Magazine, to 
 
 the Monthly Review, to the Britifli Cri 
 to Shakefpeare, and to other popular woi 
 Ue wrote befides remarks on the letters ol 
 American farmer, &c. He was for fome r \ 
 curate of St, Giles's in the Fields, and he 
 gan in 1 790 to preach the Fairchild lecti 
 on Whit-tuefdav, before the Royal Soric 
 for 14 years. In 1804 the lord chance 
 i^ave him the living of Cudham in Kent, 
 the appointment -came- too late for he died 
 next year. 
 
 AvscuE,y?r Gorge, a crallant Englifh 
 miral defcended from an ancient family in L 
 colnfhire. He was knighted by Charles 
 but in the civil wars he declared for the cc 
 mon wealth. In 1651 he reduced Barbad( 
 and the next year he defeated a Dutch fl< 
 and foon after, he retired from the fervic< 
 command the fleet of Charles Guflavus k 
 of Sweden; After the reftoration he was p 
 moted in the Englifh navy, and in 1666 cc 
 mandedthe Royal Prince, the largeft fhip 
 the world ; when, during a defperate fighl 
 four days with the Dutch fleet, he unfor 
 nately ftruck on the Galloper fand, and v 
 againft his will, obliged by his crew to furr 
 der. The Dutch, proud of their capti 
 carried him from town to town as a fpe&a 
 to the people. Sir George after this ne' 
 went again to fea, but died in retirement. 
 
 Azevedo, Ignatius, a Portuguefe Jel 
 born 1527. He relinquished the indep 
 dence of a large fortune to embark as a n 
 fionary to India. The veflel, in which he v 
 was attacked by pirates, and he and his 
 companions were maffacred by the barbar 
 enemy 1570, near Palma. This cruel ev 
 was lamented through Europe, and Aze 
 do was proclaimed a martyr by a pa 
 bull. 
 
 Azorius, Jcbn^ a native of Lucca n 
 Carthagena, eminent as a public profeflbr 
 Alcala and at Rome. He wrote Institution 
 moralium, 3 vols, folio, and died at Ro 
 1603. 
 
 Azzolinx, Laivrence, fecretary to r* 
 Urban VIII. and bifhop of Narhi, d 
 1532. He wrote an admired fatire aga: 
 debauchery. 
 
 B. 
 
 BAA 
 
 BAA 
 
 B A AH DIN, Mahomet Gebet Ar.ili, a 
 learned Perfian, author of a fummary of 
 civil and canon law. 
 
 Eaan, job/i de, a Dutch painter born at 
 Haerlem 1633. Charles II. and all the royal 
 family were painted by him. After fume re- 
 
 Cdence in England, he went to Italy, and 1 
 patronifed by the grand duke of Tufcany. 1 
 talents were fo great that he excited the j 
 loufy of inferior artifts, and one of them ne 
 ly fucceeded in flabbing him to the heart. 'I 
 ingenious man died at Amfterdim, 1702. 1 
 
BAC 
 
 BAC 
 
 Ton James, was alfo an' artift of eminence, 
 who followed William at the revolution, and 
 died 1 700 aged 27. 
 
 Baart, Peter, a Latin and Flemifh poet 
 author of the Flemifh gesrgics, a poem in 
 imitation of Virgil, highly commended by his 
 countrymen. He wrote alfo another poem 
 called le Triton de Frife. 
 
 Baba, a Turkifh impoftor. He announ- 
 ced himfelf in 1260, as the mefTenger of God ; 
 and collected a number of adherents, at whole 
 head he laid wafte Natolia. He was at laft 
 overpowered and his feci difperfed. 
 
 Babek, a Perfian, who in 823 afTembled 
 fome followers, with whom he defeated the 
 troops of Almamon. He was conquered, and 
 after being led about on an elephant through 
 the ftreets, his hands and legs were cut oft", 
 and he expired in the midft of the greateft 
 agonies. 
 
 BaBeuf, Francis Noel, a native of St. 
 Quintin. He was at firft a menial fervant, 
 and next became an attorney, and in the be- 
 ginning of the French revolution he efcaped 
 from the prifon of Arras, where his difhonef- 
 ty had immured him, to come to Paris, !where 
 he publifhed a paper called the tribune of the 
 people. By difleminating the moft pernicious 
 principles he continued popular, and on the 
 fall of Robefpierre, he was regarded as a pro- 
 per perfon to fucceed the tyrant, and to guide 
 the deftinies of France. '1 his profligate cha- 
 racter was at laft denounced by his accom- 
 plices, and condemned to the guillotine. He 
 iuffered with great compolure 1797 aged 37. 
 An account of his trial, in which he difplay- 
 ed great eloquence and firmnefs of mind, has 
 been publifhed in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Babington, Gdrvafe, a native of Not- 
 tinghamshire, educated at Trinity college 
 Cambridge. He was railed to the lee of Lian- 
 daff, and tranflated to Hereford ; and in 1597 
 to Worcefter. He was a great benefactor to 
 the cathedral library at Worcefter. He died 
 of the jaundice 1610. He wrote notes on 
 the five books ofMofes, and expofitions of the 
 creed, &c. befides fermons, &c. 
 
 Babington, Anthony, a native of Derby- 
 ihire, known in Englifh hiftory for his con- 
 lptracy to afTaflinate queen Elizabeth, and to 
 procure the releafe of Mary of Scots, who he 
 hoped would reward her deliverer by taking 
 him to fhare her throne. 7 he plot was dif- 
 covered by Warfmgham, and the confpira- 
 tors Iuffered death 1586. 
 
 Bacai, a learned muflulman, who died 
 885, of the hegira. He is author of feveral 
 treatifes on ancient philolbphers, on divina- 
 tion by numbers, a commentary on the koran, 
 &c. 
 
 Baccalar-y-sanna, Vincent, marquis 
 of St. Philip, a native of Sardinia, who wiate 
 the monarchy of the Hebrews, tranflated 
 into French, 4 vols. l2mo. and Me- 
 moirs of Philip V. 4 vols. izmo. He died at 
 Madrid 1736. 
 
 Baccali, a learned Mahometan, furnamed 
 from his learning, the ornament of ihe doc- 
 tors. He wrote a book on the prayers of 
 the MufTulmans, on the glory and excellence of 
 (ihe Arabs. He died 562 of the hegira. 
 
 Baccelli, Jerome, a native of Florence, 
 who tranflated the Odyffey into Italian 1558. 
 He died before the completion of his tranfla- 
 tion of the Iliad. 
 
 Bacchini, Benedicl, a benediftine of Par- 
 ma, author of a literary journal. He became li- 
 brarian and hiftoriographer to the duke cf Mo- 
 dena, and afterwards filled the chair of eccle- 
 fiaftical hiftory with ability. (- e publifhed feve- 
 ral very learned works, and made a collection 
 for the hiftory of the houle of Efte. JHe died 
 1 72 1, aged 70. 
 
 Ba-ccio, Andreas, a native of Ancona, 
 phvfician to pope Sixtus V. He wrote fome 
 learned and valuable treatifes, de venenis et 
 antidotis ; de gemmis, de thermis, de natu- 
 ral vinorum hiftoria, &c. 
 
 Baccio, Francis Bartholomew, an hiftori- 
 cal and portrait painter of Florence, who died 
 151 7, aged 48. 
 
 Bach, John Sebajlian, a German mufician, 
 in the fervice of the duke of Saxe Weimar, 
 and eminent for his fkill in playing on the or- 
 gan. He died at Leipfic 1754, aged 69. 
 
 Bachaumon, Leivis Petit de, a native of 
 Paris, author of fecret memoirs, to elucidate 
 the hiftory of literature in France, in 36 vols. 
 i2mo. and other Works. He died 1771. 
 
 Bachei.ier, Nicholas, an architect and 
 fculptor, who after ftudying at Rome intro- 
 duced at Touloufe and JLucca the graceful 
 and eafy manner of his mafter Angelo. He 
 died after 1553. 
 
 Bachtnj, Bernardine, a Benedictine, born 
 at Borgo San Domino. He compofed fome 
 valuable books in Latin and Italian, a literary 
 journal from 1686 to 1697, 9 vols. 4to. &c. 
 and died at Bologna 1721, aged 70. 
 
 Bacici, John Baptijle Gauli, a native of 
 Genoa who, at the age of 14, entered into 
 the fervice of a dealer of pictures at Rome, 
 where he was patroniled and inftructed by 
 Bernini. He became eminent as a painter, 
 and particularly diftinguifhed himfelf by draw- 
 ing the portrait of a man dead for. 20 years, 
 whole features he gradually collected from the 
 information of furviving friends, fo that at laft 
 he produced a moft perfect refemblance. 
 Though bold in his ideas and great in his colo- 
 rings and his forelhortening, Bacici is blamed 
 for incorrectnefs, and for want of tafte in his 
 draperies. The violence of his temper pro- 
 ved fatal to his family, in reproving his fon be- 
 fore his companions he gave him a blow on the 
 face, which fo irritated the youth that he threw 
 himfelf into the Fiber, and left his father in- 
 confolable. He died 1709, in his 70th 
 year. 
 
 Backer, James, a Dutch portrait painter, 
 who died 1560, aged 30. 
 
 Backer, Jacob, a portrait painter born 
 G ac 
 
BAC 
 
 BAC 
 
 at Henlingen. His pieces are much admired. 
 lie died 1651, aged 42. 
 
 Backhouse, William, a Berkfhire gen- 
 tleman, educated at Chriltchurch. He left 
 Oxford, and devoted himfelf to alchemy 
 and aftrology, and had among his pupils 
 and friends Alhmole, who called him father. 
 He died 1662. He WM author of the 
 pleafant fountain of knowledge, from the 
 French, 8vo. 1644 the complaint of na- 
 ture the golden fleece, &c. and he alfo 
 invented the inilrument called the Way- 
 wifer- 
 
 Backhuysen, Ludolph, a painter of 
 Embden, whole lea pieces were much ad- 
 mired. He died 1709 aged 78. 
 
 Bacon, Robert, an Engliih friar known 
 at Oxford as divinity profefTor. He visited 
 Paris, and in 1233 was made treasurer of 
 Salifbury cathedral. He wrote among other 
 things the life of St. Edmund the primate, 
 and died 1248. 
 
 Bacon, Roger, was horn near Ilchefter, 
 of a refpeclable family 1214. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and vifited Paris, the re- 
 iort of the learned of the times, and after 
 taking the degree of doctor, and becoming 
 menk of the Francifcan order 1240, he 
 returned to his native country- His ftrong 
 inquifitive mind was liberally fupported by 
 the munificence of his friends, among whom 
 were bifhop Groftete, Rich the primate, 
 Shirwood, &c. and he made the moft ra- 
 pid ftrides in the advancement of fcience 
 and philofophy. His experiments were ib 
 far above the comprehenfion of his age, 
 that he was accufed of magic ; the monks 
 of his order grew jealous of his reputa- 
 tation, his works were rejected from their 
 library, and the principal of the order was 
 prevailed upon to impriibn him. In his 
 confinement Bacon compofed his *' Opus ma- 
 jus," addrefled to the pope, in which he hoped 
 to prevail upon the pontiff to reform the er- 
 rors of the church. At laft, after ten years 
 of painful folitude, he was fet at liberty by 
 the interference of his friends, and by his ap- 
 plication to the general of his order, Jerom 
 d'Afcoli, who was lately railed to the papal 
 chair, to whom he ini'cribed his treatile " on 
 
 glades ; he knew the preparation of phofpho 
 rus, and he clothed, in unintelligible language 
 the name of gunpowder, which he faid wa 
 formed with fulphur, nitre, and charcoal, a 
 if he anticipated the devastation which its dif 
 CO v pry by Schwart, feme ages after, was tc 
 bring upon mankind. In his writings amount 
 ingto above 80 treatifes, fome of which ar< 
 published and fome preferved in manufcript 
 he ufed an elegant and nervous ftyle. Hi' 
 great knowledge in chemiltry has been moll 
 Satisfactorily proved by the experiments 01 
 Homberg. 
 
 Bacon, fir Nicholas, keeper of the greal 
 feal under Elizabeth, and the defcendant ol 
 an ancient Suffolk family, was born 15 IO. 
 He was of Corpus Chrifti college, Cambridge, 
 and ftudied the law at Gray's Inn. He was em- 
 ployed under Henry VIII. to whom he pro- 
 poied a plan never adopted, for the erecting 
 of a college to inftrucl young ftatefmen in all 
 the branches of political knowledge. He was 
 knighted by Elizabeth, and made keeper of 
 the i'eals, but as he favored the Suffolk fuc- 
 ceffion he was treated with coldnefs, and fuf- 
 pected of aliiiting Hales in writing a tract 
 ngninft the rights of the queen of Scotland. 
 He was ibon after reinftated in the queen's 
 good opinion by the interference of fir Wil- 
 liam Cecil, and he died 1579. 
 
 Bacon, Anne, fecond daughter of fir An- 
 thony Cook, preceptor to king Edward VJ. 
 rind wife of* the preceding, was eminent for 
 her learning and virtues She tranfiated from 
 the Italian into Englifh Ochine's fermons, and 
 Jewel's apology for the church of England, 
 froih the Latin. 
 
 Bacon, Francis, vifcount Pt. Alban's, was 
 fon of fir Nicholas Bacon mentioned above, 
 and was born at York-houfe in the Strand, 
 1561. He was early introduced at court ; 
 and after Studying at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, he accompanied, though little more 
 than i(), fir Amias Pawlet, arnbafTador to the 
 court of France. During his travels, his fa- . 
 fher died ; and as he found himfelf not niaf- 
 ter of the independence which he expected, 
 he applied himfelf to the ftudy of law at 
 Gray's Inn ; and, by the means of lord Bur- 
 leigh, he obtained at court the reverfion of 
 
 the means of avoiding the infirmities of old ! the regifterfhip to the Star chamber, worth 
 age." The remainder of his life was fpent in ! 1600/. a year, which, however, he did not 
 academical repofe at Oxford, where he died enjoy till tvvr-nty years after. Whilft at 
 
 1294. Bacon is univei tally allowed to have 
 been a man of fuperior merit, and the vaft 
 acquirements of his mind in a barbarous ago 
 itrongly evince with what fuccefs perfeverance 
 may labor in the road of learning. The more 
 accurate experiments of the moderns pay daily 
 tributes of gratitude to this father of philofo 
 phy, and it is now manifest that to his com 
 
 Gray's Inn, where he was chofen Lent-read- 
 er, he formed the plan of his great philoio- 
 phical work, the inftauration of the fciences ; 
 but neither his learning nor his abilities re- 
 commended him at court, as the favors of 
 the queen were divided between the Cecils 
 and the earl of Leicefter, who was afterwards 
 fuceeeded by EfTex : and Bacon, unfortunately 
 
 prehenfive mind were known many of the fe for his advancement, warmly embraced the 
 trets which the repeated efforts of Succeeding : Mufg of the latter.' Elizabeth was fenfible of 
 ages have fcarce brought to light. He was | his great talents, but nothing could overpower 
 aajuainted with the Structure of ah air pump, I the phlegmatic averfion of the Cecils, vho 
 with the laws of optics, and the po-ver of j repreteoted B^con as a fpeailative nun, whole 
 
 head 
 
BAC 
 
 BAD 
 
 head was filled with philofophy, and not with 
 political knowledge. From this difappointment, 
 Bacon would have huried himfelf in a foreign 
 kingdom, if his friends had not interfered. 
 On the acceffion of James I. he role into 
 power, though ftill oppofed by Cecil earl of 
 SaKfbury and by fir Edward Coke. He was 
 knighted, made attorney-general, keeper of 
 the feals, lord chancellor, and raifed to the 
 peerage. His elevation was not unattended 
 by the envy of enemies; and he was foon 
 accufed by the commons of grofs bribery and 
 corruption. The king, who law that not only 
 Bacon but his favorite Villiers was aimed at, 
 advifed his chancellor to make no defence, and 
 promifed him protection if he were condemned. 
 Bacon, unhappily for his reputation, made no 
 defence, and he was found guilty, fined 40,000/. 
 imprilbned in the Tower, and declared inca- 
 pable to ferve his majefty, and unworthy to 
 retain his feat in parliament. Though there 
 :s ibme reafon to fuppofe that Bacon liftened 
 to bribery, either by himfelf or his fervants, 
 in cafes which were pending before him, yet 
 it is remarkable that none of his decrees in 
 chancery were afterwards fet afide, as dic- 
 tated by oppreffion, partiality, or falfehocd ; a 
 fact that eftablifhes his probity far beyond the 
 power of interefted or venal panegyrifts. The 
 fine was remitted by the king ; and though 
 the dilgraced chancellor determined to fpend 
 the reft of his days in privacy, yet he was re- 
 stored to the public opinion, and fat in the 
 firft parliament of Charles. Neither in his ele- 
 vation nordifgrace did Bacon forget the great 
 objecl cf his heart, and he labored afliduoufly 
 for the eftablifhment of his new philofophy. 
 He died 1626, at lord Arundel's houfe, High- 
 gate, of a fever. In his conduct, Bacon was 
 generous and humane, For though he had a 
 good income, j8oo/. a year from his penfion, 
 and 7o/. from his eftates, his debts at his de- 
 ceafe were found to amount to 22,oool. Ba- 
 con has been cenfured, and defervedly, for 
 (landing forth as the accufer of Eflex, a man 
 who had patronifed him. As a writer, his 
 " novum organum fcientiarum," has among 
 hi* other performances, immortalized his 
 name. He has introduced a new fpecies of 
 philofophy to enlighten and dignify man, to 
 teach him how to think, and to lead him from 
 error, from darknefs, and falfe comprehenfion, 
 to truth and the moil accurate conclufions. 
 Bacon, however, as a philofopher, has met 
 opponents, and Hume has not hefitated, in his 
 comparifon of his merits with thofe of Galileo, 
 to raile the Italian far above the fame of his 
 countryman. Bacon's works have been col- 
 ledtedin 5 vols. 4to. and 10 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bacon, Anthony } elder brother to the chan- 
 cellor, though diftinguifhed for his knowledga 
 of politics, was fatisfied with the tranquillity 
 of a private ftstion. He was intimate with 
 Eflex, and he affifted him with his advice, 
 in the midft of his diftrefles. 
 
 Baco.v, j, r Nathaniel knight of the bath, 
 
 half-brother to the chancellor, was diiUnguifhed 
 as a painter in the ftile of the Flemhh fchooL. 
 Some of his pieces are preferved at Culford, 
 and at Gorhambury, among which a picture 
 of himfelf is much admired, and a cook-maid 
 with dead fowl. 
 
 Bacon, Pbanuel, was educated at Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford. He took his degree 
 of D. D. 1735, and became re&or of Balden, 
 Oxfordfhire, where he died 1783. He wrote, 
 befides five plays, an elegant poem called " the 
 artificial kite," firft punted in 1719, and in- 
 ferted in the Gentleman's Magazine 1758, 
 and he was admired for the ready flafhes of 
 his wit and for his punning. 
 
 Bacon, 'John, an Englifh fculptor, born at 
 Southwark, 1740. At the age of 15, he was 
 bound to a china manufacturer at Lambeth ; 
 and fo diftinguifhed himfelf by his affiduity, 
 that in a little time the improvements of the 
 manufactory were all the efforts of his ge- 
 nius. From the various models prefented 
 to his view, he laid the foundations of his fu- 
 ture fame; and in his execution difplayed fuch 
 taite that he obtained not lefs than nine pre- 
 miums from the fociety for the encourage- 
 ment of arts. He obtained, in 1769, the gold 
 medal of the royal fociety, and his manly 
 figure of Mars encrealed, if poffible, the high 
 reputation which he had already acquired. 
 His admired buft of the king, for Chrilt 
 Church-hall, Oxford, procured him the royal 
 patronage. Another buft was alio made for 
 Gottingen univerfity ; and he delineated the 
 groupe of lord Chatham's monument in Guild- 
 hall, and that of the celebrated Guy, for his 
 noble hofpital. The other more remarka- 
 ble productions of his chifel are, Mrs. Dra- 
 per's monument in Briitol cathedral, two 
 groupes at the top of Somerfet-houfe, a fta- 
 tue of Henry VI. fo Eton college, judge 
 Blackftone's ftatue for All fouls college, Chat- 
 ham's monument in Wettminfter abbey, and 
 the ftatues of Johnlbn and Howard in St. 
 Paul's cathedral. An inflammation in the 
 bowels proved fatal to this moft ingenious 
 artift, 1799. ' The article on fculpturein Rees' 
 encyclopaedia was his elegant production. 
 
 Bacquerre, Bencdift dc, a phyfiVian, lit- 
 tle known, but as the author of an excellent 
 work," fenum Medicus." 
 
 Bacquet, advocate to the king of France, 
 wrote ibme ingenious law works, and died 
 
 1597. 
 
 Bactishua, George Ebn, a chriftian phy- 
 fician, at the court of Almanfor. As he had 
 an old woman for his wife, the caliph lent 
 him 3000 dinars, and three beautiful girlsj 
 as a prefent, which the phyfician lent back, 
 obferving, that his religion forbade him the 
 ufe of more than one woman at a time. 
 
 BAt>AKsciA,a Periian poet under theca* 
 liph Moctafi. His divan or collection of 
 poems is written upon the fortunes of the 
 great men of the court ; and he fays, that the 
 varied fcene in human affair, ought not to 
 G % , create 
 
BAD 
 
 BAG 
 
 create furprize, as we fee that life is mea- 
 fured by an hour-glafs, and that an hour 
 is always above and the other below in alter- 
 nate succeffion. 
 
 BADCOCK,SamueI,fon of a butcher of South 
 Molton, was bom 1747, and was educated 
 1 in the tenets of the diffenters. During his 
 education, he imbibed lbm of the ftrong prin- 
 ciples of the methoditts on free grace, elec- 
 tion, &c. which in his maturer years he to- 
 tally abandoned. His firlt employment as paf- 
 tor was at Wimborne, in Dorietlhire ; from 
 whence he removed to Bamftaple, in De- 
 vonshire. In this new fituation, he met fome 
 of Dr. Prieftley's theological works, which he 
 admired fo much that he vifited him, and af- 
 terwards correlponded with him. His vi- 
 vacity, however, the nwdeit elegance of his 
 diicourfes, and the eafinefs of his manners foon 
 raifed him enemies among men who had em- 
 braced the rigid tenets of the nonconformiils, 
 and he was ejected from his office, in 1777, 
 on a fcandalous imputation, which proved 
 falfe, and highly reflected on his accuiers. He 
 retired to South Molton, and in 1780 he be- 
 gan to write for the Monthly Review, and 
 likewife publifhed a fmall pamphlet on the 
 topic of the day, the materiality or immate- 
 riality of the foul. Asa reviewer, he distin- 
 guished himfelf by his critique on Madan's 
 Thelyphthora, and the Chattertonian contro- 
 verfy ; but when Prieftley's corruptions of 
 Chriilianity appeared, his obfervations upon 
 it were fo forcible, and fo well fupported, 
 that they drew an anfwer from the author in 
 lefs than a month, in which the abilities of 
 the unknown critic were candidly allowed to 
 be refutable. Prieftley found himfelf like- 
 wife attacked by Horfley ; and when Bad- 
 cock, in the Review, praiftd the performance, 
 the offended unitarian, who had difcovcred 
 him, accufed him of mifreprefentation. Bad- 
 cock had the good fenfe not to reply. Dur- 
 ing his refidence at South Molton, he mar- 
 ried the niece of the famous John Wefley ; 
 and from the papers which he received by that 
 c6nnexion, he published an account of the fami- 
 ly. His character was now fo well eftablifhed, 
 that his.affiftance was courted by profeffor 
 White, _ who had been appointed Bampton 
 leCturer at Oxford, in 1783 ; and from their 
 united labors were produced thofe fermons 
 which have been fo defervedly admired. 
 What the extent of this connection was, has 
 been a matter cf controveri'y; but it muft 
 be allowed, that the profeffor claims unequi- 
 vocally the whole merit of the plan and of 
 the execution- of the better part. If Dr. 
 White had been more punctual in his pay- 
 ment of a reward fo juftly deferved, his cha- 
 racter might have been unaffailed, and he 
 might have fecurcly repofed u^ler the patro- 
 nage of the great. In 1786, Badcock quitted 
 the difTenters, and the following fpring was 
 ordained. He engaged at the oCtagon cha- 
 p-.l, in Bath, where he preached a much ad- 
 
 mired ctwity fermon, printed, but not pub 
 lifhed. He preached alfo before the judges 
 at Exeter, in Lent, 1783 ; and the following 
 May he died, of a bilious complaint, at the 
 houie of his friend fir John Chlehefter, baronet. 
 His conilitution was naturally weak, and he was 
 frequently attacked by nnpleafant and delirious 
 head-achs, which fo much affected his fpirits 
 that he dreaded the lot's of reaibn far more 
 than death. The powers of his mind were 
 ftrong and vivid, and his genius was exerted, 
 with the liberality of his friends, to fupport 
 him above the embaralfments of indigence. 
 
 Badens, Francis, an historical and por- 
 trait painter of Antwerp. Ke died 1603, aged 
 
 Badkw, Richard de, a native of Badow 
 Effex. He was chancellor of Cambridge 1 3 26, 
 and laid the foundation of a college called 
 Univerfity-hall, which was deftroyed acciden- 
 tally by fire ; and when rebuilt, by the 
 daughter of de Clare, earl of Gloucefter, was 
 called Clare-hall. 
 
 Badile, Anthony, an Italian painter of 
 Verona, whole pieces were admired for cor- 
 rectness. He died 1560, aged 80. 
 
 Bagford, John, a native of London, ori- 
 ginally a fhoemaker, afterwards a bookfeller 
 and an antiquarian, and a collector of old 
 books, curious prints, &c. He enriched the 
 famous library of Moore, bifhop of Ely, for 
 which he was admitted into the Charter-houfe 
 by the prelate. He died at Iflington, 1716, 
 aged 65. His valuable collection of books 
 and antiquities, was purchafed by the earl of 
 Oxford, and added to his library. He pub- 
 lished propofals, 1707, for a general hiftory of 
 printing; and his manufcripts, though badly 
 written, and worfe fpelled, may be confulted 
 with advantage. 
 
 Bagger, John, made bifhop of Copenha- 
 gen at the age of 29, in confequence of his 
 knowledge of oriental learning, and theology, 
 was a native of Lunden, and died 1693, aged 
 47. He publifhed fome learned diicourfes. 
 
 Baghoni, John Paul, a native of Peru- 
 gia, who ufurped the fovereignty of his coun- 
 try, of which he was difpoffeffed by Ca.-far Bor- 
 gia. He afterwards ferved in the Italian ar- 
 mies, and was at laft treacheroufly invited to 
 Rome by the pope, Leo X. and cruelly be- 
 headed, 1520. 
 
 Baglivi, George, a native of Apulia, pro- 
 feffor of anatomy at Rome, where he died 
 1706, in his 38th year. He pofTeffed Superior 
 abilities in his profelfion, as he fully evinced 
 by his compofitions, all written in Latin. He 
 wrote a curious differtation on the anatomy, 
 ice. of the tarantula. 
 
 Bagnio LI, Julius Cafar, an Italian poet 
 of Bagna Cabano. His beft pieces are the 
 judgment of Paris, and the tragedy of Ara- 
 gonois. He died about 1600. 
 
 Bagshaw, William, a- native of Tidfwell, 
 educated at Corpus Chrifli college, Cambridge, 
 and murifter of Gleffop, which he refigned in 
 
 1662, 
 
BAJ 
 
 BAI 
 
 X662, for nonconformity. He continued to 
 preach privately, and a large meeting was 
 erected for him at the revolution. He wrote 
 feveral valuable treatiies; and died 1703, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Bagshaw, Edivard, M, A. a ftudent of 
 Chrift Church, Oxford, for fome time affiltant 
 at Weltminfter, under Buiby. He proved lb 
 violent in his principles that he was imprilbned 
 for nonconformity, and died in Newgate, 1671. 
 He was a man of abilities, and wrote DifTerta- 
 tiones duae, 4to. de monarchia abfoluta difier- 
 tatio politica, &c. 
 
 Bahrdt, Charles Frederick^ M. A. a na- 
 tive of BifrchofTwerda, who ftudied at Leipfic. 
 An intrigue drove him from Leipfic to Erfurt, 
 where he gave lectures on biblical antiquities; 
 and he then removed to GiefTen, and after- 
 wards to Durkheim. Here he opened a houfe 
 for the inftruction of^youth, which he called 
 Philanthropinum ; but his plans failing, he 
 went to Holland, and then to England, where 
 he obtained four pupils. On his return to the 
 continent, he found that his conduct had given 
 offence at Vienna, and therefore he retired to 
 PruiTia, and fettled at Halle, as aft innkeeper. 
 The fentiments of which he boafted in public 
 as a -deiit, rendered him fuipected to the ma- 
 giftrates, and he was imprilbned for twelve 
 months. He died 1792, aged 51. His cha- 
 racter was unprincipled and licentious. He 
 turned out his wife from his protection and 
 houfe, to live in adultery with his Vervant ; and 
 in every part of his conduct gloried in what 
 could offend religion and morality. Befides his 
 effay towards a fyftem of the doctrines of the 
 bible, 1769, he publifhed other works, equally 
 lingular for extravagances and licentious opi- 
 nions. 
 
 Baian, or Baion, a native of Goa, who 
 .embraced Chriftianity, and came to Rome, 
 about 1630. He was author of fome ingeni- 
 ous works, befides a tranflation of the iEneid 
 into Greek verfe, and the Luliad of Camoens 
 into Latin. 
 
 Bajazet I. emperor of Turkey,- fucceeded 
 his father Amurat I. 1389. He conquered 
 Bulgaria, Macedonia, and ThefTaly ; and after 
 he had made the emperor of Conftantinople 
 tributary to his power, he marched to attack 
 Tamerlane in the eaft He was, however, to- 
 tally defeated near Angoury, 1402, and taken 
 prifoner; and when the proud conqueror afked 
 him what he would have done with him if he 
 had obtained the victory, Bajazet anfwered, 1 
 would have confined you in an iron cage. Such, 
 then, (hall be thy fate, rejoined Tamerlane. 
 He died, 1403, at Antioch in Pifidia. Some 
 however say, that he was honorably treated 
 by Tamerlane. 
 
 Bajazet II. fuccetded his father Mahomet 
 II. I481, and extended the boundaries of his 
 Jcmgdom ; and obligedtthe Venetians to fue for 
 peace. His reign was dull acted by inteftine 
 ifiwrd; and he fell by the perfidy of his lbn, 
 
 Selim, who caufed him to be poifbned, 15 1 3, 
 in his 60th year. 
 
 Baier, John William, a divine of Nurem- 
 berg, profelTor of divinity at Halle, where he 
 died, 1694, aged 49. He was author of a 
 compendium of theology and other works. 
 
 Baier, 'Jean Jaques, an eminent phyfician 
 born at Jena. He practifed with fuccefs in 
 feveral cities of Germany, and was profeffor of 
 phyiiology and prefident of the college of phy- 
 ilcians, &c. at Altorf, where he died, 14th 
 July 1735. He was author of fome Latin 
 dilTertations, &c. on medical and botanical iub- 
 jects, &c. 
 
 Baif, Lazarus, a native of Pins, near la 
 Fleche, employed as ambafTador to Venice, 
 &c. by Francis I. He wrote fome incoherent 
 treatiies, de re navali de re vefliaria; and 
 died 1545. 
 
 Bailies, William., a Prufiian phyfician, 
 author of an efTay on the Bath waters, &c. 
 1757. When introduced to the king of Pruf- 
 fia, the monarch told him, that to have ac- 
 quired the great reputation which he pofTefTed 
 he must have killed many people. He boldly 
 replied, not lb many as your majefty. 
 
 Baii.let, Adrian, a learned Frenchman, 
 born of poor parents at Neuville, in Picardy, 
 and educated by the fathers of a neighbouring 
 convent. In 1680, he became library keeper 
 to de Lamoignon, and began to form an index 
 of every fubject which was treated in the books 
 which he pofTefied ; and fo voluminous were 
 his labors, that they were contained in 35 folio 
 volumes, all written with his own hand. His 
 next work was " jugemens des favans," which 
 had a very rapid fale, and which he totally 
 gave to the bookfeller, requelting only a few 
 copies for his friends. As in this work he 
 mentioned not only the praifes but the cen- 
 fures parTed on different authors, he met' with 
 violent oppofition, and thofe who fuffered by 
 the laih of his criticifm rofe up in their de- 
 fence, fo that under the names of Afinus in 
 Parnafib, anti-Baillet, &c. he was attacked and 
 ridiculed. Befides thefe, he wrote a prolix 
 life of Defcartes, 2 vols. 4to. an hiftory of 
 Holland the lives of faints, 4 vols. foL and 
 feveral theological works ; and he formed the 
 plan of" an univerfkl ecclefiafticid dictionary," 
 which was to contain a perfect fyftem of divi- 
 nity, fupported by authorities from fcripture, 
 in 3 vols, folio, when he died of a fingering ill- 
 nefs, 1706, ig his 57th year. 
 
 Baieli, Aoche le, a native of Fa'uife, phy- 
 fician to Henry IV. He was learned, and a 
 ftrong'fupporter of the doctrines of Paracelfus* 
 He wrott treatife on the plague, and other 
 works in Latin, and died at Paris, X605. 
 
 Baillu, Robert, a native of Glafgow, 
 known as a firm oppofer of epifeppacy. He 
 was tutor to lord Montgomery, and was pa- 
 tronifed by lord Fglintoun. He was one of 
 thole who drew up an accufation against Laud ~ f 
 and during the troubles of Scotland he was 
 G 3 *ver 
 
BAI 
 
 BAK 
 
 ever active in fupport of the prefbytery, as 
 well as in oppolition to toleration. After the 
 death of Charles 1. he waited as a deputed di- 
 rine from the general aflembly upon Charles 
 II. at the Hague, and he exprdlid in a lpeech 
 'lis refpect for his Sovereign, and his abhor- 
 rence for the murderers of his father. On the 
 restoration, he was made principal of the uni- 
 verfity of Glafgow ; but fo great was his aver- 
 fion to epifcopacy, that he refuted a bKhopric. 
 When he was vilited, during his illnels, by the 
 new-made archbifhop of Glafgow, he addrefled 
 him in thefe words : " Mr. Andrews, (I will 
 not call you my lord), king Charles would have 
 iade me one of thefe lords, but I do not find 
 in the New Teltament that Chrift had any 
 lords in his houfe ;" but he accompanied his 
 cenfure with kindnefs and courteous liberality. 
 He died, i66a, aged 63. His writings, now 
 little perufed, difplayed great learning and in- 
 genuity. His letters and journals have lately 
 been publifhed, a vols. 8vo. 1775. 
 
 Baillon, William de, a learned French 
 phyfieian. His works are valuable, edited by 
 his friend Dr. Thevart, in 4to. He died 1616, 
 in his 78th year. 
 
 Baillt, James, a French writer, born at 
 Verfailles. He died 1768, aged 67. His 
 " theatre" appeared 1768, % vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bailly, John Sylvain, an aftronomer, fon 
 ef the preceding, born at Paris, 1736. At the 
 age of 16, he wrote two tragedies; in one of 
 which, Clotaire, he painted in vivid colors the 
 Sufferings and the death of a mayor of Paris 
 ly an infuriate populace ; dreadful prognoftic 
 tf the miferies which awaited him. Dramatic 
 compositions, however, were not calculated to 
 difplay the powers of his genius. The friend- 
 ship of de la Caille directed him in the purfuit 
 f fcience ; and, in 1763, he introduced to the 
 academy his obfervations on the moon, and the 
 next year his treatife on the zodiacal liars. 
 in 1766, he publifhed his efTay on the Satel- 
 lites of Jupiter, and in 1775, tne firlt volume 
 of hi>hiftory of ancient and modern aftronomy 
 appeared, and the third and bit in 1779; an( ^> 
 in 1787, that of Indian and oriental aftro- 
 nomy, in 3 vols. 4to. He was deputy to the 
 firft national aflembly; and was on July 14th, 
 1789, nominated mayor of Paris. His impar- 
 tiality was confidcred foon as a crime; and 
 when he fpoke with reverence of the royal fa- 
 mily, on the trial of the queen, he was regarded 
 as unfit to prefide over the rebellious city. He 
 defcended, in 1791, from his + vatxon, and 
 retired to Melun; but the Sanguinary tribunal 
 of Robefpierre, who v new his merit, and would 
 not protect it, dragged him to execution. He 
 left his head by the gailLtitte, 12th November 
 1793, exhibiting in death, herbifm, refignation, 
 and dignity. Befides his great works, he wrote 
 the eloges of Leibnitz, Charles V. ia Caille, 
 Corneille, tvvu " rapports," and left MSS. on 
 the origin of fables, ar.d of ancient-religions. 
 Bailly, UaviJ, a palmer, borutt Leydeu. 
 li. 
 
 He acquired great reputation for his hiftork.,! 
 pieces, and died 1 630. 
 
 Bailly, James, a French painter of Gra- 
 cay in Berry, who died 1679, > a ged 50. Hb 
 flowers, fruits, &c. were much admired. 
 
 Bainbridge, John, a phyfician and aftro- 
 nomer of Aihby de la Zouch, in Leicester- 
 fhire. After taking his degrees at Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge, he fettled in his native 
 county, where he practifed phyfic, and under- 
 took the care of a grammar School. He was 
 invited to London, where his application to af- 
 tronomy and mathematics, and his fcientific de- 
 scription of the comet of 161 8, publifhed in 
 4to. railed him to fune. In 1619, he was 
 made, by his friend Saville, firft aftronomical 
 profeflor at Oxford ; and he entered at Merton 
 college, where he was appointed reader of 
 Linacer's lecture. He died in 1643, aged 61. 
 Bainbridge was indefatigable after literature ; 
 and he began at the age of 40 to ftudy the 
 Arabic, that he might give a more correct edi- 
 tion of all the ancient aftronomers, agreeable 
 to the ftatutes of his founder. 
 
 Baithosus, founded, with Sadoc, the feet 
 which denied a future ftate. Thefe heretics, 
 at firft called Baithofoi, were better known by 
 the name of Sadducees. 
 
 Baius, or De Bay, Michael, a native of 
 Melin, divinity profeflor of Louvain. He was 
 lent as deputy at the council of Trent ; but in 
 his wifh to bring back the followers of Luther 
 and Calvin to the ehurch, he adopted fome of 
 the tenets with refpect to juftification, fo that 
 his writings were not only denounced by the 
 inquifition, but 76 of the points which he ad- 
 vanced condemned. He acknowledged his er- 
 rors, and a fecond time the papal power inter- 
 fered between his followers and thofe of the 
 jefuit Leflius. Baius died 1589, aged 76. 
 His works are written in a correct and dole 
 ftile, far fuperior to the learning of the times, 
 and publifhed in 4to. ' It is faid that he read 
 Sr Auguftin not lefs than nine times, to ac- 
 quire the graces and beauty of his language. 
 
 Baker, David, an Englifh Benedictine,, 
 who ftudied at Broadgate-hall, now Pembroke 
 college, Oxford. He travelled in Italy, and 
 refided in England in the time of Charles t. 
 as miflionary; after which, he fettled as di- 
 rector and confefTor of the Englifh nuns at 
 Cambray. He died in London 164X. His 
 writings were moltly on theological Subjects. 
 His collections for an ecclefiaftical hiftory of 
 England infix folio volumes, are loft. 
 
 Baker, Jir Richard, author of the chro- 
 nicles of the kings of England, was born at 
 Siffinghurlt, in Kent, and ftudied three years 
 at Hart-hall, Oxford. He was knighted at 
 Theobalds by James I. ; and was made fheriff 
 1620 for Oxfordshire. He married' a daughtei 
 of lir George Man waring, of Shropfhire, and 
 by becoming furety forjfbme of her family he 
 was ruined, and died in the Fleet prifon, 1645. 
 He was a man of extenfivc learning, a* his, 
 miicelku 
 
BAK 
 
 BAL 
 
 mifcelhneous works fufficiently prove. The 
 laft edition of his chronicle was 1730,101. 
 
 Baker, Thomas, a native of Ilton, Somer- 
 fetfhire, who ftudicd at Magdalen-hall and 
 Wadham college, Oxford, and obtained the vi- 
 carage of Bifhop's Nymmet,Devonfhire, where 
 he lived a retired life, and died 1690, aged 65. 
 He publilhed an uieful book called geometrical 
 key, &c. 1684, in 4to. and for the anfwers 
 fent to the queries propoled to him by the 
 royal fociety, he received their me i. 
 
 Baker, Thomas , a learned antiquary, of a 
 very refpectable family. His grandfather, who 
 was recorder of Newcaftle, didinguifhed him- 
 felf in the royal caufe, and was almoft ruined 
 by his liberality in favor of the monarch. His 
 ion George, of Crook, in the county of Dur- 
 ham, married into the Northumberland family 
 of Foriler ; and Thomas, one of the ifliie of 
 this marriage, born 1656, was educated at 
 Durham grammar-fchool, and afterwards at 
 St. John's college, Cambridge. He entered 
 into orders, and was prefented to Long Newton 
 rectory ; but he was ibon after dilgraced, for 
 fefufing to read James II.'s declaration for li- 
 berty of confcience ; and he resigned his liv- 
 ing, 1690, and returned to college, where he 
 enjoyed his fellowihip till diipoflefled, in 1717, 
 tor refuh'ng to take the oaths. He ftill conti- 
 nued to rclide in the college till the day of his 
 death, iupported, it is faid, by Matthew Prior, 
 who retained his fellowihip to iupply the in- 
 come "to his friend. He was attacked by a 
 paralytic ftroke, which in three days termi- 
 nated his exiftence, 1740. In private life, Ba- 
 ker was diftinguifhed by his affability, his eafy 
 and mild manners, and as a fcholar he was 
 equally known. Befides his " reflections on 
 learning," which paifed through eight editions, 
 and his preface to Fifher's funeral fermon for 
 the countefs of Richmond and Derby, nothing 
 has been publifhed of his works ; but he made 
 collections for the hiftory of St. John's college 
 and the antiquity of Cambridge university, ib 
 that not lefs than 39 volumes in folio, and 3 
 in 4to. of theft valuable manufcripts are pre- 
 ferved both in the Britifh mu'eum and at Cam- 
 bridge. Baker, as executor of his elder bro- 
 ther's will, was the means of founding fix exhi- 
 bitions at St. John's, with money left for cha- 
 ritable ufes. He was intimate with the moft 
 'celebrated literati of his aje, who relpected 
 his talents, and frequently coniulted him. 
 
 Baker, Henry, an ingenious naturalift,born 
 in Flcet-ftreet, London. His mother was a 
 midwife; and he was for fome time engaged 
 in a bookfeller's fhop, hut left it for philofophi- 
 cal purfuits. His chief employment was to 
 correct the ftammering of grown-up perfons, 
 and to teach the deaf and dumb to i'peak; and 
 he acquired an ample fortune by this moft ho- 
 norable profeflion. He was an active member 
 of the royal and antijuari in ibciet ies, to whofe 
 memoirs he contributed fenfible communi- 
 cations. He wrote poetry in the younger part 
 of his life, and maintained throughout a cha- 
 
 racter refpectable for urbanity of manners, 
 and a conciliating deportment. He died in 
 the Strand, 1774, in his 71ft year. His mi- 
 crofcopical experiments were very valuable, 
 and have been publifhed. His valuable collec- 
 tion of fhells, native and foreign foffils, petre- 
 factions, corals, ores, &c. was fold by auction, 
 1775. His name muft be mentioned as the 
 firft who introduced into England the large Al- 
 pine ftrawberry, the feed of which was trans- 
 mitted to him in a letter by profeflbr Bruns,of 
 Turin. He likewife introduced the feeds of 
 the true rhubarb, rheum palmatum, fent over 
 to him by Dr. Mounfey, the phyfician of the 
 emprefs of Ruflia. He married the youngeit 
 daughter of the well-known Daniel Dufoe, by 
 whom he had two fons, who died before him. 
 The eldeft, David Erjkine Baker, was brought 
 up to the bufinefs of a filk throwfter, m Spital- 
 fields ; but he grew extravagant, and at laft loft 
 himfelf, by enlifting in the mean retinue of a 
 company of ftrolling players. He- wrote poe- 
 try, and that entertaining book called the com- 
 panion to the play-houfe, a vols. iamo. 1764, 
 fince enlarged, under the title of bibgraphia. 
 dramatica, % vols. 8vo. The fecond fon, Henry , 
 was a lawyer, but far from refpectable in his 
 profeflion. He left an only ion, 1763, to whom 
 his grandfather left all his property: It is faid, 
 that the art of inftrucling deaf perfons perifhed 
 with Baker, as he enjoined thofe who bene- 
 fited by his Services the moft profound fecrecy, 
 and moreover took a bond of 100/. for their 
 faithful obfervance of the promife. 
 
 Bakewell, Robert, eminent as the im- 
 prover of Britifn cattle, was born, 1726, at 
 Difhley, Leicefterfhire. His attention was di- 
 rected to the improvement of the breed of 
 cattle, and fo fuccefsfully, that the Difhley 
 fheep became celebrated over the country, and 
 one of his rams was let for the extraordinary 
 price of 400 guineas, and his bulls at j gui- 
 neas each a feafon. He died 1798. 
 
 Bakhuisex, Ludolpb, a felf-taught painter 
 and engraver of Embden, who died 1709, aged 
 78. His pieces, the Subject of which are ge- 
 nerally tempefts and fea views, &c. are highly 
 admired for their fpirit, and the fbftnefs and 
 delicacy of his coloring. 
 
 Balaam, fon of Beor or Bofor, a celebrated 
 prophet in Mefopotamia, fent for by Balak, 
 king of Moab, that he might curfe Ifrael. 
 The curse which he intended to pronounce 
 was, by the influence of the Almighty, changed 
 into a blefling ; but though he thus difappointed 
 the expectations of Balak, the wicked prophet 
 encouraged him privately to allure the Ifraelites 
 to the commillion of debauchery ; and the ad- 
 vice fatally fucceeded. Balaam was killed with 
 Balak in a battle, about 1450 B. C 
 
 Bai.bi, John, or Janua, a Genoefe domi- 
 nican, author of feveral commentaries, &c. 
 His chief work, " catholicon," is an ufeful 
 book, containing a claflical encyclopedia, &c. 
 It was one of the firft books ever printed. 
 
 P-alboa, Fa fro Nugues A, a Caltilian, 
 G 4 known 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 known by his cnterprizing genius. He was 
 one of the American adventurers, and in 1513 
 he left Spain, to dil'cover the South Sea, and 
 in one month after his departure he gained 
 the v.ifhed for oeean. Though he could pof- 
 fefs. pearls and gold, he preferred the love of 
 his fellow adventurers. He was found at Santa 
 Maria, en the coaft of Uarien, where he had 
 built a town, and croiled the ifthmus, in the 
 neaneft habit, building a hut for his dwelling, 
 governor of the Spanilh king, who be- 
 .. uous of his popularity, and falfely ac- 
 cufed hum of felon}-. The charge was eafily 
 proved before a corrupted tribunal ; and the 
 unfortunate Balboa loft his head 1517, at the 
 age of 4 2. 
 
 Balbuena, Bernard de, a Spaniih poet of 
 eminence, born at Toledo, and educated at 
 cViktnanca. He fettled in America, and died 
 there 1627, after being feven years bifhop of 
 Porto Rico. 
 
 Ealcanqual, Walter, a Scotfman, who 
 attended James I. when he came to England. 
 He took the degree of D.D. at Oxford, and 
 appeared at .the fynod of Dcrdt for the church 
 of Scotland. He was fucceilively mafter of 
 ihj Savoy, in 1624, dean of Rochefter, and 
 in 1639, dean of Durham. He wrote king 
 Charles' declaration concerning the late tu- 
 mults in Scotland, -fermorts, -epiflles con- 
 cerning the Dordt fynod, &c. He was a great 
 fuiferer during the rebellion, and with difficulty 
 elcaped his persecutors. He died at Chirk 
 faltle, Denbighshire, 1645. 
 
 BALDEj'j^OTn, a natiye of Upper Alfatia, 
 furnamed the Horace of his country. He 
 died at Neuburg, 1668, in his 65th year ; and 
 the fenators of the place eagerly folicited to 
 obtain his pen, which was, as a moft precious 
 relict, carefully kept in a filver cafe. His 
 works are mifcellaneous, partly dramatic, partly 
 odes, &c. exhibiting ftrong flames of genius, 
 but without the corfectnefs of mature tafte. 
 His Uranie victorieule was rewarded by Alex- 
 ander VII. with a gold medal. 
 
 Baldinucci, Philip, a Florentine of the 
 academy of la Crulca, well acquainted with 
 painting and fculpture, of which he began the 
 hiftory. His death, in 1696, in his 7?.d year, 
 prevented the execution. He wrote the ge- 
 neral hiftory of painters, 6 vols.- an account 
 of the progreis of engraving on copper a vo- 
 cabulary of dsfigns. 
 
 Baldock, Robert de, an ecclefiaftic, who 
 fharcd the misfortunes of Edward II. He died 
 in Newgate. 
 
 Baldock, Ralph de, was educated at Mer- 
 ton, Oxford, and made bifhop of London, 
 1304. His election was difputed ; but he 
 was confirmed by the pope, and confcerated at 
 Lyons, 1306; and on his return to England 
 he was made chancellor by Edward I. which 
 he refigned on the king's death. He was a 
 virtuous prelate; and his hiftory of the Britilh 
 a"ffairs, now unfortunately loft,' proves that he 
 
 pofllfTed learning and great judgment. H< 
 died at Stepney, 1313. 
 
 Bald(;s, or Baldi, Bernard, a native 
 Urbino, abbot of Guaftalla, diftinguiihed b; 
 his knowledge of fixteen languages. He pub 
 lifhed tracts on mechanics, &c. and began ai 
 hiftorical and geographical defcription of th< 
 world, which he did not finifh, dying 1617 
 aged 64. 
 
 Baldwin I. count of Flanders, was engage< 
 in the crufades, and when Conftantinople wa 
 taken, 1204, by the French and Venetians, h< 
 was appointed emperor of the Eaft. In a bat 
 tie againft the Greeks and Bulgarians, 1205 
 he was taken prifoner, and, after a confine 
 ment of fixteen months, barbaroufly put u 
 death, in his 35th year. 
 
 Baldwin II. the Iafl Latin emperor o 
 Conftantinople, wasraifed to the throne 1228 
 His reign was agitated with the dhTenfions 
 powerful rivals; 'and, to avoid falling into thi 
 hands of his enemies, he fled to Negropont 
 and to Italy, where he died, 1273, aged 55. 
 
 Baldwin I. king of Jerufalem, was brothe: 
 of Godfrey de Bouillon. After the death o 
 Godfrey, he fucceeded to the throne of Jeru 
 falem, 1100, and the next year conquerei 
 Antipatris, Gsefarea, and Azotus, to whici 
 Acre was added in 1104, after an obftinau 
 fiege. He died 11 18. 
 
 Baldwin II. king of Jerufalem, was foi 
 of Hugh count Rethel, and fucceeded to th< 
 throne, 11 18. He defeated the Saracens ii 
 1 120, but four years after he was unfortu 
 nately taken prifoner. He died 1131. 
 
 Baldwin III. king of Jerufalem, fon o 
 Fulk of Anjou, fucceeded his father, 1143 
 He was fuccefsful in ibme battles, and tool 
 Afcalon, and died 1163. 
 
 Baldwin IV. king of Jerufalem, fucceede< 
 his father Amaury, 1 174. As he was a leper 
 Raymond of Tripoli held the government 
 which was refigned by the fubtle fovereign t< 
 his nephew, Baldwin V. He died 1185, anc 
 his fucceffor the following year, as it is faid, 
 poiibn, adminiftered by his mother, that he; 
 hufband, Guy de Lufignan, might afcend th< 
 throne. 
 
 Baldwin, Francis, a native of Arras, pro. 
 feflbr of law at Bourges, Sec. Ke was patron 
 ized by Anthony king of Navarre, Charles V 
 and by Henry III. of France, whom he in 
 tended to accompany when elected king o 
 Poland : but he died of a violent fever, 1573 
 in his 54th year. He died a catholic, thougl 
 it is faid that hefour times exchanged hi 
 religion from catholic to proteftant. He wa 
 author of leges de re rultica, &c. 
 
 Baldwin, a native of Exeter, primate o: 
 England, who attended Richard I. ia his cru 
 fade, and died 1191. 
 
 Bale, Robert, a native of Norfolk, prior o 
 the Carmelites of Norwich. He died 1503 
 He is author of annales Carmeiit. hiitori; 
 iEeliat prophetac, &c 
 
 Eal* 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 Bale, John, a native of Cove in SuSolk, 
 educated among the Carmelites at Norwich, 
 and removed to Jefus college, Cambridge. He 
 was a Roman catholic, but became proteftant. 
 The refentment of the Roman piiefis, how- 
 ever, was fo great, that he fled over to Hol- 
 land, where he continued fix years, till he was 
 recalled and promoted by P^dvvard VI. to a . 
 living in Hamplhire, and afterwards railed to 
 the fee of Oilbry , which he abandoned on the 
 accellion of Mary. He retired to Holland 
 sad Switzerland ; but on the acceihon of Eli- 
 zabeth he refufed to return to his diocefe, 
 fatisfied in the enjoyment of a prebend at 
 Canterbury, where he died, 156,3, aged 67. 
 During his abfence in. Holland, he wrote fome 
 excellent books, in Engliih ; but his moil va- 
 luable work is his Latin account of the beft 
 Englifh writers. It contained a catalogue of 
 3618 years, from Japhet to 1*57. 
 
 BALECHON,iV/VZ'oAjr, ail eminent engraver, 
 horn at Aries. He died fuddenly, at Avignon, 
 1765, aged 46. There was much delicacy 
 and foftneis in his execution. His principal 
 pieces are les belles marines, Ste. Genevieve, 
 and a portrait of Fredetick Auguftus king of 
 Poland. Of this laft he took proof impfeffions, 
 contrary to his promife, for which he was ex- 
 pelled from the academy. 
 
 Balen, Hendi'uk Van, a painter of An- 
 twerp. His beft pieces are the drowning of 
 Pharaoh, and the judgment of Paris. He 
 died 163a, aged 72. His fon John was alfo 
 eminent as a lanaTcape painter. 
 
 Bales, Peter, a man eminent for his fkill 
 in penmanfhip, and confidered as the inventor 
 of fhort-hand writing. He ftudied at Oxford; 
 and in 1575, he wrote the Lord's prayer, the 
 creed, the ten commandments, with two ihort 
 prayers in Latin, befides his own name, motto, 
 day of the month, year of the :>ord and of 
 the queen's reign, all within the circle of a 
 lingle penny, inchafed in a ring and golden 
 border, which he prefented to the queen at 
 Hampton Court. He was employed by Wal- 
 fingham in imitating hand-writing tor political 
 purpofes; and, four years after, 1590, he 
 opened a fchool near the Old Bailey. He 
 publifhed his " writing fchoolmafter," an ufe- 
 ful performance, recommended by eighteen 
 copies of complimentary verfes from men of 
 genius and learning. He died 1610. 
 
 Bai.ey, Walter, a native of Portfham, 
 Dorfetfhire, educated at Wincheftc-r fchool, 
 and New college, Oxford. He was prodtor of 
 the univerfity, 1558, and took his degrees in 
 phytic, whilft he itudied divinity with equal 
 attention. He was profeflTor of phyfic at Ox- 
 ford, and foos after phyfician to queen Eliza- 
 beth. He died 1592, aged 63. His writings 
 were chiefiy on the eye-fight and its preferva- 
 tion, neither valuable nor learned. He alio 
 wrote a difcourfe on the qualities of pep- 
 per, &c. 
 
 Balooy, John t an Englifh divine, born at 
 fcelfield, where his father was mailer of the 
 
 . 
 
 grammar fchool/ He was of St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he laments that two 
 years were loft to himfelf by an improper 
 fonhiels for reading romances, till he was 
 awakened from his inactivity by perilling Livy, 
 and urged to more honorable puriuits. Some 
 part of his time was fpent in the care of Shef- 
 field fchool, either as head or affiftant; and 
 afterwards he was in the family of Mr. Banks, 
 as tutor. When admitted to orders, he diC 
 tinguifhed himfelf as a preacher, and during 
 the firft four years of his refideace at Lame- 
 fley and Tantield, in Durham, he never omit- 
 ted writing a new fermon every week, fo that 
 afterwards he committed at once to the flames 
 200 of thefe valuable compofirions, in the pre- 
 tence of his fon, whom he wiihed to excite to 
 the fame laudable application. As a writer, 
 he became reipefted in the Bnngorian con- 
 troverfy,- and was a warm advocate in the caufe 
 of rational religion and Chriftian liberty. His 
 works confift of fermons *nd of tracts, all on 
 divinity ; and though fomc of his philofophical 
 opinions are confidered erroneous, his princi- 
 ples muit be applauded, and his difcourfes 
 highly admired. He was a great friend to 
 toleration, and whilit he abhorred the tenets 
 of the Romifh church, he cultivated an ac- 
 quaintance with the moft refpectahle of the 
 dilTenters and of the quakers. His defence of 
 Hoadley recommended him to the friendfhip 
 of that prelate ; but he nobly difdained to ufe 
 this as a ftep to rile to preferment. Befides a 
 prebend at Salifbury, he obtained North Al- 
 lerton, and died at Harrowg.ite, 1748, in his 
 63d year. 
 
 Baliol, fir John, the founder of Baliol 
 college, Oxford, was born at Barnard cattle, 
 Durham. He was governor of Carliile, 124S 
 and the guardianuYip % of Alexander III. of 
 Scotland, and of Margaret of England, h"u 
 wife, was entrufted to his care; but an accu. 
 fatfon of mifconduct drew upon him the ven- 
 geance of the Englifh king. The foundation 
 of his college was bid 1263. During the wars 
 of Henry IIL and his barons, he fupportedsthc 
 king's power. 
 
 Baliol, yobfi de, king of Scotland. He 
 was defcendt d from David earl of Huncingtony 
 brother of king William called the Lion; an d 
 on the death of queen Margaret, he laid claims 
 to the crown, hi which he was oppofed by 
 Bruce. His rights were eftablifhed by Ed- 
 ward I. of England, who acted as arbitrator ; 
 and he did homage ttyi. When he found 
 himfelf a aflal of England, he boldly fhook 
 off the yoke, and made an alliance with the 
 French king ; but the battle of Dunbar proved 
 fatal to Baliol, who, with his fon, was carried a 
 captive to the Tower, and afterwards was re-' 
 leafed by the pope's legate, 1299. Baliol 
 retired to France, where he died, 1314^ His 
 fon Edward afterwards claimed the kingdom, 
 acd obtained it for a little time ; but, at his 
 death, the family became extinct. 
 
 Ball, Jobn t an Engliih divine, of Oxford-- 
 
 fture, 
 
BAL 
 
 BAL 
 
 fhhre* 1585, minifter of Whitmore, in Staf- 
 iordihire. Though in his principles a puritan, 
 ie was ievere againft thole who feparated from 
 the church. He wrote a book on the power 
 of godlinefs; and died 1640. 
 
 Ballard, George, a native of Campden, 
 in Gloucefterfhire, who, while the apprentice 
 of a habit-maker, employed fome of his time 
 to the acquifition of the Saxon language. Lord 
 Chedworth offered him an annuity of iool. a 
 year, of which, however, he only accepted 60I. 
 - s fufficient, and he then went to Oxford, where 
 ftc was made one of the eight clerks of Mag- 
 ^.den college, and afterwards one of the bea- 
 dles of the univerfity. He died 1755, in the 
 f rime of life. His accefs to the Bodleian was 
 the means of his encreafing his valuable col- 
 lections ; but he published only " memoirs of 
 Britifh ladies celebrated for their writings," in 
 4to. 1752. 
 
 Ballexden or Bullanden, jr yohn, a 
 Scotch hiftorian, in favor with James V. He 
 wag canon of Rofs and archdeacon of Murray, 
 -ind he fucceeded to the office of clerk-regilter 
 to the court of chancery, which the troubles 
 of the times obliged him to refign. He was 
 alfo a lord of feffion ; but the opposition which 
 he made to the reformation, rendered him 
 obnoxious to the ruling powers, lb that he re- 
 tired to Rome, where he died 1550. He 
 wrote feveral pieces in profe and verfe, &c. 
 
 Bai.lerini, Peter and "Jerome, two learned 
 Brothers, ecclefiaftics, at Verona, the former 
 of whom was born 1698, the latter 1702. 
 Betides feveral valuable works of their own, 
 they edited the works of Leo the Great, thofe 
 of cardinal Norris, thole of Gilbert bifhop of 
 Verona, &c. 
 
 Ballexferd, a native of Geneva, author 
 of the education phyfique des enfans, a valuable 
 compoiition. He wrote alio on the caufes of 
 the death of fo many children, an equally me- 
 ritorious publication. He died 1 774, aged 48. 
 
 Ballin, Caudr, a goldlmith of Paris. He 
 executed, in the moit perfect Mile of elegant 
 workmanlhip, four vafes, repreienting the four 
 I the world, for Richelieu, with four 
 antique vales to match them, and alio filver 
 tables, dilhes, girandoles, &c. for Lewis XIV. 
 Several works of this illuftricus artift are ftill 
 admired at Paris, St. Denys, and Pontoife. 
 He died 1678, aged 63. 
 
 Balaam, Hugh de, bifhop of Ely, founded 
 Peter-houfe, at Cambridge, and died 1 ; 86. 
 
 Baltuasar, Cbrijlopher, a king's advocate 
 at Auxerre, who quitted the catholic religion 
 for the tenets of the proteltanrs, in whole fa- 
 vor he wrote feveral treatifes, efpecially againft 
 Baronius, which were received with great avi- 
 dity. The fynod of Loudun granted him, in 
 1650, a penfion of 750 livres, for his fervices. 
 
 Balthazaeini, furnrm-d Beaujoyeux, an 
 
 mufichn, recommended by BrifTjc to 
 
 Henry III of France, for the entertainment 
 
 wrote feveral ballads and 
 
 pieces of mufic He tompoftd a IwUe* called 
 
 Ceres and her nymphs, for the nuptials of tl 
 due de loyfedfe v itn the queen's fitter, mad 
 moilelle de Vaudemor.t ; and this is rcgardi 
 as the origin of the ballet heroique of Franc 
 Balue, Join, a cardinal, born of mean p 
 rents in Poitou. He raifed himfelf to conl 
 quence, and gradually became bifhop of Evrei 
 and Arras. He was railed to the purple 1 
 Paul II. and became minifter to Lewis 3 
 and acted as general over his troops. IT: 
 grateful to his duty and to his mailer, 1 
 formed intrigues with the dukes of Burguni 
 and Berri ; and when at laft difcovered by t] 
 king, he was imprilbned for 11 years; aft 
 which he repaired to Rome, and rofe to ne 
 preferments. He afterwards came to Fran 
 as pope's legate, and died at Ancona, 1491. 
 Balzue, Stephen, a native of Tulles, 
 Guienne, who employed himfelf in enrichi 
 the libraries of his patrons with valuable m 
 nufcripts, till in his 39th year he was a 
 pointed profefTor of canon law in the roj 
 college with every mark of diftinction. F 
 his lives of the popes of Avignon, the ki 
 granted him a large penfion, but his attac 
 ment to the duke of Bouillon, the hiftory 
 whefe family he had undertaken to write, a 
 in which he inferted fome offenfive remarl 
 was productive of trouble. When the du 
 was banifhed he lhared his difgrace ; he hoi 
 ever was reitored to favor, though he was r 
 replaced to the directorial chair of the roj 
 college. He died 1 718, in his 87th year, a 
 left behind him the character of an indefatis 
 ble collector of curious manufcripts and ann 
 tations. He wrote little, though he poffeil 
 an extenfive acquaintance with polite literatu; 
 and was connected by correfpondence a 
 friendfhip with the moll learned men of his ai 
 Balzac, John Louis Gnez de, a native 
 Angouleme, who vifited Holland in his 17 
 year, where he wrote a difcourfe on the fti 
 of the united provinces. He travelled wi 
 the duke d'Epernon, and with la Valette, fc 
 he found at laft the tranquillity of retireme 
 on his eftate at Balzac more congenial to 1 
 inclinations, than paying court to Richeli< 
 who flattered him with promiles of hi^h j 
 tronage. He was admired for the elegance 
 his writings, efpecially his letters to \ oltai 
 who however cenfures his ftile, but allows h 
 the merit of having given harmony and inn 
 hers to French profe. His writings creat 
 him fome opponents, but though he dread 
 the weapons of an adverfary, he was pleal 
 with the familiarity of the great, and a penfi 
 from the court of 2000 livres, and the pom 
 ous title of hiftoriographer of France, a 
 ccunfellor of ftate. He was of a weakly cc 
 ftitution, fo that he uled to fay when he a 
 but 30, that he was older than his father. I 
 died 1654, in his 60th year. His works, cc 
 lifting of le Prince, le Socrate Chretien, 
 
 l'Ariftippe, F.ntretiens, Chrift viftoriei 
 
 &c. were collected and printed l66j, with 
 preface, by de CafTagnes, 
 
 Bamboci 
 
BAN 
 
 BAN 
 
 Bamboche, a nick-name given to Peter de 
 laer for his deformity. He was a native of 
 J.aerden, in Holland, where he died 1673, 
 aged 60. The chief merit of his pieces, is the 
 e;.ie with which he delineates characters, lb."* 
 that (hops, inns, converfations, cattle, &c. are 
 touched with the higheft fuccefs by his pencil. 
 
 Bambridge, Chrijlopber, a native of Weft- 
 moreland, educated at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford, and employed as ambafTador from Henry 
 VIII. to pope Julius II. He was made bilhop 
 of Durham ; and in 1508 tranilated to York, 
 and fix years after he was poifoned by his fer- 
 vant, in revenge for fome blows which he had 
 received from him. 
 
 Bampfield, Franch, M.A. a native of 
 Eevonfhire, educated at Wadham college, was 
 made prebendary of Exeter, and minifter of 
 Sherborne, Dorletfhire, but was ejected for 
 non-con rbrmity. He was author of a book on 
 tie obfervation of the labbath, and died in 
 Newgate 1684. 
 
 Banchi, Seraphin, a dominican of Florence, 
 vho came to France for the improvement of 
 his ftudies. When Peter Barriere, a youth 
 of 27, formed the projedt of aflaffinating 
 Henry IV. Banchi became acquainted with 
 the fecret, which he prudently revealed to one 
 oi the lords of the court. The afTalun was 
 thus difcovered as he was ready to perpetrate 
 the deed, and Banchi was rewarded with the 
 bifhopric of Angouleme, which he refigned in 
 1608 for the life of a reclufe. His writings 
 were chiefly controverfial. 
 
 Bancroft, Richard, was born near Man- 
 chester, and educated at Jefus college. He 
 was chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and bifhop 
 of London 1597, and advanced to Canterbury 
 en the death of Whitgift 1604. He was a 
 ftrong advocate for the royal prerogative, and 
 the rights of the church ; and in a conference 
 at Hampton Court in an oration of mean flat- 
 tery, he compared James I. to Solomon for 
 wifdom, to Hezekiah for piety, and to Paul 
 fcr learning. He was indefatigable to eftablifh 
 epifcopacy in Scotland. He died at Lambeth 
 161 o, aged 66. 
 
 Bancroft, John, nephew to the primate, 
 vras born in Oxfordshire, and educated at Chrift 
 Church. He was afterwards mailer of Uni- 
 verfity college, and during the ao years in 
 which he prefided over the fociety, he em- 
 ployed himfelf in eflablifhing their rights and 
 improving their property. In l6l, be was 
 railed to the fee of Oxford, and built the pa- 
 lace of Cuddefden for the refidence of the 
 bifhops. He died 1640. 
 
 Bandar ha, Gonzales, a Portuguefe coo- 
 ler, dillinguifhed as a prophet and verfitier. 
 He was filenced by the inquifition, and nar- 
 rowly efcaped being burnt IJ41, and died 
 1556. 
 
 neu.0, Mattheiv, a native of Oftel- 
 
 rtuovo, in the Milancle, author of feveral 
 
 curious novels in the manner of Boccace. He 
 
 bed by the SpaflUh conqueits, and re- 
 
 tired as- an outcafl into France, upon the eftatft 
 of his friend Casfar Fregofa, near Agen. He 
 was bifhop~of Agen in 1550 by Henry II. and 
 devoted bis time to literary purfuits. He re- 
 figned his bifhopric in 1555, according to his 
 promife, and the vacant fee was conferred on 
 James the fon qf Fregofa. He died in 156 1. 
 His novels were edited in three vols. 4to. with 
 a fourth volume. 
 
 Bandinelli, Baccio, a native of Florence, 
 known by his pieces in painting and defigning, 
 and particularly in fculpture. His copy "of thr. 
 famous Laocoon, in the garden of Florence, is 
 much admired. He died in 1559, a S e< * I 7 " 
 
 Banburi, An/dm,* monk born at Ragufa, 
 who ftudied in France. The grand duke of 
 Tufcany, who was not ignorant of his merit, 
 intended to place him at the head of the aca- 
 demy of Pifa. He, died at Paris 1743, aged 72, 
 His antiquitates Conftantinopolitans, in two 
 vols. fol. and his numifmata Roman. Iraperat. 
 are chiefly valuable. 
 
 Bancuis, Peter, profeflbr of theology at 
 Abo for 32 years, was in 1682 raifed to the 
 fee of Wyburg. He wrote an ecclefiaftical 
 hiftory of Sweden, a facred. chronology, and 
 other works, and died 1696, aged 63. 
 
 Banguisi, Thomas, author of an Hebrew 
 lexicon, and of a treatife on the origin of the 
 diverfity of languages, was profefTor of Hebrew, 
 &c. at Copenhagen, where he died 1661, aged 
 61. 
 
 Banier, Anthony, an ecclefiaftic of Cler- 
 mont in Amergne, who acquired by the patro- 
 nage of his friends that education which the po- 
 verty of his parents could not lupply. He was 
 entrufted with the care of the cHildren of 
 Metz, prefident of the chamber of accounts at 
 Paris; and it was for their education that he 
 produced his " Hiflorical explanation of fa- 
 bles." This work was univerfally admired, 
 and procured the author admiffion to the aca- 
 demy of infcriptioas. A new edition foon after 
 appeared with improvements, and the addition 
 of five dialogues, further to illuftrate and to 
 enrich the work. The fruits of his literary 
 labors were numerous and valuable, various 
 eflays, and not lei's than 30 diflertations were 
 produced by him to the academy of Belles 
 Lettres, the treatiies on hiftory and literature 
 by Vigneul Marville or rather Bonaventure 
 D'Argonne, were re-publifhed, and new light 
 given to the voyages of Paul Lucas into Egypt, 
 and of Cornelius le Brun to the Levant. In 
 the laft ten years of his life Banier devoted his 
 time 'to his favorite ftudy of mythology, and" 
 then tranflated the metamorphofes oi Ovid, 
 with remarks and explanations. It was alio at 
 that time that he completed his mythology, in 
 3 vols. 4to. or 7 in l2nio. a book abounding in 
 erudition, and defervedly admired. He was 
 prevailed upon by the bookfellers when he la- 
 bored under the attacks of a fatal diftemper, 
 In fuperintend a new edition of a' general hif- 
 t< ry of the ceremonies, &c. of all the nations in 
 ti.e world, which 20 years before had appeared 
 
 A 
 
BAN 
 
 BAR 
 
 in Holland, and he had the gratification to fee 
 it Smithed in 1741 in 7 vols.tVL Sutler died 
 that year in his 69th year. 
 
 Banister, John, a learned phyfician of the 
 16th century, who, after itudying at Oxford, 
 fettled at Nottingham, where he acquired great 
 reputation. He was author of fcvei'al works 
 on phyfic and lurgery. 
 
 Banister, Rkiard, the younger, was edu- 
 cated under his relation, of whom mention has 
 jult bev'n made, and applied himfelf to com- 
 plaints of the eyes, cars, hare-lips, and wry 
 necks. He fettled at Stamford in Lincolnshire, 
 but occasionally vilited London, and other 
 places. He obtained a certificate of the ma- 
 gistrates of Norwich of his having cured 24 
 blind per fons in that city. His language is 
 harth, and of his life the only account is to be 
 derived from his works. . The time of his 
 death is unknown. 
 
 Banks, fir Join, a barriiter of Gray's Irm, 
 born at Kelwick in Cumberland, and educated 
 at Queen's college, Oxford. He was in 1630 
 attorney general to the prince of Wales, and 
 was afterwards chief juftice ot the king's bench, 
 from which he removed to the common pleas. 
 He died- at Oxford 1664. Several of his 
 MSS. on law are ftill extant. His wife is fa- 
 mous for defending CorfT-eaftle againft the par- 
 liament, till relieved by lord Carnarvon. 
 
 Banks, John, a native of Sunning in Bcrk- 
 fliire, apprenticed to a weaver at Reading. He 
 left his trade in coniequence of breaking his 
 arm, and retired to London with ten pounds 
 left him by a relation, and after feeling all the 
 hardfhips of poverty, he became, from a book- 
 fellefs itall in Spitalfields, and a bookbinder's 
 fliop,a writer of mifcellaneous eifays, and Soli- 
 cited fubferipcions to forae trifling poems. 
 Pope, to whom he addieUed a letter and a 
 poem, honored him with an ani'wer and a 
 double fubfeription, and the obfeure poet rofe 
 to literary coniequence, diitinguiShed as the 
 author of the critical review of Oliver Crom- 
 well's life, i2mo. a work frequently re-printed. 
 He wrote befides, the Weaver's miScellany, in 
 imitation of Duck's threfher, and in the latter 
 part of hfe he was engaged on the Old Enghnd 
 and Weftminlter Journals. Ht died of a ner- 
 vous djicrder at Iflington I75I. 
 
 Banks, j^s, -was a member ofth? focicty 
 of New inn. As a writer for the theatres he 
 did not meet with encouragement. Though his 
 language is not often the language of poetry, 
 yet there is fomething interciiing in his coni- 
 pofitions. The Subjects -are happily drawn 
 from history, and incidents arc introduced 
 which can move the heart and call forth ail the 
 fymphathiiing feelings of an audience. His 
 tragedies are feven in number, of which the 
 belt is indubitably the earl of Eifex, a drama 
 abounding in .bold Strokes of nature, and fome 
 fine instances of the pathetic. The time of his 
 -death is not known. 
 
 Bannikk, Join, a Swedifh general under 
 Guftavus Adolphus. He cBftinguHhed hhnfelf 
 
 in various battles, and after the death of 1 
 matter added to the glory of Sweden by t 
 taking of fevcral important places from i 
 Germans and .Saxons. He forgot his milita 
 character to efpoule the daughter of the prin 
 of Baden, after the death of his wife, and di 
 1641. aged 40. 
 
 Banquo or Bancho, a Scotch gener 
 who joined Macbeth in the overthrow of 1 
 Sovereign, and for his Services was murdered 
 the u fur per. 
 
 Baptist, Join, a native of Lisle, r.-fide 
 for fome time in England, as a painter 
 Mowers. He Studied at Antwerp, and afiift 
 leBrun in painting the palace of Versailles, 
 which the flowers were his execution. T 
 duke of Montague, who was ambafTador 
 France, employed him with la Foffe and Rot 
 Seau in the decoration of Montague hou 
 now the Britilh muleum. A looking gl 
 which he adorned with a garland of flowers i 
 queen Mary, is ftill preserved at Kenfingt 
 palace. There is a print of him from a pail 
 ing by fir Godfrey Kneller, in Walpole's an< 
 dotes. He died 1699. His fon Anthony d 
 tinguifhed himfelf alio in flower paintii 
 Another of the fame name, called alfo Gafpi 
 and Ldys Bapiijl, was born at Antwerp. ] 
 vifited England during the civil wars, and v 
 engaged in general Lambert's lervice, and aft 
 the reiteration he painted the attitudes a 
 draperies of fir Peter Lely's portraits. I 
 died in 1691. 
 
 Baptisttn, John Bapttjle r>i, a muSici 
 of Florence, who died 1740. He compol 
 the three oj-erasof Meleager, Manto, and F 
 lydorus, and excelled in the mufic of ' 
 cantatas. 
 
 B ar ac H/Was fourth judge of the Hebre 
 for 33 years, about 1240 B.C. He delivei 
 his country from the opprefiion of Jabin a 
 of Silera, with the alfiltance of Deborah. 
 
 Baranzano, Rtdc-hpius, 8 monk born 
 Serravalle in Piedmont, profefpjr of philofop 
 at Anneci. He acquired great reputation 
 Paris, as a preacher and a philoibpher, but mc 
 as a warm and judicious oppofer of Ariftotl 
 doctrines. He died at Montargis 1622, in 
 33d year, and thus early was finished a can 
 which promiied to add much Splendor to lite: 
 ture. His works on philofophtcal fubjei 
 were " doctrina de coclo," foL de novis o 
 nionibus phyficis. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Baratihr, Join Piil?p, a moft extraor 
 nary perlbn, born 1721 in the margravate 
 AnSpach, of Such uncommon powers of n 
 jnory, that, at the age of four, he converl 
 with his mother in French, with his father 
 Latin, and with his Servants in German. T 
 rapidity of his improvement augmented w 
 his years, fo that he became acquainted vv 
 Greek at fix, with Hebrew at eight, and in 
 nth year translated from the hebrew ii 
 French the travels of B njamin of Tud< 
 which he enriched with valuable annot.itio 
 His proficiency in mathematics was fo gr 
 
 t 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 at he fubmitted to the London Royal So- 
 ;ty a fcheme for finding the longitude, which, 
 ough infufhV.ient, exhibited the ftrongeft 
 arks of iuperior abilities. He vifited Halle 
 th his father in 1735, where he was offered 
 
 the univerfity the degree of M. A. The 
 iung philofopher drew up 14 thefes, which he 
 inted, and the next morning di (pitted upon 
 em with fuch logical precision, that he alto- 
 Ihed the moft crowded audience. At Berlin 
 ; was received with kindness by the king of 
 ruffia, and honored with marks of diftindiion. 
 is abilities, however, fhone but like a meteor ; 
 :onflitution naturally delicate, was rendered 
 11 more weak by exceiFve application ; and a 
 ugh, fpitting of blood, and fever on the fpirits 
 t an end to his life at Halle, 1740, in his acth 
 ar. Baratier is mentioned as a prodigy of 
 nrning and of genius, his memory was uni- 
 rlally retentive, and his application icarcely 
 edible, when it is recolledted that he ipent 
 ( hours in bed till his tenth year, and ten af- 
 rwards. In one winter he read 20 great 
 lios, with all the attention of a vaft compre- 
 :nfive mind, and the large work which he 
 epared on Egyptian antiquities, mowed the 
 3ft judicious and laborious arrangement. In 
 > domeftic economy he was very temperate ; 
 I ate little fiefh,. lived totally on milk, tea, 
 ead, and fruit ; he dilliked wine, he had an 
 erfion todancing, mufic, and thefportsofthe 
 Id, fo that he wifhed for no recreation from 
 idy but in walking, or in the converfation of 
 "ew friends. 
 
 Bar ba, Alvarez Alonzo, curate of St. Ber- 
 rd de Potofi, is the author of a fcarce book 
 lied arte de los metallos, 1620, 4to. reprinted 
 '29 in 4to with the addition of LaiTo's trea- 
 e on the mines of Spain. His works have 
 eh abridged in French, in one vol. i2mo. 
 '30, with a valuable colledtion of ti eatifes on 
 e fame lubjedt. 
 
 Barbadillo, Alphonfas "Jerome de Salas^ 
 tthor of feveral admired comedies, died at 
 [adrid about 1630. The elegance of his 
 le improved and embelliihed the Spaniih 
 iguage. 
 
 Barbadtno, a Portuguefe, whofe work on 
 e ftate of literature in Portugal was feverely 
 nfured by a Portuguefe jefuit, and ably de- 
 nded by Don Jofeph de Maymo. 
 
 Barbaro, Francis, a noble Venetian, dif- 
 iguifhed by his learning and political talents. 
 e defended Brefcia againft the duke of Milan, 
 id obliged the befiegersto retreat. He wrote 
 treatife in Latin, de re uxor, on the choice of 
 wife, and the duties of women, befides a 
 anfration of fome of Plutarch's works, ice. 
 I died 1454, aged about 56. 
 
 Barbaro or BARBARvs,Hermolaus, grand- 
 n of Francis, a learned Venetian, employed 
 
 ambafTador to the emperors Frederick and 
 raximilian, and to Innocent VIII. He was 
 dde patriarch of Aquileia againft the wifhes 
 r his countrymen, who had a law that their 
 obafTadors mould accept no favor from the 
 
 "Roman pontiff; and fo inexorable were the 
 Venetians, that Barbaro's father, who was en- 
 trufted with the firft offices of the ftate, unable 
 to avert their refent.nent, died of a broken 
 heart. Barbaro wrote' fome excellent treatifes 
 as well as poetry ; and translations from Plu- 
 tarch and Dioicorides. He died at Rome 
 1493, aged 39. 
 
 Barbaro, Daniel, coadjutor of the pa- 
 triarchate of Aquileia,with his uncle Hermolao, 
 was ambf.ffador from Venice to England, where 
 lie continued till 1551. Ke died 1570. Plis 
 works were a treatife of eloquence, in 4to.,an 
 Italian tranflation of Vitruvius, &c. 
 
 Barbakossa, Atucfjy a well known pirate, 
 who made hlmfeif mafter of Algiers, and mur- 
 dered the king Selim, whom he had come to 
 affift againft his Spanifh invaders. He after- 
 wards made himfelf mafter of Tunis, and of 
 Tremecen. His fuccefs was flopped by Go- 
 mares governor of Oran, but when befieged in 
 the citadel he made his efcape; yet, though he 
 ftrewed the way with filver and gold, he was 
 overtaken and cut to pieces, 1518, in his 44th 
 year. 
 
 Barbarossa, CBerediir, fucceffor to his 
 brother Aruch, was the able admiral of Selim 
 II. He obtained pofreifion of Tunis, but was 
 checked by Charles V., after which he plun- 
 dered feveral towns of Italy, and then advanced 
 to Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered. He , 
 died 1547, aged 80, leaving his fon Aianinpof- 
 feflion of the kingdom. 
 
 Barbaroux, Charles, deputy from Mar- 
 feillesto the national convention, proved him- 
 felf one of the bittereft enemies of Lewis XVI. 
 He was intimate with Roland, and attacked the 
 Orleans party, the ufurpation of Robeipierre, 
 and the Jacobins. His, conduct rendered him 
 obnoxious to the demagogues in power ; and 
 when the Girondifts were overthrown, he was 
 accufed but efcaped into Calvados. He after- 
 wards pafTed from Quimper to Bourdeaux, 
 where he was recognized and guillotined, 1794. 
 
 Barbatelli, Bernardino., a painter of 
 Florence. His fruit pieces, animals, flowers, 
 &c. were much admired. Fie died 161 2, aged 
 70. 
 
 Barbazan, Stephen, a native of Auxerre, 
 well acquainted with authors of the middle cen- 
 turies, from whom he drew curious anecdotes. 
 He afliited in the completion of the Recueil 
 alphabetique in 24 vols. i2mo. 174J, and the 
 following years, a defultory work. He wr<te 
 alio inftrudtions from a father to a fon. He 
 died 1770, aged 74. 
 
 Barbe, a Bohemian lady who married the 
 emperor Sigifmund. She was devoid of thofe 
 virtues which ought to adorn elevated rank. 
 She died 145 1. Another, queen of Poland, 
 furnamed Efther for her piety. She died 
 1525. Another, alfo* queen of Poland, mar- 
 ried fecretly to Sigifmund Auguftus. She died 
 
 1551. 
 
 Barbeau des Bruyeres, Jean Louis, fon 
 
 of a wood-monger at Paris, role by his genius 
 
 v from 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 from the mean occupation of his father. He 
 refided in Holland, and on his return he afliited 
 for 23 years M. Bauchc in the completion of 
 his works. His firft publication in' 1759, was 
 his mappe monde hiftorique,an ingenious chart. 
 He published befides the tablettes chronologi- 
 ques of Lengletj a translation of Strahlemkrg's 
 defcription of Rullia, la Croix's modern 
 geography, befides large contributions to the 
 works of his friends, and the two laft volumes 
 of the Bibliotheque de France, by le Long. 
 Barbeau had to Struggle againft poverty, but it 
 did not ruffle his temper. Two years before 
 his death he married, that his infirmities might 
 be alleviated by the affectionate attention and 
 concern of a female friend. He died of an 
 apoplexy at Paris, 1 781. 
 
 Barbrrini, Francis, a poet of Tufcany, 
 born 1264. Of all his works there is extant 
 only his poem called the precepts of love, a 
 composition extremely elegant, chafte, moral, 
 and instructive. The family of the Barberini 
 was diltinguifhed in Europe in the 17th cen- 
 tury. Francis, nephew of pope Urban VIII. 
 was a cardinal and legate of the holy fee in 
 France and Spain. He died in 1679, aged 83. 
 His brother Anthony was likewife a cardinal, 
 and an able negociator and ambaflador, and died 
 "1671, aged 64. Another, brother of pope 
 Urban VIII. who died 1646, aged 77, and or- 
 dered this infeription to be placed on his tomb: 
 "*Hic jacet pulvis & cinis, poftea nihil." 
 
 Bar bey, Marc le, a celebrated phyfician of 
 Bayeux, who checked the ravages of the plague 
 among his countrymen, but refuted tofave the 
 friends of the league. He was the favorite of 
 Henry IV., who ennobled his family. He died 
 about the laft years of the Sixteenth century. 
 
 Barbeyrac, 'John, a native of Bariers, in 
 Languedoc, teacher of philoibphy at Berlin, 
 and afterwards profefibr of law and history at 
 Laufaune, from whence he paSTed to Gronin- 
 gen. Belides a treatile on the morality of the 
 fathers, and another on gaming, he translated 
 into French Puffendorf 's works, Noodt's dif- 
 courfes, Grotius' de jure pads, &c. lbme of 
 Tillotfon's fermons, &c. He died 1729, aged 
 $5. His brother Charles was eminent as a 
 phyfician in Provence, and the friend of Locke 
 and Sydenham. He died at Montpellier 1699, 
 aged 70, author of traitts de medicine, ijmo. 
 and qua?Stiones medica; duodecim, 4to. 
 
 Barbier d' Aucour, John, a native of 
 Langres, who ftudied for the bar, but was un- 
 fuccefsful in his firft pleading, either from fear, 
 or failure of memory, a circumitance to which 
 Boileau, in the Lutrin, has alluded. So fmall 
 were his pecuniary refources, that he confented 
 to marry his landlord's daughter, that he might 
 thus fatisfy the demands v hich She had upon 
 The patronage of Colbert, one of whofe 
 'ed, prnmilcd him better times, 
 but the ministers death difappointed him, and 
 a more fortunaf e attempt at the bar it laft re- 
 ftored him to his character. In his laft caufe 
 lu dtftn:c cf Lc Brj.:^ * v kt > . 
 
 dering his lady, he difplayed a moft commar! 
 ing eloquence. He died of an inflammation 
 the breaft, 1694, aged 53. He told the ab 
 Choifi who vifited him in his laft illnefs,that 
 rejoiced in leaving none to inherit his mile] 
 His works were trivial, except his " Sentime 
 d Cleanthe, &c. a vols, i2mo., a book of in 
 nite value for its ingenious reaibning and t 
 juftnefs of its criticism. 
 
 Barbier, Mary Ann, a native of Orleai 
 who published feveral tragedies and oper 
 which have been attributed but falfely to hi 
 friend the abbe Pelegrin. She died in 17 1 
 Her works are fcarce above mediocrity. 
 
 Baruier, Letvis, a favorite of Gallon du 
 of Orleans, railed to the bishopric of Lang] 
 bj Mazarin for betraying the fecrets of i 
 maftcr He left 100 crowns for the b 
 epitaph for his tomb, which was written in 
 ftile of irony by Monnoye. He died 1670. 
 
 BARBIERi, John Francis, a pupil of t 
 Caraccis. His historical pieces poSreiledme: 
 He died 1666, aged 76. His brother Pa 
 Antonio was eminent in drawing quiet icei 
 and animals. He died 1460. 
 
 Bar bos a, Arius, one of the chief reftor 
 of learning in Spain. He was instructed 
 Greek by Angelus Politian,and was a profef 
 at Salamanca for 20 years. He was precep 
 to the king of Portugal's fons, and died 15. 
 He wrote lbme Latin poems, a treatile on pi 
 fody, &c. 
 
 Barbou, aught a printer of eminence 
 Lyons, who fettled at Limoges in 1580, wh< 
 he printed Cicero's letters to Atticus, &c. w 
 du Bos' notes, &c. His descendants have c 
 ried on the fame profeflion at Paris with emo 
 ment to themfelves, and advantage to t 
 public. 
 
 Barbour, John, a Scotch ecclefiaftic, e 
 ployed by David Bruce as ambaflador in Ei 
 land. He wrote in verfe an account of the 
 and actions of Robert Bruce, a work hig! 
 etteemed. He died 1378, aged 58. 
 
 BARCLAYorBARKLAY,vf/<rxW#r,awri 
 of the 6th century. He was of Oriel coll 
 Oxford, and from thence travelled on j 
 continent. On his return he was preferred 
 the provoft of his college, who had been mi 
 a bifliop, He was rector of Baddow Magna 
 ESTex. He was an elegant writer, and tra 
 lated fome of the beft authors on the contint 
 and among them Navis Stultifera, &c. He d 
 at Croydon in an advanced age. 
 
 Barclay, William, a native of Aberde 
 who went over to France, where he ftu^ 
 civil law at Bourges, and was made profefibi 
 Pontamouflbn. His fon was nearly enga; 
 to follow the tenets of the Jefuits, which 
 father prevented, and the distention betwi 
 him and the lbciety was fo great that he ab 
 doned Lorraine and came to England, wh 
 James offered him lbme handlbme preferm* 
 provided he fubferibed to the articles of 
 Anglican church, which he declined. He 
 turned to France, and died profeflbr at Ans 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 in 1605. He wrote feveral books on the 
 kindly and papal power, &c. 
 
 Barclay, yobn, fon of the preceding, was 
 educated by the Jefuits. He vifited England 
 with his father, and complimented with a Latin 
 poem James, who wilhed to patronife him, but 
 he returned to France. After the death of his 
 father he refided in London for ten years, and 
 afterwards went to Rome, where he died 1621. 
 His works were numerous and elegantly 
 written. The moft celebrated are his Eu- 
 phormio, a fatire in Latin ; and his Argenis, 
 tec. tranflated into various languages, a kind of 
 romance intheftile of Petronius and Apuleius, 
 in which he defcribes the manner of a court, 
 tee. 
 
 Barclay, Robert, a native of Edinburgh. 
 His father lent him to Paris under his uncle, 
 who prefided over the Scots' college, where he 
 imbibed the tenets of the Roman catholics. On 
 his return to Scotland he zealoufly embraeed 
 the principles of the quakers. His writings 
 are numerous. The moft celebrated is his 
 apology for the quakers, publiihed in Latin, 
 and two years after tranflated by himfelf, and 
 addrefled to Charles II. with exceffive freedom 
 of language. He was universally refpecled 
 not only for his writings but the purity of his 
 life. He travelled over England, Holland, and 
 Germany, with the famous legiflator Penn, 
 with the intention of making converts ; and on 
 his return fpent the reft of his life in dignified 
 retirement. He died at Ury, 1690, in his 
 42d year. 
 
 Bar das, a chief at Conftantinople, uncle 
 and guardian to Michael III. He was put to 
 death by Bafilius the Macedonian, 866. 
 
 Bardas called ScELERUs,a general raifed 
 to the purpleiy his lbldiers after John Zimilces. 
 He was oppoied by Phocas,and in confequence 
 of a defeat fled to Bagdad, where he was im- 
 prifoned 979. 
 
 Bardin, Peter, a native of Rouen, author 
 of feveral treatifes of an inferior character ; 
 drowned in 1637, in attempting to fave his 
 pupil Humieres. His epitaph by Chapelain,in 
 a ftile of panegyric, mentioned that the virtues 
 were drowned with him. He wrote le grand 
 Chambellan de France, Peni'ees mtirales fur 
 l'Ecclefiafte-, &c. 
 
 Baron p. y, Richard, a benedicline of Bard- 
 ney in LiiiLolnfhire, author of a life of Groltete 
 bilhop of Lincoln. He died 1504. 
 
 Barebone, Praife God, a leader of Crom- 
 well's parliament of 1654. He was a leather 
 letter by trade, but he acquired fuch celebrity 
 as a demagogue, that the parliament was ludi- 
 croufiv called after his aftumed name. Two 
 of his brothers, it is faid, had adopted likewife 
 fcripture names, one of them, " Chrift came 
 into the world to fave Barebone"; and the 
 other, " \f Chrift had not died thou hadft been 
 damned, lirebone," which the wits of the time 
 abbren-ted to thr? two laft words. When 
 led his army to London, Barebone acted 
 with .-:h violence at the head of the rabble, 
 
 that the. general fent a petition to parliament 
 to punifli this furious zealot and his partifans. 
 
 Barent, Dieterick, a Dutch painter. He 
 excelled in hiftorical pieces and in portraits. 
 He died 1592, aged 58. 
 
 Baretti, Joftph, a native of Turin, fon of 
 an architect. The little fortune which he in- 
 herited was loft at faro, and he became an 
 author by profefllon. After many difficulties, 
 and after viiiting feveral countries of Europe, 
 he came in 1750 to London. He accidentally 
 met at the Orange coffee-houfe Mr. Lennox, 
 whofe wife wifhed for inftruction in the Italian 
 language, and from this connection arofe the 
 confequence which he afterwards enjoyed. 
 Mrs. I,ennox introduced him to Dr. Johnfon, 
 whofe friendfhip he long and fincerely enjoyet? t 
 and to other perfons of diftinftion. After a 
 refidence of ten years in London, he fet out in 
 1760 through Spain and Portugal for Italy, not 
 however without expreffing with all the power 
 of gratitude, his deep fenfe of the kindnefs of 
 England. In bis journey he followed the di- 
 rections of Dr. Johnfon, and in taking notice of 
 whatever fcenes palled before his eyes, he 
 produced a moft amufing performance, pub- 
 liihed in 4 vols. 8vo. A f Venice he publiihed 
 a periodical paper called Frufta literaria, under 
 the chnracler of a peevifh foldier returned home 
 after at) abfence of 50 years. This latirical 
 performance railed him enemies, and after fix 
 years he returned to England, where he in a 
 little time engaged in an injudicious contro- 
 verly with Mr. Sharp, who had juft publiihed 
 " letters from Italy, &c." He made fome fhort 
 excurfions to France and Spain in 1768 and 
 69 ; and it was after this that an accident hap- 
 pened which threw a veil of horror over the 
 reft of his life. On his return from the 
 Orange coffec-houie through the Haymarket 
 about feven o'clock in the evening, he was at- 
 tacked by a woman whofe indecorous beha- 
 viour provoked him to ftnke her on the hand. 
 She continued her intuits, and three men, appa-> 
 rently in -connection with the woman, ap- 
 proached to pufti him from the pavement, and 
 to trample upon him, when he ftruck one of 
 them, Evan Morgan, with a knife, and re- 
 peated the blows when purfued. The wounds 
 were fo deep that Morgan died the next day, 
 and Baretti was at the f< blowing feflions at th* 
 Old Bailey tried for murder. The infamous 
 life of his aflailants, and the refpedtability of 
 his own character, were ftrong in his favor; 
 and he refufed the accullomed privilege of 
 having the half of his jury of foreigners. He 
 read his defence from a printed paper, and he 
 accounted for the knife which inflicted the 
 wounds, by faying that he wore it as all fo- 
 reigners do, to cut fweet-meats and fruits m 
 deferts. He was acquitted, as having committed 
 the murder in his lelf-defeace. He returned 
 to his literary life, and improved his fortune as 
 well as his reputation by various publications. 
 He received, it is laid, 5C0I. for his travels, 
 and obtained a penfion of Sol. per annum from 
 
 lord 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 lord North. He foon, however, found him- 
 felf in indigent circumstances, and the refui'al 
 which he met in his application to the book- 
 sellers for relief, ruffled his lpirits and battened 
 in fome degree his decline. An attack of the 
 gout w;;s neglected, and medical men was 
 difregarded till a recovery was impofTihle. On 
 the morning of his death, he declared that 
 lie had dreaded the arrival of that day ; he 
 put off the attendance of his barber to the 
 morrow, and with great cheerfulnefs took 
 his lull leave of his friends. About eight, 
 he took a glafs of wine, and immediately after 
 expired, May 5th, 1789 in his 73d year. 
 In his private character he was highly refpec.1- 
 able, his integrity was unimpenched, and his 
 converfation always eafy and free. He was 
 of a benevolent difpofition, and never hefitated 
 to divide his laft milling with an indigent 
 friend, It is to be lamented that among his 
 papers which were carelefly burnt by his 
 executors, there were fome letters and valua- 
 ble communications from Dr. Johnfon. His 
 works were numerous, but though in general 
 interesting he difregarded them in one of 
 his letters, as hnftily produced under the 
 preffure of poverty, and not abounding with 
 that elegance which more opulent rircum- 
 ftances might have fupplied. His works are, 
 bcfides the travels, the dictionary Italian and 
 Eaglifh, 2 vols 4to. a differtation on Italian 
 poetry, the Italian library, as introduetive to 
 the Italian language, an Italian grammar, 
 an account of the cuftoms of Italy, two vols. 
 8vo; *n introduction to moil of the Euro- 
 pean languages, 8vo. a Spanifh and Englifh 
 .dictionary, frc. 
 
 Bargrave, Ifjac, an ecdefiaftic, member 
 of Clarehall, Cambridge, and chaplain to 
 James I. and Charles. He was dean of Can- 
 terbury, but he fufFered greatly during the 
 civil wars, and Sandys, a man whofe life he 
 had faved, treated him and his family with 
 unufual feverity, and imprifoned him in the 
 Fleet. Bargrave furvived that ingratitude 
 only three weeks, and died of a broken heart, 
 164a, aged 56. He was a zealous defender 
 of the liberties of the kingdom, and it is faid 
 that he offended king James, at St. Margaret's 
 Weftminfter, by a diicourfe againft popery, 
 &c. 
 
 Barkham, Job*, a native of Exeter, who 
 ftudied at Oxford, and died at Booking in 
 Eflex, of which he was reftor and dean. He 
 is mentioned by Speed, and others, as pof- 
 l'effitig " learning, virtue, and amrtefy," His 
 valuable collection of coins and medajs, which 
 he gave to Laud, was prefented to the uni- 
 verfity. 
 
 Barksdale, Clement, a native of Winch- 
 comb, Gloucefterfhire, educated at Abingdon 
 fchool,and Oxford. He was matter of Hereford 
 fohool, but during the civil wars he left it, and 
 took pupils at Hawling. On the reftoration 
 he was preferred to the living of'Naunton, 
 where he died 1687, aged 78. His works are 
 
 fermons, and trails, monumenta literaria, fivi 
 obitus et elogia, doctorum vivorum ex hiftorii 
 Thuani, 4to. Nympha Libethris, the lif< 
 of Grotius, i2mo. memorials of worth 
 pcrfons, &c. 
 
 Barlaam, a monk of Calabria, who i 
 vifiting Conftantinople, gained the favors c 
 Androriicus who made him abbot of St. Sal 
 vador 1339. He was lent by that princ 
 into the Weft, to promote the reunion of th 
 two churches, and to lblicit die afiittance t 
 Chriilian princes againit the Mahometan 
 He died about 1348. His letters were pub 
 lifhed at Ingoidftadt, 1604. 
 
 Baklacus, Gifpardus, a Latin poet of Ant 
 vverp, appointed lubprincipal of the college c 
 Leyden, but afterwards ejected. He too 
 his degrees in phyfic at Caen, and filled th 
 chair of philolbphy at Amfterdam, till hi 
 death in 1648, in his 64th year, though hi 
 writings, in favor of Arminius, railed him 
 number of enemies, who loudly called fo 
 his difmiftion. His orations are admired fo 
 wit and purity, and his poems for eleganc 
 and correctnefs. 
 
 Barlacus, Lambert, a Greek profeffor a 
 Leyden, who wrote annotations on Lucian' 
 Timon, and Hefiod's theogony,&c. He lpok 
 Greek with the fame fluent facility as hi 
 mother tongue. He died 1655. 
 
 Barland, Adrian, a native of Barland i 
 Zealand, profeffor at Louvain, and author c 
 notes on Virgil, Terence, Pliny the youngei 
 and Menander, befides an abridgment of uni 
 verfal hiltory, the chronicles of the dukes c 
 Brabant. He died 154a. 
 
 Bar l etta, Gabriel, a Dominican, bor: 
 in the kingdom of Naples. He acquired ce 
 lebrity as a writer and a preacher, and it be 
 came proverbial to fay, nefcit pradicare qi 
 nefcit Barlettare. It is reported that his fer 
 mons rapidly paffed through 20 editions, bu 
 fo incongruous was the compofition, fo full c 
 ferious reflections and ridiculous levities, tha 
 a more Angular performance fcarce ever ap 
 peared. He was born about 1400, but th 
 time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Barlow, William, prior of a monafter 
 was railed to the fee of St. Afaph, and after 
 wards of St. David's, in the reign of Henr 
 VIII. He was tranflatrd to Bath and Well 
 1547, but was eje&ed by Mary becaufe h 
 was married, upon which he retired to Ger 
 many. On Elizabeth's accelfion, he was pre 
 moted to Chichefler, where he died 156$ 
 He was author of feveral controverfial book: 
 &c. 
 
 Barlow, Francis, a native of Lincoln 
 (hire, who excelled in his reprefentation c 
 birds, hearts, fifties, &c. He died 1702. 
 
 Bar lovve, Thomas, a native of Weft 
 moreland, educated at Appleby fcheol, an 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He kept his pre 
 ferment during the civil wars and became fut 
 cefTively keeper of the Bodleian, provoft e 
 his own college, Margaret profeifbr of divinity 
 
 arch* 
 6 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 archdeacon of Oxford, and bifkop of Lincoln, 
 1675. He was violent againft the Roman 
 catholics, but vented his relentment at the 
 revolution againft thofe who refufed to take 
 the required oaths. In his opinions he was 
 a ftrong calvinift> and warmly fupported the 
 Ariftotelian tenets againft the new philofophy 
 of the Royal ibciety. He died at Dugden, 
 Huntingdonlhire, 1691, in the 85th year of 
 his age. Such of his books were given to the 
 Bodleian of which there were no copies 
 already depofited there, and the reft to Queen's 
 college. His works were againft popery and 
 chiefly controverfial. 
 
 Bar Lowe, IVilliam, biShop of St. David's, 
 ftudied at Baiiol college, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf as the firft difcovcrer of the nature and 
 properties of the loadilone, the cementing of 
 which he effected by a new method. He 
 explained the difference between iron and 
 fteel, and why a magnet by being doubly 
 capped takes up a greater weight. His opi- 
 nions were made public in three treatises. He 
 died 1625. 
 
 Barnabas, St. a Levite, born at Cyprus. 
 As foon as he embraced Christianity, he fold 
 his eftate and delivered his money to the 
 apoftles. He preached the gofpel in company 
 with St. Paul, and afterwards pafTed with St. 
 Mark into Cyprus, where he was ftoned to 
 death by the Jews. 
 
 Barnard, Theodore, a painter of Amfter- 
 dam, who adorned the cathedral of Chichefter 
 by his paintings of kings and biShops. 
 
 Barnard, John, a native of CaStor in 
 Lincolnshire, who ftudied at Queen's college, 
 Cambridge. He married Dr. Heylyn's daugh- 
 ter and fettled at Waddington, the advowfon 
 of which he purchafed. He obtained after 
 the reftoration a prebend of Lincoln. He 
 died at Newark, on a journey to Spa, 1683. 
 He wrote againft fcandalous minilters, Sec. 
 befides the life of his father-in-law. 
 
 Barnard, Sir John, an upright magis- 
 trate, and ftatefman. He was born at 
 Reading, where his father, a quaker, was a 
 wine merchant. At the age of 19 he relin- 
 quished the quakers for the eilabliihed church 
 and became firft known in an examination in 
 the Houfe of Lords on a wine bill, againft 
 which the merchants object ed. The fpirited 
 manner in which he exprefTed himfelf en the 
 pecafion, gained him popularity. He became 
 candidate for the city of London, and was 
 elected in 172a, and he ferved the city in 
 x fucceeding parliaments. In 1727, he 
 was appointed alderman of Dowgate-ward, and 
 in 1738 was lord mayor. His conduct in 
 parliament was ever guided by a ftrong attach- 
 ment to his country ; and in his opposition to 
 "VValpole, efpecially on the excite act, his lan- 
 guage was firm, marly, and patriotic. In 
 July 1758 this virtuous magistrate refignedhis 
 gown, and after attaining nearly the age of 
 80, he expired 1766. The general charac- 
 ter of fir John maybe collected in therefpett 
 
 and efteem of his fellow citizens on his resig- 
 nation. He was complimented with all thofar 
 expreflions of admiration which are due to 
 integrity, and his public and private life was 
 equally made the fubject of panegyric. He 
 had been knighted in 1732 by George II. and 
 in memorial of his merits his fellow citizens 
 erected his Statue in the exchange. 
 
 Barnave, Anthony Peter Jofepb Marie, 
 a native of Grenoble. The revolution called 
 him to Paris, where as deputy to the nationajl 
 aSTemblv he difplayed great eloquence. When 
 he exprefTed fome interest for the captive mo- 
 narch, whom he had conducted back from) 
 Varennes to Paris, and ventured to pre- 
 dict that liberty by its exceSTes might be pro- 
 ductive of miseries to his country, he was fent 
 to prifon. The energy of his appeal to tha 
 fenfe of the nation would have procured his 
 acquittal if his judges had been upright. He 
 was guillotined 1793, aged 32. 
 
 Barnes, Juliana, a native of Roding in 
 ESTex, priorefs of Sopewell nunnery, eminent 
 for her learning and perfonal accomplishments. 
 She has been mentioned with great com- 
 mendation by Bale, HollinShed, and others. 
 She wrote fome treatifes on hunting, hawking, 
 Sec. She was living in i486. 
 
 Barnes, Jejbua, a native of London, edu- 
 cated at ChrilLhofpital, and admitted fervitor, 
 of Emanuel, Cambridge. In 1700, Mrs. 
 Mafon of Hemmingford, a widow not beau- 
 tiful in perfon, but poSTeSTed of 200I. a year, 
 vifited him at Cambridge, and her offer to fet- 
 tle on him the half of her income at her 
 death induced him to folicit her hand, which 
 the obliging fair one did not refufe to JoShua, 
 for whom, She obferved, the fun Stood Still. 
 He died 1712, in his 57th year, and his 
 widow, who was nearly of the fame age as 
 himfelf erected a monument over him at 
 Hemmingford. His works were valua- 
 ble for their erudition and criticifm. The 
 chief were, a poetical parapfy-afe of ESther, 
 the life of Edward III. dedicated to James 
 II. a learned edition of Euripides, Ana- 
 creon, and Homer, &c. Bentley ufed to 
 ridicule his learning, and with pedantic pride 
 obferved, that he knew Greek as much as 
 a cobler. 
 
 Barnes, Robert, D. D. was employed by 
 Henry VIII. to collect the opinions of the 
 German divines, about his divorce. His at- 
 tachment to Luther's doctrines incurred the 
 difpleafure of the monarch, and he was burnt 
 alive at a Stake, in 1540. He wrote a treatife 
 on justification, &c. 
 
 Barneveldt, John / Olden, a ftatefman, 
 ambaSTador to Elizabeth in England, and to 
 Henry IV. of France. His attempts to limit 
 the authority of Maurice the fecond ftadt- 
 holder cf Holland, raifed him enemies, by 
 whom he was accufed of defigns io 
 deliver the country to the Spaniards, and in 
 confequence of this he was tried and be- 
 headed in 1619, His fons William and 
 H Fons 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 Rear relented this cruelty, and though the 
 ilder efcaped, Rene" felt the' punlfHment due 
 to a confpirator. The mother ftepped in de- 
 fence of her fort, and when Mnurice expreiTed 
 furpriied to fee her eager to ftVe him when 
 fhe had feen his father fill unlamented. fhe 
 jndignantlv replied, " I would not iblicic a par- 
 don for mv hufband, for he was innocent, 
 I nfk it for mv i'oii beoaufe he is guilty." 
 
 Bako or Bakoni, Peter, a native of Eft- 
 ampes in France, who left his country on 
 account of his protellantilm, and found a hof- 
 pitable afvlum in England, in the houte of 
 lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with Dr. 
 Pierce, by whole influence he was cholen Al.ir- 
 garet profelfor of divinity 1574. He op- 
 poied Whitncre/l'indal, ad Chadderton, who 
 violently fupported the tenets of ablblute pre- 
 dellination, and whilit lie gave a more mo- 
 derate explanation to the doctrine in his fer- 
 mons and in his lectures, be found himfelf 
 cited before th^ vice chancellor, and acculed 
 before Whitgift; and though lord Burleigh 
 the chancellor cFfapproved of the profecution, 
 hz was obliged to leave Cambridge for Crutch- 
 ed-friars, London, where he died. His writ- 
 ings were on divinity lubjecls, and in Latin. 
 
 Baroche, Frederic}, a painter of Urbino, 
 who learnt fculpture of his father, and archi- 
 tecture and geometry and peripecYive of his 
 uncle, and drew the heads of his Virgins af- 
 ter the features of his filter, and thole of his 
 Jefus's after his nephew. The jealoufy of his 
 rivals proved nearly fatal. He was malici- 
 oufly poifoned, and though he recovered, his 
 conftitution grew weak and languid, and he 
 lingered in an unheal hy ftate, till his 84th 
 year 1612. His hitiorical pieces are deferv- 
 tdlv admired, but lie fhines with fuperior luftre 
 in the execution of his devotional portraits. 
 His merit was univeriallv admitted, and his 
 infirmities alone prevented him from accepting 
 the honors which were offered to him by the 
 duke of Tufcany, the emperor, and Philip 
 II. of Spain. In corn-chiefs he is great; he 
 underftood well the effects of light and fhade, 
 and though the attitudes of fome of his figures 
 are out of proportion, he certainly may be 
 faid to approach near the foftnefs and graces 
 of Corregio. 
 
 BaroN, BoTiaventute, a native of Ireland, 
 divinity profefior at Rome, where he fpent 
 60 years, and died blind in a good old age 
 1626. He was a learned writer. His theo- 
 logia in 6 vols, is his beft performance. 
 
 Baron, Michael, fon of a merchant of If- 
 fondun, became celebrated as a player. His 
 .powers in expreffing the paffions were fuch 
 that he was tailed the Rofcius of his time. 
 He was not infenfible to popularity, and with 
 arrogance he obferved, that once in a century 
 perhaps a Csefar might ariie, but that aooo 
 years were requifite to produce a Baron. 
 His fuperior excellence was in a great degree 
 owing to his own exertions, fo that Racine 
 in r?prefenting his Andromache to 'the a&ors, 
 
 with the judgment of a poet and of a nun 1 
 feeling, paid him the higheit complimer 
 alluring him that he could give him no ii 
 ilrucYion, " for (added he) your own heart w 
 tell you more than any leffons of mine c; 
 fugged." He died in 1729, aged 77. Thr< 
 volumes in iimo. of theatrical pieces, a] 
 peared in 1760, under his name, of whit 
 however fome luppofed that he was not tl 
 author. His dialogue is lively, and his fcen 
 diverfified. His ' Coquette, l'ecole des p 
 res l'homme a bonne fortune, &c." are r 
 beft pieces. His father was alio on the ftat 
 for fome time. When playing Don Diego 
 the Cid his fword fell, and kicking it as tl 
 character required, he wounded his little t< 
 againft the point, but he disregarded the bio 
 till a gangrene informed him of his dangt 
 He might have faved his life by amput; 
 tion, but he obferved, that a theatrical m 
 narch with a wooden leg would be hiff'c 
 and therefore he waited patiently the fie 
 approaches of death, which happened in 165 
 
 Baron, Hyacinth Theodore, a learned ph; 
 fician of Paris, author of a Latin differtatu 
 on chocolate. He died 1758, aged 72. 
 
 Baroni, Adrianne Unfile, u native of Mai 
 tua, filter to the poet Bafile. She was 
 admired for her beauty and her accomplifl 
 merits, that volumes were written in h 
 praife. Her daughter Leonora poirelfed equ 
 charms, and met equal admiration, and 
 1659, a collection of pieces in Latin, Gree 
 Spanifh, Italian, and French, was publifhe 
 in which her beauty was portvaved with ; 
 the graces of poetry. 
 
 Baron ius, C.ejar,z native of Sora in Ital 
 He was appointed confeflor to Clement VII 
 keeper of his library, and raifed to the rai 
 of cardinal. On the death f the pope 160 
 he was nearly elevated to the pontificate, 
 he had 31 voices in his favor, but his electii 
 was oppofed by the Spanifh faction. He di 
 1607, aged 68. His works are numerous ai 
 valuable, efpecially his Annales eccleliaitici, 
 1 2 vols. fol. abridged by feveral authors. 
 
 Barou Du S0.BEI1., A', a native of Lyoi 
 diftinguifhed as a man of letters. He tra 
 flated fome tilings from the Englilh, &c. t 
 was put to death after the liege of Lyons, 
 the end of 1791. 
 
 Barozzj, "James, an architect, in t 
 duchy of Modena. His fkill in architectu 
 was difplayed in the fpkn did edifices of B 
 logna, and in the canal between Ferrara a' 
 Bologna. He lucceeded M. Angelo as ti 
 architect in the erection of St. Peter's 
 Rome, and died there 1577. He wrote 
 treatife on perfpecYive, and alio rules for tl 
 five orders of architecture, a popular wo 
 which has paired through 16 editions. 
 
 Barral, Peter, an ecclefialtic of Grenob 
 who kept a fchobl at Paris, and was auth 
 of a Diclionaire hiftorique, &c. des homm 
 celebres, 6 vols. 8vo. a work generally efteemc 
 though in fome articles unwciffaiily fevei 
 
 I 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 He alfo abridged Pitifcus's dicTiona'tre des 
 antiq. Rom. &c. His ftile was manly and 
 vigorous, though occafionally negligent. He 
 died at Paris 177a. 
 
 Bar RE, Francois Poullain de la, a French 
 ecclefiaftic who obtained a profeiforial chair 
 at Geneva, and died there 1723. He pub- 
 lished fume treatiies on the equality of the 
 two ("exes, the education of women, &c. 
 
 BAKRE, Louis Francois yof. de la, a na- 
 tive of Tournay, editor of Moreri's dictionary, 
 and author of fome books on antiquarian hif- 
 tory, &c. He alio aflifted Banduri in his im- 
 perium orientale, and in his collection of Ro- 
 man medals. He was rewarded with a pen- 
 flon by the grand duke ofTul'any, and died 
 at Paris 1738, aged 50. 
 
 Barre, Michel de la, a mufician of Paris, 
 eminent as a player on the german flute, and 
 as the author of mufical compofitions. He 
 died 1744. 
 
 Barre, Jofeph, an ecclefiaftic, chancellor 
 of the univerfity of Paris, where he died 1764, 
 aged 72. He was well verfed in ecclefiaflical 
 and profane hiftory. His hiftory of Germany 
 
 1 1 vols. 4to. is the beft of his works, though 
 it does not abound in elegance of language, or 
 happy combination of events. He publiihed, 
 befides a life of marmal de Fabert 2 vols. 
 
 1 2 mo. &c. 
 
 Barre', Madame d:>, celebrated as the 
 miftrefs of the effeminate Lewis XV. was 
 the daughter of an obfcure filverimith of Paris, 
 of the name of Chivaux. Her eldeft fifler 
 was the miftrefs of a colonel Barre, and in vi- 
 fiting her ine was accidentally feen and admir- 
 ed by the fickle monarch. To improve this 
 infamous attachment, the fecretly married the 
 brother of her filler's feducer, and was loaded 
 with all the riches which a captivated mat- 
 ter could beftow. At the revolution (he was 
 accufed before the bloody tribunal, who wiflied 
 to (hare her ill acquired opulence, and (lie 
 was dragged to the fcaffold, where her pufil- 
 lanimity expofed her to the derifion of her 
 enemies, and (he clofed like a coward a life of 
 guilt, liceiitiouiheis, and infamy, 1793. 
 
 Barreaux, Jacques Vailee, a native of 
 Paris, known by the libertinifm of his life 
 and conversion. As his income was am- 
 ple, he fparcd nothing to give variety to his 
 voluptuous purluiti,; his winters were paffed 
 in the mild climate of Florence, and in dim- 
 mer he was loft amidit the diifipation of the 
 capital. In his old age he became a convert 
 to Chriftianity. He died at Chalons fur- 
 Saone 1673,111 his 7 2d year. An elegaHt fon- 
 net " Grand Dieu,&c." is the only thing which 
 he wrote. 
 
 Barrelier, 'James, a Dominican, who 
 made the tour of Spain, France, and Italy. 
 He made a large collection of plants, &c. dur- 
 ing his journey, and he intended to give a 
 general hiftory of plants called Hortus mun- 
 di> when a fatal afthma (topped hjs ufeful la- 
 bors 1673, in liis 67th year. A collection of 
 
 his intended work was afterwards publiihed 
 bv de Juiiifcu, called " Plantas per Galliam, 
 &c" 
 
 Barrere, Peter, a phyfician of Perpignan, 
 author of treatifeson the color of negroes, 4to. 
 on the hiftory of equinoctial France, &c. 
 He died 1755. 
 
 Barrett, George,z native of Dublin, emi- 
 nent as a felf-taught painter. In his youth 
 he obtained die prize of 50I. from the Dub- 
 lin (bciety for the beft landlcape in oil, and 
 in 1762 he gained a fimilar prize from the 
 London fociety of arts. His moil admired 
 pieces are prei'erved in the collections of the 
 dukes of Portland and Bucdeugh, and others. 
 He died 1784, aged 52. 
 
 Barrett, William, a native of Somer- 
 fetihire, who fettled at Briftol as a furgeon, 
 and for 20 years made collections for the hif- 
 tory of that city. The work was publifhed 
 in 4to. 1788, and the author died the next 
 year. He was interefted much in the Chat- 
 tertonian controverfy, as he was one of the 
 earlieft friends of the unfortunate youth. 
 
 Barriere, PitrYe, a man who, from a 
 failor, became a foldier, and formed the pro- 
 ject, of aflairinating Henry IV. of France. He 
 imparted this diabolical purpofe to a monk, 
 who informed the courtiers of the king's dan- 
 ger, and Barriere was feized and broken on 
 the wheel at Melun, 1693. 
 
 Barrington, John Shute, fon of Ben- 
 jamin Shute, merchant, was born at Theo- 
 bald's Herts. He early imbibed the tenets 
 of the dhTenters, in whole favor he wrote 
 fome treatifes. He applied himfelf to the 
 law, and lb confpicuous were his abilities, that 
 the miniftry applied to him when be was but 
 24 years old to exert his influence with the 
 Scotch prefbyteriaus to promote the union.. 
 He was fuccefsful, and his labors were reward- 
 ed by the appointment of commillioner of the 
 cuftoms, in 1708. His charadter wasfo high- 
 ly refpedted that John Wildman efq. of Beck- 
 et, Berks, though a ftranger, left him his eftate, 
 and fome years after the fame honorable com- 
 pliment was paid him by Francis Barrington 
 of Tofts, who had married his relation, and 
 whofe name and arms he aftumed. Mr. shute 
 fat in parliament for Berwick-upon-Tweed, 
 but he did not diftinguifh himfelf as an elo- 
 quent or a frequent Ipeaker. In 1720 he was 
 made a peer of Ireland by the title ofvif- 
 count Barrington, and died at Becket 1734, 
 in his 66th year. He was the difciple and 
 the friend of the famous Mr. Locke. He 
 was author of mifcellanea facra in two vols. 
 8vo. explaining the ipiritual gifts, Sec. by which 
 the apoftles propagated chriftianity, a work 
 which (hook the infidelity of Anthony Col- 
 lins. He wrote alio other treatiies on di- 
 vinity and political fubjecls, a tract on the to- 
 leration of proteftant diffenters, 1701, the 
 rights of proteftant difTenters in 2 parts, &c. 
 
 13 a r R 1 n ct o n , Daines, fourth fon of lord 
 
 Bairington, was a Welih judge, and afterward* 
 
 H a fecond 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 fecond juftice of Chefter. Thcfe office* 'he 
 resigned fome years before his death, and de- 
 voted himfelf to literary purfuits. He was 
 author of obfervations on the ftatutes, 4to 
 traces on the probability of reaching the north 
 4to. Sec. He died 1800, aged 73, at his 
 chambers in the Temple. 
 
 Barrington, Samuel, fifth fon of lord 
 Barrington, diftinguifhed himfelf at the taking 
 Lucia, and at the fiege of Gibraltar 
 with lord Howe in 1781. He was made poll- 
 captain 1747, rear admiral in 1778, and died 
 1800, aged 71. 
 
 Barros, or de Barros, John, a native 
 f Vifeo, preceptor to the children of Ema- 
 nuel king of Portugal. After being three 
 years governor of St. George, on the coaft of 
 Africa, he was made treafurer of the Indies f 
 and in this employment he formed the de- 
 fign of writing the hiftory of that lately dif- 
 covered part of the globe. He died at Pom- 
 feal 1570, in his 74th year. His hiftory is 
 divided into 4 decades, and contains a col- 
 lection of many hitherto unknown facts, though 
 unadorned with the graces of elegance, or 
 the ftricteft attachment to truth. 
 
 Barrow, Jfaac , a native of Cambr idgefhire, 
 educated at Pcter-houfe. He was ejected 
 in 1643, and retired to Oxford, and was made 
 chaplain of New college, and after the refto- 
 ration he was made bifhop of Sodor and Man, 
 and foon after tranflated to St. Afaph. He 
 died 168c. The two fees over which he 
 prefided were much benefited by his libera 
 lity. 
 
 Barrow, Ifaac, a learned mathematician 
 and divine, of an ancient family in Suffolk, 
 born in London. From the CharTr-houfe, 
 where he gave few proofs of application, and 
 many of his fondnefs for fighting, he went to 
 Felfted in EfTex, where a change of difpofition 
 Ifcon diftinguimed him. He was admitted pen- 
 fioner of Peter-houfe, Cambridge, 1643 ; but 
 when he went to r#fide, he became member 
 of Trinity college. He was afterwards cho- 
 fcn fellow of the college ; but though 1iis in- 
 come was fmall, from the loffes which the 
 civil war had brought upon his father, he did 
 not inglorioufly fubmit to the ruling pow- 
 ers ; and Though he fubferibed to the cove- 
 nant, he foon repented, and infilled upon the 
 erafure of his name. His ftudie* were di- 
 rected to divinity ; and foon after he applied 
 h'nr.l"elf with indefatigable zeal to aftronomy, 
 and made a rapid progrefs befide^ in anatomy, 
 botany, and chemiftry. Upon not being elect- 
 ed Greek profeflbr, he refolvcd to travel, and 
 to fupply his expences he parted with his 
 books, 1655. He vifited Paris, Leghorn, and 
 Floifnce, and every whefc enriched the ftores 
 of his mind by oMervation and Inquifitive re- 
 searches. His pecuniary difficulties were re 
 moved by the liberality of Mr. James Stock, 
 a young merchant of London, whom he met 
 at Florence; and in his way from Leghorn t.; 
 JJnoyrna, he difplayed uncommon courage; 
 
 by affiftitig the crew of the vefTel in beatin 
 off an Algerine corfair that threatened thci 
 with death or flavery. He parted from Smyj 
 na to Conftantinople, where he refided on 
 year, and returned to England through Ve 
 nice, Germany, and Holland, in 1659. H 
 took orders, agreeable to the ftatutes of h 
 callege, and in 1660 was elected to the Gree 
 profeffbrfhip of the univerfity, and two yeaj 
 after to that of geometry in Grefham co; 
 lege. The next year he was made Lucafia 
 mathematical lecturer at Cambridge, an o: 
 fice which, in 1669, he refigned to his gre! 
 friend Ifaac Newton*. He received prefe- 
 ment from his uncle, biihop of St. Afapl 
 and from Ward biihop of Salifbuiy, and, i 
 1672, the king, whom he ferved by his con 
 duct, and flattered by his poetry, made hir 
 matter of Trinity college, obferving, wit 
 real truth, that he gave it to the belt fchofc 
 in f.n-land. He was viee chancellor in 1675" 
 but his public fervices were of fhort duratioi 
 He died of a fever 1677, aged 47, and m 
 buried in Weftminfter Abbey, where h 
 friends erected a monument over him. Th 
 writings of Barrow are numerous and valua 
 ble, chiefly on mathematical fubjects. As 
 divine he was great as well as exernpla?y, { 
 that Charles II. whofe chaplain he was, C3lie 
 him, with propriety, " an unfair preacher, 
 meaning that he exhaufted every fubjeci 
 and left nothing for others to lay. Barro\ 
 is a remarkable inftance of the amendmen 
 which may happily be produced from youth 
 ful irregularities. His conduct when a bo 
 was fo difpleafing to his father, that the pi 
 man was heard to fay, that if it pleafed Go 
 to take any of his children, he hoped it migh 
 be his fon Ifaac. The mathematical part c 
 his valuable works confifts of Euclidis element.' 
 & data lectiones geometries Archimedi 
 opera Apollonii conicorum, libri 4. Theo 
 dofii fpheric, libri 3. His fermong are high!; 
 efteemed, and have been frequently edit ft 
 His works in Englilh were published to^e 
 ther by Dr. Tillotfbn, in 3 vols. fol. 1682. 
 
 Barry, GiralJ, a native of Pembroke 
 fhire. He obtained preferment in the church 
 and was made bifhop of St. David's hy th 
 chapter, which, however, could not be fane 
 tioned by the pope. When afterwards offc; to 
 the fame bifhopric, in 1215, he refufed it 
 He is author of the hiftory of the conqueft o 
 Ireland, and of the topographia Hibernica 
 edited by Camden, 1602, itinerarium Cam 
 bns, &c 
 
 Barry-, James, fon of the repreferrtativi 
 of Dublin, was in 1629 made king's ferjeant 
 and in 1634 knighted, and appointed a b 
 ron of the exchequer. At the Teftoratfon h 
 was made chief juftice of the Wag's bench 
 and railed to the peerage, by the title of Ion 
 Santry. He was intimate with the unfor 
 tunate Stafford; and died 1673. He wrot 
 the cafe of tenures upon the commiffipn 
 defective titles. 
 
 Earr* 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 BarrT, Sj>r anger, fon of a filverfmith, 
 was born 1719. After following for two or 
 three years his father's bufinefs, his incli- 
 nation for theatrical purfuits burft forth, and 
 in 1 744, he appeared on the ftage, as Othello. 
 As his acting was of fuperior order, he was 
 received with applaufe ; and ranked with the 
 great names of Garrick, Cibber, Sheridan, 
 O/iin, and Woffington, who at that fcafon were 
 engaged on the JQublin ftage, and from whole 
 exertions in producing full houfes, a Barry, 
 Quin, or Garrick fever, became proverbial 
 .for difeafes contracted in an overloaded the- 
 atre. In 1746, Barry came to England; but 
 his connexion with Drury-lane was of lhort 
 duration. In Covent-garden, however, he 
 became a formidable opponent to the great 
 Rofcius, as he played the fame characters, 
 and divided with him the applaufes of the town. 
 After eleven years of arduous contention, 
 Barry joined with Woodward of Covent-gar- 
 den in an expedition to Ireland, where they 
 built two elegant play-houfes, at Dublin and 
 Cork. The plan did not, however, fucceed. 
 Barry engaged with Footeat the Opera-houfe, 
 Hay-market, and there introduced his wife 
 in the .character of Defdemona, which She 
 fupported with fo much force that Garrick 
 then in the pit, admired her powers, and not 
 e-nly foretold the high -rank to which her abi- 
 lities were foon to raile her, but actually en- 
 gaged her and her huiband at Drury-lane. 
 In 1773, he returned to Covent-garden, 
 where, though broken by infirmities, and the 
 gout, he occafionally called forth thofe burfts 
 of univerfal applaufe which foothed his old 
 age, and brought back to his recollection the 
 exertions of his more vigorous years. He 
 died 1774- His greateft characters were 
 Othello, Macbeth, Dear, ESTex, and Jaffier ; 
 and fo powerfully expreffive of grief were his 
 features, that the fpectators, fays a writer of 
 the times, were difpofed to pity before he 
 fpoke, and his broken throbs fo wrung the 
 foul that their distress could be relieved only 
 fey torrents of tears. 
 
 Barry, James, a native of Cork, whofe 
 genius early marked him for eminence as a 
 painter. His piece on the legendary baptii'm 
 of the king of Camel recommended him to 
 the Dublin fociety for the encouragement of 
 arts; and he was noticed by Burke., Johnfon, 
 fir Jofhua Reynolds, and other men of great 
 public fame. By the friendship of Burke, he 
 travelled on the continent, to improve him- 
 fqlf in the fchools of Italy. On his return 
 to England, in 1772, he publifhed an inquiry 
 into the real and imaginary obstructions to 
 the acquisition of the arts in England. About 
 this time he wjfhed to adorn St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral with religious paintings ; but the plan was 
 /ejected, as unworthy of the Simple fpirit of 
 the proteftant faith ; and therefore he propofed 
 to the fociety of arts to adorn their room with 
 allegorical paintings; which patriotic delign 
 vfM completed iu the labor of feven yar$j 
 
 in a feries of fix very beautiful pictures. In 
 1777 he was elelected royal academician, and 
 in 1786 appointed profeifor of painting. He 
 was, in 1790, removed from his office, and 
 foon after expelled from the learned body 
 whofe fame he had long fupported by tha 
 elegant labors of his pencil and the animate^ 
 language of his lectures. The caufe of this 
 difgrace is attributed to his republican prin- 
 ciples. This eminent artift was attacked by 
 a paralytic ftroke, which ten days after proved 
 fatal. He died 1806, and was buried in St. 
 Paul's cathedral. 
 
 Barry, George, a Scotch divine, educated 
 at Edinburgh, and fucceffively minifter of 
 Kirkwall and of Shapinhay in the Orkneys, 
 where he died, 1805, aged 57. His ftatiftical 
 account of his two parilhes for fir John Sin- 
 clair was much admired, and his reputation 
 as a writer and as a public teacher procured 
 him from Edinburgh the dogree of D. D. 
 Much of his time was devoted to the hiftory 
 of the feven iflaads of the Orkneys, and this 
 very valuable composition made its appear- 
 ance a little before the author's death, in 1 vol. 
 4to. with maps, &c. 
 
 Bartas, Guillaumt de Sallujledu, a French 
 poet, born in Armagnac. He was commander 
 of a corps of cavalry under Henry IV. ; and 
 he travelled through England, Denmark, and 
 Scotland. The poem which rendered his fame 
 known, was his commentary of the week of 
 creation, in 7 books ; a work in which he dif- 
 played his conceit, as well as the barbarity of 
 his age, by calling the head the lodging of the 
 understanding, the eyes the twin ftars, the nofe 
 the gutter or chimney, the teeth 3 double paU 
 lifade, ufed as a mill to the open gullet, &c. 
 This poem, though incorrect, in five or fix 
 years, palled through 30 editions. Bartas 
 wrote fome other poetical pieces, but all in 
 the fame contemptible Stile. What, however, 
 renders his character amiable, is the integrity 
 of his life, and the innocence and modefty of 
 his conduct. He died 1590, at the age of 46. 
 His works were collected by Rigaud, folio. 
 
 Barth, Join, was born at Dunkirk, and 
 by his bravery role from a fiiherman's occu- 
 pation to confequence in the French navy. 
 When he had the command of a fquadron of 
 feven frigates, he eluded the vigilance of the 
 Englifh and Dutch, who were blocking up 
 Dunkirk, deftroyed a fleet of 86 Englifh mer- 
 chantmen, afterwards made a defcent near 
 Newcaftle, where he destroyed aoo houfes, 
 and brought back prizes to the value of 500,000 
 crowns. He often engaged fuperior forces, 
 and always obtained the advantage ; and for his 
 Services he was ennobled. In 1694, with a 
 Smaller number of Ships, he attacked the Dutch 
 fleet, which had captured the merchant Ships, 
 laden with corn, which he was ordered to join, 
 and had the good fortune to take the whole of 
 the enemy, befides thofe of his own nation 
 that had Surrendered. His uncouth figure 
 and rough manners were the ridicule of th 
 H 3 cor 
 
BAR 
 
 BAR 
 
 courtiers of Lewis XIV. When the movtnrch 
 twld him that he had made him chief d'efcadre, 
 you have done very well, replied the unpo- 
 lled fenman. He could neither read nor 
 wr'ue : bur merely was able to lcrawl his name. 
 He died at Dunkirk, 1702, of a pleurily, at 
 the age of 5 1. 
 
 B.nktiie, Nicola Thomas, author of fome 
 dramatic pieces, of a tranflation" of Ovid's art 
 of love into French verie; &c. wis a native of 
 Mnrfeilles, and died at Paris, 1785, aged 52. 
 
 Barthei.emi. Jesn ytrcjues, celebrated as 
 the author of the voyage of Anacharfis, was 
 bom near Aubagne. in Provence, 1716. He 
 was educated at Maru-illes, and, after devoting 
 himfelf to Hebrew, Syria*, and Greek, he was 
 admitted into the church. He became, 1741, 
 associate in the care of the medals of the king's 
 cabinet at Paris, and was afterwards Secretary 
 to the academy of inferiptions ; and on the 
 death of Boze, he iucceeded as keeper of the 
 cabinet of medals. He vifited Italy in 1755, 
 where he made judicious obfervations on the 
 valuable relics of the lately dilcovered city of 
 Herculaneurri. On his return to France, he 
 was honored with a feat in the royal fociety 
 of London, and Choifeul gave him a penfion 
 of about 250I. a year, to which was added, in 
 1765, the place of treasurer of St. Martin de 
 Tours, and, five years after, the poft of fecre- 
 turv-general to the Swhs guards. His great 
 work, entitled the voyage of the young Ana- 
 charfis in Greece, appeared in leven vols. 8vo. 
 1788, and commanded the univerlal admiration 
 of the world. This competition was the labor 
 of 30 years, and in elegant and chafte ftile 
 exhibited the molt pleafing characters of anti- 
 quity, interfperfed with philofophical reflections, 
 interefting anecdotes, and amufing defcriptions, 
 and every where abounded with proofs of 
 judgment, tafte, and erudition. In 1793, the 
 venerable philofopher was dragged to a prifon ; 
 but he was loon after liberated, by order of 
 the government, at a moment when, with 
 almnef and refignation, he expected death. 
 He died 1795. 
 
 Barthius, Gafpard, a native of Cuftrin. 
 As his father was profeffor of civil law at 
 Frankfort on the Oder, he received the beft 
 inftrucVion, lb that at 12 years of age he trans- 
 lated the pfalms into Latin verfe, of every 
 meafure. He unfortunately loll his father, 
 tut his education was not on that account ne- 
 glected. He went through all the univerfities 
 of Germany, and afterwards vifited Italy, 
 France, Spain, England, and Holland, and 
 made himfelf a perfect mafter of moil of the 
 foreign languages, as his elegant tranflations 
 from the Spanifh and French fhow. He fet- 
 tled at Ltipfic ; and in his old age he relin- 
 quimed all worldly affairs for devotion. He 
 died 1658, aged 71. His commentaries on 
 Statius and Claudian, in 4to. and his adverfaria, 
 in foL are his belt works. 
 
 Bartholin, Gafpatd, a native of Malmoe, 
 . ;ien, who is laid, at the age of 3 , to 
 
 have learned to read perfectly in fourteen day J 
 and to have compofed with correCtnefs, at 13 
 lbme Greek and Latin orations. He traveller 
 through the greater! part of Europe, and a< 
 laft fettled at Copenhagen as Latin profeffor 
 an employment which, fix months after, h< 
 exchanged for the chair of medicine. A fever* 
 illnefs, however, alarmed his conlcience, na- 
 turally weak, and he vowed to apply himfelf tc 
 divinity if he recovered. He kept his vow 
 and afterwards Iucceeded to the thet 
 profefforfhip. He died of a violent cholic 
 1629, at Sora, aged 44. His works were o\ 
 anatomy, metaphylics, logic, and rhetoric. 
 
 Bartholin, Thomas , ion of the preceding 
 was born at Copenhagen, 1616. He ftudie( 
 phyfic at Leyden, Paris, Montpellier, Padua 
 Malta, and Bafil; and in 1646 he returned t< 
 his native city, where he was appainted ma 
 thematical profeffor, and the next year pro 
 moted to the anatomical chair. Thirteei 
 years after he retired to his fmall eftate 
 Hagefted, near the capital, where his hopes 
 literary eafe were difturbed by the deftructioi 
 of his library and valuable papers bv Hie, ii 
 1670. His misfortunes did not pais urmoticec 
 The univerfity of Copenhagen made him libra 
 rian, and the monarch made him his phyficiar 
 with a handfome falary, exemption from taxe: 
 and the honor of a feat in the council of Den 
 mark;. He died 1 680. 
 
 Bartholi v, Thomas, fon of the precedim 
 profeffor of hiitory and law at Copenhager 
 and counfelior to the king, died 1690. H 
 publifhed antiquitates Danica:, &rc. His brc 
 ther Eraftnus, was profeffor of geometry an 
 medicine at Copenhagen, and died 1698, age 
 73. Another brother called Go/par, fucceede 
 his father in the anatomical chair John m 
 profeffor of theology and a daughter calle 
 Margaret, was eminent as a poetefs- in th 
 Danilh language. 
 
 Bartholomew, St. one of the apoftle 
 who preached the gofpel in the Indies. It 
 faid that he was flead alive in Armenia. 
 
 Bartholomew, The Martyr, a native ( 
 Lifbon, who attended the council of Tren 
 and was urgent for the introduction of a n 
 form among the clergy. He was archhi'/ho 
 of Braga, where, during a peftilence, he b( 
 haved with all the kindnefs of a friend, an 
 the benevolence of a good Chriftian. He r< 
 tired in his o'.d age from his fee to a monafter 
 and died 1590, aged 76. His works hav 
 appeared in two vols. foL 
 
 Bartlet, John, was minifter of St. The 
 mas, near Exeter, from which he was ejecte 
 for refufing to conform. He died in a goc 
 old age. He was author of fome divinit 
 tracts. His brother Willi tm was alfo eject* 
 from Bideford rectory, and was a violent ind< 
 pendent. He died 1682, author of a model < 
 church government. 
 
 Bartoli, Danul, a jefuit of Ferrara, w! 
 publifhed feveral hiftorical works, in Italia 
 His belt compofition was an hiftory of his f< 
 
 det 
 
BAS 
 
 BAS 
 
 ciety, in fix vols. foL translated into Latin by 
 Giannini. He died at Rome, 1685, aged 77. 
 
 Barton, Elizabeth, a religious impoftor in 
 the age of Henry VIII. called the holy maid 
 of Kent. The convulfive fits, to which {he 
 was Subject, were converted to purpoies of 
 deception by Mailers the minuter of Alding- 
 ton, her native place, and She was lb perfectly 
 instructed in her art, that She impoll-d upon 
 the enlightened mind of fir Thomas More, 
 bifhop FiSher, and archbifhop Warham. Her 
 external conduct and devotion countenanced 
 her profeffions, and lhe was believed when fhe 
 afTerted that lhe l'aw vifions of angels, and that 
 in her trances the virgin Mary appeared to 
 hex. When the artifice had lb far Succeeded, 
 Die began to prophefy, and acknowledged that 
 God had revealed to her, that if Henry di- 
 vorced his queen, his reign would not extend 
 to a month's duration. The po; ilh priefts, 
 encouraged by her luccefs, fanned the flame. 
 the king's character was blackened, and he 
 was even infulted to his face by fome of his 
 preachers, till the boldnels of the impofture 
 rouied his refentment. The maid and her 
 accomplices were produced before the Star- 
 chamber, the whole plot was revealed, and the 
 confeffion of the actors was publiclv read to 
 the aftonifhed populace at St. Pauls crofs, and 
 the holy maid and her confederates Mailers, 
 Bocking, Deering, &c. were condemned and 
 executed at Tyburn, 1534. 
 
 Baruch, the prophet, author of a book not 
 received as canonical, was the friend and affo- 
 ciate of Jeremiah. 
 
 Barwick, John, a native of Weft more- 
 land, educated at Sedberg-fehool, where he 
 atted with credit the part of Hercules in one 
 of Seneca's tragedies. At St. John's, Cam- 
 bridge, he gained fo much reputation that, 
 when only lo years of age, he pleaded before 
 the privy council, in the controverted election 
 of a mafter. He wrote againft the covenant, 
 and procured the plate of the univerfity for 
 the king's Service, and managed with fecrecy 
 his correfpondence when at CariSbrook-caStle, 
 and in other places. His attachment was 
 transferred to Charles II. but he was at laft 
 betrayed by one Boltock, of the poft-office, 
 and he was imprifoned. To his great fagacity 
 and retentive memory, Clarendon, it is faid, 
 owes many of the materials of his hiftory. On 
 the reftoration of Charles, Barwick refuted 
 the bilhopric of Sodor and Man, and that of 
 Carlisle, Satisfied with the deanry of Durham, 
 which he afterwards exchanged for that of St. 
 Paul's. He died of a pleuriSy 1664, aged 52. 
 
 Barwick, Peter., brother of the dean, was 
 eminent as a phvfician for his lkill in the Small 
 pox. He published in Latin a life of his bro- 
 ther, and Supported Harvey's doctrine of the 
 circulation of the blood, &c. He died 1705. 
 
 Bas, U, a French engraver of eminence. 
 His landfcapes and fea pieces were well exe- 
 cuted. He died fince 1765. 
 
 JBasidow, Jobn irnard % a aative of 
 
 Hamburgh, fori of a barber. He obtained -in 
 17^3 the chair of profeiror of. mural philoi'ophy 
 and belles lettresat Soroe,in Denmark, which 
 he afterwards loll for Speaking irreverently of 
 religion. He next tried a plan of education in 
 a new method, but though he obtained large 
 fums of money to carry his fchemes into exe- 
 cution, the meafures failed upon trial. He 
 was author of various works of no great merit, 
 and died 1790, aged 67, a victim, it is faid, to 
 intemperance. 
 
 Bashuvsen, Henry yames Van, a native 
 of Hanau, profefibr of ecclefiaftical hillcry, 
 and of the oriental languages. He was after- 
 wards called to the divinity chair of Berlin. 
 He printed in his own houfe various learned 
 works, chiefly on rabbinical Subjects, and died 
 1758, aged 7V 
 
 Basil I. a native of Adrianople, of an 
 obScure family. He was taken prilbner by the 
 Bulgarians when a foldier, and efcaped to 
 Constantinople, where he was noticed by the 
 emperor Michael, and at laft taken as partner 
 of the empire. Bafil discovered that Michael, 
 jealous of him, intended his deltruclion, and 
 he anticipated the blow, and became fole em- 
 peror in 867. He reigned till 886, when he 
 was killed by a flag in hunting. 
 
 Basil II. emperor of Constantinople after 
 John ZimiSces, died 1025, aged 70, after a 
 reign of 50 years. His inhumanity is re- 
 markahle, after he had defeated the Bulgarians, 
 he permitted only one in every 100 to retain 
 his eye-light, that he might conduct his 99 
 eyelefs companions to their terrified monarch, 
 who, it is laid, furvived only two days the 
 horrid Spectacle. 
 
 Basil, an impoftor, who disturbed the peace 
 of Constantinople in 934, by pretending to be 
 Conftantine Ducas, who had been dead for 
 Some years. He was Seized and burned alive 
 at Constantinople. 
 
 Basil, a phySician, the head of the Bogo- 
 miles, in Bulgaria, who recommended a com- 
 munity of goods, and even of wives. He was > 
 condemned for his herefy, by a fynod at 
 Constantinople. He pretended that God had 
 another Son called Sathanael, who revolted 
 againft his father, and was hurled from heaven 
 with the angels, which eSpouSed his caufe, and 
 that he was afterwards Shut up in hell by 
 Chrift, who had been fent to deitroy him. 
 
 Basilisces, brother of Verina, wife -of 
 Leo I. emperor of the Eaft, was unfuccelsful 
 in an expedition againft Genferic. He after- 
 wards Seized the empire under Zeno ISauricus, 
 and governed with cruelty. Two years after 
 477, he was defeated by the depofed emperor, 
 and perifhed in a prifon. 
 
 Basilowitz, I-wan, a bold hero, who rofe 
 againlt the Tartars, and in giving freedom to 
 his countrymen, laid the foundation of the 
 Rullian power, and firft affiamed the name of 
 Czar. Ha reigned 50 years, and died 1584. 
 
 Basine, wife of Bafin, king of Thuringia, 
 
 fled from her hufband to efpoul'e Childeric I. 
 
 H4 "Had 
 
BAS 
 
 BAS 
 
 " Had I known a more valiant her than 
 yourfelf," faid fhe to this new lover, " I would 
 have flown over the feas to his arms." She 
 was mother of Clovis. 
 
 Basingstoke, or Basinge, John, was 
 born at Bafingftoke, and ftudied at Oxford and 
 Paris. He vifited Athens, and brought back 
 feveral Greek MSS. His works are fermons, 
 Latin tranflations from Greek books, &c. He 
 is fuppofed to have firit introduced the ufe of 
 Greek numeral figures into England. He 
 died about I2C1. 
 
 Basire, Ifaae, D.D. a native of Jerfey, 
 who ftudied at Cambridge. During the re- 
 bellion he retired to Oxford, and in 1646, 
 travelled towards the Levant, to recommend 
 the doctrines of the church of England to the 
 Greeks. After preaching in Greek to the 
 clergy of the Morea, he went to Aleppo and 
 Jerufalem, where he vifited the temple of the 
 fepulchre, and returned through Mesopotamia 
 and Conftantinople to Tranlylvania, where 
 George Ragotzi II. railed him to a divinity 
 profefibr's chair. On the return of Charles II. 
 he came back to England, and was promoted 
 to a prebend of Durham, and died 1676. His 
 works were diatriba de antiq. Ecclef. Brit, li- 
 berate, a letter to fir Richard Brown, &c. 
 the hiftory of the Englilh and Scotch prefby- 
 tery, &c. 
 
 Baskerville, John, a native of Worcef- 
 terfhire, diftinguifhed as a printer. From a 
 writing mailer at Birmingham, he became a 
 japanner, and five years after, in 1750, he 
 commenced printer. He fpent much money 
 in the improvement of this favorite purfuit, 
 and it was not before 1756 that he publifhed 
 his firft work, a beautiful 4to. edition of Virgil. 
 Other books equal. in beauty iffued from his 
 prefs, till in 1765 he folicited his friend Dr. 
 Franklin to procure him at Paris purchafers 
 for his types. The expences of the war pre- 
 vented his meeting the encouragement which 
 he hoped, but after his death the types, much 
 to the difgrace of the bookfellers of London, 
 as well as the Britifh nation, were doomed to 
 add celebrity to the labors of the literati of 
 Trance, who purchafed them in 1779 for 
 3700/. and foon after expended not lefs than 
 loo,oco/. in printing the works of Voltaire. 
 Bafkerville, in his private character, was indo- 
 lent, peevifh, and refentful, and he was fo far 
 an infidel thst he raifed himfelf a maufoleum 
 in his ground that his body might not reft 
 among Chriftians, whole religion he ditregard- 
 ed. He died 1775, aged 69. 
 
 Baskerville, Sir Simon, knight, was born 
 at Exeter, and ftudied at Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1606, he was fenior proctor of the 
 univerfity. He devoted himfelf to medicine, 
 and, as a phyfician in London, he obtained 
 diftinction, and the honor of knighthood, and 
 arnafTed fo large a fortune, that he was called 
 Balkerville the rich. It is faid that he had no 
 t 'sf< than zoo patients a week, and the hofpi- 
 
 ulity of his life deferved the fuceefs which h< 
 obtained. He died 1 641, aged 68. 
 
 Basnaoe, James, a native of Rouen, ir 
 Normandy. He ftudied at Saumur undei 
 Tanaquil Faber, and went at the age of 17 tc 
 Geneva, where he prepared himfelf for th( 
 miniftry. He fettled in his native town, bu 
 the difgrace of the proteftants in 1085 <"* ov < 
 him to Rotterdam, till the penfionary Heinfius 
 obtained for him in 1709 a fhare in the minif 
 try of the Walloon church at the Hague 
 Baihage was diftinguifhed as a divine, and ; 
 ftatefman, fo that Voltaire faid with truth 
 that he was more fit to be a minifter of ftate 
 than of a parifh. His abilities were courtec 
 by the regent Orleans, who directed his am- 
 bafTador du Bois to follow his advice in the 
 negociation for an alliance between Holland 
 France, and England ; and the exiled proteft- 
 ant, as a reward for his fervices, obtained the 
 reftitution of all his forfeited property. As < 
 fcholar Hafnage was of a fuperior order, ir 
 private life he was affable, candid, and fincere 
 and he cultivated friendfhip with the greatefl 
 men in Europe, his epiftolary correlpondene< 
 with whom does honor to his head and heart 
 He fell a victim to a complication of diforders 
 1723, in his 70th year. His works are nu- 
 merous, and his hiftory of the Jews fince the 
 time of Chrift, 15 vols. lamo. 1716, is par- 
 ticularly valuable. 
 
 Basnage, Henry, brother to James, was 
 advocate at Rouen, but fled to Holland upor 
 the profcription of the proteftants, and diec 
 there 1710, in his 54th year. Among othei 
 work?, ho revifed the di&ionaire of Furetiere 
 3 vols, folio. 
 
 Basnage, Benjamin, a proteftant miniftei 
 of Carentan, and author of a valuable treatife 
 on the church. He aflifted at the nationa 
 fynod of Charenton, and died 1653. in his 71c 
 year. 
 
 Basnage, Anthony, eldeft fon of Benja- 
 min, was minifter of Bayeux, and fled to Hol- 
 land on the revocation of the edict of Nantes 
 where he died 1691, aged 81. 
 
 Basnet, Edivard, a native of Denbigh- 
 (hire, made in 1537 dean of St. Patrick, ir 
 Ireland. During O'Neal's rebellion, he ef- 
 poufed the caufe of government, and marchec 
 at the head of the troops under the lord lieu- 
 tenant, and for his fervices was made a privy 
 counfellor, and received a grant of the lands 01 
 Kikernan, in the neighbourhood of Dublin. 
 
 Bass an, James du Pont, a painter, borr 
 at Patf'an, in Italy. His pieces are generally 
 on fubjects of landfcapes, animals, and nighi 
 fcenes, and fo fuccefsful, that Annibal Carrac 
 was himfelf deceived by a book which he hac 
 drawn on a wall, and which he attempted tc 
 feize, as if real. In his flowers, he interwove 
 ferpents with great dexterity, though little 
 tafte. His valuable pieces were difperfec 
 through Europe ; and among others, Titiar 
 purchafed feveral of them. Baflan died ai 
 
 Venice 
 
BAS 
 
 BAS 
 
 Venice^ 159a, aged 80, leaving four fons, all 
 painters. Of thefe Francis was employed by 
 the Venetian republic, with Paul Veronele 
 and Tintoret, to adorn the palace of St. Mark* 
 He was of a melancholy turn, and, in a fit of 
 felf-created terror, he threw himfelf out of a 
 window, and died foon after, 1694, aged 44. 
 Leander, another brother, obtained the collar 
 of St. Mark, from the doge of Venice. John 
 Baptljie and Jerome were eminent as imitators 
 of the ftile of their father. 
 
 Bassandyne, Thomas, a Scotchman, edu- 
 cated at Antwerp. He learned the art of 
 printing at Paris and Leyden, and returned 
 home in 1558. Me joined the reformers, and 
 printed feveral books. He died 1591. 
 
 Bassantin, James, a Scotchman, who 
 after (ludying aftronomy and the mathematics, 
 at Glafgow, travelled through the Netherlands 
 and Germany, and at lalt fettled at Paris. He 
 Teturned in 1652 to his native country, and 
 became early acquainted with fir Robert Mel- 
 vil, a ftrong partizan of Mary, queen of Scots, 
 and he afterwards fupported the ambitious 
 views of Murray. Balfantin died 1568. In 
 his religion he was a zealous proteitant, and as a 
 msn of learning he was ftrongly tinctured with 
 the fuperftition of the time. He placed great 
 confidence in aftrology, and with more zeal 
 than good fenfe afTerted the influence of the 
 planets on the affairs of the world. His works 
 are all on mathematical fubjedts, and bear 
 ftrong teftimony to his merits as a philolbpher. 
 
 Basselin, Oliver., a fuller of Vire, in 
 Normandy, in the 15th century, known for 
 his ballads, called Vaudevilles, by corruption 
 for Vaux de Vire, the place where he lived. 
 
 Basset, Peter, chamberlain to Henry V. 
 accompanied that prince in all his expeditions, 
 of which he has given an account in one vo- 
 lume. 
 
 Bassi, Laura, wife of Jofeph Verati, ho- 
 nored in 173a with the degree of doctor of 
 philofophy for her mental accomplishments, 
 difplayed in her lectures on experimental phi- 
 lofophy. Her private life was alfo deferving 
 of the higheft encomiums. She died 1778. 
 
 Bassompierre, Francois de, a marechal of 
 France, confined in the Baftille by Richelieu, 
 who dreaded the power of his iatire. He re- 
 mained in this confinement 10 years, till the 
 death of his perfecutor, and employed his time 
 in writing his memoires, 3 vols which are in- 
 tereftbg, though occasionally trivial. On his 
 releafe, he received the offer of 500,000 livres 
 from the duchels of Aiguillon, niece of Riche- 
 Jieu, which he politely refufed, adding, " Ma- 
 dam, your uncle has done me too great an 
 injury, to allow me to receive fo much good 
 from you." He was employed in embafiies by 
 JLewis XIII. and he poffefibd all the rfnjuifites 
 of a courtier, with great prefence of mind, 
 affability, and wit. He lpoke the languages of 
 Europe with great fluency. He was much 
 addicted to play and women, fo that it is faid, 
 that on the morniog ia which he was arretted, 
 
 he burned not Iefs than 6000 letters which he 
 had received from ladies of gallantry. He 
 was found dead in his bed, 1646, in his 67th 
 year. 
 
 BASSVILLE, Nicholas John Hugon de, m 
 FreRchman, fent as envoy to Rome to re- 
 claim fome of his countrymen imprifoned 
 there. During a tumult he was ftabbed with 
 a razor, 1793, and died 34 hours after. This 
 violence offered to his perfon was made a pre- 
 tence for fevere meafures againft the pope. 
 BafiVille wrote elements of mythology, 8vo. 
 memoirs of the French revolution, &c. 
 
 Bassuel, Peter, a native of Paris, diflin- 
 guilhed as a furgeon and a lecturer. His dif- 
 fertations in the memoirs of the academies 
 are valuable compofitions. He died 1757, 
 aged 51. 
 
 Basta, George, a native of Rocca, near 
 Tarentum, diftinguiihed as a warrior in the 
 fervice of the duke of Parma, and of the 
 emperor, in Hungary and Tranfylvani3. He 
 died 1607, author of two treatifes in Italian, 
 on military difcipline. 
 
 Bastard, Thomas, a native of Blandford, 
 educated at Winchefter fchool, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford, from which he was expelled for 
 a libel. He obtained preferment by means of 
 the earl of Suffolk, aud was diftinguifhed as a 
 poet. His faculties were difordered on the 
 clofe of his life, and he died in an obfeure 
 Situation near Dorchefter, 16 18. He was a 
 man of learning, and chiefly eminent for his 
 facetious converiation. He publilhed epigrams, 
 fermons, &c. 
 
 Baston, Robert, a Carmelite monk, poet 
 laureat, and public orator at Oxford. H* 
 attended Edward I. againft Scotland, but he 
 was taken prilbner, and inftead of celebrating 
 the victories of his mafter, he was compelled 
 by torture to fing the fuccefies of the Scotch. 
 He wrote feveral works in a ftile barbarous, 
 but not totally contemptible, for the age ia 
 which he lived. He died 1310. 
 
 Bastwick, Dr. John, a native of EfTex, 
 born 1593, educated at Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge. He travelled nine years, through 
 Europe, and became doctor of phyfic at Pa- 
 dua. His publication called flagellum pontifi- 
 cis, &c. drew upon him the refentment of the 
 bilhops, and he was fined iooo/., excommuni- 
 cated, &c. and imprifoned, till he made a 
 recantation. In his confinement, of two years, 
 he wrote feveral things, and inveighed againft 
 the le verity of his treatment. He was there- 
 fore fined 5000/., fentenced to be pilloried, to 
 lofe his ears, and to be imprifoned for life. 
 He was confequently immured in St. Mary's 
 caftle, in the Sctfly iflands, till the civil wars 
 put an end to his fufferings. In 1640, the 
 commons voted the proceedings againft him 
 illegal ; he was recalled to London amidft the 
 acclamations of thoufands, and he was repaid 
 the tine from the forfeited eftates of the arch- 
 bifhop of Canterbury, and the other commif- 
 fiooers wjio^ad fo feverely treated him. 
 
 Bate, 
 
BAT 
 
 BAT 
 
 Fate, Join, D.D. prior of the Carmelitas 
 ft Vorkj was born in Northumberland, and 
 ftmlir-d at Oxford. He diitinguilhed himfelf 
 by his knowledge of philosophy, divinity, and 
 Gf*ek| and he publilhcd Several things chiefly 
 critical and theological, and died 1429. 
 
 Hatk, (leorgr, a phyfician, born near 
 Buckingham. He Studied at New college, 
 Queen's, and St Edmund's ball, Oxford, and 
 pracriled in the university. He was phyfician 
 to Charles I. while at Oxford, afterwards to 
 Olher Cromwell, and to the royal family after 
 .the reftoration. His recommendation to the 
 favor of Charles II. originated, it is laid, in the 
 report that he had given the ufjrper a ftrong 
 dofe which hastened his death. He wrote a 
 Latin account of the civil wars, &c. and died 
 J 660. 
 
 Bate, Julius, a friend of Hutchinfon, by 
 whom he was recommended to Charles duke 
 of Somerfet, and to the living of Sutton, in 
 SufTex. He attended Hutchinfon in his laft 
 illnefs, and contradicted the report that his 
 friend on his death bed had recanted to Dr. 
 Mead the publication of his writings Dr. 
 Mead, it is to be obferved, lad much to his 
 furprife been dilmilled from his attendance on 
 Hutchinfon. Bate was author of fome valua- 
 ble pieces on criticifm and divinity, and in 
 defence of his friend's lyitem. He died 17 71. 
 
 Batecumbr, WilUawy a mathematician, 
 ho noriShed 1420. He fludied at Oxford, 
 where he taught mathematics. The chief of 
 his works are, de Spheras concavie fabrica & 
 ufu de fphiera fplida conclufione lbphke,&c. 
 
 BatemaN, William, bilhop of Norwich, 
 was founder of Trinity -hall, Cambridge. He 
 was well verfed in civil and canon laws, and 
 died 1354, at Avignon. 
 
 Bates, William, a non-conformift divine, 
 educated at Emanuel and King's colleges, 
 -Cambridge. He was chaplain to Charles II. 
 and minifter of St. Dunftan's in the weft, from 
 which he was ejected by the acl of uniformity. 
 He was at the conference of the Savoy, and 
 he alfo was, with Jacomb and Baxter, engaged 
 in the difpute againft Pearfon, bifhop of Chef- 
 ter, Gunning of Ely, and Sparrow of Nor- 
 wich. His character was lb relpe&able that, 
 though a non-conformift, he might have ob- 
 tained the deanry of Coventry, or even been 
 raifed, according to Calamy, to any bishopric 
 of the kingdom. He was intimate with Til- 
 lotfon, Finch, Nottingham, and Bridgman, and 
 publifhed the lives of fome eminent men in 
 Latin, in 4to. 1681. His works were pub- 
 lished in a folio Volume after his death, and 
 died 1699, aged 73. 
 
 Bathe, Henry de, a native of Devonshire, 
 appointed 1238, under Henry III. to the 
 office of jultice of the common pleas, and 
 afterwards of juftice itinerant. Though for a 
 while under difgrace 1 251, in confequence of 
 fome Slanderous accufation, he was restored to 
 Toyal favor, and advanced to the place of chief 
 Juftice of the kind's bench. He died 1361. 
 
 Bathe, William, an IriSh jefv.it, reclor 1 
 an Iriih School at Salamanca, where he dit 
 1 61 4. He is author of introduction to tl 
 art of mufic, in 4to. London janua lii 
 guarum, &c. 
 
 Bai hurst, Ralph, a Latin poet, phyS 
 cian, and divine of Trinity college, Oxfor 
 of which he was prefident, 1664. In tl: 
 younger part of his life he Studied phyfic, hi 
 after the restoration he took orders, and b 
 came dean of Wells, and vice chancellor 1 
 the univerfity. He refuled, in 1691, the b 
 Shopric of Bristol, from his regard for tl 
 fociety over which he prefided, whofe chap 
 he rebuilt in a very elegant Stile. He wro 
 poems and other pieces, and died 1704, is h 
 84th year. His life has been written by Th< 
 mas Wharton. 
 
 Bathurst, Allen, defcended from tl 
 Bathurfts of Northamptonshire, was educate 
 at Tfinity college, Oxford, under his unc 
 the president, and afterwards was elected i 
 two parliaments for Cirencefter. He oppolt 
 Marlborough, and was one of the 12 Ion 
 introduced in one day, I'll, to the upp. 
 houle, to form a majority. He continue 
 firm to his political friends even in their di 
 grace, and boldly oppofed the attainder 
 Bolingbroke and Ormond, and in 1718, \ 
 lhowed himfelf as a lpeaker among the peci 
 the moft foimidable opponent of the meafur 
 of the court. In 1704, he married Catherii 
 daughter of fir Peter Apfley, of Suffex, 1 
 whom he had four Ions and five daughtei 
 His only furviving fon was for fome yea 
 chancellor of England, and made a peer by tl 
 title of lord ApStey. Lord Bathurit was en 
 ployed about the perfon of Frederic prince 1 
 Wales, and of his fon George III. at who 
 acceflien he refigned his offices for a penfic 
 of 1 200/. In his private character lord B; 
 thurit was a man of great generofity, ar 
 affable in manners, and his long and famili; 
 acquaintance with Pope, Swift, and Addifo 
 prove him to have poffeffed wit, tafte, ar 
 erudition. He was attached to rural amufi 
 ments, and fond of conviviality. He drar 
 regularly his bottle after dinner, and laugh< 
 at the temperate regimen of Dr. Cadoga 
 which jo years before Dr. Cheyne had r< 
 commended t him, alluring him that r 
 fhould not live feven years more if he did m 
 abstain from wine. He died 1775* aged 9r 
 
 Bai oni, Pompeo, a native of Lucca, em 
 nent as a painter. His belt piece is Simon tl 
 magician contending with St. Peter, prelerve 
 at Rome in the great church, dedicated to tl 
 poftle. Batoni died 1787, aged 79. 
 
 Battaglini, Mark, biShop of Nocera an 
 Cefena, died 171 7, aged 71. He wrote 
 history of councils, folio, and annales, &c. 
 vols. 
 
 Battei.v, Dr. John, born at Bury, Su 
 folk, was fellow of Trinity college Cambridg 
 and chaplain to Sancroft, who gave him tl 
 living of Adifham, and the archdeaconry < 
 
 tfc 
 
BAU 
 
 BAU 
 
 the diocefe. He wrote Antiquitates Rutupi- 
 n?e, Sec. and died I708,aged 61. 
 
 Batteux, Charles, philolbphical profefTor 
 and member of the French academy, &c. was 
 eminent for his erudition, as well as for his pri- 
 vate virtues. His works are various, chiefly on 
 claifical literature, in which he dilplays more 
 method and more labor, than eloquence or pu- 
 rity. His death v as accelerated by grief, in 
 observing that the elementary book which he 
 wrote for the military l'chool at Paris, did not 
 fucceed fo well as he wiflied. He died at Paris 
 1780, aged 67. Among other works he pub- 
 limed the four poetics of Ariitotlc, Horace, 
 Vida, and Boileau, with notes, two vols. 8vo. 
 
 Battie, Dr. William, a phyliciaii, born in 
 Devonfhire, and educated at Kton, and King's 
 college Cambridge. His views to ftudy the 
 law were checked by his poverty, and he 
 turned his thoughts to phytic, and practiced at 
 Uxbridge and London, and became ph'yfician 
 to Sf. Luke's. In 1738, he married the 
 daughter of Barnham Goode, under-malter of 
 Eton fchool, a man whom for a fatirical poem, 
 Pope has immortalifed in his Dunciad. Dr. 
 Battie was lampooned for the active part which 
 he took with the college of phyliciaus againft 
 Dr. Schomberg in 1750, in the Battiad, a poem 
 laid to be written by Schomberg, Moles Men- 
 dez, and Paul Whitehead. Dr. Battie's pub- 
 lications were on medical fubjedis, and all re- 
 fpectable. His obfervations on madnefs re- 
 commended him to public notice, and he was 
 with Dr. Munro examined at the bar of the 
 houfe of commons, with refpeft to the private 
 madhoufes in the kingdom. Dr. Battie died of 
 a paralytic ftroke 1776, aged 75. He pub- 
 lished an edition of Ifocrates, two vols. 8vo. 
 
 BaUDELOT de DaIKVAL, Charles Cafar, 
 an advocate of the Parliament of Paris, author 
 of a treatife called " de l'vifilite des voyages," 
 in two vols. nmo. He died of the dropfy 
 1722, aged 74. 
 
 Baudet, Stephen, an eminent French en- 
 graver of Blois employed on Pouhin's pieces. 
 His chief work is Adam and Eve, from Domi- 
 nicliino. He died i67i,aged 73. 
 
 Baudjkr, M'uh&l, a native of LanguedoC, 
 hiitoriographer under Lewis XIII. He wrote 
 the hiftory of the Mahometan religion, the 
 life f cardinal Amboife, of Ximenes, Suger, 
 &c. and though his Itile is inelegant, his works 
 are curious and imereiling. 
 
 Baudin, Peter Charles Leivis , a native of 
 Sedan, elected to the national afTembly and 
 to the convention. It was he who nobly ex- 
 claimed on the laws made with refpecr. to emi- 
 grants, " it among the millions of the guilty, 
 ten innocent perfons can be found, the law 
 which Urikes them is unjult." He died 1799. 
 He wrote anecdotes on the conftitution, on the 
 liberty of the prels, &c. 
 
 Baudius, Dominique, a native of Lifle. 
 He vifitcd England in the fuite of the Dutch 
 ambalfador, and formed an acquaintance with 
 fir Philip Sidney, and afterwards he went to 
 
 France, where he ftaid 10 years, and was ad- 
 mitted advocate of the parliament of Paris. 
 He next went to Leyden, where he was pro- 
 fefTor of eloquence, and historiographer to the 
 uV.es in 161 1. He was a man of genius, as 
 well as erudition, and in his Latin poems 
 he difptayed rafte and elegance of compofition. 
 He was a zealous advocate for a truce between 
 Spain and Holland, and two difcourfes on ths 
 fubject were lb much mifreprefented to Mau- 
 rice, that he was acenfed of being bribed by 
 the French ambafTador. He died at Leyden . 
 161.5, aeed 52. He was fo addicted to wine 
 and to ferifual pleafures that his character was 
 expofed to the fevered ridicule, efpecially from 
 the pen of Scioppius. 
 
 Bai.doin, Benedicl, a divine of Amiens, 
 author of a differtation on the shoes of the 
 antiehts. 
 
 Baudot, de Juii.li, Nicholas, a native of 
 Vendome, author of feveral hiltorical pieces. 
 His hillory of the conqueft of England, by 
 William of Normandy, nmo. of Philip Au- 
 guflus, two vols. nmo. and Charles VII. two 
 vols. nmo. are his bed pieces. He wrote 
 befides, the hiftory of Catherine of France 
 queen of England, &c. and died 1759, aged 81. 
 Baudouin, John, a native of Pradelle in 
 the Vivarais, in the fervice of queen Margaret 
 of France. He publifhed tranflations of Sal- 
 luft, Tacitus, Lucian, Suetonius, &c. but as he 
 wrote more for bread than fame, his language 
 was occafionally inelegant. He died at Paris 
 1650, aged 66. 
 
 Baudrand, Mich. Anton, an ecclefiaftic, 
 born at Paris. He vifited Rome, Germany, 
 and Fhigland, and wrote " Dictionaire Geogra- 
 phique, two vols, fol." printed firft in Latin, 
 and afterwards in French. He died 1 700, in 
 his 67th year. 
 
 Baudricourt, yean de, a marechal of 
 France, who fignalized himfelf in the conqueft. 
 of Naples, 1495. His father Robert was the 
 perfon who introduced the famous maid of Or- 
 leans on the public ftage. 
 
 Bauhinus, Gafpar, phyfician to the duke 
 of Wirtemburg, was profefTor of botany at Ba- 
 fil, where he died 1624, aged 65. He is fthVd 
 in his epitaph the phoenix of his age for anato- 
 my and botany, but Riolan accufes him of ig- 
 norance. He wrote Inftitutiones anatomies, 
 theatrum botanicum* a treatife on herma- 
 phrodites, &c. His ion John Gajpar was 
 equally eminent. 
 
 Baulot, or Beau lieu, James, a litho- 
 tomift, born of obfeure parents in Franche- 
 compte. He ferved in a regiment of cavalry, 
 till he formed an acquaintance with an empi- 
 rical furgeon called Paulouni. After five or 
 fix years of inftrucVion, he began to practife 
 for himfelf, and he travelled over different 
 parts of France, and to Geneva and Amfter- 
 dam, with the boldnefs of an enthufhft. He 
 ufed to neglect his patients after the opera- 
 tion, adding " I have extracted the ftone, Goff 
 will cure the wound.'' His fuccels was fuch, 
 6 that 
 
BAU 
 
 BAX 
 
 that .at Amfterdam the magiftray-s, :n gratitude 
 for his ferviccs, had his portrait engraved, and 
 a rrwdal ftruck. His method \?.is adopted by 
 Chefclden with fuch unufual foccefs that it 
 was called the Englifn operation, though the 
 invention belonged to the French. After vi- 
 siting Rome and Vienna, Baulot retired to a 
 feat near Befangon, where he died 17 20, aged 
 $9. His bfc was written by Vachcr, 1757, 
 X2mo. 
 
 Bai'ME, fames Francis de la, a native cf 
 Carpentras, author of a poem called the Chrif- 
 tiade, in 6 vols. rzmo. written in a pompous 
 and affected ftile. He wrote beildes u cloge 
 de la paix," and other fmall pieces; and was 
 for mnre than 10 years engaged in the Cou- 
 rier de l'Europe. He died at Pans 1757, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Baumer, John William, a native of Rhe- 
 weiler, who Studied at Jena and Halle, and left 
 divinity for medicine, of which he was pi ofefTor 
 at Erfurt He wrote the natural hiitory of 
 the mineral kingdom, 2 vols. of precious 
 ftones, and other works, and died 1788, 
 aged 69. 
 
 BaumoARTEN, Alexander Gcttliel,of Ber- 
 lin, ftudied at Halle, where he was made pro- 
 feflbr of philofophy, and afterwards at Frank- 
 fort on Oder. He wrote metaphyfica, 8vo. 
 Ethica philofophica, 8vo. &c. and died 1762, 
 aged 48. 
 
 Baur., John William, a painter and en-, 
 graver or" Strafburg. He excelled in pictures 
 of proceffions, public places, and markets, kit 
 his figures are little and mean. He died 1640, 
 aged 30. 
 
 Baur, Frederick William Vert, a native of 
 Heifian Hanau, who ferved ra the Hellian 
 troops in the pay of Britain, 1 755. In 1 75 7 
 he ferved under Frederic II. of Pruffia, and in 
 2769 he entered into the Ruffian iervice, and 
 was appointed by Catherine infpedor of the 
 fait works of Novogorod. He was also em- 
 ployed in Supplying Mofcow with water, and m I 
 making deeper the canal of Peterfburgh, and 
 in constructing a capacious harbour at its ex- 
 tremity. He died 1783, author of memoires 
 hiftoriques & geographiques fur la Valachia, 
 8vo. of a chart of Moldavia, &e. 
 
 Ba us sift I, a Mahomedan, author of a poem 
 in praile cf Mahomet, who cured him ns he 
 '.aid of the palfy in a dream. Every line of 
 the poem ends with an M, the initial of the 
 prophet's name, and it is fo highly valued 
 tint many of the Mahomedans k-arn it by 
 on account of its maxims. 
 
 Bavtr-j, William, a Frenchman famous 
 for his wit. After feeing the efcu'rlal in Spain 
 d by an ignorant librarian, he told the 
 ling that it would be advantageous for him to 
 hU librarian his treafurer, becaufe, faid 
 he to the monarch who enquired why, he ne- 
 ver touches what he is intrusted with. He died 
 It 1663, aged 77. 
 
 tin, 'ft'ri Gfertry, a native of Arras, 
 jsc:;'. iur his kucwi. dge o( telks lettreS. 
 
 He wrote a tragedy called Arminius, after 
 wards amended under the name of the Che 
 rufci. He wrote other pieces, and died 1776 
 aged 6 a. 
 
 Baux, William de, prince of Orange, re 
 ceived in 1214 from the emperor Frederic 1 
 the title of king of Aries and Vienna. H 
 was murdered by the people of Avignon 1 218 
 and his body cut to pieces, and it was this whicl 
 caufed the liege of Avignon by Lewis VIII. ii 
 1226. 
 
 Baxter, Richard, a nonconformist, born a 
 Rowton, Shropshire, 1615. He was appointee 
 mailer of Dudley free-fchool by the intereft 
 Mr. Richard Foley of Stourbridge, and lbm 
 after admitted into orders. He was one o 
 thole who fhowed their dillike to an uuquafi 
 fled fubmiffion " to archbiihops, bifhops, et cae 
 tcra," as they knew not what the et ea?ter; 
 comprehended. In 1640 he was invited to bi 
 mimiter at Kidderminlter, but the civil wa; 
 expoied him to persecution, as he efpoufed th< 
 caufe of the parliament. He retired to Co 
 ventry, till the fuccel's of the republicans re 
 called him to Kidderminfter. The ufurpatiot 
 of Cromwell gave him great offence, and hi 
 even argued in private with the tyrant on th< 
 illegality of his power, but in the only fermor 
 which he preached before him he wifely con 
 fined his fubject to the diifeuiions existing ir 
 the kingdom on religions matters. He preachec 
 before parliament the day before the king's re- 
 turn was voted, and likewile before the lor* 
 mayor for Monk's fucceffes. Charles II. mad* 
 him one of his chaplains, and Clarendon offeret 
 him the bifhopric of Hereford which he re- 
 futed, alleging in a letter his reafons of con- 
 fdence, and he only requeued permilfion t< 
 continue his rniniltry at Kidderminfter. Hii 
 opposition to the church government was no* 
 lb open that he felt the perfecution of th 
 court, and did not eves efcape confinement 
 In 1672 he came to London, where he built ; 
 meeting-houfe in Oxendon-ftreet, but hi: 
 preaching was forbidden here as well as ir 
 Swallow-Street. In 1682 he was feized, anc 
 fined 195I. for preaching five fermons withir 
 five miles of a corporation, and he would have 
 been imprifooed had not his phyfician Dr 
 Thomas Cox pleaded the infirmity of hi 
 health. His paraphxafe on the New Tefta 
 njent drew upon him in 1685 the vengeanc< 
 of Jeffries, and he was condemned to be im 
 prifoned for two years, but fix months after h 
 was discharged by the interference of lore 
 Powis with James. He died 1691. His com- 
 positions were very numerous, not lefs than 8< 
 according to Mr. Long of Exeter, or accordinj 
 to Dr. Calamv iio, or 145 fays the Biogt> 
 phia Britannica. Burnet i peaks of him as \ 
 ma& of great piety, whofe learning would hav* 
 commanded univerfal eiteem if not directed u 
 politics. 
 
 Baxter, William, nephew to the preced- 
 ing, was born in Shropfhire. His e lucatioi 
 was fo neglected, that when he entered a 
 
 Harrow 
 
BAY 
 
 BAY 
 
 Harrow fchool at the age of 18, he knew not 
 ne letter, and underftood nothing but Welch. 
 Application furmounted all difficulties. As a 
 grammarian, a critic, and as antiquarian, he 
 quailed his cotemporaries, as his editions of 
 Horace, Anacreon, his tranflations of fome of 
 Plutarch's, his glofTary of Romaji antiquities, 
 Jind his di&iortbry of Britiih antiquities, fuffi- 
 #iently evince. From a private fchool at Tot- 
 tenham high crofs, he was elected mailer of the 
 Mercers' fchool .London, which office he 
 ably filled for more than ao years. He re- 
 flgned a little before his death, which happened 
 1723, in his 73d year. Some of his letters, 
 &c. are preferved. 
 
 Baxtxr, Andrevol a native of Old Aber- 
 deen, engaged as tutor in Scotland. As he tra- 
 velled with his pupils, he refided lbme time at 
 Utrecht, andvifited different places in France, 
 Germany, and Flanders. He married a cler- 
 gyman's daughter at Berwick, by whom he had 
 three daughters and one fon, Alexander, whofe 
 communications to the Biographia Britannrca 
 reprefent his father as a man of great learning, 
 tried integrity, candor, and humanity. He was 
 intimate with Wilkes, to whom he dedicated 
 one of his works. Of his compofitions the 
 mod valuable is his enquiry into the nature of 
 the human foul, &c. He died of a complica- 
 tion of difeafes, 175.0, aged 63. He wrote 
 kefides Matho, dialogues, &c. tranflated. 
 
 Bayard, Pierre du Terr ail, chevalier de, a 
 foldier of fortune born at Dauphine. He fol- 
 lowed Charles VHI. to the conqueft of Na- 
 ples and his heroic valor, as well as his 
 generofity and his humanity, have been cele- 
 brated. He gave back to the daughter of his 
 hoftefs at Brefcia, the 2000 piftoles which he 
 had received for the protection of the houfe, 
 and he triumphed over his paflion, in refufing 
 to offer violence to a molt beautiful woman, 
 whom poverty had fubmitted to his power. He 
 was with Francis I. at the battle of Marignan, 
 and when mortally wounded, in 1524, he feared 
 himfelf under a tree, exclaiming, that in his 
 life he had always faced the enemy, and that 
 in his death he would not turn his back upon 
 them. He was in his 48th year, 32 of which 
 had been dc-v'oted to the fervice of his king and 
 country. 
 
 Baykr, Thcophilus Sig/red, a German, 
 who after vifiting Dantzic, Berlin, and other 
 towns of Germany, fettled at Konigfberg as 
 librarian, and nine years after, 1726, went to 
 Petersburg, where he became profeffor of 
 Greek ai d Roman antiquities. Hv died there 
 in 1738, aged 44. He wrote a number of va- 
 luable diirertations. His Mufrcum Sinicum 
 in two vols. 8vo. is highly efteemed. His 
 grandfather, John, of Augfberg, was a mathe- 
 matician, chiefly known for his de-.criptioii of 
 the Ihrs in hii Uranomettiu, in r.hich he af- 
 figns the name* of the Greek letters to the 
 ftars of each conftellation. 
 
 Bayfux, N. an advocate of Caen, re- 
 warded w.th the poetical prize of th* academy 
 
 of Rouen for his ode on filial piety. He a9b 
 tranflated the Fafti of Ovid, 4 vols. 8vo. with 
 valuable notes, and wrote reflexions on the 
 reign of Trajan, in4to. He was accufed of a 
 criminal correspondence, and the maflacres of 
 September in 1 792 put an end to his life. 
 
 Bayle, Peter, born 1647, at Carla, a fmafi 
 town of Foix, was educated by his father. His 
 feruples were railed by the controversial books 
 which he perufed, and by the converfation of a 
 popifh prieft, when he attended the Jefuits* 
 college at Touloufe, and he embraced the ca- 
 tholic religion, which 18 months after he re- 
 nounced as unfupported by revelation. He 
 now was employed as tutor m three private fa- 
 milies, but this was too circumfcribed for his 
 rifing fame, and he retired to Paris, and loon 
 after was made philofophical profeflbr at Sedaa 
 by the united fuffrages of the fenate of the 
 univerfity. Here he maintained the high cha- 
 racter which he had acquired, but the caufe of 
 the protectants was not favored at the court of 
 Lewis XIV. and among other eftablilhmerrts 
 the college of Sedan was fuppreffed 1 681. 
 Bayle, thus abandoned, doubted whether he 
 mould fly to England or Holland, hut an invi- 
 tation from Rotterdam drew him to that cky, 
 where he was appointed profeiTor of rrhilofophy 
 and hiftory. In this peaceful retreat, he begat* 
 to publifh lbme of his works, which, with the 
 admiration of the learned, brought upon him 
 the refentment and envy of rivals and enemies, 
 and the eenfure of Chrittina of Sweden. This 
 princefs, who prided herfelf on her mental ac- 
 quirements, and who profefTed herfelf a catho- 
 lic, more from conviction than prejudice, ha.9 
 been alluded to by Bayle in one of his jour- 
 nals, ns the author of a letter .on the perfect;- 
 tion of the proteftants, and therefore a cor- 
 refpondence was opened with him, and he was 
 perfuaded by the queen in a letter, full of con- 
 ceited terms of high fuperiority, to apologise 
 for his expreffions, and to acknowledge her as 
 the friend of merit. His moll inveterate ene- 
 mies were JTurieu and Renaudot, and it is to 
 he lamented, that men of fcience cannot en- 
 gage in controverfy without acrimony of lan- 
 guage. He was afflicted in his latter years 
 with a decay of the lungs ; but eonfidering it 
 as an hereditary compbint, he diircgarded me- 
 dical advice. He died 1706, after writing the 
 Left part of tne day. The works of Bayie 
 are " thoughts on the comet of 1680, 4 vols. 
 I2mo. in which he introduces with much good 
 fenfe, profane and religious conditions,- 
 " nouvelles de la republique des lettres," a 
 very popular periodical work, a philofophi- 
 cal commentary on the words of our Saviour 
 lC compel them to come in," % vols, nmo. 
 " anlwers to the queftions of a provincial, 5 
 vols. i2mo." lettres ia 5 vols." and x 
 didtion;:ry " hiltorical and critical 4 vols." fo- 
 lio. Of thole works, which difplay Strength 
 of mind, deeprelearch, and vaft erudition, the 
 dictionary is the molt celebrated. In this, 
 however, Bayle gave the reins to the licpn- 
 
 tk ;uf;icl* 
 
BAY 
 
 BEA 
 
 tioufriefs of Jus idens. He \i to be 
 not only for indelicate expreflions frequently 
 introduced wi) -meis of a prurient 
 
 imagination, but for impious fentimeni 
 fo far did Jurieu prevail agahiit him, I 
 judges yielded to the truth of ti 
 tion, and called upon the ;.ut:. N I 
 expreilions, in his fecond edition, from whhti, 
 coniequently, some ofFenfive paffages were pro- , 
 perly expunged. Among the homage paid to 
 Bayle ihould be mentioned, not only the opi- : 
 nion of Voltaire, who confiders'the dictionary 
 as a book where a man may learn to think, bt.it . 
 the decree of the parliament of Touloufe. 
 When his relations wifned to cancel the will 
 that he had made in Holland, as not valid in 
 France, Senaux one of his judges, with the in- 
 dignation of a man of humanity, exclaimed, 
 that the learned were citizens of all countries, 
 ad that he ought not to he branded with the 
 name of foreigner, in whole birth and writings 
 France had fo much realon to glory. In his 
 private character Bayle was liberal and difin- 
 terelted, he was fond of independence, and 
 maintained his principles under perfeeution and 
 in diftrefs. His various compositions, befides I 
 the dictionary, have been published in 4 vols. ; 
 folio. Des Maifea,ux has written his life. 
 
 Bayle y, AnfdlfKy minor canon of St. Paul's 
 and "Weftminlter, and fubdean of the chapel 
 royal, was educated at Chrilt Church, Oxford. \ 
 He died 1794. He was author of lbme uleful 
 publications, the antiquity, confidence, and 
 certainty of Chriftisnitv, cinvaffed, on Dr. 
 Middkton's examination of the biihop of 
 London's difcourfes on prophecy practical ' 
 treatife on fingfrig, 9c& a complete grammar 
 of the Eneliih language a grammar of the 
 Hebrew, with and without points theoldtcf- 
 tament Hebrew and Lnglilh, with remarks, 4 
 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Bayly, l,e-^h, a native of Caermarthen, ' 
 educated at Oxford, and made biihop of Ban- ; 
 gor in 161 6. He is author of " the practice : 
 of piety," which in 1734 reached the 59th , 
 edition. The biihop died 1 634, leaving four funs. ! 
 
 Bayly, Tb&nat\ Ion of the preceding, was 
 educated at Cambridge. He was with Chailc-s 
 at Oxford, and defended with lord Worcelter 
 Ragland cattle; after which he retired to the 
 continent, where he became a pa pi ft, and pub- 
 lished fome BOtttToverfial tracts. He died in 
 great poverty in Italy, in an oblcure hofpital. j 
 
 Bayly, Nathan, was author of an Lngtijh I 
 dictionary, and oi fome other works. 
 
 Baynard, Aunt, daughter of a phvfician 
 of eminence, was born at Prelion, Lancafhire, 
 1672. As the was well inltructed in claflical 
 literature, fhc wrote Latin with great eafe and 
 fluency. She died 1697. 
 
 Ba y n e s, fir TbomaJ, int. profelfor of mufic 
 in Grefham college, was educated at Chriit's 
 College Cambridge, and accompanied fir John 
 Finch to Italy and Turkey. He died at Con* 
 ftantinople i>, ..t 59, and was loon 
 
 d 10 the grave by his Itiead lir John. 
 
 They both together left munificent donatio 
 of 4C00I. to Chriit's college. 
 
 Baynes, JeLn, was born at Middlehai 
 Yorkfbjrq, end educated at Richmond fcho 
 iroxn whence tiq paded to Trinity college Can 
 ; budge. At the age of 20 he obtained the m 
 , dais for the belt exereifes on mathematical ai 
 claHical lhbjects. He entered at Gray's in 
 , and efpoufed, with all the eagernefs of a youi 
 man, the politics of the times, and he fto< 
 : forth a vehement champion of reform at Y01 
 in 1 779. His abilities were dil played not on 
 by his lpeeches as a member of the conftit 
 tional fociety, but his poetical talents fanm 
 the flame of party. It is difficult to afcerta 
 what he wrote, but the Condon Courant amoi 
 other papers owed its fame for fome time 
 his exertions, and he has been confidered 
 author of the archaeological eyurlle to de; 
 Milles. In his friendfhip Baynes was wan 
 zealous, and fincere, and at all times a ftroi 
 advocate for his favorite liberty. He was a 
 tacked by a fever, haftened it is fuppofed 1 
 exceffive application, and after three days' i! 
 nets he expired 1787, aged 29. 
 
 Bazire, Claude, a native of Dijon, who 
 the revolution railed to infamous celebrity, 
 the national affembly and in the convention 1 
 fhone for violent meafures, and as the tool 
 the Jacobins he inveighed indecently agair 
 the king, and propolbd a law to fet a price < 
 la Fayette. At lalt Robeipierre, tired wi 
 his bloody fen-ices, cauled him to be coi 
 demned, and he fufFered with Damon 179 
 aged 30. 
 
 Be, Guillaume /<?, an engraver and Iett 
 founder at Troyes. In 1545, at the age of 2 
 after feeing the manner of compofing types, 
 the houfe of Robert Stephens, he went to V 
 nice, where he cut punches for the Hebre 
 printing houfe of Juitiniani. He returned 
 Paris, where he died 1598, aged 73. His li 
 Henry was a printer of refpec c tability at Par 
 and his fons and grandfons were equally em 
 nent in the fame profefiion. 
 
 Beacon, Thomas, a divine educated 
 Cambridge, and the firlt who wrote again 
 bowing at the name of Jefus. He retired I 
 Germany, under Mary, and wrote a conlbl 
 tory epiltle to the persecuted protectant*. Ui 
 de* Elizabeth he obtained a prebend at Cat 
 terbury. Of his works his " de ccena domin; 
 alone was in Latin in 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Bkai.e, Mary, was born in Suffolk, ar 
 diilingui;iied herfelf as a portrait painter in a 
 water colors, and crayons. She copied 1 
 Peter Lely's and Vandyke's portraits, and w; 
 little inferior to her contemporaries. She die 
 I$97i -'ged 66, leaving two Ions, who for forr 
 time Itudied painting. One of them aftei 
 wards Itudied phytic under Sydenham, an 
 practilld at Coventry. 
 
 Bea uu, John, known for his eminence ; 
 
 an actor, was brought Up.in the king's chape 
 
 and at Camions in the duke of Chandos' ch. 
 
 pel. Le tint appeared a; Drwy-lane in fir . 
 
 Lowul 
 
BEA 
 
 BEA 
 
 Loveiule in the " de-. il to pay," 1737. **'* 
 his fuccefs was interrupted for a few years, by 
 his marriage with Henrietta, daughter of the 
 earl of Waldegrave. He afterwards exchanged 
 Drury-iane for Covent-garden. His wife died 
 1753, and fix years after, he married the 
 daughter of Mr. Rich, whom he Succeeded in 
 the management of Covent-garden. In 1759, 
 he appeared in the character of Macheath, 
 and divided the applauies of the town for 52 
 fucceffive nights, with Mil's Brent in Polly. In 
 1768 he retired from the flagc, and died -hat 
 ve3r, in His 74W year, refpected for his pri- 
 vate character. 
 
 Beaton or Beton, David, archbifhop of 
 St. Andrew's, was born 149.1, and educated at 
 St. Andrew's and Paris. In 1528 he was 
 made lord privy leal, and fome vears after he 
 was employed in negotiating the king of Scot, 
 land's marriage with Magdalen of Fiance, and 
 afterwards that with Mary daughter of the 
 duke of Guife. Not only the Scots but Henry 
 VIII. himfelf grew jealous of his influence, and 
 when he was raifed to the rank of cardinal and 
 the primacy of Scotland, the Englifh monarch 
 lent an ambafTador to king James, to insinuate 
 the deep and perfidious Schemes which he me- 
 ditated in favor of the catholic caut'e. James 
 however was deaf to the representations of 
 Henrv, the cardinal fummoned heretics be- 
 fore him, and directed his refentment particu- 
 larly againft fir John Borthwick the favorite of 
 the king of England, and George Buchanan, 
 iiluihious as a poet and hillorian. The death 
 of James checked the career of Beaton, who 
 u'pired to the regency, but the envied power 
 was veiled in the hands of Arran, and himfelf 
 confined in Ulacknefs caftle. His intrigues li- 
 berated him, he was reconciled to the regent, 
 and again vented his perlecution againft the 
 proteflants. Among thole who Suffered was 
 Qcorge Wifhart, who was precipitately tried, 
 condemned, and burnt as a heretic at St. An- 
 drew's, in the prefence of his perfecutor. 
 This inhuman deed roufed the indignation of 
 the kingdom, and the cardinal's pride kindled 
 a formidable confpiracy. He rejected a peti- 
 tion of the lbn of lord Rothes, and the in- 
 dignant youth bound his family to relent the 
 inl'ult. The prelate was attacked in his caftle, 
 his Servants were fecured, and the firlt found 
 that awoke hira from his fleep were threats 
 againft his life. He opened his door up-i pro- 
 mises that no violence Should be offered to his 
 perfon, but the fatal ftab was given by James 
 Melvil, with a cool ferocity, which, while it in- 
 fulted the bleeding victim, profanely called 
 upon the God of peace to witnefs the revenge 
 of Wilhart's innocence. This was in 1546. 
 
 Beaton, James, nephew of the archbifhop, 
 was raifed to the fee of GlaSgow before his 
 *jth year. At the reformation in 1560, he 
 fled to France with the records, &c. of his ca- 
 thedral, which he prefented to the Scotch col- 
 lege of Paris. He left a MSS. hiftory of 
 Scotland, and died 1603, aged 73. 
 
 EEATRix, k daughter of the count of Bur- 
 gundy, married Frederic I. in 1156. It is 
 laid (hat ihe was iniulted, by the people of Mi- 
 lan, ai.d that the emperor revenged her bj 
 the deitruciion of the piace, and the ignomi- 
 nious punifhni' nt of the inhabitants. 
 
 Eeattie, James, a Scotch poet, bom in 
 Kincardinlhiie. He was educated at Aber- 
 deen, and afterwards undertook the care of 
 Alloa, School in Fifefhire. He removed to 
 Aberdeen grammar fchool as afliftant, and 
 married the daughter of the head mailer. His 
 miulhel, begun in 1771, and finiihed in three 
 years, procured him the patronage of lord Er- 
 rol, and the piofefTorflup of moral philoso- 
 phy and logic in the Marifchal college of 
 Aberdeen, with a penfion of 200I. from the 
 king. Soon after he vifited London, where 
 he was received by Dr. Johnfon, Dr. Por- 
 teus, and other literary characters, with aH 
 the refpel due to merit and virtue. He died 
 1803. Befides his elegant poem of themin- 
 ltrel, he publifhed a fmall volume of poems 
 and tranfhtions 1760, the judgment of Pa- 
 ris 1765,- an eflay on the nature and im- 
 mutability of truth, in oppofition to Scphiftry 
 and fcepticifm, 1 7 70, a work of great merit, 
 and fo forcible againft David Hume's doc- 
 trines that he never heard the name of Eeatfie 
 mentioned without emotions difTertations 
 moral and critical in 4to. 1783, the evidences 
 of the Chriltian religion in two fmall volumes, 
 written at the reque.t of his friend the biihop 
 of London, &c. 
 
 Beattik, James Hay, fon of the above, 
 was born ;t Aberdeen 1768. At the age of 
 13 he entered at theMniifchal college where 
 he took his mailer's decree in 1 786, and be- 
 fore- he was 19, he was appointed by the king 
 aififlant profeflbr of moral philofop.hy and lo- 
 gic. To the mildeft manners he united the 
 profoundell devotion ; he always carried about 
 him a pocket bib2e and a Greek new tella- 
 ment. He was carried off by a nervous atro- 
 phy, 1790, to the great grief of his father 
 and of the univerlity. His father published 
 a fmall volume of his poetry in 1799, and 
 gave a pleafing account of his lamented Ion, 
 of whom he obierves that he never found 
 fault with him more than three or four times 
 in his life. He had imprefied early upon his 
 mind the rules of morality, and particularly 
 to fpeak the truth and keep a fecret, and, I 
 never found, lays the afiheted father, that in 
 a Single inftance he tranlgrelled either, 
 
 Beatus RiiENA-Nius, publilhed, among 
 other claflical works, the hiitory of Veil. Pa- 
 terculus, the works of Tertullian witli valuable 
 notes, and other pieces, &c. He died 1547, 
 
 Beau, John Leivis Ic, a profefior of Paris, 
 who wrote a diScourSe on the dangers which 
 attend literary men from poverty and from 
 opulence. He publ'illied Homer in Greek 
 and Latin, % vols. 1746, aod Cicero's orations 
 with annotations, 3- vols. 1753, and died 1766, 
 
 ag e< * 45- 
 
 Be/u, 
 
BfcA 
 
 BEA 
 
 Featj, Charles le, elder Brother of the pre- 
 j, was profeflor of belles lettres at Paris, 
 and like Rollin he enjoyed and deferved the 
 eneration of a great number of refpeclable 
 pupils. Befides contributions to the memoires 
 of the academy, he wrote an hiftory of the 
 lower empire, in 22 vols. i2mo. He died 
 1778, aged 77. His opera latina were edited 
 3 vols. iamo. 
 
 Beaucaire de Pequtllon, Francois,bi- 
 (hop cf Metz, wrote, befides his treatife des 
 enfans morts dans le fein de Ieur mere rerum 
 Gallic, commentaria, from 1461 to 1562, and 
 died IJ91. In his hiftory of France, which 
 appeared after his death, he is too partial to 
 the Guifes, but otherwise he is correct and 
 elegant. 
 
 BeauCHAMP, Richard^ earl cf War-wick, 
 2 brave general who was at the council of 
 Conftance, and died at Rouen in Normandy 
 1439, a 6 ed 5 8 - 
 
 Bzauchamps, Pierre Francois Godard de, 
 was born at Paris, where he died 1 761, aged 
 72. Befides translations of Rhodantis & Do- 
 riclis, and of the loves cf Ifmene and Iime- 
 Bias, Sec. Le wrote u lettres d' Heloife & d' 
 Abelard," and refeaches fur les theatres de 
 .France, in 3 vols. 
 
 Beauchateau, Franc. Maithieu Chatelei 
 de, Ion of a player, born 1645, was diftin- 
 guifhed as a poet, and early noticed by the 
 mother of Lewis XIV. &c. At 12 he pub- 
 lished fome of his poems, called la lyre du 
 jeune Apollon, and coming over to England 
 he was admired by Cromwell. He travelled 
 into Perfia, where it is fuppofed that he died, 
 as no intelligence was ever after heard of him. 
 Beaver, John, a Benedictine of Weft- 
 minfter abbey, in the 14th century, author 
 of a manufciipt chronicle of Britilh affairs 
 from Brutus to his own time. 
 
 Beaufort, Margaret, daughter of John 
 Beaufort duke of Somerfet, the grandibn of 
 John of Gaunt, was born in Bedfordshire, in 
 I44L She became mother of Henry VII. 
 fcy Edmund Tudor earl of Richmond ; after 
 whole death fhe married fir Henry Stafford : 
 and for her third hufband fhe took Thomas 
 earl of Derby. She founded the colleges of 
 Chrift and St. John, Cambridge. She died 
 15C9. 
 
 BEAnroUT, Henry, brother of Henry IV. 
 cf England, was fucceffively bifhop of Lincoln 
 and afterwards of WincheUcr, chancellor of 
 England, a cardinal and legate in Germany. 
 Ho crowned, in 143 1, Henry VI. in die me- 
 troj'clitnnchwrch of Paris. He died 1447. 
 
 BEAUFORT, Francois Vendome due de, fon 
 of Cafar duke of Vendome, was born at Pa- 
 ris 16 1 6. He w;ts imprifonr-d for oonlpiring 
 againft MMiiin, and attempted iu vain to ex- 
 cite 3 rebel!; n. he a'-qviir*>d celebrity in 
 the civil irate, ind againft the Turks in Africa, 
 and aftrtw.uU'. ac the liege of Candia, where 
 he was Cain, in i66y. 
 
 Beavf&ht, Lt-u.i: de, author of the hif- 
 
 tory of Germanicus, of a dhTertation on the 
 uncertainty of the five firft ages of the Ro- 
 man republic, of a hiftory of the Roman re- 
 public, Sec. was member of the London royal 
 fociety ; and died at Maeftricnt 1795. 
 
 Beaulieu, N. baron de, an Auftrian ge- 
 neral, diftinguifhed in quelling fhe insurrection 
 of the Brabanters in 1789, and afterwards 
 againft Biron, the French general. In 1796 
 he commanded the Auftrian armies in Italy, 
 but funk before the good fortune of Bona- 
 parte, and after lofing the battles of Monte- 
 notte, Millefimo, Mondovi, Sec. he refigned 
 his power to Wurmfer, and died foon after. 
 
 Beaumarcuais, Peter Augujlin Caron de, 
 fon of a clock maker, was born at Paris 173a. 
 He was brought up to his father's profeffion, 
 and invented a new efcapement in the ma- 
 chinery of a watch, which was difputed with 
 him by another artift, but honorably adjudged 
 to him. He was alfo eminent as a mufician, 
 and was noticed by the fifters of Lewis XV. 
 and liberally patronifed for the part which 
 he fupported in their private concerts. Upon 
 the breaking out of the revolution, he fled to 
 Holland, and then to England ; but after- 
 wards returned to France, and was imprilbned. 
 Liberated with difficulty from the abbaye, he 
 died fuddenly, in 1799, aged 69. He wrote 
 memoires contre Goefman, &c. memoire in 
 anfwer to W. Kornman, Eugenie, a drama, 
 the two friends, a play, the barber of Se- 
 ville, a comedy, the marriage of Figaro, 
 Tarare, an opera, la mere coupable, Sec. 
 Thele plays, and his great and indefatigable 
 activity, contributed much to render him in- 
 dependent and rich. 
 
 Bkaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, a 
 native of Valleraugues, honorably treated in 
 Denmark, and afterwards at Berlin, where 
 he became acquainted with Voltaire. On his 
 return to Paris, 1753, he was confined in the 
 baftille for his book called" mespenfees;" but 
 he was reftored to liberty, and retired to Tou- 
 loufe. He was afterwards librarian to the 
 king ; but a dropfy in the cheft rapidly ter- 
 minated his ufeful career, 1773, in his 46th 
 year. His moft valuable works are, the me- 
 moirs of mad. Maintenon, 6 vols, ramo. 
 letters to Voltaire a commentary on the 
 Henriade a defence of the fpirit of laws, &e. 
 He poffeffed the powers of wit and fatire in 
 a ref;jtable degree ; but it is to be lamented 
 that his personalities were fo illiberal againft 
 Voltaire, whom, in fpite of his quarrel, he ftill 
 refpedted and efteemed. 
 
 BEAUMONT,/Ir John, Con of Francis Beau- 
 mont, one of the judges of queen Elizabeth, 
 retired from Oxford, to his native county, 
 Leicefterfhire. He was knighted by king 
 Charles, and died 1628, aged 46. He wrote 
 the " crown of thorns," a poem, in 8 books 
 Bolworth-field, &c. befides fome tranflations 
 from Horace, Perfius, Virgil, &c. 
 
 Beaumont, Francis, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, ftudied at Cambridge and the Inner 
 
 Tern- 
 
BEA 
 
 BEC 
 
 Temple. His dramatic pieces, compofed in 
 conjunction with Fletcher, acquired great ce- 
 lebrity, and though he did not reach his 30th 
 year before he paid the debt of nature, 1615, 
 the correctness of his judgment, his tafte, 
 and his genius, have immortalized his name 
 as a poet. He was intimate with Ben Jon- 
 fon, who Submitted his piece* to his criticizing 
 eve. His works are publiihed with thole of 
 Fletcher. 
 
 Beaumont, "Jofeph, fucceflively mailer 
 ef Jefus college and Peter-houle, Cambridge, 
 was author of Plyche, or love's myftery, in 
 24 cantos, an allegorical poem, much admired. 
 He wrote observations on More's apology, 
 <fcc. and died 1699, aged 84. 
 
 Beaumont de Perefix, Hardtuin,arc\\- 
 bifhop of Paris, wrote a valuable hiftory of 
 Henry IV. for the ufe of Lewis XIV. to 
 whom he was preceptor. He difplayed with 
 fidelity and elegance, the great virtues of his 
 hero. He died 1670. 
 
 Beaumont, mad. U Prince de, a lively 
 writer, whofe works, in the form of romances, 
 letters, memoirs, &c.were intended to improve 
 youth in morality and religion. She was born 
 at Rouen, 1 711, and died at Aimed, 1786. 
 
 Beau mo nt, Ellas de, of Carentan, in Nor- 
 mandy, was brought up to the bar; but 
 though he pofTeSTed great powers of mind, he 
 unfortunately was not blefled with the gift of 
 pleafing elocution. The memoire which he 
 wrote on the Calas had a moil powerful ef- 
 fect over the French nation. He wrote be- 
 fides various other memoires of merit. He 
 tiied at Paris 1 785. His wife wrote an in- 
 teresting novel, called lettres du marquis de 
 Roll lie, nnio. and died 1783. 
 
 Bk.aune, Jacques de, a minifter of the pri- 
 or: . binder Francis I. He was obliged by 
 threats to give to the queen-mother the 
 300,000 crowns which had been promifed to 
 Lautrec for the defence of the Milanefe, 
 and when the expedition failed he was accufed 
 of speculation. In his juftiiication, he informed 
 the king of the application of the money ; but 
 the queen-mother perfidioufly obtained the 
 receipts from his Secretary, and the unfortu- 
 nate minifter having nothing to produce in 
 h:s defence, was condemned, and executed, 
 
 Beau rain, Jean de, a native of Aix en 
 I Mart, known as a negociator and a geographer. 
 He was at the age of 25, geographer to Lewis 
 XV. for whom he compofed a curious per- 
 petual almanac. His topographical defcrip- 
 tion of the campaigns of Luxemburg from 1690 
 to 1694, in 3 vols. fol. were highly valued. 
 He died at Paris 177 1, aged 75. 
 < Be a u rieu, Gafpard Guillard de, a French 
 writer, born in Artois 1 7 28, died at Paris 
 I79. 1 )- He was eccentric in his drefs and cha- 
 racter, though in his conversation he was lively, 
 witty, and entertaining. He wrote various 
 things, the heft known of which are l'eleve de 
 la nature, the pupil of nature, z vols. 8vo. 
 
 
 often reprinted cours d'hifloire naturelle, 
 7 vols. i2mo. &c. 
 
 Beausobre, ffaac de, a proteflant cf Niort, 
 who fled to Berlin for tearing the king's fig- 
 net from the door of a reformed church, which 
 he was forbid. ien to enter. The king of 
 Pruffia efteemed him, and he deferved his con- 
 fidence by his erudition, and the fpirit and 
 morality of his difcouries. Of his writings the 
 moll elleemed was his hiftory of the Mani- 
 chaeans, 2 vols, a work praifed by Gibbon. 
 He died 1738, aged 79. Fie wrote befides a 
 defence of the reformation a translation of 
 the New Teftament, with notes, &c. 
 
 Beausoere, Louis de, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Berlin. He wrete philofophical 
 dhTertations on fire, " les ibiiges d'epicure," 
 &c. He died of an apoplexy, 1783, a^cd ^t>' 
 
 Beauvais, Guillaume, a native of Dun- 
 kirk, author of a hiitorv of the Roman em- 
 perors by medals, 3 vols. i2mo. He died 
 at Orleans, 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Beauvais, Charles Nicolas, a native of 
 Orleans, known as a violent and Seditious 
 member of the national aftembly and of the 
 convention. He died at Montpellier, 1704, 
 He wrote eHkys hiftoriques fur Orleans, 8vo. 
 description topographique du inont Olivet, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Beauze'e, N.'i-olas, author of an univer- 
 sal grammar, or expoiitL>n of the. elements of 
 languages, 2 vols. Svo. of an eipofiltion of 
 the historical prqofs of religion, and other 
 works, was member of the academy, and pro- 
 feffor of grammar in the military School. He 
 was born at Verdun, and died at Paris, 1789, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Blbele, Htrry, a native of Juftingen, 
 in Swabia, profeiibr of eloquence at Tubin- 
 gen. He was an able Latin Scholar, and re- 
 ceived the poetical crown, in 1501, from 
 Maximilian t, Befides" opufcula L'ebeliana," 
 he wrote tracls, &c. 
 
 Beccadelli, Lewis, a native of Bologna, 
 who followed the fortunes of cardinal Pole, 
 of whom he wrote an account, in Latin. He 
 was ambafTador at Venice and AugSburg, 
 and had the care of Ferdinand ion of Colin I. 
 duke of Tuicany. He reSigned the archbi- 
 shopric of RaguSa ; but was disappointed in his 
 expectations to Succeed to Pifa. He died 157a, 
 aged 80. He wrote a life of Petrarch, in Italian. 
 
 Beccadelli, Antonio, a native of Palermo, 
 profeiibr of belles lettres at Pav a. He was 
 crowned with the poetic laurel by Sigifmund, 
 1432, and died at Naples 1471, aged 97. 
 His epifties, &c. were printed at Venice 1453. 
 He wrote altb a book on the fhyings and ac- 
 tions of Alphonfo king of Arragon ; and was 
 fo partial to Livy, that he fold n eftate to 
 purchaie a copy of the historian. 
 
 Beccafumi, Dominique, a Shepherd of Si- 
 enna, whofe abilities were obferved and en- 
 couraged by Beccafumi, one of his country- 
 men. In gratitude he exchanged the name <A 
 his family, Mecarino, for that uf his bene- 
 I After. 
 
BEC 
 
 
 
 fhclor. He died at Genoa, 1549, aged' 65. 
 His St. Sebaftian is much admired. 
 
 Beccari, Aupujiinc, a native of Ferrara, 
 the firit Italian who wrote paftorals. His " il 
 iacrificio" appeared 1555. He died 1560. 
 
 Beccaria, John Baptijl, a learned monk 
 of Mondovi, a teacher of philofophy and ma- 
 thematics at Palermo, Rome, &c. He wrote 
 differtatic'.is on electricity, and an eflay on the 
 caufe of ftorms, Sec. He died at Turin, 1 781. 
 
 Bkcc <\ki A Jarr.e-s Ba tholohieiv , a native 
 of Bononia, who ftudied medicine, and became 
 profeflbr of natural' philofophy at Bononia. 
 As a medical reader he acquire ' opulence and 
 fame. His publications on philosophical and 
 medical iubjefts were numerous, fo that his 
 opinion was courted by the learned of Europe, 
 and his name enrolled among their moft re- 
 fpeclable focieties. Beccaria ftudied the di- 
 feafes of the temper as well as thofe of the 
 body ; and by perfeverance he converted a 
 four difpofition to mildnefs and plaeid compo- 
 sure. He died 1766, aged 84. 
 
 Beccaria, Cafar Bonefana viarquts, an 
 Italian philofopher. He published a treatife 
 on crimes and punishments, which proved a 
 popular work, and was translated into various 
 languages difquifitions on the nature of ftrie, 
 &c. He died 1 795, aged 75. 
 Eeccuti, Frsncis. an Italian pcef, profeflbr 
 of law in his native town of Perugia. He 
 died 15CO, aged 44. He is known by his 
 burlefque poetry, in imitation of Berni. 
 
 Eecerra, Gjfpard, a Spanish fculptor and 
 painter in frefco, the pupil' of Raphael. His 
 beft piece is a virgin, made by order of Ifabdla 
 of Valois. He died 15 70. * 
 
 Becker, John Joachim, Successively phy- 
 lician to the electors of Mentz and Bavaria; 
 died at London 1685, aged 40. He pofTcffed 
 great genius, and his discoveries in chemillry 
 and mechanics were many and important ; 
 but thefe were obfeured by impetuous paSTions, 
 which raifed him enemies, and obliged him to 
 fly from Germany for an afylum in Britain. 
 His publications were feven in number, on 
 philofophical fubje&s, the chief of which is 
 phyfica fubterranea, Sec. 
 
 Becker, Daniel, a phyfician of the elector 
 of Brandenburg, who died in his native city 
 of Konigfberg 1760, aged 43. He was author 
 of commentarius de theriaca, &e. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Becket, Tlr.mas, was born at London, 
 II to, and educated at Merton abbey, in Sur- 
 rey, and afterwards at Oxford and Paris. He 
 paffed to Bononia, in Italy, where he ftudied 
 civil law, and embraced the ecclefiaftical pro- 
 feflion, and was made by Henry II. chancellor, 
 115$. As a courtier, Becket afllimed all the 
 gaiety of the rimer, and when he attended the 
 king to Touhr.fc, he maintained in his train 
 I20O horfe, befide's 700 knight^ or gentlemen. 
 On the vacancy of Canterbury, Bee' 
 railed to the fee, but, by : Seals of 
 
 chancellor, he offended the king ; and his 
 baught'mcis, and the high tone in which he 
 
 aflerted the privileges of the church, further 
 widened the breach. Henry wifhed for a 
 community of laws, but Becket refufed to 
 reprefs the disorders of his clergy by fuffering 
 them to be tried hi the i'aA->e manner as the 
 laity, and though he aflenced to the constitu- 
 tions of Clarendon, he retracted' his acquies- 
 cence, and rxfigned his office at the feet of the 
 pope, who pot only forgave, by reinftating him, 
 but efpoufed his caufe. and annulled the de- 
 cree* Henry, difpleafed with the conduct of 
 Becket, banifhed his adherents, ana lent them 
 in disgrace to their exiled mafter. After a 
 while, the haughty prelate condescended to fee 
 his Sovereign 1167, but broke off the confer- 
 ence, becaufe Henry refufed to give him die 
 kits of peace. In 1169, another meeting took 
 place on the confines of Normandy, and a re- 
 conciliation was effected, and the king, in proof 
 cf his Sincerity, held the bridle of Becket's 
 horfe while he mounted and dilmounted twice. 
 On his return the primate reful'ed fo reftore 
 the excommunicated bifhops ; and fo irritated 
 was Henry on hearing this, that he exclaimed, 
 " he was an unhappy prince, Since none of his 
 followers had either Spirit or gratitude to re- 
 venge his wrongs on i'o infolent a prieft." The 
 words animated four of his courtiers, who 
 failed for England, and dafhed out the prelate's 
 brains before the altar of his cathedral, 11 71. 
 The murderers fled, and to expiate their 
 crimes, undertook a pilgrimage to Jerufalem, 
 where they died. The news of Becket's death 
 alarmed Henry, who not only exculpated him- 
 feif before the pope, but performed penance 
 at the fhrine of the murdered prieft, and, after 
 palling the night on the cold pavement in pe- 
 nitence and prayer, he Suffered bhnfelf to be 
 fcourged! by the monks. To his death and 
 not to his virtues Becket was indebted for 
 thefe honors. He not only became a faint by 
 the indulgence of the church, but numerous 
 miracles were wrought at his tomb. 1 he Spot 
 was vifited by thoufands with religious awe, 
 and the lhrine of the feint was adorned with 
 whatever was moft eoltly and valuable in the 
 kingdom. 
 
 Beckingham, Charles, an eminent dra- 
 matic writer, two of whole pieces, Henry IV. 
 of France, and Scipio Africanus, were acted 
 before he completed his aoth year. He died 
 1730, aged 1%. 
 
 Beckington, Thomas, a nrtive of So- 
 merfetShire, in the fifteenth century, author 
 of a book about the rights of the English 
 monarchs in France. He was of New col- 
 lege, and bimop of Bath and Wells. 
 
 Bed a, Noel, an cccleSiaftic, born in Picar- 
 dy, and raifed to the headship of the college 
 of Montaign. His attack on Erafmus was fa 
 fevcre that the offended fcholar convidted him 
 of aliening 181 lies, 210 calumnies, and 47 
 blafphemies. It was by his influence that the 
 i not pronounce in favor of tha 
 vlfl. He died in exile, in 
 the abbey of Mount St. Micluel, tJ37- 
 
 Bio A, 
 
feED 
 
 BEG. 
 
 Bkda, or Bede, furnamed tlie Venerable, 
 was born at Wearmouth or Jarrow, in the 
 tounty of Durham. His time was devoted to 
 the fevereft ftudies, and his name became Co 
 Jrefpeclable, that pope Sergius in vain fclicited 
 his pretence at Rome. Confinement and ap- 
 plication at laft overpowered his conftitution ; 
 bur though laboring under the complicated 
 height of a confumption and an afthma, he 
 ^continued oecafionally to impart inftruttion to 
 the monks of the monaftery, till he expired, 
 735, aged 63. Of his writings, all in Latin, 
 the moll celebrated were his ecelefiaftical hii- 
 tory from the time of Julius Casfar to his own 
 age, collected from the annals of convents and 
 ancient chronicles his commentaries on fcrip- 
 tures, &c. Though he pofTeffed all the puerile 
 credulity of the times, and indulged in the 
 relation of legendary miracles, he wrote with 
 iurprifing facility, but without elegance, art, 
 j>urity, or reflection. He was, according to 
 Camden and others, a man of fuperior powers 
 .of mind, and he fhone like a meteor in the 
 darknefs of a barbarous age. So valuable 
 "were his writings considered that a council 
 ordered them to be publicly read in churches. 
 Bedell, William, a prelate, born 15 70, 
 at Black Notley, in Effex. He ftudied at 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, refided upon the 
 living of St. Edmunfbury, Suffolk, and five 
 years after, 1604, he went to Venice, as 
 chaplain to the ambaffador fir Henry Wotton. 
 During a refidence of eight years here, he 
 ftudied Hebrew, and formed a friendly and 
 intimate acquaintance with Paul Sarpi, and 
 others celebrated for their learning and piety. 
 On his return home he was prefented to 
 , Horingfheath, and i% years after elected pro- 
 . volt of Trinity college, Dublin, and two years 
 after was raifed to the fee of Kilmore and 
 Ardagh. In this (ration Bedell behaved with 
 that iirong fenfe of propriety which his private 
 manners fo much promifed. He exhorted his 
 clergy to exemplary conduct and refidence. 
 His ordinations were public and folemn, ex- 
 ample was made to go hand in hand with 
 . profemon in the great bufinefs of religion, and 
 in a fynod of his clergy fome canons were 
 enacted, excellent and conciliatory. A ftrong 
 advocate for the churchj he always abhorred 
 the perfecution of the papifts, and fupported 
 the julTLe of his caufe by the arms of meek 
 perfuafion, not of virulent compulfion. The 
 liturgy as well as the bible were tranflated into 
 Iriib, and every method purfued which might 
 enlighten the minds of an uncivilized pea- 
 fantrj. So much meeknefs did not go v.n- 
 applauded; when the country was torn by 
 -rebellion in 1641, the bishop's palace was the 
 only habitation in the county of Cv, 
 remained unviolated- Malice however pfet- 
 vaiLd; the rebels, who had declared that the 
 Englishman driven 
 from trie country, demanded the unfortunate 
 roof for refuge, and 
 fam g lus refu&L, he and 
 
 his fam'ly were feized. The horrors of con- 
 finement, and more particularly the misfor- 
 tunes of his country, broke his heart, he 
 expired 1641, in the houfe of Sheridan, a 
 proteflant, to whofe care he had been en- 
 trufted. His memory received unufual ho- 
 nors from the rebels, who, in a large body 
 accompanied his remains, and fired over his 
 grave in the church-yard of Kilmore, with all 
 the homage due to a worthy man, a pious 
 chriftian, and an exemplary prelate. 
 
 Bederic, Henry, a monk, about 1380. 
 He was born at St. Edmundlbury, Suffolk, and 
 for his learning was honored with the degree 
 of doctor of the Sorbonne, and chofen pro- 
 vincial of the Auguftin order in England. 
 
 Bedford, Hilkiah, a quaker of Lincoln- 
 fhire, who fettled as ftationer in London. His 
 fon of the* fame name was educated at St. 
 John's, Cambridge ; but though patronifed by 
 the earl of Winchelt'ea, the politics of the 
 revolution deprived him of his benefice in 
 Lincqlnfhire. He was fined 1000 marks for 
 publishing "The hereditary right of the crown 
 of England aliened," though the real author 
 was Harbin, a nonjuring prieft, whom his 
 friendship thus protefted. ' He wrote an an- 
 fwer to Fontenelle's oracles and Dr. Barwick's 
 life, tranflated from the Latin, &c. and died 
 1724, aged 61. 
 
 Bedford, Thomas, fecond fon of Hilkiah, 
 was educated at Weftminfter fchool, and St 
 John's, Cambridge, and he acquired fome re- 
 putation among the nonjurors at Compton, 
 Derbyshire, where he died 1773, in good cir- 
 .cumftances and much refpefted. In his earlier 
 years he was chaplain at Angiers, in France, 
 in the family of fir John Cotton, hart, and he 
 prepared for the preTs an edition of Simeon 
 of Durham's hiftory. He wrote alfo an hiflo- 
 rical catechifm. 
 
 Bedford, John duhe of, third Con of 
 Henry IV. the general of the Englifh armies 
 in France, during the minority of Henry VI. 
 defeated the French fleet in feveral encounters 
 efpecially near Southampton, and routed the. 
 duke of Alengon. He died at Rouen, 1435. 
 When fome courtiers ndvifed Charles VI if. 
 of France, to demoKfh the monument of thti 
 noble foreigner, the monarch arifwered, <c Suf- 
 fer to fleep in peace the afihes of a man who 
 when alive made all France tremble." 
 
 Ke'dlok, ".' --,/, a low adventurer, whom 
 the ruccefs of Oates animated to the difcovery 
 of a pretended popi h plot, for which the com- 
 mons voted him 500/. The plav called " The 
 excommunicated prince," is alcribed to him. 
 He died 1680. 
 
 Br.ciA, Cornelius, a Dutch painter born at 
 Haerlem. His Iandfcapes, cattle, and conver- 
 fations, were much admired. During a pfagfee 
 he fell a viclim to his ittentiori to his mUhefs, 
 is attacked -by the diPeafe i664> in his 
 4Jth y. 
 
 \^v.Gzx, % lmircnc, of Reidelber.^, vfas libra- 
 rian to the y'leSor of Brandenburg. He pub- 
 I % - lulled 
 
BEL 
 
 BEL 
 
 by the king of France. He died at Paris, 
 X734, aged 60. 
 
 Belleau, Remi, one of the feven poets 
 Called the pleiades of France, lived in the fa- 
 mily of Renatus of Lorraine, lie excelled as 
 a paftoral writer, and in his tranflations of 
 Anacreon he preferved all the beauties and 
 e.ile of the original. His poem on the nature, 
 &c. of precious ftones is much admired. He 
 died at Paris 1577, aged 49. 
 
 Beilecour, Colfon, a diftinguifhed actor 
 on the French ftage, who died 1786. His 
 wife, who iurvived him till 1799, was equally 
 celebrated, particularly in the low characters 
 of Moliere's comedies. 
 
 Eelleforet, Francis de, a native of 
 Guienne, who ftudied at Bourdeaux and Tou- 
 louie, and palTed to Paris, where he was ho- 
 nored with the friendship of the learned and 
 the great. His hiftory of the ninth Charles 
 of France, his universal hiflory of the world, 
 his annals or general hiftory of France, are 
 the mod known of his works. He died at 
 Paris 1583, aged 53. 
 
 Bellenden, William, a Scotchman, maf- 
 ter of the requefts to James VI. and humanity 
 profeflbr at Paris. He publiihed Ciceronis 
 princeps, 1608, and Ciceronis ccnful, 161 2, 
 dedicated to Henry prince of Wa'es, with 
 treatiies on political writers, &c. His admi- 
 ration of the Roman orator, and of Seneca 
 and Pliny, was further demonftrated in a more 
 eomprehenfive work, " de tribus luminibus 
 Romanorum," the completion of whuh, how- 
 ever, was flopped by death. This valuable 
 treatife was edited in 1787, by Dr. Parr. 
 
 C t -i.lekger, Francis, a learned doctor of 
 the Sorbonne, who tranflated Dionyfius of 
 Halicarnaftiis, and alfo Herodotus, of which 
 the copy was left in MS. He wrote criticifms 
 on RcUin's works, to prove his ignorance of 
 Greek. He died at Paris, 1749, aged 61. 
 
 Bellet, CbarLs, a native of Querci, who 
 died at Paris, 1771. He obtained leveral 
 prizes at Marfeilles, Bourdeaux, and Rouen. 
 Bellet, Jfaac, a phyfician, author 0/ a 
 treatife on the effects of the imagination on 
 pregnant women-' a hiftory of Catiline's con- 
 fpiiacy, &c. He died at Paris 1778. 
 
 Belli ev re, Pompone de, of Lyons, was 
 diftinguilhed as a negotiator at the court of 
 Charles IX., Henry HI , and Henry IV. He 
 died at Paris 1607, in his 78th year. 
 
 B ellin, Gentil, a Venetian, fo eminent as 
 a painter, that Mahomet Solicited him to 
 come to Conftantinople. He complied, and 
 a lorried that capital with the molt maftetly 
 eiibrts of his pencil. His bet piece v. as the 
 decollation of John the Baptift; the 
 
 !ck of which, however, the grand fignior 
 cenfnred, as not agreeable to nature, and to 
 convince the painter, Summoned a Have before 
 md ordered his head in. mediately to be 
 off. This Co intimidated BelKn, that 
 hiltead of correcting tne fault, he carneftly 
 folicitcahtf diiiuiTion. He returned to Ve- 
 
 nice loaded with prefents, , and died IJOJt 4 
 aged 80. 
 
 Bellin, James, a geographical engineer, 
 of Paris, who enriched literature by 80 valua- 
 ble marine charts, &c. He was member of 
 the royal fociety of London, and died 1772, 
 aged 69. 
 
 Bzllikj, Laurence, a phyfician of Florence, 
 made profeflbr of 'philolbphy, though only 20 
 years of age. He enjoyed the patronage of 
 the grand duke Ferdinand II. ; and as an ana- 
 tomift and phyfician acquired great celebrity. 
 His works were in Latin, and much admired. 
 After being thirty years profeflbr, he left Pifa 
 for Florence, where he died 1703, aged 60. 
 
 Belloco, Peter, was valet de chambre to 
 Lewis XIV., and is known for his wit, his 
 phyfiognomy, and his fatirical writings. He 
 was the friend of Moliere and Racine, and 
 died 1704, aged 59, author of a poem on the 
 hotel des invalides fatires petits maitres 
 nouvelliftes, &c. 
 
 Belloi, Peter Laurence Buyrette du, a na- 
 tive of Auvergne, who, after being educated 
 for the bar, abandoned his country, and re- 
 tired to Ruflia, where he aiTumcd the character 
 of comedian. He returned to Paris in 1758, 
 and publiihed the tragedy of Titus, and that 
 of Z/imira. His molt popular piece was the 
 fiege of Calais. The magiitrates of Calais 
 honored him with the freedom of their city, 
 and placed his portrait among thole of thair 
 benefactors; and Voltaire paid the highefV 
 compliment to the genius and merit of the 
 poet; which, however, the ill-natured fatirift, 
 after Belloi's death, withdrew. The fuccefs 
 of the fiege of Calais was followed by Gaftoa 
 and Bayard. His laft pieces were Peter the 
 cruel, and Gabrielle de Vergi; but fo little 
 were they admired, that the poet's heart was 
 broken through difappointment ; he fell a prey 
 to a lingering difeafe; and though Lewis XVI. 
 with exemplary benevolence fent him 50 louis 
 d'or, he expired 1775, aged 48. The works 
 of Belloi were publiihed by Gaillard, in 6 vols. 
 8vo. with a life and valuable annotations. 
 
 I elloni, jfrottte, a hanker at Rome, made 
 a marquis by pope. Benedict XIV. He wrote 
 an elTay on commerce, and often re-edited, 
 and tranflated into Bn&iifh, German, and 
 French. He died 1760. 
 
 Bellori, John Peter, an antiquarian, born 
 at Rome. He died 1696, aged 80. He was 
 chief librarian to queen Cluiftina. His wri- 
 hicb a r e in 12 different publications, 
 are valuable and curious on the antiquities, 
 monuments, &c. of Rome and Italy. 
 
 Bellotti, Peter, an hiftorical painter of 
 Venice. His portraits \y*.re alio much ( ad 
 mired. He died 1700, ttg&d 75. 
 
 Belon, Pet a, Ail), was born in the 
 Maine, and travelled] into Judea, Greece, and 
 Arabia, of which he publiihed an interefting 
 account. 3 lis other works were on birds, 
 fillies, ^c. all equally valuable. He was allaf- 
 (inate'd near Paris, Jj6^, in his 46th year. 
 
 BLSVNCS 
 
3 EN 
 
 BEN' 
 
 BeLSUNCE, Henry Francis Xa-vier tie, of 
 the fociety of the Jefuits, became bifhop of 
 Marfeilles in 1709. His name" is immorta- 
 lized by the humanity of his conduct, for, 
 during the dreadful plague which ravaged 
 Marfeilles in 17x0, he was feen running from 
 ftreet to ftreet to adminifter relief to the 
 afflicted, as a phyfician, a magiftrate, and as 
 a fpiritual guide. In the town-hall of the 
 city he is reprefented as bellowing his bene- 
 diction on forae poor wretches who are lying 
 at his feet. So exemplary a conduct drew 
 upon him the love of the people and the fa- 
 vors of his fovereign; but the good bilhop 
 refufed the more elevated rank of the diocefe 
 of Laon, offered him by Lewis XV. obferving 
 that Marfeilles was dear to him by habit, as 
 well as by calamity. He was honored by the 
 f;ope with the pallium, which is never granted 
 but to an archbifhop, but the higheft reward 
 was the applaufe of the good. He died in 
 iJSS, mourned as he deferved. He founded 
 a college at Marfeilles for benevolent pur- 
 pofes, that ftill bears his name. His writings 
 were chiefly paftoral inftrucrions a hiltory of 
 ibe bifhops' of Marfeilles, Sec. 
 
 Belyn o leyn, a Britifh chief, illuftricus 
 x>r his vigorous refinance againit Fdwin, in 
 S20. 
 
 Bf.mbo, Prtcr, a noble Venetian, who 
 tudied at Florence, Ferrara, and in Sicily ; 
 md not only acquired the eafe and delicacy 
 )f the Tuiean language, but imbibed a higher 
 afte than his contemporaries for the litera- 
 ure of Greece. He was fecretary to pope 
 -eo X. but ill health obliged him to remove 
 Tom Rome to Padua, and afterwards to Ve- 
 nce. Paul III. raifed him to the rank of 
 ordinal, and made him bifhop of Bergamo, 
 vhere he died 1547, aged 77, from a cait- 
 ufion received on his fide againit a wall, while 
 >n horfeback. Bembo's life has been written 
 iy de Li Caffu His writings confiit of letters 
 a hiicory ajJiVenice, in 12, books lpeeches 
 the life of Gui, duke of Urbino, all in 
 -atin. Of his .poetical pieces, only one is in 
 talian. His ftyle is elegant and comet, 
 hough frequently he affects too much of the 
 Ciceronian ; but the fubjedt f his poetry is 
 ften indelicate, and it is (hocking to under - 
 :and that a cardinal could write in a manner 
 hat would have dilgraced the moll profligate 
 ebauchee- -j 
 
 BEME,orBF.PME,a doraeftic of the Guiles, 
 ) called :bi-cauie a Bohemian by. birth. His 
 eal name was Charles Dianorvh-x.. . He mur- 
 ertd Coligni, and was rewarded by the car- 
 inal ck Lorraine with the hand of one of his 
 legitimate daughters. Beme was afterward:; 
 sized by the proteftants in 1575, and killed 
 y his keeper, whom he attempted to moot 
 1 order to efcape, 
 
 Ben-bow, Jcbn, an Englirti feaman, who 
 
 aught a molt defperate engagement in the 
 
 rraueao, againit an African corfair, 
 
 ftd for ius vajwr was invited to th* Spamih 
 
 court by Charles II. who loaded Kim with 
 prefents, and recommended him to J a 
 After the revolution his ikiil and bravery were' 
 employed in the English navy, in the protec- 
 tion nf commerce, and in the blockading and 
 bombarding the French ports. He was raifed 
 for his fervices to the rank of a vice admiral 
 and with a fquadrcn he went to the Weft Indies, 
 where his courage and good conduct called 
 forth the commendation of the commons,- 
 whillt they ceiifitted the objeel: and views of 
 his expedition. In a fecond voyage to the 
 Welt Indies, he fell in with the French fleet 
 on the Spanifh coaft, which he purfueo ard 
 attacked with his ufual bravery ; but his of- 
 ficers refilled to do their duty, and the ad-' 
 miral, who had loft a leg in the engagement 
 was thus dishonorably robbed of a molt glo- 
 rious victory. On his arrival at Jamaica, 
 Benbow arrefted his cowardly officers) but 
 their punifhment could not check the rapid 
 powers of difeafe. The admiral was exhausted 
 by the feverity of his wound, and more by 
 a broken heart, and he fell a prey to a con- 
 fumptive diforder, and died 1702, aged about 
 
 Benbow, John, fon of the admiral was 
 shipwrecked on> the cbaft of Madagafcar, the 
 fame year that his father died in the Welt 
 Indies. A "long relidence among the natives 
 lb altered his manners, that when he returned, 
 to his country, his friends found no longec. 
 the iivelineis and eale which thev had ad- 
 mired, but a melancholy and habitual tacitur- 
 nity. He died feveral years after in privacy. 
 He did not write, as was generally i'uppofed, 
 an account of his ftay at Madagafcar, but the 
 barren journal which he kept was accidentally, 
 burnt at his brother's lAdgiogs in 171 4. 
 
 Bjcnda, George, a native of Bohemia, 
 mafter of the chapel of the duke of Saxe 
 Gotha. In 1778 he fettled at Hamburgh, and 
 afterwards w nt to Vienna, and then .returned 
 to Gotha, where he was rewarded with a 
 penfian, and where he died 1705, aged 74. 
 His three brothers were like kimfetf eminent 
 as muficians, and his lifter alio married a mu- 
 fician. He wrcte fome pieces for the harp- 
 lichoru'jbut of -all his compofitions his' Ariadne 
 in Maxos is the rnaft defervedly admired. 
 
 Bkxdish, Bridget, daughter of general 
 Ireton was grand-daughter of Oliver Cromwell, 
 whom flie refembled in dreis and perioral ar- 
 rogance. After managing her fait works at 
 SoiAh/town in Norfolk with all the fatigue of 
 a menial fervant, lhe fometimes lpent her- 
 evening at the public aflembly at Yarmouth, 
 where her princely behaviour, and dignified 
 manners, enfured her the refpect of her 
 neighbours. This remarkable woman who 
 in public life might have acquired fome ce- 
 lebrity by the ftrang powers of her mind, 
 died in retirement 1727, revering the me- 
 mory of her grandfather as a hero and a 
 faint. . 
 JBxNDLQiyss, &lv>ard x after ftudying at St. 
 
 1 4 Johu* 
 
BEX 
 
 BEN 
 
 John's college, Cambridge,, travelled over the 
 rreatelt pv:rt of Europe, and on his return 
 became the Mecaenas of the age. Poets, 
 muficuns, and flaUereis fhared his favors, 
 and reduced him from an income of /CC or 
 lOOol. a rear to aim oft. poverty ; and after 
 a long residence at Oxford he died there 
 l686, aged 73. He wrote fome poetical 
 pieces, and was the friend of Davenant, 
 Filher, &c. 
 
 Benedetto, h > or CaJUglhne, a native 
 of Genoa, eminent as a painter of hhiorical 
 pieces, eipecially of markets and animals. 
 His hell pieces are in his native city. His 
 touch is very delicate, and in the clear cb- 
 f<:ure, his fuccels is wonderfully great. He 
 died at Mantua, 1670, aged 54. 
 
 Benedict, St. a native of Italy, who re- 
 t"v.--d at the age of 14, to Sublaco 40 miles 
 from Rome, and devoted his life to the moft 
 penitential aufterities. Surrounded by crowds 
 of admirers, he..became a faint, built twelve 
 monafteries, and laid the foundation of the 
 ibciety of Benedictines, fa famous in Europe 
 His regula monachorum is the only authentic 
 book he wrote. He died about the year 54a 
 or 547, aged 67. 
 
 Benedict I. pope, furnamed Sonofus, fuc- 
 Ceeded John III. 574, and was active and 
 humanq, during the calamities of a famine, 
 and the invafion of the Lombards. He died 
 
 57*. 
 
 Benedict II. fucceeded Leo II. 684, and 
 died 685. 
 
 Benedict III. pope 855, after the death 
 of Leo IV. was oppoied by Anaftafius, and 
 died 858. The reign of pope Joan is placed 
 between the death of Leo and the fuccefljon 
 f the 3d Benedict, but though the ftory is 
 {upported by fome authors, it is difcredited by 
 many. 
 
 Benedict IV. fucceeded John IX. and 
 died 903, after a reign of three years. 
 
 Benedict V. was elected in 964, in op- 
 pofition to Leo VIII. His fhort reign was 
 ftormy, and he was carried to Hamburgh 
 by Otho, who favored liis rival. He died 
 
 Benedict VI. pope after John XIII. 
 97a, was ftrarjeled in prifon by his rival anti- 
 pope Boniface, two years after. 
 
 Benedict VII. fucceffor to Donus II. 
 975, died 983. 
 
 Benedict VIII. bifhop of Porto, fuc- 
 ceeded Sergius IV. 1012. He was oppoied 
 by Gregory, but iupported .by the emperor 
 Henry II. who came in perfon to Rome, and 
 was crowned, with his wife Cunegonde, by 
 the fovercign pontiff. To the politician Bene- 
 dict united the warrior, and he utterly exter- 
 minated the Saracens who had invaded Italy 
 ici6. He alio defeated the Greeks who 
 javaged Apulia, and died 1014. 
 
 Benedict IX. though only 1 a years old, 
 afcended the papal throne after John XIX. 
 JO33, Iupported by, the. duke of Tufculum, 
 
 his father. The Romans difpleafed with his 
 debaucheries, obliged him to abdicate, and he 
 fold his honors as he had purchafed them, and 
 returned to a monaftery, where he died 
 1054. 
 
 Benedict X. antipope, was placed in St. 
 Peter's chair 1058, but his election was dif- 
 puted, and Nicholas II. was appointed in his 
 room. He died 1059. 
 
 Benedict XI. Nice las Bccafin, fon of a 
 fhepherd, and pope after Boniface VIII. 1303, 
 was poifoned by fome cardinals, who caviled 
 him to be preiented with a bafen full of beau- 
 tiful figs of which he eat immoderately, and 
 died foon after, j 303. 
 
 Benedict XII. Ja?;?es de Noui<e.iu, fur- 
 named the Baker, becaufe his father was of 
 that trade, was elected 1334, after John XXII. 
 Though he confidered himfelf incapable of the 
 office, his conduct, however, was dignified and 
 firm, more inclined to maintain the authority 
 of his fituation than enrich his family. He 
 died 134a. 
 
 Benedict XIII. of the family of the 
 Urfini, was bifhop of Macedonia and Bene- 
 vento. He narrowly efcaped perifhing by an 
 earthquake which proved fatal to the people 
 of Benevento, and demolifhed his palace, 
 1688. He was elected pope 1724, and con- 
 firmed in a full fynod the famous buli 
 unigenitus, and died 1730, aged 81. 
 
 Benedict XIV. of Bologna, of the fa- 
 mily of the Lambertini, was made a cardinal 
 1728, and in 1731 arehbifhop of Bologna 
 On the death of Clement XII. in 1740? the 
 conclave was held in fufpence during fivo 
 months, by the prevalence of two factions 
 and Lambertini, by a facetious fally fecured 
 the fuffrages of 44 members in his favor, anc 
 the eledtion. " Why fpend fo much time ?" 
 exclaimed he. " If you wifh to elect a faint 
 place Gotti in the chair, if a politician Al- 
 drovandi, but if you wifh a good companion 
 choofe me." As he had cultivated learning h< 
 was the patron of learned men, and liberallj 
 encouraged the fine arts. He died 1758 
 aged 83. 
 
 Be-nefield, Sebafiatty D.D. an Enghfl 
 divine, born in Gloucefterfhire, educated a 
 Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. He died aged 59 
 1630, at Meyfey Hampton Gloucefterfhire 
 of which place he was rector. His works ar 
 all on theological fubjects. He was ftrongl; 
 attached to Calvin's opinions. 
 
 Benezet, Anthony, a man who, afte 
 engaging in a mercantile line devoted himiei 
 to the education of youth. He was author c 
 " a caution to Great Britain, and her colo 
 nies 1767," " an hiftorical account of Guine; 
 with an enquiry on the flave trade," &c. i 
 1772, in 8vo. His whole life was employe 
 in acts cf charity, and his death was univer 
 fally lamented. Several hundred negroes at 
 tended his funeral, and an American office 
 who had been engaged in the continental wa 
 returning from his funeral exclaimed tha 
 
 * fa 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 he had rather he Anthony Benezet in that 
 coffin than George Washington with all his 
 glory." 
 
 Benhadad, king of Syria, 900 B. C. laid 
 fiege to Samaria, and was defeated by Ahab 
 king of Ifrael, who treated him with humanity. 
 He afterwards defeated Ahab, and flew him. 
 In his old age he fent Hazael to confult Elilha 
 the prophet about his ficknei's, and the perfi- 
 dious miniiter at his return ftiffled his matter, 
 and afcended his throne. 
 
 Beni, Paul, of the ifland of Candia, Was 
 profeflbr of Padua. He is known by his op- 
 pofition to the della crufca academy at Flo- 
 rence, whole dictionary he ceni'ured in his de- 
 fence of TafTb and Ariofto, the firft of whom 
 he compared to Virgil, and the latter to Ho- 
 mer. He wrote alio ibme treatifes on the 
 pallor fido of Guarini, &c. He died 1625. 
 
 Benjamin, the youngeft of Jacob's 12 
 fons, was born about 1738 B. C. and was ten- 
 derly loved by his father, and by his own bro- 
 ther Jofeph. The hiitory of thefe two bro- 
 thers in the bible is particularly ftriking, and 
 pathetic. He died in Fgypt, aged 1 1 1 years. 
 
 Benini, Vincent, a native of Cologr.a, who 
 prac'tifed phyfic at Parlua. He had a prefs in 
 his houfe, where he printed editions of eight 
 claflk authors. He was author of Latin notes 
 onCellus, obfervations in Italian, onAIaman- 
 ni's poem called Culture, &c. He died 1764, 
 aged 51. 
 
 Benxvieni, y^rotne, a poet of Florence, 
 who imitated the elegant ftile of Dante and 
 Petrach. His poems, chiefly on divine love, 
 were highly efleemed. His private character 
 was very amiable. He died 1542, aged 89. 
 
 Ben net, Henry , earl of Arlington, was 
 born 1618. He was educated at Chrift church 
 Oxford, and efpoufed the royal caufe during 
 the civil wars. He was knighted at Bruges, 
 by Charles II. who employed him as his mi* 
 nifter at Madrid, and after the reftoration as 
 his fecretary of ftate. Though he was one of 
 the five minifters, Clifford, Afhley, Bucking- 
 ham, Arlington, and Lauderdale, denominated 
 cabal, he did not enter into their views, nor 
 fupport the fchemes formed to render the mo- 
 narch abfolute. When accufed for the ill fuc- 
 cefs of the Dutch war, he ably defended him- 
 felf before the commons, and was acquitted by 
 a fmall majority. After ftrving the king 12 
 years as fecretary, Arlington retired upon the 
 indolent office of chamberlain, and was after- 
 wards employed as a negotiator with the prince 
 of Orange ; but he was unfuccefsful in his en- 
 deavors to procure a general peace. He died 
 1685. In his character Arlington is defcribed 
 by Burnet as a proud man, but his abilities were 
 fo ftrong, and at the fame time fo verfatije, 
 that he was the only perfon who could manage 
 with fuccefs the king's temper. He was a 
 papift in religion, though in power he inveighed 
 With bitternefs againft the Roman Catholics. 
 
 Bennet, Dr. Thomas, was educated at the 
 frammar-fchool of Salisbury, his native city, 
 
 and paiTed to St. John's college Cambridge. 
 In 1700 he preached a funeral fermon on his 
 friend, the rector of St. James, Colchefter, and 
 the pariihioners pleated with him petitioned 
 Compton bithop of London to appoint him tQ 
 the vacant benefice, which was liberally grant- 
 ed. In this fituation he was followed as a po- 
 pular preacher for feverai years, till the other 
 churches were filled with minilters of abilities, 
 and the charms of novelty vanished, and an in- 
 come of nearly 300I. a year was reduced to 
 60I. Upon this he removed to London, where 
 be became chaplain of Chelfea hofpital, and 
 afterwards lecturer of St. Olave Southwark, 
 and vicar of St. Giles, Cripplegate, worth near 
 500L a year. He died of an apoplexy at Lon- 
 don 1728, aged 55. He was author of feverai 
 fermons, religious and political tracts, an eflay 
 on the 39 articles, Sec. and a Hebrew grammar. 
 Bennet, Chrijlopber, a native of S'omer- 
 fetlhire, educated at l^incoln college, Oxford, 
 and diltinguiihed as a phyfician. He wrote 
 feverai treatifes on medical fubjects, particu- 
 larly Tabidorum theatrum, feu Phthificos, fee. 
 Xenodochi.um, &c. tranflated into Englifh 1720, 
 and died 1655, aged about 38. 
 
 BENNET,Aifrf, B.D. was educated at Ox- 
 ford, and made rector of Waddefden, Bucks, 
 from which he was ejected for nonconformity 
 1662. He afterwards had a private congrega- 
 tion at Aylefbury and at Reading, at which 
 laft place he died 1687. He wrote the the- 
 ological concordance of fynonymous words in 
 fcriptnre. 
 
 Benoit, Elle, a proteftant of Paris, who 
 fled to Holland on the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, and became paftor cf Delft. He 
 died 1728, aged 88. He wrote hiftoire de 
 l'edit de Nantes, 5 vols. 4to. Of the lady 
 whom he married, he has given a moft dis- 
 agreeable picture, reprefenting her as morofe 
 and avaricious, and for 47 years the dilturber 
 of his repofe. 
 
 Benserade, Ifaae de, a French poet, born 
 near Roan. Though poor, his wit and his poeti- 
 cal talents rendered him popular ( he was no- 
 ticed by Richelieu, to whom according to ibme 
 he was related, and a peniion was fettled upon 
 him. After the death of Richelieu, he at- 
 tached himfelf to the duke de Breze, and he 
 was named as envoy to Chriftina queen of 
 Sweden, an employment which he did not un- 
 dertake. As a poet his talents were fuch that 
 for a time he divided the applaufes of the town 
 with Voiture. His rondeaux on Ovid are his 
 worft performances. In the laft part of his life 
 he retired to Gentilly, where he employed 
 himfelf in works of piety, and tranflated al- 
 moft all the pialms. He was fo afflicted with 
 the ftone, that he reluctantly fubmitted to the 
 operation of cutting, but the furgeon punctur- 
 ing an artery, ran away inltead of checking the 
 efTufion of blood, and the unfortunate patient 
 expired in the arms of his cqnfefTor Conmire, 
 1690. 
 B*nsoj, George, a diflenter, born in Cum- 
 berland) 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 fcerfand, 1699. After "being edu< 
 kaven, and at the university of ( rlafgow 
 
 .:i London, and 
 went to rev... vears as dilil-nting 
 
 noved in 
 729, to Southwark, and in 1 740 he became 
 . riate of Dr.Lardner, atCrutched Friars. 
 He particularly ftudied the facred writings, and 
 example of Locke he directed 
 his labors to elucidate fcripture, and pubHihcd 
 a paraphrafe and notes, on feveral of St. Paul's 
 philes. He wrote befides the life of Chrift, 
 a defence of the reafbnaMenefs of prayer, 
 on pcrfccutiou, an hiitory of the- phnt- 
 , from the epiittes and acts 
 f the 2poftks, in 2 vols. 4to. a work replete 
 Lathe and erudition, and which procured 
 him .mhonorable degree by diploma from Scot- 
 land, ajid Letters of kinduefsjind acknowledge- 
 /iient from the firf divines of the age. He 
 died 1763, in his 64th year. 
 
 Bent, John Fan dp, a native of Amfter- 
 dara, who died 1690, aged 40. His landlcapes 
 ire particularly efteemed. 
 
 Bentkam, T/jgvuis, a native of Yorkshire, 
 fellow of Magdalen college Oxford, 1546. On 
 JLtbafceth's acceflion he was made biihop of 
 Lichfield and Coventry. He was author of an 
 expolition of the aits of the apoftles, and tra in- 
 flated into Englilh fome of the books of the 
 \te teftament. He died 1578. 
 
 Bentham, Edward, canon of Chrift 
 church, was born at fly 1707, and educated 
 at Chrift church fchool, and afterwards ad- 
 mitted of Corpus. He was for a little time 
 vice principal of Magdalen-hall, and 1731 he 
 was elected fellow of Oriel, and 13 years after 
 obtained a nail in Hereford cathedral. He 
 was afterwards named to the divinity chair at 
 Oxford, arelpeftable office which he accepted 
 with great reluctance. His left ures here were 
 learned and inftructive, they were delivered 
 three times a week, during term time, and the 
 courie continued one year. In his private 
 character Dr. Bentham was referved, though 
 his manners were amiable and his conduct 
 mild, pious, and benevolent. He publifned 
 . imons and alio trails, and he was pre- 
 facing to Gibbon's objectionable 
 in he died in his 69th year, 1776. 
 lit:' .\r, M. A brother to the 
 lucated at Ely fchool, and 
 Trinity college Cambridge, and became pie- 
 . ind rector of Bowbrick- hill, 
 4 his attention to church 
 published " the hir 
 hurch of Ely, from the 
 1 771," in 4to. It 
 
 v of ancient archi- 
 
 a bufy life prevented the coinpk-tion. By his 
 '. I j 
 
 the unfruitful 
 itland of Ely v. ei'- j converted into 
 [raining. He diet 
 
 BetnritrcK) William, fir ft earl of Port 
 land, was iklccnded from a noble .family i: 
 Holland. When the prince of Orange wa 
 i'eized with the ftnall-pox, it was recommende' 
 that he fhotild receive the warmth of a youn; 
 perfon in the fame bed. Bentinck offere; 
 him/elf, and caught the difeafe in a violent de 
 ?ree, but the danger to which he fubmitte< 
 was amply repaid by the favor of the prince 
 William brought him with him to England 
 railed him to the peerage, and granted him va- 
 luable lands. The earl faithful to his prin- 
 ciples, ferved the king in various offices civi 
 I'tary, and attended him in bislaft rao- 
 ments. He died 1709. 
 
 Bentivogho, Guy, was born at Ferrarj 
 1579, a,, d ftudied at Padua. He produced s 
 reconciliation between two factions which laic 
 claim to the fovereignty of Ferrara, and i'01 
 fchefe fervices he was made chamberlain of the 
 pope's palace, and employed as nuncio to Flan- 
 ders and in France, and at laft in 1621 railed 
 to the dignity of cardinal. He probably would 
 have fucceeded to St. Peter's chair, on the 
 death of Urban VII. had he not been at- 
 tacked by a violent difeafe produced by his at- 
 tendance on the conclave during the heats of 
 thefummer; lb that in orjfequence of want 
 of reft for 11 fucceifive nights, he expired 
 1644, in his 65th year- The moft known of 
 his works are his hiitory of the civil wars of 
 Flanders an account of Flanders and let- 
 ters and memoirs. 
 
 Bentivoglio, Hercules, a native of Bo- 
 logna, employed by his relation Alfonib duke 
 of Ferrara. He diltinguiffied himfelf alfo as a 
 poet, and wrote fatires, ionnets, comedies, &c. 
 He died 1583- 
 
 Ben tley, Richard, fon of a mechanic of 
 Wakefield, Yor-kfhire, became eminent as a 
 critic and a divine. He was of Saint John's 
 Jambridge., The firft fpecimen of his literary 
 tame, was his lectures on Boyle's foundation, 
 in which he difplayed great powers of mind, 
 fupported by the profound philofophy of New- 
 ton and the clear reaibning of Locke, on the 
 being and power of a God. For this he was 
 made librarian at Saint James's, and this 
 fituation, whillt it produced a quarrel, gave rife 
 to a long celebrated controversy. Mr. Boyle 
 had obtained the ufe of a MS. from the library 
 to complete the edition of " the epiftles of 
 Phalaris," which he was then going to publilh, 
 and when Bentley demanded the book fooner 
 than was expected, the requeft was confidered 
 a.s an affront, and a war of words arofe which 
 drew forth on Loth (ides the molt brilliant and 
 iV riud e;.i. !L>.-:Km ot w.'.t, critciin, and erudi- 
 tion. In 1700, Bentley was made mailer of 
 Trinity cqllegfl Cambridge, to which were 
 added the archdeaconry of Ely, a beuefice in 
 the ifland^ and the ojjnce of chaplain to the 
 king. In the government of his college Bent- 
 ley was arbitrary, and Ijis fellows complained 
 of Ely the vifitor, and charged 
 Jiim wilt: cmfeezzliog chf moury of C 
 
BEN 
 
 BEN 
 
 ege, an accufation which created the moft vi- 
 olent contentions, and which, at laft after 20 
 'ears' continuance, eftablhhed the innocence 
 }f the mailer. As divinity profeffbr he alio 
 ;xpofed himfelf to the obloquy of the univer- 
 sity; he refilled to admit without the fee of 
 our guineas, i'everal perfons to the degree of 
 loctor, for which meafure he was fufpended 
 ind degraded by the univerfity. An appeal 
 ivas made to the king, and the matter was re- 
 ferred to the judges of the king's bench, who 
 reverted the proceedings, and directed his ho- 
 lorable restoration. Dufing thefe ftruggles 
 Bentley preferred his unfhaken firmnefs of 
 nine, and his time was devoted to laborious 
 :riticiliu. His editions of Terence, Homer, 
 Phxdrus, Milton's paradife loft, &c. evince the 
 ;reat powers of his mind, and the moil exten- 
 ive acquaintance with clafilcal literature. After 
 leariy ten years of gradual decay, this fupe- 
 ior fcholar died at the college 14th July 
 [742, aged 80. In his private character Dr. 
 Sentley was holpitable, warm in his friendfhip, 
 md refpected and beloved as the mafter of a 
 amily. He left three children. Dr. Hentley 
 Ifo publi;hed a Latin epiille to Dr. Mill with 
 ritical obfervations on Malala's chronology, 
 :6ox, and an anfwer to Collins's difcourie on 
 ree thinking. 
 
 Bentley, Thomas, nephew to the preced- 
 ing, was author of " the wilhes," a comedy, 
 eprelcnted at Drury-lane 1761, but with- 
 Irawn in 178a, from lbme apparent alluiions 
 politics. He alfo wrote Philodamus a tra- 
 ;edy, and a fatirical poem " patriotifm." hie 
 lied 1782. 
 
 3e.vwell, William, an able divine, and 
 legant fcholar, born at Caverfham, Oxford- 
 hire, in 1765. From Reading ichool, where 
 lis abilities were directed by the claflic tafte 
 \i his brother-in-law, Dr. Valpy, he entered, 
 a 1783, at Trinity college Oxford. In the 
 iniverfity the fame ardent application conti- 
 lued to mark his progrefs, and his Latin poem 
 htained in 1785 the chancellor's prize. The 
 abject was the plundering of Rome by Ala- 
 ic, and it was treated with all the energy of 
 efcription, and the majeftic dignity of the 
 tfantuan bard- Two years after he obtained 
 nother prize for an Englilh effay, " on what 
 rts the moderns have excelled the ancients," 
 n which he dilplayed deep refearch, in a ftile 
 hafte and elegant. The lame year he entered 
 nto orders, and in 1790 was elected fellow of 
 is college, where he gained the refpect of the 
 xiety, as an active tutor. In 1794, be ob- 
 ained the living of Hale Magna, which he foon 
 efigned for Chilton in Suffolk. In June 1 796, 
 ie married the eldeft daughter of J. Loveday, 
 fq. of Caverlham,aud 11 weeks after this ami- 
 ble character was borne to his grave. He re- 
 ided at Milton, Wilts, and during a fever in the 
 illage he exerted himfclf in affording confola- 
 ion to the poor fufferers, and unhappily caught 
 he infection, which', after ten days, proved fatal, 
 itf) Sept. 1706, He was buried at Caver- 
 
 ia 
 
 fham. At his death, Mr. Benwell was ettgagei 
 in puhlifhhig Xenophoh's memorahlia, of < 
 the half was already printed. As a polite and 
 claffical fcholar his name muft ftand high, as a 
 divine the fimplicity of his difcourfes made its 
 way to the heart of his hearers, by his zeal, 
 his earneftnefs, and his eloquence, aided by the 
 moft powerful recommendation of his exem- 
 plary conduct and benevolent manners. As a 
 poet hi role to the eminence of genius and 
 originality, and though he wrote little, yet the 
 few pieces which have appeared in print, and 
 thofe which are prefer/ed in the hands of his 
 friends, exhibit him exprelfing the true fpkit 
 and the majeftic graces of the mufe. 
 
 Benvowskt, Couht Mauritius Augujlus dt; 
 magnate of Hungary and Poland, was bora 
 1741, in the Hungarian province of Nittria. 
 He embraced early the profeffion of arms, and 
 after ferving in the imperial armies, he joined 
 the confederation of the Polilh nobles. He 
 accepted a high command in the army, and 
 diftinguifhed himfelf againft the Ruflians in va- 
 rious fkirmifhes, till I'everal wounds difabled ' 
 him, and he fell into the hands of the enemy. 
 The triumph of the Ruffians was great, in poi- 
 lefling the perfon of fiich an adversary ; but 
 inftead of reflecting his misfortunes they in- 
 tuited his fate, and loading him with irons, 
 confined him in a prifon, where the dead car- 
 cafes of his companions in mifery threatened 
 a peftilential contagion. He efcaped, but again 
 was taken, and hurried away through the de- 
 farts of Siberia to Kamfchatka, where he found 
 himfelf an infulted exile and degraded prilbner, 
 1770. In this diitant retreat he formed the 
 defign of elcaping, and the daughter of Mr. 
 Nilon, the governor of the place, contented to 
 (hare his fortunes, and to aftilt him in hi* 
 flight. He fucceeded in hi; attempts ; he made 
 himfelf mafter of Kamfchatka by force, and . 
 accompanied by 86 faithful followers and nine 
 women, among whom was his fair protector, 
 he failed on the nth May 1771, from the har- 
 bour, and rafting by the ifland of Formofa and 
 the coaft of China, he reached, 17th Sept. the 
 port of Macao, from whence he departed fcr 
 Europe in a French vefTel. He no fooner 
 landed in France, than he was encouraged hy 
 the French court to form a fettlement at Ma- 
 dagafcar, and he eagerly embraced the pfopofal, 
 and after a refidence of fcarce feven months id 
 Europe, he fet fail for Africa. Here, how- 
 ever, he had to contend with the envy and 
 malice of favorites, courtiers, and governors, 
 who thwarted his views and oppofed his career 
 of glory. In his difappointments he forgot his 
 allegiance to the French monarchy, and con- 
 fidered himfelf as an independent foverei.rn. 
 On the nth October he left his riling fettle- 
 ment for Europe, rhat he might encreafe his 
 connection, and form reciprocal alliances with 
 the more polilhed nations of the north, but 
 though he offered his friendfhip and fervices 
 fucceftively to France, Germany, and England, 
 and claimed their fupport a* thy independent 
 fovereigi 
 
BER 
 
 EER 
 
 iovereign of Madagascar, his offers were difre- 
 garded, and he embarked again for Africa, 
 14th April, 1 784, from London, accompanied 
 fey his family, .<nd 2 number of fettlers. On 
 his return to Madag ifcar, the governor of the 
 ile of France fent a (mall force to ippofc him. 
 Berry owflcy met his invaders with his nfwal 
 feraveiv, hut his adherents were few and timid, 
 and the hero, abandoned by the 30 native! 
 that were with him, and affiled only by two 
 Ebropeans, found liinifelf overpowered, and a 
 lull bavmg ft ruck him on the right bread de- 
 cided the fortune of the day. He fell behind 
 the parapet, but his inhuman enemies dragging 
 him bv the hair, faw him expire in a few mi- 
 nutes after, 23d May 1 786. 
 
 BiNZio, TVyW. an Italian poet, born at 
 AfTiUw Deformed in perfon, he compensated 
 fat the unkindnefs of nature by a lively dilpo- 
 nd the molt fafcinating powers of cort- 
 vtrf.it on. The amiahlcnefs of his maimers 
 ras fuch, that he was called the Socrates of 
 Rome. He wrote poems in Latin and Italian, 
 I about 1570. 
 
 BeoYeo, Augdo, a poet born at Padua. 
 He directed his attention to copy the man- 
 ners of the vulgar, and he is peculiarly happy 
 in his defcriptions of rultic Simplicity and gro- 
 tesque drollery. His principal pieces are la 
 Vaxcaria, la Mofchetta, &c. He died 1542. 
 
 Bekaci.d, Nicola,-, a native of Orleans in 
 the 1 6th century, preceptor to the Colignys, 
 and famous for his acquaintance with Erafmiis 
 and other leanied men. He compiled a Gra> 
 co-Latin Lexicon. His lbn Francis was alio 
 ermn?nt as a fcholar, and became principal of 
 the colleges of Montargis and Roehelle. 
 
 Berchet, P.eter, a French painter, .who 
 died 1720, aged 61. He painted the deling 
 f Trinity college, Oxford- 
 
 Bercheur, PcU-t, a Benedictine, who died 
 136a. He translated Livy. by order of John 
 king of France, &:c. It is remarkable that he 
 invented and introduced various words, which 
 are now of good authority in the French lan- 
 guage. 
 
 BiREN'GARius, Jactlfis, a fuigeon of Car- 
 yo, the firtt who cured the venereal diftemper 
 by mercurial ointment. His fuccefs procured 
 bim both fame and money, and he grew fo in- 
 folent that he wrote in. a contemptuous ftile to 
 the pope and to tho kin? of Spam, who invited 
 bim to practife at their courts. He died 1527. 
 
 Birkn'gkr, archdeacon of Angers, main- 
 tained that the bread and wine of the facra- 
 meiit were not the real body arid blood of 
 C'hrilt, but merely human food. Thsfe tenets, 
 before fuppofted by John Scotus Erigena, and 
 afterwards by the Sacrameritarians, were vio- 
 lently oppafed by L mfranc, and Ber*nger was 
 condemned at Paris and at Rome, but though 
 rompelled to make a public recantation, 
 nc died 1088, attached to his opinion. 
 
 BsHCNGKR I. Ion of Kherard duke of Fri- 
 ulo, cauled himlelf to be declared king of 
 Italj ii. ?03'. he was oppoicd by Guy cf 
 
 Spoletto, who twice defeated him, but tbefu 
 port of Arnolph king of Germany confirrru 
 him in his power. Profperity for 20 yea 
 attended him, and he had the intfcreil to pr 
 cure hithfelf to be crowned in 915 emperor 
 Germany, but his rival Rodolph of Burguni 
 prevailed agaitfil him, and in the dreadful bat| 
 ofPlacentia, BereugCt was defeated 922, ai 
 two years after cruelly affafiinated. 
 
 8krenich's,,i curious character, who a 
 peared in Holland in 1670, and maintain. 
 himfelfby grinding knives, and fweeping chir 
 nies. He could repeat by heart Horace, Vi 
 gil, Homer, Ariltophanes, Cicero, Pliny, X 
 and lie was well verted in all modern language 
 and could tranihte paflages extempore fro 
 gazette? into Greek and Latin verfe He w 
 at latt iuffocated hi a bog into which he h 
 fallen when in a Date of intoxication. 
 
 Beretin, Peter, a native of Cortwna, en 
 nent as a painter, and honored by Alexand 
 VII. and by Ferdinand II. Fie Succeeded hi 
 in great Subjects, and chiefly excelled in t 
 grace and expreliion of his heads. He died 
 the gout 1669, in his 73d year. 
 
 Berg, Matthias Vat-Jen, a painter, of Ypr 
 who died 1687, aged 72. 
 
 Berguum, Nicolas, a painter of Haerlei 
 who died there 1683, aged 59. Thou; 
 blamed for hafty execution, his defigns a 
 great, and the raoft minute things mow eqi 
 perfection with the moll principal figures. 
 
 B t: n gi e r, Nicolas ,hittoriographer of Fran 
 was author of the hiftory of the great roads 
 the Roman empire, 2 vols. 4to. Fie di 
 1623. 
 
 BergieR, Nicolas Sylvejler, an ecclefiafi 
 born in Franche-comte. He became princi] 
 of the college of Belancon, and canon of Pa 
 cathedral, and might have rifen to higher pi 
 ferment, but when offered an abbey, he a 
 fwered, " I am already rich enough." I 
 died at Paris 1790. He is author of a refui 
 tion of the fyllem of nature 2 vols. i2mo. 
 Deifm felf-confuted, 2 vols. nmo. Evideni 
 of Chriftianity, 2 vols. and other works. 
 
 Bergman, Torbem, a native of Catherir 
 burg, educated at Upfal, and diftinguifhed i 
 his knowledge of medicine and chemillry, a 
 as the friend of Linnaeus. In 1761, he v 
 made profefTor of mathematics and natu 
 philolbphy at Upfal, and in 1767 of chemill 
 His labors were employed in inveftigating t 
 fecrets of nature, he difcovercd the propert 
 of fixed air, made experiments on the regu 
 of manganefe, the earths ponderofa and m; 
 nefia, and other i'ubflances. He wrote a tr< 
 tile on electric attractions, and a theory oft 
 earth, &c. and he was alfo employed to < 
 ferve the tranfit of Venus in 1761. He vi 
 rector of Upfal univerfity, and died 1784. 
 
 Bering, Vitus, a Danifh navigator, in t 
 fervice of Ruflia. He was fent by Peter I. 
 1728, to explore the north coafts of Ameri 
 but it was only in a third voyage, in 1741, tl 
 he discovered any thing, remarkable. His (1 
 
 ftru 
 
BER 
 
 BE-R 
 
 :-. ?.n ICand on the coaft of Kamchatka, 
 nd while repairing the damages fuftained therej 
 ie died in the place. The hland and the 
 freights ftill bear his name. 
 
 Bkrkki.kv, Dr. Gt*ohg*> a native of Ire- 
 jnd, celebrated for his writing. He was 
 ducated at Kilkenny i'chool and ublin col- 
 ege. Thougn falleiy Itited a Jacobite, he 
 fas introduce ! Caroline, and his 
 
 pinions and conversation were courted by 
 fieri of all parties. By the recommendation 
 if Swift, he went* as chaplain to lord Ptter- 
 lorough, amhaflador to the king of Siaily, 
 aid afterwards, he Ipent four years cm the 
 tintinent as tdtor to the ton of Dr. Aihe 
 illhop of Clogher. During his travels through 
 \pulia, he . communicated tome ingenious 
 ibfervations on the tarantula to Dr. breind, 
 nd he made forae valuable collections for 
 ! natural hiftory of Sicily, which unfortunately 
 tere loft on his palfage to Naples. He was 
 haplain to the duke of Grafton, viceroy of 
 Teland, where his ft mine was eucreaied 
 ty a legacy of about 4C00I from the ccle- 
 (hrted Vanefla, who repaid the coldiiefs ur 
 tuelty of Swift, by beltowing her property 
 >n his more deferving friends. In 1724, he 
 vas made dean of Derry, but in the midft 
 >f an eal'v fortune, he formed the wild fcheme 
 )f erecting a college in the Bermuda ilkmds 
 "or the converiion of the lavage Americans, 
 tnd though he was fur-ported by the patronage 
 >f the king, and the pretended piety of the 
 mhifter, and the promife of a grant of lo,oool. 
 ie proved the abortion of his hopes, after re- 
 iding nearly two years at Newport in Ame- 
 ica, and he returned in dhgslt to England. 
 fde was railed to the fee of Clovne in 1735, 
 md i% years after, he refufed a tranlhtiou 
 
 Clogher. He came to refide in 17.^2 at 
 Oxford, in que ft of literary retireritent, as w eh 
 is to fuperintend the education of his fon ; 
 nit on the 14th of following January he was 
 eized with a pally of the heart, uhilit his lady 
 vas reading a fermon to him, and lb calmly 
 lid he expire, that his daughter only dilco- 
 ^ered while presenting him a cup of tea that 
 'le was no more. His private character was 
 :ruly great and exemplary, lb that Pope's pa- 
 ftegyric is far from mifappiied in attributing 
 ' To Berkeley every virtue under Heaven." 
 As a fcholar and philofopher he ranks high. 
 His theory of vifion, publilhed 1709, and his 
 Srinciples of human knowledge 17 10, and 
 lialogues between Hy'as and Philonous, 171,3, 
 n oppoJition to fceptics and atheifts, difplay 
 
 - r or of thought, ltrength of reafoning, 
 ind fubtle argumentation. He wrote bc-fides 
 ermons, the minute philofopher, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 1 mafterly performance, in dialogues, after 
 Plato's manner foine mathematical dil'qui- 
 itions Siris. a curious inquiry concerning 
 he virtues of tar-water, 1744, a wor: 
 
 ie laid colt him more labor than any of his 
 Wrformanres, 'i.e. .lee. 
 Bzrkclsy, Gvrfr &.U,jfecbM fon T 
 
 the bilhop of Clovne . was bom in London, 
 1753, and after being under the care of his 
 father, ha entered at Chriil-church, Oxford. 
 He was patronifed by Seeker, who revered thts 
 rnemorv of his father, and together with the 
 livings of St. Clement's Dane, London, and 
 Tylhurft church, Stifle*, -he obtained the chaa- 
 ce'llorihip of Brecknock, and a ftall \:i Can- 
 terbury cathedral. He died 1795. He unse 
 fome fermons, one of which on Charles* 
 martyrdom, has gone through'lix editions. 
 
 fcKK B ley, (xt rgbi fa >l (/', privy coun- 
 
 fellur of Cl'.arles . f. was author of hntorical 
 
 applications, and occasional meditations qq 
 
 ! fereral lubjects, n\no. a book of great merit. 
 
 li<>d 1028. 
 
 Bkkkki.lv, fir IVilliapfa of the fame 
 fanhlv as the preceding, diiUnguiihed him.- 
 iL-lf as vice-ndm'iral in the dreadful engage- 
 ment with the Dutch zd June f666, when 
 he led the van, and fell in his cabin, over- 
 powered by numbers. 
 
 BcKKK.Miour, Dr. 7v',v, a native of 
 Leeds, educated in his native town, and 
 lent to Germany to ^acquire the modern lan- 
 guages, and qualify himfelf for the mercan- 
 tile profethon of his father, who was born is. 
 Holland. Dii'dahuug the. drudgery of tk* 
 counter, he travelled over Europe ; and en- 
 tered into the Prulhan fervice, which he quitted 
 on the breaking out of hoftiiities between Kng- 
 land and Prance in 1756, for a troop in his 
 native country. In 1760 he began to ftudy 
 phytic at Edinburgh, from whence lie pai'l-d 
 to Levden, where he took his decrees, 'in i;6j. 
 He fettled at lilevvorth, and in lfj% lie ac- 
 companied the commiflioners to America ; 
 but being fulpefted of intrigues v, ith the ukui- 
 bers of congrefs at Philadelphia, he u.ii feat 
 to prifon ; from which he w as liberated, and 
 rewarded with a peniion on his return home. 
 He died 1 791, aged 60, diliinguithcd for his 
 vaft erudition, for univerfal knowledge, and 
 for great powers of mind. The molt knoven 
 of h s valuable publications are, pharmaco- 
 peia medici outlines o{ the natural hiftory 
 of Great Britain and Ireland, 3 vt)ls. limo. r 
 tirtt lines of the theory, fee. of philofophicaj 
 chemiitry biographia' literaria waj $ and 
 means, or hints for taxation letters to his 
 fon, &.C. 
 
 Be r k 11 e y i) f. n , J<J> and Gerard, two Dutch 
 painters, born at llaeibni. The ekleft ex- 
 celled in landfcapes, and was drowned in one 
 of the canals of Holland, 1698, aged 70; the 
 other was happy in his views of towns, palaces, 
 &c. He diLvi i(>'j 1. 
 
 Berkley, fir William, a native of 1. .si 
 don, educated at Merton college, Oxford, 
 and, in 1666, made governor of Virginia. 
 He wrote an account ot the country, in fob 
 and alio the lolt hriy, a tr.'.gi-comed) . i 'e 
 returned x 676; ami 
 
 Bkkn/.kiu, _\'/../;...s a Dutch painter, 
 
 : I 
 BERNARD, 'S/- one 0! 
 
 6 
 
 Rflff ^ f 
 
BEfc 
 
 BER 
 
 emjrcTi, and the founder ofi6o rnonafteries, 
 rn in Burgundv iojt. As abbot of 
 Cl.urvaux, he acquired celebrity, anh his lec- 
 tures were frequented by the molt famous 
 men. He oppofed tchiihutics,fupportcd the 
 power of the popes, convi&ed Abelard of 
 fierefy at the council of Sens in 1140, and 
 wrought miracles to command the reverence 
 ef an admiring vulgar. He died IJ.53. 
 
 Bernard, of Menthon, a native of Savoy, 
 Born 923. He labored ltrenuoufly to con- 
 vert the uncivilized inhabitants of his country 
 to Chfiftianitr, and to forward his humane 
 purpofes, he founded two monafteries in the 
 partes of the Alps, for the relief of pilgrims 
 and travellers; and they ftill fubfift a mo- 
 nument of his benevolence, and a happy afy- 
 lum to the weary. 
 
 Bernard, Edivard, was born near Tow- 
 cefter, Northamptenfhire, 1638, and received 
 his education at Northampton, next at mer- 
 chant-taylors' fchocl, and at St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford. He ftudied not only philoib- 
 phy and mathematics, but Hebrew, Syriac, 
 Arabic, and Coptic. In 1668, he vifited Ley- 
 den, to confult fome oriental manufcripts 
 prefented to that univerfity by Scaliger, and 
 ft 1673 he was appointed fuccefTor to fir 
 Chriftopher Wren, as Saviiian profefTor of 
 aftrenomy. In the intended plan of publilhing 
 all the ancient mathematicians, he compared 
 whatever was molt curious in the Bodleian 
 and other libraries, and prefented the public 
 with a fpecimen of the work-, which, however, 
 Was never completed. He was fent, in 1676, 
 to Paris, by Charles II. to fuperintend the 
 education of his two natural children by tke 
 duchefs of Cleveland ; but the referved man- 
 ners of the profefTor were not in uniibn 
 with the diffipation of a court ; and he retired 
 ia one year, from a fituation which fuited 
 neither his tafte nor his inclination. As he 
 had been obliged to give up his preferments 
 on his election to the profeiforlhip,. he began 
 now to be tired with an office which confined 
 his attachments and his purfuits ; and he re- 
 figned it 1691, to take the living of Bright- 
 well, Berkshire. He died of a confumption, 
 at Oxford, 1696, aged 59. He was mild in 
 difpefition, an enemy to difputes, a candid 
 judge of literary labors, tolerant as a church- 
 man, finccre in his friendlhip, exemplary in 
 his condudt, and eminent for his learning, as 
 his publications and manufcripts fully evince. 
 His works are, a treatife on ancient weights 
 and mcafures, private devotions, 1689 orbis 
 eruditi literatura, &c. etymologicum Bri- 
 IJanriicivm; & 
 
 ./.RD, James, was born at Nions, 
 iu Dr upl.ine, 1^8, and educated at Geneva. 
 On the profecution of the proteftartts he fled 
 K Switzerland^ and to Holland, where he be- 
 came minifter of Ganda, and profelTor at the 
 William III. who hated his repub- 
 lican principles, r< fuftd to confirm his ap- 
 pointment to church at Leydtn, and it was 
 
 not till 170^, after the king's death, that 
 appeared as public preacher there. He 
 alio profefTor of pbilofophy in the univerfi 
 but he embraced the lyilem of Defcar 
 till acquainted with the fublime difcove] 
 of Newton. He died 1 71 8, aged 60. 
 writings were moftly periodical, fuch as 1 
 toire Abregec de l'Europe-^-befides a fupj 
 ment to Moreri's dictionary, in 2 vols, fc 
 fermons,&c. &c. 
 
 Bernard, Catharine, was horn at Rou 
 and died at Paris 1712. She wrote poe 
 with eafe and elegance, and obtained th 
 times the prize at the French academy, r 
 tragedies, Brutus and Laodamia, were recer 
 with applaufe, and fhe was rewarded witl 
 penfion of 200 crowns by Lewis XIV. 
 
 Bernard, of Thuringia, a fmatical h 
 mit, who, in the icth century, announced 1 
 immediate end of the world, and with ft 
 effect that a folar eclipfc at that time \ 
 interpreted as a completion of the prophe 
 and all, in confternation, fled to caves 
 mountains. 
 
 Bernard, of Bmjfds, a painter, of 1 
 16th century, eminent in his hunting piec 
 in which he introduced his patron Charles "V 
 
 Bernard, PcUr Jofph, ion of a fculp 
 at Grenoble educated by the JeiV.its of Lye 
 Though Vie poffeffed wit and a lively geni 
 his compositions could not procure him bre 
 ib that for two years he was engaged 
 clerk to a public notary, till noticed by 
 Coigni, vvhofe death, in 1756, left him withi 
 a patron. He afterwards gained friends 
 Paris, till in 1 771, the fudden lofs of his n 
 mory cut fhort the happinefs of his life, as t 
 imbecility continued to his de3th, 1775. 1 
 wrote fome operas, and light pieces, wlii 
 for their eafe and elegance, have procured h 
 the name of le gentil Bernard. 
 
 Bernard, Dr. Francis, phyfician to Jan 
 II. was eminent for his learning, and foj 
 collection of books, fold, in 1698, for 16c 
 a high price for the times. He died 16 
 aged 69. His brother Charles, who was f 
 geon to Anne, alio coiledted a curious libra 
 fold in 1 71 1. 
 
 Bernard, Richard, rector of Bat econ 
 in Sometfetibire, died in 1641, author of Tl 
 faurus biblicus, a valuable concordance, &c. 
 
 Bernard, Samuel, a hiftorical paint 
 who died at Paris 1687, aged 72. He t 
 graved Raphael's hiilory of Attila. His 1 
 was, on account of his riches, called the I 
 cullus of his age. He was in the court 
 Lewis XIV. and died 1739, aged 88. 
 
 BERNARDiNE,an eccleiiaftic,born at Ma: 
 1380, and educated at Sienna. He was er 
 nent as a preacher, lb that feveral cities 
 Italy folicited him for their bilhop. T 
 popularity raifed him enemies, who aceu 
 him before pope Martin V. of erroneous d< 
 trines. He died at Aquila 1444, after foui 
 ing 300 monafteries in Italy* His works h; 
 appeared in fol. and 4to. 
 
 $9MITA 
 
BER 
 
 SER 
 
 Bernazzano, a painter of Milan, in the 
 )t6th century. He painted Strawberries on 
 I wall lb naturally, that the plailter was torn 
 down by the frequent pecking of peacocks. 
 
 Bernia, or Herni, Francis, an ecciefiaStic 
 f Florence, where he died IJ43 He was 
 satronifed by Clement XII. and distinguished 
 timfelf io much as a fatirical poet, that a Spe- 
 ries of burlefque was called, among the Ital- 
 ians, Bernialque. His Orlando Inamorato 
 Rjfatto is much efteemed. 
 
 Bernier, Francis, a native of Angers, 
 vho Studied at Montpellier, and travelled to 
 he holy land, Cairo and Suez, and the Mo- 
 ;ul empire, where he refided for twelve years 
 ,nd was phyfician to the emperor Aurungzebe. 
 ie wrote an account of his travels on his 
 eturn to Paris, and died 1688. 
 
 Bernier, John, a native of Rlois, phy- 
 cian to Madame. He wrote medical effays, 
 .to topographical hiftories critique on Ra- 
 elais ; but in an inferior ftile. He died poor, 
 t an advanced age, 1668. 
 
 Bernini, or Bernin, John Laivrencc, of 
 Japles, became celebrated for his fkill in paint- 
 ig, architecture, fculpture, and mechanics. 
 lo lefs than fifteen of his pieces adorn St. 
 'eter's at Rome, the moft admired of which 
 re the altar and tabernacle, St. Peter's chair, 
 c. He was noticed in the court of Lewis 
 [V. and died at Rome 1680. It is laid, that 
 1 viewing the picture of Charles I. by Van- 
 fke, of which he executed three bulls, he 
 '.claimed, that he had never feen a mora 
 nfortunate looking face before. 
 
 Bernis, Francis "Joachim de Pierre de, a 
 irdinal, born 1 715. He was intended for 
 le church; but Fleury, to whom he was 
 traduced, conceived a diilike for him; and 
 $ might have long remainded in obfcurity, 
 
 madame Pompadour, pleafed with a fortg 
 hich he had written for her, had net pa- 
 onifed him. By her influence, he was lent 
 nbaflador to Venice; and afterwards his 
 rvices to the court of Rome were rewarded 
 itha cardinal's hat, in 1758; but, foon after, 
 re misfortunes of the French in Germany 
 ere attributed to him by Lewis XV. and he 
 as fent in exile to his abbey. In 1764 he 
 as recalled, and employed as ambaflador at 
 ome, where he procured the fuppreSSion of 
 ie Jefuits, though it is laid he difapproved 
 : the violence of the meafurcs. Stik-d the 
 'otedlor of the French churches at Rome, 
 s fole ambition was to live in Splendor and 
 agnificence at the papal court, but the re- 
 Aution came to deftroy his enjoyments, and 
 
 reduce him to poverty. He died it Rome 
 794. His works, confiding of poetical pie- 
 s, on the four feafons, the four parts oi 
 e days,. on religion, an epiStlc to indolence, 
 :. have appeared in 3 vols. 410. 
 Bernoulli, James, a celebrated mathe 
 atician, born at BaSil 1654. He Studied 
 
 his native town ; and purfucd the hemt of 
 s g'-nius in mathematical learning. He tra- 
 
 velled to Geneva, France, Flanders, an" F^Tg- 
 land, where his reputation had preceded him, 
 in confequence of his learned treatife on the 
 comet of 160O. He was invited to fill the 
 prciljfibriai chair at Heidelberg in ^6845 
 'which, however, his union with a Swils lady 
 prevented*; but three years after he fucceeded 
 to a vacant chair in his native city. His lec- 
 tures were frequented by numbers who ad- 
 mired his ingenuity, the extent of his know- 
 ledge, and the accuracy of his arguments. 
 Intenfe application brought diforders, and 
 Bernoulli, reduced by a flow fever, expired in 
 1705, ordering, like another Archimedes, a 
 fpiral logarithmical curve to be engraved oa 
 his tomb, with the words " eadem mutata re- 
 furgo." His discoveries in mathematics, espe- 
 cially the properties of the curve, have jhi- 
 rnortalir'ed his mane. 
 
 Bernouillt, y^/z, brother to James, was 
 profefTor of mathematics at Groningen in 1695, 
 and afterwards fucceffbr to his "brother at Ba- 
 fil, where he wj;s born in 1667, and where he 
 died in 1748. He vifited France and gained 
 the friendship of Mallebranche, la Hire, Caf- 
 flni, Newton, Leibnitz, &c. He was engaged 
 for Some time in a mathematical difpute witk 
 his brother, which was terminated only by 
 death, and he maintained opinions with relpect 
 to thfe barometer, which drew fevere animad- 
 versions from Hartzoeker. His treatife cut 
 the management of Ships appeared 17 14, and 
 in 1730 his memoir of the elliptical figure of 
 the planets. His works were published at Ge- 
 neva 1742, in {even vols. 4*0. The chil- 
 dren of Bernoulli were deferring of their fa- 
 ther's fame. Nicholas the eldelt, died at Pe- 
 tersburg in 1726, a few months after he had- 
 been called by the Czar to fill the profeSfbrial 
 chair, and Daniel and John pofTefs equal 
 Jaims to the admiration of men of fcienco 
 and virtue. 
 
 Bernoulli, Da/rid, fon of John Ber- 
 noulli, was born at Groningen, 1700, and died 
 1782. He was intended for a mercantile 
 profeffion, but following the purSuits of his 
 father, he vifited Italy and Petersburg, and 
 was appointed to a profeflbriaJ chair at Bafil. 
 His learning was cxtenfive, he gained or di- 
 vided nine prizes with tHe molt illuitrious 
 literati of Europe, an honor attained by no 
 other befides Euler his pupil and friend. He 
 divided a prize with his father, but the old 
 man felt hurt at the preemption of the fon, 
 who had not the wifdom to conceal his tri- 
 umph. This quarrel was aggravated, when 
 the fon embraced Newton's philofophy, which 
 the father had always oppofed. Bernoulli 
 fucceeded his father 1748 in the academy of 
 Sciences, and he was fucceeded by his brother 
 John, lo that for 84 years the chair was ho- 
 norably filled by a Bernoidli. As a proof of 
 his popularity at Bafil it may be menti 
 that it was ti:e ftricl injunction of every fa- 
 ther to his child, to bow wiih rpfpcdt to-Do- 
 niel Bernoulli when met in the fireets. Once 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 in his travels he met with a learned ftranger 
 who was pleafed with His Converfation, and 
 afked him his name, u I am Daniel Bernoulli," 
 replied he; " and 1," anfwered '.he ftranger. 
 who fuppofed that he was laughed at,-- am 
 Ifaac Newton." 
 
 Bkknstorff, 'John Hurting Ernep CQunf, 
 an able ftatelman. After travelling over Eu- 
 rope, he fettled in Denmark, and became the 
 favorite of Chvi:lian VI. He was employed 
 in various embaffies, and became the prime 
 minifter of the kingdom. In this office he 
 applied himielf to the happinefs of his adopted 
 country, her commerce was enlarged, her ma- 
 nufactures encouraged, and every beneficent 
 p!an adopted for the profperity of the flate.- 
 A iociety for agriculture and economy was 
 efhbliihed, and another for the improvement 
 of the Danifti language, and of the fine arts ; 
 and a learned^fcody was formed, whole object 
 was to examine into the hiilory, &c. of the 
 eaft, of which the travels of Niebuhr were a 
 moil interefting fpecimen. Bernftorff, 1768, 
 accompanied his mafter to England, bat in 
 1770, he fell under the royal dilpleafur?, and 
 retired on a penfion to Hamburgh, where he 
 died 1772. 
 
 Bp.knsTCRFF, Andrciv Pdcr Count, ne- 
 phew to the preceding, was born at Ga'rtow 
 in Lunenburg, 1735, and after ftudying at 
 Leipfic and Gottingen, and travelling through 
 Europe, he fettled in Denmark, to mare the 
 honors of his uncle. As a nc-gociator with 
 Ruliia, he conducted himielf with great ability, 
 and by perfuading Catherine, that it ill became 
 her dignity to retain a itnall patrimony which 
 made her dependent on the German empire, 
 he obtained the ceflion of Slel'wiek, and pah 
 of Holilein, and thus flrengthened Denmark 
 by the acceffion of a territory, whole popula- 
 tion amounted to above lOO,Ocd men. In 
 the American war he recommended the armed 
 neutrality, and thus protected commero 
 the belligerent powers. He retired : 
 from the helm of the Mate, bu f 
 called four years afrer by the prince of Den- 
 mark, and he had the (agacity to totbear en- 
 gaging in the war of 1 788 between H<. 
 Sweden. He died 1797, rcfpeclfully - 
 to the grave by the Dartes, who admired his 
 patriotifm and virtues, and who, to comme- 
 morate his benevolence and popularity, (truck 
 medals to his honor. 
 
 Beroaldus, Philip, profeffor of belles lct- 
 tres at Bologne- He died there lj< 
 J 2. He was diffipated in his youth, fo that 
 he dreaded the reftraints of wedlock. A lady 
 however of lingular accompliihments was at 
 laft united to him, and fhe produced reforma- 
 tion in his conduct. He rjouefled great learn- 
 ing for his age, and wrote bt<h in vei 
 profe, but his chief labors were valuable edi- 
 tions of the dailies. 
 
 Bkkoai.dus, Philip, nephew to the pre- 
 edk^, was librarian under Lvo Xtlu, He 
 
 wrote panegyrics, epigrams, and light poetri 
 with confiderable fuccefs. He died at Rom 
 15 1 8, aged 40. 
 
 Rkroalous, Mattheiv, a native of Pari 
 author of a chronology in which he rejects a 
 heathen authority, for that of the bible. H 
 became a calvinill at Geneva, where he die 
 1584. 
 
 Buroaldus, Francis, fon of Matthev 
 was born at Paris 15.58, and died 1612. H 
 pbueUed a verfatue genius, and attempted t 
 turn every thing into ridicule. ! e pretends 
 to be acquainted with various fecrets, the ph 
 lofopher's ftone, perpetual motion, &c. H 
 " moyen de parvenir" is a collection of fatirt 
 trivial anecdotes, and puerility. 
 
 Bkrquin, Arriaitld, a celebrated Frenc 
 writer, born at Fourdeaux. His firil wor 
 was Idylles, which poffefs lwestnefs, eleganc 
 and pathos, and he afterwards wrote his r< 
 rhances ; but his moll popular work is his an 
 des enfans, in 6 vols. i2mo. This intereftir 
 work, which conveys inftruction to the youtl 
 ful mind, and leads it by an agreeable nai 
 naive, clothed in lpirited dialogue, to tr 
 [admiration and to the love of virtuous action 
 has been frequently edited and translated in' 
 the various' languages of Europe. He left i 
 YISS. other works, comedies, &c. He die 
 at Paris 1701, aged 42. 
 
 Bekqvix , Lewis dt, of Artois, was a cou 
 'tier at the court of France. As a pioteftai 
 he was twice imprilbned and twice acquiit( 
 of herely, but as he wifhed to avenge himfe 
 on his acculers, he was the third time feize 
 and on refilling to recant, he was condemn*, 
 to be ftrangled and burnt, which he undervvei 
 wTth altoniihing fortitude, 1569, in his 4CI 
 year. 
 
 Berrktoui, Nicholas, a painter of M; 
 cerata, died 1682, aged 65. His hiltoric 
 pieces were much admired. 
 
 Bkkrimax, lV:liia?r., D.D. was educate 
 at Banbury, afterwards at merchant taylor 
 Ichool and Oriel college. He obtained t! 
 living of St. Andrew Underfhaft, and a fe 
 lowlhip of Eton. He died 1750, aged 6 
 There were puhhfhed of his five vols of o 
 cellent fermous, the three firft of which wei 
 preached at Boyle's and Moyer's lectures, ai 
 fome controvcrfial writings. 
 
 BERRUTKSf, "Jof'ph Ifaac, a jeiuit, born ; 
 Rouen, i68z. He died at Paris 1758. E 
 wrote " l'hilloire du peuple de dieu," in 1 
 vols. tto. a work which abounds in extrav. 
 gaut fuppofitions, and puerile (lories. 
 
 Berry, fir John, fon of the clergyman 
 Knowfton, Devoulhire. was a naval office 
 diftinguifhed againil the Buccaneers, at tl 
 battle of Southwold bay, and at the dcmolitk 
 I'.'ier under iord Dartmouth. Me w 
 refpec.~t.ed by the duke of York, whom 1 
 faved from ihipwre* k at the mouth of tl 
 Humbcr, 1682, a. . his fie 
 
 in the invjifion of William of Oran 
 
BER 
 
 BER 
 
 Vras employed after the revolution. He was 
 poiibned 169 1, on board a ihip at Portfmouth, 
 in his 56th year. 
 
 Bersmann, George, a German, who tra- 
 velled in France and Italy, where he gave lec- 
 tures with great reputation. He tranflated 
 David's pfalms into Latin verfe, and wrote 
 notes on Virgil, Horace, &c. and died 1611, 
 in his 7 2d year. 
 
 Bertaud, John, born at Caen, died 1611, 
 aged 59. He was chaplain to Catherine de 
 Medicis, and was promoted to the fee of Seez. 
 He wrote verfes with great eafe and elegance, 
 but when raifed to the prelacy, he difregarded 
 the efFufions of his mufe. His works, confift- 
 ing of fonnets, canticles, pfalms, &c. were 
 printed in 8vo. He contributed to the eon- 
 verfion of Henry IV. on whom he wrote a 
 funeral oration. 
 
 Bertheau, Charles, a French proteftant, 
 of Montpellier, minifter at the fynod of Vigan. 
 At the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he 
 fettled in London, and was chofen minifter of 
 the Walloon church, Threadneedle-ftreet, and 
 there for 44 years he was refpected as an ex- 
 emplary paftor. He publifhed two volumes 
 of French fermons, and died 1732, aged 73. 
 
 BerthiER, Guillaume Francois, a jefuit, 
 born at Iflondun, known as the conductor of 
 the journal de Trevoux for 17 years. He 
 was an able critic, but his reflections on fome 
 of Voltaire's pieces, drew upon him the ven- 
 geance of the poet, which he treated with 
 becoming difdain. After the diflolution of the 
 jefuits, he was made a royal librarian, and 
 joint preceptor to Lewis XVI. and Monfieur, 
 but in 18 months he refigned his employments 
 and retired to Oftemburg. He returned to 
 France, anddied of a fall at Bcurges, 1782, 
 aged 78. His translation of the pfalms into 
 French was publifhed in 1758, in 8 vols. 
 I2mo. He wrote the laft fix vols, of " l'Hif- 
 toire de l'egliie Gallicane." 
 
 Bertholet-Flameel, Bartholomew, a 
 painter of Liege. He fettled at Paris, where 
 he died 1675. His Elijah carried up to heaven 
 is one of his belt pieces. 
 
 Bert no r.oN, N. an eminent French wri- 
 ter, born at Lyons, where he died 1799. He 
 was profeflbr of medicine at Montpellier, 
 which he quitted for the hiftorical chair of 
 Lyons. His works were written with ability, 
 chiefly on electricity, aeroftation, vegetation, 
 &c. His memoire on the caufes of the prof- 
 peiity and of the decay of the commerce of 
 Lyons, was a popular work, publifhed 1782, 
 in 8vo. and contained interesting matter on 
 machines, the arts, &c. 
 
 Berti, John Laurence,* learned Auguf- 
 tine of Tufcany, born 1696. His great work 
 f de difciplinis theologicis," in 8 vols. 4to. 
 drew upon him the cenfures of the jefuits, 
 and he was accufed before Benedict XIV. as 
 a follower of Janfenius, againft which he de- 
 fended himfelf in % vols. 4W. He wf . 
 
 ecclefiafticai hiftory in Latin, in 7" vols. 4tO 
 He died at Pila 1766, aged 70. 
 
 Bertier, John Stephen, a native of Pro- 
 vence, author of two well known treatifes, 
 " phyfique des cometes," i2mo. and " phy- 
 fique des corps animes," i2mo. He died 
 1783, aged 73. 
 
 Bertin, Nicholas, a painter, born at Paris, 
 1664, patronifed by Lewis XIV. and by the 
 electors of Mentz and Bavaria. His pictures, 
 which are preferved at Paris, poflefs great 
 merit. He died 1736, aged 72. 
 
 Bertin, Exupere Jofeph, a French phy- 
 fician. He was for fome time phyfician to 
 the Hofpodar of Wallachia. He was affiftant 
 anatomift of the academy of Paris, and he 
 publifhed his ofteology, in 4 vols. i2mo. 1753. 
 He died 1781, aged 69. 
 
 Bertin, Anthony, a French officer, and 
 poet, born in the ifle of Bourbon, 1752. At 
 the age of nine he came to France, and was 
 educated in the college of Pleffis. He went 
 in 1789, to St. Domingo, to marry a beautiful 
 creole, wham he had known and loved at 
 Paris, but on the eve of his nuptials he was 
 feized with a fever, and died 17 days after, at 
 the end of June, 1790, aged 38. His works 
 were reprinted at Paris, z vols. i2mo. 1802. 
 The French attributed to him the beauties 
 and the faults of Propertius, a brilliant ima- 
 gination, often regardlefs of the language of 
 decorum. 
 
 Bertius, Peter, profeflbr of philofophy at 
 Leyden, came to Paris in 1620, where he 
 renounced the proteftant religion, and ac- 
 cepted the profeftbrial chair of mathematics, 
 and the place of cofmographer to the king. 
 He died 1629, aged 64. He publifhed com- 
 mentaries on the aflVirs of Germany thea- 
 trimi geographic veteris, a vols. fol. 
 
 Bertrabe, daughter of count Montfort, 
 married the count of Anjou, from whom fhe 
 was divorced to unite herfelf to Philip I. of 
 France, 1092. This was oppofed by the 
 clergy, but the love of the monarch triumphed. 
 Bertrade was not always continent in her con- 
 duct:, but after the king's death fhe pretended 
 fanctity, and caufed herfelf to be buried in a 
 convent which fhe had founded. 
 
 Bertram, Cornel. fionaventure, a native 
 of Poitou, profeflbr of Hebrew at Genoa and 
 Laufanne. He died at Laufanne 1794, aged 
 63. He was author of a differtation on the 
 republic of the Hebrews) a revifion of the 
 Geneva French bible, an edition of Pagnin's 
 thefaurus linguae fancbe,^ parallel of the 
 Hebrew and Syriac, &c. 
 
 Bertrand, John Baptijl, a French phy- 
 fician, known for his interefting account of 
 the plague at Marfeilles, his diftbrtations on 
 fen air, 4to. &c. He died 1752, aged 82. 
 
 Berulle, Peter, an ecclefiaftic, born neat 
 
 Troyes. He vcas the founder of the oratory 
 
 in France, an inftitution which merited, by 
 
 th* piety of its members, the patronage of th 
 
 K king, 
 
BET 
 
 BEV 
 
 fcing, and of the pope. He was almoner to 
 Henrv IV. and after his death chief of the 
 council of the queen -mother Mary de Medi- 
 cis. He accompanied Henrietta-Maria when 
 (he came to England, on her marriage with 
 Charles I. He was rewarded with a cardinal's 
 hat by Urban VIII. 1627, and he died fud- 
 dcnly while celebrating niafs, 1629, aged 55. 
 His writings were on fpiritual and controverfial 
 fubjeds. 
 
 Besler, Bail, an apothecary of Nurem- 
 berg, author of Ionic botanical works, held in 
 high eftimation, efpeciaHy Hartus Eyfrettenfi*, 
 Iconcs riorum 3nd hcrbarum. His fon Michael 
 Rufert, wrote the Gazophylacium rcrum natu- 
 ralium, and died 1661. 
 
 Besi.y, John, 1 Trench antiquarian, author 
 of an hiftory of Poitou, &.c. lie died 1644, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Res PL AS, y 'of fb Mary Anne Gros de, a 
 doctor of the Sorbonne, born at Languedoc, 
 mid known as an excellent preacher, and as 
 the comforter of fuch criminals as were fen- 
 tenccd to death. He wrote an eflay on the 
 eloquence of the pulpit, and a treatife on the 
 cau&l of public happineft, % vols. izmo. He 
 died at Paris 1783, aged 49. 
 
 Bessakion, a native of Trebizond, titular 
 patriarch of Conltantinople, illuftrious as one 
 of the reftorers of learning in the 15th cen- 
 tury. He was engaged in feveral embaHies, 
 but that to France proved the caufe of his 
 death. He offended Lewis XI. by paying a 
 previous vifit to the duke of Burgundy, lb 
 that the monarch in an infulting manner feized 
 his beard, observing in his vulgar Latin, " Bar- 
 bara Grzeca genus retinent quod habere fole- 
 bant," which fo affronted the cardinal, that he 
 died foon after through chagrin, 147a. Bef- 
 i'arion wrote orations, epiftles, belides trans- 
 lations of lbme of Ariltotle's pieces, See. His 
 valuable library is (till preferved at Venice as 
 a curiofity. He was the friend and patron of 
 Poggius, Laur. Valla, Theodore of Gaza, &c. 
 
 Betham, F.divard, B.D. was educated at 
 Eton, and King's college, Cambridge, 1731. 
 He is known for his exemplary manners, and 
 his great liberality, lb that he prefented to the 
 univerfity aocol. for the lupport of the bota- 
 nical garden, and he gave 600I. to erect a 
 marble ftatue to Henry VI. the founder of 
 the college, within whofe walls he had received 
 las education. 
 
 Bethencovrt, yean de, a native of Nor- 
 mandy, who difcovered the Canary iibnds in 
 140a, and conquered five of them, with the 
 afliftance of Henry III. of Caltile. 
 
 Bettertov, Thomas, an actor of emi- 
 nence, born in Tothill-ltreet, 1635, and ap- 
 prenticed to a bookfelb-r. 1 lis firit appearance 
 as a plaver was ia 1656 ; but after the relto- 
 ration, he was lent by Gharles II. to copy the 
 fuperior ornaments of a Paris theatre, and on 
 his return 1" aJJ-d all the powe-rs of his taftc 
 ar -i gerilul tu the Drury-lane and Lincoln's- 
 
 inn-field theatres, which united about 16& 
 into one company. His abilities drew umvei 
 fal approbation ; but eager to difengage him 
 felf from the oppreflion of the managers, h 
 procured a patent to ereft another theatre i 
 Lincoln's-inn-fields, which opened in 169J 
 But though Supported by the royal patronag< 
 and the abilities of Congreve, the oppoiitio 
 of Vanbrugh and Cibber was too powerful 
 and though the " mourning bride," and " th 
 way of the world," appeared with all thei 
 excellencies, the more rapid productions < 
 t^e other houfe procured greater fuccefs 
 and after three or four lealons of unavailWi 
 riVanhip, and after endeavouring to eftablifh 
 new oppolition, by building the Haymarke 
 in 1706, tfetterton yielded in theftruggle, an 
 all the actors were again reunited into on 
 fociet}. LAe for love was acted for his be 
 nefit in 1 709, and Mrs. Bracegirdle and Air 
 Barry ltepped forth from their retirement t 
 lupport the public favorite, and five hundre 
 pounds were cleared for him. Hamlet w; 
 the next year performed with equal fuceef 
 and the Maid's tragedy was announced for th 
 following fpring ; but Betterton exerted bin: 
 felf too much in the part of Melanthus, an 
 the gout, kept off by external application 
 flew to his head and proved fatal, 28th Apri 
 1 710. He was interred in Weltminfter-abbcj 
 univcrfally lamented, but mourned by nou 
 more than by Steele, who publilhed in th 
 Tatler, (No. 167) a moving detail of the me 
 rits of his departed friend. Betterton wrot 
 or altered three plays. His greateft meri 
 however, arifes from his theatrical power 
 None, as Cibber fays, could act with equ; 
 feeling, Othello, Macbeth, Hamlet, Brutu: 
 Hotfpur, and the lpirit of the poet was tranl 
 fufed into the player, and on his attitude, hi 
 language, eager expectation was lulpende< 
 and the eye almoft imbibed the fentiment be 
 fore it could reach the ear. 
 
 Betts, yobn, M.D. of Winchefter, edu 
 cated at Corpus Chriiti college, Oxford, wa 
 after the restoration one of the king's phyfi 
 cians. He wrote de ortu & natuni laaguini: 
 1669, 8vo. anatomia Thorns Parr, &c. Th 
 time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Betussi, Jofeph, an Italim poet, of Ba( 
 fano, bom 15*0. Belides amorous poems, h 
 wrote the life of Boccacio, and translated hi 
 Latin works into Italian. 
 
 Beveripge, William, a native of Barrow 
 in Leicefterfhire, educated at St. John's col 
 lege, Cambridge. His proficiency in Hebrev 
 was fuch, that at 18 he publifbed " a treatil 
 on the ufe of oriental languages." He wa 
 vicar of Ealing, Middlefox, which he afterward 
 gave up for St. Peter's, Cornhill. He wa 
 liberally patroniled by Hinchman and Comp 
 ton, both fucceflively bifhops ef London, an 
 he was made chaplain to William in 1 684 
 He, in 1691, refufed the fee of Bath an 
 Wells, on the deprivation of Dr. K 
 
BEZ 
 
 BIB 
 
 in 1704 he was confecrated biihop tf St. 
 Afaph. He ftrongly recommended to his 
 lergy the catechiling of children, and eameft- 
 nefs in public inftru&ion. He died 1 707, 
 aged 71. He left the bell part of his property 
 to charitable purpofes. He publifhed 150 
 fermons in 1 2 vols. 8vo. and two vols, folio, 
 befides other theological tra&s, &c. in Latin 
 as well as Englilh, &c. 
 
 Bevkklanu, Hadrian, a native of Zea- 
 land, who fhamefully 'proftituted his abilities 
 in the coinpofition of loofe poetry and obfcene 
 pieces. His treatife on original fin was not 
 only burnt with public execration, but the 
 antnor, who boafted of it, was driven from the 
 Hague and Leyden, and at laft found an afy- 
 lum in England. It is laid that he repented 
 of the immoral tendency of his writings, of 
 which he made a recantation in his treatife 
 " de fornicatione cavenda," though his lince- 
 rity has been doubted. The death of his 
 friend Voflius involved him in difficulties, and 
 ro poverty was added public contempt, and 
 foon after the lofs of his mental faculties, which 
 perfecuted bim with the apprehenfion that 
 aoo men had conlpired his destruction. He 
 died about 171 2. 
 
 Beverley, John of, a native of Northum- 
 berland, abbot of St. Hilda, biihop of Hex- 
 ham, and in 687 tranllated to York. He was 
 a learned man, and a great encourager of 
 learning, and founded a college at Beverley. 
 He retired to the obicurity of a cell, and died 
 721 
 
 Beverninck, J drome Van, a Dutch ftatef- 
 man, ambafiador to Cromwell in 1654. He 
 brought about a peace between England and 
 Holland. He died 1690, aged 76. 
 
 Beverwick, 'John de, a native of Dor- 
 drecht, diftinguilhed as an able phyfician in his 
 native town, and died 1647, aged 41, and 
 merited to be called in his epitaph by Dan. 
 Heinlius " Vitse artifex, mortis fugator." His 
 works appeared in 4to. 1 65 1. 
 
 Beuf, John le, of Auxerre, was a learned 
 antiquary, who died 1760, aged 73. He 
 wrote memoirs on the hiftory of Auxerre, be- 
 fides collections for the hiftory of Paris and of 
 France, &c. 
 
 Beurs, William, of Dordt, diftinguilhed as 
 a painter of flowers, landfcapes, and portraits, 
 about 1680. 
 
 Bex on, Scipio, a native of Remiremont, 
 who died at Paris 1 784, aged 36. He afllfted 
 Button in his natural hiftory, and publilhed a 
 fyftem of fertilization, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Beys, Charles de, a French poet, the friend 
 f Scarron. He died 1 656. 
 
 Beysskr, John Michael, a native of Metz. 
 He was in the Indies and in Holland, and be- 
 came general at the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion. He was employed in 'a Vendee, but 
 being defeated, he was condemned as a traitor, 
 nd as the accomplice of Hebert, and he iuf- 
 fered with gre3t compol'ure, 1794. 
 
 Biz a, Theodore, a zealous protectant, of 
 
 Vezelai in Burgundy, educated at Orleans, 
 He was intended for the bar, but he left 
 France for Geneva, with a woman to whom 
 he had promiled marriage, and in 1549 he 
 was elected to the Greek profefTorlhip of 
 Laufanne. In 1559, he fettled as proteftant 
 rninifter at Geneva, where he became the 
 afiociate of Calvin, whofe tenets he maintained 
 with the eloquence of the pulpit, and the ar- 
 guments of logical difputation. He was dele- 
 gated to the conference of Poiffy before the 
 king of Navarre, and his abilities and mode- 
 ration commanded univerlal refpeft. He re- 
 mained with Conde during the civil wars of 
 France, and was afterwards engaged in the 
 fynods of Rochelle, Nifmes, &c. His intenfe 
 ftudies early lhattered his conftitution, and 
 after eight years of gradual decay he expired 
 1605. His abilities were of the moft com- 
 prehenfive kind. His controverfies were with 
 the moft refpectable fcholars of the times, and 
 he evinced the fuperiority of his caufe as well 
 as the extent of his learning. His publications 
 were all on theological fubjecls, partly in 
 French, and partly in Latin. 
 
 Bezout, Stephen, of Nemours, died at 
 Paris 1783, aged 53. He is known by his 
 courfe of mathematics, 4 vols. 8vo. and his 
 treitife on navigation, 6 vols. 8vo. befides a 
 general theory of algebraic equations, and 
 other works. 
 
 Biancani, Jofeph, author of cofmography 
 demonftrated, chronology of eminent ma- 
 thematicians, and other works, was a jeiuit f 
 Bologna, and he died at Farma, 1644. 
 
 Bianchi, Peter, a Roman painter, emi- 
 nent for his portraits and landfcapes, fea pieces, 
 and animals. He died at Rome 1739, aged 
 
 45- 
 
 Bianchini, Francis, a native of Verona, 
 known for the eftabliihment of the Alethofili 
 fociety in his native town, for phyfical and 
 mathematical fubjecls. He was patronifed by 
 Alexander VIII. and by his fucceflors, and 
 died 1729, aged 76. The people of Verona 
 honored his memory by fetting a buft of him 
 in their cathedral. His works were in Italian, 
 chiefly on antiquities, befides pieces of poetry 
 and eloquence. His univerlal hiftory, 1697, 
 is highly valued. 
 
 Bibiena, Bernardo de, a Roman, in the 
 fervice of the Medici family, by his intrigues 
 promoted the election of Leo X. to the pope- 
 dom, for which he was made a cardinal. He 
 afterwards offended his patron, and was poi- 
 foned as it is fuppofed by his directions 1520, 
 aged 50. His Calandra, a comedy, is ftiil in 
 high efteem in Italy. 
 
 Bibiena, Ferdinand GaTt, a painter and 
 architet of Bologna. He was patronifed by 
 the duke of Parma and the emperor, and the 
 magnificent buildings erected according to his 
 plans, fhew the fuperiority of his abilities. He 
 wrote two books on his art, and died blind, 
 
 *743- 
 BimiUANDM, Theodore, rrofeffbr of theo- 
 K % logy 
 
BIE 
 
 BIG 
 
 !cgy at Zurich, publiftied an edition of the 
 koran, fome commentaries on fcripture, &c. 
 He died of the plague 1564, aged 65. 
 
 Bichat, Marie Francis Xa-vier, a pupil 
 of Petit at Lyons, who came to Paris, and, 
 under the induction of Default, was ap- 
 pointed medical profeflbr at the hotel Dieu. 
 He is author of a treatife on the membranes 
 recherches phyfiologiques fur la vie & la mort, 
 8vo. 1799, Sec. He died 1802, aged 31. 
 
 Biddi.e, John, was born at Wotton-under- 
 Fdge, Gloucefterfhire, and educated at the 
 grammar fchool there, and at Magdalen- hall, 
 Oxford. He was elected mafter of the free 
 fchool of St. Mary de Crypt, in Gloucefter, 
 but his refufal to acknowledge the divinity of 
 the Holy Ghoft, drew upon him accufations of 
 herefy. Though liberated from prifon, he 
 was ftill unwilling to yield to the arguments 
 which archbifhop Uftier, in his way through 
 Gloucefter, kindly ufed to remove his doubts 
 and effect a reconciliation. He was fum- 
 moned before the parliament at Weftminfler, 
 but the 12. arguments which he publiftied as a 
 criterion of his faith, expofed ham to greater 
 perfecution, and an ordinance ivas pafled by 
 the commons to punifti with death fuch as 
 denied the doctrine of the Trinity. To the 
 horrors of a prifon were now added thofe of 
 poverty, but Biddle was a man of learning, and 
 he earned a fubfiftence by correcting the fep- 
 tuagint bible, publiftied by Roger Daniel, a 
 London printer. By the general oblivion act 
 of 1(154, he recovered his liberty, but a frelh 
 publication again expofed him to the rigor of 
 Cromwell's parliament, and at laft the pro- 
 tector, incited by Griffin, an anabaptift, who 
 had experienced the fuperior powers of his 
 antsgonift in theological difputes, gave orders 
 for his baniftiment to St. Mary's caftle in the 
 ides of Scilly, in 1655. On the reftoration, 
 when the liberty of diflenters was abridged, 
 Biddle, who expounded his doctrines in private 
 as well as in public, was dragged before a 
 magistrate. He was fined iool. and his hearers 
 2d. each, but from his inability to pay, he 
 was detained, and after 15 weeks of confine- 
 ment, a iudden difeafe came to put an end to 
 his fufferings, 166a, in his 47th year. His 
 life has been publiftied by Mr. Farrington, of 
 the Inner Temple, who extols his piety and 
 his exemplary morals. 
 
 Bidloo, Godfrey, of Amfterdam, was emi- 
 nent as a phyfician and an anatomical writer. 
 He was profeflbr at the Hague, and afterwards 
 at Leyden, and phyfician to king William, 
 whom he attended in England. He died at 
 Leyden, 1713, aged 64. Some of his poems 
 in Low Dutch were publiftied in 1 719. His 
 great work is anatomia corporis humani, fol. 
 
 BiE FIELD, James Frederick baron de, a 
 native of Hamburgh, employed by the king 
 of Pruflia as fecretary of legation, and after- 
 wards as preceptor to his brother FeiJinand. 
 He fpent the laft part of his life in literary 
 retiremem, and died at Aitcuilu-rg, 1770, 
 
 aged 53. He is author of political inftitutions, 
 3 vols. 8vo. progrefs of the Germans in belles 
 lettres, 8vo. &c, 
 
 Eiklke, N. baron de, a Swcdifti gentleman, 
 engaged in the confpiracy of Ankerftroem, 
 againft the Swedifh king. When interrogated, 
 he refuted to accufe his aflbciates, and fwal- 
 losved poifon, 1792, aged 50. 
 
 Bjkrve, N.marechal, marquis de, a French- 
 man well known for his ready wit, and great 
 facetiournefs. He wrote two plays of conli- 
 dcrable merit les reputations, & le feductcur. 
 He died at Spa, 1789, aged 42. He is author 
 of the diftich on courtezans, 
 Quid fades, facies Veneris cum veneris ante ? 
 
 Ne fedeas ? fed t as ne pereis per eas. 
 
 Biez, Oudard du, a native of Artois, in the 
 fervice of Francis I. His great bravery in the 
 field of battle recommended him to the public 
 favor. After being dilgraccd for furrendering 
 Boulogne, he was reltorcd to his rank, and 
 died 1553. 
 
 Bifield, Nicholas, miniter of St. Peter's, 
 Chefter, and vicar of Iflewo; th, was a zealous 
 advocate of chriftianity in the pulpit and in his 
 writings. He died i6az, aged 44. 
 
 Eigne, Grace de la, of Bayeux, accompa- 
 nied king John to England, after the battle of 
 Poictiers. He wrote " le Roman des oifeaux," 
 a poem for the instruction of the king's fon. 
 He died about 1374. 
 
 Bigne, Marguerin dt la, of the fame family 
 as the preceding, was eminent as a man of 
 letters. Befides harangues and fermons, he 
 publiftied bibliotheca patrum, an ufeful collec- 
 tion in 8 vols, folio. He died about 1591. 
 
 Eignicourt, Simon de, a counfellur of 
 Rheims, eminent for his knowledge of litera- 
 ture. His " peniees & reflections philofo- 
 phiques," are much efteemed. He wrote, be- 
 fides, epigrams and lhort poems, in French and 
 Latin, none of which exceed 10 lines, in a 
 ftyle of fuch elegance, that he has been com- 
 pared to Catullus. He died 1775, aged 66. 
 
 Bignon, Jerome, was born at Paris. His 
 abilities were fo prematurely difplayed, that at 
 the age of 10 he publiftied his defcription of 
 the holy land, and at the age of 14, his trea- 
 tife on the election of the pope*. He was 
 noticed by Henry IV. and obtained a place at 
 court; and after his death, he travelled into 
 Italy, where he was noticed by Paul V. On 
 his return he devoted himfelf to the bar, and 
 was nominated couniellorof ftate and advocate 
 general in the parliament of Paris. He was 
 confulted by queen Anne of Auftria during 
 her regency, he affifted at the completion of 
 the treaty with Holland in 1649, regulated 
 the fucceflion of Mantua, and concluded the 
 alliance with the Hans towns in 1654. He 
 died 1656, aged 66,. of an afthma. 
 
 Bigot, Emeri, a native of Rouan, intimate 
 with Menage, Nicholas Heinfius, and others. 
 He publiftied the life of St. Chryfotom by 
 Pall.idi, difcovered by him at Florence, and 
 died ibfy^ aged 64. 
 
 BUFIKGER, 
 
BIN 
 
 BIR 
 
 BlLFiNGER, George Bernard, profelTor of 
 philoibphy at Peterlburg, and afterwards of 
 theology at Tubingen, is known for his valuable 
 treatile called " Dilucidationes phiibph. de deo, 
 anima humana, mundo, &c." He died 1750, 
 aged 57. It is remarked that he, like all 
 his family, was born with 12 ringers and 12 
 toes. 
 
 Billau r, Adam, a joiner of Nevers, known 
 by the name of Maitre Adam. Vide Adam. 
 
 Billingslet, Henry, a native of Canter- 
 bury, educated at Oxford. He became a ha- 
 berdafher in London, and not only acquired 
 great opulence, but rcfe to the higheft honors 
 of the city, and in 1598 was lord mayor of 
 London, when he was knighted. His recep- 
 tion of Whitehead turned his attention to 
 geometry, and by the affiftance of this poor 
 inmate he became fo {killed in mathematics 
 that he published the firft Englilh tranflation 
 of Euclid's elements, with learned annotations, 
 I57 ^io, with a preface written by Dr. Dee. 
 He died 1606. 
 
 Billiom, N.Bup, a celebrated aftrefs, 
 born at Nancy, and much applauded on the 
 theatres of Bruffels and of France. Her huf- 
 band was ballet-malter of the Italian operas at 
 Paris. She died 1783, aged 32. 
 
 Bilson, Thomas, a native of Winchefter, 
 educated at the college there, and at New col- 
 lege Oxford. He was diftinguilbed as a poet, 
 and he became mafter of Winchefter fcliool, 
 afterwards warden of the college, in 1596 bifhop 
 of Worcefter, and three years after of Win- 
 chefter. He was eloquent as a preacher, and 
 was engaged in all the theological difputes of 
 the times, and aflifted in the revifion of the 
 bible. He died i6i6,and was buried in Weft- 
 minfter abbey. He publiihrd a treatile of the 
 difference between chriftian lubjection and un- 
 chriftian rebellion, and another on the perpe- 
 tual government of Chrift's church. 
 
 Bingham, Jofefh, of Wakefield in York- 
 shire, was educated at the gramrhar-fchool 
 there, and at Univerfity college Oxford. 
 Hearing the Trinity attacked in the univerfity 
 pulpit, he took occafion when he preached be- 
 fore that learned body 1695, to explain in an 
 elaborate manner the three witneffcs mention- 
 ed by St. John. The dilcpurfe drew upon him 
 the t'evereft cenfures, and he was obliged to give 
 up his fellowihip at Univerfity college, and to 
 retire toHeadbourne-wcrthy, a living inHump- 
 ihire, which Dr. Radcliffe conferred upon him. 
 He continued his fubjed in two difcouries be- 
 fore the clergy of Winchefter \\ ith general ap- 
 probation, and he vindicated his conduct by 
 printing the offenfivc fermons with a copious 
 preface. His moll learned and valuable work 
 in ten vols. 8vo. and two vols. fol. is called 
 * Oiigines ecclefiaftics." His diligence at laft 
 was rewarded by TreUwney bifhop of Win- 
 chefter, who gave him the living 'at Havant 
 near Portfnunuh, but his improving fortune 
 was overclouded by the ft uth-fea bubble. He 
 died 1723, in his 55th ytar. 
 
 Bingham, Jofeph, fecond fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at the Charter-houfe, and 
 at Corpus chrilti Oxford, where he prematurely 
 died at the age of 22, in conlequence of excei- 
 five application. He promifed all the learning 
 and virtues of his father, and he had finifhed, 
 except the preface, a valuable edition of the 
 Theban ftory, pubiifhed after his death. 
 
 Binning, Hugh, profelTor of moral philo- 
 fophy at Glafgow, was minuter of Govan, and 
 diitinguifhed by his eloquence in the pulpit, and 
 his amiable manners. He diei of a confump- 
 tion 1654, aged 29. He wrote trades, fer- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Bicernstahl, profeffor of the oriental lan- 
 guages at Upfal, was a native of Sudermania. 
 He viiited Europe with his pupils, the fons of 
 baron Rudbek, and afterwards travelled to 
 Turkey, and died at Salonica 1779. ^ s en - 
 tertaining letters, written in Swedilh during his 
 travels, in three vols. 8vo. have been translated 
 into German. 
 
 Bion, Nicholas, author of an excellent 
 work on the conftruclion of mathematical in- 
 ltruments, and of a treatile on the ufe of the 
 globes in 4to. was an able engineer and mathe- 
 matician, who died at Paris 1733, aged 8 1. 
 
 Bionsi, Francis, a native of Lieieua in 
 Dalmatia, introduced to the favor of James, 
 who knighted him. He wrote a valuable hif 
 tory of the civil wars of the honfes of York 
 and Lancafter in Italian, tranflated into Eng- 
 iifti by lord Monmouth. 
 
 Birague, Clement, an engraver of Milan, 
 laid to be the firft. who discovered the means 
 of engiaving diamonds. He lived at the court 
 of Philip II. of Spain. 
 
 Birague, Rene de, a native of Milan, who 
 eicaped from the vengeance of Lewis Sforza 
 into Prance, and became a favorite with Charles 
 IV. \vho made him chancellor of the kingdom 
 1573. He was made a cardinal by Gregory 
 XIII. and was concerned in the maiTacre of 
 St. Bartholomew, and died 1583, aged 74. 
 One of the fame family diftinguiihed himfelf as 
 a general in the wars of Italy. 
 
 Birch, Thomas, fon of a quaker, coffee- 
 mill maker, was born in the parilh of St. John 
 Clerkenwell, 1705. Rather than follow the 
 profeilion of his father, he determined to de- 
 pend upon his own exertions for fubfiltence, 
 and became afTulant at Hemel HamplU-ad 
 fchool, where he received his education, and 
 Lifterwards in two other eftablifhrnents, nil kept 
 by quakers. He married in 1728. but his hap- 
 pinefs was interrupted by the death of his wife, 
 in child-bed, and his grief was feelingly ex- 
 preffed in fome beautiful lines. His delertion 
 of the quakers was followed by his ordination, 
 and \\: quickly prilled by the patronage of the 
 Hardvitke family, into the polTeilion. of i'eve- 
 ral b.-nences, the laft of which were Uepdea hi 
 Elfet, and St. Margaret Pattens and St. Ga- 
 briel, London. He died by a fall from hi 
 horfe between London and Hampftead, 1766. 
 In his private life Birch was frieudiy, commu- 
 K j nicative,. 
 
BIR 
 
 BLA 
 
 nicative, and unaffected, and as a writer he 
 pofleffed unufual activity, and folid judgment. 
 His knowledge of Greek was not confiderable, 
 but French and Latin he thoroughly under- 
 ftood ; and his accuracy as a modern hiftorian 
 is very great. His publications are rolumi- 
 rious, the beft known of which arc the general 
 dictionary, &c. in IO vols. fol. with Bernard 
 and Lockman, heads of illuftrious perfons of 
 Great Britain, Sec. two vols, folio memoirs 
 of the reign of queen Elizabeth, t vols. 4to. 
 Hiftory of the royal fociety, &c. 4 vols. 4to. 
 1756. Thurloe's ftate papers, &c. befides 
 lives, &c. He left his books and manufcripts 
 to the Britittfln mufeum, and ga\^ 500I. to 
 fncreafe the falary of the librarians of that 
 inftitution. 
 
 Bird, William., known for his excellent mu- 
 fical compofitions, was employed in king Ed- 
 ward VI.'s chapel, and afterwards he became 
 organift of Lincoln cathedral. He died 1633, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Biren, "John Ernejl, a perfon of mean 
 birth, noticed by Anne duchefs of Courland, 
 and railed by her when elevated to the Ruffian 
 throne to the higheft dignities. As the fa- 
 vorite of the emprefs his conduct was violent, 
 not lefs than 20,000 perfons were exiled by 
 him to Siberia, but ftill he continued in power, 
 and was by his miftrefs made duke of Cour- 
 land in 1737. On the death of the emprefs 
 he aflumed the reins of government agree- 
 able to her will, but an infurrection in 1740 
 prevailed againft him, and the fentnce of death 
 was exchanged for banifhment. He was re- 
 called by Peter III. and reftored to favor by 
 Catherine, He refigned his honors as duke 
 of Courland to his fon in 1769, and died 
 
 1772. 
 
 Birkenhead, fir John, born at North- 
 wich Chefhire, was fervitor at Oriel college, 
 and became f ecretary to Laud, and fellow of 
 All Souls. When Charles I. came to Oxford, 
 Birkenhead fupported the royal caufe by his 
 writings, and when expelled from the profeflbr- 
 Ihip of moral philofophy, he hurled from an 
 obfeure retreat in London all the fhafts of his 
 fatire againft the republicans. After the ref- 
 toration he was created doctor of laws, elected 
 member for Wilton, knighted, and appointed 
 mafter of rcquefts. His popularity as a cour- 
 tier drew upon him the cenfures of jealoufy, 
 though Drvden, Langbaine, and Winllanley, 
 fpeak cf him in the higheft terms. He died 
 1679, aged 64. His writings were chiefly po- 
 etical pamphlets and fatirical poems. 
 
 BlRON, Armand de Gonrault baron de, a 
 native of Perigord, for fome time page to 
 queen Margaret of Navarre. He dift'mguifhed 
 himfelf in the wars of Italy, and in the fervice 
 of Henry III. and IV. and was engaged in the 
 battles of Dreux, St. Dennis, and Moncontour. 
 He was commander in feven battles, and he 
 reaeived feven honorable wounds. He was 
 defeated by the duke of Parma, when he went 
 to the Low countries to aflift the duke of 
 
 A'encon, and he was killed by a cannon bull it 
 the fiege of Epernai, in 1592, a^ed 68. 
 
 BlRON, Charles de Gonrault due de, fon of 
 the preceding, was marechnl of France, and a 
 favorite of Henry IV. who made him a duke, 
 and lent him as his 3mbau*ador to England and 
 other courts. In the civil wars of France he 
 leagued againft his mafter, with Savoy and 
 Spain, for which he was beheaded 1602. His 
 love of pleafure and gaming is faid to have 
 produced thofe fatal fteps to which he fell a fa . 
 crifice. 
 
 Ki?chop, John de, a painter, of the Hague. 
 His landfcapes and hiftorical pieces were held 
 in high cftimation for tafte, judgment, and cor- 
 rect nefs. He died 1686, aged 40. 
 
 Bishop, Samuel, M. A. an Englifti poet 
 born in London 1731, and educated at mer- 
 chant taylors' fchool, and St. John's college 
 Oxford. He afterwards was head mafter of 
 merchant taylors* fchool, and obtained the 
 livings of St. Martin Outwich, London, and 
 Ditton, Surrey. He died 1795. His poems, 
 en light fubjefts and in a pleafing and elegant 
 ftile, were published in 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Bisset, Charles, M. D. at St. Andrew's, 
 was author of an efiay on fortifications and of 
 fome medical trails. He ferved is Flanders 
 as an engineer, till the peace of 1748, and 
 three years after fettled at Skelton in York- 
 (hire. He died at Knayton near Thirfk, May, 
 1 791 , aged 75. He wrote an effay on the theory 
 and conftruction of fortification, 8vo. a trea- 
 tife on the fcurvy, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Bisset, Robert, a mifcellaneous author, 
 mafter of an academy in Sloane-llreet, Chel- 
 fea. He wrote a Iketch of democracy, 8vo. 
 a life of Edmund Burke, a valuable compofition 
 2 vels. 8vo. hiftory of the reign of Gecrge 
 III. an edition of the Spectator , memoirs of 
 living authors, &c. He was a native of Scot- 
 land, and was educated at Edinburgh, where he 
 took his degree of LL. D. after which he 
 fettled in London. It is fuppofed thai hi; 
 death was haftened by the ruined ftate of his 
 affairs, and that he fell a victim to a broken 
 heart, 1 80 ?, aged 46. 
 
 Black, Jofef>b, a celebrated chemift, born 
 of Englifti parents at Bourdeaux, 1728, and 
 educated at Belfaft and Glafgow. In 1776 he 
 fucceded Dr. Cullen as profeffbr of chemiftry 
 at Edinburgh, and he became dilHnguiflied by 
 the fuperior excellence of his lectures and 
 the number of his pupils. He died 1799. He 
 was author of a treatife de acido a cibis orto, 
 an inaugural diflertation, experiments on 
 magneiia and quicklime, obfervations on the 
 ready freezing of boiled water, analyfis of 
 boiling water in Ireland, lectures on the ele- 
 ments of chemiftry, two vols. 4to. 
 
 Blackburn, William^ an eminent archi- 
 tect and furveyor, born 1750, in Sourhwark. 
 He obtained a medal from the royal academy, 
 and the flattering commendation of fir Jofhua 
 Reynolds, for the beft drawing of St. Ste- 
 phen's church Walbrook. When an act was 
 j 4 pafTei 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 palled in 1 7*9, for the erection of penitentinry 
 houfes, to contain 600 males and $QO fe- 
 males, his plans were approved, and rewarded 
 with 100 guineas, and he was appointed to fu- 
 perintend the building, which however was 
 fulpended for a time by government. The de- 
 fign was not lott, the confinement of culprits 
 was converted to labor and to reformation of 
 morals, and leveral priibns were erected on 
 his plan. This ingenious artilt died at Prefton, 
 on his way to Scotland 1 790, in his 40th year. 
 Befides plans for penitentiary houfes, he drew 
 elegant plans for villas and manfion houfes, 
 &c. and likewife three defigns for Hackney 
 new church. 
 
 Biackburne, Francis, a native of Rich- 
 m9nd, Yorklhire, educated at Hawklhead and 
 Sedhurgh fchoo's, and at Catherine-hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He was promoted to the living of 
 * Richmond, to a York prebend, and the arch- 
 deaconry of Cleveland. Though l'upported by 
 the church, he favored with lbme degree of 
 fonduefs the tenets of. the dhTenters, as ap- 
 pears from his confefllonal, publilhed anony- 
 mouily, and fo popular as to reach a third edi- 
 tion. He wrote alfo a view of the controverfy 
 concerning the intermediate ftate of the foul, 
 *;c. in which he afTerts that the foul fleeps in 
 an unconfeious ftate till the relurrection. On the 
 death of Chandler, of the dilfenting congrega- 
 tion in the Old Jewry 1766, Biackburne was 
 invited to fuccced, which however he refuted. 
 He died at Richmond 1787. His works are 
 collected together, in 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bi.ackuai.1., Offspring, D. D. was born in 
 London, and educated at Catherine- hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He was rector of St. Mary, Alder- 
 manbury, London, chaplain to king William, 
 and in 1707 bifhop of Exeter. He died 1 716. 
 He was a popular preacher at Boyle's lecture, 
 and he defended Charles I. as author of Icon 
 Bafilike againlt Toland. Though orthodox, 
 fume have accufed him of oppofition to the re- 
 volution, fo that he refufed for two years to 
 take the oath of allegiance to king William. 
 His works have been publilhed in two vols. 
 fol. 1723. 
 
 Blacktock, Thomas, ion of a bricklayer, 
 rn Scotland, was deprived of his eye-fight by 
 the fmall-pox about 1 721, before he was fix 
 months old. This misfortune was relieved by 
 the afliduities of his friends, his mind was cul- 
 tivated by the books which were read to him, 
 and at the age of 11 he wrote a fmall poem 
 not devoid of beauty and elegance. The lofs 
 of his father, who was unfortunately crulhed 
 to death by the falling of a kiln upon him, left 
 him in his 19th year deftitute ot friends and 
 fociety ; but the kindnefs of Dr. Stevenfon of 
 Kdinhurgh was extended to him; and .it a 
 grammar-fchool he became acquainted with 
 the French, and the belt Greek and Latin 
 authors. After ftudying ten years at Edin- 
 burgh, he acquired the fame of a polite fcholar 
 ind an elegant poet. His poems were univer- 
 f illy admired, and though misfortune might in 
 
 the apprehenfion of an infidel have clouded his 
 thoughts with difiatisfacf ion, that the book of 
 nature was fhut upon him, we admire every 
 where the moft fubhme piety, refignation to 
 the will of providence, aryi that tranquillity of 
 mind, which were moft fully exhibited in his 
 .private characlv. In *754 he was placed in 
 an eligible fituation in the univerfity of Edin- 
 burgh, and his labors were rewarded by an 
 ample fale of his poems. He took orders, and 
 in 1766 obtained the degree of D. D. In 
 1774 he publilhed the Graham," a heroic 
 ballad in four cantos, and two years after he 
 wrote fome remarks on civil liberty. This 
 amiable man died 1791, aged 70. Both Hume 
 and Spence have been lavilh of their praifes on 
 his character, and the portrait in this inftance 
 drawn by friendfhip is not exaggerated. He 
 wrote befides conflations deduced from reli- 
 gion, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Bi ackmot. v., fir Richard, from a private 
 fchool palled to Weftminfter and Edmund-hall 
 Oxford, and after viliting Italy, took his de- 
 grees in phyfic, at Padua. He was phyfician 
 to king William, and was knighted, and he alio 
 courted popularity as a votary of the mufes. 
 Dryden, however, whom he had offended in 
 fome of his writings, treated him with fcurrility, 
 and Pope, with more illiberality than truth, 
 directed the fhafts of his ridicule againft him, 
 in a paftage in the Dunciad, on which an anno- 
 tator has placed thefe words, " a juft character 
 of fir R. Blackmore, knight, whofe indefatiga- 
 ble mufe produced no lets than fix epic poems, 
 Prince and king Arthur 20 books, Eliza 10, 
 Alfred 12, the Redeemer fix, befides Job in, 
 folio, the whole book of pfalms, the creation 
 feven books, the nature of man three books, 
 and many more." Though thus fatirized, 
 Blackmore poffefTed fome merit. Addifon 
 fpoke with refpeft of his " Creation," and 
 Dr. Johnfon confidered it as not unworthy to 
 find a place among the noble efforts of the 
 Englifti mufe. Sir Richard wrote alio fome 
 theological trad s, and medical treatifes. He 
 died 1729. 
 
 Black stoke, Jir William, I *f.and LL.D. 
 fon of a lilkman, was born in Cheapfide, Lon- 
 don, 1723, the youngeft of four children. He 
 received his education at the Charter-houfe, 
 and Pembroke college Oxford. At the age of 
 20 he wrote a treatil'e, called elements of ar- 
 chiteclure, which, though not made public, yet 
 received the applauies of the karnod. He 
 foon quitted the mufes, after obtaining Mr. 
 Benlbn's prize medal for the heft verl'es on 
 Milton, as he has beautifully exprefled it in 
 his little poem " the lawyer's farewell to his 
 mufe," and entered at the Middle Temple, 
 where he was to become a luminary of the 
 firft magnitude. He was fellow of All-fouls, 
 where he improved their eftatcs, and promoted 
 the completion of the Codrington library. At 
 the bar he did not poll's in a high degree the 
 graces or the powers of osatory, but his writ- 
 ings difplayed deep penetration, and the lec- 
 K 4 turcs 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 tures which he delivered as Vinerian profefTor 
 on the laws of England received the molt un- 
 bounded applaufe. In 1761 he was elected 
 member for Hmdon, and foon after, on refufing 
 the chief jufticeihip of the Irifh common pleas, 
 be received a patent, with the rank of king's 
 council. In 1768 he was member for Weft- 
 bury, and in 1770 he was appointed puifne 
 judge of the king's bench, and loon after of the 
 common pleas. His intenfe application proved 
 deftrudive to his health, he was affii&ed with 
 a fhortnefs of breath, which was fucceeded with 
 a ftupor and infenfibility that proved fatal 14th 
 Feb. 1780, in his 56th year. In Oxford, 
 where he was refpeded and beloved, he became 
 principal of New-inn-hall, an office which he 
 refignedwith the Vinerian ledurefhip in 1766. 
 The firft volume of his valuable commentaries 
 was published in 1764, and the three following 
 in the four fuccceding years. He publifhed 
 alfo reflections on the opinions of Pratt, &c. 
 the great charter, or charter of the foreft, a 
 treatite on the law of defcents and fee-fimple,&c 
 Blackstone, John, an apothecary of 
 London, who died 1753, author of Fafciculus 
 plantarum circa Harefield, with notes, &c. 
 jamo. fpecimen botanicum. 
 
 Blackwall, Anthony, a native of Derby- 
 shire, educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, 
 and elected mafter of the free fchool of Derby, 
 and about 18 years after of that of Market Bof- 
 worth, Leicefterfhire, where he died, 1730. 
 He was author of a Latin grammar, and editor 
 of Theognis, and publifhed an introduction to 
 the daffies, and in 177.5 that celebrated work 
 " the facred daffies, defended and illuftrated," 
 in one vol. 4to. which was followed by a fecond, 
 fix years after, 
 
 Blackwell, Thomas, was born at Aber- 
 deen, 1 701, and after ftudying in the Marifchal 
 college, he became 1723, Greek profefTor. In 
 1737 he publifhed anonymoufiy " an enquiry 
 into the life and writings of Homer, 8vo." 
 which he afterwards accompanied with 
 " proofs" or tranflaiion of all the notes in the 
 compofition. He was appointed in 1748 to be 
 principal of the college, and was the firft cler- 
 gyman raifed to that dignity, fince the for- 
 feiture of the Marifchal family in 1716. He 
 died at Edinburgh, in his way to South Britain, 
 1757* aged 56. His other publications were 
 letters concerning mythology, and the memoirs 
 of the court of Auguftus, in three vols. 4to. 
 
 Blackwell, Alexander, a native of Aber- 
 deen, who ftudied phyfic at Leyden, under 
 Boerhaave. From a phyfician, he became a 
 corredor of the prefs, and a printer, but he 
 failed ; and in 1 740, he went to Sweden, where 
 he practifed as a phyfician, and projeded the 
 draining the fens and marines near the capital. 
 His fchemes fucceeded, but foon after being 
 fofpe&ed cf a confpiracy with count Team, he 
 was tortured, and beheaded 1748. His wife 
 pu'jlifhed a Curious herbal, containing 500 cuts 
 of ufeftil plants, taken from the life, &c. two 
 vols, f . .Vlfci 
 
 Blackwood, Adam, a native of Dumfcr- 
 line, known as a warm advocate of the unfor- 
 tunate Mary of Scots. He publifhed au ac- 
 count of her martyrdom, addreffed to the 
 princes of Europe. He dif played great viru- 
 lence againft Elizabeth, whofe illegitimacy he 
 wifhed to eftablifh. He refided at Poidiers, 
 and died 1613. He was eminent as a poet, 
 civilian, and divine. 
 
 Bladen, Martin, known as a translator of 
 Catfar's commentaries, was a lieutenant-colo- 
 nel under the duke of Marlborough, and mem- 
 ber in five parliaments. He was comptroller 
 of the mint, &c. and died 1746. He wrote, 
 befides the dramatic pieces of Orpheus atid 
 Eurydice,a mafque, and Solon a tragt-comedy, 
 of inferior merit. 
 
 Blaeu, or Janssen, William, a learned 
 printer, the friend of Tycho Brahe, author of 
 a beautiful atlas in three vols, folio, treatifes 
 on the globes, &c. He died in his native town, 
 Amfterdam, 1638, aged 67. His ions, John 
 and Cornelius, republifhed his Atlas in 14 vols, 
 folio, which is very fcarce and valuable. 
 
 Blagrave, John, was educated at Read- 
 ing fchool and St. John's college Oxford, and 
 devoted himfelf to mathematics at his feat of 
 Southcote. He publifhed four works, the ma- 
 thematical jewel, &c. a treatife on the mak- 
 ing of the familiar ftaff, for the meufuration 
 of altitudes, the aftrolabiurn uranicum gene- 
 rale, and the art of dialling. He was of a 
 moft benevolent difpofition, and he gave 10I. 
 to be decided by lot to one of three maids from 
 the three parifhes of his native town, who had 
 lived for five years in the fervice of the fame 
 family. He died 1611. 
 
 Blagrave, Jofeph, an aftrologer of Read- 
 ing, probably related to the preceding, author 
 of a fupplement to Culpeper's herbal, and of 
 an introdudion to aftrology, &c. He died 
 1688. 
 
 Blair, "John, chaplain to fir William Wal- 
 lace, and afterwards to the earl of Murray, 
 wrote an elegant Latin poem on the death 
 of his firft patron, and died in the reign of 
 Robert Bruce. 
 
 Blair, James, M. A. a native of Scotland, 
 who gained the patronage of Compton bifhop 
 of London, who fent him as a miffionary to 
 Virginia in 1685. He difplayed fuch ability 
 in this employment, that he was appointed 
 commiilary, and he then raifed a fubfeription, 
 and procured a patent for the eredion of a 
 college in Virginia, of which he was nominated 
 the firft prefident. He was alfo prefident of 
 the council in Virginia, and after prefiding for 
 near 50 years over his college, he died in a 
 good old age, 1743. His works were iermons 
 in four vols. 8vo. 
 
 Blair, Patrick, a furgeon at Dundee, who 
 firft acquired reputation by his diiTedion of an 
 elephant. He was impriibned for his attach- 
 ment to the Stuarts in 1 7 15, but upon his li- 
 beration came to London, and gained popula- 
 rity by his ledurcs en the fexes of plants, pub- 
 
 lithed . 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 lifhed under the name of botanic effays. He 
 afterwards fettled at Bofton in Lincolnshire 
 as a phyfician, ard published Pharmaco-bota- 
 nologia, a clrfTcal diflertation in alphabetical | 
 order, on Britilh indigenous and garden plants. I 
 in which he proceeded only as far as H. 
 
 Blair, Robert, an eminent poet, eldeft 
 fon of David B. one of the minifters of Edin- 
 burgh. He was appointed minilter of Athel- 
 ftanford, Eaft Lothian, where he devoted him- 
 felf to literature and botany, in which, from 
 his fuperior knowledge of the ufe of the mi- 
 crofcope, he was a great proficient. He died 
 1746, aged 47. The only poem of note 
 which he published is his " grave," which has 
 enfured him fame and immortality. 
 
 Blair, John LL.D. a Scotchman educated 
 at Edinburgh. He was other in a fchool m 
 Hedge-lane, and in 1754 he published his 
 " chronology and hiftory of the world," iliirf- 
 trated with tables, &c. a valuable work im- 
 proved in 1756 and 1768. He was chaplain 
 to the princefs dowager of Wales, tutor to 
 the duke of York, and with feveral other 
 valuable preferments was made prebendary 
 of Weftminfter. In 1763 and 1764, he at- 
 tended his royal pupil in his tour on the con- 
 tinent. He died of the influenza 1782, and 
 no doubt his death was accelerated by the 
 fate of his brother captain Blair, who fell 
 glorioufly in the naval battle of the 12th April 
 1782. His courfe of lectures on the canons 
 of the old Teftament has appeared fince his 
 death. 
 
 Blair, Hugh, D.D. a celebrated divine, 
 fon of a merchant, born and educated at 
 Edinburgh. In X736 he took his mafter's 
 degree, and two years after was licenfed to 
 preach, and 1742 was promoted to the parifh 
 of Colefiie, in Fifefhire. He was foon after in- 
 vited to the fecond charge of the Canon- 
 gate church of Edinburgh, and in 1758 he 
 was promoted to the High church, and ho- 
 nored with the degree of D.D. by the filler 
 univerfity of St. Andrew's. In 1759 he gave 
 lectures in rhetoric and belles lettres, and 
 with fuch effedt, that the King in 1762 erect- 
 ed for his encouragement, with a falary of 
 70L a year, a profeflbrlhip on that branch 
 of literature in the univerfity. His difler- 
 tation in fupport of the authenticity of Oman's 
 poems, appeared in 1763, and in 1777 he 
 publifhed the firlt volume of his fermons 
 which met with fuch applaule that in 1779 
 he printed a fecond volume, and afterwards 
 three more. Thefe difcourfes became popu- 
 lar, and were tranllated into foreign languages. 
 Such Cervices in the caufe of religion and vir- 
 tue did not pafs. unrewarded, and at the 
 inftance of the queen to whom the fermons 
 were dedicated, the profefibr obtained a ptm- 
 fion of 200I. a year, which was en 1 
 lool. more in 1783, when from infirmity he 
 refigned his offices. His lectures in 
 vols, appeared in 1783, and obtained as rapid 
 tale and as wide a circulation as his fermoi.s, 
 
 He died at Edinburgh 27th December 1800, 
 and as a character amiable in private life, 
 and univerially refpected- as a fcholar and as 
 an elegant writer, carried with him to the 
 grave the regret of every Briton, who vene- 
 rates piety, virtue, and benevolence. His 
 life, by Dr. Finlaylbn, has been prefixed to 
 a fifth volume of his fermons. 
 
 Blake, Robert, was born and educated at 
 Bridgewater, and then at St. Alban-hall, and 
 \v auham college, Oxford. He took his de- 
 gree of B. A. in 1617, and foon after em- 
 braced the tenets of the puritans, and was 
 elected member for Bridgewater. During the 
 civil wars he ei pouted the canse of the par- 
 liament, and aflifted in the defence of Briitol, 
 and of Taunton, of which he was made go- 
 vernor, and for his lervices rewaided by 
 the commons with a prefent of jooL In 
 1649 he commanded the fleet with Dean and 
 Popham, and purfued prince Rupert to Ire- 
 land, where he blocked him up at Kinfale, 
 and thence proceeded to Portugal and Spaic, 
 where he ieized feveral valuable fhips. On 
 his return to England he was made warden 
 cf the cinque ports, and invefted with the 
 chief command in the Dutch war. His abi- 
 lities were oppofed by the equally celebrated 
 powers of Van Tromp. The coalts of Eng- 
 land and Holland were witnefies of the re- 
 peated engagements of thele warlike leaders, 
 in both of whom intrepidity fupplied the want 
 of numbers, and unfhaken pretence of mind 
 maintained the conteft where valor feemed un- 
 able to decide the victory. In the battles 
 fought the Dutch loft nearly 40 ihips of war, 
 befides many fmaller velTels, and Blake next 
 failed by order of Cromwell to the Mediter- 
 ranean, where he chaftifed the inlblence of 
 the Bey of Tunis, redeemed the Christian 
 captives from flavery at Alg'ers and Tripoli, 
 alarmed the pope in the cattle of St. Angelo, 
 and by the terror of his name compelled Ve- 
 nice, Tufcany, and other Italian itates to pay- 
 homage to the power of the Britilh ufiiner. 
 He next attacked Santa Cruz, in the ifland of 
 TenerifFe, and deftroyed the whole of the 
 Spanifh plate fleet that had taken refuge 
 there. This brilliant action was lb welcome 
 to Cromwell, that a day of thankfgiving was 
 appointed on the occafion, and a diamond ring 
 worth 5C0I. was lent as a prefent to the com- 
 mander. Blake's health now rapidly declined, 
 and on his return from the Mediterranean, he 
 expired jult as his fleet entered Plymouth, 
 17th Auguit 1657, in his 58th year. His 
 body was interred in Henry VII's chapel, 
 Weftminltcr, but it was removed in 1661 to 
 St. Margaret's church yard. If Blake fought 
 with fuch zeal for the uiurpntion, it is not to 
 be concluded that he was the friend of tyran- 
 ny. When Charles 1. was tried, he exclaimed, 
 with all the bl'.mrncls of a ieaman, againft 
 the proceeding, and offered to yield up his 
 life to fave that of the unfortunate monarch; 
 a:id he told his officers when the Dutch ex- 
 pected 
 
BLA 
 
 BLA 
 
 peeled * change of meafures from ibi dif- 
 miflion of the parliament by Cromwell, " It is 
 not for us to mind ftate affairs, but to keep 
 foreigners from fooling us." Though loaded 
 with public favors, Blake died in fuch circum- 
 ftances, that his property was fcarccly en- 
 creafed 5 col. more than he had inherited 
 from his father. Like the founders of Ro- 
 man freedom, he fought for his country and 
 not for private emolument. 
 
 Blake, "John Bradlty, was born in Lon- 
 don, 1745, and educated at Weftminlter 
 fthool. Well fkilled in chemiftry, in mathe- 
 matics, and in botany, he went to China as 
 ihpercargo of the India company, and collect- 
 ed and fent to Europe, the feeds of all the 
 vegetables ufed by the natives for purpofes 
 cither of medicine, food, or manufactures. 
 He began alfo a valuable collection of ores 
 and foflils, but application weakened his con- 
 futation, he was afflicted with the ftone, and 
 the complaint attended by a fever proved 
 fatal. He died at Canton 1773, in his 29th 
 year. 
 
 Biamont, Francois Colin de, a French 
 mufician, whofe compofitions, efpecially Dido, 
 and Greek and Roman feftivals, were much 
 admired. He died at Verfailles 1760, aged 
 70. 
 
 Blanc, John, a noble of Perpignan, who 
 ably defended his native town in 1474, againft 
 the French. He refufed to deliver the for- 
 trefs, though famine raged around him, and 
 though the enemy, irritated by his obftinate 
 refinance, facririced his fori who had fallen 
 into their hands. 
 
 Blanc, Thomas le, a Jefuit of Vitri, who 
 died at Rheims 1669. He was author of fome 
 popular works addreffed to the common peo- 
 ple, as " le bon valet, Sec 
 
 Blanc, John Bernard le, a native of 
 Dijon, historiographer to the della crufca aca- 
 demy. He preferred peaceful obfeuriry to 
 the diflinctions which Maupertuis in 1746 
 offered at Berlin in the name of the Pruilian mo- 
 narch. He wrote an interefting tragedy call- 
 ed Abenfaide, befides letters on the Englifh 
 1758, in three vols. i2mo. He died in i;8i 
 aged 74. 
 
 Blanc, Anthony de Guillet de, profeffor of 
 rhetoric at Avignon, was born at Marfeilles 
 1730, and died at Paris 1799. He wa5 P r - 
 fefTor of ancient languages in the central fchools 
 and member of the inititute at Paris. He 
 wrote Manco Capac, a tragedy, of little merit. 
 The Druids, another tragedv, was profcribed 
 by the clergy for fone offenfive paffages. He 
 publifhed behdes Virginie, a tragedy, Albert 
 I. l'heureux evencment, fome romances, 
 &c. 
 
 Blanc, .W. an eminent artift, whofe abi- 
 lities were employed in improving and per- 
 fecting the fabrication of fire arms. He died 
 1809. 
 
 Blanca, JV. le, a young woman who was 
 found wild at Sogny near Chalons in 173X. 
 
 Uie was then about 10 years of age, and pu 
 fued hares and other animals with aftoniflii; 
 rapidity. She became a nun at Chaillot, ai 
 died 1760. 
 
 Blanca, Francis le, author of a gencr 
 account of the monies of France, publifhed 
 4to. 1690, by order of Lewis XIV. and 
 a treatife on the coins of Charlemagne, at 
 died 1698. 
 
 Bl an chard, "James, a painter born 
 Paris 1600. He improved himfelf at Lyor 
 Rome, and Venice, and attentively ftudi< 
 the works of Titian, Tintoret, and Paul Ven 
 nefe. The molt remarkable of his pieces is 
 kneeling St. Andrew in the church of Not! 
 Dame, with the Holy Ghoft defcendin 
 His grand pieces are few, as he devot< 
 much of his time to madonas. He died 1 
 an impofthume in the lungs, in his 38t 
 year. 
 
 Blanciiard, Guitlaumc, a lawyer, authr 
 of a laborious colle&ion in 2 vols. fol. 171 
 of the edict and declarations of the kin; 
 of France from 897 to 1 7 15. He die 
 1724. 
 
 Blanciiard, John Baptijl, a Jefuit, pre 
 feflbr of rhetoric at Metz and Verdun. O 
 the fuppreffion of the Jefuits he went t 
 Namur, and died 1797, aged 66. He wrot 
 the temple of the Mufes, a collection of fa 
 bles and remarks the fchool of martyrs, 
 collection of moral reflections, &c. 
 
 Blanche, daughter of Alphonfo IX. c 
 Caitile, married Lewis VIII. of France i 
 1 200, by whom fire had nine fons and tw 
 daughters. She was, on the death of he 
 hufband in 1226, made regent of the king 
 dom, during the minority and the crufade 
 of her ion faint Lewis. Happy in the con 
 duct of her children whom fhe had nurturei 
 in virtue and religion, and fecure in the af 
 feet ion of her fubjects, whom her juftice at 
 tached to her perfon, fhe crufhed every at 
 tempt to weaken her authority. The defea 
 and imprifonment of her fon, it is faid, tcndei 
 tofhorten her exiftence. She died 1252. 
 
 Blanche, a native of Padua, celebratec 
 for her chaftity. After the death of he 
 hufband at the fiege of Baffaho, fhe refufec 
 to gratify the paffion of Acciolin, the genera 
 of the enemy ; but when lie offered violenn 
 to her perfon, fhe threw herfelf into her huf 
 band's tomb, where fhe was crufhed to deatl 
 by the falling of the ftone, which covered th< 
 entrance, 1233. 
 
 Blanche de Bourbon, married Petei 
 king of Callile in 1 35 2. She was cruell) 
 treated by her hufband, who had fixed hi 
 affections on another, and fhe was at lall poi 
 foned I36i,aged 23. 
 
 BLANCHELANDE, Pbilihert Francis Roux- 
 elle de, a native of Dijon, diftinguifhed in th( 
 American war, and at the taking of Tobago 
 He was afterwards engaged at St. Domingo 
 but on his return was arrefted, and fufferec 
 death 1793, aged j8, a victim to the fuf 
 
 prion 
 
BLO 
 
 BLO 
 
 icious tyranny of the then exifting gevern- 
 ient. 
 
 Blanchet, Thomas, an eminent painter of 
 aris who died at Lyons 1689, aged 71. Se- 
 eral of his pieces are preferved at Lyons and 
 aris. 
 
 Blanchet, Able, librarian of the king's 
 ibinet, retired from public life to lblitude at 
 t. Germain-en-layc where he died 1 784, 
 ;ed 80. He was of a melancholy turn of 
 lind, but he pofTefled great abilities, as ap- 
 ears by his M varietes morales," &c. 
 
 Bland, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert 
 ilher of Long Acre, married a linen draper 
 f London. She was taught Hebrew by Van 
 [elmont, and wrote it with great facility. A 
 lilactery in Hebrew by her is Itill prelerved 
 nong the curiofitics of the royal fociety. She 
 as living in 1 71 2. 
 
 Blandrata, George, an Italian phyficiaa 
 ho renewed the tenets of Arius with relpect 
 1 the Trinity. He fled#om the inquifirion 
 1 Geneva, and afterwards to Poland where 
 ie king, Stephen Battori, made him a privy 
 mnfellor. He attempted to make the king 
 
 follower to his opinions, but failed. He 
 as ftrangled by his nephew, to whom he had 
 ft his property 1593. 
 
 Blasco Nunnes, a Spaniard, who for- 
 ced the ilthmus of Darien, and facilitated the 
 ogrefs of Pizarro to the conqueft of Peru. 
 [e was beheaded on pretence of ambitious 
 ews. 
 
 Blavet, N. a mufician. engaged in the 
 >era at Paris, and diftinguilhed by the lupe- 
 or merits of his pieces of vocal and inilru- 
 lental mufic. He died 1768, aged 68. 
 
 Blaurer, Amlmfe, a native of Conftance, 
 Be of the followers of Luther, whole doc- 
 ines he fpread in France and Germany. He 
 ed 1567, aged 75. / 
 
 Bleeck, Peter Van, an eminent painter 
 ho painted the comedians Johnfon and Grif- 
 1 in Ananias and Tribulation in the Alche- 
 iift, in a very iuperior manner. He died 
 764. 
 
 Blegny, Nicholas de, an eminent French 
 irgeon, who gave lectures on the various 
 ranches of his profeffion. He wrote various 
 orks on furgery and phyfic, and diud at the 
 tter end of the 17th century. 
 
 Bless, Henty, h painter of Bovine near 
 inant. His landfcapes are much efteemed, 
 id as he placed an owl in them as a mark, 
 ley are called owl pieces. He died 155., 
 ;ed 7a 
 
 Bleterie, John Philip Rene de la, a na- 
 ve of Rennes, profeffbr of eloquence at Paris, 
 id diftinguifhed as author of a life of Ju- 
 an, two vols. 1 2mo. and of Jovian, two vols. 
 2mo. two performances replete with erudi- 
 on and judgment, though the former pof- 
 rffrs fuperior merit. He died 1772, in an 
 Ivanced age. 
 
 Block, Marie Eliczcr, a naturalift of 
 
 mean parentage at Anfpach. He applied 130$ 
 felf to medicine and anatomy, and afterwards 
 to natural hiltory. Belides hh memoirs oa 
 fifties, and a treatiie on intcftinal vermes, he 
 published a general and particular hiftory of 
 fifties, with colored plates, 6 vols. fol. 1785 and 
 and 1799. He died 1799. 
 
 Block, Daniel, a portrait-painter of Po- 
 
 merania who died 1661, aged 81. Two others 
 
 j of the family, Jatob and Benjamin, excelled 
 
 j one in architecture and the peripective, and 
 
 ! the other in historical pieces and portraits. 
 
 Bloemart, a painter of Gorcum in Hol- 
 ; land, felf-taught. His claro obicuro is Striking, 
 j and the folds of his draperi -i are much ad- 
 mired. He died in 1647, aged 80. 
 
 Blond, 'Jean U, a poet of the 16th cen- 
 tury. He publilhed le printems de 1'humMe 
 eiperant. 
 
 Blond, 'James, Cbrijlopher, a painter of 
 j Frankfort on the Maine, the inventor of a 
 j new method of engraving in colors, on which 
 : he publilhed a treatiie. His portraits and mi- 
 j niatures were efteemed. He died 1741, 
 aged 71. 
 
 Blondel, David, a protectant minister, 
 horn at Chalons 1591. He wrote in favor of 
 his party, and for more than 20 times he was 
 fecretary to the fynods of the ille of France. 
 He was historical profelfor at Amsterdam on 
 the death of Volfuis. His application injured 
 his health fo much that he loll his fight, but 
 even under that calamity he dictated two fol. 
 vols. c\\ the genealogy of the kings of France 
 againit Chofflet. He was fufpected for a 
 while of Arminianilm, and died 1655, aged 
 64. His other works are explications on 
 the eucharift, on the primacy of the church, 
 on bifhops and prelbyters, a defence of the 
 reformed churches againlt Richelieu, 5cc. 
 
 Blondel, Francis, eminent for his know- 
 ledge of geometry, as well as of belles let- 
 tres, was profelfor of mathematics and archi- 
 tecture. He travelled with count Brienne, 
 between 1652 and 1655, of whph.he publilhed 
 a Latin account. His writings were on ar- 
 chitecture, and alfo on the art of throwing 
 bombs, on a new manner of fortifying places, 
 &c. befides a comparifon between Horace and 
 Pindar. He died 1686. 
 
 Blondel, John Francis, nephew of the 
 preceding, was eminent in architectural know- 
 ledge. He was born at Rouen, and died 1774, 
 aged 69. Belides his courle of architect- 
 ture, fix vols. 8vo. he wrote difcourle on 
 architecture I2mo. treatife on the deco- 
 ration of edifices, two vols. 4to. Sec. 
 
 Blondin, Peter, a native of Picardy, the 
 friend of Tournefort, eminent as a botanilt, 
 He wrote fome curious memoirs, &c. and died 
 1714, aged 31. 
 
 Blond cs, Flavius, a native of Forli in 
 Italy, fecretary to Eugcnius IV. and his two 
 fuccefTors. The beft knswn of his works arc, 
 Roma inftaurataj -Italia iiluftra'tto, de ori- 
 
 giuc, 
 
BLO 
 
 BOC 
 
 gine, & geftis Venctorum, Biftor. Roman, 
 detades tres, from 1 the year 4C0 to the year 
 J440. He died 1463, aged 75. 
 
 Blood, Thomas, one of Cromwell's officers. 
 After failing in his attempts to feize the caille 
 of Dublin, by the activity of the duke of Or- 
 mond, he came to England, where he feijed 
 the perfon of that nobleman, with the inten- 
 tion of hanging him at Tyburn, which his 
 fervants happily prevented. He next gamed 
 accefs in the difguife of a clergyman, to the 
 tower, to carry off the crown and regalia, 
 which he might have effected if he hud not 
 hefitatcd, and fpared the life of a keeper, 
 whom he had devoted to death. Charles II. 
 not only pardonci him, but admitted him into 
 his pretence, and heard him aflert that he 
 had once formed a plan to (hoot him. He 
 afterwards granted him an eftate of 5 col. 
 per ann. fo that the wits of the times alluding 
 to Coventry's fate, faid that the monarch kept 
 the ruffian about his perfon to intimidate his 
 enemies. 
 
 Bloot, Peter, a Flemiffi painter, who died 
 1667, His low life fecnes were much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Blount, Thomas., a barrilter at law, born 
 it Bordefly, Worceiterihire. He was a Ro- 
 man catholic, and died 1679, author of Glof- 
 fographia, interpreting Greek, Hebrew, &c. 
 words ufed in the Englifh language, jocular 
 cuftomsoflbme manners, a law dictionary, 
 fol. Bofcobel,or the king's efcape, &c. &c. 
 
 B].ouNT,yTr Henry, born at Tittenhanger, 
 Herts, 1602, was educated at St. Albans, 
 and Trinity college, Oxford. In 1634 he 
 travelled over France, and patted to Constan- 
 tinople and Cairo, and on his return, two 
 \ears after, publimed an entertaining account 
 ef his obiervations in the Levant. He was 
 knighted in 1639, and as he was attached to 
 the royal caufe, he was prefent at feveral 
 battles during the civil wars. In 1651 he 
 was employed by the parliament to remedy 
 the abules of the law. His integrity was ad- 
 mired by all parties, and at the reiteration he 
 was iheriff of Herts in 1661, and puffed the 
 hit 20 years of his life in literary retire- 
 ment. He died 1682. 
 
 Blount,^/- TLr.mas Pope, Con of the pre- 
 ceding, was created a baronet by Charles II. 
 and was made member of parliament for St. 
 Albans, and afterwards for Herts in three 
 parliaments. He wrote the popular book 
 '":ra celebriorum authorum, &C." be- 
 fides eJTays, remarks on poetry, natural hii- 
 tory, i-imoi X673, Ike. be died 1697, aged 
 4*: 
 
 Blount, Charldy younger fon of f:r Henry, 
 wis born 1^54- As a fii.r.l to the revolu- 
 tion, he publifhed :i cenftfred by 
 for averting that the monarch 
 death he 
 fell in i vcv.ith bet lifter, md the lady.pof- 
 aoileti _: beauty, nit, and virtue, favored his 
 10 
 
 paffion, but as an application to the ar 
 bifhop was difrcgarded, fire refufed at lait 
 foliciutions, and the lover in defpair fhot h 
 felfl693. The belt known of his works 
 his Dina of the Ephefians, his introduce 
 to polite literature,. and his life of Ape 
 nius Tyanaeus, his anima mundi, &o- 
 wbich he (hows himfelf a deift. 
 
 Blow, Jch>i, of Collingham, Xottfogb 
 (hire, was diitinguiffied by his knowledge 
 muiic. He was mafter of the children of 
 chapel royal, compofer to the king, and, a 
 Purcell's death, organilt of Weilminfter. 
 died 1708, aged 60. 
 
 Blum, Joackin Chr'ifian* a German f 
 who ftudied at Brandenburg, Berlin, ant 
 Frankfort on Oder ; and then fought 
 retirement which his eafy fortune allowed 1 
 to devote himfelf to the mufes. His m 
 were lyric poems, idyls, orations, German ] 
 verbs, and Rathenau delivered, a drama 
 prefented at Berlin. He died 1790, ; 
 
 Ji- * 
 
 Blutaeu, Don, Paf>bac!,-was born in I 
 don, of French parents. He went to Fra 
 and afterwards to Lifbon, where he died, 1 
 aged 96. He wrote a Portuguefe and 1 
 dictionary, in 8 vols, fol. with a fuppler 
 of 2 vols. more. 
 
 Boate, Gerard, a Dutch phyfician, 
 tied in Ireland* He wrote a natural hii 
 of the country, publimed by Hartlib, 1; 
 1652. 
 
 Bobart, a German, firft keeper of 
 botanical garden at Oxford, endowed by 
 earl of Danby. He wrote a Latin catal 
 of the plants in the garden, &c. and died 1 
 aged 81. His fon Jacob was keeper 0] 
 gardens after him. 
 
 Boccace, John, was born at Certalc 
 Tufcany 1313. After fpending fix 3 
 with a merchant at Florence and Paris, 
 turning his thoughts to the canon law 
 abandoned theie purfuits, and devoted 
 felf to literature. He ftudied under his fi 
 Petrareh ; and by his fuggeftions re 
 from the tumults of Florence and yifited 
 pies where he was received with kirn 
 by king Robert, of whole natural daut 
 he became enamoured. He paffed the 
 mair.der of life in his native village, w 
 his conftitution was weakened by his | 
 application, and where he died of a ficl 
 in the ftomach, 1375. His works are 
 in Latin and fome in Italian. He pod 
 uncommon learning, and he may be reck 
 as one of thole whole great exertions 
 tributed to the revival of learning in Eu 
 His beft known compofition is " Decame: 
 a romance occafionally licentious, but abo 
 in'g with wit, fatire, and the elegance ol 
 tion. His life of Dante his genealog 
 the rods his hiftory of Rome his t! 
 Sec. are much admired. Though his pi 
 does not poffefs the fvceetneis of Petra 
 
BOC 
 
 BOD 
 
 nes, his prole in unequalled for graceful fim- 
 licity and varied elegance. 
 
 Boccaci, or Boccacino, Camillo, a pain- 
 IX of hiftory and portraits, born at Cremona, 
 here he died 1546, aged $<;. 
 
 Boccage, Marie Anne le Page, a French 
 idy of Rouen, who acquired celebrity by 
 er writings. She was the friend of the wits 
 f the age, of Voltaire, of Monteiquieu, He- 
 ault, and others. She obtained a prize from 
 re Rouen academy in 1746, and nearly 
 ained another on the eulogium of Lewis XV. 
 gainft Marmontel. Her Paradis terreftre 
 orrowd from Milton, and her tranflation 
 f the death of Abel, were much admired. 
 he died 1802, aged 92. 
 
 Boccalini, Trajan, a wit, born at Rome. 
 Jnder the patronage of cardinals Borghefe 
 nd Cajetan, he publifhed his Raeguagli di 
 'arnaffb, his fecretaria di Apollo, and his 
 'ietra di Paragone ; but as in this laft piece 
 e had attacked the Spaniih court, he dreaded 
 s vengeance, and fled to Venice. Here he 
 as attacked in his bed by four ruffians who 
 :illed him, by beating him with bags full of 
 ind, 1613, in his 57th year. Several re- 
 iorts were fpread about his death ; but it was 
 enerally imagined it proceeded from the re- 
 entment of the Spaniih court, 
 
 BoccoLd, John, a famous fanatic, called 
 ohn of Leyden, where he was a taylor. In 
 ompany with Matthias, a baker of Haerlem, 
 .nd at the head of 3 mob of anabaptirts, he 
 lei zed Muniler, where he affirmed the kingly 
 ffice, to which he united that of prophet. 
 n this dangerous elevation, he began to re- 
 brm the laws, and new-model the govern- 
 nent. He maintained a plurality of wives, 
 md himfelf kept fourteen, one of whom he 
 lew with his own hands, becaufe fhe quef- 
 ioned his divine authority. When Mun- 
 ter was at laft taken, this licentious leader, 
 yho had fcarce reached his 28th year, was put 
 :o a cruel death. 
 
 Bocconi, Sylvio, was born at Palermo 
 {633, and became eminent for his knowledge 
 >f natural hiftory, in purfuit of which he vi- 
 Ited Italy, Malta, Poland, Germany, France, 
 uid England. He died near Palermo, 1 704. 
 His valuable publications, in number twelve, 
 ire chiefly on fubjecls of natural hiftory, bo- 
 tany, mineralogy, &c. 
 
 Bochart, Samuel, a prottftant, born at 
 Rouen, 1599. After ftudyirig* at Paris, Se- 
 ian, and Saumur, he vifited England and Hol- 
 land. He acquired the public efteem in his 
 theological difputations with Veron ; and his 
 publications added fo much to his reputation, 
 that the queen of Sweden invited him to her 
 court, and received him with all the refpect. 
 due to merit and virtue. He died fuddenly, 
 when delivering an oration in the academy of 
 Caen, 1667, from which circumftnnce this 
 elegant epitaph was written by M. Biieux : 
 Scilicet luce cuique eft data fyrs arquiifima, talis 
 
 Ut fit mors, qualis vita pera&a fuit. 
 Mufarum in gremio, teneris qui vixit ab annls, 
 
 Mufarum in gremio debuit ifte mori. 
 Befides his geographia facra, a moft valuable 
 book, he wrote a treatife on the terreftrial 
 paradife fermons a hiltory of the anivnals 
 and of the plants and precious ftones menti- 
 oned in fcripture, &c. 
 
 BocHiUsi, John, a native of BrufTels, called 
 the Virgil of the Low Countries, from the 
 fuperior power of his mufe. He travelled 
 through Italy, Poland, &c. and became fe- 
 cretary to the duke of Parma at Antwerp. 
 He died 1609, aged 54. Befides elegies, epi- 
 grams, &c. he wrote orations, obfervations on 
 the plalms, &c. 
 
 Bodin, John, a native of Angers, whoftu- 
 died law at Toulouie. He came to Paris ; 
 but not fucceeding at the bar, he devoted him- 
 felf to writing books. His wit recommended 
 him to public notice. Henry -III. vifited him ; 
 and in the company of the duke of Alencon 
 he was in England, where he was flattered 
 to fee his book on " the republic," approved 
 and read in the univerfity of Cambridge. 
 After the death of Alencon, he fettled at 
 Laon, where he rofe to confequence as a 
 lawyer and public ipeaker. He died of the 
 plague at Laon 1596. His compofitions were 
 numerous. Befides his republic, he wrote a 
 commentary on Appian dilcourfes on coins 
 law tables methods of hiftory, &c. 
 
 Bodley, fir Thomas, celebrated as the 
 founder of the Bodleian library at Oxford, 
 was born at Exeter, 1544, and at the age of 
 12 he removed with his father to Geneva 
 during Mary's bloody reign. At Geneva he 
 attended the lectures of Chevalerius, Bero- 
 aldus, Calvin, and Beza; and on his return 
 to England, on Elizabeth's acceflion, he en- 
 tered at Magdalen college, Oxford; and in 
 1564 became fellow of Merton college. Af- 
 ter travelling four years in France, Germany, 
 and Italy, he was introduced at court, and 
 was employed bv the queen as a negociator 
 to the different courts of Europe. The in- 
 gratitude of the great foon difgufted a mind 
 naturally ftrong and independent ; and in 1597, 
 as he fays lumfelf, he abandoned all public 
 bufinefs, and retired to eafe and privacy. He* 
 now undertook to enrich his favorite Oxford 
 with the moft magnificent colleftion of books; 
 a tafk, fays Camden, fuited to the dignity 
 of a crowned head. He wrote, February 23, 
 1597, to Dr. Ravis, the dean of Chrift-church, 
 and his offers were accepted with raptures ; 
 ai:d after the rareft books had been procured, 
 with great trouble and much expence, in 
 every part of Europe, a building, fit to re- 
 ceive fo magnificent a collection, was begun, 
 the firft ftone of which was laid down, with 
 great folemnity, 9th July 1610. Bodley did 
 not live to fee the completion of this great 
 work; but his fortune, by his will, was ap- 
 plied to the yfe of the foundation ; and his 
 
 example 
 
BOE 
 
 BOE 
 
 example was followed by the rreat and opu- 
 lent, who contributed to the fupport of the 
 noble inftitution. The library is under the 
 care of a keeper, to whom a falary of 40I. 
 u allowed, the under-librarian has iol. and 
 the whole is under the inipection of 8 vi- 
 sitors, who annually, on the 8th of Nov em- 
 ber examine the State of the books, and of 
 this venerable building, which for the value 
 of the collection it contains, may be ranked 
 among the nohleft foundations in the world. 
 Bodley died 28th January i6j2, and was bu- 
 ried with becoming iblemnity in Merton col- 
 lege choir. 
 
 Bcecler, John Henry, a native of Fran- 
 conia, historiographer to Chriltina of Sweden. 
 lie was profetfbr of hiftory at Strafburg, and 
 died 1686, aged 75. His works were, " com- 
 mentaries on Pliny and on Grotius," whom 
 he praifes with great adulation, " Notitia 
 Sancti Rem. Imp." Sec. 
 
 Bcehmen, Jacoh, a famous Teutonic phi- 
 losopher and fanatic of Germany. His ori- 
 ginal occupation was that of (hoc-maker, and 
 as he pofleSTed a ftrong bias to religious ha- 
 bits, he ftudied books of divinity, and was a 
 ennftant attendant on the worfhip of his church, 
 tUl at laft he found himielf fuddenly infpired, 
 a.nd continued, as he fays himfelf, " feven 
 whole days in the moll exceffive joy, wrapt 
 in die holy fabbath." This fanatical emo- 
 tion was, in the courfe of tome years, twice 
 repeated; and in 1612 he abandoned his 
 trade, and began to write. His tuft treatife, 
 called " Aurora, or riling fun," was cenfured 
 by the magistrates of Gorittz, and iupprelfed ; 
 but Ikchmen relumed his pen, and for the laft 
 five years of his life he published more than 
 ZO books en theological fubjects, on visions, 
 &c. On November 18, 1624, it is faid that 
 he pretended t* hear mufic, and he declared 
 to his fou, that in three hours he fhould ex- 
 pire. At the expected time he took a ten- 
 der farewell of his family, and, deliring his 
 lbn to turn him, he expired, with a deep 
 Cgh, exclaiming, " Now I go into paradife!" 
 This fanatic, whofe private life was not dif- 
 eraced by immoral acts, has had many ad- 
 mirers in feveral parts of Europe. Kahlman 
 was a convert to his opinions, and the qua- 
 kers in England have adopted feveral of his 
 tenets. N 
 
 Boel, Peter, a Flemish painter, who ftu- 
 died at Rome, and died 1680, aged 55. His 
 animals, ftill lite, &c. were much admired. 
 
 Boerhaave, Herman, a celebrated phy- 
 fician, born 1668, at Voorhoot, two miles 
 from Leyden. He was intended for the mi- 
 niftry by his father, but an accident turned his 
 thoughts to different purfuits. In his 12th 
 year he fuffercd tho molt excruciating pains 
 from an ulcer in his left thigh, which baffled all 
 the powers of his furgeon, and he drew the 
 happieft omen of future greatnefs, by curing 
 it himielf with a fomentation of fait and wine. 
 
 He ftudied at Leyden, and acquired the mi 
 perfect knowledge of the claflics, and becar 
 thoroughly acquainted with mathematics, ; 
 gebra, and the different branches of natui 
 philofophy. He ftill however directed 1 
 chief attention to divinity, but as his pati 
 mony was now nearly exhaufted, he found 
 friend in John Vandenburg, of Leyden, w] 
 advifed him to unite the ftudy of phyfic 
 theology. Boerhaave complied, he had : 
 ready received with a golden medal the a 
 plaufe of the univerfity by an oration to pro 
 that Cicero underftood the doctrines of Ej 
 curus, and he encreafed his reputation 
 the follower of Vclalius, Fallopius, and Be 
 tholinus. In his medical ftudies he foon d 
 covered the Shallowness of the authors of tl 
 middle ages, but he found a treafure of kno> 
 ledge in Hippocrates and Sydenham. Aft 
 extending his reSl-arches to botany and ch 
 miitry, he went to Harderwick, where he ten 
 his degree of M. D. 1693, and foon after 1 
 abandoned all thoughts of entering into tl 
 ministry from the dread of the prejudic 
 railed againft him, on the fuppofition that 1 
 favored the tenets of Spinoza. Now devoti 
 to the ftudy and practice of phyfic, he becan 
 celebrated through Europe. As profeffor 
 phyfic and botany his lectures were crowd* 
 with ftudents eminent for talents and lean 
 ing, by whom he was refpected and belo 
 ed. In 1 7 14 he was made redtor of the un 
 verfity,and in 1728, he was admitted hon 
 rary member ef the academy of fciences 
 Paris, and two years after of the royal focie 
 of London. His constitution now began 
 decay. In 1 7 22 he was afflicted for i 
 months with poignant arthritic pains, ai 
 fearing a relapfe, he refigned in 1729 the h 
 nors of profelfor, which he had held for ne 
 30 years to the advancement of fcience at 
 the benefit of mankind. His private labo 
 however continued, but he found himfelf a 
 fected in 1737 with a difficulty of breathin 
 and from unufual pulfations, he grew appr 
 henfive that he had fome polypous concretio 
 between the heart and the lungs. He wro 
 an account of his fituation to his friend D 
 Mortimer, and expired 23d Sept. 1738, 
 his 70th year. Boerhaave amaffed a larj 
 fortune by his profeflion, but though he h 
 been ftiled penurious, the benevolence of 1 
 heart, and the manner in which he conferr 
 favors on the unfortunate, prove that he kne 
 and felt the calls of humanity. Like tho 
 that are eminent either in rank or in virtu 
 he was not without his detractors, but r. 
 name muft ftand recorded in the annals 
 fcience as a great and a good man. His v 
 luable works are in Latin, and all on medic; 
 botanical, and chemical fubjects. His fellc 
 citizens have erected to his honor in St. P 
 ter's church at Leyden a monument on whi< 
 are inlcribed thefe few expreffive words " S 
 
 lutifi.ro Boexhaari genio facrum." 
 
 BOETUX 
 
BOI 
 
 BOI 
 
 Bof.THIE, Etlenns de la, of Sarlat in Peri- 
 ford, died near Bourdeaux 1563, aged 32. 
 He was eminent as a fcholar, and tranilated 
 feveral of Plutarch's amd Xenophon's works, 
 befides " Voluntary flavery." 
 
 BoETHIUS, BoECE, or BOEI3, Hector, 
 
 was born at Dundee about 1470, and after 
 ftudying in his native town, and at Aberdeen, 
 he went to Paris, and was recalled to be prin- 
 cipal of the college of Aberdeen. He wrote 
 the lives of the bifhops of Aberdeen in com- 
 pliment to his patron Elphinfton. He after- 
 wards engaged in an hiftory of Scotland, in 
 which he difplayed great refearch, but too 
 much credulity. He has been cenlured for 
 his fondnefs for legendary tales, but Erafmus, 
 who knew him, fpeaks of him as ** a man of 
 an extraordinary happy genius, and of great 
 eloquence." 
 
 Boffrand, Germain, of Nantes, was an 
 able architect. Several princes' employed him, 
 and France has (till to boaft otf feveral monu- 
 ments of his genius in her magnificent edifices, 
 in canals, fluices, and bridges. He has written 
 a general ftatement of the principles of his art, 
 with an account of all the works which he 
 erected. He died at Paris 1755, aged 88. 
 
 Bogan, Zacbary, a learned Englifh divine, 
 born at Little Hempitone Devonshire, and 
 educated at St. Alban's hall, and Corpus chrifti, 
 Oxford. He wrote comparatio Homeri cum 
 fcriptoribus facris, &c. a view of the threats 
 and puniihments mentioned in icripture, 8vo. 
 additions to Rous's arch;rologi;e attkie, &c. 
 He died 1659. 
 
 Bogoris, king of the Bulgarians, embraced 
 chriftianity 865. 
 
 Bohadin, a learned Arabian, known as 
 the favorite of Saladin, and the hiitorian of 
 that prince's life. 
 
 Bohf-Mond, prince of Antioch, accompa- 
 nied his father Robert Guifcard in his invafion 
 of the eaftem empire 1081. Embarking for 
 the crufades, he took Antioch, of which he 
 called himfelf the duke, but foon after he was 
 made prifoner, and when let at liberty re- 
 turned to Europe, and prepared a large army. 
 He married the daughter of Philip king of 
 Prance, and died in Apulia nil. 
 
 Bo us, John, a native of Leipfic, eminent 
 as a phyfician, a profefTbr, and chemift. He 
 died 1719, aged 79. He wrote on phyfiology 
 and acids. 
 
 Boiardo, Marteo-Maria, governor of 
 Reggio, was the author of Orlando Inamorato. 
 This unfinifhed poem is in imitation of the 
 Iliad, and founded on the loves of Rolland 
 and Angelica, with the fiege of Paris, to re- 
 present that of Troy. It was in continuation 
 of it that Ariofto wrote his Orlando Furiofo. 
 Boiardo pofTefTed great poetical powers, his 
 imagination was ftrong and lively, and his con- 
 ceptions bold and animated. He wrote, be- 
 fides, fnnnets and other lighter poetry, and 
 tranilated Herodstut, Apuleius, fcc. He died 
 at Reggio 1494. 
 
 . Eoil?au, Gilts, eldeft brother, of Def- 
 preaux, tranilated Epictetus, and wrote two 
 difputations, &c. and died 1669, aged 38. 
 
 Boileau, James, brother of the preceding, 
 was doctor of the Sorbonne, and author of 
 feveral curious ecclefiaftical works. He died 
 1716, aged 71. 
 
 Boileau, John James, a French eccle- 
 fiaftic. He was a man of great fenfe and 
 learning, and wrote letters on morality and 
 religion, a vols. i2mo. &c. He died 1 735, 
 aged 86. 
 
 Boileau Destreaux, Nicholas, a cele- 
 brated poet, born at Paris 1636. He early 
 loft his mother, and his infancy was entrufted 
 to a female iervant who treated him with 
 harlhnefs. His father, who left him an or- 
 phan before he was 17, had not formed the 
 molt promiling expectations of him* but the 
 dullnel's of youth difappeared as he approached 
 to maturity. Studying the law, he was ad- 
 mitted advocate in 1656, but he did not pof- 
 fefs the patience requilite for the bar, and ex- 
 changing his purfuits for divinity, he at lali 
 difcovered that a degree at the Sorbonne was 
 not calculated to promote the bent of his 
 genius. In literature he now acquired emi- 
 nence and fame. The publication of his firlt 
 Satires 1666 diftinguifhed him above his prc- 
 deceffors, and he became the favorite of 
 France and of Europe. His art of poetry 
 added to his reputation, it is'a monument of 
 his genius and judgment, and far furpaffes the 
 ars poetica of Horace, in that happy arrange- 
 ment of his ideas, the harmony of his num- 
 bers, and the purity of his language. His 
 Lutrin was written in 1674 at the requeft 
 of Lamoignon, and the infignificant quarrek 
 of the treafurer and ecclefiaftics of a cha- 
 pel are magnified by the art of the poet 
 into matters of importance, and every line 
 conveys with the molt delicate pleafantry, ani- 
 mated defcription, and refined ideas. Boileau 
 became a favorite at the court of Lewis XIV. 
 a penfion was fettled on him, and the king 
 declared he wilhed his fubjects to partake the 
 fame intellectual gratification which he him- 
 felf enjoyed. The monarch engaged the 
 poet to write with Racine an hiltory of his 
 reign, but the work though begun was never 
 completed. As a prole writer Boileau pof- 
 fefTed fuperior merit, as is fully evinced by 
 his elegant tranilation of Longinus. After 
 enjoying the favors of his fovereign, and the 
 honors due to his merits, Boileau retired 
 from public life, dhTatisfied with the infin- 
 crity of the world and the profligacy of man- 
 ners which he had fatirized with fpirit and 
 truth, and he ipent his time in literary pri- 
 vacy, in the lociety of a few feledt friends. 
 He died an example of great refignation and 
 piety, March 2d 171 1, in his 75th year. He 
 wrote brfidrs, odes, fonnets, 56 epigrams, cri- 
 tical refledtiuns, fome Latin pieces, &c. As 
 a poet Boileau has defervedly obtained the 
 appkufes of every man of genius and talte. 
 
 Not 
 
sor 
 
 BOL 
 
 Not only His countrymen boaft of fhe fu- 
 perior effufions of his mufc, but foreigners 
 feel and adn.ire the graces, the ftrength, and 
 harmony of his verfe, and that delicacy of 
 fatireand energy of ftile by which he has raif- 
 ed himfelf to immortality. 
 
 heau, Charles, abbe of Beaulieu, was 
 eminent as a preacher at the court of Lewis 
 XIV. He died 17CO. 
 
 Boindin, Nicholas, was born at Paris in 
 1676, and at the age of 20 he entered into 
 a regiment of mufqueteers, which he rclin- 
 quifhed for literary purfuits. He became a 
 member of the academy of inferiptions, but 
 his athciftical opinions created him enemies. 
 He died in confequer.ee of a fiitula 1751, and 
 the honors and ceremonies of public burial 
 were refufed to his remains. His works were 
 publifhed after his death by M. Parfait, two 
 vols. i2mo. 1753, confuting of comedies, &c. 
 
 Bois, Jean du, of Paris, from an ecclefiaftic 
 diftinguifhed himfelf in the military fervice of 
 Henry III. fo that the monarch called him 
 the emperor of monks. After the death of 
 his patron, he refumed his clerical character, 
 but his boldneis in accufing the jefuits of the 
 murder cf Henry IV. drew upon him the 
 refentrnent of the order, and on his vifiting 
 Rome, he was thrown into the caftle of St. 
 Angelo, where he died 1626, after a confine- 
 ment of 14 years. He publiihed fome eccle- 
 fiaftical traits in Latin, befides a character of 
 Henry IV. &c. 
 
 Bois, Gerard du, of Orleans, was author of 
 a Latin hiftory of the church of Paris, 2 vols, 
 folio. He reviled the third volume of the 
 ecclefiaftical annals of France, of le Comte, 
 and died 1696, aged 67. 
 
 Bois, Philippe du, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, who edited Tubulins, Catullus, and 
 Propertius, in 2 vols. 8vo. &c. and died 1707. 
 
 Bois, Cuillaume du, was born in Lower 
 Limoufin, and by the verfatility of his talents 
 became preceptor to the duke de Chartres, a 
 cardinal, archbiihop of Cambrai, ambaffador to 
 the Englifti court, and at laft prime minifter 
 of France. Addicted to debauchery, the flave 
 of ambition and intrigue, he fpared no pains to 
 obtain his purpofes ; and a penetrating judg- 
 ment and fancYified diflimulation enabled him 
 to convert the fincerity of the prudent and the 
 errors of the vicious to his views. His con- 
 ftitution was exhaufled by his licentioufnefs, 
 and he died 1723, aged 67. 
 
 BoiSMORARD, abbe Chiron de, was born at 
 Cjuimper, with a fertile imagination, and a 
 fund of genuine wit. Under a fictitious name, 
 he attacked the Jefuits, of whofe order lie was 
 a member, and afterwards refuted for a con- 
 siderable fum the calumnies of their unknown 
 aegreflbr. He died at Paris 1746, 3ged 60. 
 
 Boisrobkrt, Francois le Mefel de, of 
 Caen, is known for his wit niid his facetiouf- 
 ncfs. .He was peculiarly great in the livclinefs 
 of his converfation, which was aided by a 
 ftroug retentive memory, enriched with all 
 
 the treasures of Boccace and Beroaldus, sr 
 he became the favorite and the buffoon 
 Richelieu. He died 1662, aged 70. I 
 wrote poems, letters, tragedies, comedies, & 
 BoissArd, John jf antes, an antiquary, boi 
 at Befancon 1528. He vifited Italy, and tl 
 iflands of the Adriatic, and examined the m 
 numents of Peloponnefus ; but his valuab 
 remarks were unfortunately deftroyed in tl 
 ravages to which Franche Comtc wai expoii 
 from the people of Lorraine. BoifTard fav 
 from the general wreck only the materi; 
 from which he publifhed his account of Ron 
 in 4 vols, folio. He wrote epigrams, elegit 
 &c, but his chief merit is as an antiquarii 
 He died at Metz 1602. 
 
 Boissat, Pierre de, of Vienne in Dauphir 
 was known for his eccentricity. At differe 
 periods he became a monk, a foldier, and 
 hermit, and fupported his character with co 
 rage and diffimulation. He wrote fome piec 
 in verfe and profe, befides a tranflation of 
 Italian romance, &c. and died 1662. aged t 
 
 Boissieu, Bartholomew de Camille de, 
 eminent phyfician, born at Lyons 1734. I 
 died 1770. He publifhed two treatifes 
 merit. 
 
 Boissy, Louis de, was born at Vic in A 
 vergne, and became at Paris a moft popu 
 author. But while the favorite of the pub! 
 he funk under the moft melancholy dejecti 
 through want, and took the refolution of ft; 
 ving himfelf to death, rather than fubfift 
 foliciting reliet. iHis wife acceded to I 
 meafures, and their only child was alfo ma 
 to fhare this dreadful fate. They were, ho 
 ever, fortunately difcovered by a friend, 
 whom, in the laft gafp of expiring natu 
 they were reftcred to life. This extraordim 
 eircumftance excited the pity of the Parifia 
 Madame de Pompadour fent them 100 lo 
 d'ors, and BohTy foon after was made con 
 troller of the Mercure de France, with a p( 
 fion for his wife and fon if they furvived hi 
 His plays are in nine vols. 8vo. the m 
 celebrated of which is le babillard. He d 
 1758. 
 
 Boivin, John, of Montreuil l'Argile, * 
 Greek profeflbr at Paris, and librarian to ! 
 king, and died 1726, aged 64. He wrote 
 apology for Homer, and the fhield of Achill 
 and tranflated the CEdipus of Sophocles, 1 
 birds of Ariftophanes, the batrachomyomac 
 of Homer, &c. 
 
 Bo izard, John, a man of abilities, e 
 ployed in the mint at Paris, in the 17th c< 
 tury. He wrote a book on his employme 
 not made public, as it contained fecrets J 
 fpecting coinage, &c. 
 
 Bokhari, a learned Arabian, who wri 
 at Mecca, a book, in which he has colle 
 ed 7275 authentic traditions, felected fin 
 100,000 other traditions, all on the Mai 
 metan religion. He died the year 256 of I 
 hegira. 
 
 Bet, Ferdinand, a Dutch painter, who di 
 
 x6* 
 
BOL 
 
 not 
 
 Jt62l, aged 70. His pieces are portraits, and 
 alfo on hiltorical fubjects, and poflels great 
 merit. 
 
 Boleslaus I. firft king of Poland, 969. 
 Otho III. gave him the title of king, and 
 made Poland an independent kingdom in 1001. 
 He died 1025. 
 
 Boleslaus II. called the bold and the 
 cruel, fucceeded his father .afimir I. 1059. 
 He reftored Bela to the throne of Hungary, 
 and invaded Ruflia, but his abience in the 
 field gave fuch offence to the Polifh females, 
 that they bellowed their favors on their flave's. 
 The abfent ibldiers returning to avenge the 
 infult, the Qonteft between the hufbands and 
 the flaves was long and bloody. Boleflaus died 
 in Hungary about 1080. 
 
 Boleyn, Anne, daughter of fir Thomas 
 Boleyn, was wife of Henry VIII. and the 
 occaficn of the reformation. She was in her 
 youth one of the attendants of the Englifh 
 princefs, wife taLewis XII. and afterwards to 
 Claudia the queen of Francis I. and then of 
 the duchefs of Alencon. About 1325, fhe 
 returned to England, and when maid of honor 
 to Catherine, fhe drew upon herfelf the af- 
 fection of Henry VIII. and by her address fhe 
 prevailed upon him to divorce his wife, and as 
 the pope refilled to dilannul his marriage, 
 England was feparated from the fpiritual do- 
 minion of Rome. Henry was united to his 
 favorite 1532, by whom he had a daughter, 
 queen Elizabe'h, but Anne Boleyn fo long 
 admired, fo long courted by the amorous mo- 
 narch, was loon defpifed for Jane Seymour, 
 and cruelly beheaded May 19th, 1536. She 
 bore her fate with refignation ; but though 
 branded with ignominy by catholic writers, fhe 
 muft appear innocent in the judgment of im- 
 partial men, and her acculation of a criminal 
 connection with her own brother and four 
 other perfons, muft be attributed to the malice 
 of that tyrant, who made the law and morality 
 fubfervient to his luft. 
 
 Boleyn, George., brother to queen Anne, 
 ftudied at Oxford, and was admired for his wit 
 and learning. He was made a peer by the 
 title of lord Rochfort, conftable of Dover, 
 warden of the Cinque Ports, and engaged in 
 feveral embaflies. He fhared the queen's dii- 
 grace, and, upon a falfe accufation of incei- 
 tuous commerce with her, was beheaded on 
 Tower-hill, 1536. He wrote fome poems, 
 fongs, odes, &c. which pofTefled merit. 
 
 Bolingbroke. Fid. St. John. 
 
 Bollandus, Join, a jefuit of Tillemont 
 in Flanders, pofieifed of judgment, erudition, 
 and lagacity. He collected materials ibr the 
 lives of the faints of the Romifh church, five 
 Vols, of which he published in folio, but died 
 before the completion in 1 665. This work, 
 called Acta Sanctorum, was continued, and 
 contains upwards of 47 vols, fomeumes inte- 
 jefting, and often tedious. 
 
 Bologne, Jean dc, a native of Douai, who 
 *d<trncd Florence with a, beautiful groupe, <- 
 
 prefentirig the rape of a Sabine. He died at 
 Florence 1600. 
 
 Bolognf.se, Francifio, the affumed name 
 of Francis Grimaldi, the pupil of Annibal 
 Caracci. He was born at Bologna, and died 
 160O, aged 74. his lairdlcapes were particu- 
 larly admired. His fori Alexander was an 
 artiit of eminence. 
 
 l.oi.sec,' Jerome, a Carmelite of Pari?, 
 who forfook his order, and fled to Italy, and 
 afterwards to Geneva, where he practifed as a 
 phyficun. Embracing the doctrines of Pela- 
 gius, he inveighed againft Calvin, who endea- 
 voured to redaim him, till the boldnefs of his 
 oratory routed the indignation of the magis- 
 trates to banilh him from the country. On 
 his return to France, he practifed phyfic ; but 
 his reftlefs temper rendered him fufpected 
 both to proteftants and papifts. His morality 
 was of the moft loofe nature, fince he profli- 
 tuted his wife to the canons of Autun, to' 
 regain the favors of the catholics. He died 
 about 1584. His lives of Calvin and Beza 
 are a collection of abufe. 
 
 Bolswerd, Sbeldt, of Flanders, was art 
 eminent engraver. His phtes, from the pieces 
 of Rubens, Vandyke, &c. pofTefTed merit. 
 
 Bolton, Robert, of Northamptonihire, was 
 educated at Wadham college, Oxford. He 
 refided at Fulham and Kenfington, and be- 
 came acquainted with Whifton, Pope, and 
 Mrs. Butler, a lady whofe memory he em- 
 balmed in the public papers of the time by the 
 effufions of a warm heart and the language of 
 friendlhip. He was chaplain to fir Jofeph. 
 Jekyl, and to lord Hardwicke, by whofe 
 friendlhip he became dean of Carlifle in 1735, 
 and three years after he obtained St. Mary's 
 vicarage Readine. He printed fome few of 
 his fermons, and late in life he attacked the 
 vices and foibles of the times in fmall tracts, 
 which difplayed good fenfe and great piety. 
 He died in London 1763, aged 65. 
 
 Bolton or Boulton, Elmu'nd, was au- 
 thor of an hiltorical book called Nero Csefar, 
 dedicated to the duke of Buckingham, in 
 1624, and valuable for the medals with which 
 it is adorned, and for the curious oblervations 
 which it contains. He lays that the battle of 
 Boadicea with the Romans was fought on 
 Salifbury plain, and that Stonehenge wast 
 erected as her monument. He publifhed 
 elements of armories, 1610, 4to. he. 
 
 BOLTON, Robe<t, a puritan of great learn- 
 ing. When James I. vifited Oxford, 1605, 
 hp publicly dilputed before him. Of his nu- 
 merous publications, the belt known is his 
 book on happinels. He died 1631, aged 60. 
 
 hOLZANi, Urban feder'tano, a monk of 
 Beliunc. He vifiicd Greece, Egypt, Palel- 
 tine, &c. and twice afcended to the top of 
 ./Etna, to lurvey its aftonithing crater. He 
 was the firft peri'on who wrote a grammar of 
 the Greek language, in Latin. He died at 
 Venice, where he taught Gresk, 1524, aged 
 84. 
 
 L Bo.MBERa, 
 
BON 
 
 BON 
 
 Somberg, Daniel, a printer born at An- 
 twerp. He lettied at Venice, and obtained a 
 name from the correclnels of the books which 
 ifaed from his prefs, efpecially his Hebrew 
 bibls in four vols. fol. 1549, and his Talmud, 
 J 1 vols. fol. He died 1549. 
 
 Bona, "John, au ecclefiaitic, born at Mon- 
 dovi 1609. Alexander VII., who knew his 
 merit, promoted him to places of honor, to 
 induce him to fettle at Rome, and fuch was 
 ihis charader that it was wifhed he might be 
 *lec"ted pope after Clement IX. He was 
 author of feveral tracts on devotion. He died 
 1674. 
 
 Bonac, John Louis tfUffon marquis de, 2. 
 Trench nobleman, employed by Lewis XIV. 
 in cmbailies to Sweden, Poland, Spain, and 
 Constantinople. He po(Te(Ted the dexterity 
 and firmnefs requifite for his fituation, and to 
 thefe he added many private virtues and great 
 erudition. He died at Paris, 1738, aged 66. 
 BoNAMY,P^r Nicholas, a native of Lou- 
 vres. He conducted the journal de Verdun, 
 a periodical work of great reputation, and 
 died 1770, aged 76. 
 
 Bonanni, Philip, a learned Jefuit, known 
 for feveral works on antiquities and hiftory, 
 the beft of which are his recreatio in obfervat. 
 animak teftaceorum, with near 500 figures, 
 1694, 4to. his collection of the medals of 
 The popes, two vols. fol. 1699, &c. He died 
 at Rome,. 1725, aged 87. 
 
 Bonardi, Jean Baptijle, a doctor of the 
 Sorbonne, born at Aix. He died at Paris 
 1756. He left fome mnnufcripts, the mod 
 valuable and curious of which is a dictionary 
 <f anonymous and pfeudonymous writers. 
 Bonarelli, Guy Ulaldo, a nobleman, 
 it Urbino 1563. He is known as a 
 politician in the fervice of the duke of Fer- 
 rara, but more as the author of " filis de 
 Sciro," a paftord which diwiays his art and 
 ingenuity, though he makes his ihepherds 
 <ourtier^, and his fhepberdelTes prudes. The 
 vrhief character Celia is cenfured for cnter- 
 i..i.iing a violent paflion for two lovers at once. 
 He di?d 1608, aged 45. 
 
 Bonarota or Bl'on-aroti, funnmed 
 Ttlichael Angelo. Vid. Angei.o. 
 
 Eonaventure, John Ftdanza, a cardinal 
 ind faint of the Romifh church, born in Ktru- 
 . -.:. He was lb difinterefted in his con- 
 duct that he refufed t: e arcl bithoptic of York. 
 When tii nrdinals diia^reed in the election 
 f the pope, he was univeri'ally called upon to 
 on Theobald, 
 v.rds Gregory X. He died 1 a 74, highly 
 refpected. He as canonized 148a. His 
 , on fubjech nd morals, are 
 
 in eight vols. fol. I 
 
 Bonavfkturk, of Padua, a cardinal, who 
 
 iludicd . i the rights of 
 
 the church agaiaft Francis de Carririo, of 
 
 to h:.ve liim 
 
 . arrow as he eroded 
 
 the bridge of St. Angelo Jt Rome, 1386, .in 
 
 his 54th you*. He wrote commentaries c 
 the epiftlcs of St. John and St. James, befid 
 fermons, &c. He wa3 intimate with Petrarc 
 whole fui>eral oration he delivered 1369. 
 
 Bonct.rf, a French writer, who applii 
 himfelf to rhe draining of marfhes, and wro 
 a treadle againft feudal rights. This prov< 
 fo ofFenfive to the parliament that they order' 
 it to be burnt. At the revolution he w 
 employed to difmifs that parliament which h; 
 voted his dilgrace. His fervices could n 
 efcape the notice of the revolutionary tribun 
 but by the majority of one voice his life w 
 fpared. He however ken after died of 
 broken heart. 
 
 Bond, John., ait eminent commentate 
 educated at Winchefter fchool and New c< 
 lege. He was matter of Taunton fcho 
 which he refigned for the psactice of phyi 
 He died at Taunton 1612, aged 61. J: 
 wrote valuable notes on Horace, Perfius, &c 
 
 Bonet, Thcophilus, a native of Gene' 
 who ftudied at mod of the uriiveiitties 
 Europe. He was very fuccefsfat as a phy 
 cian, but after 40 years' experience he v 
 afflicted with deafneis, and retired to litem 
 eale. He published feveral medical treatif 
 and died of a dropfy 1689, aged 69. 
 
 Bonfadius, James, an Italian writer, e 
 gaged as the fecretary of cardinal Bari, 
 Rome. After wandering through Italy, 
 lettied at Genoa, and by reading lectures 
 the politics and rhetoric of Ariftotle he gain 
 popularity, and with the title of hiltoriograph 
 a handfome penfion. He fpoke with imp; 
 donable freedom of feveral families in t 
 annals of Genoa, and in revenge for the fev 
 rity of his remarks fome unnatural prope 
 fides toward* a favorite youth which he h 
 gratified, were revealed to the public e; 
 fhe facts were proved, and Bonfadius v 
 fentenced to death, which he fullered in I$t 
 His writings were fpeeches, Latin and Itali 
 poems, &c. Before Ins execution, he wn 
 to his friend Grimaldi, that he would vifit h 
 if it were poflible in no terrific lhape, and rep< 
 the ftate of the other world. 
 
 I! n f 1 niu 3, Anthony, an hiftorian of Afc< 
 in the 15th century. He was invited ii 
 Hungary by Matthias Corvin, the king oft 
 country, and undertook at his delise an hiftt 
 of Hungary, carried k to the year 1495, 
 45 book?, which were depoiked in the ro 
 library at Buda. Bonfinius died about 150: 
 
 Boxcars, Jam?:., a native of Orlea 
 why ftudicd at Stralburg, under Cujacius, a 
 devoted himfelf to the fesvice of Henry 1 
 whom he reprefented at feveral of the G 
 man courts. As a ftatefman and negocia 
 he was lagacious and well informed, and a: 
 fcholar he poffeffed an- extenfive fund of e) 
 dition. He publifhcd, befides his elegant 1 
 ters, a valuable edition of Juftin, and 1 
 " gefta dei per Francos," in % vols, folio, ot 
 tabling tin; hiftory o{ the expedition >J 
 tfnldtine. Bayle fpeaks of him wkh h 
 
 COi 
 
BON 
 
 BON 
 
 frnmendation, and reprefents his ftile as fina, 
 ear, and full of natural charms. He died at 
 *aris 1 612, aged 58. 
 
 Boniface, the apoftle of Germany, was 
 3rn in England, and lent by Gregory II. to 
 invert the barbarians of the north. He was 
 iccefsful in his million, and loaded with ho- 
 ors by the pope. He was killed by fome of 
 le pagans of Frizland 754, aged 74. His 
 ritings are obfcure and inelegant. 
 Bon: face I. St. fucceflbr of Zofimus, at 
 .ome, 418, died September 42 a. 
 Boniface II. fucceeded Felix IV. in 530, 
 id died two years after. His father was a 
 oth. He died 532. 
 
 Boniface III. was made pope 606, after 
 ibinian, and died the fame year. 
 Boniface IV. fon of a phyfician of Vale- 
 a, fucceeded the preceding. He dedicated to 
 ie virgin and martyrs the pantheon built by 
 grippa, ftill venerated at Rome as a magni- 
 :ent edifice. He died 614. 
 Boniface V. of Naples fucceeded Deo- 
 itus 617, and died 625. 
 Boniface VI. filled only for 15 days the 
 ipal chair after Formofus, 896. 
 Boniface VII. raifed himfelf to the pope- 
 im, after the murder of Benedidt VI. and 
 >hn XIV. in 984, and died four months 
 ter. 
 
 Boniface VIII. born at Anagni, was made 
 ' Martin II. a cardinal, and after the abdi- 
 tion of Celeltinus, which he procured by 
 rrifying him at midnight, and threatening 
 m with eternal damnation, if he did not 
 tign, he filled the pnpal chair in 1294. He 
 irled the thunder of the Vatican againft the 
 ngs of Denmark and France, and annulled 
 e election of Albert, to be king of the Ro- 
 ans. The family of the Colonnas were 
 rtkulariy marked as objects of his ven- 
 juoce ; but his infolence did not long triumph, 
 ough he had declared that God had placed 
 m as lord over kings and kingdoms. Philip 
 France ordered him to be feized by his 
 nenl Nogaret at Anagni, that he might 
 ing him to the council of Lyons, but the 
 ifty prelate efcaped to Rome, where, over- 
 wered with the indignities offered to his 
 rfon, he died one month after, 1303. 
 Boniface IX. a native of Naples, railed 
 the papal chair 1386, after Urban VI. He 
 :d in 1404. 
 
 Bonifacio, Balthazar^ a Venetian, pro- 
 Tor of law at Padua. He was author of 
 teral learned tracts on hiftory, befides fome 
 itin poems, &c. He died 1659, aged 75. 
 Bon jour, Gulllaume, an Auguftine monk 
 Touloufe, who afllfted Clement XI. in dif- 
 fering the errors of the Gregorian calendar, 
 i di^d in China, where he was miflionary, 
 14, ag:ed 44. He was well verfed in oriental 
 frature, and wrote fome diflertations, Sec. 
 Bonne, a fhepherdefs of the Valteline, 
 o became the miflrefs and afterwards the 
 e of Brwwro.j a famous warrior of Parma, 
 
 She difplayed great courage in the field of 
 battle, and with her hufband fupported the 
 power of Venice againft the duke of Milan. 
 She went with Rrunoro to defend Negropont 
 againft the Turks, but on the death of her 
 hufband there, fhe abandoned the place, and 
 died in the Morea on her return to Venice 
 1466. 
 
 Bonnefons, John, of Clermont in Au- 
 vergne, diftinguifhed himfelf as the imitator 
 of Catullus, in his Pancharis and Phaleuric 
 verfes. He died 161 4, aged 60. 
 
 Bonn ell, James, an Englishman eminent 
 for his virtues. He was born 1653 at Genoa, 
 where his father was a merchant, and was 
 educated at Dublin and Cambridge. He was 
 afterwards tutor in a private family, and then 
 was joined with his father in a patent to hold the 
 office of accomptant general of Ireland. He 
 difcharged the duties of his office with great 
 integrity, and died at Dublin 1699. His fu- 
 neral fermon was preached by biihop Wetten- 
 hall, and his life was written by archdeacon 
 Hamilton, in which fome of his meditations 
 are introduced. v 
 
 Bonner, Edmund, bifhop of London, was 
 the fon of a man of indigent circumftances in 
 Worcefterfhire, and charitably educated at the 
 expence of the family of Lechmere. He en- 
 tered 15 12 at Broadgate hall, now Pembroke 
 college, and recommended himfelf to the no- 
 tice of Wolfey,who procured him ecclefiaftical 
 preferments, and favor at court. He was 
 chaplain to the king, and promoted with all 
 his power his divorce from Catherine. He 
 was fent to Rome to plead the king's caufe 
 before Clement VII., but he fpoke with fuch 
 vehemence againft the holy fee, that the pope 
 threatened to throw him into a cauldron of 
 melted lead. As his abilities as a negociatot 
 were great, he was employed as ambafTador to 
 the courts of Denmark, France, and Ger- 
 many. In IJ38 he was nominated to the fes 
 of Hereford, by the recommendation of his 
 patron lord Cromwell, who had fucceeded 
 Wolfey, and before his confecration, he was 
 promoted to London. He had formerly op- 
 pofed the pope's prerogative to rife in Henry's 
 favor, but after his death he withftood the 
 meafures adopted by Edward VI. to fpread the 
 reformation, and for this he was deprived of 
 his bifliopric,and committed to the Marlhalfe:i 
 This endeared him the more in the eyes of 
 Mary ; five no fooner afcended the throne 
 than Bonner was reitored to his honors, and 
 made prefident of the convocation in the fte.id 
 of Cranmer. In this office he not only ex- 
 communicated feveral of the clergy, but lie 
 committed fume hundreds to the flames for 
 not renouncing the doctrines of the reforma-' 
 ticn. On the death of Mary he paid his 
 refpech to the new queen, but Elizabeth 
 turned away from a man ftained with the 
 blood of foffering innocence, and when fum- 
 moned before the council, he refufrd to take 
 the oaths of allegiancej and was again deprived 
 l>% of 
 
BON 
 
 BOR 
 
 of his biihopric, and imprifoned. He died 
 about the <oth year of his confinement 1569, 
 and as he was excommunicated, his body was 
 privately buried at midnight in St. George's 
 church-yard, Southwark, In his perfon Bon- 
 r.er was fat and corpulent, his character was 
 ferocious and vindictive, his knowledge of 
 divinity was not extenfive, but he was well 
 verfed in politics and canon law. He wrote 
 Tome trails now forgotten. 
 
 Bonnet, Charles, a native of Geneva, 
 difturbed from his purfuits in the law by read- 
 ing la Pluche's fpectacle de la nature, and 
 Reaumur's memoirs of infects. Devoted to 
 natural hiitory and metaphyfics, he made 
 fome valuable dlfcoveries in entomology at the 
 age of ao, and when %y, publilhed his treatife 
 on phychology and his analytical effay on the 
 mental powers, and his fyftem of phyfics. He 
 died at Geneva 1793, aged 73. He publilhed 
 confiderations on organked bodies, &c. 
 
 Bonneval, Claudius Alexander count de, 
 of Limoufin, was allied by blood to the royal 
 family of France. He emitted the French 
 fervice, and followed the fortunes of Eugene. 
 His intereft at the court of Vienna was ruined 
 by the intrigues of de Prie, and he offered his 
 fervices to Roma, and afterwards to Turkey, 
 where he was honorably received, made balhaw 
 of three tails, and appointed to a government, 
 and the command of 30,000 men. As the 
 vafTal of the Turkifh emperor, he quelled a 
 dangerous inlurrecYion in Arabia Petraea, and 
 defeated a large Auftrian army on the Da- 
 nube. His fucceffes haftened his difgrace. 
 Though the favorite of the fultan, he was 
 banifhed to the ifland of Chio, from which he 
 was afterwards recalled, and reftored to places 
 of honor and emolument. He wrote the me- 
 moirs of his own life, and died in Turkey 
 1747, aged 75. 
 
 Bonnier d'Alco, N. a Frenchman, 
 known for his ftrong republican principles. 
 He was engaged as minifter in the conferences 
 with the Engliih arhbaffador at Lille, and 
 afterwards at Radftadt; on returning from 
 which he was affaffinated by fome men in the 
 drefs of Auftrian huifars, 1799. 
 
 Bontekoe, Corneille, a Dutchman, phy- 
 fician to the elector of Brandenburg, and au- 
 thor of a treatife on tea, &c. died young. 
 
 Bontems, Madam, a woman defervedly 
 refpedted for the delicacy of her wit, the 
 goodnefs of her underftanding, and her bene- 
 heart. She tranflated Thornton's Sea- 
 sons, and died at Paris 1768, aged 5. 
 
 Bontius, James, a Dutch phyfician at 
 1, author of ibme treatife? on the di- 
 feai- the botany, and natural hiftory of India, 
 1658. 
 
 Bontius, Gerard, a native of Ryfwick, 
 medical profefTor at Leyden, where he died 
 1599, aged 63. He invented ibane famous 
 pills, called pillula? tartareie. 
 
 Bo nvriCKz t Am6rrfc, a nonjurin* clergyman, 
 torn l6Z, and educated at merchant taylors! 
 
 fchool, and St. John's college, Oxford, 
 w.is mailer of merchant taylors' i'chool in 16 
 and expelled in 1691, for not taking the o< 
 of allegiance. He afterwards kept a fchool 
 Headley in Surrey. 
 
 Booker.) John, a haberdafher, who af 
 wards became a writing-mafter at Hadley, 
 an aftrologer, well verfed in the difcoven 
 thieves, and in the foiution of love inquh 
 He is celebrated by Lilly, but he was level 
 attacked by George Wharton. He wrote 
 " bloody Iriih almanac," &c. and died 166 
 
 Boone, Daniel, a Dutch painter, wl 
 pieces are expreffive, in the mod natural for 
 of low fcenes, &c. He died in England 16 
 
 Booth, Barton, a celebrated actor, b 
 in Lancafhire 168 1. He was educated 
 Eufby at Weilminfter ; and his theatr 
 powers were firft roufed to action at the 
 prefentation of a Latin play at that fch 
 The apnlaufes which he received induced ] 
 to oppofe the wimes of his father, and inft 
 of going to college he eloped, in 1698, fi 
 the fchool, and engaged himfelf in Afhbu 
 ftrolling company in Ireland. After fpenc 
 three ieafons in Dublin, he came back 
 London, where he was noticed by Better 
 and his incomparable acting of the charai 
 of Maximus in Valentinian, and of Art: 
 in the Ambitious Stepmother, drew upon 1 
 the decided approbation of the public. 
 1713, he became manager of the theatre v 
 Gibber, Wilks, and Dogget; but his cor 
 tution was naturally weak, and he fell a < 
 tim to a complication of diforders 1733. 
 maintained the high character which he 
 at firll acquired on the ftage ; and though 
 failed in comedy, his powers in tragedy evin 
 fuperior judgment, and wherever the m 
 turbulent paflions of the heart, the (ignific 
 expreflions of voice and countenance, w 
 required, he left all competitors far bel 
 him. His molt capital performance 
 Othello, in the opinion of Cibber. 
 
 Booth, Henry, earl of Warrington, 
 diltinguiihed as a ftatefman. He ftrenno: 
 oppoled the papifts, and promoted the exi 
 fion of the duke of York ; and to this he 01 
 the confinement which he endured three tii 
 under James II. He was tried for trea: 
 but acquitted, in fpite of the efforts of Jeff 
 and the court ; and in his retirement he 
 vored the c'aufe of William of Orange. 
 the revolution he was advanced to high offu 
 but as he wilhed to check the royal prerc 
 tive, William dilmifled him, not without a 
 plirhehting his fervices with a penfion of 2< 
 and the earldom of Warrington. He c 
 1694, aged 41. He wrote fome polit, 
 tracts, befides fpeeches, &c. 
 
 Booth, George, earl of Warrington, 
 of the preceding, publilhed an anonymous ti 
 orw" the inftitution of marriage," recomme 
 ing divorces where the tempers dilagree. 
 died 1758. 
 
 Bor.l : a Latin poet, 
 
 "Java 
 
BOR 
 
 BOS. 
 
 favorite of the court of Francis T. He wrote 
 poems called Nuga;, in which he feverely at- 
 tacks the character of fir Thomas More, with 
 whom he had been in habits of intimacy. He 
 was alio connected with Erafmus, Scaliger, and 
 other learned men. 
 
 Borda, John Charles, a French mathe- 
 matician, born at Dax 1733. He ferved as 
 engineer and lieutenant in the navy, and in 
 1 7 71 was lent with Verdun and Pingre to 
 America to make obfervations on various 
 iflands, and in 1774 he continued the fame 
 refearches. During the American war he 
 ferved under d'Eitaing, as rear admiral. He 
 introduced more uniformity in the building of 
 li ips of war, and by his experiments contri- 
 buted much to the improvement of all vefTels. 
 He publifned, befides his dilcoveries in Ame- 
 rica, &c. in two vols. 4to. the defcription and 
 the ufe of the circle of reflection, in which he 
 recommended the fpecular circles of Tobias 
 Mayer, 1787, and other treatifes.rinferted in 
 the memoirs of the academy of sciences. The 
 fmall rod for the menftiration of angles was of 
 his invention, and he alio introduced a new me- 
 thod to obferve the length of the pendulum, Sec. 
 He died at Pari? of a droply in the cheft, 1799. 
 Bqrde, Andrew, a native of SuiTex, edu- 
 cated at Oxford. He ftudied phyfic ; and after 
 travelling over the greater! part of Europe and 
 Africa, he fettled at Winchefter, and took his 
 degrees at Montpeliier. In his character he 
 was eccentric in the extreme. He was not 
 devoid of wit and learning ; hut though com- 
 mended for his fkill, he never acquired opu- 
 lence by his profcllion, as he died in the Fleet, 
 *549> aged 49. He has been accufed by Bale 
 of poifoning himfelf, becaufe he kept a brothel 
 for the Carthufian monks. He wrote the 
 breviary of health, fume medical tracts, a 
 jeit book, &c. 
 
 Borde, John Benjamin, a writer, born at 
 Paris 1734. He was at firft the valet of 
 Lewis XV., and on the monarch's death, was 
 appointed farmer-general. Naturally fond of 
 literature, he cultivated it in the 4 midft of 
 bufinefs. His eifays on ancient and modern 
 mufic, 4 vols. 4to. memoires hiftoriqucs de 
 
 Coucy, 2 vols. 8vo pieces intcrelfantes for 
 
 the hiilory of Lewis XIII. nnd Lewis XIV. 
 urn'. letters on Switzerland, 2 vols 8vo. 
 hiilory of the Sourh fea, 3 vols. 8vo. ,Swin- 
 btune's. travels trauilated befides a valuable 
 collection of airs, in 4 vols. 8vo. &c. During 
 the revolution he retired to Rouen, but Ro- 
 befpivrre difcovered him, and he was guillo- 
 tined 1794, aged 60, 
 
 Buiu)KLON,/,awrwf,a native of Bourger, 
 
 who died at Paris 1730, aged 77. Though 
 
 an ecclefialtic, he wrote fur the theatre, but 
 
 are now defervedly forgotten. 
 
 Bokdhs, Charles, a poet and philofopher 
 
 of Lyons, who died 1781. His works were 
 
 published in 4 vols. 8vo. and among them are 
 
 admin d an ode on war, Blanche de Bourbon, 
 
 -...igedy,- epiftles, fcc, 
 
 Bordeu, Thecphilus de, was born 1712 in 
 Beam, and at the univerfity of Montpellier, 
 at the age of 20, he held a thefis de fenl'u 
 generics confiderato, in fo learned a manner 
 as to ailonifh his auditors. He gained great 
 reputation at Paris as a phyfician. His ccn- 
 ltitutiun was early impaired by a flying gout, 
 and a deep melancholy, and he expired under 
 an attack of apoplexy 1776. He published 
 nine different treatiies on anatomical and me- 
 dical fubjects, much admired. 
 
 Bordingius, ArtJre-w, a Daniih poet, 
 whofe works, highly eileemed in Denmark, 
 were printed 1738, at Copenhagen. 
 
 Bo R done, Paris, a painter of Venice, the 
 favorite of Francis I. He excelled 1:1 the 
 delicacy of his ftrokes and the purity of his 
 outlines, and gained reputation by his portraits 
 of the beauties of the French court. He re- 
 tired to Venice from France, and died in 1 ^87, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Bore, Catharine <von, a nun of the convent 
 of Nimptfchen, who, with eight others, quitted 
 the veil on the firft difiemination of Luth 1 's 
 principles. The many qualities of her mind, 
 and the beauty of her perfon, recommenced 
 her to the notice of the great reformer, who 
 loved her, and, though far more advanced in 
 life, married her, in her 26th year. Luther 
 reaped in her fidelity both happinefs and in- 
 ftruc'tion ; and though malevolence propagated 
 reports to her difcredit-, it is incontrovertible, 
 that the affections of the hufljand were be- 
 llowed on none but a woman of delicacy and 
 virtue. She died 1552, aged 53, leaving three 
 Ions, Paul, Martin and John. 
 
 Bo R el li, John Alphonfus, was born at 
 Naples 1608, and diltinguiihed as a philoio* 
 pher and mathematician at Florence and Pifa. 
 Ashe was concerned in the revolt of Meifina, 
 he fled to Rome, where Chriiuua queen of 
 Sweden alleviated his diflrefs. He there 
 taught mathematics, and died of a pleurify 
 1679, a S e d 72. He wrote 13 different trea- 
 tiies in Italian and Latin, highly efteemed. 
 
 Borgiikse, Paul Guidotto, a poet and 
 painter of Lucca, who, though :.m#unted with 
 14 different trades, died poor and neglected 
 1626, aged 60. He attempted to rival TafTo, 
 by a defpicable poem called Jerufaleni 
 ruined." 
 
 Boroiijni, Vincent, a Benedictine monk 
 of Florence. He wrote, befides an edition of 
 the decameron, of Boccace, " Diicorfi," on 
 the antiquities, &c. of Florence, a valuable 
 work. He refufed the archbifhoprjc 01 J W.i, 
 and died 1680, aged 6j. 
 
 Borgia, drfar, a natural ion of Al 
 VI. He no foower heard of his lathe* ex- 
 altation than he left Pifa, where he was fixed 
 for his education ; but the proi peers whicn he 
 had formed were obfeured by the coolneis with 
 which Alexander received him, He corn- 
 plained to Ids mother Vanoz;;;.-'.. who fo.- a 
 while quieted his impatience, but he v. .r Jif- 
 fatisficd to fee the dukedom of Gandhi con- 
 
 h 3 fw~4 
 
BOR 
 
 BOR 
 
 fencd upon his elder brother, whjlfl: the pr'u i 
 macy of Valenza was refervcd tor himfelf. 
 Afterwards, by the influence of his mother, 
 whole greateft favorite lie was, the dignity of 
 cardinal was conferred upon him, and he be- 
 came the confident of his father's counfels. 
 The elevation of his brother to lecular po ver 
 excited his jealoufy, fo that to gratify his re- 
 venge he caufed him to be murdered by afiaf- 
 fins, and thrown into the Tiber. The pope 
 bitterly lamented his fete, but all enquiries 
 after the murderer were filenced by Vanozza, 
 who, juftly fufpected, terrified the aftoniihed 
 father, by declaring that it" he did not defift, 
 the fame d.igger was ready to ilab him to the 
 heart. Cajfar lucceeded to his brother's honors 
 and refigned the dignity of cardinal, with 
 greater latitude to gratify his avarice, ambition, 
 and cruelty. AfTafiins were kept around him, 
 who facriiiced both friends and foes ; but his 
 murderous fchemes proved nearly fatal. United 
 with his father in the attempt to poifon nine 
 newly created cardinals that they might feize 
 their pofleifions, the wine was by miftake 
 brought to them, ib that CaM'ar efcaped with 
 difficulty by the power of antidote and ftrength 
 of constitution, but the pope died of it. His 
 crimes were now too public to be unnoticed. 
 Though railed to the dukedom of Valentinois 
 by Lewis Xlf. he wasfent a prilbner to Spain, 
 but he efcaped to the court of his brother-in- 
 law John king of Navarre, and engaged in the 
 civil war, by which that kingdom was dif- 
 tracted, and was killed by the ftroke of a fpear 
 under the walls of Viana 1507, This extra- 
 ordinary character, fo infamous in principle, 
 has been propofed by Machiavel as a pattern 
 to princes who would act the part of wife aud 
 politic tyrants. 
 
 Boris, Gudenon, regent of Mufcovy under 
 Foedor, affaffinated Demetrius the brother of 
 I'ocdor, and afterwards Foedor himfelf. His 
 faccefs was of fhort duration. Grifka, an im- 
 poftor, arofe, who pretended to be Demetrius, 
 and as Lis caufe was efpoufed by many he was 
 enabled to attack Boris, who died of a broken 
 heart 1605. Thefon of Boris was proclaimed 
 by the Boyards, but the fortunes of the falfe 
 Demetrius prevailed. 
 
 Borlace, Edmund, M. D. was educated 
 in Dublin, and afterwards ftudied at Leyden 
 sad Oxford. He died at Chelter, in 168a, 
 r.uthor of feveral books on the hiftory and an- 
 tiquities of Ireland, &c, 
 
 Borj-ask, IVllli-w!, L.L.D. of Cornwall. 
 2696, was educated at Penzance and Ply- 
 mouth, and Exeter college, Oxford. He was 
 rrade rector of his native parilh, St. Juft, in 
 Pendecn, and his genius was now directed to 
 inveftigate the curiofitics, and the mineral and 
 metallic fo!lils which furrounded him. He 
 published the antiquities of Cornwall in folio, 
 ubfervations on the Scilly iflands, 4to. and 
 the natural hiftory of Cornwall, folio, works 
 ::niverfaiiy admired, S:c. He enriched like- 
 wife the AflmiolciH mufeum at Oxford, with 
 
 fev.eral curious remains of antiquity, for vrbic 
 he was thanked by the univerfity in 1758, an 
 he beautified the grotto of Twickenham fc 
 his poetical friend Pope. He died 1772, age 
 
 77- 
 
 Born, Ignatius, a German baron, wh 
 refided at Prague, and devoted himfelf to m 
 neralogy and natural hiftory. Befides valuabl 
 treatiles on thefe fubjects, he wrote a fatir 
 on the monks. He died 1791, aged 49. 
 
 BoRRl, Jofcph Francis, of Milan, was di! 
 tinguifhed by his extravagant pretenfions as 
 chemift and a quack. After playing the pn 
 phet at Rome he returned to Milan, whei 
 he exacted an oath of fecrecy from individua 
 whofe riches flowed into his hands, with ti 
 expectation that the kingdom of God w: 
 going to be eftablifhed on earth. His fchenv 
 were fo well concerted that he nearly feizt 
 the fovereign power, till being difesvered 1 
 tied, whilft the inquifiticn patted fentence 1 
 condemnation on his character, and public! 
 burnt his effigy and his writings in 1 660 Fro 
 Strafburg he came to Amfterdam, and the: 
 figured as a character of fuperior dignity, h. 
 was courted as an univerfal phyfician, till 
 revolution in his fortune drove him from tl 
 country, loaded with the borrowed jewels 1 
 the credulous Hollanders. At Hamburgh 1 
 obtained the protection of Chriftina of Swi 
 den, by pretending to find the philofopher 
 ftone, and he gained the fame confidence 
 Copenhagen from the king. When his hyp< 
 Cray at laft became known, he attempted 1 
 retire to Hungary, but being accidental 
 feized as a fpy, his name was reported to tl 
 emperor of Germany in the pretence of tl 
 popilh nuncio, who claimed him as an excori 
 municated heretic. The emperor confente 
 provided his life was fpared, and Borri coi 
 veyed to Rome, was condemned to perpetu 
 imprifonment, which was foftened by the ii 
 terfcrence of the duke of Eftrees, whom 1 
 cured in a dangerous illnefs. He died at tl 
 caftle of St. Angelo, in 1695, aged 70. 
 
 Borkichius, Olaus, a native of Denmnr 
 educated at Copenhagen, where he becan 
 profeflbr in poetry, chemiftry, and botan 
 After yractifing as a phyfician, and refufii 
 the rectorfhip of the fchool of Heflow, i 
 travelled and vilited Holland, England, Franc 
 Italy, and Germany, and after an abfence 
 fix vears returned to his native country 
 166*6. After being dreadfully nfHicted \vi 
 the ftone, and unfuccefsfuily cut for it, he <Ji> 
 1690, aged 64. , He publifhed feveral trac^ 
 in Latin, on fubjects of chemiftry, philofoph 
 and antiquities, the beft known of which a 
 dc Poetis Grsecis & Latinis antiqiue Ran 
 imago de ufu plantarum indigenarum 168 
 fcc." 
 
 Borromeo, Charles, a faint of the Romi 
 church, born 1 538, at the chateau d'Autone,ai 
 patronifed by his maternal uncle, Pius IV. w] 
 made him a cardinal and archbiibop of Mfla 
 though only 22 years of age. Thvie digniti 
 
 we 
 
BOS 
 
 BOS- 
 
 "* ere due to his virtues. Borromeo was an 
 example of meeknefs and piety, he reformed 
 "the abules of his clergy, relieved the necefli- 
 tous, and provided inititutions for the reclaim- 
 ing of profligate and debauched women. This 
 however enraged the humilies, an order which 
 he attempted to reform ; and one of the 
 brethren, Farina, fired a gun at the worthy 
 prelate while in prayer with his domeltics. 
 During a peltilence the attentions of Borromeo 
 to the diftrefTed were unufually exemplary, 
 yet he was acculed by the governor of Milan, 
 Before Charles V. of attempting innovations 
 in the ecclefiaftical inftitirbions of the city, but 
 2iis innocence was too plain to need defence. 
 This good man died 1594, aged 47, and his 
 name was canonized by Paul V. in 1710. He 
 wrote feveral works on doctrinal and moral 
 fubjects, in 5 vols, folio. 
 j-Borromini, Fraiictf, an architect of 
 Bmone, who acquired much reputation ax. 
 Rome. He deviated from that fimplicity 
 which talte and judgment have always pro- 
 nounced the bnfls of the beautiful. He died 
 in canfequence of a wound which he had given 
 himfelf in a fit of madnefs, 1667. 
 
 Borzoni, Luciano, of Genoa, was eminent 
 as an historical and portrait painter. He died 
 at Milan 1645, aged $S> His three fons, 
 John BaptiJ!, Carlo, and Franch Marie, were 
 equally great- The two firft died young, and 
 the lalt fhowed fupeiior genius in his fea 
 pieces, ftorms Sec. He died at Genoa 1679. 
 
 Bo s, John Baptifi du, z native of Beauvak, 
 employed under Torcy in negociations with 
 Germany, Holland, England, and Italy. He 
 received a penfion for his fervkes, and died at 
 Paris 174a, aged 72. He wrote critical re- 
 flections on poetry and painting, an elegant 
 work, in three vols. umo. hiftory of the 
 French monarchy, &c. 
 
 Bos, Lambert, a native of Workum, Greek 
 profefTur at Franeker, where he died 171 7, 
 aged 47. He devoted himfelf to literature, 
 and publilhed the feptuagint two vols. 4to. 
 the antiquities of Greece, and other learned 
 works. 
 
 Bos, Jerome, a Flemifh painter, whofe de- 
 vils, fpectres, artd incantations, though well re- 
 preionted, had a molt difagreeable appearance. 
 He died 15CO. 
 
 Bo-., Lzil'is Janfcn, a Flemirti painter. 
 Not only his leaves and Rowers we^re beautiful, 
 but the dew was rcprcfentcd lb much like na- 
 ture as te defervc univ trial approbation. He 
 died 1507. 
 
 Bosc, Phrre tfu, of Bayeux, was pro- 
 teftant mmifter at C.ieu at the age of 23, and 
 maintained with fpirit the doctrines he had 
 embraced. When Lewis XIV. publilhed a 
 proclamation again?* the protectants, Bole ob- 
 dined a royal audience, and dii"arm?d the rigor 
 of the catholics; bitf on the revocation of the 
 fdict of Nantes, he retired to Holl.ind, where 
 he was minUter of the church of Rotterdam 
 
 till his desrh, 1692. His fermons, in four v*k. 
 8vo. are malterly pieces. 
 
 Boscagkr, Jol-n, a native of Beziers, au- 
 thor of the inltitute of the Roman and French 
 law, 4to. and of a pofthumcus work de jultiti* 
 & jure, iamo. He died 1684, aged 83. 
 
 Boscan, John, of Barcelona, introduced 
 the Italian rhyme into the poetry of his coun- 
 try, and dillinguilhed himlelf by the elegance 
 of his diction. He Wrote Medina, 4to. and 
 Salamanca, 8vo. two poems, befides ijme fon- 
 nets, and died iJ4,v 
 
 Boscawen, EJivara', a celebrated admiral, 
 fecond fon of lord Falmouth, was born in'Corn- 
 wall, and early devoted to the fea fervice. Ire 
 1 740 he was commander of the Shoreham, an& 
 diltinguifhed himfelf at Porto Bello, and alib 
 at Carthagena, where with a few feamen htfs 
 took a battery, though annoved by the molt: 
 tremendous fire. In 1744 he took the Medi* 
 commanded by Hocquart, who again fell into* 
 his hands at the battle off Cape Finilterre, un- 
 der Anion three years after. He in 1747"" 
 commanded an expedition to th# Eaft Indies 
 and though he was uniuccefsful in his blockade-, 
 of Pondicherry, he took Madras. On his re- 
 turn he was made one of the lords of the ad- 
 miralty, and in 17^5 he intercepted a Frencht 
 fquadron in North America, and again took 
 prilbner for the third time Hocquart In one of 
 the two fhips which furrenciered. in 1766 he 
 fucceeded in the capture of Cape Breton, and 
 Louifburg. In 1759 he went to the Mediter- 
 ranean, and purfuing the French fleet he took 
 three lhips, and burnt two in Lagos bay. 
 Thefe fervices were acknowledged by the gra- 
 titude of the parliament, and the admiral was 
 made general of marine, with a ialary of 3000L 
 a year, but he did not long iurvive thefe ho- 
 nors. He died 1761. 
 
 Bosc 11, Balthafar VanJtn, a painter of 
 Antwerp, whole converiation pieces are highly- 
 admired. Fie died 1715, aged 40. 
 
 Bo&CBAZlLTS t Thokai Willclos, a Flemilh 
 painter of Berg. He was patronifed by the 
 prince of Orange, and diltinguifhed himfelf in 
 allegory and coloring. He died 1667, aged 54. 
 
 Bbscdvicn, Jofeph Roger, a geometrician, 
 and Jefuiv, born at Ragufa 1711, and profefibr 
 of mathematics at Rome, Pavia, and Milan. 
 Upon the fupprellion of the Jefuits, he came 
 to France, asd aftcv/ards retired to Milan, 
 where he died 1787^ As his knowledge of 
 optics, geometry, and rrtrtaphyfics was great, 
 he was employed in meriluring a degree hi 
 Lombardy. His works are on mathematical 
 fttbjects. He travelled over the greateft part 
 of Europe, and greatly improved the theory 
 of achromatic glades. His poem de folis ic 
 luna? defect ibus is admired. 
 
 Bosio, Anthony, of Milan, is known b\- 
 his Italian defcription of the tombs and epi- 
 taphs of the early Chrrftlani at Rome. The 
 work was transited into Latin, and is Valuable, 
 irftvo vols, folio, 1 651. 
 
 I.4 B*>siJN, 
 
BOS 
 
 BOT 
 
 IOW, count of Arlej, was king of Pro- 
 vince in 
 
 Bus -, of Tours, is known a 
 
 an engraver and a;: he publi'hed 
 
 :;eatiks on the art of engraving, 
 
 - n penpeetive, 8vo. repreientatiopi of 
 
 . figures, from the antiques of Rome, 
 
 d died about 1660. 
 
 . was born at Paris 1631, 
 and af- it Nanterre, he became ca- 
 
 c. He devoted himfelf to 
 and belle* lettres, on which he read 
 s. He publifhed a compariibn between 
 Ariilotle's and des Cartes' philofophy, and a 
 treatife on epic poetry, the beft compofition 
 i ; itten on the fubject in French; accord- 
 Boileau. He died 1680. 
 Bossuet, James, was born at Dijon 1627, 
 and ftudied in the college of Navarre at Paris. 
 He dillinguilhed himfelf as a preacher at Pa- 
 ris, and was made preceptor to the Dauphin, 
 to whom he dedicated his difcourfe on univer- 
 A hiftory, in 168 1. He became bifhop of 
 Condom, afterwards of Meaux, and in 1695 
 he was made iurerior of the college of Na- 
 varre. His writings gained univerfal admira- 
 tion. As a catholic he difplayed firmnefs and 
 moderation, and it is laid that his ftrong ap- 
 peals to the prot&ftants drew back many from 
 the new tenets to the pale of the Romish 
 church. His hiftory of the proteftant churches, 
 his hiilory of France, &c. are well known, 
 but his funeral orations in honor of the me- 
 of princes and great men, polTeis pecu- 
 liar iublimity. After a life fpent in the de- 
 fence of religion, he died at Paris 1704. The 
 learned evinced their refpect. for this great 
 man's memory, by the encomiums delivered 
 to crowded audiences, as tributes of grati- 
 tude, at Meaux, Paris, and Rome. His works 
 appeared at Paris together iz vols. 4to. 
 
 Boston, Thomas, ALA. a native of Dunfe 
 in Scotland, educated at Edinburgh, and mi- 
 >f Etterick, where he died of a fcoxbutic 
 dilbrder 1732, aged 36. He wrote a well- 
 known bonk " Human nature in its fourfold 
 ftate,*' befides other pieces &c. 
 
 Boswei.l, j r ^//;.-,-,tk^it fonoflord-Auchin- 
 Jcck, one of the Scotch judges, was born at 
 Edinburgh 1740. He ftudied civil law at 
 Glafgow and Edinburgh, and though inclined 
 to a military life, he was called to the Scotch 
 bar. As his heart was open and generous, he 
 cultivated the iriendfhip of men of worth and 
 , among whom were lord Somerville, 
 mple, and particularly Dr Johnfon, to 
 whom he was introduced 1763. A defire of 
 and manners induced him to tra- 
 in. I, and after crofting Germany and Swit/.er- 
 
 nd paying his refptcts to the | 
 Ferncy and to the philofppher of Geneva, he 
 U) Corfica, and the kindnefs of P.ioli 
 
 ra* repaid by encomiums in. the hiftory which 
 e publiHu-d of that iiland ; a volume which 
 laittv. 1 of Johnfon the 
 
 labors of Dutch, German, Italian, and French 
 itors. He returned to Scotland in 1766, 
 and at the jubilee at Stratford on Avon, he 
 fupported at a mafquerade the favorite charac- 
 ter of an armed Cor*ican chief. As his inti- 
 macy with Johnfon was founded on reciprocal 
 efteem, it is a happy circumftance that he be- 
 gan early to collect materials for the life oi 
 tins extraordinary man, Befides Dr. Johnfon's 
 life, he publifhed an account of his tour to the 
 Hebrides with the great moralilt, two letters 
 to the people of Scotland, and effence of the 
 Douglas caule. Bofwell had a ftrong predilec- 
 tion for London, and he not only vilited the 
 capital frequently, but at lait fettled there in 
 1785, and was called to the Englifh bar. He 
 did not however meet with fuccefs, but though 
 he poffeffed not the lupcrior powers of elo- 
 quence, he was diftinguifhed as a lawyer by 
 Itrpng fenfe and deep penetration. He w| 
 fuddenly on his return from Auchinleck feize" 
 with a diforder which proved fatal, He diec 
 at his houie in Portland-ftreet 1 795, aged 55 
 Though the man of wit, the pleafing and livelj 
 companion, Bofwell was fubject to moments o 
 conititutional melancholy, and it was durins 
 thole depreffions he w rote his hypochondriac 
 a periodical publication in 178s. His charac 
 ter is painted in flattering colors by Johnfon 
 who fays in his tour to the Hebrides thai 
 " Bofwell would help his enquiries, and tha 
 his gaiety of difpofition and civility of manner 
 vs ere furficient to counterbalance the incoive 
 niences of travel, in countries less hofpitabli 
 than he had paffed." 
 
 Botal, Leonard, phyfician to Henry III. o 
 France, recommended frequent bleeding in fe 
 vers, which other medical men feverely co.i 
 demne-d. His works appeared 1660, 8vo. 
 
 Both, John and Andrew, two Flemill 
 painters, fo fond of each other that their pic 
 tures were generally executed in commor 
 John imitated Claude Lorraine, and his bro 
 thcr copied the manner of Batnboche. Johi 
 was drowned 1650 in, the canal of Venice, an 
 the other died at Utrecht J656. 
 
 Both well, James Hepburn, earl, i 
 known in Scotch hiftory for his marriage witl 
 queen Mary. It is fuppofed by fome that h 
 was concerned in the murder of Darnley, Ma 
 ry's hufband, but though fufpected, his inncj 
 cence was inferred from his acquittal upon tfi 
 trial. If the death of Darnley did not pav 
 the way to his elevation, he made himfelf lure 
 by feizing the queen at Edinburgh, and carry 
 ing her a prifoner to Dunbar caftle, where h 
 prevailed upon her by violence to yield to hi 
 wifhes and to marry him. Though feemingl 
 fecure, and though created earl of Orkney, b 
 the queen, he foon found that his conduc 
 roufed the indignation of the kingdom. Mar 
 found not in him that fond hufband fhe ex 
 pected, and Bothwell became unkind and bru 
 tal. A confederacy was formed againft Inn 
 the queen was liberated from his power, an 
 10 h 
 
EOU 
 
 BOU 
 
 he efcaped to the Orkneys, and afterwards to 
 Denmark, where he died 157". In his laft 
 moments, it is laid, that with an agonizing con- 
 fcience, he confelTed his own guilt and the 
 queers innocence of the murder of Darnley. 
 
 Boticflli, Alexander, a painter of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1515, aged 78. His Venus 
 rifing from the lea, and his Venus adorned by 
 the Graces, were admired. 
 
 Bot x, John de, an architect born in France. 
 He was in the military fervice of William III. 
 and afterwards of the king of Pruflia, and of 
 the king of Poland. The arfenal of Berlin, 
 the fortifications of Wefel, and feveral public 
 edifices at Dreiden, are monuments of his ge- 
 nius. He died at Dreiden 1745, aged 75. 
 
 Bott, Thomas, of Derby, was the youngeft 
 of fix children, and the attention of his mother 
 fully lupplied the negligence of his father, who 
 had waited away his property in gaming. He 
 was miniller of a diffenting congregation ; but 
 he afterwards ftudied phyfic, which he aban- 
 doned for the church of England. He ob- 
 tained Winburg and Edgefield rectories, in 
 Norfolk, and died at Norwich 1 754. He 
 wrote lbme theological traits, befides fer- 
 mons. 
 
 Bovadilla or Bobadilea, Don Franc'ifco 
 de, a Spaniard, governor general of the Indies 
 in IJOO. His conduct was tyrannical, but 
 when he loaded with irons, and fent as prifon- 
 crs to Europe Diego Columbus and his illuftri- 
 ous brother, to whole zeal the difcovery of 
 America was due, Ferdinand and Ifabella re- 
 pented of their choice. The noble fufferers 
 were treated with diftinction, Ovando was fent 
 to fuperfede Bovadilla, who, however, never 
 reached home, as his fleet was Ihipwrecked, and 
 with an immenfe quantity of gold funk to the 
 bottom 1502. 
 
 Bouchardon, EJrnunJ, a native of Chau- 
 mont, who devoted himl'elf to fculpture, and 
 adorned Paris with various monuments of his 
 genius. He was honored by the king and 
 by the academy, and died 1672, aged 64. 
 
 BoUCHAUD, Matibeiv Anthony, a native of 
 Paris, profefibr of the law of nature in the 
 univerfity of Paris. Befides various articles in 
 the encyclopedia, he wrote a commentary on 
 the laws of the 1 2 tables with notes. &e= - 
 poetical antiquities, &c. He died 18C4, aged 
 85. 
 
 Boucher, Francis, painter to Lewis XV. 
 from his excellence in the light and agreeable, 
 wa3 called the painter of the graces, and the 
 Anncreon of painting. He died 1770. His 
 infant Jefus Ileeping is much admired. 
 
 Boucher, John, n feditious doctor of the 
 S01 bonne, who feverely inveighed in his fer- 
 moris and writings againft Henry III. and af- 
 terwards againft Henry IV. When Paris fub- 
 mitted to the conqueror, he retired into the 
 Netherlands, where he died 1664, aged 94. 
 
 Bouchkkat, l.eiuis, a native of Paris, 
 ralfcd by his talents and integrity to be chan- 
 cellor of France. Ik died 1699, aged 83. 
 
 Bouchier, Thomas, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, was the firft who encouraged printing m 
 England. He fent two perfons K> Haerlem, 
 where the art was then beginning to florilh, and 
 they bribed one of the compofitors of the prefs 
 to embark with them, and to bring with him a 
 fet of letters. This ufeful foreigner fettled at 
 Oxford 1464, and thus that univerfity may 
 claim the honor of printing next to Mentz and 
 Haerlem. Bouchier has been accufed of ava- 
 rice, but it fhould not be forgotten that the 
 perfons he lent to Holland were provided with 
 a thoufand marks, 300 f which were his 
 own. He died 1486. 
 
 Boucicaut, marechal de France, was emi- 
 nent as a warrior, and went againft Bajazet, 
 and was taken prifoner at the battle of Nico- 
 polis. He w is governor of Genoa for Charles 
 VI. but while he feized Milan, all the French 
 were maffacred at Geiioa, and he himfelf was 
 defeated, and efeaped with difficulty. He af- 
 terwards diftinguilhed himfelf againft the Turks 
 and Venetians. He was taken prifoner at the 
 battle .of Agincourt, and died in England 1421. 
 He was fond of mufic, and Come of his ballads 
 are ftill preferved. * 
 
 Boudot, John, an intelligent bookfeller 
 and printer at Paris, author of a valuable Latin 
 dictionary in 14 vols. 4to. ulefuliy abridged in 
 8vo. He died 1754, aged 69. 
 
 Boverick, an Englilh clock-maker in the 
 17th century, known for his ingenuity in me- 
 chanics. 
 
 Bovey, Catharine, married, at the age of 
 15, William Bovey, a gentleman of opulence in 
 Gloucefterfhire. To great perfonal charms 
 (he united the molt benevolent character,fo that 
 fhe is defervedly extolled by fir Richard Steele 
 in his dedication of the two vols, of the ladies' 
 library. She was left a widow early, and died 
 at Haxley, in Glouceiterfhire, 1726, aged 57. 
 Her maiden name was Riches. 
 
 Boufleks, Louis Francois due de, early 
 diftinguilhed himl'elf by a ftrong military ge- 
 nius. His defence of Lifle in 1 708, for nearly 
 four months againft Eugene, gained him uni- 
 verfa) praife. " I am vain," faid Eugene, when 
 marker of the place, to Bouflers, " to have con- 
 quered Lifle ; but I had rather enjoy the glory 
 of defending it like yu." He ferved under 
 Villars, and at the battle of Malplaquet, in 
 1709, he difplnyed fuch vigilance, that neither 
 cannon nor prifoners fell into the hands of 
 the conquerors. He was generous and difin- 
 tcrefted, humane and virtuous, and fo fuperior 
 a general, that William III. detaining him pri- 
 foner at Namur, declared that he was worth 
 more than 10,000 men. He died at Fontain- 
 bleau 171 1, aged 68. 
 
 Bougainville, John Peter de, was born at 
 Paris 1722. His uncommon application pro- 
 cured him many friends, bur his ambition was 
 difappointed in his wifli to be admitted into the 
 French academy. He died at the early age 
 of 41, 1763. He wrote a parallel between 
 Thomas Kouli Khan and Alexander, a trans- 
 lation 
 
BOU 
 
 BOU 
 
 Utien of Polignac's Anti-Lucretius, two rols. 
 
 M. D. F. a Frenchman, 
 i his navigation round the 
 {lory to Lis nation, .11 
 had before acquired for the El 
 .: hjl virtues nor his fen ices fhieided 
 ferm, and he was one of the thoufands inhu- 
 : >cri:iced at Paris on the icth of Au- 
 -92. 
 BougeaNT, Guillauvte Hyacinth, a Jefuit, 
 iniper, nas profeflor of humanities at 
 i, and Pans. He foil under dif- 
 ' v the publication of his amufemeaf 
 . riiique, in which he fuppoies that brutes 
 hv.ated bj demons. He was a man of 
 engaging manners and pieafinp converfation ; 
 fcut the disappointments which lie endured 
 ihcrtened his life. He died at Paris 1743, 
 aged Si- His publications are refpectable, ef- 
 pecialfy his hiftory of the wars, Sec. during 
 ..u's and Mazarin's admin 'titration. the 
 i f :he treaty of Weftphaiia, Sec. 
 Bougv er, Pettr, of Croifie, was diftinguifh- 
 ed by his knowledge of mathematics. He was 
 uith Godin and de la Condamine, in Peru, to 
 afcertain the figure of the earth ; but kis qmr- 
 'h his a'Tociau-s leffoned his fame, and 
 ore* upon him the charactor of a rough, fe- 
 rocious, and unforgiving man. He died 1758, 
 ... His publications are refpectable, ef- 
 la construction du nnvire, 4to. la 
 de la tene, 4to traite d'optique, 4to. 
 ilTeitx, 4to. 
 Bouhier, John, cf Dijon, was eminent <is 
 r and a fcholar. He wrote poetry, 
 tranflated Petronius and fome parts of Virgil 
 and Ovid, befides the Tufculana of Cicero, 
 differtations, Sec. He died 1746, aged 73. 
 
 Bon hours, Dominique, a Jefuit, of Paris, 
 celebrated as a critic. He firft gave lectures 
 at Clermont, and then became preceptor to 
 the fons of the duke of Longuevilie. He af- 
 1s attended at Dunkirk the popifh refu- 
 gees from England, and became known by his 
 " entretiens d'Ariile & d'Eugene," an elegant 
 work, which was read with avidity in every 
 part of Europe. This performance fo plcaled 
 Colbert, that he made him tutor to his fon, 
 the marquis of Sequelai. His literary fame 
 was not, however, without attacks, and Me- 
 nage has levelled againft him the well-directed 
 {hafts of criticifm. His remarks and doubts 
 on the French language are worth attention. 
 He wrote, befides dialogues on the art of 
 thinking well, the life of Francis Xavier, the 
 apoftle of India, the life of Ignatius, inge- 
 ughtj of ancients and" moderns, &c. 
 Bouhours clofed his ufeful life, which never 
 to be afflicted with the headach, at 
 
 Tit, I702. 
 
 *,Jjh,:rf, w.s born at London 
 
 zh of riotclhiiu parents, he ern- 
 
 >pi(h lakh. Uis connexions with 
 
 ; but, in the 
 
 ihowed hiaUclf mo- 
 
 il eft and diffident. He died 1694. H> ntrt> 
 lifhed a difcourle on the reformation of ibma 
 religious orders, an edition of Ducas, in Greek 
 and Latin, fol. &c. 
 
 Bouille', M. lc marquis dc, a French ge- 
 neral. During the American war, he i'erved 
 in the Weft Indies, and for his fervk 
 made lieutenant-general, and knight of the 
 Holy Ghoit. He oppoicd the revolution, and , 
 particularly the plans of Nccker, and, as the 
 friend of the king, he repreffed the infurrection 
 of tint garrifcei of Metz, of which he was go- 
 vernor, in Att^uft 1 790 ; hut though applauded 
 by the affembly, lie was accufed by the jaco- 
 bins as a fhedder of blood; and the odium wac 
 farther encreafed upon the flight of the king to 
 Varennes. Bouille, who failed in his attempts 
 to liberate his mafter, boldly defended the 
 mcafures, and was in confequence pronounced 
 an enemy to his country. An exile from 
 France, he entered the Swcdr.h army in 1791, 
 but foon after enlifted under Conde, and fhared 
 the dangers of the heroic, but unfortunate 
 at*. His memoirs of die revolution ap- 
 peared in 1797, and excited great intereft. He 
 died in London 1800. 
 
 Bouillet, Join, a phyfician, born aft Ser- 
 vian, 1690. He died 1777, author of Siemens 
 de medicine pratique, 2 vols. 4to. oblervation* 
 fur 1 'anafarque & les hydropfies, 4to. &c. 
 
 Bouillon, Emanuel Tleodo/ius, an eqcle- 
 fiaftic and cardinal. He ferved Lewis XIV . 
 as his ambaflador ar Rome ; but he was exiled 
 on pretence of not fupporting his mailer's in- 
 tereft with fufficient energy. He died at 
 Rome 1 715, aged 72. 
 
 Boulai, Cafar Egajfc du, a native of 
 Lower Maine, hiftoriographer to the univerfity 
 of Paris, and known by his " hiftory of the 
 univerlity of Paris, 6 vols, folio." He died 1678. 
 
 Boulainyilliers, Henry dc y a native of 
 St. Saife, who wrote an hiftory of the Ara- 
 bians 14 letters on the ancient French par- 
 liaments the itate of France to the time cf 
 Hugh Capet- a hiftory of France to the reigrt 
 of Charles VIII. &c. He died at Paris in 1722 ; 
 and after his death his unfinifhed life of Ma- 
 homet was published, in which he defends the 
 impoftures which it was his duty merely to 
 record. 
 
 Bou LANCER, Nicholas Anthony, of Paris, 
 by application overcame the difficulties of a na- 
 tural ftupidity, and became eminent as a ma- 
 thematician and archittcL He was engineer 
 in the army, and being employed in the care 
 of the highways of Champagne, ;c. he ob- 
 served the various ftrata of the earth, in cutting 
 through mountains, to alter or improve the di- 
 rection of rivers and canals. His conjectures 
 on the globe were curious and interesting. He- 
 fought for new light in ancient languages ; but 
 death c off his ufeful career in 1759, in his 
 37th year. He was of a benevolent temper, 
 and rcfembled in features the famous Socrates. 
 His works are l'antiquite devoilee, 3 vols'. 
 Iimo.-^-traitc du dcipotifme oriental, 2 vols. 
 
BOU 
 
 BOU 
 
 &e. befides the articles, " deluge, corvee & fo- 
 ciete," in the enelyclopaedia, and a diffeitation 
 on Llifha add Enoch, &c. Hisientiments were 
 wantonly hoftile to the Chriftian religion. 
 
 BoULANGER or Boulleger, Claude Fran~ 
 eois Felix, a native of Amiens, advocate at 
 Paris, and known for extenfive erudition and 
 great powers of memory. He wrote treatites 
 on eledtricity, 8vo. hiltorical and critical re- 
 fearches on ancient plays, i2mo. befides fa- 
 bles in verfe, inferior to la Fontaine. He died 
 1758, aged 34. 
 
 Boui.lier, David Renaud, of Utrecht, was 
 minifter of Amfterdam and Leyden. His 
 writings, in French and Latin, are chiefly on 
 theological fubjects, the belt known of wliich 
 are, a diffcrtation on the exigence of God, 
 17 16 letters on the true principles of reli- 
 gion, 2 vols. i2mo. 1 741, Sec. He died 1759, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Boullongne, Louis, a French painter. 
 His Auguftus Quitting the temple of Janus, 
 his flight into Egypt, and ieveral other pieces, 
 preferved at Paris, are valuablAionuments of 
 his genius. He died at Paris 1674. 
 
 Boullongne, Bon, eldeit ion of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Rome, and polfcifed 
 a great varfatility of genius, whence he was 
 called the Proteus of painters. He died 1697, 
 aged 43. His younger brother Leiuis was 
 equally eminent as a painter. He was pa- 
 tronifed by Lewis XIV. and died 1733, r.ged 79. 
 Boult;::>, Hugh, D. D. was bom in or 
 near London, and educated at merchant tay- 
 lors' fchool, and Chriit-church, Oxford. He 
 was chofen demy of Magdalen with A^ddilbn 
 and Wilcox ; which circumrhnce, from the 
 refpectability of the three ftudents, is called 
 the golden election. His learning recom- 
 mended him to fir Charles Hodges, fceretary 
 of ftate, to Tenifon, the primate, and to the 
 earl of Sunderland, by whole patronage he was 
 made chaplain to George I. whom he attended 
 to Hanover in 1 71 9, and afterwards Englifh 
 tutor to prince Frederick. He was made dean 
 of Chrifl-church and bifhop of Briftol in 1 719. 
 His moderation was fo confpicuous, that when 
 the primacy of Ireland became vacant, the 
 king appointed him to that high ftation, which 
 he accepted with great reluctance. Ireland 
 ras then a prey to faction, in confequence of 
 Wood's ruinous fchemes with refpeci to the 
 coin ; but the primate's efforts were directed 
 to rcftore tranquillity. Though at fir ft. unpo- 
 pular, his plans fucceeded, the fcarcitv cf filver 
 was remedied, and he became the favorite of 
 the Irifh. His munificence was unbounded, 
 during the fcarcity of 1741, and not left than 
 4500 fouls were daily fupported at his expcr.ee. 
 Hofpitals were nobly endowed, the children of 
 the indigent clergy were educated, public 
 buildings eredted, and not lefs than 30,000!. 
 were devoted to improve the finall living* of 
 Ireland. This great and goud man v.i'.wd, in 
 June 1742, his native country* and died in 
 Le;idyn die September Mowing, and was in- 
 
 terred in Weftminfter-abbey. Though a man. 
 of erudition, he left nothing but a few ccca> 
 fional fermons; but his beneficence and cha- 
 rity have gained him immortal fame. 
 
 Bou q u t r a n t , a negro of St. Domingo.-wno 
 pofTeffed fagacity and eloquence, and rarfed him- 
 felf to conlequence among his fellow fuffciers in 
 th e colony . H e -was kiled 1 7 91 , bravely fightin 5 
 in defence of liberty. 
 
 Bouquet, dom Martin, a Benedict of St. 
 Maur, who affifted Montfaucon, and made an 
 uieful collection of the hiftorians of France, it 
 far as the 3d volume, to which four more were 
 added after his death, which happened 17543 
 in his 69th year. 
 
 Bouquet, madam, is celebrated for her hu- 
 manity during the revolution, in concealing 
 ibme of the profcribed deputies, though death 
 was the conlequence. After fupporting thefe 
 uufortunate men for fome time, and feeing 
 their efcape from her abode but to perifh oa 
 the fcaffold, fae was herfelf dragged before ths 
 tribunal of Bourdeaux, and differed death. 
 
 Bourbon, Charles due dc, fon of Gilbert 
 count of Montpenfier, conftable of France, was 
 born 1489, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his 
 vulor, elpecially in the battle of Marignano 
 After ferring Francis I. he was diigraced, 
 through the intrigues of Louifa the queen- mo-. 
 ther, whole offers of marriage he had rejected, 
 and he efpoufed the caule of Charles V. and 
 contributed to the victory of Pavia. He was 
 placed at the head of the imperial armies ; aud 
 when the foldiers murmured for want of pay, 
 he with bold enthufiafm promifed them riches 
 and victory, and immediately led them againft 
 Rome. The attack was unexpected, but the 
 valor of Bourbon would have overcome all ob- 
 itacles. He placed the firft fcaling ladder 
 againft the wall, and as he was mounting at the 
 head of his troops he received a fhot, which 
 immediately proved fatal, 6th May, 1527. 
 His victorious foldiers buried him with great 
 funereal honors. 
 
 Bourbon Condc, Louis due de, a French 
 general, who gained reputation at the battles 
 of Steinkerque and Nerwinde, and died fud- 
 denly at Paris 1710, aged 42. His fon Lewis 
 Hairy was employed during the minority of 
 Lewis XV. and died at Chantilly 1 740, aged 48. 
 Bourbon, Nicholas, a native of Van- 
 dreuves, employed in the education of Jeanna 
 d Albert, mother of Henry IV. of France. 
 He retired to literary eale, and wrote 8 books 
 of epigrams, which he called Nugne, befides 
 his poem on fmiths (ferraria), of which pro- 
 fcHion his father was. He died about the 
 middle of the 16th century. His great ne- 
 phew, who bore the fame name, was equally 
 known and admired as a Latin poet. His 
 works were publifhed 1651, in l2njo. He 
 died 1644, aged 70. 
 
 BoURCHlER, John, lord Bcrrtcrs, wl by 
 the mother's fide allied to the PJaataganew, 
 He ftudied at Oxford, and afterwards tr -.veiled 
 alrcadj and became known by reprciTiu^ tjb 
 
 jniur- 
 
BOU 
 
 BOU 
 
 infurgents in Devonfliire and Cornwall 149 J. 
 He was chancellor of the exchequer for life 
 under Henry VIII. and made governor of Ca- 
 lais, where he died 1532. He was author of 
 treatifes on the duties of the inhabitants of 
 Calais- ite in vineam meam, a comedy, acted 
 in Calais great church befides transitions of 
 romances and of Froilfart's chronicle Sec. 
 
 Bourdaloue, Le-uis, a Jeluit, born at 
 Bruges 1632, celebrated as the firil and moil 
 eloquent preacher of France. His powers 
 were exhibited before the court of Lewis XIV. 
 and the monarch fo ftrongly felt his eloquence, 
 that, on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 he fent him to preach the catholic doctrines to 
 the new converts of Languedoc. He died 
 1704, aged 72. His ferroons have palTed 
 through feveral editions, in 16 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bourdeili.es, Peter de, a courtier in the 
 fervice of Charles IX. and Henry III. better 
 known by the name of Brantome. His me- 
 moires in 15 vols, though irregular, are inte- 
 relting, as they contain the private hiftory of 
 the French monarchs of his age. He died 
 1614, aged 87. 
 
 Bourdeille?, Claude de, grand-nephew of 
 the preceding, was in the fervice of Gafton of 
 Orleans, but he retired to a private ftution. 
 He died 1663, leaving memoirs known under 
 the name of Montrefor, a vols. i2mo. 
 
 Bourdei.ot, John, of Sens, matter of the 
 requests to Mary of Medicis, is better known 
 as a learned critic, and the editor of Lucian, 
 Petronius, and Heliodorus, with notes full of 
 tafte and erudition. He wrote, befides an 
 univerfal hiftory, commentaries on Juvenal, 
 &c. and died i'uddenly at Paris 1638. His 
 filter's fon, who took the name of Bourdclot, 
 was a phyfician at Paris, and the friend of 
 Conde, of Chriftina of Sweden, and the au- 
 thor of a fenfible treat ii'e on the viper, nnw. 
 165 1. He wrote alfb a treatiie on mount 
 ./Etna, &c. befides a MS. catalogue of medical 
 hooks, with lives of authors, l68j, aged 76.' 
 
 Bourdin, Maurice, anti-pope in 11 18, 
 under the name of Gregory VIII., was taken 
 by C.ilixtus II., and died in prifon 1121. 
 
 Bourdon, Ame, a native of " Cambrai, who, 
 at the age of 36, ltudied phyfic, and acquired 
 great reputation. He published an anatomical 
 description of the human body, i2mo. befides 
 anatomical lectures-, and died 1706, aged 68. 
 
 Bourdon, SeLaJlian, a native of Mont- 
 pellier, eminent as a painter. He ftudied at 
 Rome, and acquired great reputation in France. 
 His powers of execution were fo ftrong, that 
 he once laid a wager that he could paint 12 
 heads after life, and as big as life, in one day, 
 and lie won. His b, !t pieces are, the martyr- 
 dom of St. Peter in the church of Notre 
 Dame, the feven works of mercy, Sec. As he 
 rote&mt, he left France for the pro- 
 tection of Chriftina queen of Sweden; and 
 died 1662, aged 46. 
 
 Bourdon na ye, Bernard Franfi, Mahe 
 dt la t a native of St. Malo's, diftinguifted as a 
 
 warrior and negotiator. He was governor*??! 
 the illes of France and Bourbon ; and, in the 
 war of 1 741, he armed a I'm all fquadron, anc 
 laid fiege to Madras, which he took, and re- 
 ftored to the conquered for a ranfom of aboul 
 9 millions. On his return to France, he was 
 accufed of fuffering himfelf to be corrupted bj 
 the enemy, and fent to the Baftille. This un- 
 defervedly perfecuted man died 1754, in con- 
 fequence of the fevere imprifonment to whicl 
 he had been expofed. 
 
 Bourdot, Charles Anthony, a learned ad- 
 vocate of Paris, author of the " coutumiei 
 general," 4 vols, folio. He died 1735, aged 46 
 
 Bourg, Ann du, a counfellor of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, cruelly put to death and burnt 
 by the influence of Henry II. for embracing 
 the doctrines of Calvin, IJ59. He was thei 
 38 years old. 
 
 Bourgelat, Claude, of the academy o: 
 Berlin, was of infinite fervice to Prufiia, bj 
 promoting the eftablifhment of veterinarj 
 fchools. He wgpte fbme ufeful treatifes on the 
 fubjecl,&c. ancTdied at an advanced age, 1779 
 
 Bourget, dom 'John, a Benedictine o! 
 Seez, eminent for his piety and learning. He 
 was member of the London antiquarian focietj 
 in 1765. He devoted himfelf to antiquities 
 and left behind him a curious account of the 
 abbey of Caen, founded by William the Con- 
 queror, and of that of Bee, fo well known ir 
 Engliih hiftory as being the nurfery of feveral 
 archbifhops of Canterbury. He died 1776. 
 
 Bourget, Clemence de, a lady of Lyons 
 who poflefied fo much merit as a writer, s 
 mufician, and a poetefs, that (lie was prefentec 
 to two monarchs who pafled through Lyons a; 
 the greateft ornament of her native city. She 
 died of a broken heart, in conlequence of the 
 lofs of her lover, John de Peyrat, who fell al 
 the fiege of Beaurepaire 1561. 
 
 Bourguet, Lewis, a native of Nimes 
 who fled to Switzerland, on the revocation o: 
 the edi<5t of Nantes, and eftabliftied at Zurich 
 the manufacture of filk, muflin, and flocking* 
 He was profelTor of philolbphy at Neufchatel 
 and died 1742, aged 64, author of a letter or 
 the formation of Gaits and cryftals -la biblio- 
 theque I tali que, 16 vols. 8vo. &C. 
 
 Bourcueville, Charles de, lieutenant- 
 general of Caen, is the author of the hiftorj 
 of that ancient town. He died 1593. 
 
 Bourignon, Antoinette, a celebrated en- 
 thufiaft, born at Lille in Flanders. She was 
 fo deformed, that it is laid a confultation was 
 held in her family to deftroy lb monftrous 1 
 birth. Her mind, however, was of a fupei ioj 
 texture. She was bold, ambitious after dis- 
 tinction, and ftrongly tinctured with fuper- 
 ftition. Under the affectation of immaculate 
 chaltity, (he left her father's houfe, when he 
 wifhed to recommend her a hufband, and, in 
 the habit erf a hermit, fhe propagated her 
 principles, formed a fociety of females, whole 
 rule of conduct was the love of Gexl and the 
 gofpel. She was expofed to the rudentfs ol 
 
BOU 
 
 BOW 
 
 de Saulieu and others, who even attempted 
 violence againft her perl'on. After enjoying 
 the reputation of fuperior lanctity for fome 
 time in Flanders, ihe came to Amfterdam, 
 where fhe gained the friendlhip of de Lort, of 
 Mechlin, who, to reward her confidence, left 
 her a large eltate at his death. She afterwards 
 went to Holftein and Hamburgh, where fhe 
 gained profelytes by her pretentions to inlpi- 
 ration, and to frequent interviews with luper- 
 natural beings. She died at Franeker in the 
 province of Frife, 1680, in her 64th year. 
 This extraordinary perfon was in her princi- 
 ples nearly a quietift. She excluded all ex- 
 ternal worfhip, and required a ceiTation of 
 realbn, ienie, and understanding, that God 
 might ipread his light over his devotees. Her 
 birth, her introduction as a reformer, and her 
 death, were accompanied by the appearance of 
 three remarkable comets, and this operated 
 powerfully on the minds of her deluded fol- 
 lowers. She had profelytes in Scotland, and 
 among them men of learning and relpectability. 
 It is remarkable, that lhe was avaricious, dif- 
 obedient to her parents, and fevere to her 
 domeftics and dependants. Her works were 
 publifhed in 21 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Bourlet deVauxcelles,d7/oh Jerome, 
 a French writer of eminence, who died at 
 Paris 1799, a S e ^ 65. 
 
 Bourlie, Antohie-de Gut/card, a native of 
 Perigord, who abandoned his country, and be- 
 came a penlioner of queen Anne in England. 
 He was acculed of treafon in 1711 ; and when 
 examined before the privy council, he ftabbed 
 lord Oxford, for which he was lent to New- 
 gate, where he deftroyed himfelf. 
 
 Bourn, Samuel, a native of Birmingham, 
 educated at Glafgow. He was minifter of a 
 dilTenting congregation at Rivington, Lanca- 
 fhire, and then removed to Norwich as afliftant 
 to Dr. Taylor. He was author of fome fer- 
 mons, and had a difpute vvith*Chandler about 
 the duration of future punifhtnents. He died 
 at Norwich 1796, aged 83. 
 
 Bourne, Vincent, an amiable writer, fel- 
 low of Trinity colk-ge, Cambridge, and ufher 
 of Weftminfter fchool. He publifhed a vo- 
 lume of elegant poems, re-printed in 4to. 177a, 
 and died young. 
 
 Boursault, Edmund, a native of Bur- 
 gundy, who gained the favor of the court of 
 Lewis XIV. by the wit of his convention 
 and the vivacity of his mule. He became le- 
 cretacy to the duchefs of Angouleme, with a 
 penfion of 2000 livres, and his bufiuefs was 
 chiefly to turn the gazette into rhyme. His 
 fatire, directed againft the Fraucifrans and 
 Capuchin , proved nearly fatal to him, and 
 his patrons alone faved him from the dun- 
 geons of the Baitille. He was dil'mified with 
 djigrace, and again received into favor, and 
 died of the cholic, 1701, aged 63. Bourfault 
 pofTelfed merit as a poet. His iEfop in the 
 city, and ./Efop at court, are ftUl applauded on 
 
 the ftage, for the inferefting fcenes of life 
 which they exhibit, with happy fatire and in 
 elegant language. He wrote other plays, 
 romances, letters, and fables, &c. In his pri- 
 vate character he was amiable. Though he 
 was po '.ideally hoftile to Boileau, he vifited him 
 at Bourbon with the offer of his purfe and 
 fervices ; and this liberality produced a recon- 
 ciliation and the clol'eft intimacy. 
 
 Bo U R SI E R , Lawrence Francis, do&or of the 
 Sorbonne, died at Paris in 1749, aged 70. 
 He was author of feveral controverfial books 
 in divinity, and of an able treatile called Taction 
 de dieu fur les creatures, % vols. 4to. or 6 vols. 
 l2mo. attacked by Malebranche. He wrote 
 alfo an addrefs to Peter the great when at 
 Paris, for the re-union of the Greek and La- 
 tin churches. 
 
 Bourvalais, Paul Poijfon, a French finan- 
 cier, who role from obfeurity to opulence by 
 induftry, and afterwards by difhonefl means. 
 He was accufed of having amafTed a fortune 
 from the diftrefies of the ftate during the fuc- 
 ceflion war, and his wealth was forfeited. 
 He was fome time after indemnified ; but his 
 difgrace had broken a heart natufally impa- 
 tient, and he died the year after, 1 7 19. 
 
 Bourzeis, Amablc de, an ecclefiaftic, 
 whole pen and abilities were employed by 
 Richelieu and Mazarin. He died at Paris 
 1672, aged 66, author of fome theological 
 tracts, &c. 
 
 Bouvart, Michael Philip, profeflbr of 
 medicine at Paris, was born at Chartres, and 
 died at Paris 1787, aged 66. He acquired 
 celebrity in his profeflion, and wrote fome 
 tracts on medicine. He once vifited a banker 
 who was ieized with melancholy at the pros- 
 pect: of bankruptcy, and finding that the dis- 
 order of his patient was iuch as his purfe' 
 Could remove, he honorably fent him 20,000 
 livres to enable him to meet his creditors. 
 His eloge was pronounced by Condorcet. 
 
 Bower, Archibald, was born near Dun- 
 dee in Scotland, 1686, and educated at Douay 
 from whence he paired to Rome, 1706, and 
 became a Jefuit. Either diflike to the in- 
 quifition of Macerata to which he was coun- 
 lellor, or his amorous propenfities, fhook his 
 religious principles, nnd he refolved to aban- 
 don a Ufa which he now regarded with abhor- 
 rence, and he made his efbape to England, 
 in 1726. He renounced the tenets of the 
 catholic church, and embraced thofe of the 
 church of England, lit became acquainted 
 with lord Aylmer, in wfcofe family he palled 
 feveral vears, and then he began to labor for 
 the bookfellars by the publication of the Hif- 
 tom literaria, which he abandoned in 1734, 
 for a large (hare in the Lhuverfal Hiftory. 
 Unfteady and infincere in principle' he was 
 again reconciled to the Jeiuits in 174.?, and 
 two years after, bgain publifhed his dilfent 
 from their 'religion. He wifhed to convert-' 
 his in>ii-jy into \ lif> annuity, but the man- 
 
 ner 
 
BOW 
 
 BOV 
 
 er in wiulIi 3 e relates the drepmfttnel, 
 differs fo much from the report of his anta- 
 that tliero is reaibn to l'uppofc he 
 unfairly. The patronage of lord Lyttcl- 
 eiicies of his fortunes, he 
 IS m.ile librarian co queen Caroline in 
 . to which wits, afterwards added the 
 buck warrants. His hiitory of 
 the popes was continued to the feventh vo- 
 lume a little before his death, but his quarrels 
 with the J emits rendered him iulpectcd both 
 as *n hiftorian and as a man. His iniinceiity 
 was difcovered by Dr. Douglas afterwards 
 tiihop of Saliibury, and from a favorite writer, 
 he became a fui'pected character, and all ex- 
 cept Lyttelti-n turned away with indignation 
 from him. His honefty has alio been doubt- 
 ed in his revifion of Qhe iecond edition of 
 the univerfai hiitory, for though he received 
 jocL for his afliltance, he made no additions 
 to the work entrufted to his care. Hower died 
 1766, aged 80, without any public profeflion 
 of faith, though his wife attefted that Be died 
 m the protcftant perfuafion. His writings were 
 not devoid of merit, and to this and to his 
 love of the marvellous we are to atribute the 
 riofeocq of the controverfy, how forgotten, 
 l at that time engaged the public at- 
 Centioa. Not lefs than 22 pamphlets were 
 gublilhed in coiriequeiice of the hiitory of the 
 pcps, and iairrility formed the weapons of 
 all parties. 
 
 EowkE, Join, was educated at Oriel col- 
 Oxford, and died on his birth day, 1788, 
 aged 63. He was the firft detector of Lau- 
 der's forgeries, nr.d author of a letter to Dr. 
 Percy, and editor of Don Quixote in Spaniih, 
 fcc. beldes Marfton's fatires, kd 
 
 Bowvkr, William, a Fnglifh printer, born 
 in London, 1699, and educated at Merchant 
 Taylors', and St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 On leaving the univerfily, he followed the 
 hufinefs of his father, who was a printer of 
 DC6, and his firft publication was Seidell's 
 tkios, three vols, fatia He was 
 - of the votes of the Louie of Com- 
 mons in 1729, by the friend.hip of Onflow 
 tbe fpeaker, which he held for nearly 50 
 years. In 1 761, he was appointed printer to 
 : J two years after he pub- 
 . is excellent edition of the New Tefta- 
 It was not merely in piint- 
 -'-> in a fuperior flile th.it Bowyer di- 
 but.in enriching various 
 works with notes, prefaces, and di'Fertations. 
 He took, in 1760, Jonn Kichols for his part- 
 r r - '> n.-.-r is iiniwied in 1 -77, 
 
 <>f Buuley's dillertations 
 j 1 1 notes. He fed 
 
 t>er the fame year, after fiitTcring fe- 
 rj from the pally and the 
 ker Wtt the theme 
 He vir- 
 im I man at probity and 
 the Ixitnd pi tamqBtgju I . "which 
 
 12 
 
 I was the honorable acquifition of induftry, was 
 left to his fon except fome legacies and annui- 
 ties to three poor printers of foaer life, and 
 well verfed in Greek and Latin. 
 
 Poxhorn, Mark Zuerius, a native of 
 B-cr "ii-op-Zoom, profeffor of eloquence, 
 politics, and hiitory, at Leyden. He wrote 
 Hifloria tiniverfalis, 4to. a uieful book, bc- 
 fides poems, and editions of " Scriptores La- 
 tini minores." Poetac Satyr, minores, &c. 
 He died 165.1, aged 41. 
 
 Boyce, William, an Englih mufician born 
 in London 1710. He was- a finging boy at 
 St Paul's, but he made fuch a proficiency that 
 the higheit expectations were formed of him. 
 His mafter Dr. Greene at his death entrufted 
 his MSS. to his care, and the publication of 
 his anthems; but an incurable deafnefs came 
 as it were to darken all the profpects of the 
 young proficient. Perleverance, however, 
 overcame every difficulty, and he was honor- 
 ably made in 1749 Muf. D. by the univerfity 
 of Cambridge, and in 1757 mafter of the 
 king's band, and afterwards organift and com- 
 pofer to the royal chapel. He died 1779. 
 His fongs wre much admired for elegance 
 and tafte, and his anthems, oratorios, 2nd other 
 mulical compofitionspofleiTed fuperior merit. 
 
 Boyd, Rubat, a native ofTrochrig in Ren- 
 frewfhire, educated as Saumur. James I. 
 wiihed to appoint him principal of the uni- 
 verfity, but he preferred to be minifter'of his 
 native parifh. He wrote a learned commen- 
 tary en the epiftle of the Ephefians, and died 
 1629, aged 56. 
 
 Boyd, Mark Alexander, a native of Gal- 
 loway, educated under the. care of his uncle 
 who was archbifhop of Glalgow. He early 
 fled from his inftructors to Flanders, and en- 
 gaged in the wars of the united provinces and 
 of France, in Paris he loft all his property 
 by gaming, but his diftrefs routed him to re- 
 flection, and he ttudied civil law under C:.- 
 jacir.s. He returned to Scotland, where he 
 died of a flow fever 1601, aged 39. He left 
 in MSS. lone Latin poems much admired for 
 elegance and tafte. 
 
 Boyd, Robert lord, a Scotchman, who was 
 the favoiite of the court and of the people, 
 and was raifed to the peerage, and on the 
 death of the fecond James made jufticiary of 
 the kingdom, ar.d one of the regents during 
 the king's minority; Ambitious of having no 
 rival, he carried oft" the young kingfrom Linlith- 
 gow to Edinburgh and declared hirnfelf fole re- 
 gent. Every thing was carried on at his plcafure, 
 and the king's lifter was married to hi? ion, after- 
 wards lord Arran, till the monarch, extricated 
 from the power of his guardian, ventured to calk 
 a parliament in 1499. Afraid of his enemies 
 Boyd fled to England, aird died at Alnwick 
 1470, and his fon, divorced from his wire 
 fled to Antwerp, where he died 1474. This 
 family are the progenitors of Kilmarnock, 
 who fullered in the rebellion of 1745- 
 
 Bovsiii* 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 Boydell, John, an eminent aftiit, born 
 it Dorrington, Shropfnire, and brought up 
 as land furveyor under his father. The acci- 
 dental meeting of fome landscapes Co captivated 
 his attention that he ftudied engraving. His 
 landscapes, publifhed in 1 745, proved the fource 
 of profit as well as celebrity, and he became 
 the friend of artifts, of genius, and ability. Ea- 
 ^er to exhibit the productions of his country 
 he nobly flood forth as the public encou- 
 rager of merit, and by opening the Snaked 
 peare gallery in Pall-mall, he difplayed the 
 beautiful and highly finifhed labors of the Eng- 
 lifh fchool. He was elected an alderman 
 #f London, and in 1791, ferved the office of 
 lord mayor. Senfible of the efteem of his fel- 
 low citizens, he prefented to the corporation 
 fome valuable pictures, preferred as monu- 
 ments of his friendfhip in Guildhall. Mr. 
 Boydell difpofed of his property, in the prints, 
 pictures, &c. of the Shakefpeare gallerv by a 
 public lottery. He died in 1804, aged '85. 
 
 Botenval, Peter Jofepb, the agent of 
 Fouquier-Tsinville in denouncing the wretch- 
 ed victims confined in the Luxembourg and 
 *ther priibns. After fhocking fcenes of in- 
 flating barbarity, this bloody mender fuffercd 
 en the fcafFolc, with his ferocious employer 
 *795> a ged 26. 
 
 Bo yer, .<*<?/, was born at Caitre in France, 
 1664. The edivit of the revocation of Nantes 
 banifhed him to Geneva, from whence he came 
 to England, where he fpent the belt, part of 
 his life, and died at Chelfea 1729. He is 
 known by his ufefsl French and Englifh dic- 
 tionary, and his French grammar, which 
 have pa-Jed though feveral editions. His 
 fciftory of William and Mary, three vols. 8vo. 
 his poetical flate of Great Britain, a perio- 
 dical work, his annals of queen Anne, 1 1 vols. 
 Jvo. Sec are inferior works.' 
 
 Boyer, CfauJe, was born st.Alby, and 
 ifter applying to the eloquence of the pul- 
 pit he became a pi lyer. He wrote %% dra- 
 matical pieces, of little merit. He died at 
 Paris, 1698, aged 8c. 
 
 Boyer, Je&k Bapttfl Nichclu:, a phyfician, 
 iHUnguHhed for his 'zeal and humanity during 
 the dreadful plague at Mari'eilles in 1720. His 
 fuccefs in combating the violence of contagious 
 diforders recommended him to the notice of 
 the French king and to the gratitude of Spain 
 and Germany. He gave an edition of the' 
 Pharmacopeia Parijenfis, 4to. and died at 
 Paris 1768, aged 75. 
 
 Boyle, Hubard, known by the title of 
 great earl of Cork, v. a; born at Canterbury 
 in 1566. After a private education, He en- 
 tered at Eenet's college Cambridge, and be- 
 came a ftudent of the Middle Temple, but 
 as he loft early his parents, and as his patri- 
 mony was llender, he went to Dublin in Jnne 
 *58o> m queft of fortune, with fewer pounds 
 in his pocket than he afterwards acquired 
 thoufands a year. His abilities recommended 
 bim t Le drew memories and cafei with ac- 
 
 curacy, and acquired a knowledge of public 
 affairs. He married, fa 1595, Joan Anllejr 
 of Pulborough in EBfex, who died four years 
 after without children, leaving him 500!. a 
 year in land, which proved the foundation of 
 his future profperity. He was reprefented 
 to the queen as a traitor, in correiponding 
 with the Spaniards, but he was permitted to 
 .mfwer his accufers, and fir Henry Wallop, 
 the moft violent of his perfecutors, was dif- 
 graced by Elizabeth. In confequence of his 
 merits he was appointed to offices of traft in 
 Ireland under his friend Carew, earl of Tot- 
 nefs, and he rofe to confequence and dignity. 
 He was knighted, made a privy counfellor, and 
 afterwards advanced to the peerage, firft by the 
 title of lord Boyle, afterwards of earl of Cork. 
 In his elevated fituation he received many 
 mortifications from the jealoufy of Weutworth, 
 earl of Strafford, when viceroy of Ireland. 
 His whole life was devoted to the fupport 
 of his country, towns were built on eligible 
 fpots, and improvements were introduced crx 
 his eftates with fuch judgment, that Cromwell 
 declared if Ireland had -a Cork in every coun- 
 ty, rebellion could never have raifed its head 
 there. He was very active in the rebellion of 
 1641, in favor of government, and four of hit 
 fons were engaged in the battle of Lifcarroi, 
 the eldeft of whom was flsin. He died 1643, 
 aged 78, snd wifhing to bubtifts to the woril 
 the vaft fortune which he had collected by 
 induftry from an obfenre beginning, he cauied 
 to be placed on his tomb, the motto of his 
 family " God's providence is my inheritance:" 
 The moft memorable eiicurnfhnces of his 1'rfe, 
 written by himfelf, have been publifhed bj 
 Dr. Birch. He was father of ibven fons and 
 eight daughters and he had the ungutar hap- 
 piuefs of feeing before his death three of the 
 five fons who furvived him, viz. Lewis, P^er. 
 and Francis, railed to the peerage. 
 
 Boyle, Roger, earl of Orrery, was fifth for: 
 of Richard earl of Cork, andborn i6*r. He 
 was made lord Broghill when only i't\en year.'? 
 old, in reward of his father's fer vices. H e mi 
 educated in the college of Dublin, and aftef 
 making the tour of France and Italy, with hit 
 eldeft brother, he engaged in the Irilh wars. 
 The death of Cbarles. I. proved fo very dread- 
 ful to his feelings that he left the army, and 
 lived in retirement at Marfton in Somerfk- 
 fhire, but fb apprehenfive was hi of the par- 
 liament, that he prepared to join the royal 
 party on the continent. Hi* views were dlf- 
 covered, and Cromwell chaffed hifn with 
 the refohuion of abandoning the kingdom, 
 and proved the inutility of denying it, by 
 mowing him copies of letters that had paffed 
 between him and his confidential friends; 
 Brdghill v.-.s fo thunderstruck at the diicovery 
 that^CromveM prevailed on him to elpoufe hij 
 caufe rather t? :n to fuhmit to the horror j 
 of a dungeon, 'find when h" was informed thai 
 he was to fl :' Irifh rebelsj 
 
 he accepted the fffedges of puiteitiori' offered 
 
 him 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 him by the republican trener;l. He dtfphyed j 
 lb much t&n mweUi now protcc- : 
 
 tor, he:-. th his friendihip, and fent 
 
 him to I nJ. On the 
 
 ill lbpported his fun, 
 but when Richard dropped the reins of go- 
 vernment, he locked for future protection 
 fiom the exiled king, and prepared mcafures 
 fo effectually with fir Charles Coote in the 
 north of Ireland, that the whole declared for 
 : adored monarch paid that 
 refpeel to Broghill which his Cervices oieferved, 
 he was made ear} of Orrery, and prefident of 
 Munfter. As the fupporttr of the pro- 
 teftauts a^ainit the papiits, he difplayed elo- 
 quence, patriotifirs, and a hold dildain of bri- 
 bery. His knowledge of l;>.w was lb extenfive 
 that he was offered the feals on the fall of 
 Clarendon, which his debility preveired him 
 to accept. In a political view his abilities were 
 directed to ftrengthen the government. His 
 merits were not without enemies, Ormond 
 envied his popularity, but all his efforts to 
 remove him from the confidence of the king 
 proved ineffectual. He died 1679, aged 58, 
 leaving two lbns and five daughters. His 
 writings were numerous and relpectable, and 
 among them tragedies, comedies, &:c. 
 
 Boyle, Robeit, leventh ion and 14th child 
 of Richard earl of Cork, was born at Lil- 
 rnore in Munfter 1627. He was under [a 
 country nurfe, trained to a hardy mode of 
 life, and after receiving fome iriftruclion in 
 his father's family he was fent to IJton un- 
 der the care cf fir Henry Wotton. In 1638 
 his father lent him with his brother Francis 
 to Geneva, where, in a fevere courfe cf ftudy, 
 he renewed his acquaintance with mathematics. 
 After flaying about 21 months at Geneva, 
 he vifited Verona, Venice, Florence, Rome, 
 Genoa, and Mari'eilles, and returned to Eng- 
 land in 1644. His father died before his 
 return, but he found nn ample fettlement, 
 which however the confnfion of the time pre- 
 vented him from poffefling. In 1646 he re- 
 tired to Stalbridge, and regardlefs of the tu- 
 mults which agitated his unhappy country, he 
 fpent his time in philofophical and chemical 
 ftudies. His intimacy with learned men pro- 
 moted the caufe of literature, and he was one 
 of the firft who about 1645 laid the founda- 
 tion of that reipectable fociety, called after the 
 reft oration the royal fociety. He fixed his 
 rcfidence in the houfe of a Mr. CrofTe, at Ox- 
 ford, about 1654, where the philofophical focie- 
 ty had removed from London, and it is a plea- 
 fure to record, as the friends ;md companions 
 of his ftudies, the names of Wilkins, Ward, 
 Wallis, Wren, Willis, Hooke, Pococke, Hyde, 
 Barlow, &c. About 1678, he invented the 
 air-pump, an engine which has thrown new 
 :i the works of the creator. After the 
 ittbn he was treated with relpect by the 
 klnc, but he refuted the higKft ecclefiaftical 
 mem which was offered to.hiro if he en- 
 iatfl orders, obi'erving with becoming 
 
 independence, that whatever he did in fuppo 
 of religion would have greater weight in con 
 ing from a layman. In this he proved tl 
 goodnefs of his heart, for all his ftudies boi 
 as a man of letters and a man of influen* 
 among the great, were zeajouily directed 1 
 the promotion of piety, learning, and virtu 
 His character was fo univerfally known ai 
 refpected, that the grand duke of Tufcar 
 iblicited the honor of his correfpondence, ai 
 Charles II. beftowed upon him in 1665, ! 
 the reward of his iplendid talents, the vacai 
 provoftfhip of Eton, which, however, again 
 the advice of his friends, he modeitly decline 
 For the fame realbn he refufed to be prefidei 
 of the royal fociety, which his fervices had 
 much dignified, for independence was tl 
 object neareft his heart. The moft favored o 
 fice he ever held was that of governor of tl 
 corporation for the propagation of the goip< 
 and this he at laft nefigned when he found tl 
 approaching decline of his health. So numero 
 were his friends, and lb anxious was the pu 
 lie curiofity with refpeel to him, that when 1 
 ftrength failed he publifhed an advertifeme 
 and placed an infeription over his door to ii 
 form the world that he declined receivii 
 vifits, and what in another might have a 
 peared oftentation, in him was the prepar 
 tion of a man of fenfe, to withdraw fro 
 the tumult of life, and to make his peace wi 
 his Creator. His health rapidly declined, 
 that he expired December 1691, in his 65 
 year, one week after the death of his b 
 loved fitter lady Ranetogh. His charact 
 was drawn by Burnet, who preached at 1 
 funeral, with the pencil of truth, but the prai 
 of Boerhaave cannot be taxed with adulatioi 
 " Boyle," fays this learned man, " the orn 
 ment of his age and country, fucceeded 
 the genius and enquiries of the great Ver 
 lam. Which " fays he" of all Boyle's wri 
 ings fhall I recommend ? all of them. 'J 
 him we owe the fecrets of fire, air, watt 
 animals, vegetable, foftils, fo that from 1 
 works may be reduced the whole fyftem 
 natural knowledge." In his perfon Boyle w 
 tall, but flender, his countenance was pale a, 
 emaciated, and his conflitution lb delicate th 
 he ufed cloaks when he appeared abroad, a: 
 always regulated himielf by the flate of 1 
 thermometer. For 40 year6 his fpirits we 
 fo low and deprefTcd that it is furprizing he 
 he could find iufficient refolution to wri' 
 and to make the difficult experiments whi 
 he performed. He was never married. I 
 difintereftednefs in refuting a peerage is w 
 known, his zeal in the propagation of chr 
 tianity is equally noble, and it is recorded 
 his biographers that his charities annual 
 amounted to ioool. When director oft 
 Eaft India company, he lent to the Indies 5< 
 copies of the gofpels and acts of the apoitles 
 the Malayan language, as he had in the far 
 manner three years before conveyed to t 
 Levant icvcrnl copies of Grotius' treatife 
 
BOY 
 
 BOY 
 
 the Chriftian religion, "tr an flated into Arabic 
 by Dr. Poc ;ck'.^. As another infbnce of his 
 wifh to ftipport jeligion may be mentioned the 
 jfecture which he founded at St. Paul's in de- 
 fence of the jofpel againft unbelievers. His 
 works have been pubbftied in 5 vols, folic 
 and in 6 vols. 410. 
 
 Boyle, Charles, earl of Oirery, i'e.cond 
 fon of Ro?er earl of Orrery, was educated at 
 Phrift-church under Atterbury, afterwards 
 bifhop of Rochester, and doctor Friend, and in 
 1700 was cliofen member for Huntingdon. 
 On his brother's death he fucceeded to the 
 earldom, aad afterwards became knight of the 
 thiitle, major general in the army, &c. He 
 was next envoy from the queen to the ftates 
 of Flanders and Brabant, and for his fervices 
 vns railed to the dignity of the Britifh peerage. 
 His difintereftednei's was fuch, that he fre- 
 quently voted againft the minifter, and the 
 apoftacy was punifhed by a privation of his 
 offices. In vSept. 1722, he was fent to the 
 tower, on fufpicion of being an afTociate in 
 Layer's plot, but after fix months' he was 
 admitted to bail, and his innocence fully aflTert- 
 ed. He died, after a fhort illnefs, 1 73 1, aged 
 $5. His writings were Lyfander's life from 
 Plutarch befides his edition of Phalaris' epii- 
 tles, which produced the celebrated contro- 
 veriy with Bentley, in which he was aflifted 
 by Aldnch and Atterbury. The aftrononiic-jl 
 apparatus, called Orrery, was named by 
 Graham, in gratitude for marks of protection 
 which he had received. 
 
 Boyle, John, earl of Cork and Orrery, 
 the only fon of the preceding, was for fix years 
 under Fenton, and after parting through Weft- 
 miniler fchool, he entered at Chrit church. 
 He married in 1728 the daughter of lord 
 Orkney, but this union proved the fource of 
 infelicity by the quarrel of the two earls. This 
 lady died in 1732 at Cork, and fix years after 
 he married Margaret Hamilton, a lady of 
 Iriih extraction, with whom he lived in the 
 enjoyme.it of domeilic tranquillity, truly fen- 
 fibL, as he expreffes it, that " the noife and 
 buttle of life are defpicable and taftelefs, when 
 we have experienced the real delight of a 
 Bre-fide." His time was moftly fpent at 
 Marilon in Somerfetfhire, where devoted to 
 literary eafe, he publifhed an admired tran- 
 O-tion of Pliny's letters, two vols. 4to. ad- 
 dre.Ted to his Ions, 1751, befides letters on 
 the writings of Swift, his refpectcd friend, in 
 8vo. He travelled to Italy in 1754, with 
 the intention of collecting materials for the 
 biftory of Florence. He returned to Eng- 
 land through Germany and Holland, and 
 after the fevere lofs of his wife in 1758, and 
 Df his eldeft fon the following year, he fell 
 1 victim to an hereditary gout, 1762, in his 
 56th year. His letters were publifhed by 
 Duncombe, w'rh an account of his life, and 
 it appears tha' ho wrote much in the perio- 
 dical works of tht tfay, efpecially the World 
 wd CoonoifTfur 
 
 Boys, "John, an Engliih di/ine barn m 
 Jvenc. He was educated at Benef's college; 
 Cambridge, and in 1590 obtained the vicarage 
 of Tilmanftone, and the rectory of Bettifhah- 
 ger in Kent, and afterwards he was promot- 
 ed to the deanery of Canterbury 1619. He 
 died fuddenly 1624, aged 54. His works, 
 chiefly on theological fubjects, were publifned 
 one vol. fob 1629. 
 
 Boyse, Boys, or Bois, John, translator 
 of the bible under James I., was born at Net- 
 tleftead, Suffolk, 1560, and educated at Had- 
 ley fchool and St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 After fhidying medicine, he was opdained and 
 fucceeded h's father as rector of Weft Stowe, 
 which he refigned for Bbxwdrth, the living 
 of his father-in -l.w, T596. To relieve his 
 wants and to fupply the extravagance of his 
 wife, he fold his valuable books. He was fe- 
 lected in confequence of his learning to trari- 
 ilate f he bible, and was afterwards one of the 
 fix who met to revile the whole at ftationers* 
 hall. He affifted fir Henry Saville in the pub- 
 lication of St. Chryfoftom, but the death of 
 bis patron left him in poverty, and inftead of 
 fucceeding to a promifed fellow (liip 6f 
 iie received only one copy of the work to 
 which be had much contributed. Andrews 
 bifhop o Ely at laft made him prebendary of his 
 church in 1615. He died 1643, aged 84, leaving 
 feveral valuable MSS. In his lludies he paid par- 
 ticular attention to thethres rules of Dr.Whita- 
 ker, he itudied always {landing, never in a win- 
 dow, and never went to bed with his feet cold* 
 
 Boyse, Jojl'ph, a difTenting minifter, born 
 at Leeds, and educated near Kendal. He was 
 at Amfterdam. and afterwards became a 
 preacher in London and Du! lin, and had for 
 his coadjutor Thomas Etnlyn, well known 
 for his writings. A long friendfhip was fe- 
 vered by theological difputes, and inflead of 
 becoming the defender ofEmlyn, Boyle pub. 
 lifhed a book againft him. fie died 1728. 
 He was eminent for his learning and piety j 
 as his works, in two vols, folio, prove. 
 
 Boyse, Samuel, fon of the preceding was 
 born in 1708, and after a private education 
 at Dublin, he entered at the univerfity of 
 Glafgow, where he married before his 20th 
 year. A fcanty Tubfiftence, a fondnels for 
 diffipation, and want of economy, ibon ren- 
 dered his fituation uncomfortable, and he came 
 to Edinburgh, where the publication of fome 
 pieces of poetry, of genius and judgment, pro- 
 cured him prefents from the opulent, and th* 
 patronage of lady Eglinton. To better his con- 
 dition, he paned to London ; but neither the 
 recommendation of lord Stormont, nor the 
 notice of Pope, could correct his low and vul- 
 gar opinions. He was fond of the meanefit 
 companions, and fo poor that he had not, fays 
 Cibber, a fhirt, coat, or any kind of apparel, 
 fj that he fat up whole days in bed wrapped 
 up in a blanket, and by the moft fallacious 
 pretences of diflrefs, procured the benefactions 
 of the companionate. In 1745 be was en- 
 M gaged 
 
BRA 
 
 faged at Reading in compiling " a review of 
 -.factions of Europe, from the wax with 
 Spain in 1739, to the infurreclion in Scotland 
 in 1745, \c." but the ftipend he received was 
 i'mall, and the lol's of his wife dilturbed his 
 plans ol'fettlemcnt. Experience, it was hoped, 
 had taught him the ncceffity of temperance 
 and regularity; but his health now rapidly 
 declined. He died in obfeure lodgings near 
 Shoe-lane, 1749, and was buried at the ex- 
 pence of the pariih. His works were chiefly 
 poetical, and it is faid, that if all he wrote 
 were collected, it would form fix moderate 
 volumes. The heft known of his poems is 
 called " Deity," commended by Hervey and 
 Fielding, as the efFufion of great powers of 
 mind. In him mankind may read that awful 
 leh*bn, that the belt talents, if net guided by 
 virtue and induftry, may, inilead of producing 
 honor and diitinction, degenerate into con- 
 tempt, vice, and vulgarity. 
 
 Boze, Claude Gros de, was born at Lyons, 
 1680, and diflinguifhed hyjifelf by his know- 
 ledge of antiquities and medals. He was re- 
 fpected for his private characters well as his 
 learning. His works were on medallic Sub- 
 jects, befides historical panegyrics on the mem- 
 bers of the French academy, of which he was 
 a member, the firit 15 vols, of which he pub- 
 lished, and a valuable catalogue of his own 
 library. He died 1753, aged 74. 
 
 Eracciolini DELL' api, Francis, an Ita- 
 lian poet of Piftoia, who, at the age of 40, 
 became an ecclefiaftic, and was patronized by 
 Urban VIII. He wrote feveral tragedies, 
 comedies, and paftorals, befides u la croce 
 riacquiflata," a puem which the Italians rank 
 next to Taflb's Jerul'alem, and a poem in 23 
 rantos, on the pope's election, for which, at 
 his patron's dtfrre, he affbmed the furname 
 of Delia Api, and added to his arms three 
 bees. He died at the age of 80, 1645. 
 
 Br acton, Henry de, a native of Devon- 
 fliire, who Studied at Oxford, and in 12,44 vvas 
 made one of the judges itinerant by Henry III. 
 He is known by his excellent work " de legi- 
 bus & confuetudinibus Anglias," a moft valu- 
 able performance, divided into five books, 
 containing, in good language, an interesting 
 detai: of the legal learning, the laws and cuf- 
 toms of our anceftors. Though blamed for 
 mingling too much of the civil and canon law 
 in his compositions, he has long been held as. 
 a writer of the firft authority, and efteemed by 
 lord Coke and other*, as the firft fource of 
 Lgal knowledge. 
 
 Bradbury, Tlcmai, a native of London, 
 educated at Clapham, and diflinguifhed among 
 the nonconformiits as an eloquent preacher in 
 defence of calviniftical doctrines and revolu- 
 tion principles. He wrote fome theological 
 trc.tiics, befides three vols, of fermons, &c. 
 He died 1757 aged 8j. 
 
 Bradford, Samuel, wai born in Black- 
 friars, 1631, and educated at St. Paul's fchool, 
 the C'li-rter-hcul'e, and Benet's college, Cam- 
 
 BRA 
 
 bridge. He went abroad and applied hiit 
 to pnyfic, and was afterwards reconciled to 
 doctrines of the church, and as the frien 
 Saneroft and the chaplain of king William, 
 obtained the rectory of St. Mary-le-bon 
 prebend of Weftminfter, and the mafteifhi 
 his own college. In 17 18 he became bi 
 of Canifle, and 1723 of Rochefter, whicl 
 held to the time of his death, 1 73 1, aged 
 He edited Tillotfon's fermons. 
 
 Bradford, John, an Englifh martyr, 1 
 at Manchefter. He was for lbme time c 
 to fir John Harrington, treafurer of the 1 
 Iifh forces at Calais, but afterwards ftu 
 divinity, and took his mafter's degree at C 
 bridge. He was eloquent as a preacher, 
 in Mary's reign, after a long imprilbniT 
 he was burnt in Smithfield 15.55 Sovr, 
 his letters are extant It is faid that he 
 ib {truck by a fermon from Latimer on 1 
 tution, that he made a reititution cf forr 
 the king's goods, which he had difhon< 
 appropriated to his own ufe while clerl 
 Calais. 
 
 Bradford, Jhn, a Welch poet of r 
 who pr elided, in 1760, in the bardic cha : 
 Glamorganshire. He wrote feveral n 
 pieces of great merit, preserved in the Ii 
 green, a magazine in the Welch langi 
 He died 1780. 
 
 Bradick, Walter, author of " Choh< 
 or royal preacher," a poem of confide: 
 merit, was a merchant of Lifbon, wher 
 loft his property by the earthquake. O: 
 return to England, lofs of fight was addc 
 poverty, till he was relieved by the qi 
 and made a penfioner in the Charter h 
 where he died 1794. 
 
 Bradley, Jamer^ D.JD. was born 1 
 at Shireborn in Gloucefterfhire, and edui 
 at Northleach, and Baljol college, Oxford, 
 talents were directed to mathematical pur 
 and from his obfervations with the ledtoi 
 fettled, upon the moft correct ban's, the 
 of the alterations of the fixed ftars in e 
 quence of the motion of light, and alft 
 nutation of the earth's axi*. For his 
 merit he was chofen Savilian profeftbr 
 tronomy at Oxford, 1721, on the deal 
 Dr. Keill, to which was afterwards,, in 3 
 added the lectureship in experimental j 
 fophy, and with thefe honors the friendir 
 the great and the learned, of lerd Mai 
 field, fir Ifaac Newton, Dr. Halley, &c 
 1742, he fucceeded Dr. Halley as .iftron 
 royal at Greenwich, and with a grant of I 
 and the afliftance of thofe able artifts, G 
 Graham and Bird, valuable inftruments 
 made to enrich this celebrated obferva 
 His difintereftednefs" appeared on his r< 
 of the living of Greenwich, but the kinj 
 tied a peafion of 150!. upon him. His ft 
 impaired 'his health, he apprehended th 
 fhould furvive his reafon, but an inflamm 
 of the kidnies followed by a fuppreific 
 urine, carried him off 1762, Few of his 
 14 po{ 
 
ERA 
 
 BRA 
 
 f>ofitions befides papers in the philofophicat 
 tranlactioas' were publifhed, but his valuable 
 (Nervations on altronomy, &c. are carefully 
 preserved in MS. in 13 folio and two quarto 
 volumes. 
 
 Bradley, Richard, F.R.S. was profefTor 
 of botany at Cambridge, 1724. His inability 
 to read lectures was made apparent to the 
 univerfity, and his ignorance of the learned 
 languages rendered him ridiculous. Mr. J. 
 Martyn was therefore appointed his fubftitute 
 as profefTor, though he himfelf ventured to 
 deliver lectures on the materia medica at the 
 Bull inn 1729 ; but his conduct was fo often* 
 five, that the univerfity had it in agitation to 
 procure his removal, when he died in 173a. 
 He wrote fome things on hufbandry, natural 
 .hiftory, Sec. and permitted the bookl'ellers to 
 ufe his name in a tranflation of Xenophon's 
 economics. 
 
 Bradshaw, Henry, a BenedicYme of Chef- 
 ter, in the 14th century, author of a poetical 
 chronicle, called the life of St. Werburg. 
 
 Braushaw, 'John, ferjeant at law, was 
 born in 1586, at fvfarple hall in Chefhire. He 
 was une of the judges of the fheriff's court in 
 London, and on the trial of Charles I. he was 
 nominated president of that bloody tribunal. 
 Though he behaved with difrefpect to his 
 fovereign, fome have imagined that he was 
 -but the tool of a party, and that his private 
 fentimeuts were favorable to the royal^caufe. 
 His attachment to the republicans however 
 was fach, that he inveighed againft Cromwell, 
 and for his obftinacy he was difmiffed from 
 the office of prefident. He died 1659, Dut 
 the place of his burial is unknown, though 
 fome have mentioned an infeription engraved 
 on a cannon near Martha bay, in Jamaica, 
 which intimates that his afhes were depefited 
 there. He might have wifhed to fly the in- 
 fiilts which attended the bones of thefe who 
 fat in judgment over Charles, but it is more 
 provable from papers preferved in the Britifh 
 nuifeum that he died in England, and on the 
 31ft; October 1659. He was, rewarded for 
 his lervices as prefident with the eftate of 
 Summer hill, belonging to lord St. Alban's, 
 worth 1000I. a year. It is fuppofed by fome, 
 that he communicated fome evidences to 
 Keedham, to be inl'erted in his tranflation of 
 Seidell's Mare claufum. 
 
 Bradwardin, Thomas, a native of Hat- 
 field in SufTcx, educated at Merton college, 
 Oxford, where he was proclor and divinity 
 profefTor. He was confeffcr to Edward III. 
 durirv his wars in France, where as a preacher 
 jlis eloquence had great influence in reftrain- 
 ing the violence of the m.litary. He became 
 archbifhop of Canterbury in 1348, and from 
 his learning was called the profound doctor. 
 Among other things he publifhed a traft called 
 Caufa Dei, befides Geometria fpeculativa, 
 arithmetica fpeculativa tradatus proportio- 
 num. He died IJ49, at Lambeth. 
 
 B&adt, Nichilai, D.D. was born at Ban- 
 
 don in Ireland, 1659, anc * aT tne r 'S e f J 2 ha 
 came to England, and was educated at Weft* 
 minfter and Chrift- church, Oxford. He af- 
 terwards returned to Ireland, and took his 
 degrees at the univerfity of Dublin. He 
 fhowed himfelf active during the revolution, 
 and thrice fucceffively by his addrefs he faved 
 his native town from conflagration agreeable 
 to the orders of James' generals. He aban- 
 doned the preferment which he held in Ire- 
 land, and as chaplain to William and Mary he 
 became minifter of Richmond and rector of . 
 Clapham in Surrey. He died 1726, aged 66.. 
 He wrote three vols, of fermons, befides a 
 tranflation of Virgil's JEneid, and his well 
 known verfion of the pfalms with Mr. Tate. 
 
 Brady, Robert, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated at Caius college, Cambridge, of which 
 he was mafter 1660. He was in 1670 ap- 
 pointed keeper of the records in the Tower, 
 and foon after regius profefTor at Cambridge, 
 where he died 1700. He was eminent as a 
 phyfician. He is beft known as the author of 
 an hiftory of England, three vols, fob in which 
 he zealoufly fupports the royal prerogative. 
 
 Braiie, Tycho, was born at Knudftorp in 
 Denmark 1546, and diftinguifned himfelf as 
 an aftronomer. He ftudteJ at Copenhagen, 
 but {o great was his admiration of the fkill of 
 attronomers in calculating ecliptes to a mo- 
 ment, that he employed all his money m pur- 
 chafing books for his favorite purfuit, and often 
 fpent whole nights with a imall ecleftial globe 
 in his hands in learning the names of the ftars. 
 His friends reprefented aftronomy as beneath 
 his rank,; but he continued his ftudy with in- 
 creafing application, and gained the patronage 
 of the Danilh king, at whofe requeft he read 
 fome popular lectures on the theory of comets. 
 His knowledge was imjtbved by vifiting Swit- 
 zerland, Italy, and Germany, and he would 
 have removed to Bafil, if the king of Denmark, 
 with a munificence truly noble, had not re- 
 tained him, by fettling upon him for life the 
 i.fland of Kuen in the Sound, and building a 
 commodious obfervatory, which he called Ura- 
 niburg, and to. which he annexed a penfion of 
 2COO crowns, befides preferment. Thus flat- 
 tered by his fovereign and honored with the 
 vifits of the great, especially of James II. of 
 Scotland, when he came to Denmark to marry 
 the princefs Anne, Brabc might be faid to live 
 happy. Malice however attacked him ;n his 
 retreat, his enemies viliFed his fervices, he 
 was abandoned by the king, and bidding adieu 
 to Uraniburg, he found an afylum at Prague, 
 under the protection of the emperor, and with 
 a penfion of 3000 crowns. He died foon after 
 of a fuppreflion of urine, 1601. Great as an 
 aflronomer and ch'. nift, Bra-he was too much 
 given to credulity and aftrological prefages, 
 irritable in his temper, and not always refpect- 
 able in his connections. He left a widow, two 
 fons and four daughters, with little to inherit 
 but his fame and his misfortunes. The Ro- 
 dolphine tables and the hiftoxia cccleftis, are 
 M % the 
 
ERA 
 
 BRA 
 
 - werks, but th* vildnefs of his 
 cd by thd-aMurdity 
 
 
 mere oppofition to the Copernican. 
 Br ak en burg, Reiltier, a painter of 
 rem, who died 1649. Kb pieces are generally 
 on low and \ b, but -always difplay 
 
 jttd inter**. 
 Br .- I f* n 1 n , / .7 ~ *r n , a dif- 
 
 . fitted at Naples and Rome. In 
 conformity to his plan Junta II. rebuilt the 
 <hurch ciY't. Peter, but though the work was 
 conducted witn great expedition, the artift did 
 not fee the completion. He-died 1514, aged 
 70, eight years after the foundations had been 
 laid, and the merit of finifning the building 
 
 Vrve'd for Michael Angelo. Bramante 
 was amiable in his private rmracter, and as a 
 poet and mufician he was alfo eminent. 
 
 Bramer, Leonard, a painter of Delft, 
 1596. His rclurrertion of Lazarus, preferred 
 at Rome, is much admired. 
 
 Br am a all, %&, a native of Pontefracl 
 
 tWhire, educated at Sydney college, 
 Cambridge. He iucceeded to a living in the 
 city of York, where he married a clergyman's 
 widow, with whom he received a confiderable 
 fortune, and, what he regarded more, a valua- 
 ble collection of books. By his controverfy 
 on religious topics with a fecuhr jefuit, he- 
 was noticed by Matthews archbirhep of York, 
 by whom he was promoted to the prebend of 
 Rippon. About 1633 he went over to Ire- 
 land, on the invitation of lord Wentworth, 
 and for his fervices obtained the archdeaconry 
 of Meath, and in 1634 the bithopric of Lon- 
 donderry. He exerted himfelf to unite the 
 churches of Irchnd and England, and by his 
 eloquence the two filler countries adopted the 
 font: form and tenets of faith. His enemies 
 however not only charged him with arminian- 
 ffm and popery, but accufed him of high trea- 
 fon, and of attempts to introduce an arbitrary 
 government; and after being fome time m 
 confinement he "w2S liberated by the influence 
 
 . r the primate. After fome time ipent 
 at Hamburgh and' BruiTels, he revifited Ire- 
 land, but his influence was considered r.s fo 
 dangerous by the parliament, that his perfon 
 was in tiie inoit imminent danger, and Crom- 
 well was heard to declare that he would have 
 lavifhed not a little money to fecure that Irifh 
 Canterbury, as he called him. On the re- 
 floration he was translated to Armagh, 1661, 
 and as primate of Ireland, and fpeaker of the 
 houie of lords, he lities of 
 
 perfuafion, and that patriotic zeal which he 
 pofTefTed in fo eminent a degree. His con- 
 ftitution now declined, lie was twice ftruck 
 with the palfy, and a third attack proved fatal, 
 June 1663, in his 70th year. Hi: works on 
 theological fubjects were reprinted in one folio 
 volume 1677. The mod valuable of his com- 
 
 ns is againfl Hobbes, en libe*ty and ne- 
 eeffity. 
 
 SraKCAS VlLLiNEUVE, Andrs-w Francis, 
 
 was bmri in the Venarfiin, and died 175! 
 His works do not recommend themfehN 
 either by elegance of Mile or choice of idea; 
 they are a iyltem of modern cofmography an 
 
 geography in general, explanation of tt 
 
 Mux and reflux of the fea, letters on cofmc 
 graphy, &c. 
 
 Brancker, Thomas, a native of Devoi 
 {hire, educated at Exeter college. He aitei 
 wards became rector of Tillton, Chefhire, ar 
 mailer of Macclesfield fchool. He died 1671 
 aged 40. He wrote the doctrine of the fphef 
 in Latin, introduction to algebra. 
 
 Br a. v del, Peter, a painter, born at Pragu 
 Though well paid for his "portraits and hiih 
 rical pieces, his extravagance kept him in coi 
 tiiuial want, and he died poor at Prague 173 
 aged 79. 
 
 Brandi, Hyacinth, a painter, the pupil < 
 Lnnfranc, bora at Poli near Rome. He po 
 felTcd men*, and he was employed in beautif 
 ing the churches and palaces of the capital 1 
 Italy, where he died 1691, aged ^8. 
 
 Erandmuli.er, John, profefTor of H. 
 brew at Bafil, died 1596, aged 63. He wro 
 four funeral orations from the Old Teftame: 
 and 80 from the New, &c. His fon J^w> 
 who died 1629, wrote, in 3 vols. 4to. analyi 
 typica libr. veteris & novi t-'ftamenti, Bal 
 i6ao. The fon of fames, was profefTor 
 jurilprudence at Bafil, and died 1677, aged 5 
 He wrote iome, works on the law, poems, & 
 
 Brandmuller, Gregory, a painter 
 Bafil, who died 1691, aged 30. His hiftoi 
 cal pieces and his portraits were admired. 
 
 Brandolimi, Aurdio, a native of Fl 
 rence, eminent as a poet. He refided in tl 
 univerfity of Buda under the patronage 
 Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, a) 
 after his death he entered among the Augu 
 tines at Florence. 1 he bed known of 1 
 works is de ratione lcribendi, in which 1 
 gives good directions for the acquiring of 
 ood Mile. He was fumamed Lippo becau 
 Mind. 
 
 Brandon, Charles duke of Suffolk, a favc 
 he of Henry VIII. of England. He w 
 valiant in the field, and handfome in his pe 
 fon. At a tournament, in honor of Mary tl 
 fitter of Henry who married Lewis XII. 
 France, he was attacked by a gigantic Ge 
 man, at the mitigation of the French, wl 
 were envious of his reputation, but he d 
 feated his antagonist, and fo noble was 1 
 conduct, fays Henault the hiftorian, that 
 won the heart of the youthful bride, who 
 three ihort months became a widow, and t 
 fered her hand to her favored champion. Tl 
 marriage accordingly was celebrated with t 
 permifiion of Henry. Suffolk died 1545* 
 
 Brandt, Sehajfian, a counfellor of Strs 
 burg, was author of a poem called " Na< 
 flultifera mortalium," of which there appear 
 a French tranflation. He died 15 ao, ag 
 66. 
 Brandt, Sebajlian } a chemift of German 
 
 wl 
 
BRA 
 
 BRE 
 
 who employed a great part of his life in fearch 
 of the philofopher's ftone, in the preparation of 
 urine, and found after diftillation that mining 
 fubftance fince called phofphorus. He made 
 the difcovery public, but concealed the procefs, 
 which however Kunckel, chemift to the elec- 
 tor of Saxony, eafily guefTed. He died 1521, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Brandt, Gerard, a minifter of Amfterdam, 
 author of the life of de Ruyter, f a Flemifh 
 hiftory of the reformation of the Low Coun- 
 tries, in 4 vols. 4to., afterwards abridged in a 
 French transition of 3 vols. nmo. The work 
 was fo popular, that Fagel faid once to bifhop 
 Burnet that it was worth learning Flemifh to 
 read the original. He died at Rotterdam 
 1685, aged 59. 
 
 Brasavola, Antonhu Mufa, a phyfician, 
 born at Ferrara, where he was profeffor of 
 medicine, and where he died 1555? aged ^5- 
 His abilities recommended him to the pope, 
 and al:b to Francis I. of France, Henry VIII. 
 of England, and Charles V. of Germany. He 
 wrote ibme works on medical fubjecls com- 
 mentaries on Hippocrates and Galen, &c. 
 
 Brasbridge, Thomas., a native of North- 
 amptonfhire, educated at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, 1562. He is known as a phyfician 
 and a divine, and he wrote the poor man's 
 jewel, or a treatile of the peftilence, &c. 
 
 Brathwayte, Richard, a native of Weil- 
 mcreland. He was at Oriel college, Oxford, 
 7604, and thence removed to Cambridge, and 
 afterwards became captain in the army, and a 
 juftice of peace in his native county. His 
 works are the golden fleece and other poems 
 the poet's willow, or the paffionate fhepherd, 
 8vo. the prodigal's tears, or farewell to va- 
 nity effays on the five fenfes, 8vo.- the 
 
 Englifh gentleman, 4to. often edited, &c. He 
 died at Anpletoi\, Yorkfhire, about 1673. 
 
 Brauwer, Adrian* a painter born at Haer- 
 lem. His pieces are chiefly on vulgar fubjects. 
 public houfes, (hows, and fairs, &c. He died 
 pf intemperance 1638, aged 30. 
 
 BRAY,y?r Reginald, defcended from a fa- 
 mily which came to England with the con- 
 queror, was inllrum?ntal in ratting Henry VII. 
 to the throne, and he negociated that prince's 
 marriage with Elizabeth daughter of Edward 
 IV. He was made a knight banneret at the 
 battle of F.ofworthfield, or as fome fay. at that 
 of Blackheath, and he received for his lervice. 
 the forfeited land of lord Audley. St. George's 
 :hapel at Wiudfor and that of Henry VII. at 
 Wefhninfter abbey, are mentioned as fpeci- 
 mens of his fkill in architecture. He died 
 I501, and was buried in the fouth ifle of the 
 jhapel of Windfor which llill bears his name. 
 
 B*AT, Thomas D.D. a native of Marfton, 
 Shropfliire, educated at Hart-hall, Oxford. 
 He was patronized by lord Digby, and bv 
 bilhop Compton, by whom he was fent as 
 pommiiFary to fettle the church affairs of 
 Maryland and Virginia. He behaved in this 
 employment with all that zeal and difintcrsft* 
 
 ednefs which characlerife the true chriflian, 
 he inftituted libraries in feveral parts of Ame- 
 rica for the information of the mirlionaries 
 employed in preaching the gofpel, and every 
 method was purlued to render the converfion 
 of negroes and pagans to the gofpel ealy and 
 certain. Befides the money fubferibed by in- 
 dividuals, or corporations, Dr. Bray contri- 
 buted the whole of his ihiall fortune to the 
 fuppcrt of his liberal plans, better gratified in 
 the promotion of public happinefs, than in the 
 pofTeffioii of private wealth. To his great 
 exertions manvofthe focietiesin London owe 
 their institution, efpecialiy that for the relief 
 of poor profelytes, that for the reformation of 
 manners, and that for the propagation of the 
 gofpel in foreign parts, &c. This good man, 
 whole whole life was devoted to benevolent 
 purpofes, and who defervedly received the 
 thanks of king and parliament, died 1730, 
 aged 73. He was author of fome ufeful pub- 
 lications, particularly his catechetical lectures, 
 apoftolic charitv, &c. 
 
 Brebeuf, Georvt de, a French poet, of 
 Normandy. He was noticed, but not re- 
 warded by Mazariu. He traveftied the firft 
 book of Lucan, which, by his ingenious mode 
 of raillery, and by the keen feverity of his 
 fatire, created him popularity as well as ene- 
 mies. He died in 1661, aged 43. 
 
 rREDA, John van, a Flemifh painter, who 
 obtained independence in England. His land- 
 fcapes, fairs, markets, converfafrions, &c were 
 particularly lpirited. He died on the continent 
 1750. 
 
 bREF.NBERG, Barthol. a painter of Utrecht 
 1620. He died aged 40. His views of ruins 
 are particularly valuable. 
 
 Erect, Charhite Saumaife de Chazan, 
 comfejfe de, a maid of honor to Ann of Auftria, 
 was niece to Salmafius, and became known 
 for the elegance of her converfation, her wit, 
 and the beauty of her perfon. She died at 
 Paris 1693, aged 74. Some of her verfes and 
 letters were published iu ijmo. abounding in 
 lical conceits, and occafionally inte* 
 refttng 'defcriptions. 
 
 BREITKOPF, John Gottlieb Ev:n:anuel, a 
 native of Leipfic, known as a writer, and as a 
 printed. He wrote treat ifes on the origin of 
 printing, on the hiftory of playing cards,-? 
 the invention of paper from linen rag:.-, and 
 the invention of engraving on wood in Europe 
 and on bibliography . By reading a treatife 
 of Albert Durer, he was induced to improve 
 the fhape of types, upon mathematical prin- 
 ciples, and he alfo found out a method to print 
 miifkal notes, charts, and maps with types, 
 and without engraving. He died at Leipfic 
 171)4, aged 75. 
 
 . rem our, Fianco'rs de, a Parifian, Secre- 
 tary to the Royal London fociety, in confe- 
 g their philofophical 
 
 qnerce of his trartflatin 
 trai 
 
 and critical difcernmefit 
 M3 
 
 uHon. e . He died at Paris 1742, in his 
 year, admired for his litbgrious application. 
 
 Brenner^ 
 
BRE 
 
 BRI 
 
 Brfnner, Henry, a native of Weft Both- 
 \\ irh the Swcdifh 
 ambaflador to the On his rc- 
 
 1 at Moi'cow, but lu6 hoars 
 of confinement were devoted to literary rur- 
 fuits. He tranflated into latin the hiltory of 
 Armenia by Mofes Al'DnnijIl ; and alfo wrote 
 Nervations on the Czar Peter's cxr 
 
 . with a map of the Cafpian 
 and ok the river Dwina. He was keeper of 
 the royal library at Stockholm, where he died 
 . aged 63. 
 
 BRENT,y/r Nathaniel, a native of \V00l- 
 
 Varwickihire, educated at Merton col- 
 
 i which he was the warden, by the 
 
 influence of Abbot the primate, whofe niece 
 
 be had married. He published a Latin and 
 
 . translation of the hiftory of the council 
 
 nt J rent, and w.s knighted by Charles I. at 
 
 "Woodftock ; but his loyalty gave way to his 
 
 a i.h to retain his offices, and he continued at 
 
 the head of his college, and was made vifitor 
 
 of the univcrfity. He died in London 165 s, 
 
 aged 79. 
 
 Brentiits orBRENTZEN, John, of Wiel 
 in Swabia, was diftinguiihed as the friend of 
 Luther. He was the founder of die ubiquifts, 
 who maintained the prefence of the body ot 
 Jcfus every where. He died at Tubingen 
 1570, in his 71ft year. 
 
 Brkouigny, Lewis George Edward de, 
 author of the hiftory of the revolutions of 
 Genoa, 3 vols. i2mo -^lives of eminent Greek 
 orators, with occafional tranflations, 2 vols. 
 i2mo., was member of the French academy, 
 &c. and died 1795, aged 80. 
 
 Brerewood, Edivard, a learned antiquary, 
 born at Chefter, and educated at crazen-noie, 
 Oxford. He was the firlt agronomical pro- 
 feflbr of Grefham college, and died in London 
 of a fever, 1613, aged 48. His works con- 
 fided of nine treadles, of which the moft 
 efteemed are " on the weight artd value of 
 ancient coins, in Latin, 1614, in 4to." en- 
 quiries touching the diverfity of languages and 
 religion through the werhi, 1614. 4to &c. 
 
 Bret, Anthony, author of the life of Ninon 
 de l'Endos, i2mo. the four feafons, a poem, 
 l'ecole amoureufe & la double extravagance, 
 a vols. 8vo. new Cleopatra, 3 vols. ealtern 
 f. bles, &c. was a native of Dijon, and died at 
 Paris 1792, aged 75. 
 
 Bieton, Nicholas, a writer of ballads and 
 interludes of fome merit, In the age of Elix.a- 
 bctj. His Phillide and Corydon are preferved 
 collection. 
 
 Brittincer, Jcbn James, of Zurich, 
 
 profe/Tor of Hebrew, was author of an edition 
 
 of the new teftament, from the feptuagint, 4 
 
 vols. 4to. and fome pieces on painting, arrt'i- 
 
 Scc. He died 1776, aged 75. 
 
 Bkival, J.-.-hn Durant de, was educated at 
 Weftminfter fchool and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. In confequence of a diipute with 
 Bemley the mafter, he quitted the univerfity, 
 *nd became captain under IVIariboio;' t h. lie- 
 
 fides poems and plays, Breval was the w*f* 
 of four entertaining volumes of travels, and \ 
 his cenfure of Pope, he pained immortal!) 
 among the heroes of the Dunciad. He di< 
 
 1739- 
 
 Breugel, Pder or old, a native of Breug 
 near : rcda, diftinguifhed as a painter, and a 
 lebrated for the originality of charncur, ai 
 truth of delineation infutcd into his piece 
 especially fuch as repreiented the frails ai 
 ruftic enjoyments of his countrymen. 
 died at Antwerp in the laft part of the 161 
 century, and with his dying breath configm 
 to the flames thofe lighter pieces which 
 unguarded moments he had painted, oftenfn 
 to modeftv and virtue. 
 
 Breugel, Peter, eldeft fon of the pree 
 ding, iurpaiTed in the defcription of m 
 and devils, whence he is called Hellifb. Brei 
 gel. 
 
 Breugel, y?/S,fecond fen, furnamed Ve 
 vet, from his mode of drefs, chiefly excelled 
 painting flowers and fruits, in which his fup< 
 riority was inimitable, lb that Rubens himi'e 
 folicited the perfecting ftrckes of his pencil 
 the finilhing of his Vertumnus and P onion 
 He died about 1642, remarkable for nevi 
 having admitted a pupil near his per 01. 
 
 Brevint, Daniel, a native of Jeffey, wr 
 ftudied at Saumur, and then became fellow 1 
 Jefus college, Oxford, on the foundation 1 
 diaries I. During the civil wars he retire 
 to France, and after the reftoration he w 
 raifed to the enjoyment of a prebendal ftall 
 Durham, and in 1681 to the dignity of de* 
 of Lincoln. He died 1695, aged 79. h 
 wrote a treatife on the Lord's fupper, ai 
 other theological pieces, in Latin. 
 
 Brewer, Anthony, author of the count: 
 girl, a comedy, the lovefick king, a traced 
 and other pieces, was highly efteemed amor 
 the wits and the courtiers of the firft Charle 
 reign. 
 
 Bridaine, N. a famous French preachi 
 of Uzes, compared in his eloquence to Demol 
 henes and BolTuet. His powers of deliver 
 were fuch, and his addrels lb commandin 
 that he could be heard diftine'dy by 10.ee 
 people in the open air. He died 1767, authc 
 of cantiques fpirituels, Sec. 
 
 Bridge, William, a preacher among tl: 
 independents of England. When expelled b 
 biftiop Wren, he became a zealous paftor i 
 Rotterdam ; and foon after returned to refic 
 at Yarmouth. He was member of the aiT'en 
 bly of divines held at Weftminfter. He wrot 
 21 treadles, in 2 vols. 4to. befides fermori 
 Sec. and died 1670, aged 70. 
 
 F'iudokwater, Francis Egerton dale 
 celebrated as the firft perfon who planned tl 
 cutting of a navigable canal in England, w; 
 born 1736. He fucceeded to his titles on h 
 brother's death 1748; and began, with ui 
 wearied zeal, to execute the plans of improve 
 ment which he had early meditated. Wii 
 the afliftaacs of Brindlcy, a man of aftonimir 
 
 ^ MJ 
 
BRI 
 
 BI 
 
 powers of mind, but without the polifh of 
 education, he furveyed his eftate at Worfley, 
 and obtained an ait to open a communication 
 by a canal between Manchester and Worfley, 
 and afterwards to return over the river Irwell 
 10 Manchester. Though a folid rock oppofed 
 his progrels, all difficulties were removed, air 
 funnels were made through the hill to dis- 
 charge the effluvia from below, and the canal 
 was conveyed not only more than a mile under 
 the ground, but over an arch of 40 feet above 
 the furface of the Irwell, fo that while vefTels 
 pafs one another in the dark and Subterraneous 
 cavity, others fail on the canal above. Thus 
 the coals in the duke's eftate were conveyed, 
 with great facility, to the neighbouring towns, 
 and the commerce of Liverpool was united by 
 the Merfey to Manchester, and to the Southern 
 parts of the kingdoms. Though the Sums 
 Spent on thefe uftonithing works were almoft 
 beyond calculation, and nearly ruined the no- 
 ble projecl&r, yet he faw his plans Succeed to 
 his fulleft willies, and, with the infinite benefits 
 which he conferred on the national commerce, 
 he found his income increafe in a moft rapid 
 progreffion. This truly great character died 
 1803. 
 
 Bridgmav, John, a native of Exeter, edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, where he was mafter of 
 Magdalen college. He was chaplain to .James 
 I. who gave him the re<5tory of Wigan, Lan- 
 cashire, and made him bifhop of Cheiter 1618. 
 He was Shipped of his honors in the civil wars, 
 and died at Morton, in Cheihire, 1642. 
 
 BRiDGMAN,y/r Orlando, Son of the bifhop 
 of Cheftsr, was made, after the restoration, a 
 judge, and afterwards lord chancellor. He 
 Showed himfelf irrefolute, often biaSTed in his 
 decisions bv the intrigues of his wife, andhe 
 was removed, for refufing to affix the Seal to 
 the declaration for iiberty of confeience, in 
 167a. 
 
 Brienne, Walter de, a native oS Cham- 
 pagne, diftinguilhed at the fiege of Acre againSt 
 the Saracens. He was afterwards king of 
 Sicily, and duke of Apulia ; and was killed in 
 1205, in defending the rights of his wife Maria 
 Alberic, by whom he obtained his dukedom. 
 His fon, and fucceSTbr, lurnamed the great, 
 diftinguilhed himfelf alio againft the Saracens, 
 by whom he was taken prilbner, and cruelly 
 put to death 1251. 
 
 Brienne, John, was made king oS Jeru- 
 salem in ia 10, which he refigned in Savor of 
 his fon-in-law, the emperor Frederick II. He 
 afterwards filled the throne of Constantinople, 
 rshere he repelled the Greeks and Bulgarians. 
 He died in 1257. 
 
 Brietius, Philip, a jefuit of Abbeville, 
 known for his parallela geographia? veteris et 
 nova, 3 vols.4to. 1648, an uSeftil work,neyer 
 completed. 
 
 Briggs, Henry, a native of Halifax, in 
 Yorkshire, educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, made, 1596, firit profeffbr of geo- 
 metry in Greiham college. He rcilgued in 
 
 1619, when made Savilian profefTor at Oxford. 
 His writings confift of eleven different treatises 
 on mathematical Subjects, and alfo arithmetica 
 logarithmetica, containing logarithms of 30,000 
 natural numbers. The Science of logarithms 
 had been lately discovered by Napier, in Scot- 
 land, whom he vifited. He died 1630, aged 
 
 74- 
 
 Briggs, William, a native of Norwich, 
 educated at Benet college, Cambridge. Asa 
 Student of medicine, he travelled through 
 France in Search ef knowledge, and on his re- 
 turn published a treatise on the eye ; and was 
 made phyficiati to the king. He was phyfician 
 to St. Thomas's hofpit.il, and died 1 704. 
 
 Brigham, Nicholas, a native of Oxford- 
 Shire, educated at Hart-hall, and at one of the 
 inns of court. He was eminent not only as a 
 lawyer, but as a poet, and Showed himfelf fo 
 partial to Chaucer that he removed his re- 
 mains to the South tranfept of WeStminfter- 
 abbey, where he erected a monument' to him. 
 He wrote memoirs of eminent perlhns mis- 
 cellaneous poems, Sec. and died 1559. 
 
 Brightman, Thomas, rector of Hawnes, 
 Bedfordshire, was educated at Queen's college, 
 Cambridge ; and wrote Latin commentaries 
 on the cantftles and apocalypfe. In this laft 
 book, he calls the English church the church 
 of Laodicea, and the angel loved by God the 
 church of Geneva and the Scotch kirk: It is 
 faid that he prayed for a Sudden death, and as 
 if his wishes were fulfilled, he died in a coach 
 while travelling, with a book in his hand, 
 1607. 
 
 Brill, Matthew and Paul, two brothers, 
 of Antwerp, eminent painters. They both 
 travelled to Rome, where Matthew died, in 
 T584, aged 34, and Paul in 1626, aged 72. 
 They painted together to adorn the Vatican ; 
 but after the death of his brother, Paul Studied 
 landscape, in which he distinguished himtelf by 
 his imitations of Titian and Carrache. 
 
 Brinbley, James, was born at Tunfted, 
 in Wormhill parish, Derbyshire, and early dif- 
 played altonifhing powers in mechanics. After 
 being engaged as a millwright, in Cheshire 
 and Staffordshire, he was called to direct and 
 complete the vaft plans which the duke of 
 Bridgewater had conceived, in the conveying 
 of a canal over the Merfey and the Bollan, 
 by means of elevated aqnedufts, and Subter- 
 raneous perforations. Every obstacle was fur- 
 mounted by the genius of the architect, and 
 the opulence of his employer, and new triumphs 
 were prepared for boldneSs of mechanifm and 
 undaunted ingenuity in the completion of the 
 grand trunk navigation, which, in uniting the 
 Trent and the Merfey, extended 93 miles, 
 and which had, at Hare-caftle-hill, a tunnel 
 2880 yards long, more than 70 yards below 
 the Surface of the earth. As Brindley's edu- 
 cation had been neglected, his calculations 
 were feldom communicated to paper. When 
 immerfcd in meditation, he often remained 
 two or thrag days in bed, and when he had 
 M 4 unravelled 
 
BRI 
 
 BRI 
 
 unravelled the difficulties of his plan, he rofo, 
 and ha.. 
 
 a of his own 
 , his manners; but 
 is great ab : 1 
 
 we, and he 
 
 
 ing the 
 mind. 
 lie died at Turhhurft, to , 1772, 
 
 aged 56. Hi probably haftened by 
 
 the intenieness of his application, which pro- 
 duced a hectic fever, and gradually wafted 
 his powers of life. His ollur mere remark 
 able works were, the canal which joined the 
 : m of Br'nlol with that of Liverpool, 
 by the union of the grand tronk near Hay- 
 wood in Staffordshire, to the Severn near 
 Bewdley his plan to clear the Liverpool 
 docks from mud, an engine to raife water, 
 &c. His attatchment to inland navigation 
 was fuch, that when aiked the ufe of rivers, in 
 the huufe of commons, he bluntly replied, to 
 feed navigable canals. 
 
 Brinvii.liers, Maria Margaret cf Au~ 
 Irai, marchioiiefs of, a French lady, known for 
 her intrigue* and her crimes, She was, when 
 . married, in 1651, to the rrfarquis of 
 r ibme time maintained a 
 ter of chaftity. The introduction of a 
 officer, called de St. Croix, into her 
 houle, by her hufband, however, proved the 
 ling of her misfortunes and her crimes. 
 She loved this (hanger with fuch ardor that 
 I her honor to her paffion; but 
 her father, fenfible of her conduct., confined 
 her love: in the Bafliie, wl ighter, as 
 
 if penitent, devoted herfelf to religious duties. 
 After a year's confinement, de St. Croix, 
 d in the prifon learned the art of mixing 
 poilon, from an Italian of the name of Exili. 
 vifited his guilty favorite. He communicated 
 the fatal fecret of poifon,and fhe with alacrity 
 received it, and unfufpe&ed, by flow degrees, 
 cut oft* her father, her two brothers, and her 
 .. 1670 ; and if fhe fpared her hufband, 
 ecaufe he looked with indifference on 
 dnefs. An accident brought her crimes 
 to lijht, St. Croix, in working fume fubtile 
 poiibn, we fuddenly overpowered by its efflu- 
 via, and dropped down dead. As no relation 
 ap})tared to claim his property, it was 
 but the rnarchionefs infiftsd with fuch iinpor- 
 apon obtaining pofctfionof a particular 
 be*, that its contents wt. |, audit 
 
 
 
 j Paris, 
 -. condemned 
 
 tinder* 
 
 with great 
 
 (8, two pro- 
 
 teftants, cruelly put to death, Toon after the 
 maifacre of St. Bartholomew, in France, 1571. 
 
 afe of their death was a iufpici* 
 
 ,re concerned in the confpiiracy of Co- 
 ligny ; but they fell innocent. 
 
 $oviiv$,Bar/tal>y, a lawyer of eminence 
 of Fontenay, in Poidou. He rendered hii ifelf 
 ferviceable to Henry III. of France, whofe am- 
 brfa-.hr he was in England, and ho was m. de 
 prefident of parliament. During the fiege of 
 Paris by Kenry IV. he was dragged to priibn 
 by the friends of the league, and fir,. 
 1591. He had written Ibme valuahl 
 treat iles. 
 
 Brissot, Pdter,n nitive of P< m- 
 
 nent as a phyfician. He emb.. doc- 
 
 trines of Galen and Hippocrates, : inft the 
 prevailing fa ft. ion of the times; and then tra- 
 velled to improve his understanding In Por- 
 tugal, by inGfting upon the neceiu'ty of bleed- 
 ing in the pleurify, he incurred the hatred of 
 his medical opponents, and efpeciaily of JDenys 
 the king's phyfician. He did not live to fee 
 the difpute fettled which he had railed in Por- 
 tugal, and which, in thofe days of fuperftition, 
 enlifted even the moil awful truths of religion 
 in its defence. He died 1522, aged 44. 
 
 Brissot, John Pierre, a Frenchman, fori 
 of an innkeeper at Chartres, of great natural 
 powers, but of a refllefs foul. Diffatisfied with 
 the political fervitude of his country, he for 
 fome time engaged in the publication of the 
 courier de l'Europe, and then turned his. 
 thoughts towards criminal jurifprudence. His 
 theory of criminal laws appeared, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1780, with great popularity, and was fol- 
 lowed by two difcourfes which gained the prize 
 at Chalons fur Marne. After the publication 
 of his philosophical library, he vifited England, 
 whole language, laws, and manners, he regarded 
 with affectionate reverence, as difiufive of that 
 liberty which he in vain wifhed to difcover at 
 home On his return to Paris, 1784, he was 
 committed to the Baftile; and this probably, 
 tended to infUme his rancor againfl the mo- 
 narchy. He was foon N liberated by the influx 
 ence of Orients, to whofe children his wife had 
 been governefs. Eager to promote happinels 
 in every part of the earth, he inftituted, at 
 Paris, a fociety for the abolition of negro fla- 
 v< ry ; and to carry his plans into execution, he 
 parted over to America, to examine the confti- 
 tution of that new republic. His fchemes to 
 eitahlifh a colony of Frenchmen, under repub- 
 lican laws, totally failed ; but on the revolution 
 he returned to the capital; where he difplayea 
 all the ability of a (latefman, a demagogue, 
 and a factions parffrzan. For a while he ac- 
 
 , :; ulaiity, tuppoited by the gold, and 
 f the infamous Orleans, and as 
 
 cr of a party called BruTotinsor Giron- 
 
 1 aufe compofedof the members of the 
 Giionde; and though viblent x he is to be com- 
 
 1 for the mildnefs which he dif played 
 towards the unfortunate Lewis, whofe fate he 
 whiicd to hi intended till die couioliiation, 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 Dfthe republic. The verfaciiity of his talents 
 eould not, however, infure him fafety. In the 
 midit of political intrigues he was denounced 
 as the agent of England by Robefpierre, and, 
 alter a mock trial, guillotined, 1 793, with his 
 friends and aflbciates. He was in his 39th 
 year. He wrote befides, thoughts on the 
 means of attaining truth letters on the hidory 
 Df England an, examination of the travels of 
 Chattelleux in America, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Hritannicus, John, an Italian critic, de- 
 fended from Biitifh parents, bcrn at Palazzolo 
 near refcia. His notes on Terence, Juvenal, 
 Perfius, Ovid, Statius, &c. were efteemed. He 
 died at tfrefcia, where he taught grammar, 
 1510. 
 
 Britton, Thomas, a native of Higham 
 Ferrers, in Northamptonfhire, engaged in Lon- 
 don as a fmall coal-man, to which he afterwards 
 added chemiftry, and mufic. Though eccentric 
 in his conduct, yet the refpectabilily of his 
 character recommended him friends, and 
 though in an humble flation, his mufical meet- 
 ings were attended frequently by many of the 
 >reat and the opulent. After he had long 
 amufed the public, a ventriloquift was intra 
 iuced at one of his concerts, who in an unufual 
 manner proclaimed the approaching death of 
 the mufical coal-man. Uritton wasfo alarmed 
 by this apparently invifible agent, that he fell 
 .11, and expired a few days after, 1714. His 
 :uriotts collection of manufcripts,mufical inftru- 
 ments, &c. was fold by his widow, by pubiic 
 auction, and procured to her a fmall pittance 
 for the remainder of life. 
 
 Brizard or Britard, John Bapt^fe, a 
 French comic actor. He was born at Or- 
 leans, and died at Paris 1790, aged 69, uni- 
 iferfally refpected. He crowned Voltaire with 
 the poetical laurel on the French theatre. 
 
 Brocardus, James, a vifionary of Ve- 
 nice, who embraced proteftantifm, and, in Hol- 
 land, violently attacked popery. His y.ea! as a 
 polemical writer probably overturned the pow- 
 ers of his mind, as, from a warm fupporter of 
 religion, he enthufiaftically pretended to dive 
 into future events, and explain prophecies. 
 His works, printed at Leyden, were publicly 
 difavowed by the fenate of Middleburg , in 
 
 Brocklesby, Richard, of Minehead, So- 
 merfi.tfhire, was eminent as a phyfician, and 
 as the friend of Wilkes, Johnfon, and Burke. 
 He ftudied at Edinburgh and Leyden, and ac- 
 quired both opulence and fame in London ; 
 and nobly prefented Burke with 1000L thai 
 he might thus oblige his friend in his lifetime, 
 rather than leave him that as a legacy. lie 
 Iras admitted at Cambridge a J eundem 1754, 
 and thus obtained a fellowihip in the college of 
 phyficians. He ferved in Germany 1758, as 
 phyfician to the army. He died 179;, 
 7.5, and left, among other tilings, befides an 
 |May on the mortality of horned cattle, 8vo. 
 pc momical obfervations for the improvement 
 pi hof^tals, in 8vo. &.(j. 
 
 E5.0IKAU, John, of Tours, rofe to fu?h, 
 eminence as a l'cholar and critic, that Scaliger, 
 Gro.ius, and others, have beltowed on bint 
 the molt unbounded encomiums. He ftudied 
 law, and afterwards philofophy and belles 
 lettres, of which. he became the fupport and 
 the ornament. After travelling in Italy, he 
 returned to France, where he lived in honor- 
 able independence. He died 1563. His an- 
 notations on feveral of the claffics were pub- 
 liihed after his dsath. 
 
 Broek, Elias Vandeen, a native of Antwerp, 
 diftinguilhed for his mafterly introduction of 
 reptiles and infects in his pictures of flowers 
 and landlcapes. He died 1711, aged 54. 
 
 Broglio., Viclor Maurice, count de, mar- 
 fhal of France, was born at Quercy, and diliin- 
 guifhed in the fervice of Lewis XIV. He 
 died 1727, aged 80. His Ion, Francis Marie, 
 was alfo marfhal of France, and deferved the 
 higheft honors by his conduct in Italy, and irt 
 the campaigns of 1733 and 1734. He died 
 1745. His fon, alfo a marfhal, was the con- 
 queror of Berngen, and diitinguifhed during the 
 feven years' war. He quitted France in 1794* 
 and retired to Ruftia, where he was received 
 with diftinction, and raifed to the fame rank; 
 His ion, Claudius Ficlor, prince of Broglio, 
 elpoufed the party of the republicans at the 
 beginning of the revolution, and was flattered 
 with the title of marfhal. His refufal to re- 
 ceive as law, while commander of the army of 
 the Rhine, the decree which fuipended the 
 king's authority, proved fatal to him. He was 
 called to Paris, condemned to death, and guil- 
 lotined 1 794, aged 37. 
 
 Brogni, John de, a fwine-herd, of Brognr, 
 in Savoy. He rofe by application to prefer- 
 ment, under the care of two ecclefiaftics, who 
 had accidentally noticed his healthy appearance. 
 He was patronifed by Philip of burgundy and 
 by Clement VII. who railed him to the fee of 
 Viviers, and to the dignity of cardinal. He 
 died at Rome 1426. 
 
 Brokesby, Francis, a native of Leicefter- 
 fhire, educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and made rector of Rowley in Yorkfhire. He 
 was the friend of Dodwell and of Nelfon, whom 
 he afiifted in the compilation of his feaits and 
 fails, and lie wrote feveral treadles on moral 
 and religious fubjects, fuch as hiffory of the 
 government of the primitive church, 8vo. : 
 life of Henry Dodwell, Sec. He died about 
 1718. 
 
 Bt-oME, Adam de, a favorite of Edward IL 
 founder of Oriel college, Oxford. He died in 
 
 jBroMS, Alexander de, an attorney of L08 
 don, in the civil wars, better known for h'u 
 fonnets and poetical pieces in which he 
 ed the round heads with all the keennefs of ri- 
 dicule. He publilhed alfo a verfion of Ho 
 race, and the cunning lovers, a comedy. He 
 died ) 666, aged 46. 
 
 Brome, Richard, a menial fervant in the 
 family of Beto Jonfon, who role by his genius 
 
BRO 
 
 , as the author of j 
 s, 15 of which ftill exift. 1 1 i-> 
 ived at Cove;. 
 
 v, Jnhn, a monk in 1 
 .". III. abbot of Jerci moid, 
 
 The Chromcon, under his 
 . from 588 to 1198, is probably the work 
 1 
 \chorst, John va, a painter of 
 rs, in the 1 7th century, three of whole 
 hiftorical pieces in oil, and three on'glafs, adorn 
 the new church at Amflerdam. 
 
 r.RONCHPKsr, Job", a painter of Lcyden, 
 \ celled in the reprefentation of animals 
 rds in water colors. He died 1713, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Bronciiorst, Tder, of jDelft, was .in 
 eminent painter. His judgment of Solomon, 
 and his Chrift driving the money changers out 
 oi the temple, are preferred with great fanc- 
 tity in his native 'town. He died 1 661, aged 73. 
 Brongniart, Augujlus Letvis, an emi- 
 nent chemift, who died at Paris 1804. His 
 papers in the public journals, and his analytical 
 table of the combinations and decompofitions 
 of fubftances, &c. pofTefied merit. 
 
 Brook, Ralph, York herald, is known for 
 the errors which he diTcovered in Camden's 
 Britannin, and which he publilhed, with fevere 
 remarks, when treated with harfhnefs by the 
 antiquary. He died 1625, aged 73 ; and in 
 t 723 his fecoiid part of difcovery of errors was 
 published. 
 
 Bkookz, fir Robert, a judge of eminence in 
 the reign of Mary, born at Claverlv, in Shrop- 
 fhire, and educated at Oxford and the Middle 
 temple. He died chief juftice of the common 
 pleas, 1558. He is author of an abridgement 
 containing an abftracr. of the year books till 
 the time of Mary,fol. certain cafes adjudged, 
 from 6 Henry VIII. to 4 of queen Mary read- 
 ing on the ftatutes of limitations, &c. 
 
 Brooke, Frances, a woman known for her 
 ces of poetry tranllations fonnets 
 Virginia, a tragedy and a periodical paper, 
 called the old maid, in 1 vol. i2mo. Befides 
 thefe, (he wrote the hiftory of Julia Mande- 
 ville, a novel memoirs of marquis of Forlaix, 
 4 vols. the hiftory of Emily Montague let- 
 ters from lady Juliet Catelby, &c the hif- 
 England, from Milton, 4 vols. i2mo. 
 the fiege of S'mope, a tragedy, acted at Co- 
 vent Garden 1781 and thatpleafing ;ud very 
 popular performance, Rofina and laft of all, 
 but not equally refpec'tnblc, Marian. Her 
 maideo name w.is Moore, and (he married the 
 D Erooke, recior of Colney, in 
 Norfri of Quebec garrifon. She 
 
 died l'j ,rd, furviving her hufband 
 
 1 learning, genius, and tafte, 
 miable manner', gentle deport- 
 ed a throng regard for all moral and 
 
 1 of eminence, born 
 ttRi*. in the 
 
 BRO 
 
 f Dr. Sheridan, and in Dublin eol- 
 At the age of 17 he en ered at the 
 Temple, and became the friend cf Pope, of 
 Swift, and other great characters. On his 
 fpeedy return to Ireland, he attended the dy- 
 ing moments of a favorite aunt, who wi 
 laft Meltings recommended to his protection 
 and kindnefs her daughter. This young lady, 
 pofTeffed of beauty, loon- gained the heart uf 
 her youthful guardian ; the attachment be- 
 came mutual, and a public union at laft pro- 
 claimed their fecret marriage. For a while the 
 thoughts of future profpeib were loft in do- 
 meftic enjoyments, but an encreafing family 
 called aloud for immecfate exertions, and 
 Brooke, unfuccefsful as a chamber counfel, 
 found his genius the beft fupport of his fame. 
 By the friendfhip of lords Lytdeton and Chat- 
 ham he was introduced to the prince of Wales, 
 and promifed himfelf independence and honors, 
 His tragedy of Guftavus Vafa was prepared, 
 but unfortunately the politics of the time for- 
 bade its introduction on the public ftage, as it 
 feemed to breathe fentiments too warm in fa- 
 vor of liberty. This difappointment was fuc- 
 ceeded by a rapid fale of the play, and the pub- 
 lie by a moft uncommon liberality of fubferip- 
 tions repaid in a tenfold degree the moft fan- 
 guine expectations of the author. Brooke thus 
 patronized and flattered by the people, pur- 
 chafed a houfe at Twickenham near Pope, but 
 a dangerous illnefs rendered it neceflary foi 
 him to revifit his native air. His gradual re- 
 cover}' promifed his fpeedy return, but con- 
 trary to the repeated invitations of his friends 
 he determined to fpend the reft of his life ir 
 obfeurity in Ireland. The violence of part) 
 fpirit, as well as the influence of a beloved wife 
 who was attached to the peaceful fcenes of pri- 
 vacy, were probably the caufes of this remark- 
 able feclufion. In his retirement, though h{ 
 found Garrick unwilling to fupport his merii 
 by a reprefentation on the London ftage, yet h< 
 met with fome fuccefs in Dublin. Profufe [t 
 his acts of humanity, he was at laft obliged t< 
 fell his favorite refidence, and the declining 
 health of his wife now tended to lefien hi, 
 comforts, and the death of that amiable wo 
 mail, after an union of near 50 years of unin 
 terrupted domeftic harmony, put an end to hi 
 enjoyments. From this blow his coftitutiot 
 never recovered, he funk into a ftate of imbe 
 cility, and the powers of his mind never re 
 gained their wonted brilliancy. He hovveve 
 beguiled his hours of affliction by the fwcet 
 of literature, and at lucid intervals he wrot 
 thofe unequal works which are occafionall; 
 tinctured with myfticifm, the fool of quality 
 and Juliet Grem'ille, and thus gained frefh op 
 portunities of difplaying the excellence of hi 
 moral charadtev Pie died at Dublin 1783 
 aged 77. Befides the works already enume 
 rated, his beft known pieces are univerfal beau 
 ty, a poem in fix books the earl of Weftmor 
 land, a tragedy fables the earl of Effex, 
 tragedy redemption, a poem, &c. 
 
 BmomI 
 
BRO 
 
 BRO 
 
 Broome, William, the poet, was born of 
 ehfcure parents in Chefhire. After being fu- 
 peranmiated at Eton, and thus lofing the election 
 for King's, he entered at St John's Cambridge, 
 by the liberal fuulcriptions of his friends. He 
 was engaged by Pope in furnilhing the notes 
 for his Iliad, and when the OdylTey was under- 
 taken, Broome was not thought unworthy by 
 his poetical friend of (baring his labors, and his 
 fuccefs. The 2d, 6th, 8th, nth, 12th, 16th, 
 18th, and 23d, together with all the notes. 
 were written by Broome, who for this received 
 the fmall fum of 500I. and 100 copies. While 
 he confidered his fervices as ill repaid, Pope 
 not only dilregarded his difcontent, but meanly 
 exhibited him to public ridicule in the Dunciad 
 and in the Bathos. In 1728, Broome was 
 created LL. D. hut he did not rife to high pre- 
 ferment in the church, and remained the 
 humble incumbent of Eye, and of Oakley 
 Magna in Suffolk. He djed at Bath 1745. 
 He tranilated lbme of Anacreon's odes, befiies 
 a fmall mifcellany of poems. 
 
 Broschi, Carlo, a celebrated finger, of An- 
 dria in the Neapolitan ftates, better known by 
 the name of Farinelio, which he received from 
 the patronage of three brothers called Farina. 
 A fall from his horfe in his youth rendered 
 caflration necefTary, and to this accident he 
 was indebted for his celebrity. After enrap- 
 turing the theatres of Naples, Rome, Venice, 
 and Vienna, Broschi was invited to London, 
 where for three years he difplayed the Superi- 
 ority of his powers, and was munificently re- 
 warded. In 1737, he left London, and palling 
 through Paris, he claimed the admiration of 
 the French king and of his court. In Spain 
 he was treated with great diftincrion, and king 
 Philip not only lavifhed every honor upon him, 
 but regarded him with the confidence of an in- 
 timate friend. He held the fame rank of par- 
 tiality with Philip's fucceffor Ferdinand, and 
 till his death and that of his queen Barbara in 
 1759- he continued the favorite of the court, 
 defervedly respected for the generofity of his 
 heart, and the oondefcenfion and affability of 
 his manners. On the.fuccelfion of Charles to 
 the Spanifh throne, Farinelio hastened to his 
 native country, where, in the neighbourhood 
 of Bologna, he enjoyed the refl of his life in 
 dignified retirement. Though ccafionally me- 
 lancholy, he continued tranquil, the powers of 
 his voice remained to the laft, ftrong, clear, and 
 melodious, and for three weeks before his 
 death, like the dying fwan, he daily entertained 
 his admiring friends. Fie djed 1782, in his 
 78th year. His great readinels to relieve dif- 
 trefs, and to fweeten the cup of calamity when- 
 ever he found it poflible, prevented the accu- 
 mulation of riches, and Farinelio, after fharing 
 the favor? of monarchs without feeling his heart 
 biafTed by flattery, and after remaining unful- 
 lied by the vices and extravagances of a thea- 
 trical life, lived and died efteemed as a man of 
 yorth. 
 
 IJrossarp, Scfajlian de, a canon of. Meaux, 
 
 j who died 1730, at the age of 70. Heexcellefl 
 j as a mulioian, and wrote feveral treaties on the 
 I fcience. His dictionary of mufic ir 8vo. b 
 j highly valued. 
 
 Buosse, Guy de la, a phyfieian, auhor of a 
 j treatife on the virtues of plants, &c He is 
 better known as the promoter and director of 
 j the royal foundation of a garden of nedicinal 
 j plants m 1626 at Paris, which he ezviched by 
 a collection of 2000 plants. He piblifhed a 
 ! defcription of the medical plants, beftces a book 
 de la nature des plantes, 1628 deffein du jar- 
 din royal, 8vo. Szc. 
 
 Brossks, Charles de, president of the par- 
 liament of Burgundy, was born at Dijon, anl 
 died at Paris 1777, a 2 ed 68. He .vrote let- 
 ters on the difcovery of Herculaneu-n, befides 
 an hiftory of the voyages towards the lc-utS 
 pole, and a tranflation of Salluft, with notes, 
 Sec. 
 
 Brossett::, Claude, an advocate of Lyons, 
 author of an hiftory of his native town, and of 
 editions of BoUeau and Regnier, with notes. He 
 died at Lyons 1746, aged 75. 
 
 Rrossif.r, Martha, a woman who by the 
 diftortions of her countenance impofed upon 
 the Cjredulous multitude, and die fuperftkimrs 
 clergy in France. Her arts were detedted by 
 Henry IV. who was apprehenfive left his ene- 
 mies of the league ihould take advantage bf 
 the impofture, and after a confinement of 40 
 days, fhe was permitted to return to her na- 
 tive town of Romorantin. The avarice of the 
 father however, who fhared in the funis be- 
 fbswed on the pretended demoniac, hurried her 
 away to Rome, where an ample theatre was 
 expected for the impofition, but fhe was dif- 
 miffed by the pope in 1599, and fhe died in an 
 holpital. 
 
 Rrotieb, the abbe, a Jefuii of Tanay in the 
 Nivernois. Well verfed in ancient and modem 
 languages, he made every branch of fcience 
 and literature the object of his ftudies, and, 
 except in mathematics to which he gave little 
 attention, he excelled in all. With indefa- 
 tigable zeal he made notes of every thing 
 which he read, and in devoting 12 hours each 
 day to ftudy, he collected treasures of valuable 
 information for criticifm and for compofition. 
 The difiblution of the Jefuits made a revolu- 
 tion in his plans, but he found an abode of 
 friendship in the houfe of Mr. de la Tour, a 
 printer of eminence Here he fpent the bft 
 26 years of life, and publifhed thofe editions; 
 of Tacitus in four vols. 4to. and in fe\ en i2mo. 
 and of Pliny, which derive their merit not 
 only from correftnefs, but mod valuable d!f~ 
 fertations and annotations, f'efides thefe, he 
 edited Plucdrus, and Rapin on gardens, and it 
 is to be much lamented that he never com- 
 pleted his hiftory of France, for which he had 
 in his younger years provided ample material?. 
 His other works were an examination of the 
 apology of Prades, a treatife on the money 
 of the Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans, com- 
 pared with thofe of France, &c. This worthy 
 
 matt 
 
BRO 
 
 3RO 
 
 man did at Parts x 789, aged 67. His nephew 
 Ar.Jrc\. ClarUs was eminent as a botaniPv. 
 Dr.ri;. lutlon he was baniiTied to 
 
 re he died in 1798. 
 Brolguton, Hugh, an Englifh divine, 
 bom at Dldburv, Sbropfhire, and educated at 
 Cambrkge. igainft the Roman ca- 
 
 ,-ind attacked Theodore Beza, and the 
 : le always devoted to ftudy 1% 
 hours, dj) 16 every day. His works, which 
 were nunerous and on theological iubjects, are 
 not held ji high clteem. Among them were 
 confent <f. fcriptures or a fyltem of fcriptpre 
 chronology and genealogy, attacked by Rey- 
 nolds a diicourle on Chriit's defcent into 
 hell, &c. Broughton was well fkilled in He- 
 brew, and he fettled as minifter of the Englifh 
 congregat on at Middleburg, and returned to 
 nd ia 1611, and died the next year. 
 MWOITON, Thomas, a learned divine, 
 born in London 1704, and educated at Eton, 
 where he wa$ fuperannuated, and at Gonville 
 college, Cambrige. The duke of Bedford, to 
 whom he was chaplain, and bifhop Sherlock, 
 who gave hina Bedminfter vkarage near Brif- 
 tol, raifed him to comfortable independence. 
 His publications were valuable, the beft known 
 are, chriftianity diftinct fiom the religion of 
 nature part of Bayle's dictionary corrected 
 Dryden's poems anfrer to Tindal's chrifti- 
 U old as the creation Demofthenes' 
 Olynthiacs and Philippics Hercules, a mufi- 
 cal drama an hiftorical dictionary of all reli- 
 gions, a vols. fol. &c. He died on his living 
 
 1774- 
 
 Broukhusius, J.bn, or Rroekhuizen, a 
 Jearned Dutchman, born 1649, died I 77- 
 He went to America with his regiment under 
 deRuyter, and on his return, by being engaged 
 in an unfortunate duel, his life was forfeited 
 to the laws, but preferved by the interference 
 pf G ravins He published editions of Tubul- 
 ins, and IVopertius, and alio of Aonius Palea- 
 ,us, befides ibme elegant 
 ! in Dutch, and a Latin 
 :^:< ol Rapin's parallel of Humtr and 
 
 ilJNCKER, William Vifcount, a native of 
 in Ireland, attached to the royal 
 lulling the civil wars. He was the firft 
 .it of the royal foe which 
 
 . ned by his polite manners and extenfive 
 ion. Hewasatfbm t. Cathe- 
 
 /, and died i 
 
 fbphical ' . om- 
 
 pendiurn of mafic translated and pubylhcd ano- 
 fiy letters to Ufher, &c. 
 Brousson, Claude, a native of > 
 
 1 as a protectant. He had in his own 
 houfe a meeting of the leading members of 
 ., after their churches had been demo* 
 but though an amncfly 1 
 
 XIV. he fled 
 to Geneva, and other countries, implori 
 j ffion of ftr^rj 
 
 I brethren. He was at lad feized and broken 
 ..heel at Montpellier 1698, in his 51ft 
 on pretence of correfponding with the 
 king's enemies. The ftates of Holland allow- 
 ed his widow a penfion of 600 florins, befides 
 t'ne 400 granted to himfelf. He was author 
 of fome tracts in French in favor of the pro- 
 teftants a traiiilation of the New Tcitament. 
 &c. 
 
 Brobwer, Adrian, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Haerlem 1608. He expreffed with great 
 lucceis the companions of his diffipated hours 
 in the midft of merriment and in the noil'e of 
 a tavern, for which he was well calculated 
 from the intemperance of his habits. Though 
 poor he never ufed his pencil but when called 
 upon by want, or the dread of a gaol. He 
 haltened his death by intoxication, to which he 
 fell a victim in his 30th year, 1638. Rubens, 
 who admired his genius, paid great refpect to 
 his remains, which had been obfeurely deposited 
 in the ground by pfiblic fubfeription. 
 
 Brown, Robert, a man of turbulent charac- 
 ter and wavering difpofition, the founder of 
 the fedt of the Brownifts. He was educated 
 at Cambridge, but feparnted from the church, 
 and when cited by the bifhop of Norwich, to 
 anfwer for his opinions, he offered infolencs 
 iuftead of fubmifiion. Burleigh, to whom he 
 was related, faved him from ecclefiaftical cen- 
 fures ; but deipifing the reproof of archbifhop 
 Whitgift to whom his noble friend had recomT 
 mended him, he withdrew to Holland, where 
 he eftablifhed a church of his own perfuafion. 
 He afterwards returned to England, and though 
 he abufed the church, yet he was promoted to 
 a rectory in Northamptonfhire. In his 80th 
 year he was fent to Northampton gaol for 
 ill treatment to a magistrate, and there be foon 
 ifter died 1 630, boaltin? that he had been con-. 
 fined in no Lfs than 32 prifms. His tracts, 
 were on theological fuhjects. 
 
 Brown, Tbomas, of lacetious memory, was 
 educated at Newport fchool, Shropshire, arid 
 at Chrift-ehurch, Oxford. From Oxford he 
 went to London, and became mailer of the 
 fchool of Kingfton on Thames, an office to 
 which he was inadequate both from habit and 
 levity of character. His return to London 
 was greeted by his old companions with rap- 
 tures, and now independent in principle and 
 unfavored by fortune, he fcribbled for bread. 
 Various poems, letters, and dialogues were 
 printed, but though popular rr.d ingenious, 
 ;hey filled not the pocket of the author, nor 
 promifi d relief. Brown fhut th< 
 
 intimacy, as he always preferred his 
 his friend, nnd confidered wit, even 
 to moral and 
 . precepts. Though to loft to ferioui 
 n, it is faid, that he viewed his ap- 
 proaching end with difmay. He died 1704, 
 His works were printed in 1707, in four vols. 
 
 Browv, Mofet, a nun who, from a per** 
 amor, acquired fome eminence as a poet and 
 writer. By the advice of Hervcy he tock ot 
 
 ders 4 
 
BRO 
 
 BUG 
 
 Sters, and obtained the vicarage of Olney, 
 Bucks, and the chaplainihip of Morden col- 
 lege. He pubhihed two dramatic pieces, Po- 
 iidns or diiireffc-d love, a tragedy and all be- 
 devilled, a farce bendes Percy-lodge, a poem 
 ^-Sunday thoughts, in blank verfe. an edition 
 of Walton's Angler, and pii'catory eclogues, 
 &c. rie died ^787, aged 84. 
 
 Brow:;. Ulyet Maximilian dt, a general 
 in the imperial armies, born at P>a!le, 1705. 
 His intrepidity was displayed at Belgrade, in 
 Corfica, Parma, Guaitalla, Banjaluca, Veletri, 
 Phcentia, Genoa, and Lobofitz. In the fa- 
 mous battle of Prague, May 6th 1 75 7, he was 
 mortally wounded, and died on the *6th June 
 following, aged 52, leaving behind him the cha- 
 racter of a molt consummate general, and an 
 able negociator. His life was published 1757. 
 
 Brown, jfames, D. D. an Engliih divine, 
 born at Rothbury in Northumberland, 1 7 15, 
 and educated at St. John's, Cambridge. 
 During the rebellion in 1745 he behaved with 
 great lpirit at the fiege of Carlifle, and d ''."- 
 tiiiguilhed himfelf as a popular preacher, lb 
 that he giined the patronage of Oibaldilton 
 biihop of Carlifle, who obtained for him the 
 living of Moreland in Weftmorehnd,and after- 
 wards great Horkefley inEflex,and St. Nicholas, 
 Newcaftle on Tyne. A fpirit of independence 
 ftrongly ma:ked his character, he was con- 
 fcicus of the power of his mind as a writer, 
 and^ rejected every attempt to influence his 
 reafon. The confequence which he had ac- 
 quired introduced him to the great, and even 
 procured an invitation from the emprefs of 
 Ruffia, to come to Petersburg, to direct her 
 eftabiifhments for the education and improve- 
 ment of her fubjecis. This prppofal was 
 cheerfully accepted; but while preparing for 
 his journey, a l'v.dden attack of the gout and 
 rheumatifm lb enfeebled his conftitution, and 
 Jiminiihed the powers of his mind, tnat, in a 
 fatal moment of melancholy, lie cut his throat 
 with a razor, 1766, in his 51ft year. His 
 moft popular works were " an eitimate of the 
 manners and principles of the time," of 
 which feven editions were printed in little 
 more than a year, 1757, a i'econd volume cf 
 the eilirnate, honor, a poem, effay on fa- 
 tire, effays on Shafteibury, characierhcics, 
 Barbaroifa, a tragedy, 1755, and next year 
 Atliciltan, a tragedy, acted with great popu- 
 larity under Garrick, a dialogue of the dead 
 between Ariftides and Pericles, a' political 
 performance to defend Mr. Pitt's character, 
 &c. 
 
 Brown, John, a painter, born at Edin- 
 burgh 1752, died 1787. He travelled in 
 Italy, and vifited the remains of antiquity at 
 Rome and in Sicily. He chiefly excelled in 
 reffion of the features ; his great cha- 
 racterises were delicacy, tafte, and ccrrect- 
 inefs. Befides emiuence as a draftsman, he 
 poiTelTed the abilities of the elegant fcholar and 
 the folid philosopher, as his letters.. on. the 
 poetry and rr.ufic of the Italian opera fully 
 
 Thefe not intended for puliation 
 were published by his friend lord Moboado, 
 to whom they were addreiTed, for the benefit 
 of his widow. 
 
 Brown, John, a Scotch phyfician author 
 of a fyftem of medicine, tranllated iio F-ng- 
 liih, two vols. ovo. a work ingeniousand ge- 
 nerally correct As he had rifen tornedicai 
 d'ntinction not by a regular education and as 
 he quarrelled with his friend Cullen,ie drew 
 upon himlelf the fneers of the medid world, 
 who contemptuoufly called his follows Bru- 
 nonifts. He died in London 178, aged 
 about 52, a victim it is laid, to intnperate 
 habits and licentious indulgences. H was a 
 ftrong fupporter of Itimulants, whicl acf on 
 what he calls the eorrelpondent excibility in 
 the body. 
 
 Browne, George, an Auguftine rnik, who 
 embraced the tenets of Luther anirecom- 
 mended himfelf to Henry VIII. by torn he 
 was made archbifhop of Dublin 1535] Hefo 
 promoted the views of his mafter, at Ire- 
 land was guided by his councils, de was 
 made primate by Edward VI. in the 00m of 
 Dowdal, ejected ; but Mary ftrippechim of 
 all his lienors, and he died two yes after, 
 1556. 
 
 Browne, William, an Englifh pt, bora 
 at Taviitock, and educated at Exetecoilege, 
 Oxford. He was for a little jimjof the 
 Inner Temple, London, and was th tutor 
 in the families of Carnarvon and Pnbroke. 
 He publiihed Britannia's paftoralsin two 
 parts and the Shepherd's pipe in fen eclo- 
 gues. works of merit, and recr/nended, 
 by Selden, Drayton, and other judgof poe- 
 tical fame. He died in his nariv county 
 1645, where he had purchafed an etb. His 
 works appeared in 3 vols. l2mo. 177 
 
 Browne, f.r Thomas, born in leapfide 
 1605, was educated at Winchefler fool, and 
 Pembroke college, Oxford. After ting his 
 two firft degrees at Oxford, he pv tiled, 
 through France and Italy, and wacreated 
 M.D. at Leyden. On his return Condon 
 1634, he published his religio media book 
 replete with found fenfe> and great animation. 
 In 1636, he fettled at Norwich, wb he ac- 
 quired an exteufive practice. t}was in 
 1671 knighted by Charles II. and intained 
 his reputation as an excellent fcLh 
 an experienced phyhcian till the O of his 
 death, 1682. Pie publiihed, befidais :: re- 
 ligio" a treatife on vulgar errors, a r ork of 
 great merit, bendes a difcourfe ornulchrai 
 urns, &e. 
 
 Browne, Ed-ward, ion of the jve, was 
 educated at Norwich fchool, at (hbridge, 
 and Merron college, Oxford, wherie took 
 the degree of M.D. 1667. He vhlfeveral 
 parts of Germany, TheiTaiy, anltaly, cf 
 which he publiihed an interefting acmt, and 
 became phyfician to Charles II. aio Bar- 
 tholomew .hufpital. The king fajef him, 
 that he was as learned as any of i college, 
 
 an^ 
 
BfcO 
 
 and nsvvrll bred as any at co;:rt. Tfe died 
 red 66, ar Northflect. Beiides his 
 travc: 
 
 tk>n c P time. 
 
 Bkwne, Simon, of Shepton-MaUet, So- 
 
 vas j>a!lor of a congregation at 
 
 Portlbuth, and afterwards at the Old Jewry, 
 
 ..d for his eloquence, and 
 
 . 
 
 diilv fon in 1727, had iuch an 
 
 it it deprived him of his 
 
 able' to oftici.irc he retired to 
 
 Ms im frotA fociety, 
 
 he rokkred himieli' as fin;, k by the Al- 
 
 might deprived of hit rational foul, and 
 
 funk the level of the brute creation, t e 
 
 d52; and what is remarkable, 
 
 he coiviied about two years before his death 
 
 jn hisiore luminous intervals, two works in 
 
 defen of chriltianity, againft W'oolfton and 
 
 "find, in which he difplayed all the powers 
 
 of a fcKl underiKir.din^. He wrote a dedication 
 
 to qua Caroline, but on account of feme 
 
 . nt expreilions it was luppreffed by the 
 
 advicof his friends, but afterwards inl'erted 
 
 in theVdventurer N u 88. 
 
 Brwne, fir Anthony, a judge born in 
 
 EfTexmd educated at Oxford. Under Mary 
 
 he w made ferjeant at law, and in 1558, 
 
 ed to the office of c'-.ief juftice of the 
 
 comrri pleas, which he religned on Eliza- 
 
 xetfion, though he fat as puifne judge 
 
 f ttuame court till his death in 1567. h 
 
 was aiolent papift, and wrote arguments for 
 
 leeo of Scots, her right of fucceflion 
 
 to thcittglA crown. &c 
 
 Brvne, Piter, a native of Ireland, pro- 
 vott Trinity college, Dublin, and after- 
 ward?hhop of Cork, where he died 1735. 
 He ote in defence of chriltianity againft 
 Tola; a work which, as Toland oblerved, 
 raifecim to the rank of bifliop, the prcgrefs 
 cxtei nd limits of the human understanding 
 1 s. c{ fermons, beiides a tract againft 
 ;he coin ot drinking to tlie memory of the 
 dead* 
 
 Biwne, 7/,;jc Haivlins, an Englifh poet 
 horn7o6, at Burton upon Trent. He was 
 i at Lichfield, weftminfter, and Tri- 
 nity lege, Cambridge, from w! ence, after 
 pre* of MA. he removed to 
 Line's Ir.n. Here he wrote fome poetical 
 picceefpecially M on defign and beauty," 
 and 1" pipe of tobacco." He fared in par- 
 Kami fo- Wenlock, and died 176c. Llis 
 7ular work was " de animi immorta- 
 <n two volumes, a competition which 
 al tafte, as a happy 
 iirita of Virgil and Lucretius, and of which 
 feveri appeared, the bed 
 
 of ' Soame Jenings and 
 
 -cms of this excellent 
 an were publithtd by his 
 a large 8vo. 
 William, a phyfichn who 
 I >Uc, and 
 
 BRU 
 
 fettled in London, where he died 1774. age& 
 82. He left two prize medals to Cambridge^ 
 for the riling poets of the univerfity. Ha 
 wrote many ingenious pieces in profe and verle* 
 in Latin and in Engtifh, befides a tranflatiori 
 of Gregory's elements of catoptrics and diop- 
 trics. He was a man of genuine wit, and had 
 a great command of temper ; and when Foote 
 introduced him, in confequenca of his difpute 
 with the college of phyficians, in his Devil 
 upon two flicks, and caricatured him as a tall 
 figure, with his wig and identical xoat, the 
 phylician difdaining to relent the affront, fent 
 the actor his card, to compliment him in his 
 happy representation, accompanying it with 
 his muff, which he faid had been omitted in 
 the play. 
 
 Browne, JEdzuard, an Englifh divine, 
 author of a heavy work in % vols, folio, 1690, 
 called Fafciculus rerum expetend. & fiigiend. 
 
 Browne, Patrjri, of Crofsboyne in Ire- 
 land, ftudied phytic at Paris and took his 
 degree of M.D. at Leyden. He rt-fided for 
 fome years in the Welt Indies, and published 
 a natural and civil hiitory of Jamaica in folio, 
 and alio maps of the ifland 1756. He died 
 in Ireland 1790. 
 
 Brownrig, Ralph, of Ipfwich, was edu- 
 cated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, and be- 
 came matter of Catherine hall, and vice chan- 
 cellor of that univerfity, and in 1 641, bifhop 
 of Exeter. During the civii wars he was de- 
 prived of his offices and paffed his life in re- 
 tirement. It is faid that he once advifed 
 Cromwell to reitore Charles II. to his throne. 
 Two years before his death, which happened 
 in 1639, in his 67th year, he was made 
 preacher at the Temple. His fermons were 
 publifhed in three vqIs. 
 
 Bruce, James, a famous traveller, des- 
 cended from the ancient race of Scottiih kings. 
 He was born at Kinnaird,and educated at Har- 
 row, and afterwards at Edinburgh. The in- 
 difpoiitiofl of his wife, induced him to travel to 
 the fouth of France, and in conlequence of her 
 death he prolonged his ablence from home by 
 vifiting Portugal and Spain. On his return he 
 accepted the confulfhip of Algiers in 1763, and 
 after learning the languages of Africa, he 
 formed the project: of exploring the molt un- 
 known parts of that continent. In 1 768 he 
 vifited Aleppo, and entering Egypt, penetrated 
 into Abyflinia, where for nearly fix years he 
 remained examining the antiquities, the man- 
 ners, and inititutions of a people known to Eu- 
 ropeans only by name. The hiftory of this 
 excurfion was publifhed in five vols. 4W. 1790, 
 but fo marvellous did the circumftances re- 
 lated by the traveller appear, that few credited 
 his narrative. Fume events however, have 
 thrown authenticity on his hiftory. During 
 his abfence his relations claimed his property, 
 and would have divided the fpoil, had not the 
 traveller returned at the critical moment, in 
 1 773- Soon after, to prevent a fimibr event, 
 i he married, lie was unfortunately killed by 
 
 a fall 
 
BRU 
 
 BRU 
 
 a fall down his ftaircafe at Kinnard, 1794,111 
 his 65th year. The King, it is laid, purchafed 
 his drawings for 2000I, and paid for the en- 
 graving of the plates in his travels. His ma- 
 feum contained a curious collection formed 
 during his travels. 
 
 Brucioli, Anthony, of Florence, was ba- 
 nifhed for oppofing the house of Medicis. 
 When reftored by a revolution, he drew upon 
 himlelf the public odium as being fuipedted of 
 favoring the opinions of Luther, and he retired 
 to Venice, where his brothers were printers, 
 and where he published, in 1532, his transla- 
 tion of the bible in Italian, with a prolix com- 
 mentary in feven vols. fol. He wrote trans- 
 lations of Pliny's hiftory, and iome pieces of 
 Ariftotle and Cicero, befides dialogues, editi- 
 ons of Petrarch and JBocace. He died after 
 1554. 
 
 Crucker, John James, of Augfburg, ftu- 
 cfied 3t Jena. He became member of the Ber- 
 lin academy of Sciences, and minifter of Augf- 
 burg, where he died 177c, aged 74. His chief 
 work is hiftoria critica philofophiae, fix vols. 
 4to. abridged by Enfield, in two vo's. 4to. 
 
 B rue re, Charles de la, a French writer, 
 author of fome operas, a comedy, a hiftory of 
 Charlemagne, &c. He died 1754, aged 39. 
 
 Brueys, David Augujiine, of Aix, by writ- 
 ing againft Bcffuet's expofition of the faith, 
 was converted by the prelate from proteftatit- 
 ifm to the Catholic religion. He loon after 
 wrote plays, and again turned his thoughts to 
 theological controverfy. He died at Montpel- 
 lier 1723, aged 83. His dramatic pieces were 
 in three vols. 1 2mo. 
 
 Bruges, John de, a Flemifh painter of the 
 15th century, faid to be the firft painter in 
 oil, an invention attributed by ibme to his 
 brother. 
 
 Bruguieres, John William, of Montpel- 
 lier, ftudied medicine and natural hifiory. 
 Though his father, aiming him to fettle at 
 home, gave him a wife, he quitted his connec- 
 tions three months after his marriage, and em- 
 barked in a voyage to the fouth leas. He was 
 thus enabled to make a valuable collection of 
 curiofities in the animal and vegetable king- 
 doms. After his return he fettled at Mont- 
 pellier, but the accidental difcovery of a coal 
 mine, and of fome foffils and petrefa&ions, 
 awakened in him a Strong defi/e of explaining 
 the nature of minerals. He repaired to Paris, 
 and after preparing an interefting account of 
 vermes for the encyclopedic methodique, he 
 embarked for the Levant. A weak conftitu- 
 tion, however, prevented his departure, and he 
 died at Ancona, 1799, ^ a fever. He wrote 
 a valuable account of the vermes, mollufc;e, 
 zoophyke, foffils and fhells of the torrid zone. 
 
 Brdhier dAblaincourt, Jean Jaques, 
 an ingenious phyfician of Beauvais, who died 
 1756. He is author of letters on divers Sub- 
 jects, a treatife on fevers 1 746, &c. 
 
 Bruin, John de, profeflbr of philofophy 
 and mathematics at Utrecht, was a Skilful ope- 
 
 rator in the direction of animals. He died 
 in 1675, aged 5$. He wrote feveral valuable 
 treadles, de vi altrice, de corporum gravitate 
 & levitate,- de lucis caufa & origine, &c. 
 
 Brulart, Nicholas, a Frenchman, eminent 
 for his fervices in political affairs under Henry 
 IV. He was chancellor of the kingdom, and 
 died 1 6x4, aged 80. 
 
 Brumoy, Peter, a French Jefuit, born at 
 Rouen. He wrote the theatre of the Greeks, 
 in which he difplays great correctnefs and ele- 
 gant tafte. He wrote befides miscellaneous 
 pieces in verfe and profe, four vols. 1 2mo. and 
 died in 1742, aged 52. 
 
 Brun, Charles le, a famous painter, of Scotch 
 extraction, fon of a ftatuary, born in France in 
 1 61 9. At the age of three he drew figures 
 with charcoal, and when 1 2 made a picture of 
 his uncle fo exact, that it is Hill admired. He 
 Itudied under Vouet and Pouffin, and was pa- 
 tronifed by Seguier, Mazarin,and Colbert, and 
 the honors which he received from the king, 
 were fully deferved. His mott famous pieces 
 were St. Stephen, the family of Darius, live 
 pieces in the hiftory of Alexander, befides the 
 beautiful paintings which adorned the palace of 
 Fontainbleau and Verfailles, elpecially the 
 ftaircafe of the latter, in which he was engaged 
 fourteen years. Brun died 1690, at his houfe 
 in the Gabelins. He wrote a treatife on phy- 
 fiognomy, and. another on the character of the 
 paiiions. 
 
 BK.uis,La?vrence le, of Nantes, died at Paris, 
 in 1653, aged 56. He wrote Virgilius Chril- 
 tianus. and Ovidius Chriftianus, imitating the 
 fubje&s of the Latin bards with greater piety 
 than tafte. He wrote befides the Ignatiad in 
 j 2 books, on the pilgrimage of Ignatius, &c. 
 
 Brun, Jean Baptijl /<?,a French writer, who 
 died at Orleans in 1731. His works were on 
 divinity Subjects. He prepared an edition of- 
 La&antius, publifhed in two vols. 4to. 1748. 
 
 Brvnck, Richard Phi ip Frederic, a cele- 
 brated fcholar of Strafburg, who died 1803, 
 aged 84. He publifhed, befides other works, 
 learned editions of iEfchylus, Anacreon, So- 
 phocles, ArL'tophanes, Apollonius Rhodius, and 
 Virgil, compaxed with MSS. and valuable by 
 annotations and alio analecta veterum pcet- 
 arum QfotC. 4 vols. 8vo. repeatedly edited, &c. 
 
 Brunehaut, a daughter of Athanagild, 
 king of the Vifigoths, married, in 508, Sige- 
 bert I. king of Aultrafia. After his death, lhe 
 married Merovee, lbn of Childeric king of 
 SoifTons; but this was difpleafing to her father- 
 in-law, and (he retired to Auftrafia, where fhe 
 afTumed the regency, during her Ion's minority. 
 When banifhed from Auifrafia for her miScoa- 
 duct, fhe went to the court of Thierry, her 
 grandfon, king of Burgundy, whom lhe per- 
 iuaded to take Paris from Clotaire. Ever reft- 
 lefs and vindictive, fhe is known for her great 
 crimes, her debaucheries, and cruelties. She 
 was publicly accufed of cauSiug the death of 
 ten kings ; and her death was as ignominious 
 as her life had been abaudoued. She was be- 
 trayed 
 
BRtr 
 
 BRY 
 
 imycf! into the hands, of Clotaue. 
 
 l.ci to tQ death by a w.id horle, 
 
 cm, Pvilhy of Fioreoe 
 goldi'mith and clockmaker, dittmguHhed for his 
 knowledge of architecture The dome of St. 
 Alar.'? church at Florence ii among the mo- 
 nument? of his genius. He waa patroatiod by 
 uiid died 1444, aged ^7* 
 ;, Latin'-, a poet and hillorian ot 
 linguilhed as an amhalTador, and 
 maiLr of Dante, lie is author 
 i eforo." He died 1295. 
 ..j, Ant oiy, an Italian fOJt, in the fer- 
 tile duke a'Urbi.io. He wrote lyrics^ 
 s, &c. His heroic ep'.illcs 
 ; f ir the beautiful engravings 
 . them, from the defigns of 
 Derail e died 163/. 
 
 ;: Conrad, a phjficim cf 
 . udied at Strafburg and Paris, 
 and c;l in in 1727, aged 74. He 
 
 was au.iio; oi ieveral treadles on medicine in 
 Latin; and he di fend d the opinion, thai the 
 pancreas is unnceflary to the fupport of animal 
 lite, in a .ito. \ 
 
 lim no, Jord'.no, a native cf Nola, who vi 
 fited Geneva, i J aris, and London, where he 
 became tae iriend of Philip Sidney and Fulke 
 Gre-ville. In various cities of Germany he 
 drew ecclefiaitical cenfures upon him, and at 
 lalt was apprehended at Venice, where he was 
 fentenced by the inquifition to be burnt at a 
 itake, 1600 Though an atliehl, he believed 
 the effects of magic and for fry. He wrote, 
 other things, a curious book cnll.d Spac- 
 cio delta beitia, &c. dedicated to iir Philip 
 Sidney. 
 
 Brunsfeld, Oi/jo, a phyfician of Metz, 
 
 nbraced the opinions of Luther. He 
 
 was reguit of the public fchool at Strafburg . 
 
 He publiihed herbarum vivae icones, in fol- 
 
 3 vols, and a biographical catalogue of early 
 
 etaus. He died at Bern 1534 
 
 Brunswick, Maximil. Jul. Leopold d..lr 
 
 cf, nephew to the king of Pru.Tia, ferved in 
 
 the army, and during a fudden inundation of 
 
 the Od-.*r, near Frankfort, attempting to fave 
 
 fomeofthe unfortunate inhab'tants from the 
 
 waters, he fell a facriuce to his humanity, 24th 
 
 April 1785, aged 63. 
 
 Bruschius, Gafpar, a Latin hiltorian of 
 
 Egrmiu l.ohemia, born in 1518. He pub 
 
 -irior.s works on ecclefiaftical nffairs, and 
 
 was murdered in afore t n.>ar Ro teidam. His 
 
 . I cal hiitory of Germany is p. r icuLrly 
 
 etteemed. 
 
 hKUsoNi, 'Jerome, a Venetian w;it"r, born 
 at-Legi.ago. He was of the C.rt idian fri- 
 , which it is laid he quilted three dif- 
 . He publiihed 5 O differe;. 
 
 i 70. His b.-i: work is 
 
 1679, in fol. 
 
 I. a learned V ine 
 
 tian,v. . ii hnd, 
 
 /, &c. and acquired auextu.fivekuovv- 
 
 / 
 
 iedgeofthe hiflory .and manners of I 
 He was invited by Stephen of Poland t 
 at Cia^ow, to compote a bitto'y of that king 
 dom ; and alter the death of nis patron, hi 
 fixed his abode at Prague, with the title of i n 
 perial hiltoriographer. His notes on CVefar 
 Herr.ce, and Cicero, dift lay great abilities. It 
 his letters to great men and princes, ilrutu 
 laid afide the llaviih deference which moden 
 times have introduced, and adJrefied then 
 with all the fimplicity of an ancient Roman 
 His hilt->ry of lloence was laid to depreciate 
 the merits of the Medicis, and therefore i 
 proved ofFenfive to the duke. The time o 
 his death is unknown. He was born in 15 1 8 
 ' Bruyere, "John de la, of Dourdan, wa: 
 appointed by Boiiuet preceptor of hiitory t< 
 the duke of Burgundy. He died 1699, agec 
 5 %. He is author of " characters," after the 
 manner of Theophraftus, a work highly el- 
 teemed in France, in a ftile rapid and nervous. 
 This book, as mijht be expected, procured the 
 author many admirers, and more enemies ; bui 
 its merits are fuch, that it will always be con- 
 fidered as a compoiition of e.tablilhed excel- 
 lence. 
 
 Brutn, Cornelius, a painter of the Hague 
 He travelled through Rullia, and the, Earl In- 
 dies for ieveral years, of which he published ar 
 intereliing account. The belt edition is thai 
 of Rouen in 1725, five vols. 4,to. 
 
 Bruys, Francis, of Serrieres in the Ma> 
 connois, died at Dijon in his 30th year, 1738 
 He publiihed an hiitory of the popes in rive 
 vols. 4to. a critique of literary journals, be- 
 fides memoires hiiloriques critiques, &e 
 two vols. 
 
 Bruys, Peter de, founder of the Pctro- 
 ^ruffians, was a native of Languedoc. He 
 maintained that churches were of no uie, he 
 oppofed infant baptilm, recommended the de- 
 struction of crucifixes and other ornaments 
 be forbad the offering of prayers for the dead 
 and declared that the body of Chriil was not ir 
 the facrament. After committing great ex 
 cedes to ettablifh his tenets, he was i'eized and 
 burnt alive at St. Gilles, 1130. 
 
 Bruzen de la Martinicle, Anthony 
 Augujline, of Dieppe, was educated at Pari; 
 under Richard Simon his uncle, and was pa 
 tronil'ed by the dukes of Mecklenburg and 
 Parin.- , k ng of Naples, who granted 
 
 him an honcjrabie petition. He died at the 
 Hague 1749, aged 83. His great work is the 
 grand bictionaire Hiilcrique, Sec. i::^,^\ xc 
 vols foiio, reprinted at Paris, li\ vols. 1768 
 with corrections; an uleful.pcii jrmance 
 
 Bryan, F/a.-rcis, or Briant, an Engiiimnan, 
 educated at Oxford. He was knighted for his 
 bravery againft the French, and then employee 
 in various embailies, and made gentleman oi 
 the king's privy chamber he died juiticiary 
 of Irelan i 1545. His tongs and fennets have 
 been printed with thofe ot his friend Surrey; 
 and of fir Thomas Wyatt. 
 
 Bl yant, Jacob, anemmeftt Eiiglifh fcholar, 
 
 rtiucmj 
 
BUC 
 
 BUC 
 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he became M. A. 1744. He 
 publifhed obfervations and enquiries relating to 
 various parts of ancient hiflory, 8vo. 1767, 
 and a new fyftem or analyiis of mythology, 
 wherein an attempt is made to diveft tradition 
 of fable, and to reduce truth to its original pu- 
 rity, three vols. 4to. a work of great merit. 
 He wrote befides valuable dilfertations on Ba- 
 laam, Samfon, Jonah, obfervations on dif- 
 puted pafTages in Jofephus, Juftin Martyr, &c. 
 a treatife on the authenticity of the holy 
 fcriptures, pamphlets on the Rowlian con- 
 troverfy, and againlt Prieftley on neceffity, 
 obfsrvations on the plagues of Egypt, di'fler- 
 tation on the war of Troy, a work of Angular 
 character, which, with all the weapons of claf- 
 fical knowledge and deep and profound erudi- 
 tion, endeavours to deftroy our refpecl for the 
 authenticity of the Iliad, and to reprefent Ho- 
 mer not as the bard of Grecian and Trojan 
 heroes, but as the builder of a well wrought 
 fiction. Mr. Bryant was tutor to the fons of 
 the late duke of Marlborough, and in confe- 
 quence obtained a lucrative appointment in the 
 ordnance office. He fpent the reft of life in 
 the enjoyment of learned eafe, and in his fa- 
 vorite retirement in Berkfhire near Windfor. 
 This venerable fcholar died in 1804, aged 89, 
 in confequence of a mortification in his leg, 
 occafioned by his ftriking it violently againft a 
 chair whilft attempting to reach a book from a 
 flielf. 
 
 Buc, George, a learned antiquary, born in 
 Lincolnlhire, and knighted by James I. to 
 whom he was mafter of the revels. He wrote 
 the life of Richard III. in five books, and fup- 
 ported the opinion that he was not deformed, 
 an idea maintained by Horace Walpole, a 
 treatife on the antient colleges, and fchools of 
 learning, &c. 
 
 Bucer, Martin, a Dominican, of Alface, 
 who embraced the tenets of Luther. He af- 
 terwards inclined to Zuinglius, and, in his zeal, 
 attempted in vain to reconcile thefe two pow- 
 erful leaders. For ao years he exerted himfelf 
 at Strafburg to eftablilh the proteftant caufe, 
 but his oppofition to the catholics at Augfburg, 
 rendered him unpopular, and at the invitations 
 of Cranmer he fettled in England. Edward 
 VI. treated him with great kindnefs, and he 
 was appointed theological profellbr at Cam- 
 bridge, 1549, where he died two years after. 
 Five years after, the perfections of Mary 
 were expended to his remains, which were ig- 
 nominioufly burned, but the infult was re- 
 paired by the good fenfe of Elizabeth. In 
 learning, judgment, and moderation, Bucer was, 
 inferior to none of the great reformers, 
 and with Melancthon he may be confidered 
 as the beft calculated to maintain unanimity 
 among contending churches, and oppofite feels. 
 His numerous writings in Latin and German, 
 Were on theological llibjecls. 
 . Buc ii an, Elfpetb ox Elizabeth, a modem 
 
 fanatic, who married Robert Buchan, a com* 
 mon workman in Glafgow. Her frequent 
 perufal of icripture, and the literal interpreta- 
 tion of its myitical paftages, lb worked upon 
 her paffions, that (he confidered herfelf as a 
 new prophet in 1779, and, inculcating the im- 
 mediate dhTolution of the world, fhe gained to 
 her party a great number of the dhTolute and 
 ignorant. Thefe Buchanites, as they were 
 called, travelled through feveral parts of Scot- 
 land, and as they had no thought for the mor- 
 row and confidered that they Ihould be fed 
 like the ravens of the air, and clothed like the 
 iillies of the field, their doctrines appeared faf- 
 cinating to the vulgar. Mrs. Buchan died 
 May 1791, aged 53, and her followers were 
 loon difperfed. 
 
 Buchanan, George, a Scotchman, born 
 near Kellerne in Lenox, 1506. He wa c .well 
 educated, and at Paris and in Scotland, he ac- 
 quired that learning which contributed lb much 
 to the honor of his country. He early em- 
 braced the tenets of Luther, and at Paris be- 
 came acquainted with the earl of Caffilis, 
 with whom for five years he was engaged as 
 an inttructor. After the death of Caffilis, 
 he was preceptor to the famous Moray, but 
 the ieverity of Lis fatire againft the monks, ef- 
 peciaily his piece called Francis canus, ren- 
 dered his Situation fo dangerous that he fled to 
 England, and then to France. For three year* 
 he lived in obfeurity at Bourdeaux, and wrote 
 four Latin tragedies, to draw his pupils from 
 the allegories or the moderns to the imitation, 
 of the purer models of Greece and Rome. 
 Cardinal Beaton, however, purfued him in his 
 retirement, and he left Bourdeaux for Co- 
 imbra, where he was admired for his lectures 
 in philolbphy and claifical learning. His being 
 a foreigner lbon rendered him fulpecled, and 
 he was confined in a monaftery, where he 
 tranflated the pfalms of David into Latin. 
 When fet at liberty he embarked for England, 
 and then returned to France, where in 1554, 
 the elegant dedication of his tragedy Of Jeph- 
 tha procured him the friendihip of de Coffi, 
 who made him for five years preceptor to his 
 fon. In 1566, he was made, principal of Sl^ 
 Leonard's college,. St. Andrew's, and invited,- 
 by Mary of Scots to be preceptor to her fon ; 
 but he forgot his gratitude in the misfortunes 
 of that unhappy princels, and in his " Detec- 
 tion" feverely arraigned her character. His, 
 appointment was confirmed by the ftatss.-arid. 
 from him James VL derived much of his know- 
 ledge of literature and his critical tafte. lit 
 the 13 laft years of his life, Buchanan-- wrote 
 the hiltory of his country, but though nervous 
 and peripicuous, it is occasionally deficient in- 
 fidelity and accuracy. He died at Edinburgh 
 1582. His character is painted in various and 
 oppofite colors by protectants and .catholic*/ 
 but .pofterit.y views him ns an -able fcholar, 
 whole mind was ftored with all the fire, and 
 the graces of antient literature, and who, in a 
 i]N barbarous 
 
BUD 
 
 BUS* 
 
 barbarom age, revived the beautiesand the Sub- 
 limities of the Roman mule. His works were 
 published together, two vols. fol. 1714- 
 
 BucKELinus, IViUiam,* native of Voider, 
 who died at Biervliet in 1449- He was ho- 
 nored with a monument by the Dutch, who 
 gratefully remembered his ingenious invention 
 of the mode of curing herrings. 
 
 Buckeridge, Jchn,of Draycot near Marl- 
 borough, was recommended by his worth and 
 eloquence to king James, before whom he 
 preached at Hampton court, to bring the Mel- 
 vins and other Scotch preSbyterians to a know- 
 ledgeof the doctrines of the English church. He 
 was made bilhop of Rochefter in 161 1, and of 
 Ely in 1628, and died three years after. He 
 wrote Sermons, but his chief work is de potcftate 
 papar, &c. adverfus Bellarmin. 
 
 Buckhold, John, a butcher of Leyden, 
 who headed the fanatical anabaptifts at Mini- 
 fter,over whom he made himfelf king. After 
 an obftinate fiege Munfter was taken, and the 
 leader jgnominioufly pvit to death 1536. 
 
 Buckingham, Vid. Villiers. 
 
 BuCQUET, 'John Michael B*ptijl, a phy- 
 fician of Paris, where he died 1780, aged 34, 
 a victim to exceffive application. He was no- 
 ticed for his abilities in every branch of me- 
 dical knowledge, and made profefTor of che- 
 niillry. His lectures were popular and in- 
 terefting. 
 
 Budjeus, William, was born in Paris in 
 1467. As he was heir to a Splendid fortune, 
 he was early introduced in the fchools of 
 Paris and the univerfity or' Orleans, but he 
 was regardlefs of ftudy, and attached to every 
 fpecies of dissipation, till at laft the follies of 
 youth fubfided, and from the moft debauched 
 he became the molt ftudious and. virtuous 
 man of his age. He not only cultivated lite 
 rature, but patroniled it, and to his advice 
 France is indebted for the foundation of her 
 royal College. He was employed by Francis I. 
 as ambafTador to Leo X. and died at Paris 
 154a His works which are valuable were 
 printed 1557, in four vols. fol. Bottom was 
 the frequent correspondent of Erafhrut, but 
 the eminence of thefe two men rendered 
 them jealous of each other's reputation. 
 
 BuodjEus, John Francis, of Anclan in 
 Pomerania, was profelibr at the univerfity of 
 Cobourg, Halle, and Jena. He was learned 
 and indefatigable in his Studies, and died at 
 Jena 1729, aged 62. He wrote elementa 
 philol'ophue, &c. three vols. 8vo.> a fyftem of 
 theology, two vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Budceli., Eujlace, was born at St. Tho- 
 rrtas near Exeter, :md educated at Chriit church, 
 Oxford, from whence he removed to the Inner 
 Temple. InSiead of ttudying the law, he cul- 
 tivated polite literature, and became the aSfb- 
 cjate of perfons of rank and fafhion. When 
 Addiibn, who w.is coufin to his mother, wns 
 :y to Wharton the virnroy of Ireland, 
 Budgcli accompanied him, as one of the clcrl.s 
 13 
 
 , of his office. About this time he began h : 
 ! literary career, and with Steele and Addilb 
 I divided the public favor, as a writer in th 
 , Spectator, where his numbers were, marke 
 with X. He afterwards contributed to th 
 Guardian, where his papers are' designated wit 
 j an afteriik. The elevation of Addilbn t 
 higher offices was Shared by his friend, wh 
 j now became an active member of the Irill 
 parliament, and was appointed accomptant ge 
 neral of the kingdom. A dispute with Webltei 
 the fecretary of the duke of Bolton the i'uc 
 ceedng viceroy, deitroyed the proipecls of Bud 
 gell, who retorted aga'mft his antagonist, and di 
 not even fpare his patron. The lampoons wer 
 too fcurrilous to be forgiven, Budgell was re 
 moved from his office, and, by his intemperat 
 vindication, he drew upon himfelf not onl 
 the ridicule of the public, but the ftrongeft re 
 prehenfions of his friend Addifon. To thi 
 and other disappointments, Budgell had to ad< 
 in 1720, the failure of the South Sea Scheme 
 in which he loft above 20,oool, and his dii 
 comfiture in his attempts to gain a feat in par 
 liament, which colt him more than 5000 
 Thus baffled and ruined in his fortunes, h 
 looked for fupport in his pen, but his attack 
 on Walpole and the ministry left little doub 
 that his fenfes were impaired by the misfor 
 tunes which he had met in the world. He wj 
 engaged in the Craftfman, and afterwards put 
 liShcd about 100 numbers of a weekly pam 
 phlet called the Bee; but though the duchel 
 of Marlborough, to whofe hufband he wa 
 distantly related, gave him ioool. and Dj 
 Tindal left him by his will 2000I. yet he conti 
 nued to be involved in debts which he could nc 
 difcharge, and expofed to lawfuits. To th 
 bar he had recourfe, but this failed, and in th 
 midit of his defpair he took a boat at Somerfet 
 Stairs, after having previously rilled his pocket 
 with Stenes, and directing the waterman t 
 Shoot the bridge, he, when under the arche: 
 threw himfelf into the river and never roS 
 more. This melancholy event happened i 
 1736, and might have been apprehended fror 
 the disordered State of mind and conduc 
 which for feme days preceded it. On hi 
 table he left a written paper containing thei 
 words, 
 
 " What Cato did, and Addifon approved, 
 Cannot be wrong." 
 Budgell as a write/ was ingenious and intel 
 efting, Scarce inferior to the elegant tafte c 
 Addifon, and rifing above the greater part c 
 English eSTayifts. In his conduct he was im 
 petuous, irafcible, and proud, in his opinions 
 fceptic, in his morals a profligate. He wrote be 
 Sides the life of the Boyles, and tranllated Thee 
 phraftus' characters, and by Some was fuppofe 
 to be concerned in TindaPs Christianity as ol 
 as the creation. 
 
 Buff a em a co, Bonamico, an histories 
 painter, of Florence. He adviled Bruno t 
 rcprd'ent the figures of his painting* vv t 
 
 labeii 
 
BUI 
 
 BUL 
 
 labels, fo as to introduce a iiviiig fcene. He 
 died 1340, aged 79. 
 
 Bukkon, George Louis le Clerc count de, a 
 learned French philofopher, born at Montbard 
 in Burgundy, 1707. His father deitined him 
 for the law, but nature had marked him for 
 philofophy. After travelling in Italy, where 
 the works of art were difregarded for the 
 more attractive charms of nature, and after 
 vifiting for three fhort months the Englifh 
 dominions, he fettled at home, and began his 
 career of fame by devoting everyday 14 hours 
 to ftudy. At the death of his mother he in- 
 herited about i2,oool. per annum, but neither 
 pleafure nor opulence diverted his occupations. 
 In compofition he exhibited the feverefl cor- 
 rectnefs ; his works when finiihed were fet 
 afide, and fome time after, he returned to the 
 tafc with all the fcrutinizing eye of criticifm. 
 Though devoted to the fciences, yet he was 
 fond of company; his table difplayed hoipi- 
 tality, and his converfation was eafy, and void 
 of all affectation of pedantry and fuperior 
 knowledge. His favorite authors were Mon- 
 tefquieu, Fenelon, and Richardfon. He lived 
 to a good old age, and died 1788. His death 
 was haftened by the violence f difeafe ; 56 
 ftones were found in his bladder, which his 
 medical attendants declared they could have 
 removed, if he had fubmitted to the operation. 
 His funeral was honorably attended by the 
 learned, and 20,000 fpectators affembled to 
 view his remains borne to the vault of Mont- 
 bard, where he wifhed to be placed near his 
 wife. Buffon tranflated Newton's fluxions, 
 and Pales' ftatics, but his great and immortal 
 work is his " Hiltoire naturelle, 35 vols. 4to. 
 or 62 l2mo. 1749 1765. Though his wri- 
 tings are entitled to celebrity, yet he is not 
 without his faults. Some critics have expofed 
 to ridicule the fyftem which, in dividing the 
 whole animal world into fix elaffes, ranks in 
 the fame order men and quadrupeds, the lion 
 with the bat, the horfe with the hog, as hearts 
 of burden, and the crab and the oyfter, as 
 infects with lice and fleas, and the (hell tifh as 
 a worm. X)e la Cepede, his friend, in his 
 eulogium, with equal truth and flattery fuf- 
 pends in the temple of genius the four lamps 
 of Montefquieu, Voltaire, Rouffeau, and Buf- 
 fon. In his private character Buffon was a 
 libertine. The works of men of genius, he 
 would exclaim, are few, only thofe of New- 
 ton, Montefquieu, Leibnitz, and my own. 
 His fon was guillotined in 1 793, exclaiming 
 triumphantly on the fcaffold, " citizens, my 
 name is Buffon." 
 
 Bugenhagen, Jchn, of Wollin in Pome- 
 rania, was the adverfary, and then the friend 
 of Luther. He preached the new tenets 
 over Germany, with great fuccefs, and died 
 at Wittemberg 1558, aged 73. He wrote 
 commentaries on the lcripture, &c. 
 
 Bugiaruini, Juliano, a landfcape painter 
 of Florence, who died 1556, agpd 75. 
 
 Buisteh, Philip, a factor of Brufftls, 
 
 who died at Paris 1688, aged 93. H 3 ftatues 
 adorn Verfailles and Paris. 
 
 Bull, John, a native of Somerfet ire, 
 admitted 1586 bachelor of mufic at Oxford, 
 and dodor at Cambridge. He was organift to 
 the queen's chapel, and on the eftablifhment 
 of Grefham college, he was elected profeffor 
 of mufic, and permitted to deliver his lectures 
 in Englilh. He travelled in Germany and 
 France, and at laft fettled in the Netherlands, 
 where the archduke patronized him. He died 
 at Lubec about 161J, aged little more than 
 50- 
 
 Bull, George, bifhop of St. David's, was 
 born at Wells 1634. After being at fchooi 
 at Weils and Tiverton, he entered at Exeter 
 college, Oxford, in 1648 ; but refufing to take 
 the oath of allegiance, he left the univerfity 
 for Somerfetfhire, where the good fenfe of one 
 of his fillers removed every appearance of le- 
 vity, which the inexperience of youth might 
 have drawn over his character. Under Wil- 
 liam Thomas, a puritan of extenfive learning, 
 he made great progrefs in divinity, and, at the 
 age of 21, he was ordained by Skinner, the 
 ejected bifhop of Oxford, and foon after ap- 
 pointed minifter of St. George's near Briftol. 
 Here he gained the efteem of his parifhioners, 
 and by an extempore ufe of the prayers of the 
 liturgy, at this time publicly forbidden, he re- 
 commended himfelf to the good opinion of all 
 parties. He was rector of Suddington in 
 Gloucefterfhire ; and during the 27 years of 
 his residence, he compofed the greateft part of 
 his works. His defence of the Nicene creed 
 procured him, in 1685, the degree of D.D. 
 from the univerfity of Oxford; and after being 
 prebend of Gloucefter, rector of Avening, and 
 archdeacon of Llandaff, he was elevated to the 
 fee of St. David'i in 1705, where he died 
 1709. His chief works, befides the Defenfio 
 fidei Nicenas, are his harmonia apoitolica . 
 apologia examen cenfurae judicium ecclefias 
 cathoUca?, a work for which he was thanked 
 by Boffuet and other French ecclefiaftics 
 primitiva apoitolica traditio de J. C divina- 
 tione, befides various difcourfes, publifhed by 
 Nelibn, in 4 vols. 8vo. His learning, as his 
 editor Nelfon, obferves, was tempered with 
 that modeft and humble opinion cf it that 
 made it fhine with greater luftre. He not 
 only inculcated, but in his conduct difplayed, 
 all the endearing virtues of benignity, humi- 
 lity, prudence, piety, and purity of primitive 
 chriftunity ; and in his laft moments exhibited 
 that rcfignation which was the beft proof of 
 his hopes and reliance on the great truths of 
 the gofpel. 
 
 Buller, Francis, an Englifli judge. From 
 Weftminitcr fchooi he entered at the Tem- 
 ple, and was called to the bar in 1 763. By his 
 marriage alliance with lord Bathurft, he ob- 
 tained the dignity of Wellh judge, and foon 
 after that of juftice in the king's bench. His 
 abilities, his knowledge, and his integrity, 
 enfured him the friendship of lord Mansfield, 
 N % who 
 
BUL 
 
 BUO 
 
 who wlfhed him to be his iucceflbr ; hut the 
 intercft of lord Kenyon prevailed, in confe- 
 qac:v :icis, now a baronet, 
 
 removed t the common pleas. He died lud- 
 denly iSo:\ r.l'pccted as a good lawyer and 
 partial judge. He publilhed, in tjji, 
 an introduction to the law of nifi prius.a work 
 of merit. 
 
 Bullkt, Jib* Ba/*U? t "Aitd 1775, a;?d 
 DCOQj whore he was dean of the 
 univerfity. He publifhed hiitory of the ef- 
 tablifhment of Cnrrftiamty, fr*om Jewfih and 
 . authors, in 4to. the evidence of God 
 deraonftratcd from nature diflertation on the 
 hiflory of France, Svo. anf.vers to unbo- 
 Lc vers memoirs on the Celtic tongue, 3 vols. 
 Sec. 
 Bum.eyn', William^ an; English phyfician, 
 bom in the ifle of Ely, aiid educated both at 
 Oxford and Cambridge. He travelled on the 
 continent for knowledge, and fettled at Dur- 
 ham, where he pra&iled with fuccefs. Tan- 
 ner reports, th.it he was a clergvman as well 
 as a phyfician, and that he was reclor of 
 Elaxail in Suffolk. He publilhed medical 
 works, no longer in repute ; and was univer- 
 tally clicemed as a polilhed fcholar and as a 
 man of probity, benevolence, and piety. He 
 died in London 1576. 
 
 . BuLi.iALDL T ;'., Ifnuiel,*a aftronomer, bcrn 
 at Laon in the iile of France. He travelled 
 In his youth, and vifited Hevelins at Dantzic. 
 Fie died at l\.ris 1694, aged 89. His works 
 were, de natura lucis Philolaus, in 4 books, 
 with tables of the fydem, revived by Coper- 
 nicus treatife on ipiral lines and aftrono- 
 et philol.fundnmenta, &c. 
 BuLLiARo.iV. a> French botanift of emi- 
 nence, author of Flora Parifienfis, 8vo. the 
 herbal of France, 13 vols. fol. 178c dicti- 
 on aire elementalie de botanitpje, fol. &c. He 
 di*d at Paris 1793, aged 41. 
 
 Bullingkr, Henry, cf Bengarten, near 
 Zurich, was educated at Cologne. He in- 
 clined to the doctrines of die Carthufiani ; 
 but the writings of Melanethon fixed his 
 faith, and, indead of fuppOttihg the chinch 
 of Rome, he became a warm advocate for the 
 protectants. In 1529 he fettled as proteftant 
 r in his native tbw'n. He was the pu- 
 pil of Zuinglius, and on the death of that re- 
 former hofucceeded as pallor of Zurich, where 
 With his affrighted family. 
 He died 1575. His works, all on polemical 
 ; in 10 voir,. His kindueVs'"to the 
 Englifh who fled to Switzerland from the per- 
 fecutiorrs of Mary, deferves commendation. 
 pe*s bull which e:-. 
 4ueen Elizabeth, -_nd as miuifter of 
 imfelf fucoefsfully for the 
 poor, and for the religious education of his pa- 
 
 ; 
 
 live of Rouen, fe- 
 te Frc-nch king, and afterwards 
 r St. Maur. He wrote an 
 hiftory of thcTen^diaSnt 
 
 order efiay on the monadic hiftory of t 
 ealt, &c.and died 1693, aged 78. 
 
 Buliver, John, an Englilh phyfician in t 
 1 6th century, author of leveral works on pi: 
 fiognomy the language of the hand and i 
 ftrudtions to the deaf and dumb. His m 
 curious book is Anthropometamorphofis, 
 which he mentions what various fliapes a 
 dreffes men have aliumed in the different at 
 of the world. 
 
 BONEX, Peter, a native of Touloufe, d 
 tinguiihed as a correct writer of the Lai 
 language. Fie died of a fever at Turin 
 1546, aged 47, as he was making the tour 
 Italy as tutor to' the ion of his friend de Fai 
 His epiftles were publilhed b.y Stevens. 
 
 Bunel, Jacob, a native of Blois, 1558, en 
 nent as a painter. He executed, among 'oth 
 things, that finiihed piece reprefenting tl 
 defcent of the Holy Ghoft, preferved 
 Rome. 
 
 BunyaN, John, foil of a tinker, was boi 
 at Elftow, near Bedford. The trifling inftru 
 tion which he received, was forgotten in tl 
 indulgence of every vicious propenfity; bi 
 his career was flopped by the fudden dartii 
 of a voice from heaven into his foul, fay 1 
 biographers, which bade iiiin either to lea\ 
 his fins, or follow them and perilh in he 
 From this, his mode of life was altered, an 
 after being a foldier in the parliament arm 
 at the fiege of Leicester, he edabliflied bin 
 lelf as a baptiit preacher at Bedford ; but, ; 
 the holder of a conventicle, he was adjudge 
 to be imprifoned for life. During his cor 
 finement, he wrote leveral of his works, an 
 maintained hhnfelf by making l.;ng tagge 
 thread laces, till, after more than twelve Ion 
 years' imprisonment, he was liberated by th 
 interference of Barlow, bimop of Lincolr 
 Reflored to liberty, he travelled through Eng 
 land to comfort the brethren cf his perfua 
 lion ; and on the publication of the act c 
 toleration by James II. he buiit a meetin 
 houfe at Bedford. He died of a fever, in Lon 
 don, in 1688, aged 60. His works were col 
 iected and publilhed in 2 vols. fol. 1736-7 
 The vnoft celebrated of thefe, is his Pilgrim' 
 progreis, a work which, under an allegorica 
 form, recommends the fublimeft truths an< 
 pureft virtues. It was written during his im- 
 prilbnment, and has palled through more than 
 fifty editions, and been translated into varioui 
 languages. 
 
 Buonacorsi. Philip, a native of Tufcany 
 He removed from Rome upon being fufpected 
 of forming a confpiracy againft Paul II. and 
 fettled in Poland. He was employed in le- 
 veral embafTies and as prime mimlter, and died 
 at Cracow 1496, aged 59. He wrote a life 
 of Attila of Ladiflaus king of Poland before 
 Cafimir, &c. highly adeemed. 
 
 Buonacorsi, or Perrix del Vaga, % 
 painter of Tufcany, fuckled by a Ihe-goat 
 Though -poor, and engaged in painting churd 
 candles, his genius railed him to eminence. 
 
 He 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 He died fuddenly 1547, in his 47th year, 
 when engaged in the ceiling of the hall of kings 
 at the Vatican. 
 
 Buonafede, Afpieoa, a native of Coma- 
 cio, known as a poet and elegant writer. The 
 beft of his poems is the iconology of great men, 
 in Italian, often edited ; and the belt profe 
 performance is the hiftory and fpirit of every 
 fort of philoibphy, 6 vols. 4to. He died at 
 Rome 1792. 
 
 Buonamici, Lszar:;s, of BafTano, was 
 educated at Padua. He was tutor in the 
 Camneggi family, and afterwards profeflbr of 
 belles lettres in the Sapienza college at Rome. 
 At the lacking of the city' 1527 he efcaped 
 with the lofs of all his property, and three 
 years after went to Padua, where he read 
 lectures on rhetoric. His letters and poems 
 were publiihed 1572. He died 1552, aged 73. 
 
 Buonamici, Cajfrueia } 3 native of Lucca, 
 who left the church for a military life, and 
 bore arms in the fervice of the king of Na- 
 ples. He devoted much of his time to ltudy, 
 and publiihed the history of the war of Ve'l- 
 letri, in 4to. 1 746, and, four years after, the 
 hiltory of the laft war of Italy, in 3 vols. 4to. 
 Thefe works are highly elleemed for the pa- 
 rity of the Latinity, and the accuracy of the 
 narration. The author died in his native city 
 1 79 1, in his 50th year. 
 
 Buonarotti, or Ru on A rot A. Michael 
 Angela, a celebrated painter. Vid. Angelo. 
 
 Buondelmonte, a Florentine, in the 13th 
 century, who had promifed to marry a daugh- 
 ter of the Amidei, but afterwards elpoufed the 
 fairer daughter of the Donati. This provoked 
 the refentment of the (lighted fair and herrelati- 
 ons, and by their intrigues the youthful bride- 
 groom was aflaflinated. This murder was no 
 fooner known, than the whole city was in com- 
 motion. The nobility divided into two parts,' 
 and the quarrel became general, fo that the 
 friends of Buondelmonte took the 'name or 
 Guelfs, and Supported the power of the pope, 
 and their opponents that of Gibelins, who 
 were attached to the interefts of the emperor. 
 Tiie animofity thus excited lalted for many 
 Centuries in the city of Florence. 
 
 Buonfiglio, Jofepb Confani, a Neapo- 
 litan, author of two excellent books, the aiir 
 cient and modern hiftory of Sicily and Venice, 
 ft vols. 4to. 1604 and the hiftory of Meifina, 
 1606, 4to. 
 
 Buontalenti, 2?erar^0, was diftinguifhed 
 for his knowledge of architecture, of Sculp- 
 ture, of hydraulics, and alio for his miniatures. 
 His madonf as were greatly admired. When 
 an infant, the houfe of his father, on the Ar- 
 no, fell down, and deftroyed all the inhabitants 
 Defides himfclf. His diftrefs was made known 
 to the duke of Florence, who nobly patronifed 
 him, and enabled him to become the honor 
 of his country. He died 1608, aged 61. 
 
 Burchello, Vom'urico, a barber at Flo- 
 rence, by his wit and genius the favorite of 
 }iis countrymen, He wrote ibnnets and ligh- 
 
 ter pieces, which have gained the admica- 
 tion of critics, and rank him high among Ita- 
 lian poets. Occafionally obfeure, and fome- 
 times enigmatical, he is cenfured for the lit- 
 tle refpect which he paid to good manners. 
 He died at Rome 1448, aged 68. 
 
 Pure, William de, a bookfeller at Paris, 
 known for his great knowledge of old and va- 
 luable books. His bibliographie inftructive, 
 7 vols. 8vo, and mula?um typographicuin, 
 Umo. are much efteemed. He died 1782. 
 
 Burette, Peter John, a phyfician of Pa- 
 ris, who died 1747, aged 82. He was fon of 
 a muiician and played before Lewis XIV. ; but 
 at 18 he quitted that profeffion for literature. 
 He became a polifhed lcholar; and befrles 
 his many contributions to the memoires of 
 the academy, on the games of the ancients, 
 and other fubjedb, he was engaged in the jour- 
 nal des lavans. His treatife on the iymphony 
 of the ancients is much admiied. He was 
 alfo an able orientalift, and as a profeflbr of 
 medicine bl the royal college, and a reader on 
 the materia medica, he acquired great ap- 
 plaufe. 
 
 Burger, Godfred Augujlus, a German who 
 ftudied divinity at Halle, and law at Got- 
 tingen. Poetry and the productions of Shakc-f- 
 peare, however, gave him inor pleafure than 
 other employment. He was engaged in the 
 periodical publication of the almanac of the 
 mules from 1770 to 1775, and of the German 
 muleum, and tranflated the tragedy of Mac- 
 beth, which was adted at Hamburgh. His 
 Leonora, fo wild and terrific, is well known 
 in England. Burger, who was fickle in his 
 purfuits, was for ibme years engaged as a 
 fteward to baron Uuar, and as a farmer ; and 
 in the latter part of his life he was profeflbr 
 at Gottingen. He was three times mar- 
 ried, and was divorced from his third wife, 
 who was herfelf a poetefs, but of an immoral 
 character. He died of a confumption 1794, 
 aged 46. 
 
 Eurges, Cornelius, a native of Somerfet- 
 fhire, educated at Oxford. He was chaplain 
 to Charles I. but in the civil wars fided with 
 the parliament, and enriched himfelf by the 
 plunder of the chun h. He died 1 665. Some 
 of his fermons, &c. have been printed. 
 
 Burgh, Ulick de, marquis of Clanricarde, 
 was author of memoirs relative to the Irifh 
 rebellion, a work inftructive and interefting. 
 He died 1657. 
 
 Burgh, fames, a popular writer, born at 
 Madderty in Perthfhire. After ftudying at 
 St. Andrew's for the clerical profeflion, he en- 
 gaged in the linen trade. Difappointed at 
 home, he came to England, where he engaged 
 in correcting the prefs, and then he went as- 
 Hfliftant in the grammar fchool at Marlow, 
 where he publiihed 1746, Britain's remem- 
 brancer, a book univerfally read, and confider- 
 ed as the production of forne of the bifhopi. 
 On leaving Marlow he went to Enfield, and 
 afterward, i ft 1747, he opened a fchool 
 N3 at 
 
>x 
 
 BUR 
 
 it Stoke Newington, and three years after 
 removed to Newington Green, where tor 19 
 years he tinned many refpedtable pupils. In 
 1771, he retired to the enjoyment of compe- 
 tence at lflington ; but he was foon after at- 
 tacked by a ftone in his bladder, and after fuf- 
 fcring much pain, was releafed 1775, in his 
 6xft year. His other writings were thoughts 
 on education , political difquifitions, 3 vols. 
 Crito or allays, ravels. the dignity of hu- 
 man nature, &c. one vol. 4to. or two vols. 
 8vo. the art of fpeaking, 8vo. befides other 
 treatifes. His anfwer to Lindfey's apology 
 for refigning his living, was fo popular that 
 the univerfity of Oxford prefented him the 
 degree of doctor of laws. 
 
 Burcoyne, Jot>n,a general in the army 
 known for his defence of Portugal in 1762, 
 againft the Spaniards, for his feizure of Ticon- 
 derago, and for the fatal day of Saratoga, 17th 
 061. 1777, in which, alter two battles, he fur- 
 rendered the Britifh army to general Gates. 
 He was fuppofed to be the natural ion of lord 
 TJingley. He was author of four dramatic 
 pieces, of which the Maid of the oak, a comic 
 opera Bon ton, an entertainment and the 
 Heirefs, a comedy, written in iprightly and 
 elegant dialogue, were received with great 
 applaufe on the public theatres. He wrote be- 
 fides feveral cpilorrues, and fame fugitive 
 pieces. He died 1792. 
 
 Buridan, John, a French philofopher in 
 the 14th century. He was profeflbr and rec- 
 tor of the univerfity of Paris, from which 
 being expelled by the realilts, he retired to 
 Oermany, where he founded the univerfity of 
 Vienna. He wrote commentaries on Arifto- 
 tle's logic, ethics, &c. Buridan's afs (landing 
 between two buihels of wheat was proverbial 
 in the fchools for a long time, but of this the 
 origin is little known. 
 
 Burign v, Levefque de> a native of Rheims, 
 who died at Paris, 1785, aged 94. He wrote 
 a treatife on the authority of the pope, four 
 vols. nmo. a learned hiftory of pagan phi- 
 lofophy, general hiftory of Sicily, two vols. 
 4to. revolution of Conltantinople, three vols. 
 I amo. kc. 
 
 Burkk, Elmnnd, a celebrated ftatefman, 
 fon of an attorney at Carlow in Ireland, and 
 educated at Ballytore, under Shackleton a 
 Quaker, and afterwards at Trinity college, Dub- 
 lin, where, after three years' refidence, he 
 took his bachelor's degree, 1749. He after- 
 wards applied for the logic profeflbrfhip at 
 Gbfgow, and when unfuccefsful he came to 
 I/cndon, and entered at the MiJdle Temple. 
 Though pofTtiTed of elocution, he confidered 
 literature and politics as the field moll favora- 
 Ke for his genius. For fome time he fub- 
 filted on the labors of his pen, and his vindi- 
 of natural fociety, or a view of the mi- 
 fi.-ries and evils arifin* to mankind, in a let- 
 ter to lord , by a late noble writer, 
 
 gained him reputation, for the general admi- 
 ration regarding Bolingbroke as the author, 
 
 BUR 
 
 foon redounded to the honor of the anony- 
 mous writer. His effay on the fublime, in 
 1757, encrcafed his fame, and recommended 
 him to the notice of the great and the learned. 
 In 1758 Dodlley be^an at his fuggeftion the 
 annual regifter, which owed much of its cele- 
 brity to his pern. In 1761 he vifited Ireland, 
 as the companion of his friend Singlefpeech 
 Hamilton, by whofe intereft he procured a 
 peniion of 300I. on the Irifh eftablifhmtnt, 
 and on his return he was introduced to lord 
 Rockingham firft lord of the treafury, who 
 made him his fecretary. Though the Rock- 
 ingham adminiltration was of lhort exiftence, 
 Burke retained his attachment to his friends, 
 and, during the American war, dillinguifhed 
 hiini'elf as a warm advocate for the liberties of 
 the colonifts. He was in 1774 honorably 
 elected member for Briftol; but an unlucky 
 opinion in favor of the commerce of Ireland, 
 and of the Roman catholics, brought the ora- 
 tor into difgrace with his conftitucnts, at the 
 election of 1780. He was afterwards mem- 
 ber for Maldon, and during the fhort exiftence 
 of the Rockingham adminiftration was pay- 
 mafter general, and held a feat in the privy 
 council, and afterwards in the coalition he 
 lhared the triumphs and the difgrace of his 
 friends. He continued a zealous opponent 
 to Mr. Pitt, and particularly attacked him on 
 the regency bill. The deftrudtion of the 
 French monarchy, however, which caufed fuch 
 fatisfaclion among his friends, created diftruft 
 in Mr. Burke, and with a prophetic voice he 
 proclaimed the misfortunes which awaited his 
 country, if (he followed the example of her 
 ferocious neighbours, in attempts to alter or 
 new model her conftitution. This opinion 
 produced a leparation between Mr. Burke 
 and his former alTociates, and the publication 
 of his famous reflections on the French revo- 
 lution, routed the feelings and divided the 
 fentiments of the nation. While the author 
 inveighed againft the diforders of anarchy, 
 Paine in his anfwer, in the rights of man, and 
 other infidious writers, attempted to render 
 palatable doctrines, which tended fo eftablifh 
 republicanitm over the ruins of rank, of pro- 
 perty, of happinefs, and domeftic virtue. Thefe 
 literary fervices aided by the moft eloquent 
 language in parliament reconciled Mr. Burke 
 to the Pitt adminiftration, and a penfion was 
 honorably bellowed upon him by the king, 
 which, though it drew upon him the farcafms 
 of party, was applauded by every friend of 
 virtue and true loyalty. Animated by an en- 
 thufiafm, which electrified the *hole nation, 
 and as the advocate for the war, he was con- 
 fidered by many as the bulwark or the country, 
 whilft others attributed his zeal to the effects 
 of a frantic imagination. Some time before 
 his death Mr. Burke rejired from public life; 
 but he funk three years after a melancholy 
 victim to the recent lofs of his only fon, and 
 expired at his feat near Beaconsfield, July 8th 
 1797, ai;ed 67. His effay on the fublime 
 
 and 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 -ami beautiful, is confidered as a valuable per- 
 formance and his vindication of natural focie- 
 ty, is a happy imitation of the great Bolitig- 
 broke. While engaged for Dodlley in the 
 Annual regifter, he gave to that publication, 
 by the animated language, and elegant diction 
 of his pen, a value which it has fince loft. His 
 * reflections," were fo interefting in the pub- 
 lic opinion, that in a few weeks 18,000 copies 
 were fold. Dr. Parr in his Bellendenus has 
 paid a defbrved compliment to the merits and 
 virtues of the venerable fenator, whnfe cha- 
 ncier will always Hand high, notwithftnnding 
 the blemifh which impartiality views with for 
 row, in his rancorous conduct in the accufa- 
 tion of Mr. Haftings. His other writings were 
 thoughts on the caufes of the prefent difcon- 
 t*nts, a letter to a member of the national 
 aflembly, an appeal from the new whigs to 
 the old, letters to a noble lord on the Sub- 
 jects in difcufiion with the duke of Bedford, 
 thoughts on a regicide peace, letter to a 
 noble lord, in which he farcaftically inveighed 
 againft the duke of Bedford, for his remarks 
 on his having accepted a penfion, Sec. In his lait 
 moments, it is faid, that he caufed Addilbn's 
 paper from the Spectator, on the immortality 
 of the foul, to be read to him. Burke role from 
 an inferior ltation to eminence in public life, 
 and had the merit to fupport his elevation by 
 the moft affable conduct, by benevolence of 
 heart, digntfed manners, and the moft correct 
 notions, and exemplary practice of moral and 
 religious duties. 
 
 Burkitt, William, of Hitchnm, North- 
 ampton<hire, was educated at Stowe-market 
 fchool, and Pembroke-hall, Cambridge. He 
 was vicar of Dedhamin EfTex, where he adorn- 
 ed his office by a pious elocution, and by a 
 friendly and charitable demeanor. He died 
 1703, aged S3- The beft known of his works 
 is his commentary on theNewTeftament. 
 
 Burlamaoui, John 'Jamesy a native of 
 Geneva, profeflbr of civil law, and afterwards 
 tutor to the prince of Hefle CafTel. He was 
 made counfellor of ftate on his return to Ge- 
 neva, and died there 1748, aged 54. His 
 principles of natural law, and of political law, 
 three vols. nmo. are two popular works. 
 
 Burleigh. Vid. Cecil. 
 
 Burman, Francis, of Leydm, was pro- 
 feflbr of theology at Utrecht, where he died 
 1679, aged 51. He wrote commentaries on 
 the Pentateuch, and the hiitorical books of the 
 Old Teftament in Dutch an abridgement of 
 theology, &c. 
 
 Burman, Peterson of Francis, was born 
 at Utrecht, and became profeflbr of hiftory and 
 eloquence, and rector of the univerfity of 
 Leyden. He was in his temper lb quarrel- 
 fome, and in his manners fo immoral that his 
 contemporaries regarded him with contempt, 
 and at his death, in 1 740, no one was found 
 to honor his memory with the ulual refpect 
 of a common eulogy. His chief attacks *f 
 jidieulc were directed againft Le Clsrc. 
 
 Bentley thought highly of his abilities. He 
 wrote a book on Roman taxes, and edited 
 Virgil, Ovid, Petronius, Quintilian, Suetonius, 
 Jultin, Velleius, Phaedrus, Valerius Flaccus, 
 Lucan, &c. 
 
 BuaiMAN, jfo/jn, of the fame family, was pro- 
 feflbr of botany and medicine at Amfterdam, 
 and publilhed two curious books, rariorum 
 Afric. plantarum decades x. 410. with plates 
 in 4to. thefaurus Zeylanicus 4to. 
 
 Burn, Richard, was born at Kirkby Ste- 
 phen, Weitmor eland, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford. He died at Orton, where 
 he had been vicar 49 years, 1 789. He was 
 chancellor of Carlifle and juftice of the peace 
 for Weftmoreland and Cumberland, and 
 known as the author of the office of juftice of 
 peace, and on the ecclefiaftical laws, two works 
 of respectability, befides the hiftory and an- 
 tiquities of Weftmoreland and Cumberland. 
 
 Burn, John, fon of the preceding, was 
 educated to the law, but did not pradtife. He 
 edited his father's works, improved with va- 
 luable additions. He died 1802, aged 58. 
 
 ,Burnet, Gilbert, bifhopof Salifbury, was 
 born at Edinburgh 1642. He was educated 
 at Aberdeen, and under his father he early 
 acquired habits of induftry, and never, till 
 the infirmities of age, difcontinued the cuftom 
 of rifing every morning at four o'clock to pro- 
 fecute bis ftudies. At 18 he was admitted ex- 
 pectant preacher, but he refufed the offer of 
 a benefice, and in 1663 he vifited Oxford 
 and Cambridge for fix months, and then pafTed 
 over into Holland, where he ftudied Hebrew, 
 and by a friendly intercourl'e with men of 
 every religious perfuafion, he fixed his prin- 
 ciples of univerfal toleration, without regard 
 to tribe or feci:. On his return to Scotland in 
 1665, he was ordained and appointed divinity 
 profeflbr of Glafgow ; but his attempts to re- 
 concile the contending parties in ecclefiaftical 
 affairs rendered him unpopular. He next en- 
 gaged to write the hiftory of the dukes of 
 Hamilton, and recommended himfelf fo much 
 to the earl of Lauderdale, and to the king's 
 minifters in London by his fuperior abilities, 
 that he was offered a Scotch bifhopric which he 
 declined. Soon after he was fufpedted, and 
 treated with harfhnefs by the king, who ordered 
 his name to be erafed from the lift of chaplains, 
 lb avoid the enmity of Lauderdale, he fettled 
 in London, where he was made preacher of the 
 Rolls chapel, and lecturer of St. Clement's. 
 His two firft volumes of the Hiftory of the 
 Reformation about this time received as an 
 honorable teftimony of merit the thanks of 
 both houfes of parliament. He likewife be- 
 came acquainted with the profligate Rochefter, 
 and by his conversation he reclaimed him, and 
 faw him atone for his debaucheries by a moft 
 penitential death. On the change of admi- 
 niftration in 1682, Burnet's conduct gave 
 offence, and his attendance on lord Ruflel at 
 his trial created luch indignation at court, 
 that he was by the king's command difcharged 
 N 4 from 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 from his offices at the Rolls' chapel and at 
 St. Clement's. In his travels in France and 
 Italy, he was received with every mark of re- 
 fpea by the French king, and by pope Inno- 
 cent XL The acceffion of James II. to the 
 throne formed a new era in the life of Burnet. 
 Unwilling to return home, he fettled in Hol- 
 land, and the attention paid to him by the 
 piince and princels of Orange, proved fo 
 ofFenfive to the Englifh monarch that he 
 camed his ambaffiidor to demand his banifh- 
 ment from the dates, an interference which 
 v. as : ejected, as he was under the protection 
 of the laws as a naturalized iubjeft and the huf- 
 band of a Dutch lady. Jie accompanied the 
 piince on his invafion of England, and was 
 fo zealous in his caufe, both by his pamphlets 
 and his pulpit eloquence, that William when 
 feated on the throne advanced him to the fee 
 of Salifbury. In this new office he was mo- 
 derate but dignified, though his affertions that 
 William's title to the crown was founded on 
 conquelt, proved highly difagreeable to both 
 houfes, and the cffenfive paper was burnt by 
 the hands of the hangman. He refided in his 
 diocefe the beft part of his time, and though 
 engaged as preceptor to the duke of Glou- 
 ceftcr, he devoted himi'elf much to improve 
 the comforts of his clergy, by augmenting 
 poor livings, and advancing the interests of re- 
 ligion by his writings. He died 1715, in his 
 72d year. Befides the works mentioned, and 
 a third volume of the reformation, &c. he 
 wrote the Hiftory of his own times, an ex- 
 cellent treatife on the paftoral care, an expo- 
 sition of the 39 articles, and fermons. His 
 fon Thomas puhlifhed an account of his life 
 annexed to the hiflory of his own times. Of 
 his three fons, the eldeft, William , died 1729, 
 governor of New England, the fecond, Gil- 
 bert, was chaplain to the king, and engaged in 
 the Bangorian controverfy as the champion 
 of Hoadly, and Thomas became a judgs of 
 the common plens, and died 1753. 
 
 Burnet, Elizabeth, third wife of bifhop 
 Purnet, was daughter of fir Richard Blake, and 
 born in London 1661. At 18 fhe married 
 Robert Berkeley efquire, with whom (he refided 
 in Holland, and after being a widow 7 years (he 
 in 1700 married the bifhop of Salifbury. Her 
 fortune was employed to the mofl benevolent 
 purpofes, and in her maternal attention to the 
 children of her laft hufband. She publifhed a 
 method of devotion, a book of merit, which 
 wns reprinted four years after her death. She 
 died 1709. 
 
 Burnet, Dr. Thomas, a writer born at 
 Croft in Yorkfhirc, and educated at North A\- 
 lertcn fchool and CLre-hal! Cambridge. As 
 tutor to the fen of the marquis of Wiuchefter, 
 and afterwards to lord Offbry, he gained the 
 efteem of men of rank and political influence, 
 nd was appointed in 1685, to the mafterfhip 
 of the charter- hct:fe. In this fituatfon hedif- 
 played a confeientious regard for the flatutes 
 of the fcd'jty, by rcfufing to admit one Pop- 
 
 ham a pensioner of the houfe, without his 
 taking the oaths, in confequence of the dil'pen- 
 fation granted by James II. The revolution 
 opened the road for future preferment, but the 
 publication of his " Archseologiae philofophicae, 
 &c." drew upon him public cenfure, and his 
 attempt to alle^orii'e the account of the fall of 
 Adam expofed him to the indignation of his 
 ecclefiaftical readers, who thought they viewed 
 in him an infidel writer. Every endeavour to 
 vindicate himfelf was unfatisfactory, he was re- 
 moved from the clerkfhip of the clofet to the 
 king, and then loft the fee of Canterbury on 
 the death of Tillotfon. Thus banifhed from 
 royal favor, he retired to the tranquillity of 
 the charter-houfe, where he died 1715, aged 
 about 80. His chief work is his theory of the 
 earth, publifhed originally in Latin, and after- 
 wards improved in an Englifh drefs, at the re* 
 commendation of Charles II. The celebrity 
 which this book acquired, directed the inquiries 
 of philolbphers to examine its merits, and 
 though it is proved fully by Flamftead,and par- 
 ticularly Keill, to be a fyftem built on wrong 
 data, and more the effort of fanciful invention 
 than of mathematical precifion, yet it is popu- 
 lar, and will be admired, as pofTeffing uncom- 
 mon beauties, and interefting details. He wrote 
 befides two other learned Latin works de fide 
 & officiis chriftianorum & de ftatu mortuo- 
 rum, & refurgentium, befides other pieces, 
 in which he queflions the eternity of future 
 punilhments, and adopts the doctrine of the 
 millennium. 
 
 Burnet, Dr. Thomas, a Scotch phyfician, 
 of whofe birth, life, and death, nothing is re- 
 corded. He wrote thefaurus medicina; prac- 
 ticae, 1673, 4to. London Hippocrates con- 
 tractus, &c. 
 
 Bvkks, Robert, a Scotch poet of merit, born 
 1759, at Ayr. Though a ploughman, humbly 
 educated, he rofe to high poetic fame by the 
 untutored powers of his genius. His writings 
 are all in the Scotch dialect which undoubtedly 
 leffens their merit, though they poffefs un- 
 common beauty and elegant Simplicity. Burns 
 no fooner appeared in print than he was drawn 
 from the plough to affociate with men of let- 
 ters and opulence. By the exertions of his 
 friends and Dr. Blacklock in particular, a fub- 
 fcription of nearly uocl. was raifed for him, 
 and a place in the excife was obtained, and a 
 farm, where he might exercife his genius in. 
 noble independence. Thefe generous ef- 
 forts were unavailing ; Burns, tranfplanted 
 from the plough, was a withered plant; he 
 contracted bad habits, which, added to a 
 natural propenfity for licentious pleafures, 
 fhattered his exiftence, and he funk into an 
 untimely grave 1796. He left behind him a 
 widow and four children, whom the benevolent 
 public, guided by Dr. Currie of Liverpool, who, 
 edited his poems and letters in four vols. 8vo. 
 l8co, raifed above the miferies of low and 
 ften vicious indigence, by the profit of ioool. 
 obtained from publication. 
 
 Bur- 
 
BUR 
 
 BUR 
 
 Burrough, Edward, a native of Weft- 
 moreland, who from a churchman became a 
 prefbyterian and afterwards a quaker. As a 
 preacher he was bold, and reprehended Crom- 
 well for his Severities. He obtained from 
 Charles II. the fufpenfion of the persecutions 
 againft the quakers of New England. He was 
 imprifoned, and died of the gaol diftemper in 
 Newgate, 1663? aged 29. His tracts, &c. were 
 collected in one vol. folio. 
 
 Burroughes, Jeremiah, a nonconformist, 
 educated at Cambridge. He retired to Hol- 
 land, and during the civil wars he returned to 
 London, and became preacher of Stepney, and 
 Cripplegate churches. He wrote a commen- 
 tary on Hofea fermons on contentment and 
 resignation Irenicum, or in favor of Chriftian 
 peace, &c. He died in London 1646. 
 
 Burrow, James, mafter of the crown of- 
 fice, was in 1772 prefident of the royal fociety, 
 which he refigned the next year to fir John 
 Pringle, and was at that time knighted. He 
 publitned four vols, of reports, befides decifions 
 of the court of king's bench an effay on 
 punctuation anecdotes of Oliver Cromwell 
 and his family, &c. He died 1782. 
 
 Burton, Henry, of Birfall in Yorkshire, 
 was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 He was tutor to the fons of the earl of Mon- 
 mouth. He was next clerk of the clofet to 
 prince Henry, and after his death to Charles, 
 who on his acceflion difcarded him. This af- 
 front was refented by Burton, who, inflamed 
 with the fpirit of the times, railed againft the 
 epifcopal bench, elpecially Neill and Laud. 
 As rector of St. Matthew's in Friday-ftreet, 
 he preached and publifhed two fermons, which 
 were considered as libellous, and for them he 
 was fummoned before rhe Star-chamber, and 
 condemned to pay 5000I. to be expofed on 
 the pillory, to have his ears cut off, to be de- 
 graded from his ecclefiaftical honors, and be 
 imprifoned for life. After enduring this pu- 
 nishment for 12 weeks in Lancafter gaol, he 
 was removed, from the commiferation of the 
 populace, to Cornet caftle in Guernfey, 1637, 
 from which, three years after, he was liberated 
 by parliament, who voted to him 6oocl. This 
 he never received, but he was reftored to his 
 living, and by embracing the opinions of the 
 puritans and independents he retained his po- 
 pularity till his death in 1648, aged 69. His 
 Writings were all controversial. 
 
 Burto v, William, of Lindley in Leicester- 
 shire, was educated at Sutton Coldfield School, 
 .and Brazen-nofe college, Oxford. He after- 
 wards was member of the Inner Temple, and 
 barrister and reporter in the court of common 
 pleas. Lis favorite Studies were genealogy, 
 heraldry, and antiquities, and he published his 
 great work on the hiftory of his native county, 
 in fol. 1622. This composition, valuable On 
 account of its antiquity, is not free from er- 
 rors. Burton Was a fufferer by the civil wars. 
 He chiefly lived at his favorite feat, Falde, 
 
 near Tutbury, Staffordshire, and was intimate 
 with Sir Robert Cotton, Michael Drayton, &c. 
 He died at Falde 1645, aged 70. His fo, 
 Cafjibelan, inheriting his virtues and learning, 
 publifhed a poetical translation of Martial in 
 1658, and died 1681, aged 72. 
 
 Burton, Robert, brother to the preceding, 
 was educated at the fame fchool and college. 
 He became afterwards Student of Chrift-church, 
 and obtained the livings of St. Thomas, Ox- 
 ford, and Segrave in Leiccfterlhire, which he 
 retained till his death 1639, aged 63. He was 
 a mtin of extenfive learning but of a melan- 
 choly turn of mind, and addicted to aftrolegy. 
 His anatomy of melancholy, by Bemocrkus 
 junior, as he calls himfelf, fully eftablifned his 
 character for erudition and eccentricity. The 
 work continued long a favorite of the public 
 and his bookseller it is laid gained a handfome 
 eitate bv the Sale. As Burton died about the 
 time which he had predicted by calculating his ' 
 nativity, fome iufpected that to give celebrity 
 to the accuracy of his art he destroyed him- 
 feif. Sterne is faid to have borrowed much 
 from his writings. 
 
 Burton, Ezekias, fellow of Magdaln 
 college, Cambridge, and prebendary of Nor- 
 wich, was a Strenuous advocate for toleration in 
 fupport of the plans of his patron lord Bridge- 
 man. He died of a malignant fever, 1681. 
 His diicourfes were published by Tillotfon in 
 two vols. 
 
 Burton, William, was born in Auftin- 
 friars, London, educated at Glouceiter-hall, 
 Oxford, and after being ufher to Thomas Far- 
 naby, he was made matter of the fvhool of 
 Kingston on Thame*. He was eminent as an 
 univerfal fcholar, and an able antiquary. He 
 died 1657. He wrote Graeca? lingua hiftoria 
 Veteris linguas Perficje hiftoria, publifhed 
 with the preceding a commentary on Anto- 
 ninus' Itinerary, relating to Britain, in folio. 
 
 Burton, William, of Rippon in York- 
 shire, was educated at Chrilt church, Oxford. 
 He was diffuaded by his friends from joining 
 the pretender at Manchefter in 1745. He 
 pratifed as a phyfician, and wrote the hiftory 
 of Yorkfhire, in two vols. fol. He died at 
 York 1759, aged 62* 
 
 Burton, John, D. D. of Wemb worth, 
 Devonshire, was educated at Okehampton and 
 Ely fchools, and at Corpus ChriSti college, Ox- 
 ford, where he was near 15 years an indefa- 
 tigable tutor. In 1733, he was elected to a 
 fellowfhip of Eton college, and then fucceeded 
 Dr. Littleton, as vicar of Mapledurham, Ox- 
 fordshire. He found on his living his prede- 
 ceffor's widow and her three infant daughters, 
 in an unprotected ftate, and the benevolence 
 with which he treated the mother at laft ended 
 in marriage. His retirement here was em- 
 ployed in improving his neighbourhood, and i 
 fuggefting hints for removing obstructions in 
 the navigation of the Thames. After the 
 death of his wife ia 1748, he Spent his time at 
 
 Eton, 
 
BUS 
 
 BUT 
 
 Eton, where he was revered by the pupils ef 
 tjv.t refpeUble foundation. At an advanced 
 period of life, when his eyefight began to fail, 
 he publiihed his fcattcred pieces called opufcula 
 Biifcettanea, but foon after an erylipelous fever 
 deitroyed his faculties and rendered him a 
 melancholy monument of fallen greatnefs. He 
 died 1 771, aged 76. 
 
 Bury, Arthur, D.D. a native of Devon- 
 shire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, from 
 nchich h was ejected by the parliamentary vi- 
 sitors. At the reftoration he obtained a pre- 
 bend of Exeter, and in 1665 was made rector 
 of Exeter college, and chaplain to the king. 
 Hi* " naked gofpel," in which he avowed the 
 principles of the Socinians, caufed his ejection 
 from his preferment, and the work was burnt 
 by order of the univerfity of Oxford, He vin- 
 dicated his conduct in fome pamphlets, and died 
 about the end of the 17th century, near 
 Exeter. 
 
 Bury, Elizabeth, daughter of capt. Law- 
 rence, of Linton, Cambridgeihire, married for 
 her 3d hulband Samuel Bury, a diffenting mi- 
 nifter of Eriftol. She excelled in her know- 
 ledge of divinity, of mathematics, and of the 
 learned languages, especially Hebrew. Her 
 life and diary were publifhed by her laft huf- 
 band. She died at Brittol, 1720, aged 76. 
 
 Burzuie, a learned Perfian philofopher and 
 phyfician-, in the reign of Chol'roes fumamed 
 Nufchirvan the juft. 
 
 Bbs, (Itfar de, of CavailJor*, atoned for the 
 irregularities of youth, by a pious life. He 
 wrote familiar inftruciion on the chriftian 
 deririue, once very popular, and died 1607, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Busreoxtjus, Auger Gijlen, a natural for* 
 of the lord of Bufbec, was born at Commines 
 h Flanders. He vifited London in the fuite 
 of the imperial ambaflador, and in 1554 went 
 hiiufelf at the head of an embafly to the capi- 
 tal of Turkey, where he made a valuable col- 
 lection of coins, manufcripts, and inferiptions. 
 He publiihed an account of his travels, printed 
 1633, highly commended by Thuanus. He died 
 1591, aged '70. 
 
 JBvsby, Richard, a celebrated fchoolmafter, 
 born at Lutton in Lincolnshire, 1606, and 
 educated at Weilminfter fchool, of which, after 
 taking his degrees at Chrift-church, Oxford, he 
 w-as appointed mailer 1640. For 55 years he 
 pftlided over the inftitution, and many of his 
 pupils filled the highelt offices of the church 
 aud liate with ability. At the reftoration he 
 was made prcbendaiy of Weftminfter by 
 Charles II. and took his degree of D. D. He 
 died 1695, mhis 89th year, and was buried in 
 "VVeftmiiiiter abbey, where a fine monument is 
 erected to his memory, with a I^atin inferip- 
 tion to commemorate his great abilities and 
 ukfuL fervice s. He wrote fome book? for the 
 ufe of his fchool, where they are ftill retained 
 a* a monument of his erudition, and criticul 
 dii'cernneut. 
 
 Buscuetto da Dalichto, an emmeu 
 architect of the nth century. The cathedra 
 of Pifa, one of the fineft of the buildings 
 Italy, was erected by him. 
 
 Bus dm NO, Dr. Anibony Frederic, a nativ* 
 of Stadhagen in Pruflia, paftor of the J -utherar 
 church at Prefburg. He was author of a neu 
 treadle on geography in German, two vols 
 1754. This work was tranflated into Englift 
 in fix vols.'4to. 1768-1779. He died 1793 
 aged 69, at Berlin. 
 
 Buscmus, Herman, a German author o 
 commentaries on the claffics, Sec. He contri 
 buted much to the reftoration of learning, ant 
 ably feconded Luther 1534, aged 66. 
 
 Bus hell, Thomot, of Worcefterfhire, edu- 
 cated at Baliol college, was in the fervice o 
 Bacon the chancellor, and upon his difgraa 
 retired to Oxfordshire. He was a ftrong roy- 
 alift, and received Charles I. and his queen ai 
 his feat, and was made mafter of the roya 
 mines in Wales. In this appointment he eita- 
 Miftied a mint, and coined money, which h 
 fent to the monarch at Oxford. At the ref- 
 toration he was permitted to work the leac 
 mines of Mendip in Somerfetfhire. He died 
 1674, aged 8o He wrote lpeeches and fongs 
 
 Busleidln, 'Jerome, was in the fervice oi 
 Charles V. He was the friend of Erafmus 
 fir T. More, &c. and he founded in Louvain 
 the college of the three tongijes, Hebrew 
 Greek, and Latin. He died 1517. 
 
 Bu 6 si ere, John de, a Jefuit, author of ar 
 hiftory of France, 1 vols. 4to. - an abridge- 
 ment of univerfal hiftsry, &c He died 1678 
 aged 71. 
 
 Bussy, Roger Rahutin count of, a French 
 writer, born 1 61 8, in Normandy. He rofe 
 to high rank in the army, but in his amour: 
 des Gaules he took fuch liberty with th< 
 character of the French ladies, that he was de- 
 prived of his honors, and thruft into the Baf- 
 tille, 1665. The following year he was libe- 
 rated, to live in exile in Burgundy. As < 
 writer he is eminent for his wit, the elegance 
 of his diction, and the interefting manner 01 
 his narratives. He wrote befides memoirs, 
 letters, in liven vols. poems, &c. He die< 
 1693. 
 
 Butler, William, a phyfician, of Ipfwich 
 educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge. He prac- 
 tiled at Cambridge without a degree, hut th< 
 oddity of his manners, and the bold metho< 
 in which he treated his patients, often fuccefs 
 fully, rendered him a favorite in his profefiion 
 Some anecdotes of him are recorded, uhicl 
 exhibit him more as a capricious boy, or ; 
 madman, than a man of found fenfe. He die< 
 1618, aged 82. He left no writings behind him 
 
 Butler, Charles, of Hampfhire, was au 
 thor of a book on bees, called the feminiw 
 monarchy, and of a treatite on mufic. H< 
 was mafter of Bafingftoke fchool, and vicar 
 Lawrence Wotton, and died 1647. 
 
 Butler, Samuel, the poet, was born a 
 Suen 
 
BUT 
 
 BUT 
 
 Strenfham, Worcefterfhire. From Wo:c:fier 
 grammar-School he was lent to Cambridge, but 
 never was matriculated, and l'even years after 
 he became the clerk of Jefferys. a juitice of 
 the peace. Here he devoted himSelS to poetry 
 and literary purfuits, as well as to mufic and 
 painting. Afterwards he was in the family of 
 the countefs of Kent, where he had acceis to -a 
 valuable library, and converted with the great 
 Seklen, whole amanuenfis he occasionally was. 
 Afterwards he was in Bedfordfhire, in the 
 houfe of iir Samuel Luke, one of Cromwell's 
 officers. Here no doubt he planned, if he did 
 not write, his Hudibras, as the knight was in- 
 tended for the hero of the poem. At the res- 
 toration he was appointed Steward of Ludlow 
 caltle, and in 1663 he published the firit part 
 of his Hudibras in three cantos, and the merit 
 of the poem was no fooner known at court, 
 than the king and the royalilt party received it 
 with enthufiaftk apylaufe. The next year the 
 fccond part was publifhed, and a third in 1678 ; 
 hut the golden dreams of the poet were disap- 
 pointed; and though the nation expected it, 
 and the merit of the poem had the itrongeft 
 claim to public remuneration, yet Butler funk 
 in want and obfcurky. In vain his friends in- 
 terefted themieives in his favor, the monarch 
 enjoyed the wit of Hudibras, but forgot his ne- 
 rellities, in the midft of his flatterers and con- 
 cubines, and though it is faid that the poet 
 once received 300 guineas from the royal 
 purfe, his general treatment denies the aifer- 
 tion. From this Shameful negledt of pining 
 virtue, we are to lament the discontinuation of 
 Hudibras. Butler who did more by the far- 
 caftic powers of his mule, in expofing to ridi- 
 cule the fanatical republicans, than all the 
 courtiers of Charles, refufed t write more for 
 the amufement of an ungrateful nation, and 
 the poem remained unfinilhed. Butler fooh 
 after died 1680, and was buried in Covent- 
 garden church-yard, at the expence of Mr. 
 Longueville, who had in vain Solicited a fub- 
 fcription for his decent interment in Weft- 
 minfter-abbey. Sixty years after, the memory 
 of the poet was refcued from oblivion, and a 
 monument was eredtedto him in Wuitminfter- 
 abbey by Mr. Barber, a printer, mayor of 
 London, who, from his relpedt to departed 
 genius, delerves to be recorded as the molt 
 dilinterefted friend of the poet. Thyer pub- 
 lished fome time alter Butler's death 3 vols, 
 of his pofthumous works, and afterwards two; 
 but they throw no light upon the hiltory of 
 his Sufferings. The heft edition of his Hudi- 
 bras, is by Dr. Zachary Grey, z vols. 8vo. 
 
 Buti.sr, Jof^.h, an Englifh prelate, born 
 at Wantage in 1692. His father, who was a 
 -tradefman, but a prefbyterian, intending him 
 for the miniilry of his perfuafion, placed him 
 with Jeremiah Jones of Tewklbury, in Glou- 
 cestershire, where he had Ilaac Watts for his 
 Schoolfellow. Before he left this place, he 
 wrote fome remarks on Dr. Samuel Clark's 
 nrft Sermon at Boyle's lecture, which arc an- 
 
 nexed to the treatife on the being of Goc!. 
 The principles of the diffenters were now 
 examined with fobernefs by this youthful 
 Scholar, and, after mature deliberation, re- 
 jected for the doctrines of the eftablifhed 
 church ; and Butler entered at Oriel college, 
 where he formed a lalting intimacy with Ed- 
 ward Talbot, the Son of the bilhop of Durham. 
 In conSequence of this, he was appointed 
 preacher at the Rolls, and made redtor of 
 Haughton and Stanhope, and prebendary of 
 Rochester. In 1736 he was clerk of the 
 clofct to queen Caroline, and, two years after, 
 nominated to the fee of Briftol and deanery of 
 St. Paul's. In 1 746 he was clerk of the clofet 
 to the king, and, four years after, he was 
 tranflated to Durham, a dignity which he did 
 not long enjoy, as he died at Bath 1751. 
 This prelate was refpedf able in private as well 
 as in public life. The powers of his mind 
 were great, clear, and comprehensive, and 
 from his dtep learning, and pious regard for 
 virtue and religion, arofe that excellent and 
 immortal publication entitled, The analogy of 
 religion, natural and revealed, &c. in Svo. 
 1 736. This valuable work has been analyfed 
 by Dr. Halifax, and the objedtions raifed 
 againlt the bifhop, and the imputation of po- 
 pery, have been Satisfactorily removed. He 
 publifhed alio Some Sermons, &c. 
 
 Butler, James, duke of Ormond, an able 
 ftateSman, born 1610, at Clerkenwell, Lon- 
 don. He diftinguifhed himSelf againft ' th 
 rebels of Ireland, for which he was created a 
 marquis. During the civil wars he was lieu- 
 tenant of Ireland ; but upon the invafion of 
 Cromwell, he retired to France, and was em- 
 ployed by Charles II. in negociating with the 
 royali.ts in England. On the restoration, he 
 was created a duke, and viceroy of Ireland. 
 Here he prevented Blood from feizing his 
 perfon and the caftle of Dublin; and fome 
 years after he again efcaped, by the interfer- 
 ence of his Servants, from the violence of the 
 Same affaffin, who dragged him from his coach 
 in St. James's- Street, with the intention of 
 hanging him at Tyburn. The duke died 
 1688, in his 78th year. 
 
 Butler, Thomas, earl of OfTory, Son of 
 the preceding, was born at Kilkenny 1634. 
 He was confined for eight months by Crom- 
 wel' ; and then went over to Flanders. After 
 the reltoration, he was made a lieutenant- 
 general in Ireland, and in 1666 railed to an 
 F.nclifh peerage. He Served againlt the Dutch, 
 and Shared the glories of lord Albemarle's vi<*i 
 tory. In conSequence of thefe Services he was 
 made admiral of the whole fleet, in the ab- 
 sence of prince Rupert. In 1677 he com- 
 manded the Englilh in the Service of the 
 prince of Orange, and at the battle of Mons 
 he gathered frefh laurels. In the fenate he 
 vindicated his father fo ably againft Shaftef- 
 bury, that the veteran orator was confounded 
 and abafhed. He died 1680, aged 46. His 
 father Said be would not exchange his dead Son 
 
 for 
 
BUX 
 
 BYN 
 
 for any liring fon in chriflendom, fo rcfpcchble 
 and popular was his character. 
 
 Butt, George, D.D. an F.nglifh divine, 
 t Lichfield 1741. From Stafford fchool 
 nt to Weftminfter, and then to Chrift- 
 church, Oxford. He was, by fir Edward 
 Winnington, in i77i,prefented to the livings 
 inford and Clifton, Worcefterfhire, and 
 in 1787 he obtained from lord Foley the vicar- 
 age of Kidderminfter. He was attacked by a 
 paralytic ftroke in June 1795, and yielded 
 with ferenity to a gradual decay, winch proved 
 fatal the 30th Sept. following. Dr. Butt was 
 dilum-uilhed ;.s a preacher, ardent yet meek, 
 pathetic yet unaffected, directing the powers 
 of his eloquence with the pure fpirit of devo- 
 tion, and the mild graces of chriftian charity. 
 As a poet, he poffeffed originality, force, and 
 fublimity, and v. hat the mufe irifpired was 
 expreffed with the energy of true genius. In 
 private life he was defei vedly admired for the 
 urbanity of his manners, and the fteadineft of 
 Ills friendship. His conversation was cheerful, 
 ofren fparkling with wit, but never offenfive 
 for illiberality rr coarfenefs of ideas. He put 
 lifhed a volume of fermons, and a verfification 
 r.f IC:iah, and in 1793 he collected and pub- 
 lished his poems, in t vqls 8vo. A well writ- 
 ten account of his life has appeared from the 
 ciiflical pen of Ins friend Dr. Valpy. 
 
 Butt i, fir Wllliari, a phyfjeian to F*chry 
 VIII. edugtted at Gonvile hall, Cambridge. 
 He was knighted by the king, and was one of 
 the founders of the royal college of phyficians 
 He is introduced by ^hakeipeare in his Henry 
 VIII. as the friend of Cranmer. He died 
 JJ45- 
 
 Buxton, Jedediah, an extraordinary cal- 
 culator, born at Elmtvton, near Cheilerfield, in 
 Derbyshire. Though the ion of a fchool- 
 mafter, and the grandfon of a clergyman, he 
 knew neither to write nor read. His powers 
 of meditation were fo aftonifhing, that, in the 
 m:d'.l ot the mod confufed noifes, lie would 
 reply with accuracy to the molt difficult quef- 
 He was accidentally ailed bv a ftran- 
 %tt how many cubical eighths of an inch 
 there were in a body, whole three fides were 
 l.1i45,/89 yards, 5,642,73a yards, and 
 54965 yards ; and though furrounded by a 
 hundred laborers, he, in five hours, gave a 
 ver to the aftonifhed inquirer. 
 Other inilances are mentioned of his retentive 
 rnemory ; and it is laid, that, by waking, he 
 could meafure any piece of land with as much 
 .;s as if he had marked it with a chain. 
 'I he great object oi his heart, next to figures, 
 was to fee the royal family ; and to gratify 
 this, he walk a, in 1754, but re- 
 
 turned in disappointment. While in the ca- 
 was introduced to the royal fociety, 
 andvifitd Drury-lane at the reprefentation of 
 Richard III. where it was expected the i 
 *f the fcene and the fplendor of the exhibition 
 would engage his attention. Nothing, how- 
 ever, (truck him ; but ke employed himfelf in 
 
 numbering the fteps of the dancers, and i 
 counting, with great nicety, all the words whic 
 Garrick had uttered during the pcrformanc 
 He died at the age of 70, about the ye; 
 1774- 
 
 BUXTORFF, John, a learned Hebrean, bor 
 at Camen in Weftphalia, profeffor at Bali 
 here he died of the plague 1629, aged 6 
 He wrote an Hebrew grammar a lexicc 
 Chaldaicum talmudicum & rabbin icnm, fol- 
 a Hebrew bible fynagoga Judaica, or tl: 
 religious ceremonies of the Jews a fine 
 Hebrew and Chaldaic lexicon, iimo. uu 
 faurus lingua Hebraic^, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Buxtorkf, John, fon and fucceffor to tl 
 preceding, was born at Bafil, where he died i 
 1664, aged 65. He wrote a valuable Hebre 
 
 concordance a defence of the points ai: 
 
 vowels of the Flebrew text agatnft Lew 
 Capellus differtations on Jewish history ai; 
 literature, &c. 
 
 Buxtorff, John, nephew of the piece 
 iog, fucceeded him in the oriental chair 1 
 Bafil, an honor which four of the family er 
 joyed during a whole cemury. He ably vir 
 dicated the ufe of vowels and points, ar 
 publifhed feveral learned differtations on tl 
 Hebitw language, befides verfes, fermons, &. 
 He died in 1732. 
 
 Buy de Mornas, Claude, of Lyons, die 
 at Paris 1783. He is author of a valuab 
 atlas of geography and hiftory, 4 vols. 4ti 
 1 762-1 770, and cofmography, in 8vo. Iff 
 
 BuzoT, Francis Nicholas Leonard, one I 
 the heroes of the French revolution, bom i 
 Evreux, 1760. He was in the conventio; 
 furnamed the evil prophet, becaufe he cor 
 ftantly inveighed againfl pretended plots. H 
 attacked the Orleans' party, and particular! 
 Danton* and Robefpierre, in confequence I 
 which his deftrucfion was decreed. He w 
 profcribed 1793, hut efcaped, and wandere 
 poor and deftitute in the department of Ca 
 vados, where he was at laft found dead by tl: 
 fide of his friend Pethion. Some have attr 
 buted his death to affafiination, and others 1 
 fuicide. The Jacobins, to render him moi 
 odious, called him king Buzot. 
 
 Bvfield, Nicholas, a native of Warwicl 
 fhire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford. H 
 fettled at Chefter, and afterwards removed 1 
 Ifleworth, where he died 1662. He was 
 ftrong calvinift, and wrote fome voluminoi 
 tracts on' divinity. His fon Adoniram efpoufc 
 the caufe of the parliament in the civil wars. 
 
 Byng, George, lord Torrington, was bor 
 1663. He role by merit in the navy, an 
 in 1 704, with the rank of rear admiral of th 
 red, he contributed to the capture of Gibralta 
 For his fcrvices at the battle of Malaga h 
 was knighted, and in 17 18, he was fent con 
 mander in chief of the fleet in the Meditei 
 ranean, where he bravely protected the coaf 
 of Italy againfl the Spaniards. On his retur 
 home George I. acknowledged, in the hanc 
 forneft manner, his Cervices, made him trea 
 
 lure 
 
BYR 
 
 EZO 
 
 Hirer of the navy, and rear admiral of Eng- j 
 land, and raifed him to the honors of a vifcount, 
 and in 1727 George If. made him firit lord of 
 the admiralty, which he filled till his death, 
 1733. 
 
 Byng, John, fon of the above, ferved in 
 the glorious expeditions of his father, and was 
 raifed to the rank of admiral. His attempts 
 to relieve Fort St. Philip m Minorca, when 
 blockaded by a French fleet, proved abortive, 
 and his hesitation in engaging the enemy, 
 when a bold attack might perhaps have gained 
 the victory, drew the clamors of the nation 
 againft him. He was condemned by a court- 
 martial, and was fhot at Portfmouth 1757', 
 meeting death with calm resignation. 
 
 Bynkershoek, Co radius Van, of Mid- 
 dk'nurg, was preildent of the council in Hol- 
 .land, and law profeiTcr at Leyden. He is 
 author of.obfervations on the Roman laws 
 an admired treatife on the right of ambafiadors, 
 &c. He died 1743, aged 80. 
 
 Byrge, jiifti/s, a mathematical inftrwment 
 maker is France, in the fixteenth century. 
 The invention of logarithms, and of the com- 
 pai's of proportion, is impropfcrly attributed to 
 him. 
 
 Byrom, "John, the inventor of a fyftem of 
 Jhort-hand writing, was born at Keii'al near 
 Manchefter, and educated at the Charter- 
 houfe, and Trinity college, Cambridge. At 
 the univerfity he wrote his beautiful paftoral 
 of Colin to Phcebe, which appeared in the firft 
 volume of the Spectator, as well as two inge- 
 nious efTays on dreams. As he did not take 
 orders he loll his fellowfhip, and went to 
 Montpellier for the recovery of his health, 
 but the writings of Malebranche, Bourignon, 
 Ike. ihook his principles, and he 'imbibed the 
 tenets of vifionary emhufiafm. On his return 
 be ltudied phyik, and foon after againft the 
 
 wifhes tf bar parents, he married one of his 
 couiins , and lhared with her poverty and dii- 
 trefs To maintain himfelf he taught at 
 Manchefter a new method of fhort-hr.nd 
 writing, which he had invented at Cambridge, 
 and he afterwards removed to London. Here 
 he obtained a handfome competence, and re- 
 gularly .fpent his fummers with his increafinj 
 family at Manchefter till the death of \iis 
 older brother, without ifTue, and his fucceffion 
 to his eftate, gave him independence. He 
 fpent in domeftic retirement, in the company 
 trf his worthy wife, the remaining years of his 
 life, in writing a variety of pieces of poetry. 
 He died at Manchefter 1763, aged 72, Leav- 
 ing behind him the chancer ot an inotTenfive 
 man, who, to confiderable learning and poeti- 
 cal genius, united mild and amiable manners. 
 His pen was never dipped in the gall of iatire 
 or ridicule. 
 
 Bythner, ViSlorinms, a native of Poland, 
 eminent for his knowledge of Hebrew. He 
 came to Oxford, and read lectures in Hebrew, 
 and afterwards removed to Cambridge, sni 
 then into Cornwall, where he pracTtied phyfic. 
 His beft known work is Lyra prophetica 
 Davidis regis, &c. He died 1664. 
 
 Bzovius, Abraham, a Polander, educated 
 at Proibvitz and Cracow. He gave lectures 
 of philoibphy at Milan, and of divinity at Bo- 
 logna, and as he fupported the authority of 
 the eceleiiaftical ftates, he was received with 
 great distinction when introduced to the pope, 
 and lodged in the Vatican. Terrified by the 
 murder of one of his iervants, he retired to 
 j the convent of Minerva, where he died 1637, 
 aged 70. His works are fo numerous that it 
 would require pages to enumerate them, but 
 the chief are the Continuation of Baronius* 
 annals, in 9 vols. fol. from the year in 8, * 
 and lives of the popes, 3 vols. 
 
 c. 
 
 CAB 
 
 CAB 
 
 CAB, Ben Zobair, an Arabian poet, who 
 died in the fir ft year of the hegira. He 
 is known as the opponent, and afterwards as 
 the friend, of Mahomet. 
 
 Cabasii.as, Nilus, archbifhop of Thef- 
 falonica, wrote againft the claims of the bifhop 
 of Rome to univerfal fupremacy, and to in- 
 fallibility, in the 14th century. 
 
 CABESTAM or Cabkstaino, William ile, 
 
 a provencal poet in the fervice of Tricline, 
 
 wife of Raymond de Scillans. He gained dp 
 
 much the arfedion of his miftrti's that the 
 
 . hufband muidered him, and dreffed his 
 
 heart, which he placed on the table before his 
 gu'ky wife. She eat of the horrid (bod, and 
 when informed of it died of grief, 1213. 
 
 Cabot, Sebaf.ian, fon of a Venetian, was 
 horn at Eriltol 1467. Under the eye of his 
 father he learnt mathematics and colmography, 
 and by accompanying him in feveral voyages 
 he became eminent in the art of navigation. 
 In 1497 he was engaged with his father by 
 Henry VII. for the difcovery of a nqrtli-weft 
 paflage to India, and after touching at Prima 
 Villa ana St. John's ifland, they failed a:, fir 
 as cape Florida. In fuccee'ding voyages a 
 ' > let- 
 
CJES 
 
 CAC 
 
 fcttlement was made on the coaft of New- 
 foundland, and Scbaftian, by being the firft 
 European who touched the new continent, 
 eftabhfhed a greater claim to give bis mine to 
 thofe unknown regions than either Americ-s 
 Vcfpucius or even Columbus himfelf. Se- 
 baftian, under Henry VIII. tried to penetrate 
 to the Eaft Indies by the fouth, but want of 
 liipport difappointed his hopes, and he pene- 
 trated only as far as the Brazils, and vifited 
 Hifpaniola and Porto Rico. In 15 Z4 Cabot 
 was employed by the king of Spain to fail to 
 the Moluccas by the (heights of Magellan, 
 ut the mutinous lpirit of his crew checked 
 bis progreis, and he flopped at Paraguay, from 
 whence, after five years' refidence, he re- 
 corned to Europe, and was treated with cold- 
 neft by the court. Dilgufted with the Spa- 
 niards, Cabot returned to Briftol, where his 
 merits recommended him to Edward VL, and 
 Somerfet the protector, and from his great 
 knowledge he was confulted as an oracle on 
 commercial affairs, and was appointed governor 
 of the company of the merchant adventurers. 
 In 155a he planned a voyage for the difcovery 
 cf the northern parts of the world, and to him 
 England owes her firft mercantile connection 
 with Ruffia, by the eftablilhment of the Rufiia 
 company. After a moft uleful life, this pa- 
 triotic man died aged about 70. It is remarked 
 of him, that he firft oblerved the variation of 
 the neccRe. He publiihed a map of the world, 
 befides an account of his voyages in the ibuth- 
 trn parts of the world, 1583, fol. 
 
 Cabral, or Cabrera, Pedro Ahares, a 
 Portuguefe, lent in 1500 by F.manuel with a 
 feer to the Eaft Indies. A ftorm drove him 
 on the coaft of Brazil, where he called the 
 place where he landed Santa Cruz, and he 
 afterwards reached his deftinatior, and com- 
 pelled the chief of Calicut to 1\ bmt to his 
 armr. He returned to Europe in 1501, 
 loaded with the curiofities of the eaft. 
 
 Caoaloos, biftiop of Parma, made pope 
 under the title of Honorius II., died 1064. 
 
 Cadamosto, Lewis , a Venetian naviga- 
 tor, born 1422. He engaged in the fervice of 
 Henry of Portugal, and in 1455 be proceeded 
 to Madeira, and vifited the Canaries and the 
 coaft of Africa as far as the Gambia. The 
 next year he proceeded as far as the river St. 
 Dominic, and on his return to Portugal he 
 was received with great honor. He returned 
 to Venice, where he died 1464. 
 
 CADOGAK, William Bromley, fecond foil 
 cf lord Cadogan,was educated at Weftminftcr, 
 and 1 Chrifl-church, Oxford. He obtained the 
 livings of St. Giles' Reading, and St. Luke's 
 Chelfea. In the dil'charge of his duty he was 
 indefatigably zealous, bi.t inclined itrongly to 
 the methodifts, though he retained the forms 
 cf the church of England. Some of his i'cr- 
 mons have been publifhed, He died 1797, 
 aged 46, and his parifliioncrs at Reading, in 
 refpe-ft to his memory, all put on mourning. 
 
 Cje3ar, JuHus, a learned civilian, born at 
 
 Tottenham IJ57, and educated at Magdalei 
 hall, Oxford./ He was matter of the court 
 requelts under Elizabeth, judge of the admi 
 ralty, and mafter cf St. Catherine's near th 
 Tower, and uucier James I. he was knighted 
 and appointed chancellor of the exchequer 
 which he religned on fucceeding to the matter 
 fhip of the rolls 161 4. He was a man o 
 great learning and integrity, charitable an< 
 benevolent. He died 1636. His manufcripts 
 which were valuable, were fold by auction ii 
 1757, for more than 300I 
 
 Cjesaralpinus, Andreas, a philofopher o 
 Arezzo, phyhcian t6 Clement VIII. He wa 
 a man of great erudition, and from fome pal" 
 fages in his writings it has been conjecture! 
 that he was acquainted with the circulation o 
 the blood. He was alio well (killed in botany 
 and publifhed a treatife de plantis, & quasi' 
 tiones peripatetics, and died at Rome 1603 
 aged 54. 
 
 Caff a, Melchior, of Malta, was a fkilfu 
 fculptor, employed in adorning the churche 
 of Rome and Italy. He died at Rome 1687 
 aged 56. 
 
 Caf fieri, Philip, a fculptor of Rome 
 born 1634, invited to France by Mazrrin 
 and made by Colbert infpeclor of the marini 
 at Dunkirk. His ion James was equall) 
 eminent. He died 1755, and his lbn Juhr 
 James followed his profeffion with equal fuc 
 cefs. 
 
 Cagi.iaiu, Paul, a native of Verona, for 
 of a fculptor, better known by the name o: 
 Paul Veronele. He was diftihguifhed as i 
 painter; and for his admirable execution, anc 
 the majefty of his compofitions, he was callec 
 by the Italians the happy painter." Hi: 
 firft pieces were drawn at Mantua, but aftej 
 adorning many of the cities of Italy with th< 
 fine executions of his pencil, he fettled al 
 Venice. Here he received the moft flattering 
 compliments from feveral crowned heads, whe 
 urgently invited him to fettle in their domi- 
 nions, a diftinction which he rejected, as firml) 
 attached to his country, and enger to promote 
 her glory and her fame. He died of a fevei 
 at Venice in 1588, aged 56, and had a toml 
 and brazen ftatue erected to his honor in the 
 i church of St. Sebaftian. His two fons Gabrie 
 and Charles, were likewil'e painters, and t< 
 the genius of their father joined an unufua 
 degree of fraternal affection. Charles dier 
 1596, aged 26, ;md Gabriel fell a victim tc 
 the plague 1 63 1, aged 63. Paul had alio : 
 brother Benedict, eminent as a fculptor ar.c 
 painter. He affifteti his nephews in complet- 
 ing their father's unfinifhed pidtures, and a: 
 his ftyle rei'embled that of his brother, the 
 pieces of Benedict often pals for the more 
 celebrated compofitious of Paul. He diec 
 1598, aged 66. 
 
 Cagj.IOSTRO, Count Alexander, an itrt- 
 poftor, born at Palermo 1743. His real name 
 was Jofeph Balfamo. He was of mean pa- 
 rentage, and at the age of 13 he became a 
 
 novice 
 
CAI 
 
 CAL 
 
 novice to the friars of mercy at Cartagirone, 
 where his irregularities expofed him to fevere 
 haftilement. A feries of frauds, of impof- 
 tures, df villainy, and it is even faid of murder, 
 obliged him to fly from Palermo, and after 
 practifing fome of his ftratagems at Rome and 
 Medina, he vifited the iflands of the Archi- 
 pelago and Alexandria, and afterwards exhi- 
 bited his impoftures in almoft every city of 
 Europe. He was at lalt arretted at Rome, 
 and died in the caftle of St. Angelo 1 794. A 
 compendium of his life publilhed by the apof- 
 tolical chamber at Rome, contains a curious 
 account of a man who, by a verfatile genius, a 
 fuperficial knowledge of philofophy and che- 
 miftry, and a pretended intercourse with fuper- 
 natural agents, impofed upon the credulity not 
 only of the vulgar, but of the great, the 
 learned, and opulent. 
 
 Cahusac, Lewis de, a French writer, born 
 at Moritauban. On publifhing his tragedy of 
 Pharamond, a piece which had great fuccefs, 
 he came to Paris, and became fecretary to 
 count de Clermont. He wrote fome ro- 
 mances, befides feveral operas, received with 
 great applaufe. The poet, who pofTefTed abi- 
 lities, was in his manners arrogant, and lb 
 tender of his reputation, that it is faid his 
 fenfibility turned his head. He died at Paris 
 
 1759- 
 
 Caiaphas, the high prieft of the Jews, 
 before Whom our Saviour was carried, and by 
 "whom he was condemned. He deftroyed him- 
 felf when difmuTed from office by Vitellius. 
 
 Caiet, Peter Viclor Palma, of Montri- 
 crnrd, from a calvinift became a catholic, and 
 died 1 6 to, aged 85, doctor of the Sorbonne, 
 and Hebrew profefTor in the royal college. 
 He was highly favored by Catharine of Bour- 
 bon, and Henry IV. admitted him to court, 
 notwithstanding the flovenly appearance of his 
 drefs. He was for fome time employed in 
 fearching for the philofopher's ftone. Moft 
 of his works are controverfial, but his chro- 
 nologie feptennaire in 8vo. from the peace of 
 Vervins to 1 604, and his chronologie noven- 
 rtaire, in 3 vols, are valuable corapofitions. 
 
 Caietan, a cardinal of Gaieta, 1469. 
 He difplayed great talents as profefTor of phi- 
 lofophy and divinity at Paris and at Rome, 
 till his book in fupport of the pope raifed him 
 to the rank of cardinal and to the fee of 
 Palermo. He was employed by the pope m 
 feveral negociatiohs, but efpecially in oppofing 
 Luther, whom he found it impoffiMe either to 
 filence or check. He died 1534, aged 65. 
 He was a man of great learning as a logician, 
 and philolbpher and divine. Befides commen- 
 taries on Arifiotie's philofophy, and Thomas 
 Aquinas' theology, he puMifhed a literal tran- 
 flation of the greateft part of the books of the 
 old and new teftaments. 
 
 Caille, Nicholas Leivis de la, a French 
 mathematician and aftronomer, born at Ru- 
 m >g n y> 1 714. and educated at the college of 
 iificux at Paris, He became the difciple of 
 
 Caffini, and with de Thury projected the 
 meridian line, which extended from the obfer- 
 vatory to the extremities of France. In 1739 
 he was named profefTor of mathematics of the 
 college of Mazarin, and in 1750 he went to 
 the cape of Good Hope, to fee the ftars of 
 the fouthern hemifphere, of 10,000 of which 
 in the courfe of two years he determined the 
 exact pofition. The whole of his time was 
 employed in the fervice of aftronomy, mathe- 
 matics, and navigation, but unfortunately a 
 malignant fever terminated his labors in 176^ 
 in his 48th year. He pofTefles the great cha- 
 racter of clearnels, accuracy, and precifion. 
 His works contain feveral volumes in 4to. and 
 8vo. befides detached papers, &c. 
 
 Cain, the eldeft ion of Adam, devoted 
 himfelf to agriculture, but finding the oblations 
 of his brother Abel more propitioufly received 
 than his own, he flew him in the year 130 
 after the creation. He was curfed for his 
 cruelty, and wandered towards the call of 
 Eden, and built a city, which he called by the 
 name of his fon Enoch. 
 
 Cairo, Francifco, a painter of Milan, bom 
 1598, who ftudied at Rome and Venice. Has 
 pictures are on religious fubject*j and pofTefs 
 fuperior excellence^ 
 
 Caius or Kayes, Dr. John, a phyfician, 
 born at Norwich, 15 10, educated at Norwich 
 fchool and Gonvil-hall, Cambridge. He vifitfid 
 France, Flanders, snd Germany, and after 
 ftudying at Padua, he took his degree of M. IX. 
 1541, and three years after returned to Eng- 
 land. He became phyfician to Edward VL 
 and to his two fitters, till a fufpicioo of favoring 
 the catholics difcarded him 1568. He died 
 at Cambridge 15 73, and by the munificent 
 donation of fome eftates, he erected his hall 
 into a college, now called Gc^vil and Caius 
 college. His monument is in the chapel with 
 thefe two words, " Fui Caius." He wrote 
 the hiftory of Cambridge, and other works. 
 
 Caius, John, poet laureat to Edward IV., 
 travelled into Italy, and tranflated the hiftorj 
 of the fiege of Rhodes. 
 
 Caius, Thomas, a native of Lincolnlhire, 
 educated at All-fouls, Oxford. He was after- 
 wards prebendary of Sarum, and mafler of 
 Univerfity college, where he died 1572. He 
 was eminent in the knowledge of the learned 
 languages, hi poetry, and all kinds of worth. 
 At the requeft of Catherine Parr, he tranf- 
 lated Erafmus' paraphrafe on St. Mark, and 
 publifhed a book on the antiquity of the uni- 
 verfity of Oxford, to which Caius of Cam- 
 bridge replied, befides a tranflation of Arii- 
 totle's de mirab. mundi, Euripides' tragedies, 
 &c 
 
 Calamy, Edmund, a prefbyterian divine, 
 born at London 1600, and educated at Pem- 
 broke hall Cambridge. Felton, bifhop of Fly, 
 made him one of his chaplains, and gave him 
 the vicarage of St. Mary's, Swf.ffham-prior, 
 Cambridgefhire, which he refigned to be 
 lecturer of Bury, Suffolk, where he continued 
 
 jo 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 jo years. Though he conformed to the 
 church of England, he foon embraced the 
 popular party, and was engaged in the treatife 
 againlt epifcop.-cy, called Sme&yrririuus, from 
 the initials of the five authors, Stephen Mar- 
 shal, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Mat- 
 thew Newcomtn, and William Spurftow. He 
 was member of the'aflembly of divines, and 
 in his fermons before the parliament, and the 
 citizens of London, he displayed the eloquent 
 preacher and zealous partizan. He however 
 refitted the ufurpation of Cromwell, and pro- 
 moted the reltoration of Charles II. with fuch 
 loyalty, that he was offered the bishopric of 
 Lichfield, which he declined. He was one of 
 the commiflloners at ihe conference at the 
 Savoy, and was foon after .ejected from St. 
 Mary Aldermanbury for nonconformity. An 
 occasional fermon in his late parifh church, in 
 the abfer.ee of the vicar, fo offended his hear- 
 ers, that he was fent to Newgate by the lord 
 mayor, but in a few days difcharged. The 
 fight of the conflagration of London is faid to 
 have broke his heart. He died 1666. He 
 was a man of a bold undaunted fpirit, \vh 
 poffeffed all the bluntnefs and puritanical piide 
 of the times. He published fingle fermons 
 and controverfial treatifes. 
 
 Calamy, Benjamin, fon of the preceding, 
 from St. Paul's llhool entered at Catherine 
 hall Cambridge. He was minister of St. Mary 
 Aldermanbury, and chaplain to the king. In 
 1683, he publifhed a fermon, for which he 
 was attacked by Delaune, a warm noncon- 
 formist, whom government fent to Newgate. 
 Calamy interfered with Jeffries for the un- 
 happy libeller ; but all applications were un- 
 availing, and Delaune, fined a fum which he 
 could not pay, died a victim to the oppreifive 
 meafures of the times, and his wife and chil- 
 dren Shared the fame fate in the fame con- 
 finement. Dr. Calamy obtained four valuable 
 livings, and the prebend of Harleflor., in the 
 cathedral of St. Paul ; but his happinefs was 
 interrupted by the fufferings of his friend 
 Cornifli, who was tried and executed for high 
 treafon. The applications of friendship for 
 mercy could not influence the inexorable Jef- 
 fries ; and the execution of Cornifli br.oke the 
 heart of his furviving friend, who died 1686. 
 His funeral fermon was preached by Sherlock, 
 afterwards dean of St. Paul's. He publifhed 
 fermons. 
 
 Cai amy, F.JmunJ, grandfon of Edmund 
 Calamy, by his fen Edmund, was born 1671. 
 He was educated at merchant taylors', where 
 an intimate friendship was begun with Dawes, 
 afterwards archbiShop of York, and Boulter, 
 primate of Ireland ; and after Studying logic 
 and philofophical knowledge, he paSfed to 
 Utrecht. Here he Studied civil law and phi- 
 lofophy, ind acquired fuch a character, that a 
 profcS!Vr"s cli: ir at Edinburgh was offered to 
 him. On his return to England, ; brought 
 letters of recommendation to Drs. Pocock and 
 Bernard, of Oxford, by whole influence he 
 
 was admitted to the Bodleian library. H 
 Studies were directed to divinity, and as he ii 
 clined to the nonconformists, he became ; 
 active minister in the meeting-houfes of Loi 
 don, and fucceeded, in 1703, Alfop, at Wei 
 minfter. He abridged Baxter's hiitory of 1 
 life, and afterwards continued the work by 
 copious account of fuch ministers as we 
 ejected for their religious opinions to the tin 
 of queen Anne. The book was attacked 1 
 Hoadly, afterwards bifhop of Winchester. 
 1709, Calamy was honored, on his viSit 
 Scotland, with the degree of D.D. by tl 
 three universities of Edinburgh, Glafgow, ai 
 Aberdeen. He published, in 1718, a vim 
 cation of his grandfather and others agaii 
 the reflections of Echard. Calamy died 173 
 He was a man of great erudition, remarkat 
 for the candor and benevolence of his difp 
 fition, and the moderation of his religious oj 
 nions. His writings were moftly controverfi 
 befides 2 vols, of fermons, and 4 of Baxte 
 hiitory. 
 
 Calas, Join, an unfortunate merchant 
 Touloufe, of the proceftant religion. Wh 
 his fon Mark Antony, who had embraced t 
 catholic tenets, had committed fuicide, t 
 father was feized by government as guilty 
 the murder. No proof could be broug 
 againrt him, but the jealoufy entertain 
 againft his religion ; and though the improb 
 biiity of a father, of the age of 65, nmrderi 
 his own fon, a robuft young man aged 29, a 
 in a houfe where his family were refide 
 was felf-evident, yet he was condemned, a 
 broke on the wheel, T762. This treatme 
 was reported to the French king by the aj 
 nized widow, but the wishes of the monar 
 were frustrated by the je*iloufy of his miriifte 
 who thought that they granted too much 
 the proteitants if they allowed the revifal 
 the Sentence. His widow died in 1792, ag 
 94. 
 
 Calasio, Marius, a Francifcan at Ron 
 profeflbr of Hebrew. He publiflied a cc 
 cordance of the Hebrew bible, in 4 large v< 
 in fol. 1621, republished in London in 4 v< 
 1747, by Romaine, &c. 
 
 Calcagnini, Cello, a native of Ferra 
 employed by the emperor. He died at F< 
 rara, profeffor of belles lettres, 1 540, aj 
 61. He was eminent for his. erudition a 
 clamed knowledge ; and it is laid that he fi 
 ported the rotation of the earth before Copi 
 nicus publifhed his fyftem. 
 
 CalcaR, "John de, w*s born in the due 
 of Cleves, and died young, at Naples, l$< 
 He was very eminent as a painter. His n; 
 vity was So admired by Rubens, that 
 never would part with it. 
 
 Calderi ni, Bomizzio, a native of To 
 profeffor of belles lettres at Rome, where 
 died 1478,. aged 32. He published a tranl 
 tion of Paulanias' two firft books into Lat 
 befides commentaries, &c. 
 
 Calueroni CE la Barca, don PeJrc 
 Span 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 Spanifh poet, who from a foldier became an 
 ttclefiaftic. His dramatical pieces were ptib- 
 lifhed, 9 vols 4to. They pofTess all the extra- 
 vagances of Shakefpeare's mule, with occafi- 
 onally iublime and pathetic paftages. He fio- 
 riihed 1640. 
 
 Caldertvood, David, a Scotch divine. 
 He ftudiea divinity, and became an active op- 
 poier of epifeopacy in Scotland. He was 
 Hiinifter of Crelling, but his refiit.ar.ee to the 
 attempts of James T. to unite the churches of 
 England and Scotland drew down upon him 
 the fufpicions of the court ; and when he pro- 
 teiled againft the meafures pursued by parlia- 
 ment he was fummoned to anfwer for his fe- 
 dirious conduit. His obftinate refufal to fub- 
 mit to interrogptories, occafioned his imprison- 
 ment, and banifhment from the kingdom. 
 He retired to Holland, where he published his 
 celebrated treatife, Altare Damafcenum, feu 
 ecclefia Anglicans? politia, &c. 1623. He af- 
 terwards returned to Scotland, where he col- 
 lected memorials of the eeclefiaftical aff iirs of 
 Scotland from the reformation to James's 
 death. The time of his death is not precifely 
 known. 
 
 Caldwai.l, Richard, a phvfician born in 
 Staffordshire about 1513, and educated at 
 Brazen-nofe. He was cenfor, and afterwards 
 pfrefident of the college of phyficians, where he 
 punded a chirurgkal lecture with a handfome 
 Mary. He wrote feveral treatifes on phyfic, 
 wfides a tran^ation of the table of furgery by 
 More of Florence. He died 1585. 
 
 Caleb, a Hebrew, fent by Mofes to exa- 
 mine the land f Canaan. He brought back 
 an encouraging account, and was permitted 
 :o (hare the victories of his nation, and to 
 jbtain the land of Hebron. He died aged 
 1X4. 
 
 CalED, or Kr;ALED, one of Mahomet's 
 friends, called from his courage the fword of 
 God. In the fpreading the doctrines of the 
 and the dominion of the prophet, he 
 rommitted atrocious cruelties, and at Lift was 
 :u: oil by the plague 639. 
 
 Calendario, Philip, an architect and 
 "emptor, celebrated for the beautiful porticos 
 ivhich he erected round the palace of St. 
 Marl:, at Venice, a^out 1354. 
 \ .Cai.entius, tJifus, of Naples, preceptor 
 :o prince Frederic, was a man of great talents ' 
 is a poet and philoibpher. He wrote an imi- 
 lation of the battle of the mice and the frogs 
 r; Homer, and died 1502. 
 
 Calepino, or da Calepio, Ambrofe, a 
 of Bergamo, of the Auguftine order. 
 His vocabulary of the Latin tongue firft ap- 
 peared t.503, and has been often reprinted 
 md improved, to 2 vols. fol. He died blind 
 1511. 
 
 Cali.a-rd, John Baptiftc, profefibr of me- 
 dicine at Caen, where he died 1 7; 8, eftablifhed 
 1 botanical garden there. His great work is, 
 xicon m<Klicum etymolcgicum, 1693, l2mo. 
 
 Calhstus, Johannes Andrenicu:, z. native 
 
 of TheiTaionica, profefibr of philofophy at Con- 
 ftantinople when the city was taken by the 
 Turks in 1453. He fled from the enemy, 
 and contributed to the revival of learning in 
 the weft of Europe. He firft fettled at Rome, 
 and afterwards at Florence, where his pupils 
 were numerous and refpectable. In his old age 
 he went to France; but died there foon afte* 
 his arrival. 
 
 Callixtus I. pope after Zephyrinus, 209, 
 fuffered martyrdom four vears after. 
 
 Caliixtus II. Guy, archbifhop of Vienna, 
 was made pope 1119, and died 1124. 
 
 Callixtus III. pope 1455, wifhed to ftir 
 up the princes of Europe againft the Turks, 
 but without fuccefs. He died 1458. 
 
 Callixtus, George, a Lutheran divine of 
 Middlc-burg in Holiteio, profefibr of theology 
 at Helmftadt. He died 1656, aged 70. He 
 wrote a treatife againft the celibacy of the 
 clergy, 4to. and other inferior works ; and was 
 the founder of the feet called Callixtins,whofe 
 object was to reconcile the diicordant opinions 
 of all the proteftants. 
 
 Callot, James, an engraver, born at Nancy, 
 1593. His defire to fee Rome and her valua- 
 able monuments, tempted him twice to elope 
 from his family, at the age of 12, and two 
 years after. When permitted by his father to 
 refide at Rome, he applied himfelf fo afiidu- 
 oufly to the art%of defigning and engraving, 
 that he became celebrated for the boldnefs, 
 beauty, and execution of his pieces. He was 
 for fome time at Florence under the patronage 
 of the great duke, after whole death he re- 
 fided at the court of Lorraine ; and in 1628 he 
 vifited France, where Lewis XIII. invited him 
 to defign and engrave the fiege of Rochelle 
 and the ifie of Rhe. When Nancy was re- 
 duced by France, Callot refufed to employ his 
 pencil to perpetuate the misfortune of his 
 country ; and Lewis, who admired his Superior 
 abilities, refpecled a patriotic reluctance, which 
 neither bribes nor promifes could conquer. He 
 died 1636, aged 43. It is faid that he left not 
 lefs than 1380 of his pieces; an aftonifhing 
 number for the fhort period of his life. 
 
 Calmet, Augufiirf, a Frenchman of the 
 Benedictine order, abbot of St. Leopold de 
 Naney, and afterwards of Senones, where he 
 died 1757, aged 85. He was well acquainted 
 with oriental languages, and published feveral 
 learned works which at the defire of his friends 
 appeared in French rather than J^atin. He 
 wrote a commentary on the books of the Old 
 and New teftanrmt, 23 vb, 4to. diSTerU- 
 tions on the commentaries, 3 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Calo, John or JchanrAir., a Bulgarian, 
 railed by Innocent III. to the title of indepen- 
 dent king. In 1205 he conquered the em- 
 peror Baldwin, and after ravages over Greece 
 he was himfelf afiaffinated. 
 
 CaloNNF., Charles Alexander de, an ilhif- 
 
 trious French ftatefmsn, born at Douay 1734. 
 
 He was educated at Pans and fucccflively was 
 
 Collator general to the parliament of his 
 
 O native 
 
CAL 
 
 CAL 
 
 native town, matter of requefts, intendant of 
 Metz, and in 1783 was fuccellor of of Necker 
 as comptroller general of the finances. This 
 required abilities and undaunted rirmnefs, and 
 he poflefled them ; and though he found an 
 empty treafury, and the nation difcontcnu-d 
 with the extravagance of the court, he adopted 
 fuch mealures is reltored credit to the ltate, 
 and rendered the expenditure fublervient to 
 the refources of the country. To carry his 
 fchemes of reform he adviled the king to con- 
 vene the nobles of the kingdom. The pkn 
 was grand, and might have been productive of 
 h another age, but unfortunately the 
 nobles *ui clergy were alarmed at the thought 
 of lofing their privileges, and the minilter, not 
 ably lupported by the timid monarch, yielded 
 to the ttorm, and took refuge in England, where 
 he eompofedhis reuuete au roi,and hisreponfe 
 a Peak de M. Necker. At the end of the 
 revolution he revifited his country, and died at 
 Paris 1802. He wrote, befides, an 
 agriculture nnw, obfervations fur nkriteurs 
 matieres de droit civil & contumier, 410. de 
 I'etat de la France prefent & a venir, 179c, 
 &vo, a work of great merit, des finances pnb- 
 Lques de la France 8vo. &c. 
 
 Calovius, Abraham, a native of Morun- . 
 gen in Brunfwick, divinity" profeffor at Rad- 
 .'.' ck. He was a ltrong Lutheran, and op- 
 posed the union of the proteitant church, in 
 tonfequence of which his followers were called 
 Calovians. He wrote controverliai tracts, and 
 died 1 686, aged 74. 
 
 Calprenkdr, Cautier 4e la, a gentleman 
 
 iary to tht: French king, author of tome 
 
 ronaances now forgotten, luch as Caffandra, 
 
 tra, Pharamond, &c. He died in 1663, 
 
 aged $u 
 
 Calvart, Deny!, a pointer of Antwerp 
 who opened a lchool at Bologna and had Gukkt, 
 Albano, &c. among his pupils. His pictures, 
 admired for dignity, talte, and coloring, are 
 preferved at Bologna, Rome, and Rcggi'o. He 
 died at Bologna i6lQ,aged 67. 
 
 C a 1. vert, (leorge, was born at Kipling in 
 Yorkfhire, 1582, and educated at Trinity col- 
 lege Oxford. On his return from the tour of 
 Europe, he became iecretnry to Robert Cecil, 
 and was with Jamas I. on his vifit to Oxford. 
 He was made derk to the privy council, was 
 ted by the king, and in 1619 made fe- 
 ci ^tary of ltate, and the next year honored 
 with n penfion of ICOCL In 1624 he 1 
 the leals *o the king, confeiling himfelf to be 
 (,{ the Roman ca.K!ic perfuafion, but notwith- 
 standing this, he continued in favor, and was 
 crjat'-d lord Baltimore in 1625. He twice 
 vitited Newfoundland, where the king had 
 granted him a large tract of land, but finding that 
 his property there was expofed to the plunder 
 rf French vefiels, he abandoned it for the 
 airhood of Virginia, when Charles I. 
 granted him a patent for Maryland. He died 
 at J-ondon 1632, and his fon who inherited 
 bi* tn j :it, plant.d a coiooy of 
 
 about aoo families which bore the name 
 Baltimore; 
 
 Calvert, James, of York, was educati 
 at Clare-hall Cambridge. After being iileno 
 nt TopclifF by the act of uniformity he r 
 moved to York, where he compofed 1 
 work called Naphthali. He for fome tin 
 employed himfelf in the education of fome 
 the fons of his opulent neighbours, and di 
 1698. 
 
 Calvin, "John, a celebrated reformer ho 
 at Noyon in Picardy 1509. He ltudied 
 Paris, and in confequence of the extraordina 
 marks of his early piety he was intended 
 his father for the church, and in 1527 he w 
 prelentei to the rectory of Marteville, whi 
 two years after he religned for Pont l'Eveq 
 near Noyon. His extenfive knowledge 
 the holy icriptures difguited him with the 1 
 perftitions of Rome, and with the approbati 
 of his father he resigned his eccleualtical 1: 
 nors, and ltudied the law. Under de l'Etc 
 and Alciat, he made great progrels in that 1 
 ence, aud further improved his knowledge 
 divinity. Eager to defend the reformat; 
 lie displayed his zeal againit the Sorbonne 
 Paris, and with difficulty efcaped from t 
 vengeance of the catholics. From France 
 retired to Bafil, and attracted public atti 
 tion by his celebrated dedication to Franci 
 in his apology for the reformers, a compofit 
 which divides the applauics of the learned w 
 that of Thuanus to his hiitory a'.;d that ef ( 
 laubon to Polybius. When periecution ceai 
 Calvin fettled at Geneva, ^md yielding to 
 folicitation of Farel, and of the magiitratc: 
 the city, he became in 1536 their minill 
 and profeffor of divinity. The check howe 
 which he wifhed to impofe upon the immoi 
 ities of the people, loon rendered him un 
 pular, and when he refilled to adminiiter 
 iacrament indifcriminately, the public indig 
 tion was lb violent againit him, that he was 
 fired to leave Geneva in twe-- da)S. He led 
 to Stralhurg, where he eftabliihed a French 
 formed church, and two years after he 
 with Bucer at the diet of Worms and Ratifl 
 for the proteftants, and had a long confere 
 with Melancthon. But though flattered 
 Germany, Calvin had a fecret affection 
 Geneva, and no l'ooner did the people folici 
 reconciliation than he returned, in 1541, | 
 prevailed upon them to eftablith a church < 
 cipline, and a confiftorial jurifdiclion with 
 power of infti6ting cenliires and canonical 
 nilhments. The power thus bellowed unl 
 tunately was abuled. The reformer, who 
 loudly exclaimed againft the tyranny of R01 
 directed his perfecution againft Servetus 
 phyfician, who had in an ambiguous ltyle w 
 ten upon the trinity ; and his vengeance \ 
 not appeafed till the unfortunate heretic , 
 expired in the flames. This feverity rai 
 enemies'to Calvin, but his ardor was undauni 
 and in the midlt of his avocations, he dire< c 
 bj his letters the many churches of Germa 
 
 Frar 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 France, England, and Poland, which looked up 
 to him as their fupreme governor. Difinter- 
 efted in his conduct, zealous only in the caufe 
 of reformation, potfeffed of a clear underftand- 
 ing, and happy memory, he exercifed his ex- 
 tenfive talents in the fupport of truth. His 
 creed however was either, from Angularity or 
 opposition, contrary to the tenets of the other 
 protectants, and the untenable doctrines which 
 he propagated about an abfolute predeftination 
 have tended to render his followers, not only 
 during his age, but in Succeeding times, gloomy, 
 prefumptuous, obftinate, and uncharitable. 
 He died 1564, and though he had long en- 
 joyed high reputation and exercifed unbounded 
 authority, he left only 300 crowns to his heirs, 
 including his library, the books of which fold 
 afterwards at a great price. By the advice of 
 Bucer, Calvin married, at Strafburg, Idoletta 
 de Bure, widow of an anabaptift whom he 
 hid converted, and by her he had a ion who 
 died in his infancy. The death of his wife, 
 in 1549, afflicted him greatly. The works of 
 Calvin were printed in 12 vols. fol. Geneva, 
 and in nine Amsterdam, in 1667. They are 
 chiefly on theological and controverh'al Sub- 
 jects, but they difplay his great erudition; 
 and Scaliger has obi'erved, that no commen- 
 tator has better hit the fenfe of the prophets 
 than he ; and he commends him farther for 
 not attempting the explanation of the book of 
 revelations. 
 
 Calvisius, Sclhus, a learned German, 
 distinguished as an accurate chronologer. His 
 elenchus calendariia Gregorio XIII. was pub- 
 liihed in 1611 ; and in 1623, three years 
 after his death, appeared his improved chrono- 
 logy ; the labor of 20 long ye.trs. 
 
 Cambacer.es, N. a native of Montpellier, 
 whole eloquence was much admired at court, 
 and was rewarded by the archbishopric of 
 Rouen. He died 1802, aged 80. Mis ne- 
 phew was the fecond conful with Bonaparte, 
 after the abolition of the directory. 
 
 Cambert, a French mufician, in the fer- 
 vice of Ann of Aultria. He firlt introduced 
 eperas in France, but when his labors were 
 eclipfed by the performances of Lulli, he came 
 over to England in 1672, where Charles made 
 him mnfter of his band. He died 1677. ^ e " 
 fides operas and mulical pieces, he is known 
 for his exquifite talle in touching the organ. 
 
 Ca.mbis-velx.ERON, Joft-pb Lewis Domi- 
 nic, marquis de, of Avignon, was learned and 
 polite, and l'erved fame time in the army. He 
 died 1772. He publiihed a valuable catalogue 
 raifonnc of die MSS. in his cabinet, two vols, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Cambridge, Richard Oiccn, a learned Eng- 
 lifhman, born in London, 1714, and educated 
 at Eton fchool, and Oxford. He in 1737 en- 
 tered at Lincoln's inn, and in 1741 fettled at 
 Whitminfter, GloucefSeiShire. He publiihed 
 ibleriad, a poem, 1744 and in 1 761 
 an hiltory of the war on the coalt of Coroman- 
 Jcl, ;uid contributed ibme valuable papers W 
 
 the World. His works were collected by his 
 fon G. O. Cambridge M. A. with his life, two 
 vols. 4to. 1803. He died much rel petted in 
 private life, as a cheerful companion, exemplary 
 in his conduct, and virtuous and benevolent in 
 practice, 1802. He was inventor of a curi- 
 ous double boat, which is laid to poirefs great 
 fwiftnefs in failing with equal fafety, formed 
 with two diftmct boats, 50 feet long, though 
 but 18 inches wide, connected together by a 
 deck at the diltance of 12 feet. 
 
 Camden, William, a celebrated antiqua- 
 rian, born at London, 155 1. After ftudying 
 at Chrift's-hofpital and St. Paul's fchocl, he 
 entered as a fervitor at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, from whence he removed to Broadgate- 
 hall now . Pembroke college, and then to 
 Chrift-church. The prejudices of thefe popiSh 
 days prevented him from obtaining a fellow- 
 ship at All-fouls, and frombeing admitted to 
 his firlt degree, and it was not till 1573 that 
 he was made BA. an honor long due to his 
 learning. He was appointed in 1575 fecond 
 mafter of WeftminSter- fchool, and during his 
 relaxation he compiled his valuable work the 
 Britannia, or hiftory of the ancient Britons, 
 their origin, manners, and laws, which appeared 
 in Latin, 1586, and palled rapidly through fe- 
 veral editions. Piers bifhop of Salisbury in 
 1588 conferred on him the prebend of Ilfra- 
 comb, though he never was in holy orders, and 
 the fame year he took the degree of M. A. 
 In 1593 hefucceeded to the headihip of Weft* 
 minlter fchool, and four years afterwards he 
 publifhed aGreek grammar, which though long 
 popular, mult be considered as an epitome of 
 the grammar of his predeceflbrs. In 1597 
 Camden removed from his laborious office, on 
 being appointed Clarencieux king of arms, an 
 employment more congenial to his taite. In 
 1600 he publiihed an account of the monu- 
 ments of the kings, queens, &c. in Weftminfter 
 abbey, and three years after at Frankfort, a 
 collection of ancient hiftorians, called " An- 
 glica, Normanica, Hibernica, Cambrica, a ve- 
 teribus defcripta, &c. The next year he pub- 
 liihed remains of a greater work concerning 
 Britain, &c. the materials of which had been 
 communicated to him when he wrote his Bri- 
 tannia. He. publiihed in 1607 a complete 
 edition of his Britannia in folio, greatly ei* 
 larged, of which a translation was given in 1695 
 by Dr. Gibfon afterwards bilhop of London, 
 and in 1615, appeared his Annalesrerum An- 
 glicanarum, duriwg queen Elizabeth's reign, 
 the continuation of which was finifhedin 161 7 
 but not publiihed in his life time. Camden 
 died at Chiflelhurlt in Kent, 1623, and though 
 he had directed to be buried where he died, 
 his rumains were depofited in great pomp in 
 Weftminfter abhey oppofite Chaucer, where 
 on a white marble monument his. effigies is 
 reprefented as holding a book, on which is in- 
 fcribed Britannia. Camden was relpected ns a 
 man not only of exrenfive learning, and juft 
 tafte, but of amiable manners, eaiy and candid 
 
 o x m 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 his converfatian, and the friend of learned i happieft flights of a fublime imagination* C 
 
 men. His reputation was lb well eftablifhed, 
 that foreigners conlidered their travels incom- 
 plete, if not permitted to converfe with the 
 author of the Britannia, and it is laid that not 
 lets than fix German nobles in one day requeu- 
 ed him to write his lemma in their book. 
 Camden founded I lecturefhip on hiftory at 
 Oxford, and bequeathed his books and papers 
 bert Cotton of Conington. 
 Ca m k r a Riu s, Joachim us, n German,born at 
 Bamberg, in 1500, and educated at Leipfic. He 
 became the friend of Erai"mus T and alfo of Ma- 
 tt, whole life he wrote. During the 
 troubles of Germany, he vifited Prufiia, and 
 was made profeflbr of beilea lettrcs at Nurem- 
 berg. In IJZ7, he married a woman of re- 
 fpectable connections, with whom he lived 46 
 . and by whom he had five Cons and four 
 daughters, who all grew up to be an honor to 
 their family. He was in 1536 drawn from his 
 retirement by the prince of Wirtemburg, to 
 reftore the ancient difcipline of the univerfity 
 of Tubineen, and afterwards he aflilted in the 
 eftabifthment ot the Leipfic univerfity. He 
 died at Leipfic 1575, full of years and honor, 
 furviving his wife not quite a year. His lite- 
 rary labors were great, as he tranflated Hero- 
 dotus, Dcinofthenes, Kuclid, Xenophon, Ho* 
 Fheocritus, Sophocles, Lucian, Theodo- 
 re t, 'cc. and he was defervedly called by Vl- 
 lius the phecnix of Germany. Erafmus how- 
 ever has fpoken of him with fome degree of 
 indifference. 
 
 G a m r. r a r 1 r - , Joachim t fon of the preced- 
 ing, devoted himfelf to the ftudy of medicine, 
 botany, and chemiiiry. He wrote fome trea* 
 tifes on botany, and died 1598, aged 68, at 
 Nuremberg. 
 
 Camkrov, John, a Scotchman, profeflbr 
 /if Greek at Glafgow, and afterwards divinity 
 lecturer at Montauhan, where he died 1625, 
 Sequence of blows received in the ftreets 
 from feme zealot whom he had offended. He 
 publiihed " defence of grace," &C. His works 
 din three vols. 4 to. 1677. 
 Camokns, Lriiis, a Portugviefe poet, de- 
 fervedly called the Virgil of his country. He- 
 was bcrnat LHbon 1527, and ftudied at Oim- 
 bra. He loft one of his eye? in a campaign 
 : the Moors at Ceuta, and afterwards 
 I to fbf Fad Indies, in hopes of bettering 
 rtunea. Here he began "his celebrated 
 t, but on his return he had the misfor- 
 tune to be fhipwrek'krd, and with difficulty 
 fined hi; life, fwimming with his right hand, 
 and fupporting his poem with his left. He 
 i his poem 1569, and dedicated it to 
 ibaftian, but hia hopes of patronage were 
 difappointed. The merits of the poet 
 leglecied by the monarch, and Camoens, 
 - all the miferies of indigent virtu-, ex- 
 m the midlt of his ungrateful country- 
 tothe deepell wretthednefs, 157 9* 
 tJd for tlie boldnefs of his d. fcrlptions, 
 afrscled difplay of his learning, and th 
 
 moens is yet cenfured for the obi'curity 
 fome of his verfes, and for an injudicious mi 
 ture of heathen mythology and chi iltian trutl 
 TheLufiad however will always rank high 
 the lift of heroic poems. It has been tranflat* 
 into French once, twice into Italian, four tim 
 into Spahrfh, and into Englilh by Fanfhaw, b 
 fides the elegant verfion of Mr. Mickle. 
 
 CAMPANELLA, Tbemat, an Italian philol 
 pher, born at Stilo in Calabria, 1568. h 
 extenfive knowledge of the antient claff 
 enabled him to examine the tenets of the pe 
 patetic philofophy, and to prove them bu 
 upon falfe foundations. The brilliant eloquen 
 which he difplayed in his difputations on tl: 
 ology with philofophws of eftablifhed repul 
 tion, encreafed with his fame the number 
 his rivals, and he was accufed, before the inqi 
 fition, Of having obtained by magic that exte 
 of learning which he potfeflTed. He fled up 
 this from Naples to Rcme, and afterwards 
 Florence, and on his way to Bologna his j 
 pers were feized, but his perfon remained u 
 m defied. Some expreiliors however whi 
 dropped fome years after, againft the Spai 
 ards, procured his arreft. He appeared 
 1599, at Naples as a criminal, and was lev 
 times put to the rack and condemned to p 
 pettral imprilbnment. His fufferings were 
 lalt lefTened by the interference of the pr 
 with Philip IV. of Spain in 1626, and wh 
 reftored to liberty he retired to France, whi 
 Richelieu gave him a penfion of 2000 livi 
 He died in the monaftery of the Dominic; 
 1639. ^~l' 3 writings were numerous, the b 
 known of which are de recta ratione ftuder 
 aphorifmata politica, &c. 
 
 Cam pa no, John Antonio, of Campai 
 while tending lheep was noticed by a pri 
 who admired his promifing appearance, i 
 who kindly inltrudted him, and enabled h 
 to became profeffor of rhetoric at Peru] 
 He was railed to a bilhopric by Pius II. i 
 engaged at the congreis of Ratifbon. His 
 r po!ition to lbme of the meafures of Rome | 
 derod him unpopular with the pope, and 
 removed to his fee of Terrano where he d 
 1477, aged 48. He wrote the life of the 
 moiu commander Andrew Braccio,beiidesc 
 tions, letters, Latin poems, moral and polit 
 treati.es, &c. 
 
 Cam i> a 1:1.1., AchibalU fon of the ear 
 Argyle. became known for his ftrong partia 
 to the covenanters, though he retained his 
 tachment to Charles I. by whom he was c 
 ated a marquis. He oppofod Cromwell's 
 vafion of Scotland, and placed the crown 
 the head of Charles II. when his coronal 
 took place at Scone in 1 65 1. But noflj 
 ftanding his attachment to the king, he 
 feized in London when ho came to confflj 
 late Charles on his reftoration,and upon b< 
 condemned as guilty of high treafon was 
 headed as a traitor at Edinburgh crol's. 
 wrote inftrudtions to a fon, iScc 
 
 CA! 
 
CAM 
 
 CAM 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, earl of Argyle, fon 
 of the preceding, diitinguifhed himielf at the 
 aactle of Dunbar, In ccmiequence of die in- 
 terception of one of his letters, in which he 
 poke of the ingratitude of courts, he was 
 ried before the parliament of Scotland, for 
 owing duTenfions between the king and the 
 "abject bv fake information. He was con- 
 temned to lofe his head, and would have fuf- 
 cred had not Clarendon interfered. Argyle 
 vis reftored to royal favor, and made privy 
 :ouniellor, and one of the lords of the trea- 
 ury. Being afterwards iniquitoufly con- 
 lemned to fuffer death, he efcaped, and after 
 oncealing himfelf in London, he went to 
 iolland, and foon returned, to fupport the re- 
 >ellion of ^JVIonmouth. He was however 
 ibandoned by thoie who ought to have ihared 
 lis dangers, and he was taken, and, in purfu- 
 tnce of his former fentence, was beheaded 
 
 Campbell, George* D. D. was educated at 
 >t. Andrew's, and made profeflor of church 
 liitory 1728. He publifhed a difcourfe on 
 niracies, bolides a vindication of the chriitian 
 eligion, 8vo. &c. and died 1757, aged 6t. 
 
 Ca.mpjiej.l, George, of Aberdeen, was edu- 
 Bted at the Marifchal college, of which he 
 lecame the principal in 1759, an ^ profertbr of 
 livinity in 17 71. He died 1790, aged 77. 
 \mor.g his works his tranilation of the four 
 ;o(pels is valuable. His aniwer to Hume on 
 niracies was alio much admired. 
 
 Campbell, Colia, a Scotch architect, au- 
 hor of Vitruvius Brirannicus, 3 vols, folio, 
 nd furveyor of the works of Greenwich hof- 
 lital. He died 1734- 
 
 Cam ri; eli,, John, an eminent writer on 
 iography, hiitory, and politics, born at Edin- 
 mrgh, 1708. At the age of five he left Scot- 
 and for the neighbourhood of Windfon> and 
 lecame clerk to an attorney, but he relinquiih- 
 :d the occupation for the life of an author. In 
 us 30th year he published the military life of 
 irince Eugene and of Marlborough, in 2 vols, 
 bl. He was afterwards engaged in the ancient 
 mivverfal hiitory, and in 1739 publifhed the 
 ravels of Edward Bro.vn, and" the memoirs of 
 iipperda, and next the concife hiitory of 
 Ipaiiifh America. In 1742 the two firft vo- 
 umes of his hiitory of Englifh admirals ap- 
 teaied, to which two years after two volumes 
 nore were added, a work of great merit, fince 
 mproved by Dr. Berkenhout. He publiihed 
 .743 Hermippus revived, and in 1744 ap-> 
 eared his " voyages and travels," on the plan 
 )f Dr. Harris. Befides other popular publi- 
 ations he was engaged in the Biographia Bri- 
 annica, which firit appeared in weekly num- 
 >ers in 1745, and in 1 750 he publifhed his 
 >refent Mate of Europe, a work extremely po- 
 >ular, and next he engaged in the modern uni- 
 'erfal hi (lory which appeared in detached parts 
 n 16 vols. fol. His laft work was " a political 
 iirvey of Britain," in 2 vols. 4to. 1774, in 
 vhich he difplayed extraordinary labor and ex- 
 
 tenfive knowledge. For thefe labors the tw 
 thor was honored in 1754 by the univerfity of 
 Glaigow with the degree of LL.D. and in 
 1774 the emprefs of Rulfia presented him, in 
 teftimony of her regard, with her picture. In 
 1736 he married mjfs Vobe, with whom he' 
 lived happily 40 years, and by whom he had 
 feven children, one only of whom with their 
 mother fitrvived him. He lived ib retired that. 
 few had the happineis of his acquaintance, but 
 thofe that vifited him found him amiable in his- 
 manners, inltruciive in his convcriation, mild, 
 humane, and religious. He died of a decline 
 at his houl'e, Queen fquare, Onnond-ftreet, 
 1 7 75 aged nearly 68. 
 
 Campbell, John, 2d duke of Argyle, and 
 duke of Greenwich, was fon of Archibald 
 duke of Argyle. He i'erved under the great. 
 Marlborough at the battles of Ramilies, of 
 Oudenarde,and Malplaquet, and affifted at tiie 
 fiege of Lille and of Ghent. His fupport of 
 the union with Scotland rendered him unpo- 
 pular among his countrymen, but his merits 
 were acknowledged by all parties. George I. 
 on his aeceffion reftored him to the command 
 of Scotland, of which he had before been de- 
 prived, and in 17 15 he bravely attacked lord 
 Mar's army at Dumblain, and obliged the> 
 pretender to retire from the kingdom. In 
 1 7 18 he was made duke of Greenwich, but his 
 oppofition to Walpole procured his difmifTal, 
 though he was reftored on the miniiter's dif- 
 grace. He died 1743. 
 
 Campbell, Archibald, a Scotchman, bi-' 
 (hop of Aberdeen, which he refigned in 1724. 
 He was a man of great learning, and intimate 
 with the moit famous men of his time. He 
 died 1744, author of the doctrine of a middle 
 ftate between death and the refurrection, fol. 
 1 7 21, a work curious and inter efting. 
 
 Campegoio, Lorenzo, a Roman cardinal, 
 born at Milan 1474. He was profeflor of ci- 
 vil law at Bologna, aud married, but on the 
 death of his wife he embraced the ecclefiaitical 
 profeflion, and in 151 z was made a biihop, and 
 afterwards a cardinal by Leo X. He came to 
 England 15 19, as nuncio, and was made biihop 
 of Salhbury, and in 1524 parted into Germany, 
 to attempt to refilt the reformation. He af- 
 te wards returned to England to fettle the .af- 
 fairs about the divorce of Henry VIII. and 
 Catherine of Arragon, and when recalled in 
 1529 by the pope, he went to the diet of 
 Auglburg. He died at Rome 1539. ^ e vvas 
 a man of learning and deep political know-i 
 ledge, and acquainted with Erafmus and or-her 
 learned men. Some of his letters are pub^ 
 limed. 
 
 Camper, Peter, a celebrated phyficpn, and 
 natUralift, born at Leyden, and educated under 
 Boerhaave, Mufchenbroek, Gravefande, and 
 other famous profeflbrs. He travelled at the 
 age of 26 over England, France, and Germany, 
 where he was received w;th the refpect due to 
 merit, and in Berlin he was particularly no- 
 ticed by Frederick the great. His works were 
 O 3 on 
 
CAM 
 
 on philofophy and natural hiftory, in 6 vols. 
 8vo. with ioo folio plates, beautifully en- 
 graved. He wrote, befides a treatife on the 
 phyfionomies of mt'ii of different countries, a 
 work of erudition. He had alfo a tafte for 
 the fine arts, and died 1789. 
 
 Camthuysen, Dirk, a painter of Dor- 
 cum, 1586, eminent in his landfcapes and 
 moonlight pieces. 
 
 Campi, Bernardin, an Italian painter, au- 
 thor of an interefling book on his art. He died 
 1584, aged 62. 
 
 Cam pi, Galeazzo, an Italian painter, who 
 excelled in miniatures and in hiitory. He 
 died 1536. 
 
 Campian, Edmund, a writer, born in Lon- 
 don 154*, and educated at Chrift's hofpital, 
 and St. John's college Oxford. In 1568 he 
 went to Ireland, and wrote an hiftory of the 
 country in two books, but being fufpec~led of 
 favoring the catholics, he fled to the low coun- 
 tries. Here he renounced proteftanHhn, and 
 entered among the Jefuits atDouay, and then 
 palled to Rome. He wrote a tragedy called 
 Ifedai and Ambrofia, acted before the empe- 
 ror at Vienna, and for fix years he taught rhe- 
 toric and philofophy at Prague, till he was 
 commilfioned by Gregory XIII. topafs over to 
 England in 1580. Here he ufed all the arts 
 of cunning and insinuation, but though he 
 challenged the Englifh clergy to a trial of fkill, 
 yet he difcovered too much vehemence, and 
 when difcovered by the emhTaries of Walfing- 
 ham, he was dragged to the tower, and being 
 found guilty of high treafon for adhering to 
 the pope, the queen's enemy, he was hanged 
 and quartered at Tyburn, 158 1. He was a 
 man of great learning, an eloquent orator, and 
 a fubtile difputant. His writings were on con- 
 troverfial fubjefts, now forgotten- 
 
 CAMPibTRON, Jean Galbert, a French 
 poet, born at Touloufe in 1615, the fecretary 
 and the friend of the duke of Vendome. He 
 merited to be ranked little inferior to Racine 
 in the merit of his dramatic compofitions. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1723, at the age of 67. 
 His plays, three vols. itmo. have pafied 
 through many editions. 
 
 Campo, Antonio, an Italian author, born 
 at Creno:ia, of which he wrote an interefling 
 hiftory in folia, 1583. 
 
 Camira, Andrew, a mufician of Aix, ad- 
 mired for his luperior knowledge of mufic, and 
 for his popular b llets and tragic operas. He 
 died at Verfailles 1744, aged 84. 
 
 t Camus, John Peter, of Paris, was made 
 Bifhop of Hellay by Henry IV. 1609. As a 
 preacher he was eloquent, but at the fame time 
 indulged an ironical turn, efpecially againft the 
 monks, which caufed them to complain of his 
 conduct, to Richelieu. He refigned his fee 
 after an enjoyment of 20 years, and died in 
 the hofpital of incur bles at Paris 1652, aged 
 70. Among his numerous works are men- 
 tioned, pious romances. 
 
 Camus, StefBen h, a native of Paris, bi- 
 
 CAN 
 
 
 (hop of Grenoble 1 571. He was an exemplary 
 prelate, and very auftere, always fleeping on 
 ftraw, and wearing a hair fhirt. He was made 
 a cardinal by Innocent II. and died 1707, aged 
 75. he was author of fome paftoral letters, 
 &c. 
 
 Camus, Charles Stephen Leivis, a French 
 mathematician, who died 1768, aged 58. He 
 wrote a courl'e on mathematics, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 befides treatifes on arithmetic, &c. 
 
 Canani, John Baptiji, of Ferrara,profefibr 
 of medicine and anatomy there, wrote humani 
 corporis picturata dhTectio, now very rare, and 
 is (aid to have difcovered the valves of the 
 veins. He died 1590, aged 75. 
 
 Candiac, John Leivis liz. de Montcalm, 
 a child of aftonifhing powers. At the age of 
 four he learned Latin, and when fix he could 
 read Greek and Hebrew to the aftonifhment 
 of the learned. This prodigy of premature 
 luperiority in learning, was cut off by a com- 
 plication of difeafes at Paris, 1726, aged feven 
 years. 
 
 CANGE, Charles du Frefne du, a learned 
 Frenchman, born at Amiens, and made trea- 
 furer of France. He ftudied ancient and mo- 
 dern hiftory, and publifhed fome valuable 
 works. He died 1688, aged 78. Lewis XIV. 
 prefented a penfion to his children, in memory 
 of their father's learning. The moft valuable 
 of his works are hiftory of the eaftern empire 
 under the French emperors of Conftantinople, 
 fol. Latin glofTary, 3 vols. fol. a Greek glof- 
 fary of the middle ages, 2 vols. fol. annals of 
 Zonaras, &c. hiftoria Byzant. iiluftrata in fol. 
 &c. 
 
 Cangiago or Cambisi, Lewis, a painter 
 of Genoa, whofe works were in high repute 
 in Spain and Italy. He died in Spain, 1585, 
 aged 58. 
 
 Canitz, Baron of, a German poet and 
 ftatelman, born ^t Berlin, 1654. He travelled 
 through Europe, and was engaged in negoci- 
 ations by the king of Pruflia. He took Ho- 
 race for his model in his German compofitions, 
 and was fo popular a poet that his works were 
 publifhed for the 10th time in 1750 in 8vo. 
 He died at Berlin 1699, aged 45. 
 
 Cann, John, an Englifhman, who fled to 
 Amfterdam at the reftoration, and became a 
 leader of the Brownifts. He publifhed a bible 
 with marginal notes, well received by the pub- 
 lic, and often edited. 
 
 Cano, Alonzo, a native of Grenada, emi- 
 nent as a painter, fculptor, and architect. He 
 was patronized by Olivares, and made director 
 general of the king's works at Madrid. The 
 palaces and churches of Madrid were adorned 
 with his elegant labors. He had the lingular 
 misfortune of finding on his return home one 
 evening his houfe plundered, his wife murdered, 
 and his Italian fervant fled ; and while he fuf- 
 pecled the treachery of his domed ic, in con- 
 fequence of his refentful temper, he was him- 
 felf feized as the perpetrator of the horrid 
 deed, but no tortures could force him to eon- 
 
 feff 
 
CAN 
 
 CAN 
 
 fefs a crime of which he was not guilty. He 
 afterwards entered into the church to efcape 
 further per fecution, and died 1676, r.ged 76. 
 
 Cantacuzenus, Johannes, a Byzantine 
 hiftorian, nearly related to the imperial fa- 
 mily. His knowledge in literature and in arms 
 was lo great, that he became the favorite of 
 the court and people, and was nude firll lord 
 of the bedchamber to Andronicus. H* re- 
 tained his offices under his grandibn of the fame 
 name, who made him generaliffimo of his 
 forces, and would have admitted him to the 
 throne, if he had confented. At his death 
 the emperor left the guardianffiip of his fon 
 John Pala;ologus to Cantacuzenus ; but the 
 jealoufy of the emprefs thwarted his benevo- 
 lent fchemes, till at laft he aiTumed himfelf tte 
 imperial purple, at the requeft of the nobles at j 
 Adrianople, 1342. He was victorious over 
 his enemies, and he adopted the conquered 
 PaUeologus for his aflbciate on the throne, and 
 gave him his daughter Helen in marriage to 
 cement their reconciliation. Cantacuzenus at 
 laft, wearied with lbvereignty, retired to a mo- 
 naftery accompanied by his wife. Here he 
 wrote an hiftory in Greek of his Own times, 
 in four books, from 1320 to 1355. He wrote 
 befides fome theological works. 
 
 Cantarini, Simon, a painter, of Pezaro, 
 who died at Verona 1648, aged 36. 
 
 Cantemir, Demetrius, a Tartar of illuf- 
 trious birth. He expected to fucqeed his fa- 
 ther as governor of Moldavia; but he was 
 fupplanted, and when fent to defend the pro- 
 vince againft the Ruffians, he betrayed it to 
 the czar Peter. He retired to Ukraine, where 
 he died, much lamented, 1723, aged 50. He 
 wrote a Latin hiftory of the rife and fall of 
 the Ottoman empire in Ruffia, dedicated to the 
 czar the fyftem of Mahomet's religion the 
 ftate of Moldavia, in Latin. 
 
 Cantemir, Antiocbus, fon of the preced- 
 ing, difplayed his abilities in feveral embaffies 
 at London and Paris. He was the firft who 
 introduced the graces of poetry among the 
 Ruffians. He was author of fome odes, fa- 
 tires, and fables, befides a tranflation of Ana* 
 creon and of the epiftles of Horace. He died 
 1744, aged 34. 
 
 Canterus, William, an eminent fcholar, 
 born at Utrecht, and educated chiefly at Lou- 
 vain and Paris. He vilited Germany, Italy, 
 and Venice, where he purchafed fome valuable 
 manufcripts; and on his return to Louvajn 
 devoted himfelf to his favorite ftudies. An ap- 
 plication fo intenfe, which regularly began at 
 7 in the morning, and continued till midnight, 
 with the intervention of fcarce four hours for 
 exercife and refrefhment, could not infure lon- 
 gevity, and confequently Canterus fell a facri- 
 fice to his ftudies. and died in his 33d year, 
 XJ75. His mind was ftored with vaft erudi- 
 tion, and from his acquaintance with fix lan- 
 guages, befides that of his country, the greateft 
 expectations might have been formed from 
 feim. His works were purely philological, fuch 
 
 as, no varum lectionum libri oclo fyntagma 
 de ratione emendandi Grscos autores notse, 
 fcholia, &c. in Euvipid. Sophocl. iEfchyl. Cic. 
 Propert. Auibn. Arnob. &zc. 
 
 Canton, John, an ingenious philofopher, 
 born at Stroud, in Gloucefterihire, 17 18. He 
 was early initiated in mathematics, but fcon 
 after engaged in the bufinefs of his father as 
 a broadcloth weaver. He, however, eluded 
 the vigilance of his father, who forbade him 
 to ftudy by cindle-light; and at laft con- 
 ftructed, by the help of a common knife alone, 
 a ftone dial which, befides the hours of the 
 day, (how*?d die fun's rifiug, and his place in 
 the ecliptic, with other particulars. The in- 
 genuitv of the fon procured the encourage- 
 ment of the father, who placed on the front 
 of his houfe the favorite dial. This was ad- 
 mired by the curious, and Canton was invited 
 to the undifhubed uie of fome valuable libra- 
 ries. Martin's grammar, and a pair of globes, 
 then firft ieen, railed his genius to noble ex- 
 ertions. He was invited to London by Dr. 
 Miles, and engaged himfelf with Mr. Wat- 
 kins at an academy in Spital-fquare. Here 
 he purfued his ftudies, and fucceeded Wat- 
 kins in his fchool. In 1745, the difcovery of 
 the Leyden phial in electricity attracted his 
 attention. In 1750 he was elected member 
 of the royal fociety for his method of making 
 artificial magnets, and he obtained their gold 
 medal. He was alio honored with a degree 
 by the univerfity of Aberdeen. He was the 
 firft perfon in England who, on July 20, 1752, 
 afcertained the truth of Dr. Franklin's hypo- 
 thefis of the limilarity of lightning and electri- 
 city, by attracting fire from the clouds ; and 
 this recommended him ftrongly to the notice 
 of the American philofopher. His difcoveries 
 in philofophy continued to be important, and 
 his opinions were communicated to the royal 
 fociety in various papers, on the fhooting of 
 ftars, the electrical properties of the tour- 
 malin, the variation of the needle, the tranfit 
 of Venus in 1761, the compreffibility of wa- 
 ter, the making of phofphorus, the fixing of 
 electrical conductors on buildings, the lumi- 
 noufnefs of the fea, Sec He befides treated 
 of other fubjects not only in the tranfactions 
 of the focietv, but in the Gentleman's maga- 
 zine. He died of a dropfy in his cheft, 1772, 
 in his 54th year. In private life he was an 
 amiable and fenfible man, mild in his manners, 
 and affable in his conduct. He was fucceeded 
 in his fchool by his eldeft fon, William, who 
 inherited much of his love for fcience. 
 
 Cantwell, Andreiu, a phyfician of Tip- 
 perary, who died 1764. He acquired cele- 
 brity by his practice and publications. He 
 wrote Latin difiertations on medicine, fevers, 
 and fecretions hiftofy of remedy for weak- 
 nefs of the eyes account of the fmall pox, &c. 
 Canus, or Cano, Scbajlian, a Spaniard, 
 who accompanied Magellan in hij, voyage 
 round the world, and, after his death, purfued 
 his couric to Sunda, and round the cape of 
 O4 Good 
 
CAP 
 
 CAP 
 
 Good Hope. He returned to Spain l.?a:, 
 after failing round the woild in three years and 
 four weeks. There \v..s another, James, a 
 Portuguefe, who dilcovered the kingdom of 
 Congo, in 1484. 
 
 Canute, a king of Denmark and Nor- 
 way, fovtreign alio of England. He resigned 
 his crown for a monaftcry, where he died 
 1026. 
 
 Canute, or Knud, furnamed the Great, 
 P.icceeded Sweyn as king of Denmark, and 
 afterwards undertook 311 expedition againft 
 England. He attacked Edmund Ironllde with 
 fuch fuccefs, that the two rivals agreed to di- 
 vide the country between them, and while 
 Edmund took the l;md at the fouth of the 
 Thames, his opponent claimed the north as his 
 owu. When Edmund was murdered by Edric, 
 IO17, Canute fcized the whole kingdom, and 
 endeavoured to eftablifh himfelf by the puuilh- 
 ment of Edric and of the nobles, and by the 
 laying of a heavy tax on the people. His reign 
 though i'evere, was impartial, as he regarded 
 both nations equally as his fubjecls. He re- 
 preffed the invafion of the Swedes, and killed 
 their king in battle ; and afterwards he made 
 a pilgrimage to Rome. He died at Shaftf- 
 bury 1035. 
 
 Canute IV. king of Denmark after Ha- 
 rold, ic8o. was furnamed the Pious His 
 liberal donations to the church railed an in- 
 furrection againft him, in which he was flam 
 by one of his i"ubject.s,io87. 
 
 Canuti, Dowinico, an Italian painter, 
 whofe pieces are preferved at Rome and Bo- 
 logna. He died 1678, aged 5 5 years. 
 
 Capasso, Nicholas, a native of Fratta, in 
 Naples, profeffor of civil law there. He was 
 eminent as a poet, and he fpent more than 
 twenty years in tranflating Homer into the 
 Neapolitan patois ; a work efteemed by judges 
 of this vulgar idiom. His poetical pieces pof- 
 fefs merit, but his prole is not much efteemed. 
 He died at Naples 1 743, aged 75. 
 
 Capkcio, Scipio, a Neapolitan Latin poet 
 f the 1 6th century, who luccefsfully imitated 
 Lucretius' book dc rerum natura. He wrote 
 befides, elegies, epigrams, &c. 
 
 Capel, Arthur lord,* nobleman, whofe at- 
 tachment to Charles I. proved fatal to him. 
 At firft he favored the parliament, and voted 
 for the death of Strafford, ef which he fin erely 
 repented: and when he law the viuence of 
 the republicans, he fuled with the king, and 
 was created lord Capet He boldly defended 
 Colchefler; but upon the furrender, he in 
 violation of a promile of quarter, was beheaded 
 on the fcaffold, 1649. While in priion, he 
 wrote fomc beautiful verfes. 
 
 Capei., Arthur, fon of the preceding, was 
 made earl of ElTex by Charles II. and em- 
 ployed as amhafTador to Denmark, and as vi- 
 ceroy of Ireland. He lupported the exclu- 
 fion fingly of the duke of York, for which he 
 was ftruck off the lift of privy counfellors, and 
 ui 1683 accui'edby Howard as an accomplice 
 
 in the Ryehoufe plot. He was foon afte 
 found with his throat cut with a razor, bu 
 though evidently murdered, the eoroner'sjurj 
 pronounced a verdict of felo de fe. 
 
 Cavkia., Edward, was born at Trofton 
 near Burv, Suffolk, 1713, and educated a< 
 Bury fchool. Being appointed inipcctor o: 
 plays, he turned his thoughts to an rmmacul*tl 
 aditibn of Shakefpeare. Three and twent) 
 years were employed in fearching old mar.u. 
 fcripts, and in examining various readings 
 but the public were dkapprinted in their ex. 
 pectation of illuflrative notes and commenta- 
 ries to adorn an edition of to vols. 8vo. Th 
 labors of Malone, Stevens, and others, checked 
 the ardor of Capell to hnilh what he had 1c 
 long promifed, and, after forty years, the an- 
 notations appeared as pofthumous, in 3 vols. 
 4to. This publication is in itleif valuable, 
 and throws great li'drt on the characters ol 
 Spakefpeare. Capell died 1781. He wrote 
 befides Prolufions, Sec. and altered Antony 
 and Cleopatra. 
 
 Capello, Blanca, a Venetian lady, who 
 after marrvirg a perfon of inferior rank, re- 
 tired to Florence, where Hie became the mif- 
 trefs of Francis the grand duke of Col'mo's 
 fon. After the death of her hufband, {he 
 prevailed upon her lover to marry her, and 
 lire was formally recogniled, as a true daughter 
 of Venice. Though polfeiTed of great powers 
 of mind, fhe fhowed herfelf odious at Florence, 
 lb that her memory is ftill held in abhorrence. 
 The fudden death of her hufband andof her- 
 felf, within a few days of each other, 1587, 
 was attributed to poifon adrninirtered, it is 
 laid, by cardinal Ferdinand, their brother. 
 
 Capejllus, Leivis, a French proteltant 
 divine of Sedan, profeflbr of divinity and ori- 
 ental languages at Saumur. He engaged in 
 a controverfy with the younger Buxtorff con- 
 cerning the antiquity of the Hebrew points; 
 and whilft his adverfary maintained, that they 
 were coeval with the language, he fupp&rted, 
 that they were unknown before the dilper- 
 fion of the Jews, and that they were invented 
 by the rabbis of Tiberias, about 600 years after 
 Chrift. The learned were on this occ^f:on 
 divided. 7'he Germans lupported the opinion 
 of the Buxtorffs, while Capellus was feconded 
 by all the abilities of the protectants, by Lu- 
 ther, Calvin, Zuinglius, and afterwards by Sca- 
 liger, the Cafaubons, the Heinfii, Grotius, Sal- 
 mafius, and others. Befides his controverful 
 books, he wrote critica facra in which he was 
 engaged for thirty fix years ; a work of merit, 
 Capellus died at Saumur 1658, aged nearly 80. 
 Capistran, yoh.n, a preacher in the Ro- 
 milh church. He declaimed againft the lurks, 
 and was fo fuccefsful in a difcourfe againft 
 gaming, at Nuremburg, that his auditors burnt 
 all their cards and dice in his prefence. Ha 
 headed, a crufade againft the Huflites, and 
 for his fervices to the church was canonized in 
 1690, 234 years after his death. His writ-* 
 ings have funk into oblivion. 
 
 Caporal^ 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 Catorali, Cafar, an Italian writer of 
 Perugia. He was governor of Atri, and died 
 at Caftiglione in i6ci. He poffeffed vivacity 
 and an inexhauftible fund of genuine wit. He 
 wrote two comedies, befides the life of Me- 
 camas, and biirlelque poems. 
 
 Cappe, Neivcome, a dhTenting minifter, 
 who died 1801, at York. He was author of 
 ibme fermons on the government and provi- 
 dence of God, Svo, iliuftratioos of ibme 
 Scripture paffages, &c. 
 
 Caiteronier,- Claude, a Frenchman of 
 Montdidier in Picardy. Though brought up 
 to the bufinejTs of a tanner, he ftudied the 
 learned languages, and was offered the chair 
 of profeflbr of the Greek language at BafiL 
 He died at Paris in 1744, aged 73. He pub- 
 lished an edition of Quiutilian, &c. 
 
 Capranica, Nicholas, a learned Italian, 
 fecretary to Martin V. and railed to a bifhop- 
 ric, and to the rank of cardinal. This laft 
 honor, however, was not confirmed, in con- 
 fequence of the death of the pope. He was 
 employed by Eugenius in various emba'Iies, 
 and commanded the Roman army againft Fran- 
 cis 6'forza, by whom he was defeated and 
 wounded. He died 1458, aged 58. 
 
 Caracci, Leivls, Auguftine, and Hannibal 
 celebrated painters of the Lombard fchool, 
 all natives of Bologna. The two laft were 
 brothers, ions of a taylor, and Lewis was their 
 coufm, and fon of a butcher. Lewis, discou- 
 raged at firft in his profeffion, perfevered by 
 the advice of Tintoret, and by ftudying the 
 pieces of the grcntefi. matters, he loon excelled 
 in defign and coloring. He had the SatisfacVidn 
 of having his two coulinsin the number of his 
 pupils, and with them he united in hying the 
 foundation of that fchool, which has become 
 fo celebrated for the great genius of its Stu- 
 dents. A choice collecf ion was made of anti- 
 que ftatues, and valuable books, and a Ikilful 
 anatomift exerted his talents in explaining the 
 motions and the power of the mufcles and 
 the limbs of the human frame. The fame of 
 the Caraccis loon lpread through Italy, and 
 Hannibil, whofe powers of memory were fo 
 retentive that he never failed to recoiled! what 
 he once faw, was invited by cardinal Farnefe 
 to adorn the gallery of his palace. He was 
 foon followed by Auguftine, but on a quarrel 
 between the brothers, Auguftine retired to 
 Parma, where after fome years Spent in diS- 
 fipation, and in confequent remorfe, he died 
 1602, aged 45. The labors of Hannibal how- 
 ever, which render the Farnefe gallery fuch 
 an object r.f admiration, were unhandfomely 
 rewarded by his employer, and for the im- 
 mortal executions of his penci. during eight 
 long years he received a fum fcarce equiva- 
 lent to 200I. This ill treatment quite over- 
 powered his faculties, and in his agony of 
 rage, he vowed never to touch again his pen- 
 cil, a refolution which his wants made him vio- 
 late. Though occafionally deprived of his 
 ufe6, yet he proved licentious in his morals, 
 
 and haftened his own death by his debau- 
 cheries, at Naples 1609, in his 49th year. 
 While Flannibal was engaged at Rome, Lewis 
 remained at Bologna, admired by the clergy, 
 whofe churches he adorned by his pieces. Fie 
 died at Bologna in 1619, aged 63. The moil 
 admired piece of Auguitine, is the communion 
 of St. Jerome, at Bologna. The works of 
 Hannibal are chiefly admired as pofleffittg all 
 the lV.eetnels and 'purity, the judicious diihi- 
 bution of coloring, and. the delicate correctness 
 of the moft approved mailers. Fie had fo 
 much veneration for the labors of Raphael, 
 that he ordered himfelf to be buried in the fame 
 tomb. Auguftine had a natural fon Antonip, 
 who iL.died under Hannibal, and who dis- 
 played fuch tafte in his pieces, that had he 
 lived he might have furpalfed the fame of 
 his immortal relation. He died 161 8, at the 
 age of 35. From the fchool of the Caraccis 
 Sprung thofe iilullrinus painters, who have done 
 fo much for their own glory, and the reputa- 
 tion of their initruciors, Guido, Dominichino, 
 Lanfrancho, &c 
 
 Caraccio, Anthony, a Roman nobleman 
 of the 1 -tit century. He wrote tragedies, 
 befides an admired epic poem, 40 cantos, call- 
 ed Imperio vendicato, in 1090, in 4to. 
 
 Cakaccioh, Leiuis Anthony, a native of 
 Paris. He was for fome time in the fervice 
 of the king of Poland, and on his return to 
 France devoted himfelf to literature, and died 
 1803, aged 80. He publifhed letters 4 vols, 
 i2mo. impofed upon the world as the corres- 
 pondence of Ganganelli. A nearer exami- 
 nation proved the deceit, when Ganganelli 
 was reprefented as fpeaking c( Hercnlaneum, 
 before it was discovered, and of the writing of 
 Geiirer before they were publifhed. Thefe 
 letters poffels merit, and are written in an 
 elegant llile. 
 
 CAramoei -de Loekovitsh, 'John, a 
 native of Madrid, who, from a bifhop, became 
 a foldier and a. general, and ?gain exchanged 
 military honors for the crozier. He died 
 1682, aged 76. He was pofTeffed of threat 
 powers of mind, and was laid to I.e endowed 
 with genius to the eighth degree, with elo- 
 quence to the fifth, and with judgment to the 
 fecond. His works are A\ on controversial 
 Subjects. 
 
 CARAVAGlo, Michael Anrclo Amerigi da % 
 fon of a maibn of Caravagio, was born 569. 
 He acquired celebrity as *i painter, but he 
 was fo quarrelfome that he found few friend^ 
 many rivals, and more enemies. After a life 
 of misfortunes encreafed by licentioufnefs, in 
 the midft of poverty and persecution, he ex- 
 pired on the common road 1609, in his 40th. 
 year. From his correct adherence to nature, 
 he was furnamed the naturali'l ; but though 
 Rubens himfelf acknowledged him as his 
 fuperior in the elear-obfeure, yet he failed in 
 large compofitions. Unable once to pay his 
 reckoning at an alehoufe he painted the* figa 
 afrefh, in o highly finifhed a llile, that after- 
 wards 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 wards it brought the owner a very confiderable 
 fum. 
 
 Cardan, 'Jerome, an Italian, natural fen 
 of an advocate of Milan, born at P.\ia IJOI. 
 He itudicd at Pavia, and after taking his de- 
 gree of MJ). at Padua, he engaged as a \to- 
 ieflbr of medicine and of mathematics in fe- 
 veral univerfities of Italy. In 1552 he vifited 
 Scotland at the rcquett of the archbilhop of 
 St. Andrew's, whom he cured of a violent 
 afthma that h.id baffled the lkill of all phyfi- 
 cians. He afterwards travelled through Lon- 
 don, where he calculated the nativity of Ed- 
 ward VI. and he returned after an abfence of 
 10 months to Milan. Here and at Pavia he 
 continued his lectures, but fome offence pro- 
 cured his imprilbnment at Bologna, 15 7 1. 
 After which he went to Rome, where he 
 lived in privacy, and died 1575. Cardan was 
 111 his conduct eccentric, when free from pain 
 he excited the moft disagreeable legations by 
 biting his lips, fqueezmg his fingers or whip- 
 ping his lees, that thus he might obtain relief 
 from thole fallies of the imagination and lively 
 impreffions on the brain which difturbed the 
 ferene coinpciure of his mind. Though poor 
 he never dugraced himfelf by any immoral 
 action, but he was too often pleafed to fpeak 
 n iubjects which might give uneafineJs to his 
 hearers, anil he was immoderately attached to 
 gaming. When he had caft his nativity, it is 
 fuid that he abstained from food, and thus he 
 destroyed nature that he might exactly fulfil 
 his prophecy. He wrote various things which 
 difplaycd the wildnefs of his opinions. His 
 uroiks were printed at Lyons in 10 vols. fol. 
 
 Cakdi, Lwfpvltin a painter born at Cigoli. 
 He died 161 J, aged 54. His Ecce homo, 
 and a d.ad Chrift with the Virgin and Nico- 
 dernus, in the Pitti palace at Florence, are 
 much admired. 
 
 Cahronne, Dionh Dominh de, a French- 
 man, keeper of the MS8. in the royal library 
 : 1'r.i, and profeffbr of the Turkifh and 
 Perfian languages, died 1783. His works 
 were an hiltory of Africa and Spain under the 
 Arabs, 3. vols. i2mo. mucellanies of oriental 
 literature, 4 vols. nmo. &c. 
 
 Carew, George, a native of Devonshire, 
 educated at IJroadgate hall, Oxford. He next 
 followed a military life, and behaved with 
 great fpirrt in Ireland, and in the voyage to 
 Cadiz. He was made prefident of Munfter 
 by Elizabeth, and by James governor of 
 Guernfey, and created baron Carew of Clop- 
 ton. Charles railed him afterwards to the 
 dignity of earl 1 otnefs. He died in the Savoy 
 1629, aged 72. He was univerfally tfteemed 
 as a man of worth, and wrote the hiitory of 
 the late wars ia Ireland, publifhed in folio, 
 
 I633- 
 
 Carew, Thomas, a native of Gloucefter- 
 fliire, educated at Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. 
 His wit recommended him to the notice not 
 only of Ben Jonfon and Davenant, but of 
 Ciiarles I. who made him a gentleman of his 
 
 privy chamber. He died about 16.19, l v hi 
 ltveral poems, and a mafquc called Coclu* 
 Hritannicum, performed at Whitehall by th 
 king and fome of his favorites, in 1633. 
 
 C.*rew, Richard, author of the lurvey 
 Cornwall, was born at Anthony in Cornwal 
 and educated at Chrift- church, Oxford, h 
 removed to the Middle Temple, and afto 
 travelling abroad he fettled in his native count) 
 where he became a jultice of the peace, an 
 high fherifF in 1586. He devoted himfelf t 
 antiquarian purfuits, and was intimate wit 
 the learned men of his time, efpecially Spe' 
 man. He died 1620, aged 65, and an ir 
 fcription on his tomb defcribed him as anotht 
 Livy, another Maro, another Papirian. H 
 furvey, though praifed by Camden, is not r< 
 garded by Gough as a valuable performance. 
 
 Carew, George, brother to the preced/nj 
 was educated at Oxford, and became fecretai 
 to chancellor Hatton. Elizabeth knighted hin 
 and appointed him as her ambaffador to P< 
 land. In the following reign he was commi 
 fioner for the union of the two kingdoms, ar 
 he refided as ambaflador in the French cou 
 for four years, where he furnilhed Thuam 
 with f< me ufeful information for the compl 
 tion of the 121ft book of his hiftory. L 
 died 16 1 3. He wrote a relation of the fta 
 of France, with the characters of Henry V 
 and of the principal peribns of the court, 
 work of great merit. 
 
 Carew-, Bampfylde Moore, an eccenti 
 character, fon of a clergyman at Bickle 
 Devon. He was educated at Tiverton fchoi 
 but withdrew from his parents to affocia 
 with gy piles. The adventures of a mendica 
 had greater charms than the fplendors of p 
 liihed fociety, and C arew, the friend, tl 
 companion, the hero of the gypfies, w 
 elected their king. It is faid that he m 
 twice tracifported from Exeter to North Am 
 rica, for enticing dogs to follow him, but 
 artful were his expedients that he both rim 
 returned before the fhip which conveyed hi 
 from Europe. In his wanderings he glori 
 in extorting charity under effumed characie 
 either as the mattered failor, the unfortum 
 tradelman, the broken ibldier, or the d 
 trefTed clergyman. He died about 17 70, ag 
 
 77- 
 
 Carew, fir Alexander, a Cornifh gentl 
 
 man, member for his county in 1640. I 
 
 v-otedTor the death of Strafford, and was ma 
 
 governor of St. Nicholas' ifland at Plymou 
 
 In this office he made overtures to deliver 
 
 the garriibn, but his intentions were difc 
 
 vered, and he was dragged to London, a 
 
 beheaded on Tower-hill 1644. 
 
 Carey, Harry , a man who, to poeti 
 
 and mufrcal talents, joined the more dangen 
 
 power of wit and fatire. He wrote foi 
 
 dramas for Goodman-fields theatre, and ri 
 
 culed modern tragedies in his chrononhott 
 
 thologos in^r.734. He was a great enemy 
 
 the Italian operas and Italian fingers, and wr< 
 
 t 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 the popular fong of " God lave great George 
 our king." He was perfecuted by indigence, 
 which unfortunately aided by melancholy de- 
 jection, incited him to commit filicide. He 
 deftroyed himfeif in 1744. His fongs were 
 publifhed by him in 1740, and his dramatic 
 pieces in 1743. Though the author of fo 
 many ballads it is remarkable that none offend 
 againft morality and virtue. His lbn George 
 Savile, who at one time was on the Covent- 
 garden ftage, wrote a lecture on mimkry, dra- 
 matic pieces, &c. 
 
 Caribert or Charibert, king of Paris 
 after his father Clotaire L_j6i, was a popular 
 monarch. He was, however, licentious in his 
 manners ; and, after putting away his queen, 
 he married two of her fervants, of the meaneft 
 condition. During his reign, the mayors of 
 the palace acquired that great power which 
 proved fatal to the monarchy. He died 567. 
 
 Carleton,^?/- Dudley, was born at Bal- 
 don Brightwell, Oxfordfhire, and educated at 
 Chrift-church. He attended fir Ralph Win- 
 wood as his fecretary into the Low Countries, 
 and went as amhafTador to Venice, Savoy, 
 France, and the United Provinces. Charles 
 created him baron Imbercourt, vil'count Dor- 
 chefter. He died fecretary of ftate 1631, 
 aged 58. He wrote various pamphlets, befides 
 letters from Holland during his embafTy, from 
 1616 to 1620, &c. 
 
 Carleton, George, a native of Norham, 
 Northumberland, maintained at Edmund hall, 
 Oxford, by Bernard Gilpin. In 1580 he was 
 fellow of Merton, and in 161 7 was bifhop of 
 JLlandaff. He was lent by James, with three 
 other divines, to the fynod of Dort. On his 
 return, he was tranflated to Chichefter, and 
 died nine years after, 1628, aged 69. He 
 wrot feveral theological tracts, befides the 
 life of his patron Gilpin. 
 
 Carlini, Agojlino, a native of Genoa, who 
 fettled early ITT England, and became keeper 
 cf the royal academy in London. He was an 
 artiftof celebrity. He died 1 790. 
 
 Carloman, eldeft fon of Charles Martel, 
 fucceeded in the kingdom of Auftrafia 741. 
 After defeating the Germans, he retired to 
 the obfeurity of a cloifter, and died at Vienne 
 in Dauphine, 755. Another, lbn of Lewis 
 the German, fhared the kingdom of Bavaria 
 with his brothers Lewis and Charles ; and be- 
 came king of Italy and emperor. He died 
 880, without iflue. Another, brother of 
 Lewis III. obtained Aquitain and Burgundy. 
 On his brother's death, in 882, he became 
 fole king of France, and died 884. 
 
 Car lone, John, a Genoefe painter, who 
 excelled in the art of forelhortening. He 
 died aged 40, 1630. 
 
 Carlos, don, (on of Philip king of Spain, 
 *ras deformed in his perfon, and violent in his 
 temper. He mowed himfeif dilbbedient to 
 his father, and attempted to excite an infur- 
 reftion. His conduct, and determined oppo- 
 sition to his father, proved his rain, and 
 
 Philip, incenfed by the ingratitude of his fon, 
 caufed hrm to be feized, and condemned to 
 death. He died 1568, it is fuppofed, by poi- 
 fon, or, according to others, by being ltran- 
 gled, or by opening his veins in a bath. Some 
 authors fay, that Philip treated him with this 
 cruelty becaufe he attempted to gain the af- 
 fections of his mother-in-law, Elizabeth of 
 France, whom formerly he had courted. 
 
 Carlyle, yrfepb JDacres, a learned orien- 
 tnlift, born at Carlifle. He was educated at 
 Ccirlifie Ichool and Chrift college, Cambridge, 
 and in 1777 obtained a fellovvfiiip at Queen's. 
 He flu died Arabic and the oriental languages, 
 in which he made great progrels, with the 
 affi'tance of a native of Bagdad, refident at 
 Cambridge. After ten years' refidenee at 
 college, he fettled at Carlifle, and in 1794 
 fucceeded Dr. Craven as Arabic profeflbr, and 
 in 1795 was made chancellor of Carlifle. la 
 1799 he went to Conltantinople in lord Elgin's 
 embally, and obtained admitlion into the li- 
 braries of the city, and made excursions into 
 Afia Minor, examined the fite of Troy, vifited, 
 Egypt, Syria, and the Holy Laud, and he 
 returned through Italy and Germany to Eng- 
 land. For his fervices he was made reftor of 
 the valuable living of Newcaftle-upon-Tyne ; 
 but while he promifed himfeif long life, hi* 
 conttitulion haftencd to a rapid decay, and he 
 expired, univerfally lamented, 1804. He was; 
 then employed in the publication of a bible in 
 Arabic, and in completing his obiervations on 
 the Troad. 
 
 Carmiciiael, Gerrfjom, a native of Glaf- 
 gow, educated there, and made profefibr of moral 
 philofophy. He died 1738, aged 56. He 
 wrote notes on Puffendorf, befides a i'yftem of 
 moral philofophy. 
 
 Carmichael, Frederic, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was educated at Aberdeen, and be- 
 came one of the minifters of Edinburgh. He 
 died of a fever 1751, aged 45. He publifhed 
 iermons, much admired for elegance and neat* 
 neis. 
 
 Caro, Hannibal, an Italian poet and orator 
 of Civita Nuova. He tranflated the iEneid, 
 in blank verfe, 2 vols. 4to. with lb much fpirit, 
 that fome judges have declared the compofition 
 fcarce inferior to the original. His poems and 
 fonnets were much admired, and appeared 4to. 
 
 He publilhed alfo letters, 3 vols, 8vo. a 
 
 tranflation of Ariftotle's rhetoric and orations 
 of Gregory Nazianzsn. He died at Rome 
 1566. 
 
 Caroline, daughter of the margrave of 
 Brandenburg Anfpach, was bom 1682. Her 
 hand was folicited by Charles III of Spain, 
 afterwards emperor ; but fhe refufed him, and 
 in 1705 married the fon of the elector of 
 Hanover, by whom (he had four ions and five 
 daughters. She was crowned queen of Eng- 
 land 1727 ; and during the reign of her huf- 
 band difplayed great dignity, moderation, and, 
 fagacity. She died 1737. 
 
 Carolosxadt ox Carlostadius, An* 
 
 drew 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 irrtv Bodenjlein, a native of Carloftadt in 
 Francon>a, dean of Wittemberg 151 2, the 
 year when Luther took his doctor's degree. 
 He elpoutbd the reformer's tenets; but a 
 dispute k-U him into extremes, lb that he ven- 
 tured to deny trajtfubftantiation. lie w.is 
 profefTor oi divinity and minuter of Bafil ; and 
 was the fint proteftant divine who married. 
 [541. 
 CAK.i-r\TLR, Nutbanial, a native of Ha- 
 DevonC -d-icatcd at Edmund hall, 
 Oxford, and Exe'er college. He was railed 
 to a deanery iu Ireland, and died at Dublin 
 1635. He was eminent for his knowledge of 
 mathematics; and he ably oppofed the Aris- 
 totelian philolbphy. He wrote geography, in 
 two books, betides Archhophel, Sec. 
 
 Ca -, a Frenchman of Char- 
 
 leviile, arfirted in the edition of the glo.'lary 
 of Ducange, in 6 vols. fol. and wrote, befkics, 
 alphabetum tyroniauum, fol. 1747. He died 
 d TO. 
 Iakpi, Ugo da, a painter, celebrated for 
 -J cliiaro-oblcuro. This he per- 
 formed by me.;:;:, of two pieces of waxwork, 
 h delineated the outlines and flia- 
 dows, and the other iraprefled the colors, lie 
 died 1500. 
 
 :?()NE, y^t'o, a Venetian painter, who 
 died 1674, aged 63. He was eorreci in his 
 bacchanals, triumphs, and Sacrifices. 
 
 :.rdLl, a native of Bran- 
 denburg, profefTor of law at Wittemberg. He 
 : 024, aged 59, and left four Sons of great 
 ry celebrity. 
 Carr, Robert, a Scotchman, Grit noticed 
 by James I. in 1609. '1 lie monarch conde- 
 scended to teach Latin to his favorite, and 
 railed him to the title of duke of SomerSet ; 
 but though he laved him afterwards from pu- 
 nishment for his murder of fir Thomas Over- 
 run y, he difcarded him from his favor, lb that 
 he ciijd forgotten 1658. 
 
 Cakra, Job/i Lt-uis, a French demagogue, 
 born at Pont de Velles in 174.3, and brought 
 tp to the law. On the breaking out of the 
 revolution, he came to Paris, where he pub- 
 lished a popular journal ; and in confequence 
 of his Cervices in the caufe of the republic he 
 was made member of the convention. Reft- 
 lefs and ambitious he favored the Girondists, 
 and lor fome time was employed as commil- 
 iioner with the army. He was accufed of 
 being in the pay of hngland, and of plotting 
 the exelufion of the Bourbons, with the in- 
 tention of railing the duke of York to the 
 throne. When his party was profcribed by 
 Robefpierre, he was with them hurried to 
 the guillotine, 1793. He was author of new 
 principles of philolbphy, 2 vols. 4to. an hif- 
 : Moldavia and Wallachia, Ilmo. an 
 effay on aerial navigation examinations of 
 animal magnetifip, &c. 
 
 Cakracci. Fid. Caracci. 
 Carranza, Bartholomew, a Dominican 
 prieit, who accompanied Philip when he mar- 
 
 ried Mary of England. He distinguished hiwt* 
 felf at the council of Trent, and was arch- 
 bifhop of Toledo. He was accufed of herefy 
 afterwards, and died in the convent of Mi- 
 nerva 1576. He wrote a collection of coun- 
 cils, fome theological tracts, fee, 
 
 Carre, Lavis, died 1711, aged 48, au- 
 thor of mathematical treatifes on meafuring 
 Surfaces and Solids on finding the center of 
 gravitation, percufiion, and qfciUatioa, &c. 
 
 Carrier, 'John Baptijl, an infamous re- 
 publican, born 1756. He was bred up to the 
 law, and when deputy to the national conven- 
 tion, he was Sent to la Vendee, with a number 
 of afiaffins. At Nantes, the Scene of his bar- 
 barities, iie often in one day caufed twenty- 
 four pertbns to be put to death, though young 
 and imu cent, and, by a new mode of torment, 
 placed them, male and female together, in the 
 nioft indecent pofture, in barges, on the Loire, 
 n funk the veilelsin the middle of the 
 river, After perpetrating every crime of 
 cruelty, lull, and avarice, he was recalled, and 
 at lalt condemned to a deServed death, and 
 guillotined, 1794- 
 
 Carkiera, Bofa Alba, a Venetian por- 
 trait painter in crayons. She came to Paris, 
 where She was admitted member of the aca- 
 of painting J-7ZO. After painting the 
 royal family, (lie went to Vienna, and died at 
 Venice 1761. 
 
 Carstakes, William, a Scotchman, born 
 at Cathcart, and educated at Utrecht. He 
 was the confidential friend of the prince of 
 Orange before his invasion of Britain. At 
 the revolution, William appointed him his 
 chaplain for Scotland, and confulted him with- 
 out relerve on every occafion. Anne on her 
 accoflion continued him chaplain for Scotland ; 
 but he retired from court, and was elected 
 principal of the college of F.dinhurgh. He 
 died univerf:rl:y relpetted, in 1715. His Slate 
 papers, letters, &c. were published in 1774, in 
 a 4to. vol. by M'Cormick. He was in his 
 character benevolent and, patriotic, liberal and 
 humane. 
 
 Carte, Thomas, an Kr.gliSh historian, bom 
 at Clifton, Warwickshire, 1686. -He was 
 educated at Univerlity college, Oxford, 
 and proceeded M. A. at Cambridge. When 
 in orders, lie officiated as reader of the abbey-: 
 church Bath, where he ably vindicated the 
 memory of Charles I. and published his firft 
 composition, the Irilh maflacre Set in a clear 
 light. On George's accefiion, as he refufed 
 to take the oaths, and as he affumed the lay 
 habit, he has been accufed of being concerned 
 in the rebellion of 1715. He continued his 
 attachment to the Stuarts, and was Secretary 
 to Atterbury, fo that being SuSpecled by go- 
 vernment, on the imprisonment oS the prelate, 
 ioo1. were offered for his apprehenfion. F.S- 
 caping to France, he remained in exile, under 
 the afTumed name of Philips, for fix or itven 
 years, employed in literary purfuits, till queen 
 Caroline procured his recaL After his return 
 
 he 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 he puhliihed his hiftory of James duke of 
 Ormond, in 3 vols, folio. In 1738 he iffued 
 proposals for a new hiftory of England, and 
 v.hilft he collected materials in public and pri- 
 vate libraries, lb great was the popularity of 
 his name that fubfcriptions appeared for his 
 encouragement to the amount of 600I. a-year. 
 Not only individuals, but many public com- 
 panies and the city of London honorably 
 appeared to fnpport the labors of the national 
 hiftorian. The ift vol. was published in 1747, 
 and the 4th, which extends the hiftory to the 
 year 1654, and which was pofthumous, in 
 1755. The work is a compofition of great 
 merit, and drfplays the author's abilities in a 
 very relpectable view. That there are par- 
 tialities in the narrative cannot be denied : 
 but the hiftory is valuable for information on 
 many curious, important, and iuterefting facts. 
 When the firft volume appeared, a violent 
 outcry was railed againft the author, for in- 
 serting, in a note, that a certain Chriftopher 
 Lovel had been healed of the eyil at Avignon 
 by the holy touch of the pretender, and even 
 the corporation of London, yielding to the 
 general prejudice, haftily withdrew their libe- 
 ral fubfcription. Carte died at Caldecot-houfe, 
 fear Abingdon, Berks, 1754. His papers 
 were left to his widow, who afterwards mar- 
 ried a catholic, and they were depofited in the 
 Bodleian library in 1778. Thefe manufcripts 
 were efteemed fo important, that lord Hard- 
 wick obtained the perufal of them for 200I. 
 and M'Pherlon for 300I. Carte wrote the 
 hiftory of the revolutions of Portugal a col- 
 lection of original letters and papers on the 
 affairs of England, 2 vols. Svo. and other 
 historical pieces. 
 
 Carteil, Chriftopher, a naval officer, in 
 the fervice of the prince of Orange, born in 
 Cornwall. He commanded a fleet which 
 failed from Holland to Mufcovy, and was fent 
 by Elizabeth with Drake to the Weft Indies, 
 where he dilplayed courage at the taking of 
 St. Jago, Carthagena, and St. Auguftin. He 
 died in London 1593, fged 43. 
 
 Carter, Francis, an Englifh writer, who 
 died 1783. Me publifhed a journey from 
 Malaga to Gibraltar, 2 vols. 8vo. with plates, 
 valuable for the engraved coins it contains, 
 from the cabinet of the Spanilh medallift Flo- 
 res. He began an account of the earlieft 
 printed Spanilh books, which remains incom- 
 plete. 
 
 Carter, Elizabeth, a learned Englifh lady, 
 born at Deal. Her talents were cultivated 
 by her father, who inftrueted her in the learn- 
 ed languages. As a fpecimen of her erudition 
 fhe published the work? of Epictetus with an 
 elegant transition, and with notes and a learn- 
 ed introduction ; a performance received in 
 the moft flattering manner by the learned 
 world. Her poems en feveral occasions were 
 | blilbed in 1762, and fhe alio contributed 
 two papers to the Rambler, Nos. 44, on reli- 
 aod fuperftiu^n, v.d ioo, on t&odifh 
 
 pleafore. She wrote befides fome featured 
 pieces, an ode to wifdom inferted m Rich- 
 ardlbn's Clariffa, &c. and dilplayed great ihn- 
 plicity of fentiment, with iublime ideas, and 
 the pure ft morality. She died in very good 
 circumftances relpectea by numerous friends, 
 in London 1806, aged 89. 
 
 Carteret, John, earl GranriHc, was edu- 
 cated at Weitminfter and Chrift-church, Ox- 
 ford. The zeal which he difplayed in fup- 
 porting the Hanoverian fucceffion recom- 
 mended him to George I. by whom he was 
 in 1 719 lent to Sweden, where he reconciled 
 the kings of Sweden and Denmark. n 1721 
 he was fecretary of ftate, and went "in 1724 
 to Ireland as viceroy, and again filled the 
 fame high app lintment with equal credit, at 
 the acceflion of George II. till 1730.' He ef- 
 poufed Walpole, and on his removal he ob- 
 tained the place of fecretary of ftate, 1742 ; 
 and though before he had blamed continental 
 alliances, he purfued them like his predecefTor. 
 He died 1763, relpe>5ted as a man of learning, 
 and the friend and patron of learned men. 
 
 CARTEROM.\co,c7^/)i(7,anative of Piftoja, 
 Greek profe;ibr at Venice. He died at 
 Rome 1513, much refpected as a fcholar ad 
 as a man. Befides an edition of Ptolemy's 
 geography, he pubb'fhed a Latin oration of 
 Ariftides' Greek oration, &c. 
 
 Cartes, i?t'/ des, a celebratad French phi- 
 lofopher, born at la Haye in Touraine, 1596, 
 and educated by the Jefuits of la Fleche. His 
 father urged him early to purfue a militarv 
 life, and he laft entered into the fervice of the 
 prince of Orange. Literature and phMofophy, 
 however, ftill continued his favorite purluits 
 anfidlt the buftle of the camp, and during die 
 truce between the Spaniards and the Dutch, 
 he dilplayed his great fuperiority of mathe- 
 matical knowledge, and publifhed a Latin 
 treatile on mufic. In 1619 he entered into 
 the fervice of the duke of Bavaria, and two 
 years after he quitted, the army, and travelled 
 through the various countries on the border 
 of the Baltic. Upon his return to Paris, he 
 applied himfeif to the ftudy of philolbphy with 
 uncommon ardor, but he was of an unsettled 
 wavering ftate, frequently changing his habi- 
 tation, and fixing his residence ibmetimes at 
 Amfterdam, ibmetimes near Fraacker, ar.d 
 fometimes at Deventer. In 1637 appeared 
 his four treatifes concerning method, dioptrias, 
 meteors, and geometry, and about this time 
 he received a friendly invitation from fir 
 Charles Cavendilh to fettle in England, which 
 a few years before he had vifited,uut the trou- 
 bles of the times prevented him. Lewis XIII. 
 invited him alfo in vain, Defcartes refilled to 
 quit his retirement, though the French mo- 
 narch liberally fettled upon him a penlion of 
 3000 livres. His reputation was ib v ell efta- 
 blifhed that princes were anxious to refer their 
 literary dilputer. to his arbitration, he cor- 
 refponded with Elizabeth the daughter of the 
 elecior ] ng of Bohemia: Midi 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 ttna of Sweden not only paid him the mod 
 flittering teftimonv, hut preffed him moft 
 earneftly to fettle in her dominions. DelVar- 
 tes, accepting the liberal invitation, came to 
 Stockholm in October 1648, and was admitted 
 to the confidence of the queen, whom he at- 
 tended every morning at five o'clock, to in- 
 AraB her in philolbphical knowledge. Sen- 
 Mi of the merit of the ftranger, Chriftina 
 formed the molt generous plans for the im- 
 provement of her l'ubjects, and in hanufomely 
 rewatding the philofonher, the meditated the 
 eftablifhment of an academy under his gui- 
 dance as director, but death prevented tliefe 
 munificent intentions. Defcartes died nth 
 February 1650, aged 54. His body was in- 
 terred at Stockholm, but 17 years after it was 
 removed to Paris. He never was married, 
 but bv a woman who co-habired with him, he 
 had one daughter. Defcartes is defervedly 
 jefteemed as a man of genius, well acquainted 
 with mathematics and philolbphy, poffeffed of 
 a ftrong mind capable of profound meditation, 
 of patient enquiry, but not devoid of great 
 warmth of imagination. His treatife of the 
 world is an ingenious performance, but the 
 doctrine of vortices cannot ftand the exami- 
 nation of truth and of the Newtonian philo- 
 fophy. He advanced far beyond his prede- 
 ceffors, and if he had done nothing befides in- 
 troducing a fpirit of enquiry into the mvfte- 
 ricus operations of nature, he would have la- 
 bored much for the benefit of mankind. He 
 pubbfhed alfo a treatife on mechanics, befides 
 letters, fcc. 
 
 Cartier, Ja?nts, a French navigator, born 
 at St. Maloes. Under Francis 1. he dilco- 
 vered in 1534 the beft part of Canada, of 
 which he published an account. 
 
 Cartwright, C&ri/lopher, an EngKfti di- 
 vine fkilled in Hebrew. He was born at York, 
 and died 1652, aged 50 years. He wrote 
 Electa Rabbinica in Genefim and Exodum. 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, a puritan, born in 
 Hertficrdfhire, and educate4 at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He devoted himielf fo rigo- 
 roufly to ftudy, that he did not allow himielf 
 more than five hours' deep in the night, a cuf- 
 tom which he followed through life. About 
 T 553 he left Cambridge to be articled as clerk 
 to a counfellor, but in 1560 he returned and 
 became fellow af his own college, and after- 
 wards of Trinity. When Elisabeth vifited 
 the univerfity, Cartwright was among the few 
 felecled to difpute before their fovereign, but 
 his popularity was affailed when he ventured 
 to inveigh againft the ecclefiaflical govern- 
 ment of the church. The chancellor of the 
 univerfity, fir William Cecil, was directed by 
 Grindal to proceed againft him, and he was 
 not only forbidden to proparrate his doctrines, 
 but deprived of the divinity Margaret profef- 
 ibrfhip, and of his fellowfhip. Thus disgraced, 
 he travelled into Germany, and was choiln 
 miniiter of the Englifh merchants at Ant- 
 werp, and afterwards at Middltburg. About 
 
 two years after he returned to England and 
 boldlv undertook the defence of the puritans. 
 His pamphlet received a fpirited reply from 
 Dr. Whitgift ; but after a paper war, conti- 
 nued with more acrimony than moderation, 
 Cartwright found it fifer to leave the king- 
 dom, whilft his victorious opponent was raifed 
 to the fee of Worcefter. He then officiated 
 as miniiler to the Englifh factories, and re- 
 ceived a ftrong invitation from James VI. of 
 Scotland to fill a profeflbrfhip at St. Andrew's, 
 which he declined. When ha returned he 
 was lent topril'on, but was liberated by the in- 
 terference of Burleigh and Leicefter, the laft 
 of whom made him mafter of his newly found- 
 ed hofpital at Warwick. After many per- 
 fections and repeated imprifonments, which 
 James endeavoured to alleviate by application 
 to Elizabeth, Cartwright died 1603, in his 68th 
 year. His publications were moftly theolo- 
 gical, and difplayed his character as a man of 
 great perfeverance, extenfive learning, genuine 
 piety, generous, difinterefted, and benevolent. 
 His practical commentary on the four gol'pels, 
 and his commentary on proverbs, were ef- 
 teemed. 
 
 Cartwright, William, of Northway near 
 Tewklbury, was educated at Cirenceiter arid 
 Weitminfter l'chools, and Chrift- church, Ox- 
 ford. He was patronifed by bifhop Duppa, 
 and eiteemed by Ben Jonfon and the wits 
 of the times. He wrote 4 plays befides 
 poems termons, &c. He died 1644, aged 
 33- 
 
 Cartwright, Thomas, of Northampton, 
 was educated at Queen's college, Oxford. 
 At the reitoration he was made chaplain to 
 the king, and prebendary of St. Paul's, and 
 on Pieribn's death railed to the fee of Chefter. 
 He favored the proceedings of James II. 
 whom he accompanied to France, and to Ire- 
 land. He died at Dublin 1689, aged 55. 
 His fermons, &c. have been publilhed. 
 
 Cakvalho d'acosta, Anthony, of Lif- 
 bon, was eminent for his knowledge of ma- 
 thematics, hydrocraphy, and aftronomy ; but 
 more as the author of a topogiaphical def- 
 cription of Portugal, 3 vols, folio. He wrote 
 befides a compendium of geography, and a 
 method of ftudying aftronomy, and died poor 
 1 715, aged 65. 
 
 Carver, 'Jonathan, a native of New Eng- 
 land, who during the American war com- 
 manded an independent company of pro- 
 vincials againft Canada. He had before vi- 
 fited the interior parts of North America, of 
 which he publilhed an account, 1776. He 
 wmte alio a treatife on the culture of tobac- 
 co. He died in 1780, hTis laid, for want of 
 the common necefTkries of life, aged 48. 
 
 Cary, Robert, was born at Cookington, 
 Devon, and educated at Oxford. He was 
 prefented 10 the living of Portlemouth in 
 Devonfhiie, and inclined to the tenets of the 
 prefbyterians. Upon the reiteration he con- 
 gratulated Charles II. and was made arch- 
 deacon 
 
CAR 
 
 CAR 
 
 beacon of Exeter; but he was ejecled in 
 X664, by the intrigues of fome of his ene- 
 mies, and continued in retireimeRt at his rec- 
 tory where he died in 1 688, aged 73. He 
 published a chronological account of antient 
 times, in foL 
 
 Cart, Lucius, elded fon of Henry firft 
 vifcowit Falkland, was born at Burford, Ox- 
 fordshire. 1610, and educated at Trinity col- 
 lege, Dublin, and St. John's, Cambridge. 
 After vifiting the continent he fettled within 
 ten miles of Oxford ; but though mailer of a 
 rr.oft ample fortune, he did not devote his 
 time to frivolous c~ intemperate purfuits ; but 
 courted the company of the molt learned men 
 of the univerfity. So laborious were his 
 ftudies that before he reached his 23d year 
 he had read all the Greek and Latin fathers. 
 He ferved in the army of Eifex as a volun 
 teer againft the Scots, and in 1640 was mem- 
 ber for Newport, Hants, a place which he 
 again reprelented in the next parliament. 
 In this new fcene the candor of the com- 
 mons feemed fo plmftble, that he inveighed 
 againil the arbitrary meafures of the court 
 and declared himfelf for the profecution of 
 Strafford, and of Finch, and for the exclulion 
 of the bifhops from the houfe of peers. But 
 reflection wrought a change in his political 
 lentiraents, and the next time that the dis- 
 qualification of the bithops was mentioned in 
 the houfe, he oppofed it with dignity. On 
 this occafion his Sincerity was fufpected, but 
 the goodnefs of his heart forbad the afperfion 
 of his character, and when he received with 
 indifference the compliments of the court, and 
 manfully rejected the honors which the fo- 
 vereign propofed to confer upon him, it then 
 became evident that his conduit was the 
 effect of principle and not of party. At laft 
 however he was made Secretary to the king ; 
 bilC he refufed to follow the practice of his 
 predecefTors in encouraging and maintaining 
 fpies, and in opening fufpected letters. Eager 
 to fupport the caui'e of loyalty, he tigned with 
 other lords a declaration, that the kind's in- 
 tentions were friendly to the parliament, and 
 he levied fome Soldiers for his ll-rvice. When 
 at Oxford with the king, he accompanied him 
 to the public library, and Charles, defirous to 
 make a trial of his fortune by the Scrtes Vir- 
 gilitna?, opened a Virgil, where he read that 
 paiTage in the 615th and following lines of the 
 4th book of the JEneld which contains the 
 dreadful imprecation of Dido againft iEneas. 
 The words were fo awfully ltriking, and 
 painted the king's fate fo pathetically, that he 
 felt the application, and Falkland to divert 
 his attention expreffed his wifh to try his for- 
 tune too, and mow how puerile it was to 
 d.vell upon fuch accidental things. The paf- 
 fage upon which be fixed his eyes began at 
 the Ij2d line of the nth iEneid, and in the. 
 lamentations of Fvander on the untimely fall 
 of his favorite Pallas was remarkably prophetic 
 of the melancholy fate which ^waited him. The. 
 
 civil wars operated powerfully upon Ins mini* 
 initead of ferine, placid, and lively coun- 
 tenance, he now betrayed gloominefs, inward 
 forrow, and dejection. Referve fucceedad to 
 an afilible behaviour; the negligence of his 
 drefs fully evinced the great petuibation, cf 
 his foul, and often in the midft of the deepelt 
 filence he would exclaim, peace, peace! 
 Though obliged by his office to be near the 
 king's perfon, yet he frequently expofed him- 
 felf in the thick eft of the battle, and obi'erved 
 to his friends who wifhed to check his ardor, 
 that his impatience for peace proceeded not 
 from pufillanimity. In the morning 'of the 
 battle of Newbury, it is laid, that with a 
 cheerful countenance he allured his followers* 
 that, weary of the times, he would leave them 
 before night. He drefled himfelf in a cleaa 
 fhirt, obierving that fhould he be ilain, his 
 body fhould not be found in foul linen ; then 
 putting himfelf in the firft ranks he ruined on 
 the enemy, and was foon after fhot with a 
 mufquet in the lower part of the belly, and 
 falling from his horie remained under heaps 
 of (lain till the next morning. This illuf- 
 trious character, who thus fell in his 34th 
 year, was univerfally refpedted as one of the 
 brightelt ornaments of the age. His mind 
 was amply ftored with all the riches of antient 
 and modern literature, and the goodnefs of 
 his heart was equal to the vaft refources of 
 his mind. Mild and gentle in his manners, 
 pious, virtuous, charitable, and religious in 
 his conduct, he was admired even by his ene- 
 mies. He was fo attached to probity, that 
 like Epaminondas, he turned with abhorrence 
 from every appearance of deceit and falfehood. 
 His faving was, that he pitied unlearned gen- 
 tlemen in a rainy day. He is the author of 
 fome poems, Speeches in parliament, a dif- 
 courfe on epilcopacy, on the infallibility of 
 the church of Rome, and other pieces. 
 
 Cary, Henry, earl of Monmouth, was 
 coufin-german to Elizabeth, and was educated 
 with Charles I. He tranllated from various 
 authors feven folios, two octavos, and a 1 zmo. 
 and died 1661, aged 65. 
 
 Cary, Felix, a learned French writer, of 
 Marfeilles. He wrote an hiftory of Marfeilles, 
 of Thrace, and the Botphorus by medals. He 
 died 1754, aged 55. 
 
 Caryl, jofepb, a nonconfortnift, author of 
 a commentary on Job, in three vols. 4to. He 
 was member qf Exeter college, and a popular 
 preacher at EincolnVmn, and fome years after 
 at St. Magnus Fondon-oridge. Fie was in fa- 
 vor with Cromwell, whom he attended as chap- 
 lain in Scotland. He publiihud fermons, and 
 died 1673. 
 
 Caryll, John, a Roman catholic, born in 
 Suffex. He was lecretar Mary quern of 
 James II. and he follow."-" fortune:; of !: : , 
 fugitive mailer, by' wlion if created earl 
 
 GaryJl. ling. the reign of 
 
 queen Arnc, and was intb. ith Vope, to 
 
 ended the jeci of the 
 $ Rape 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 R: jw of the Lock, which the poet infirribed to 
 him. He wrote two plays, befides a tranfia- 
 t'on of the plalms of David, &c. He was liv- 
 ing in I 
 CA3A,Jchn Je, an Italian of the 16th cen- 
 rury, bora at Florence. He was engaged in 
 ..tions under the popes, at Venice and 
 other places, and wjs archbiihop of Benevento 
 IJ44* His works, hi Latin and Italian, were 
 Men efteemed, particularly his : Galateus, 
 feu de morum elegantia, a poem, with notes, 
 8vo. He wrote befides fome beautiful Italian 
 joems, the lives of cardinals Contarini and 
 Bembo, and other works, collected together in 
 live- vols. 4to. Though a cardinal he was diifo- 
 krte in his manners, and had a natural ion 
 whom he called Ouirino. He died at Rome 
 
 Casanova, Mark Anthony, a Latin poet 
 of Rcmc, who in his imitations of Martial dif- 
 ' -rent keennefs of fat ire. He alio imi- 
 tated Catullus. His poems are in the Delic'ue 
 poetanrm Italorum. He died 1.527. 
 
 Casas, Bartholomew de las, a native of 
 Seville;, who at the age of 19 accompanied his 
 father in the expedition of Columbus to the 
 Weil Indies, in 1493. On his return to Eu- 
 rope he became an ecclefialtie, and in his ap- 
 pointments in Cuba, he began to difplay that 
 humanity which lb much honors his heart as 
 rhe advocate of the poor Indians whom his 
 countrymen murdered. More fully to plead 
 their caule he appeared before Charles V. and 
 unfolded luch a tale of perfecution, that the 
 monarch made ordinances to punifh the cruelty 
 of his governors, and protect his Indian fub- 
 jects. Thefe lcenes of horror however were 
 too far from Europe to be checked, and in 
 f-Mte of las Cafas, and of Ch.irles, the Indians 
 were tortured, plundered, and wantonly put 
 to death. Even Sepulveda defended the con- 
 duit of the Spaniards, by the example of the 
 Israelites towards the people of Canaan". But 
 this horrible book, though printed at Rome, 
 was pofcribed in Spain, and refuted by las Ca- 
 fas new bilhop of Chinp. Soto the king's 
 confefTor examined the allegation! of las Cafas 
 againft the Spaniards, but Charles did not 
 adopt that fylte/n of humanity which becomes 
 the lather of a people. After more than 50 
 vears fpent in alleviating the diftreffes of the 
 Indians, las Cafas, worn out with infirmities, 
 left America in 1551, and returned to Madrid, 
 where he died 1566. This truly good chrif- 
 rian did not efcape the perfecution of his un- 
 grateful country ; though engaged in every act 
 of charity he was represented in odious colors 
 to the court, by the malice of thofe tyrants 
 whofe cruelties he expofed. His " deuruc- 
 tion of the Indians" has been trmflated into 
 feveral Languages, and together with bit rights 
 of fovereigns, Uc fhows him to have been a 
 pious and amiable character. 
 
 Casati, Paul, a Jefuit of Placemia, died 
 at Parma 1707, aged 90. His learning re- 
 commended him to Chriftina of Sweden, whom 
 14 
 
 he perfuaded to abjure her religion and tun 
 catholic. His writings are on mathematics 
 fuhjects, befides a treatise on optics, which h 
 wrote, when 88 years old, and blind. 
 
 Casaubov, Ifaac, a learned critic, bori 
 at Geneva 1,559. He ftudied at Geneva, aft 
 at the age of 23 (ucceeded his matter Portiu 
 as Greek profeflbr. He miblifhed in 1583, hi 
 notes on Diogenes Laertius, dedicated to hi 
 father, and the next year appeared hi:-- lecture 
 on Theocritus, inlcribed to Henry Stephen 
 the printer, whole daughter he married. Ii 
 1587 he publifhedhis commentary on Strabc 
 and his new teitament ; the next year his note 
 on Dionyfius HalicarrufftC ; and the nex 
 year notes on PoJyjpnus; and the year aftei 
 Ariflotle. The following- years were equalh 
 prolific in learned labors, till in 1596, be be 
 came profefibr at Montpelfter, but foon afte. 
 went to Paris, and being introduced to Hem] 
 IV. he was promiicd patronage from the court 
 The monarch, through thejealoufy of the lite 
 rati of Paris, unable to give him a profeffbrfhip 
 appointed him one of the proteftaut judges a 
 the conference between bilhop Perron and di 
 Pleffis Mornay. Some time after he wa: 
 made librarian to the king, and while writinj 
 annotations on the daffies, he devoted form 
 time to the Arabic language, and completed s 
 dictionary, and tranllated fome of the author: 
 into Latin. Henry, who admired Cafaubon 
 wifhed him to become a catholic, and recom- 
 mended him to confer with Perron, but this 
 inftead of fhaking, eltahlifhed more firmly hi; 
 faith as a protectant. Cafaubon, who had pub. 
 lifhed at Lyons his Athcnaeus, now gave to the 
 world his Polybius in 1602, with a dedication 
 to the king, much admired as a matter-piece 
 of its kind. The death of his patron, and at 
 the fame time his religion, induced him tc 
 abandon France for a refidence in England, 
 His reputation preceded him, he reached Eng- 
 land 1610, and was honorably received by 
 James, who admitted him to his table 4 granted 
 him a penfion of 300I. and made him prebend- 
 ary of Weftminfter and of Canterbury. He 
 did not long enjoy thefe favors, he fell a victim 
 to a violent diforder in the bladder 1614, in 
 his 55th year. He was father of 20 children 
 by his wife. 
 
 Casaubon, Mcrh, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Geneva 1599. He was educated 
 firft at Sedan, and afterwards at Chrift-church. 
 His defence of his father againft the catholics 
 made him known to king James, and fome 
 time after he was prefented to the living of 
 Bledon in Somcrfetfhire, and in 1628 to a 
 prebend of Canterbury, and afterwards to 
 other benefices. The civil wars, however, 
 robbed him of all his preferment, and he was 
 persecuted as a fuipicious perfon, and impri- 
 foned. Cromwell wifhed to engage him to 
 write an account of the civil wars, but he re- 
 jected it with difdain. He was alio folicited 
 by Chriftina of Sweden to prefide over her 
 univorfities with a handfome, falary, but he 
 
 declined 
 
CAS 
 
 CAS 
 
 declined the offer, and chofe rather to live in 
 England. At the reitoration Cafauton was re- 
 inftituted in all his preferments, which he en- 
 joyed till his death, 1671, in his 7 id year. 
 His talents were great as a lcholar and a critic, 
 as his editions of the dailies and his many 
 other publications fully prove. It is however 
 fingular that he ihouid defend the exiltence o 
 witches. 
 
 Case, Thomas , A. M. a nonconform^, 
 who in the civil wars preached againft the roy- 
 ali:ts. He was born at Boxley in Kent, and 
 educated at Chriit church. He was at one 
 time minuter of St. Mary Magdalene, IViilk- 
 ftreet, and afterwards of St. Giles' in the 
 fields, and was impiiibned in the tower for con- 
 fpiring in Love's plot. He waited with other 
 minifters on Charles in 1660, at the Hague, 
 and was one of the commiffioners at the Savoy. 
 He died 1682, aged 84 years. His works are 
 chiefly fermons. 
 
 Case, John, a native of Lyme in Dorfet- 
 fhire, known as an empiric and fucceffor of 
 Lilly. He wrote die angelical guide, (honing 
 men and women their lot and chance in this 
 elementary life, 1697, 8vo. But his celebrity 
 arofe from the fuccefs of his pills. His door 
 was pointed out to enquiring patients by thefe 
 two lines, which procured more money than 
 all the verfes which Dryden ever wrote : 
 " Within this place 
 " Lives doctor Cafe." 
 Once at a tavern doctor Radcliffe pledged him 
 with " here, brother Cafe, I drink to all the 
 fools your patients." " Thank you, replied 
 the empiric, let me have all the fools, and you 
 may take the reft." 
 
 Casel, John, a native of Gottingen, pro- 
 feflbr of rhetoric and philofophy at Helmftadt, 
 where he died 1613. He wrote ibme learned 
 works. 
 
 Cases, Peter James, a painter, born at Pa- 
 ris, where he died, aged 79. The correctness 
 of his ftyle, and the excellence of his draperies. 
 make him rank as one of the hrft painters of 
 the French fchool. 
 
 Casimir Matthias Sarbjeuski, a Je- 
 fuit of Poland, profeffor of philofophy and the- 
 ology at Wilna, whole Latin odes, epodes, and 
 epigrams, are little inferior to the productions 
 of the belt poets of Greece and Rome. Gro- 
 tius and others have fet his fame above that 
 f Horace. He was preacher to king Ladillaus 
 V. and died at Warfaw 1640, aged 45,, and 
 unfortunately before he had completed his- 
 Lefciade, a heroic poem in 12 books, in imita- 
 tion of Virgil. 
 
 Casimir I. a king of Poland, fon and fuc- 
 celTor of Miciilas, 1034. He privately re- 
 tired to a monaftery at Paris, from which he 
 was, by the affection of the Poles, drawn to 
 civilize his country. He married 
 of the duke of R'uffia, and died 1058, in the 
 24th year of his reign. 
 
 Casimir, II. king of Poland, youngeft fon 
 of BoUflaus III. deferved the fumame .of the 
 
 juft, by. his humanity. He fucceeded his bro- 
 ther Miceflaus, 1177, and died 1194, aged 
 
 77- 
 
 Casimir, III. furnamed G"~it, fucceeded 
 Ladiilaus 1333 He defeate. J v.i of Bohe- 
 mia, and conquered Rulfu. Hi died by a 
 fall from his horfe 1370. 
 
 Casimir, IV. fon of Jagelfon, was raifed 
 to the Poiiih throne 1447. He made war 
 againtt the Teutonic knights, and by an edict 
 commanded that the Latin tongue mould be- 
 come the vernacular language, which continues 
 to be obferved to this day. Hi died 1492. 
 
 Casimir, John, ion of Sigifmund III. from 
 a cardinal became a king. He was defeated by 
 Charles Gultavus of Sweden, whom afterwards 
 he conquered. He alio defeated the Ruffians 
 in Lithuania, but refigned the crown and re- 
 tired to France, where he died 167a. 
 
 Caslon, William, an eminent letter- 
 founder, born in 1692, at Hales Owen in 
 Shropshire. He as originally apprentice to 
 an engraver of ornaments on gun-barrels, but 
 the neat lettering of a book in a bookfeller's 
 fhop, accidentally recommended him to the no- 
 tice of Mr. Bowyer, who not only encouraged 
 httn in undertaking a letter-foundery, but lent 
 him 500I. to make a refpectable beginning. 
 His ingenuity foon procured a large concern, 
 he cut the fount for printing the new teftament 
 in Arabic, for the ufe of the poorer cbiituns 
 in the eaft, and he executed his fount of Eng- 
 liih etters with fuch neatnefs, that types were 
 no longer imported from Holland. After re- 
 fiding in Helmet-row, Old-ftreet, he fettled in 
 Chifwell-ftreet, where his folindery became 
 the large! t in the known world. He retired 
 from bufinefs, and fettled at Bethnal-green, 
 where he died 1766, aged 74. His eldeit fon, 
 William, fucceded him in his bufinefs. 
 
 Cassagmes, James abbe de, a French poet. 
 His with to ditingui'.h himfelf as a pulpit ora- 
 tor, was fo fatally checked by Boileau, who in 
 the fame line affociated him with Cotin, one of 
 the molt ineloquent preachers of the age, that 
 he fell into a melancholy delirium, and actu- 
 ally died in a madhoufe 1679. He tranflated 
 Salluft and forne of Cicero's works into 
 French, &c. 
 
 Cassana, 'Nlchohy a painter, born at Ve- 
 nice. His conspiracy of Catiline, containing 
 nine figures as large as life, and his portrait of 
 queen Ann, are greatly admired. He died 
 in London 17 13, aged 54. 
 
 Cassandra Fidele, a Venetian lady well 
 acquainted with the learned languages and phi- 
 lofophy. Her letters and difcourfes were 
 publifhed at Padua. She died 1567, aged 
 102. 
 
 Cassentino, Jacoho cfi, an eminent 
 painter, the founder of the Florentine aca- 
 demy. He died 1356, aged 80. 
 
 Casserio, Julia, a native of Placentia. He 
 was domellic in the family of Fabricius ab 
 aqua-pendente and was inftructed by his mafter, 
 %ud fucceeded him as profeffor oi' anatora 
 V 
 
CA$ 
 
 CAS 
 
 and medicine at Padui. He wrote de vecis 
 auditufque oiganishiftoria, fol. anatomical ta- 
 bles, and other works, and died 1616 
 
 Cassini, Johannes Dominicus, a celebrated 
 aftronomer born in Piedmont 1635. He ftu- 
 died at Genoa, and ditplayed l'uch poetical 
 powers, thatfome of his pieces were publifhed 
 when only 1 1 years old. He accidentally met 
 a book on aftronomy, and devoted himielf 
 with fuch fuccefs to that fcience, that at the 
 age of 15 he was invited to teach mathematics 
 at Bologna. The appearance of a comet in 
 1651, enabled him to make obfervations on 
 thofe bodies, and to eftablifh the doctrine that 
 they were not meteors, but governed by re- 
 gular laws. He afterwards determined the 
 apogee and eccentricity of a planet from its true 
 and mean place, a problem which Kepler and 
 Bullialdus are faid to have given up as infolv- 
 able. He was aifo employed in fettling differen- 
 ces that had arilea in conference of the inun- 
 dations of the Po, and was mipector general of 
 the fortifications of the Urbino, and of the 
 rivers in the ecclefiaftical Mates. He made 
 various important difcoveries concerning the 
 planets, and fettled the theory of Jupiter's fa- 
 tellites. Lewis XIV. obtained the pope's pcr- 
 mifiion to allow him an abfence of fix years, 
 and he vifited in confequence the capital of 
 France in 1669, and was made royal aftrono- 
 mer. When his fix years were expired, the 
 pope made him forfeit his emoluments as he 
 did not return ; and CAbert therefore pre- 
 vailed upon him to become a naturalized fub- 
 ject of France. As the firft occupier of the 
 new built obfervatory at Paris, he proceeded 
 rapidly in his examination of the heavens. 
 The revolution of Jupiter round its axis was 
 determined, four fattellites more were added 
 to Saturn, and the meridian line in 1695, was 
 proved not to have varied lince it had been 
 fixed 40 years before, at Bologna. This great 
 aftronomer, after continuing the meridian line 
 through France, died 171a. 
 
 Cassini, John James, fon and fuceefibr of 
 the preceding, was born at Paris. He inhe- 
 rited the talents of his father, and defcribed 
 the perpendicular of the meridian of France, 
 from St. Maloes through Paris to Strafburg. 
 He aflerted, contrary to Newton's opinion, 
 that the earth was an oblong fpheroid ; which 
 Was proved to be falfe by the report of the 
 mathematicians font by the French king to 
 nieafure a degree of the meridian at the equa- 
 tor, and at the polar circle. He alfo turned 
 his thoughts to electricity, In which he made 
 fome experiments. He died at the age of 84, 
 in 1756. His works greatly efteemed, were 
 elements of aftronomy, with aitronomical ta- 
 bles, two vols. 4to. magnitude and figure of 
 tie earth. 
 
 Cassini de Thury, Cafar Francis^ fe- 
 cood fon and fuceefibr of John James, was 
 Lorn at Paris, 1714. At the age of ten he 
 calculated the phafes of the fun in a total 
 *< lipfe, and he engaged afterwards in the veri- 
 
 fication of the meridian palling through the ob- 
 fervatory at Paris, and completed a geometrical 
 defcription of France, with verv minute parti- 
 culars. His labors were fupported by the 
 learned, and the munificence of the court. He 
 died of the fmall-pox, 1784, leaving behind 
 him an amiable and refpected character. He 
 was lucceeded by his fon John Dominic. 
 
 Castagno, Andre-w del, a painter of Tuf- 
 cany. He obtained the fecret of painting in 
 oil from Dominico de Venife, and afterwards 
 aflafiinated him. Dominico, who knew not his 
 murderer, haftened to the houfe of his perfi- 
 dious friend, and expired in his arms. The 
 bloody deed remained undifcovered, till Caf- 
 tagno revealed it on his death bed. He finifhed 
 in 1478 the execution of the conipirators 
 againft the Medicis. 
 
 Castaldi, Cornelius, a native of Feltri, 
 eminent as a peet. He founded a college at 
 Padua, where he died 1537, aged 57. His 
 poems, confifting of Latin and Italian pieces, 
 are much efteemed. 
 
 Castalio, Sebajiian, of Chatillon on the 
 Rhone, was the friend of Calvin, by whofe in- 
 fluence he became regent in the college of 
 Geneva. He tranflated the bible into elegant 
 Latin, and difplayed hrs extenfive knowledge 
 of Greek and Hebrew by other publications. 
 His opinions with refpect t Solomon's fouj 
 and Chrift's defcent into hell, and about pre- 
 deftination and grace, procured him many ene- 
 mies; and he at laft incurred the difpleafure 
 of Calvin and of Theodore Beza, who reviled 
 him as a papift. Flis colloquia facra, in elegant 
 Latin, appeared in four vols. i2rao. 
 
 Caste els", Peter, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who died at Richmond in Surrey, 1749, aged 
 65. He publifhed in 1726, 12 plates of birds, 
 defigned and etched by himielf. 
 
 Castel, Lewis Bertrand,z Jefuit of Mont- 
 pellier, the friend of Fontenelle, and other 
 learned men. His vrai fyftem de phyfique 
 generale de Newton, in 4to, 1743, gained him 
 univerfal- reputation as a philosopher and a 
 ruan of fcience. His optic of colors, 121110. 
 his treatife on gravity, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 and his fyltem of mathematics, 4to. were 
 alfo much efteemed. He died 1757, aged 
 69. 
 
 Castell, Edmund, D.D. a learned divine, 
 born in 1606, at Hatley, Cambridgeshire, and 
 educated at Emanuel college. He afterwards 
 removed to St. John's, for the convenience of 
 the library in the compilation of his lexicon 
 heptaglotton, a valuable work, in which he 
 was engaged for 1 7 years, and upon which he 
 expended upwards of 12,000!. Such facrificef 
 deferved liberal patronage, but his preferment 
 was at firlt only the fmall vicarage of Hati-eld 
 Peverell in F.ifex, afterwards the rectory of 
 Wodeham Walter, and then that of Highatl 
 Gobion, Eedf'ordftiire. Afterwards he became 
 king's chaplain, profefibr of Arabic at dim- 
 bridge, and prebendary of Canterbury. '1 he 
 lexicon was published in 166^, but the work 
 
 remained 
 
CAS 
 
 CAT 
 
 remained almoft entirely unfold upon his hands. 
 He affifted in a very extenfive degree the 
 labors of Dr. Walton, in the publication of his 
 polyglott bible. Dr. Caftell died 1685, 
 aged 79. 
 
 Castelli, Bencdicl, of Brefcia affifted Ga- 
 lileo in his aftronomical obfervations. He 
 was afterwards profefTor of mathematics at 
 Pifa, and then at Rome, and died 1 644. 
 
 Castelnau, Michael, a Frenchman, am- 
 baffador from Charles IX. and Henry III. in 
 England. He died 159a. The memoirs of 
 his embaffies were printed in 2 vols, folio, 
 1669 , and in three vols, folio. 
 
 Castlenau, Julia de, wife of count de 
 Murat, wrote in a pleafing ftile, les lutrins de 
 Kernofi iamo des contes de fcs two vols. 
 le voyage de Campagne, and died 1716, aged 
 
 45- 
 
 Castelvetro, Leivis, a learned Italian 
 of Modena. He was SuSpected of having 
 embraced the tenets of Luther, and being 
 brought before the inqirifition at Rome, he 
 made his efcape to Bafil, where he devoted 
 himlelf to literature, and died 1571, aged 66. 
 
 Castiglione, jofepb, a native of Ancona, 
 governor of Corneto 1598, and diilinguilhed 
 as a poet and critic. He was author of an 
 hiftory of his own times in Latin verfe, &c. 
 He died 1616. 
 
 Castiglione, Beltbazar, an Italian no- 
 bleman, born 1478, in the dutchy of Mantua. 
 He ferved in the army, under Sforza duke of 
 Milan, and afterwards was fent by Urbino, 
 ambaffador to Julius II. and afterwards to 
 Lewis XII. of France, and Henry VII. of 
 England. He publifhed at Rome 15 16 his 
 celebrated " Courtier," a work highly admired 
 for its moral and political initrucfions, and for 
 the elegance of the Italian. He married the 
 daughter of Bentivoglio, who died four years 
 after, leaving him a foil and two daughters. 
 Hi* abilities proved ferviceable to the holy fee, 
 and were employed in feveral negociations with 
 Charles V. and Francis I. He died at Toledo, 
 1529. Sixteen months after, the body was 
 removed by his mother from Toledo, to a 
 church at Mantua which he himielf had built. 
 Befides the Courtier, Caftiglione wrote fome 
 elegant Latin and Tufcan poems, inferted in 
 the deliciae poet. Ital. 
 
 Castillo-Y-5AAVEDRA, Antony del, a 
 Spatufh painter of Cordova, where he died 
 1667, aged 64. He excelled in hiftorical and 
 landl'cape painting ; but his coloring is deficient 
 in grace and in tafte. 
 
 Castries, N. marjhal de, a French ge- 
 neral, who ferved in the feven years' war. He 
 was called to the aSfembly of the notables in 
 1787, but disapproved of the violence of h'u 
 colleagues, and left France. He died at Wol- 
 fenbuttle in Brunfwick, Jan. 1800. 
 
 1 ko, 'John de, a native of Lifbon ; who 
 went with Gama to the eaft, and publifhed a 
 defcriftion of the Red fea. On bis return to 
 E-rope he was appointed over a See t, and went 
 
 with Charles V. againft Tunis, and afterwards 
 was fent as governor of the Eaft Indies by the 
 Portuguefe. He died at Diu, which he had 
 rendered almoft impregnable 1548, aged 48. 
 
 Castro, Paul de, of Caftro, was proftffbr 
 of law at Florence, Bologna, Sienna, and Pa- 
 dua. His works poffbffed great merit, and 
 were in 8 vols. fol. He died 1437. It be- 
 came proverbial to fay of him, after the words 
 of Cujas, qui non habet Paulum de Caftro, tu- 
 nicam vendat & emat. 
 
 Castruccio, Cajlracani, a celebrated 
 general, who was a foundling, difcovered by 
 the monk Antonio, and his filter in a heap of 
 leaves in a vineyard at Lucca in Tufcany, in 
 1284. He was tenderly brought up and in- 
 tended for the church ; but his fondnefs for 
 military exercifes made him prefer the pro- 
 feffion of arms. He entered in his 18th 
 year as a lieutenant in the army of the Ghi- 
 belins, and the valr which he difplayed re- 
 commended him to the good opinion of Guinigi 
 the general, and he foon role to the highlit 
 honors, and was at laft declared by the people 
 of Lucca their fovereign prince. Beloved at 
 home and refpected abroad, he meditated the 
 extenfion of his power over the neighbouring 
 States. The Florentines viewed his elevation 
 with jealous enmity, and 30,000 foot, and 
 10,000 horfe appeared in the field, 22,000 of 
 which the active general destroyed, with the 
 lofs of only 160 of his own men. Fatigued 
 after the bloody conteft, and regardlefs of a 
 chill north wind which blew upon him, he was, 
 feized with an ague, which carried him off in. 
 a few days, when he expected to rile to the 
 Sovereignty of Italy. He died in his 44th 
 year 1328, admired in his life-time, and re- 
 gretted after his death. Machiavel has written 
 his life, and represented him r.s a molt extra- 
 ordinary character, of great prefence of mind, 
 benevolence of temper, and undaunted firm- 
 neSs, not lefs in profperity than adverfity. 
 
 Cat, Claude Nicholas le, of Bleraucourt in 
 Picardy,wasa furgeon. In 1723 he publifhed 
 a letter on the aurora borealis of that year, and 
 in 1 73 1 he became the furgeon of the hotel 
 Dieu at Rouen, where five years after, he 
 formed a public School of anatomy. lie was, 
 penlioned with 2000 livres by the French king 
 in 1759, and Seven years after raiSed to nobi- 
 iky. He wrote on the theory of hearing, 
 1758, 8vo. on the nervous fluid, 1765, 8vo. 
 on ofteology, 1767, 8vo. on the fenies, 
 2 v< h. i2mo. &c. and died 1768, aged 68. 
 
 Cat EL LAN, Maria Claire Prifcilla Mar- 
 guerite de, a lady of Narbonne, who died at 
 Tbuloufe 1745, aged 83. Her cdes were 
 crowned by the Touloufe academicans. 
 
 Catesby, .Marfan Englifh naturalift. He 
 refided for Seven year;: in Virginia, and at the 
 requeSt offir Hans Sloahe, and others, lie vifited 
 the Caroiinas, and the Bahama iflands, for the 
 improvement of knowledge. On his return to 
 England, 1726, he gave to the public his natu- 
 ral hiltcry of Carolina, Florida, and tfce B:iha- 
 P % mai, 
 
CAT 
 
 CAT 
 
 rm<, : vols. fol. with colored plates. He was 
 
 if the royal fociety, and died in 
 
 . ; 69. 
 
 ;iakjnk, a daughter 0: Charles VI. of 
 
 Frftce, married Henry V. of England", and 
 
 after his death Owen Tudrr, a Wchhmau, by 
 
 .lie had Edmund, the fither of Henry 
 
 VII. She died 143 S. 
 
 :;ia!u\k of Arracon, daughter of 
 Ferdinand V. of Csftile, married Arthur Ton 
 of H^nry Vli- in 1501, and on his de-.th, live 
 months afte'r, Henry afterwards the VIII. 
 Her conduct as a wife was molt exemplary, 
 and places her character in the molt amiable 
 point of view. Her divorce from Henry, 
 .d the reformation of Eh '!;md. She 
 wrote fome religious pieces, and died at Klm- 
 boiton, onhrerfally refpfeed. 
 
 Catharine dk Medicis, queen of 
 France, daughter of Lorenzo de Medicis, 
 married, in 1534, Henry duke of Orleans, fon 
 of Francis I. Though at iirll fhe had no 
 children, afterwards lhe had tan, three of 
 whom became fuceeffiVfcly kings of France, and 
 a daughter queen of Navarre. Her hulband 
 died 1559 ; and during the fhort reign of her 
 fori Francis, fhe obtained no influence in the 
 cabinet, from the inperior power of the 
 Guiles; but on the elevation of Charles IX. 
 then only 11 years, fhe became regent, and 
 d the infamous features of her mind by 
 the murders of St. Bartholomew. Defpifed 
 tor her cruelties, and the Have of lull, this 
 worthlels woman died 1589, aged 70. 
 
 C.thaion'k of Sienna, a Romifb faint, 
 who, at the .^t of 8, is laid to have vowed 
 perpetual celibacy. She wrote feveral things in 
 a fanatical (tile. Her letters have been printed. 
 Sh^ died 1380, aged 3?. Another faint who 
 founded a convent in Bologna, and died 1463, 
 
 Catharine or Portugal, daughter of 
 John IV. and wife of Charles II. of England, 
 was treated with unkindnefs by her hulband, 
 and after his death fhe returned to Portugal, 
 where fhe was regent during the imbecile flate 
 of her brother Peter. She conquered the 
 Spaniards, and died 1705, aged 67. 
 
 Catharine of Bourbon, filler of Henry 
 IV. married 1599, Henry of Lorraine. She 
 died without children, 1604, ac-.ed 46. 
 
 Catharine Ai.exievna, emprefs of 
 Ruflia, a native of Ringen, in Livonia, born 
 of obfeur? parents. She WM inliru^ed in the 
 houfe of a Lutherian clergyman ; but his 
 death left her deftitute, and lhe retired to 
 Marienburg. There, in 1701, lhe efpoul'ed a 
 dragoon of the Swedifh fortrefs in that city; 
 but, on the day of her nuptial*, and before 
 their confummation, the bridegroom fell in 
 the field of battle, and the captive Catharine 
 became the property of general Bauer, who 
 faw and admired her beauty. In her r7th 
 year, fhe b;cHme the millrefs of Peter the 
 great, and (6 much captivated him, that, on the 
 29th of May 1 71 1. he privately married her, 
 *nd the following February announced her as 
 
 his emprefs. On his death, in 1725, fhe vrs* 
 proclaimed as fovercign of all the Rudias : and 
 fhe deferved the high dignity. The grand de- 
 figns of the Ciar were completed by her 
 genius, and a mild fyilem of government in- 
 lured her the affection of her fubjecrs. She 
 died 1727, aged 38. Notwithstanding thd 
 noble qualities of her character, and hi 
 vices to her hulband, elpeciaily at Pruth, fhe 
 was fufpected of being faithlefs to his bed. 
 
 Catharine II. emprefs of RuiSa, daugh- 
 rer of Cbxittian Auguftus of Anhalt-Zerhft, 
 in Upper Saxony, at the age of 14, married 
 the duke of Holbein, afterwards Peter III. 
 The mental imbecility of her hulband re- 
 dered Catharine iiffatisfied and faithlefs, and, 
 on the death of the emprefs, in 1 76a, the 
 young monarch found an ambitious rival, in? 
 Head of a fubmiffive contort. By a well ma- 
 naged plot fhe feized her hulband, 176a, and 
 after three days' confinement he expired in 
 the caftle of Robfcha, whilft his murderer pro- 
 claimed herfelf fole fovercign emprefs, and in- 
 jured the viability of her government by the 
 wifeft meafures. Prince Iwan, grandi'on of 
 Peter, an inoffenfive youth, was iecretly cut 
 off; and the emprefs, lure of the tranquillity 
 of her dominions, impofed on Poland her 
 favorite Poniatowfki, as king, by the name of 
 Staniflaus Augustus, in 1 764. Great as a fo- 
 vercign, but diifolute as a woman, Catharine 
 was engaged for ten years in a Turkilh war, 
 and la lily with the Swedes, whilft at home lhe 
 indu'god the moll fenfual gratifications, in the 
 company of favorites, whom, however, lhe re- 
 wiaded with liberality. Tne patronage which 
 fhe extended to genius, and the benevolent., 
 motives of her government, will always appear 
 as illuftrious features in her character. 1 he 
 bloody capture of Ifmael, however, and the 
 partition of Poland, mult excite indignation 
 againft her. She died fuddenly of an apoplec* 
 tic fit 1797, and was fucceeded by her Ion 
 Paul, who in 1800, was fucceeded t>y Alexan- 
 der. Catharine introduced inoculation into 
 Ruflia, and, to recommend it to her fubjeds, 
 fhe herfelf rirll fubmitted to the operation. 
 
 Catinat, Nicholas, was born at Paris 
 1637, and left the law for a military life. He 
 foon dhtinguifhed himfelf in this new career, 
 and at Maeftricht, Befancon, Valenciennes, 
 St. Omer, Ghent, &c. he dilplayed fuch acts 
 of bravery, that he was promoted to the 
 higheft offices. He defeated the duke of Sa- 
 voy in 1688, and took the bell part of his 
 dominions, and in the war of 1701, he at 
 the. head of the French army oppofed Eugene, 
 who commanded the Germans in Italy. Even 
 Eugene bore testimony to his greatnefs by 
 faying, on the indecifion of the French court in 
 appointing a general, " If Villcroi commands, I 
 ihall beat him ; if Vendome, the ftruggle will 
 be great; but if it be Catinat; I lhall be 
 beaten." Misfortunes however attended this 
 campaign, difunion reigned among thegei 
 and Catinat to this owed his ill fuccefs. He 
 6 w I 
 
CAV 
 
 CAV 
 
 wis wounded at Chiari, and retreated behind 
 the Oglio, and in difgrace fubmitted to ferve 
 a? fecond to Villeroi. He died at St. Gra- 
 tian, 171a, aged 74. 
 
 Catineau, N. a native of Beaupreau, 
 who in the revolution headed the Vendeans. 
 He afterwards refigned the command to Bon- 
 champ, and foon after fell at the liege of 
 Nantes. 
 
 Catrou, Francis, s learned Jefuit born at 
 Earis i6<9> and died 1737- Beiideshis tran- 
 fiation of Virgil, and an hiltory of the Mogul 
 empire, he wrote an hiltory of. the fanaticifm 
 of the protectants, quakcrs,&c. 
 
 Cattho, Angelo, of Tarentum, was in the 
 fe rvice of the duke of Burgundy, and of Lewis 
 XL as altrologer and phyfician. He pretended 
 to foretell future events, and died at iiene- 
 ventum 1497- 
 
 Catz, James., a native of Zealand, known 
 a a politician and poet. During Cromwell's 
 ufurnation he came as ambafiitdor to London. 
 On his return he retired to his favorite ftudies, 
 and died 1 660, aged 83. His poems in Dutch, 
 are highly efteemed by'his countrymen. 
 
 Cavalcanti, Bartholomew, an Italian, 
 who ierve-* Paul III. and died at Padua 1562, 
 aged .59. He wrote excellent treatifes on 
 rhetoric, and on the heft forms of a republic. 
 
 Cavalier, J<obn, fon of a peafant at Ce- 
 vennes, is famous for his bravery in the wars 
 o/the Camifards, agamit Lewis XIV- He de- 
 feated the brsveft of uh/e king's troops, and Vil- 
 Sars at laft concluded a truce with him, and 
 he was reeaiv-ed into the pay of the king, but 
 fearing treachery, he quitted France, and 
 went to England. He diilinguifhed bimfelf 
 afterwards in Spain, at the battle of Almanza, 
 and was made governor of Jerfey, where it is 
 fuppofed that he died about 1705. 
 
 Cavalieri, B-.naventure, an Italian difcipk 
 to Galileo, and profefTor at Bologna, where he 
 died 1647. He wrote on geometry, logarithms, 
 trigonometry, conic fetions, &c. 
 
 Cavallini, Pictro,; a painter born at 
 Rome. His moialc over the entrance of St. 
 Peter's is much admired, as well as the Virgin 
 and child in one of the churches of Rome. He 
 died 1364, aged 85. 
 
 Cave, Dr. William, was born in 163 7, and 
 educated at St. John's, Cambridge. He was. 
 fucceffively minifter of Hafely, Oxfordshire, 
 Great AHhallows, and Iflington near London, 
 and afterwards chaplain to Charles II. and ca- 
 non of Windfor. He wrote an hiltory of the- 
 lives, ads, deaths, &c. of the chriftian fathers 
 during the three firft centuries of the church, 
 and his hiftoria literaria, publifhed in 1688, 
 containing an account of all writers either 
 again It or in favor of chriftianity Jto the 14th 
 century. He died 17 13. 
 
 Cave, Edward, known as the firft editor 
 of the Gentleman's magazine, was born at 
 Newton in Warwickfhire 1 68 1, and educated 
 at Rugby. Here he gained the good opinion 
 ff his mailer, but when the follies of his 
 
 fiftool-fellows, more wealthy than bimfelf, wer* 
 unhandlbmely attributed to him, he left Rug- 
 by, and after being with a colledtor of excii"", 
 and a timber merchant, he became apprentice 
 to Mr. Collins a printer. He foon rofe to 
 ccnfequence in his profeffion, and by the inte- 
 reft of his wife's relations, he obtained a fin. ill 
 place in the poft office, wljilft he continued to 
 print pamphlets. He was engaged by the fta- 
 tionere to correct the gradus ad parnaflum, and 
 edited a criminal calendar, and other periodical 
 publications. As clerk of the franks in the 
 poft office, he examined the right of franking 
 with more freedom than pleafed the members, 
 and he was cited before the houfe, though, 
 nothing was ever advanced againft his integrity. 
 1" 1733 he began the Gentleman's maga- 
 zine, a publication which by unexpected fuc- 
 cefs, contributed to the independence of his 
 fortune, and which ftill maintains its repu- 
 tation. He died 1754. He was a man of 
 great perfeverance and application, but in his 
 manners he was cold and relerved ; his heart 
 however was warm and charitable. 
 
 Cavedone, Jacomo, an Italian painter, 
 whole misfortunes, it is laid, overpowered his 
 intellects, fo that he died poor, in a ltabie, 
 at Bologna, 1660, aged 80. 
 
 Cavendish, Thomas, was born at Frimlv, 
 in Suffolk. He determined to repair, at the 
 expence of the Spaniards, his fortune, which 
 youthful extravagance had ruined, and with 
 two (hips which he builf*, he failed from Ply- 
 mouth 1586. After crofting the ftreights of 
 Magellan, he feized many prizes in the Paci- 
 fic Ocean, and efpecially an Acapulco fhip, 
 which he burned, after taking 6o,oool. of 
 gold from hqr cargo. Having thus furrounded 
 the globe, he returned to Plymouth on the 
 9th September 1588; but the riches which .he 
 brought home .were quickly wafted away, and 
 three year^ after he again embarked in purfuit 
 of new adventures. He reached the ftreights 
 of Magellan 1592, but the tempeituous wea- 
 ther obliged him to return, and his ill.fucceCs 
 lb preyed upon his heart, that he died cf grief 
 on the coaft of Brazil. 
 
 Cavendish,^ William, of Suffolk, was 
 gentleman uther in cardinal Wolfey's houfe- 
 hold. His attachment to his patron was fo 
 fincere, that he refufed to abandon him even 
 in his difgrace ; and this fidelity wis obferved 
 by Henry VIII. who knighted him, and con- 
 ferred upon him feveral lucrative offices. He 
 was in favor at the court of Edward VI. and 
 with his fucceftor Mary, and died 1557, aged 
 about 52. He was three times married, and 
 bj his laft wife, who was a widow, he left three 
 fons and three daughters. Sir William was 
 the progenitor of the dukes of Devonfkire and 
 Newcaftle. He publiihed a life of Wolfey. 
 
 Cavendish, William, duke of 'Newcaftle, 
 grandfon of the preced.ng, was bora in 1 792. 
 His elegant manners recommended him to 
 James I. by whom he was made knight of the 
 bath, and viftount Mansfield. Charles I. cre- 
 Vi ated 
 
CAV 
 
 CAX 
 
 ated him earl of Newcaftle-on-Tyne. He 
 e-nrcrtained Charles at Wclbeck, and he pre- 
 i'ented him with 10,000 1, and a body of 2co 
 knights. After the battle of Marfton-moor 
 he fled to Hamburgh, and afterwards to Am- 
 fterdam and Paris. In his exile he forefaw the 
 fall of the commonwealth ; and he returned 
 with the king, hy whom he was created duke 
 of Newcaftle. He died 1676, aged 84. Be- 
 fides a treatife on government, &c. he publith- 
 ed feveral plays and poems, and a celebrated 
 treatife on horfemanfhip. His fecond wife, 
 fifter to lord Lucas, wrote his life, befides 
 various poems and plays. 
 
 CAVENnisn, William, firft duke ofDevon- 
 fhire, was born 1640. He fat in the long 
 parliament, for Derbyshire, and in 1665 ac- 
 companied the duke of York as a volunteer 
 in the fleet. Four years after, he was in the 
 fuite of the nmbafTador to France; and at the 
 opera at Paris he w-as rudely infnlted, and 
 feverely wounded by three of the king's of- 
 ficers; a heinous offence, pardoned only by 
 his interceflion for the culprits. In parlia- 
 ment, Cavendifh was bold, manly, and patrio- 
 tic ; he promoted the inquiry into the mur- 
 der of Godfrey ; he fupported the impeachments 
 of Danby and of Scraggs ; and not only ap- 
 peared at the trial of lord Rufiel to vindicate 
 his character, but, after his condemnation, 
 he offered to exchange clothes with him. In 
 the reign of James, he preferved the fame un- 
 yielding fpirit ; and when infulted by colonel 
 Culpepper, the favorite of the king, he, though 
 in the prefence chamber, took him by the 
 nofe, and dragged him out of the room. He 
 was fined for this 30,0001. and, though a 
 peer, imprifoned till the mulct was difcharged. 
 He efcaped to Chatfworth ; and when feized 
 he gave him for the faithful payment a bond, 
 which William III. afterwards cancelled. Ke 
 with other peers invited the prince of Orange 
 to invade the kingdom ; and on his landing, 
 he joined him with a refpetable number of 
 followers. At the coronation of William and 
 Mary he r.cted as lord high fteward ; and, 
 1691, he attended the monarch to the Hague, 
 where he entertained feveral lovercign princes 
 nt his table. In 1694 he was created duke of 
 Devonshire, and, d;:ring the king's abi'encc, 
 was nominated one of the lords juftices. Un- 
 der Anne, he was engaged in the lettlement 
 of the aft of union with Scotland. He died 
 1707. Cavendifh was an elegant fibular, 
 as well as an able ftatefman ; and Cfiatfworth 
 remains a noble Specimen of his tafle and ge- 
 nius. He wrote poetry with great ea'.'e, and 
 his ode on the death cf cjueen Mary h de- 
 servedly commended. 
 
 Cavendiih, lord Jolh, fo*l of the fourth 
 duke of Devonfhire, was cfiftihguHhed as the 
 friend of lord Rockingham, and the opponent 
 of lord North. He was twice chancellor of 
 ^equer, and he died 1796, of an apo- 
 plectic ftroke. 
 
 Cavendish, lord Frederic, of the family 
 
 cf Devonfhire, chojie a military life, and rofe 
 to the rank of field marShal. He was repre- 
 fentative for Derbyfhire, and afterwards for 
 Derby, in feveral parliaments. In the ac- 
 tion of St. Cas, 1758, he was takei* priloner ; 
 and when permitted to return to his country, 
 on h : s parole, he at firft refufed, left his vot- 
 ing in the houie of commons fhould be cons, 
 idered as a violation of his parole. He, with 
 Wolfe, Monk ton, and Keppel, united in an 
 agreement together, at the beginning of the 
 feven years' war, not to marry till peace, 
 not to be interrupted by domeftic concerns. 
 He died at Twickenham 1803. 
 
 Caulet, Francis Stephen de, a French pre- 
 late, who oppofed the right afTumed by the 
 king of diipofins; of vacant ecclefiaftical bene- 
 fices. He died 1680, univerfally refpected. 
 
 Cavoye, Z,eivis marquis dc, a French mia 
 litary officer, who removed an Enrriifh fire 
 (hip, which threatened the deftruction of a 
 whole fleet ; for which he was honorally re- 
 warded. He was the friend of Turenne, of 
 Racire, and ether learned men ; and died 
 1 7 16, aged 76. 
 
 Caussin, Nicolas, a Jefuit, born at Troyes, 
 counfellor to Lewis XIII. He oppofed Ri- 
 chelieu, by whom he was difmilTed from atten- 
 dance on the king's perlbn. He returned to 
 Paris after the cardinal's death ; and died 1651, 
 aged 71. His book de facra et profana elo- 
 quentia, is well known in England,- and his 
 " court fainte," has been translated into feve- 
 ral languages. 
 
 Cawdkey, Daniel, a nonconforming edu- 
 cated at Peter-houfe, Cambridge, and ejected 
 from his living. He was a member of the 
 Wcftminfter aSTembly of divines, and wrote 
 fermons, treatifes, and pieces againft the efta- 
 blifhed church. He died 1664. 
 
 Cawton, Thomas, of Colehefter, was edu- 
 cated at Rotterdam and Utrecht, and after- 
 wards at Merton college, Oxford. He was 
 a nonconform ift, and preached to a difTenting 
 congregation at Weftminfter. He died of a 
 coni'umption in 1677, aged about 40. He 
 was a good Hebrew fcholar, on which language 
 he wrote a diflertation, befides a trea; 
 divine providence a diicourle on the Syria* 
 verfion and the life of his father, who was 
 mlnifter of St. Bartholomew, behind the Ex- 
 change. 
 
 Caxton, William, the firft F.nglifh prin- 
 ter, was born at Wc-iiid, in Kent ; and Mas 
 bound to Mr. Robert Large, a mercer, after- 
 wards lord mayor of London. His mafter 
 at his death left him a mmdfome legacy. He 
 went as agent to the mercers' company into 
 Holland, and was empowered by Edward IV. 
 to make a treaty of commerce with the duke 
 of Burgundy. During his refidence abroad 
 he became, with feme expence, acquainted 
 with the newly discovered art of printing ; 
 and at the requeft of Margaret of York, 
 duchefs of Burgundy, he puhlilhed his " re- 
 cuyell of the hiftory of Troy," die full book 
 
 ever 
 
 
CEC 
 
 CEL 
 
 ever printed in Englifh, translated by himfelf, 
 1471. In 1474 he publifhed in Englifh, his 
 game of chefs ; a curious work, purchafed for 
 40 guineas, by the earl of Pembroke, of Mr. 
 Granger. His lad work was, " the holy lives 
 of the fathers hermites living in the deferts," 
 1 49 1, in which year he died. 
 
 Caylus, Anne Claude count de, a French 
 writer, bern at Paris 1692. He left the army 
 at the peace of Raftadt, and travelled to Italy 
 . and the Levant. His " relics," of Egyptian 
 and other antiquities, in 7 vols. 4to. 1752-67, 
 is a valuable work. He wrote alfo a defcrip- 
 tion of the gems in the royal cabinet, the lives 
 of celebrated painters and engravers of the 
 French academy ; and, from a paffage in Pli- 
 ny, he difcovered the ancient mode of encauftic 
 painting, and of tinging marble. He died 
 
 Cazs, Peter James, a French painter. 
 His woman with an iffue of blood, in the 
 church of Notre Dame, is regarded as a molt 
 perfect and valuable piece. He died 1754, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Cazotte, James, a native of Dijon, 
 mayor of Pierry, near Epernay. He was for 
 his loyalty dragged to the abbaye prifon, in 
 1792; and when the fatal September came, 
 his daughter, 2ged 1 7, who had fhared his raif- 
 fortunes, accompanied him to the bloody tri- 
 bunal, where aflaffins mocked the forms of 
 jufiice. The blows aimed at the father were 
 repelled by the heroic daughter, with luch effect, 
 that the murderers, aftonifhed at her con- 
 duel, permitted her and her parent to efcape. 
 A few days after Cazotte was again arretted, 
 and condemned to die. He was guillotined 
 179a, aged 71. He wrote fome things in 
 profe and verfe, in 6 vols, izmo. and J vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Ceba, Anfaldo, a Ge#oefe, known as a po- 
 litician, hiftcrian, orator, and poet. His trea- 
 tife on epic poetry is more valued than 
 his poems. He died 1623, aged 58. He 
 wrote alio Either and Camilla, two heroic po- 
 ems, &c. 
 
 Cecco DE Asccit, cr Francis de Gli 
 Stabili of AJcoli } profelTor of aftrology and phi- 
 Idfophy at Bologna, became phyfician to the 
 duke of Calabria. Being ihlpected of magic, 
 he vfts feized by the inquifition, and con- 
 demned to lie burnt. This -cruel fentence was 
 executed 1 3 27. His poem l'a.erta was for 
 fome time popular. 
 
 Cecil, William, lord Burleigh, was born 
 at Bourn, Lincolnfhire, 1521, and educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge. From 
 Cambridge he removed 10 Gray s inn, and 
 foon became diftirtguiihed at the bar. Upon 
 the death of his wife, lifter of fir John Cheek, 
 he married a daughter of fir Anthony Cocke, 
 a lady of great learning, and by this matrimo- 
 nial connection, he was made niafter of re- 
 quelts by Somerfet, kiiightcd, and created fe- 
 iranry of ftate, and chancellor of the garter. 
 In Mary's reign, though he had faVsrcd the 
 
 catrfe of Jane Gray, he was often confultedj 
 and retained the good opinion of her minifters, 
 Under Elizabeth, he was again fecretary, and 
 matter of the court of wards, and chancellor 
 of Cambridge, and in 15 7 1 was created lord 
 Burleigh. He died 1598, aged 78. Though 
 tvventy-feven years high treafurer of England, 
 he yet died not opulent, and while he ma- 
 naged with honeft frugality the revenues of 
 the kingdom, he, with inflexible integrity, dh% 
 dained to enrich himfelf by bafe means. By- 
 fides Latin poems, he wrote fome pamphlets 
 in defence of the queen and her government, 
 and other treatifes. 
 
 Celestin I. pope after Boniface II. died 
 432, after filling the chair ten years. 
 
 Celestin II. pope, after Innocent IL 
 died 1 143, after being elected only five months. 
 Celestin III. fucceeded Clement III. 
 1 191, and died feven years after. 
 
 Celestin IV. was pope only eighteen 
 days, and died 1241. 
 
 Celestin V. pope 1294, could with 
 difficulty be prevailed upon to leave his hum- 
 ble cell for a throne. He refigned the tiara 
 by the infinuations of Cajetan, who fucceeded 
 him by the title of Boniface VIII. He was 
 imprifoned in a caftle in Campania, and died 
 there 1296. 
 
 Cellarius, Chrijicpbcr, a learned man, 
 born at Malcalde in Franconia. He ftudied 
 daffical learning and the oriental languages at 
 Jena, and became profeffor of Hebrew and 
 moral philolbphy at Wciffenfels, and in 1673, 
 rector of Weimar college. Three years af- 
 ter he removed to Zeits, and in 1678 he ac- 
 cepted the rectory of Merfburg college. 
 Though partial to Merfburg, at the re- 
 queit of the king- of Pruffia he became pro- 
 feffor of eloquence and hiftory in the col- 
 lege of Halie, in 1693, and here he compofed 
 the belt parr of his works. He died 1703, 
 aged 69. His works were numerous and 
 valuable, chiefly on geography, hiftory, gram- 
 mar, and tne oriental languages, befides learn- 
 ed editions of more than twenty Latin and 
 Greek authors. 
 
 Cet.lini, Benevenvto, a fcu.lptor and en- 
 graver of Florence. He was originally ap- 
 prentice to a jeweller and goidltnith, and as an 
 excellent mufician, became the favorite of 
 pope Clement VII. and diftinguifhed himfelf 
 by his ingenuity in making medjls and rings. 
 The pof e entrufted to his care the caftle of 
 St. Angelo, when Rome was befieged by 
 Bourbon, and Cellini yielded to rns afTailant 
 only after a vigorous refinance, and by an 
 honorable capitulation. The temper of Cel- 
 lini did not accord with his other great quali- 
 ties. Fickle and capricious, he was ever 
 embroiled in quarrels; and diffntisfied with 
 his country, he travelled to Paris, to feek 
 employment under Francis I. but foon re- 
 turned to it dy. From Rome, where he was 
 for fome time imprifoned on a charge of 
 having rtbbed the caftle of ijt. Angelo, he 
 P 4 withed 
 
CER 
 
 CES 
 
 to revifit Paris; and afterwards fettled 
 there. Flattered at Paris, Cellini wai of- 
 .e d'EAampes the king's 
 ., and abandoned the kingdom for 
 l.tre a freOi infult difniifled him 
 - abfence, to return. He 
 died at Florence 1.570. His life, with cu- 
 rious anecdotes, was tranflated from the Tuf- 
 can hr.gyage into Engli/H, in % vols. 8vo. 
 
 1771. 
 
 Celtes, Conrad, a Latin poet of Swein- 
 furt, died at Vienna 1508, aged 49, after 
 having obtained the honor of the poetic lau- 
 rel. He wai patronifed by Maximilian. Flis 
 Work* are elegiac verfes, odes, epigrams, be- 
 llies an account of the city of Nuremberg, 
 and a poem on the manners cf the Germans. 
 H ; s tiyle is not inelegant, nor devoid of 
 wit. 
 
 CENTUVRE, S:fannah, a celebrated co- 
 mic writer, born at Holbeach in Linftlnfhire, 
 Her maiden name was Freeman. To a hand- 
 fome perfon (lie united great genius and a 
 creative fancy ; and though fome anecdotes 
 are related concerning her imprudence in 
 youth, as the mifireis of Anthony Hammond, 
 with whom (he lived at Cambridge difguifed 
 in men's clothes, yet her mind was elegantly 
 cultivated. She wrote fifteen pPys, befides 
 little poems, &c. which procured her refpecl- 
 able patrons. Her plots arc peculiarly happy, 
 and the " bufy body" and " a bold ftroke for 
 a wife," have long commanded the public 
 applaufe. She war married three times; fir A 
 to the nephew of fir Stephen Fox, who died 
 foon after ; and fecondly to an officer, who 
 fell in a duel two years after. Her laft huf- 
 band was cook to queen Anne. She died in 
 very refpectable circumAances, 1723. She 
 was long the correfpondent of the wits of the 
 t'.Ties ; of Steele, Rowe, Budgell r Sewell, 
 &c. and (he was honored with a place in Pope's 
 D^nciad. Her dramas have appeared in 3 
 vols. 1 a ma 
 
 Cento Rio, Afcanius, cf Milan, in the 
 16th century, eminent as a foldier and philo- 
 fopher. He publilhed fome valuable military 
 and hiftorical memoirs of the wars of his own 
 time, fee. 
 
 Ceratinus, James, or Teyng, of Horn, 
 in Holland, a name which he rendered into 
 Greek, for his own appellation. He was 
 Greek profeflbr by means of Erafraus, and 
 died at Louvain 1530. He published a ^inf- 
 lation of Chryfoftom on the prieAhood, into 
 La'.in, a Gra:co-Latin lexicon, &c. 
 
 Cerceau, John Anthony du, a Jefuit of 
 Paris, known as a Latin p*.et. His Latin 
 poerns gained him reputation ; but his French 
 verfes, in imitation of Marot, were little 
 above mediocrity. He died near Tours, 1 730, 
 aged 60. 
 
 ua, John Leva* de la, a Jefuit of 
 Toledo, elteerned for his learning. His com- 
 mentaries cm Virgil arc very valuable; but 
 
 thofe on Tertullian do not poffefs merit, F$ 
 died in 1643, aged above 80. 
 
 Cerdon, a heretic of the 2nd century, 
 who aliened that ChriA had not a real body, 
 and that there were two principles, one good, 
 creator of heaven, the other bad, creator of 
 the earth. He rejected the old teftament, 
 and confidered only part of the new au- 
 thentic. 
 
 Cereta, Laura, a lady of Brefcia, emi? 
 nent for her knowledge of philofophy and of 
 the learned languages. She died 1498, aged 
 29. 
 
 Cerisantes, Math Duncan de, fon of a 
 Scotch phyfician, fettled at Saumur, gi.incd 
 the notice of Richelieu, who fent him ambaf- 
 fador to ConAantinople, and afterwards to. 
 Sweden, from which, through his ill conduct, 
 he was recalled. From Paris he went to 
 Naples, and afiiAed Guife in the fupport of 
 the Neapolitan infurgents. He died during 
 the fiege of Naples 1648. He wrote a Latin 
 account of his journey to ConAantinople, two 
 Latin odes, &c. 
 
 CeRMENAti, John de, an Italian hiAorian, 
 who publiihed in Latin an elegant account of 
 Milan. 
 
 Ckrutti, Jofeph Antony Joachim, of Tu- 
 rin, was educated by the Jefuit 3. When 
 young, he obtained two prizes from the aca- 
 demies of Dijon and Touloufe, and whgn his 
 order was abolifhsd he wrote an apology for 
 the Jefuitj, but offended the parliament of 
 Paris, and was obliged to make a public recan- 
 tation. He lived for 15 years under the pro- 
 tection of the duchefs des Brancas, and at 
 the revolution obtained a feat in the national 
 aflemhly. He was the editor of the feuilla 
 villageoife, a revolutionary paper, 'and died 
 1792. 
 
 Cervantes, Vid. Saavedra. 
 Cervetto, father to the violoncello per- 
 former of that name, came late in life to play 
 the bafs at Drury-lane. He died 1783, aged 
 103. When once Garrick was performing 
 fir John Brute, and the audience in profound 
 filence fixed their eyes on the incomparable 
 a&or, poor Cervetto from the orcheftra ut- 
 tered a loud yawn, which by its fuddennefs ex- 
 cited a violent laughter through the houfe. 
 Garrick offended, fent for the mufician, who 
 afTuaged the rage, of the hero, by faying with 
 a fhrug, " I beg ten thoufand pardons, Lut 
 I always do fo ven I am vcr much pleafe." 
 
 Cesarini, Julian, a Roman ecclefiaftic, 
 employed by Martin V. as a nuncio, and fent 
 to oppofe the Huflites in Bohemia. Under 
 Eugcnius, he was fent to the council ofBafil, 
 and afterwards to that of Ferraia. He was 
 afterwards in Hungary, and by his perfuafion 
 Ladifiaus broke his treaty with the Turks, and 
 in confequence of it fell at the battle of Var- 
 na 1444, where the cardinal was alfo flain. 
 
 Cesarini, Virginia, a Roman, chamber- 
 lain to Ujrtan VW. Lis learning was fp 
 
 great, 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 jreat, that a medal was ftruck to his honor, 
 on which he appeared with Mirandula crowned 
 with laurel. His poems, in Italian and in 
 Latin, are much admired for elegance and 
 vivacity. He died 1624, aged 29. 
 
 Cespedes, Paul, a Spanifn painter and 
 writer. His treadle on ancient and modern 
 painting poffefled merit, and his laft fupper at 
 Cordova has long been admired. He died 
 1608, aged above 70. 
 
 Cezeli, Conjlance de, wife of Barri de St. 
 Aunez, governor of Leucate under Henry 
 IV is diftinguifhed for her bravery. Her 
 hufband being taken piii'oner by the Spaniards 
 1570, fhe put herfelf at the head of her brave 
 tteighhours, and though the enemy threatened 
 to put to death her hufband, fhe refufed to 
 give up the garrifon. The Spaniards, irritated 
 with her oppofkion, put her hufband to death 
 and railed the fiege ; but when the garrifon 
 wiftwd to make reprifals on ibme captives, the 
 courageous widow ilepped as an advocate for 
 their lives, and they were fpared. 
 
 Chabandn, N. de, member of the acade- 
 my of belles lettres, died at Paris 1792, aged 
 60. He wrote a tranflation of Pindar, and of 
 Theocritus, befides a differtation on Homer, 
 1 the life of Dante a treatife on mufic, two 
 vols. 8vo. -dramatic pieces, &c and died 
 1780. 
 
 Chabot, Francis, a capuchin, who at the 
 revolution became a violent jacobin. He was 
 guillotined as an accomplice of Danton, 1 794, 
 aged 2i5' 
 
 Chabrit, Piter, an advocate in the par- 
 liament of Paris, who died 1785. He wrote 
 " of the French monarchy, and its lavs" 2 
 vols i2mo. 1785, in which he difplays great 
 erudition in the ftyle and manner of Montef- 
 quieu. 
 
 Chabry, Mark, a painter and fculptor, 
 who died at Lyons 1727, aged 67. He was 
 fculptor to Lewis XIV. and his ftatue of that 
 monarch at Lyons perifhed during the revo- 
 lution. 
 
 Chais, Charles, was born at Geneva 1701, 
 and educated for the church. He was chofen 
 paftorat the Hague 1728, where he exerted 
 himfelf by great purity of life in the fupport of 
 religion. He died there 1786, aged 85. Be- 
 fides the bible with a valuable commentary in 
 6 vols. 4to. he wrote lbme divinity tracts, an 
 apology for inoculation, &c. 
 
 Chaise, Father de la, a French Jefuit, 
 born near Lyons. He was patronilcd by Ma- 
 zarin, and became confefTor and favorite to 
 Lewis XIV. After the cardinal's death, he 
 fupported with great dexterity his influence 
 with the king, and prevailed upon him to mar- 
 ly madame de Maintenon. He maintained 
 his fituation of favorite to the laft, and was 
 even confulted on' his death bed by the king 
 about the choice of his fuCceflbr. He died 
 1709, aged 83. 
 
 Chalcondyles, Deixrttius, a native of 
 Alt ens, dii'ciple to Theodore Gaza, At the 
 
 taking of Constantinople, he efcaped ' into 
 Italy, and at Florence under the Medicis, and 
 at Milan under Lewis Sforza, he taught the 
 Greek language. He died at Milan 1510, 
 aged above 80. Befides a learned edition 
 of Suidas, Florence, 1499, ^ e P"bli(hed a 
 Greek grammar and other tracts. 
 
 Chalcondvles, Laonicus, a native of 
 Athens, in the 15th century, author of a 
 Greek hiftory of the Turks, in 10 books, from 
 1298 to 1462. It was publifhed with a La- 
 tin tranflation 1650 folio. 
 
 Chales, Claudius Francis de, a Jefuit of 
 Chamberi, royal profefTor of hydrography at 
 Marleilles, and of" mathematics at Lyons. He 
 was afterwards profefTor of theology and then 
 removed to the mathematical chair. He was 
 author of a complete courfe of mathematics, 
 4 vols. 8vo. a treatife on navigation and re- 
 fearches on the center of gravity, &c. and 
 died at Turin 1678, aged 57. 
 
 Chalier, Marie Jofsph, a French revo- 
 lutionift, born in 1747, in Dauphiae. From 
 an ecclefiauic he became a traveller, and fet- 
 tled at Lyons as a merchant. In the revolu- 
 tion he admired Marat, and determined to 
 imitate him at Lyons, bv facrificmg to fufpi- 
 cion every man of probity, virtue, and opu- 
 lence. At the head of the jacobins he pro- 
 pofed to erect a guillotine for the deftruction 
 of 900 perfons, whom he had marked for 
 (laughter, but he himfelf was accufed and 
 guillotined 1793. When Lyons was taken by 
 the jacobins, the body of the bloody incendi- 
 ary was dug up, and his afhes in a fiber urn, 
 carried in triumph to the convention. 
 
 Ckalle, Charles Michael /f//j?/o,profefTur 
 in the Paris academy of painting, was enno- 
 bled for his great abilities. He was a fuccefs- 
 ful imitator of Guido aud Salvator Rofa, and 
 died 1778, aged 60. 
 
 Chaloner, fir Thomas, was born in 
 London 1515, and educated at Cambridge. 
 He was in the fuite of the ambaffidor to Charles 
 V. of Germany, and was fo pleated with the 
 character of the emperor, that he attended 
 him in the &xpedition to Algiers 1541, where 
 he was fhipwrecked, and with difficulty" laved, 
 his life. On his return he was clerk to the 
 council, and was knighted by Somerfet. at the 
 battle of Muffelburg. Elizabeth employed 
 him as ambaffidor in Germany, and afterwards 
 in Spain, where he conducted himfelf with 
 lingular addiefs between the oppofite factions 
 of Gomez and of Alva. He died foon after 
 his return 1565. He wrote fome Latin poems 
 befides a tranflation of Moris encomium by 
 Ernfmus. 
 
 Chaloner, fir Thomas, fon of the above 
 was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 He in 159 1, was knighted, and appointed tu 
 tor to Henry prince of Wales. On his eftate 
 in Yorkfhire. he difcovered alum mines, the 
 firft known in England, which were*feized by 
 the crown, but during the civil wars refiorei 
 to his family. He died 16x5. 
 
 Chalonep.-. 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Ch a LONER, James, fon of fir Thomas, 
 was born in London and educated at Brazen- 
 nofe, Oxford. In the rebellion he efpoufed the 
 caufeofthe parliament, and was appointed one 
 of the unfortunate king's judges. He was af- 
 terwards governor of Peel caftle in the ifle of 
 Man, and at the reftoration he poifoned him- 
 felf when his perfon was going to be arrefted. 
 He was author of a treatife on the ifle of Man, 
 generally joined to King's vale royal of Che- 
 shire, fol. 16^6. His brother Thomas was 
 alio one of the king's judges, and fled to Mid- 
 dleburgh in Holland at the reftoration, where 
 he died 1661. He was author, of a treatife in 
 which he pretended to have difcovered the 
 tomb of Moles on mount Nebo, 1657, in 
 gvo. 
 
 Chalons r, Ed-ward, fellow of All-fouls 
 in 161 1, and head of Alban hall, Oxford, was 
 an able difpytant, and a learned divine. He 
 died of the plague at Oxford, 1625, aged 35. 
 His fermons, 13 in number, were greatly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Chai.otajs, Leiuis Rene Caradeue de la, 
 at'.thor of a fpirited work on the Jefuits, % 
 vols. 1762, was attorney at Rennes, and was 
 imprifoned for his oppofition to the command- 
 ant of the province. He died 1715, author 
 of an effiiy on national education, 8vo. 
 
 Chambereaine, Robert^ of Lancashire, 
 was educated at Exeter cobege. .He wrote 
 nocturnal lucubrations, epigrams and epi- 
 taph the fwaggering damfel, Sicelides, a 
 paftoral, Sec. and died in the 17th century. 
 
 Ciiamberlayne, Edivard, born at Oding- 
 ton, Gloucestershire, was educated at Glou- 
 cefter fchool, and Edmund hall, Oxford. Lu- 
 ring the civil wars he made tne tour of Europe, 
 and after the reitoration he went with lord 
 Carlifle as fecrctary to Stockholm. He died 
 at Chelfea 1703, aged 87, and at his death 
 nkred feme of his books to be covered with 
 wax and depofited in Iris grnve that they might 
 be ufeful to future ages. Of his books the bell 
 known is Anglite Notitia, which has pafled 
 through 34 editions 
 
 Chamberlavne, Join, fon of the pre^ 
 ceding, was educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, and continued his father's prefent ftate 
 of England He wrote other books, but 
 though well Skilled in 16 languages, and a man of 
 excellent character, he never rofe higher than 
 to the office of gentleman uiher to George of 
 Denmark F.e died 17.14 
 
 Chambers, Ephraim, author of a valuable 
 dictionary, was born at Milton in Westmore- 
 land. His parents were preibvtcrians, and he 
 was educated for trade, and accordingly he was 
 placed with Mr. Senex the globe maker. In the 
 houfe of this ingenious mechanic he formed the 
 whole plan of his dictionary, which after many 
 years' labor appeared in 1728, in % vols. fol. 
 The work was published for four guineas wirh 
 a refpeei *.le lift of lubfcribers, and fo flattering 
 was the reception, that the author was elected 
 F. R. S. In ten years another edition was 
 
 called for, and in the next year 1 739, the 
 third edition appeared, the fourth in I74i,and 
 the fifth five years after. So rapid a falc of 
 fo voluminous a work, is a ftriking proof of 
 its utility. Befides the Cyclopaedia, Cham- 
 bers wrote fome pieces in the literary maga- 
 zine, and was engaged with Martin, to tran- 
 slate the philofophical memoirs of the French 
 academy of fciences. When in declining 
 health, Chambers paSTed to the fouth of 
 France, and died on his return to Canonbury 
 houfe, Islington, 1740. The Cyclopaedia af- 
 ter the author's death, was enriched with two 
 fupplementary folio volumes by Mr. Scott and 
 Dr. Hill, and afterwards with new improve- 
 ments by Dr. Rees, in four vols. fol. 
 
 Chambers, /r William, F.R.A.S.S. 
 an eminent architect, furveyor general of the 
 board of works, treafurer of the royal aca- 
 demy, and knight of the polar Star in Sweden. 
 He was of Scotch extraction, and was born 
 at Stockholm where his father was refident. 
 He went at 18 to the Eaft Indies, in the 
 feiVice of Sweden, and brought back to Eu- 
 rope that tafte for Chinefe and Afiatic archi- 
 tecture, which became fo popular in England. 
 He fettled in this country, and planned the 
 buildings of Somerfet-houfe. His Slair-cafes, 
 and his defigns for the interior ornaments of 
 buildings, are faid to be particularly admired. 
 He wrote a treatiie on civil architecture, and 
 died in London, 1796. 
 
 Chambers, 7<r Robert, a learned judg, 
 born at Newcaltle-upon-Tyne 1737. From 
 the fchool of his native town, he removed to 
 Lincoln college, Oxford, and afterwards was 
 fellow of University. In 1766 he fucceeded 
 fir William Elackftone as Vinerian profefTor, 
 and as head of New-inn hall, and in 1773 he 
 was appointed fecond judge in the Bengal fu- 
 preme court of judicature. He was knighted 
 in 1778, and in 1791 he became chief juftice 
 on the resignation of fir Elijah Impey, and in 
 1797 was elected prefident of the Afiatic fo- 
 ciety. He returned two years after to Eng- 
 land, and in the latter end of i8cz, paffing on 
 the continent for the benefit of his health, he 
 died at Paris 1803. As a judge, a fcholar, 
 and a man, Sir Robert was highly reflected. 
 7 hat integrity which Should mark the public 
 character was particularly eminent in him, 
 and the benevolence of his heart ennobled all 
 his other virtues. He was a zealous friend to 
 the religious establishment of his country and 
 blended a deep fenfe of religion, and of a re- 
 tribution to come in all the actions of his life. 
 He wrote lirtle though he poSTefTed powers to 
 inftruct and improve mankind in the walks of 
 literature. The collection of oriental books 
 and MSS. which he made was very valuable, 
 and was difpofed of after his death. 
 
 Chamiek, Daniel, a proteftant of emi- 
 nence, born in Dauphine. He was profefTor 
 of divinity at Montauban, and was killed at 
 the Siege of the place by a cannon-ball 16-21. 
 He was a warm advocate for the uroteftaotfc 
 
 and 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 and drew up it is faid the famous edict of 
 Nantes. His defence of th reformed church 
 againft Bellarmine in four vols. foho. is much 
 efteemed, &c. 
 
 Chamillard, Stephen, a Jefuit of Bour- 
 ges, eminent as a fcholar and antiquary. He 
 died at Paris, 1730, aged 70. He publiihed 
 an edition of Prudentius for the uie of the 
 Dauphin befides dhTertations on medals, 
 gems, &c. 4to. 171 1. 
 
 Chamillart, Michael de, a native of 
 Caen, counfellor in the parliament of Paris. 
 He was accidentally introduced to Lewis 
 XIV. as an excellent billiard player, and the 
 monarch, who was partial to this game, ap- 
 pointed him comptroller general of the finan- 
 ces and minifter at war. He was unfit for 
 thefe employments, and had the good fenfe to 
 refign them, 1709. He died 17 21, aged 
 70. 
 
 Chamousset, Charles Humbert Pierron 
 de, of Paris, fucceeded his father as judge in 
 the parliament of the city To be ferviceable 
 to the poor, he itudied medicine, and wrote a 
 plan of reform for the great hofpital of Paris, 
 called Hotel-dieu. In the purfuit of his hu- 
 mane fchemes, he was recommended to Choi- 
 feul, who procured him the appointment of 
 intendant-general of the military hofpitals of 
 France. He fuggefted the eftabliihment of a 
 penny-poit office at Paris, befides plans for 
 the abolition of beggars, the bringing of good 
 water to Paris, the aflbciation for a fubfcrip- 
 tion among the poor, to fupport themfelves 
 during illneis, &c. This amiable man died 
 1773, aged 56. 
 
 Champagne, Philip de, a painter, born 
 at Brulfels 1602. His works were numerous, 
 and decorated the churches and palaces of Pa- 
 ris ; but his belt piece is the ceiling of the 
 king's apartmci.t at Vii.cennes. He died 
 1-674- 
 
 Champeaux, William de, a native of 
 Champeaux, in Brie, profeffbr of philofophy 
 at Paris, where he had Abelard among his 
 pupils. He was in 1113 made bifhop of Cha- 
 lons, and died eight years after. Pie wrote a 
 treatife en the origin of the foul. 
 
 Champfort N.i native of Paris, at firft 
 clerk to an attorney He publiihed the jour- 
 nal encyclopedique, and the elogies of Moliere 
 and la Fontaine, which received the prize at 
 the French academy, he next completed the 
 French vocabulary, and the dictionary of the 
 theatres, and this laft work induced him to try 
 dramatic compofition in which he happily fuc- 
 ceeded. His Mufbpha and Zeangir, a tra- 
 gedy, and his young Indian, and his merchant 
 of Smyrna, two comedies, obtained deferved 
 nplaufe, and his fables, epiftles, flories, and 
 lighter piftces of poetry were ail equally ad- 
 mired. He was the friend of the revolution ; 
 but when imprifoned by Robefpierre, he in a 
 fit of melancholy deltroyed himielf 1794. 
 
 Cham pier, Symphoriai, a native of Ly- 
 0s, educated at i'avia. He was phyfolar. to 
 
 the duke of Lorraine, and was knighted 
 for his military courage in Italy. He wrote 
 various works on his prefetfion, and founded 
 the college of phyficians at Lyons. He died 
 about 1540. 
 
 Champion, Jefcph, a native of Chatham, 
 1709, eminent as a penman. He kept a 
 boarding fchool in St. Paul's church-yard, 
 and then in Bedford-flreet. His works arc 
 practical arithmetic, tutor's afliitant with 40 
 plates comparative penmanihip, 24 folio 
 plates, a curious performance, &.C. 
 
 Cham plain, Samuel de, of Saintonge, 
 was fent by Henry IV. on a voyage of dif- 
 covery to America. He eftablifhed a co- 
 lony in Canada, aud built Quebec, of which 
 he was the firft governor. One of the Ame- 
 rican lakes bears his name. He died about 
 1635. He wrote voyages de la Nouveile 
 France, or Canada, 4to. 1632. 
 
 Chamfmesle, Mary Be/mares de< a 
 French attrefs. From a ftrolling company, 
 fhe rofe to be a popular a&refs at Paris, 
 and gained the friendfliip of Racine, who 
 inftru&ed her in fome of his tragedies. She 
 died greatly refpected 1698, aged 54. Hex 
 hufband alio an actor, wrote fome dramatic 
 pieces in two vols. i2mo. 
 
 Chancellor, Richard, an Englim na- 
 vigator. He went with fir Hugh Willough- 
 by to difcover a north-weft pafTage to 
 China in 1553, under the direction of Se- 
 baftian Cabot ; but when his companions 
 perifhed on the coalt of Lapland, where 
 they had flopped to winter, he had the 
 good fortune to reach the Ruffian fhores, 
 where by means of the letters of introduc- 
 tion which he had with him, the grand 
 duke John Bafilovitz received him with 
 kindnefs, and permitted him a free trade 
 with the country. On his return t England, 
 Chancellor found his patron Edward dead ; 
 but Mary was fenfible of tin: advantages of 
 commerce, a company was eftablifhed, and 
 the lucky adventurer again permitted to re- 
 vifit Ruifia. On his return home, accom- 
 panied by a Ruffian ambaffador, he unfor- 
 tunately was wrecked on the coatt of Nor- 
 way, and while he endeavoured to provide for 
 the fafety of the foreigners with him, he fell' 
 a victim to the climate. The Rufiiaus fafc- 
 ly reached London, 1557. 
 
 Chandler, Mary, an Englifli poetefs 
 born at Mr.lmibury 168;. Though a mil- 
 liner, at Bath, her mind was naturally ftored 
 with the treafures of poetry, and lhe derived 
 nffirtance from the bult poets of the nation, 
 She preferred Horace to Virgil or Homer, 
 as being more natural and lefs overloaded 
 with fables. Her poem on the Bath, was 
 applauded by Pope. She was deformed, but 
 her countenance wag pleating. She died 1745, 
 aged 57. 
 
 CHANDM-K.fcir/, a difienting minifter, 
 
 born at Hungerford, Berks, 1603. He wa 
 
 educated at ikidgewater, aud afterwards at 
 
 Gloucefter, 
 
'CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Oloucefter and Tev kfbury. In 1716 he wis 
 <holen mimiter of a dilfenting congregation at 
 Peckham, and acquired popularity by his elo- 
 quence ; but his circumltances were reduced 
 by the lbuth lea lcheme, which fwallowtd up 
 the whole of his wife's property, and obliged 
 him to maintain himfclffor two or three years 
 as a bookseller in the t oultry. In 1725 
 he publiflied his vindication of the Chriftian 
 religion, delivered in the pulpit at the Old 
 Jewry. This work wrs applauded by Seeker. 
 Some time after, he was complimented with 
 the degjee of D. D. by the univerfrtics of 
 Edinburgh and Glafgow, and he was elected 
 F.R. and A.S.S. On the death of George II. 
 he compared the king to David, which pro- 
 cured a fevere attack upon him in a pamphlet 
 called the hittory of the man of God's own 
 heart. Dr. Chandler, in defence of his dii- 
 courie, wrote an elaborate work, in two vols. 
 f- v.;. He died 1766, aged 73. Chandler was 
 s man of great learning, eloquent as a preacher, 
 and univeifaliy refpefcted, not only by people 
 <tf his own periuafion, but by many of the ef- 
 tablilhed church. He wrote commentaries on 
 Joel, hiftory of the peritecution and vindica- 
 tion of the old teftament, &c. 
 
 Chandler, Ejhvari, an Englifh prelate, 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. He 
 was chaplain to Lloyd of Lichfield and Coven- 
 try, whom he fucceeded in his fee 17 17, and 
 13 years after he was tranflated to Durham, 
 wh-re he died 1 750, aged about 80. He 
 pubii'hed a chronological differtation prefixed 
 to Arnold's commentary on Ecclefiaftieus a 
 hical preface to Cudworth's treatile on 
 moraDt] fmgle fermons. &c. but his belt 
 r.'ork is hi? defence of Chriitianky from the 
 prophecies of the old Teftament, with a refu- 
 tation of objections, &c. 
 
 CitAi-ELAiN, John, a French poet, born at 
 Paris. He died there 1674, aged 79. As 
 the fucceflbr of Malherbe in epic poetry, he 
 was reipected ; but his Pucelle, a heroic poem, 
 difappointed his friends, who in vain fought 
 for the difplay of thole abilities which they 
 iiad ranked with Virgil h'imfelf. He Was very 
 rich, but lived as a mofl fordid mifer. 
 
 Chapllle, Claude Emanuel LuiUer, a 
 French poet. He was intimate with Moliere, 
 mid was admired not only by the wits of the 
 age, but the king. He was voluptuous and ex- 
 travagant, and more given to intoxication than 
 became his charadter or fortune. He died 
 1616, aged 65. He wrote, befides poems, that 
 ingenious work called Voyage de Bachau- 
 mont. 
 
 Chapelmer, Tfuac Rene Guy de, a native 
 of Rennes, diltinguifhed in the conltituent af- 
 fembly as a zealous advocate for the liberty of 
 the people. He became too late fer.fible of 
 his conduct, and when he attempted to repair 
 the injuries which his meafures had caufed, he 
 was accufed, and guillotined 1792, aged 39. 
 
 Chapman, George, an Englifh poet, who 
 iettlci in London, where Shakefpcare, Sid- 
 
 ney, Spenfer, and Daniel, became his friends. 
 He expected preferment from Walfingham, 
 and Somerfet ; but his hopes ended in difap- 
 pointment. Behdes 17 dramatic pieces, one 
 of which was the famous maik called the 
 Temple, he tranflated Homer's Iliad and 
 Odyfiey, and attempted Hetiod and MufsBUS. 
 Pope, who has borrowed much from him calls 
 him an enthufiaft in poetry, but the remark is 
 invidious, as Chapman poffeffed relpectable 
 poetical powers, and was a man of fome genius. 
 He died 1634, aged 77. 
 
 Chapman, John D. D. a divine, educated. 
 at Eton, and at King's college, Cambridge. He 
 obtained the livings of Merfham and Adling- 
 ton Kent, from Potter, to whom he was chap- 
 lain, and at the death of this prelate, as his 
 executor he prefented himfelf to the precen- 
 torfhip of Lincoln, which was confirmed by 
 chancellor Henley, but fet afide by the ho.ufe 
 of lords. He died 1784, in hrs 80th year. 
 The univerfity of Oxford prefented him the 
 degree of D.D. His writings were remarks 
 <tn Middleton's letter to Waterland Eufebius 
 two \ols. 8vo. iu which hi defended chrilliaiuty 
 againft Morgan and Tindal Hiftory of an- 
 cient Hebrews vindicated fermons, &c. 
 
 ChApone, Mrs. Sarah, an Englifh writer, 
 bom hi Northamptonfhire. Her marriage 
 proved unhappy, but the comforts which lhe 
 was denied in domeftic life, fhc acquired in li- 
 terature. One of her iirit productions was 
 Fidelia, a fimple ftory in the Adventurer, and 
 afterwards flie rofe to celebrity by a poem pre- 
 fixed to Mrs. Carter's Epictetus, and by her 
 letters on the improvement of the mind ad- 
 dreffedto a young lady 1775. She wrote alfo 
 mifcellanies in prole and verfe, efiays, &c. and 
 died at Hadley in Middlefex, 1801, aged 75. 
 
 Chappel, William, a learned divine, born 
 at Lexington Nolts 1572, and educated at 
 Mansfield fchool, and Chrift church college, 
 Cambridge. When James vifited the univex- 
 fity in 1624, Chappel difputed before him, and' 
 when he had defeated his opponent Dr. Roberts, 
 the monarch, attempting to fupply his place, 
 was equally difcomfited. In 1633, he was 
 made dean of Camel, by Laud, who infilled 
 foon after on his becoming provoft of Tri- 
 nity college, Dublin, an office which he in vain 
 declined. In 1638 he was made bifliop of 
 Cork, Cloyne, and Rofs, and two years after 
 he reigned the provoftflrip. He was impeached 
 in the commons, -on pretence of perjury 
 and treafon, and for favoring the catho- 
 lic caufe, though at Cambridge, he was ac- 
 cufed of puritanism. He efcaped from the 
 impending llorm by obtaining leave to crofs to 
 Wales, but here he was feized and imprifoned. 
 Liberated with difficulty, he went to Briftol, 
 and thence to Derby, where he ended his days 
 in ftudious retirement 1649. He was the 
 author of Methodus concionandi, tranflated 
 into Englifh, befides memoirs of his own life, 
 &c. The whole duty of man has alfo been at- 
 tributed to hira. 
 
 Cuara?, 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Ciiaras, Mofcs, a native of Ufez, who pfac* 
 tiled at Paris. His treatife on treacle, and his 
 pharmacopoeia, in 2 vols. 4to. partly delivered 
 in a courfe of lectures and tranllated not only 
 into the languages of Europe, but into the 
 Chinefe, are valuable. At the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, he left France, and came 
 to England, and afterwards vifited Spain, to 
 attend Charles if. Here in the hands of the 
 inquifition, lie changed his creed at the age of 
 ?2, and returned to Paris, where he died 1098, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Chardin, fir Join, ion of a jeweller, was 
 born at Paris, but came to England, where 
 Charles II. knighted him. He travelled into 
 Periia and the Eal't Indies. His voyages, 
 tranllated into Engliih, German, and Flemish, 
 are much efteemed. He died at London 
 1 71 3, aged 70. 
 
 Charette de la Cointrie, Francis 
 AthanaJ'ius de, a French royalift, celebrated for 
 bis able refinance in la Vendee againit the re- 
 publicans. He was originally in the French 
 navy, and headed the Bretons, who refented 
 the cruelties practiced daily againit loyalty 
 and innocence. The republicans agreed on a 
 cetfation of arms with him, and he might have 
 remained a peaceful citizen, had not his ene- 
 mies violated the treaty. In a fecond en- 
 gagement he was overpowered by numbers, 
 and after being dangeroufly wounded in the 
 head and lofing three of the fingers of his left 
 hand, he efcaped from the field of battle. He 
 was feized in a wood, where he had concealed 
 himfelf, and wis dragged to Nantes, where he 
 was (hot 1796. When defired to kneel he 
 refuted, but baring his break 1 , gave the word of 
 command to the foldiers to fire. 
 
 Charke, Charlotte, youngeit daughter of 
 C'jily Cibber, was educated in a manner more 
 fktingthe character of a boy than a girl. She 
 early married Charke, a violin performer, 
 whole debaucheries Coon produced afeparation, 
 and threw a thcugbtlefs wife into the vortex 
 f diffipation. The ftage for a while fup- 
 ported Mrs. Charke, and from a humble part 
 fhe rofe to capital characters. Her temper 
 proved the fource of many calamities, fhe 
 quarelled with Fleetwood the manager, and 
 though reconciled, (he again tranfgrefTed, and 
 at lait had recourl'e to the lcanty pittance of a 
 ftrelling company. In 1755 fhe published a 
 narrative of her own life, but with no great 
 fuccefs. She died four years after in great 
 dMrefs. 
 
 Charlemagne, or Charles the great, 
 ind tirft king of France, and firft emperor of 
 the Welt, was ion of Pepin. He fucceeded, 
 on the death of his father, to fome German 
 provinces, and after the deceafe of his brother 
 Carlomm 741, as king of France. He now 
 defeated the Saxons, and after rendering him- 
 felf mailer of Germany and Italy, and dreaded 
 it, he went to Rome, and in the year 800 
 d in his perfon the empire pf the Gas- 
 ferg, and was crowned by I.eo III, emperor of 
 
 the Weft. This new power was acknowledged 
 by neighbouring princes, and Charles dilplayed 
 his magnificence in his pompous reception of 
 the ambaifadors of Nicephorus emperor of the 
 Eaft. Great in war, he was equally iliuftrious 
 in peace, he encouraged the arts, and made his 
 palace the afylum of learned men. Ha 
 eredted academies and fchools at Paris and in 
 various parts of his dominions, and eilabiifhed 
 ialutary laws, and promoted commerce and in- 
 dullry among his iubjeets. He died 814, 
 aged 71, after reigning 47 years over France, 
 and 14 over the en:; 'ire, and he was buried in 
 the cathedral of Aix la Chapelle. He ap- 
 pointed his only furviving ion Lewis emperor 
 and king, and bellowed Italy on Bernard, tha 
 illegitimate fon of his fen Pepin. 
 
 Ciiari.es II. furnamed the bald, fucceeded 
 to the French crown 840. He was elected 
 emperor 875, and he obtained a great victory- 
 over his brother Lothaire, at Fontenay in 
 Burgundy. Finding his enemies too powerful , 
 he fled into Italy and was poilbned at Briord, 
 877, by one of his fervants. 
 
 Charles III. or fimple, was born 879, and 
 fucceeded to the throne of France 893. His 
 abilities were unequal to the labor of govern- 
 ment, and he was obliged to relign fome of his 
 provinces to his enemies. He afterwards de- 
 feated Haganon his rebellious miniiter, but 
 another battle, fought by Hugh the great, 
 proved fatal to his fortunes. He efcaped, but 
 died feven years after in cruel confinement at 
 Peronne, 929, aged 50. 
 
 Charles IV. the fair, fucceeded to the 
 French throne on the death of his brother 
 Philip the tall 1322. His reign was disturbed 
 by quarrels with England. He died 1328, aged 
 34, after a weak reigH. 
 
 Charles V. or wife, fucceeded to the 
 throne of France 1 364. By his courage and 
 the fuccefies of his general du Guefclin, he 
 repaired the loffes which the monarchy had 
 fuffered under his father John, and the Engliih 
 were gradually dilpoffefled of their provinces 
 in France. After a reign of 16 years, Charles, 
 who had made the happiness of his people his 
 particular care, died 1 380, aged 43. 
 
 Charles VI. or well-beloved, was fon of 
 Charles V. whom he fucceeded in 1380, at 
 the age of 12. The ambitious views of his 
 three uncles the dukes of Anjou, Beni, and 
 Britany, weakened the kingdom, when una- 
 nimity was fo neceflary againit the victorious 
 Engliih. The unhappy delirium with which 
 the monarch was feized, completed the ruin 
 of the nation, while civil war on one fide de- 
 populated the country, and the glorious victory 
 of Agincourt, on the other, left Charles little 
 befides the empty title of king. Henry V. of" 
 England was crowned at Paris, but his death, 
 in 1422, and that of Charles foon after pro- 
 duced a change in affairs. 
 
 Charles VII. furnamed the victorious, 
 fucceeded his father Charles VI. 1422. He 
 pofTeffcd great vigor, and though at tint a king 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 more in name than power, he bravely refilled 
 his victorious enemies. Misfortunes however 
 proved tao great for his reiburces. Orleans 
 was ready to fall into the hands of the Engiifh, 
 when Joan of Arc was prefenfced to him as the 
 future deliverer of his country. Joan, as the 
 pretended miffionary of Heaven, quickly drove 
 the Engiifh, retook the conquered provinces, 
 and faw her monarch crowned under her vic- 
 torious ftandard at Rheims. Thus wonderfully 
 reftored to his dominions, Charles too often 
 forgot his duties in the arms of his miftreiTes, 
 and luffered his people to be plundered by 
 worthlefs favorites. He died 1 461, aged 58. 
 
 Charles VIII. called the affable, afcended 
 the throne 1483. He determined to acquire 
 military glory by the invafion of Italy, and 
 rapidly found himfelf almoft all at once mafter 
 of Flrence, Rome, Capua, and Naples. Proud 
 of fuccefs and flattered by the pope, he caufed 
 himfelf to be crowned emperor of Conftan- 
 tinople and king of Naples ; but the princes of 
 Italy rofe againft him, and fix months after 
 Charles efcaped with difficulty into France, 
 and only after the famous battle of Fouroua, 
 in which his army of 8000 men routed a force 
 five times more numerous. Whilft he medi- 
 tated revenge, he was fuddenly carried off by 
 an apoplexy, at Areboile, 1498, aged 47. 
 
 Charles IX. fucceeded to the throne, 
 after the death of his brother Francis II. 1560. 
 His minority was guided by his mother Ca- 
 tharine de Medicis, but while the kingdom 
 was torn by factions, Charles, full pf difllmu- 
 lit:on and hypocr'rfy, cruelly meditated that 
 fatal mafTacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572, 
 which leaves fo indelible a ftigma on his name. 
 Thongh feme have confidered the bloody deed 
 as the machination of his mother and of her 
 counfeiiors, Charles deeply participated in the 
 crime. Thefe horrid icenes, it is faid, pre- 
 fented themfelver, in dreadful array to his 
 terrified imagination, and on Ins death-bed 
 produced the appalling exhibition of a tortured 
 confeience and an avenging Heaven. He died 
 I5-4, aged 24. 
 
 Charles the fat, was eleftedking of Italy, 
 and emperor 881. Though he obtained all 
 the crowns which once adorned the head of 
 Charlemagne, he did net pofTefs abilities to 
 fupport their glory. Driven from his throne, 
 he was reduced to privacy, dependant on the 
 bounty of Arnold, duke of Carinthia. He 
 died of grief near Conft-ance 888. 
 
 Charles IV. fbd of John of Luxemburg, 
 and grand/on of the emperor Henry VII. af- 
 cer.ded the throne 1.347. His reign is famous 
 for the golden bull, enacted at Nuremberg 
 I356. '1 his celebrated agreement was uihereri 
 ftrh v. ith curious reai'ons drawn from iurer- 
 ftition, and while it gave Germany a confotu- 
 t on, it proved the- necefSty of feven electors, 
 "ifrs o!' riie holy ghoft, and the 
 : tenches of the holy candleftick. Charles, 
 
 more fond of the romp of royalty than of the 
 frci^crity of his kingdom, yet deferred rc- 
 
 fpedT: by the protection which he extended to 
 literature. He- died at Prague 1378. 
 
 Chari.es V. eldeft fon of Philip, archduke 
 of Auftria, was born at Ghent 1500. He 
 was proclaimed king of Spain 15 16, and two 
 years after elecf ed emperor of Germany, after 
 his grandfather Maximilian. His elevation 
 was difputed by Francis I. of France, who 
 afpired to the fame honors, and a fierce war 
 was kindled between the two powers. Charles, 
 fupported by Henry VIII. of England, by 
 Adrian VI., by the Florentines and Venetians, 
 proved fuccefsful againft the French, who were 
 driven from Italy. Marfeilles was befieged, 
 and at the fatal battle of Pavia 1525, Francis 
 fell into the hands of his enemy. This con- 
 queft did not improve the affairs of Charles ; 
 inftead of marching into France, he negociated 
 with his prifoner, and when the fate of war 
 placed Rome and the pope in his power, he 
 found that his fuccefTes armed the princes of 
 Europe againft him. The peace of Cambrai 
 in 1529 ended the iiffenfions of the continent ; 
 but Charles, ambitious of glory, croffed in 
 1535 the Mediterranean, to gather laurels in 
 Africa. He defeated BarbarofTa, and after 
 entering victorious into Tunis, and reftoring 
 liberty to 22,coo Chriftian flaves, he replaced 
 Mulei-Haffen on the throne. Charles, in 
 1536, again turned his arms againft Francis; 
 but the peace of Nice in 1538 reftored tran- 
 quillity between the rival monarrhs. Charles, 
 in 1541, meditated the conqueft of Algiers; 
 but the expedition proved unfortunate, and a 
 war with France in 154a promifed more im- 
 portant conquefts to his gigantic ambition. 
 Though leagued with the Engiifh, his army 
 was defeated at Cerifoles, and he made peace 
 at Crepy 1545. Whilft he endeavoured to 
 oppofe the principles of Luther, Charles found 
 himfelf obliged by the perfeverance f Maurice 
 elector of Saxony, and Joachim of Branden- 
 burg, to flgn the treaty of Paffiau in 1552, 
 and to accord liberty of confeience to the pro- 
 teftants of Germany. At laft, worn out by 
 iniirmities, difTatisfied with the world, and fen- 
 fible of the vanity of all human grandeur, he 
 formed the 1 efolution of refigning his princely 
 honors. He placed the imperial crown on the 
 head of his brother Ferdinand, and appointed 
 his fon Philip k'mg of Spain, 25th Oct. 1555, 
 and, to the aftonifhment of the world, retired 
 to the privacy of a monaftic life. In the 
 monaftery of St. Jufte, on the borders of 
 Caftile, Charles attempted to forget the 
 temptations of fovereign power, but whilft his 
 hours were palled in the cultivation of his 
 garden, in mechanical purfuits, and monaftic 
 discipline, fome have imagined that he fighed 
 for tile dignities, which he had fuperftitioufly 
 abandoned. That he evinced his contempt of 
 mortal honors, appears bv his celebrating his 
 own obfequies in his lifetime, and wifhing to 
 be forgotten by the world. This farce of 
 fepulture loon became real, the following day 
 he was attacked by a violent fever which 
 
 proved 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 proved fatal the zzd Sept. 1558. With weak- 
 neffes, Charles poffeffed great virtues, and h>s 
 reign is interefting in the hiftory of Europe, 
 by the fchifm which (hook the power of Rome, 
 and eftabliihed the proteftant tenets, and by 
 the revolution in commerce, fcience, and na- 
 vigation, which the difcoveries of Columbus 
 effected. 
 
 Charles VI. fifth fon of the emperor 
 Leopold, was proclaimed, in 1703, king of 
 Spain, under the title of Charles III. Though 
 oppoled by Philip V. he continued the war of 
 fucceftion ; and when emperor of Germany, 
 1 711, he Hill maintained his claim, by the 
 valor of his generals. In 17 14, Charles ob- 
 tain ed, in exchange for Spain, the kingdoms 
 of Naples and Sardinia, the Netherlands, and 
 Milan and Mantua. In 1716 a war was un- 
 .1: ; taken againft the Turks. The quadruple 
 alliance in 1728, between Vienna, England, 
 France, and the States general, enabled the 
 emperor to obtain an equivalent for Sardinia, 
 which the Spaniards had rapidly conquered. 
 By the pragmatic fanetion, Charles could give 
 his Auftrian Hates, in default of male iffue, to 
 his daughters ; and he might have clofed his 
 reign in honorable peace, had he not interfered 
 in the affairs of Poland. He died 1740, aged 
 ' 55, and was the 16th and laft emperor of the 
 houfe of Auftria in the male line. 
 
 Charles VII. fon of Maximilian Emanuel, 
 elector of Bavaria, fucceeded as elector 1 j%6 ; 
 and upon the death of Charles VI. .he laid 
 claim to Bohemia, Auftria, and the Tyrol, 
 and refufed to acknowledge the pragmatic 
 fanetion, and the rights of Maria Therefa to 
 the imperial throne. Supported by Lewis XV. 
 he was crowned king of Bohemia, at Prague, 
 and emperor at Frankfort, 1742; but Mnria 
 Therefa, fupported by the Englilh, defeatad 
 the French and Bavarian forces, and Charles 
 in his turn found himfelf polfefTed only of the 
 empty title of emperor. He died foon after 
 1745, aged 48. 
 
 Cuarlf.3 I.'king of Spain, was Charles V. 
 emperor of Germany. 
 
 Charles II. fon and fucceflbr of Philip 
 IV. in Spain, 1665, was twice married, but 
 had no iffue. By his will, made 1698, he 
 called to the Spanilh throne the prince of 
 Bavaria, the nephew of his queen; but, in j 
 1700, he declared Philip of Anjou his iuc- j 
 ceffor. He died the lame year, aged 39; and 
 the unfettled fucceilion proved the fource of j 
 civil difcord. Charles was the laft of the eldeil 
 branch of Auftria, who reigned in Spain. 
 
 Charles III. king of Spain, on the death 
 of his brother Ferdinand VI. 1759, exchanged 
 Sicily for the Spanilh dominions. His attempts 
 to raife the Spaniards from their natural indo- 
 lence proved abortive, and though, in the war 
 with England, he retook Minorca, he law bis 
 commerce ruined, and his treafures at Ha* 
 vannah fall into the hands of his enemi^. He 
 died 1789. 
 
 Charles I. king of England, fon of James 
 
 I. and Anne of Denmark, was born at Dum- 
 ferling, 1600. On his father's accefllon, he 
 was created duke of York, and on the death 
 of his brother Henry he became prince of 
 Wales. He fucceeded his father in 1625, 
 and that year married Henrietta, daughter of 
 Henry the great, whom he had admired at 
 Paris during his romantic excurfion to fee the 
 infanta of Spain. The Spanifh war in which 
 the kingdom ^vas engaged was conducted with 
 ill fuccefs by the favorite Buckingham ; and 
 when the parliament inveighed againft him 
 Charles, inftead of difmiffing, refolved to fup- 
 port him. Another parliament proved equally 
 unruly, and was diffolved with equal indigna- 
 tion by the monarch, who now began to raife 
 fupplies by his own authority, under the name 
 of loans and (hip-money. This rendered him 
 more unpopular ; and when Buckingham failed 
 in his attempts to relieve Rochelle, in 1627, 
 the exhaufted ftate of the treafury rendered 
 the calling of a new parliament neceffary . 
 Charles obtained, with difficulty indeed, fome 
 fupplies; but, in return, he was attacked with 
 grievances, and affented to the petition of 
 right, which explained the rights of the fubjecL 
 The conclufion of the war with France and 
 Spain rendered Charles lefs dependent on his 
 parliament, which he difTolved, with the refo- 
 lution of never calling another. After Buck- 
 ingham's death, the king placed his confidence 
 on no jaiinifter with equal fatisfaftion ; bet 
 whilft more mild meafures were expected, dif- 
 fatisfaclion was kindled by the railing of ihip- 
 money. The meafure was fupported by the 
 practice of for.ner reigns, and the opinion cf 
 the judges; but the arbitrary proceedings of 
 former reigns were ill calculated to itrture 
 obedience, when the neceffity of parliamentary 
 controul was loudly proclaimed. Hampden 
 oppoied the tax ; and though condemned by 
 the exchequer, he rejoiced hi the ftruggie 
 which his fingle arm had waged againft the 
 government. The attempt to enforce the 
 reading of the liturgy in Scotland excited the 
 fame ferment in the north which prevailed in 
 the fouth ; and' when the Scotcli had bound 
 themfelves by the folemn league and covenant, 
 and had afJembled an army to fupport their 
 claims, Charles had the weaknefs to propofe a 
 negociation, inftead of giving battle ; and while 
 he withdrew his forces, he obferved that his 
 enemies, inftead of dilbandhr*, were encr.-afinj 
 their means of offence. In 1640 another par- 
 liament was called, but foon difTolved; yet 
 he had recourfe again to a popular t-lecli'on, 
 'i his parliament, called the long parliament, 
 met in November 1640; and they did not 
 feparate till they had effected the ruin of the 
 king. Inftead of Rftening to toe monarch, 
 they -acclaimed againft his arbitrary mealhres; 
 and to (trip the monarchy gf'%11 the wildom of 
 faithful aivifcrs, impeachment and pexfecutian 
 were denounced againft the mitiiirers. Straf- 
 ford was tried, and condemned, rhoii'grj Charles 
 oppoled the unav,il;n.: (hield of xoyJ*y to lave 
 1% him, 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 him, and Laud foon after was dragged to the 
 fcaffold. To fcrve the king feenied now to be 
 a crime; and Charles, unable CO item again.'l 
 the torrent of popular fury, agreed to the 
 abolition of the court of the ftar chamber, the 
 hi&h commiflion, and other offices, the bul- 
 wark of die monarchy. In Ireland, in the 
 mean time, the moil horrid maflacres were 
 perpetrated, while the monarch was publicly 
 branded as the author of miferies, which he 
 could neither foreleg nor prevent. Epifcopacy 
 was next declared to be unneceffiry ; and the 
 biihops who represented againft their perfe- 
 cutors were lent in diigrace to the Tower, as 
 guilty of treafon. Initead of conciliating po- 
 pularity, Charles encreafed the virulence of 
 the commons, by appearing in the houl'e, and 
 impeaching five of the members. This ftep 
 -ought to have been fuppnrted or never adopt- 
 ed -; but Charles, retiring to Windfor, wrote 
 a letter to the parliament to excufo his con- 
 duct, and thus rendered himfelf ridiculous. 
 The parliament in the meantime had called 
 upon the militia of the city for their defence, 
 .and the king, v, ho found that nothing but force 
 could reftore him to his confluence in the 
 nation, retired to Nottingham, where, Auguft 
 25, 1642, he erected the royal ftandard. '1 his 
 was a declaration of war, which the parliament 
 were not backward to acknowledge. Various 
 battles were fought at Edgehill, &c. with va- 
 rious fuccefs, but all the advantages which the 
 monarch had gained were unhappily loft in the 
 fight of Nafebv, 4th June, 1645, where, after 
 dilplaying the intrepidity of the ableft general, 
 Charles was obliged to fly. Thus without 
 xefources, and ftiut up at Oxford, ignorant 
 whom to truft, Charles formed the fatal re- 
 folution of throwing himfelf upon the mercy 
 of the Scotch army. He left Oxford in dif- 
 guile, and in nine days appeared in the Scotch 
 army at Newaik, but inilead of being received 
 as a monarch, he faw himfelf a prifoner, and 
 foon learnt that he was fold to the Englifh 
 parliament for the fum of zoo,cool. Charles, 
 conveyed a prifoner to Holmby-caftle, and to 
 Hampton court, had the art to effect his ef- 
 cape to the ifle of Wight. But here he was 
 made a prifoner in Carifbrooke-caftle, and 
 when removed to Hurft-eaitlennd to Windier, 
 he discovered that the rudenefs with which he 
 was treated was the prelude to a melancholy 
 tragedy. The republicans were fenfible that 
 their power could never be confolidated till 
 the king was no more, and therefore clamor 
 was railed to pals feutence upon him. Brought 
 before this feu-created court of juilice, over 
 which Bradfljaw, a worthlefs lawyer, prefidcd, 
 Charles dHpiayed the ufual independence of 
 trader. Refufing to acknowledge the 
 authority of his judges, he betrayed no~tent 
 emoti; : tation ; h.- was the meek, 
 
 the patient, the refigned chrifiian, who yielded 
 with all the dignity of confeious innocence to 
 the power which ufurp.ttion had crecttd for 
 
 his destruction. He heard the fentence of 
 death pronounced aga'mlt him with compofure, 
 and the three days allowed to prepare for 
 another world, were paired in the affectionate 
 duties of recommending forgivenefs of injuries, 
 and the practice of every virtue to his children , 
 and in the becoming offices of a penitent chrif- 
 tian. On the fcaffold, which to intuit him, 
 was erected in the front of his palace of 
 Whitehall, he preferved his ufual compofure, 
 and after converfing with Juxon bifhop of 
 London, who attended him, he gave the fignal 
 to the mafked executioner, who cut off his 
 head at one blow, 30th January, 1648. The 
 remains of the martyred monarch were re- 
 moved to Windibr, and rudely interred by- 
 order of the parliament without the burial 
 fervice being read over them. Though mif- 
 reprefented by pohtical opponents, Charles 
 mult be confidcred as a great man; and who- 
 ever wifhes to form a judgment of his charac- 
 ter, mult view him as the fucceflbr to an 
 almoft arbitrary power, as the monarch of a 
 turbulent nation, as the bulwark of what he 
 confidered as the conftitution and the happi- 
 nefs of his country, and as the fteady oppofer 
 of bold unprincipled innovators, whofe con- 
 duct was feldom guided by any but perfonat 
 views. As a domeftic character, he was 
 amiable and exemplary, and as a man of let- 
 ters, his abilities were refpectable. In his 
 intercourfe with the parliament, he often alone 
 was oppofed to tiie infinuating language and 
 fophiiticai arguments of numerous delegates, 
 but none ever left him without admiring his 
 firmnefs, the acutenefs of his remarks, the 
 propriety of his anfwers, and the general intel- 
 ligence and powerful elocution with which he 
 fupported his converfation. Though his ene- 
 mies .have attempted to rob him of the merit 
 of writing, the Icon Bafilike, a Bathetic com- 
 pofition which operated in his favor like the 
 teftament of Crefar arllome, and which re- 
 quired the abilities of Milton to vilify it, yet 
 he is now generally imagined to be the author 
 of it, and not Gaudcn. 
 
 Charles II. king of England, after his - 
 father the firft Charles, was born 1630. He 
 heard at the Hague of the tragical death of 
 his father, and foon after, at the invitation of 
 the Scotch, who wilhed 'to wipe away their 
 former treachery to his predecefTor, 'he came 
 privately to Scotland, and was crowned at 
 Scone in 1 651. Charles here felt himfelf 
 furrounded by all the jealoufy of the repub- 
 licans, and the fanaticifm of the prefbyterians, 
 and rejoiced in the defeat of his followers at 
 Dunbar, as it fet him free from fufpictool 
 advifers. From Scotland Charles proceeded 
 to Worcefter, where he was totally defeated 
 by Cromwell, and be efcaped with great diffi- 
 culty. After concealing himfelf in the bi 
 of in oak in Bpfcobel wood, where lte law his 
 enemies in purfuit of him, and after difguifing 
 himfelf as a wood cutter, a peafant, a fcrvant, 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 &c. he at lad reached Brighton, and embarked j 
 for Frnnce. Monk at laft had the loyalty to 
 declare in his favor, and on his birth-day 1660, 
 he was reftored to the throne of his anceftors. j 
 But unhappily, while the fanaticifm of the 
 republicans was expofed to ridicule, neither , 
 virtue nor temperance accompanied the return 
 W the monarch. Charles did not poflefs the 1 
 v amiable qualities of his father ; though affable ' 
 and good-natured, he was licentious and im- ; 
 moral. Thofe who had fuffered in the caufe I 
 of his father were disregarded, while infidelity ! 
 was countenanced, and patronage extended to I 
 the worthlefs and the profligate. Though 
 Charles had married in 1662 the princefs of 
 Portugal, he kept leveral miftrefles by whom 
 he had children, on whom he lavifhed the 
 honors due only to the ions of virtue and 
 merit. As a monarch he was little attached 
 to the glory of, England. Dunkirk, lb long 
 the pride of the Englifh, was fold to France to 
 fupply his extravagance, and war was under- 
 taken in 1663 againft the Dutch, the Danes, 
 and the French. Long accuftomed to victory, 
 the Englifh were terrified at the light of a 
 Dutch fleet in the Medway ; and while they 
 reflected on the weaknefs of the govern- 
 ment, a dreadful plague came to deftroy thou- 
 fands of the inhabitants of London, in 1665, 
 and the next year a conflagration laid the 
 faireft part of the city in ruins. Peace with 
 the Dutch, in 1667, was followed by the dif- 
 grace of Clarendon, and the elevation of thofe 
 unprincipled favorites called the caLilto power. 
 Charles fcrnpled not to receive a penlion from 
 the French king ; and, in virtue of that alli- 
 ance,' he undertook a new war againft the 
 Dutch. Whilft the peace of Nimeguen, in 
 1678, reftored tranquillity, the Englifh were 
 alarmed by rumors of plots, and the arts of 
 Oates, Bedloe, and others, were called forth 
 to give popularity to the monarch, by facri- 
 1 1 uffel and Sydney to the cries of faction. 
 The whole of the reign of this licentious mo- 
 narch contains little to recommend him to trie 
 relpect of pofterity ; though the habeas corpus 
 act, and the bill to exclude the duke of York 
 from the throne, becaufe he was a papift, were 
 palTed into law. Charles died luddchly of an 
 apoplexy, 1685, leaving' no ilfue by his queen. 
 U is laid, that he received the facrament 
 from a popifh prieft, and thus convinced the 
 world, that in fupporting the churclf of Eng- 
 land he had acted the part 'of an hypocritical 
 friend. 
 
 Charles Gustavus X. fon of John 
 Calimir, afcended the Svvedifh throne, 1654. 
 He attacked the Poles, and, by his famous 
 victory at Warfaw, he became mafter of the 
 whole country, from Dantzic to Cracow. For- 
 tune, however, proved inconftant, and Calimir 
 king of Poland, aflifted by Leopold, recovered 
 all his loft provinces, and drove' his enemy 
 back to Sweden. Charles turned his arms 
 againft the Danes, and marched to the gates of 
 
 Copenhagen ; but foon after found his victo- 
 ries checked by the misfortunes which befel 
 his flag. He died at Gottenburg, 1660, aged 
 only 37. 
 
 Charles XI. was fon and fucceflbr of the 
 preceding. The war with Denmark was re- 
 newed by Chriftiern V. in 1674; but though 
 Charles proved victorious, and obtained poi- 
 ieffion of Helmftadt, Lunden, &c. he loft 
 Pomernnia; which, however, the peace of 
 Nimeguen reftored to him in 1676. He died 
 1697, aged 42, at a time when his wifdom had 
 marked him as the mediator and umpire of 
 the peace of Ryiwick. 
 
 Charlks XII. of Sweden, was born 1682. 
 From his earlieft years he glowed to imitate 
 the heroic character of Alexander; and, in. 
 his eagurnefs to reign, he earned himielf to be 
 declared king at the age of 15, and at his 
 coronation leized the crown from the arch- 
 bifhop of Uplal, and fet it on his own head. 
 His youth feemed to invite the attacks of 
 Poland, Denmark, and Ruffia ; but Charles, 
 though lcarce 1 8, wifely determined to affail 
 his enemies one after the other. He befieged 
 Copenhagen, and fo terrified the Danifh mo- 
 narch, that, in lefs than fix weeks, he obliged 
 him to fue for peace. From Denmark Charles 
 marched againft the Ruffians; and though 
 only with 8000 men, he attacked the enemy, 
 who were beffeging Narva with 100,000 men. 
 The conflict was dreadful, 30,000 were flain, 
 20,000 afked for quarter, and the reit were 
 taken or destroyed; while the Swedes had 
 only 1200 killed, and 800 wounded. From 
 Narva, Charles advanced into Poland, defeated 
 the Saxons, and obliged the Polifh king t:.> re- 
 nounce his crown, and to acknowledge Stanif- 
 laus for his fucceflbr. Had Charles been now 
 reconciled to the Ruffians, he might have be- 
 ome a great monarch, but determined :o de- 
 throne the czar, he advanced into Ukraine, 
 whilft his enemies fled on every fide before 
 him. The battle of Pultowa proved unfortu- 
 nate, July 1709, Charles wounded, fled frorrs 
 the field, and fought protection at Bender 
 from the Tjtfrks. His affairs were now dei- 
 perate, Auguftus was reftored to the Polifh 
 throne, and the grand feignor, tired of his 
 gueft,wifhedhim to be removed from his domi- 
 nions. Charles, with only 40 domeftics, op- 
 pofed for fome days a Turkilh army, and 
 when obliged to fubmit, he feigned ficknefs, 
 and during 10 months he lay in bed. At laft 
 he left his confinement, and travelling poft 
 reached in 11 days Strahund, from which he 
 croffed to Sweden. Untamed by misfortunes, 
 he invaded Norway, with an army of 20,000 
 men, but at the fiege of .Frederickfhall, while 
 vifiting the works, he was ftruck by a canon 
 ball, and expired on the ipot, 12th December, 
 1718. Charles, in his imitation of Alexander, 
 converted his firmnefs into obltinacy, and fe- 
 verity into cruelty. He pofiefTed nothing of 
 the great qualities or the amiable virtues of 
 Q the 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 the hero, though he was bold even to madnefs, 
 and perfevering even to his ruin. At the 
 battle of Narva, when five of his horfes were 
 ibot, he exclaimed as he mouuted a frefh 
 charger, " thele people find me exerchc." 
 When one day dictating to his lecretary at 
 S trall'und, a bomb fell on the roof of the houl'e, 
 and cruflied the room next where they were 
 fitting. But while the fecretary dropped his 
 pen, all terrified, the monarch alked calmly 
 what was the matter: " Tie bomb!" replies 
 the lecretary. " The bomb ! cries the mo- 
 narch, what has the bomb to do with what I 
 am dictating ; write on." 
 
 Charles I. king of Naples, was brother to 
 St. Lewis of France, whom he accompanied in 
 his Egyptian expedition, where he fhared his 
 captivity. On his return to Europe, he as 
 the hufband of Beatrix the heirefs of Provence, 
 affumed the rights of a fovereign, and con- 
 quered Aries, Marseilles, &c. and afterwards 
 marched againft Manfroi the Sicilian ul'urper. 
 Manfroi was defeated, 1 265, and the year 
 after put to death, and the conqueror afJumed 
 the title of king of Naples and Sicily. The 
 widow of Manfroi and his ton lhared alio his 
 untimely fate. Though fuccefs followed the 
 monarch in his expeditions againft Tunis and 
 the Ghibelines, yet his cruel mafiacres excited 
 the hatred of his fuhjeds. An inlurreclion 
 was formed, and the Sicilians om Eafter mon- 
 day 12^2 facrificed 8000 Frenchman to their 
 fury, on the ringing of the bells for evening 
 lervice, which catallrophe is <*ill handed down 
 to execration, under the name ot Sicilian Vef- 
 pers. Charles died 1285, tortured by the 
 reflection, that his cruelty had occafioned lb 
 much bloodfhed. Charles, though an arbitrary, 
 was a politic prince, and to his dominions in 
 Italy and in France he added the founding title 
 of king of Jerufalem. 
 
 Charles II. king of Naples furn am ed the 
 lame, was a prilbner in the hands of the Sici- 
 lians, who wilhed in his death to avenge the 
 cruelties of his father. The execution was 
 flopped by Conftance of Arragon, whole huf- 
 band laid claim to the Sicilian crown, and 
 Charles, laved from death, directed all his 
 powers to the recovery of his father's domi- 
 nions. He prevailed, and was crowned king 
 at Rome, and then zealouily promoted the 
 arts of peace and of commerce, and religion 
 among his iubjetls. He died at Naples 13C9, 
 aged 61. 
 
 Charles HI. king of Naples, was grnd- 
 fon of the preceding, and by his marriage with 
 Margaret the niece of Joan of Naples, he ob- 
 tained the kingdom, 1380, on the excommu- 
 nication of that princels. He cruelly put the 
 -depofed queen to death. He was killed in his 
 attempts to obtain the crown of Hungary 1386, 
 aged 41. 
 
 Charles II. king of Navarre, was iu warned 
 the bad. Cruelty and artifice marked his 
 Conduit, he cauftd to be aflaflinared- Charles 
 .of Spain, and when arrcfted by the qtHxT of 
 
 king John, his father-in-law, he not only 
 contrived to regain his liberty, but caufed 11 >w 
 poifon to be adminiftered to the dauphin, his 
 brother-in-law. Unable to place himfelf on 
 the throne of France, he favored the Englilh 
 who invaded the kingdom, and where he could 
 not lucceed by force, he effected his purpofes by 
 poifon or aUaifination. His death in 1387, in his 
 55th year, was extraordinary. His phyficians 
 had ordered him to be wrapped up in clothes 
 dipped in brandy and lulphur, to revive a con- 
 ftitution weakened by debauchery, and while 
 the operation was performing, his fervant 
 dropped a taper on the inflammable linen, winch 
 caught fire, and coniumed the unhappy man 
 before he could be extricated. 
 
 Chari.es Martel, fon of Pepin Herif- 
 ta', obtained great power as duke of Auftrafia, ' 
 and by defeating Chilperic If. he made him- 
 felf mafter of Fiance. Inflead of alcending 
 the throne, he was latisfied with the title of 
 mayor of the palace. He waged war againlt 
 tiie Saxons ; and in a battle againft the Sara- 
 cens, in which he flew Abderam the chief, it 
 is faid, that not lefs than 375,000 of the enemy 
 were deftroyed. So much valor rendered him 
 popular, and at the death of Thierri 737,. 
 Charles retained in his hands the reins ef go- 
 vernment, under the title of the duke of the 
 Franks. He died 741, reipecle 1 as a father, 
 and a benevolent prince. His fons Carloman 
 and Pepin inherited his dominions, and Pepin 
 became the firit king of the Carlovingian 
 race. 
 
 Charles, duke of Burgundy, furnamed 
 the warrior, and the rafh, was fon of Philip 
 the good. He conquered the people of Liege 
 and Ghent, and carried Ins arms againft Lewis 
 XI. of France whom he took prifoner. He 
 met a fevere check in Switzerland, and ano- 
 ther defeat ruined his army, and drove him 
 away in dilgrace. He was flain 1477, as he 
 was endeavouring to elcape from the liege of 
 Nanci. 
 
 Charles I. duke ofLorraine, laid claim to 
 the crown of France on the death of his ne- 
 phew Lewis ; but was defeated and taken pri- 
 lbner. He died 994, aged 41. 
 
 Charles II. duke of Lorraine, fon of 
 duke John, died 1 430. 
 
 Charles IV. duke of Lorraine, was fond 
 of military glory, and was engaged in frequent 
 difputes with Lewis XIII. Though twice liriu- 
 ped of his dominions by the French, his 
 tion refuted to enjoy tranquillity, and en 
 cing the caufe of the Spaniards, he expofed 
 himfelf to new troubles. He was leized by 
 Conde, and imprilbned at Antwerp and To- 
 ledo, and not reftored to liberty till the figning 
 of the Pyrenean treaty. In 1662, he refigned 
 his dominions to Lewis XIV. provided he was 
 acknowledged in France as a prince of the blood 
 royal; afterwards.be joined the emperor, and 
 though defeated by Turenne 1674, he repair- 
 ed his military reputation, and after routing 
 the French, he took Crequi 3; Treves. He 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 lied focn after at Birkenfield 1675, aged 
 J*. 
 
 Charles V. of Lorraine, nephew of the 
 preceding, early entered into the fervice of 
 Leopold and acquired military glory in his 
 campaigns in Hungary. In 1674, he was can- 
 didate for the crown of Poland, but could not 
 fecure his eledtion. He took Philipiburg in 
 1676, and the following year married the 
 queen dowager of Poland, fitter to the em- 
 peror. Afterwards he was engaged againft the 
 Turks, and with the powerful alfiftance of 
 John Sobieiki, he drove thefn from the walls 
 of Vienna. Buda would have fallen had not 
 his progreis been arretted by a violent fever, 
 but he recovered to defeat the Turks at Mo- 
 hatz in 1687. He was afterwards employed 
 againft the French in Flanders, but died after 
 taking Mentz 1690, in his 49th year. Lewis 
 XIV. laid of him, that he was the wife-it and 
 the mod generous of his enemies. 
 
 Charles Alexander, of Lorraine, 
 grandibn of the preceding, was governor of 
 the Low Coutries. He was oppofed to the 
 king of Pruffia, and in his campaigns in Bohe- 
 mia and in Germany, he acquired great glory. 
 Though defeated by the king of Pruffia he 
 routed his generals in two engagements. He 
 died 1780, aged 68. 
 
 Charles, Emanuel, duke of Savoy, fur- 
 named the great, fignalized himlelf in the 
 battles of Vigo, Chatillon, Sec. and feized 
 Provence and Dauphine, and laid claims to the 
 throne of France, on the death of Henry III. 
 He next afpired to the kingdom of Cyprus, 
 tind at laft attempted to feize, in 1602, the 
 town of Geneva, in the midlt of a profound 
 peace. This was relented by the Genevefe, 
 who hanged as public robbers a few of his fol- 
 lowers. He next claimed the dorrfinions of 
 Mantua, and by the infidious advice of the 
 French, he attacked Genoa. On the death of 
 the emperor Matthias, he became a candidate 
 .for the imperial crown. He died at Savillon 
 1630, aged 78. 
 
 Charles. Emanuel, II. fon of Victor Ama- 
 de'js 1. lucceeded to the dukedom of Savoy 
 1638, though only fovir years old. His mi- 
 nority induced the Spaniards to attack him, 
 but the interference of France, and the peace 
 cf the Pyrenees, reftored him to all his poflef- 
 fions. He was a benevolent prince, who re- 
 garded the happinefs of his people of greater 
 value than foreign conquefts. In cultivating 
 pease, and in improving the commerce of his 
 lubjects, he mnde a commodious road through 
 an arch of 500 paces long in a rock, between 
 Dauphineand Savoy, and embellifhed Turin and 
 other places in his dominions. The laft part of 
 his life was imbittprcd by the revolt of his lub- 
 jects in theVaudois, who complained of tie 
 oppreflion of his governors. He died 1675. 
 
 Charles, Emanuel, III. fon of Victor 
 AmadeusII. lucceeded on the abdication of 
 his father 1 730. He embraced the projects of 
 France and Spain to humble the Auftrians, and 
 
 after the victory of Guaftalla, he obtained fomf 
 territories in the Milatiefe. He afterwards in 
 1742, joined the queen of Hungary againft 
 his two former allies, and though often unfuc- 
 cefsful, he defended himlelf even againft fupe- 
 rior numbers. He was mild and economical 
 in his administration, abufes were corrected, 
 lalutary forms were introduced, vice and lux- 
 ury checked, and a new code of laws more 
 humane was eftablifhed. He died 1773, aged 
 72. 
 
 Charles, Edward, grandfon of James II. 
 of England, is known by the name of the pre- 
 tender. In 1745, at the age of 25, when the 
 Scotch inclined to refift the Hanoverian fa- 
 mily, he landed in Scotland, and proclaimed 
 his "father king, and fixed his refidence at Edin- 
 burgh, with all the parade of royalty. By a 
 mafterly attack, he defeated at Preftonpans, 
 the forces oppofed to him under fir John Cope, 
 but by delaying to take advantage of the ter- 
 rors of his enemies, he contributed to his own 
 ruin, and though he afterwards advanced as far 
 as Manchester and Derby, he foon found the 
 people recovered from their panic, unanimous 
 againft him. On his rapid return to Scotland, 
 he routed Hawley at Falkirk, but on the ap- 
 proach of the duke of Cumberland, he retreat- 
 ed till the hoftile troops met at Culloden, to 
 decide the fate of the kingdom. The Scotch, 
 fought with accuftomed bravery, but the Englifh 
 prevailed, and Charles efcaped from the battle 
 leaving dead 3000 of his adherents. Though 
 a large reward was offered for his head, the 
 peafants of Scotland pitied his misfortunes, and 
 even thofe of his enemies, who were acquaint- 
 ed with his retreat, kept inviolate the fatal 
 fecret, and condemning his ambition, commif- 
 ferated his diftrefies. He efcaped to St. Ma- 
 kes and never again revifited the Britifh domi- 
 nions. He died at Florence 1788. His bro- 
 ther, Henry Benedict, cardinal York, when 
 plundered by the French revolution, was ho- 
 norably relieved by the English monarch, and 
 received a liberal penfion to foothe the mif- 
 fortunes of his old age. 
 
 Charleton, Walter, a phyfician born at 
 Shepton Mallet, and educated at Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford. He became eminent Sri his 
 profeffion, published leverrl works, and was 
 phyfician to both the Charles'. He was on.e 
 of the firft members of the royal fociety, and 
 in 1689, was president of the college of phy- 
 ficians. He retired to Jerfey, where he died 
 1.707, aged 87. His belt work is Stonehenge 
 reftored to the Danes, 4to. 
 
 CharLEVAL, Charles Fat/con de ey lord 
 of, a French writer of genius. Though of 
 a weak conftitution, hy adhering to proper 
 regimen he attained the age of 80, and died 
 1693- His works appeared 1759 in nmo. 
 His epigrams and other poems are much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Charlevoix, Peter Fr. Xavier de, a Jo- 
 
 fuit of St. Quentin, famous for his travels, and 
 
 his authentic hidorical compofitiens. He died 
 
 Q 1761, 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 1 761, nged 78. He wrote the hiftory of Ja- 
 pan, 2 vols 4to. and 6 vols. Ilrno. Hiftory 
 of St Domingo, 2 vols 4to. Hiftory of New 
 :, 3 vols. 4to. and of Paraguay, 6 vols. 
 I. mo. 
 
 Charnock, Stephen, of London, ftudied 
 at Emanuel. Cambridge, and removed to Ox- 
 ford ' <e was an eloquent prefbyterian prea- 
 cher in Ireland, and chaplain to Henry Crom- 
 well, hut on the reftoration, unwilling to con- 
 form, he preached in private meetings. Ke 
 died 1680, aged 52. Kis works are in 2 
 vol- folio. His difcourfe on providence is 
 admired. 
 
 CharpentiER, Francis, of Paris, was 
 for his learning recommended to Colbert, for 
 whom he wrote a difcourfe to prepare the 
 cit ihliihment of an Eaft India company. Ie 
 was member of the new founded academy of 
 medals and infcriptions, and contributed to the 
 nobl; teries of medals ftruck in the reign of 
 Lewis XiV. He died 1702, nged 8a. Be- 
 fides harangues and difcouri'es delivered, he 
 wrote poems, fonnets, and odes. 
 
 Char ron, Peter, a learned Frenchman. 
 He was educated at Orleans and Bourges, but 
 after applying to the law, he became an eccle- 
 fiaftic, and as an eloquent preacher foon ac- 
 quired popularity. At Bourdeaux he became 
 acquainted with Montaigne, who treated him 
 with great kindnefs. His publication of the 
 three truths in 1594, recommended him to 
 the bifhop of Cahors, who made him his vicar 
 general. He W3S afterwards prefented to the 
 chapterfhip of the church of the bifhop of 
 Condom, and in 1601 he printed his. books 
 K of wifdom," which fpread his fame through 
 the kingdom. He died at Paris 1603, of an 
 apoplexy. Of his works the bed known is " of 
 wifdom," two tranflationsof vvhichhave appeared 
 in England. 
 
 Chartier, Alan, of Bayeux, Secretary 
 to Charles VI. and VII. of France, was em- 
 ployed in fome embaffies, but acquired greater 
 celebrity as a writer. He died 1449. f ' s 
 works confift of poetry and profe. H is bro- 
 ther Job/i was author of the great chronicles 
 of France from Pharamond to the death of 
 Charles VII. in three vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Chassenelx, Bartholomew de, a French 
 lawyer, who boldly oppofed the profecution 
 f the Vaudois, a religious feci who refufed 
 to acknowledge the authority of tire pope, 
 for which he was poiLned 154 1. Ke wa* 
 author of a work on the cuftoms of France, 
 and other things. 
 
 Cuastel, Join, fon of a . 
 SJ, Paris attempted the life, of Henry IV. of 
 France 1594. He was then only 19. The 
 blow was fo Sudden that Ik- nearly efcaped, but 
 it is faid that the wildnefs of his looks ! 
 him. He confefll'd that from the wkl 
 of his pafl life, he was doomed to eternal tor- 
 ments in another life, and that to make them 
 more tolerable, he wifhed to d 
 aclipn. fJe was condemned to have th 
 
 of his arms and thighs torn off with red hot 
 pincers, his right hand cut off, and afterwards 
 his body drawn and quartered by four horfes 
 pulling different ways. This was executed 
 1594, and at the lame time the jefuits, at 
 whofe infligation the crime had been com- 
 mitted, were baniihed from the kingdom. 
 
 CttASTKLtuX, Francis John, marquis etc, 
 field marfhal of France, is well known by his 
 writing-?. He was member of the French 
 academy, and died at Paris 1788. His chief 
 works are on public happinefs, 8vo. trans- 
 lated into Fnglifh, travels in North America, 
 8vv. alfo tranflated into Englith. This lafl 
 work is far from popular in America, where 
 the author had ferved during the American 
 war. 
 
 Chat de RasTIGNAC, Raymond de, op- 
 pofed the league, and behaved with great bra- 
 very in various battles. He was killed at la 
 Fere, 1696. 
 
 Chat de RASTlGNAGi Lewis James uc t 
 of the fame family as the preceding, was bifhop 
 of Tours, and died reflected 1750, aged 63. 
 He wrote fome difcourfes, harangues, &c. Hi* 
 benevolence was confpicuous during an inun- 
 dation of the Loire, when he was the com- 
 mon father of the poor who had been driven 
 from their habitations. 
 
 Chateau Brun, John Baptijl Vivien de, 
 of Angouleme, died 1775, aged 89. Befides 
 Philoc'tetes, Aftyanax, and Mahomet II., tra- 
 gedies, he wrote les Troyennes, which is 
 evidently hfe beft play, and which he kept by 
 him 40 years before he produced it before the 
 public. 
 
 Chatel, Tannery de, a French general, 
 born in Britany. .He defeated Ladiflaus who 
 had ufurped the -crown of Naples, and diftin- 
 guifhed himfelfat the' battle of Agincourt x and 
 fupported the Dauphin againft the Burgun- 
 dians. He afterward', effected a reconciliation, 
 hut brutally advifed tiie dauphin to afTaflinate 
 the unfufp6eting duke of Burgundy 1419. 
 On the dauphin's elevation to the throne, 
 Chatel was made grand mailer of the house- 
 hold. Ke died 1449. His nephew of the 
 fame name, is known for his attachment to 
 Charles Vil. whom he attended in his laft 
 moments and buried at his own expence. 
 
 Ciiatei.. Pder du, or Castellanus, a 
 native of Arc, educated at Dijon. Heaflifted 
 Erafrrius in his tranflations, and was prefs cor- 
 rector to Frobenius at Bafil, after which he 
 travelled to Egypt and Syria. On his return 
 to Europe he became private reader to Fran- 
 ho made him bifhop of Tulle and af- 
 . of Macon, frotn which he was tranf- 
 lated by Henry II. to Orleans where he died 
 1552. He wrote two funeral orations on 
 I. and a Latin letter againft Charles 
 V. &c. 
 
 CiiATFLAnn, .V. du, a gentleman of 
 Dauphinc, who became padionately fond of 
 Mary queen of Scots, and concealed himfetf 
 r, when mo ivas retur: 
 See: 
 
CHA 
 
 CHA 
 
 Scotland, after the death of her huiband 
 Francis. For this imprudent conduft which 
 it is faid the queen had countenanced, he was 
 condemned to death. 
 
 Chatelet, Gabriellc F.milie txarchioneff 
 ie, a learned French lady, born 1706. She 
 afpired to high diftinction in fcience and philo- 
 ibphy, and by her valuable works rivalled 
 Leibnitz and Newton. Her inftkutes of phy- 
 tic addrefied to her fon is a . work of merit. 
 Her intenle application shortened her life. 
 She died 1749, aged 43. She tranflated the 
 inllitutes of Leibnitz and the principa of 
 Newton. 
 
 Chattfrton, Thomas, an extraordinary 
 youth of Briftol born 175a. He was taught 
 reading, writing, and arithmetic, at a charity 
 fchool on St. Auguftin's Back, and at the age 
 of 14 he was articled to an attorney at Briftol. 
 This employment, however, was not conge- 
 nial to his turn of mind, he devoted himfelf 
 more to poetry, antiquities, and heraldry, than 
 to law; and early in 1769, fome of his com- 
 pofitions appeared in the periodical publications 
 of the time. In 1770 he left Briftol and 
 came to London, but though he flattered the 
 great, and efpoufed in political pieces the caufe 
 both of theminiftry andof oppofition, and though 
 courteoufly treated by Beckfoid in the height 
 of his popularity, his income was inferior to 
 his wants. Though a liberal contributor to 
 the Gofpel Magazine, the Town and coun- 
 try, the Court nd City, the London, the 
 Political regiiter, &c he found himfelf indig- 
 nantly dependent upon the bookfellers, and a 
 prey to the fevered indigence, fo that in a 
 fit of difpair he deflroyed himfelf by poifon 
 Auguft 1770 Though pofleiTcd of great ge- 
 nius, Chatterton was irafcible and impetuous, 
 and it has been faid by his biographer that he 
 had all the irregularities of youth. F is name is 
 known in controverfial hiftory. He publhhcd 
 a number of poems, which he ciefcribed as 
 written about 300 years before by Rowley, a 
 Briftowyan monk, and when prevTed for the 
 originals, he rcfufcd them, declaring that he 
 lud received them from his father whofe fa- 
 mily had for nearly 150 years been fextons of 
 Redclift cnurcli in Briftol, and that till then 
 they had remained buried in duft in an old 
 cheft over the chapel. This ftory, which 
 Chatterton always fupported as true, called 
 forth the attention of the learned, and whilst 
 fome beheld in the poems all the marks of 
 genuine antiquity, others confidered them as 
 a literary forgery, by the artifice of an inge- 
 nious, though ill educated youth, of 17. To 
 Mr. Catcot of rillol, the public are indebted 
 for the belt part of the poems, who procured 
 them from Chatterton. They were publilhed 
 in 1777. in one volume 8vo. by ' yrwhiti, 
 and republished in 1778; and while Bryant, 
 Milles and others confidered Rowley as 
 the real author, T. Warton, Walpole, and 
 : eprefented them as the authentic pro- 
 duftiQtt of Chatterton, who thus w.. 
 
 difguife the fkfi: efforts of his mufe by afluming 
 the name of antiquity. 
 
 Chaucer,- Geoffrey, a poet denominated 
 by Dryden the father of Englith poetry. He 
 was born in London 1328, and ftudied at 
 Cambridge, and afterwards at Oxford, and 
 then travelled upon the continent, ^e en- 
 tered at the Inner 1 emple, and was made 
 page to the king, and rewarded witli a penfioil 
 of 20 marks. He was afterwards gentleman 
 of the chamber to the king and after being 
 employed to negociate with the republic of 
 Genoa, for fhips for a naval armanent, Ed- 
 ward repaid his fervices by granting him a 
 pitcher of wine daily to be delivered by the 
 butler of England. He was afterwards comp- 
 troller of the cuftoms of London for wool, &c, 
 and was employed as commiffioner to the 
 French court on the violation of the truce. 
 Thefe high favors which made his income notlels 
 than ioocl. a year, were confirmed by Richard, 
 Edward's fucceflbr, but Chaucer by embracing 
 Wickliffe's tenets gave offence to the clergy, 
 and though he efcaped by flight, he was im- 
 prilbned. F& foon after removed from the 
 intrigues of public life, and at Woodftock, and 
 afterwards at Donniugton, he devoted himfelf 
 to the cultivation of his mule. He died 
 14CO. He left two Ions, Thomas who was 
 fpeaker of the commons in HennTV.'s reign, 
 and Lewis. His wife's name was Philippa 
 Rouet, of ^ainault, and as her filter Catha 
 rine, widow of fir Hugh Swinford, was mar- 
 ried to John of Ghaunt duke of Lancafter, 
 after the death of Blanche, Chaucer fhared 
 the favors of royalty, and was indebted for 
 ibme of his honors to the influence of his 
 brother-in-law. . The poetry of Chaucer, 
 though in the idiom of the 14th century, is 
 not devoid of fmoothnefs and delicacy, the 
 fentiments are bold, the characters well fup- 
 ported," and the genius of the poet is every 
 where brilliant, fprightly, and fublhne. Of 
 all ins poems the Canterbury tales poffefs the 
 greateft merit. They have been learnedly 
 edited by Mr. Tyrvvhitt, 5 vols. 8vo. Tie 
 life of the poet has been publilhed by God- 
 win, in two ponderous vols 4 to. 
 
 Chaulieu, William, a native of Norman- 
 dy, educated at Paris. Fie was for the live- 
 linefs of his genius courted by the duke of 
 Rochcfoucault, by Marfillac, by tiie duchefs 
 of Bouillon, and by the duke of Vendome, 
 who gave him a priorate in the ifle of Oleron, 
 with an income of a8oco livres, and afterward^ 
 the abbies of Pouliers, &c. In the midft of af- 
 fluence and conviviality, he gave vent to the 
 tallies of his mule, and alleviated the pains 
 of an obftinate gout, by compofing epigrams and 
 fonuets for the amufement of iiis friends, and 
 the derifion of his enemies. Though a per- 
 fect mailer of all the graces of poetry, and 
 delervcdly filled the Anacreou of France, he 
 had no wifh of prefenting his poems before 
 the public, and they remained fcatterc-d in the 
 hands of his friends till collected by Camufac 
 3 and 
 
CHE 
 
 CHE 
 
 and St. Mark. Befides letters in profe, and 
 epiltles in verfe, they contain elegies, ballads, 
 madrigals, airs, and all the charming trifles of 
 a carelefs, wanton, and fportive mufe. Chau- 
 Jieu died 1726, at the great ape of 81. 
 
 CUAUMETTI, Peter Gafpard, foil of a 
 cobler, was born at Nevers 1763. He ap- 
 peared as one of the boldeft at the taking 
 of the Baflille, and difplaj ed all the violence 
 and zeal of a demagogue. United with He- 
 iert he for a while guided the fanguinary 
 multitude, and propofed, with the feafts of the 
 goddefs of reafon, thofe walking guillotines 
 which were to purge France of all her royal- 
 alls, and her fufpected citizens. After being 
 guilty of the moll atrocious cruelties, he was 
 Tent before the revolutionary tribunal by Ro- 
 befpierre, and when on the lcaffold prophefied 
 that his fall would foon be followed by that 
 of his enemies. He was guillotined 1794. 
 A " precis hiflorique," on life is attributed 
 to him. 
 
 Chauncey, Charles, a nonconforming di- 
 vine, who migrated from Ware., Hertfordshire, 
 to America, where he became prefident of 
 Harward college, and died 1671. His fon 
 JJaac afterwards came to England, and fettled 
 at Andover as a diffenting minifter, but foon 
 after praftifed phyfic in London, where he 
 died about 1 700. He wrote an eflay on Da- 
 niel's prophecy, &c. 
 
 Chauncy, Henry, was educated at Bifhop 
 Stortford fchool, and Gonvil college, Cam- 
 bridge, and entered at the Middle Temple. 
 He was knighted by Charles II. 1681, and 
 feven years after made a ierjeant at law, and 
 a Welfh judge. He died 1700. He is au- 
 thor of the hiltorical antiquities of Hertford- 
 (hire in one vol. foL 
 
 Chauveau, Francis a painter and engraver 
 of Paris, who died there 1676, aged 63. Not 
 lefs than 4000 pieces are mentioned as en- 
 graved by him, and 400 executed from his 
 defigns. His fon Rene polFefled his genius. 
 
 Chazei.les, "John Mattheiv, a French 
 mathematician, born at Lyons 1657. He 
 affifted Cadir.i in the meafurement of the 
 meridian line. In 1684, he intruded the 
 duke of Mortemar in mathematics, and was 
 appointed hydrography profeffor for the gal- 
 lies of Marfetfles, where he made valuable 
 obfervations, and drew a new map of the 
 coaft of Provence, befides plans of harbours and 
 forts. He vifited Greece and Fgypt, and firll 
 obferved in his meafurement of the great py- 
 ramid, that its four corners exactly correfpond 
 to the four cardinal points of the world. He 
 died 1710. Befides his voyage to the Levant, 
 he contributed greatly to the improvement 
 of the Neptune Francois. 
 
 Cheke, John, a learned Englishman, bom 
 at Cambridge, 1514, and educated at St. John's 
 callegc. He was profeffor of Greek in the 
 university, and in 1544, he was tutor with 
 fir Anthony Cooke, to prince Edward. On 
 the acceflion of his pupil t the throne, he 
 
 was rewarded with an annuity of 100 marks, 
 and a grant of land, and appointed provoft 
 of king's college. In 1551 he was knighted, 
 and afterwards made fecretary offlate. On 
 the acceffion of Mar)- he travelled abroad, 
 but after fupporting himfelf at Strafburg by 
 teaching Greek, he was feized on his return 
 between BruSFeis and Antwerp, by Philip of 
 Spain, and fent like a traitor to London'. 
 Perfecuted for his religion, he, when offered 
 to chule between the faggot and popery, ab- 
 jured his faith and was received by cardinal 
 Pole into the catholic church. A confeflion 
 fo violently extorted and fo rafhly given preyed 
 now upon his fpirits, and Shortened his days. 
 He died of Shame and remorfc 1557, aged 43. 
 His works were numerous and valuable. 
 Thofe belt known are the hurt of fedition, 
 againll the infurgents, 1549, epiftles on the 
 death of Bucer, de pronunciatione Gr:eca? 
 potiftimum linguae difputationes, kc. He was 
 confidered as one of the molt learned men of 
 his age, but his attempts to improve the pro- 
 nunciation of Greek was regarded by bifhop 
 Gardiner as herefy, and therefore forbidden. 
 
 CHIMIN, Catherine du, a French lady, emi- 
 nent for painting flowers. She died at Paris, 
 1698. 
 
 Chemnitz, Martin, a Lutheran divine, 
 born at Britzen in Branbenburg. He iludied 
 at Magdeburg and Frankfort on the Oder, 
 and afterwards taught a fchool in Pruffia, and 
 became librarian to the prince. He returned 
 to Wittemberg, where his friend Melandlhon 
 lived, and then removed to Brunfwick, where 
 he died after 30 years' refidence 1586, aged 
 64. His works are Harmonia evangeliorum 
 a treatife againfl the Jefuits & examen 
 concilii Tridentini, a valuable performance. 
 
 Chemnitz, Borejlaus Philip, grandfon of 
 the above, was born at Stettin, and died 1678, 
 aged 73. He ferved in the armies of Hollmd 
 and Sweden, and became counsellor of Hate 
 and hiftoriographer to Chrillina. His hillory 
 of the Swedish wars in Germany, appeared 
 in 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Cheron, Elizabeth Sophia, daughter of a 
 painter at Meaux, was born at Pari?. She 
 devoted herfeff to poetry, painting, the learned 
 languages, and mufic, and obtained celebrity 
 by her pencil, efpecially in hillory, oil colors, 
 and in miniature. She died at Paris 1 711, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Cheron, Lewis, brother to the preceding, 
 ws born at Paris, and came to London, where 
 he executed fome hillorical pieces, efpecially 
 the judgment of Paris, &c for the duke of 
 Montague. He was a proteftant, and died in 
 London 1713, aged 53. 
 
 Cheselden, William, an English furgeon 
 of eminence, born at Somerby, Leiceflerfhire. 
 He began to read lectures at the age of 22, 
 which he continued for upwards of 20 years. 
 He was fuccefsful in cutting for tke ftone, 
 and he immortalized himfelf by giving light 
 to a youth of 14, who had never feen, of 
 
 which 
 
CHE 
 
 CHI 
 
 Which he published an interefting account. 
 Now at tile head of his profedion, he was ap- 
 pointed principal furgeon to queen Caroline, 
 and blefTed with well-earned fame and inde- 
 dendence. He obtained alio what he wiihed, 
 the office of head furgeon to Chellea-hofpital, 
 which he retained till his death. He died of 
 an apoplexy 1752, aged 64. He was intimate 
 with Pope, by whom he was greatly efteemed. 
 His anatomy of the human body, published 
 1713, has pafled through feveral editions. He 
 wrote, befides, ofteography in fol. and other 
 anatomical effays. 
 
 Chesne, Jofeph du, physician to the French 
 king, was born at Armagnac. After refiding 
 in Germany, he fettled at Paris, and acquired 
 celebrity by his practice, and by his know- 
 ledge of chemiftry, though he was ridiculed 
 by other phyficians. He died at an advanced 
 age at Paris, 1609. He wrote in verfe the 
 folly of tlie world, 4to. and the great mir- 
 ror of xhe world, &e. 
 
 Chesne, Andre du, called the father of 
 French hiftory, was born at Turenne, and 
 erufhed to death by a cart, returning from 
 Paris to his country houle in 1640, in his 
 55th year. He wrote the hiftory of the popes, 
 2 vols. fol. hiitory of England, 4 vols, fol. 
 hiftory of French cardinals collection of 
 French hiftorians, fcc. 
 
 Chesterfield, Philip earl of, Fid. 
 Staneot-e. 
 
 Chf.twode, Knightly, of Coventry, be- 
 came fellow of King's college, Cambridge, 
 and was bifhopof Briftol on Trelawney's tran- 
 ilation, but James abdicated before the elec- 
 tion, palled the feals, and he loft the fee. He 
 was afterwards chaplain to the Englilh forces 
 in Holland under Marlborough, and was dean 
 of Gloucester 1707, and died 1720. He wrote 
 poems a life of lord Rofcommon, Sec. 
 
 Chevalier, Anthony Rodolph It, of Mont- 
 champs in Normandy, left France on account 
 of his religion, and taught the French lan- 
 guage to Elizabeth, afterwards queen of Fmg- 
 iand. He ftudied the oriental languages un- 
 der TremeDras, whole daughter he married, 
 and then taught Hebrew at Strafburg thai Ge- 
 neva. He returned to France, and elcaping 
 the dreadful day of St. Bartlwlemew, came 
 to (%ernfey, where he died 157 a, aged 65. 
 Befides the Jerufalem Targum, from the Sy- 
 xiac, he published a Latin grammar of the 
 Hebrew language, 4to. 1574. 
 
 Chevalier, Leivis, of Touraine, entered 
 among the religious of la Trappe, but after- 
 wards ftudied the law, and acquired eminence. 
 His pleadings for the canons of Rheims ap- 
 peared in 1 716. He was a man of great 
 piety, and died 1744, aged 81. 
 
 Ch evert, Francis de, a French general, 
 born of obfeure parents at Verdun. He role 
 from the ranks, and diftinguifhed himfelf by 
 a great knowledge of tactics. After Bellifle's 
 retreat from Prague, he defended the place 
 with obltiiutc bravery, and yielded only* hroufch 
 
 famine 1742. His valor contributed to the 
 victory of Haftenback in 1757, and that of 
 Lauterberg. He died 1769, aged 74. 
 
 Chevreau, Urban, of Loudun in Poitou, 
 became fecretary to Chriftina of Sweden, 
 whom he reconciled to the catholic faith. Af- 
 ter his return to Paris he was preceptor to 
 the duke of Maine, and then retired to his 
 native place vhere he built an elegant man- 
 fion, and died after fpending there 20 years 
 of literary fecluh'on, 1701, aged nearly 88. 
 He wrote an hiftory of the world the eifects 
 of fortune, a romance and other things. 
 
 Cheyne, George, a Scotch phyfidan. 
 When 30 year? of age he came to London, 
 and from an abltemiotts mode of life became 
 a jovial and free living companion. Fie grew 
 lb much in unwieldy corpulence, that the 
 fmallelt exertions were painful to him, and 
 all the powers of medicine were unavailing to 
 relieve him, till the ufe of a milk d et re- 
 duced him from the enormous weight 01*32 
 ftone to nearly one third, and enabled him to 
 live to the age of 72. He died at Bath 1743. 
 He wrote an eiFay on long life and health 
 tractatus de infirmorum fanitate, &c. on 
 nervous difeafes, &c. 
 
 Cheynel, Francis, was born and educated 
 at Oxford, and made fellow of Merton in 
 1622. During the civil wars he favored the 
 puritans, and was fent to convert the univerfity 
 and made vifitor, and in 1648, appointed Mar- 
 garet profeflbr there, and prefident of St. John's 
 college. Incapable of filling thole places he 
 retired to his living of Petworth in Sulfex, 
 from which he was ejected at the reftoration. 
 He is much lefs known for his political traits, 
 than for his acquaintance with Chillingworth. 
 He attended him in his lalt moments, and 
 when he was buried at Chichefter,hecontemp- 
 tuoufly threw the book which that $reat au - 
 thor had written againlt papills, into his grave, 
 with every mark of infolent 2eal and fana- 
 tical madnefis. He died a Prelton in SufTex 
 1665. 
 
 Ciiiabrera, Gabriello, an Italian poet of 
 Savone, where he died 1638, aged 86. He 
 ftudied at Rome, and wroie heroic, dramatic, 
 paftoral and lyric poems. 
 
 Chiari, fofeph, an hiftorical painter, born 
 at Rome. He was attacked with the plague 
 when an infant, and though he recovered, his 
 constitution ever felt the (hock. He died 
 1727, aged 73. 
 
 Ciiiciielv, Henry, archbilhop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Highain Ferrers, and edu- 
 cated at Winchefter i'chool, and New college, 
 Oxford. He was lent by Henry IV. to con- 
 gratulate Gregory XII. on his elevation to the 
 papacy, and was appointed by him bilhop of 
 the fee of St. David's. In 1409, he was at 
 the council of Pifa, and five years after he 
 was tranflated to Canterbury. In this high 
 office, he enlarged the privileges of the clergy, 
 and boldly oppoied the encroachments of the 
 pope. Befides founding in his native town a 
 Q 4 college 
 
CHI 
 
 CHI 
 
 college for one mailer and eight fellows, &c. 
 he laid the foundations of that noble edifice 
 in Oxford, called All-Sods. This colli 
 completed in 144c, and the chapel was with 
 great pomp confecrated by the founder. 
 Chichely died 144.;, after being archbifhop 
 co years. It is (aid that when 80 he wifhed 
 to refign his exalted fituation, which the pope 
 refuftd. 
 
 CincovNKAU, Francis, of Montpellier, 
 phyfician to the French king, was fent by Or- 
 leans to flop the plague at Marfeilles, and the 
 confidence with which he entered a place, 
 filled with dileafe and death, contributed, 
 with his excellent prefcriptions, to reanimate 
 the terrified inhabitants, and difpel the dif- 
 temper. He died at Verfailles 1752, aged 
 Sc. Of his works, the molt curious is th .t in 
 which he fupports that the plague is net 
 contagious. 
 
 Ciucoyneau, Francis, fon of the above, 
 was illuftrious in medicine. He excelled in 
 botany, and adorned the royal garden of Mont- 
 pellier. He died 1740, aged 38,profefTor and 
 chancellor of the univerfity of Montpellier, 
 an honor which four of his family had enjoyed 
 before him. 
 
 CiufFi^ET, 'John James, a phyfician of 
 Befancon. After travelling through Europe, 
 and being phyfician to the archduchefs of the 
 Low Countries, he remained in th? fame ca- 
 pacity with Philip IV. of Spain. He died ip a 
 good old age, author of Vindiciae Hiipaoicse 
 againft the French, and other works. 
 
 Chudekfrt, I. king of France, after Clo- 
 vis, .<?(. his brothers Clotaire and 
 
 Clodomir in the defeat of Sigifmund of Bur- 
 gundy. He died at Paris 558. 
 
 CKiLDEiii.KT II. Ion of Sigebert, fucceeded 
 his father in Auftrafia 575. He afterwards 
 joiii'.d Burgundy, Orleans, and part of Paris, 
 to his dominions, after the death of Chilperic 
 king of SoifTcns, and died by poilbn 596, aged 
 only 26, 
 
 Childercrt III. brother of Clovis III. 
 and fon of 'J hierry, furnamed the juft, was 
 governed during the whole of his reign by 
 Pepin the mayor of the palace, and died %jli, 
 in the 1 6th year of his reign, and aged 28. 
 
 Chji-dkkic I. king of France after his fa- 
 ther Merovseus 456, was banifhed the next 
 year and retired to Thuringia, from which he 
 was recalled in 463. He afterwards enlarged 
 his kingdom by conqueft, and died 481, aged 45. 
 
 Cinr.r>EKic II. fon of Clovis, fucceeded his 
 brother Clotaire III. 670, and for a while, 
 when governed by the counfel of Leger, was 
 a popular monarch. He afterwards gave 
 himfelf up to every fpecies of licentioufnefs 
 and cruelty, and was affaiiinated by Bodilon 
 
 CniLDERlc III. furnamed the ideot and 
 the idle, was raifed to the throne by Pepin 
 742. Some time after he was, by the fame 
 powerful minilkr, confined in a monaftery, 
 where he died 755* 
 
 Chilltngworth, William, a celebrated 
 divine, born at Oxford, 1602. At Trinity 
 college he ftudied divinity, mathematics, and 
 poetry, but Fifher, the J efuit, overturned his 
 faith, and he embraced the tenet? of the catho- 
 lics. He then retired to Douai, but by the; 
 correfpondence of Laud, he foon became i'en- 
 fible that the pope of Rome is not that infal- 
 lible perfon he had implicitly believed. Re- 
 flored to the proteitants, Chillingworth re- 
 turaea to Oxford, where he propofed to complete 
 his free enquiry into religion. The change of 
 his principles however drew upon him the vi- 
 rulence of the catholics, but he defended his 
 conduct and fupported the proteiiant tenets 
 with fuch firmnefs and candor, that even his 
 enemies applauded him. In 1637,1ns religion 
 of proteitants a fafe way to falvation, appeared, 
 and with a modeft and elegant dedication it was 
 prefented to Charles I. It palled through fe- 
 veral editions, and will remain a halting monu- 
 ment of the author's fuperipr abilities, and of 
 found reafon, and pure religion. Though 
 reipected as a divine, Chillingworth ftarted 
 objections againft the 39 ai tides, and refufed 
 to afTent to the damnatory claufes of the Atha- 
 nafian creed. His fcruples however gradually 
 removed, and he fubferibed the articles, confi, 
 dering it as a fubfciiption of peace and union, 
 not of belief or afTent. He was promoted to 
 the chancellorfhipofSalifbury, with th^ prebend 
 of Brixworth, and the mafterfhip of Wigiton's 
 hofpital. The troubles of the times prevented 
 higher elevation, Chillingworth attached to the 
 king's caufe, took up arms againft the repub- 
 licans, and acted as engineer at the fiege of 
 Gloucefter. At the fiege of Arundel he was 
 taken prifoner with the garriibn by fir William 
 Waller, and as he was then indiipofed he was 
 removed to Chichefter, where after a fnort 
 illnefs he expired in the bifhop's palace. His 
 laft moments were attended by Cheynell, who 
 at his funeral infulted his remains by throwing 
 with religious phrenfy into his grave his cele- 
 brated book mentioned above. He died about 
 1644, and was buried in Chichefter cathedral. 
 The fame of Chillingworth is firmly eilablifhed 
 as a noble difputant, a perlpicuous reafoner, 
 and a candid and inquifitive philolbpher. He 
 wrote hefides feveral things in the defence of 
 religion and loyalty. 
 
 Ciulmead, Edmund, of Gloucefterfhire, 
 was educated at Chrift church, Oxford. On 
 being ejected from his livings 1648, he fub- 
 fifted in London by teaching mufic. He died 
 1654. He wrote a treadle on the ufe of 
 the globes, and publifhed tranflations of fome 
 Greek authors. 
 
 Child eric I. youngeft fon of Clotaire I. 
 fucceeded as king of Soiflons 561. His wifo 
 Galafuinta was aflaflinated by his miftrefs Fre- 
 degonde; and he married the fufpected murder- 
 er, and committed every kind of cruelty to fa- 
 tisfy her vengeance. He loft part of his dominir 
 ons by the invafion of Sigebert of Auftrafia, 
 who wifhed to punifli the death of the mur- 
 dered 
 
CKO 
 
 CHR 
 
 dered queen, and after facrificiog his Tons Me- 
 rovas-us and Clovis to the jealouly of the in- 
 famous Fredegonde, he at lait faw the wicked, 
 ncfs ct" his conduct, and became a devotee. He 
 was murdered returning from hunting in 584, 
 and Fredegonde was iV.ibected as the aflaffin. 
 
 Chix.?kjuc II. ion cfChiideric II. fucceeded 
 Dagcbert III. in 715. He was reduced to 
 privacy by Charles Aiartel, and died 720. 
 
 Chine Noung, emperor of China, about 
 ears B. C. is laid to have initructed hi 
 . in agriculture and in extracting wine 
 
 Ching or Xi- no am-ti, emperor of China, 
 about 240 B.C. is idd to have built the great 
 wail after the expulfion of the Tartars. 
 
 Chirac, Peter, phyncian to the French 
 was profeflor of medicine at MontpeUier, 
 and phyhcian to the army of. Roufhllon, in 
 which capacity his treatment of the fick ibl- 
 diers under a violent dyientery was particu- 
 larly fucicefsfuL He was alib very fuccefsful 
 during an epidemic diftemper at Rochfort, &c. 
 He died 1732, aged 82. Fie wrote difierta- 
 tions on wounds on fevers on the ufe of 
 the ruil of iron in the incubus, &cc. 
 
 Chishui.l, Edmund, of Eywcrth, Bed- 
 fordfhire, was educated at Corpus Chrifti col- 
 lege, Oxford. As a travelling fellow h*e vi- 
 fited Turkey and the Levant, and was chaplain 
 to the Engjifh factory at Smyrna. He was 
 prefented to the living of Walthamltow, in 
 fTex, where he died 1733. He wrote agninit 
 Dodwell on the mortality of the foul, befides 
 his travels in Turkey. 
 
 Choin, Mary Emily Jo!y de, a lady def- 
 cendtd from a Savoy family. She was about 
 the perfon of the duchefs of Conti, where (he 
 was letn by the dauphin ; but no folicitations 
 could prevail upon her to deviate from her 
 chadity. It is laid that the prince married 
 her privately, and, in her company, reformed 
 his conduct, and regained the affection of the 
 king. After his death, in 1 71 1, (he retired 
 toobfeurity, and died 1744. 
 
 Choiseui.. Stephen Fraud: due de, a French 
 politician. After enjoying the confidence of 
 Lewis XV. and ferving him as amhafTador and 
 mir.ilter at home, he was difgraced ; and, on 
 his retirement, itill retained uuiverfal refpect. 
 He wss a liberal patron of arts and of litera- 
 ture, and for his political intrigues, was called 
 king of Pruiiia, the coachman oi' Eu- 
 He died 1785, aged 66. 
 Cuoisi, Francis Timofecn de> prior of St. 
 Lo, went ambaffador to the king ol'Siam, who 
 wifhed, it was laid, to become a convert to 
 chriltianity. Though he had (pent the earlier 
 part of his life in debauchery, yet he reformed 
 his conduct, ^nd applied himfelf to literature. 
 He died at Paris 1724, aged 81. Fie wrote 
 an account of hia journey to Siam the hiltory 
 of France, during five reigns, 5 vols. an eccle- 
 fiaftical hiftory, 1 1 vols 4to. Sec. 
 
 CaouET, John Robert, a native of Geneva, 
 age of 2,1, appointed profeflor of phi- 
 
 lofophy at Sfuuaur, where he replaced the 
 tenets of Aribotle with the philofophy of Def- 
 cartes. In 1669 he returned to Geneva as 
 profeffor, and was repeatedly fyndic, and died 
 1731, aged 89, reflected as a goodcitizen and. 
 an upright magiitrate. Fie wrote introduc- 
 tion to logic thefes phyCc* de varia altrorunx 
 luce -and other works. 
 
 Christie, William, educated at Aberdeen 
 was mailer of the grammar fchool at Montrofe, 
 where he died 1774, aged 44. His grammar 
 and his introduction to the making of Latin 
 are both well ipoken of. 
 
 Ciiristisrn I. king of Denmark, fuc- 
 ceeded 1448. He founded the order of the 
 elephant, and died 1481. 
 
 Christiern II. furnamed the cruel, or 
 the northern Nero, fucceeded on the Danifh 
 throne 15 13. He was elected king of Swe- 
 den 15 20 ; but inftead of being the father of 
 his people, he became their tyrant, and rria.l- 
 facred 94 of the Swedifh nobles to whom he 
 owed his elevation. Driven from Sweden by 
 Guftavus, he in Copenhagen puri'ued the 
 fame conduit, in confequence of which he wab 
 expelled from his throne by his indignant fub- 
 jects. Ever ambitious, he gained the Dutch 
 to efpouie his cauie ; but he was defeated and 
 died in prifon 1559. 
 
 Christiern III. fucceflbr of Frederic I. 
 1534. embraced the opinions of Luther, and 
 made that the eftabliihed religion of his king- 
 dom. He died 1559, aged 56. 
 
 Christiern IV. fucceeded as king of 
 Denmark 1588. He made war againit the 
 Swedes, and died 1648, aged 71. 
 
 Chkstiern V. fucceeded in 1670. He 
 formed a league with the German princes, and 
 made war againft Sweden ; but was defeated. 
 He died 169.9, aged 54. 
 
 Christina, queen of Sweden, daughter of 
 Guftavus Adoiphus the great, fucceeded her 
 father 1653. After reigning with fplendor, 
 (he returned the crown in 1654, in favor of 
 her coufin, Charles Guftavus. She had before 
 embraced the catholic religion at the infliga- 
 tion of the Jefuits ; and fine retired to Rome, 
 where ine refided till the death of her coufin, 
 in 1660; when fhe attempted to refume the 
 crown, which as a catholic fhe could not effect. 
 She died at Rome 1689, aged 6^. She was a 
 woman of great abilities, well acquainted with 
 feveral languages, and frequently corref- 
 ponded with Grotius, Salmafius, Defcartes, 
 Voifius, Bochart, Huet, and other men of 
 letters, and (lie liberally patronifed literature. 
 Some circumitances, however, are mentioned, 
 which reflecl difgrace upon her charadter and 
 manners. 
 
 Christopher son, John, an Englifh pre- 
 late, born in Larcafhire, and educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He became maiter 
 of Trinity college, and dean of Norwich, and 
 in Mary's reigr bifhop of Chicheftcr. Ho 
 died the year aftio-. He was a firm Romanirl; 
 He tranflatcd Philo Judsus into Latin, and 
 
 alio 
 
CHU 
 
 CHU 
 
 tKo the ecclefiaftical Mftories of Eufebius, So- 
 zomen, Socrates, Theodoret, &c. but as a tranf- 
 1; tor he is neither faithful nor elegant. 
 
 Chrysolohas, Emanuel y a learned Greek, 
 of Constantinople. He carne into England in 
 the reign of Richard II. as ambaifador from 
 3 ohn Pakeologus. After his return to Conltan- 
 tinople, became to Florence, where he taught 
 4ireek,and afterwards he became Greek profef- 
 lor at Ticinum, at therequellof the duke of Mi- 
 lan. He afterwards vilited Venice and Rome ; 
 and, in 141 3, he was lent by Martin V. am- 
 baflkdor to Sigifmund of Germany, to fettle 
 the meeting of a general council. He after- 
 wards returned to Conilanlinople, and was 
 lent as ambaffador to Conftance. He died at 
 Conftancp, a few days after the" opening of the 
 council, 1415 ; and a handfome monument 
 was erected to his memory by his fcholar 
 Poggius. He wrote, befides a Greek gram- 
 mar, a parallel between ancient and modern 
 Rome. 
 
 Chubb, Thomas, was born at Eaft Harn- 
 ham, near Salifbury, 1679. He was appren- 
 ticed to a glover ; and next was engaged with 
 a tallow chandler, but devoted his hours of 
 relaxation to the ftudy of Englilb books A 
 ftrong memory rendered him well verfed with 
 mathematics, geography, and other iciences, 
 but particularly divinity ; and to improve him- 
 ielf, he eitsblilhed a club at Salifbury, where 
 the members difputed on theological fubjects. 
 The controverfy about the Trinity between 
 Clarke and Wateriand then engaged the pub- 
 lic attention ; and Chubb prevailed on by his 
 hiends to commit his fentiments to paper, 
 v rote his book called " the fupremacy of the 
 fathers afferted, &c." which was univerially ad- 
 mired. Courted by the great, he lived in the 
 houfe of fir Jofeph Jekyll, and often waited at 
 table as a fervant out of livery, but refufed 
 the profpects of pieferment for his obfeurity 
 at Saliibury, where he retired, and died 1747, 
 aged 68. Chubb was always attached to the 
 bufiaefs of a tallow chandler, and after the 
 death of his partner he frequently affifted the 
 nephew, on whom the concern devolved. 
 After his death, two volumes of pofthumous 
 works were published, which difplayed the 
 author as a violent oppofer of the Mofaical 
 and Chriftian difpenlations, extravagant and 
 licentious in his opinions, and fhamelels enough 
 to deny a future judgment, and almoft a future 
 exigence. This publication greatly aftonilhed 
 the world, elpecially as nothing immoral, pro- 
 fligate, or licentious, had ever been obferved 
 in his conduct. His principal works are, the 
 true gofpel of Jelus Chrirt afferted an en- 
 quiry into the ground and foundation of reli- 
 gion four differtatious, Sec. 
 
 Ciiuiuf.jgh, Mary, wife of fir George 
 Chudleigh bait, poffelfed refpectable poetical 
 talents, and published fome poems, which pit- 
 led through a third edition in 1732. She 
 wrote befides fome tragedies, operas, mafques, 
 and lime erfirys on philofophical and moral 
 
 fubjects, with great neatnefs, and purity of 
 language. She died 1710. 
 
 Churchill, ftr Winfon> born at Wootoir 
 Glanville, Dorfetfliire, 1620, was father to the 
 great duke of Marlborough. He was of St. 
 John's college, Oxford, and engaged warmly on 
 the iide of the king, in confequence of which 
 his eltates were forfeited. He married a 
 daughter of fir John Drake of Afhe in Devon- 
 fhire, at whole houfe he took fhelter, and at 
 the restoration he recovered his property, and 
 obtained a feat in parliament. He was knighted 
 in 1663, and publilbed in 1675 a political effay 
 on the hktory of England, in folio, which pof- 
 lefi'ed little merit. He died 1688. 
 
 Churchill, John, duke of Marlborough 
 and prince of the holy Roman empire, was fon 
 of the preceding, and was born at Afhe, 1650. 
 His education was little attended to by his fa- 
 ther, who introduced him when 12 years of 
 age to the court, and in 1666, he was made 
 an enfign in the guards, and Coon after went 
 to Tangier againft the Moors. He became on 
 his return a favorite with Monmouth, in whole 
 regiment he was made captain, and with whom 
 he ferved at the fiege of Nrmeguen. He fa 
 diftinguifhed himl'elf by his valor, that Turennt; 
 praifed the conduct of the handfome English- 
 man, as he called young Churchill. At the 
 reduction of Maeftricht the French monarch, 
 whofe auxiliaries the Englifh then were, law* 
 and commended his bravery. On his return 
 to London he was made lieutenant colonel by 
 the king, and gentleman of the bedchamber, 
 and maiter of the robes to the duke of York, 
 with whom he went to the Low Countries, 
 and into Scotland. About this time Churchill 
 married Sarah Jennings, the attendant on the 
 princefs Anne, afterwards queen of England.. 
 On his return from Scotland with the duke, 
 he was fhipwrecked near the Humber, but 
 though more than 120 perlbns loft their lives, 
 he efcaped. He was created a Scotch peer irt 
 1682, by the title of bar#n Eymouth, and on 
 the death of Charles went as ambaffador to 
 France, and in 1685 he was made baron Chur- 
 chill. On the invafion of Monmouth he was 
 fent againft him, and in a little time repreflfej 
 his rebellion, and took him prifoner. 1 hefe 
 Cervices recommended him to James, yet 
 though entrufted with the command of 5000 
 men on the landing of WiHiam of Orange, he 
 was fufperted of favoring the caufe of the in- 
 vader, and accordingly he abandoned him, and 
 fled to the prince, yet without betraying his 
 fecrets, or taking any of his foldiers with him. 
 This rendered him a favorite with the prince, 
 and on the abdication of James, he was made 
 a privy counfellor, and created earl of Marlbo* 
 rough. In 1689 he was at the battle of Wal- 
 court, and laid the foundation of that military 
 fame, which was foon to aftonifhthe continent. 
 In Ireland he reduced Cork for William ; but 
 in the midlt of his popularity his offices Were 
 taken from him, and his perfon confined in the 
 tower ; a violent meafure, which is attributed : 
 
CHU 
 
 CHU 
 
 to his partial attachment to the interefts of 
 the princefs Anne. The king, who knew his 
 merits, foon reftored him to favor, and when, 
 after queen Mary's death, he entrvitted him 
 with the care of the duke of Gloucefter, he 
 paid him this handfome compliment, " My 
 lord, make him what you are, and my ne- 
 phew will be all I wifh to fee him." He was 
 iiext declared commander in chief of the troops 
 fent over to Holland, and anibaii'ador extraor- 
 dinary to the ftates, and William recommended 
 him to Anne, ?.s the litteft perfon to protect 
 the liberties of Europe. Marlborough con- 
 firmed in his appointments, was made by the 
 United States captain general of all their forces, 
 with a ftipend of ioo,oco florins per annum. 
 Prevailing on the Englifh miniltry to declare 
 war againft France and Spain 1 702, he re- 
 paired to his head quarters, and opened the 
 campaign, by reducing the garrilbns on the 
 frontiers, and among them Vcnlo, Ruremond, 
 and Liege, which was taken fword in hand. 
 After thefe fuccefles he returned to London, 
 where he was received as a conquering hero. 
 The queen created him a duke, and granted 
 him during her life a penfion of ccool. In 
 the next campaign Marlborough defeated the 
 allies at Schelienburg, and afterwards at Hoch- 
 ftet, where Tallard the French general was 
 laken prifoner, and he returned to England, 
 bringing with him as trophies of his conqudls 
 121 ftandards and 179 colors, together with 
 the captive general, and 26 officer;; of hijh riif- 
 tinftion. On this occafion he received, as be- 
 fore, the thanks of parliament, and the queen 
 fettled on him the manor of Woodftock. The 
 campaign of 1705 was equally iuccefsful ; but 
 Marlborough diftingurihed himfelf particularly 
 as a negociaror at Vienna, Berlin, and Hano- 
 ver, and for thefe fervices received again on 
 his return, the thanks of the parliament, though 
 attempts were made to baffle him in the pro- 
 fecution of the war. In 1706 he won the 
 battle of Ramilies, after expofing himfelf to 
 great perfonal danger, and the confequehce of 
 this victory was the fall of Louvain, Bruffels, 
 Ghent, Antwerp, Oftend, Dendermonde, &c. 
 For thefe fuccefles he was not only thanked by 
 both houfes, but the queen made his titles he- 
 reditary in the male and female lines of his 
 daughters. Blenheim houfe was built to 
 commemorate his victories, and the 5000I. 
 from the poft office were annexed to his title. 
 The year 1707 was barren in military inci- 
 dents, but Marlborough, the next year pufhed 
 his conquefts fo rapidly that the French in 
 I "Co, made propofals for a general peace. 
 This was a manoeuvre to difconcert the plans 
 of the Engliih and Dutch, but Marlborough, 
 great alfoasa negociator, defeated the plans of 
 the enemy, and the French again appeared in 
 the field, headed by Villars.an officer of whom 
 Lewis XIV. boaftingly fpoke, faying, he had 
 never been beat. Villars however was de- 
 feated at Malplaquet, and Tournay taken, 
 3nd the duke returned to London to receive 
 
 new congratulations. Marlborough however 
 now felt the fecret machinations of his ene- 
 mies, and though empowered to negociate at 
 Gertruydenburg, the queen was alienated from 
 him, and yielding to the influence of a new 
 favorite, Mrs. Mafham, (he withdrew her 
 confidence from the duchefs. But though his 
 family were removed, and his friends difcarded, 
 he remained ltill at the head of the army, and 
 difplayed againft Villars his fuperior manoeuvres 
 of generalfhip. On his return to England, 
 though apparently well received by the queen, 
 he was difmiffed from his employments, and 
 in parliament he was charged with ambitioufly 
 protracting the war, and of employing the 
 public money to private purpofes. The duke- 
 yielding to the acrimonious language of faction 
 retired in voluntary banifnmJnt 171 2, to Of- 
 tend, and remained for nearly two years on 
 the continent. He returned after the queen's 
 death, and became a great favorite with George 
 I. who conluked him with confidence, and by 
 his advice took thofe mealures which crulhed 
 the rebellion of 17 15. This great man died 
 loaded with infirmities 16th June 1722, aged 
 7j, at Windfor- lodge, and his remains were 
 buried in WeltminUer abbey, with the greateit 
 iblemnity Auguft 9th. Befides lord Blandford, 
 who died at Cambridge in his 1 8th year, the 
 duke had four daughters. Some of his letters 
 have been publifhed, and (how him to have 
 been a man of confummate abilities. His 
 duchefs who furvived him fome years, was a 
 woman of ftrong mafculine po\yers of mind, 
 of boundlefs ambition, and as arbitrary in the 
 cabinet of the queen, as her huiband was for- 
 midable irj the field. 
 
 Churchill, Charles, the poet, was bora 
 1731. He was educated at Weftminfter, but 
 fo neglected the improvement of his abilities, 
 that he was efufed admilfion at Oxford for 
 incapacity, though it is laid this arole from the 
 contempt with which he treated the frivolous 
 queitions propofed by his intended tuior. He 
 continued, in conlequence of this, at Weftmin- 
 fter, and at 17 married, and when ordained 
 retired into Wales upon a curacy of 30I. a 
 year. In this retired fituation, he became a 
 merchant, but his prolpe6ts of independence 
 ended in a bankruptcy, and he came bagk to 
 London, and on the death of his ftther fuc- 
 ceeded to his curacy of St John's Weftmin- 
 fter. He here taught young ladies to read and 
 write, but as his living was expenfive, he' was 
 with difficulty laved from gaol by the huma- 
 nity of Mr. Lloyd fecond matter of Weftmin- 
 fter fchool, who liberally fatisfied his credi- 
 tors. The fuccefs of the " actor", by young 
 Lloyd, encouraged Churchill to cultivate the 
 mules, and he publifhed hjs Rofciad, which 
 was fo univerfally admired, that Colman, 
 Thornton, and the wits of the age, were con- 
 fidered as the authors. The popularity of 
 this and other poems, and the emoluments ari- 
 fing from the lale, now alteied the manners of 
 the poet. He quitted the habit and the fo- 
 
 briay 
 
CIB 
 
 CIM 
 
 ] lionable 
 man of the town, abar.. tie, and 
 
 launched, into all the extravagance of difiipated 
 life. As the allcciate of Wiikes he crofted to 
 lie 1764, where a fever carried him oil", 
 the 5th of November 176 Ms Rof- 
 
 c'ud, he wrote the prophecy of famine, an :;d- 
 )nired poem, an apology to the critical re- 
 viewers,-r-night and the ghoft, in which he ri- 
 dicules Johnfon in the ehara&er of Pom polo, 
 Gotham and independence, epiftle to Ho- 
 garth, &c. 
 
 Ciicrchyaru, Thomas-, of Shrewsbury, 
 anther of the Worthies of Wales. He died 
 about the nth of queen Elizabeth, 15 70. 
 
 Ciampkli.1, Aug^fihie, of Florence, was 
 eminent as an historical painter. He died 
 1640, aged 62. 
 
 Ciami'ini, John Ji-'jl'm, an Italian, who 
 eflabhfhed at B.crue the academies of ecelefi- 
 ailical history, of mathematics and natural hit- 
 tory. He died 1698, aged 65. He wrote 
 different works on the remains of ancient 
 Rome on the {acred edifices built by Cou- 
 ftantine, &c. 
 
 Cjbber, Colley, poet laureat to George II. 
 was ion of Cains Gabriel Gibber, of Holftein, 
 by the daughter of William Colley, Efq. He 
 was born in London 1671. and educated at 
 Grantham ichool, Lincolnfhire. Failing in 
 his application for Winchefter college, and pre- 
 vented from entering at. Oxford by the revo- 
 lution, he became a fcldier, and foon after ex- 
 changed the military life for the Stage, and ap- 
 peared in inferior characters, attheialary of 
 I OS. a-week. His firft Successful ch 
 was the chaplain in the Orphan, and the next 
 Fondlewife in the Old bachelor. To add to 
 his income, he had recourfe to his pen, and 
 wrote Love's laft ihift, hi which he himfelf 
 bore a part His belt plays were The Care- 
 lefshufband, in 1704, and The nonjuror, in 
 1 717. This laft was a party piece, and was 
 dedicated to the king, who gave to the poet 
 ccol and the appointment of laureat. At- 
 tacked by periodical writers, he was expofed 
 to the fatire of Pope, who, with more viru- 
 lence than honor, made him the hero of his 
 Lunciad. In 1730 he quitted the ftage, though 
 he oecafionally appeared before the public, and 
 died 1757. His plays, which, like his chil- 
 dren, as he jocofely observed, were numerous, 
 were collected in a vols 4to Though he ne- 
 ver fucceeded either as a writer or actor of tra- 
 gedy, nor as a lyric poet, his comedies infpite 
 of the mnlice of Pope, are Sprightly and ele- 
 gant, and his character as a man and as an ac- 
 tor refpeclable. Flis apology for his life is cu- 
 rious. 
 
 Cibbrr, TbeopLHus, fon of the preceding, 
 was educated for a little time at Winchefter 
 fchool, from which he palled upon the Stage. 
 He foon role to popularity and eminence as a 
 favorite actor ; and might have infured respec- 
 tability had he poftefled economy, and paid at- 
 tention to decorum and manners. Expofed, 
 
 by his extravagance, to difiretTes, he embarked 
 for Dublin, in October 1757, to affift Sheri- 
 dan against the opposition of a new theatre ; 
 but the Ship was wrecked on the coaft of 
 Scotland, and Cibber and the whole numerous 
 crew p rilht I. As a writer, he produced 
 Pattie and P^ggy, a ballad opera, and he ali 
 tetedrfhel ver, a comedy, and Shakelpeare's 
 Romeo and rJenry VI. He wrote alfo fome 
 appeals to the public. 
 
 ClBBER, Sufannab Maria, filter to Dr. 
 Arne, married Theophilus Cibber, 1754. 
 Though this union diSpleafed old Cibber, yet 
 lie was reconciled to his daughter-in-law, and 
 loon law her Shine on the ltage as a popular 
 Her firft attempt was in 1736, as 
 Zara, and her powers Icon appeared So great, 
 that her Salary was railed from 30s. a week to 
 3I. The conduct of her hufband, however, 
 did not conduce much to her felicity. His 
 diflipated manners revolted her, and lhe foon 
 found that, to fupply his necellities, he bar- 
 tered her reputation '1 he guilty addreftes of 
 a luitor, recommended by a worthless huf- 
 band, triumphed over the lcruples of a dis- 
 honored wife ; but when Cibber in a court of 
 juflice, claimed jccol. for the violation of his 
 demeftic piece, the jury returned a verdict of 
 iol only. Mrs- Cibber lived with her fedu- 
 cer till her death, 1766. She tranflated the 
 oracle of St Foix ; but her great merit arifes 
 from her powers of acting. 
 
 Cid, The, a Spanish hero, whofe real name 
 was den Rodcrigo iJias de Bivar. He was 
 knighted for his valor, and, in 1063, marched 
 with Sancho of Caftile againft Ramiro king of 
 Arragon, who fell in battle ; after which he 
 went to the Siege of Zamora. On the death 
 of Sancho, Alphonfo afcended the throne of 
 Caftile; but Roderigo, inftead of continuing 
 the obedient Subject, declared himfelf indepen- 
 dent, and fixed his habitation at Pena 
 Cid, the rock of the Lid, near Saragofla. He 
 afterwards took Valentia, and maintained hia 
 independence till his death, 1099. "\ I 
 tory of this hero has been immortal 1 , 
 the romances of the Spaniards, and in th 
 pular tragedy of Corneille. 
 
 Cigala, John Michael, an impoiW, 
 in 167c, pretended to be an Ottoman 
 and king of Jerufalem. He vifited 
 England, and other countries, and imj oled on 
 the public credulity, till Some one win 
 his obicurity expofed him to the contempt of 
 the world. 
 
 Cignani, Carlo, a painter of Bologna. Hi* 
 paintings are greatly admired for correctnelfc 
 gracefulnefs, and a fertility of genius, . 
 fully difplayed in exprefiing the pafiions ot the 
 foul. He died I7i9,aged 91. 
 
 Cimabue, Gun anni, the reviver of painting 
 in Italy, was born at Florence 124a Unjfll 
 the direction of Grecian painters, he a< 
 that eminence which inventive genius , 
 defatigable application deletve. He paintu 
 (or ieveral of the cities of Italy, but \ 
 
 
CLA 
 
 CLA 
 
 Iarly for his native city. He was alfo an 
 eminent architect. His paintings were chiefly 
 in frefco and in diftemper, as painting in oil 
 was not yet difcovered. He died at the age 
 of 60. 
 
 ClN'O DU PlSTOIA, Or DE SlOIRULDI, a 
 
 poet of Piftoia, profeffor in various univerfities. 
 He died 1336. He wrote a commentary on 
 the digeft, and he is commended by Dante for 
 his excellent poetry. 
 
 Ciopani, Hercules, an Italian critic of Sul- 
 mo. As a native of the lame city which gave 
 Ovid birth, he undertook a commentary on 
 the works of his countryman, to which he 
 prefixed a life, with an account of the country 
 of Sulmo, publifhed 1578. 
 
 Ciraju, Elizabeth, a native of Bologna, 
 diftinguifhed as a painter- Though happy in 
 tender and delicate fubjects, fhe particularly 
 excelled in the great and terrible. 
 
 CiRiLi-o, Dominic, a botanift, born near 
 Naples. He obtained a profefforfhip in botany 
 at Naples, 1760, where the next year he 
 publifhed his introduclio ad botanicam. He 
 vifited England, and he derived much benefit 
 from the lectures of Dr. W. Hunter. On his 
 return to Italy, he again devoted himielf to 
 his favorite purfuits ; but embracing the tenets 
 of the revolutionary philofophy, he, when the 
 French entered Naples, boldly efpoufed their 
 caufe ; for which he was condemned, and exe- 
 cuted as a traitor, 1795, aged 65. He wrote 
 befides, nofologia methodical rudimenta Nea- 
 politana Flora, 1793 Cyperus Papyrus, Par- 
 ma, Sec. 
 
 Ciroferri, a painter and architect of 
 Rome. He was happy and correct in his 
 fubjects ; but his characters wanted animation 
 and variety. He died 1689, aged 55. 
 
 CfVOLI, Lewis, or Curdi, of C'igoli in Tuf- 
 cany, excelled in mufic and poetry ; but de- 
 voted himielf affiduoufiy to painting. His belt 
 pieces are preferved at Florence. 
 
 Clagett, William, an Englifh divine, born 
 at Bury, Suffolk, where he was educated, and 
 at Emanuel college, Cambridge. He was feven 
 years the minifter of his native town, and 
 afterwards was elected preacher to the fociety 
 of Gray's-inn. He was rector of Farnham- 
 royal, Bucks, and lecturer of St. Michael 
 Baffilhaw. He was one of thole divines who 
 oppofed James II., and he deferred, for his 
 learning, piety, and virtues, the high character 
 which Burnet and Sharp have given of him. 
 He died of the finall-pox 1688, aged 42. 
 Four volumes of his fermons have been pub- 
 lifhed. He wrote alfo controverfial pieces. 
 
 Clagett, Nicholas, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was alfo born at Burv, and educated at 
 Chrift-church, Cambridge. He fuccee led his 
 brotner at Bury, and continued there 46 
 years, and was alfo rector of Thurlow magna, 
 and of Hitcham, and archdeacon of Sudbury. 
 He publifhed fome ferm >ns and pamphlets. 
 He died 1737, aged 73. 
 
 Clairault, dlcxh, a learned; French 
 
 mathematician, who was one of thofe who. 
 vifited the north, to difcover the true form of 
 the earth. He died 1765, aged about 52. 
 He publifhed elements of geometry and algebra 
 tables of the moon treatife on the figure 
 of the earth, &c. His abilities were prema- 
 turely dilplayed, as he could read and write at 
 the age of 4, underftood algebra at 9, and at 
 11 wrote a memoir on curves, honorably ap- 
 plauded in the mifcellanea Berolinenfia. 
 
 Clairfait, jV". count de, an Auftrian ge- 
 neral againft the French at the beginning of 
 the revolution. His manoeuvres in the Ne- 
 therlands were rapid and malterly ; but after 
 taking Longwy and Stenay, he loft the famous 
 battle of Jemappe, and he yet made a molt 
 heroic retreat acrofs the Rhine. Afterwards 
 he diftineuiihed himfelf at Altenhoven^ &c. 
 and decided the victory of Nerwinde, and 
 then bravely oppofed the progrefs of Picl*egru. 
 He defeated in 1795, the French near May- 
 ence ; foon after which, he was recalled, and 
 received with becoming refpect by the emperor 
 at Vienna, where he died 1790. As a ibidier 
 he was .brave and intrepid ; as a general, a 
 fevere difcipliwarian ; cool in the midft of 
 danger, and precife in the execution of his 
 plans. 
 
 CLAIRON, Clara Jofeph Hippolyta, Leivis 
 Delatude, of Paris, from an obfeure origin, 
 role to high celebrity on the French ftage. 
 At the age of 12 fhe appeared in the play of 
 the Me of ilaves, and at Rouen, and then at 
 Paris, fhe became a favorite actrefs. She 
 chiefly excelled in tragedy, and at the age of 
 80 fhe delighted Kemble, who paid her a 
 complimentary vifit, with a moft energetic re- 
 citation of one of the fcenes of Phsedra. She 
 died at Paris 1803, aged 80. 
 
 Clancy, Michael, M. D. was educated; 
 at Trinity college, Dublin, but unfortunately 
 loft his fight before he could practife as phy- 
 fician. He was recommended by his friend 
 Montefquieu, to lord Chefterfield, viceroy of 
 Ireland, from whom he, obtained a penfion. 
 He obtained alfo the Latin fcheol of Kilkenny. 
 He wrote befides poems, the comedy of the 
 Sharper, and of Hermon prince of Chorda, 
 and he appeared with applaufe as the blind 
 Tirefiar, when OEdipus was performed for his 
 benefit at Drury-lane. He wrote alfo memoirs 
 of his own life, 2 vols. 1746. 
 
 Clarke, Samrrel, an orientalift, born at 
 Bracldey, and made fludent of Merton col- 
 lege, Oxford, in his 15th year. In the civil 
 wars he was beadle of civil law at Oxford. In 
 1650 he was malter of a boarding-fchool at 
 Iiliir-toa, where he aflifted Walton in the 
 publication of hii poiyglott oible. He died 
 1669, aged 46 He wrote fome learned 
 treatiles on oriental literature, and en the 
 Hebrew text, &c. 
 
 Clarke,, 6'<7/;z?/, a nonconformift, born at 
 Wooliton, VV\n- .vickfhiru, and educated at 
 Cireuceitcr and Emanuel coil ge, Cambridge. 
 
 He, was one ol the commifficntw at the 
 
 Savoy, 
 
CLA, 
 
 CLA 
 
 Savoy, and died efteemed for his private and j 
 public character 1682. He wrote lives of j 
 
 puritan divine' martyrology ecclcliallical j 
 
 hiil.iiy, &c. 
 
 Clarke, Dr. Samuel, a famous Englifh j 
 divine, born 1675, at Norwich, of which his 
 father, an alderman of the place, was ibme years 
 representative. He was educated at the gram- 
 mar Ichool in his native town, and Caius college, 
 Cambridge. He republished Newton's phi- 
 lolbphy, in a new tranilatiftn, with learned 
 notes, when only 2 2. He was chaplain to 
 Moore biihop oA Norwich, in whofe houfehold 
 he lived as chaplain for 12 years, with all the 
 familiarity of a friend and equal, by whom he 
 was rrefented to the living of Drayton, Nor- 
 folk. In 1704 he preached Boyle's lectures, 
 on the being and attributes of a God, and being 
 again appointed the next year, he chofe for his 
 fuhject the evidences of natural and revealed 
 religion. Theie two courics of lectures ex- 
 cited fome controverfy, and tended to ipread 
 the celebrity of the author. About this time 
 he is l'v.fbected by Whiiton to have inclined to 
 Arianifm, as he declared to him, that he never 
 read the Athanafian creed, except once, by 
 mittake. His letter to Dodwell, publiihed in 
 1706, on the immortality of the foul, gave 
 rife to a long controversial diipute, and afforded 
 him the oppo-tunity of dilplaying his great 
 metaphyficnl knowledge. He next publiihed 
 a tranllation of Newton's optics, with which 
 ths great philofopher was fo pleafed, that he 
 give him 500I. for his five daughters. He 
 was at this time made rector of St. Bennet's, 
 Faul's -.harf, by Moore, and queen Anne 
 appointed him one of her chaplains, and gave 
 him St. James's rectory, Weftminfter. He 
 now took his degree of D. D. at Cambridge, 
 and difplayed fuch purity of exprelfion in his 
 academical exercifes as drew forth the afto- 
 nifliment of a relpeclahle audience. He pub- 
 Iifhed, in 171^, an edition of Ca?far's com- 
 mentaries, end his bock on the doctrine of 
 the Trinity, in three parts, which, though 
 commended by bifhop Hoadly, roufed the at- 
 tacks of many fevere critics, and was even 
 cenfured in the lower houfe of convocation. 
 The obnexicus book paffed through two large 
 editions, and fince has been publiihed with 
 great additions. In 1715, and 1716, he was 
 engaged in a difpute with Leibnitz, with re- 
 fjpett to natural philofophy and religioa, in 
 H Whivton lays, " his letters are among 
 th^ moft ofeful Of his performances in natural 
 philofophy." In 1718, Clarke's Iteration in 
 the doxology of the finging pfalms gave great 
 offence 1 and Robinfon biihop of London, 
 wrote a circular letter to his clergy, not to 
 ufe any new forms of doxology. He was next 
 mode matter of Wigfton's hnlpital in Leicefter, 
 and in 1724, ho publiihed 17 fermons. On 
 the death of Newton, in 1727, Clarke was 
 offered his place of mailer of the mint, worth 
 r."ar 15OCI. a- year, 'which he refufed as in- 
 compatible with his ipiritu*! engagements. In 
 
 T7i? he publiihed the 12 firft books of the' 
 llijd, dedicated to the duke of Cumberland, 
 with a new Latin verfion, and learned notes, 
 and in 1732, the 12 other books were pub- 
 liihed by his fon. He was attacked on the 
 iith May 1729, as he was going to preach 
 before the judges at Scrjeant's-inn, with a 
 pain in his fide, and he was removed home, 
 where the fymptoms became more alarming, 
 and at laft attacking his head, robbed him of 
 his funics, and he expired on the 17 th of the 
 fame month, aged 54. The fame year were 
 printed his expolition of the church-catechifm , 
 and 10 vols, of fermons, in 8vo. Clarke, 
 though attacked by various authors, has found 
 learned champions in Hare bifhop of Chi- 
 cheiter, and Hoadly biihop of Winchester. 
 They not only extol his extenfive knowledge 
 in every branch of claflical and philofophical 
 fcience, but they enlarge on the goodnefs of 
 his heart, and the exemplary piety of his life. 
 
 Clarke, William, an Englilh divine, born 
 at Haghmon abbey, Shropshire, 1696, edu- 
 cated at Shrcwfbury fchool, and St. John's 
 college, Cambridge. He was prefented to the 
 rectory of Buxted, Suffex, and in 1738 was 
 made prebendary of Chichefter, and in 1 770 
 chancellor of that diocefe, and vicar of Am- 
 port, where he died 1771. His great work 
 is the connexion of the Roman, Saxon, and 
 Englilh Coins, 4to. 
 
 Clarke, Edward, fon of the preceding, 
 was fellow of St. John's college, and Succeeded 
 on the refignation of his father in 1738, to 
 the rectory of Buxted, SufTex, befides which 
 he held Uckfield and Wilmington. He was 
 chaplain to lord Briltol at Madrid, and on his 
 return he publifhed a 4to. volume of letters 
 on the Spanifh nation. He had meditated the 
 plan of an enlarged Latin dictionary, hut the 
 work was laid afide for want of encourage- 
 ment. He alio propofed to publifh a com- 
 mentary on the new teftament. He died 
 1786. 
 
 Clarkson, David, of Bradford, Yorkfhire, 
 was educated at Clarehall, Cambridge. H* 
 was ejected in 1662, from his living of Mort- 
 lake in Surrey, for nonconformity, and died 
 1686, aged 64. He wrote no evidence for 
 diocefan epifcopaey in primitive times, 4to 
 1681, ably refuted by Maurice fermons, 
 &c. 
 
 Claude of Lorraine, a celebrated land- 
 fcape painter, born in 1600. He was of io 
 dull a difpofition when at ichool, that he was 
 placed early with a paftry coek, with whom 
 he fcrved his time, and afterwards travelling 
 to Rome, he was accidentally hired by Au- 
 guftino Traffo, as a common lervant to pound 
 his colors, and wait upon him. The kindnefs 
 of h'fc matter foon made him acquainted with 
 painting, and now genius began to expand, and 
 Claude retired to the banks of the Tiber and 
 the itriking fcenes of nature, where, in foli- 
 tude, he copied the beauties difplayed to hw 
 view, with effect. Thus the humble Claude, 
 
CLE 
 
 LE 
 
 by degrees, almoft felf taught, produced thofe 
 noble pieces which for their tine diltribution 
 of light and lhade, for harmony and for the 
 %xquifite delicacy of the tints, have procured 
 him immortal fame. He was fcrupuloully at- 
 tentive to the rinhhing of his pieces, and he 
 often did and undid the fame piece, feven or 
 eight times, till it pleafed him. He died 
 1682. 
 
 Claude, Join, a French protectant, born 
 in Angeno ; s 1619, and ordained miniiter at 
 AJontauban. His oppofition to the catholics 
 produced the iulpenfion of his ecclefiaftical 
 office, and in 1685 he left the kingdom, and 
 retired to Holland, where he was kindly re- 
 ceived by the prince of Orange. He was 
 greatly admired as an eloquent orator, and his 
 lait fermon which was on Chrillmas day 1686, 
 pleated and fenfibly affected the princefs of 
 Orange. He died 1687. 
 
 Clavius, Chrijlopher, a Jefuit and mathe- 
 matician, cf Bamberg, 1537. He was con- 
 fidered as the Euclid of his age, and was 
 engaged by Gregory XIII. in the reformation 
 of the calendar, which he ably defended 
 againft Scaliger. His works were printed, 5 
 vols. foL He died at Rome 161 2. 
 
 Clayton, Dr. Rt.bcrt, a learned prelate. 
 He was made biihop of Killala 1729, trans- 
 lated to Cork 1735, and to Clogher 1745* 
 where he died 1758. He was averfe to the 
 Nicene and Athanafian creeds, and unfuccefs- 
 fuily moved for their rejection in the Irilh 
 houfe of lords. He puhlilhed an eflay on 
 fpirit, 8vo chronology of the Hebrew bible 
 vindicated, 4to. inquiry on the time of the 
 coming of the Mefliah, 8vo. vindication of 
 the hiftories of the old and new teitaments, 
 8vo. and other works. 
 
 Cleeve, Jofeph, a Flemjfh painter, who 
 died 1536. His pieces were chiefly mii'ers 
 counting their hoarded treafures. 
 
 Cleghorn, George, a Scotch phvfician, 
 born near Edinburgh 1716. He fludied phy- 
 fic and furgery, under Dr. Munro, and, in 
 1736, went as furgeon to Minorca, where he 
 refided 13 years. On his return to London, 
 in 1750, he publifhed his valuable work on 
 the difeafes of Minorca. The year after he 
 fettled at Dublin, where he read courfes of 
 anatomy. He died 1789. 
 
 Ci.ei.and, John, fon of colonel Cleland, 
 the Will Honeycombe of the Spectator, was 
 oonful at Smyrna; and on his return to Fg 
 land he went to the Faft Indies. His quarrel 
 with the preGdency of Bombay prevented his 
 advancement, and on his arrival in London, 
 he endeavoured to extricate hi ml elf from debt 
 and the horrors of a prifon, by writing that 
 infamous publication, the woman of pleafure, 
 which, though it procured him not more than 
 20 guineas, brought into the hinds cf the 
 licentious bookieller not lefs than io,ccol. 
 The evil tendency of hie publication cauied 
 his appearance before the privy council ; but 
 ?srd Granville, th 8 prefkr 
 
 14 
 
 of poverty, and, to engage him no longer to 
 exercile Lis abilities in iuch immoral compo- 
 fitions, he procured him a petition of icol. a 
 year. His memoirs of a coxcomb, and his 
 man of honor, in fome degree atoned for the 
 depravity of his former work. He died 1789, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Clemenckt, Charles, a French Bene- 
 dictine, born at Painblanc in Autun, taught 
 rhetoric at Paris, where he died 1778, aged 
 74. He wrote that valuable book, l'art de 
 veritier les dates, 4to. and fol. a general hif- 
 tory of Port Royal, 10 vols. iamo. &c. 
 
 C\.T.M-e.fi$,Ro?nanus, a father of the church, 
 the companion of St. Paul, and biihop of 
 Rome. He died 100. 
 
 Clement II. was elected pope 1046, and 
 died 1047. He was a Saxon by birth. 
 
 Clement III. fucceeded Gregory VIII. as 
 pope 1187, and died 1191. 
 
 Clement IV. Guy de Foulqucs, a French- 
 man, pope after Urban IV. 1265. Before his 
 election he had been a foldier, and then a 
 civilian, and on the death of his wife he took 
 orders, and became archbifliop of Narbonne, 
 and a cardinal. He died 1628. 
 
 Clement V. or Bertrand de Goth, after 
 the death of Benedict XI. was elected pope? 
 1305. He removed the fee of Rome to> 
 Avignon 1309. He died 1314, near Avig- 
 non. 
 
 Clement VI. Peter Roger, fucceeded 
 Benedict XII. on the papal throne 1342. He 
 is reprefented by Petrarch as a worthy and 
 learned prelate ; but other hiltorians paint him 
 as debauched and ambitious. He died 135a, 
 at Avignon. 
 
 Clement VII. Julius de Medlcis, natural 
 fon of Julian de Medicis, was rieslared legiti- 
 FsoLe.by Leo X., and was elecled pope 1523, 
 on the death of Adrian VI. Great as a pope, 
 he was weak as a politician, and by the holy 
 league which he formed between Henry VIU, 
 of England, and Francis I. of France, he drew 
 upon himfelf the relentment of Charles V. 
 who plundered Rome, and befieged him in the 
 caitle of St. Angelo. Though he efca.ped, he 
 was obliged to iubmit to ignomiilious terms. 
 When Henry married Anna Boleyn, Clement 
 iflued a bull of excommunication againlt him, 
 and thus produced the feparation of England 
 from the Roman church. He died 1534, 
 
 Clement VIII. H'-ppolitus Aldohrand'm, a 
 native of Florence, elected pope aft.er the. 
 death of Innocent IX. 1592. He at fh-ft op- 
 pofed the election of Henry IV. of France, 
 but was reconciled to him. He died IQ05, 
 aged 69. 
 
 CtrWENT IX. Julius Rofpigliofi, of Pif- 
 toia, was elected 1667, after the death of 
 Alexander VII. His reign was disturbed by 
 the fchifms of the Janfeniits ; but he heard of 
 the lofs of Candia with fych forrow that he. 
 died of giief, 1669, aged 71. 
 
 ClEMKNtX John B^ptijl Emilius Alfieri, 
 a Ro:nati, who fu^cetdod Clement JX^ 1.67Q 
 
 Ho 
 
CLE 
 
 CLE 
 
 He wis mild nnd nmiable In character ; and 
 died 1676, aged 86. 
 
 CLEMENT XI. John Francis Albania fon 
 of a Roman fenator, was pope I7OO, after 
 Innocent XII. He was three days in deter- 
 mining whether to accept of the popedom^ or 
 not. He was an able politician ; but his reign 
 was dilturbed bv the fchifm of the Janfenills. 
 In 1713 he iflued his bull calied unigenitus 
 againft IOI proportions of the new teftament 
 hy Quelhel; a book which he had originally 
 approved. He gave a friendly reception to 
 the pretender; and died at Rome 1721, aged 
 72. 
 
 Clement XII. Lauren:: Corfmi, a native 
 of Rome, pope 1730, after Benedict XIII. 
 Kc labored in the reform of abufes, and when 
 the cardinals wifhed to recommend to him 
 particular minifters, he nobly replied, it is for 
 the cardinals to elect popes, but for the pope 
 to elect, his minifters. He died 1740, aged 
 near 88. 
 
 Clement XIII. Charles Rezzonico, a na- 
 tive of Venice, made pope on the death of 
 'Benedict XIV. 1758. During his reign the 
 Jefuits were expel/fcd from France, Spain, and 
 Naples. He died 1769, aged 76. 
 
 CtEMEXT XIV. "John Vititeht Anthony 
 Canganelli, fon of a phyfician heat Rimini, 
 was employed under Benedict XIV. in the 
 council of the holy office. On the death of 
 Clement XIII. he was elected in a tumultuous 
 afllmbly of the conclave, and proclaimed pope 
 by cardinal de Bernis. He negociated with 
 Portugal, Spain,. and France, who i'eemed in- 
 clined to diminifh the papal power, and at 
 their felicitations he, in 1773, formally fup- 
 preffed the Jefuits. The violent fpirit of the 
 times produced fuch debility as proved fatal 
 1774, though fome have been accufed of haf- 
 tening his death by poiibn. 
 
 Clement, Francis, of Bcze in Burgundy, 
 continued Rivet's literary hiftory of France, 
 of which he wrote the nth and 12th vols. 
 He afterwards compoled the 12th and 13th 
 vols, of Bouquet's collection of French hifto- 
 rians, and improved Dantine's art de verifier 
 les dates, &c. 1783. 
 
 Clement, Feter, of Geneva, was travel- 
 ling tutor to lord Waldegrave, and afterwards 
 fettled at Pari , where he conducted the Nou- 
 velles literaires de France, from 1749 to 1754. 
 He wrote fome poems, Merope atragc-dy, and 
 George Barnwell translated from the Englifh, 
 &c. He died 1767, aged 6c. 
 
 Clerc, Jehu le, a celebrated fchobr born 
 at Geneva. 1657. As his father was a phy- 
 fician and Greek profeflbr at Geneva, the 
 greateft attention was paid to his education. 
 He took orders, and embraced Arminianifm, 
 and after refiding at Saumur, he vifited Eng- 
 land. As he differed from his friends at 
 Geneva in religious opinions, he fettled at 
 Amftcrdum 1683, where he became popular 
 as a preacher, and pr of eflbr of phil 
 Hebrew, and polite UuTuture, ftis zr$ cflcicjt, 
 
 3 vols. i2mo. was publifhed in 1696, and in 
 1709 his Sulpicius Severus, his Grotius, and 
 alfo the remains of Menandcr and Philemon, 
 a collection cenfured by Bentlev and Burman. 
 Le Clerc died 1736, in his 79th year, afflicted 
 for the laft fix years with great weaknefs of 
 intellects. Many of his woiks were dedicated 
 to Englifh prelates and other leading men in 
 the nation ; yet his name was particularly 
 unpopular in England, and his writings were 
 feverely cenfured by the" clergy for his Arrni- 
 nian principles, and his acrimonious language 
 agamft epifcopacy. Whatever might be the 
 prejudice f his enemies, he deferved well of 
 literature, for his many valuable writings in 
 Criticilm, religion, and philofophy. His other 
 works are fyltems of logic, entology, and 
 pneumatology, befides a tranflation of the bible 
 into French, &c. FJe alfo conducted the bib- 
 liotheque choifie from 1703 to 17 13, 128 vois. 
 i2mo. bibliotheque ancienne Sc modern^, 29 
 voR 1729 and bibliotheque univerielle Sc 
 hiftorique to 1693, 25 vols. i2mo. 
 
 Clerc, Sebajlian le, originally a helper in 
 the kitchen of the abbey of St.. Arnould at 
 Metz, difplayed early proofs of genius as a 
 painter. '1 he fcraps of paper on which he 
 had made fome rude delineations were leen 
 accidentally by the prior of the houfe, who 
 encouraged him. He was made engraver to 
 Lewis XIV. and knighted by C lement XI. 
 He died at Paris 1714, aged 77. He was 
 admirable in his landfcapes, architecture, and 
 ornaments, and he has gained credit as the 
 author of a treatife on architecture, 2 vols. 
 4to. a treatife on geometry, &c. 8vo. and 
 another on perfpecrive. Not lei's than 30CO 
 pieces are mentioned as the work of his 
 graver. 
 
 Clerc, Danielle, of Geneva, ftudied me- 
 dicine at Paris and Montpellier, and practifefl 
 with great reputation at Geneva. He was 
 made member of the council of date 1704, 
 and died 1728. Fie was a learned antiquary, 
 and wrote bibliotheca anatomica, &c. 2 vols, 
 fol. hiltoire de la medicine, 8vo. 1696, tranf- 
 lated into Englifh, &c. 
 
 Clerkk, Gilbert, of Uppington, Rutland- 
 fliire, was educated at Sidney college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was an able Grecian and n 
 matician, but favored the Socinians, and left 
 the univerfity for a fmall eftate in Northamp- 
 tonfhire, where he died 1695, aged 69. He 
 wrote an anfwer to bifhop Bull's work on the 
 divine faith, &c. 
 
 Clermont Tonnerre, Stanijlaus count 
 of, a French nobleman. He mowed himfelf 
 an able orator in the French revolution, the 
 friend of limited monarchy, and an enemy to 
 popular tumults. His oppofition to the Jaco- 
 bin club fent him to prilbn, where he was 
 maffacred Sept. 1793. His opinions ha\ 
 publifhed in 4 vols. 8vo. and his exam en de 
 la conftitution, 8vo. 1 791. 
 
 Cleveland or Cxeive^and, J 
 poet in the r. les I. born at Lough- 
 
 j borough 
 
CLI 
 
 CL1 
 
 borough 1613, *nd educated at Chrifl college, 
 Cambridge, from which he removed tJ St. 
 John's. Though unfuccefsfully, he oppofed the 
 election of Oliver Cromwell for the town of 
 Cambridge, and when persecuted for his loy- 
 alty, he retired to Oxford. His fatirical pieces, 
 efpecially the " the rebel Scot," were greatly 
 admired ; he was appointed judge advocate of 
 the garrifon of Newark ; but when this was 
 taken by the republicans, he efcaped deftitute 
 and poor. He was feized at Norwich, and 
 detained as averfe to the government, and he 
 obtained his liberty by writing to Cromwell a 
 letter, in which, while in fupplicating his en- 
 largement, he boldly avows his principles, and 
 defends his conduct. He retired to London, 
 where he became the companion of the wits 
 ad loyalifts of the times, efpecially of the 
 author of Hudibras. He died of an inter- 
 mittent fever 1659. Though admired as a 
 poet, and preferred before Milton by his co- 
 temporaries, he is now funk into oblivion. 
 Th > fubjedts of his mule were the party poli- 
 tics of the day. 
 
 Clifford, George, third eavl of Cumber- 
 land, was eminent as a navigator. He was 
 educated at Peter-houfe, Cambxidge; and in 
 1586 he fat as one of the peers on the unfor- 
 tunate Mary queen of Scots. He was of a 
 genius bold and enterprifing, and not lei's than 
 II expeditions by fea were undertaken by 
 him, and at his own expence, either for pur- 
 pofes of difcovery, or for the annoyance of the 
 enemies of his country. Elizabeth created 
 him knight of the garter 1591. He died b 
 the Savoy, London, 1605. 
 
 Clifford, Martin, an Englifh writer, 
 educated at Weftminiter Ichool and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, and made mafter of the 
 Charter-houfe after the reftoration. He was 
 author oi a treatife on human reafon, in which 
 he makes every man's fancy the guide of his 
 religion. Of this book Lancy bifhop of Ely 
 declared, at a public dinner at the Charter- 
 houfe, that all the copies and the author him- 
 felf ought to be burned. He died 1677. 
 
 Clinton, Henry, general in the American 
 war, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, and took 
 Charlellown in 1780, for which he was 
 thanked by the houfe of commons. He re- 
 turned to England in 1782, and loon after 
 publiihed an account of the campaign, which 
 lord Cornwallis anlwered. He was governor 
 of Gibraltar 1 795, and died loon after. 
 
 Clisson, Oliver de, of Britany, fought at 
 the battle of Aurai in 1364, and afterwards 
 followed the fortunes of Guefclin, and iuc- 
 ceeded him as conitable of France, 1380. 
 The mental dilbrders of Charles VI, proved 
 fatal to his fortune, he was deprived wf bit 
 honors, and retired to his feat in Britany, 
 where he died 1407, refpedted for valor and 
 integrity. 
 
 Clive, Robert, a celebrated general, born 
 at Styche, Moreton Say, the family feat of 
 h's ancettors, near Market-draytoa, 1725. 
 
 He was educated at Loftock in Chefhire, and 
 afterwards at Market-drayton, then at mer- 
 chant taylors', and lallly at Hemel-Hemp- 
 fte:;d. In 1743 he was appointed writer to 
 the Eaft India company, but his inflexible dif- 
 pofition often expoid him to the cenfure o 
 his fuperiors. In one inftance his conduct to 
 the fecretary was fo reprehenfible, that the 
 governor infifced on his making an apology. 
 Clive made the apology with contempt, and in 
 fuch ambiguous terms, that the fecretary mif- 
 taking it for a compliment, invited him to 
 dinner, " No fir," replied Clive, " the gover- 
 nor did not command me to dine with you.'* 
 In 1747, he, as enfign, diitinguilhed himfelf at 
 the fiege of Pondicherry, where he received & 
 (hot in his hat, and another in his coat. At 
 the fiege of Devi Cotah, he volunteered to 
 ftorm the town, and he and three others only- 
 out of 34 returned. On the cefiation of hol- 
 tilities, he returned to his civil office, and be- 
 came commiflary to the troops. In 1753, he 
 returned to England, and his fervices were 
 acknowledged by the preient of a iword fet 
 with diamonds, by the court of directors, He 
 revifited India as governor of fort St. David, 
 and with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and 
 he ably affifted admiral Watfon in the conqueft 
 of the pirate Angria, and took fort William in 
 Bengal. At the battle of PlafTey he routed 
 Surajah Dowla, and fettled Jaffier Alii Cawn 
 on the throne of Muxadabad. He was made 
 an Iriih peer on his coming to England in 
 1760, and four years after he went back as 
 prefident, when the vigor faf his counlels re- 
 itored tranquillity to the eaft, and fecurity to 
 the inhabitants. In 1767 he reached home, 
 and in 1769 was made knight of the Bath. 
 Though his fervices were fo meritorious, he 
 did not efcape the malevolence of enemies. 
 As his fortune was immenie, this drew upon 
 him the ceniures of ibine of the members of 
 the houfe of commons, who in 1773 made a 
 motion that, in the acquisition of his wealth, 
 he had abufed the powers with which he was 
 entrufted. Againtt this charge he made a 
 fhort defence, and the houfe voted that lord 
 Clive had rendered great fervices to his coun- 
 try. His abilities as a general were fuch, that 
 Mr. Pitt called him a heaven-born general, 
 who, without experience and regular ftudy, 
 furpafitjd all the military men of his age. On 
 the breaking out of the American war, Clive 
 was offered the place of commander in chief, 
 which he declined. He was from 1760 to 
 the day of his death repreientative for Shrewf- 
 bury. His health now gradually declined, and 
 his deprellion of fpirits at laft became fo great, 
 that in one fatal moment he loft his reafon, 
 and deftroyed himfelf 1774. 
 
 Clive, Catherine, an eminent adtrefs born 
 in 1711. She firft appeared at Drury-hne in 
 boy's clothes in the character^ of Ifraenes, and 
 afterwards her delineation of Nell in the Devil 
 to pay, exhibited her in the pofleition of fuch 
 fupeiior taleotsthat for 30 years Ihe remained 
 R unrivalled 
 
 > 
 
CLtX 
 
 COC 
 
 unrivalled on the (tage. In 1752 (he married 
 , brother to lord live, but foon 
 ti-.cy feparated, and never again lived 
 er. In 1769, Mrs. dive retired from 
 age, an<i lived at Strawberry-hill, Twick- 
 enham. She died 1785, highly refpedted, in 
 private ns well as in public life. 
 
 Cl"OT s, Anacharps , of Pruffia, in the mad- 
 nefs of the French revolution, called himielf 
 t'u orator ofthohumanrr.ee, and in the m- 
 oted for the king's death. 
 He Ws a man of letters, and publilhcd the 
 " r -pu lique univerielle," but he was as pro- 
 fane in ins rclhious as he was licentious in 
 his political tenets. He was guillotined fJiA- 
 Cloi'INKC, vr jfo/jn tie Main, 8 French 
 poet, born in 1289, died about 1364. Hs was 
 a fr-'oritc * the Court of Pliilip the fair, and 
 ncquired celebrity by continuing the unfinifhed 
 poem of the Romance of the Role. 
 
 Closterman, N. a portrait painter who 
 fettled in London from Hanover 168 1. He 
 wenc to Spain, and died t 7 1 3 , of a broken 
 heart on being robbed, and abandoned, by his 
 miitrefs. 
 
 Clot aire I. fon of Clovis, united the whole 
 French monarchy witter his power 558. He 
 diftinguiflied himfelf agamft the Saxons, and 
 died 561, aged 64. 
 
 Clotaire II, fucccfibr of Chilperic, in 
 the kingdom of SoifTons, was fopperted by his 
 mother Fredegonde againft Childebert. Ke 
 died 628, aged 45. 
 
 Clotaike Ilh king of Burgundy and 
 Neuftm, after his father Cloyjs It; 655, was 
 governed by his mother Batikla, He cli; d 
 670. 
 
 Clo vis I. the proper founder of thte French 
 monarchy, was born 467, and 
 father hilderic 481. He 
 againft the Roman?, but in a battle with the 
 Germans, when he Aw his troops ready to 
 give way, hs ni-ide a vow that he would wor- 
 ftiip the God of the christians, and after ob- 
 "'.ory, lie was baptized with 3000 
 ::, on Chrktmas-day. He war, 
 )0S againft the Goths, and fixed his re- 
 fklence a' Paris, which he made the capital 
 :n:ons. He died 511-, aged 45, 
 in *he 30th year of his reign. 
 
 IS II. fucceeded his father FJagobert 
 died 655, aged 23. 
 Clo vis III. fucceeded Thierri III. 691, and 
 at the ap of 14. 
 
 i.o'.'.es, William, originally a itirgeon in 
 v, was afterwards lurgernr to Bartholo- 
 J Chriil holpit-ds, London, ar.d to queen 
 :h. His laft publication on the venereal 
 was in 1596. 
 
 vERiys, Philip, ?. celebrated -geogra- 
 
 horn at Dantzic 1580. Fie travelled 
 
 rove himelf through Germany, Eng- 
 
 | ranee, and Italy, and it is laid he could 
 
 talk rth fluency ten ('.liferent languages. He 
 
 leti 16:3, 4.1 y-nrs o'd. He 
 
 . trxbua PJicr.i .-' 
 
 Ger mania ahtiqua, Sicilia & Sardinia 
 
 troductio ad geograph univerfalem, fcc. 
 
 l 'ona, Samuel, an ingenious poet, educated* 
 at Chrift'a holpital, and Trinity college am- 
 bridgc. H: died at London 1-7 13. He wrote 
 
 ; observations on Virgil, and a collection of poems 
 
 j 8vo. 17CO. He alfo afliited Rowe in his 
 CallfpsBdia^&c. 
 
 I ' oh den, Edward, D. D. chaplain to Gib- 
 fon bfchop of London, and afterwards for 7,7, 
 years to George II. was archdeacon of Lon- 
 
 , don, prebendary of Lincoln, and St. Paul's, 
 
 I and rector of Acton, &c. Though fuch a 
 t, yet his income did not exceed 350L 
 per annum* a fum whivh, by moderation, he 
 converted into honorable independence and'. 
 dignified enjoyment. He publHhed " difcourfes 
 and elTays," 1757, of which only a.50 copies- 
 were printed, and alfo poems for the benefit* 
 of his curate's widow. He died 1764, aged 
 above 80. 
 
 Coccuius, Hairy, of Bremen, was pro- 
 tf the law of nature and nations at Hei- 
 
 I delberg, from which he removed to Utrecht, ; 
 
 j and afterwards to Frankfort on Oder. He 
 
 \ died 17 1 9. He is author of juris public! pru- 
 dentia compendiofe exhibita deduciionei con-' 
 
 . ii! ; a, &c. thefes,four vols /.to. &c. 
 
 Cocceiu-s, Samuel, fon of the preceding, 
 
 ! was in the fervtce of Frederic the great of 
 Pruflia, and prefided with dignity over the 
 adminiftration of juftice. Befides the Frtde- 
 rican code in three vols. 8vo. he edited Gro- 
 tius do jure belli pads, five vols. 4to. He died 
 
 1755. 
 
 Cocceujs, or Cock, juon, a native of 
 Bremen, Hebrew profeflbr there. He re- 
 moved to Franeker, and then to Leyden, where' 
 he obtained the theological chair. He con 
 fidered ihe whole of the old teftament as a 
 1 mystical reprefentation of'- hrift and his church., 
 and ga. wcrd a metaphorical inter- 
 
 pretation He was an advocate for the mil- 
 lennium, and deeply fttidied the apocalypfe. 
 He died ac Lyons i6$y, aged 6l. His works 
 filled 1 c vols, fei 
 i Coccm, Anthony, profeflb? of phyfic at 
 '. Florence and Pifa, died 1758, aged 62. He 
 I came to England with lord Huntingdon to 
 ., and other learned men. 
 j He wrote .vtrcatifc on the advantages of the 
 j Pythagorean mode of life, and other medical 
 treadles, &c. 
 
 toe ill .V, Charlei NichJas, a French en- ' 
 graver, was born 1668, and died 1754. His 
 principal pieces are after Watteau and le 
 Moine, and from the paintings of the invalids, 
 in which he was engaged 10 years. 
 
 CoCHtJtV 
 
 a catholic of Nurem- 
 
 berg, who warmly attacked Luther, Melanc- 
 thon, Calvin, and other reformers. He was 
 attacked by Morrifon, an Englidiman, for his 
 tract on the marriage of Henry VIII. He 
 
 died 1552, aged jz. His Hiltoria HvuTitaruin, 
 in folio, is curious. 
 
 C : :. h >r, Rohsrt, a Scotchman, <s&\ 
 
COE 
 
 COK 
 
 at Padua, and-employed by James III. of co\- 
 land as an. architect His elevation to the 
 earldom of Mar fo offended the old nobility, 
 that they hanged him over the bridge at Lau- 
 der 1484. 
 
 Cochran, William , a Scotch painter, born 
 1738, at Strathaven, Clydefdale. After ftu- 
 dying at Glafgow, he went to Italy, in 1 761, 
 and on his return acquired great celebrity, and 
 fome opulence. He died 1785. His pieces 
 are much admired, efpecially his Daedalus and 
 Icarus, and his Diana and Endymion. 
 
 Cockain,//V AJlen, of Afhbourne, in Der- 
 byshire, ftudied at Oxford, and was fellow of 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. He was a ca- 
 tholic. His poetry, occafionally licentious, 
 was yet refpeclable. He died 1684, aged 78. 
 He wrote four plays, and Dianea, a romance. 
 
 Cockburn, Catharine, daughter of captain 
 Trotter, of the navy, from a proteftant became 
 a catholic, and again was reconciled to the 
 pioteftants. In 1 708 fhe married Mr. Cock- 
 burn, who, though a nonjuror, took the oaths, 
 and obtained the living of Long Horfley, Cum- 
 berland. Though pofiefTed with a genius for 
 poetry, (he defended Locke againft Burnet 
 and Holdl'worth. She died 1749, aged 70. 
 Her works were collected by Birch, in 3 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Cocker, Edivard, an ingenious penmsn, 
 who died 1677. He publifhed 14 copy books, 
 engraved by his own hand, beiides a treatiie on 
 arithmetic, &c. 
 
 Codrington, Chrijlopher, a gentleman, 
 born at Bnrbadoes, and educated at shrill 
 church, Oxford. He was then fellow of All- 
 fouls, and diitinguifhed himfelf by his know- 
 ledge of phyfic, literature, and divinity. He 
 recommended himfelf to the notice of Wil- 
 liam, in repelling the French in their attack 
 on St. Chriftopher, and at the fiege of Na- 
 mur. He was at the fuccei'sful attack on Gua- 
 daloupe in 1 703 ; after which he refigned his 
 employment. He died at Barbadoes 1710, 
 and his remains were brought and interred in 
 All-fouls chapel. He left his library, valued 
 at 6000I. to his college, beiides io,OOol. to 
 build a library, and two plantations to the fo- 
 ciety for propagating the gofpel in foreign 
 parts. , 
 
 (Jo EN, John Pater/on, a native of Hoom, 
 governor of the Dutch Eaft Indies. He laid 
 the foundation of the city of Batavia, where 
 he removed the factory from Bantam 161 9. 
 Ht bravely defended his new colony againft the 
 emperor of J ava. The bodies of the thoufands, 
 however, of the enemy who fell in the fiege, 
 produced a peftilence, of which unfortunately 
 Coen died 1629, aged 42. 
 
 Co euR, James, a French merchant, the 
 richeft fubjecl: in Europe. He had 300 fac- 
 tors in Italy and the Levant, and his refources 
 tverefo great, that he lent Charles 7,200,000 
 crowns of gold, with which the monarch con- 
 quered .Normandy. Thei'e fervices were ill 
 repaid. Though once the friend of tiis king, 
 
 he was imprifoned, and, under the falie pre- 
 tence that he had poifoned Agnes Sorel, tiie 
 king's miftrefs, he was fined 100,000 crowns- 
 His clerks fhowed their gratitude to him in 
 relieving his diftreffes. He fled to Rome, 
 where Calixtus III. gave him the command 
 of his fleet againft the Turks. He ibon after 
 died, at (. hio, 1456. 
 
 Cogan, Thomas, : native of Somerfet- 
 fhire, educated at Orie! college. In 1575 he 
 was elecled matter of Manchester lchool, and 
 alio praclifed as a phyfician. He was author 
 of the haven of health, for the comfort of itu- 
 dents, 4to. a prefervative from the peftilence, 
 &c. 
 
 Coggeshalle, Ralph, an Englifh monk, 
 who was at the fiege of Jerufalem by Saladin, 
 of which he wrote the hiftory, in a " chroni- 
 cle of the holy land," published in 1729. He 
 wrote other things, and died about 1228. 
 
 Cohausen, John Henry, a German phy- 
 fician, author of a curious work, called Her- 
 mippus redivivus, &c. translated into Englifh 
 by Dr. John Campbell, and called Sage's tri- 
 umph over old age and the grave. In this 
 he pretended that life might be extended to 
 115 years, by taking in the breath of young 
 women. He died 1750, aged 85. 
 
 Co horn, Memnon, a famous Dutch en- 
 gineer. He fkilfully fortified the principal 
 towns of Holland, and fupported the fiege of 
 Namur againft Vauban. He died at the 
 Hague 1704, aged 72. He called Bergen-op- 
 Zoom the mafter-piece of all his fortifications. 
 He wrote a treatife on fortification, in the 
 Flemifh language. 
 
 Cointe, Charles le, a French hiftorian, 
 born at Troyes 161 1. He was patronifed by 
 Colbert, who obtained for him a penfion. He 
 wrote annales ecclefialtici Francorum, 8 vols, 
 fol. from 235 to 835, a work curious, and con- 
 taining great variety of matter. He died at. 
 Paris i68i,aged70. 
 
 Coiter, Volcherius, celebrated as a fur- 
 geon, phyfician, and anatomift, was born at 
 Groningen, and died 1600, aged about 66. 
 
 Coke, Edivard, a celebrated lawyer, born 
 at Mileham, Norfolk, in 1549. He was edu- 
 cated at the free lchool, Norwich, and Tri- 
 nity college, Cambridge, from which he re- 
 moved to Clifford's inn, and then to the Inner- 
 Temple. When called to the bar, he pleaded 
 his, firft caufe in the king's bench 1578. He 
 was about this time appointed reader of Ly- 
 on's-inn, where his lectures for three years, 
 were numeroufly attended. He now rofe 
 toconfequence by his abilities, and was elected 
 recorder of Nottingham and Coventry, mem- 
 ber for Norfolk, and fpeaker of the houfe of 
 commons, in the 35th of Elizabeth. He was 
 folicitor and afterwards attorney-general, and 
 in that quality he was employed in tiie prcfe- 
 cution of Effex and Southampton. He was 
 knighted by James, but he difgraccd himfelf 
 by the violence of his conduct, in managing 
 ihe impeachment of the unfortunate Raleigh ; 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 a cireumftance to which Shakefpeare h fup- 
 7ifed to have alluded in his Tv.-elfth oight. 
 At the trial of the gunpowder confpir,itors, 
 and of the Jefuit Garnet, he Was greatly dif- 
 tinguilhed by his eloqence, and his two fpecches 
 are confidered as mailer-pieces in consummate 
 argumentation. In 1606 he was made lord 
 chief juftice of the common pleas, and feven 
 years after of the king's bench. In the trials, 
 in confequence of Overburv's murder, Coke 
 behaved with great fyirit and impartiality ; 
 but by the intrigues of his enemies, he fell 
 Into dilgrace. Some attribute his fall to the 
 rifing favorite Villiers, but whatever might 
 be the caufe, fir Edward did not behave in 
 his adverfity with the fortitude of confeious 
 virtue. When informed of his difgrace, he on 
 his knees acknowledged the royal mercy ex- 
 tended to him beyond his merits. He received 
 alfo a letter from Bacon, which cruelly up- 
 braided his conduct, and reflected upon his 
 fituation. He afterwards was reilored to ibme 
 favor probably by marrying his daughter to 
 the brother of Buckingham. This union, ne- 
 gotiated againft the content of lady Coke, was 
 productive of ferious confequences, in the re- 
 paration of fir Edward from his wifo, which 
 nothing at laft but the king's interference could 
 repair. He was member in the parliament of 
 1 621 ; but though reftored to the privy coun- 
 cil, his conduct in the houfe of commons 
 was too independent to pleafe the court, and 
 upon the adjournment of the honfe, he was 
 committed t < the Tower, on pretence of ill 
 conduct during Overbury's trial. Though re- 
 leafed, he was again driven from the privy 
 council, and emphatically called bv James 
 t; the fitteft inftrument for a tyrant that ever 
 was in England." Under the next reign he 
 was made IherifF of Bucks, not to be elected 
 into parliament, and he attended on the judges 
 where he often had prefided as chief juftice. 
 In 1628, he was elected for Bucks, and in the 
 houfe became a violent advocate for the re- 
 drefs of grievances, and declared Buckingham 
 the caufe of all the mileries of the kingdom, 
 though before he had pronounced him the 
 laviour of the nation. He died at Stoke 
 Pogeys, Bucks, 1634, in his 86th year 
 While on his death-bed, his papers were 
 feized by fir Francis Windebank, together with 
 his will ; and they were not recovered till feven 
 years after, when his fort moved in the com- 
 mons for them. Coke was in his character 
 a man of great pretence of mind and reio- 
 lutiori, full of reiburces; and though in his 
 calamity dejected, yet never defponding ; lb 
 that James compared him to a cat, which al- 
 ways falls upon .her legs. Celebrated as an 
 able lawyer, he is ft ill relpected as a clear and 
 luminous writer on the conltiuition of his 
 comtry. 
 
 Colardeau, Charier Pierre, a French 
 born at Janville, died 1776, aged 41. 
 .;flatcd Pope's Eluii'a to Abelatd, with 
 
 great fpirit, befides two of Young's night 
 thoughts. He wrote two tragedies, Aftarbe 
 and Caliito, not favorably received. < 
 
 Colbkrt, "John Baptijl, marquis of Seg- 
 nelai, an illuftrious ftatelman. As clerk to a 
 notary, Colbert difplayed great diligence and 
 ability, and was recommended to Mazarin, 
 whom he faithfully ferved. In an embafly at 
 Rome he (bowed fuch dexterity and difpatch, 
 that Mazarin at his death, in 1661, 
 ftrongly recommended him to the king 
 as a man of integrity, and of fuperior 
 talents. Colbert was firft intendant of finances, 
 and in this appointment, he fettled, on tho 
 firmeft bafis, the trade of France with the 
 Eaft and Weft Indies. As fuperintendant of 
 the buildings in 1664 he embelliihed the ca- 
 pital, and erected the places of the Thui!- 
 leries, Verfailles, the Louvre, Fontainbleau, 
 &c. His influence with the monarch procured 
 alio the foundation of the academy for paint- 
 ing and fculpture, the academy of fciences, 
 and the obfervatory firft inhabited by Caflini. 
 He likewife promoted tire canal by which the 
 two feas were united, and which was com- 
 pleted in 1680, after 14 years' labor, and he 
 introduced a fevere reform in the courts of 
 juftice. In 1669 he was made fecretary of 
 ftate, and three years after minifter of ftate. 
 He died 1683, of the ftone, leaving fix fons 
 and three daughters, whom he fettled by al- 
 liances with the moft powerful families of 
 France, wifely confidering that high connec- 
 tions are a more permanent profit to a family 
 than momentary popularity. He is deferved- 
 ly refpected as a minifter who ably reftored 
 the navy, the commerce, and the finnanccs 
 of France, patronized learning and fcience, 
 and invigorated genius by his active gene- 
 rofity. 
 
 Colbert, John Baptijl, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was early engaged in politics, and as 
 ambafTador in Portugal, Denmark, and Eng- 
 land, evinced great judgment, and ability. 
 He was fecretary of ftate 1686, director ge- 
 neral of the polls 1699, and counfellor to the 
 regency in Lewis XV's. minority. He died 
 at Paris 1746, aged 81. His memoirs of 
 the negotiations from the treaty of Ryfwick 
 to the peace of Utrecht, have appeared in 
 four parts, 3 vols, rarno. written with great 
 purity and impartiality. 
 
 Cole, William, of Adderbury, Oxford- 
 Ihire, was educated at Morton college. He 
 retired to Putney, where he devoted himlelf 
 to botany. At the reftoration he became fe- 
 cretary to Duppa bifliop of Wincheftcr, in 
 whofe fervice he died 1662. He publithcd 
 the art of fimpline, or introduction to tb 
 knowledge of gathering plants, and the next 
 year Adam in Eden, or Nature's paradife,&c. 
 
 Cole, Thomas, a diflenting minifter, edu- 
 cated at Weftminfter fchool, and Chrift church 
 Oxford. In i6{6 he was made principal of 
 St. Mary-hall,' and had Locke among his 
 
 pupils, 
 
COL 
 
 CQL 
 
 jupils, but at the reftoration he was ejected 
 for nonconformity, and after keeping a fchool 
 at Nettlebed, he was lecturer at Pinner's hall. 
 He wrote a difcourfe on regeneration, faith, 
 and repentance, 8vo. a difcourfe on the 
 chriftian religion on Sundry points, &c. and 
 died 1697. 
 
 Cole, Thomas, of Gloucefterfhire, made 
 a curious collection of herbs, &c. which ac- 
 cording to Dr. Pulteriey, he afterwards des- 
 troyed in a fit of religious phrenzy. 
 
 Coles, Elijha, author of a Latin dictio- 
 nary, was born in Northamptonfhire about 
 1640, and entered at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford in 1658. He maintained himfelf in Lon- 
 don by teaching Latin and Englifh. He was af- 
 terwards ulher at Merchant Taylors', but left 
 the place for fome mifdemeanor, at pre- 
 fent unknown, and retired to Ireland, where 
 he died about i68p. Befides his dictionary in 
 8vo, he wrote the Englifh fchoolmafter, an 
 Englifh dictionary, &c. The work on pre- 
 deftination was written by another Elifha 
 Coles, his uncle, who died 1688. 
 
 Colet, "John, was born in St. Antholin's 
 parifh, London, 1466, fon of the lord mayor, 
 and brother to ai other children. He was 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. His 
 knowledge did not extend to Greek, as that 
 language was then confidered unnecefTary, and 
 the learning of it was oppoSed by a let of men 
 who called themfelves Trojans. From Oxford 
 he travelled on the continent, and became ac- 
 quainted with the learned of the times. He 
 was made dean of St. Paul's in ijoj, and 
 began by preaching himfelf, and by procuring 
 able divines, to encouiage enquiries into the 
 holy Scriptures. To promote learning, he 
 founded St. Paul's fchool in 1512, of which 
 Lilly was the firft mafter, with an ample pro- 
 yifion to inftrutt 153 boys gratis, under the 
 patronage of the mercers' company. Whilft 
 he thought of retirement, he was attacked by 
 the Sweating ficknefs, which, after a third re- 
 lapfe carried him off, 1519, in his 53d year. 
 He wrote various things, all of which are men- 
 tioned in his life by Knight. Though he did 
 not live to fee the reformation, he yet was an 
 able promoter of it. 
 
 Co ley, Henry, of Oxford, from a taylor 
 became an eminent aftrological writer, as the 
 afliltaiit of Lilly, and the continuator of his 
 ephemeris. His pretended knowledge of fu- 
 turity rendered him popular, lb that his houi'e 
 in Gray's-inn-lane was frequented by people 
 of all descriptions, and his opinion obtained bv 
 the examination of urine, &c. He wrote a 
 key to altrology, and died 1690. 
 
 Co lion 1, Gufpard de, admiral of France, 
 was born 1516. By his conduct at the battle 
 of Cerilbles, and of Repti, he was made ad- 
 miral of France. At the death of Henry II. 
 he efpoufed the caufe of the Calvinifts againfl 
 the Guiles, and diitinguifhed himfelf at Dreux, 
 St. Denys, Jarnac, and Montcontour. At 
 tfie peace he appeared at court, and was 
 
 loaded with the carefles of Charles IX. wh 
 foon after perfidioufly planned his murder. 
 Coligni was the firft who fell on the fatal day 
 of Bartholomew 157a. The duke of Guife 
 headed the aflaflins to the houfe of the aged 
 hero, who was flabbed in feveral places by 
 Befme, and thrown out of the window. After 
 the body had been expoied three days to. the 
 intuits of the populace, the head was cut off, 
 and lent by the bloody Catharine de Modicis 
 as a prefent to the Roman pontiff. The cha- 
 racter of this great and virtuous rflan has been 
 ably drawn up by the abbe de Mabli, who 
 draws a parallel between him and Francis duke 
 of Guile. 
 
 Coligni, Henrietta, daughter of Gafpard 
 de Coligni, firft married Hamilton, a Scotch 
 lord, and afterwards count de la Suze. This 
 laft union proved unfortunate, the jealoufy of 
 her hufband compelled her to embrace the 
 Catholic religion, and at laft her marriage 
 was annulled by the parliament. She obtained 
 celebrity by her wit and the effufions of her 
 elegiac mule, fo that the flatterers of her time 
 afcribed to her the majefty of Juno, the wit 
 of Minerva, and the beauty of Venus. She 
 died at Paris 1673. 
 
 CoLLS, Charles, Secretary to the duke of 
 Orleans, died at Paris 1783, aged 75. lie 
 was diitinguifhed as a comic writer ; . yet 
 known for the vigor and elegance of genuine 
 wit, and correct defcription,"he wants delicacy, 
 and a cautious regard for morals. He was of 
 that Ibciety of jovial companions known under 
 the name of Caveau. His long on the cap- 
 ture of Portmahon procured him a penfion 
 of 600 livres. His beft plays are, truth in 
 wine and pajrtie de chaffe de Henri IV., 
 from which our miller of Mansfield is bor- 
 rowed. 
 
 Collece, Stephen, the proteftant joiner, 
 was condemned at Oxford for a ronfpiracy 
 againft Charles II. upon the teftimony of a 
 worthlefs informer,, and he Suffered death, 
 ftrongly aliening his innocence, 1681. He 
 was in his character a refpectable man. 
 
 Colleonr, Bartholomew, of Bergamo, 
 followed the fortunes of de Montone, and of 
 Joan queen of Naples. He was in the fervi<J> 
 of Vifconti, anJ then of Francis Sforza, for 
 whom he defeated the French army at the 
 battle of Frefcati. After Serving fo many 
 mailers, and every where carrying victory in 
 his train, he again entered into the Service of 
 the Venetians. He died 1475. 
 
 Co!.i.KTt\, JVilliam, a French academi- 
 cian, who died at Paris 1659, aged 6 1. Fie 
 was one of the five authors whom Richelieu 
 fele&ed to wrirv for the theatres ; but he 
 refufed to alter his verfes according to his fug- 
 geftions. 
 
 Collier, Jeremy, an Englifh divine, born 
 in Cambridgelhire 16.50. He was educated 
 un>ler his father at Iplwich fchool, and Caius 
 college, Cambridge. He 1 dided for fix years 
 an his rettery f Anjpton near Bury, Suffolk, 
 R 4 and 
 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 *nJ then became lefhirer of Gray Vinn. His I 
 attack on a pamphlet by Burnet, drew upon 
 him the rtfentment of the court, and he was 
 fent to Newgate. He, as a writer, abufed 
 the revolution, for which he was again fent to 
 prnon, but releafcd by the interceffion of his 
 friends. In 1696, he attended Friend and 
 Perkins, who were executed for their concern 
 in the aifafiination plot, and by abfolving them, 
 and by impofing his hand upon them, he was 
 accufed of infulting the civil and ecclefiaftical 
 government. Inftead of putting in bail, Col- 
 lier ablconded, and was outlawed till the day 
 of his death. In his retirement he defended 
 his conduct, and wrote his efTays on moral 
 fubjedts, and afterwards his view of the im- 
 morality of the Englifh ftage, a work which 
 engaged him in perpetual contention with the 
 wits of the age. The feverity of his attack, 
 and the force of his arguments were fuch, that 
 a reformation actually took place, in the lan- 
 guage of pieces reprefented on the ftage, and 
 though Vanbrugh and Congreve ridiculed his 
 afTauks, yet Dryden had the good fenle of 
 acknowledging the propriety of his remarks, 
 and his furrow for the licentioufnefs of his 
 mule. His hiftorical dictionary, chiefly com- 
 piled from Moreri appeared in r 701, and the 
 fourth volume of it in 1721. He afterwards 
 publifhed in % vols. fol. an ecclefiaftical hiilory 
 of Great Britain, valuable for various docu- 
 ments. In 1 713 Collier was confecrated a 
 bifhop by Hickes, who had himfelf been con- 
 fecrated fuffragan of Thetlbrd, by the deprived 
 bifhops of Norwich, Ely, and Peterborough. 
 He was greatly afBi&ed with the ftone, of 
 which he died, 1726, aged 76. He wrote 
 befides, feveral tre'itifes on controverfial fub- 
 jefts, and affifted fome of his friends. Ke 
 was admired as a man of independent fpirit, 
 as a writer of great learning and genius, and 
 as a divine of genuine piety. 
 
 ColL'NGs, John, commiffioner at the Sa- 
 voy conference, died 1690, aged 67. He 
 (diftinguiihed himfelf as a critic and divine. 
 He was ejected as a nonconformift from St. 
 Stephen's, Norwich, where he had been mi- 
 nuter 44 years. 
 
 Collins, Jcim, an eminent mathematician, 
 born at Woodeaton near Oxford, 1614. He 
 was engaged with a bookfeller, and afterwards 
 with Mar, clerk of the kitchen to Charles 
 prince of Wales. After being feven years in 
 the fea fervtce, he became an acennptant, and 
 publifhed fome valuable works on mathematical 
 and geometrical fuhjocts. He v as member of 
 the royal fociety, and was made accomptant to 
 the royal fifhery company, and fo highly re- 
 I for his knowledge of figures, that the 
 lord chancellor Shaftefbury _ often confujted 
 him. and referred to his final decifion, the fet 
 tlement >jf difficult uni ii/tricate accounts. He 
 died of a confumptiou, in confequence of 
 drinkii 1 day's journey, tpb large a 
 
 quantity of cider, 1683. He was of a ftrong 
 and inventive genius, he firft projected the 
 
 manner of dividing the meridian line on the 
 nautical chart, a problem of the firft import- 
 ance to navigation ; and he began to fhorten 
 the method of computation by logarithms, 
 completed by H alley. 
 
 Collins, Anthony, of Hellion near Houni- 
 low, was educated at Eton and King's college, 
 Cambridge. Ke entered at the Temple, but 
 left the law for literature. He gained the 
 confidence of Locke, who correfponded with 
 him, and at his death left a letter for him, 
 full of the warmed affection. He was the 
 belt part of his life engaged in controversies, 
 which proved him to be more inclined to 
 fcepticifm and infidelity, than to lupport the 
 chriftian religion. His chief works were, 
 prieftcraft in perfection, an effay on the 39 
 articles of the church of England, vindication 
 
 of the divine attributes, fcheme of literal 
 
 prophecy, a difcourfe on the grounds and 
 reafons of the chriftian religion, in two parts, 
 a work which excited general attention, and 
 whofe tenets were in a fhort fpace of time 
 combated by not lefs than 35 antagonists, 
 among whom were Whifton, Chandler, Clarke, 
 Aihley, Sykes, and Sherlock. He was long 
 afflicted with the ftone, of which he died 1729. 
 He acknowledged in his laft moments that the 
 true catholic religion is to love God and to 
 love man, and he earneftly adviftd thofe that 
 flood around him to obferve that, as the awful 
 warning of a dying man. 
 
 Collins, A'thw, a learned antiquary, 
 whofe knowledge of genealogy is proved in his 
 peerage of England, in 8 vols, which has been 
 further improved by Longmate. 
 
 Collins, Samuel, an Englifh phyfic'an who> 
 ftudied at Padua, He wrote the prefent ftate 
 of Ruffia 167 1, 8vo. befides a book of anatomy, 
 in fol. 
 
 Collins, William^ a poet of great emi- 
 nence, fon of a hatter, born at Chichefter, 
 1720. He was educated at Winchtfter ichool, 
 but being fuperannuated, and thus prevented 
 from entering at New college, he became * 
 member of Queen's college, and was after- 
 wards demy of Magdalen 1741. At Oxford, 
 he publifhed his oriental eclogues, admired for 
 (implicity, richnefs of defcription. and unaf- 
 fected t'endernels. In 1744, he came to Lon- 
 don, panting after fame, with few refources, 
 and too wavering in his plans to execute any 
 regular work. At this time he publifhed pro- 
 pofals for an hiftory of the revival of learning. 
 He was now known to Dr. Johnfon, who with 
 his friendfhip fhared his poverty, and was privy 
 to his diftreffes. 'I he death of his uncle Mar- 
 tin, and. a legacy of aoool. foon enabled him 
 to live more refpeclable ; but the acquisition 
 of independence did not advance the literary 
 labors of the poet, who foon was afTailed by 
 r ralamities than poverty, the calamities 
 of difeafe and infanity. That fo able a writer, 
 and fo fublime a poet, fhould be incapacitated 
 t:> give flow to the pure ftreams of genius and 
 elegant conception is a melancholy k>fs to 
 mankind. 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 mankind. For a time he endeavoured to dif- 
 perfe the clouds which threatened his reafon 
 by travelling into France, but after being Tome 
 time in a houfe of lunatics, he fell a victim to 
 bis intellectual Kialady, at Chichefter, in 1 756. 
 When vifited at Islington by Johnfon, he was 
 found with a book in his hand, which his friend 
 out of curioiity examined to fee what com- 
 panion a man of letters had chofen. I have 
 but one book, faid Collins, but that is the belt. 
 It was a common English teftament, fuch as 
 children carry to fchool. In his Lift illneSs, 
 Collins expretTed to his friend Dr. Waiton, 
 his disapprobation of his oriental eclogues. His 
 odes, though very fublime, el'peeially that on 
 the paflions, are often obfcure, his lines are 
 clogged with cluilers of conibnants, and he too 
 much affected the obfolete. 
 
 Collin son, Peter, an eminent botaiuft, 
 of Stavely near Kendal. In 1728 he became 
 fellow of the roval fociety, whofe memoirs he 
 enriched by his own enquiries, and his corref- 
 pondence with foreigners, efpecially Benjamin 
 Franklin, Colden, and the famous Linnaeus. 
 To his improvements we are indebted for many 
 fhrubs tranfnlanted from the weftern hemis- 
 phere and other countries. In private life he 
 was of amiable manners, very communicative, 
 and of a very benevolent heart. He was at- 
 tacked with a retention of urine, which medi- 
 cal affiilance could not remove, and which 
 proved fatal 1768, in his 75th year. 
 
 Collot d'Herbois, y. M. a French 
 player. The hiffes which attended his ap- 
 pearance at Lyons, made him vow vengeance 
 on that city. Inverted in the revolution with 
 abfolute power againft the Lyoneie, he feemed 
 determined to deitroy every reftige of their 
 city, the walls were battered down with can- 
 non (hot, and the inhabitants were flaughtered 
 with intuiting cruelty, and not let's than 200 
 perifhed in one evening. Collot, ftained with 
 blood, and defervedly called the tiger, re 
 turned to Paris to become the alToc'ute c * 
 Robefpierre. He voted for the death >t 
 Lewis, becaufe the monarch had refuted to 
 appoint him his minitter; but when Robef- 
 pierre was accufed, he changed fides, and as 
 president of trie convention, he exerted his 
 influence to procure his condemnation. This 
 minister of iniquity was afterwards himfelf 
 condemned 1795 to be deported to Cayenne. 
 He died in confinement 1796. As an orator 
 he had fome powers of eloquence, which were 
 exerted in the convention and among the Ja- 
 cobins ; but as a dramatic writer he acquired 
 little celebrity. 
 
 Col'man, George, an Englifh writer, born 
 about 1733, at Florence, where his father was 
 refident. He was educated at Weitminfter 
 and Chrift-church, Oxford, and early dis- 
 played thofe talents which promised future 
 reputation, and eniurcd him the friendship of 
 tha' wits of the time, of Lloyd, Thornton, 
 Church.H, and others. At Oxford he pub- 
 Jiihcd with Tbonuoq the Connoiileur, in 
 
 weekly numbers. He entered at Lincoln's- 
 inn, but though called to the bar, the law was 
 lets congenial to his tafte than the purlin t of 
 the mules. From writing fugitive pieces, he 
 applied himfelf to dramatic composition. is 
 Polly Honeycomb was acled at Drury-lane in 
 1760 with fuccefs, and the next year 13s 
 jealous wife divided th& general applnufe with 
 Murphy's way to keep him, and Macklin's 
 married libertine. I he death of lord Bath, 
 who was his uncle, in 1764, left him in the 
 independent enjoyment of a comfortable an- 
 nuity, and his income was encreaied upon the 
 deceafe of general Pukeney in 1767. e 
 purchaled of Beard in 1768 the property of 
 ovent -garden theatre, but parted with his 
 Share in conl'equence of fome dilpute with his 
 fellow patentees, Harris, Sec. Soon after, he 
 purchaled of Foote, the Play-market theatre, 
 and continued the management of that houfe 
 till the time of his death. In 1790 he was 
 attacked by a ftroke of the pally. He was 
 removed to Paddington, and died 1 794. Be- 
 tides the comedies already mentioned, the bed 
 of Colman's plays are the clandeftine mar- 
 riage, the English merchant, the Oxonian in 
 town, the man of bufinefs, Epicene, the 
 Spanish- ' barber, filicide, the feparate main- 
 tenance, the manager in diitrefs, &c. He 
 alio translated Terence's comedies, and Ho- 
 race's art of poetry. 
 
 Colombiere, Claude de la, a Jefuit, bom 
 near Lyons. He was an eloquent preacher 
 in the fervice of James II. of England, but 
 on fufpicion of a confpirscy he was banime,d, 
 and died at Parai, 1682, aged 41. He is 
 known as the inventor of the folamnity of 
 the heart of Jefus, which had been hefore 
 introduced by Thomas Goodwin, prelldent of 
 Magdalen college, Oxford. The novelty of 
 this art of devotion engaged the attention of 
 the pjous, and under the influence of pre- 
 tended vifions and miracles it foon gained a 
 great number of partikns and zealous apoftles, 
 The fermon.s of Colombiere were puhlilhed 6 
 vols. i2n'.o. 
 
 Colomies, or Colomesius, Paul, a 
 French proteftant, of Rochelle. He travelled 
 through Europe, and at the felicitation of 
 Ifaac Voifius, he vifited England, where he 
 was made Lambeth librarian. He died in 
 London in 1692. He wrote Gallia orientafif 
 Hitpania & Italia orientalis theol. preibyr. 
 critical works, &e. 
 
 Colonna, Fal>io, a botanift, born at Na? 
 pies 1567. He wrote plantarum & pifcium 
 
 hiitoria, 4to. ftirpium rariorum det'eriptio, 
 
 ito. differtation on the gloffopetrce, 4to.~~on 
 American plants, fol. &c. He was the firil 
 who gave dittindr names to the petals and tlue 
 leaves of flowers, a judicious arrangement 
 afterwards adopted by Tournefort. The miw 
 Seal inftrument called pentachordon is. of hi-; 
 invention. He lived to his 8 3th year. 
 
 Coi.onma, Pmfjiero, fon of the prince of 
 
 Salerno, afiiited Charles VI|I, of France in the 
 
 R 4 conqueft 
 
COL 
 
 COL 
 
 conqueft of Naples ; but aftc-wards he exerted 
 his military powers to reconquer it for the 
 houfe of Arragon. He was made prisoner at 
 the battle of Villa Franca 1515; but when 
 reftored to liberty by the French, he renewed 
 the war, and after gaining the battle of la 
 .Biccque, he relieved Milan, in 1522. He 
 died XJ23, aged 71. 
 
 Colonna, Pompeo, nephew of Profpero, 
 was brought up to the church. Ever reftlefs, 
 he raifed an infurrection at Rome on the re- 
 poited death of Julius II. 1512, and feized 
 the capitol; but, though pardoned, he again, 
 in 1526, engaged in another conspiracy to 
 feize the chief power, and to put the pope to 
 death. This conduct, which brought mifery 
 on the Romans, by the lacking of the city by 
 jBourbon, was not punifhed as it deferved, but 
 Colonna, whole intrigues afitfted the pope's 
 efcape from St. Angelo, was again pardoned, 
 ruled to new honors, and made viceroy of 
 Naples. He died 153a, author of a poem de 
 virtutibus mulierum. 
 
 Colonna, Mark Antonio, diftinguifhed 
 himfelf lb much in the defeat of the Turks at 
 the battle of Lepanto, 1571, that the pope 
 permitted him to enter Rome in a triumphal 
 proceflion. He Was afterwards conftable of 
 Naples, and viceroy of Sicily ; and died 1584. 
 Colrank, Henry Hare, lord, born at 
 Blechingley, in Surrey, 1693, was educated 
 at Entield, and Corpus Chriiti, Oxford. He 
 difplayed his poetical talents by his mufarum 
 oblatio ad reginam, a poem inferted in the 
 Tvlufie Anglicans. He travelled three times 
 through Europe ; and in his fecond tour was 
 attended by Conyers Middleton. He made a 
 noble collection of prints and drawings of an- 
 tiquities abroad, munificently presented after 
 his deceafe to his college. He died at Bath 
 3749. His books and prints on Englifh an- 
 tiquities were bought for the antiquarian lb- 
 ciety. 
 
 Colston, Edward, an Englifh philan- 
 thropift, born at Briftol 1636. He encreafed 
 his property by his commercial connections 
 with Spain ; and benevolently dilpofed his 
 riches to charitable purpofes. He built alms- 
 houles in Briftol, which he endowed with an 
 income of 282I. : and befides the erection of 
 a fchool for 40 boys, he founded, at the ex- 
 pence of n,oool. the hofpital of St. Augultin, 
 for a mafter, ufher, and 100 boys, for whofe 
 maintenance he appropriated an annual income 
 cf above 138I. Befides this, he gave many 
 other munificent donations, efpecially 6oocl. 
 for the improvement of fixty fmall livings. He 
 alfo pofTevTed great meeknefs of temper, joined 
 to exemplary temperance and fincere piety. 
 3-le died at Mortlake, in Surrey, 1721, aged 
 
 Columbus, Cbri/lopber, celebrated as the 
 difcoverer of a new continent, was born, 144a, 
 at Genoa, ion of a woolci m ier. In his great 
 ft ndnefs for navigation, he made himfelf per- 
 fi& in jjtometry, aftronoiny, and coimography, 
 
 After trading in the Mediterranean, he fettled 
 at Liibon, where his brother Bartholomew 
 eitablilhed -, and here he married the daughter 
 of a mailer of a veflel who had been engaged 
 in difcoveries, whofe charts he perilled ; and 
 he encreafed his knowledge of maritime affairs 
 by feveral voyagej to the Canaries and the 
 coaft of Africa. Guided by experience, and 
 encouraged by the coi refpondence of Paul 
 Fofcanelli, a learned Florentine, he became 
 perfuaded that a continent muft exift in the 
 weitern ocean. He prelented his plans to the 
 Genoefe, and afterwards to the king of Por- 
 tugal; but inftead of patronage, he met in 
 both applications with coldnefs. In Spain, 
 Ferdinand and Ifabella mowed him greater at- 
 tention ; and after many delays, which his zeal 
 fuccefsfully removed, he was permitted to fail 
 in quelt of unknown regions. On the 6th of 
 September 1492, he left Gomera, with three 
 fmall ihips, and on the 1 2th of October, after 
 failing in a wefterly direction, he difcovered 
 fome iflands, and landed at Guana bay, in the 
 Lucca iflands. After vifiting and taking pof- 
 feffion of the iflands of Cuba and Hilpaniola, 
 he returned to Spain, which, after a pafTage of 
 fifty days, he reached in May T493- Thefe 
 difcoveries altonithed the Spanifh monarch. 
 Columbus was declared admiral of the Indies, 
 ennobled, and permitted to return to the new 
 world with a large Meet. In his fecond voyage 
 he difcovered Jamaica and other iilands ; and I 
 on his return to Europe, 8th June 1496, he 
 filenced the malicious infinuations which envy 
 had fpread concerning his views, and the im- 
 portance of the new world. In May 1498, 
 he made a third voyage, and difcovered Paria, 
 on the continent; but fo violent were his 
 enemies, that, in ipite of his fervices, he was 
 fent to Spain in irons in October 1500 : but 
 the monarch liberated him frt>m captivity. He 
 again vifited the new world, and died foon 
 after his return, at Valladolid, 20th May, 
 1506. His remains, by the king's command, 
 were magnificently buried at Seville, where 
 this lhort epitaph records his meiits : " Co- 
 lumbus gave Caftile and Leon a new world." 
 Important as his fervices are to the world, it is 
 melancholy to record the ingratitude of pos- 
 terity, and to behold an extenfive continent, 
 the difcovery of which ought to have been 
 immortalized in the appellation of Columbia, 
 bear the infignificant name of Americus Vef- 
 pucius, one of thole obfeure individuals who 
 followed, in fearful imitation, the tract of the 
 firft difcoverer. The life of Columbus was 
 written by Ferdinand, one of his tons. 
 
 Co i.umv.vs, Bartholomew, brothel to Chiif- 
 topher, was ingenious in his drawing of lpheres 
 and lea-charts. It is find that he was deputed 
 by his brother to come to lblicit the king of 
 England, but that his voyage was delayed by 
 falling into the hands of pirates; and when at 
 lafl the Englifh monarch promikd encourage- 
 ment to his brother, he found that the plnn 
 had already been adopted by Ferdinand f 
 
COM 
 
 COM 
 
 Caftile. Bartholomew fhared the honors and 
 the dangers of his brother's difcoveries 5 and 
 he was the founder of the town of St. Do- 
 mingo. He died 15 14. 
 
 Colvm&vs, Pealdus, an Italian anatomical 
 writer. lie died at Romo 1577. It is laid 
 that his works are compofed from the works 
 of Vefalius, hismafter, of Padua, whole dilco- 
 veries he appropriated to himfelf. His opinions 
 on ths blood nearly approached Harvey's dif- 
 covery of the circulation. 
 
 Colvius, Andrew, a native of Doit, who 
 went in the fuite of the Dutch ambafiador to 
 Venice, where he tranflated into Latin, father 
 Paul's treatife on the inquifition. He wrote 
 alio fome elegant poetry. 
 
 Colwill, Alexander, was born near St. 
 Andrew's, and educated at Edinburgh, of which 
 he became principal, in 1662. Befides fome 
 tracts, he wrote the Scotch Hudibras. after the 
 manner of Butler, a ludicrous poem, to ridi- 
 cule the prefbyterians, which is ftill admired 
 in Scotland. He died 1676, aged 58. 
 
 COMBER, Thomas, an Engliih divine, born 
 at Wefterham, Kent, 1645. He was educated 
 at Sidney SufTe^ college, Cambridge. Pie was 
 dean of Durham 1661, and was chaplain to 
 the princefs Anne of Denmark and to Wil- 
 liam and Mary. He died 1699. He wrote 
 fome divinity tracts, difcourfes on baptifm, ca- 
 techiim, and confirmation, and on the liturgy 
 of the church of England, &c. 
 
 Comber, Thomas, a fellow of Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, born at Shermanbury.Suifex, 
 and educated at Horfham fchool. He was 
 dean of Carlifle 1630, and matter of his college 
 the following year. He was in 164a deprived 
 of all his preferments, and impriibned. He 
 died at Cambridge 1653. He wrote a vin- 
 dication of the divine right of tithes, againii 
 Selden. 
 
 Comenios, John Amos, a proteftant born 
 in Moravia in 1592. After being paftor at 
 Pulnec, and alfo prefiding over a fchool, he fled 
 on the mvafion of the Spaniards, and came to 
 Lefna in Poland, where he taught grammar, 
 and where he publilhed his janua linguarum, 
 a fmall book, which acquired fo much cele- 
 brity, that it was tranflated into 12 European 
 languages. He was invited by the Englifh 
 parliament, to reform the public fchools of the 
 kingdom, and vifited England in 1641, but 
 the civil wars thwarted his expectations. The 
 next year he accepted the invitations of the 
 Swedes, by whom he was relpeclfully treated. 
 For four years he was engaged at Elbing in 
 laying down plans for the promotion of general 
 inltruction. He afterward:* vifired Tranfylva- 
 nia, and gave rules for the better regulation of 
 the fchools of his country, and on his return 
 to Lefna, he law the city reduced to alhes hy 
 the Poles, and his books and manufcripts de- 
 ftroyed. Prom Lefna he fled to Silefia, 
 thence to Brandenburg, afterwards to Ham- 
 burgh, and hilly to Amfterdam, where he 
 tuu-v'J hji days 1671, aged Jfo He, wrote be- 
 
 fides, Panfophia prodomus a new method of 
 teaching unius necelTarii, &c. The laft 
 years of his life were diigraced' by vifionary 
 i'chemes, and attempts at phrophecy. He 
 pretended to foretell the beginning of the mil- 
 lennium, which he placed in 1672 or 1673, a 
 grofs abfurdity, which his death prevented him 
 from witneffing. 
 
 Comes Natalis or Natal Conti, a 
 native of Milan, jvho wrote Greek and Latin 
 poems, and mythologia five expioationes fabuk- 
 rum, a very ufeful mythological work. He 
 died about 1590. 
 
 Comines, Philip de) an excellent hiflorian 
 of Flanders. His birth and acquirements re- 
 commended him to Charles of Burgundy, and 
 afterwards to Lewis XI. of France, and as .im- 
 bafiadcr he ferved the court with fidelity. 
 The next fucceffor Charles VIII. viewed him 
 with the prejudice of a foreigner, and he was 
 impriibned at Loches; but though no advo- 
 cate would plead his caufe, he defended him- 
 felf with the energy of innocence, n:id after 
 addrelling his judges for two hours, he was, 
 after three years' confinement, difchargeiL Pie 
 died at Argenton 1509, aged 64. Comities., 
 though well acquainted with modern Jangu^gt-.s, 
 was no deep fcholar. The memoirs of his 
 own times are very valuable for the hiftorical 
 details which they give, during 34 years, of 
 the affairs of the houfe of Burgundy, ar.d of 
 Lewis- XI. and Charles VIII. of France, with 
 anecdotes of the various transactions in Eng- 
 land and on the continent. His impartiality 
 is universally acknowledged. Dryden ranks 
 him with Thucydides and Tacitus, for the 
 acutenefs of his judgment, and the great know- 
 ledge of men, manners, and politics, which he 
 has difplayed. His works, 4 voLs. 4to. have 
 been tranflated by Uveiile into Englifh, 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Commandinus, Frederic, an Italian ma- 
 thematician, who tranflated Archimedes, 
 Apollonius Pergaeus, Ptolemy, Euclid, Arif- 
 tarchus, &c. befides fome original compofiti- 
 ons on the centre of gravity, on clocks, Sec. 
 He was patroinied by the duke of Urbino, and 
 died 1575. 
 
 Commelin, Jerome, a French printer, 
 born at Douay. He fettled at Geneva, and 
 afterwards at Heidelberg, where he died 1598. 
 He printed the works of Chryfoftom, 4 vols, 
 fol. an excellent edition, &c. The mark 
 prefixed to his editions was truth Citing in a 
 chair. 
 
 Commeuson, Phillbcrt, botanifl to the 
 French king, was born near Bourg in Brefle, 
 J 727. When phyficiun at Montpellier, he 
 fhowed his fondnefs for botany to fo impro- 
 per a degree, that he plundered the king's 
 garden to enrich his colledtions. He was re- 
 commended by Linnaeus to the queen of 
 Sweden to complete her collection of rarefl 
 fifties, and wrote his ichthyology in 2 \0ls.4t0. 
 Pie wrote bdides a dictionary and bibliography 
 on writers of natural hiftory, and the nwrtyr- 
 
COM 
 
 CON 
 
 r> logy of botany, containing the lives of thofe 
 who had loft their life in purfuit of natural 
 curiofities, to which his own was to be added. 
 He accomnc .ille round the world. 
 
 He died at the ille of France in 177,', leaVing 
 to the king's cabinet all Ii is cdlkc~tion, amount- 
 ing to 200 volumes in folio, bc-fides the con- 
 tents of 32 cafes, containing great treafures, 
 felecled during his voyage. He mentions dis- 
 covering a nation of dwarfs of 31 feet high in 
 the interior of Madagafcar. 
 
 CoMMiKE, John, a Jefuit of Amboife. 
 He wrote Latin fo elegantly that his f.-bles are 
 efteemed equal to thofe of Phaxlrus. Ke 
 died at Paris 1702, aged 77. 
 
 Commodi, Andrea, a Florentine painter 
 who died 1638 aged 73. His Lucifer and af- 
 fociates fallen from heaven, was much ad- 
 mired. 
 
 ompton, Spvnccr, fon of the firft earl of 
 Northampton, was mailer of the robes to 
 the prince cf Wales, afterwards Charles T. 
 and accompanied him to Spain. When Charles 
 fucceeded to the throne, he fuppcrted his 
 imafures, attended him againft the Scots, and 
 when the royal ftandard was fet up at Not- 
 tingham, was amongft the trueft of his friends. 
 At the battle of Kopton-heath near Stafford, 
 1643, he was encompaffed by the enemy, 
 and when offered quarter, he boldly declared 
 he would not receive it from the hand's of rebels 
 and rogues, upon which he was flain with a 
 blow of an halbert on the head. 
 
 Com no N, Henry, youngert fon of Spencer, 
 Was born in 1632, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford. At the reftoration he ob- 
 tained a cornetcy in a regiment of hori'o, but 
 he afterwards ftudied divinity at Cambridge. 
 He obtained the rectory of Cottenham, Cam- 
 bridgelhire, a canonry at Chrift-church, and 
 the mafterftiip of St. rofs near Winchefter. 
 Tn 1674, he was made bifhop of Oxford, and 
 the next year fucceeded to the fee of London. 
 He was entrufted with the education of Mary 
 and Anne, and the ftrong attachment which 
 they mewed to the protectant religion, is at- 
 tributed to the wholelbme inftructions of the 
 prelate. He labored to reconcile the dil- 
 fenters to the church, and refilled the claims 
 and the doctrines of the catholics. His zeal 
 dilpleafed James II. who removed him from the 
 privy council, and on his refuting to fufpend 
 Dr. Sharp, rector of St. Giles, from his eccle- 
 llaflical office, he was fummoncd before Jeff- 
 ries and arbitrarily deprived of ;.ll iiis functi- 
 ons. This was noticed by Mary and by Wil- 
 liam prince of Orange, and at lafl James. 
 afraid of the confequenccs of his conduct, re- 
 ftored the bifhop to his offices. Compton 
 however received with fullennefs the repara- 
 tion offered jo his dignity, and when the 
 kingdom was inv:,ded by f William, he con- 
 duced the princefs Anne to Nottingham, to 
 prevent her being conveyed to France. Fie 
 congratulated WiLiam on his landing, and 
 Supported his. claims to the throne in the houfe 
 
 of lords, and at laft confecrated him. Every 
 ftep however which he purfued was tinctured 
 with moderation, but becaufe he wifhed the 
 reconciliation of the diffenters, he has been 
 branded with the epithets of a bigoted parti- 
 zan. He died at the age of 81, 1713. He was 
 an eminent divine as well as an able ftateiman, 
 ftrongly attached to the conftitution, and dis- 
 playing the fincerity of his profeflion by a 
 pious and exemplary life. He wrote tome 
 theological tracts, &c. 
 
 Conant, 'John D D. an Englilh divine, 
 was born at Yeaterton, Devon, i6o8, and 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford. In 1649 
 he was elected rector of his college; he was 
 alfo divinity profeffor, and in 1657 vice chan- 
 cellor. At the reltoratien he appeared in 
 London, at the head of the univerfity, to con- 
 gratulate the king ; but though he affifted at 
 the Savoy, he refilled to comply with the art 
 of uniformity, and was consequently deprived 
 f his preferments in 1602. He was after- 
 wards re-admitted into the church 1670, being 
 ordained by Reynolds biuVp of Norwich, whole 
 daughter he had ratrrred. I e was made mi- 
 nifter of St. Mary, Aldermaubury, which he 
 exchanged for Allfaims in Northampton, to 
 which he was ftrongly attached. He became 
 archdeacon of Norwich -1676, and in 1681 
 had a prebend in the church of Worcelter. In 
 1666 he lo!t his eyefight, and died feven years 
 alter. He was a man of great piety, of ex- 
 tenfive learning, and of lingular modedy. tihc 
 volumes of his fermons have been publilhed. 
 
 Con can km, Mattheiv. a native of Ireland, 
 bred to the law. He came to London as a 
 literary adventurer, and wrote In Support of 
 the meafures of the miniftry. His attack upon 
 Pope procured him a place in the Ouneiad ; 
 but the duke of Newcastle advanced him to 
 the effee of attorney-general for Jamaica. 
 Here for 17 years, he conducted himfetf with 
 all the integrity of a man of virtue, and after 
 acquiring an independent fortune, he returned 
 to England, with the flattering intention of 
 (pending the reft of life in Ireland. He fell 
 however into a rapid consumption, and died at 
 London 1749. He wrote Wexford wells 1 
 play, befides lome fonfrs, in 'he rnufical mif- 
 cellany, and a well known letter ;tddrelfed to 
 Warburton. 
 
 Concini, better known by the name of 
 marfhal d'Ancre, was a Florentine, and came 
 to France in the Suite of Mary de Medtcis wife 
 of Henry the great. By his intrigues and 
 thofe of his wife Eleonora Galigay, he becamfc 
 a marquis, and a marlbal of France. I 
 XIII. was prevailed upon to get rid of this 
 dmgerous favorite, and Concini was fhot by 
 Vitry and his accomplices on the Louvre 
 bridge, 16 17, and his body was ignominioully 
 infulted by the populace. His wife alio loft her 
 head, and his fon was declared incapable to 
 hold any office in the kingdom. When his 
 wife was accuied of witchcraft, in influencing 
 the mind of the queen, fhe Said, her magic 
 
 was 
 
CON 
 
 CON 
 
 ttas only the innuence of a great mind over a 
 weak one. 
 
 CoMpamine, Charles Marie de la, of Pa- 
 ris travelled to the eaftern parts af the world, 
 and in 1736 was chofen with Godin to go to 
 Peru, to determine the figure of the earth at 
 the equator. On his return he vifited Rome, 
 and was, by the pope permitted at the age of 
 55 to marry his niece. He died 1774, in 
 confequence of an operation for the removal 
 of a hernia. He was. a man of great eminence 
 as a mathematician. His works are, distance 
 of the tropics relation of a voyage to Ame- 
 rica observations, &c. on the inoculation of 
 the lmall-pox on education meafure of the 
 three firft degrees of the mei idian &c. 
 
 Conde', Lewis, frjl duke of, ion of Charles 
 of Bourbon, was distinguished at the battle of 
 St. Ouintin, and afterwards for his intrigues, as 
 the leader of the Hugonots. He was wounded at 
 the battle of Dreux, and feven years after fell 
 at that of Jarnac 1369. aged 39. His me- 
 moirs of his own time poffefs merit. 
 
 Conde', Henry prince of ', was known in the 
 court of Henry IV. of France, by whofe influ- 
 ence 'he became a catholic. On the death of 
 Lewis XIII. he became minister to the regent, 
 and difplayed his abilkies in the fervice of his 
 country, and died at Paris 1646, aged 5'^. 
 
 Con d e', Lcivis prime of ion of the preced- 
 ing, deferved the name of the great. He was 
 born at Paris 1621, and Richelieu obferving 
 his promising abilities, foretold his future great- 
 nefft. Though but 22 he defeated the Spani- 
 ards at the leattle of ,Rocroi, and after taking 
 Thionville and other towns, he entered Ger- 
 many as a conqueror. His attempts upon 
 Lerida in Catalonia proved abortive, but in 
 Flanders he acquired frelh honors, by the de- 
 feat of the imperialists. In the civil wars of 
 France, he efpoufed the caufe of the court, 
 though afterwards he oppofed the views of 
 Mazarin, and of the monarchy, and, in the 
 fpirit of unyielding pride, he entered into the 
 fervice of the Spaniards againSt his country. 
 The peace of the Pyrenees, 1659, reconciled 
 him to France, and enabled him to atone for 
 the injuries which his defertion had inflicted 
 on his honor. He was afterwards employed 
 againft the prince of Orange; but though 
 wounded at the pafTage of the Rhine, he com- 
 pleted the conqusft of Franche-compte, and 
 fpread terror into Germany. He died of the 
 gout at Fontainbleau 1686, aged 65. 
 
 Con'uer, Join, D.D. was born in Cam- 
 bridgefhire 1714. He was minilter of a dif- 
 fenting congregation at Cambridge, and after- 
 wards kept a fchool at Mile-end, and in 1761 
 fucceeded to the meeting on the Pavement, 
 Moorfields. He died 1 781, aged 67. He 
 printed Several fermonc an efl'ay on the im- 
 portance of the clerical character, &c. 
 
 Condili.ac, Stephen Bonnot de, of the 
 French academy, wa* preceptor to the infant 
 fon of the duke of Parma. He died at Flux 
 near Baugenci, 1780, of a putrid fever. He 
 
 was a man of great erudition, ftrong fenfe, 
 and auftere manners. He wrote in 3 vols. 
 l2mo. eSTay on the origin r,f human fciences 
 on animals on the feniations, &c. befides a 
 courfe of ftudy for the inltruction of his pupils 
 in 16 vols. nmo,&c. 
 
 CoNDORCET, John Anthony Nicholas 
 Cariiat, marquis of, one of the founders of the 
 French republic was born 1743, ot Kibemont 
 in Picardy, of a noble family. He preferred 
 literature te the. military profeffion, and fin- 
 died mathematics and belles letters at the col- 
 lege of Navarre, and at the age of 21 he wrote 
 his ingenious memoir on the calcul differentiel, 
 received by the academy of Paris with marked 
 approbation. He became the friend of 
 d'Alembert, and of Voltaire, and corresponded 
 with the king of PruSfia, and when Secretary 
 of the academy of fciences, he distinguished 
 himfelf by his Spirited eloges on his departed 
 brethren. In the constituent aifembly he was 
 made governor to the dauphin ; but his zeal in 
 favor of republican principles overpowered the 
 refpect which he owed to majelty, and lie re- 
 commended the abolition of monarchy. But 
 when he fhowed companion for the king, and 
 oppofed his trial, his meafures were viewed 
 with jealoufy by Robefpierre, and he was re- 
 garded as a hypocrite, who, under the mafk of 
 moderation and philoibphy, afpired at the ib- 
 vereign power. Fie was therefore condemned 
 1793, as one of the Girondists, and for a while 
 concealed himfelf in Paris, and afterwards in 
 the country. Obliged to hide himfelf for fe- 
 veral nights in fome quarries, hunger forced 
 him at laSt to feek relief in a neighbouring 
 tavern. His long beard, and the voracious ap- 
 petite with which he devoured the bread 
 placed before him, rendered him Sufpected, he 
 was arrelled, and might have efcaped under 
 the character of a diftreifed fervant, but a Ho- 
 race found in his pocket, proved him to be a 
 man of education. On the morrow the gaoler 
 found him dead, a Sacrifice either to exceilive 
 fatigue, or to poifon, 1794- In his character, 
 Condorcet was weak but ambitious, fond of 
 novelty, and. in purfuit of imaginary happineif, 
 little attentive to the feelings ot humanity, 
 and the precepts of chriitkrrity. He was, ac- 
 cording to d'Alembert,' a volcano covered with 
 fnow. His writings were respectable. Befides. 
 a Sketch of the progreSs ofthe human mind 
 a treatife on arithmetic 1 f ac: Ml calculation, 
 and on the problem of the three bodies 
 analytical affairs, &c. he wrote eulogies on 
 Beniouilli, d'Alembert, &c. polfeSfing great 
 merit, though that on Voltaire is confidered as 
 turgid and infignificant. 
 
 Confucius or Cong-fu-tze, a celebrated 
 Chinefe philofopher, born at Chanpmg, about 
 550 B.C. He poffefTed fuch wifdom and 
 abilities that he became prime miniier of the 
 kingdom of Lu. His labors were directed to 
 the reformation of manners, but the diflipation 
 ofthe king who attached himfelf to feveral 
 concubines, difpleafed him, and he indignantly 
 
 reGgned 
 
CON- 
 
 CON 
 
 refigned and retired to privacy. Such was his j 
 reputation, that he was frequented by above 
 3000 difctples, whom his example and pre- 
 cepts formed to virtue "and morality. He 
 taught his (fifciples that the firft duties were 
 to ferve, obey, and fear God, to love their 
 neighbour as themfelves, and to curb their 
 paffiens. Thus defervedly refpe&ed, Con- 
 fucius felecled ten of his pupils, to whom he 
 communicated the refources of his mind. He 
 returned afterwards to the kingdom of Lu, 
 where he died aged 73. The king no fooner 
 heard of his death, than he exclaimed, " that 
 the gods had removed him from the earth, be- 
 caufe they wifhed to punifh her inhabitants." 
 His memory was honored in the moll folemn 
 manner, he was regarded as a departed faint, 
 and edifices were railed to celebrate his fer- 
 vices to mankind. His books on morals have 
 been tranflated into French, and they poflefs 
 excellent rules for virtue and morality. His 
 descendants are ftill revered in China, as man- 
 darins of the firft order. 
 
 Co nor eve, Will: am, an Englifh dramatic 
 writer, born in StafFordftire, 1672. He was 
 educated at Kilkenny fchool, and Dublin col- 
 lege. After the revolution he came to Lon- 
 don, and entered at the middle temple, but 
 relinquished the profefiion for the mufes. His 
 firft production was " Incognita, or love and 
 duty reconciled," a novel of foine merit, though 
 the compofition of a youth of 17. His firft 
 play was the old bachelor in 1693, which was 
 revifed and applauded by Dryden, and re- 
 commended the author to lord Halifax, by 
 whofe influence he became commiflioner for 
 licenfing hackney coaches, and held other of- 
 fices worth 600I. a year. The next year 
 appeared his double dealer, and on the death 
 of" queen Mary, he wrote a much admired 
 paftoral, called the mourning mule of Alexis, 
 and in 1695 he produced his popular comedy 
 of love fir love, and anode on the taking 
 of Namur. The next production was the 
 mourning bride, a tragedy, lirft afted in 
 Lincoln's-inn fields' theatre, and universally 
 applauded. The reputation of Congreve, but 
 particularly the licentioufnels of his plays, 
 drew upon him the cenfures of Jeremy Col- 
 lier, and truth muft own the charge of immo- 
 rality too well eftablifhed to be refuted. He 
 produced another comedy, The way of the 
 world, which, though condemned by the critics 
 of the times, poffefTes great merit. Though 
 he now withdrew from public life as an author, 
 his friends were occafionally complimented 
 with his affiftance, in epilogues, and he affifted 
 Dryden in his Virgil, and contributed the 
 whole of Juvenal's nthfatire. The laft 20 
 years of his life, Congreve fpent in eafe and 
 xetiiement. He was at laft afflicted with the 
 gout, which together* with a bruife received in 
 being overturned in his chariot, haftened his 
 death. He died in Surry-fttrect, Strand, 1729, 
 and was buried with great foiemnity in Weft- 
 ter-abbey. C01 joyed ia his time 
 
 much of what can render life agreeable, ealy-, 
 and haprv. His appointments yielded him 
 not lefs than iacol. a year, and with an eafy 
 fortune he was flattered with the-friendihip of 
 the great, and had Dryden, Steele, and Pope, 
 among his admirers. He died very rich, the 
 fruit of his great but not unbecoming econo- 
 my. His comedies, fays Johnfon, are the 
 works of a miud replete with imagery and 
 quick in combination, though of his mifcella- 
 neous poetry little can be laid that is favor- 
 able. Voltaire, who knew and admired him, 
 fays, that he raifed the glory of Englifh co- 
 medy to a greater height than any writer be- 
 fore or after him. 
 
 Connor, Bernard, a phyfician, born in this 
 county of Kerry, 1666. He diftinguilhed 
 himfelf in France for his afliduity, and his know- 
 ledge of anatomy and chemiflry, and he after- 
 wards travelled through Germany as the tutor 
 of the two fons of the chancellor of Poland, 
 and on his arrival at Warfaw, became phyfi- 
 cian to the king, John Sobiefky. He left 
 Warfaw in 1 6 74, as phyfician in the fuite of 
 the king's daughter, who was going to espoufe 
 the duke of Bavaria at Bruflels, and from Hol- 
 land he came to England in 1695. He read 
 letures on anatomy, chemiftry, and phytic at 
 Oxford, and alfo in London and Cambridge. 
 His evangelium medici divided into 6 lections, 
 publilhed in 1697, drew upon him the impu- 
 tation of irreligion and even atheifm. On the 
 death of Sobiefki, and the tumults of a Polifh 
 election, he gratified the public curiofity by the 
 publication of his hiftory of Poland in two vols, 
 which, though finifhed with more rapidity than 
 correetnefs, contains many interefting parti- 
 culars. Connor was attacked with a fever, 
 which quickly carried him off, 1698, in his 
 32d year. Though born and educated a ca- 
 tholic, he embraced the doctrines of the church 
 of England, and died in her communion. 
 
 Conrad I. count of Franconia,and king of 
 Germany 912, oppofed the Huns who had in- 
 vaded Germany, and purchafed their retreat, 
 and died 918. 
 
 Conrad II. king of Germany 1024, was 
 crowned emperor at Rome three yews after. 
 He added to his dominions the kingdom of 
 Burgundy, and died 1039. 
 
 Conrad III. duke of Fraconia, was elect- 
 ed emperor of Germany v He went to the 
 crulades againft the Saracens, and as the 
 Greeks had poifoned the fountains in the holy 
 land, he nearly loft his whole army, and with 
 difficulty returned to Europe. He died 
 J 15.2. 
 
 Conrad IV. duke of Suabia, Succeeded as 
 emperor 1250. His elevation was oppofed 
 by Innocent IV. who claimed the right of 
 diipoiing of the crown, upon which he invaded 
 Italy, and took Capua, Naples, and other 
 places. He died Suddenly, as it is fufpeded, 
 of poifon,i254. 
 
 Conrauin or Conrad, fon of the fourth 
 Conrad, was three yeats old wheu his father 
 
 dici 
 1% 
 
CON 
 
 COO 
 
 died. His uncle Mainfroi became his regent 
 at Naples, but Urban IV. bellowed the crown 
 Xm Charles of Anjou, who defeated his rival 
 1268, and beheaded him at Naples, when only 
 fixteen years old. 
 
 Conrart, Palentin,&cretary to the French 
 Icing's council, was born at Paris 1603, and 
 died 1675. To his tafte and his love for li- 
 terature, the French afcribe their French aca- 
 demy, of which he is defervedly filled the fa- 
 ther, as her learned men held their firft meet- 
 ings in his houfe from 1629 to 1634. He 
 owes his celebrity to the affability of his man- 
 ners, and the hoipitable alylum which he gave 
 to men of learning. 
 
 Conri, Florence, a Francifcan friar, born 
 in Connaught. Philip III. lent him to his na- 
 tive country to reconcile the Irifh to a Spa- 
 nifh invafion. His fchemes were however 
 defeated, and he returned to Madrid, where 
 he died 1629. He was author of the mir- 
 ror of the chriftian life, &c. 
 
 Constant, David, profeffor of philofophy 
 Greek, and divinity at Laufanne, wrote an, 
 abridgement of politics, on the pafTage of the 
 Ifraelites through the red fea, on Lot's wife, 
 the bum of Moles, &c. and died 1733, aged 
 
 95- 
 
 Constantin, Robert, profefTor of phyfic, 
 and belles lettres at Caen, died of a pleurily in 
 1605, aged 103, after enjoying to the latt all 
 the faculties of his mind and body. His know- 
 ledge of Greek was very extenfive, as his works 
 fully evince, efpecially his valuable Lexicon 
 Greek and Latin. He wrote befides three 
 'books on Greek and Latin antiquities, 
 a dictionary of abftrufe Latin words, a the- 
 faurus rerum, Sec. 
 
 Constantino, a native of Syria,- railed 
 to the papal chair 708. He travelled into the 
 call, and died 715. 
 
 Constantine, of Carthage in Africa, was 
 
 a phyfician of the nth century. He is fuppof- 
 ed to be the firft who brought the Arabian and 
 Greek phyfic into Italy. 
 
 Conti, Guijlo it, an Italian poet who died 
 at Rimini about the middle of the 16th cen- 
 tury. 'His poems are greatly eiteemed. 
 
 Conti, abbe Anthony, a Venetian, who died 
 i?49 aged 71. He is author of tragedies, 
 and of poems which abound more with meta- 
 phyfics than poetical elegance. During his 
 vifit to England, Conti became, acquainted 
 with Newton, and long venerated the abilities 
 
 and friendfhip of that great man. 
 
 Co NIT, Armandde Bourbon prince of, quit- 
 
 ted the church for a military life, and warmly 
 'fipoufed the party of the infurgents agairrft 
 
 his brother the great Conde. Thefe two bro- 
 thers were both together fent prifoners to Vm- 
 - cenhes by Ma^arin. Conti was made in 
 ' 1654 governor of Guienne, &c. He wrote, in 
 
 French, treatifes on the duties of the great, 
 
 on comedies and plays, &c. 
 
 Conti, Francis Lewis de Bourbon, fon of 
 
 the preceding, dittinguifhed himfelf at 
 ' f Luxemburgh, & 6 . He v>'as- elected king 
 
 of Poland 1697, but loon fupplanted by the 
 elector of Saxony. He died at Paris, 1709, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Conto-Pertana, Don Jofcpb ,a Portu- 
 guefe poet, of great merit, inferior only to Ca- 
 moens. His Quitterie la Sainte, is a valuable 
 epic poem. He died at Lifbon 1735. 
 
 Conybeare, John, a prelate, born at Pin- 
 hoe, near Exeter, 169a. He was educated at 
 Exeter grammar college, and Exeter college. 
 In 1730 he was rector of his college, and that 
 year he publifhed an anfwer to Tindal's 
 chriftianity as old as the creation, which proved 
 him to be a great champion of revelation, 
 and an acute fcholar, and found divine. In 
 T732 he was appointed dean of Chrift church, 
 and in 1750 he fucceeded Butler in the fee 
 ofBriftol. He died of the gout 1755. Two 
 volumes of his fermons were publifhed after 
 his death. 
 
 Cook, fames, a celebrated navigator, born 
 at Marton in Cleveland, Yorkfhire, 1728. 
 His- father was a poor cottager, afterwards em- 
 ployed as upper fervant on the farms of Mr. 
 Skottowe, where his fori was engaged at the 
 plough till the age of 13. At the age of 17 
 young Cook was bound apprentice to a grocer, ' 
 but his fondnefs for the fea overturned his 
 father's plans, and after one year and a half's 
 fervice the indentures were cancelled, and 
 in 1746 he was bound for three years to a 
 fhip owner at Whitby. He was thus engaged 
 in the coaftingand coal trade, till 1752, when 
 he was made mate of a veiTel, and the next year 
 he quitted his mailer's fervice, and entered n 
 board the Eagle, a king's frigate. Between 
 1753 and 1760, when lie received a lieute- 
 nant's commiilion, he was fuccefsfully em- 
 ployed in floring his mind with that know- 
 ledge of navigation and mathematics, which he, 
 afterwards difplayed in lb remarkable a degree. 
 The fkill and ability which he fhowed in 
 America and on the Jamaica ftation, recom- 
 mended him to the notice of fir William Bur- 
 naby the commander, and to the admiralty, 
 and when in 1767 the royal fociety wifhed to 
 obferve the tranfit of Venus over the fun's 
 difc, from fome of the iflands of the pacific 
 ocean, Cook was appointed to command the 
 fhip Endeavour in that diftant expedition. 
 He was in confequence railed to the rank of 
 captain, and failed down the river, accompa 
 nied by fir Jofeph Banks, Dr Soiai.der, and 
 Mr. Green. On the 13th April 1769, he 
 reached Otaheite, where the oifervations 
 were to be made, and after remaining 'there 
 till 13th July, he lit fail for New Zealand, 
 and after difcdveri.rig feyeral iflands he reached 
 Batavia 10th October 1 ;*o. After loling 
 many of his men in this climate, where he 
 remained till the 27th December fee repair his 
 fhip, he proceeded to the Cape, and anchored 
 in the Downs on the 12th June, after an ab- 
 fence of nearly three years. J he abilities 
 difplayed in this expedition recommended him 
 to the command of the two fhips intendid to 
 expbra the coa-.Ls *f the i'unpufed lbuthern 
 
 hemii- 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 hemifphere. On the 9th of Apiil 177a he 
 
 a board the Resolution with captain 
 
 ho had the command of the ether 
 
 voventnre. 'I hey reached the 
 
 ;oth October, and leaving it on 
 
 the 22d 
 
 iber they proceeded towards the fouth. 
 Idi of ice which prefented them- 
 them latitudes, and the im- 
 which they hourly expofed 
 S, convinced the captain that no land 
 was t< aud tiiat further attempts 
 
 Were ufeljejs and perilous, and on the 17th 
 January ::;/. he failed towards the fouth 
 ifea, and March 1774 returned to 
 
 tlie Cape, and reached England on the 14th 
 of July. ^ 1 thil dangerous voyage of 
 
 three years the captain loft only 
 
 one man in his crew of 118. The diicovery 
 of iilands in the ibuthern leas had now engaged 
 the attention of the nation, and another pro- 
 ject was formed to find out a northweit paf- 
 
 fiq 
 
 2nd thus unite the great pacific ocean 
 
 with the north 'if the atlantic. On thiaqeca- 
 fion Cook, again eager to ferve his country, 
 bid adieu to his domeliic comforts, and a 
 third time embarked to furround the world. 
 He let fail in the Diicovery in July 1776, and 
 penetrated towards the northweit of Ame- 
 rica, and turned back only when his further 
 progrefs was impeded by vaft fields of floating 
 ice. Unable, in conference of the advanced 
 feafon, to go further, he vifited the Sandwich 
 iilands, and flopped at Owyhee, where he un- 
 fortunately loft his life. During the night, tlie 
 Indians carried away the Diicovery 's cutter, 
 r.nd Cook, determined to recover it, ieized the 
 king of the iiland, to confine him on board his 
 fhip till thne reftoration of the veiTel. In the 
 flruggle which took place, the captain and his 
 men were affailed by the Indians, who viewed 
 with refentment the captivity of their mo- 
 narch, and before he could reach the boat 
 Cook received a fevere blow on the head 
 which brought him to the ground, and unable 
 alone to refill a multitude ot lavage foes, 
 while his men in the boat and on the fhore 
 feemed intent in defending themfelves, he 
 was overpowered by his aftailants. His body- 
 was treated with lavage barbarity, and a few 
 bones were recovered which his difconiblate 
 companions committed to the deep. This 
 melancholy event happened 14th February 
 17-0. The account of the death of this wor- 
 thy navigator was received with general for- 
 row. iis fervices, the humanity which he 
 had always fhown in his intercourse with the 
 Indians, and the benevolence with which he 
 watched over the health of his men, entitled 
 him to univeifal refpeci. The king bellowed 
 on his widow a penfion of 200I. and on each 
 of his children 25 1, a reward fcarce adequate 
 to the many fervices of his father. Cook, 
 though cradled in poverty, improved himfelf 
 hj diligence and affiduous labor. He polTeffed 
 great natural abilities, and they were not 
 abun-d ; bu: reading, meditation, and fevere 
 application rendered them no: only refpec- 
 
 table but mining. Ofhisfirft voyage -the. 
 count was compiled by Dr. Hawkefworth, Fcf- 
 ter was the narrator of the fecond voyage, 
 and as he had fhared the adve; 
 naval hero, his relation muft be conlidered as 
 accurate and interciting. Among the com- 
 pilers of the lall voyage men of ability arid 
 reputation arc mentioned, especially Dr. Doug- 
 las biihop of Salisbury, captain King, and Air. 
 Anderfon. 
 
 Cooke, fir Anthony, was born at Gidding- 
 hall, F.'fex, about 1506. He prelided over 
 the education of Edward VI. In M?r\ ' 
 he lived in exile; but he returned uud< 
 zabeth, and died I J 76. 
 
 Cooke, Robert, was born at Beefton, 
 Yorkfhire, and educated at Brazen- n 
 lege', Oxford. He was an able divine 
 good fcholar, and retired upon tlie vicarage of 
 Leeds in Yorkfhire, and died in 16 14. 
 
 Cooke, Thomas , a poet, born at Brain- 
 tree, EiTex, about 1707, and educated at 
 Feliied fchool. in his 19th year he edited. 
 Andrew Marvel's works, and, by an elegant 
 dedication, introduced himfelf to lord Pem- 
 broke, who affifted him with valuable notes in 
 his tranflation of Kefiod, puhlifhed in 1728. 
 Cooke translated befides, 'i crence, and Cicero 
 de natma deorum, and the Amphitryon of 
 Plautus. He wrote alio live or fix pieces for 
 the ftage, which gained him neither fame nor 
 money. He was concerned with Muttley in 
 writing Penelope, a farce, which being con- 
 lidered as throwing ridicule on Pope's GdyfTey, 
 jutt then published, greatly irritated the poet, 
 who in confequeace gave Cooke a place in 
 the Dunciad. Cooke died very poor, about 
 1750. Some memoirs of him were puhlifhed, 
 by the late fir Jofeph Mawbey, in the Gen- 
 tleman's magazine* 
 
 Cooper, Antljony Afcley, earl of Shaftcf- 
 bury, was horn 1621, at Winborne St. Giles's, 
 Dorfetfhire. Pie Studied at Exeter college, 
 Oxford, and then removed to Eincoki's-inn, 
 where he applied to the law. He was mem- 
 ber for Tewkfhury in the parliament of 1640; 
 and at firft feemed inclined to favor the fide 
 of the king. He however retired from Ox- 
 ford, and took a commiffion in the parlia- 
 mentary army. In 1645 ^ u ' as fhcriff for 
 Norfolk, and the next year for Wilts ; arid as 
 member of the houfe of commons, he had the 
 boldnefs to charge Cromwell with arbitrary 
 government. The oppoiition which he had 
 manifefled againft the ufurpation rendered 
 him a fit perfon to folicit the king's return, 
 and he was therefore one of the twelve to 
 carry the invitation of the commons. On th: 
 reftoration, his fervices were rewarded with 
 a peerage, he was made chancellor of the ex- 
 chequer, and one of the lords of the treafury. 
 In 1672 he was made lord chancellor ; but re- 
 figned the following year through the 
 gues of the duke of York. From a partizan 
 of the court, he became a violent opponent, 
 fo that at lafl the king lent him, together with 
 Buckingham and others, to tlie Tower, y 
 
coo 
 
 coo 
 
 he remained thirteen months. When !>t at ] 
 liberty his cppofitioii did not cea'e; ard at 
 Lit a change of miniftry placed lim at the 
 head of the council board. This tr'u mph Was 
 fhort, as the duke of York not onlv procxired 
 his difmiflal from office, but fchtain 
 being committed for High trep.fbri to the 
 Tower. After tour months' confine it he 
 was tried, and aceuitted ; and then fled n i63; 
 to Holland where he propcft.d to end his days 
 in peace. He died of the gout January 1683, 
 aged 62. Shaftefbury was a man of no ftead\ 
 principles, of great ambition, and little po 
 fittest fidelity. Charles II. who not only laid 
 but bore with great good humor, failles of 
 raillery, once talking to him of hif. amours, 
 told him , " I believe -haftefbury, thou art the 
 wickedeft fellow in my dominions." " May' 
 it pleale your majefty,*' replied Shafteftwry, 
 with a grave face, * ; of a iubjeel, I believe 
 I am." 
 
 Cooper, Anthony Atbley, earl of Shaftef- 
 bury, author of the Characteriftics, was born 
 1671, at Exeter-houfe, London. He was 
 educated under his grandfather, who placed 
 about him a peribn wel verfed in the learned 
 languages, fo that at the age of xi he could 
 read Latin and Greek with great esfe. In 
 1686 he began his travels, and on his return 
 was member for Poole ; hut he declined 
 fitting at the eledlion, on aceount of his health. 
 He then pafled into Holland, whore, under 
 an affumed name, in the company of le 
 Clerc, Bayle, and other ingenious n?en, he 
 fpent a year, in the molt perfect friendfhip 
 and all the eafe of literary intercourse,' On 
 his return he fiicceeded fo the earldom of 
 .Shaftefbury ; but he valued little a feat in the 
 houfe of lords, where he feldom appeared. 
 When the enthufiaftic extravagance of the 
 h prophets about this time engaged the 
 Attention of the nation ; Shafteflnrfy puMhhed 
 his letter concerning entlvefiafm, addreffed to 
 lord Somers. The precarious Mate of his 
 hvfttth induced him to remove to a warmer 
 climate ; and after being about a year in Italy, 
 he died at Naples 1 7 13 '1 he three volumes 
 of his Characteristics were the only works 
 which he wiihed to preftnt to the puHic. 
 His name, however, in literature was fo re- 
 fpedtable, that his letters to a young man in 
 the univerfity were, in 1716, prefented to the 
 public; and in 17x1 Toland alio publiftVd 
 lettters from him to Molefworth. As a phi- 
 lofonher lord Shaftefbury gained high reputa- 
 t\ ' n ; but his principles were warmly combated 
 by indefatigable opponent. Leaving the 
 purer principles of chrillisn dodtrine, he, in 
 his admiration for the learning of the antients, 
 regarded the charadter and the precepts of 
 Socrates and Democritus as more than human, 
 and while he confidered man as a political 
 being, under the guidance of a providence, 
 whole government excludes general evil and 
 diforder, he difregnrded the important doc- 
 trines- of revskucu and iitouemenk ' 
 
 Cooper Maurice Ajilem : brother to the 
 author of the Ghars&erifti<?s, tranflated the 
 Cvrcpjsdia addreffed to his filter, the mother 
 of TV 1 r Harris of Salifbury. This work ap- 
 peared in 2 vols. 8vo. 1728, foon after his 
 and was highly efteemed. 
 
 Co Or. 1 .:, Tkontas, a prelate, born at Oil- 
 ford 1517, and educated at Magdalen college 
 quitted his fellowfhip v.t 
 & ; hyfic, but en Mary's 
 deatn he n - ned' to divinity. He was dean 
 of Chrift church and neat dean of Gloucef- 
 ter, and 1570, bifhop of Lincoln. In 1584, 
 he was tranflated to Wincheiier. He was 
 active againft thofe public exercifes called pro- 
 pheivings, which tended fo much to introduce 
 puritanifm, and was equally zealous agahiit the 
 catholics. He died at Whichever 1694. Ha 
 writings are, chronicles from the 17th year 
 after Chrift to 1560 thefaurus Ungate Rc~ 
 marr.e et Britannicse & diclionarium hiftori- 
 cum poeticum,:c. 
 
 Cooper, Samuel, an Englifh painter, born 
 in London 1609. He gained fo much from 
 the work3 of Vandyck, that he was called 
 Vandyck in little. His chief excellence wa- 
 in the reprefentation of the features of the 
 head. His works were highly efteemed on 
 the continent. The king of France paid great 
 attention to him when at Paris; but he could 
 not obtain his Oliver Cromwell, though he 
 offered 150I. for it. Kis belt pieces were, O. 
 Cromwell and one Swingfield. He died in 
 London 167a, aged 63. 
 
 Cooper, JchX Gi iert, efq. born at Thur- 
 ganton, Nottingham Ibire, was educated at 
 Weftminfterfchool, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. He refided on his family feat, where 
 he died 1769, from the itone. His chief wuark 
 is his life of Socrates, in which he was affifted 
 by his friend Jackfon of Leicefter. He wrote 
 befides remarks on Warburton's edition of- 
 Pope's works, and tranflated the Ver Vert of 
 GrefTet. His ether works are, letters on tafte 
 a father's advice to his fon, Sec. 
 
 Cooper, Milts. lh: mmlfter of the epif- 
 copal chapel, Edinburgh, was educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and became prefident 
 of the college of New York. He died at 
 Edinburgh 1785. He pubKfhed a volume of 
 poems, befides a fermon, 8tc. 
 
 Coote, fir Eyre, an Englifh general, born 
 in 1726. He ferved in the rebellion of 1745, 
 and in 1754 left Ireland for India, where he 
 diilinguifhed himfelf at the reduction of Hugh- 
 ley and Chandenagore, at the battle of PlalLy, 
 and the fiege of Pondicherry His ferv;ci.s, 
 were acknowledged by the Eaft India- com- 
 pany, who voted him a diamond-hilted lword, 
 value 7C0I. In 1770 he was appointed com- 
 mander in chief, but refigned in eonfequence 
 of a difpute with the governor at Madras. 
 On his return to England he was made gcver- 
 vernor of fort St. George in Scotland ; and 
 afterwards went again to the eaft as commander 
 in chief. In July 1 781, he, with only 10,000' 
 j men, 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 ten, defeated HyJer's army, confuting of 
 150,000 men. The weak ftate of his health 
 did nut prevent his taking the field again, in 
 1783 ; but he funk under his complaints, and 
 two days after his arrival at Madras, lie died 
 1783. The Kail India company have erected 
 a monument to his memory in Weftminfter 
 abbey. 
 
 Cootwich. John, of Utrechr, is known 
 for his travels into the Eaft, and for the ac- 
 count of it which lie published, in Latin, 4to. 
 1619, containing many curious particulars. 
 
 Copernicus, Nicholas, a celebrated af- 
 tronomer, born at Thorn, in Pruffia, 1472. 
 He ftudied the learned languages at home, and 
 applied to philosophy and phytic at Cracovia. 
 Li his 23d year he let out for Italy, in learch 
 of knowledge ; and on his arrival at Rome he 
 was appointed profeffor of mathematics. After 
 fome years' abfence he returned home, and 
 began to apply his vaft knowledge to the exa- 
 mination of the Ptolemaic fyftem, then uni- 
 versally followed. The opinions of preceding' 
 philolbphers were weighed with judgment ; 
 but of all the fyftems of ancient times none 
 pleafed him lb much as that of Pythagoras, for 
 its beauty and iimplicity. After twenty years' 
 laborious ftudy, the cycles and epicycles of 
 former aftronomers were removed from the 
 machine of the univerfe, and the fun was in- 
 dependently placed in the center, to illumine 
 and govern the whole. But though convinced 
 of the truth of his hypothesis, the philofopher 
 yet dreaded the bigotry of the times. His 
 work lay long concealed, till his friends pre- 
 vailed upon him to publifh ; but a few hours 
 alter the tirft copy was brought to him, he 
 was feized with a violent effufion of blood, 
 which terminated his life 1543, in his 70th 
 year. This truly great man, who to a com- 
 prehenfive mind united the mild virtues and 
 the innocence of private life, was canon of 
 Worms. He was not only a mathematician, 
 but a painter, and it is faid that by the help of 
 a looking- glafs he drew an excellent picture of 
 himfelf. 
 
 Coy, Peter h, a Fremh. ecclefiaftic, born 
 at lis, near Caen, 1728. He became fupertor 
 of the Eudiltes, and remarkable for his piety 
 and Ivarning. He wrote letters on eccleliaiii- 
 cal difcipline, l2ino. treatih- on funds on 
 different kinds of properrv-r on the ufury of 
 commercial loam,, &c and died of a paralytic 
 ftroke. 
 
 Cogues, Gonzalo, a Flemifh painter, who 
 die-i 1684, aged 66. He imitated V 
 21 J .iiticularly exctlled in lull or leal conver- 
 fa'ions. His pi-ces in his life time were ea- 
 gerly fought by the princes of Germany, and 
 by Charles I. A remarkable clearnefs of 
 .. peared in the heads and hands of his 
 j'ictuns. 
 
 Coram, captain T/.omas, was born about 
 .:A bred to the tea. Prom feeing many 
 D expofed, his humanity pro:*;;-' 
 to relieve them: and to him we ewe the 
 
 Foundling hofpital, for which, after 17 years* 
 benevolent attention, he obtained a charter. 
 His charitable views were extended to Ame- 
 rica : he eftablifhed a place for the education 
 of Indian girls, and paved the way for a re- 
 conciliation between the natives and the fet- 
 His difregard for private economy, 
 whilft engaged in public good, reduced his 
 circumftances lb much, that he lived on the 
 benevolence of his friends, at the head of 
 whom was the prince of Wales. He died in 
 London 1751, aged 84, and was, according to 
 his defire, buried in the Foundling chapel. 
 
 Coras, "John de, a native of P.ealmont, 
 public profeffor of law at Touloule, at the age 
 of 18. He was afterwards profeffor at Angers, 
 Orleans, Paris, Padua, and Ferrara, and then 
 returned to Touloule, and became chancellor 
 to the queen of Navarre. He was imprifoned 
 for his adherence to the protertant religion, 
 and orders were lent from the king to put him 
 to death ; but while the parliament refilled the 
 arbitrary mandate, fome affaffins broke into 
 the prifon, and hiurdered him, with above 200 
 other prifoners, 1572. He wrote various 
 works on civil law. 
 
 Corbet, Join, a native of Gloucefter, 
 educated at Magdalen-hall, Oxford. He ob- 
 tained the living of Bramfhot, in Hampfhire, 
 from which he was ejected for nonconformity. 
 Fie died 1680. He is author of an hiflorical 
 relation of the military government of Glou- 
 cefter during the rebellion, 4to. befides felf- 
 employment in fecret, i2mo. 1681, a work of 
 merit. 
 
 Corbet, Richard, an Englifh poet and 
 divine, born at Ewell, in Surrey, and educated 
 at Weftminfler fchool and Chrift-church, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became dean, in 1620. In 
 1629 he was made bifhop ol Oxford, and in 
 1632 translated to Norwich. He died 1635. 
 After his death, his poems were publifhcd, 
 called Poetica ftromata. 
 
 Cordav u'Arm.-ins, Mary Anne Char- 
 lotte, a native of St. Saturnin, in Normandy. 
 She was brought up at Can, where her ac- 
 complifhments were feen and admired by Bel- 
 funce, the major of a regiment quartered in 
 the town. The murder of this favorite, by 
 ;, excited the vengeance of the youth- 
 ful heroine, and when fhe heard that he was 
 I with the name of confpirator, by 
 Marat, fhe haftened to Paris, determined to 
 facrifice to her refentment the man who had 
 lb fhamefully abufed the object of her affec- 
 tionj, and had defended the condemnation of 
 the deputies of merit and virtue in the con- 
 vention. She was refufed admittance at the 
 Louie of Marat ; but fhe obtained it by wri- 
 ting a letter, in which fhe informed him that 
 fhe wifhed to difclofed fecrets of importance; 
 and while the tyrant was engaged in converfa- 
 ti.ii with her, flie ftabbed him to the heart, 
 and he fell at her feet. Glorying in the deed, 
 fhe refufed to fly, and w.s dragged to the 
 revolutionary uibunal, where ihe heard the 
 
 fentence 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 fentenee of condemnation with compofure. 
 The ferenity and dignity of her features were 
 fo commanding, as lhe walked to the fcaffold, 
 that Adam Lux, a deputy from Mayence, 
 captivated by her beauty, requefted of the 
 bloody tribunal to follow her to death ; and he 
 had the lingular fatisfaclion of expiring by the 
 fame guillotine. Charlotte fuffered July 179.3. 
 She was 24 years and 9 months old ; and was, 
 it is faid, delcended by the female line from 
 Peter Corneille. 
 
 Cordemoi, Geraud le, a French academi- 
 cian, a great partifan of Defcartes' fyftem. 
 He died 1684, at an advanced age. He wrote 
 a general hiftory of France, during the two 
 firft races of kings, befides metaphyfical and 
 other traces, 4to. 
 
 Cordus, Euricius, a German phyfician and 
 poet, who died at Bremen IJ35. He was 
 "intimate with Erafmus and other learned men. 
 Befides Latin poems, he wrote botanolqgia, 
 and medical treatifes. 
 
 Cordus, Valerius, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at HefTe CalTel 1515. He ftudied 
 botany, and traverfed the mountains in Ger- 
 many, and vifited Padua, Pifa, and Florence ; 
 but receiving a dreadful kick from a hbrfe, he 
 d;ed in confequence of it, at Rome, 1554, 
 aged 29. He publifhed remarks on Diofco- 
 rides, 1561, fol. hiftoria ftirpium, 2 vols, 
 fol. &c. 
 
 Corelli, Arcanfdo, z famous mufician, 
 born at Fufignano, near Bologna, in 1653. 
 He preferred fecular to ecclefiaftical mufic, and 
 was fo fond of the violin, that he was confi- 
 dered as the firft performer on it in the world. 
 He died at Rome 1713, aged nearly 60. He 
 left his property, amounting to about 6000L 
 and his large collection of pictures, to his 
 great patron cardinal Ottoboni, who, with be- 
 coming benevolence, beftowed all the money 
 on the relations of the deceafed. Corelli is 
 considered as the author of new and original 
 harmonies, in a ftyle elegant and pathetic. 
 
 Corio, Bernardine, an hiftorian of Milan, 
 "employed by Sforza to write the hiftory of his 
 country ; but when the Milanefe was over-run 
 by the French, and himfelf taken priibner, he 
 died of grief, in 1500, aged 40. F.'s hiftory is 
 much efteemed. 
 
 Cornarius, or Haguenbot, John, a 
 German phyfician. He rejected tire prescrip- 
 tions of the Arabian phyficians, and reftored 
 the mode pra&ifed by the Greeks. He was 
 fifteen years engaged in tranflating the works 
 of Hippocrates, iEtius, &c. He practifed 
 with fuccefs at Frankfort, Marpurg, Jena, 
 &c. and died of an apoplexy 1558, agqd 58. 
 He wrote fome medical traits, &c. 
 
 Cornaro, Lewis, a Venetian, who died 
 at Padua 1565, more than 100 years old. He 
 wrote a treatife on the advantages of a tem- 
 iperate life, in his 81ft year; and in this little 
 book he ingenuoufly confefies the irregularities 
 of his younger years, and recommends to his 
 youthful readers the pradtice of regularity ad 
 
 temperance, by which he enjoyed all the com- 
 forts of lively fpirits and uninterrupted health. 
 In his reformed mode of living, he never took 
 more than 12 ounces of food and 14 of wine. 
 He wrote befides a treatife on waters, &c. 
 
 Cornaro, Helena Luaetia, a Venetian 
 lady, educated at the univerfity of Padua, 
 where (he took her degrees, and was made a 
 doctor, and received the title of unalterable. 
 She made a vow of perpetual celibacy, that 
 fhe might devote herfelfto literary purfuits; 
 and fo great was her reputation, that thofe 
 who travelled through Venice were more anx- 
 ious to fee her than all the curiolities of the 
 city. Her application haftened her death, 
 which happened in 168?, in her 38th year. 
 Her death was recorded by poetical effufions 
 from the learned of Europe, and an eloquent 
 oration was alio pronounced,. in which fhe was 
 celebrated as triumphing over three monfters, 
 pride, luxury, a"nd ignorance. She wrote no- 
 thing, though capable to inftrucl mankind by 
 her pen. 
 
 Corneille, Peter, a celebrated French 
 poet, born at Rouen 1606. He was brought 
 up to the bar; which he abandoned as not 
 congenial to his genius. His firft play was 
 Melite, a comedy, which originated in an af- 
 fair of gallantry ; but fo great was its popula- 
 rity, that Corneille was encouraged to con- 
 tribute more liberally to the public amufe- 
 ment. His next piece was Medea, a tragedy ; 
 and, after many others, appeared the Cid, in 
 1637, his chef d'eeuvre, a tragedy, which drew 
 againft him the obloquy of rival wits and un- 
 fuccefsful poets, among whom was even Riche- 
 lieu himfelf, though he had granted a penfion 
 to the author. Corneille died 1684, aged 79. 
 He was a man of great merit in private lifat, 
 liberal, humane, and devout, and rather of a 
 melancholy turn of mind. His poetical works 
 are among the lublioaeft effufions of the French 
 mufe. 
 
 Corneille, Thomas, a French poet, bro- 
 ther to the preceding. Though inferior to his 
 brother, yet his phys pofreffed merit. They 
 were publifhed with thofe of his brother 1 73 8, 
 in 11 vols. i2mo. He tranflated alio Ovid's 
 metamorphofes, and fome of the epiftles and 
 wrote remarks on Vaugelas a dictionary of 
 arts, 2 vols. fol. &c. He died 1709, aged 84. 
 
 Corneille, Michael, a painter, bjrn at 
 Paris 1642, travelled to Rome to improve 
 himfelf. He ftudied the antique, in which he 
 equalled the Caracci. He was, however, de- 
 ficient in coloring. On his return to Paris, 
 his pencil was employed in adorning the noble 
 edifices of Verfailles and Trianon. He died 
 at Paris 1 708. 
 
 Cornelisz, Lucas, a painter of Leyden, 
 chief painter to Henry VIII. of England. His 
 portraits of the conftables of Queenborough- 
 caftle, from Edward III. to his time, are pre- 
 ferved at Penfhurft, in Kent. 
 
 Cornelisz, James, a Dutch painter, of 
 
 the 1 6th century. His picture on the defcent 
 
 6 frcm 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 from the crofs, preferved at Amfterdam, is 
 much admired. 
 
 Cornelisz, Cornelius, of Haerlem, was 
 eminent as a painter. His deluge is cele- 
 brated. . 
 
 Corneto, Adrian, an Italian, fent as le- 
 gate to Henry VII. who bellowed on him the 
 bishopries of Hereford and Bath and Wells. 
 He was next legate in France, and was made 
 a cardinal by Alexander VI. The pope, who 
 knew and dreaded his abilities, determined to 
 poifon him at a fupper ; but fell himfelf a 
 victim to his own diabolical purpoics. Cor- 
 neto left Rome on the fuccefiion of Julius II. 
 but though recalled by Leo X. he again went 
 into exile, where he Hied. He was author of 
 a learned treatife de fermone latino & de 
 vera philofophia, &c. and was one of the zeal- 
 ous reilorers of the purity of the Latin lan- 
 guage. 
 
 Cornwallis, fir Charles, employed by 
 James I. as his ambaflador in Spain, wrote the 
 life of Henry prince of Wales, to whom he 
 had been (ecretary ; and died about 1630. 
 
 Cornwallis, Charles marquis, an Englifh 
 general, born 1738. He, in 1758, obtained 
 a captain's commiJfion in the light infantry, 
 and in 1761 was aid-de-camp to the marquis 
 of Granby, and went to Germany till the con- 
 clufion of the campaign. He fucceeded in 
 1762 as earl Cornwallis, and three years after 
 was made aid-de-camp to the king, and one 
 of die lords of the bed chamber. He obtained 
 the 33d regiment of foot in 1766, and two 
 years after married mils Jones, a lac'y of large 
 fortune, who died of a broken he; rt, when 
 unable to dhTuade him from his attendance in 
 the campaigns againft the Americans. In the 
 new world he difplayed great fpirit. The 
 feizure of Philadelphia was followed by the 
 reduction of South Carolina, and by the defeat 
 of Gates, with an inferior force ; but thefe 
 advantages were tarnifhed by the furrender of 
 the whole army at York-town, 1781, to the 
 Americans. Though this proved fo difaftrous 
 to the Britim intereft, lord Cornwallis was 
 never blamed for want of cburage, or fagacity. 
 In 1790, he went out as governor of Britiih 
 India, where he defeated Tippoo, who made 
 peace by yielding part of his dominions. Lord 
 Cornwallis, after a~ mild and vigorous admi- 
 niflration in India, returned to Europe, and 
 was created a marquis. His next employment 
 was the government of Ireland, where he de- 
 flroyed rebellion, and captured an invading 
 enemy in the very bofom of the country, and, 
 by the mod temperate meafures, reftored con- 
 fidence and harmony, where diftruit and mu- 
 tual hatred had long reigned with impunity. 
 After completing the union between the two 
 kingdoms, lord Cornwallis returned to England, 
 foon to negociate the flort-lived peace of 
 Amiens. In 1805 he accepted azain the -go- 
 vernment of India, where trie pacific meafures 
 of his former adminiftration were fo much I 
 ^dmi/cd. He was no fooner arrired at Cal- I 
 
 cutta, than he fet out on a vifit to the northern 
 provinces. Confinement in a boat, without 
 regular exercife, and the heat of the wea- 
 ther, produced fuch debility, that he was at 
 lad obliged to ftop at Ghazepore, above 1000 
 miles above Calcutta, where he expired 5th of 
 October, 1805. His remains were interred 
 at Ghazepore, and every mark of refpect paid 
 to his memory. 
 
 Coronelli, Vincent, a Venetian geogra- 
 pher, cofmographer to the French king. He 
 founded an academy of cofmography at Venice, 
 where he died 1718. He publifhed above 
 4c geographical charts, &c. much valued. 
 
 Corregio, Antonio da, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born at Corregio, near Modena. Fid. 
 Allegri. 
 
 Corsini, Edward, a monk, who died of 
 an apoplexy at Pila in 1765, where he was 
 profeflor of philofophy. He was a man of 
 great erudition, and publifhed fome valuable 
 works in criticifm, philology, and literature ; 
 the chief are, philofophical and mathematical 
 inftitutions, 6 vols. 8vo* a courfe of geome- 
 trical elements, a vols 8vo the fafti of the 
 archons of Athens, 4 vols. 4to. Sec. 
 
 Cort, Cornelius, an engraver, born at 
 Hoorn, in Holland. He travelled into Italy, 
 and fettled at Rome, where he died 1578, 
 aged 42. His engravings are excellent, the 
 very bed ever produced in Holland, amounting 
 to 151. 
 
 Cort esi, William, a French painter, who 
 fludied at Rome, and was employed by Alex- 
 ander VIII. He died 1679, aged 51. 
 
 Cortesi, Giovanna, a painuefs of Flo- 
 rence, who died 1736, aged 66. Her minia- 
 tures are admired. 
 
 Cortez, Ferdinand, the conqueror of 
 Mexico, was born at Medellin in Eftramadura 
 1485. He quitted the ftudy of belles lettres, 
 and of the law, for arms, and he, in 1504, 
 went to Hifpaniola, where one of his relations 
 was governor. In an expedition to Cuba in 
 15 1 1, he difplayed fuch bravery, that Velaf- 
 quez, the governor, entrufted him with the 
 command of the fleet deftined to make new 
 difcoveries on the continent. In Ijl8 he 
 failed from San-Jago, in Cuba, with 11 fin all 
 veiTels, on board of which were embarked 61 f 
 men, foldiers and Jailors, with 18 hortes and 
 10 field pieces, but only 13 firelocks. With j 
 this fmall force he landed at Tabnfco, which 
 he took after dreadful flaughter, and advancing 
 to St. Juan de Ulva, he was met by the am- 
 bafTadors of Montezuma, the king of Mexico, | 
 who bv entreaties and prefents folicited him 
 to ceafe from his enterprize, and not penetrate 
 into the country. Cortez knew the terror 
 which his arms infpired ; the fire of his artil- 
 lery was compared to the thunder of the hea- 
 vens, the horfes on which the Spaniards rufhed 
 to the battle were unknown and irrefirtible 
 monflers, and the huge vefiels which, floating 
 on the ocean, had brought thefe lhangers. 
 all fuch extraordinary objects in the eyei of 
 
COR 
 
 COR 
 
 the fuperftitious Indians, that the Spaniards 
 were regarded as more than human beings. 
 After building a fmall fort at Vera-Cruz, and 
 burning his (hips to infpire his followers with 
 confidence, Cortez advanced through the pro- 
 vinces to the capital of Mexico, fupported by 
 the co-operation of fome tribes which were 
 diflatisfied with Montezuma. With only JOO 
 men badly armed, and 15 horfes, he defeated 
 the Tlafcalans, who difputed his progrefs, and 
 after rewarding the hofpitality of the inhabit- 
 ants of Cholula with rapine and (laughter, he 
 preSented himfelf at the gates of Mexico. He 
 was received with great pomp by Montezuma, 
 but though treated with confidence, Cortez 
 adled with duplicity, and Seizing the peribn of 
 the monarch, he compelled him to acknow- 
 ledge himfelf the vafTal of Spain. Thus 
 ablblute in Mexico, Cortez foon heard that 
 Velafquez had fent an expedition under Nar- 
 vaez, to bring him back in chains to Cuba ; 
 but no ways difmayed, he left one of his 
 officers Alvarado, governor of the capital, and 
 haftened to Vera Cruz. He furprifed and 
 defeated Narvaez, and by his conciliating con- 
 duct he converted his enemies into friends, and 
 returned to Mexico fupported by thole who 
 came to deftroy his hopes. In his abfence 
 Alvarado had been guilty of excefles towards 
 the natives, and inftead of fubmiflion, Cortez 
 found hoftility. Unable to quell the tumult, 
 he caufed Montezuma, arrayed in his royal 
 robes, to appear before his Subjects, but the 
 Mexicans disregarded their captive monarch, 
 who during the battle received a mortal wound. 
 The Spaniards retired from Mexico, and tho' 
 half of their little army was deitroyed, they de- 
 termined on revenge. On his way to Tlafcala, 
 Cortez was met by an army of the natives, 
 whom he defeated with dreadful (laughter ; 
 and after recruiting his forces with 550 infan- 
 try and 40 horfes, and a number of allies from 
 Tlafcala, and other towns, he marched back to 
 Mexico, December 15x0. The conqueft of 
 Texcuco, the fecond city pf the empire, was 
 followed by the fiege of Mexico, which the 
 new Sovereign Guatimozin, the nephew ot 
 Montezuma, ably defended. The artillery of 
 the Spaniards however prevailed over the fee- 
 ble weapons of the Indians, and after three 
 months' refiftance, Guatimozin was Seized in a 
 canoe attempting to elcape on the lake, and 
 his captivity was followed by the fall of the 
 capital, and of the Mexican empire. Above 
 aoo,ooo Indians made their immediate fub- 
 miflxon to thofe few bold adventurers ; but 
 they were not fatisfied with the immenfe trea- 
 sures of the city, and the unfortunate monarch 
 was expofed to tortures, to confefs where the 
 riches of Montezuma were depofited. It was 
 at this dreadful moment when the monarch 
 lay expofed with one of his minifters to the 
 fury of burning coals, that he heard the cry 
 which the poignancy of his fufferings, and not 
 the wifh of making a difcovery, extorted from 
 bis favorite, and looking at him with an air of 
 
 upbraiding indignation, he exclaimed, " what ! 
 am I on a bed of rofes." Guatimozin was 
 laved from the flames to be (hot by his perfe- 
 cutors, with fome of his minifters, on a charge. 
 of confpiracy. Mafter of a populous empire, 
 Cortez, though avaricious, displayed the cha- 
 racter of a beneficent governor. Mexico, 
 which had been deitroyed during the fiege, 
 rofe from ruins, and in 1529 aflumed the form 
 of the nobleft of European cities. In the mean 
 time the conqueror was an object of envy at 
 home, and he was recalled to give an account 
 of his conduct. As he had the good fortune 
 to procure the favor of his Sovereign, and a 
 grant of enlarged powers. When he prefied 
 to Charles V. for an audience, and was afked 
 who he was, the bold adventurer replied, " I 
 am the man who has given you more pro- 
 vinces than your father left you towns." Be- 
 sides the dignity of marquis, the conqueror of 
 Mexico^eceived the grant of large domains in 
 New Spain, and after vifiting his conquefts in 
 1530, and continuing there Some years, he 
 returned to Europe, and died in his native 
 country 1554, aged 63. He left Several legi- 
 timate children, and Some befides by his two 
 Indian miftrelTes, one of whom was a daughter 
 of Montezuma. Great and heroic as Cortez 
 appears, he deferves the execration oS pofte- 
 rity for the cruelties which he exerciSed on 
 the inoffenfive nitives. It was not only on 
 pretence of extorting their riches that thefe 
 wretched men were expoSed to persecution 
 and death, but the moil cruel methods were 
 purSued to convert them to chriftianity by 
 men who in every action of life violated the 
 precepts of the gofpel. On one occafion fixty 
 caciques and above 400 leading men were 
 committed to the flames, and ^o horrid were 
 the practices of thefe fierce conquerors, that 
 as they expired, the Indians indignantly re- 
 jedted the promil'es of another and a happier 
 life, when they heard that ths regions of 
 paradife were to contain their unfeeling mux* 
 derers. 
 
 Corti, Matthew, of Pavia, profefTor of 
 phyfic there and at PiSa and Padua. Clement 
 VII. appointed him his phyfician, and after his 
 death he fettled at PiSa, where he died 1544, 
 aged 69. He wrote treatiles, dp curandis ffe- 
 bribus de vena? fe&ione, &c. 
 
 Coryate, Tborkas, Son of. a clergyman, 
 born at Odcombe, Somerfetlhire, 1577. He 
 ftudied for three years at Gloucefter hall, 
 Oxford, and then was in the family of Henry 
 prince of Wales, where he was the whetftone 
 of the wits of thofe times. In 1608, he 
 travelled through France, Italy, and Germany, 
 &c. and publifhed an account of his adventures, 
 called Crudities, in 4to. The work was re- 
 commended by the verfes of Ben J onfon, 
 Ioigo Jones, Donno^ Drayton, and others, and 
 So pleaSed was the author with his fuccefs; that 
 he fet out in l6iz to vifit Constantinople, 
 the coafts of Afu Minor, Egypt, and all the 
 Levant, Perfia, and the dominions of the 
 S % mogul. 
 
CCS 
 
 COS 
 
 raogtil. He was attacked at Surat, in the F.aft 
 Indies, by a flux, which carried him ofFi6i7. 
 Coryate was not devoid of underftanding ; but 
 his affectation ex poled him to the ridicule of 
 the wits of the age, and turned the belt inten- 
 tions into levity :md contempt. 
 
 Cosikrs, Job.-;, a painter, of Antwerp, 
 ' 1 603, patroniled by many crowned heads. 
 His hiftorical pieces deferred univerftl com- 
 mendation. 
 
 Cosimo, Andrew and Pder, Italian pain- 
 ters, of wliom the firft excelled in the claro- 
 obicuro, and the other in ludicrous pieces. 
 Peter died 152 1, aged 80, of a paralytic 
 ltroke. 
 
 Co six, 'John, a prelate, born in Norwich 
 1/94, and educated at the free l'chool there, 
 and at CVms college, Cambridge. He was 
 patroniled by Overall, bilhop of Lichfield, and 
 by Neal, bilhop of Durham, who gave him a 
 proband, and the rich rectory of Branfpeth. 
 His collection of private devotions, drawn up 
 at the requeft of Charles I. and his intimacy 
 with Laud, drew upon him the ceniures of the 
 puritans. In 1634 he was elected mafter of 
 Peterhoufe. and" in 1640 was made dean of 
 Peterborough. He was deprived by a vote 
 of the houfe, of all his preferments, and two 
 years after expelled from the Tnalterfhip of 
 Peterhoufe, on an accufation of ecclefuftical 
 ieverity. Upon this he left the kingdom, and 
 relided at Paris, where he was afiifted by a 
 imaU penfion from queen Henrietta. At the 
 rertoraticn he was railed to the fee of Dur- 
 ham, and employed himfelf in repairing and 
 beautifying the cathedrai and the p?.lace, and 
 in erecting fchools and hcfpit.iis. During the 
 si years in which be was at Durham, he 
 fpent not lefsthan aoool. a year in charitable 
 ufes. H'e died of a pectoral droply, 167a, 
 aged 78. He left many legacies for chari Sable 
 purpofes by his will. The variops books 
 which he wrote difplay much learning, ioliri 
 judgment, and extenlive information. 
 
 Cos me, 'John Bafeillac, an eminent litho- 
 tomift. His infiram'ent for dividing the neck 
 of the Madder, though once approved by the 
 faculty, is now neglected.. His forceps -for 
 breaking (tones in the bladder was once in 
 general ufe ; and iuch was his celebrity, that 
 the furgeons, through jealoufy, prevailed upoa 
 the French, king to banifh him. He died at 
 Paris 1786, aged 79. , 
 
 Cosmo I. ion of John de Medici, was 
 born in 15 19. When his coufin Alexander 
 was murdered, he procured his election to the 
 funreme authority of the ftate ; and he be- 
 haved with fuch fagacity, that all. the Confpi- 
 racies formed Ifainft his perfon proved abor- 
 tive. He allifted the emperor in 15 53, in the 
 reduction of Sienna, wh'ch whs annexed to 
 his own territories by Philip II. and, in 1569, 
 he was railed by Piu? V. to the title of grand 
 duke of Tufcany. Cofmo, the judicious pa- 
 tron oi literature, re-eftablifhed the univcrfity 
 cf'Piii, and promoted the . -.1 him- 
 
 felf unhappy in his family. His fon Jona, 
 who was a cardinal, was fecretly ftabb>d by 
 his brother Garcia, who pretended ignorano* 
 of the foul deed. The father fufpected the 
 inhuman fon ; and when he confefled it, he,- 
 in a fit of paffion, ftabbed him with the f.-.me 
 dagger which had robbed him of his other fon. 
 This tragic fcene lb. affected the mother, that 
 fhe died a few days after, a victim to fiient 
 grief. Cofmo died 1574. 
 
 Cosmo II. grandfon of the firft Cofmo, 
 fucceeded 1609, and difplay ed the virtues of 
 a benevolent prince, eager to advance the hap- 
 pinefs of his people, and to cultiv.e litera- 
 ture. He died J.621. 
 
 Cosmo III. fucceeded 1670. He married 
 the daughter of the duke of Orleans, fronv 
 whom he was afterwards divorced ; and he 
 annexed to his other dignities the title of royal 
 highnefs. He is represented as fo fuperftitiou? 
 that he took orders for the privilege of diluting 
 the handkerchief which, according to monkifh. 
 traditions, our Saviour gave to Veronica, inv 
 prefTed with his own image. Cofmo was 3 
 liberal patron of letters, and particularly at- 
 tached to the ftudy of chemiftry. He was 
 one of the richeft lovereigns of Europe, and 
 died 1723, after a reign of 54 years. His- 
 fon, John Gcfton, died 1737, without iflue ; 
 and the fovereignty of Florence defcended to 
 the queen of Spain, as fprurg from the fecond 
 Cofmo; and fhe exchanged it with France 
 for the kingdom of the two Sicilies, beftowed 
 on her fon don Carlos. 
 
 Cossk', Charles de, matjhal ds Brrjac, * 
 French general, born at Anjou. He was dif- 
 tinguifhed in the wars of Italy and Piedmont, 
 and at the fiege of Perpignan 154 1. Thar 
 French king fent him as ambaffador to 
 Charles V. and afterwards made him, in 
 1550, marfhalof the kingdom, &c. His faga- 
 city ai a general was fo confpicuous, that fa- 
 veral princes placed themfelvei under him as 
 in a fchool of honor, where the tactics of war 
 could beft be learned. He died at Paris 
 1563, aged 57. He was of fuch integrity, 
 that when the government refuted to pay the 
 debts contracted by the army, he fold part of 
 his eitatesto fatisfy the juft demand. 
 
 Costanzo, Angtlo di, born at Naplet 
 1507, after 53 years of labor, published an 
 hjftory of his native city in Italian, folio. He 
 was alfo a poet, and his fonnets and other 
 pieces were collected in iamo. He died at a 
 very advanced age, about 159. 
 
 Costard, George, an hnglifh fcholar,born 
 about 1710. He was fellow and tutor of 
 Wadham college, and in 1:764 obtained the 
 vicarage of Twickenham. He died 178a. 
 He wrote 15 different treatifes chiefly on aftro- 
 nomical fubjects, and on the book of Job. 
 
 Coster, Lwwrcuce, an inhabitant of 
 Haerlem, fuppofed by the Dutch to be the 
 inventor of printing, about 1430. The beft 
 authorities however fupport that the art of 
 printing was firft invented atMayence, though 
 MeerpuM 
 
COT 
 
 COU 
 
 Meerman of Rotterdam, with graat erudition, 
 maintains the claims of his countryman. 
 Colter died 144O. 
 
 Costha, Ben Ltrca, a chriftian philcfopher 
 of Balbec, in the 250th year of the hegira. 
 tie tranflated feveral Greek books into Arabic, 
 and wrote ibme original works on phytic, 
 aftronomy, and mathematics. 
 
 Cotelerius, John Baptijt, a learned 
 Frenchman, who, at the age of 12, was able to 
 conitrue the new teftament in Greek and the 
 old in Hebrew, at the firft opening of the 
 book. He was profefTor of Greek, and pub- 
 lifhedthe works of all the fathers of the apof- 
 tolic age, with a new tranflation and notes, 2 
 vols. fol. 1672. He publiftved'befides, monu- 
 ments ecclefiaj Grascae, &c. He .died of an 
 .inflammatory ditbrder in his breaft, in his 
 59th year, 1686. 
 
 Cotes, Roger, an Englifh mathematician 
 and aftrologer, born at Burbach, Leicefter- 
 fljire. He was educated at Leicefter fchool 
 and St. Paul's, London, and at Trinity col-. 
 :lege, Cambridge. Tn 1706 he was made. 
 Plumian profefTor of aftronomy, and in 1713 
 took orders, and publifhed Newton's mathe- 
 matics principia,with the improvements of the 
 author, with an excellent preface. He alfo 
 wrote a defctiption of the great fiery meteor 
 feen March 16, 1716. This rifing genius 
 d'ed at the age of 33, 1716, to the regret of 
 the univerfity, and of every lover of (Hence and 
 goodnefs His . harmonia menfurarum was 
 publifhed in 172a, 4to. 
 
 Cotes, Francis, an Englifli painter in oil 
 -and crayons. He died 1770, aged 45. 
 
 Cotiv, Charles, a i-rench writer, who 
 died at Paris 1682. He was an eloquent 
 preacher, and a refpectable pr<?fe writer and 
 poet. He is known more for the feverity of 
 Boileau and M-oliere's fatires againft him, than 
 his own excellence. 
 
 Cotta, 'John, a Latin poet, born near 
 Verona. He was made prifoner by the French 
 at Ghiara d'Adda, in 1509, and died 151 1, at 
 Viterbo, of a peftilential fever, aged 28. 
 He wrote epigrams and orations. 
 
 Cotte, Robert de, an architect, of Paris. 
 His genius was difplayed in adorning the pub- 
 lic buildings of Paris, the palaces of Verfailles 
 and St. Denys, and the colcnade of the Tria- 
 non. The chief beauties of his works were 
 lightnefs, elegance, and delicacy. -He died at 
 Paris 1735. 
 
 Cotteuel, fir Charles, groom-porter to 
 James I. and mailer of the requefts to Charles 
 II. : was well {killed in modern languages. 
 During the exile of his mafter, he tranflated 
 Caflandra, the famed romance, and was con- 
 cerned in the tranflation of Davila's civil wars 
 of France. 
 
 Cottington, Francis lord, an able mi- 
 nifter of Charles I. employed for fome time 
 as an amba(T<.dor in Spain. On the breaking 
 cot of the civil wars he left this country for 
 Spain, where he died, at Valladofcd, about 
 ; 6ji, aged 77. 
 
 C'OTTOf.' r Gr Coton, iV/*'*, a Jefu'rt, bojrn 
 at Neronde, near the Loire, diftinguifhed for 
 his zeal in converting heretics. .He was con- 
 feflbrto Henry IV. of France, and pofTefTed 
 fo much of his confidence, that it was raid the 
 king was good, but that he had cotton in his 
 ears. Cotton refufed ah archbjfhoprie and a 
 cardinal's hat, and died 1626, aged 63. He 
 wrote fermons, befides controverfial and divi- 
 nity trails. 
 
 Cotton, fir Robert Bruce, an eminent 
 Engjiih antiquary, ,born at Denton, Hunting- 
 donfhire, 1 170. He Was of Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and" was knighted by James I. 
 who relpecled his abilities, and alio employed 
 his pen on feveral occasions. At James's re- 
 quest he vindicated the character of Mary" 
 queen at' Scots, and defended the 5 ecclefiaitica! 
 inftitution againft the innovations of the puri- 
 tans. On the creation of baronets in i/ur, 
 fir Robert Cotton appeared as the thirty-fixth 
 in the new dignity. In the fucceeding reign, 
 he joined the commons in the cry for. the 
 redrefs of grievances, and in 1629, he became 
 an object of parfecution to the court." A 
 manufcript, " which," it is faid, " laid down a 
 plan how the kings of England might opprefs 
 the liberties of their fubjetts," &c. was lenf 
 out of his library, and being laid before the 
 privy council, produced his arreit, and the 
 feizure of his valuable property. Sir Robert 
 with difficulty extricated himfelf, but the 
 treatment he received in fome degree under- 
 mined his conftitution, and broke his heart. 
 He died of a fever, at Weftminfter, 1631, 
 aged upwards of 60 years. Sir Robert w-is an 
 able antiquarian, and the friend and patron of 
 men of learning. He is paiticularly entitled 
 to the admiration of pofterity for the valuable 
 library which now remains for the information 
 of the public, an immortal proof of his muni- 
 ficence, and indefatigable zeal in the caufe of 
 fcience and of mankind. That his purfuits 
 were directed to fuch objec'ts was a happy cir- 
 cumftance. In his time many records and 
 important rnanufcripts plundered from the 
 dillblved monafteries were Scattered with pro- 
 fane indifference^ and lome friendly hand was 
 wanted to collect them for the information of 
 the learned. This valuable collection was 
 depofited in the 'Britifh mufeum in 1753. 
 
 Cotton, Charles, born in Staffordshire, 
 is known for his burlefque verfes and ludicrous ' 
 poetry, in the reign of Charles and James II. 
 He tranflated with great fpirit Montaigne's 
 eflays, inferibed to lord halinrx. He alfo 
 publifhed the wonders of the peak in Derby- 
 shire Virgil traveftied Lucian burlefqued, 
 &c. He died about the time of the revolution, 
 
 Coudrette, Chrijlofihe-, a French eccle- 
 fiaftic, ftrongly attached to the partlfans of the 
 Port Royal againft the Jefuits. He oppofed 
 the papal bull unigenitus, for which he was 
 lent to the Baftile for twelve months, in 1738. 
 He died at Paris, 1774. He wrote memoires, 
 % vols, ixmo. hiftoire & analyfe du livre de 
 S 3 l'a&ion 
 
cou 
 
 C6V 
 
 Faction de Dieu, &c. His chief woik is the 
 hiftory of the Jefurt6, pi 4 vols. lamo. 1761, 
 &c. 
 
 Covel, John, an English divine, born at 
 Honingfhearth, Suffolk, 1638, and educated 
 at St. Edmundlbury,and Chrift college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was chaplain to the embafTy at 
 Constantinople, where he continued for feven 
 years. On his return he was presented to the 
 living of Littlebury, in Eflex, and in 1687 
 made chancellor pf York, and the next year 
 mailer of Chrift college, Cambridge. He 
 died in 1722, aged 85. During his refidence 
 at the Porte, he devoted himfelf to the exa- 
 mination of the ancient and -prefent ftate of 
 the Greek church ; and he gave a curious and 
 ufeful publication on the fubject, in folio. 
 
 Coverdale, Miles, a native of Yorkfhu-e, 
 educated at Cambridge. From a friar he 
 became a proteftant, and was made biihop of 
 Exeter by Edward VI. Under Mary, he 
 was ejected from his fee, but at Elizabeth's 
 acceflion, he declined to re-afiume his biihopric, 
 as his principles were now puritanical. He 
 died poor, but reflected, 1567, aged 81. He 
 affifted William Tindal in the Englifh verfion 
 pjf the bible in 1537, and corrected it after- 
 wards in the edition of 1540, with notes. 
 
 Coulon, Lev/it, a French prieft, who 
 died 1664. His geographical works are greatly 
 efteemed, efpecially his hiftorical treatife of all 
 the rivers in France, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Couplet, Philip, a Jefuit, of Marines, 
 who went as miffionary to China in 1659, anc * 
 returned in 1680. He died on his fecond 
 voyage to the fame place, 1693. His Confu 
 cius Sinarum philofophus, 1687, folio, is a va- 
 luable and curious work. 
 
 Courayer,?^ Francis, a French divine, 
 born at Vernon, Normandy, 1681. He pub- 
 Iilhed his " defence of Englifh ordinations," 
 printed in Holland, 1727, a book which ex- 
 jjofed him to the perfecution of the catholics ; 
 fo that he took refuge in England, where the 
 univerfity of Oxford granted him a doctor's 
 degree, and the crown a penfion. He died 
 in 1776, after two days' illnefs, at the age of 
 95. He died in the faith of the catholic church, 
 though at Ealing, where he refided, he at- 
 tended the Englifh fervice regularly, declaring 
 he received great fatisfaction in the prayers of 
 the church. He wrote Paul's hiftory of the 
 council of Trent, 2 vols. fol. dedicated to queen 
 Caroline, who railed his penfion from iool. to 
 aocl.- Sleidan's hiftory of the reformation. 
 
 Court de Geuelin, Anthony, a native 
 of Nifmes, proteftant min'ifter at Laui'anne. 
 He wrote monde primitif, compared with the 
 monde moderne, in 9 vols. 4to. a work of 
 merit and great erudition. He wrote befides, 
 the hiftory of the war des Cevcnrtes, 3 vols. 
 I2mo. &c. He died at Paris, 1784, aged 59. 
 
 Court en, William, fon of a taylor at 
 Meninx, in the Netherlands, efcaped with 
 difficulty from the tyranny of Alva, and in 
 Xj68 reached London, where he fettled. His 
 
 bufinefs was the making of French hoods, lit 
 thofe days in great reputation, and by induftry, 
 the Courten family foincreafed their property, 
 that at the death of the father and mother 
 they were opulent merchants in the trade of 
 filkand fine linen. In 1631, their returns are 
 averaged at 1 jO.oool. a year ; and fo highly 
 refpected, that William and Peter received 
 the honor of knighthood. Under the ma- 
 nagement of fir William, the concerns of the 
 company were fo encreaied, that by their 
 loans to James I. and to Charles I. the firm 
 of Courten had a claim u^on the crown of not 
 lefs than aoo,cool. The concerns of this 
 extraordinary family were, however, leffened 
 by the intrigues of lord Carlifle, who feized the 
 ifland of Barbadoe , where fir William had 
 fettled a factory, as on a place which had been 
 difcovered by his own fhips, and been protedtetf 
 at his own expence. His property likewife 
 fuffered by the murder of his factors at 
 Amboyna, by the Dutch. He now engaged 
 with new ardor in the Chinefe trade ; but tha 
 lofs of two lhips richly laden completed his 
 difafters, and reduced him to poverty. He 
 furvived not long this heavy lofs. He died 
 1636, aged 64. 
 
 Courten, William, the laft male de- 
 fendant of the family juft mentioned, was 
 born in Fenchurch parifh, Tendon, 1642. 
 Though his father, in confequence of his in- 
 folvency, left the kingdom in 1643, and never 
 again faw his fon, yet he was, it is imagined, 
 educated under the eye of thofe many rich 
 relatives which remained te him in England. 
 He early began to travel, and at Montpellier, 
 fo congenial to his ftudies, he cultivated the 
 acquaintance of learned men, particularly of 
 Touiefort, and of fir Hans Sloane. During 
 his minority, a perfon of the name of George 
 Carew had obtained letters of adminiftration, 
 and when he fued for the reftitution of his 
 property, the arts of the ufurper, who was a 
 lawyer and a courtier, prevailed over the 
 fimplicity of the petitioner. Carew prevailed 
 in his intrigues, and Courten not only gave up 
 all claims to his paternal eftates, but exchange*! 
 his family name, and, under the appellation of 
 William Charleton, he retired to his favorite 
 Montpellier. Afterwards returning to Eng- 
 land, he lived in chambers at the Temple, and 
 died at Kenfington Gravel-pits, 1702, aged 
 63. Mr. Courten began early to make a 
 collection of whatever was curious, important, 
 and remarkable, in medallic and antiquarian 
 hiftory ; and not lefs than 38 vols, in fol. and 
 8 in 4to. remain as proofs of his great induftry. 
 His curious collection was purchafed in 1 763, 
 and depofited in the Britilh mufeum. The 
 fum paid by the public was 20,oool. which 
 equals fcarce the value of the coins and pre- 
 cious ftones. 
 
 CourtivrON, Gafpard marquis de, a na- 
 tive of Dijon, who died 1785, aged 70. He 
 was wounded in the campaigns of Bavaria, 
 while exerting himfelf to fave the life of mar* 
 
 (ha) 
 
cou 
 
 cow 
 
 mal Saxe. He wrote a treatife on optics, 4to. 
 and other works. 
 
 Courtney, William, archbifhop of Can- 
 terbury, was educated at Oxford, and owed 
 his elevation to the confequence of his family. 
 When 28, he was made bifhep of Hereford, 
 and afterwards tranflated to London, where 
 he fummoned before him the great Wickliffe, 
 1377. The re f ormer was on this occafion 
 attended by his friends John of Gaunt and lord 
 Percy, who treated the prelate with fuch alpe- 
 rity, that a tumult was excited among the citi- 
 zens of London. Courtney was made chan- 
 cellor 138 1, and afterwards raifed to the fee 
 of Canterbury. He was a violent perfecutor 
 of the Wickliffites, and died at Maidftone 
 1396, aged SS* 
 
 Courtois, James, a native of Franche 
 Compte, eminent as a painter, and called le 
 Bourgnignon. He was in the French cam- 
 paigns of Italy, and delineated the battles in 
 which he had been prelent. The fudden death 
 of his wife, of whom he was known to be very 
 jealous, threw upon him the falfe accufation of 
 having murdered her; in confequence of which 
 calumny he entered into the order of the 
 Jefuits. He died 1676, aged 55. 
 
 Courtois, William, brother of the pre- 
 ceding, was patronized by Alexander VII. 
 His pieces were much admired, efpecially his 
 battle of Joihua. He died J 673, aged 45. 
 
 Cousin, John, a French painter, born at 
 Succy, near Sens, well (killed in mathematics. 
 He wrote on geometry and perfpective, and 
 chiefly excelled in painting on glals. Many 
 Specimens of his fkill in painting exift in the 
 churches of Sens anii Paris, and efpecially in 
 St. Gervafe's church. He was living in 1689 ; 
 but the time of his death is uncertain. 
 
 Couston, Nicholas, fculptor to the French 
 king, was born at Lyons, and died at Pam 
 1733, a g e d IS- His pieces adorn the palaces 
 of Paris, Verfailles, and Marly. His Corn- 
 modus in the character of Hercules is particu- 
 larly admired. 
 
 Couthon, Georges, a native of Orfay, 
 brought up to the bar. At the revolution, he 
 difplayed the moft ferocious and vindictive 
 conduct. He afllfted in the deftruction of the 
 monarchy, and the death of the king ; and 
 afterwards, as the friend of Rebefpierre, he 
 recommended the adoption of the moft atro- 
 cious meafures. In his zeal, he proclaimed 
 death to tyrants, and peace to the cottage, and 
 whhed that kings might no longer have an 
 earth to fupport, nor a fun to enlighten them. 
 When fent to Lyons, he flruck with a ham- 
 mer the columns of the nobleft edifices, ex- 
 claiming, " Down, ye monuments of pride, I 
 condemn you to deftruction." His favage 
 conduct was fo well known, that once com- 
 plaining of thirft, during a long debate in the 
 convention, one of the members obferved, he 
 ought to have a cup full of blood. The fall of 
 Robefpierre was his own. He was guillotined 
 J7S>4. Though of fo ferocious a newt, the 
 
 features of his countenance were pleafing ; but 
 his body was deformed, and the convention 
 permitted him to fit while fpeaking. 
 
 Couvreur, Adrianne le, a French actrefs. 
 Her beft character was Phaedra. She died 
 1730. She was for ibme time miftrefs to 
 marfhal Saxe, whom, when reduced to diftrefs 
 in the acquifition of his dukedom of Courland, 
 (he affifted with money railed upon her jewels. 
 
 Coward, William, a ntedical writer, born 
 at Winchefter, and educated there at the col- 
 lege, and at Harthall, Oxford, and Wadham. 
 In 1680 he was chofen fellow ofMerton, and 
 two years after he tranflated Dryden's Abfo- 
 lom and Achitophel into Latin, which was 
 imparted by the rival tranflation of Atterbury. 
 He fettled at Northampton for fome time, and 
 then removed to London in 1694. He pub- 
 limed fecond thoughts concerning the human 
 foul, in which, with great learning and meta- 
 physeal knowledge, he united fentiments, 
 which were repugnant to the opinions of the 
 beft divines. Though a fincere believer in the 
 gofpel, yet his ideas about the immateriality 
 and immortality of the foul, drew upon him 
 the cenfure of the public, and he was ranked 
 with Toland,Tindal, and Gildon, as an enemy 
 of the chriftian religion. This and his other 
 book, called the grand eflay in defence of it, 
 drew upon him the animadverfions. of the 
 houfe of commons, who, in 1704, voted the 
 books to be burned by the hands of the common 
 hangman, as containing doctrines contrary to 
 the church, and fubverfive of the chriftian 
 religion. Afterwards, he published his tract, 
 called Ophthalmiatria, and then removed 
 frem London. His heroic poem on Abraham, 
 Il'aac, and Jacoo, whether fceptical or cenfori- 
 ous, publifhed at this time, was little attended 
 to, and is now unknown. His licentia poetic* 
 difcuffed, appeared in 1709, but though in- 
 troduced with the poetical flattery of Aaron 
 Hill, &c. it poflefled little merit. In 17 18 
 Dr. Coward is mentioned as refiding at Ipf- 
 wich, where it is fuppofedhe died about 1725. 
 Though his writings no longer engage atten- 
 tion, it muft be acknowledged, that he was not 
 devoid of learning, judgment, and abilities. 
 
 Cow ell, John, an eminent civilian, born 
 at Ernfborough, Devon, 1554, and educated 
 at Eton and King's college, Cambridge. He 
 became mafter of Trinity-hall. His Inter- 
 preter, publifhed in 1607, in 4to. was under- 
 taken at the requeft of Bancroft the archbi- 
 fhop. This book, for fome time remained un- 
 cenfurcd, but at laft, it was obferved that the 
 author had fpoken with great freedom of the 
 common law, and had " dilputed too nicely on 
 the myfteries of the monarchy," and afTerted 
 that the monarch might make laws without 
 the confent of parliament, and in confequence 
 of this the houfe of commons proceeded with 
 great violence againft him ; but James inter- 
 pofed his influence, and laved him from perle- 
 cution. After this Cowell retired to Cam- 
 bridge, where he underwent an operation for 
 S 4. the 
 
cow 
 
 cow 
 
 the ftone, which proved fatal 1611. lie 
 wrote befidcs, Inftitutcs of the laws of Eng- 
 land, Sec. 
 
 Cov/liY, Abraham, an Englifh poet, born 
 in London 1618. He was educated at Weit- 
 jninfter fchool, and the accidental perufal of 
 Spencer i'o much roufed his genius, that he 
 pubfifhed his w poetical bloftoms," before he 
 removed to the univerfity. He entered at 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he wrote 
 fame poems, and planned the defign of thole 
 mat'euhne pieces, which have immortalized 
 his name. The noble independence of his 
 conduct, however, difpleafed the republicans 
 of his college, and he was ejected from the 
 univerfity, and came to St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, where he publilhed his fatire of the Pu- 
 ritan and the Papifl. He was intimate with 
 Falkland, and engaged in the king's lervice, 
 and during the civil wars, he was fettled in 
 the duke of St. Alban's family, and was ab- 
 fent from England about 10 or 12 years, and 
 performed fome very dangerous journies to 
 Jerfey, Scotland, Flanders, Holland, and other 
 places, while he managed the correfpondence 
 between the king and the loyalists. In 1656 
 he came to England with great fecrecy, but 
 he was arretted, and reftored to liberty by 
 giving bail for ioool. After Cromwell's death 
 he returned to France, and at the reftoration 
 lie determined to retire to folitude and learned 
 eafe. He lived fome time at Barn-Elms, 
 then removed to Chertfey, where, in confe- 
 rence of expofmg himfelf too long to the 
 cold air, he was attacked by a violent defluxion 
 and ftoppage in his breait and throat, which 
 by being dilregarded, in a fortnight proved 
 fatal. He died T667, aged 49, and was bu- 
 ried in Weftminfter Abbey, near Chaucer and 
 Spencer, and a monument was erected to him 
 by George duke of Buckingham, 1675. His 
 books of plants were publilhed in 166a, and 
 as he had ftudied not only anatomical diftec- 
 tion, but limples, and the deep refearches of 
 botany, his works are the thoughts of a mailer. 
 .He publilhed befides mifcdlanies, the mif- 
 trefs Pindaric odes Davideis ;he cutler 
 of Coleman ftreet, a comedy, &c. Cowley is 
 very refpeftable as a poet, and his verfe though 
 fometimes uncouth and inelegant, does not 
 want fire and majefty. He abounded above 
 all others in genuine wit. Defter Johnfon 
 places him at the head of metaphylical poets. 
 
 Ccwi-ER, William, of Perth, was profeflbr 
 of philoibphy at Edinburgh. Though a Uriel 
 prefbyteiian,he embraced the doftrines of the 
 church, and was made bilhop of .Galloway, 
 2614. He died three weeks after, aged 53. 
 His works were printed in one vol. folio. 
 
 Cqwfkr, William, D. D. youngeft fon of 
 earl Covvper, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Can! ridge. Fie was made dean of Durham, 
 which he held till his death 1772, in his 59th 
 yt;,r. lie wrote an able treatife en geometry, 
 belides eight famous, and an-advke to a lad\ 
 much efteemed. 
 
 Cowper, William, M.D, a phyfician *% 
 Chelter, who died 1767. He publilhed fome 
 antiquarian treatifes, and was preparing at his 
 death, an hiftory of Chefter. 
 
 Cowper, William, a celebrated Englifh 
 poet. He was the fon of Dr. Cowper, chap- 
 lain to George II. and reftor of Berkhamilead, 
 Herts, where he was born 1731. From the 
 fchool of Market-ftreet Hertfordihrre, he re- 
 moved to Weftminfter where he continued 
 till his 1 8th year. As the great nephew of 
 chancellor Cowper, he was marked for emi- 
 nence in the law, and he entered at the Inner- 
 temple, and at the age of 31 was appointed 
 clerk in the houfe of lords. This his great 
 timidity prevented him from accepting, and 
 when afterwards made clerk of the journals, 
 which feemed to require no perfona) attend- 
 ance, his agitation of mind became exceftive 
 when called upon, on an unfual occafion, to 
 perform the duties of his place, and he refigned 
 under the greatell depreftion of fpirits. Weak- 
 nefs of nerves, produced debility of body and 
 of mii\d, but by the attention of Dr. Cotton, 
 his melancholy gradually fublided, and he roi"*i 
 to the purer ufe of his mental faculties and to 
 the enjoyment of rational converiation. In 
 1765 he fettled at Huntingdon, and became 
 the inmate of Mr. Unwin, a neighbouring 
 clergyman, after whofe death he retired to 
 Olney, Bucks, with his widow, whom he re- 
 garded with all the affection of a mother. His 
 time in retirement was fpent in devotion and 
 literature, and he contributed fixty-eight 
 hymiis to the collection which his friend Mr. 
 Newton the curate of Olney gave to the 
 world. In 1782 he publilhed a volume of 
 poems, and in 1785 the general voice of ap- 
 probation was raifed towards him on the ap- 
 pearance of his fecond volume. He after- 
 wards engaged in a tranflation of Homer's 
 Iliad and OdyfTey in blank verfe, and the work, 
 though inferior to the verfifkation of Pope, 
 poftelfes great merit. In 1786 he removed 
 with Mrs. Unwin to Wefton, Northampton- 
 Ihire, and afterwards turned his thoughts to a 
 life of Milton, and to a complete edition of 
 his poems, and at that time was introduced to 
 Mr. Hayley, who had been engaged on the 
 fame fubjeft, and thus arofe an intercourfe of 
 friendfhip which continued to the end of life. 
 The poet had communicated fo much pleafure 
 to the world by the fweetnefs of his lines, and 
 the morality and benevolence which every 
 where captivate the reader, that the king be- 
 ftowed upon him a penlicn of 300I. per annum 
 in 1794. The wretched poet now again funk 
 into dejeftion and religious melancholy, and 
 few intervals of reafon beamed upon his af- 
 flifted mind. For a while he amuied himfelf 
 in the revifion of his Homer, but again re- 
 lapfed into that depreftion of fpirits which 
 robbed him of all the comforts and the fere- 
 nity of a reflefting mind. He died 25th 
 April 1800 at Dereham Norfolk, where a 
 handibnae monument in the chwrch marks the 
 
 fpot 
 
cox 
 
 CRA 
 
 fpot where his remains were depofited. In 
 exhibiting a ftory in poetical numbers Cowper 
 poffeffed a peculiarly happy genius ; his John 
 Gilpin, which was related to him by his friend 
 lady Auftin, to amufe him in a tedious hour, 
 when converted into verfe by his pen proved a 
 moft popular ballad. In his manners though 
 referved he was pleafing, his converfation was 
 cheerful, and Mrs. Unwin, lady Auftin, lady 
 Hefketh, and Mrs. Throgmorton and others, 
 were not only honored with his friendfhip, but 
 immortalized by the happy effufions of his 
 delicate mule. The Angular fubjefts of one 
 of his beft pieces was undertaken at the requeit 
 Xjf lady Aultin, who bade him write on a iofa. 
 The iofa mull be regarded as a moft valuable 
 compofition, and though in that and in the 
 iafk, there is perhaps no well digeited plan, the 
 whole mult be corriidered as the efforts of a 
 great genius, aflafted by the feelings of a truly 
 humane and benevolent heart. A pleafing 
 account of his life and writings has been pub - 
 iifhed by Mr. Hayley. 
 
 Cox, Richard, an Englifh prelate born at 
 Whaddon, Bucks, about 1500. He was edu- 
 cated at Eton and King's college, Cambridge. 
 He was invited by WoH'ey, to be on his new 
 foundation at Oxford ; but his open avowal of 
 Luther's principles was cenfured by the uni- 
 verfity, and he was ftripped of his offices and 
 imprifoned. Afterwards he was made matter 
 of Eton fchool, and by the favor of Cranmer, 
 he was made dean of Chrift church. As tutor 
 to Edward VI. he became a favorite at court, 
 was made privy couniellor, chancellor of Ox- 
 ford, and dean of Wed minder. During the 
 reign of Mary he left England. On Eliza- 
 beth's accefiion, he returned, and gained fuch 
 popularity by his zeal againft popery, that he 
 was raifed to the fee of Ely, over which he 
 prefided 21 years. His oppofition to the ca- 
 tholics, drew upon him the refentment of his 
 enemies. Expoled to the pftrfecutfon of chan- 
 cellor Hatton, he at lalt offered to refign, pro- 
 vided that 200I. per annum were allowed him, 
 to fupport him in his retirement. None, how- 
 ever, could be found to fucceed, and he held 
 the bifhopric till his death, 1581, in his 83d 
 year. He was a great advocate for the mar- 
 riage of the clergy, and he was the firft who 
 brought a wife to live in a college. He wrote 
 feveral theological trads, but he is chiefly 
 known for the active part he took in the com- 
 pilation of the liturgy. The four gofpels i 
 the ads of the apoftles and the ephtle to 
 the Romans, were aiib tranflated by him, in 
 the Bifhops' bible. 
 
 Cox t Jir Richard, chancellor of Ireland, was 
 born at Bandon, county of Cork, 1650. For 
 three years he pradifed as an attorney, but 
 coming to Gray's inn in 1671, he iludied for 
 the bar. In confequence of an early marriage, 
 he had a large family, and the cares which 
 they brought upon him roufed him from the 
 obfcurity, where for i'even years he had been 
 v loft as a farmer, and he was elected recorder, 
 
 of Kinfale. Removing from the convulfion 
 which agitated the proteftants he came to Brif- 
 tol, where he devoted himielf to the comple- 
 tion of his hidory of Ireland. At the revolu- 
 tion he was made under lecretary of ltate, 
 afterwards recorder of Waterford, in 1690 
 fecond juftice of the common pleas, and the 
 next year governor of the county and city of 
 Cork'. In this character, uniting the office of 
 judge with miHtaiy duties, he behaved with 
 great fpirit, he was knighted in 1692, and the 
 next year made chancellor of Ireland, and in 
 1 706 created a baronet. On the accefiion of 
 George I. he* was removed from office, but 
 while he hoped to fpend the reft of life in li- 
 terary retirement, he found himielf cenfured 
 by the Irilh parliament. In April 1733, he 
 wasfeized with a fit oi* apoplexy, which ending 
 in 3 pally, carried him oft', the following 3d 
 May, in his 84th year. Befides his Hibernia- 
 Anglicana in folio, he wrote an enquiry into 
 religion, &c. 
 
 Cox, Leonard, a grammarian born at Alan- 
 mouth and educated at Cambridge. He was 
 for fome time nuttier of Reading fchool, after 
 which he travelled through France, Germany, 
 &c. where, as a teacher of the learned lan- 
 guages, he acquired much fame. He died at 
 Caerlton, Monmouthihire, 1549. He wrote 
 fome Greek and Latin treatiies a commen- 
 tary on Lily's grammar, &c. 
 
 Coxeter, Thomas, born at Lechlade, 
 Gloueefterfhire, 1689, entered at Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, and he removed to London, to 
 ftudy the law, but the death of his patron fir 
 John Cook, overturaed his hopes of diftindion. 
 He now became the friend and companion of 
 authors and bookfellers, and made a curious 
 collection of old plays. He propoied to write 
 the biography of the old Englifh poets, but did 
 not proceed in the work. He gave in 1739 a 
 new edition of Baily's life of biihop Fifhor, 
 and circulated propofals for publiihing antient 
 plays, a plan afterwards adopted by Dodlley. 
 He was in 1737 fecretary to a fociety for the 
 encouragement of Englilh hiltory, under whofe 
 aulpices Carte's hiftory of England, firft volume, 
 appeared. He died 1749, aged 59 
 
 Coxis, Michael, a painter of Mechlin, who 
 died 1592, aged 95. 
 
 Coy PEL, Charles Anthony, a painter, wh 
 died at Paris, his native city, 1752, aged 58. 
 He was alio author of fome theatrical pieces, 
 performed in private theatres, and he alio com- 
 piled feveral differtations on painting, &c. 
 
 Cozza, Francefco, a painter born at Paler, 
 mo in Sicily. He was eminent in frefco and 
 oil painting, and employed in feveral of the 
 great woiks which adorn Rome, where he died 
 1664. 
 
 Craasbeck, "Jofcph van, a painter, born 
 at Bruifels 1608. He died 1668. He chiefly- 
 excelled in vulgar fcenes, where he reprefented 
 drunken nefs and ale-houfe quarrels, with 
 great fpirit. 
 
 Crab, Roger, an Engliih hermit, born in 
 
 Buck- 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 Buckinghamftiire in the 16th century. He 
 left his occupation of hatter, and with a mind 
 influenced by fanaticilin, he difpofed of his 
 property, and distributed it to the poor, and 
 building a I'm all hut at Ickman, near Uxbridge, 
 he lived there in gre;it auiterity. His repu- 
 tation for fanetity was fuch that he was vilited 
 by many who conlulted him as a feer and 
 prophet. He is faid to have foretold the ref- 
 toration, and the elevation of the houie of 
 Orange to the Britifh throne. 
 
 Crabb, Halakkuk, a dhTenter, born at 
 Watt'.sheld, Suffolk, and educated at Daven- 
 try. He officiated at Stowmarket, and after- 
 wards at Cirencefter, and then joined his bro- 
 ther-in-law Fenner in the care of a fchool at 
 the Devizes. On the death of his friend Han- 
 mer, he was invited by his congregation, but 
 being accufed of departing from the faith of 
 the diffenters, he retired to Reylton, where the 
 lois of his wife, and difappointment brought on 
 a nervous fever which hurried him to his grave, 
 1795. He left feveral manufcript fermons, 
 ibme of which have been published. He was 
 a refpeetable man, and for 45 years an exem- 
 plary character, who, while he dhTented from 
 the church, refpecled the opinions of his neigh- 
 bours, and preached religion without difiemi- 
 jiating faction. 
 
 Craddock, Samuel, rector of North Cad- 
 bury, Somerletfhire, was ejected for noncon- 
 formity in 1662. He publifhed the hiitory 
 of the Old and New teftament the apoitoli- 
 cal hiftoryi the harmony of the four gofpels, 
 &c. and died 1706, aged 86. 
 
 Craddock, Luke, a painter. His birds 
 were greatly admired, and role in value to 
 three or four times their original price, after 
 his death. He worked generally for dealers, 
 and refilled to employ his pencil for the great. 
 He died 171 7. 
 
 Craig, Nicholas, a learned Dane, born at 
 Ripen. He died 1602, aged 61. He was 
 engaged by the king of Denmark in force 
 important negociations, and he wrote a 
 learned book on the republic of the La- 
 cedaemonians, the annals of Denmark in fix 
 books, &c. 
 
 Craig, fir Thomas, a Scotch lawyer, born 
 at Edinburgh, 1548, where he died 1608. He 
 is well known for his " jus feudale," a learned 
 work univerfally admired. He wrote alio a 
 treatife on the fovereignty of Scotland, &c. 
 
 CraIg, James, a Scotch divine, educated 
 at Edinburgh. He died at Edinburgh 1744, 
 aged 62. He published 3 vols, of fermons, on 
 the heads of chrillianity, and 2 vols, of divine 
 poems much efteemed. 
 
 Craig, "John, a Scotch mathematician, 
 known by his " theologian chriltiana: principia 
 mathematica," in this finall work he enter- 
 tains curious reveries, and attempts to prove, 
 (hetnatkal calculation, that the christian 
 religion will laft only 1 454 years from the 
 date of his book. He had a difpute with 
 J. Eernouilli on the quadrature of curved 
 
 lines, and curvilinear figures, and alfo on an' 
 algebraic queftion. 
 
 Craig, William, a Scotch divine born at 
 Glaigow, 1709, and educated at the univerfity 
 there. After being diltinguilhed as a popular 
 preacher in the country he removed to Glaigow, 
 where, in the midit of an applauding audience 
 at St. Andrew's church, he purfued his minif- 
 terial career with ear.-ieftnefs and fuccefs. 
 Though fome of his cotemporaries preferred 
 to hear the abftrufe tenets of fpeculative 
 theology, he applied himfelf to bring home 
 to his hearers their duties, and the know- 
 ledge of their character, according to the ex- 
 ample of the great Saviour. He died 1783, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Crakanthorp, Richard, was born at 
 Strickland, Weftmorland, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He was an eloquent 
 preacher, and much admired by the puritans. 
 He went as chaplain to an embafiy to the em- 
 peror, and obtained the rectory of Braintree 
 in EfTex. He died in 1624. His works are 
 Juftinian defended againit Baronius a defence 
 of Conltantine a treatife on the 5th general 
 council, &c. logic, &c. 
 
 Cramer, John Frederic, a profefibr at 
 Duifburg, refident for the king of Prufiia at 
 Amfterdam, died at the Hague, 1715. He 
 was well fkilled in civil law, and medallic hif- 
 tory. He tranflated PufFendorf's introduction 
 to hiftory,and wrote vindiciae nominis Germa- 
 nici contra Gallos, &c. 
 
 Cramer, Gabriel, a mathematician, born 
 at Geneva 1694. He deftroyed his health by 
 excefiive application, and died at the baths of 
 Languedoc in 1752. He publilhed fome 
 works, befides an edition of the Bernouilli's 
 works. 
 
 Cramer, Nicholas, a Flemifh painter, who 
 died in 1710, aged 40. His pieces are ad- 
 mired for tafte and correclnefs. 
 
 Cramer, John James, of Elgg; was pro- 
 fefibr of the oriental languages at Zurich, and 
 afterwards at Herborn. He wrote exercitati- 
 ones de ara exteriori fecundi templi, 4to. 
 theologia Ifraelis, 4to. and died 1702, aged 
 29. His brother John Rodolphus, Hebrew 
 and divinity profefibr at Zurich, was author 
 of valuable works on Hebrew antiquities, &c. 
 and died 1737, aged 59. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a native of Qued- 
 linburg, who firft reduced the art of allying in 
 metallurgy into a fyftem, and wrote on it ele- 
 menta artis dtcimafticas, 8vo. 1739. He wrote 
 belides, elements on metallurgy, 2 vols, folio, 
 &c. and died near Drtfden, 1 71 7, aged 67. 
 
 Cramer, John Andrew, a German writer, 
 who ftudied at Leipfic, and was profefibr of 
 divinity at Copenhagen 1 765. The difgrace 
 of Struenfee was fatal to his fortunes, though 
 difmifled, he was again recalled from Lubec, 
 where he had taken refuge, and he died divi- 
 nity profefibr at Kiel 1788, aged 65. He was 
 alfo a poet of confiderable merit. Befides a 
 fpuited verfion of the pfalms, odes, and other 
 
 poems> 
 
CRA 
 
 CRA 
 
 poems, he wrote the life of Gellert, fermons, 
 mifcellanies, &c. 
 
 Crane, Thomas, a nonconformift, born at 
 Plymouth, and educated at Exeter college, 
 Oxford. Cromwell gave him R.umpeiham in 
 Dorietlhire, from which he was ejected in 
 l66z. He died 1714. He publilhed a trea- 
 tife on divine providence. 
 
 Cranmer, Thomas, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Aflacton, Nottinghamfhire, 
 1489. He was educated at Jefus college, 
 Cambridge, but by his marriage he loft his fel- 
 lovvihip, which he recovered in confequence of 
 tiie early death of his wife in childbed. The 
 ability with which he canvafTed the king's mar- 
 riage, recommended him to the notice of the 
 court, and Henry loon em; loved him in defence 
 of his views. Cranmer went to Rome with the 
 book he had written in fupport of the invali- 
 dity of the king's marriage, and offered in vain 
 to difpute with any ecclefiafiic whom the Ro 
 man pontiff" might appoint. He continued in 
 Germany as ambaffador from the kin^, and 
 there he married a niece of Ofiander at Nu- 
 remburg. On the death of \yarham he was 
 railed to the fee of Canterbury, and two 
 months after, May 1533, he pronounced the 
 divorce between Henry and Catharine of Ar- 
 ragon, and married the king to Anne Boleyn. 
 Thus at war with the pope, he earneilly la- 
 bored for the advancement of the reformation, 
 by the tranflation of the bible, and by inveigh- 
 ing againft the vices of Rome. In 1536 he 
 divorced Henry from Anne Boleyn, but though 
 the favorite of the king, he oppofed his mea- 
 fures for the contifcation of the monafteries, 
 while he wifhed to convert thole immenle 
 fpoil for the advancement of literature by the 
 appointment of readers of divinity and of Greek 
 and Hebrew in every cathedral in the king- 
 dom. After the death of Cromwell, he re- 
 tired from public affairs, but his influence was 
 fuch, that he procured the palling of laws for 
 promoting religion, and modifying the fix arti- 
 cles, which proved fo obnoxious to the clergy. 
 The commons, however, feverely reprobated 
 his conduct, till Henry interpofed. At the 
 king's death, he was one of the regents of the 
 kingdom, and he crowned Edward VI. whole 
 godfather he was. He now labored affiduoufly 
 in the reformation. The homilies were com- 
 poled, the fix offenfive articles were repealed, 
 the communion was given in both kinds, the 
 offices of the church were revifed, the vifita- 
 tions of the clergy regularly enforced, and the 
 book of common prayer was ellablilhed by 
 law. The acceflion of Mary now threatened 
 Cranmer with perlecution. Though he ori- 
 ginally oppofed lady Jane Gray, he efpoufed 
 her caufe, and the fuccefsfui queen, irritated at 
 his conduct, fummoued him before the council, 
 and foon after he was fent to the tower. He 
 was attainted for high treafon3i553, and found 
 guilty, but he was pardoned for the treafon, 
 and arraigned for herefy. He was removed in 
 April XJJ4, with Ridley and Larimer, to 
 
 Oxford, to make his defence before popifh 
 ccmmilfioners ; but on the refuial of himlelf, 
 and his friends to fubferibe to popery, they 
 were condemned as heretics. In Sept. 1555 
 he was again arraigned in St. Mary's, Oxford, 
 of blalphemy, perjury, incontinency, and he- 
 refy. Cranmer, though firm to his faith, 
 yielded before the terrors of death, and in 4 
 moment of vveaknel's was prevailed to fign his 
 recantation, and to re imbrace popery. JMot- 
 withftanding tills, his enemies refolved to com- 
 mit him to the flames, and when brought to 
 St. Mary's church in order to make a profef- 
 fion of his faith, he iurprii'ed his perfecutors, 
 by an awful appeal to heaven and their cou- 
 fciences, and by a iblemn renunciation of the 
 tenets he had in a moment of error, embraced, 
 emphatically exclaimed, " that, that one thing 
 alone wrung his heart, and the hand which 
 had falfely figned the diihouorable deed, mould 
 firlt perhh in the flames." This conduct en- 
 raged his enemies, he was immediately dragged 
 over againft Baliol college, where ltanding in 
 his ihirt, and without (hoes, he was faftened to 
 the ftake. The fire was foon kindled, and the 
 venerable martyr ftretching his right hand 
 into the flames, exclaimed, " this hand hath 
 offended, this unworthy hand." His miferies 
 were foon over, and his laft words were, " Lord 
 Jefus receive my fpirit." This happened lift 
 March 1556, in his 67th year. Cranmer, as 
 the great promoter of the reformation, is de- 
 fervedly refpected ; but his learning, his per- 
 feverance, and zeal, are not more remarkable 
 than the integrity of his heart, the gentlenefs 
 of his difpofition, and the humane virtues of 
 his character. He patroniled learned men ; 
 under his protection, Bucer and Fagius fettled 
 at Cambridge, and Peter Martyr at Oxford, 
 and John a Lafco,Tremellius,and others, were 
 enabled to advance the interefts of fcience and 
 of religion, his works were chiefly on tha 
 religion and the controverfies of the time, 
 befides 26 other publications. 
 
 Crapone, Adam, a native of Salon, who 
 formed the canal between Aries and the Du- 
 rance. He had projected the canal of Lan- 
 guedoc, afterwards rinilhed by L$wu XIV. 
 He was poifoned through envy at Nantes, in 
 his 40th year, 1598. 
 
 Crasuaw, Richard, an Englifti poet, edu- 
 cated at the Charter-houfe, and Pembroke- 
 hall, Cambridge. He was fellow of Petcr- 
 houfe, and ejected during the rebellion, for 
 denying the covenant, and foon after was con- 
 verted, or as Pope fays out-witted, to the 
 catholic faith. He went to Paris in queft of 
 preferment, but in his diftrefles Cowley not 
 only relieved him, but recommended him 10 
 queen Henrietta. By her influence he went 
 to Italy, and was fecretary to an Italian car- 
 dinal, and obtained a canonry at Loretto, 
 where be died 16^0. He was an excellent 
 fcholar, well acquainted v.ith Hebrew, Greek, 
 Latin, Italian, and Spanilb. He wrote fteps 
 to the temple the delights of the mutes, &c. 
 
 He 
 
CRE 
 
 CRE 
 
 He is known by the encomiums of Pore, who 
 not only admired hiG poetry, but borrowed 
 iome paftages from it. 
 
 Ckasso, La-wrence, wrote an hiftory of 
 the Greek poets 1678, commended by (bt 
 Italians, but cenlured by the French. 
 
 Crato, or tie Craktheim, Jahn, of 
 Jireflaw, phyf.cian to Ferdinand I., wrote be- 
 sides medical tracts, fome poems. As he was 
 intimate with Luther, the little work called 
 Luther's table-talk, has been extracted from 
 his writings. He died 1585, aged 66. 
 
 Crawford, Daniel, a Scotch lawyer! He 
 was hiltoriographer of Scotland, and publiihed 
 memoirs of Scotland, during the times of the 
 four regents a peerage, in folio- the hiftory 
 of the royal family of Stuart and a defcrip- 
 tion of the county of Renfrew. He wrote 
 beiides the life of Guithery.bifhop of Dunkeld, 
 and began the hiftory of Scottim. affairs. He 
 died 1726, aged 61. N 
 
 Crawford, William, a divine, born at 
 Kelfo, and educated at Edinburgh. He died 
 1742, aged 66. He wrote u dying thoughts," 
 6efides lermons. 
 
 Crayer, Gafpar de, a painter of Antwerp. 
 His portrait of cardinal Ferdinand, brother to 
 the king of Spain, was fo exquifitely finifhed a 
 performance, that the monarch fent the artift 
 a golden chain, and fettled a handfome penfion 
 upon him. He lived to a great age, iupported 
 by conftant temperance and regularity. His 
 hiftorical pieces are much admired. His cen- 
 turion alighting from his horfe to proftrate him 
 felf at the feet of Chrift, was feen with undil- 
 guifed approbation by Rubens, and is admired 
 as a maiterly performance. He died 1669. 
 
 Crebillon, Prof per Joliot de, a French 
 tragedian ranked next after Corn'eille and 
 Racine, was born at Dijon 1674. He ftudied 
 the law, but the impetuofity of his paflions 
 thwarted the views cf his friends, and he pro- 
 duced a tragedy which met with applaufe, and 
 encouraged him to write. He married, but 
 in confequewce was difinherited by his father, 
 who revoked the cruel will on his death-bed. 
 In .1711 Crebillon loft his wife, whofe death 
 he feelingly deplored, and he long continued 
 expofed to poverty, till a place in the French 
 academy and the office of police cenfor ren- 
 dered his circumftances affluent. He lived to 
 a great age, highly refpected for his virtues 
 and literary abilities. He died 1762, aged 
 88. Being aflced one day which of his pro- 
 ductions he thought belt ; " I do not know," 
 fays he, " which is the beft ; but this (pointing 
 to his fon) is certainly my worft." His beft 
 plays are his Atreus, Liectra, and Rhaila- 
 miftus. 
 
 CREBILLON, Claude Pro/per Joliot de, fon 
 of the preceding, was born at Paris 1707, and 
 died there 1777. He is known as a writer of 
 novels, fome of which are licentious. His 
 works were collected in 11 vols. i2mo. 1779. 
 Crebillon might be called the Petronius of 
 France, as his father was the iiifchylus, The 
 
 father, fays d'Alembert, " paints in the black- 
 eft colors the crimes and wickednefs of man, 
 whilil the fon draws with a delicate and jiift 
 pencil the refinement, the (hades, and ever* 
 the graces of our vices. 3 ' Though he lived in 
 friendly terms with his father, yet he highly 
 difpleafed him for a little time by his marriage 
 with an Englilh woman. 
 
 Creech, Thomas, an Englifti poetkal tranf- 
 later, born near Sherborne, Dorfet, and edu- 
 cated at Sherborne, and Wadham college, 
 Oxford. His translation of Lucretius was f 
 refpectable that he was elected fellow of All- 
 fouls. In 1 701 he was pretented by his col- 
 lege to Welwyn rectory, Herts, but before 
 he went to refide qn bis living, he put a period 
 to his exigence at Oxford. The caufes of 
 this unfortunate event are not known. Some 
 fay that the contemptuous treatment which he 
 received from a woman, with whom he was in 
 love, fo ftung him that he hanged himfelf in 
 his ftudy, where three days after he was found; 
 but lacob afcribes his death to the morofenefs 
 of bis temper. Befides Lucretius, he tranf- 
 lated Horace in 1684, and turned the fatirei 
 to our own times, obferving that Rome was 
 now rivalled in hex vices, and -that parallel* 
 for hypocrify, profanenefs, and the like, were 
 eafy to be found. His inferior works are 
 tranfiatioivs of Theocritus, fome of Ovid's 
 epiftles, the 13-th fatbre of Juvenal, -the lives 
 of Solon, Pelopidas, &c. from Plutarch, &c. 
 
 Crellius, John, a Socinian, born near 
 Nuremburg. He fettled in Poland 1612, 
 where he was profefTor to the unitarians. He 
 died at Racovia of an epidemic fever in his 
 43d year. He was a man of very extenfive 
 learning. He wrote feveral tracts upon the 
 new teftament, and an anfwer to Grotius' 
 book de fatisfactione Chrifti, againft Socinus, 
 which Grotius treated with refpect, and ac- 
 knowledged to be drawn up with moderation. 
 
 Creq/jt, Charles de, marfhal and peer of 
 France, was diftinguifhed by his duel with don 
 Philippin, baftard of Savoy, to whom in the 
 firft encounter he granted his life, but flew in 
 the fecond. He was killed by a canon ball -at 
 the fiege of Bremen 1638, in his 60th year. 
 
 Crequi, Francis de, great grandfon of the 
 foregoing, was marflul of France, and a man 
 of heroic courage. He defeated the duke of 
 Lorraine, took Friburg, reduced Luxemburg 
 in 1684, and died three years after 1687, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Crescembeni, John Maria, an Italian, 
 of Maurata in Ancona, founder of the cele- 
 brated Arcadian academy for the reformation 
 of learning, tafte, and criticifm. He was its 
 firft director till his death 1728. He was 
 eminent both as a poet and a prole writer. 
 His chief works are a valuable hiftory of Italian 
 poetry, reprinted 6 vols. 4to. and an hiftocy 
 of the academy of Arcadia, with anecdotes of 
 its members, 7 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Crescentius, Peter de, a native of Bou- 
 logne in the 14th century. He travelled fox 
 
CRE 
 
 CRI 
 
 JO years as a law practitioner, and on his re- 
 turn publifhed his valuable work on agriculture, 
 called opus ruralium commodorum, which has 
 been tranflated into various languages. 
 
 Crespi, Guifippe Maria, a painter of Bo- 
 logna, who died 1747, aged 82. He painted 
 in a darkened room, with a few rays from the 
 fun or from the light of a flambeau, by which 
 he gave greater vivacity to his: fubjects, and a 
 more judicious diftribution of light and (hade. 
 
 Cressy, Hugh Paulin, an Engliih divine, 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkfhire, and educated 
 there and at Oxford, where he was fellow of 
 Merton college. He was chaplain to lord 
 Wentworth, and to lord Falkland in Ireland, 
 from whom he obtained the deanery of Laugh- 
 lin, and a canonry of Windlbr, which he never 
 enjoyed. After the death of Falkland, he 
 travelled with Bertie, afterwards lord Fal- 
 mouth ; but in Italy he became a convert, and 
 made a public profefiion of his faith at Rome 
 1646. From Rome he eame to Paris, under 
 the protection of queen Henrietta, and after- 
 wards retired to Douay, where he changed his 
 name, and publiihed feveral valuable works. 
 At the reftoration he came to England, and 
 was chaplain to queen Catharine, and refided 
 in Somerfet-houfe, Strand. He was reipe&ed 
 univerfally, as he never interfered with the 
 politics of the times. His pen indeed was fre- 
 quently engaged in the defence of his faith, 
 but whilft his friends confidered him as their 
 ableft champion, the protectants refpecled him 
 as a judicious and candid writer. His attack 
 n one of Stillingfleet's works railed againlt 
 him the cenfures of his friend Clarendon, 
 whom he anfwered with fpirit, but moderation. 
 -He retired to Eaft Grinftead in Suffex, where 
 he died 1674, aged 70. The mod valuable 
 f his works is his eccleflailical hiftory, of 
 which only one volume was publifhed. 
 
 Cretin, William du Hois, furnamid, a 
 French poet, whole chief merit was puns, low 
 wit, and equivoques. He was hiftorian royal, 
 and died in 1525. Marot admired him, but 
 pofterity is not fo favorable. 
 
 Crevier, "John Baptijic Lewis, profefTor 
 of rhetoric at Paris, is known as the pupil of 
 Rolliu, and the finifher of his Roman hiftory. 
 He publifhed an edition of Livy, 6 vols. izmo. 
 the hiftory of the Roman emperors to Con- 
 ftantine, 12 vols. l2mo. the hiftory of the 
 univerfity of Paris, 7 vols. l2mo. &c. He 
 died 1765, in an advanced age. 
 
 Crew, Nathaniel, bifhop of Durham, was 
 educated at Lincoln college, was proctor of the 
 univerfity 1663, afterwards clerk of the clofet 
 to Charles II., dean of Chichefter, bifhop of 
 Oxford 1671, and three years after tranflated 
 to Durham. On the acceinou of James II. he 
 Ihowed himfelf friendly to all the meafures of 
 the court, in religion and in politics. He paid 
 relpect to the pope's nuncio, and refilled to 
 introduce dean Fatrick to the king, becaufe 
 he was too 2ealous a/air.lt popery. The land- 
 ing of the prince of Orange, however, made 1 
 
 great alterations in the bifhop 's conduct. He 
 withdrew fror* the king's councils, and ex- 
 preffed a wiffe to refign, with an allowance of 
 ioool. for life. He afterwards appeared in 
 parliament ; but his name was excepted from 
 the act of indemnity of 1690. His pardon, 
 however, at laft was procured. He died 1721 , 
 aged 88. Notwithftanding his adherence to 
 the arbitrary meafures of a corrupted court, 
 he was a liberal patron. 
 
 Crichton, fames, a Scotchman of the 
 1 6th century, whofe adventures and perfonal 
 endowments, have procured him the name ai 
 " the admirable Crichton." He was born in 
 155 1. His father was lord advocate of Scot- 
 land, and by his mother he was defcended 
 from Robert II. He was educated at Perth, 
 and at St. Andrew's, where he made fuch 
 progrefs, that at the age of 20 he had run 
 through the whole circle of feience, and could 
 write and fpeak 10 different languages. Thus 
 gifted with mental endowments, and a graceful 
 perfon, elegant manners, and polite accom- 
 plishments, he trave-lled to Paris, where he 
 challenged the moft renowned fcholars, to dif- 
 pute with him in any art or fcience which they 
 pleated; and in 12 languages. He appeared 
 at the college of Navarre, and from nine in 
 the morning till fix in the evening, he fo de- 
 feated his opponents, and aiionifhed his audi- 
 tors, that the prefident, with four eminent 
 profeffors of the univerfity, prefented him with 
 a diamond ring, and a purle of gold, as a token 
 of their approbation. The next day he ap- 
 peared at the Louvre, and exhibited fuch feats 
 in tilting, that, in the pretence of the court , 
 he carried away the ring 15 times fucceffivcly, 
 and broke as many lances. At Rome he 
 challenged the learned of that city, to propofe 
 any queftion to him, to which he would give 
 an immediate anfwer, and in the prefence of 
 the pope, he obtained in his defence as much 
 eclat as at Paris. From Rome he palled to 
 Venice, where he introduced himfelf, bv an 
 elaborate poem, to the notice of Aldus Ma- 
 nutius. He gained alio the friendfhip of Lau- 
 rentius Muffa, and other learned perfons, and 
 after he had been honored with an audience 
 from the doge and the fenate, in which he 
 aftonifhed them by the rapidity of his elo- 
 quence, he vifited Padua. At Padua he pro- 
 nounced an extempore poem, on the beauties 
 of the univerfity, and after difputing for fix 
 hours, with the moft celebrated profeffors, he 
 concluded by delivering an ovation in praife of 
 ignorance, with univerfal applaule. He ex- 
 pofed the errors of Ariftotle, in the prefence 
 of the univarfity, and for three days obtainsd 
 the praifes and the acclamations of the molt 
 crowded audiences. At Mautua he dilplayed 
 his bodily agility by killing a gladiator, who 
 had foiled the moft ikilful fencers in Europe, 
 and had latel) (lain three antagoniits ; and he 
 beftowed the reward obtained for this exploit, 
 upon the widows of the three perfons who 
 lately had loft their Uvea, 'i 'he; duke of Man- 
 
 t u 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 tua appointed Mm tutor to his fon Gonz.nga, a 
 youth of dilfolute manners. Crichton, to 
 fupport h's fame, wrote in confequence of this, 
 a comedy, in which he acted in 15 differfnt 
 characters, with inimitable fuccefs. In the 
 midit of his popularity, while walking and 
 playing upon his guitar in the ftreets of Man- 
 tua, he was attacked by fix men in mafks. 
 Their number proved no defence againft the 
 fuperior dexterity of Crichton, they were all 
 difarmed, and the leader falling on his knees, 
 begged for life. It was Crichton's pupil, to 
 whom the aftonifhed mafter immediately pre- 
 fented his fword, with every apology. Inftead 
 of accepting the generofity, the perfidious 
 prince buried the fword into his defencelefs 
 bofom. 'l'he caufe of this brutal action is 
 afcribed to jealoufy; but others attribute it to 
 a drunken frolick. This happened 1583. His 
 death was univerfally lamented, the people of 
 Mantua mourned for him three fourths of a 
 year, and hi* picture appeared in the chambers 
 and houfes of every Italian. 
 
 Crillon, Lewis de Berlhon de, a French 
 general. He was noticed by Henry II. for 
 his valor at the fiege of Calais, and he dift'm- 
 guifhed himfelf afterwards at the battles of 
 Dreux, Jarnac, and Moncontour. At the 
 battle of Lepanto, and in other encounters, 
 his courage was fuch, that he was called by 
 Henry IV. the brave Crillon. At the peace 
 of Vervinshe retired to his eftatesat Avignon, 
 where he died 1615, aged 74. 
 
 Crillon Mahojj, 2V. duke de, diftin- 
 guifhed in the feven years'" war, afterwards 
 quitted the fervice of France for that of Spain. 
 In the war between England and Spain he 
 took Minorca, and affiimed the name of 
 Mahon. In his attempts to reduce Gibraltar, 
 he was more unfortunate, and faw all his mea- 
 furei baffled by the fuperior valor of the 
 Englifh, and of general Elliot. He died at 
 Madrid 1796, aged 80. 
 
 CRiNiTus, Pettus, a native of Florence, 
 profeffor of belles lettres. He was a man of 
 great learning, but addicted to the bafeft fen- 
 fualides. He died 1505, aged 40. He wrote 
 lives of the Latin poets, befides ^>oems of no 
 great merit, &c. 
 
 Crisp, Tobias, the champion of Atitino- 
 Vnanifm.was educated at Eton, and Cambridge, 
 and afterwards removed to Baliol, Oxford. He 
 was rector of Brinkworth, Wilts, in 1627, and 
 came to London in 1642, where his tenets 
 relpecling grace oppofed him in a controverfy 
 with 52 divines. He died 164a. He afferted 
 in his difcourfe " Chrift alone exalted," that 
 falvation was completed on the crols, and that 
 belief was all that .vas required of the elect. 
 
 Crof.se, Gerard, a proteftant divine of 
 Amsterdam, author of the hiftory of the qua- 
 kers, tran:lated into Englifh, and of Homcrns 
 Hebranis. He died 17 10, aged 68. 
 
 CkOft, Herbert, a prelate, born at Great 
 Milton, Oxforclfhire, 1603. At 13 he was 
 lent to Oxford, but on the conversion of his 
 
 14 
 
 father to popery, he removed from the um- 
 verfity to Douay, and afterwards to St. Omer's. 
 Morton bifhop of Durham, prevailed upon 
 him to return fo the proteftant faith, and he 
 entered at Chrilt-church, Oxford. He was 
 preferred to a living in Gloucefterfhh e, and 
 to another in Oxfordfhire, and in 1639, he 
 was made prebendary of Salifbury. He was 
 aftei wards prebendary of Worcefter, canon of 
 Windfor, and in 1644 dean of Hereford, and 
 in 1659, n >' tne death of his two elder bro- 
 thers, he fucceeded to the eftates of his family. 
 At the reftoration he was railed to the fee of 
 Hereford 1661. His fmall treatife " the 
 naked truth," was publifhed in J 675, when 
 the papifts hoped to take advantage of the 
 quarrels of the nonconformifts with the church, 
 and it became a popular work, and drew the 
 attention of parliament to the fuhject. He 
 publifhed alio occafional fermons, religious 
 tracts, a legacy to his diocefe, and in 1685, 
 animadverfion on Burnet's theory of the earth. 
 He died at Hereford 169 1. 
 
 Crokt, William, a mufician, born in 
 Warwickfhire. He fucceeded Dr. Blow as 
 mailer of the children, and compofer to the 
 chapel royal, and organift, at Wuftvninfter- 
 abb^y. In 1712, he publifhed his divine har- 
 mony, and in 17 15 he became D. Muf. and 
 in 1724 he publifhed by fubfeription his 
 " mufica iacra," 2 vols. He died 1727, aged 
 50. 
 
 Crofton, Zachary, an Irifh uonconfor- 
 miit, educated at Dublin. During the Irifh 
 troubles he came to England, and obtained the 
 living of Wrenbury in Chefhire, from which 
 he was ejected in 1 648. At the reftoration 
 he engaged in a controverfy with bifhop Gau- 
 den, and Iaftly opened a fchool near Aldgate, 
 where he died 1672. He was author of ibme 
 controverfial pamphlets. 
 
 Croix i>u Maine, Francis Grude de la, 
 a learned French writer. He publifhed in 
 1584, his French library, or a general account 
 of all authors, who wrote in that language. 
 
 Croix, Francis Petit de la, interpreter to 
 the French king, in the Turkifh and Arabic, 
 died 1695, aged 73. He refufed to be bribed 
 by the Algerines, to make a treaty favorable 
 to their interefts. He digefted Thevenot's 
 voyages, made an accurate catalogue of all the 
 Turkifh and Perfian books in the French king's 
 library, and compofed befides two dictionaries 
 for the French and Turkifh languages, and 
 alio a hiftory of Genghis Khan, &c. 
 
 Crompton, William, M. A. was born at 
 Barnftaple, of which, after an Oxford educa- 
 tion, he became minifter. He was ejected 
 after the reftoration for nonconformity, and 
 died 1696. He publifhed a remedy againft 
 fuperftition, and other fmall tracts. 
 
 Cromwell, Thomas, earl of Eflex, an 
 eminent ftatefman under Henry VIII. was fon 
 of a blackfmith at Putney, Surrey. His edu- 
 cation like hi? origin was low, but he poiTefled 
 ftrong natural parts. H.e was at Antweip for 
 
 jbme 
 
CRO 
 
 CRO 
 
 feme time, as clerk to the Englifh factory, and 
 he afterwards travelled on the continent, as 
 the private agent of the king, and he was en- 
 gaged as a foldier with Bourbon in the lacking 
 of Rome. Admitted into Wolfey > s family, he 
 gained his confidence, which he repaid with 
 the ftrongeft attachment, and by a molt elo- 
 quent defence of him in the houfe of com- 
 mons, when he was impeached. After Wol- 
 iey's fall, he ferved the king with equal fidelity, 
 and gradually rofe to be a privy counfellor, 
 chancellor of the exchequer, fecretary of ftate, 
 keeper of the privy feal, and high chamberlain 
 of England. His zeal in the reformation pleafed 
 the king, and he largely fhared in the fpoils of 
 the plundered church. In deftroying the re- 
 lics of popery, he introduced good regulations, 
 and provided that the bible fhould be read in 
 Englifh, in the feveral churches, and alfo that 
 a regifter of births, &c. fhould be kept. The 
 active part which he took in the marriage ot 
 his mailer with Anne of Cleves, proved his 
 ruin. Henry, diffatisfied with his new queen, 
 wreaked his vengeance on him. Forfaken by 
 all his former friends, except Cranmer, and 
 unable to find one defender, for fear of the 
 royal refentment, Cromwell pleaded for mercy 
 in a letter to the king, in fuch moving terms, 
 that Henry read it three times, and probably 
 would have pardoned him, had not his paffion 
 for Catharine Howard kindled his fury. Crom- 
 well fufFered on Tower-hill, after fix weeks' 
 imprifonment, IJ40. Though abided by the 
 papifts as ambitious, and crafty, he is repre- 
 tenred as preferring men of learning and abi- 
 lities. 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, protector of England, 
 was born of a very refpeelable family at Hun- 
 tingdon, 25th April 1599. He received his 
 education in the grammar-fchool of his native 
 town, and at Sidney college, Cambridge. Here 
 foot-ball, cricket, and other exercifes, were 
 more congenial to his purfuits than literature, 
 and therefore his mother, now a widow, fent 
 him in 161 8 to Lincoln's-inn. Irregularities 
 here prevailed, and licentious pleafures en- 
 gaged his attention more than the law, till at 
 laft: when 21 he married Elizabeth daughter 
 of fir James Bouchier of EfTex, and retired tc 
 Huntingdon. Some time after he removed 
 into the ifle of Ely, where his uncle had left 
 him an eftate of 400I. a year, and then he left 
 the church of England, and became a puritan. 
 He was elected into parliament in 1628, and 
 was violent againft the bithops ; but the warmth 
 with which he fupported minifters of his own 
 perfuafion reduced his fortunes, and obliged 
 him to take a farm at St. Ives. Here he 
 nearly ruined himfelf, and in 1637 he formed 
 the plan of palling over to New England, 
 which he was prevented from doing by a pro- 
 clamation from the king, againft migration. 
 Diftinguifhed among the puritans for his gift of 
 preaching, praying, and expounding, he had 
 theintereft to recommend himfelf to the 6ox- 
 poration of Cambridge, and to be chofen into 
 
 parliament 1640. In the houfe he was a fre- 
 quent fpeaker, and exclaimed againft grievances 
 in church and ftate. Courted by the leading 
 men, by Hampden, by Pym, andotjhers who 
 knew his firmnefs and his devotion, he became 
 well acquainted with the intrigues of the times, 
 and when the parliament relblved in 1642 to 
 levy war, he went to Cambridge, where he 
 raifed a troop ofhorfe. His feverity to the 
 loyal members of the univerfity, who contri- 
 buted their plate to the fervice of the king, 
 was very culpable ; but he fhowed fuch activity 
 that in a few months he acquired the character 
 of a good officer, and his foldiers were the belt 
 difciplined troops in the kingdom. Now be- 
 come a lieutenant-general, he diftinguifhed 
 himfelf at the battle of Marfton-moor, 1644, 
 where his cavalry, called Ironfides, enfured 
 victory wherever they appeared. At the fe- 
 cond battle of Newbury, his valor and fervices 
 were regarded as fo extraordinary, that he 
 was called the faviour of the nation, and in 
 the felf-denving ordinance for the exclufion of 
 officers from feats in the commons, Cromwell 
 alone was exempted. The fatal battle of 
 Nafeby, 14th June 1646, eftablifhed his tri- 
 umph as the ableft general of the times, and 
 for this he was thanked by the parliament, 
 and rewarded with a penfion. When the king 
 had thrown himfelf into the hands of the 
 Scotch, and then been fold to the Englifh, tha 
 parliament regarding the army as dangerous, 
 ordered part of it to be difbanded, but Crom- 
 well prevented the execution of their plans, 
 and ftepping forth as the advocate of their 
 rights againft the parliament, be fecured to his 
 peribn the attachment of the foldiers. No 
 fooner was the king lodged in Holmby caftle 
 than he made himfelf mafter of his perfon, 
 and thus declared himfelf the arbiter of his 
 fate. Cromwell at laft took the bold meafure 
 of excluding from the houfe of commons thole 
 whom he knew to be averfe to his ambition, 
 and the trial of the devoted monarch foon 
 after followed. Cromwell acted openlv as one 
 of his judges, and he figned the warrant for 
 his execution, and by this bloody deed thus 
 paved the way to his own greatnefs. But 
 while he confidered himfelf as fecure, his 
 power was threatened by rebellion in the 
 army, even in his own favorite regiment. 
 With his ufual prefence of mind he appeared 
 among the rioters, and calling four men by 
 name out of the ranks, he made them cait 
 dice for their life, and obliged the two that 
 efcaped to fhoot the others. Having thus re- 
 ftored tranquillity he was received every where 
 with marks of relpect, nnd next embarked 
 with an army for Ireland 1649, and quickly 
 reduced the country. In 1650 he was pub- 
 licly thanked by the fubmiffive commons, who 
 inverted him with the chief command in Scot- 
 land, where Charles II. had been acknowledged 
 king. He marched to the north with his ufual 
 rapidity, and on the 3d September 1650, he 
 defeated the Scotch army in a dreadful battle, 
 
 at 
 
CRO 
 
 at Dunbar, and the next year, on the fane 
 aufpicious day, he compleated the ruin of 
 Charles' fortunes by the crowning victory, as 
 he laid, at Worcester. His SucceSs was So 
 important, that a general thankfgiving was 
 appointed, and the 3d of September declared 
 an anniversary State holiday. But though 
 commander in chief of the whole iHand, and 
 lord lieutenant of Ireland, Cromwell found 
 that his power depended on the will of (he 
 parliament, and therefore he difmiii'ed them. 
 Whilft the commons and the council of the 
 officers were diftra&ed by oppofite opinions, 
 he forwarded fecretly his own views, and all 
 at once rifing up in his feat in the houfe, he 
 bade the Speaker leave the chair, and the 
 whole body give place to honefter men ; and 
 filling the room with armed Soldiers he turned 
 the whoie aSTembly out, and locking up the 
 doors, he retired to Whitehall. Though he 
 permitted a mock aSTembly, under the name 
 f council of ftate, he was foon difplc-afed with 
 their conduct, and by the voice ef hit officers, 
 he afluraed the title of protector of the com- 
 monwealth of England, and was inverted with 
 the new office, 16th Dec. 1653, in Weft- 
 minfter-hall. Thus abfolute in the govern- 
 ment, he appointed a council of ftate, confiding 
 of men of Superior fagacity, and adopted fuch 
 meafures as could give ftability to his power, 
 and add to the independence of the kingdom. 
 Peace was made with Sweden, Holland, Por- 
 tugal, and France, the moft upright judges 
 filled the courts of Weitminfter-hall, and li- 
 berty of confeience was tolerated. Notwith- 
 standing the popularity of his meafures, he 
 met with oppofition from the people, and his 
 parliament prelum ed to difpute the legality of 
 his office, and were difcniSed with a fevere 
 reprimand. In 1655, though threatened with 
 confpiracies, he fupported with vigorous hand 
 the honor of the nation. hlake conquered 
 Jamaica, and humbled the native powers on 
 the Mediterranean Shores, and a treaty of 
 offensive alliance was formed with France a 
 gainft the Spaniards in the Netherlands, and 
 Dunkirk was taken pofieihon of by the Eng- 
 lilh. The protector called another parliament, 
 1656, but to enfure their obedience, he 
 obliged them at the door of the houfe to fwear 
 allegiance to his perfon. The members awed 
 into deference, not only voted him fupplies, 
 but decreed new ftatutes for the Security of 
 his authority, and beftowed Qpon him the title 
 of king, which by the advice of his friends, 
 and much againft his inclination, he declined. 
 He however affumed the power of creating 
 peers, and again, to give greater dignity to his 
 authority, he was in 1657 a Second time in- 
 augurated protector in We!lminfter-l?all, with 
 all the pomp of a coronation. His fears were 
 now alarmed by the publication of " killing 
 no murder," a pamphlet by colonel Titus, 
 which directed againft him the dagger of 
 bold aflaflin, and in 1658 he felt not 1 
 disappointment at the conduct I 
 
 CRO 
 
 
 ment, which he addreiied as compofed cf lords 
 and commonsj in the ufual language of the 
 kings of England, though none of the ancient 
 nobility condefcended to appear among them. 
 Thefe open iniults, together with the fecret 
 machinations of his enemies, were enervated 
 by the death of his favorite daughter Mrs. 
 Clay pole, who, on her death-bed bitterly re- 
 proached him with his conduct. The fevere 
 agitations of his mind at laft undermined his 
 constitution, he grew referved and SuSpieious, 
 and the attacks of a flow fever were Succeeded 
 by a tertian ague. Though the dilorder feemed 
 at firft. not alarming, his phyficians perceived 
 his danger, but regardlefs of their intimations, 
 he depended upon the prayers of the godly for 
 recovery, and hoped that heaven would pre- 
 ferve his life. His dilorder proved fatal, 3d 
 September 1658. He was carried with great 
 pomp from Somerfet-houfe, and buried in the 
 chapel of Henry VII. in Weftminfter-abbey, 
 but after the restoration his body was taken 
 up and hung on the gallows. Though an 
 ufurper and a tyrant, Cromwell pofTefTed great 
 powers of mind, and contributed much to the 
 glory of the nation. Not only Milton de- 
 fended his government, but Waller, Sprat, 
 Dryden, and Cowley, celebrated his virtues. 
 How blameworthy foever he might have been 
 in* the acquisition of his power, obferves one 
 of his biographers, he certainly rivalled the 
 greateft of the Englifh monarchs in glory, and 
 made himfelf dreaded by the nations around 
 him. In his religious opinions he was a waver- 
 ing fanatic, and though grave and demure he- 
 had the hypocrify to adopt fuch tenets only as 
 tended belt to fecure his ufurpation. Of all 
 his children only fix lived to maturity : Richard 
 his fuccefibr, who held the protectorate with 
 feeble hands, and refigned it for a life of ob- 
 fcurity, was born 1626, and died at Chefhunt, 
 1712: Henry was lieutenant of Ireland, and 
 died 1674: Bridget, who married Ireton, and 
 afterwards general Fleetwood : Elizabeth, his 
 favorite daughter, who married Mr. Claypcle, 
 of Northamptonfhire: Mary, who married 
 lord Fauconberg, and is fuppofed to have in- 
 terefted hsrfelf warmly for the reftoration of 
 Charles II. and died 1712: And Frances, the 
 ycungeit, who married Mr. Rich, grandfon to 
 lord Warwick, and afterwards fir John Ruflel 
 of Chippenham, Cambridgeshire. His mother 
 lived with him at Whitehall, but in the midit 
 of Splendor ihe enjoyed it not, and was filled 
 with terror for the fate of her lbn, whom fne 
 never considered fafe, except fhe law him 
 twice a day. Flis wife was a woman of maf- 
 Ctiline powers of mind, and lhe gloried in the 
 elevation to which her hufband's guilty ambi- 
 tion, Spurred on by her. constant exhortations, 
 had railed her family. She Survived till 1672. 
 
 CllONECK, 'John Frederic baron de, of An- 
 fpach, died of the fmall-pox 1758. aged 27. 
 He distinguished himfelf as an ingenious poet. 
 
 CROOK, fir George, was horn at Chilton, 
 Bucks, and "educated at Oxford, and the Inner* 
 
 teanule. 
 
CRO 
 
 CUD 
 
 temple. He rofe to the offices of king's fer- 
 jeant, juftice of the common pleas, and chief 
 juftice of England. He died at Wateritock, 
 Oxfordshire, 164-1, aged 82. 
 
 Crosby, Brafs, lord mayor of London, 
 was born at Stockton-upon-Tees in 1725, and 
 early came to London, where he practiced ?.s 
 an attorney. He, in 1764, was elected iheriff, 
 the next year alderman, and in 1770 lord 
 mayor In this high office he oppoied the 
 court, in the profecution of Wheble and other 
 printers ; and he fupported Wilkes and Oliver, 
 for which he was fent to the i ower. During 
 his confinement, his conduct was applauded by 
 the city, and various addreffes came to him 
 from feme counties. He'was releafed by the 
 prorogation of parliament, and conducted to 
 the manfion-houfe in great pomp by the po- 
 pulace, and honored by the thanks of the 
 corporation, and the vote of a cup of iool. 
 value. He died 1793. 
 
 Cross, Michael, an Englifh artift, em- 
 ployed by Charles I. to copy the beft pictures 
 of Italy. It is faid, that being permitted by 
 the doge of Venice to copy the Madonna of 
 Raphael, he left his copy behind, and brought 
 away the original, which, in the civil wars, 
 was fold to the Spanish ambaffador, and now 
 adorns the Elcurial. ' ' 
 
 Cross, Lewis, a painter, who died 1724. 
 He retouched a picture of Mary of Scots, and 
 with fuch effect, that feveral copies have been 
 taken from it. 
 
 Crousaz, John Peter de, a mathematician, 
 born at Laufanne, 166.3. ^e was intended 
 for the army, but his inclinations were bent to 
 literature ; and the perufal of des Cartes's 
 works directed his attention to mathematics 
 and philofophy. He was in 1706 made rector 
 of the academy of Laufanne, and, in 1724, 
 mathematical profeflbr at Groningen. He 
 was afterwards preceptor to Frederic of : 'effe 
 Caffel, nephew to the king of Sweden, and 
 died at Laufanne, 1748, aged 85. He wrote 
 an effay on logic, afterwards enlarged to 6 
 vols 8vo. a treatifeon beauty, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 on the liberty of thinking, &c. 
 
 Crown e, join, a native of Mova Scotia-, 
 who came to England, eager after fame. His 
 diftreffes at firft were fo great that he became 
 upper fervant in an old lady's family, and then 
 was a favorite with the court, and employed 
 by Charles II. to write the mafque of Calypic. 
 Upon the difcovery of the pnpkh plot, he em- 
 braced the part of the lories, and wrote his 
 *' city politics," to fatirife the -.vhigs r a comedy. 
 He next pptitioned the king for a place for 
 life ; to which Charles affected, provided he 
 wrote another c< msdy. Even the king himfelf 
 hiim, by recommending him to borrow 
 from the Spanish comedy of lt nbn pued efler;" 
 from which was produced The play of Sir 
 Courtly Nice ; but, on the fcrfl Hay ofrebear- 
 
 e king died, and the hopes of r! 
 were dilhed to the ground. He died about 
 *7 3i author of 17 plays, heiiies the * 
 
 [ fcufHe," a heroic poem, and two other poems, 
 ; Pandion and Amphigenia, and the Dameids. 
 
 Croxall, Dr. Samuel, was born at Wa! 
 [ ton-upon-Thames, Survey, and educated at 
 ' Eton, and St. John's college, Cambridge. At 
 the univeriity he wrote the fair Circaliian, but 
 : as the poem was a licentious imitation of Solo- 
 , mon's long, he avoided diiclofing himfelf to be 
 i the author, before he applied for ordination, 
 I He obtained the living of Hampton, Middle- 
 I fex, the parishes of St. Mary Someriet, and 
 MountShaw, London, and became chancellor, 
 prebendary, and canon of Hereford, and after- 
 wards archdeacon of Salop, with other prefer- 
 ments. In Anne's reign he wrote, in Support 
 of the whigs, two cantos in imitation of Spen- 
 I fer, to fatirife Harley's administrations. He 
 wrote befides ' the Virion," a poem, addreifed 
 to lord Halifax, the fables of iEfop, fcrip- 
 ture politics the royal manual, and all the 
 dedications prefixed to " Select Novels." Ke 
 died at a great age, 1752. 
 
 Crozk, Mathurin Key [per e la, a Eenedic- 
 tine monk, distinguished himfelf by his learn- 
 ing. He abandoned his order and his religion 
 i:i 1696, and made his. recantation at Eafil, 
 and employed himfelf in Berlin as an instructor 
 of youth, and profeffor of philofophy. He 
 died 1739, a S e d 7^ He wrote fome valuable 
 works, differtations hiftoviques, &e. an Arme- 
 nian dictionary, 4*0. twelve years' labor 
 hiftoire du Chriitianifme des Indes, naio 
 du ChriltiamSme d'Ethiopie, &c. 
 
 Cruden, Alexander, MA. was born nr 
 Aberdeen, and educated at the Marill-hal 
 college there. He fettled in London in 
 1728, as bookfeller under the royal exchange, 
 and maintained himfelf chiefly by fuperintend- 
 ing publications for the preis. In 1 737 his va- 
 luable Concordance was publilhed, and again 
 in 1 r6i, Cruden was occasionally deranged. 
 About 1738 he went "on a romantic view to 
 reform the Englifh univerlities, and was foon 
 after confined at Chelfea. He was a fecond 
 time in a mad-houfe, and was at laft found 
 dead, in a praying pofture, at Iilington, 1774, 
 aged 70. He was a worthy, pious, and iri- 
 offenfive man. 
 
 Crusius, or Krans, Martin, of Bamber.T, 
 was profeflbr of belles lettres at Tubingen, and 
 the firft who taught Greek in Germany, &x. 
 He died at Eltringen 1607., aged 2l. He is the 
 learned compiler of Turco-Oraeci*, libri octo 
 1584 annales Suevici ad ann. T549, Sec. 
 
 CRUZ, Juand lne% de la, an ingenious lid'/, 
 born at Mexico. She was naturally en.io ved 
 with great powers of mind. Her poems nri- 
 leffed great merit. The beft part of her life 
 was Ipent in the feclufion </f the monastery of 
 St. Gerouimo, where (he died, after 27 years' 
 reridonce, aged 44 in 1695. 
 
 Cudwor -i-H, Rs'pb, a celebrated divine, 
 born 161 7, at Al.ler, Som<nfet hW, w#eVe his 
 father was rector. He was of Emanuel col- 
 lege, and in 164! was prcfer.ud ro the recTj.-y 
 et North Cadbuiy, SomtrfeUhire, and the 
 1' following 
 
CUE 
 
 CUL 
 
 following year he publifhed his u difcourfe 
 concerning the tme notion of the Lord's flip- 
 per," and afterwards his treatife, M the union 
 of Chrift and the church; a fhadow." In 
 1644 he was appointed matter of Clare-hall, 
 and the year after regius profeftbr of Hebrew. 
 In 1647, ' le preached before the houfe of 
 commons, for which he received the thanks of 
 the houfe. In 1654,11c was elecled mafter of 
 Chrilt's college, at which time he alfo married. 
 He was, in 1657, one of thofe confulted by 
 parliament about the Englifh tranflation of the 
 bible, and he gained the friendthip of White. 
 locke, and of Thurloe, the able fecretary of 
 the two protectorates. At the reftoration, he 
 wrote a copy of verfes to the fovereign, and, 
 in 1662, he was prefented by bifhop Sheldon 
 to A fh well, Hertfordlhire. In 1678, he was 
 inftalled prebendary of Gloucefter, and he then 
 published in folio his famous work, " the true 
 intellectual fyftem of the univerfe, wherein 
 the realbn and philofophy of atheifm are con- 
 futed, and its impoffibility demonltrated." This 
 work, from its nature and importance, had 
 many aflailants; but it is acknowledged by 
 Dryden, liayle, and Shaftefbury, that he was 
 Co moderate in his principles that he aim oft 
 betrayed the caufe which he meant to defend. 
 A warm diipute was railed in confequence be- 
 tween him And le Clerc. The work was 
 tranflated into Latin, in 1733, >' Moftieim, 
 and the original was republished in 1743, in 2 
 vote. 4to. by Dr. Birch, with great additions. 
 Cudworth died at Cambridge, 1688. Of his 
 pofthumous works, which were a continuation 
 of his intellectual fyftem, one was publifhed 
 by Chandler biihop of Durham 1731, called 
 *' a treatile concerning eternal and immutable 
 morality," intended chiefly againft Hobbes and 
 others. His other MSS. were on moral good 
 and evil,&c. Cudworth was a man of extenfive 
 erudition, well fkilled in the languages, an able 
 philofopher, an acute mathematician, and a 
 profound mctaphyfician. Though he em- 
 braced the corpufcular philofophy, and confi- 
 dered Plato as a guide- with refpect to the 
 Deity, he was efteemed for his virtues, his 
 piety, his moderation, and humanity. 
 
 Cuerenhert, Theodore van, a lingular 
 character, born at An fterdam 1522. He was 
 a man of fcience, and had a turn for poetry ; 
 but maintained himfelf at firft by engrav- 
 ing, in which he dilplayed lkiil and genius, 
 though too halty and volatile in his execution. 
 He fettled at Haerlem, and was ambaftador to 
 the prince of Orange. Such, at laft, were his 
 ideas about religion, that he aflerted no one 
 could officiate as a minifter without a luperna- 
 tural million, and that it was unworthy a 
 Chriftian te enter a place of public worfhip. 
 Thefe wild ideas procured his banilhment from 
 the country. He died at Tergont 1.50c, 
 aged 68. His works were publifhed, 3 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Ci.'KVA, Alfonfus de la, ambaffador from 
 Philip III. to the Venetian republic, plotted 
 
 thefeizing of the city. When the confpinar 
 was discovered, and the accomplices put to 
 death by drowning, the author of the horrible 
 fcheme, out of refpect to the Spanifh king, 
 was fecretly difmrifed by the fenate, to avoid 
 the fury of the populace. Cueva fled to Flan- 
 ders; but in confequence f the leverity of 
 his government he retired to Rome, where he 
 died 1665. He was a man of aftonilhing 
 powers of mind, great political fagacity, an 
 acute judge of the manners and prejudices of 
 mankind, compoled in the molt violent agita- 
 tions, and fuch a mafter of the knowledge of 
 the human paHions, that his conjectures 1'eem 
 almoft prophetical. 
 
 Cuff, Henry, a celebrated wit, born at 
 Hinton St. George, Somerfetfhire, 1560. He 
 was educated at Trinity college, Oxford ; but 
 a joke upon the well-known humorous difho- 
 nelty of his founder drew upon him tke re 
 ftntment of his fociety and expuifion. He 
 was admitted at Merton, and two years aftei , 
 1588, elected fellow. He was afterward* 
 Greek profellbr, and proctor of the univcrlity. 
 He next became the fecretary and confidant 
 of Eftex, a molt fatal engagement. When 
 ElTex was condemned, he acculec-i Cuff as the 
 author of his misfortunes; in confequence of 
 which the wretched fecretary, perhaps no 
 otherwise guilty than as the tool of this ambi- 
 tious favorite, was arraigned, condemned, and 
 executed at Tyburn, 1601. He was a man 
 of great learning and gepsius. He wrote a cu- 
 rious philolophical piece, called the difK 1 
 of the ages of man's life, together with the 
 original caufes, i<c. 
 
 Cujacius, James, an eminent lawyer, 
 born at Touloule, 1520. He was of mean 
 origin ; but by his genius and indultry, with- 
 out the alliftance of a mailer, he made himfelf 
 perfect in the knowledge of Greek and Latin, 
 and of civil law. Refilled the profelfor's chair 
 in his native town, his abilities attracted 
 pupils from every country ; and to his fuperior 
 talents, France owed the ableft and the 1110ft 
 expert of her lawyers and magistrates. He fet- 
 tled at Cahors, and then at Bourges, which he 
 would not quit, though invited by the king of 
 France, and by Gregory XIII. He was ib 
 kind to his pupils that he was called the father 
 of his fcholars. He died at Bourges ij',o. 
 His works were to vols. fol. 
 
 Cullen, William, the celebrated phyfi- 
 cian, was born io Lanerkfhire, and ferved his 
 time with an apothecary at Glalgow, ai I 
 went as furgeon in a vell'el to the Weft I 
 On his return, he fettled at Shotts, and afrefl 
 wards at Hamilton. By the advice of the 
 duke of Hamilton, he removed to G! 
 and obtained an appointment iu the unjverfi^J 
 About this time he formed a partnerlli : . 
 Willir.ni Hunter. In 1746, he was ap] 
 lecturer in chemiftrv at Glalgow, and in 
 was nominated king's profelfor of med 
 In 1756 he w.s invited to the v 
 chemiflry at Edu.burgh, and he dilplayed fuch l 
 
 know 
 
CUM 
 
 CUN 
 
 knowledge, that aa oppofitiou was railed 
 : him by thole who envied his fame, and 
 could not rival his abilities. He publilhed the 
 lectures which he delivered, in confequence of 
 the appearance of a furreptitious copy. He at 
 bit refigned his office to Dr. Black, in confe- 
 quence of growing infirmities, though he 
 afterwards joined Dr. Gregory, to give lectures 
 on the practice of phyfic. He died 1790. 
 His other works were, lines of phyfic, 4 vols, 
 fcvo. fynopfis nolbloginj methodical, 2 vols. 
 ^ vo a treatife on the recovery of drowned 
 per Ions, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Cui.i.um, fir John, was horn 1733, and 
 educated at Bury fchool, and Catharine-haU, 
 Cambridge. He died at Hardwicke-houfe, 
 rector of Great Thurlo.v, SufFolk. He 
 publilhed the hiftory and antiquities of Haw- 
 lied, Suffolk. 
 
 Culmer, Richard, a violent fanatic, edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college, Cambridge. He 
 w~,s expelled from the living of Goodnefton, in 
 Kent, for refuting to read the book of Iports, 
 and then became lecturer at Canterbury, and 
 whs employed by the parliament in breaking 
 ind defacing images, pictures, &c. from 
 places of worfhip. In his zeal, he demolilhed 
 the beautiful painted window of Canterbury 
 cathedral, of which he gave an account ; and 
 for his lervices to the republicans, he was pro- 
 moted to the living of Minfter in Kent, from 
 whch he was ejected at the reftoration. He 
 was a molt abulive character, and from his 
 fondnefs for fighting he was called the blue- 
 Rio Dick. 
 
 Culpeper, Nicholas, after a few years 
 mt at Cambridge, was bound to an apothe- 
 cary. He engaged deeply in the ftudy of 
 altrology, of which he became profefTor. He 
 died in Spitalfields 1654. He wrote feveral 
 books, the belt known of which is his " herb- 
 al," in which he delcribes the qualities of 
 plants, as if by calting their nativities. 
 Cumberland, Rhbardi a prelate, bn 6f 
 a citizen of London, where he was born 1632. 
 He was educated at St. Paul's fchool and 
 Magdalen college, Cambridge, and in 1658, 
 he was prefented to Brampton rectory, Nor- 
 thamptonlhire. He was drawn from his foli- 
 tude by the elevation of his friend Orlando 
 Bridgman to the fca.ls, 1667, from whom he 
 received the living of Allhallows, Stamford. 
 He published, in 1672, his work de legibus 
 Datura dil'quifitio philofophica, &c. This 
 performance greatly railed his reputation, and 
 he was further diftinguifhed for the exercifes 
 which he performed for his degree of D. D. 
 in 1680. In 1686 he publilhed his effiiy on 
 ilh meafures and weights, a work of 
 . In 1691 he was raifed to the fee of 
 erborough without folicitation or intereft, 
 ly from the eminence of his learning. In 
 duties he was vigilant, oblerving to his 
 , who dilfuaded him from exertions which 
 t injure his health, " that he would fulfil 
 . i as long- as he could, and that a man 
 
 had better wear out than ruft out." In his 
 purfuits to difcover the true caufes of idolatry, 
 he % paid attention to the (hattered Phcenician 
 hiftory of Sanchoniathon ; but though great 
 labor was bellowed on the fubject, and a book 
 prepared for the prefs, his bookfeller objected 
 to the publication, which was deferred till after 
 his death, when his fon-in-law, Mr. Payne, 
 publilhed in 1720, his Sanchoniathon's Phce- 
 nician hiftory, from Eufebius' praepar. evangel. 
 kc. and, in 1724, his fecond work, his origines 
 gentium antiquiffimae. The bilhop to the laft 
 retained the great powers of his mind, and 
 died 1 718, in his 87th year,in confequence of 
 an attack of the palfy. 
 
 Cumberland, William duke of, fecond 
 Ion of "George II. was born 1721. He was at 
 the battle of Dettingen, and diftinguilhed him- 
 felf fo much at the battle of Fontenoy, that he 
 might have enfured a glorious victory, had he 
 been ably fupported by the Dutch. His next 
 lervices were the defeat of the pretender at the 
 battle of Culloden, 1746. In 1747 he loft 
 the battle of Val, by the hefitatinj affiftance of 
 the Dutch. He died 1765. 
 
 Cuming, William, a phyfician, born at 
 Edinburgh 1714, and educated at the high 
 fchool and univerfity there. After refiding at 
 Paris and Leyden, he came to London, and 
 removed to Dorchefter. Here he gained uni- 
 verfal reputation, and recommended himfelfto 
 his patients by the gentlenefs of his manners, 
 and his fkilful management of difeafes. He 
 affifted Mr. Hutchins, the hiftorrian of Dorfet- 
 ihire, who has paid deferved compliments to 
 his abilities and kind afliduity. He died of a 
 dropfy, 1788, aged 74. 
 
 Cuna:vs, Peter> a lawyer, profefTor at 
 Leyden, born at Flufhing 1586. He was a 
 man of great learning, commended by VofIius ; 
 Scaliger, and others. He died 1638. He 
 wrote, among other valuable works, de repub- 
 lic:! Hebrasorum fatira Menippsa -remarks 
 on Nonius' Diony a tranflation of Julian's 
 Cafars, &c. 
 
 Cunegonde, married the emperor Henry 
 II by whom the had no children. Seme hif- 
 torians accufe her of incontinence, while 
 others regard her as ill treated by her hufband, 
 after whofe death, in 1024, fhe retired to a 
 monastery. * 
 
 Cuningham, William, a phyfician, who 
 refided in Coleman-ftreet, London. He lived 
 at Norwich about 1559 ; but, in 1563, was a 
 public lecturer in Surgeons' hall, L6ftdon. 
 He was a man of great learning as an aftrono- 
 mer and phyfician. 
 
 Cunitia, Maria, a learned lady in the 
 17th century, born in Silefia. She had a per- 
 fect knowledge of ancient and modern lan- 
 guages, and excelled in mathematics and altro- 
 nomy, on which fhe wrote fome ingenious 
 treatifes, efpecially Urania propjtia, in 1 650, 
 in Latin and German, dedicated to the empe- 
 ror Ferdinand III. She married a phyfician, 
 and died 1664. 
 
 Tl Cunning- 
 

 CUR 
 
 CuNKINGHAM, Alexander , a Scotch hifto- 
 rian, bom near Selkhk, in 1654- He was edu- 
 cated ill Holland, where he imbibed the princi- 
 ples of government then faihionahle. He came 
 over with William at the revolution, and main- 
 tained an intimacy with the molt popular mem- 
 bers of government. He was tutor to lord 
 HyndforJ and his brother William, and after- 
 wards to lord Lome, and vifcount Lonidale ; 
 and during his viiits on the continent, he maJe 
 important obfervations on the politics of various 
 countries, which he communicated in confi- 
 dence to the king and his ministers. To this 
 may be attributed the vaft information mani- 
 feftad m his writings, and the great military 
 knowledge which he difpla\s. At the accef- 
 iion of George I. Cunningham was lent as 
 envoy to the Venetian republic, where he 
 reSided five years. He afterwards lived in 
 retirement, refpected as a politician and as a 
 man of letters. From an infeription in St. 
 IVlartin's church over an Alexander Cunning- 
 ham., fuppofed to be his, he died 1737, in the 
 83d year of his age. His hiftory of Great 
 Britain, from the revolution to the acceffion 
 of George I- appeared in % vols. 4*0. 1787, 
 traafiated from the Latin MS. The work 
 had paued into the hands of Dr. Hollingberry, 
 and was recommended for publication by lord 
 Hardwxcke and Dr. Douglas bifhop of Salis- 
 bury. It is a work of merit, ar.d it relates the 
 particulars of an important period with accu- 
 racy, fpirit, and impartiality. To our author 
 forne have attributed the celebrated criticilms 
 on Horace, 2 vols. 8vo. 1721, and thofe 
 poSthumous remarks on Virgil publiihed 1742 ; 
 but the matter is doubtful. It appears, indeed, 
 that the hiftorian and the critic were both of 
 the lame name, both Scotch, both lived in the 
 fame times, both educated in Holland, both 
 eminent for their fkill in the game of chefs, 
 both employed as travelling tuto;s, and both 
 attained to an advanced age. 
 
 Cunningham, John, fon of a wine-mer- 
 chant in Dublin. At 17 he wrote his " love 
 in a miit, or the lai's of Spirit; 1 ' from which 
 Garrick drew the prominent features of his 
 " lying varht." He was for feveral years 
 engaged as a Strolling player, in the north of 
 England and in Scotland. He fettled at New- 
 caftle-upcn-Tyne, where he died 1773, aged 
 42. 
 
 CwRCELtJEUS, Stephen, a divine, born at 
 Geneva, died at Amfterdam 1658, aged 72. 
 After refiding in France, he fettled at Am- 
 sterdam, where he was followed by the Ar- 
 menians, and where he fucceeded Epifcopius 
 as divinity profeSTbr. He published a new 
 edition of the Greek teftarcent, with various 
 readings, and he prop rly obferves, that nona 
 of the readi articles of faith. 
 
 Curio, Calius Sccundus, was born at San 
 
 Chirico",in Piedmont. For his abjuration of the 
 
 nets of Luther, he 
 
 w as fti: ed and confined tit Turin. He efcaped 
 
 Jo and Pavia ; bat perfected in 
 
 cus 
 
 Italy, he took refuge at Laufanne, where be 
 became principal of the college. He removed. 
 to Bafil, where for twenty-two years, till his 
 death, 1569, at the age of 67, he continued 
 to fill the chair of eloquence and belles lettres. 
 His work, " de amplitudine beati regni Dei,'* 
 1550, in 8vo. is a curious compolition. 
 
 Curl, Edmund, a bookfeller, whofe name 
 has obtained immortality in Pope's Dunciad. 
 He was born in the weft of England, and kept 
 a lhop in the neighbourhood of Covent Gar- 
 den, where his books were generally enlarged 
 by wretched notes and forged letters. He loft 
 his ears for publishing " the ran in her 
 finock." He died 1748. 
 
 Curopalate, John, of the houfehold of 
 the Greek emperor of that name, wrote a. 
 Greek hiftory from 813 to 1081. This work 
 has been molt Shamefully pirated by Cedrenus.. 
 
 Currie, James, a phyfician, born 1756, 
 at Kirkpatrick Fleming, Dumfriesshire. After 
 receiving his education at Dumfries, he went 
 to Virginia in a commercial capacity, but re-^ 
 turned to ltudy medicine at Edinburgh. He 
 fettled at Liverpool, and acquired celebrity 
 from his practice, the benevolence of his heart, 
 his clallical tafte, and his general information. 
 He afterwards removed to Bath on account of 
 ill health, and died at Sidmouth, Devonshire, 
 1S05. Dr. Currie was well known as th? 
 author of alerter to Mr. Pitt, under the name 
 of Jafper Wilfon, 1793, which patted through 
 feveral editions. Befides hi* medical reports 
 on the effects of water, as a remedy in febrile 
 difeafes, 8vo. 1797, with another volume 1804, 
 he wrote valuable papers in the Manche.ter 
 traniactions, &c. and alto edited Burns' poems 
 in 1800. 
 
 Curson, or Corceoxe, Robert, an F.ng- 
 liihman, who Studied at Oxford and Paris. He 
 became chancellor of Paris univeriity, and 
 was made a cardinal by Innocent III. in I2i>. 
 He preached the crulkdes, and died at Dami- 
 etta 12 1 8. He wrote on the queftion, whe- 
 ther Origen be Saved or not. 
 
 Cusa, Nicholas de, a cardinal, born at 
 Cuia. His extenfive knowledge of law and 
 of divinity recommended him to Nicholas V. 
 who made him a cardinal 1448, and bithop of 
 Brixia. He was fent to Germany as legate, in 
 1 45 1, to preach the crufades againft the 
 Turks, and died at Todi, in Umbria, 1464, 
 aged 63. His works, which were numerous 
 and valuable, were collected and printed in J 
 vols. 
 
 Cu s s a y, N. governor of Angers, is known 
 for his reply to the duke of Guife, who had 
 ordered the proteltan'ts of Anjou to be mafia- 
 crcd on the fatal day of St. Bartholomew 
 " Tell the king," anfwered he, " that my 
 fellow citizens are brave and loyal, but not 
 aSIahms." 
 
 CuSTINES, Adam Philippe count de, W3t 
 born at Metz, 1740. In the American war 
 he alfifted the revolted colonic:, and in the 
 national aflembly he efjwifed the popular 
 
 party 
 
CUT 
 
 CYR 
 
 party. When commander of the army of the 
 Rhine, he took Spires, Mentz, Frankfort, 
 &c. but a reverfe of fortune obliged him to 
 fall back. Want of fuccefs was confidwed as 
 treatbn, and Cultines periihed on the fcifFoid, 
 1793. He was weak in hiscondu.it., proud in 
 profperity, but a coward in adverfity. 
 
 Cothbert, an Engliih faint, born in the 
 north, and educated by the Scottifh monks in 
 the abbey of Icolmkill. He fettled in the 
 ifland of Lind'sferna, four miles from Ber- 
 wick, now called Holyifland ; from whence 
 he came to the court of Egfred king of Nor- 
 thumberland, whom he converted to Chriliian- 
 ity, and baptiled. He died 686. 
 
 Cutts, Join lord, was born at Matching, 
 in Eflex. He was early in the fervice of 
 Monmouth, and was under the duke of Lor- 
 raine, in Hungary, and at the taking of Buda 
 by the imperialilts At the revolution, he 
 was created -baron in Ireland 1690, governor 
 of the ifle of Wight 1693. On Anne's accef- 
 fion he was made lieutenant general of the 
 forces in Holland, commander in Ireland in 
 1705, and afterwards one of the lords juitices 
 of that kingdom ; an appointment which broke 
 his heart, becaufe it lemoved him out of the 
 fphere of adive enterprize. He died at 
 Dublin 1707. He wrote a poem on queen 
 Mary's death, and publilhed, 1687, poetical 
 
 exercifes, written on feveral occasions a poem 
 on wifdom another on Waller. 
 
 Cvpuiani, or Cipriani, an Italian pain- 
 ter, fettled in England. He died in London 
 1785. His pieces, lpread over Europe by the 
 graver of Bartolozzi, are well known and ad- 
 mired for grace, beauty, and expreffion. 
 
 CyRANo,^ro-fw, a French author, born 
 in Gafcony 1620. He entered the army, 
 where his valor diftinguifhed him in the field 
 as well as in duelling, and procured him the 
 appellation of the intrepid. He was Ihot 
 through the body at the fiege of Mouzon, and 
 run through the neck at that of Arras in 
 1 640; but >t laft he abandoned the army to 
 wield the pen of wit and poetry. He died in 
 i(>55> aged 35, in coufequence of a blow on 
 the head by the fall of a piece of timber. His 
 works coniitt of a tragedy on the death of 
 Agrippina, mother of Germanicus the pedant, 
 a comedy befides a comic hiitory of the itates 
 and empires of the fun and of the moon- 
 letters dialogues and fragments of phyfics, 
 &c. 
 
 Cvrili, Luca>-, of Candia, was educated 
 at Padua and in Germany. He was bilhop 
 of Alexandria, and afterwards, 162 1, patriarch 
 of Constantinople. He was depoled for his at- 
 tempts to reform his clergy, and was Strangled 
 by order of the grand figaior, in 1638. 
 
 D. 
 
 DAC 
 
 DAC, Jobn t painter, born at Cologne 
 1556, and employed by the emperor 
 P.odolph, who rewarded him with honors and 
 opulence. His pictures are all in a grand 
 itile. 
 
 Dacier, Andrew, a French philofopher 
 and critic, born in Upper Languedoc, 1651. 
 He was educated chiefly. at Saumur, under 
 Tanaquil Faber, whole daughter he married. 
 At Paris he was in the number of thofe who 
 publilhed the daffies for the ufe of the dau- 
 phin. His firft work was Pompeius Feftus, 
 4to. 1681, greatly improved in 1699. His 
 Horace, with a French tranflation, appeared in 
 
 1681, in IO vols. iimo. and has frequently 
 keen reprinted. He next publilhed St. Anaf- 
 tafius' contemplations, with notes, &c. in 
 
 1682. The next year he married Faber's 
 daughter ; and, in 1685, he with her abjured 
 the proteltant religion. In 1691, his moral 
 reflections of Marcus Antoninus, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 appeared; and in 1692, Ariltotle's poetics, 
 with .1 tranflation, &c. in 4to. considered as 
 his belt performance. In 1693 he publilhed 
 
 DAC 
 
 a tranflation of the CEdipus and EIetra of 
 Sophocles; in 1694, the rirlt volume of Plu- 
 tarch's lives; in 1697, the tranflation of the 
 works of Hippocrates, 2 vols, umo ; in 1699, 
 that of Plato's works, 2 vols. ; in 1706, the 
 life of Pythagoras, his fymbols, golden verfes, 
 &c. 2 vols. ; in 17 15, Epidtetus, 2 vols. ; and 
 in 1723, the lives of Plutarch were completed, 
 in 8 vols. 4to. Dacier publilhed befides, notes 
 on Longinus, a diflertation on tke origin of 
 fatire, anfwers to fome critics who had cen- 
 fured his perfon and manners, &c. a commen- 
 tary on Theocritus, &c. As he had been con- 
 cerned in the compilation of the medallic 
 hiitory of Lewis XIV. the monarch fettled on 
 him a penfion of 2000 livres. In 171 3 he was 
 perpetual fecretary te the French academy, 
 and in 171 7 he obtained a grant of 10,000 
 crowns. Dacier, greatly afflicted for the lofs 
 of his wife, 1720, would have married afecond 
 time had not death prevented it. He was 
 carried off by an ulcer in his throat, which he 
 had disregarded as not dangerous, 1722, in his 
 71ft year. He was a man of great and exten- 
 T3 t fxy. 
 
DAG 
 
 DAL 
 
 five learning, who applied the powers of his 
 mind, and the moft indefatigable induftry, to 
 infufe into his native language all the graces 
 of fome of the heft writers of ancient times. 
 
 Dacier, Aar.c, wife of Andrew Dacier, 
 daughter of Tanaquil Faber, or e Fe\ re, was 
 feorn at Saumur 1651. Her father difcover- 
 ing the powers o her mind, gave her a learned 
 education. In 1674, fhe publifhed an edition 
 of Callimachus in 4to. and (he was engaged in 
 the editing of the claffics for the ufe of the 
 dauphin. Her Florus appeared in 1674, in 
 4to. and her Aurrlius Victor 1681. Chrif- 
 tina of Sweden invited her to embrace the 
 Romifh religion, and to fettle at Stockholm, 
 where every mark of refper. and patronage 
 wuuld be fhown to her. Thefe offers (he de- 
 clined, and continued her labors in the fcrvice 
 of the dauphin. In 1,681, her tranflation of 
 Anacreon and Sappho appeared, fo much corn- 
 m ended by Boileau, and in 1683 were pub 
 limed Eutropins, 4to- and a French tranflation 
 of the Amphitryo, Epidicus, and Rudens of 
 Plautus, 3 vols, and the next year the Plutus 
 and Clouds of Ariftophanes, nmo. with Dic- 
 tys Cretenfis, and Dares Phrygius. In 1683 
 fhe married Dacier, a fcholar with whom (lie 
 had (hared the infi ruction of her father, and 
 two years after (lie made a recantation of the 
 protectant tenets. It has been infinunted that 
 (he had previoufly married Lefnier, a book- 
 feller, and that (he ran away from him for the 
 ibciety of Dacier, to whom (lie never was 
 regularly married, an imputation too grofs to 
 be credited. After her converfion, a penfion 
 of 1500 livres was fettled on her hufband, and 
 500 on htri'elf. In 1688, (he publifhed her 
 tranflation of Terence's plays with notes, 3 
 vols. i2mo. She atfifted her hufband in his 
 Marcus Antoninus and his Plutarch, and in 
 171 1 (he publifhed her tranflation of Homer's 
 Iliad with notes, 3 vols. i2mo. In 1 714 fhe 
 wrote a defence of Homer againft de la Motte, 
 ;md two years after againft Hardouin, in which 
 fiie difplayed much erudition, great tafte, and 
 not a little acrimony. She was afterwards 
 reconciled to de la Motte. Her laft work, 
 the OdyfTey of Homer from the Greek, ap- 
 peared in 1 716, 3 vols. l2mo. Sinking into 
 difeafe and debility, fhe died 1720, aged 69. 
 Befides learning, madame Dacier was graced 
 with the nobleit ornaments of human nature. 
 
 Daoar, Jacob, a native of Paris, eminent 
 as an hiilorical and portrait painter. He was 
 patronized by Chriftian V. of Denmark, and 
 died at Copenhagen 1716, aged 76. 
 
 Daoobert I. fucceeded Clotaire II. as 
 king of France 628. He made war agamft 
 Saxony, Britany, and G; fcony, hut ftained by 
 cruelty the laurels which he obtained in the 
 field of battle. He died at Epernay 638, aged 
 36. 
 
 Daoobert U. fon of Sigebcrt II. was pre- 
 vented from afcending his father's throne by 
 the mayor of the palace ; but afterwards was 
 king of Auftrafja, and was affkilinated 679. 
 
 Dago bert' III. fucceeded as king of Neufi> 
 tria, and died four years after 715. 
 
 Dahlbero, Erie, a Swedifh engineer. He 
 picparedfor the defence of TU>rn, and ac- 
 companied Guitavus Adolphus in his Polifh 
 expedition, and advifed him to march acroft 
 the Great Belt when frozen, and tbus-beiiege 
 the capital. His ferviees were rewarded in 
 1660 with the rank of nobility. He died at 
 Stockholm 1703. aged 78. He wrote Suecia 
 antiqua and hodierna, 3 vols. fol. 1700, and 
 was called the Vauhan of Sweden. 
 
 Daille, John, a protectant divine, born at 
 Chatelleraut 1594. He was educated at Poi- 
 tieis and Saumur, and at the age of 18 was 
 admitted into the family of du Pleilis Momay, 
 as tutor to his two grandfons. He travelled 
 in 1 619 with his two pupils, and palfe-d through 
 Geneva, Piedmont, Lombnrdy, and Venice, 
 where he was introduced to father Paul. 
 While at Mantua one of his pupils war. 
 ill, and foon after died, fo that Daiile v ith 
 great danger conveyed the body concealed as 
 a bale of goods, under the care of two fer^l 
 vants, to the burial place of his father, from 
 the unfui'picious eye \>f the inquifitors who 
 viewed with jealoufy the proteftants. With 
 the other pupil he continued his travels and 
 after vifiting Switzerland, Germany, Flanders, 
 Holland, and England, they returned to Fiance 
 in 1621. In 1623, Daiile was ordained and 
 officiated in the family of the venerable Mor- 
 nay, who died loon after in his arms. In 
 1628 he wrote his celebrated book " on the 
 ufe of the fathers," which lord Falkland and 
 Chillingworth greatly valued, and began to 
 tranflate, but left unfiuilhed ; but it appeared 
 in l65I,inanEnglifh dreis, by Thomas smith 
 of Cambridge, and in Latin by Mettaycr of 
 St. Quintin. In 1633 he publilhed his apology 
 for the reformed churches. Thefe books, 
 from their importance, and the mafterly man- 
 ner in which the fubjeci was treated, excited a 
 great outcry among the catholics. Daiile was 
 at the lynod of Alencon in 1637, where he 
 exerted himfelf to reconcile the protectants 
 about univerfal grace. 1 hele principles he 
 warmly embraced, and publiihed in 1655 a 
 Latin work againft Spanheim, the Leyden 
 profeffor, as " an apology for the iynods of 
 Alencon and Chatenton." Fie died at Faris 
 1670, after enjoying through life, except from 
 a l'mall attack of apoplexy for 10 days, the 
 moft uninterrupted good health, and all the 
 faculties of his mind. He wrote befide.-- l'eve- 
 ral works, chiefly of a controverfial nature, and 
 which equally evinced his learning, erudition, 
 and dexterity of argumentation. 
 
 Dale, Samuel, an apothecary of Braintree, 
 Eflez, who became, in 1730, a liceciatc of 
 the college of phyfiaians. He wrote Pharma- 
 cologia, feu manuductio ad materiam medicam, 
 often printed ihe antiquities of Harwich and 
 Dover-court, in 4to. &c. He died at Dock- 
 ing, where he was phyfician, 1739, '' e *' 80. 
 
 Daleciiami-s, James, a learned pl>; 
 
 born 
 
DAL 
 
 DAM 
 
 born at Caen 15 13. He died at the age of 
 75, at Lyons, where he had praclifed from 
 1552 to 1588. He wrote a general hiftory 
 of plants, three books de pefte, befides a tranl- 
 Jnion of Atheneus' Pliny's natural hiftory, 
 with notes, &c. 
 
 D'alibrai, Charles Von, a Parifian, of a 
 dhlipated turn of mind, and fond of merry 
 ibciety. He declared that he would die by 
 the mouth of the bottle rather than by the 
 raoiith of the cannon. In the latter part of 
 life he lived much in the country, and died at 
 an advanced age 1655. His works appeared 
 in 1653, in 8vo. divided into fix parts, con- 
 taining bacchanalian, fatirical, heroical, moral, 
 and chriftian poems, of no great merit indeed, 
 but frequently happy in delineation of charac- 
 ter and in flalhes of wit. 
 
 Da lin, Olaus de, a learned Swede, born at 
 Winlberg in 1708. He is called the father of 
 Swedilh poetry, by his two poems on the li- 
 berty of Sweden, and the tragedy of Brun- 
 hilda. He was appointed preceptor to prince 
 Guftavus, and became chancellor of the court. 
 He wrote the hiltory of Sweden to the death 
 of Charles IX. He wrote befides r epiitles, 
 fables, fatires, panegyrics, &e. and translated 
 Montefquieu's declenfion of the Romans. 
 
 DALi.iNGToN,y/> Hubert, author of the 
 aphorifms of Tacitus, was born at Gedding- 
 ton, Northamptonshire, and educated at Pem- 
 hroke-hall, Cambridge. He was knighted by 
 queen Elizabeth, and made mailer of the 
 Charter-houfe. He died 1637. He wrote a 
 furvey of the great duke's eltate in Tuicany, 
 4to. &c. 
 
 Dalrymfle, David, was born in Edin- 
 burgh 1726. He was educated at Eton, from 
 whence he removed to Utrecht, where he 
 continued till 1746. In 1748 he was called 
 to the bar, and his name as a lawyer was fo 
 eminent that he was made in 1766 one of the 
 judges of the court of felfion, when he aflumed 
 the appellation of lord Hailos. He was not 
 lefs conspicuous by his learning and his wri- 
 tings, than by his integrity, candor, and firrn- 
 nefs, as a judge. In 1773 ne publilhed re- 
 marks on the hiftory of Scotland and in 1776 
 and 1779, annals of Scotland, % vol?. 4to. con- 
 taining the hiftory of 14 Scottish kings: which 
 valuable work, however, the author did not 
 complete. He publilhed befides memorials, 
 and letters relating to the hiftory of Britain, 
 in the reign of James I. and Charles I. 2 vols. 
 1762 aiid 1766 biographia Scotica remains 
 of chriftian antiquity, 3 vols, and other nume- 
 rous tracts on antiquities, hi'.tory, divinity, &c. 
 He died 1792, in his 66th vear. 
 
 Dal-i on, MichatL an Engliih lawyer, born 
 in Cambridgeshire, and bred at Lincoln 's-inn 
 He wrote on the office of a juftice of peace, 
 and on the duty of Sheriffs. He was queen's 
 lOunfel in 1599. 
 
 Dai. ion, John, D.J), was born at Deane 
 berland 1709. He was educated at 
 r, and at Queen's college, OxJbul. H<; 
 
 adapted Milton's mafque at Ludlow caftle to 
 the ltage, with a judicious felection of longs 
 from other works of the author, and fome of 
 his own, a very popular piece, ftill admired 
 under the title of " Comus." During the 
 celebrity of this performance, he fought out 
 Milton's grand-daughter, who was overwhelm- 
 ed with old age and poverty, and procured her 
 a benefit, which produced 120I. After being 
 elected fellow of his college, he took orders, 
 and was prel'ented to the living of St. Mary at 
 Hill, and a prebend at Worcefter, where he 
 died 1763. He publilhed a volume offer- 
 mons, 1757 two epiftles, 4to. a. defcriptive 
 poem on the coal mines near Whitehaven 
 remarks on 12 hiftorical defigns of Raphael. 
 
 Dalzell, Andretv, a Greek fcholar, born 
 near Edinburgh, about 1 750. From his vil- 
 lage fchool he came to Edinburgh, and he 
 became profeflbr of the Greek language in the 
 univerfity, keeper of the univerfity library, 
 and one of the fecretaries of the royal fociety, 
 &c. He fuperintended the education of the 
 prei'ent lord Lauderdale, whom he accompa- 
 nied on the continent. As a profeflbr, Mr. 
 Dalzell poflefled great abilities, and his lec- 
 tures were lb popular, that Greek became a 
 favorite piuiuit with the ftudents of the uni- 
 verfity. To facilitate the labors of his pupils, 
 he compoled valuable notes on the Greek 
 claffics, publilhed under the name of Analeta 
 minora & majora, &c. He wrote befides, fome 
 papers on biography, and on literary iubjecls, 
 a tranflation of Chevalier's defcription of the 
 plain of Troy, &c. He died 1 806. 
 
 Dai.ziel, Thomas, a Scotch officer, taken 
 prifoner at the defeat at Worcefter. He 
 elcaped to Ruflia, where the czar made him a 
 general. At the reftoration Charles II. made 
 him, for his many fervices, commander in 
 chief of all his forces in Scotland. He had 
 been brought up hardy, and after the death of 
 Charles I. he never Shaved his beard, which 
 grew white and bufhy, and defcended to his 
 middle. He generally came to London once 
 or twice a year, to kits the king's hand, who 
 had great regard for him, but whenever he . 
 appeared in the capital, the fingularity of his 
 drels and appearance drew crouds around him. 
 
 Dam asus I. a Spaniard, pope 366. He 
 was an enemy to the Arians, and died 384, 
 aged 80. 
 
 Damasus II. elected pope on the refigna- 
 tion of Benedict IX. died at Palellrina, 23 
 days after, 1048. 
 
 Dambourney, N. of Rouen, died there 
 1795, aged 73. He diftinguifhed himfelf as a , 
 merchant, and a man of fcience, well ac- 
 quainted with philolbphy and chemMry. He 
 made fome curious experiments on plants, &c. 
 and publiihed valuable tracts. 
 
 D/lMiRN, Peter, cardinal and bi'hop of 
 Oftia, publicly condemned the wars which the 
 popes carried on agalnit the empsirors, and 
 afferted, from the example of our Saviour, 
 that the ecclefiiftic? were to oppoi'e their eise- 
 T 4 nuesj 
 
BAN 
 
 DAN 
 
 mies, not by the arms of the fiefh, but by the 
 fwcrd of the fpint. He was equally levere 
 again.t the licentious manners of his age, which 
 he attempted to correct and reform. He died 
 abc;t 1073. 
 
 Damiens, Robert Francis, a Frenchman, 
 known for his attempt to afluilinate Lewis 
 XV. He was executed 1757, in a manner 
 mod h rrible and wantonly barbarous. 
 
 Dampier, John, a native of Blois, director 
 of a nunnery at Orleans, where he died before 
 1550. His Latin poems, after the manner of 
 Catullus, are elegant and valuable. 
 
 Dam tier, Captain Wi'littm, a famous na- 
 vfrator, born at Eaft Coker in Somerietfhivc. 
 1652. He joined captain Cook to cruize 
 agaimi the Spaniards, and with him proceeded 
 to the South-feas through the ltreights of 
 Magellan, where Cook died, 1684, and was 
 fucceeded by Davis. After burning Plata, 
 they advanced to Panama, where they took a 
 Spanilh fhip lent with difpatches to Lima, and 
 from the intelligence received on board, they 
 made an attack on the plate fkips, which ended 
 unfuccefsfully. They next deitrcyed Leon, 
 on the Mexican coaft, and alio Rio Leja, and 
 there Dampier left Davis, and failed to exa- 
 mine more fully the northern parts of the 
 Mexican more ; but being difappointed in his 
 wbhes to feize the Manilla fhip, they failed 
 acroi's the Pacific ocean for the Eaft Indies. 
 Dampier arrived at the Englifh factory at 
 Achan, where he afterwards engaged in trad 
 ing voyages, and then entered as gunner at a 
 factory at Bencoolen. In 1691 he made his 
 efcape, and brought all his papers and journals 
 with him, and reached the Downs, Sept. 16th. 
 As lie was in want of money he fold his (hire 
 in an Indian prince, whom his companions 
 carried about for exhibition. He afterwards 
 engaged for three years, till 1 711, in a voyage 
 to the South-feas, of which he has recorder 
 feveral interefting particulars- His voyage 
 round the world, frequently publifhed, is an 
 accurate and valuable performance. 
 
 Damfierre, N. a French general, diftin 
 guifned under Dumouiier at the b'atle ot 
 Jemappe As he was examining the works of 
 tn.^ enemy his thigh was carried off by a can- 
 non ball from an Englifh battery, before the 
 camp at Famars, and he died two d.iys after, 
 
 179.5- 
 
 Dan, the fifth fon of Jacob by Bilhah the 
 maid of Rachel, was the head of a tribe, whole 
 territories were between Joppa and Afcalon. 
 
 Dancer, Daniel, a mifer, born near Har 
 row, Middlefex. The love of money was the 
 ruling principle in his family. His intercourfe 
 with the world was merely in the felling of his 
 hay, and the other produce of his farm, and 
 the winter comforts of his fire-fide arofe from 
 the fcanty fupplies lahorioufly collected from 
 he hedges, or the neighbouring common. On 
 the death of his filter, he exchanged the hay 
 bands which hitherto had protected his legs, 
 tor a fecond-hand pair of black worfted Hack- 
 
 ings, which vfcre the only tokens of his mourn-, 
 ing. He died 1794, aged 80, and left the 
 whole of his property to lady Tempeit, who it 
 feems behaved towards him with charity, in 
 alleviating his apparent poverty. 
 
 DA\'cnr.T, Anthony, a French poet, born 
 at Riojm 1671. He was profeffor of rhetoric 
 at Chartres, and came to Paris, where he 
 wrote for the theatre. He died 1748. His 
 works, confuting of tragedies, longs, operas, Sec. 
 were in 4 vols nmo. 
 
 Dandini, Jerome, a Jefuit, of Cefena, in 
 Italy. 1554. He was rector of the colleges of 
 Ferrara, i'orli, clogna, Parma, and Milan, 
 and Caught pbilofophy at Perugia 1596, when 
 he was appointed by Clement VIII. legate to 
 the Maronites of mount Libanus. He wrote 
 an account of his journey in kalian. Dandini 
 died at Furli 164, aged 80. 
 
 Dandivji, Pietro, an eminent painter, born 
 at Florence 1646. e was employed by the 
 grand duke in adorning his palaces from facred 
 and fabulous hiftory, as well as in fancy and 
 caricature pieces. He died 17 12. 
 
 Dandini, Ccefare, an hiliorical pflinter cf 
 Florence, very correct in his drawings, which 
 were finifhed in a fuperior ftile. His altar 
 pieces at Florence are greatly admired. 
 
 Dandini, Hercuh Francois, profeffor of 
 law at Padua, died 1747, aged 56, author of 
 feveral learned works. 
 
 Dandolo, Hemy, a Venetian, raifed to 
 the rank of doge 1192. Though then 84 
 years old, vigor, wifdom, and adtivity, marked 
 his government. He conquered Zara, engaged 
 in the crufades, and dilplayed aftonifhing valor 
 at the fiege of Conftantinople. He died 
 1205. 
 
 Dandolo, Andrew, doge of Venice, made 
 an alliance with Egypt, which produced a rup- 
 'ure with the Genoefe. He died 1354, aged 
 44. He wrote an hiftory of Venice, &c. 
 
 DANDRE, BARDON, Michael Francois, a 
 painter and a writer, born at Aix in Provence, 
 1700. He died 1 783. He was profeffor of 
 the academy of painting, and acmired for his 
 historical pieces He wrote fome poetry of 
 inferior merit the life of Carlo Vanloo f 
 izmo. 1765 ti oatife on painting, &c. 
 
 Danes, Peter, of aris, was Greek prn- 
 fgflbr at the college royal. Re was tutor to 
 the dauphin afterwards Francis If. and was 
 prefent at the council of ; rent, where he de- 
 livered a celebrated (beech in 1546. He died 
 at Paris 1377, aged 80. He wrote feveral 
 things, but never let his name to them. The 
 oth book of Paulus iEmilius' hiftory of 
 France is attiibuted to him. 
 
 Danet, Pder, a French abbe, among the 
 learned who published the claffics for the dau- 
 phin. He publifhed Phardrus with notes, be- 
 fides a dictionary, and other works, and died 
 at aris 1709. 
 
 Dangeau, Lewis Courcilhn de, abb 'It of 
 Clermont, was born at Paris 1643, and died 
 there 1723. He itudied belles Jettrcs, htflory 
 
 and 
 
DAN 
 
 DAN 
 
 and geography, for which he invented feveral 
 new and ingenious games. He publitTied a 
 new method to learn hiftoriral geography, 2 
 vols, folio the principles of heraldry in 14 
 plates, 4to. historical games of the lungs of 
 France, &c. His principal work is the dia- 
 logues on the immortathy of the foul, attributed 
 by fome to de Cholfi. He was mailer of a 
 great variety of languages, and his benevolence 
 was equal to his learning. 
 
 Dangeatj, Philip de Coi'-rcillon, marquis de, 
 brother of the preceding, was born in 1638. 
 He was a great favorite with Lewis XIV. for 
 his many accomplishments. He died at Pa; is 
 1720, at the age of 82, grand matter of the 
 military orders o{ N. dame du mont Carmel, 
 and Lazarus of Jerufalem. He left tome me- 
 moirs in MS. from which Voltaire drew cu- 
 rious particulars. 
 
 Danican, Andreiv, a native of Drieux 
 near Paris, nicknamed Philidor. Vid. Pht- 
 
 J.IDOR. 
 
 Daniel, the lad of the four great pro- 
 phets, was carried away a captive to Babylon 
 606 B.C. He was there educ?ted for the 
 fervice of Nebuchadnezzar, and his name, was 
 changed to Beltefhar/ar. The king entrufted 
 him with the government of Babylon, and 
 made him chief of the magi, upon his true 
 explanation of the dream of the myftic ftatue, 
 which prefigured the four great empires of 
 Anuria, Perfia, Alexander, and his fucceflbrs. 
 He acquired celebrity by explaining the wri- 
 ting upon the wall under Bellhazzar, and un 
 der Darius he became prime minuter. He 
 was by the intrigues of the courtiers thrown 
 Into the d?n of lions, and his pref rvation in 
 this dreadful fituation reilored him to the roya! 
 favor, i he book of Daniel is written partly 
 in Hebrew, and partly in Chaldee. 
 
 Daniel, Peter, advocate of Orleans, died 
 at Paris 1603. He published the aulularia of 
 Plautus and commentaries of Servius on Vir- 
 gil. His valuable library was conveyed partly 
 to Stockholm, and partly to the Vatican. 
 
 Daniel, Samuel-, an Englifh poet and hif- 
 toriau, born at Taunton 1562. He entered at 
 Magdalen College, Oxford, but left the univer- 
 fity without a degree, and became groom of 
 the privy chamber to Anne queen of James I. 
 He fucceeded Spenl'er as poet laureat, and 
 gained the friendship of the mplt eminent 
 men of the times, luch as Camden, Harring- 
 ton, Spelman, &c. He lived, while near the 
 court, in Old Street, where he compofed many 
 of his pieces, but in his old age he rtfided at a 
 farm at beckington, SunerfetfVire, where he 
 ended his days 1619. His 1 oetical works, con 
 Ming of dramatic and other lighter pieces, 
 befides a poem in 8 books or. the wars of York 
 and Lancafter, were published in 2 vols. i2mo. 
 1718. His hillory of England to the end of 
 Edward -III. in 2 vols. /,to. continued afterward 
 by TVnflet, was written, it is ftiid, " with great 
 brevity and politeness." 
 
 Daniel, Qabr'ul % a learned Frenchman, 
 
 born at Rouen 1649 At the age of 18 he 
 was admitted among the Jefuits, and delivered 
 lectures on literature, philofophy, and theology. 
 One of his firft performances was a voyage to 
 the world of Defcartes, a romance, molt inge- 
 nious and excellent, which ridiculed the Car- 
 tefian fyftem, and which became lb celebrated 
 as to be translated into feveral languages. Hk 
 great work is his history of France to the death 
 of Henry IV. 3 vols. fol. afterwards enlarged 
 in 7 vols. 4to. 172s. This work was after- 
 wards continued to the death of Lewis XIV. 
 in an inferior ftile. Father Daniel wrote be- 
 fides feveral theological and other tracts, one 
 of which, " dialogues between Oleander and 
 Kudoxus,'' pafTed through 12 editions in lefs 
 than two years. He died at Paris 1728. 
 
 Dante, Aligbieii, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, born at Florence 1625. The ambition 
 of being elevated among the ruling men of his 
 native city, engaged him in all the troubles 
 and mileries of faction. His friends were de- 
 feated in the tumult^ and he fought fafety in 
 banishment. In his exile at Ravenna, he 
 vented the ihafts of his refentment againft his 
 enemies, and hecaufe the pope and Philip of 
 Valois had been instrumental in his downfal, 
 he feverely ridiculed them, and alio incited 
 the prince of Verona to make war againft the 
 Florentines. In his exile, at the court of 
 Ravenna, he was fent to negociate with the. 
 Venetians, but the magistrates of Venice 
 treated him with contempt, and refuled to 
 admit him within their walls. This had fuch 
 an effect upon the irritable heart of Dante, 
 that, at his return to Ravenna, unable to fur- 
 vive the affront, he died 1321, aged 57. To 
 his misfortunes perhaps we are indebted for 
 his poems, for unable to revenge himfelf by 
 force, he drew the pen of fatire in his own 
 defence. His triple poem, of paradiie, pur- 
 gftt&tf and hell, difpbys aitoniihing powers of 
 genius, and at once exhibits the fweetnefs and 
 graces of poetry with the bitterneis of infati- 
 iiule enmity The reputation and the ufurped 
 power of Boniface VIII., the pedigree of the 
 French king, and the prostituted venality o( 
 Florence, that den of thieves, are the fubjects 
 which engage the virulence of the poet. He 
 every where difplays fpirit, fire, and fublimity, 
 and from his compofitions, fucceeding poets 
 have learned not only how to point the fhaft 
 of fatire, but to write with elegance, dignity, 
 and grace. 
 
 Dante, Peter Vincent, of Peroufe, died 
 151 2. He fo fuccelsfully imitated the verfe 
 of the famous Dante, that he was called by his 
 name. He was eminent for his fkill in ma- 
 thematics and architecture, and invented fe- 
 veral uleful machines. 
 
 Dante, Vincent, graudfon to the preceding, 
 was known as a painter and mathematician. 
 He died at Peroufe 1576, aged 46. 
 
 Dante, Ignatius, a defendant of the great 
 
 poet, was born at Perugia. He read lectures 
 
 on geography at Bologna, and was engaged by 
 
 6 Gregory 
 
T)AK 
 
 DAR 
 
 iy XIIT. to draw geographical maps and 
 plans, in which he evinced iuch dexterity that 
 d him to the bifhopric of Alatri. 
 He died Ij86. He publithed a treatife on 
 the aftrolabe, hefides notes on the univerial 
 planiiphere. He nude a fpheie of the world 
 in five tables. 
 
 f> v.\ ik, 'Jni,,, Boftiflt) of the fame family, 
 was born at Perugia, and diitinguifhed by his 
 mechanical powers in making a pair of wings 
 with which he flew acrofs the lake Thrafyivie- 
 mij. He was afterwards profeflbr of mathe- 
 matics at Venice, and died about the end of the 
 15th century. 
 
 Danton, George James, a native of Arcis- 
 fur-Aube, bom 17.59- He W;1S a lawyer, and 
 at the revolution became aflbciate to Robef- 
 pierre and Marat. To an unprincipled hatred 
 againfl Lewis XVI. he added the mod feroci- 
 ous fpirit. Undifmayed a mid ft the general 
 terror of the Prulfians, he oppofed the project 
 of removing the convention beyond the Loire. 
 For awhile Robefpierre was his friend, but 
 when he law his luperior influence among the 
 Jacobins, he marked him for destruction. 
 Dragged before the revolutionary tribunal, 
 which he had himfelf eftabliihed, Danton 
 ihowed firmnefs and indifference. He was 
 guillotined 1794. Ambitious and vulgar, this 
 bloody tyrant poiTeifed with aftentorian voice, 
 the impoi'ng powers of periijafion, and while 
 devoted to wine and low pleafures, he gained 
 the heart of his ailbciates by grofs ribaldry and 
 licentious wit. 
 
 Dantz, "John Andreiv t a learned Luthe- 
 ran divine, fettled at Jena, as profdfor of the 
 oriental tongues, and of theology. He died 
 of an apoplexy, 172-7, aged 73. He wrote 
 Hebrew and Chaldee grammars. 
 
 Daran, "James, a native of Gafcony, fur- 
 geon general in the imperial army at Turin 
 and Milan. He refufed the offers of Ama- 
 deus to fettle in Italy, and returned to 
 France, where he died 1784, aged 83. He 
 wrote a treatiie on the virulent gonorrhoea 
 obfervations on the difeafes of the urethra, 
 &c. 
 
 Darcet, N. an able chymift and phyfician 
 of France, who died at Paris 1801, aged 75. 
 He made fome curious experiments, and pub- 
 Iifhed valuable memoirs on potteries, and on 
 the various kinds of earth ufed in thofe ma- 
 nufactories. 
 
 Dak ci, Patric count, a philofopher and en- 
 gineer, born in Ireland 1725. As attached to 
 rhe Stuarts, he removed to Paris in 1739, aHa " 
 at the age of 17 he diitinguifhed himfelf by a 
 new fohirion of the problem of the curve of 
 equal preffure, in a refilling medium. In 
 1760 he publifhed his eflay on artillery, with 
 curious experiments on the charges of ponder, 
 tec and in 1765 appeared his memoir on the 
 duration of the henfatipn of fight. This is the 
 lii.-i works. His works, on 
 rvince a great genius, 
 wish, ft] diblidity 
 
 of judgment. He died at Paris, of the chorelai 
 morbus in 1779. 
 
 Darquikr, Au<rujline,m aftronomer, bom 
 at Touloufe, 1718. Blcifed with a comfort- 
 able independence, he provided the befiinftru- 
 nientSj and built an obfeivatnty in his own 
 houfe. More generally to diffufe knowledge, 
 he took pupils whom he ably inllructed in af- 
 tronomy. He paid the expence of calculations 
 to give greater accuracy to his obfervations, 
 and received no pecuniary afliftance whatever 
 from the government. He died in his native 
 town 1802, after efcaping the ftorms of the 
 revolution. He wrote 2 vols, of obfervations, 
 Lambert's cofmological letters, tranflatcd and 
 printed at Utrecht elements of geometry, &c. 
 Darwin, Erafmus, an Englifh poet and 
 phyiician, born at Newark 1732. He was 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and 
 then went to Edinburgh, where he ftudied 
 phyfic, and took his medical degrees. He fet- 
 tled at Lichfield, where he acquired celebrity 
 in his profellitm. After the death of his wife 
 X770, he married' the widow of col. Pole, 
 with a handfoim- fortune, by whole perfuafion, 
 in i7oi,he retired to Derby. He died at 
 Derby very fuddenly, 1802. In private life 
 Dr. Darwin was amiable and benevolent, in, 
 his converfation eafy and entertaining, and in 
 his manners affable. The belt known of his 
 works are his botanic garden with philoso- 
 phical notes, in two parts the economy of 
 vegetation the loves of the plants, 2 vols. 
 8vo zoonomia, or the laws of organic life, 
 8 vols. 8vo. phytologia, or the philol'ophy of 
 agriculture and gardening, 4to. He wrote 
 befides, treatiie on female education, 4to. &c. 
 As a poet and a botanilt, the name of Darwin 
 is refpectable, his veri.es diiplay elegance, grace, 
 and beauty, but they i'eldom rife to fublimity, 
 and they pleafe more by the eafy flow of num- 
 ber, than by the fire of delcription. His graces, 
 are the tinlel of ornament, not the animated 
 the fiery language of the mute. In his fyftem 
 he branches too much into the fields of fancy,, 
 and he feems delighted in informing his readers 
 that his notions of religion were unprincipled. 
 Ovid changed men into trees and plants; 
 but Darwin transforms his flowers into human 
 beings, and with all the feeling of carnal pal"-. 
 fionhe defcribes the inhabitants of his parterre 
 and of his green houfe, as conveying their 
 amorous fighs, with all the art and coquetry of 
 modern times. 
 
 Darwin, Charles, fon of Dr. Darwin, was 
 born at Lichfield 1758, and educated at.. 
 Chrift's church, Oxford, and at Edinburgh, 
 where he obtained the firft prize medal from 
 the Efculapian fociety, on the means of diftin- 
 guilhing pus from mucus. He wrote'in Latin, 
 an account of- the retrograde motions of the 
 abforbent veifels of animal bodies in fome di- 
 feafes, and he died 1778, at a time when his 
 father promil'ed himfelf much happinefs from 
 ions of his great abilities in the me- 
 dical world. 
 
 Dassij K r 
 
DAV 
 
 DAV 
 
 Dassier, John, medaHift to the republic of 
 Geneva, ftruck a feries of the Englifh kings, 
 With a hope of procuring an eftablifhment in 
 the Englifh mint. His nephew, James An- 
 thony, in 1740 was appointed fecond engraver 
 to the mint in London, bu: returned to Ge- 
 neva five years after. 
 
 Dassouci, a French mufician and poet of 
 the 17th century. He obtained celebrity by his 
 buffoonery. He leit Paris in 1655, and travelled 
 through Lyons, where he was noticed by Mo- 
 liere, and afterwards viflted Turin, and other 
 places, where, by his wit, drollery, and artifices, 
 he procured the patronage of the great. He 
 died at the latter end of the 1 7th century. In 
 1674 he publifhed two imall volumes, com- 
 posed in the Chatelet prilon. 
 
 Dati, Carlo, a native of Florence, piofeiTcr 
 of literature there. His works confifled of 
 Italian poems on Lewis XiV. and other things. 
 He proved in one of his tracts, that Ma.fen- 
 nus is not the inventor of the cycloid, but Ga- 
 lileo, and he alio aicnbes great merit to Teri- 
 celli. for the explanation of the fufpenfion of 
 quickfilver in a gLis tube. His chief work, 
 according to Boyle, is the life of four of the 
 illuftrious painters of ancient times, Zeuxis, 
 Parrhafius, Apelles, and Protogenes. Dati 
 died 1675. 
 
 Davai., Peter, a barrifter of the Middle- 
 tev. pie. He tranflated de Retz's memoirs, 
 1723, and died 1763, being then accomptant 
 general to the court of chancery. His opinion 
 on elliptical arches, at the time "of tAiilding 
 Black-friars-bridge, is recorded in the London- 
 paagazine, March 176c. 
 
 Daubenton, John Lewis Mjrie,zn emi- 
 nent anatomift, born at Montbard in Burgun- 
 dy, 1 7 16. He became the afTociate of Buffon, 
 in the preparation and the completion of his 
 valuable natural hiftory, and publifhed befides 
 jnflruction for fhepherds a treatife on trees 
 and fhrubs and many curious and interelting 
 memoirs on fubjects of mineralogy on the 
 improvement of wool, &c. He died, 1799. 
 
 Daubenton, William,* Jefuit of Auxerre, 
 confeffor to Philip V. of Spain. He enjoyed 
 fo much the royal confidence, that Philip en- 
 trufted him with his intention of abdicating 
 the throne, a fecret which the favorite dis- 
 clofed to Orleans regent of France. He died 
 of an apoplexy 1 7 23, aged 75. He wrote 
 fome funeral orations, &c. 
 
 Davenant, Join, bifhop of Salifbury, 
 was born in Watling-ftreet, 1576. He was 
 educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, and 
 in 1609 was elected lady Margaret's divinity 
 profefTor, and in 1614 was chofen mafter of his 
 college. James I. lent him to the l'ynod of 
 Dort 1618, and he was in 1621 raifed to the 
 fee of Salifbury. He incurred the king's dif- 
 pleafure by treating in a difcourle on predefti- 
 nation. He died of a confumption, 1641. 
 He was very exemplary in his manners, but a 
 Urong Calvinift. He publifhed an expofiuon 
 
 of the eplftle to the Coloffians animadverfi- 
 ons on Hoard's treatifes, Sec. 
 
 Davenant, William, an Englifh poet, 
 born at Oxford 1605. As his father kept an 
 inn there, and his mother was a great beauty, 
 malevolence wantonly infinuated that to 
 Shakefpeare, who generally flopped there on 
 his road, our author was indebted for his life 
 and his poetical talents. Young Davenant 
 received his learning at Oxford, and entered at 
 Lincoln college ; but leaving the univerfity, he 
 became page to the duchels of Richmond, and 
 afterwards to lord Brooke. In 1628 he began 
 to write plays. In confequence of a criminal 
 intercourfe with a black female in Axe-yard, 
 Weftminlter, he about this time loft his nofe %, 
 but though disfigured, and ridiculed for the 
 adventure, he did not part with his merriment, 
 or the caufe of his difgrace. In 1637 he Suc- 
 ceeded Ben Jonfon as poet laureat, and for 
 his attachment to the king's peribn he was 
 charged with an attempt to f educe die army. 
 lie was bailed and immediately withdrew to 
 France, and afterwards was knighted by the 
 king, near Gloucelter, 1643. In the civil war 
 he retired to France, where, probably to pleaie 
 the court, he changed his religion, and in eou- 
 fequence of this he was tent confidentially by 
 the queen to perfuade Charles to give up the 
 church, an intimation which highly difpleafed 
 the king, who forbad Davenant ever to appear 
 before him again. The queen afterwards- 
 employed him to traniport fome artificers to. 
 Virginia, but the iliip was feized by the Eng- 
 lifh cruizers, and Davenant threatened with 
 death, from which the interference of Miltort 
 laved him. After two years' confinement in 
 the tower he was liberated, and now began, as 
 tragedies were confidered as profane, to ex- 
 hibit moral virtues in verfe, and to perform in 
 recitative mufic. At the reftoration he ob- 
 tained a patent for acting plays in Lincoln's 
 Inn fields. He died 1668, aged 63, and was 
 interred in Weftmmfter-abbey, where thele 
 words record his name, " O rare fir William 
 Davenant." His works comnt of plays and 
 poems, in which is the famous Gondibert, in 
 which his favorite black is introduced. 
 
 Davexaut, Charles, eldeft fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in 1656, and educated at 
 Cheam, and Biliol college, Oxford. At the 
 age of 19, he diilinguifhed himfelf by the act- 
 ing of the only tragedy he wrote, Circe, at the 
 duke of York's theatre. From the theatre he 
 turned his thoughts to civil Jaw. He Served 
 for St. Ives in the parliament of 1 685, after- 
 wards for Great Bedwin. He was appointed 
 by James II. to inlpedt all plays, and prefrve 
 the decorum of the Stage, and he afterwards 
 held the office of commillioner of excif'e, and 
 laftly that of intpeetor general of exports and 
 imports, till his death 1713. His knowledge 
 of the conflitution, ami his great (kill in figures, 
 rendered him an able political and fuiancial 
 write*. His firlt political work was an eSfay 
 
 upon 
 
DAV 
 
 DAV 
 
 upon the ways and means of fupplying the 
 war 1625, and he treated the fubjeot in fo 
 mailerly a manner that whatever he afterwards 
 wrote was fought with avidity, and read with 
 deference. His other works are all upon 
 political and financial tubjects. 
 
 Davenant, William, fourth fon of fir 
 William, was educated at Magdalen-hall, Ox- 
 ford. He tranflated into Engliih, la Mothe le 
 Vayer's animadversions on Greek and Latin 
 hiitorians. He was prefented to a living in 
 Surrey. He vifited Paris, and was unfortu- 
 nately drowned there as he was fvvimming for 
 h:j diverfion in the fummer of 1681. 
 
 Daven I'ORT, Chriflopber, a learned English- 
 man, born 1590 at Coventry, where he re- 
 ceived his education, and at Merton college, 
 Oxford. Two years after he went to Douai 
 and Ypres, where he changed his religion. He 
 travelled into England under the name of 
 Sancla Clara, and was chaplain to queen Hen- 
 rietta. He was fo active in making converts, 
 that one of the articles of impeachment againfr 
 Laud was his holding conferences with this 
 dangerous francifenn. During the civil wars 
 he refided fometime abroad, and fometime in 
 London and Oxford, but after the reitoration 
 he was chaplain to Catharine of Portugal, 
 Charles's queen, in England. He died 1680. 
 He wrote paraphraftica expofitio articulorum 
 confeffiorJis Anglican, &c. 
 
 Davenport, John, elder brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Coventry 1597, and 
 entered at Merton college 1613. He was a 
 moil zealous puritan, he palled over to Am- 
 flerdam, where the minilter of the Englifh 
 church, prevented his afTociating with his con- 
 gregation, a meafure which produced a con- 
 troverfy between the two divines. At the 
 breaking out of the rebellion he returned to 
 England, but foon after embarked for Ame- 
 rica, where he became minifter of New-Haven. 
 He died at Boll on 1669. He wrote iermons 
 a catechifm,&c. 
 
 David, king oflfrael, was born at Bethle- 
 hem 1085 B.C. and anointed by Samuel, whilft 
 keeping the flocks of his father JelTe. His 
 courage in killing Goliah, rendersd him con- 
 fpicuous in Ifrael, but Saul grew jealous of 
 his popularity, and purfued him to put him to 
 death, Expelled from his country David wan- 
 dered among the neighbouring nations, always 
 refpected for valor, and at the death of Saul, 
 he was acknowledged king of Judah. After 
 fome time on the death of the fon of Saul, 
 who had been placed on his father's throne, 
 David was received as fole monarch by all the 
 tribes of Ifrael, and his reign for 30 years was 
 marked by profperity, glory, and fame. He 
 took Jerufalem the city of the Jebufitev.vhich 
 he called the city of David ; hut his reputation 
 was (rained by his adulterous intercourfe with 
 Eathfheba, and his foul murder of Uri.ih her 
 hufbarid. In a moment of arrogance too he 
 caufed the people to be numbered which was 
 
 fcvcrely pimifned by the vifitation of a plague. 
 Lis tranfgrellions were alio viiited by dilfen- 
 tions in his own family, and by the revolt of 
 his favorite fon Abfalom. The death of this 
 prince, flain by Joab, greatly affected him, and 
 in his old age he refigned the government to 
 Solomon his ion. David died aged 70 B.C, 
 1015, refpected forTbencvoleuce, courage, and 
 piety, 'ihepialms which he compofed, in a 
 ltrain of great lublimity and commanding elo- 
 quence, are proofs of his devotion as well as of 
 his trult in the Divine Providence. 
 
 David, Saint, the patron of Wales was a 
 native of the province, and educated at Bangor 
 in the Jth century. He founded fevcral mo- 
 nafteries in Wales. He governed the fee of 
 St. David's 65 years. The fymbol of the leek 
 attributed to him, originates in the cuftom of 
 Cymhortha, ftill obferved among the farmers 
 of the country, whore in aflifting one another 
 in ploughing their land, they bring each their 
 leeks to the common repa.t. 
 
 David, Gtorgc, a fanatic of Ghent, began 
 in 1535 to preach as the true Mefliah, the 
 third David, the nephew of God. This ftrange 
 doctrine created followers and perfecution,and 
 he fled to Frieiland, and afterwards to Balil, 
 where he died 1556. He prophefied that 
 after three days he would rife again, and at 
 that time the magistrates of Bafil dug up his 
 body, which together with his writings was 
 burnt by the executioner. 
 
 David el David, a Perfian Jew, in the 
 1 2th century, who pretended to be the Mef- 
 fiah, and prevailed upon his countrymen to 
 fupport his impofture. He was at lait behead- 
 ed in the king's prefence. 
 
 David ab Gwilum, a celebrated Welfh 
 bard. His poetry which pcfTeired beauty, fire, 
 and fublimity was chiefly on fubjecrs of love, 
 and 147 of his poems were inferibed to the 
 fair Morvid his miftrefs, who however proved 
 unkind to his merits. 
 
 David I. king of Scotland, after Alexan- 
 der the Fierce 1 124, was brought up in Eng- 
 land, and married Maud the grand niece of 
 William the conqueror. After the death of 
 the firft Henry, he maintained with fpirit the 
 claims of the emprefs Maud to the Englifh 
 throne againft Stephen, and entering England, 
 he feized Carhfle which he retained. He died 
 at Carlifle .115 3. 
 
 David II. king of Scotland, was fon of Ro- 
 bert Bruce. During the invafion of his coun- 
 try by Baliol he was conveyed to Fr mce, but 
 returned 134a. He was in 1346 taken pri- 
 foner by an Englifh army, and fent to the 
 tower, from which, after 10 years, he was li- 
 berated on paying a heavy ranlbm. He died 
 1371, aged 47. 
 
 David is, Francis, a Hungarian, who at 
 various times embraced the tenets of the Ro- 
 man catholics, the Lutherans, the Calvinilts, 
 the Unitarians, &c. As he declared that no 
 worfhip was due to Oiiriit, he was accuied of 
 
 Yavoring 
 
DAV 
 
 DAU 
 
 favoring Judaifm, and was thrown into prifarj, 
 where he died 1579. He wrote feme tracts 
 n the millennium, Sec. 
 
 Davie s, fir John., a lawyer and poet, born 
 at Chifgreve , Wilts 15 70. He was of Queen's 
 college Oxford, and then removed to the Mid- 
 dle temple. He was member of parliament 
 in 1601, and on the queen's death went .to 
 congratulate James, who knowing his character 
 received him with great cordiality. He was 
 iblicitor and attorney general to the king in 
 Ireland, and alio ipeaker of the Irilh houle, 
 and on returning to England in 161 2, he v. as 
 made an English ferjeant at law, afterwards 
 ne of the judges, and in 1626 lord chief juface 
 of the king's bench. He died fuddenly of an 
 apoplexy before his mftallation. He was a 
 man of great lpirit, of extenfive erudition, but 
 more distinguished for wit and learning, than us 
 an able lawyer. His nofce teipium, on the na- 
 ture and immortallity of the foul, a poem de- 
 dicated to queen Elizabeth, has gone through 
 feveral editions. He wrote, besides, nnaller 
 poems, &c. His wife pretended to be a pro- 
 phetefs, and the funday before her hufband's 
 death fhe fuddenly burit into tears, which the 
 declared to be his funeral tears. She died in 
 London 1552. An account of h*Z ftrange 
 prophecies was published in 1649. 
 
 Davie s, John, of Llanveres in Denbigh- 
 shire, was educated at Ruthin fchool, and Jeius 
 and Lincoln colleges Oxford. He became 
 rector of Mallwyd and canon of St. Afapb. 
 He was an excellent fcholar, and well acquainted 
 with the hiftory and antiquities of his country. 
 His works are Antiqua? linguae Britannic^, 
 nunc diets Cambro-Britanniae,&c. rudimenta, 
 1 6ii 3vo. Di&ionarium Latino-Eritannicum 
 folio, 1632. Adagia Britanniea, &c. He 
 died 1644. 
 
 Davies, John, an eminent critic, born in 
 London 1679. He wasaduc.-itedat the charter- 
 .koufe and Queen's college Cambridge. In 1711 
 he was made reclor of Fen-ditton, near Cam- 
 bridge, and prebendary of Ely, and 1 71 7 chofen 
 matter of his college. He died 1 732, aged 53. 
 He was the learned editor of the works of 
 Maximus Tyrius, Csiar, Minucius Felix, Cice- 
 ro's philofophical pieces, &c. I.actantius, &c. 
 
 Davies, John, a poet and writing matter, 
 educated at Oxford. He relided in Heet- 
 ftreet. He wrote alio the fctourge of folly, in 
 epigrams, and the anatomy of fair writing, a 
 copy-book, &c. He died about 16 18. 
 
 Davjks, Samuel, an American difTenting 
 clergyman, born at Newcaftle, Delaware, 1 724". 
 He fucceeded in 1759, as prefident of the 
 collie of New Jerfey, and died 1761. He 
 wrote fermons, 3 vols. 8vo, &c. 
 
 Davies, Thomas, a bookfeller. He was at 
 the univerfity of Edinburgh, and in 1736 ap- 
 peared as an actor at the Haymirket. He 
 then commenced bookf-dler in Lake's court, 
 and after ftroUiug over the country he appeared 
 in 1752 at Drury-lane. In 1762 ha again 
 commenced bookfeller.in PvufrcI-iLreu, and hi 
 
 1778 became a bankrupt, but the frjendihip of 
 Dr. Johnfon, and a benefit at Drury-lane 
 reltored him to independence. In 1780 he 
 published his lite of Garrick, winch improved 
 his income. He alio wrote memoirs of Hen* 
 derfon, of Maffinger, of Dr. John Eachard, 
 Lillo, iir John Davies, and dramatic nu'eol- 
 lanies, 3 vols, befides ibme fu^kive pieces, kc. 
 He died 1785. 
 
 Davila, Henry Catherine^ a celebrated 
 historian, born at Cyprus, from which he fled 
 when the island was fubdued by the Turks 
 15 7 1. He came to Avila in Spain, and then 
 palled to France, where he became a favorite 
 at the court of Elenry III. On the death of 
 the monarch he went to Venice, where he 
 was honorably received. On his way to Ve- 
 rona, on the affairs of the Venetian republic, 
 he was groisly intuited by a peribn who at lait 
 discharged a pistol at him, and wounded him 
 mortally. The ion ot Davila, a youth of 18, 
 revenged his death by cutting the afiaffm to 
 pieces. During his refidence at Venice, Da- 
 vila wrote in Italian his hiftory of the civil 
 wars in France in 15 books, from 1559 to 
 1598. This hiftory, coniidered by Boiing- 
 broke as equal to Livy's annals, is highly ef- 
 teemed for its authenticity, correctneis, and 
 the elegance of the competition. 
 
 Davila, Peter Fran&is, a famous Spaniih 
 naturalist. He died at Madrid, 1785. 
 
 Davis, Henry u'ivards, a native of 
 Windfor, educated at Ealing, Middleiex, and 
 at Baliol college Oxford. In 1778 he wrote 
 his examination of Gibbon's decline and fall 
 of the Roman empire, a work which though 
 the production of a young man was considered 
 as f relpectable, that of many attacks it was 
 the only one which the historian deigned to 
 anfwer. He died 1784, of a lingering illnels, 
 and left behind him a molt relpectable charac- 
 ter for erudition, and goodnefs of heart. 
 
 Davis, John, a native of Sanbridge, De- 
 vonshire. He obtained in 1585, the command 
 of ibme veiiels to difcover a north-welt paiTa^e 
 to the Eait Indies, and he gave his name to the 
 itreights which he vifited, and the next year 
 proceeded to the coait of Greenland, and ass 
 high as the 73d decree of north latitude. He 
 was with Cavendilh in IJ91, in the South feas, 
 and afterwards made five voyages to the Eaft In- 
 dies. He was unfortunately killed on the (hcres 
 of Malacca in a quarrel with Ibme Japanefe 1605. 
 
 Daun, Leopold count r a general bern in 
 1705, and distinguished in the wars of Aiaria 
 Therefa, and afterwards in the rebel of Prague, 
 &c. againit the king of PruJiia, whom he de- 
 feated in 1757, to commemorate which ?reat 
 victory the emprefs instituted the military 
 order which bears her name. He again dif- 
 playcd his valor at Hochkirchen in 1750, and 
 at tiie fiege of J Jr old en, but lie was totally de- 
 fvif-.td near 'I organ, in 1760. lie Ui.i at 
 Vienna 1766 nt the age of 61. 
 
 Dad-rat, John, a French poet, born near 
 the head of the Vieiuie. 1507. He became 
 
 Greek 
 
DAY 
 
 DEC 
 
 Greek profcfTorat Paris, and evinced the fupe- 
 rioritv o< his powers of education, by the numoer 
 of his fcholars. He was carelefs ofhis affairs, 
 and confequently poor. Charles IX. made him 
 his poet laureat. Daurat reltorcd the cuftom 
 of writing anagrams, and lb prolific was his mule, 
 that it is laid he wrote, in Creek and Latin 
 n.~- lei's than 50,000 verfes, behdes poems in 
 Trench. He was a good critic ; but foolifhly 
 employed the laft years of his life in finding 
 out the bible in Homer's verles. He died at 
 Paris 1588, aged 81. 
 
 Dawks./"' William, an Englifh prelate, 
 fcorn at Lyons near Eraintree, Effex, 167 1. 
 From Merchant-taylors' l'chool he went to St. 
 John's college, Oxford ; and removed 2 years 
 after to Cambridge, as nobleman of Catharine- 
 hall. He was elected mailer of his college about 
 1696. King William gave him a prebend of 
 "Worcefter, and he was afterwards rector and 
 dean of Becking, JE.ifl.-x. On the acceffion of 
 COtea Anne, he was made her chaplain; but 
 a tlimon which he preached offended fome of 
 rhe minifters, and the fee of Lincoln, intended 
 Tor him, was conferred on Wake, 1705. Two 
 vears after, the queen gave him Chefter, and 
 in 1 7 14 he was tranflated to York. He died 
 of a diarrhoea, and an inflammation of the 
 b'-.wels, 1724. He publiihed an anatomy of 
 Atheifm, a fhort poem, 1663 the duties of 
 the cloiet itrmons preached on feveral oc- 
 caiions, &c- 
 
 Dawes, Richard, the author of Mifcellanea 
 Critica, was born in 1708, and educated under 
 Anthony B.lackwall, and then at Emanuel col- 
 Lege, Cambridge. In 1736 he publifned a 
 lpecimen of a Greek tranflation of paradife 
 lott. His attack upon Bentley is cenl'ured 
 by Toup. H e was eleded mafter of Newcartle- 
 upon-'J yne ichool 1738, which he resigned 11 
 years after, and died in 1766 at Heworth 
 near Newcaftle. His mifcellanea critica has 
 been very learnedly edited by Buigefs, Ox- 
 ford, 1781. 
 
 Day, "John, a printer, who had a (hop in 
 Alder!g2te-ftreef,and another at the weft door 
 at St. Paul's. He died 1584. His name de- 
 ierves to be commemorated as the printer of 
 a bible dedicated to Edward VI. of Latimer's 
 fermons, of Tyndall's works, &:c. and as a 
 man whofe great diligence in his profefiion, 
 widely dhTeminated knowledge, and advanced 
 the progrefs of the reformation. 
 
 Day, Thomas, an eminent writer, born in 
 London, 1 748. His father's death left him 
 r.n unprotected infant, but with an income of 
 I,2ccl. a year, from the Charter houfe, he 
 entered at Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. He after- 
 wards wifhed to apply himi'elf to the ftudy of 
 medicine, from which he was difl'uaded by Dr. 
 Small of Birmingham, and he entered at the 
 Middle temple, and was called to the bar, but 
 practifed. In his opinions he was ro- 
 mantic, he had fuch a deteftation of female fe- 
 iuctiort, that he challenged, to no effect, a 
 nobleman whom report defcribed as a licenti- 
 
 ous violator of virgin innocence. In his f< ' 
 of vifionary perfection, he lelecxed two girls 
 from the poor houfe at Shrewsbury , with the 
 intention of educating them after the princi- 
 ples of Roufieau, and of felecting one of them 
 for his wife; but the conduct of the two young 
 women did not aufwer his expectations, though 
 he honorably performed his engagements, and 
 prefented them with 500b each, when married. 
 In the American war, he embraced the part 
 of the colonies, and publifhed fome political 
 tracts, and t'.vo poems called, the devoted le- 
 gions, and the delblation of America. He 
 married mil's Either Mimes, and retired to 
 the enjoyment of domeitic life, and of agricul- 
 tural purluits in Effex and Surrey. In 1786 
 he publifhed a pamphlet againit the encreafe 
 of taxes, and another concerning the bill for 
 the exportation of wool. The work which has 
 gained him celebrity, is his Sandford and Mer- 
 ton, in three vols, publifhed feparately, for the 
 information of youth, a compoiition of lingu- 
 lar merit, which, to fimplicity of diction, and 
 interefling anecdotes, unites refpect for virtue, 
 morality, and religion. In Sep. 1789, Mr. 
 Day attempted, with more boldnefs than pru- 
 dence, to ride a favorite untamed horfe, which 
 by a fudrien plunge, threw off" his rider, and 
 by a violent kick on the head put an immedi- 
 ate end to his exiftence. Mrs. Day heard 
 the afflicting intelligence with horror, fhe 
 clofed the curtains of her bed, and never again 
 luftered the light of the fun to vifit them, and 
 two years after ihe followed her hulband to 
 the grave. 
 
 Deageant de St. Marcellin, Gui- 
 chard, a French writer, employed as an able 
 negociator by the court. When he became a 
 widower, Lewi; XIII. wifhed to make him bi- 
 (hop of Evreux, but he preferred a fecond 
 wife and politics. He was at laft fent in exile 
 to Dauphiny, where he died 1639, in a good 
 old age. He wrote fome memoirs of (late, 
 from the time of Henry IV. to the year 1624, 
 containing curious particulars. 
 
 DnBORAH,a prophetels of Ifrael, who pre- 
 vailed on Baruch to attack Sifera the general of 
 Jabhi. When her countryman obtained the vic- 
 tory, (he compofed a beautiful ode, B.C. 1285. 
 
 Deck ales, Claudius Francis Milliet, a ma- 
 thematician and aftronoiner, born at Cham- 
 berry. He read public lectures at Paris, and 
 afterwards taught navigation at Marfeilles, and 
 died profeffor of mathematics at Turin, 1678, 
 aged 67. His works containing an edition of 
 Euclid's elements difcourfes on fortification 
 
 and navigation- architecture optics, &c. 
 
 were collected in three vols, folio. 
 
 Decker, or Dkckher, John, a Jefuit, 
 born at Hazebruck, id Flanders, was profeffor 
 of theology at Douai and Louvain. He was 
 lent on an embaffy into Nitria, and was made 
 chancellor of Gratz univeifity, where he died 
 1 61 9, aged 69. He wrote Velificatio feu 
 theoremata de anno ortus ac mortis domini, 
 4to. tabula chronographica, Sec, 
 
 14 Decker, 
 
DEE 
 
 X>EF 
 
 Decker, Thomas, a poet; in th. 3 reign of 
 James I. Bea Jonfon ridiculed him, in his 
 Poetafter, under the name of Crifpinus. 
 Dcker relented the affront in his play of 
 Satyromaftix, where Jonfon, under the name 
 of young Horace, is the hero ; and fo fucceff- 
 ful was the poetic inventive, that the play was 
 univerfally followed. Decker wrote three of 
 his plays in conjunction with Webfter, and one 
 with Rowley and Ford ; and though his abili- 
 ties were nut of a fuperior degree, yet he was 
 admired. The time of his death is unknown ; 
 he lived after 1638. 
 
 De,^i//j, a mathematician, born in Lon- 
 don 1527. He was educated at Chelmsford, 
 and St. John's college, Cambridge, where, for 
 three vears, he lays, he devoted each day 4 
 hours to fleep, 2 to meals and exercife, and 
 18 to ftudy. He went to the low countries 
 in 1547, and on his return he was made fellow 
 of Trinity college, juft founded by Henry 
 VIII. His attention to mathematical ftudies, 
 fo clolely connected with altronomy and aftro- 
 logy, brought upon him the fufpicion of magi- 
 cian ; and he retired to Louvain, in 1548. 
 In l$l he vifited Paris, and read lectures on 
 Euclid's elements ; and that year returned to 
 England, and was made rector of Upton- 
 upon-Severn. In Mary's reign, he was ar- 
 retted on fufpicion of treafon, and with diffi- 
 culty fet at liberty. Elizabeth flattered him 
 with compliments; but the general belief of 
 his being a conjurer was in the way of his pro- 
 motion, and the books which he publifhed 
 countenanced the imputation, from their myf- 
 terious language. In 1564 he went to preient 
 a work to Maximilian ; and, in 1571, the 
 queen lent two phyficians to attend him when 
 fick at Louvain. On his return he fettled at 
 JVlortlake, where he collected a library of 
 above 4000 volumes ; which, during his ab- 
 fence in 1583, was plundered by the populace, 
 who firmly believed that he had a familiar con- 
 nection with the devil, by his magical incanta- 
 tions. The appearance of a new liar in 1572, 
 and of a comet in 1577, gave him opportuni- 
 ties of diftinguifhing himfelf as an aftronomer. 
 In 1581, he began to penetrate more deeply 
 into futurity, and launched forth into thofe 
 extravagancies in myftery by which he pre- 
 tended to holy intercouife with departed lpi- 
 rits. He was then perfuaded by a Poiifh lord, 
 who entertained the fame notions of aftrology, 
 to pafs over to the continent, more fecurely 
 to indulge their myfterious incantations. After 
 travelling through Germany, the conjurers 
 reached Poland, and, after an introduction to 
 the emperor Rudolph, and to Stephen king of 
 Poland, Dee and hi6 aflbciate Kelly were at 
 laft, after the exhibition of fome magical 
 tricks, bammed by the interference of the 
 pope's nuncio. Elizabeth defired Dee to re- 
 turn, and he came to England 1589, and a 
 few days after was prefented to the queen, 
 who received him graciouily. Though power- 
 ful over iupernatural agents., Dee was poor ; 3 
 
 but at laft, by the interference of 'lady "War- 
 wick and Whitgift, he obtained the chancellor- 
 fhip of St. Paul's, and two years after, the 
 wardenfhip of Manchefter college. In 1604, 
 he petitioned James that he might be tried, 
 and that all afperfions of magical incantations 
 might be wiped away from his character ; but 
 the king difregarded it ; and Dee removed to 
 Mortlake, where he began again to practife 
 his myfterious arts. He died miferably poor, 
 in 1608, aged 80. The eldeit of his lbns, 
 Arthur, was brought up under Camden, and 
 was phyfician to Charles I. His writings were 
 very numerous. 
 
 De Foe, Daniel, was born in the pariah of 
 St. Giles' Cripplegate, about 1668, where his 
 father, James Foe, was a butcher. He waa 
 educated among the dillenters, and he probably 
 prefixed De to his name to conceal the oblcu- 
 rity of his origin. He publifhed 1680, a 
 pamphlet on the conteft between the Turks 
 and Auftrians, and in 1683 he followed the 
 fortunes of Monmouth, and efcaped the fan- 
 guinary grafp of Jeffries. He became a livery- 
 man of London 1688, and favored the revo- 
 lution. About this time he was a holier, 
 though he afterwards denied the occupation; 
 and in 1692 he was fo reduced, that he &.s& 
 from hie creditors, though he afterwards honor t 
 ably difcharged part of his debts. XI 
 offered a commercial fituation at Cadiz, he 
 determined to live by his pen. In 1695 he 
 was made accountant to the commifiioneis of 
 the glafs duty, in which he continued till the 
 fupprellion of the tax in ,1699. He publifhed 
 various pamphlets, one of which, his " true 
 born Englifhman," a fatire, in verle, in de- 
 fence of the revolution, recommended him to 
 William. His " fhorteft way with the dii~ 
 fenters," in 1702, reflecting on the govern- 
 ment and the church, was noticed by the 
 commons, and he was fentenced to ftand ira 
 the pillory, to be fined, and imprifoned. He 
 was liberated from his confinement in 1704, 
 by the friendfhip of Harley and of Godolphin,, 
 and retired to St. Edrnundibury. In 1706 lie 
 produced fome effays to remove the prejudices 
 of the Scotch agahiit the union ; and for his 
 fervices, he was lent by Godolphin to Edin- 
 burgh to confer on the fubject with the leading 
 men in Scotland. Upon the conclufion of the 
 union, he was rewarded for his fervices. asm 
 two years after, he publifhed the hiltory of the 
 union, in a manner i'o latisfactory, that, hi 
 1786, the fame pamphlet was republilheu, 
 when the Irifh union was projected In 171 3 
 he was for fome of his publications profecuted, 
 but liberated from Newgate by the influence 
 of Oxford. He was fo neglected on the ac- 
 ceflion of the houfe of Hanover, that he pub- 
 lifhed his appeal to honor and juftice, the laft 
 of his traits, as he was feized with an apoplexy 
 before the work was rimmed. In .1 7 15 he 
 wrote the family inftrudtor ; and in April 
 1 719 appeared the firft part, and Auguft fbl- 
 -iowing the ivcojid part of RobinUjn Crufoe; 
 
 x v.o/lc 
 
DEL 
 
 DEL 
 
 a work which, thuh abufed by fome of his 
 
 contemporaries, has lurvivcd by its merit the 
 malevolence of criticifm, and lianas now as 
 the molt lasting monument of the literary 
 merits of the author. It is faid that this inte- 
 rcfting book was difhoneftly borrowed from 
 the papers of Alexander .Selkirk, a Scotfman, 
 who lived four years and four mouths in an 
 uninhabited ifland, till relieved by Captain 
 Wood Rogers in 17C9. Selkirk's adventure-- 
 appeared before the public in the captain's 
 voyage ; and though the idea of a man 
 thrown upon a defert ifland might be borrowed 
 from Selkirk's adventures, yet the reft of the 
 ftory evidently belongs to the genius and 
 fuperftruclure of De Foe. This rcipectuble 
 writer died at his houfe at Iflington 1731. 
 
 Delany, Patrick, a divine, born in Ire- 
 land about 1686. His father was originally a 
 fervant in the family of fir John Rennel, the 
 judge. Young Delany was brought up as 
 lizar at Trinity college, Dublin. He formed 
 an intimate acquaintance with dean Swift, 
 and diftinguifhed himfelf as a popular preacher. 
 Lord Carteret, in 1727, pre fented him to the 
 chancellor (hip of Chrift-church, and a prebend 
 in the cathedral of St. Patrick. In 1729 he 
 began the periodical paper called the Tribune, 
 continued to 20 numbers; and in 1731 he 
 came to London, to publifh his " revelation 
 examined with candor," a work to which he 
 added 2 volumes, and which was univerfally 
 admired. When in London, he married Mrs. 
 Margaret Tenilbn, a rich Irifh widow, who 
 died 1 741. In 17.18 he publifhed his " re- 
 fleclions upon polygamy," a curious work, 
 which was followed, in 1740 and 1742, with 
 an historical account of the life of David king 
 of Iirr.el, in 3 vols. In 1743, he took for his 
 fee and wife 'he widow of Alexander Pendar- 
 Ves, a woman of great excellence, and the 
 following vear he was raifed to the deanery of 
 Down. The moft confiderable of his produc- 
 tions after he became dean, whs his ' remarks 
 on the life of Swift by lord Orrery." This 
 publication let in fairer colors the characler of 
 Swift. iiefi.Ies thele, he published fermons, 
 and fome theological tracts. He died at 
 Bath, 1768, m the 83d year of his age. Dr. 
 Dejany was remarkable, not more for Lis 
 Laming, than for his benevolence and hoipha- 
 lity. 
 
 Delany, Mary, fecond wife of Dr. Dela- 
 nv, was daughter of Bernard Granville, after- 
 wards lord Lanfdowne, and was born at 
 Coulton, Wilts, 1700. When 17, (he was 
 influenced by her relations, againft her incli- 
 nations, to marry Mr. Pendarves, a gentle- 
 man of great property, hut much advanced in 
 life; but though fhe lived unhappy, her time 
 was 'devoted to the cultivation of her mind, 
 naturally vigorous and eager after improve- 
 ment. In 1724 fhe became a widow, and 
 thenrcfid-d chiefly in London. She married, 
 in I743> Dr. Delany, whom fne had long 
 . as the friend of dean Swift, and with 
 
 him flic became the happieft of wives, till hii 
 death in 1768. She wifhed afterwards to fet- 
 tle at Bath, but tiie duchefs of Portland who 
 loved her virtues, infifted upon her living with 
 her at Buhhode, and fhe continued there 
 lame yens. On the death of the duchefs, the 
 king afligned Mrs. Delany a houfe, ready fur- 
 nifheJ, in St. Alban's-itreet, Windiwr, and 
 granted her a penfion of 300I. a year which 
 ihe enjoyed till her death, 1788, at the ad- 
 vanced age of nearly 88. Mrs. Delany is 
 well known for her ipirited correfpondeuce 
 with fome of the learned of the times, but 
 particularly for her great fk.il! in drawing and 
 painting. Her pieces, which are tallefully 
 executed, adorn the manfions of her relations, 
 as well as her works in embroidery and in 
 l'aeils. She is alio known for inventing, at 
 the age of 74, an ingenious Flora, by the 
 tafteful application of colored papers together, 
 fkilfully cut with fciflars, and fo delicately dif- 
 pofed upon black ground, as to imitate and 
 almoit equal the works of nature. In this 
 elegant accomplilhment fhe engaged till her 
 83d year, when her light began to fail; and 
 not lefs than 980 plants wtrs exhibited in her 
 beautifu/ Flora. 
 
 Delaune, Thomas, a nonconforming who, 
 in 1683, wrote an anfwer to Calamy's dif- 
 courfe concerning a fcrupulous confeience. 
 His " plea for nonconformity," gave fuch 
 offence, that he was tried, and ientenced to 
 pay a heavy fine ; which as he could not do, 
 he died in prilbn. 
 
 Delft, Jacob, a portrait painter of Delft, 
 who died 1661, aged 42. He was grandfon of 
 Mirevelt, whom he rivalled. 
 
 Delobel, a painter, of the 17th century. 
 His pieces, in a very fuperior ltile, adorn chiefly 
 the churches and cathedrals of France. 
 
 De Lolme, John Lewis, L. L. D. a na- 
 tive of Geneva, who for fome years refided in' 
 England. In the latter part of life he retired 
 t > the continent, and died in Switzerland 
 1807. He was in his character a man of 
 information, witty in his converfation, tem- 
 perate in his living, but in hisperlbn little at- 
 tentive to the graces of outward appearance. 
 He is author of parallel between the Englifh 
 confutation and the former government of 
 Sweden, 1772 treatife on the conftitution of 
 England, 1775, a work of lingular merit, 
 often reprinted effay on the union of Sct- 
 land with England, 1787 memorials of hu- 
 man fuperftition, &c. 
 
 Delrio, Martin Anthony, a Jefuit, born 
 at Antwerp, of Spanifh parents, 1551. He 
 ftudied at Paris, Douai, and Louvain. He 
 became a counfellor of the parliament of Bra- 
 bant, and entered the J emits* order at Valla- 
 ciolid. He taught belles letters at Liege, 
 Mayence, Gr.ttz, and Salamanca, and died at 
 Louvain, l6c8. Beftdes notes on Seneca, 
 ;, he wrote explications of 
 pafTagesin fciipture ccmmentnri.s on 
 the old t'.flarr.ent, &C. 
 
 DEMgTP;W8, 
 
DEM 
 
 DEN 
 
 Demetrius, czar of Ruffia, is by fome 
 hillorians cjlled the fali'e Demetrius, and re- 
 garded as an obfcure native of Jaroilaw, who 
 was initructed to aifume the character of the 
 real Demetrius, who, it is faid, had been mur- 
 dered. The adventurer, whether the prince 
 or pretender, invaded Rulfia with a lmall 
 army in 1604, and feated himfelf on the 
 throne. After a Ihort reign of eleven months, 
 he was afTaffinated, 1606. 
 
 Dk Missy, Cafar, a divine, born at Ber- 
 lin 1703. He ftudied at Berlin and Frank- 
 fort on the Oder ; and came to London, where 
 he was ordained to the Savoy chapel, and in 
 176s, named by the bilhop of London, French 
 chaplain to the king. He died 1775. He 
 publiihed fome poetical pieces efiays on 
 profane and facred literature epitomes of 
 books, memoires, &c. He affiited Weftein, in 
 his edition of the Greek teftament, and Jortin 
 in his life of Erafmus. 
 
 Demoivre, Abraham, a mathematician, 
 born at Virri, Champagne, 1667. He left 
 France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 and came to England, where he made himfelf 
 hi. liter of mathematics. He was member of 
 the royal fociety in London, &c. and died in 
 London 1754. His works ihow iuperipr 
 learning, and great application. He publiihed 
 mii'cellanea analjtica, 4to. a treatife on an- 
 nuities and his great work, " doctrines of 
 chances," in 1 7 18, 4to. twice reprinted. 
 
 Demours, Peter, of Marfeilles, known as 
 a phyfician, and for the dexterity of hi* fur- 
 gical operations, and his great fkill as an oculift, 
 died at Paris, 1795, aged 93, author of fome 
 relpeetable works on his profeflion 
 
 Dempster, William, a Stotfman, born 
 in the ihire of Angus, 1490, nd educated at 
 St. Andrews, from whence he went to Paris, 
 and was employed by the univerfity there to 
 refute the books of Raymond Luliy, who had 
 impugned Ariftotle's philoibphy. He returned 
 to Scotland, of which he publiihed an ecciefi- 
 aftical hiftory, in which he magnifies common 
 events into miracles. He died at Paris 1557. 
 
 Dempster, Thomas, a native ofScothnd, 
 who ltudied at Paris, and there taught claffical 
 learning. His feverities to his pupils rendered 
 him unpopular, and he returned to Scotland. 
 He afterwards went to Pifa, and there read 
 lectures on polite learning in various univerfi- 
 ties, add obtained a piofeifor's chair at Nifmes, 
 from whence he retired to Bologna, where he 
 died 1625. He wrote commentaries on 
 Roilnus' Roman antiquities, and on Claudian 
 four books of epiirles dramatic pieces and 
 poems a martyrology of Scotland a lift of 
 Scottiih writers, &c. He was a man of afto- 
 Iiifning memory, fo that he was properly 
 called 3 living library. He never ftudied lefs 
 than 14 hours daily, but he wanted difcrimi- 
 fi'iuon. He was to partial to his country, that 
 he attributed to the natives of it, nearly all the 
 books which Ert^nm, Welch, and Iriih authors 
 had compcu.-cj. 
 
 DznHAU,Jit John, an Englifli poet, born 
 in Dublin 1615, ion of the chief baron of the 
 exchequer in Ireland. He was educated in 
 London, andh.11631, entered at Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was fo addicted to gaming 
 and di.'lipation, that his father not only augured 
 the molt fatal eonfequences, but threatened 
 to difinherit him. In 1641, three years after 
 the death of his father, he publiihed his tragedy 
 of Sophy," which, fays Waller, broke out 
 like the Iriih rebellion threefcore thoufand 
 ftrong, when nobody was aware of it. Soon 
 after, he was iberirt* of Surrey, and governor 
 of Farnham caiile, and came to the king at 
 Oxford, where in 1641, he publiihed his 
 " Cooper's hill," a poem, fays Dry den, which 
 for majefiy of ftyle is and ever will be tlie 
 ftandard of good writing. His attachment to 
 the royal cauie during the civil wars enfured 
 him the confidence of the queen, and he after- 
 wards went ambalTador with lord Croft from 
 Charles II. to Poland. Returning to Eng- 
 land, he found his eitates reduced in confe- 
 quence of his former habits of gaming, and 
 the perfections of the civil war. At the 
 reftoration he was made furveyor general to 
 the king's buildings, and at the coronation he 
 was created K. K. Tn the latter part of life, 
 in confequence of fome domeftic deferences on 
 his fecond marriage, he unfortunately loft his 
 fenfes, which he however recovered. He 
 wrote fome verfes on Cowley's death, and 
 foon followed him to the grave. He died 
 1668, and was buried in Weilminfter-abbey 
 near the remains of Chaucer, Spenfer, and 
 Cowley. His poems ar.e above twenty in 
 number, containing befides the Sophy and 
 Cooper's hill, the deftruction of Troy, and 
 Cato Major. Denham, as Johnfon has ob- 
 ferved, is defervedly confidered as one of the 
 fathers of Englilh poetry. Cooper's hill is the 
 work that confers upon him the rank and dig- 
 nity of an original author. He feems to have 
 been the author of a fpecifs.of compofition 
 that may be denominated Ipcal poetry, of 
 which the fundamental fubjecl is fome parti- 
 cular landfcape to be poetically defcribed, 
 with the addition of fome embelliihments as 
 may be fupplied by hiftorical retrospections 
 or incidental meditations. He is one of thofe 
 who improved our tafte and advanced our 
 language, and whom we ought therefore to 
 read with gratitude, though having done much, 
 he 1 -it much to do. 
 
 Denner, Balthafar, a portrait painter, 
 born at Hamburgh 1685. He was offered, in 
 London, for his excellent portrait of an old 
 woman, 500 guineas. He died 1747. 
 
 Dennis, John, an English critic, born in 
 London 1657, and educated at Harrow and 
 Caius college, Cambridge. He was expelled 
 for attempting to (tab a perfon in the dark, 
 upon which he travelled on the continrmt, and 
 at his retnrn let up for a- man of faihion urI of 
 wit. He began his literary career as early ns 
 1690, and coatinued to write till his death in 
 U 1733. 
 
DEN 
 
 DER 
 
 i" ;-,;<. His temper was io violent, ami his I 
 
 pride and fufpicions lb great, that his life was 
 a omtrniul fcene of tumult and quarrel. I e 
 v rote a pindaric ode on William's victory at 
 AghrirBj and alio honored the d--ath of that 
 monarch and that of his queen with po-tical 
 mcenfe. In t 7 ">a came out '.is favorite tragedy 
 " Libertv 'Herted," in which he ufed Inch 
 violent language again ft the French nation, 
 that in the ride of felf-confequence he per- 
 fuaded himlelf peace could never he re-edah- 
 hihed without his being delivered up to the 
 enemy. With this idea, he applied to the 
 duke of Marlborough for protection, who de- 
 clared to the alarmed poet that he thought, 
 without being terrified, his own z?.Ce as defpe- 
 rate, as he had done th? French altnoft as 
 much m'rfchief as Mr. Dennis himfelf. This 
 Angular character is laid on another oectriion 
 to have been walking near the fea in Sudex, 
 and that at the ludden fight of rt fhip failing as 
 he imagined towards him, he decamped n the 
 greatelt hurrv, calling the friend with whom 
 he was a traitor for COlripiKrtg to deliver his 
 peribn up to the French. Fli;i poems on the 
 battles of Blenheim and Ramillies gained hrm 
 the friendfhip of the victorious hero, who 
 prefented him with 100!. and procured- him an 
 appemtment in the cuitoms worth 120I. per 
 annum. He wrote lbme prole piece*', efpe- 
 ciallv prieftcraft d ingerous, &c. agaklft Sadie - 
 vereli's political union, and lbme reflections on 
 Pope's eflay on criticifm, and Addifon's Cato. 
 Thk occasioned a curious pamphlet called the 
 narrative of Dr. Robert Norris, concerning 
 the deplorable frenzy of Mr. John Dennis, 
 and drew upon him the fatirift's retentment, 
 and entitled him to a place in the Dunchd. 
 Though now disregarded as a writer and a 
 critic, he was efteemed in his day, but it was 
 oblerved by a wit that Dennis was the fitted 
 man to internet a dramatic writer, for he laid 
 down rules for goo-1 plavs, and lhowed him 
 what were bad by his own. 
 
 Denny, fir Anthony, a favorite of Henry 
 VIII. born at Chefhunt, and educated at St 
 Paul's i'chool and St. John's college, Cam 
 bridge. He became gentleman of the bed 
 chamber and a privy cunfellor. He was alfo 
 knighted, and in the general plunder of the 
 church, he received very large grants of land 
 in Hertfordshire. When Henry was on his 
 death-bed, fir Anthony alone had the courage 
 to approach him, to remind him of his fixa- 
 tion, and to exhort him to devote the few 
 moments of life to the momentous concerns of 
 religion. Th king made him one -.f the exe- 
 cutors of his will, and of the counfelbrs of hs 
 i'ueceffor, and gave him a legacy of 3C0I. i.ir 
 Anthony was a man of great piety as well as 
 learning. He died 1550. 
 
 Denton, John, an Engtifh d i v i r 
 cated at Clare-hall, Cambridge, and ejected 
 for nonconformity from Olwatd Khk, fc'ork- 
 {hire, in 1662. He afterwards conformed and 
 was pre&nted to Stoaejcad/e, and a pre 
 
 York, - ' 
 
 Its 83d year. He 'pubiifned 1. 
 
 and religious a 
 
 D r. v T K .< CO L i. K s T Fran* is Xuv vr, a I 
 of Lyons, wiio went to China 
 with Parrennin, ittid died there 
 77. He wrote fever. d works in the CI 
 language to recommend the chrirtkn religion 
 to the difciplcs of Confucius, &c. 
 
 DePARClEOX, Anthony, a mathematician, 
 who wrote a treatife on trigonometry, 41 
 elfays on the probabilities of the durati >n of 
 human life, 4to. a valuable work- memoir on 
 the inundations of the Seine, &c. He died 
 I768; aged 65. 
 
 DkxBY, yanrtt Stanley earl of-, an 1 
 nobleman, celebrated during the civil wars. 
 With drily 600 horle he defended himfelf at 
 Wiga>n agamft 3000 horfe and foot, but w'len 
 it Worcefter, he was bafely beheadedj 
 though prflmiled pardon, 1651. His 
 imitating his conduct, bravely defended La- 
 tham home, and retired to the ifle of Man, 
 where lhe defied her enemies. She v\ 
 lait who fubmicted to the regicides. 
 
 Dkreing, E!-zr,i>i.\ an eminent 
 horn in Kent, fellow of Christ's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was preacher at St. Paul' 
 don. He died 1576, much reflected for hut 
 piety as well as learning. He wrote fermoos 
 lectures on the rpiftle to rke Hebrews, gtcj 
 
 Dt'KHAM, William, a pliSofojitoer and <ii~ 
 vine, born at Stoushton near Worcefter, 1657, 
 and educated at Blockley, and Trinity college, 
 Oxford. H**was pr< tented in 1682 t War- 
 grave vicarage, Berks, and in 1689 to Dj>- 
 n inlter reentry, Eflex. In 1716 he was made 
 canon of Wmdfdr, and the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford in T730 granted him the degree of D i>. 
 for his far vices in the" caul e of fcience. Thlj 
 good roan, always 1 employed in the lab us of 
 philofophy, humanity, and religion, died 1735I 
 aged 70. His publications are not lets than 
 40, on pbiloiopLe.il fuhjecL. The he'd 
 arfe his phvlioo-theoWv, r6 dil'courfes p 
 ed it Boyle's inliiturbn 17x1 an 
 i-Xj hi-, a Iro-theulovy, and in 17 
 ehrifto tbeologV, to prove the divine origin of 
 ohriftimi^y, befides the artificial clock-i 
 an ingenious hook, the fourth edition of .vhich 
 was nuhblhed 173.J. 
 
 DniN'i:, fir Hi/ivarJ, a r.\isc of Kent, 
 very violent in parliament, where he brought 
 in a bill for the abolition of bilhops, deans, and? 
 chapters. Afterwards he clpoufed the royal 
 cattle, which he lbrDorred with a troop of 
 horfe at his own e-p.-nce. He was a great 
 lb'Terer in the civil wars, and died before the, 
 restoration. His Ipeeches were pubhined in 
 4to. 
 
 Derrick, Samusl, a linen-draper of Dub- 
 lin, who in x;.?l crime to London as a literary 
 character. lie attempted the char.. 
 Olouielhr lh Jane Shore, but with l'uch ill 
 faccefs that it was nevrt repeated. Alter tiiis 
 he fwibiiileu by paiEpniet writing, but his ex- 
 
DES 
 
 >ES 
 
 tiavagance led him into difficulties. He was 
 on Beau Nam's death appointed in his place 
 matter of the ceremonies at Bath and Tun- 
 bridge, but ill conduct prevented independ- 
 ence, and h* died poor 1769, aged 45, He 
 tranllated among other things Sylla, a dramatic 
 entertainment by the king of Pruffia. 
 
 DESAGULIERS, John Thevpbilus, ion of a 
 proteftant minifter st Rochelle, where he was 
 born 1683, and which he left at the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes. He was educated 
 at Chrift church, Oxford, and fucceeded Dr. 
 Keil as lecturer on experimental phiiofophy 
 Ho was the tint who introduced the reading 
 of lectures in London, where he had for his 
 audience not oniy the learned, but alfo the 
 royal family. The duke, of Chindos gave him 
 the living of Edgware, aud he afterwards be- 
 came chaplain to the prince of Wales, and had 
 a valuable living in Eilex. In the latter part 
 af life, he had lodgings under the Piazzas, 
 Covent-garden, where his lectures were con- 
 tinued till his death 1749. He was member 
 K feveral foreign academies, and published a 
 courie of experimental phiiofophy, 2 vols. 4to. 
 1734 -Gravelande's mathematical elements 
 cf natural phiiofophy, &c. 
 
 Desaix, Lewis Charles Anthony, a French 
 general, born near Riom 1768. At the re- 
 volution he aliifted Cuittne as his aid-de-camp, 
 and was wouuded in the cheek at the battle of 
 Lauterburg, but difregarding the pain, he 
 boldly rallied the yielding "battalions to the 
 r He was general f divifion under Mo- 
 
 u, in his glorious retreat from the Danube ; 
 and. afterwards he drove the Germans from 
 the Rhine, and at the battle of Radftadt 
 obliged the archduke Charles to retreat. He 
 attended Bonaparte into Egypt, and there dif- 
 Uayed the fame pretence of mind and bravery, 
 and after diiperfing the Arabs, and the forces 
 of the beys, he was named commander of 
 Upper Egypt. Afcer Bonaparte's retreat from 
 Egypt, he figned the treaty of El-arifch with 
 the Englilh and thu Turks, and returned to 
 Europe, but was detained by lord Keith. 
 When let at liberty he haftened to France, 
 and found Bonaparte advancing into Italy. His 
 happy arrival, after a fevere march of thirty 
 miles, with a frefh fquadron, gave the decilion 
 to the battle of Marengo, but at the moment 
 of victory he received a fatal ihot in the breait 
 and immediately expired, 1800. 
 
 Desault, Peter, of Arfac, was diftinguifh- 
 d as a phyfician. He treatife on the venereal 
 difeai'e, and the method of curing it, was 
 much admired, and alfo that on the (tone in 
 the kidneys and the bladder. He died at 
 Bourdeaux 1737, aged 62. 
 Desault, Peter Jofepb, a French furgeon, 
 ofe journal de chirurgie was tnmflated into 
 lilh "by Gulling. He died 1795, aged 46, 
 without lufpicion of being poifoned for his 
 -uce on the unfortunate Lewis XVH. 
 J is remarkable that his fuccelfors, Clnpart 
 id Doublet, died within fojx days after. 
 
 He had been much eftesmed as profefTor of 
 anatomy at Paris, where 300 pupils together 
 attended his lectures. 
 
 Dto BaR-REAUX, James Je Valhc lord, \vas 
 brought up by the Jel'uits, who in vain endea- 
 voured to gain Mm over to their ibciety, and he 
 afterwards became counfellor in the parlia- 
 ment of Paris. He expofed himfelf to the 
 refentment of Richelieu, by refilling to yield 
 a favorite miftrefs to the hoary libertine. 
 Reflecting at Lit upon his vices, he gave him- 
 felf up to ferious meditation and to penitence. 
 H ! retired to the pure air of Chalon on the" 
 Soar!; where, after an exemplary clofe of life, 
 he died 1647. Some time before his death, 
 he wrote the famous fonnet lb full of contri- 
 tion, " grand Dieu, tes jugemens," Sec. He 
 was author of fome poems it) Latin, and alio 
 in French, and of fome popular longs, kc. 
 
 Desbillons, Francis Jofeph, a French 
 Jefuit, 1711. After reading lectures at 
 Caen, Nevers, la Fleche, and Bourges, he 
 came to Paris. At the abolition of his order 
 1762, he retired to Manheim, where he 
 published his fables, 530 in number, divided 
 into 15 books, in two vols. He alio publilhed 
 an edition of Pruedrus, and wrote fome Latin 
 poems, &c. He died 1 788, aged 78. 
 
 DESBOIS, Francis Alexander, author of a 
 military dictionary, 3 vols. 8vo. a dictionary 
 of agriculture, 2 vols. 8vo. a dictionary of 
 animals, 4 vols. 8vo. Sec. died at Paris 1784, 
 aged 85. 
 
 Des Cartes, Rene, a French philofopher. 
 Vid. Cartes. 
 
 DESERlClUS or DESERITZ, Jafcph Inno- 
 cent, a native of Hungary, ambaffador to the 
 hofpodar of Wallachia from Benedict XIV. 
 He died 1765, aged 63. He wrote pro 
 cultu Iiterarum in Hungaiia & vindicatio, 4to. 
 &c. 
 
 Desgodets, Anthony, of Paris, was an 
 eminent architect. Going to Rome in 1674, 
 he was captured by the Algerines, and remain- 
 ed 1 6 months in flavery. He compofed at 
 Rome, " the ancient edifices of Rome drawn 
 and meafured with exactnefs," fol. 1682. He 
 was comptroller of the royal buildings at Paris 
 and architect to the king. He died 1728, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Deshais, John Baptijl Henry, a French 
 painter, born at Rouen 1729. He vifited 
 Rome for improvement. The fuperior merit 
 of his pictures promifed the nobleit monuments 
 of genius to adorn the French fchool, but he 
 unfortunately died 1765. The moft celebrated 
 of his pieces are the mnrriage of the Virgin, 
 the refurredtion of Lazarus, Potipiiar's wife 
 and Jofeph, the combat of Achilles and 
 Xanthus, Jupiter and Antiope, Artemiila at 
 her hufband's tomb, &c. 
 
 Desiderius or Didier, lad king of Lom- 
 bardy, 756. His invalion of the papal domi- ' 
 nions was refitted by Charlemagne, and 
 Didier was made prilbner and died in France. 
 
 D&lMAUlt, John Frant'u Edlvard de Cur- 
 U m fsm* 
 
DES 
 
 DEV 
 
 fimbleu, a French writer, who died i?6i, 
 aced 38. He was a man of great abilities. 
 IJeuied to fay, " When my friend laughs, it 
 is hishuiinefs to inform me of the caufe of his 
 joys ; but when lie weeps, it is mine to difco- 
 ver the fources of his grief." He wrote the 
 popular comedy of the " impertinent," and 
 mifcellaneous works, and in his pieces difplay- 
 ed cafe and elegance. 
 
 Dec Maizkadx, Pr.itr, a biographer, born 
 at Auvergne 1666, where his father was a 
 proteftant minifter. He came to England, ai;d 
 was elected lecretary to the royal lbciety. 
 He died 1745. He edited the works of St. 
 Evremond, 3 vols. 4to. and alio published the 
 life of Bayle, prefixed to his dictionary. He 
 afliited in the general hiitorical dictionary, 10 
 vols, fol, and in other works, &c. 
 
 Desmarf.s, Toujfiunt^ a prieft, of Vire, 
 in Normandy. He defended the Janfenifls 
 before pope Innocent X. and diftinguifhed 
 fcimlelf by his fermons. Perfecuted for his 
 opinions, he was protected by the duke of 
 Liancourt, at whofe houie he ended his days, 
 1687, aged 87, He wrote the necrologe de 
 port royal, &c. 
 
 Desmarets, Nicholas, nephew of Col- 
 bert, and mmifter of ftate under Lewis XIV. 
 died 1721. He publifhed a curious account of 
 his adminiftration. 
 
 Desmoie is, Peter Nicholas, an ecclefi- 
 aftic, of Paris. He edited Lamy's treatife de 
 fcabernaculo faderis, &c. Ponget's inftitu- 
 tiones, % vols. fol. and continued Sallengre's 
 memoires of literature, n vols. umo. He 
 died 1760, aged 83. 
 
 Desmoulins, Bencdifi Camilla, a native 
 of Guife in Picardy, known for his zeal at the 
 taking of the Baftile, and in the demolition of 
 the monarchy. He was one of the founders 
 ef the Jacobin club, and he had a (hare in the 
 atrocities of the 20th of June and the 10th of 
 Auguft I79. Robefpierre marked him for 
 flaughter when he defended Orleans, and 
 talked of a committee of clemency. When 
 fcized in the night, he opened his windows to 
 call in vain for help againit the tyrants, and 
 with Young's night thoughts, and Hajvey's 
 meditations in his hand, he was, dragged to 
 prifon, and immediately after tq-the icaffbld, 
 1794. His writings were periodical the 
 revolutions of France and Brabant the hiftory 
 of the BruTotins the- Vieux Cordelier. His 
 wife wiihing to Ihare his fate, followed him 
 ten davs after to the fcaftbld. When afked 
 his age by the bloody tribunal, he anfwered, 
 " My age is that of Jelus Chrift when he 
 furFt red death," 33. 
 
 D'JE.spagne, John, minify of a French 
 congregation at Durham houie, Strand, died 
 about 1660. He was admired as a preacher, 
 add feveral of his works on theology have been 
 tranftated into Fnglifb. 
 
 DlSPARD, Zdnxard Marcus, a native of 
 Queen's county in Ireland. He was employed 
 ia the Weft Indies, on the Spaniih. main, and 
 
 in the bay of Honduras, as fuperintendant ci 
 the EngKlh colony. His conduct gave 1 
 to the fettlers, and he wis recalled home 
 and when he applied to government to invelli- 
 gatehisadmiuiltration his repreientations were 
 rejected. This rendered him a dilafFected 
 fubject, and at the French revolution he 
 warmly embraced the new doctrines. He wit 
 feized under the iufpenfion of the habeas cor- 
 puSj and confined in feveral prifons, hut wheel 
 liberated, paft misfortunes h.id made no im- 
 preilion upon him, he formed the plan of fe- 
 ducing the foldiery, and in fecret committees it 
 was agitated to affkflinate the king, as he.- pro 
 ceeded to parliament. This deiign was dil- 
 covered by lome of the accomplices, and 
 Delpard and his aflbciates were i'eized, and 
 tried inSouthwark, 1 803, and on an impartial 
 trial, his guilt was found too evident to deierve 
 pardon. He fufFeredon the 21ft March with 
 nine others, and without contrition, forrow, ot 
 concern, met his i';.te. 
 
 Dkspau ieue, John, a Flemifh gramma-, 
 rian, born at Ninove, died at (. omines 1520. 
 He had the ufe of only one eye. His works 
 were chiefly grammatical, 4iul in great vogue, 
 at one time. 
 
 Displaces, a French engraver, who died 
 1749. His belt pieces were the foldier holding 
 a dagger at Altyanax in his mother's arms, his 
 defceat from tl>e crofs, and his rape of 
 Helen. 
 
 Despoktf.s, Claud,-, n painter, of Cham- 
 pagne, who died at Paris 1743, ag;'J 82. Hi*. 
 belt pieces were preferved at Marly. 1 1 
 excelled in grotefinie figures, 2nd in aw 
 flowers, fruits, &c. 
 
 Destouches, Andrew, a Frenchman, 
 who went to Siam, and abandoned the profef-. 
 Hon of a foldier for that of mufician. Bv the 
 mere powers of genius he produced his Ifle 
 an opera, which lb highly pleaied the French 
 king, that he gave him 2CC loub. Afterwards 
 he ftudied the rules of mufical compoiir' 
 his other pieces were never equal to Ifle. He- 
 died 1749. 
 
 DrsToucHES, Philip Neritaut, a Frenofl 
 dramatic writer, born at Tours, and cducatiH 
 at Paris. He was a negociator in Switzerland, | 
 and in London. The death of the 1 
 (battered his hopes of future preferment and 
 reward, and he retired near Melun, where ha 
 forgot the ingratitude of the court in the culti- | 
 vatidn of the mui'es and of agriculture. He ! 
 died 17J4. His works were publifhed by IBM 
 ion, 4 vols. 1757, and icvols. umo. Though, j 
 devoid of the gaiety of Regnard, and the 
 ftrong touches of Moliere, he commands] 
 attention by his interefting fcenes, and his 
 tender delineations of nature. His Philolb- 
 phe Marie, and his Glorieux, a comedy, rank 
 next to the competitions of Voit;i 
 
 Devaux, John, a native of Paris, efb 
 as a Jiirgeon, and author of a treatii'e on 
 ferving health by inftinct, and other 
 died 1',2'j, aged So. 
 
 Devi 
 
DEV 
 
 DEW 
 
 ' DfiVtREU.r, Robert, earl of Eflfflf, the fa- 
 vorite of Elizabeth, was born 1567, at Ne- 
 'therwood, Herefordlliire, and was educated 
 at Cambridge. His firft appearance at court 
 Was in his 17th year, and in I585 he accom- 
 panied Leicester to Holland, and diftinguilhed 
 mrnfelf at the battle of Zutphen. He was 
 mailer of the horle, and at the aflcmbling of 
 'an army at Tilbury fort againft the Spanifh 
 invafion, he was declared general under JLci- 
 cefter, and loon after made knight of the gar- 
 ter. He difputed for the queen's favor with 
 the earl of Devonfhire, who wounded him in 
 tiic knee. In 1589 he went in the expedition 
 to replace Antonio on the throne of Portugal. 
 His private marriage with the widow of Sidney, 
 daughter of Walfmgham, difpleafed the queen, 
 and his unfuccefsful expedition to nihil Henry 
 IV. of France, and his quarrel with Burleigh 
 about the Spanifti war, tended to lhow the 
 violence of his temper and the ambition of his 
 heart. After the death of that ftatefman, 
 Eflex found that he had loft a valuable friend. 
 When a confutation took place about appoint- 
 ing a viceroy in Ireland, the queen recom- 
 mended fir William Knoitis, and Eflex fir 
 George Carew, and when the favorite favv his 
 miltrefs unwilling to yield to his peri uafiou, he 
 contemptuoufly turned his back upon her. 
 Elizabeth refented this by giving him a box on 
 the ear, upon which he placed his hand on his 
 I'word, fwearing he would not take fuch an 
 .-.ffront even from her father. 'I he courtiers 
 interfered, and he left the palace with unfub- 
 dued indignation. His friends prevailed upon 
 him to make conceflions, and he was apparent- 
 ly reconciled to Elizabeth, and lent over to 
 Ireland. The ill fuccefs of his miniftry there 
 encouraged his opponents, who perfuaded the 
 queen to levy an army to counteracf the re- 
 bellious fchemes of Eflex. Eflex heard of their 
 plans, and coming fuddenly over to England, 
 he was received with cordiality, but foon after 
 ftripped of all his. honors. Thus dilgraced,he 
 wifhed to reftore himfelf to the queen's par- 
 tiality by force, but though he dilapproved 
 violent meafures, he could not refrain faying 
 the queen grew old and cankered, and that 
 her mind was as crooked as her carcafe. The 
 raih words were reported to the queen, and 
 Eflex was lummoned to appear before the 
 council, but he conceived his perlon in danger, 
 and prepared to refift. After an unavailing 
 ftruggle, and fome blood fhed, he furrendered 
 and was conveyed to the tower. He was ar- 
 raigned on the 19th February 1601, and con- 
 demned to lole his head, and his execution 
 took place on the 25th. He was in perfon 
 tall, but carelefs in his drefs. He was learned, 
 asd protected and encouraged learned men. 
 Warm in his friendfhips, and found, except in 
 few inftances, in his morals, he was a good 
 proteflant. It is remarkable that his execution 
 took place not without ftruggle in the queen's 
 affections. In the days of their friendfhip, fhe 
 had given him a ring with promifes that it 
 
 would reftoTe him to her favor, and therefore 
 Hie facririced the man who lb proudly refufed 
 to purchafe at fo little a price her pardon. The 
 fatal ring indeed was lent by J.ffex, but lady 
 Howard the bearer refufed to deliver it, and 
 on her death-bed (lie revealed to the queen her 
 ill conducf. The queen heard the dreadful 
 tale, fhe retired overwhelmed with grief, and 
 a few weeks after expired. 
 
 Devekeux, Rolerty earl of EfTex, fon of 
 Elizabeth's favorite, was born 1592, and edu- 
 cated at Merton college, Oxford. His mar- 
 riage with lord Suffolk's daughter was very 
 unfortunate, for the lady accufed him of im- 
 potency, and obtained a divorce to marry her 
 favorite Carr earl ofSomerfet. Eflex ferved 
 in the Palatinate, and hi Holland, and on his 
 return was a violent oppofer of the meafures of 
 government. During the civil wars he headed 
 the parliamentary army, faced the king's forces 
 at Edgehill, and at the firft battle of Newbury, 
 and after reducing Reading and relieving 
 Gloucefter, he in 1644 returned to the weft of 
 England. Unfuccefsful againft the king's 
 troops, he owed his fafetv to flight by lea from 
 Cornwall. In 1645 the parliament, jealous f 
 his power, deprived him of his office by the 
 felf-denying ordinance, and the next year he 
 died at Eflex houfe in the Strand. 
 
 D'ewes, fir Symonds, an Engliih hiftorian 
 and antiquarian, born in 1602, at Coxden, 
 Dorietfhire. In 161 8 he entered at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and two years after began 
 his collection of materials for an hiftory of 
 England. His learning recommended him to 
 the notice of the mod diftinguilhed characters 
 of the times, of Spelman, Selden, and others. 
 His great work was finifhed when he attained 
 his 30th year, but he did not publilh it, and 
 it appeared afterwards under the title of Jour- 
 nals of all the parliaments during the reign of 
 Elizabeth, &c. He was fheriff for Suffolk, and 
 was knighted, and in 164 1 was made baronet ; 
 but he notwithftanding embraced the caufe of 
 the parliament. He fat in the houfe till 
 1648, when he was ejected for fuppofed at- 
 tachment to the king. He died 1650. 
 
 De Witt, John, the famous penfionary 
 of Holland, was born at Dort in 1625, an< * 
 educated there. At the age of 23, he pub- 
 liihed his " Eleraenta curvarum linearum," a 
 work difplaying the dcepeft knowledge of ma- 
 thematics. After taking the degree ofL.L.D. 
 and travelling for fome time, he was made 
 penfionary of his native town. He oppofed 
 the war between England and his country, and 
 when raifed to the high office of penfionary 
 of Holland, he fent ambafladors to Cromwell 
 to negociate a peace. A pacification took 
 place, but the fecret article to exclude the 
 family of Orange from the ftadtholderfhip 
 brought odium on De Witt's adminiftration. 
 Notwithftanding the clamors of his enemies, 
 and the invectives of the clergy, he fubdued 
 oppofition by his firmnefs, and he was unani- 
 moufly re-elected by the ftates, 1663. When 
 U 2 war 
 
DIA 
 
 DIG 
 
 war was declared againft Fnglafcd, De Witt 
 exerted his power to make the naval arma- 
 ments refpectable, and after Opdam's defeat, 
 he was one of thofe named to pi elide over the 
 fleet. Whilft the commanders confidcred it 
 impoflible to fail but with only ic points of the 
 compafs, he by mathematical calculation, con- 
 vinced them that only fqur points were againft 
 them, and 28 for them, and in confequence 
 of this, the lhips were fafely conveyed from 
 the Texel through a paliage fmce that time 
 called De Wirt's diep. Of this affair, and 
 fuccecding events, he wrote an accurate rela- 
 tion, for which he received the thanks of the 
 fiate. Of the famous battle of three days, in 
 1666, he alio gave a full account to the ftates, 
 and in 1667 he eftablifhed an edict to aholiih 
 the ftadtholderate in Holland; but in 1672 
 when the prince of Orange was nominated 
 captain general, the mob invited him to accept 
 the office of ftadtholder, and De Witt rcfigned 
 his office after receiving the folemn thanks of 
 the ftates. When Holland was invaded by 
 the French, the odium was thrown on De 
 Witt and his party, and fo violent were the 
 tumults, that De Witt's brother, Cornelius, 
 was accufed by Ticklaer, a barber, and though 
 declared innocent, wasfentenced to exile, ar.d 
 foon after, the prifon in which he was, was 
 attacked, and he as well as his brother, who 
 was prefent, were inhumanly butchered. 
 Their dead bodies were dragged to the gallows, 
 and the penfionary's remains were hung one 
 foot higher than thofe of bis brother. Their 
 bodies thus iniulted were cut into a thoufund 
 pieces, and it is faid, that fome of the flefti 
 was broiled and eat by the favage murderers. 
 Thus fell this amiable man in his 47th year. 
 As a politician he had no equal, and his love 
 to his country was inferior to none of his other 
 virtues. Without pride and pemp, he lived 
 upon little more than 70c!. a year ; and with 
 the moft laudable integrity, he refufed a gift 
 of io.cocl. with which the ftates wifhed to 
 reward his fervices, obferving, that fuch libe- 
 rality was a bad precedent. His work t ailed, 
 " the true interelt and political maxims of the 
 republic of Holland," tranilnted into Englifh 
 by Campbell, is a glorious monument of his 
 abilities as a ftatefman, and it difplaysthe true 
 maxims by which a government may become 
 popular at home and refpectable abroad, whilft 
 it maintains juftice with liberty, and encourages 
 trade without opprefiion or monopoly. 
 
 Dewit, fames, a painter of Amfterdam, 
 born 1695, His beft work is Mofes appoint- 
 ing the 70 elders, painted for the Bcurgo- 
 mafters of Amfterdam. 
 
 Deyster, Lnvit, a painter and engraver 
 of Bruges, who died 1711, aged 55. His 
 death of the Virgin is his beft piece. 
 Bis daughter Anna was equally famous as a 
 painter, but (he relinquifl.ed the'profeffion to 
 cor.ftruc^ organs and harpfichords, and died 
 poor 1746, aged 50. 
 
 Diaconus, Paulas, a Lombard, of Fiiuli, 
 educated at the court of Pavia. He became a 
 
 monk, and compofed his hitiory of the Lom- 
 bards, in fix books. He is confidered as accu- 
 ! rate in the affairs of his own nation, though 
 j not equally exact in foreign affairs. He died 770. 
 DlAZ, Bartholomew, a Portuguese naviga- 
 tor, who in 1466 difcovered the moft fouthern 
 cape of Africa, to which he gave the name of 
 the Cape of Storms. 'I his was altered by 
 John II. king of Portugal, to the name of the 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 Diaz, John, a Spaniard, who ftudied at 
 Paris, and embraced the doctrines of Luther. 
 He afterwards vifited Calvin at Geneva, and 
 Bucer at Strafburg, and met at Neuburg his 
 brother Alphonfus, who, as a catholic, endea- 
 voured to convert him from the protectant 
 faith. Unable to do this, Alphonfus pretend* 
 to return home, and the next morning infti- 
 gates an affaffin to enter his brother's apart- 
 : men*, and with an axe to dafti out his brains, 
 I whilft he himfelf waits at the door. 
 1 The afiaflins were purfued and ieized at Inf- 
 ; pruck, but i- harles V. took their puniihment 
 ; into his own hands, 1546. 
 
 ICETO, Ralph de, author of abbreviationes 
 ! chronicorum, or an epitome of Englifh hiftory 
 to the conqueft, &c. was dean of St. Paul's, 
 Lcdon, iaio. 
 
 Dick, fir Alexander, fon of fir William 
 Cunningham, was born 170,3. He ftudied 
 mcdi.ine at Edinburgh, and afterwards under 
 Boerhaave, and after vifiting feveral countries 
 I of Europe, he returned to England. On the 
 death of his brother, he afTurned the name of his 
 maternal grandfather Dick, and retired to his 
 family feat at Prcitonfield, where he died 1785. 
 He was in 1756 prefident of the college of 
 phyficians in Edinburgh. He was in 1774 
 honored with a medal from the London fociety 
 of arts for his culture of rhubarb, the firft at- 
 tempt of rearing which in England was owing 
 to him. 
 
 Dickinson, Edmund, a phyfic'un, fon of 
 the reftor of Appleton, Berkfhire, where he 
 was born 1624. He was educated at Eton, 
 and at Merton college, Oxford. He publifhed 
 in 4655 his Delphi Phqeniciwntes, a learned 
 work, in which he proved that the Greeks 
 borrowed their hiftory of the oracle of Delphi 
 from the fcriptures. This book was univer- 
 fally admired, and Sheldon the primate wifhed 
 in vain to turn the attention of the author to 
 theology. After practifing in Oxford, he, in 
 1684, fettled in London, where, by recover- 
 ing Arlington, he became phyfician to C 
 11. Upon the abdication of James, he retired 
 from practice, to complete his Phyfica vetus 
 & vera, &c. which when finifhed was unfortu- 
 nately burnt, and coft him the labor of recora- 
 pofition. It appeared i.i 1 70a, and proved t'flat 
 the method and mode of the creatiqn of the 
 univerl'e, according to the principles of true 
 philofophy, are related in 1 general way by 
 Mofes. He wrote betides, diatriba de Noa in 
 Italiam adventu, &c. de origine Druidum, 
 &c. He died of the ftone 1707, in his 83d 
 year. 
 
 Dick sos, 
 
DID 
 
 DIE 
 
 Dickson, Da-rid, a Scotch divine, born at i 
 Paitley 1591, and educated at Glafgow. He ; 
 was an eloquent preacher ; but was too violent 
 kgsinftthe epifcopalians. wHkh fubjected him 
 to perfecufion. He was commiiiioner to the 
 general affemblv at Glafgow, and in 1643 in 
 'V\"e;tininiier. He was divinity prufeh*br at 
 Edinburgh, hut in 1662 he was dripped of 
 his employments, and died two years after, 
 73, He wrote a commentary on i.t. 
 Matthew on the epitlle to the Hebrews and 
 Romans and the pl'alms, &c. 
 
 I iderot, Disnyfias, a celebrated writer, 
 born at Langres I 7 13, and educated by the 
 Jefuits. Belles lettres were his favorite pur- j 
 luity, and when fettled in the capital, he ac- 
 quired, by his wit and bis genius, friends and 1 
 encouragement. His firit publication was j 
 Penftes rhiloiophiques in 1746, afterw-uds 
 publilhed under the tide of Etrennes ae.x 
 efprits forts. He next published with Eidons 
 and Touffaint, an univerfal dictionary of me- 
 dicine, in 6 vols, folio, which procured him 
 great reputation. In his gigantic plan of a 
 Dictionnaire encyclopedique, he was afiilted 
 by d'Alembe;< and others, whole genius and 
 dilkence united to produce a work of merit. 
 Diderot himfelf took the arts and trades, and 
 infufed into his fubjetb: all the knowledge and 
 tire nervouihefs of 1 fflguage of which he was 
 io capable ; hut he uui uot find m his fellow 
 laborers the lame ze.il nor the fame abilities. 
 While his own pa v t was completed with fpirit, 
 his aiTociates proved too often inadequate to 
 their undertakings. This great work, which 
 cod 20 years' labor to b iderot, was retarded 
 by the fufpicions of the court, who considered 
 fome reflections on government and religion 
 as improper, and not only fome copies were 
 leized, but the printers themfelves were fent 
 to the baftile. The work was delivered to 
 the public b e t w een 751 and 1767, and fdon 
 fold off", but I. iderot did not find that independ- 
 ence which he expected, lb that he was obliged 
 to fell his library, which was purchaied for 
 50,000 livres by the emprels of Ruiha ; but 
 with a gandrofity truly great, tlie lYhilefopher 
 was permitted the ufe of k as iong as he liven. 
 Diderot wrote befides, his Bijoux indifcrets, 2 
 vols. iamo. a licentious and ditgulting romance 
 the FHs natural, a-nd tire Pere de farhille, 1 75 7 
 and 1758, two prole comedies, which, in a 
 nervous liile paini dM paffiem, ltronc.lv interelt 
 the heart, and render virtue in her various 
 trials truiy great, noble, and amiable. His 
 letters on the blind appeared in 1749, but the 
 fcepticifm of the author colt him his liberty, 
 and he was impri.oued far fix months at Vin- 
 cennes. In 1751 he delivered his opinions on 
 metaphyfics, poetry, eloquence, &c. in a letter 
 on the deaf and dumb, 2 vols. 121110. Diderot's 
 other works are principle* of moral philofo- 
 phy, i2mo. bittory of Greece trail Hated from 
 Stanyan, 3 vols. i2mo. pieces on mathema- 
 tical fubjects the code of nature the fixth 
 feale panegyrics on Richardl'on and the 
 
 life cf Senecn, a ufeful work, &c. He iici 
 fuddenly on riling from table, 1784 aged 71. 
 Diderot's character has been variously defer ib- 
 ed. His franknefs and candor are extolled by 
 his friends, whilit his enemies reproach liim as 
 an artful, intereiled, pliant, and dangerous cha- 
 racter. It is to be lamented, that his erudition 
 was not always employed in the fupport of 
 virtue and m.rahtv, nor ins abilities exerted to 
 animate mad in the cultivation or" what is 
 fo necc'iarv to bis welfare and happinefs, the 
 religious duties. 
 
 Didot, Francis Amlrof?, a printer at Pari?, 
 whole works were admired for the correciuefs, 
 elegance, and beauy of the type, and among 
 thfei'e, the edition of the dailies publilhed by 
 order of JLouis XVI. for the ufe of the dauphin;, 
 ranked very high. He made fome ufeftil im- 
 provements in paper mills, and in printing 
 machines, and to his ingenuity the invention 
 of itereotype printing may be fairly afcribed. 
 He died at Paris 1804, aged 74, and was l'uc- 
 ceeded in his bufinefs by ins tons. 
 
 Diecman, John, a native of Stada, fnper- 
 intendant of Bremen and Verdun, and rector 
 of St rde univerfity, where he died 1720. aged 
 73. Befides theological, metaphyficat, and 
 philofonhical works, he publilhed an edition of 
 Luther's works. 
 
 Diemkn, Anthony Van, a native of Kih- 
 lenberg, where his father was hurgom alter. Pie- 
 went to the Eait Indies, and was governor of 
 the Dutch territories t .ere. He lent in 1642 
 Taftnan on a voyage of difcovery, and the 
 land which was difcovered on the fouth of New 
 Holland was called in his honor Van Diemen's 
 land. He died 1645. 
 
 Die.{?knbeck, Abraham, a painter Of 
 Boifleduc, who died at Antwerp 1675, aged 
 67. He firit painted on glafs, and afterwards 
 in oil. His drawings are numerous, and his 
 temple of the mints is conlidered as \ mafter- 
 piece. 
 
 Dit-:st, Ailian Van, a landfcape painter, 
 of the Hague, who died 1704, aged 4;. He 
 fpent the beft part of his life in England, 
 where his pencil delineated the beauties of the 
 weftern plants of the iftand. 
 
 Dietric, John Conrad, a Lutheran, of 
 Btnzbach, profelTor of Greek and biltory in 
 his native town. He removed in 1633 to 
 Sieffen, when he died 1667, aged 55. He 
 was author of a book de pei egriu.itione ftudio- 
 rum antiquitates Romanx lexicon etymo- 
 logico-gnecum, &c. 
 
 Dietrich, 'John William Erneji, a native 
 of Weimar, where his father was eminent as :i 
 painter of battles and of portraits. His abilities 
 recommended him to the public notice, and 
 he was made profelTor of Drefden academy, 
 and director of the painting fehool at Milieu, 
 and died 1774, aged 62. His landfcapes, por- 
 traits, fcripture pieces, converfations, ice. were 
 much admired. 
 
 Dirtry, a painter of Drefden, who died 
 
 there 1730, aged 45. His two views near 
 
 U4 Rome 
 
DIG 
 
 DIG 
 
 Rome are pleating proofs of his great fkill in 
 landscape painting. 
 
 DlEU, Lt-zi':r de, a divine, born at Flufhing, 
 T.590. He rcfufed to be the court minitter at 
 the Hague, as he was more defiroua to cen- 
 fure than countenance the licentious morals of 
 the great. He came to Lev Jen, and was di- 
 vinity profefiurin the Wallo n college ti'l Lis 
 death in 1642. He publifhed in 1651 a com- 
 mentary on the four gofpels mid notes on the 
 Ads, after a careful examination of feveral 
 trsnllations, thehiftory of our Saviour in the 
 Perlian !::ngLiage by, the Jefuit Jerome Xavier, 
 and a Latin tranflation rudiments of die 
 Hebrew and Perfian tongues, .Sec. 
 
 Digby, Ev-rard, an Englifh gentleman of 
 Dryftoke in Rutlandshire, educated at fc. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He wrote fome 
 curious books, de arte nacandi, de duplici 
 methodo, &c, theoria analytica, &c. He 
 died 1592. 
 
 Dig ay, fir Everard, fon of the preceding, 
 was educated in the Romiih church after his 
 father's death. He was knighted by king 
 James. Though of mild manners, and rich 
 and independent, he engaged in the lchemes 
 for the deftruction of the government, and if 
 not immediately an agent in the gunpowder 
 plot with Guy Fawkes, he yet gave IJCOL 
 towards the expences of it. On the difcovory 
 of this diabolical fcheme, he was fent to the 
 tower, and when arraigned, he pleaded for his 
 conduct, that the king had broke his prornifes 
 to the catholics ; and he added, that as he 
 alone was guilty, pardon fhould be extended 
 to all others. He was hanged, drawn, and 
 quartered at the weft end of St. Paul's, Lon- 
 don, and he died very penitent. 
 
 DiG8T,^r Kenelm, z philofopher, eldeft 
 fon of the preceding, was born at Gothurft, 
 Bucks, 1603. He was educated under Laud, 
 and in 1618 he entered at Gloucefter-hall, 
 Oxford, where he difplayed great abilities. 
 After travelling through Spain, he returned to 
 England in 1623, and was knighted. He then 
 engaged the pubticattention by the introduction 
 of a iecret medicine, called fympathetic pow- 
 der, which he difcovered in his travels. He 
 wasfent by Charles with a fleet into the Me- 
 diterranean in 162,8, and acquired great re- 
 putation by his conduct at Algiers, and in the 
 bay of Scandaroon. In 1636 he was reconciled 
 to the RomihS church, much to the regret oi 
 his friend Laud, who expoftulat'-d with him in 
 vain In 1639 he was active in levying con- 
 tributions among the papifts for the king's fer- 
 vice, for which he was called before the par- 
 liament, and imprifoned, but releafed by the 
 interference of the queen of France. Retiring 
 to France, he devoted himfelf to philolophical 
 purfuitf , and publifhed his treatife of the na- 
 ture of bodies and another on the operation 
 and nature of man's foul, Sec. Upon the 
 deftruction of the regal power, he returned to 
 England to collect the remains of his fortune, 
 but the parliament ordered him to leave the* 
 
 country. On his return to Paris he was 
 chancellor to Henrietta, and fent by 
 negociator to Innocent X. The elevation of 
 Cromwell enabled him to revolt England, and 
 be afterwards fpent fome time at Toulouit and 
 Montpellier. At the reftoration he came 
 biick tr England, and became a favorite at 
 court, though his enemies reprefented him as 
 lately employed in the fervice of the ufurper. 
 Ke was grievoufly afflicted the latter part of his 
 life by the (tone, of which he died at hishoule 
 Covcnt Garden, 1665. His valuable library, 
 which during the troubles had been removed 
 to France, became at his death the property of 
 the Trench king. He publifhed hefides, ob- 
 fervatioQS on Dr. Brown's religio medici 
 observations on the 22d ftanza of the yth can- 
 to, fecond book, of the fairy queen a ditcourfe 
 on the vegetation of plants, &c. 
 
 Pigby, John, of Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 was introduced to James I. who appointed him 
 gentleman of the privy chamber, and knighted 
 him, aridlenthimasambaifadur to Spain. Ini6i6 
 h; became a privy counsellor and chamberlain, 
 tw : o yearsafter he was made baron Digby of Sher- 
 bourne, and again lent /mbafTadnr on the conti- 
 nent. In 1622 he negotiated the prince'? mar- 
 riage with the infanta of Spain, and on his re- 
 turn was created earl of Briftol. He oppofed 
 Buckingham in parliament, and for 
 favored the popular party ; but in the ..ivil 
 troubles he was exiled and died at Pan 
 He was author of fome poems, of airs, dia- 
 logues, Sic. 
 
 I ( igby, George, ear 1 of Briftol, fon of the 
 preceding, was born at Madrid 1612, and 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. He 
 embraced the popular caufe, and was one of 
 Strafford's accuiers; but he afterwards favored 
 the king's party, and was expelled from the 
 houfe for defending that unfortunate nobleman. 
 During the civil wars he was very active in 
 the royal caui'e in Ireland, Jerfey, and France* 
 After v harks' death he was exempted from 
 pardon by the parliament, and fpent his life in 
 exile, but at the reftoration he was made a 
 knight of the garter. He died at Chellea, 
 1676. ) hough he wrote againft popery he 
 d : ed a papift, and though a papilt he fpoke in 
 favour of theteft act. 
 
 Digges, Leonard, a mathematician, born 
 at Barham, and educated at Univerfity college, 
 Oxford. He wrote Tectonicum, to fhow the 
 meafuring of land, Sec. 1556, 4to. improved 
 by his ion 1592, a geometrical practical 
 treatife prognostication of everlafting right, &c. 
 He died 1574. 
 
 Diggks, Thomas, only fon of Leonard, 
 after ftudying at Oxford, proved himfelf a 
 great mathematician. He publifhed ala; five 
 fcalae, tec. mathematical wings or ladders, 
 1573, 4to. an arithmetical military treatife, 
 4to. a geometrical treatife, &c. He died 
 1595. 
 
 DiGGE$,/?r Dudley, eldeft fon of Thomas, 
 was beru 1583, and* educated at Univerfity 
 
 college* 
 
DIL 
 
 DIP 
 
 college, Oxford. He was knighted and tra- 
 velled into foreign la::ds. He was in i6i3 
 ambaftador in Pruffia for James I. and two 
 years after went to Holiand as com;: : 
 In parliament his conduct was very independent, 
 and often hoiiiie to the court, fo that he was 
 fent to the tower for his aco.ifation againlt 
 Buckingham. Such was his in~;ue:ice, that 
 meafures were adopted to r.mrhim over, and 
 bv a reverfionary grant of the office of mafter 
 of the rolls in i6jC, which he obtained in 
 1636, he was brought to favor the meafures of 
 government. He died 1639, univerfally la 
 mented He publtihed a defence of trade, 
 ^to a difcourfe on the rights and privileges 
 of the lubject fpeeches, Sec 
 
 Uicges, TJnmat, brother to fir Dudley, 
 was educated at Unwerfitv college, and im- 
 proved himfelf by travel ing abroad He 
 tranllated Gerardo, the unfortunate Spaniard, 
 from Cefpades and Claudian's rape of Pro- 
 ferpineinto Engliih verfe He died 1635. 
 
 Diggks, DvMlah third fon to fir Dudley, 
 was educated at Univerfity college, and became 
 fellow of All-fouls, 1633. ^ e wote an an- 
 fwer to obfervations on his rrtajelty's ani'wers, 
 &c. and died 1643. 
 
 Du.lenius, John Ja?nesi a botanift, born 
 atDarmftadt in Germany 1681, and educated 
 at Gie'Ien, in Upper Hefle Jn his dilferta- 
 tion on the coffee of the Arabians, he gives 
 his preparations made with peafje, beans, &c. 
 and afFerts, that from rye can be produced 
 that which moft nearly refembles coffee. He 
 enumerates nlfo not lefs than 980 plants, ex- 
 clufive of muthmoms and mofles in the neigh- 
 bourhood of Gieflen. From his acquaintance 
 with Dr. Sherard, who had been conful at 
 Smyrna, he was prevailed upon to fettle in 
 England in lyzi. He firft engaged in a new 
 edition of Ray's fynopfi? .lirpium Britannica- 
 rum, and by the death of his friend in 1728, 
 and his bequeathing of 3000I to the univerfity 
 of Oxford lor a botanical profeflbrfhip, to 
 which he was firft to be appointed, he was 
 raifed to comfortable independence. In this 
 fituation he applied himfelf diligently to the 
 improvement of botany, and in his hortus 
 , Ehhnmenfis, 417 plants, chiefly exotics, were 
 defcribed with the moft careful attention. 
 Botany however was not yet a favorite fludy, 
 the author fold few of his copies, and when he 
 flattered himfelf with profit, he experienced 
 only lofs. In 1735 the univerfity granted him 
 the degree of M.D. and the following year he 
 was honored with a vifit from his friend Lin- 
 nasus. He devoted himfelf to the completion 
 of an hiftory of modes, and would have un- 
 dertaken the fungufes, had not death clofed 
 his labors. He was attacked in March 1747 
 with an apoplexy, and died the 2rid April, aged 
 60. In his private character, Dillenius was 
 very refpectable, natural y of a mild temper, 
 but fond of retirement. His drawings, dried 
 plants, MSS. &c. were purchafed by his fuc- 
 ccfTor, and enrich the treafures of Oxford. 
 
 I Dit worth, Thomas, a fchoolmafler, whofe 
 fpelling book book -keeper's aifiliant fchool- 
 mafters affiftant miiccllaheous arithmetic, 
 &c. are well known and popular books. He 
 was for fome time engaged at Stratford-le-bow 
 with Dyche, and then let up-a fchool at Wap- 
 ping. He died 1781. 
 
 Djmsdai.e, Thimbu, an Englifh phyfician, 
 born at Thoydon-garnon, Effex. His family 
 were qurikers, and his grandfather was the 
 companion of Penn in America. Young 
 Dimfdale fettled at Hertford, and M 1745 
 engaged as furgeon in the duke of Northum- 
 berland's army in the Scotch campaign. On 
 the taking of Carlifle he returned to Hertford, 
 and in 1761 began to practife as phyfician. 
 His celebrity as an inoculator in the fmall-pox, 
 recommended him to the emprel's Catharine, 
 at whole requeft he vifited Raffia in 1768. 
 His fuccefsful inoculation of the emprefs, and 
 her fon, was rewarded with the rank of baron 
 of the empire, &c. befides a pennon of 500I. 
 per aim. and a prelent of i2,Oool. In 1781 
 he was again in Ruflia to inoculate the grand 
 duke's two funs, and he was elected member 
 of parliament for Hertford in 1780, and again 
 1784. He loll his eye- fight by a catarrh, 
 which was happily removed by Wenzell. He 
 died i8co. He was author of tracts on ino- 
 culation, with an account of his journey to 
 Ruifia, 8vo. 1781. 
 
 Dingley, Robert, an Fnglifh writer, edu- 
 cated at Magdalen college. He was a zealous 
 puritan, and was re&or of Brixton in the ifie 
 of Wight, by the interslt of his uncle Ham- 
 mond, the governor. He died 1659, aged 40. 
 He wrote the deputation of angels, proved by 
 the divine right of nature, from many rubs 
 and miftakes, See. 
 
 Dino, compiler of the fix books of decre- 
 tals, and author of a commentary on the rules 
 of law, was profeflbr of jurifprudence at Bo- 
 logna, and died about 1307. 
 
 DJNOUARY, Anthony jofefb Toitjf.unt, was 
 
 born at Amiens 1715, and died at Paris 1786. 
 He firft engaged at Paris in periodical publi- 
 cations, where the fevcrity of his remarks 
 drew upon him trouble. In 1760 he began 
 his ecclefiaftical journal, but he was little at- 
 tentive in this work to propriety, as noftrums 
 and fermons were recommended in the fame 
 page to his readers, and large quotations were 
 made without acknowlegemewt. His other 
 works are embryologia facra, nmo. the ma- 
 nual for pallors, 3 vols nmo. &c. 
 
 Diodatj, 'John, of Lucca, profeflbr of 
 philofophy at Geneva, where he died 1652, 
 aged 73, is known for his translations of the 
 bible into Italian, with notes 4to. 1607, intm 
 French, &c. 
 
 Dionms, Peter, a French furgeon who died 
 1718. His flcill in chirurgical operations was 
 very great. He publifhed lbme valuable works 
 on his profeflion. 
 
 Dip pel, yohn Conrad, a curious character, 
 
 who called himlelf in his writings, CI riftianus 
 
 Democritus. 
 

 DOD 
 
 DemocjriCus. He onpofed the Pierifts M 
 md afterwards fuppoi ten theui a 
 . .i When unable to get a wife and a pro- 
 . tie inveighed ag. m.i the proteil- 
 ants,andlbon after pretended to haw discovered 
 ihe philosopher's Hone. He was foccel 
 confined in the prifons of Berlin, Copei 
 Frankfort, Amtlerdam, &c. !n 172" he went 
 kholm to prefcribe for the king, hue 
 tjfh clergy, though pleaied with the' 
 recovery of the monarch, banifhed the opera- j 
 tor. In 17.5,3 he publifhed abatement to pro.'e j 
 that he mould nouhe til] the ye r 1 8^8, but the 
 next year, unfortunately for the prorhecv, he J 
 was found dead in his bed at Wfdgenltew, ; 
 17.34- He wrote fame entiuifuftic works. 
 
 Djsnky, J-,. '.-:, a native of Linccln, edu- 
 rated among the dnfemers, and afterwards re- i 
 Dioved to the Middle temple. He devoted ; 
 himl'elf to the arduous office of public inagit- j 
 trate in his native county, and was fo zealous i 
 in the fupport of virtue and moralitv, that he - 
 received the thanks of the judges of the affix*. ' 
 'I hough brought up among the dilfenters and j 
 the feu of a dilfenter, he honored the church 
 of England, and, at tlve age of 4%, took orders 
 and fucceeded to the livings of Croft, and 
 Kirkby on Bane, Lincolnshire, and in 1722 
 to that of St. Mary Nottingham. He was 
 author of two el'avs on the execution of the 
 laws againft. immorality and profaaenef*, I'vo. 
 remarks on .Sachevereil's Sermon nnvnithi- 
 Tacra- view of ancient laws againft immora- 
 lity, &c. folio, Stc. He died at Nottingham 
 1730, aged 5.3. 
 
 Ditiimah, Juf.us C/jr-ftofi^er, hiftorical 
 profeiTor at Frankfurt, died there 1737. his 
 works on the hi Story of Germany evince great 
 learning. 
 
 Dittox, Humphrey,* mathematician, horn 
 at Salisbury, 1675. He for ibme time offici- 
 ated at a dhTentiug meeting houfe at '1 tmbridge. 
 where he married, 'ihe death of his father 
 loon after enabled him to abandon divinity for 
 mathematics. By the inte-reft of his friends, 
 efpecially New ton, he was appointed mafter of 
 the mathematical School, Chrift's Hofpital, 
 where he continued till his death 1715. He 
 published Some learned works, and his tracts 
 off the tangents of curves, in Spherical catop 
 tries, general laws of nature and motion, Alex- 
 andra's fynopfis algehiaica., the imiitution of 
 fluxions, &c are well known. 
 
 DiviNi, Eujtadnus, an Italian artift, emi- 
 nent in the making of teleScopes. He dif- 
 puted with Huvgens about the difcovery of 
 Saturn's ring, but Irs teleScopes were not lo 
 good as thole ol his opponent. He died about 
 1664. 
 
 DLVGa$s t Jol>/t,a Pcle, archbifliop ofLeo- 
 pol, died 1480, aged 65, much perlecuted by 
 king Cafimir. his hifto*y of Poland to 1444 
 in Latin, though accurate, is written in baiba- 
 rous Language. 
 
 DoBfcoN, IVUHam,* painter born in Lon 
 don 1610. He copied '1 itian and Vaudyck's 
 
 /;thftich fuccefs that he was recom- 
 mended by Vandyck to Charles 1 '1 
 
 . ;it court, he died poor 1047. 
 Had his genii. 
 
 ot art, he might have become 
 mafter. His 1 ieces in hirtory and 
 exhibit unufual powers. 
 
 Don, John, a nonconform^ of Jefos e 
 Cambridge,, who died about 1045. H< 
 called the decalogilt, from I 
 of the to commandments. He was an 
 bcew fcJroiar. 
 
 Uodart, D*n\s, phyfician to Lewis 
 was born at Parii 1634, and died 
 fupported Sanctorius" notions about inienfible 
 perfpiration, and he madf an experiment upon 
 himSelf during lent, by which he found : . 
 weighed at the end of that feaion of abltinenoe 
 only 107 pounds it ounces, having loft 
 that time eight pounds five ounces, he 
 verv religious and amiable character. 
 
 Dodd, WUham, a learned but unfortunate 
 divme, born 172,9 ;it Bourne, Lincolnshire, andj 
 educated at Clare-hail, Cambridge. I 
 lilhed the beauties of Shakelpeare, 1 
 izmo. and having entered into orders in 
 he became a popular preacher in London, and 
 was appointed lecturer to Ibme charities 
 dally the Magdalen, in whole eftablilhment 
 he had been xeaioufiy active. In 1761 h 
 a fonnet in praife of Squire, bithop of St. Da 1 - 
 vid's, and for his flattery was made: hie ch.-m- 
 laia, and prebendary of Brecon, Thougn his 
 income was refpeetable, ami though he was 
 allowed by the hookfellers iocl. a year to i'u- 
 perintend the Cbriltian's magazine, his ex- 
 pences were great from an improper Spirit of 
 extravagance and gaiety. In 1765 he pubhlhed 
 in weekly numbers his commentary on the 
 bible, collected from the papers of Lock, 
 Weft, Clarendon, &c. completed in 3 vol*. 
 folio, and dedicated to bilhop Squire, who, un- 
 luckily for the author, died loon after. Iu 
 1766, he took the degree of LL.s '. and Soon 
 after puhlhhed a vow me of poems, and in 1769 
 he translated MafHUon's 'eimons, iniciibed to 
 the prince of Wales. In 1771 appeared his 
 Sermons to young men, 3 vols. 1 2mc. d 
 ro his pupils Ch ules and Philip btanhi 
 terwards earl of Chelterficld n e w. 
 fented in 1772 to the living of lb 
 Bucks, by his pupil, but though his ipco 
 enlarged his expenditure encreafed in 
 proportion, and, in a thoughtlefs moment, ue 
 endeavoured to obtain the living of St. (Ji 
 iianover Square, by offering in an 
 letter 3000I. to lady Ap'ley, if (he w< 
 her influence for the appointment. Thi 
 was divulged, and the chancellor Apfle 
 before die king, and Dodd. prov d 1 
 author, was not oidy eral'ed from th 
 chaplains, but ridiculed in the papers, ai 
 pooned in one of Foote's pieces at the 
 market. Afhamed of his conduct he fled to 
 Geneva, where lord C'helttrrield gave him tne 
 living of Win^e in Lucks : but U 
 
DO-D 
 
 DOD 
 
 was tlie conduct of this illfated divine, thrvt he 
 app*ared a" the races at Sablons in a phaeton, 
 in ili the attire of French foppery. On- his 
 return :o London he preached his lad fermen 
 at the Magdalen 2nd February 1777, an< ^ two 
 days after figned a bond for 4OO0J. forged in 
 tie name of lord Chetterfteld, by which 
 he obtained money to relieve his nece'hties. 
 'J he forgery was difcovered, Dodd was tried 
 ard condemned at the Old Bailey 24th Febru- 
 ary, and executed at Tyburn 27th June. 
 ikt.veen his fentence and its execution, which 
 had been delayed in roalequence of doubts 
 about the evidence of the man who had drawn 
 up the bond, great uitexeft was made, and a 
 petition figned by thoufands presented to the 
 Icing, to fave from ignominious death tins un- 
 fortunate man, but in vain. During his con- 
 finement he behaved with great penitence, and 
 addrefled his fellow prisoners in his " thoughts 
 In prifon," with chrildan fortitude. He trani- 
 lated Callimachus, and wrote 4 vols, oi fcr- 
 rnons on the miracles and parables of our Sa- 
 viour, tits publications amounted to 55 in 
 number, chiefly on religious and moral fuHecls. 
 Doddridge, or Dodkridge, fir john, 
 2. native of Barn.'laple, Devonshire, educated at 
 Exeter college, Oxford. He removed to the 
 Middle-temple, and became ferjeant at law, 
 :- to the king, and a judge of the com- 
 mon pleas, and $f the king's bench. He died 
 n, Surrey. He is author of the law- 
 yer's light, or direftion i\)v the ftudjl of the 
 law, 4 to. 1639 a complete parlbn, or deicvip- 
 tion of advowfons, &c. 4to. the Lngliih law- 
 yer AtC 1 63 1. &$. 
 
 Doddridge, Philip D.D. an eminent dif- 
 fenting divine, fon of an oilman in London, 
 where lie was- born 1702. He Was educated 
 at Kingfton-on-Thames and at St. Albai's, 
 and began at the latter place a halting friend - 
 (hip with Dr. Samuel Cluke. 'i inckired 
 with the tenets of the diffcnteis, he declined 
 the offers of the duchefs of Bedford, who 
 wilhed to bring him up at the vmiverlity, and 
 to raife him to preferment, and in 17 19 lie 
 went to the academy of Mr. Jennings at Kib- 
 worth in Leiceiterlhire. He took the care of 
 a frnall congregation at Kibwor'h, and foon 
 after fucceeded on Jennings' death to his aca- 
 demy, which he removed to Northampton, 
 where he continued the reft if life, refpecled 
 as a divine, fuccefsful as an inftructor, and be- 
 loved as 1 private man. He died 1 715, at Lif- 
 bon, where he had gone for the recovery of 
 his health. 1 his amiable character, lb much 
 r<-lpected by all parties, publifhed feveral reli 
 gious trails, the beft known of which are, the 
 principles of the chrillian religion, &c. the 
 rife and progrefs of religion in the foul, re- 
 markable paffages in the life of col. James Gar- 
 diner, &c. ten fermons on the power and 
 grace of Chrift, &c. the family expositor, con- 
 taining a verfion and paraphrafe of the New 
 teftament with critical notes. &c. a valuable 
 *o*k; in 6 vols. 410, 
 
 Dotoevs or Dodon*.:u3, Ramlert, of 
 Maline-s, phvfician to the emperors, and pro- 
 fefTor at Leyden, died T585, aged 67. He 
 wrote, an hiltory of plants fol. 16 16. 
 
 Don s ley, Rdol,:i bookieller atwl writer, 
 born at .Mansfield, Nottinghamfhire,- 1703. 
 He began life as- foot man in the Lowtner fa- 
 milv, 1. 111 in this fituation he indulged his na- 
 tural talents for poetry and fatire, . and wrote 
 the mule in l;verv, and a fmall dramatic piece, 
 called the Toyfh p, which wa feen by Pope; 
 and engaged all 4iis attention. Interefling 
 himfelf lor tins humble poet, he procured for 
 him the introduction of in:; piece at thti the- 
 atre, and mamfeft-ed f >r him to the end of life 
 the mol'u cordial friendfhi p. The Toyfhop was 
 fucreeded by " the king and miller of Mans- 
 field," in 1756, and from the great fuecefs of 
 thefe two pieces he fettled independently as a 
 London baok&Uer. After acquiring a handsome 
 fortune, Dodiley retired from bufinefs in favor 
 of his brother, and died 1 764, in his 61 it vear. 
 His works conlilt of fix dramatic pieces pi 
 which the Cleone, a tragedy, is much admired, 
 befides pubic virtue, a poem 1754, 410. trffte* 
 1745, 8 vo. Melpomene, agriculture a poem, 
 the economv of human hfe. He alio col- 
 lechi'l featured poems of great merit in 6 vo's 
 nmo. and alio plays by old authors in 12 ol . 
 l2mo. lately reprinted. 
 
 D()0so\>, Michael, a native of Marlbo- 
 rough, Wilts. Under the protection of hi* 
 uncle fir Michael Fatter the judge, he itudied 
 rhe law, and was called to the bar 1783. In 
 1770 he had been made by lord Camden com- 
 mi'v'oner of bankrupts. Befides a tranflatioT) 
 of Ifaiah with notes in 1790, and ably defended 
 againtt Dr. iturges, he wiote the life of judge 
 Fofter, for the Biographia Brir. the life of 
 Hugh Farmer, &c He died 1799, aged 6j. 
 
 Dodswortii, Roorr, an indefatigable to- 
 pographer, born 1585, at Newton Grange, 
 Yorkshire. He died 1654. In his refearches 
 in the antiquities of his native county he wrote 
 1 22 volumes, befides other MSS. amounting to 
 161 folio, vols, deposited in the Bodleian li- 
 brary. 
 
 Dodtve ll, Henry, a learned writer, born 
 in Dublin 164 1, of Engttfh parents, he war 
 placed at a fchool in York, but the death of 
 his father by the plague at \Werford, and of 
 his mother, bv a confumption, reduced him to 
 an indigent fituation. from which he was re- 
 lieved by his uncle a clergyman of Suffolk, who 
 in 1/VJ4 ft-nt for him. in 1656 he entered at 
 Trinity college, but in 1666 quitted his fel 
 ,low(hip became he would not go into orders, 
 as the ftstutes required He palled over to 
 England hut afterwards revifited Ireland, <*id 
 in 1674 fettled in London. In 1688 he was 
 without his knowledge, elected Camden pro- 
 felfor of hiftory at Oxford, of which he was 
 deprived 3 years after for rehiring to take the 
 oath of allegiance. He then fettLd at Cook- 
 ham. Eerkfhire, and feparated from the church 
 new bifhop were appointed to fuc- 
 5 ceed 
 
1)01 
 
 DOM 
 
 reed inch as refilled the onth of allegiance. 
 In confequence of Jus acquaintance with Mr. 
 Cherry of Shottefbrooke, he removed to that 
 village, and married the daughter of the per- 
 lon where he lodged at Cookham, in 1694, 
 by whom lie had 10 children, fix of whom 
 furvived him. He was afterwards reconciled 
 to the church, ana died at Shottefbrooke 1711, 
 aged 70. His writings are very numerous, 
 and prove him to have been a man of indefa- 
 tigable diligence and extendVe learning, and 
 are on com rove rial, theological, and ciailical 
 fubjecls. The beft known arc annals of 
 
 Thucydides ant} Xenophcn de v I 
 
 Grrec. Roman, cyciis, &c. aetote Chrifti, dii- 
 fertationes decern, cum tabulis neceffariis, 4to. 
 1 701, an excellent bo^k according to Dr. 
 Hattey an epiiiolary difcourl'e proving from 
 the fcriptures that the foul is a principle na- 
 turally mortal, hut immortalized, &c chro- 
 nology of Dionyfius Halicarnaffuf kc. 
 
 DonwELL, Henry, eldeft fon of the prt- 
 ccdiwg, was author of an anonymous pamphlet, 
 " Chriftianity not founded on argument ;" an 
 artful work, in winch he attempted to vilify 
 religion. Jt was aniwered by his own brother, 
 Sec. He was brought up to the law, and was 
 a zealous promoter of the fociety for the pro 
 motion of arts, &c. His next brother William, 
 D.D. of 1 rinity college, Oxford, was arch- 
 deacon of Berks, &c. Befides an anfwer to 
 his brother's pamphlet, he wrote a differtation 
 on Jepthah's vow practical difcourfes, 2 vols. 
 an anfwer to Dr. Middleton's free inquiry, 
 &c. 
 
 Does, Jacob van der, a Dutch painter, who 
 died 1673, aged 50. As his temper was 
 gloomy, it is fuppofed his pidlures partake 
 itrongly of his feelings. 
 
 Does, Jacob van der, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Amfterdnm, and died 1659, aged 
 19, giving, by the few pieces which he finifhed, 
 the moft promifing tokens of a great genius. 
 
 Dogget, Thomas, an author and actor, 
 bom in Caftle-ftreet, Dublin. He firft ap- 
 peared on the Irifh ftage, and then came to 
 England, and engaged in the Drury-lane and 
 Lincoln's-inn-fields companies, and was par- 
 ticularly applauded in Fondlewife, in the Old 
 Bachelor, and Ben, in Love for Love. He 
 was joint-manager of Drury-lane with Wilks 
 and Cibber ; and retired in the meridian of 
 his reputation, to the enjoyment of a moderate 
 fortune. He died highly refpeeted 1722. In 
 his principles he was fo ftrongly attached to 
 the houfe of Hanover that he left a water- 
 man's coat, and filver badge to be rowed for 
 yearly, by fix watermen, on the Thames, 
 sgainft the ftream, on the ift of Auguft, the 
 anniveifary of George I.'s acceffion. He 
 wrote only one comedy, " the country wake," 
 better known in its altered form of " llora, 
 or Hob in the well," a farce. 
 
 Dojssin, Leivis, a Jefuit, who died 1753, 
 aped 32, He wrote two poems on the art of 
 fculpture and the art of engraving, in which he 
 
 celebrates, in an animated ftyle, 
 Praxiteles, Miron, &c. 
 
 Doi.hk.n-, J'jbn, was born at Stanwkk, 
 Northamptonshire, 1624, and educaf 
 Weftminfter fchool, and Chrift-church o .- 
 ford. During the civil wars, he efpouf 
 king's fide, and was major in his army ; but 
 on the triumph of the republic, he returned to 
 college, and was turned out in 1648. / 
 reftoratiofi he became canon of Chriit-ehuich, 
 archdeacon of London, dean of Weftmi 
 and in 1666, biftaop of Rocheiter, and in , 
 1683 was trarrOated to York, where h 
 1686. His fermons, delivered before Charlat 
 II. and on other occalions, poilefs merit. 
 
 Dolce, Z."?r,'.;, a native of Venice, who 
 died there i<;,6H, aged (>o. He wrote . 
 poems, and trantiated Ovid, Seneca, Euj 
 kc. in a ftyle pure and elegant. 
 
 Dole t, Stephen, of Orleans, was a primer 
 and booklelltr at Lyons, where he publilhed 
 fotae of his works for the improvement of the 
 French language. Giving way to lit 
 and profane ideas in his writings, he drew 
 upon himfelf the vengeance of the iuquifition, 
 and was condemned to be burnt for atheifm. 
 He iufFered 1546. Though fome attribute 
 his uifferings to his attachment to Lutheranifm, 
 Beza and Calvin place him in the number of 
 impious blafphemer.s. 
 
 Dolomieu, Deodat, commander of the 
 order of Malta, expofed himfelf in the puriuit 
 of knowledge to all the inclemencies of the 
 air, the climate, and the feafons. He was in 
 Egypt with Bonaparte, and on his return was 
 taken prifoner, and liberated by the interfer- 
 ence of fir Jofeph Banks, He died fuddenly 
 near Macon, in 1802, as he was preparing a 
 fcientific excurfion to the north, to examine 
 the natural curiofities of thofe regions. He 
 publilhed a voyage to the ifies of Lipari, 1781 
 memoir on the earthquake of Calabria in 
 1783 a mineralogical dictionary memoir on 
 JEtna, &c. 
 
 Do mat, John, a French lawyer, born at 
 Clermont, in Auvergne, 1625. He ftudicd 
 the learned languages and belles lettres it 
 Paris, and applied himfelf to the law at 
 Bourges. He became a pleader at Clermont, 
 and for thirty years he was, for his integrity, 
 the arbiter of all the affairs of the province. 
 He applied himfelf to Amplify the laws of the 
 itate, and to reduce them from confufion to 
 order and regularity; for which Lewis XIV. 
 granted him a penfion of 2000 livres. The 
 firft volume was publilhed 1689, in 4to. called, 
 " the civil laws in their natural order ;" to 
 which three volumes were afterwards added. 
 He died at Paris 1696. 
 
 Domfxiciiino, an Italian painter, born at 
 Bologna 1581. He was the pupil of Calvert, 
 and of the Caraccis ; but he was fo flow in his 
 progrefs that his fellow Undents called him 
 " the ox." Annibal Caracci obferved, upon 
 this ridiculous appellation, that " this ox, by 
 dint of labor, would in time make his ground 
 
 fo 
 
DOM 
 
 DON 
 
 fo fruitful, that painting itfelf wourd be fed bv 
 what it produced" a prognoitic of future 
 greatnefs, truly fulfilled. He applied to his 
 .. ark with great ftudy and zeal ; and though 
 hit wanted genius, yet judgment, and a ftrong 
 enthufiaftic ardor, nv.de him one of the greattit 
 Italian mailers. According to N. Pouffin, his 
 communion of St. Jerom and. Raphael's tranf- 
 figuration, were the two beft pieces which ever 
 adorned Rome. He alfo built the apoftolical 
 palace for Gregory XV. He was referved, 
 but mild in his manners. He died 1641, not 
 without fulpicion of poifon. 
 
 Dominic, de Guzman, a Spaniard, born 
 1 1 70, in Arragon, known as the founder of 
 the order of the predicants, and the e'tablifher 
 ef the inquifition in Languedoc. Before he 
 was born, his mother dreamed (Tie i ad a dog 
 vomiting fire in her womb ; and the dream 
 was fulfilled, when Dominic, followed by fire 
 and fword and the army of Innocent III. 
 preached to the Albigenfes, and, with the 
 offer of death or abjuration, converted above 
 ioc.cco fouls. He was the firlt mafter of the 
 fncred pahce, an office which at his l'uggeftion 
 Honorius HI. eftabliihed. He died at Bologna 
 1221. 
 
 Dominis, M.irk Antony de, originally 8 
 Jefuit, afterwards bilhop of Segni, and arch- 
 bifhop of Spolsto, in the 16th century. He 
 was very untettled in his religious notions ; 
 and he wrote a famous book, called " de re- 
 publics ecclefiaftica, ' in which he a/Tailed the 
 papal power. This work was i'nen in MS. bv 
 Bedell* the chaplain of the ambafTador of 
 James I. at Venice, and by his means it was 
 publilhed in London. De Dominis accom- 
 panied his friend Bedell to England. He was 
 made dean of Windfur; but, after preaching 
 againft the pope, and endeavouring to reconcile 
 and re-unite the Romifh and Englilh churches, 
 he expreiTed an inclination to return to Rome. 
 He there abjured all his errors 1622; but an 
 expreilion againft Bellarmine rendered him 
 fulpected to the catholics. He was impriibned, 
 and died in confinement, in the caille of St. 
 Angelo, 1645. It was afterwards discovered, 
 that his writings had been very hoftile to the 
 pope, and therefore his body was dug up, and 
 with his writings burnt in Flora's field. He 
 wrote a treatife, de radiig vifus ct lucis, &c. 
 
 Do naio, Bernardino, Greek profefTor at 
 Padua, died about 1550. He was the learned 
 author of a Latin dialogue on the difference 
 between Ariftotle's and Plato's philofophy, and 
 translated into Latin fome of Galen's, Arifto- 
 tle's, and Xenophon's works, Sec. 
 
 a to, an architect and fculptor of Flo- 
 rence. His Judith cutting off the head of 
 rnes is his beft piece. He died 1466, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Donato, Jerom, a Venetian, eminent for 
 
 his learning and his military feivices. He was 
 
 ambaiTador in the reconciliation made between 
 
 intry and pope Julius II. He died of a 
 
 fever at Roane 1511, 
 
 Dov\to, Alexander, a Jefuit of Sienna, 
 who died at Rome 1640. He wrote a valuable 
 defcription of Rome 1639, 4to. called Roma 
 vetus & recens, befides poems in 8vo. &c. 
 
 Donckkr, Peter, a painter of Gouda, who 
 ftudk-d at Rome, and died 1 668. 
 
 Dondus, or dk Dondis, James, a phy- 
 Gctan of Padua. He was well ikilled in me- 
 chanics and m mathematics, and he invented 
 a clock on a new conftruction, which pointed 
 out not only the hours, but the feftivals of the 
 year, and the courfe of the fun and moon. 
 He found out alio the feeret of making (ah 
 from the wells of Albano, and died 1350. He 
 wrote Promptuarium medicime, Sec. 
 
 Do n e a v , Hugh, profefTor of law at Bourges 
 and Orleans, was faved from the maffacre of 
 Bartholomew by the affection of his fcholars, 
 and efcaping into Germany, died at Altorf 
 1 591, aged 64. He wrote commentaria de 
 jure civili, &c. 
 
 Do xi n'ATTiCHi, Lewit i a Florentine, 
 made bv Richelieu bhhop of Riez, and after- 
 wards of Autun. He died 1664, aged 68. 
 He wrote in French a hiftory of the Minims, 
 4to. a focicty to which he belonged, &c. 
 
 Doni, John Buptijie, an Italian, who died 
 in his native city of Florence 1647, aged 51. 
 He was profefTor of eloquence, and invented a 
 mufical inftrument called lyra barbarini. He 
 wrote a treatife on mafic in Latin, and other 
 tracts. 
 
 Donne, John, an F.nglifh poet and divine, 
 born in London 1573. At the age of 11 he 
 went to Oxford, and then removed to Cam- 
 bridge, and three years after to Lincoln's-inn. 
 His friends were papifts, but, at the age of 19, 
 he embraced the proteftant faith. He accom- 
 panied the earl of EfTex, in 1596 and 97, a- 
 gainff Cadi/, and the Azores, and then formed 
 the refwlution of going as far as Jerufalem, 
 which however he did not do. He was fecre- 
 tary to Egerton, keeper of the great leal, but 
 his feeret marriage to the daughter of fir George 
 More, chancellor of the gaiter, threatened for 
 a time every misfortune to him. The father 
 irritated, prevailed upon Egerton to difinifs 
 him, and he procured his imprifonment, and 
 that of the mfnifter who had married him, and 
 of the friend who had given the lady away. 
 He at laft liberated himfelf and his friends 
 from confinement, and was reconciled to his 
 father-in-law. Though not replaced in the 
 favor of Egerton, he ftudied the civil and 
 canon law. About 1612, he accompanied fir 
 Robert Drury to Paris, and dilplayed fuch 
 ability in a treatife on the oaths of allegiance 
 and fupremacy then agitated, that James highly 
 favored him. In compliance with his intima- 
 tion, he applied himfelf to divinity, and took 
 orders, and was made king's chaplain. When 
 ordained 14 livings in the country were offered 
 to him, which, he declined, to refide in London, 
 where 'he became Lincoln's-inn preacher. In 
 1621, he was m.i(fe dean of St. Paul's, a;:d 
 afterwards he was pr^U-nud to bt. Dunilan in 
 
 the 
 
DOR 
 
 DOR 
 
 the weft and another benefice. As his ene- 
 mies reprefeuted him as hoftile to the king, 
 he was obliged to vindicate himfelf before 
 James, who cxprefied himfelf pleafed with his 
 conduit. He w;is in 1650 attacked by a lover, 
 which brought on a conlu motion. He preached 
 at court the iirit Friday in Lent, on the words 
 " to God the Lord belong the iiuies from 
 death," which was confidered as his funeral 
 fermon. He died 1631. Dr. Donne was in 
 his character an amiable and benevolent as 
 an ingenious and learned man, and 
 id laid of him that he was " one of the 
 iiio.t witty and moit eloquent of our modern 
 divines.*" To his pieudomartyr he was in- 
 debted in ibme degree for his honors, but it is 
 a book, as Warburton has obferved, of little 
 merit, agreeing merely with the opinions of 
 the times, i-e publiihed tome poems, con- 
 iitiing of ibngs, i'onneis, epigrams, elegies, fa- 
 tires, &c. punted lifno. 1719. In Ipeaking 
 of thefe, Dryden has given Donne the cha- 
 racter of the greateft wit, though not the 
 greateft poet of the nation. 
 
 Donne, Benjamin, a mathematician, born 
 at Biddeford, Devonshire, where he kept a 
 fchool, and afterwards at Briilol. He was 
 mailer of mechanics to the king in 1796, and 
 died two years after, aged 67. He wrote 
 mathematical effays in 8vo. treatjfes on geo- 
 metry, book-keeping, and trigonometry, &c. 
 
 Doolittle, Thomas, a nonconform;!, 
 born at Kidderminller 1630. He was for 
 r.ine years minilter of St. AI phage, London, 
 from which he was ejected in 1662. He 
 afterwards kept an academy in Monkwell- 
 itreet, and officiated among the ditlenters till 
 his death, 1707, at die age of 77. He wrote 
 feveral bocks of practical divinity. 
 
 DoI'PEI.-Maier, John Gabriel, author of 
 fome tracts on geography, dialling, aftronomy, 
 of the account of the mathematicians of Nu- 
 remburg, and of feveral tranflations from 
 Englifh mathematical works into Latin and 
 German, died at Nuremburg, where he was 
 profeilbr of mathematics 1750, ?,ged 83. 
 
 Dorfling, a Pruflian, who from a taylor 
 became a foldier, and role to the highefl mili- 
 tary honors. Dillinguilhed againft the Swedes, 
 he became field marlhal, but fome on envying 
 his elevation, and obferving that he had ltill 
 the appearance of a taylor, " Yes," fays the 
 valiant Dorfling, " I was once a taylor ; 1 for- 
 merly cut out cloth, but now, (clapping his 
 band to his fword,) here is the inltrument with 
 which T cut off the ears of them that fpeak ill 
 of me." 
 
 Doria, Andrew, a noble Genoefe, born at 
 Oneille A468. He fignalized himfelf in Italy, 
 smd particularly in Cornea. Diftinguifhed as a 
 warrior by L;.d, his countrymen wifhed to 
 employ hiii by lea, and accwrdiaghr in 1,513 
 he was named captain general of the gi 
 Genoa, and ibon enriched himfelf by attacking 
 the piratis of the Mediterranean. The revo- 
 lution* of Gi.;.,.. c. gaged Doria .a theiervice 
 
 of Fran:is I. of France, after whofe de 
 Pavia, he became admiral to pope Clement 
 VI i. Upon the lacking of Rome by Bourbon 
 
 1527, Doria returned to the French fervice, 
 and Francis granted him a penlion and ap- 
 pointed him admiral of the Levant. His ta- 
 lents were now employed in eitabhlhing the 
 preponderance of the French power in Italy, 
 and the emperor law his fleets deitroyed and 
 his armies defeated by the genius of this in- 
 trepid republican. When Naples, befieged by 
 the French forces, was ready to fubntit, Doria 
 changed (he face of war. Francis, incited by 
 his courtiers, ordered his perfon to be feized ; 
 but Doha's vigilance fruflraled the defign, and 
 throwing himfelf under the protection of the 
 emperor, he was received with open arms. 
 Francis hi vein endeavoured to regain his con- 
 fidence, while the emperor v. ifhed to fecure 
 him even by making him the lbvereign of 
 Genoa, an office which Doria rejected with 
 noble patriotifm. Doria fucceisful in pre- 
 venting the fail of Nanles, attacked Genoa, 
 yyhich the French had feized, and though only 
 with 13 gallies and 500 men, he in one night, 
 
 1528, made himfclf'mafler of the place with- 
 out bloori'hcd, and was hailed bv the Genoefe 
 as the father and deliverer of his country. 
 A moderate government was eftabhlhed, and 
 Doria, now owner of 22 gallics, and fupporte i 
 by faithful afibciates, took Coron and Patras 
 from I lie Turks, and alibied Charles V. in the 
 reduction of Tunis and Goulette. The expe- 
 dition agair.fi Algiers in 15 .;:, and the affair 
 of Prevezzo undertaken againit his advice, 
 proved unfortunate, and it has been iufinvnted 
 that Doria, oppofed to BarbarofTu, the Turkifh 
 general, did not difplay his ufual valor, but 
 fecretiy whhed to prolong a war which made 
 him a neceirary ally. He was loaded with 
 honors fur his fervices by the emperor, and to 
 the marquifate of Turn in Naples, was added' 
 the dignity of grand chancellor of that king- 
 dom. Doria died 1360, aged 93, poor indee.4 
 in fortune, but honored bv hit country, and 
 refpecled by the whole world. 
 
 Dor 10 ny, Michael, a French painter, 
 engraver in aquafortis. He was profeflbr ot 
 the academy of painting at Pans, and died 
 1665. 
 
 Do rig ny, Nicholas, a French engraver, 
 whofe tinelt piece! are the bark of Lanfr.inco, 
 the St. Petronilh of Guerchino, the del'cent 
 from the erofs by Voleterra, the transfiguration 
 after Raphael, Sec. He was knighted by 
 George I. and died at Paris 1746, aged 90. 
 
 Doki.si.aus, Ifaac, a Dutchman who cam? 
 from Leyden to England, and read leci'.irts on 
 hiftory at Cambridge. When expelled by the 
 vice-chancellor, as fuipected of republican 
 principles, he became judge advocate in the 
 army againfl the Scots, but quitted the king's 
 fervice for that of the parliament, and affifted, 
 it is laid, in drawing up the articles of accufa- 
 tion aeaintt hu lbvereign. Thus recommended 
 by guilt to the ruling powers, he went in 1649 
 
 *S 
 
DOU 
 
 DOW 
 
 iTador from the republic: to Holland, 
 
 he was attacked while at fupp r by 
 
 i and dabbed to the 
 
 I [is body was brought over to Eng- 
 
 i la:xi, and buried in Vv'eitminlier-abbey, hut 
 
 -d at the reftoratiou to bt. Margaret's 
 
 l-yard. 
 
 Dowhch, Evenv-d a Dutch enzraver on 
 
 of fnperior abilities. He was born at 
 
 icmrg. and died 171?, aged 63. 
 
 Dusirn.KL's, the Hrlt hereliarch, a magi- 
 
 I chn'of Samaria, who pretended to be the true 
 
 in. Among his. }0 difciples he admitted 
 
 a w unan whom he called the moon. He re 
 
 tired to .1 cave where he itarved himielf to 
 
 death, that he might perfuade his followers 
 
 : was afcended into heaven. His fol- 
 
 ahvays ttaid 24 hours in the fame pot 
 
 . which they were when the labburh 
 
 I be;?.n. 
 
 Dove, Nathaniel, an ingenious penman, 
 author of " the progrefs of time," containing 
 on the four lea Ions' and the 12 months 
 year, with r(> plates. He kept an aca- 
 demy at Hoxton, and died 1754, aged 44. 
 
 DotFFET, Gerard, a painter of Liege, 
 born 1594. He diltmguhhed himielf by the 
 accuracy, varietv, correetnefs, and lweetMefs 
 of Ins pieces. He died about 1660. 
 
 Douglas, Giiivin, was born at Brechin in 
 Scotland 1471, and educated at St. Andrew's. 
 He travelled in Italy and Germany, where he 
 cultivated the mules. On his return to Scot- 
 land in 1496J he was made provott of St. 
 Giles's church, Edinburgh, in 15 15, and bi- 
 lhon of DunkeW . He came to London, where 
 he died of the plague in April 1522. His 
 chief works, which prove him to be an eminent 
 icholar and poet, are a tranflation of Virgil's 
 ./Encid the palace of honor, a poem, he. 
 As Chaucer in England, fo he in Scotland is 
 the great forerunner of the revival of learn- 
 ing. 
 
 Douglas, Will'tam, a Scotch nobleman, 
 
 commiilioned by Robert -bruce, to go on a 
 
 fenifade, to carry his heart to the holy land. 
 
 s lit out after the king's death, 1327; 
 
 but he perifhed by the way. 
 
 Douglas, "Jumcs, an linglilh anatomiit, 
 and great practitioner in the obftetric art. He 
 wtote biWiographiae anatomh? fpecimen, 8vo.- 
 phiae comparator fpecimen, 1706 de- 
 fcription of the penitonjeum, Eondou, 173c- 
 a hiftory of the lateral operation for the ltone, 
 8vo. &c. and died 1742. 
 
 Douglas, "James, earl of Morton, diflin- 
 
 guilhed himielf by his love of fcience and 
 
 literature. He eltaJ)h(hed, when 26, the phi- 
 
 lolophical fociety of Edinburgh, and was, in 
 
 I733> elected prefident of the London royal 
 
 He died I 768. 
 
 Douglas, "John y z learned prelate, born in 
 
 1 Eifeihire. From Dunbar Ichool he 
 
 id, in 1736, to St. Mary-hall, Oxford, 
 
 and two years after to Baiiol college. He 
 
 went to Montreal and to Ghent, to acuuire a 
 
 competent knowledge of t?he French languftge-, 
 and as chaplain of tu-e 3d regiment of foot 
 guards, he was prefent at the battle f Pontes' 
 nay, in 1745. He afterwards attended lord 
 Pukenev in his travel; on the continent ; and 
 on ins return hi 174Q, he obtained Lome pre- 
 ferment from his patron, he was made, in 
 1760, chaplain to the king; and in 1762, he 
 obtained a canonry of Windtbr, afterwards 
 exchanged for the refideiitiarvihip of St. Paul's, 
 refigned by him in 1788 for the deanery of 
 VViadiih In 1787 he was raii'ed to the fee 
 of Cariifle, and tranllated, in 1791, to Salis- 
 bury. His powers as a writer were itrong, 
 refpectable, and multifarious. His tiric work 
 was, the vindication of Milton from the charge 
 of plagiariim, agiinit Lauder, 1730 the cri- 
 terion of miracles, 1734, a work of great 
 merit, of which he prepared another edition in 
 i8c:6 an apology for the clergv ag.iinlt the 
 Hutclvnlbnians, &c. the deitrucbon of the 
 French foretol f by Ezekiel feveral pamphlets 
 Archibald Bower a defence of lord 
 George Sackville, &c. Beiides, he a (lifted in 
 the publication of lord Ci.irendon's diarv and 
 letters of Cooke's voyages of lord Hard- 
 wicke's niifcellaneous papers, &c. He died of 
 a gradual decay, without a ftruggle, 1807, aged 
 86, and was buried in St. George's chapel, 
 Wiudfor. 
 
 Dousa, Jjmes, a Dutchman, born at 
 Northvvick 1343. After ftudyiug at Paris* 
 he returned to Holland, and applied himielf to 
 pol tical affairs. For twenty years he ftai 
 cur iter of the banks and dykes of Holland, 
 and diitinguilhed himielf lb much at the fiege 
 of Leyden in 1374, that the prince oi Orange 
 made him governor of the town. He was 
 eminent as a fcholar, and his genius was dil- 
 played in feveral poetical productions. He 
 ally wrote the annals of his country, beiides 
 critical notes On Florace, SaUttft, Piauuis, Ca- 
 tullus, Tibullus, &c. He died 1604. Juliet, 
 his eldeft ton, was a very extraordinary genius, 
 who attained maturity of wifdom and erudition 
 in tlie flower of youth. Beiides poems of great : 
 merit, he wrote at the age of 19, his book de 
 rebus cueleftibus and his panegyric on a tha- 
 dow critical notes on feveral Latin authors, 
 &c and died 1397, in his 26th year, when his 
 abilities promifed the nobleft additions to the 
 greatnels and learning of his country. 
 
 Dot/vuF., TiiotMtu tie, a native of Eayeux, 
 railed by William the conqueror to the fee 
 of York, where he rebuilt his cathedral. He 
 computed ibme books on mulic. Fie died 
 1 1 00. 
 
 Dow, Gerard, was born at Leyden 16 r;,. 
 His pieces, which are all fmail, and to be 
 viewed to advantage, only by the help of a 
 magnifying glafs, poffel'3 aftozulhing expre lion, 
 and are extremely delicate. He was patient 
 in his labors, and was not lei's than three days 
 in representing a broomftick, and live in pamt- 
 iug a hand. Fie died in a good old age. 
 
 DifWAi.,rViJUuu4 Ikhii, a bt^chuiau, burn 
 
DRA 
 
 DRA 
 
 in 1590, and educated at Mufielburgh and 
 St. Andrew's. In 1614 he went to Groningen 
 to itudy civil law. He was advocate to the 
 army of count Naflau, and in 1629 and 1635 
 came 311 nmbaiTador to Charles I. to fupporf 
 the freedom of the leas about the herriug- 
 filheries. He was made by Charles one of the 
 council of ftate for Scotland, in which office 
 he was continued by Charles II. with the title 
 of ambafTador to the United States. He died 
 in London. 
 
 Downham, yoltn, was born at Chcfter. 
 He was educated at Cambridge, and wrote 
 that well known book, the Chriitian war- 
 fare." He died in London 1644. 
 
 Downing, Calibut y an Englifh divine. 
 Difappointed in his views of preferment, he 
 embraced the republican party, and preached 
 violent fermons, averting the lawfulnefs of 
 iubjecis to take up arms againft the king. In 
 1643 ne was u grand covenanter, but died the 
 next year. 
 
 Drabicius, Ni.-lofoj, an enthufiaft, born 
 1587, in Moravia. He was a minilter at 
 Drakotutz ; but the perfecutions againit him 
 by the protefhnfs obliged him to fly into 
 Hungary, where he turned woollen draper. 
 His frequent inebriety expofed him to the 
 ceniures of his iuperiors ; but in his 50th year 
 he determined to be a prophet. His vifions 
 began in 1638, and though at tirft disregarded, 
 d^cy engaged the curiofity of the vulgar, and, 
 By denouncing destruction again!! the houfe of 
 Auibiaand the papal power, he infpired with 
 fear even the br.r/eit of generals. He was 
 adiited in his reveries by Comenius, a man of 
 learning; but weak principles, with whom he 
 pubiifhed fjis revelations called " lux in tene- 
 bris." Drabicius *3S perfecuted by the houfe 
 of Auflria, for the ruin which he prophefied 
 againit it, and what became of him is un- 
 known. Some luppofe that he was burnt as 
 an impoftor, and others fay that he died in 
 Turkey, where he had taken refuge. 
 
 Dr aconites, J<j'o:i, a Lutheran divine, 
 born in Fr.-.nccuia. He was a bifhop in Pruttia, 
 and the learned author of commentaries on 
 the prophets and the golpels, and began a polv- 
 glctt bible., and died 1566. 
 
 Dxac'JT Rais, i. e. captain Ragut, the 
 fuccclfor of Barbarofla, was born of obfeure 
 parents in Natolia. He diftinguifhed himfelf 
 at Maples and Calabria ; but being taken by 
 Donas nephew, he patted 7 long years in cap- 
 tivity. In 1560 he was befieged by Doria in the 
 harbour of Gcrbes ; butthe artful pirate eluded 
 the vigilance of his enemies, by conveying his 
 pallies acroi's the land, and took the capital of 
 Sicily, to the aflonifhment of his opponents. 
 In 1566 heafiifted Solyman II. againit Malta, 
 and while reconnoitering, a piece of ftone 
 ftrock by a cannot ball gave him fo violent a 
 blow on the ear that he died a lhort time 
 after. 
 
 Dr AKY.,ftr Francis, an illultrious navigator, 
 fort of a laiior, born afcTaviftoek 1545. He 
 
 was brought up by his kinfman fir John Haw- 
 kins, and was purler to a Bifcayan trader, and 
 then went to Guinea, and at a?, obtained the 
 command of the Judith. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf in the gulph of Mexico under fir John 
 Hawkins, and projected expeditious againft 
 the Spaniards in America, in 1570 and 1572. 
 He ferved in Ireland under the earl of Ettex, 
 and at his death he was recommended to Eliza- 
 beth, who entered into all ins views of attack 
 and difcovery. On the 13th of December 
 1577, he fet out on his celebrated voyage, with 
 five ihips, and only 164 men. Of thel'e fhips 
 two were destroyed on the coaft of Brazil as 
 unfit, and one returned home, fo that only 
 with his own veffel he entered the ftraights of 
 Magellan, and coafting along Chili and Peru, 
 h< enriched his companions by the plunder of 
 the Spaniards. He failed as high as the 48 
 degree of north latitude to find a pallage to the 
 European fcas, and gave the name of New- 
 Albion to the country. Thence he failed for 
 the Moluccas, and after viiiting fome lavage 
 iflands.and enduring many hardfhips, he doub- 
 led the cape of Good Hope on the 15th of 
 March 1580, having then only 57 men and 
 three ca(ks of water. He continued his voyage, 
 andr cached Plymouth on the third of Nov. 
 after an abfence of two years and ten months. 
 The glory of failing round the world, and] the 
 valr plunder obtained from the Spaniards, were 
 however viewed with indignation by fomc 
 who regarded Drake as a common pirate ; 
 but the cjucen approved the bold expedition, 
 and on the 4th of April 1581, Ihe went on 
 board his fhip at Deptford and dined with him, 
 and conferred on him the honor of knighthood. 
 This (hip alfo was preferved to commemorate 
 the glory of the enterprife, till decaying by 
 time it was broken up, and a chair made of 
 the timber prefented to the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford. In 1,585 Drake took St. Jaeo, St. Do- 
 mingo, Cai tiagena, and in 1587 in the attack of 
 Cadiz, he burnt more than io,coo tons of flip- 
 ping, which he merrily called burning the Spa-- 
 niih king's beard. When the armada approach- 
 ed England, Drake was made vice-admiral 
 under Howard, and he behaved with great 
 courage, though his eagerneis to purfue the 
 plunder proved nearly fatal, by his fuffering 
 nil admiral to be expofed in the midit of the 
 hoflile fleet. He enriched himfelf by the 
 feizure of Pedro's galleon, which produced 
 55,000 ducats of gold. He, in 1589, was lent 
 to reftore Antonio to the kingdom of Poiti^::!; 
 and he afterwards went to the Welt Indies, 
 where his quarrel with fir Tohn Hawkins dii- 
 concerted the plans of the expedition. Thole 
 unfortunate events preyed much upon the mind 
 of Drake, he fell into a melancholy, an^ vrn 
 carried off by a bloody flux on ko^rd his ll.ip 
 near the town of Nombre deDios 15^6. 1 1 
 twice member of parliament for 1 oiiiney, and 
 afterwards for Plymouth, a. town where his 
 name is itill revered for the water which he 
 conveyed there in 1587 by a circuitoui canal 
 
DRA 
 
 DRE 
 
 of 20 miles from fpringsat the diftance of eight- 
 miles. 
 
 Drake, "James, a phyflcian and political 
 writer, born at Cambridge 1667, and educated 
 there. His " hiftory of the laft parliament of 
 king William," 1702, was confidered as fo 
 fevere, that he was profecuted by the attor- 
 ney general but acquitted. In 1704, upon the 
 rejection of the bill to prevent occafional 
 conformity, he ventured with Poley member 
 for Ipfwich, to publifh the memorial of the 
 church of England, &c. which highly offended 
 Godolphin, and the houfe of commons, who 
 offered a reward for the difcovery of the au- 
 thor, who however, remained unattacked. In 
 1706 he was profecuted for the publication of 
 Mercurius Politicus, a newfpaper, which fe- 
 verely reflected upon government, and though 
 acquitted through a flaw in the information, he 
 took to heart the afperity of his periecutors, 
 and falling into a fever he died at Weftmin- 
 fter 1707. He wrote, befides the " Sham 
 lawyer," a comedy, an Englifh translation of 
 Herodotus, never publifhed, a " new fyftem 
 of anatomy," a work of great merit. 
 
 Drake, William, 3. phyficianof York. He 
 collected various records, and published a valu- 
 able hillory of York/, with copper-plates, &c. 
 fol. He died 1760, aged 73. ^ 
 
 Drake, Roger, D. D. a phyfician, afterwards 
 a popular preacher in London, and one of the 
 Savoy commifllonersi He died after the re- 
 iteration. He wrote fome fermons a lacred 
 chronology, &c. 
 
 Drakenberg, Chrijlian Jacvb, the well 
 known centenary of the north, was born at 
 Stravenger, Norway, 1624, and died at Aarr- 
 huys in 17 70, aged 146. After living in celi- 
 bacy till his 113th year, he married a widow, 
 aged 60. His great age brought about him 
 
 any vifitors, who were pleafed with his good 
 fenle, his humility, and the found ftate f his 
 faculties. 
 
 Drakenborch, Anioldus, prfeflor of 
 iftory and eloquence at Utrecht, died 1748, 
 ged 64. He is well known as editor of 
 
 ivy, 7 vols. 4to. and Silius Italicus wiUi learn- 
 
 notes. 
 
 Dran, Henry Francis le, a famous furgeon 
 nd lithotomift, who died at Paris 17 70, aged 
 5. He was author of obfervations on furgery, 
 a vols. i2mo. on gunfhot wounds, &c. 
 
 Draper, ftr William, an Englifh general, 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
 >ridge. He in the Eaft Indies acquired the 
 ank of colonel. In 1761 he was brigadier in 
 he expedition againil Belleifle, and in 1763 he 
 vent with Cornifh againft Manilla. The 
 ilace was taken, but the ranfom of four millions 
 )f dollars, which the governor pledged himfelf 
 
 pay, was refilled by the Spanifh government, 
 
 d the conquerors were thus robbed of their 
 
 pedted reward. Draper was made knight of 
 
 e bath, and on the redu&ion of his regiment, 
 
 lonel of the 16th. In gratitude for his edu- 
 
 tion, he prefented the colors of the conquer- 
 
 ed fcrtto King's college. In 1769 he engaged 
 againft the celebrated Junius, in defence of the 
 marquis of Granby, and his two letters were 
 anfwered with great fpirit and feverity by his 
 unknown antagonift. In 1769 he went to 
 America for his health. In 1779 he was 
 made lieutenant governor of Minorca, and on 
 the furrender of the place he exhibited 29 
 charges againft the governor, Murray, 27 of 
 which were deemed frivolous, and for the 
 other two the governor was reprimanded ; 
 after which the accufer was directed by the 
 court to make an apology to his generaL He 
 died at Bath 1787. 
 
 Drayton, Michael, an Englifh poet, born 
 at Harfhull, in Warwickfhire, 1563, and ediif 
 cated at Oxford. In 1593 he publifhed the 
 fhepherd's garland, after reprinted under the 
 name of paftorals, and before 1598 he pre- 
 fented before the public his Barons' wars, 
 England's heroical epiftles, downfalls of Robert 
 duke of Normandy, Matilda, and Gavefton. 
 Thus diftinguifhed, he welcomed the arrival of 
 James I. in a congratulatory poem, but he met 
 with marked neglecl from the court. In 1613 he 
 publifhed the firft part of his Poly-Olbion, a 
 defcriptive poem, which in its account of the 
 rivers, mountains, antiquities, and remarkable 
 hiftorical features, contains more correclnefs. 
 and truth of delineation than real poetry. 
 The metre of 12 fyllables is particularly offen- 
 five, and the poem is now regarded only for the 
 accuracy of its defcription. In 1627 Drayton 
 publifhed a fecond volume of his poems, con- 
 taining the battle of Agincourt, miferies of 
 queen Margaret, court of fairies, queft of 
 Cynthia, fhepherds' fyrena, elegies, and a 
 fpirited fatire againft female affe&ation called 
 mooncalf. In 1630 another volume appeared 
 called the mufes' elyfium, &c Drayton 
 died 1 63 1, and was buried among the poets 
 in Weftminfter-abbey. 
 
 Drebel, Comeliusy a philofopher, born at 
 Alcmaer 1572, died in London, 1634. As he 
 pretended to be an alchymift fome particulars 
 are related with refpeft to his power to caufe 
 rain, cold, &c. by his machines. Some attribute 
 the invention of the microfcopeandthe thermo- 
 meter to him, to which fome add the telefcope. 
 
 Drelincourt, Charles, a calvinift mini- 
 fter, born at Sedan 1595, and educated there 
 and at Saumur. Though a proteftant, and the 
 enemy of the papifts, he was univerfally ef 
 teemed by them. His difcourfes as a preacher 
 were very edifying, and his writings particu- 
 larly coniblatory, as interefting the foul in that 
 inward devotion and fincerity of prayer which 
 alone can prove acceptable to the God of 
 purity. Of his writings, 13 were controverfiaL 
 He alfo publifhed confolations againft the fear 
 of death, which have paffed through more than 
 forty editions, and have been tranflated into 
 various languages, his charitable vifit, in $ 
 vols, and 3 vols, of fermons, &c. are equally 
 remarkable for piety and devotion. He died, 
 1669. 
 
 X Dressehus, 
 
DUC 
 
 DUG 
 
 bey of St. Juft, and became counfellor of ftatc, 
 arid in 1 717, patted as ambafTador to England 
 to fign the triple alliance. He was next mini- 
 fter and lecretary of Mate, archbifhop of - am- 
 bray, and in 1 722 railed to the dignity of prime 
 minifter. He died 1723, aged 67, d dpi fed as 
 an intriguing politician, an immoral prieit, and 
 a ctafigaing hypocrite. 
 
 >, daughter of Anndlev, 
 rds earl of Anglefea, married a muli- 
 cian, and endeavoured by her writings to re- 
 claim her rights from her father, who had dif- 
 i her as his child. She wrote the divorce, 
 a muM*cal entertainment, and Theodore, a 
 novel, two vols. 1 770, in which (he delineates 
 her hiftory. She died 1774. 
 
 Dubois, Simon, a painter of Antwerp, who 
 came to England, nhere he met encourage- 
 ment. His battles, cattle, &c. were highly 
 i. He died 1708. 
 Dsbcs, Jerome, a Dutch painter, whofe 
 representation of hell was finished with fuch 
 4wf&. that it ft ruck terror into the fpe&ators. 
 He lived in the 16th century. 
 
 Due, Fronton du, a Jefuif of Bourdeaux, 
 v. ell known as a critic and Greek/cholar. He 
 is the editor of Chryfoftom's work, fix vols. fol. 
 1613, three volumes ef controverfy, of the 
 hiftoire tragique de la pucelle d'Orleans, &c. 
 He died of the ftone at Paris, 1624. 
 
 Ducarel, Andrew Coltee, a learned anti- 
 quarian, born at Greenwich 1714, and edu- 
 -ated at Eton, and St. John's college, Oxford. 
 In 1757 he was Lambeth librarian under 
 Huttc-i, and he devoted himfelf in improving 
 the catalogues of that valuable collection. Of 
 41 his preferments that which pleafed him 
 moft was his commhTariate of St. Catharine's, 
 of which he has given an elaborate hiftory, 
 r:\t\\ beautiful engravings. He was fo fond of 
 antiquities that he travelled every year in 
 'ompany with his friend Gale, with a Cam- 
 den'*. Britannia and a let of maps, and by 
 proceeding about 15 miles a day, examined 
 very place with accuracy. He watf chearful 
 ind hofpitable, and of his knowledge of anti- 
 ".ities, the belt fpecimen is his hiftory of 
 Croydon palace, and of Lambeth, &c. He 
 died at South Lambeth, aged 72, 1785. 
 
 HuCAKTfT/aac, a flower painter of Amfter- 
 d.im. He painted generally on fatin, with 
 extraordinary effeft. He died 1697, aged 67. 
 Due as, Michael,* Greek hiftorian, author 
 of a hiitory of the Grecian empire from Andro- 
 nicus the elder to the fall of the empire. 
 Though his language is inelegant, he relates 
 tf ith impartiality. 
 
 Duchal, "Jamts, a difienting minifter, born 
 jn Ireland 1697, and educated' at Glafgow. 
 After being 1 1 years minifter of a diflenting 
 congregation at Cambridge, he fuccceded at 
 Antrim, and then fettled in Wood-ftreet, 
 Dublin, He died 1761. In the decline of 
 life he wrote about 700 fermons, out of which 
 were felected the three rols. &o. publifhed 
 1 7*4 
 
 Duciiance, Gafpard, a French engraver, 
 who died 1757, aged 97. After engaging on 
 the engraving of Leda, Io, and Danae, without 
 draperies, he executed the driving of the money 
 changers, and the pharifee's fupper. 
 
 Duchat, Jacob le, a Frenchman, born at 
 Metz 1658. After the revocation of the 
 edict at Nantes, he fettled at Berlin, where he 
 died 1735. He edited the Menippean latires, 
 the works of Rabelais, &c. and contributed 
 much to the completion of Bayle's dictionary. 
 
 Duchatei., Gafpard, a deputy in the 
 French convention, celebrated for his manly 
 defence of Lewis XVI. Thefe honorable 
 efforts were regarded by the tyrants with 
 envy, and Duchatei, falfely accufed of holding a 
 treafonable correfpondence with the Vendean 
 rebels, was guillotined 1793. 
 
 Duche' de Vancy, Jofcpb Francis, a 
 French poet, born at Paris 1668. He was pa- 
 tronifed by madamc Maintenon. He was 
 member of the academy of inlcriptions, Sec. and 
 died 1704, aged 37. He wrote three trage- 
 dies, Jonathan, Abfalom, and Deborah, befides 
 ballets and pieces for the opera, of great merit. 
 
 Duck, Arthur, a civilian, born in Devon- 
 fhire 1580, and educated at Flxeter college, 
 and Hart-hall, Oxford. He became fellow of 
 A!l-lbuls, and after travelling through Franee, 
 Italy, and Germany, he was made chancellor 
 of Bath and Wells, afterwards 0/ London, and 
 then mailer of the requefts. He fuffered much 
 during the civil wars for his loyalty, and died 
 at Chifwick 1649. He wrote vita Henrici 
 Chichele, &c. 
 
 Duck, Stephen, a poet, of extraordinary 
 fortune, who from a threfher became the re- 
 fpectable minifter of a parifh. Though little 
 blefTed with education, he was endowed with 4 
 ftrong mind and perfevering temper ; and at 
 24 he applied to the acquifition of knowledge' 
 thofe few hours which he could fpare from the 
 menial occupation of a fervant. By little and 
 little he purchafed a few books, and became 
 fomething of a poet and of a philofopher. The 
 lines of Milton enriched his imagination, and 
 the correctnefsofAdditon'sSpectators improved 
 his understanding, and helped him in the regu- 
 lar difpofition of his thoughts. His poetical 
 attempts were made known to fome of tho 
 clergy, and at laft to queen Caroline, who 
 fettled a penfion of 30I. upon him, and enabled" 
 him not only to live independently, but to 
 take orders ; after which he was prefented to' 
 the living of Byfleet, Surrey. Here he he- 
 haved with great propriety ; he was followed at 
 a preacher, and refpeeted as a man ; but his 
 fpirits funk into a dreadful melancholy, and, 
 in an unfortunate moment, he threw himfelf ; 
 from a bridge, near Reading, into the Thames, 
 and was drowned 17^6. His poems have beetM 
 publifhed ; and though he was not a firft-rate 
 poet, yet he pofTefTed merit. 
 
 Duct os, Charles Dineau, hiftoriographer of J 
 France, was born in Bretagne, 1705, and 
 educnte;l at Paris. In 1744 he was mayor of 
 
 Dinar t 
 
DUD 
 
 DUD 
 
 Dinant, and in 1753 received a patent of no- 
 hility, and died 177a refpe&ed and beloved. 
 Though confidered as one of the philofophers 
 of France, he was moderate in his opinions, and 
 the friend of morality and virtue. He never 
 publhhed .any thing as hiitoriographer, and 
 obferved, that he never would ruin himfelf by 
 fpeaking truth, nor debafe himfelf by flattery. 
 His hillory of Lewis XV. was, after his death, 
 lodged in the hands of the miniiter. His works 
 are romances, ingenious and interefting the 
 confeflion of count *** the baronefs de Luz 
 hiflory of Lewis XI. 3 vols. nmo. &c. 
 
 Due los, Mary Ann, a French act refs, of 
 merit, born at Paris. She excelled in the 
 reprefentation of queens and priuceires. Her 
 name of Duclos was affumed; (he married, in 
 1730, Duchemin, an actor, from whom me 
 was divorced three years after. She died 
 1748, aged 78. 
 
 Ducueux, N. a native of Paris, eminent 
 as a painter. He was at Vienna to take por- 
 traits of the imperial family. He died of 
 an apoplexy, 1802, aged 64. 
 
 Dudeffakt, N. a French lady, well 
 known in Paris for her knowledge of criticifm, 
 her elegant tafte, and her pleating manners. 
 She died 1780, aged 84, the laft thirty of 
 which fhe had been Wind. 
 
 Dudith, Andrew, a divine born at Buda, 
 I533i and employed by Ferdinand II. in affairs 
 of importance, and made bifhop of Tina, in 
 Dalmatia. He was a man of fuch application 
 that he is faid to have tranferibed three times 
 Cicero, to make himfelf mailer of his ftyle and 
 manner. He was at the council of Trent, 
 where he became intimate with cardinal Pole; 
 and at his return he embraced the protectant 
 religion, refigned his bifhopric, and married one 
 ef the queen's maids of honor. He died 1589. 
 His works on phyfic, controverfy, and poetry, 
 are numerous, and poffefs merit. 
 
 Dudley , Edivard, a celebrated lawyer and 
 ftatefman, born in 1462. He was educated at 
 Oxford, and removed to Gray's inn ; Henry 
 VII. made him one of his favorites. In 1504 
 he was fpeaker of the houfe of commons, and 
 two years after he obtained the ftewardfhip of 
 the rape of Haftings. It is faid that Henry, 
 to fill his coffers, ufed this artful favorite, who, 
 little regardlefs of confeience or of reputation, 
 joined with Empfon to opprefs the people, and 
 by various methods of intrigue, or terror, ex- 
 torted great fines, fo that, according to Bacon, 
 they turned law and juftice to wormwood and 
 rapine. But Henry was fcarce in his grave 
 before the public indignation called for punish- 
 ment ; and Empfon and Dudley after being 
 attainted and convicted of high treafon, loft 
 their .heads on Tower-hill, 15 10. During his 
 impriibnment in tiic Tower, Dudley wrote 
 "the tree of the commonwealth." 
 
 Dudley, 'John, fon of the above, earl of 
 Warwick, and duka of Northumberland, wa^ 
 born in 1502. He was reftored in blood, and 
 became known at court as the friend, of Suf- 
 
 folk, of Wolfey, and of Cromwell, and as the 
 favorite of the king. Henry created him 
 vilcount l'lfle, and afterwards, for his fervices, 
 appointed him high admiral for life. On the 
 death of Henry, Dudley was fucceeded as 
 high admiral by fir Thomas Seymour, brother 
 to Someifet the protector; bat, as an equi- 
 valent, he was created earl of Warwick. He 
 was employed againft the mforgehtt of Nor- 
 folk, and inftetd of righting, he prevailed upon 
 them to dt liver up their leaders. His influ- 
 ence was fo great, that the young king confided 
 much to his advice ; he was made duke of 
 Northumberland, and a fhort lived reconcilia- 
 tion was effected between him and Someriet. 
 Rivalfhip, however, could never be extjnguim- 
 ed. Someriet, though uncle to the king, was 
 tried and executed for a pretended conipiracy 
 againft Northumberland. The victorious but 
 guilty favorite fucceeded to all the honors of 
 his enemy, and not only guided the young 
 king, but in confequence of his weak Itate de- 
 termined to raife his own family to the fo- 
 vereign power. He effected a marriage be- 
 tween his fourth fon Guilford Dudley, 
 and lady Jane Gray, in whofe favor he caufed 
 Edward to fettle' the fucceffion. No fooner 
 had Edward expired than Jane was proclaimed 
 queen. When the men of Suffolk role up in 
 favor of Mary, Northumberland advanced to 
 check the infurgents. He foon found however 
 the unpopularity of his meafures, and retired 
 to Cambridge, where feeing his followers de- 
 fert, he affected attachment to Mary, and 
 caufed her to be proclaimed queen. Mary 
 pleafed with her fuccefs did not relent towards 
 her enemy, Northumberland was arraigned and 
 loft his head on Tower-hill, after making a 
 profeffion of the Romifh religion 22d Aug. 
 1553. Thus fell this powerful fubject, whofe 
 virtues were loft by reftlefs ambition, which 
 iwept away not only him but the innocent 
 lady Jane, and her virtuous confort. 
 
 Dudley, Ambrofe, fon of the preceding, 
 was knighted for his bravery againft the Nor- 
 folk infurgents, and fhared the condemnation 
 of his father, but was pardoned. In 1557, he 
 diftinguifhed himfelf at the fiege of St. Quintin, 
 and was reftored in blood by Mary, and wat 
 under Elizabeth created earl of Warwick, 
 He had no fhare in the difgracefnl meafures 
 of the times, and therefore was called " the 
 good earl of Warwick." He died of the am- 
 putation of his leg from a wound received in 
 the defence of Newhaven againft the French, 
 1589. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, enrl of Lefcefter, fon of 
 John duke of Northumberland, was born 1532. 
 He became a favorite at the court of Edward, 
 and was knighted, but under Mary he fell 
 into difgrace and was condemned, but by the 
 queen's favor reftored in blood. On the ac- 
 ceffion of Elizabeth he became a great favorite, 
 and was made knight of the garter, matter of 
 the horfe, and fo much flattered that he wu 
 called," the heyirt of the court ." Though op- 
 X 3 rol>4 
 
DUD 
 
 DUG 
 
 jofed by Sulicx, he obtained the grant of 
 whatever lauds arid offices he pleafed, to gra- 
 tify his pride, or the avarice of his friends. 
 Elizabeth propofed him in marriage to Mary 
 queen of Scots, with the intention of admitting 
 him to mare her bed, if that princels hitened 
 to the rropofal. Alary however rejected this 
 offer from Dudley, who in 1560 had earned 
 his wife to be ftfangled and thrown down a 
 pair of flairs at Curanor near Abingdon, that 
 fhe might not ftand in the way cf his ambition. 
 In 1564 he was created earl of Ltictfter, and 
 to the honors of chancellor of Oxford and 
 high fteward of Cambridge, was added the 
 older of St. 'Michael from the king of France. 
 About 157a he privately married Edy Doug- 
 las Sheffield, but he never acknowledged her 
 as his wife, and when he efpoufed lady Elf. x, 
 he, after attempting in vain to pacify her, en- 
 deavoured to cut her off by poilbn, from which 
 fhe efcaped, with the lois of her hair and nails. 
 Though Leiceiter ftood high in the graces of 
 the queen, Elizabeth was highly diipleafed with 
 his union with lady Effex, of which (lie had 
 been kept ignorant, and in 1584 an attack 
 was made on him by a work called " Leicester's 
 commonwealth," which exhibited him in the 
 odious character of an atheift, a traitor, a pub- 
 lic oppreifor, and a monfter of ambition, cru- 
 elty, ::nd lufb. This famous book, confidered 
 as fo holiile to overgrown ministers, raid after- 
 wards republished to bring into dilgrace the 
 meat of Charles I. and of Anne, was 
 read with avidity by the people ; but Elizabeth 
 fcreened her favorite. In 1585 he went to 
 the Low countries as governor, but his conduct 
 was difpleafing to the queen, and he was re- 
 called, but foon to ba reinstated in the royal 
 favor. In 1588 he was made lieutenant- 
 general of the army affembled at Tilbury to 
 oppofe the Spanifh armada, and he there re- 
 ceived high commendation from the queen. 
 He died Sept. 4th, 1588, at Cornbury Ox- 
 fordshire. This ambitious favorite was en- 
 dowed with great talents ; the influence which 
 he poffeffed over the queen he maintained by 
 duplicity. He affected regularity and piety to 
 an offenfive degree, but when his views were 
 thwarted, neither virtue nor innocence could 
 refill the fecrecy of his meafures. Poilbning 
 was the favorite recipe to which he had re- 
 courfe to remove his enemies or rivals. 
 
 Dudley, Robert, fon of the earl of Leieef- 
 ter by lady Douglas Sheffield, was born at 
 Sheen in Surrey 1573. His birth was care- 
 fully concealed from the queen, as well as 
 lady Fi'i'ex. He was educated at Qffingham 
 in Sufpex, and Chriitchurch, Oxford. Though 
 he inherited the better part of his father's 
 . yet diffatisfied with indolence, he pro- 
 jected a voyage to the South feas, which how- 
 ever the government would net l'uffer to pro- 
 ceed till 1594. h\ 1605 he commenced a 
 fuit to prove the legitimacy of his birth, but 
 he was oppofed by the ladv dowager of Effex, 
 and he retired to the continent, v. litre he af- 
 
 fumed the title of earl of Warwick. 
 tied at Florence, where he was patrohiled by 
 Cofmo II. and by the influence of his contort, 
 filer to the emperor Ferdinand II. he was 
 created a duke of the Roman empire, and af- 
 terwards enrolled by pope Urban VIII. among 
 the Roman nobility. He formed the plan for 
 draining the morals between Pila and the fea, 
 and he railed Leghorn from an insignificant 
 town to a populous lea port. He lived in 
 great magnificence, and to his titles affirmed 
 that of duke of Northumberland. He died at 
 Carbello, near Florence, 1659. In philolbphy, 
 chemiilry, and phyfic, he was as eminent as in 
 politics. 'Fhe account of his voyage is pub- 
 lished in Hackluyt's collection, and his princi- 
 pal work befides, is " del arcano del mare," ic. 
 valuable for its charts and plans, and for pro. 
 jecis for the improvement of commerce and 
 navigation. He alio wrote a proportion ta 
 bridle the impertinence of parliaments, &c. 
 fubmitted to James, and intended to pave the 
 recall of the intriguing author to England. 
 
 Duffet, Thomas, from a milliner, became 
 a dramatic writer. He traveftied Dryden, 
 Shad well, and Settle, but his plays have long 
 fines been forgotten. His Mock tempera 
 Pfyche, Emperors of Morocco lived for a day. 
 He florifhed in the 17th century. 
 
 Dufresne, Abraham Alexis Quiaault, a 
 French aclor of eminence. It is remarkable 
 that in private life, he could lcarce lorget the 
 authority which he exerciied as a theatrical 
 monarch. He died 1767 aged 72. 
 
 Dufresny, Charles Riviere, of Paris, was 
 called grandfon of Henry IV. from his great 
 reiemblance to that monarch. He was em- 
 ployed about the court, in laying out garden 
 and pleafure grounds, and became a dramatic 
 writer. He died 1724, aged 86. 
 
 Dugard, William, of Broomfgrove, 
 Worceiterfhire, was educated at Worcester 
 fchool, and Sidney college, Cambridge. About 
 1631 he was mailer of Stamford fchool, and in 
 1637 of Colchciter fchool, and in 1644 of 
 merchant taylors', London. He was dis- 
 placed for aflilting in the printing of Salmafius| 
 defence, and was imprifoned in Newgate, and 
 his wife and children reduced to poverty . 
 He was reinstated in 1662 but again re 
 when he opened a fchool in Coletmm-iti .<.:. 
 He died 1682. His " Lexicon 6 rice i 
 menti" has been improved by Bowyer. 
 wrote befides a compendium of rhetoric, a 
 Greek grammar, &c. 
 
 DuGDALE, fir William, an historian arid 
 antiquary, born at Shu It ok e near Cclefliill, j 
 Warwickshire 1605. He was educat 
 Coventry grammar -fchool, and in 1623 he | 
 married. and fettled at Blythe-hall near Cole^ . 
 fliill. He devoted himf If to the lb 
 antiquities, and ii 1638 ho came to London, 
 and procured an appointment in the Herald's | 
 dlj&ce. In this favorite retreat he improved.;! 
 his collections, and took draughts of the moft 
 celebrated of the Engiuh cathedrals, He was] J 
 
DUK 
 
 DUN 
 
 with Charles at the battle of Edge-hill, and at 
 'he fiege of Oxford. After compounding for 
 his eftate he applied himlelf in completing a 
 collection from the records of the Tower, and 
 other places. Of his monafticon Anglicinum 
 the full volume appeared in folio 1655, the 
 fr-cond i66r, and the third 1673, a curious 
 collection of all the foundation charters of 
 diftblved monafterks. His antiquities of War- 
 \vickfhire were publifhed in 1656, after 20 
 years' labor. His hiftory of St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral was publifhed in 1658. At the reftora- 
 tion, he was made norroy king at arms, and in 
 1677 created garter, and knighted by the king. 
 He died at Blythe-hall,of a cold, 1686, in his 
 81ft year. One f his daughters married 
 Afhmole of antiquarian memory, his fons all 
 died young except John, who was Windfor he- 
 rald, and norroy king atarms, and was knighted, 
 and died 1690. Sir William wrote alio the 
 hiftory of draining and embanking fens and 
 marches, fee. Spelman's councils from 1066, 
 to 153 r Spelman'sglofTariurn archaiologicum, 
 &c. erigines juridicales, Sec. the baronage of 
 England three vols. fol. a Short view of the 
 late troubles' in England, &c. the antient 
 ufage of hearing arms, &c. 
 
 Do go mi er, JV. a French general, born at 
 Martinico. He commanded in Italy, retook 
 Toulon from the English, and defeated the 
 Spaniards, but >as killed 1794, at St. Se- 
 baftian. 
 
 Duguay-Trouin, Rene, a French admiral, 
 born at St. Maloes, 1673. In various en- 
 ounters with the Englilh and the Dutch, he 
 came off* victorious, and in 1 711 he took Rio 
 Janeiro from the Fortuguefe, and every where 
 difplayed the greateft lkill united with the 
 nioft confummate wifdom. He died at Paris 
 1736. 
 
 Ducuet, James Jofeph, a French writer, 
 born 1649. tie was a prieft of the oratory, 
 and went to Bruflels, but returned to Paris, 
 where he led a retired life, and died 1733. 
 He wrote nearly 20 works in French, on fhe- 
 N ological fubjc'Cts, in a ftyle clear, plealing, and 
 perfpicusus. 
 
 Dihalde, John Baptif, a French Jefuit. 
 His historical and geographical defcription of 
 tlie empire of China, and Chinefe Tartary, in 
 4 vols fol was compiled from the records of 
 French miflionaries, a work of great merit. 
 He wrote befides Latin poems eflays letters 
 Sec. and died at Paris 1743, aged 69. 
 
 Duhamei nu Monckau, ftetiry Lexvh, 
 a Frenchman who devoted himlelf to agricul- 
 ture and commerce, the marine, and mecha- 
 nical arts. He publifhed various ingenious 
 works, and died 1782, aged 82. 
 
 Dujaroin, Charles, of Amfterdam, died 
 at Ver'cc 1674, aged 34. He excelled 
 in the delineation of markers, robbers, moun- 
 tebanks, and landscapes. About 50 of his en- 
 iravings in aqua fortis are preferved. 
 
 Duke, Richard, a poet, educated at Weft- 
 Kunfter. School and Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 
 He was the friend of Qtway, and was tutor to 
 the duke of Richmond. His poetry is not 
 very reSpectable. He was chaplain to the king, 
 prependary of Gloucefter, and obtained the 
 living of Witney, Oxfordshire, where he was 
 found dead in his bed, 1711. He published a 
 volume of fermons and another of poems. 
 
 Dui.au, John Marie, of Perigueux, tf\is 
 archbishop of Aries. Though he did not, 
 through timidity, fpeak in favor of moderation 
 in the revolution yet he wrote with fpuit and 
 ability againlt the banifhment of the prieft*. 
 He was arrerted, and was lacrificed in the 
 prilbn of the Carmes Sept. 1792. 
 
 Dulaurent, N. of Artois, employed hi< 
 abilities on fubjects of licentiouiheis. The ' 
 belt known of his immoral works, is his Com- 
 pere Matthieu, 3 vols. He died about the 
 end of the laft century. 
 
 Dume'e, Joan, of Paris, married very 
 young, and at 17 loft her hulband, who fell in 
 Germany at the head of his company. She 
 devoted herfelf to altronomy, and published in 
 1680, " diicourfes of Copernicus on the mo- 
 bility of the earth," 4to. in which lhe displays 
 great knowledge. 
 
 Dumont, John, of Carlfcroon, hiftorio- 
 grapher to the emperor, fled to Holland, upon 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes. He 
 wrote " des rnemoires politiques, &.c." 4 vols. 
 i2mo. an uleful performance to the year 1676 
 travels in France, Italy, Sec. 4 vols. I2*o. 
 &c. He died about 1726 at a great age. 
 
 DuMOURIER, Anthony Francis Duperier, 
 of Paris, was author of Richardet, a poem, * 
 vols. feme comedies translated from the 
 Italian, Spanifh, and Engliil. ah opera, &c. 
 He died 1767, aged 60. 
 
 Dun, David Erjkine lord, of Dun, was 
 educated at St. Andrew's and Paris. H 
 was called to the bar, 1696, and oppofed the 
 Scottifh union. He was culled to the bench 
 1 71 1, and took the name of Dun. He died 
 at Dun 1755, five yeurs after he had retired 
 from the court of justiciary, aged '6$, \\& 
 " advices," is an excellent performance. 
 
 Dunbar, IVil.iam a poet of Scotland, born 
 1465 at Salton. After travelling as a novi- 
 ciate of the francifcan order, he returned home 
 in his 25th year, iiis" thiitle and the role," 
 was written on the oiarriage of James IV. 
 with Margaret daughter of Henry VII. but 
 whilft he expected preferment for his poetry, 
 he was difappointed ; for the great Men with 
 delight to the compliments ot the learned, but 
 feldom reward merit. He wrote befides, the 
 goldin terge, the freirs of Berwick the twa 
 marrit women and the wedo. His poetry is 
 commended by Walton, as next in rank to 
 Chaucer's and Lydgate's. He died about 15 80. 
 Duncan, Mark, profeffbr of philoi'ophy, 
 and principal of the CalvinihV college at Sau- 
 mur, was invited by James I. to fettle near 
 his perfon which he declined, and he died 1640 
 at Saumur. He wrote fome philosophical 
 works, &c. 
 
 X4 DvNC.Vtf 
 
DUN 
 
 DUN 
 
 Duncan, Daniel, was a phyfician of Mon- 
 tauban in Languedoc, of a family of Scattifh 
 original. His mother's brother, Daniel Paul, 
 had him educated, and at Montpellier he 
 rhidied eight years, and took his degree of 
 i M. D. From Montpellier he came to Paris, 
 and publifhed his ' explication nouvelle & me- 
 chanique des actions animales, 1678," which 
 was well received, and then he viiited London. 
 After a reiidence of two years he was re- 
 called to Paris, on account of the health of 
 his patron Colbert. About this time he pub- 
 lilhed his " chymie naturelle, ou explication 
 de la nourrituie de l'animal," which was read 
 with univerfal applaufe. On the death of 
 Colbert he retired to Montauban with the 
 intention of fettling in London. The perfe- 
 cution of the proteftants forced him for refuge 
 to Geneva, and afterwards to Berne, where he 
 obtained the profefTorfhip of anatomy. He 
 went next to attend the princefs of the land- 
 grave of HefTe Caffel, where, for three years, 
 he was treated with the reipect. due to his 
 merit. ! At this time he wrote his popular 
 treatife on the abule of hot liquors, efpecially 
 tea, coffee, and chocolate. He next fettled 
 at the Hague, and 12 years after went to Lon- 
 don, uhere he died 1735, aged 86. He wrote 
 befider, " hiltoire de l'animal, &c." and left 
 befides feveral manufcripts on medical fubje&s. 
 Duncan, William, profeflbr of philolbphy 
 in the Marifchal college of Aberdeen, was 
 born at Aberdeen 1717, and educated there. 
 He came to London in 1739, anc * employed 
 himfelf in writhig for the bookiellers. r*e 
 tranflated fome books from the French, and 
 was concerned in Watfon's traiulation of Ho- 
 race. He was the coadjutor of Johnfon, 
 Campbell, and Fordyce, in the preceptor which 
 Dodfley publifhed, and wrote the logical part. 
 He alfo tranflated feveral of Cicero's orations, 
 and likewife Casfar's commentaries, &c. In 
 1753 he removed to Aberdeen, and died 1760, 
 aged 43. 
 
 Duncan, Adam lord, of Dundee, was 
 bred to the fea, and in 1761, was made poll 
 captain. He ferved under Keppel as his cap- 
 tain, and was in 1795 admiral of the blue. 
 He blocked up the Texel in the late war, but 
 during the mutiny of the fleet, the Dutch ef- 
 caped, and were foon brought to an engage- 
 ment by the Englifh admiral, near Camper- 
 down, five miles from off their own lhores On 
 this celebrated day, nth October 1797, the 
 Dutch admiral De Winter ftruck with eight 
 ihips to the Englifli, and in reward for his 
 conduct: Duncan was created a vifcount, with 
 a penficn of 2000I. on himfelf and his two 
 fucceflbrs. Lord Duncan died 1804. He was 
 in ftature a comely perfon, full fix feet three 
 inches tall, {o that he obferved jocofely to the 
 Dutch admiral who was likewife a man of tall 
 ftature, I wonder how you and I have ef- 
 C3ped the balls in this hot battle. During the 
 mutiny of his fleet the admiral addrefl'ed his 
 crew, tire Veteran, in a fpeech fo fenfible and 
 
 fo judicious, as to call forth the adn. 
 even of his rebellious crew. 
 
 Duncombe, William, of Stocks, Hert- 
 fordshire, married the only filter of John 
 Hughes, whole poems he edited two vols. i2mo. 
 1,735, anc * the miicellanies of the other brother 
 Jabez, one vol. J 737. He tranflated Racine's 
 Athaliah, and afterwards edited the works of 
 Mr. Needier, and he produced his L. J . Bru- 
 tus at Drury lane. He edited fome of Her- 
 ring's lermons, and publifhed Horace in -Eng- 
 lifh verfe by feveral hands 1757. Ho died 
 1769, aged 80. 
 
 Dun com be, John, fon of the preceding, 
 was educated at Romford and Feltted, and at 
 the age of 16 was admitted at Benet's college, 
 Cambridge. He became affiflant preacher at 
 St. Anne's Soho, where his eloquence as an 
 orator gained him reipect. He married in 
 1763, the daughter of Mr. Highmore the 
 painter, 'and in 1766, Seeker appointed him 
 one of the fix Canterbury preachers, and the 
 next primate, Cornwalli:, preitnted him to 
 Heme, fix miles from Canterbury. He was 
 alfo mafter of Harbledown and St. John's hof- 
 pitals, and as an active magistrate he encou- 
 raged virtue and checked vice. He was at- 
 tacked by a paralytic ftroke 1785, from 
 he never recovered, and died the fol 
 January. His works are chiefly fugitive- pieces 
 publifhed in Dodiley's collection, and in peri- 
 odical magazines, befides the Seminead, and a 
 poem on the death of Frederic prince of 
 Wales. 
 
 Dun 1. oi', William, M.A. of Gi. 
 ftudied tlie law at Utrecht, but abandoned it 
 at the reprefentation of Mr. Wifhart, and be- 
 came regius profefibr of divinity and ch.ircli 
 hiitory at Edinburgh 1716. He diitinguilhed 
 himfelf much as a preacher, and died of x 
 droply 172,0, aged 28. he pubhthed two vo- 
 lumes of fermons iimo. and an efiay on con- 
 feflions of faith. 
 
 Dun top, Alexander, M.A. brother to the 
 above, was born 1684, in America, where his 
 father was in exile. He came over at the , 
 revolution, and was in 1 720 profefibr of ! 
 in Glaigovv univerfity. He publifhed in 
 a Greek grammar it ill uied in the Scotch v.ni- 
 verfity,and died 1742, aged 58. 
 
 Dunn, Samuel, a mathematician of Credi- , 
 ton, Devonfhire, where he kept a fchool. He 
 removed to Cheliea, where he was appointed 
 mathematical examiner of thofe officers 
 entered into the Eafi India company's lervice; 
 He died 1792, author of feveral mathematical I 
 treatife*, &c. 
 
 Dunning, John, lord Afhburton, was 
 born 1 731, at Afhburton, in DevonfiVire. He. 
 rofe by his merit at the bar, and was raifed to 
 the peerage in 1782, and made chancellor of 
 the duchy of Lancafter, and recorder of Brif- 
 tol. He died 1783. 
 
 Dunois, John, natural fon of Lewis duke 
 of Orleans, diftinguifhtd himfelf in arms, in 
 the defeat of the earls of Warwick and Suf- 
 
BUP 
 
 DUP 
 
 folk, and in the defence of Orleans, till relieved 
 by Joan of Arc. He purfued the Engliih, 
 and took from them Blaie, Bourdeaux, Bay- 
 onne, &c. He was rewarded by Charles 
 VII. who called him the reftorer of his coun- 
 try, and gave him the office of grand chamber- 
 lain of France. He died 1468, aged 61. 
 
 Dons, John, called Duns Scotus, of the 
 francifcan order, was born at Dunltance, Nor- 
 thumberland. He was fellow of Merton, 
 Oxford, and went over to Paris, where his 
 abilities procured him the appellation of the 
 fubtile doctor. He oppoied the doctrines of 
 Aquinas, hence his followers were called 
 iscotiils, and his opponents Thomifts. He af- 
 terwards went to Cologne where he died 
 1308. It has been faid by Paul Jovius that 
 he was attacked by an apoplexy and buried as 
 dead, and that on his recovery, he languifhed 
 in his coffin till he expired. His works were 
 IO vols folio. 
 
 Dunstan, St. archbifhop of Canterbury, 
 was born in 924. He was alio abbot of Glaf- 
 tonbury. He is well known as a man of in- 
 trigue, and of great fpiritual power. The pope 
 knowing his influence, made him his legate. 
 He died 988. 
 
 Dunton, John, of Graffham, Hunting- 
 donlhire, upon failing in his bufinefs as book- 
 l'tller, after 20 years' fuccefs, began author, 
 and 1701 was employed in the Poll angel pa- 
 per. He afterwards began the Athenian 
 Mercury, and in 1710 he published his Athe- 
 nianifm, containing 6co trcatifes, in profe and 
 verfe, on all fubjects. Though prolix he pof- 
 felfes merit as a fatirift. He alfo wrote " Dun- 
 ton's life and errors," and died about 1725. 
 
 Du Paty, prefident of the parliament of 
 Bourdeaux, died at Paris 1788. His hiftorical 
 reflections on penal laws, are valuable. He 
 wrote alfo academical letters and difcourfes on 
 Italy, 2 vols. 8vo.. 1788. 
 
 Duphot, N. a French general, ambaffador 
 to the pope. He was there atfaffinated in 
 1797, and though the pope could not prevent 
 the fatal commotion, the death of the ambaf- 
 fador was made a pretext by the French i "or 
 leizing the ecclefialtical Hates. 
 
 Dui'iN, Lewis Ellis, a critic of Paris. He 
 devoted himfelf to the compofition of his great 
 work called " Bibliotheque univerfelle des au- 
 teurs ecclefiaftiques," the firft volume of which 
 appeared 1686. The boldnefs with which he 
 lpokc of various writers offended the critics, 
 and the author was obliged to retract fome of 
 his opinions, and to fupprtfs the work in 1693, 
 with the privilege of continuing it under - the 
 title of Bibliotheque nouvelle. Befides this 
 work brought down in feveral volumes to the 
 end of the 16th .century, Dupin wrote others, 
 the >:hief of which are prolegomena to the 
 piWe, notes on the pfalms and pentateuch, 
 4 profane hiftory, a treatife of power eccle- 
 liaftical and temporal, and method of ttudy- 
 ing divinity. &c. He was profeflbr of the 
 Royal college, from which he was removed in 
 
 the famous cas de confeience, but afterwards 
 reftored. He died at Paris 17 19, aged 62. 
 He was a man of extenfive erudition, and of 
 indefatigable application. 
 
 Dupleix, Scipio, of Condom was mafter of 
 requeits, and hiltoriographer of France. In his 
 old age he wrote a book on the liberties of the 
 Gallican church, which he prefented to chan- 
 cellor Seguier, but the courtier threw it into 
 the fire, which fo ihocked the venerable author, 
 that he returned to Condom and died foon 
 after, of deep vexation 1661, aged 92. His 
 works are memoirs of the Gauls 1650 folio, a 
 book of great value, hiitory of France in 
 6 vols folio. Roman hiftory 3 vols, foho, a 
 courfe of philofophy 3 vols. i2mo. Sec 
 
 Dupleix, Jofeph, was director of Chan- 
 dernagore in the Eaft Indies, a colony which, 
 by his wifdom, he railed to conlequence and 
 opulence. He eftablilhed mercantile con- 
 nections with the Red lea, the Maldives, Goa, 
 niUas, &c. and was made governor of 
 Pondicherry in 1742, and defended the place 
 in 1748 for 42 days againft two Engliih ad- 
 mirals. For thefe Cervices he was rewarded 
 by the French king with the title of marquis, 
 and by the great mogul with the title of nabob. 
 Fie was recalled in 1753, ***d fa hurt by being 
 removed from the exeicife of fovereign power 
 to a private ftation, that he fell under a dejec- 
 tion of ipirits and died foon after. 
 
 Duport, James, of Cambridge, profeflbr 
 of Greek, and mafter of Magdalen college. 
 He was dean of Peterborough and died 1680. 
 He wrote a Greek verfion of the pfalms, 
 gnomologia Homed, &c. 
 
 Duppa, Brian, a learned prelate, born 1589 
 at Lewifham, Kent, and educated at Welt- 
 minder, and Chrift-church, Oxford. In 161 2 
 he was elected fellow of All-fouls, and after 
 travelling in France and Spain, he was in 1629 
 made dean of Chrift-church. In 1638 he 
 became tutor to prince Charles, and to his 
 brother James, and was railed to the fee of 
 Chichefter. In 1 641 he was tranflatcd to 
 Saliibury, and on the fuppreffion of epiicopacy 
 he attended his mafter, efpecially in the illc of 
 Wight, and affifted him it is faid in the com- 
 pofition of the Eikon Bafilike. Fie afterwards 
 lived retired at Richmond, till the rcltoration, 
 when he was made bifhop of Winchefter, and 
 lord almoner. He died in 1662 aged 73. A 
 few hours before he expired, Charles II. vifited 
 this venerable prelate, and kneeling by his 
 bedfide implored his blefling, which the dying 
 man, placing one hand on the king's head, and 
 railing the other to heaven, gave him with 
 great fervor. He wrote fome things on de- 
 votional fubjects, &c. 
 
 DupR/\t, Anthony, a French ftatefrnan, 
 who rofe to the firft prelidency of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris 1507, and the ctiancellorfhip of 
 France 1515. He was tutor to Francis I. and 
 and by checking his criminal paffion for the 
 wife of Lewis XII. he gained his confidence. 
 He adviied him to raife money by felling the 
 
 offices 
 
DUR 
 
 DUR 
 
 #fTiccs of judicature, and by his fuzgeftion the 
 v.-mber called Tournelle was eitablifhcd, 
 which improved the rov.il revenue. By his 
 advice Francis alfo aboliihed the pragmatic 
 fanetion, and eiiahliflied the concordat, by 
 which the king nominated to vacant benefices. 
 This rendered Duprat a favorite at Rome, 
 and from the fees of Meaux, kc. he was ho- 
 nored with the purple 1527. He was after- 
 wards a legate in France, and on rhe death of 
 Clement VI I. afpired to the tiara, which the 
 trench king by no means promoted- He 
 died at Nanteuillet 1535, overwhelmed with 
 remorfe, and worn out by difeafes. To in- 
 his power or enlarge his fortune, he 
 fcrupled at no facrifice either of fame or 
 virtue, and therefore his death was as unla- 
 mented as his life had been guilty. The king 
 obferved of his hall at Hotel Dieu, that it 
 frould have been much larger, if it could con- 
 tain all te poor Duprat had made. 
 
 Dupie, Mary, of the 17th century, flu- 
 died Defcartes, and .vas called the Carte'iienne. 
 She was intimate with'the learned, aid her 
 pieces of poetry and alio her profe writings 
 were read with apptaufe. 
 
 Dupre r>E St. Mabr, Nicholas Francit, 
 of Paris, died 1774, aged 80. He tranflated 
 Milton's Paradile loft, with Addifon's odes, 
 and alio Paradiic regained, 4 vols. nmo. He 
 wrote an el iky on the coins of France, 174O, 
 410. a valuable work inquiries on the value 
 of money, Sec. 
 
 Duu.\ nt, Gilles, advocate in the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, was appointed by the court to 
 reform the cuftoms of Paris. He pofieffed great 
 talents for ludicrous poetry, and his verfes on 
 the al's that had joined the league, and had 
 fallen during the fiege of Paris 1590, are 
 much admired. He wrote other humorous 
 pieces, forae of which are licentious. 
 
 Dt'RANTl, John Stephen, of Touloufe, vio- 
 lently appofed the league, and perifhed in a 
 tumult which he endeavoured to appeafe, 
 rjSo,. T his meritorious martyr had the year 
 before preicjved Touloufe from the plague, 
 and he had deferved the affection of his coun- 
 try by his liberality and charity. He wrote & 
 book de ritibnis ecclefi*. 
 
 Dukbach, Anne Louifa, a German poetefs, 
 born iJZZ. From watching cattle, fhe rofe 
 to diflinclion by the reading of books. At 17 
 fbc married a woolcomber, but was expofed to 
 great poverty, till the age of 40, when her 
 inufe celebrated in a triumphal ode the battle 
 of l.owofehutz. This piece was noticed by 
 the PrutTiv monarch, who fent for the poetefs 
 to Berlin, and placed her above want. She 
 died about 1780. 
 
 Dux ell, John, was born 1626 in Jerfey, 
 and educated at Merton college, which he left 
 at the beginning of the civil wars. He was 
 ordained by the bifhop of Galloway at Paris 
 1 65 1, and at the restoration was chaplain to 
 the ing, and preferred to a prebend at Salis- 
 bury, afterwards at "Windfor, and then at 
 
 Durham. In 167; he was made dea:i of 
 Windfor. He d-ed 1683, aged 58. His 
 writings were chiefly centroveriial, a vindica- 
 tion of the church of England againit fchif- 
 matics a view of the government, &c of the 
 church of England, 4to. &c. 
 
 Durki.l, David, of Jerfey, was educated 
 at Pembroke College, Oxford, and became fel- 
 low of Hertford college, of which in 1757 he 
 was made principal In 1767 he was made 
 prebend ir\ of Canterbury, and was vice chan- 
 cellor, and died 1 77.;, aged 47. He was au- 
 thor of critical remarks on the books of Job, 
 Pfalms, Ecclehafles, and Canticles, 4to. 
 the Hebrew text of the parallel prophecies of 
 Jacob and Moles, relating to the 12 tribes, 
 kc. 4 to. 
 
 Borer, Albert, a painter and engraver, 
 born at Nuremberg 147 1. After being well 
 inltrucred in arithmetic, perfpeciive, and geo- 
 metry, he exhibited fome of his pieces before 
 the public, and his three graces fixea the ad- 
 miration of bhr country upon him, in I497* 
 He painted little, therefore his pictures arc 
 very fcarce, and as highly valued. His Adam 
 and Eve are ftill prefer ved at Prague, |pd alfo 
 a picture of Chriit bearing the crols, an ado- 
 ration of the wife men, Sec. His engravings 
 are highly admired. Inlte.;d of engraving on 
 copper, he firft attempted to work on wood, and 
 his firft pieces in that way, were the behead- 
 ing of John the Baptilt, and the presentation 
 of his head to Herod, publiihed in 1310. One 
 of hjs belt pieces is laid by Vaiari to be a St. 
 Eultuchius kneeling before a Hag. He uied in 
 his native city 1528. Betides his reputation 
 as an artift, he poffefied a refpeclable character 
 in private life. He wrote fome books in 
 German, on the rules of painting, inititu- 
 tiones geometric, &c. His wife, who was 
 beautiful, but is defcribed by fome as a Xan- 
 tippe, fat to him, and from her features he 
 painted the Virgin Mary. 
 
 Durkt, Lcai-, a phyfician, who practifed 
 at Paris. He was efteetned by Henry HI. 
 who granted him a petition, and was prefent 
 at e marriage of his daughter. He died 
 1506, aged $y. He was a true follower of 
 Hippocrates, and treated medicine after the 
 manner of the ancients. His belt work is a 
 commentary on Hippocrates, folio. 
 
 D'Uriey, Tho-.as, a facetious poet. His 
 parents were Huguenots, from R< chclle, who 
 fettled at Exeter, where the poet was born. 
 He applied to the law, but the volatility of his 
 mind carried him to poetry, and as be pofleflTed 
 wit and the kcennefs oflitire, his plays 
 received with great applaufe. His fac. 
 n.'fsand eafy manners recommended htm to 
 Charles II., who was often feen with him molt 
 familiarly leaning on his moulder, or humming 
 over a fong with him. But though popular, 
 his ballads, fongs, and play?,- poffefted all the 
 coarfeneft of wit, licentioufnefs, and indelicacy, 
 fo that within 30 years after his death, none 
 Of his pities were lettered to appear on the 
 

 DUV 
 
 fk&se. He lived much with lord Dortet at 
 Knole, where ifiere is ttill prelerved a picture 
 of htm, taken by Health, as he was flefcptHg in 
 his chair after dinner. In the lait part of life 
 he was haunted by poverty ibr, regardlels of 
 the morrow, he always Iquundered the ptel'ent 
 away. To relieve him from dillrefs, the 
 ;>)ayers, at the lblieitation of Addifon, per- 
 formed the " Plotting filters" for the benefit 
 of the author, who humoroufiy faid, he had 
 written more odes than Horace, and four times 
 as many comedies as Terence. He died 1723, 
 aged about 70. His lbrmets, bahads, &c. are 
 contained in 6 vols. 1 zmo. and called " Pills to 
 purge melancholy," and they are handlbmely 
 recommended by the 29th number of the 
 Guardian^ Sec. 
 
 DURHAM, James, a Scotch divine, edu- 
 cated in St. Salvador's college, St. Andrew's. 
 He became a popular preacher at Glalgow, 
 and died of a confumption 1658, aged 38. He 
 wrote a commentary on the revelations dil- 
 courfe on fcarrdal fermons on the 53d of 
 Ilaiah, Sec. 
 
 Dur.in.gir, Mdcbior, profelibr of ecele- 
 fiaftical hiftory at Berne, fell from the ftory of 
 his houle, which was on fire, and died an hour 
 after, 1723, aged 76. The author of phyu'ea 
 facia is much indebted to him. 
 
 Durv, or DoR.tus, John, a Scotch di- 
 vine, who labored to reconcile the Lutherans 
 and Cdviniils, but to little purpofe. He tra- 
 velled through Furope, and after conferring 
 with the divines of England, Germany, Swe- 
 den, Denmark, Holland, Geneva, &c. he, after 
 40 years' laborious purfuit, found himfelf dis- 
 appointed, and though all commended his in- 
 tentions, none would refign their faith to the 
 deciiion of their neighbours. In the lait part 
 of life he was patronifed by Hedwig Sophia, 
 princefs of Helfe. He wrote much in favor 
 of his grand plan. 
 
 Dlssaulx, John, of Chartres, after diftin- 
 guifhing himielf in the war of Hanover, de- 
 votad himfelf to literary puriuks. At the 
 revolution he was one of the 73 proscribed 
 deputies. He was afterwards member of the 
 council of ancients, and president of the na- 
 tional inititute, and died at Paris 1799, aged 
 71. He publilhed a tranllatiou of Juvenal 
 do la ptdiion du jeu, 8vo. eloge de Blauchet, 
 &c. 
 
 Duv.ii., Peter, geographer royal of France, 
 died at Paris 1683, aged 65. He is the au- 
 thjfer of fotnc geographical tract:; and maps, 
 formerly in great elteem. 
 
 Di v.u., Valentine Jamcrai, of Artonay in 
 Champagne, at the ago of 10, Ion* his father, 
 who was a poor laborer, bur though dettitute, 
 hoped for better times. He hired himielf to 
 L.-ep the poultry yard of a neighbouring far- 
 mer, and by his lbperior agility guided the 
 f ports of his aflbciates In the winter of 1 709 
 eUed towards Lorraine, and in tlte cold 
 journey was attacked, by the fmall-pox under 
 . e mult have iunk, But for (fto t'.meiy 
 
 DYE 
 
 affiitance of a ihepherd. Recovered from this 
 malady lie went to Clezantine, and was two 
 years in the fervice of another fhepherd, and 
 taen became an attendant on brother Palemon, 
 at the hermitage of La Rochette. From this 
 abode he removed to the hermitage of St. 
 Anne, near Luneville, and there he learnt to 
 write. His activity was here employed in the 
 purfuit of game, which he fold to encreafe his 
 books an i knowledge, and his finding of a feal 
 belonging to Mr. Foriter, an Englifh rcfident 
 at Luneville, which he very honorably adver- 
 tifed, procured him new advantages. Fojrfter 
 rewarding his houelty, aliilted him in the pur- 
 chafe of books and of maps, and his library 
 foon encreafed to 400 volumes. Here, while 
 one day engaged in th ltudy of a map at the 
 j foot of a tree, he was found by the prince: of 
 Lorraine, and the fenfible remarks which he 
 made to his illuitrious viutors, engaged ft> 
 much their attention that tiiey promifed him 
 protection. The young adventurer quitted 
 the hermitage with tears of gratitude, and un- 
 der the Jefuits of Pont-a-MoufTon, he made 
 himfelf mailer of hiftory, geography, and an- 
 tiquities. In 17 1 8 he viiited Paris in the luite 
 of his patron Leopold, and at his return be- 
 came his librarian, and alio profelibr of hiitory 
 at Ltmeville. \\\ this new office he Was at- 
 tended by feveral Fmglilhmen, and particuLnrly 
 by Pitt, afterwards earl of Chatham, wh-.jfe 
 genius and manners he admired, and wh<>fe 
 future eminence he prophetically announced. 
 Railed to independence, he mowed his grati- 
 tude to ti'.e hermits of St. Anne, by rebuilding 
 their residence. On the death of Leopold in 
 1738, ha followed his ion Francis to Tufcany, 
 and foon after to Vienna, where he hud the 
 care of the medals. Here Duval lived reflected 
 and beloved, and in 1751 he was nominated 
 preceptor to prince Jot'epri. In 1752, he vi- 
 iited Paris, and was honorably received by the 
 learned, and on his return palling by Artonay, 
 his native village, he purchrfed the cottage, 
 which the indigence of his filter had fold, and 
 built on the ipot where he was bom a neat 
 houle, which he appropriated to the relid :nce 
 of the public fchoohnalter of the place. This 
 pious character died 1775, aged 81, dil playing 
 in his lait momerts that resignation and laith 
 which clofe the life of a good man. 
 
 DyCHE, Toot/us, a clergyman, well known 
 as a fchoohnalter, at Strafford-le-bow, and as 
 the author of an Knglilh dictionary, fpelhng 
 book, Latin vocabulary, &c. He died about 
 JC75O. 
 
 Dvek, f-r James, of Roundhili, Sommlet- 
 ihire, was educated at Broadgate hall, Oxford, 
 and the Middle temple, London. In *552, 
 he was made 1'erjeant at law, and fpealjer of 
 the houle of commons. In 1556, he wis ona 
 of the judges of the common pleas, in JJ57 
 removed to the king's bench, and next was 
 made chief juftice of the common pleas. He 
 died at Stanton, Huntingdonshire, i58i,aged 
 73. Fie wiotj a large volume of reports, 
 
 com- 
 
DYE 
 
 commended by fir Edward Coke. He left 
 alfo ibme other law tracts. 
 
 Dyer, William, was ejected from his living 
 of Cholefbury, Bucks, in 1662, and turned 
 quaker, and died 1696, aged 60. He wrote 
 feme iermons and theological trails. 
 
 Dyer, John, a poet, born at Aberglafney, 
 Caermarthenfhire, 1700. He was educated 
 at Weftminfter fchool, and ftudied the law, 
 but had a greater relifh for poetry and defign, 
 and therefore determined to become a painter. 
 In 1727 he published his "Grongar-hill," a 
 beautiful little poem, and afterwards let out 
 for Italy to delineate the antiquities of that 
 celebrated country. At his return in 1740, 
 appeared his poem, " the ruins of Rome," 
 and foon after he took orders. He was pre- 
 sented to Calthorp, Leicefterfhire, which he 
 
 DYE 
 
 
 exchanged for Belehford, LincolnnYrre. Ti; 
 1754 he was prefenred to Conlngfbv, and in 
 1756 the chancellor added to it, Knkby on 
 Bane; but whilft he prepared the improve- 
 ments of his parfonage, the cup of felicity was 
 daihed from his hand, and he was cjrried off 
 by a rapid confumption, 1758. He left one 
 fon and three daughters. The fon, heir tolr.j 
 father's tafte and claffical knowledge, died in 
 London 1782, aged 32, as he was preparing 
 to extend his travels to Italy. The " fleece," 
 which was published a little before the poet's 
 death Grongar-hill and the ruins of Rome, 
 are the three poems which railed Dyer above 
 mortality. The Simplicity of his lines is en- 
 riched with true fublimity, and the whole 
 breathes forth the pureil flames of benevolence 
 and humanity. 
 
 E. 
 
 EAR 
 
 EACHARD, Dr. John, a divine, of Suf- 
 1 folk, educated at" Catharine hall, Cam- 
 bridge, of which lie became matter. He died 
 1697, agefl 6r. He is well known as the au- 
 thor of the grounds and occafions of the con- 
 tempt of the clergy and religion inquired into, 
 attacked by feveral writers, and anfwered by 
 him. In 1672 he publifhed Hobbes' ftate of 
 nature confider^d, &c. 
 
 Eames, John, of London, was educated at 
 Merchant-taylors', and intended for the mi- 
 niilry among the independent diffenters. A 
 ilrong defect of fpeech rendered it impoffible 
 tor him to appear before a congregation, and 
 he employed himfelf in educating young per- 
 rons, and after undertaking the clafs of ma- 
 thematics, the learned languages, and philofo- 
 phy, he filled the chair of divinity. His 
 learning recommended him to fir Ifaac New- 
 ton, and procured him a feat in the royal 
 fociety, whofe tranfactions he abridged. He 
 died 1744. 
 
 Lakle, John, of York, was educated at 
 Merton college, Oxford, and was tutor to 
 Charles prince of Wales. He was at the 
 i eitoration made dean of Windfor, then hifhop 
 of Worcelter, and in 1663 hilliop of Salifbury, 
 where he died two years after. He was author 
 of a tranflation of the Icon Balilike into Latin 
 micro cofmography, &c. 
 
 Earle, William Benfon, of Shaftefbury, 
 was a man of poliihed manners, and well ac- 
 quainted with the circle of belles lettres. He 
 left by his will 2000 guineas to the matrons in 
 bifhop Ward's holpital, Sarum, and to various 
 ether public iuftitutions in Winchefter, Sali> 
 
 ECC 
 
 bury, &c. handfome legacies. He died 1796, 
 in the Clofe, Sarum. 
 
 Ebion, the founder of a fe& about the 
 year 72. St. John is fuppofed to have written 
 his goipel againft the Ebionites, who denied the 
 divinity of our Saviour. 
 
 Ebroin, mayor of the palace under Clo- 
 taire III. and Thierry I. maintained for a while 
 his power, but his pride offended the French 
 nobles, and he was contined in a monaftery. 
 He efcaped and returned with an army to re- 
 gain his loft influence. His enemies were 
 Sacrificed to his ambition, and the greateft 
 atrocities were exerciled in the name of public 
 juftice. He was at laft affalfinated by Her- 
 manfroi, a noble whole death he meditated, 681. 
 
 Eccard, John George d\ a German hif- 
 torian and antiquary, born at Duingen, 1670. 
 He was profeffor of hiftory at Helmftadt, and 
 Succeeded Leibnitz in the chair of Hanover, 
 1 716. He was ennobled by the emperor, and 
 died 1730. His works are Corpus hiltoricum 
 medii aevi, &c. a learned work -leges Franco- 
 rum, &c. 
 
 Ecchellensis, Abraham, a profeffor of 
 oriental languages at Rome, tranflated from 
 the Arabic into Latin fome of the books of 
 Apollonius' comics, and affiffed le Jay at Paris 
 in the publication of his polyglott bible. He 
 died at Rome 1664. 
 
 Ecclks, Solomon, an English mufician, who 
 turned quaker, and deftroyed his inftruments. 
 He became as ridiculous as he had been ad- 
 mired, and for a while amufed the public by 
 his plans, to reconcile all mankind to one re- 
 ligion. A prifon at lail cured him of his fol- 
 lies, 
 
EDM 
 
 EDW 
 
 lies, but he died without religion at the end of 
 the t/th century. 
 
 Echard, Jn:q:ies, a dominican, who died 
 at Paris 1774, aged 60. He wrote an ac- 
 count of the learned men of his order, 2 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Echard, Lawrence, an hiftorian and di- 
 vine, born at BafTam near Beccles, Suffolk, 
 1671, and educated at Chritt college, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1706, he publilhed his hiftory of 
 England, from the time of the Romans to 
 James I. in one vol. folio, to which he added a 
 fecond and a third volume 1 7 18, up to Wil- 
 liam and Alary. He wrote alio an ecclefiafti- 
 hiftory, and an Englifh tranflation of 
 
 utus and Terence, befides a gazetteer, &c. 
 was prebendary of Lincoln, and in 1712 
 archdeacon of Stowe, and loon after prefented 
 the livings of Rendlefham, Sudhorn, and 
 llford, Suffolk. His declining ftate ol health 
 obliged him to go to Scarborough for the 
 waters, but he died by the way, while in his 
 chariot, 1 730. He was an author of great 
 judgment, but the labors of more modern 
 writers have rendered his works oblblete. 
 
 Eckius, JJj/i, a profefTor of Ingoldiladt. 
 He oppoled the leaders of the reformation, 
 and diSputed at Leipfic with Luther, and at 
 Worms againft Melancihon. His writings are 
 chiefly on controverfial Subjects, in fupport of 
 the popilh fnpremacy. He died at Ingolftadt 
 
 Ecluse, Charles de /', a phyfician of Arras, 
 who had the care of the fimples of Maximilian 
 II. and Rodolphus II. Difiiking the life of a 
 courtier, he retired to Frankfort, and then to 
 Leyden, where he died profefTor of botany, 
 1609, aged 84. His works are on botanical 
 Subjedls, 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Edema, Gerard, a Dutch painter. He 
 vifited Surinam and America, to paint the 
 views, the trees, infects, &c. of the country, 
 and came to London 1670. He was much 
 admired for the bold features of his landfcapes ; 
 his rocks, mountains, and catara&s. He has- 
 tened his difTolution by drinking, and died 
 about 1700. 
 
 Edgar, Succeeded on the throne of Eng- 
 land 959, and delerved the name of peaceable. 
 He obtained fome victories in Scotland and in 
 Ireland, and alfo in Wales, where he expected 
 from the inhabitants a tribute of wolves' heads, 
 which thus cleared the country from thofe 
 rapacious animals. After the death of his 
 queen Egelflida, he married Elfrida, daughter 
 of the earl of Devonfhire, whom his favorite 
 Ethe4wolfe had claimed for himfelf. He died 
 975, aged 33. 
 
 Edgar, king of Scotland, died 1107. His 
 filler married Henry, king of England. 
 
 Edmer or Eadmer, abbot of St. Alban's, 
 and hilhop of St. Andrew's, in Scotland, wrote 
 the hiftory of his own times from 1066 to 
 1122, called Hiltoria novorum, and alfo the 
 life of Anfelm and Wilfred, and ibrae other 
 trafts. 
 
 EDM0NDE3,yJr Thomas, of Devonfhire, was 
 introduced at court under fir Francis Walfing- 
 ham. When Elizabeth's ambaffador at Paris 
 he was allowed only 20 {hillings a day, fo that 
 he complains of his inability to fupport the 
 dignity of a royal reprefentative, and adds that 
 " he has not the means wherewith to put a 
 good garment on his back, to appear in honeft 
 company." He was fent in 1599 to Bruffels, 
 and was knighted by James I. and appointed 
 comptroller of the king's houfehold, and privy 
 counfellor, and treafurer of the houfehold. In 
 the two firft parliaments of Charles I. he fat 
 for Oxford. In 1629 he went as ambaffador 
 to the French court, and died in peaceful 
 privacy 1639. He was a man of great abili- 
 ties, eminent as a negociator, active as a cour- 
 tier, upright, firm, and incorruptible, as at- 
 tached to the privileges of his king and coun- 
 try. 
 
 Edmondes, Clement, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Sharvvardine in Shropfhire, ar.d- 
 educated at All-fouls' college. He was Secre- 
 tary for the French to Elizabeth, and remem- 
 brancer of the city of London, and clerk to 
 the council, and in 1617 knighted. He wrote 
 observations on the firft five book's of Caefar's 
 civil wars 1600, fol. befides observations ,on 
 the commentaries, &c. He died 1622. 
 
 Edmund, St. king of the Eaft Angles, was 
 taken priibner in 870, by Ivar the Dane, and 
 fhot to death with arrow?, fattened to a tree. 
 
 Edmund, St. of Abingdon, fthdied at Paris, 
 and was made archbifhop of Canterbury by 
 Innocent III. A quarrel with Henry III. 
 obliged him to leave the kingdom, and retire 
 to France, where he died 1240. 
 
 Edmund I. fon oS Edward the elder, Suc- 
 ceeded as king of England 941, and added 
 Mercia, Northumberland, and Cumberland, to 
 his dominions. He was ftabbed to death at 
 Puckle church 948, by LeolS, whom he had 
 banilhed. 
 
 Edmund II. furnamed Ironfide, Succeeded 
 1016, and took for his partner on the throne 
 Canute. He was afTaffinated at Oxford by 
 two of his Servants 1.017. 
 
 Edward, the elder, Succeeded Alfred 900. 
 He defeated the Scotch and Welfli, and re- 
 prefled the invafion of the Danes. He eredted 
 five bifhoprics, and by founding Cambridge 
 he protected learning. He died 925. 
 
 Edward, St. or martyr, the younger fon 
 of Edgar the great, fucceeded 975, and was 
 murdered at Corfe caftle 978, by his ftep- 
 mother Elfrida. 
 
 Edward, furnamed the confefibr, fon of 
 Ethelred, fucceeded 1041. He was a weak 
 prinee, and governed by Godwin, whofe 
 daughter he had married. At his death, un- 
 willing to fettle the fucceffion, he left his king- 
 dom a prey to faction. He died fb66, and 
 after the fhprt reign of Harold, he, was fuc- 
 ceeded by William the conqueror. 
 
 Ed war d.I. fon and futceflbr of Henry III. 
 
 wns hern at Wincheftw.' He was recalled 
 
 > fro:T> 
 
EDW 
 
 1 J)W 
 
 from his ctr^^" lon againft the 
 cend the throne 1272, and he diftic 
 himfelf by the vigor of his government. The 
 Welfh were fuhdued, Aid to reconcile them 
 to their new matter, the king created his own 
 foil prince of Wales. In 1286 he * 
 pointed umpire between the competitors for 
 the crown of Scotland, and he fo rti'uily con- 
 ducted himfelf, that he nearly Oiade the whole 
 kingdom fubfervient to his power. He died 
 at Carlifle 1307 aged 68, as he was marching 
 againft the Scots, who had revolted againft him. 
 From the wifdom of the laws which lie efcab- 
 lifted, Edward has been called the English 
 Jnftinian, and to his foidnel's for war the 
 people are indebted for their liberies, ce- 
 mented by_the confequence given to their 
 reprefentatives firft called to function the mea- 
 fures and the taxes of government. 
 
 Edward II. fon and fucceflhr of the pre- 
 ceding, 1307, was devoid of that vigor and 
 firmneis requifite in tire head of a turbulent 
 kingdom. His attachment to his favorites 
 Gavefton and the Spencers railed his barons in 
 opposition to his nieafures, and embittered his 
 life. -After, the pnnifliment of his favorites, 
 he was depofed by the nobles, and (hut up in 
 Berkeley caftle, where foon alter lie was mur- 
 dered in the moft barbarous manner, 1327, 
 aged 42. 
 
 Edward III. fon of the preceding, was 
 born at Windfor 13 12, and all-ended the 
 throne 1327. After a glorious campaign in 
 Scotland, he turned his arms againft France. 
 Kis fuccefies brought on the celebrated vic- 
 tory of Crefly 1346, in which 30,000 French 
 fell, mid after the capture of Calais, peace was 
 re-eftablifhed. The fucceiiion of John on the 
 French throne renewed the war, and in 1357 
 a dreadful battle was fought at Poitiers, by the 
 black prince, who took the French monarch 
 prifoner. The arms of Edward had alio been 
 fuccefsful againft. the Scotch, and their king 
 David was taken prifoner, and thus England 
 faw two captive rr.onarchs in her capital. 
 Thefe glorious actions were obfeured by the 
 misfortunes of the latter end of the 'ring's 
 reign. The monarch loft himfelf in the grof- 
 feft fenfuality. He died 1377, aged 6 -. Du- 
 ring his reign England was improved by her 
 connection with the continent, and the arts 
 and manufactures of the Plemifh, were trans- 
 planted into the ifland, where the indr.'hy and 
 the bold genius of the inhabitants have mice 
 improved them. The order of the garter was 
 eftabliflied in this reign. 
 
 Edward IV. fon of P. ; chard of York, 
 claimed the crow n in preference to Henry VI. 
 This rivalftip had already been difputeu in fix 
 battles, in one of which Richard of York fo 1 .!, 
 and in (even others it continued t'; 
 contending armies, till Edward prevailed, and 
 was crowned nt VVeftminiier T461. His mar- 
 riage with Elizabeth Woodville oifgufted his 
 friend Warwick, the king-maker. Warv. Lk 
 joining himfelf to the Jepofed Henry', 
 
 12 
 
 hy at Banbury 1469, and foon 
 after took him prifoner. Edward efeaped, and 
 Warwick, defeated in his turn, fled to France, 
 and foon returned to place Henry from a pri- 
 throne. In his turn, Edward became 
 a fugitive, but collecting forces on the con<i- 
 nent, lie defeated his enemies, and flew War- 
 wick in the field of battle. Edward became 
 defj'icable as a monarch, and loft himfelf in 
 effeminacy. He died 1483, aged 41. 
 
 Edward V. fon of Edward IV. was only 
 
 12 years old on his father's death. The guar- 
 dianfliip of his minority wfls entrufted to his 
 uncle Gloucelter, whole ambition prompted 
 him to the eommiflion of the fouleft crimes. 
 The young monarch, with his brother the 
 duke of York, were on pretence of greater 
 fafety', conducted to the tower, and foon after 
 fmothered, 1483, and the cruel uncle afcended 
 the throne under the name of Richard III. 
 The bodies were difcovered in 1678, and con- 
 veyed to Weffminfter abbey. 
 
 Edwakb VI. fon of Flenry VIII. by Jane 
 Seymour, afcended the throne at the age of 
 10, 1547- His character exhibited itrong 
 marks benevolence; hot his inclinations 
 were often prevented by the intrigues of his 
 minifters. He continued the reformation, and 
 nearly fettled the religious eftablifhment in 
 the form in which it now exifts. To avoid a 
 popifh reign, he fet afide his two lifters Mary 
 and Elizabeth, and fettled the crown on ladv 
 Jane Grey, but his wifhes failed. He died of 
 a confumption 1553, aged 16. He founded 
 feveral Jchools in the kingdom, and endowed 
 Chrift church, Bridewell, and St. Thomas' 
 hofpitals. 
 
 Edward, prince of Wales, furnamed the 
 black prince from the color of his armour, was 
 eldeft fon of Edward III. He diltinguiflied 
 himfelf in the wars of France, efpecialiy at 
 Crefly, and afterwards he commanded the 
 Engliih forces on the glorious victory of Poi- 
 tiers, where he took John king of France and 
 one of his fons prifoners. Senfible of the de- 
 ference due to royalty, he waited behind the 
 chair of his prifoner on the evening of the 
 battle, and when he conveyed him to London ' 
 he entered the capital mounted on a fniall 
 black horfe, while the royal captive was borne 
 by a beautiful white charger. This warlike 
 prin v died of a confumption before his father 
 
 1 3 76, aged 46 ; and by a daughter of Edmund 
 of Kent, he left one fon Richard, who afcended 
 the throne after Fidward III. The crelt which 
 he took from the blind king of Bohemia be- 
 came the creft of the fueceeding princes of 
 Wales, diftinguifhed by three oftrich feathers', 
 and the motto Ich dien, I ilrve. 
 
 ?. i) -,, Richard, of Somerfetfliire, 1523 . 
 was of Corpus Ciirifti cohVge, Oxford, r.ud 
 the:: elected ftudent of Chrilt's church. He 
 
 : tie-man of Elizabeth's chapel, and 
 taught mufic to the children of tile choir. He 
 wrote ihree plays, betides poems, called " a 
 
 oi dainty d.viies." lie died 1566. 
 
 Edwards, 
 
EDW 
 
 EEK 
 
 ltl< 
 
 to, 
 
 E 
 
 an 
 
 Fdw^rd?, Thomas, of Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, was a nonconformist, and oppofed 
 the rovafifts during the civil wars. After the 
 fall of royalty, he expreSfed his disapprobation 
 atpinft the independents, with fuch freedom, 
 that upon the return of Cromwell, he fled to 
 Holland, where he died of a quartan ague, 
 1647, aged 48. His writings are extremely 
 virulent and abufive, chiefly in favor of the 
 puritans, and of the preSbytery. 
 
 Edwards, John, ion of the preceding, was 
 born at Hertford 1637, and educated at Mer- 
 chant-taylors' and St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He undertook the care of Trinity 
 church, Cambridge, where his fenfible dif- 
 couiSes procured him a large audience. In 
 1668, he went for one year to St. Edmundf- 
 bury as lecturer, and on his return, in conSe- 
 qiience of fome difpute with his college, he 
 removed to Trinity hall. He next refided on 
 the lmrill living of St. Peter's, Colchefter, for 
 three years, but difpleafed with the conduct of 
 the Colchefter clergy towards him, he removed 
 to Cambridge. He died 1716, aged 79. Dr. 
 Edwards, in his writings, which are numerous, 
 Showed himfelf moft indefatigable, well ikilled 
 in ecclefiaftical hiftory, and a lubtle and able 
 polemic. His occasional unpopularity aro'e 
 from his partiality for calviniftie principles, and 
 his bias towards the abjured doctrines of the 
 old puritans. Dr. Kippis has called him the 
 Paul, the Auguftine, the Bradwardine, the 
 Calvin, of his age. His writings are now little 
 known. 
 
 Edwards, Gep'rgt, the father of ornitholo- 
 gists, was born at Stratford, ESfex, 1694. He was 
 brought up to trade, but his genius developed 
 tfelf by the perufal of books on natural pif- 
 torv, antiquities, Sic and at the end of his 
 apprentieeihip he travelled abroad, and vifited 
 Holland and Norway. In 1733 he was chyle n 
 .hrarian of the college of phyfkians, and he 
 
 came afterwards fellow of the royal and 
 
 Apiarian fbcieties. The firft of his learned 
 labors appeared in the hiftory of birds, 4 vols. 
 4to. In the years 1743, 1747, 1750, and 
 I751 ; and in 1758, 1760, and 1764, 3 more 
 4to. vol.-. were added, called " gleanings of 
 natural hiftory:" two valuable works, con- 
 taining engravings and defcriptions of upwards 
 of 600 Subjects in natural hiftory. He died 
 1773, aged 81. 
 
 Edwards, Dr. 'Jonathan, wrote againft 
 the Socinians. He was of Jefus college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became principal, 1686. 
 His writings are chiefly controversial. 
 
 Edwaris, Thomas, an elegant writer. He 
 purchafed Turrick, in Bueks, where he chiefly 
 refided ; and he died on a vifit to his friend 
 Richardfon, at Parlbn's Green, 1757, aged 
 58. He distinguished himfelf as an able critic 
 in his canons of criticitin, firft printed 1747, 
 and his letter to the author of a late corres- 
 pondence, &e. which drew upon him Warbur- 
 ton's vengeance. He alfo wrote fome ibnncts, 
 
 Ac. 
 
 Edwards, Thomas, of Coventry, was edu- 
 cated at Coventry School and at Clare hall, 
 Cambridge. He published a new Engliih 
 translation of the pfalms from the original 
 Hebrew, with notes, 8vo. 1755. In 1758 he 
 was chofen m'after of Coventry grammar School 
 and reef or of St. John the Baptift in that city. 
 Tn 1759 he published his ufeful work, " the 
 doctrines 61 irrefiltible grace proved to have 
 no foundation in the writings of the new teS- 
 tament ;" and in 175Z he attacked Dr. Lowth's 
 " metrics Hariame brevis confutatio." In 
 1770, on obtaining the living of Nuneaton, 
 Warwickshire, he retired from Coventry, and 
 died at Nuneaton 1785, aged 56. He pub- 
 lished alio two diSfertations on bigotry, and on 
 the interpretation of the new teftament, and 
 feme learned notes on the idyllia of Theo- 
 critus. 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, of Windfor in Con- 
 necticut, was educated at Yale college, and 
 was minilter of a prefbyterian congregation at 
 New York 1722, and two years after he was 
 made tutor in his college. He was in 1750 
 ejected for refuSing to administer the Sacrament 
 to fome particular perSons ; and the next year 
 he went as miftionary among the Indians. In 
 1757 b e was m -ide prefident of the college, 
 New JerSey, and died of the Small-pox the 
 next vear. He was author of the life of 
 
 David Brainerd, a mifiionary narrative of 
 
 the work of God in the conversion of many 
 hundred Souls in Northampton Sermons, Sec. 
 
 Edwards, William, a common maSon, 
 who acquired c lebrity as a bridge-builder. 
 His bridge over the river Taaff, which is the 
 Segment of a circle, the chord of which is 147 
 feet from the Surface of the water, is a re- 
 markable inftance of his ingenuity. He was 
 occasionally a methodift preacher; and died 
 1789, aged 81. 
 
 Edwv fucceedad as king of England 955, 
 and married Elgiva, who was related to him 
 within the prohibited degrees. This circum- 
 ftance proved his ruin, and that of his queen, 
 who was Seized by Odo, the archbiShop, and, 
 after being branded with a hot iron in the face, 
 was banifhed to Ireland, where She expired by 
 a moft cruel death. The king died in exile 
 959- - . 
 
 EECKHOUT, Qcrhrant Vandcn, a painter, 
 born at Amfterdam 162 1. He preferred his- 
 torical Subjects to portraits, and excelled chiefly 
 in the representation of the feelings of the 
 foul in the features of the countenance. His 
 beft pieces are a Jefus among the doctors 
 the infant Jefus in the arms of Simeon 
 Abraham diimiSfing Hagar and IShmael the 
 continence of Scipio and a woman looking 
 for the fleas of her dog. He died i6;4 ; a 
 bachelor. 
 
 Er.CKHOUTF, Anthony P'anc!t:n,z painter, of 
 Bruges h e travelled into Italy with his bro- 
 ther in-law Deyfter, and while he executed 
 the flowers and the frulrs, his companion corn- 
 pitted the figures of the Several pi6tures which 
 
 wtr% 
 
EGM 
 
 ELB 
 
 were thus conjointly produced. After his 
 return, he purchafed a pod under the bHhop 
 of "ruges; but, to the aftonifhment of all, he 
 fuddenly abandoned his country, and embarked 
 for Italy. In his way he was carried by a 
 fiorm to Lifbon, where his works foon re- 
 commended him to general notice; and after 
 two years he married a lady of quality. His 
 rivals, however, viewed his fuccefs with jea- 
 loufy, and as he was riding out in his coach, 
 he was mot with a bail and inftantly expired, 
 1695. 
 
 Ec.bert, laft king of the Saxon heptarchy, 
 and firlt king of England, was proclaimed 
 monarch of Weflex 8oo, snd of all England in 
 828. He died 10 years after. 
 
 Egede, John, a Dane, miffionary to 
 Greenland 1721. His defcription of Green- 
 land appeared 1729, and he died 1758. His 
 Ion Paul afulted him in converting the Green- 
 landers, and was biihop of the country, and 
 died 1789, aged 81. He republifhed his fa- 
 ther's hiftory, &c. 
 
 Eg e it ton, Thomas, a natural fon of fir 
 Richard Egerton. of Chethire, was educated 
 at Brazen-nofe college, Oxford, and Lincoln's- 
 inn. In 1591 he was folicitor general ; in 
 1592 attorney general, and afterwards matter 
 of the rolls, and keeper of the great leal. 
 James I. in 1603. created him baron ElleiYnere, 
 and made him chancellor of England. He 
 died 161 7. He left fome law manulcripts, 
 and publifhed fome obfervations on his office, 
 its privileges, and prerogatives, &c. 
 
 Egeuton, John, a prelate^ born 1721, in 
 London, and educated at Eton and Oriel col- 
 lege, Oxford. He was fon of the biihop of 
 Hereford, and defcended from the Bridgewater 
 family. In 1749, he was chaplain to the king, 
 and in 1750 dean of Hereford. In 1756 he 
 was confecrated biihop of Bangor, and in 1768 
 tranflated to Litchfield, snd in 1771 to Dur- 
 ham. This high preferment was not unde- 
 ferved. The bifhop poflefled among many" 
 virtues the manners of conciliation and humi- 
 lity, and by a condefcendir.g conduit he ra- 
 ftered peace and good will among the political 
 factions which unhappily divided his county 
 when he fucceeded to Durham. He publiihed 
 only three lermons preached on public occa- 
 fions and died 1787. 
 
 Eggeitng, John Henty, of Bremen, tra- 
 velled to encre:ii'e his knowledge and enlarge 
 his mind. On his return he was made fecre- 
 tary to his republic, and died refpedtcd 17 13, 
 aged 74. He wrote explications of medals and 
 other monuments. 
 
 Egmont, Lamoral count, one of the lords 
 of the Low Countries, diflinguifhed himfelf 
 in the fervice of Charles V. in Africa, and 
 dlfo under Philip II. at St. Quintin and Grave- 
 lines. He was unwilling to adift in ,<ne en- 
 flaving of his country, and therefore being 
 fufpedted by Alva of favoring the prince of 
 Orange, and moreover hated for his fuperior 
 abilities, he was beheaded at BrinTels 1568. 
 
 On this occafien the French ambafTador wrote 
 to his court that he had feen that head fall 
 which had twice made France to tremble, and 
 Philip ebferved that the heads of falmons were 
 of greater account than many thoufands of 
 frogs. 
 
 Egmont, Julius Van, of Leyden, refuted 
 a long time in France, where he was painter 
 to Lewis XIII. and XIV. and one of the 12. 
 elders in the eftabliihment of the academy for 
 painting and fculpture. He returned to An- 
 twerp, where he died 1674. 
 
 Egnatius, John Baptrjl, of Venice, was 
 pupil to Politian, and like him he contributed 
 to the revival of learning. When grown old, 
 the republic paid him the highelt honors for 
 his eminent iervices in education, and decreed 
 that his ftipend fhould be continued, and that 
 he fhould be exempted from all taxes. The 
 works which he publiihed are numerous, but 
 they do not exhibit any marks of fuperior ex- 
 cellence, as his abilities confided chiefly in an 
 aftoniihing retentive memory, in a ftriking 
 ready elocution, and in a convincing mode of 
 conveying inftruition. He died at Veniae 
 1553. His works are orations epiftles a 
 poetical panegyric on Francis I. of France 
 de Romanis principibus vcl Ca?iaribus de ex- 
 emplis virorum illuftrium, &rc. 
 
 Ehret, George Dicnyfius, a German. Af- 
 ter painting the beautiful figures of the Hortus 
 Clifrbrtiamts, he came to England, where he 
 met with encouragement, and was made mem- 
 ber of the royal fociety. One hundred of his 
 botanical figures appeared in the Plantas fe- 
 lehe. He died 1770, aged 60. 
 
 Eisenschmidt, John Gafpar, a mathe- 
 matician and phyfician of Straiburg, where he 
 died 1 71 2, aged 56. He wrote a treatife on 
 the weights and meafures of various nations, 
 and the value of ancient coins, &c. 
 
 Ekins, Jeffery, D.D. a divine, educated 
 at Eton, and King's college, Cambridge. He 
 held the rectories of Quainton, Sedgefield, and 
 Morpeth, Durham, and was dean ot Carlifle. 
 He publifhed a translation of Apollonius Rho- 
 dius' loves of Jafon and Medea, 3 vols. 4to. 
 and died 1791. 
 
 Elbee, N. d\ of Poitou, during the revo- 
 lution efpoufed the caufe of his furFering coun- 
 trymen in la Vendee, and put himfelf at the 
 head of the royalifts there, 1793, and fucceed- 
 ed in defeating the republicans. After the 
 victories of Grolleau, Thonars, Saumur, Cha- 
 tenay, ClifTot, &c. he was unfortunately de- 
 feated at Chollet, and retired to Noirmontiers, 
 where he was taken, and condemned to be 
 ihot. 
 
 ElbcE'if, Rene de Lorraine, marquis d\ 
 feventh fon of Claude of Guife, died 1566. 
 His grandfon Charles married Catharine, the 
 daughter of Henry IV. and died 1657. Thefe 
 illuitrious characters were concerned in the 
 intrigues of the French court under Richelieu 
 and Mazarin. The laft male defeendant of 
 this houfe was Maurice, due d'Elbccuf, who 
 
 died 
 
ELI 
 
 ELI 
 
 <1ied in France 1763, aged S6. He ii particu- 
 larly known as the difcovererof Herculaneum. 
 As he hadferved the emperor in Naples, he fet- 
 
 jre.at Portici, and being offered pieces of 
 ancient marbles to ornament his villa, by a 
 
 - who found them in digging a well, he 
 purchafed the gropnd, and by making excava- 
 tions Herculaneum was difcovered. 
 
 El KANOR, DUCHESS OF GlPENNE, ftlC- 
 
 ceeded her father William IX. in 1 137, though 
 nnlv 15, and the next year lhe married Lewis 
 VII. of France. Lewis was full of oddity and 
 fuperftition, and when he cropped his hair, and 
 feared his he.Td, at the inftigation of Peter of 
 Lombardy, \*ho told him that God hated long 
 hair, he fooii appeared delpicable to his wile, 
 who was playful and volatile. His conduct 
 produced ihconftancy, and Eleanor paffed many 
 guilty hours in the company of her uncle, 
 Raymond of Antioch, and of Saladin, a Turk ; 
 and when Lewis complained of her levity, a 
 divorce enfued, 1152. Six weeks after, Elea- 
 nor married Henry duke of Normandy, after- 
 wards Henry II. of England, by whom lhe had 
 four Ions and a daughter. Guienne and Poic - 
 tou, the dowry which lhe brought to her hu.f- 
 baKd, afterwards proved the fource of thofe 
 preadful wars which for three centuries delug- 
 ed France with Englifh blood. Eleanor gave 
 up Guienne to her fen Richard, and died 
 1204^ a nun at Foiitevrault. Her quarrel with 
 her hufband, who had an adulterous intercourfe 
 with the fair Roiamond in Wbodftock park, 
 incited her to encourage the rebellion of her 
 fons againft their father, and at laft procured 
 her imprifomnentforfixteeri yeare. 
 
 Eleazar was high prieft of ludea 29a B. 
 C. It is laid that he gave Ptolemy Philadel- 
 phus a copy of the bible, which was tranflated 
 by 70 perlons, known by the name of the fep- 
 tuagint. 
 
 Elj, judge of the Ifraelites, B.C. 1 156, 
 was regardlefs of the conduct of his 'fons, 
 Hophni and Phineas, againft whom the anger 
 of the Lord was denounced. The aged father 
 heard the threatened punifhment with refigna- 
 tion, and when the ark of God was taken by 
 the Philiftines, and his two fons were llain in 
 battle, he, at the report, fell from his feat, and 
 Broke his neck, in the 93d year of his age. 
 
 Elias, Matthew, a painter, of Peene, near 
 Caffel, was born 1658. As he one day kept 
 the only cow belonging to his mother, Corbeen, 
 the painter, obferved him making a fortification 
 by the road fide, and pleafed with him, he 
 prevailed upon him to live with him at Dun- 
 kirk. Here he engaged the affection of his 
 friend and patron, by his application and abili- 
 ties; and at the age of 20 he went to Paris, 
 further to improve himfelf. His pieces foon 
 gained the public attention; but though flatter- 
 ed, he never forgot his gratitude to his bene- 
 factor. He afterwards vifited Dunkirk, and 
 fettled there, employing his pencil in adorning 
 the churches and chapels of that part of 
 France. Mild in kis manners, inoffenfive in 
 
 his conduct, he was ieldom feen but at church 
 and in his work room. He worked till the 
 laft period of life, and expired 1 74.1, aged 82., 
 highly reipecf ed. Though correct and grand 
 in his drawings, he failed in his draperies ; 
 and fome of his female figures ?.re reprefentad 
 without tafte. 
 
 Elias, Lcviia, a Gerrran rabbi, of the 
 16th century, who taught Hebrew at Venice 
 and Rome. He publifhed lexicon Chakiai- ' 
 cum -traditi doctrinas, Sec. 4to.- fome He- 
 brew grammars - nomenclatura Hebraka, 
 1542, 4to &c. 
 
 Elich, Leiuis Philip, of Marpurg, IS 
 known in the 17th century for his boo': de 
 magia diabolica. He avoided perfecution by 
 flight, and turned Roman catholic. He pub- 
 lished another book de miferia hominis, Sec 
 He was immoral and impious in his flnti- 
 ments. 
 
 EIlichman, $ob*, of Silefia, praclifed 
 phyfic at Leyden, and was well acquainted 
 with fixteen languages, and, according to Sal- 
 mafius, fuperior to every European in the 
 knowledge of Perlian. He wrote in Arabic', 
 de ui'u Arabics lingua; in mfcdjcina a differ* 
 tation de termino vita;, &c. 
 
 Elijah, a prophet of Ifrael, under Ahab 
 and Ahaziah. After fuffering perfecution 
 from Jezebel, he was taken up to heaven in a 
 chariot of fire, 895 B.C. and left his mantle 
 and his prophetic powers to. Elifha. 
 
 Eliot, Tljomas, of Suffolk, fhei iff of Cam- 
 bridge under Henry VIII., refided - at Cam- 
 bridge, and was author of the firft dictionary, 
 Latin and Englifh, ever publifhe.I in England, 
 He died 1546. 
 
 Eliot, John, a puritan, educated at Cam- 
 bridge. He went to America in 163 1, and 
 eftablifhed a grammar fchool and an indepen- 
 dent congregation at Roxburg. He learned 
 the Indian language 1646, and as a miffionary 
 he converted many of the natives to the 
 Chrtftian religion, and tranflated into their 
 language the bible, and fome popular traits. 
 He died 1689. 
 
 ELiOTT,yJr John, of Peebles, fhewed great 
 application in his youth, WM| became well ac- 
 quainted with Latin and Greek. He w.isrirft 
 employed In the fhop of an apothecary in the 
 Haymarket, London, and then went to fea as 
 furgeon. A rich prize rewarded his labors, 
 and enabled him to affume the air and the 
 name of phyfician. He foon gained reputa- 
 tion and opulence. His adurefs recommended 
 him, and though he was neither very learned 
 nor very ingenious, he became one of the 
 mod popular phyfickns in London ; his fees 
 amounted to little leis than 50OCI. a year. 
 Thus raifed to eminence, lie Chowed that lie 
 knew well how to ufe the favors of fortune. 
 His hofpitality was verj great ; but while the 
 friend of the witty and the learned, be did not 
 forget the labors of his profeilion, nor did he 3 
 while attending the opulent, dildainto adniuii- 
 ftor to the poor without fee or reward. The 
 Y hofpitabi* 
 
LU 
 
 ELI 
 
 hofpitable treats with which he delighted his 
 friends, and the pleasures of the table, in 
 
 he moderately indulged, haftened die 
 decay of His conftiturioit He died l'uddenly 
 at Brocket hall, i; 
 
 EtlOTT, George Augujiiis, the brave de- 
 fender of Gibraltar, w.is born at Stobbs, Rox- 
 burgfhire, 1 718, the youngeft of the nine fons 
 f fir Gilbert Eliott. He went to Leyden, 
 where he made great progrels in military 
 fcience, which he completed at La Fere in 
 Pieardy. He afterwards ferved in the Prul- 
 iian lervice, and in his 17th year he entered as 
 volunteer in the 23d regiment of faot. The 
 next year be went into the engineer corps at 
 Woolwich, and as adjutant of the lecond troop 
 of horl'e grenadiers; he was in Germany at the 
 battle of Dettingen, where he was wounded. 
 After beufg lieutenant colonel in this regiment, 
 he refigned, and became aid-de-camp to George 
 11. in 1759 ne raifed and disciplined the 
 frft regiment of light hcrie called after him 
 Eliott's, and with them he went to Germany, 
 where difcipline and enterprise reflected the 
 higheft honor on the general and on the men. 
 He was lecond in command againfl the Ha- 
 vannab, where his courage and his humanity 
 were eminently dilplayed. At the peace, the 
 gallant regiment was reviewed in Hyde park by 
 the king, who was fo pleated with their ap- 
 pearance, that he bellowed on them the appel- 
 lation of royals. In 1775 general Elliott luc- 
 ceeded A'Court as commander in chief in Ire- 
 land, and foon after was nominated governor of 
 Gibraltar. While he ettabliihed in the garri- 
 lon a fyftem of difcipline, he exhibited to the 
 foldiers an example for them to follow. He 
 inured himfelf to the fevereft privations, he 
 eat noflefh, nor drank wine, but lived on vege- 
 tables and water; he never Dept more than 
 four hours at a time, and therefore the vigi- 
 lance of the general was fbon feen and imitated 
 ?s the belt qualification of a good fold'.er. Thus 
 peri'evering and vigilant, he defended the 
 barren rock with victorious fuccefs againft 
 Spain and France. The {kill and valor dif- 
 played in the memorable (lege of 1782, had 
 fixed Upon the gallant commander and his 
 brave garrifon the admiration of the world, 
 and therefore on his return to England he was 
 greeted by the nation with acclamations, by 
 the fenate with thanks, and by the king with 
 the honorable reward of a peerage, by the title 
 of lord Heathfield, baron Gibraltar. This 
 Illuftrious veteran died at his chateau, at Aix- 
 la-Chapelle, of a lecond attack of the palfy 
 1790, in his 73d year. 
 
 Eliott, Richard, of Kingfbridge, Devon, 
 was educated at Bene't college, Cambridge. 
 He was expelled from St. George's chapel, 
 Hyde park, tor printing a lerrr.on on falvation 
 
 th without works, and became dihenting 
 rninifter hi Glafs-boufe yard, Alderfgate- 
 ftreet. H< died fuddetfly in his pulpit 1789. 
 He pul-limcd foroe controvelltal tracts and 
 
 Eltsua, a prophet, called from the plough 
 to become the fervant of Elijah. When hit 
 mailer was carried up to heaven in a chariot of 
 fire, he received his mantle and was apj 
 his fucceffor. tie died at Samaria about S30 
 B.C. 
 
 Elizabeth, queen of England, daughter 
 of Henry VIII. by Ann Boleyn, was born 
 1533. She was declared illegitimate b 
 father, but her mother recommended her 
 to the care of Parker afterwards arc' 
 of Canterbury, by whom her principles of re- 
 ligion we're fixed. She lived in privacy, but en 
 Mary's accellion Ihe was nearly facrificed to 
 the queen's bigotry by (he influence of 
 ner. Philip interceded for her, as lie marked 
 her for his fecond wife on Mary's deceafe. 
 Drawn from prilbu to lit on the throne 1558, 
 and educated in the ichool of adveriity, ihe 
 came to govern a gallant and rijing nati 
 by her wifdora to fix their deftinies on th 
 glorious balls. " With a foul hero: 
 nimous, an understanding poliihed by literature" 
 anilearned languages,(he yet pofTelTed thew eak- . 
 nefs <af her lex, and loved to be admii 
 cowrtedfor the elegancies of her drefs, 
 beauties of her perfon. Prudent and d 
 ing in her meafures, fhe proceeded wit 1 
 tion in eitablifhing the pioteftaut 1 
 treating the catholic party with tendemc 
 profeffed a willingnefs to be on amicable term! 
 even with pope Paul IV. Before Ihe ailci.ded. 
 the throne, the king ofSwede> made propc-* 
 fals of marriage to her, which the rejected. 
 Philip her brother-in-law was "equally unfuc- 
 cefsful, and the duke of Anjou, who for a 
 while feemed to be treated with partiality, 
 was diiV..;.T 1 at lall with indifference. Her 
 parliament interfered, but fhe declared that 
 (he was wedded to her people, and that me 
 wilhed her tomb-ftone te record that after 
 reigning fo long fhe had lived and died a virgin 
 queen. Authors have heen puzzled to ac- 
 count for this fettled averfion to marriage, and 
 wnile fome fuggefted that this coldnefs of con- 
 flitution arofe from natural caufes, others 
 have intimated that her hours of retirement 
 were not always devoted to continence. 'Fhe 
 fufpicions are illiberal; though fhe'was beautiful 
 and young, and loved entertainments a ! 
 though fhe felecleu the handtomeft fei 
 votites, yet nothing can be zdvanced 
 her chastity. Though fhe had favorites', in no 
 inftance is it mentioned that fhe forg 
 dignity, and indeed tl ere were fo 
 watchful eyes about her perfon, that 
 been incontinent, t 
 been divulged. That fhe wilhed to 
 her favorites by tlw loft influem 
 male charts pofTeft over the heart is pi 
 but when it is conlidered that whi 
 tied on her throne flu was near': 
 
 r paHiens of youth had fubfid 
 that her great ambition was to rule uii 
 fuperior ir rival in the afT 
 the wonders of her celiba 
 
ELL 
 
 ELL 
 
 I Itas Jortvmte in the choice of her m'nifters, 
 but though lhe could depend on Cecil and on 
 ngham, die yet loved buiinefs. It is unnc- 
 . to mention the glorious events of her 
 The mod indelible blot however on 
 her character, is her treatment of the unfortu- 
 nate Mary. Inftead of pitying her misfortunes 
 me deceived her ; and inftead of replacing her 
 on her throne, ihe led her to a fcaffold, >and 
 tlien meanly pretended to blame the horrible 
 proceedings as the act of her miniftcrs. After 
 reign of 44 years four months and fix days, 
 and alter feeing her people grown powerful in 
 arms, fuccefsful in navigation and commerce, 
 and diituiguiihed in fcience and literature, this 
 great princefs died 24th March 160;,, aged 
 70. Never, fays a Jefuit, did a crowned head 
 better underftand the art of government, and 
 commit fewer errors in it, during a long r; ign. 
 She was not a warlike princefs, but (he knew 
 lb well how to train up.w arriors, that England 
 had not for a long time il-en a greater number 
 ol them, nor more experienced. 
 
 Elizabeth, of Auftria, married Charles 
 IX. of France 1570. The mafiacre of St. 
 Bartholomew overwhelmed her with grief, 
 hu- (he avoided tiie dangers of polities, and 
 mined the affections of" her hulband, who oh 
 his death bed tenderly recommended her and 
 her daughter to Henry IV. king of Navarre 
 his fucceflbr. She died at Vienna in a convent 
 which me herfelf had founded, 159:, aged 
 38, iincerely lamented. 
 
 Elizaukth, PeLrovna, daughter of Peter 
 the Great, was born 1 709. She had among 
 her llutors Lewis XV. of France, Charles Au- 
 gudus hifhop of Lubec, Charles margrave of 
 ftnfpach, Kouli Khan, and Lewis ol Brunfwick, 
 ut fhe rejected all. She did not however dif- 
 like favorites, as her amours were frequent. 
 She afcended the throne in 1 741, and received 
 |the appellation of humane, becaufe (lie made a 
 w th..t no capital puntfhment fhould be 
 inflicted during her reign. Severities however 
 were pra&ifed, and Elizabeth herfelf gave a 
 Pg example of cruelty in condemning two 
 fees ofher court, women of beauty u::d rank, 
 :o receive 50 ltrokes of the knoot, in the open 
 fyuare of Peterfburgh, to have their tongues 
 :ut out, and to be baniihed to Siberia, for di- 
 ::er fecret amours. Though given to 
 incontinence, Elizabeth pretended to be a Uriel 
 fcptee; fhe was fcrupulous in her yeariy 
 r, fhe expreffed contrition 
 for her faults, and was punctual in all the ex- 
 ternal offices of religion. She died 1761,111 
 the 2ltt year of her reign, and .?2dof her age. 
 R. DE BkoOKHusEN, John TbeuLe, 
 [i to the king of Pruffia, died at Berlin 
 [760, aged 71. He wrote a Itatin treatife on 
 he knowledge and treatment of difeafes. 
 
 Ei.i.iger, Ottomar, fon of a phyfician, was 
 
 >orn at Gottenburg 1633. His father wifhed 
 
 o make him a fcholar, but nature had formed 
 
 - a painter, and he foon diiblayed fupe- 
 
 fior excellence in pi inting flowers and fruit. 
 
 He was invited to Berlin, where he became a 
 great favorite. Bis pieces are much admired 
 in Germany. 
 
 Elliger, Otlornar, lbn of the preceding 
 was born at Hamburgh 1666. lie ftudied 
 under his father, but his great matter was 
 Laireffe. Taking nature for his model, he 
 luiiihed his pictures in a ftyle pleafing to the 
 man of title as well as the fcholar. In his 
 back grounds he introduced the fineit remains 
 of Egyptian, Grecian, or Roman architecture, 
 and diiplayed correctn<?fs of conception and 
 fublimity of genius. His belt pieces are the 
 death of Alexander, and the nuptials of Thetis 
 and Peleus, for the elector of Mentz, which 
 the prince wifhed to reward by granting the 
 painterahandibmerenfion. 1 hefe honors Elliger 
 refufed, preferring liberty to the fervice of the 
 created potentates lhe latter part of his 
 life was clouded by intemperance. Fie died 
 1732, aeed6o. 
 
 Ellis, Clement, M. A. of Cumberland, 
 went to (Queen's college, Oxford, and at the 
 reformation obtained the living of Kirkby- 
 weftern, Notts, and in 1693 the prebend of 
 Southwell. He died 1706, aged 70. : :e wrote 
 the genteel (inner the fcripture catechiit < 
 the felf deceiver, Sec. 
 
 E1.L15, John, an Englifh po?t, born in 
 London 1698. As his father was a man of 
 an eccentric character, and his mother a dii- 
 ienter, who purufhed him even for looking at 
 a top on Sunday, his education was little attend- 
 ed to. He v\as placed in the office oi'Taveruer.a 
 fcrivener,where,befideshisbi:lliieis,he attended 
 to the ciafiical infractions which young Taver- 
 ner received from his father. With this inda- 
 lent y roth, after tiie father's death, Ellis was 
 united in partnerfhip,and from his imprudence 
 he was a great fufferer. His literary qualifi- 
 cations introduced him to the learned. 'Though 
 for feventy years he wrote, without ever pub- 
 lishing, fmall poetical pieces, he did not neglect 
 his bufmefs, and, as a fcrivener of probity, he 
 was the agent of many relpedtable families. 
 In 1 750 he was elected a common councilman 
 of London ; and he was for many years deputy 
 of his ward, and four times elected mailer cf 
 the fcriveners' company By temperance he 
 attained a great age, though he had a 
 nefs in one of his eyes, which, in his 86th year, 
 patied to the other in a lingular manner, which 
 he has defcribed in a letter to his friend I)r* 
 Johnfon. The laft years of life were clouded 
 with diitrefs, in confequence of incautio'ully 
 fruiting fome money into the hands of an artlui 
 villain. Cheerful to the laft, he was capable of 
 walking twenty and even thirty miles a day 
 even to his 85th year. He died gently, fitting 
 in his chair, the 3 lit December 1 791, in his 
 94th year. As he had been brought tip a 
 diffenter, he foon faw the hypocrify ol the feet* 
 and he expreffed the ftrongelt averfion for them. 
 His hours of relaxation were always employed 
 in walking ; and when ijucltioned why he Reg- 
 ie chd to ^o to church, he rjl ; ed, f Nathan 
 Y a "walked 
 
ELS 
 
 ELW 
 
 talked with the Lend." To the character of 
 an honeft and independent man, he added that 
 of poetical merit ; and his pieces pofiefTed 
 weatnefs, elegance, fpiril, and naivete. Many 
 of his poems were long preferved in manu- 
 script. Beficles fome pieces to be found in 
 Dodfley's collection, he wrote a translation of 
 Dr. King's templuni libertntis a Hudibratlic 
 travefty of Maphasus the South Sea dream 
 the furprize a tranilation of fome of the 
 cpiltles and of the metamorphofts of Ovid^ 
 fome parts of jEfop's fables, of Cato, &* 
 
 Ellwood, Thomas, of Crovvell, Oxford- 
 (liire, turned quakcr, and thus loft the pro- 
 tection of his father. He was for lbme time 
 reader to Milton, and wrote a ficred poem on 
 the life of David an hiitory of the old and 
 new testaments befides an edition of George 
 Fox's journal, &c. He died 1713, aged 74. 
 
 Elly3, Anthony, was born in 1693, and 
 educated at Clare-hall, Cambridge. In 1 724 
 he was vicar of St. Olave's Jewry, &c. and the 
 next year prebendary of Gloucefter. In 1 >J2 
 he was made hilltop of St. David's, and died at 
 Gloucefter 1761. Befides three occafional 
 fermons, he publifhed. in 1736, a plea for the 
 facuamental teft,&c. 4to. remarks on Hume's 
 eflay on miracles, &e. 
 
 Elmacinus, George, an Egyptian, author 1 
 f a Saracen hiftory, from Mohammed to the 
 year 11 18. He profefted himfelf to be a 
 Chriftian, and held places of honor under the 
 caliphs. 
 
 Elphinstone, William, born in the 
 county of Stirling 1432, was educated at St. 
 Salvador's, St. Andrew's, and Paris. He be- 
 came archdeacon of St. Andrew's, and biihop of 
 Aberdeen. In 1483 he went as ambaiiador to 
 France, and in 1489 to Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land ; and in 1495 he was made chancellor of 
 Scotland. The death of James, at the battle 
 of Flcdden- field, 15 13, lb overpowered his 
 inirits that he died ibon after, aged 81. He 
 was a munificent benefactor to the univerfity 
 cf Aberdeen. 
 
 Elsheimer, Actum, a painter, of Frank- 
 fort on the Maine. Though the ion f a 
 taylor, he was by his induftry enabled to go to 
 Rome, where he foon became a diftinguifhed 
 artift. His landscapes, hiftories, and night- 
 pbcos, are l'o highly finilhed, (o fcarce, and fo 
 > iluable, that they are to be i'een only in the 
 collection of princes. He was a man of a me- 
 lancholy difpofition, and died 1610, aged 36. 
 
 Elsneh, James, profefibr of theology and 
 oriental languages at Lingen, wrote obiervrt- 
 tiones iacrre in novi teltam. libros explanation 
 of the epiftie to the Philippians, &c. He died 
 1750, aged 58. 
 
 Elstob, William, of Newcaftle, was edu- 
 cated at Eton and Catharine-hall, Cambridge. 
 He afterwards removed to Queen's collie, 
 Oxford, and was choien fellow of Univerfity. 
 In 1702 he became redtor of St. Svvithin and 
 St. Mary Ecthav.% I.our'on, where, he died 
 twelve year iftw H p--u>iifttfd Lupu*' 
 
 Saxon hiitory tranfiated into Latin, and alfl 
 Afcham's Latin letters, and wrote an eflayoi 
 the great affinity and mutual agreement of tin 
 two profeflions, law and divinity. He wa 
 engaged alio in the laborious edition of th< 
 Saxon laws, with notes, &c. 
 
 Elstob, Elizabeth, filter of the preceding 
 was well (killed in the Saxon language. Shi 
 retired, after her brother's death, to Evelham 
 Worcefterfhire, where fhe kept a fmallfchoo] 
 She obtained from queen Caroline an annuity 
 of 2tl. ; but after the death of her majefty (hi 
 was again reduced to poverty, and thougl 
 fkilled in eight languages, Hie was obliged t< 
 become a governefs. She was then engaged ii 
 the duchefs of Portland's family, where fh< 
 continued feventeen years, and died at Bui 
 firode, 1756, aged 73. In 1715 fhe publilhec 
 a Saxon grammar, &c. and as Rowe More; 
 obferves, " Ihe was the indefefta comes of he] 
 brother's ftudies, a female ftudcait of the uni- 
 verfity, upon a genteel fortune, but purfuinj 
 too much the drug called learning." 
 
 ElSynge, Henty, clerk of the houfe 0: 
 commons, was born at Batterfea 1598, anc 
 educated at Weftminfter and Chrift church 
 Oxford. He refigned his office when he law 
 the determination of parliament to try the 
 king ; and he retired to his hsufe at Hounflow, 
 where he died 1654. To learning, and the 
 knowledge of French and Italian, he added 
 the noble character of an honeft man. He 
 publifhed " the ancient method and manner ol 
 holding parliaments in England," 1663, re- 
 printed 1768, &c. 
 
 Elvius, Peter, of Upfal, was eminent for 
 his knowledge of mathematics He mase fur* 
 veys of the Swedifh lakes, and of the courts of 
 the country, befides obfervations on the hea- 
 venly bodies, from Uraniburg. He wrote a 
 journal of a tour in Sweden, and died 1749, 
 ag< d 39. 
 
 Elwes, John, of laving memory, was fon 
 of a brewer in Southwark, of the name of 
 >t. He went to Weftminfter fchool ten 
 or twelve years, and then vifited Geneffl 
 where, for three years, he diftinguilhodhiirriH 
 in dividing the palm of horfemanlhip with 
 Woriley and Sydney Meadows. On his return 
 to England he vifited in the aflumed garb of a 
 mii'er, his uncle, fir Harvey Elwes, in EfTex, 
 whole fole pleaflire was the hoarding up of 
 money. He afterwards fucceeded to his for- 
 tune, which was little lefs than 250,0001, aflft 
 changed his name to that of Elwes. He was 
 than forty years old ; but though known, for 
 the laft fifteen years, in all tiie circles 1 
 pation in London, he did not, upon the acqufcW 
 tion of fuch an ample fortune, to which ; 
 'a as equal, launch out into the extravagandpj 
 ol the times. He was naturally fond of gaming", I 
 and did not give it up till late in life. " He 
 has been known," as his biographer 1 
 ferved, " after fitting up a whole ni 
 play, for thoufands, in elegant apartmci 
 lamented with the molt fplendid decorations, 
 
 and 
 
ELZ 
 
 EML 
 
 and with waiters at his call, to walk out about 4 
 
 I in the morning, and proceed to Smithficld to 
 
 I meet his own cattle coming to market from 
 
 j fiex. Forgetful of the fcenes which he had 
 
 .fc, he would ftand there, often in the 
 
 I cold and rain, dilputing with a carcafe-butcher 
 
 ' for perhaps a milling. Sometimes, when the 
 
 II cattle did not arrive at the hour he expected, 
 
 I j he would walk on, in the mire and dirt, to 
 'I meet them, and more than once he has gone 
 l| the whole way to his farm without flopping, 
 : though 17 miles from London. Denying him- 
 J.J felf every comfort, he walked home to Lon- 
 
 II don in the rain, fooner than pay a milling for 
 |l| a couch ; he would fit in wet clothes, rather 
 ill than have a fire to dry them ; he would eat 
 || his provifions in the kit ftate of putrefaction, 
 j! fooner than have a frefh joint ; and he wore a 
 II wig for a fortnight, which I," fays the biogra- 
 H pher, " law him pickup from a rut in a lane." 
 
 I Yet when this paffion of faving did not iurer- 
 \\\ fere, he performed very kind offices. In 
 
 I I *774> when aged 60, he was elefte;! member 
 I for Berkshire, and for twelve years ierved the 
 
 I[J county, the molt independent man in the 
 1 cr unions. He came in without expenca, and 
 
 III therefore expected no favor, and voted as in 
 the pureft days of parliamentary reprel'entation. 
 In 1788 he began to feel the infirmities of age, 
 but with the Itrongeft antipathy to apotheca- 
 ries, he endeavoured to fupport life by regular 
 exercife. In November 1789 nature feemed 
 exhausted, and ,no longer able to walk, he crept 
 into his bed on the 21ft, and on the 26th ex- 
 pired, without a groan, leaving, befides entailed 
 eitates at Marcham, Berks, in Efiex, &c. up- 
 wards of 500,00c!. Though, however, fo 
 &nd of money, he never did an unjuft action 
 to incre.afe his (tore. He "was cruel to himfelf, 
 and benevolent to others. To others he lent 
 much, to himfelf he denied every thing. 
 
 Elxai, or ELXiEus, founder of a feet in the 
 fecond century, commanded his followers, 
 whenever they prayed, always to direct their 
 faces towards Jerufalcm. As he was an ene- 
 my to continence, he obliged all his followers 
 to marry. 
 
 Elys, Edmund, of Devonfhire, was edu- 
 cated at Baliol college, Oxford. He publilhed 
 <bme divine poems and mifcellanea, in Latin 
 and Englilh verfe. In 1659 be fucceeded his 
 father as rector of Eaft Aliington, Devonihire, 
 from which he was afterwards ejected. His 
 pamphlet againft Tillotfon's fermons on the 
 incarnation, and his volume of letters, were 
 much admired. He died after 1693. 
 
 Elzevirs, celebrated printers in Amfter- 
 dam and Leyden, inferior to the Stephens in 
 learning, but fuperior in the neatnefs and ele- 
 gance of their fraall characters. There were 
 five brothers, Leivis, Bonaventure, Abraham, 
 Z>czvis, awd Danid. Lewis became known 
 *595> ad was the firft who marked the dii- 
 tinction between v confonant and u vowel. 
 Daniel was the laft of his family diitinguifhed 
 oyer other printer* He died i6Si. 
 
 Emanuel, king of Portugal 1495, diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf by patronifing commercial ad- 
 ventures. By the perfevering boldnefs of the 
 Portuguefe, the way to India by the Cape was 
 discovered by Gama, and Brazil was vifited in 
 1501 by Cabrale. Defervedly called the great, 
 he died 1521, aged 53. 
 
 Emerson:, William, a mathematician, born 
 1701, at Hurworth, Durham. He followed 
 the profeffion of his father as fchoolmafter ; 
 but foon refigned it, fatisfied with a fmall eftate 
 of about 60I. or 70I. a year. He was not only 
 a general fchoiar, but well fkilled in clafiical 
 learning, and knew fomething of phyfic. With 
 a noble independence of mind, his manners, as 
 well as his drefs, were Angular and eccentric. 
 His drefs, when in company, confuted of a 
 flaxen wig without a fmgle crooked hair in it ; 
 his fhirt had no opening before, but buttoned 
 clofe at the collar behind ; his waiftcoat always 
 open before, except the lower button ; and his 
 coat, the only one he had, always open ; with 
 one hat, which ierved him the whole of life, as 
 he gradually lefiened the flaps, bit by bit, as it 
 loft its .elaiticity. He always walked, though 
 he kept a hor e; and when prefled by the duke 
 of Manchefter, who often was delighted to pay 
 him avinT to get into his coach, he would an- 
 fwer, " Damn your whim-wham, I had rather 
 walk." When he had any thing for the prefs, 
 he walked to London, and corrected evry 
 fheet himfelf. He was fond of fifhing, and 
 generally flood up to his middle in the water 
 whhe engaged in it. After hard iludy he re- 
 tired to the ale-houie for relaxation, and there 
 procured whomever he could to drink and to 
 talk with him. He lived very healthy, till 
 1 78 j, when, being afflicted with the (lone, and 
 apprehending his diflblution, he fold all bis 
 books, and expired 1782, aged near 8l His 
 publications were fixteen in number, and all on 
 mathematics, fluxions, algebra, optics, naviga- 
 tion, and mechanics,, confidered as very learned 
 and accurate. 
 
 Emlyn, Thomas, of Stamford, Lincolnshire, 
 was educated for the miuiftry among the dil- 
 fenters. After being at a private fchool, he 
 entered at Emanuel college, Cambridge. He 
 became, in 1683, chaplain to the countefs of 
 Donegal, and lived in her family even after 
 her marriage to fir Willia<n Franklin. He was 
 Co reipected that his patron fir William offered 
 him a living in England, which he refufed, in 
 confequence of his adherence to the noncon- 
 form ill doctrines. The troubles of Ireland, 
 however, foon put an end to his peaceful retire- 
 ment, and he returned to London about 1688. 
 In 1689, on the invitation of fir Robert Rich, 
 one of the lords of the admiralty, he under- 
 took the care of a difienting congregation at 
 Leoftoif, where he continued about a year and 
 a half. The flight of James II. from Ireland 
 allowed the diflbnters to re-eitabbfh their 
 congregations, and Emlyn, well known as a 
 preacher in Dublin, was invited to fettle there 
 by his friend JSoyfe, in Wood-ftreet. Emlyn 
 Y3 con- 
 
EMM 
 
 ENG 
 
 contented, and in 1691 removed to Dublin, 
 tad difplayed great powers of eloquence as a 
 preacher ; and inn-- : efteem by his 
 
 difcourfes, eipecia ly by that pathetic fermon 
 called funeral cnnfohtions, which he delivered 
 in conftquence of his wife's death. This event 
 in 1701, followed by the death of his mother, 
 and of a fon, affected him moft bitterly ; but to 
 domeftic calamities was now added public perlc- 
 cution. His opinions with reipec i to the Tri- 
 nity began to be fufpecled, and he openly de- 
 clared his fentiments, and was fufpended from 
 his office, and perfuaded abruptly to leave the 
 country Ke came to London, where he pub- 
 limed his cafe ; but returning to Dublin, he 
 routed the indignation of all parties by the 
 publication of his " humble enquiry into the 
 fcripture account of Jefus Chrift, or a fhort 
 argument concerning his deity and glory, ac- 
 cording to the gofpel." This book drew the 
 arm of the law upon its author. He was ar- 
 retted at the inftance of the diffenters, his book 
 was feized, and he was tried, and found guilty 
 of blalphemoufly afferting that Jefus Chnit was 
 not equal to God the Father. He was accord- 
 ingly fenttneedto fuffer a year's imprifonment, 
 and to pay a fine of icool.to the queen. The 
 ignominy of the pillory was not added to his 
 fentence, as he was a man of letters ; but he 
 wits conducted round the four courts with a 
 hbe! on his hreaft. After two years' confine- 
 ment *he fine was reduced to 70I. and he was 
 liberated. Ke returned to London, where he 
 preached among the diffenters ; but his con- 
 gregation diminifhing, he retired to folitude 
 engaged in polemical divinity, about various 
 parts of fcripture. He had feveral invitations 
 to take an active part in the miniftry, particu- 
 larly at Exeter; but all thefe he rejected. He 
 died 1743, aged 79. His writings on contro- 
 versial fubjects are even now held in eftimation 
 by fome, who have embraced his opinions as 
 an unitarian or high arian. 
 
 Emma, daughter of Richard II. of Norman- 
 dy, married Etheldred of England, with whom 
 (he fled on the invafion of the Danes. She 
 afterwards married Canute; and when her fon 
 Edward, called the confefTor, afcended the 
 throne, (Tie reigned conjointly with him. Her 
 enemy the earl of Kent oppofed her; and 
 when (he appealed for afliftance to the bifhop 
 of Winchefter, (he was acculed of criminal in- 
 tercourfe with that 'prelate ; from which (he 
 extricated herfelf by walking barefoot, and un- 
 hurt, over nine buining ploughfhares. 
 
 Emmius, Ubo, born inEalr Friefland, was 
 rector of Norden college, 1570, but ex- 
 pelled forrefufingtofubferibethe confeffion of 
 Augfburg, and 1588 he became redor of Leer 
 college, which he raifed to high eminence. In 
 X594 he was appointed over Groningen col- 
 lege, and when it was changed, in 1614, into 
 an univerfity, he was made profeffbr of hiftory 
 and Greek. He died at Groningen 1625. Ke 
 ms. author of feveral works, the mod known 
 ef vrtikh are, Vetus Crsecia illuftrata, 3 vols. 
 
 publ'rihed after his death hhtory of " 
 
 count Naftau decades rerum Friiica- 
 rum, &c. 
 
 Emperf.ur, a French engraver, in the 
 1 8th century, whofe belt pieces are, tl 
 umph of Silenus and the bathers Aurora a?id 
 Tithonus, and the rape ofEuropa Pvramul 
 and Thifbe. 
 
 F-MPSON,/7r Ficbard, the favorite of Henrif 
 VII. was Ion of a fieve-maker ;t "I 
 Northamptonfhire. His conduct in rv 
 king's revenues rendered him unpopular, and 
 in the beginning of the next reign he was be- 
 headed, 15 10. 
 
 Enfield, William, of Sudbury, was edu- 
 cated at Daventry, and in 1763 was minister 
 of a dif&nting congregation in 1 .iverpool. He 
 was in 1770 tutor in belles lettres to the War- 
 rington academy, and afterwards, in i~X.', 
 fettled at Norwich, where he died, 1707, aged 
 56. He publifhed two volumes of fermona of 
 confiderable merit an hiftory of Liverpool 
 inllitutes of natural philofophy prayers and 
 hymns an hiftory of philofophy, 2 vols. 4to 
 biographical iermons the fpeaker, a popu- 
 lar fchool book and, fince his death, 3 vols, of 
 iermons have appeared. 
 
 FIngelbrecut, jfshn,o{ Brunfwick, 1599, 
 after working as a clothier, became, in 1622, 
 a fanatical vifionary, and gained the attention 
 of the vulgar by his pretended intercourfe with 
 fpirits, angels, and devils, and even with Chrift 
 himfelf, who, as he laid, lhowed him his five 
 holy wounds. As heaven and hell were thus 
 open to his view, he received divine letter! 
 from above, and was called the mouth of the 
 Lord. He died in 1641. 
 
 Exguelbrechtsek, Cornelius, a paintetl 
 the firlt Dutchman who painted in oil. His 
 Chrift on the crofs,his Abraham's facrifice,and 
 his delcent from the crols, are preferved in the 
 church of Notre Dame du Marais ; but his 
 heft piece is a picture with two fides, defigned 
 for the tombs of the barons Lockhorlt, repre- 
 fenting the lamb of the apocalypfe. He died 
 at Leyden 1533, aged 65. 
 
 EtiGHiEVt y Juie of, (on of the duke of Bour- 
 bon, and grandfon of the prince of Conde, was 
 feized in the night at Ettenheim, in the terri- 
 tories of the elector of Baden, by direction of 
 Bonaparte, and hurried to Pans. 'J his was 
 followed by a mock trial, and the prince con- 
 demned for having carried arms againft hi* 
 country during the reign ofRobefpierre. The 
 fentence of his judges was- carried into execu- 
 tion in the night of the 22d of March 1804, 
 and he was (hot in the wood of Vincenr.es. 
 He died 'with refi c 'nation, rejoicing in his la(t 
 moments that the fojdiers who (hot him were 
 not Frenchmen. 
 
 English, Hefier, a Frenchwomar 
 nent for fin writing in the reigns of Elizabeth 
 and James I. Her performances are prefervel 
 in libraries and private hands. On:- 
 pieces was preferved by Mr. Cripps, London, 
 called, " Gclonaires upon the vaniua and 
 
ENZ 
 
 EPH 
 
 fnctjhrtancie" of the world, written by Efter 
 [oglis, the rirfte of Januarie 1600." 
 
 ENJEDIM, George, an unitarian of Hun- 
 gary, who died 1597. He wrote a learned 
 pook, called explkatfo locorum fcriptune ex 
 quibus dogma Trinitatis ftabiliri folet, 4to. 
 
 Ennodios, Magnus Felix, a writer, born 
 in Italy about 473. The lots of an aunt, at 
 the age of 16, reduced him to poverty, from 
 which he was relieved by marrying a lady of 
 fortune. He afterwards took orders ; and his 
 My retired to feclufion. In 511 he was ad- 
 vanced to the bifhopric of Pavia, and atu-r- 
 wirds he negociated an union between the 
 weftern and eaitem churches. He died at 
 Padua 521. 
 
 Enoch, the feventh from Adam, is cele- 
 brated for his integrity and virtues, for which 
 lie was taken up to heaven without dying, 
 B.C. 3017, in the 365th year of his age- 
 
 F.nsenada, Zeno Some de SUi-a, mqrquij 
 de la, a miiailter of Spain. From the office of 
 a book-keeper to a banker, he rofe to places of 
 honor, and being ennobled,' took the name of 
 Enfenada {nothing in it/elf.) He was intimate 
 with Farinelii, who, like himfelf, bad rifen 
 from obfeurity ; and when difmhTed, by the 
 intrigues of Huei'car, his friend reflected upon 
 the feverity of the meafure in the pretence of 
 the queen. Though never reinftated in the 
 office of prime minifter, he retained in privacy 
 the efteem of his fovereign. He died 1755. 
 
 Ent, George, of Sandwich, Kent, was 
 educated at Sydney college, Cambridge. He 
 afterwards took his degree of M.H. in Padua, 
 and was elected fellow, and afterwards presi- 
 dent, of the collage of phyucians, and knighted 
 by Charles II. He died in London 16.89. As 
 the friend of Harvey, he wrote apologia pro 
 circulatione fanguinis, contra ^EmiHum Paiif- 
 
 anum, 8vo. animadvulu nes in Tnruftoni 
 
 diatribam de refpirationis uiu primnrio, 8vo. 
 he 
 
 Entick, John, 3 clergyman and fchcol- 
 malter at Stepney, known as the author of a 
 Latin and of a ipellmg dictionary. He alio 
 wrote a hiilory of the war terminated in 1763, 
 5 vols. 8vo. and a hifiory of London, 4 yols. 
 8vo. abridged from Stow, and other works. 
 He died 1780, 
 
 Entinope, of Candia, in the -7th century, 
 was one of the chief founders of Venice. He 
 fed from the Goths, in 405, and concealed 
 himfelf in the marines on the borders of the 
 Adriatic, and the houle he built was the be- 
 ginning of the republic. The people of Padua 
 fought the lame refidepce afterwards, and 24 
 
 houfes were erected there in 41 
 
 His houle 
 
 was afterwards converted into a church, dedi- 
 cated to St. James, and ftiU ex/ifts in the 
 ^Kialto. 
 
 EnziJtas, F ranch, of Burgos, became a 
 
 - of Melancthon, and translated the new 
 
 nt into Spanifh, for which he was im- 
 
 prifoned ; but efcaping, he fled to Calv ; v at 
 
 *> T 545 He wrpte a biltory of the 
 
 Low Countries, and of Spain, which form* 
 part of the proteftant martyrology. 
 
 Eobanus, Ellas, furaamed HefTUs, as born 
 in an open field near Heife, 1448, was pro- 
 feflbr of belles lettres at Erfurt, &C. 1 hough 
 a good poet and an elegant fcholar, he was 
 very fond of drinking, and he is laid to have 
 conquered a hard German drinker by emptj> 
 ing a bucket of beer. He pollefled all the 
 eale and elegance of Ovid, though he was in- 
 ferior in imagination. He died 1540, aged 
 52. His works are, Latin tranflations, in 
 verfe, from Theocritus and from Homer 
 elegies r-iylva? bucolics, much eiteemed: 
 cpilloliB, &c. 
 
 Eon, de FEtoile, a fanatic of Brit any. 
 Taking advantage of his name, he thought 
 himfelf the Ion of God, and the judge of quick 
 and dead, per eum qui juftiricaturus eft vivos 
 et mortuos. He gave rank to his follower;-:, 
 calling lbme angels and iome inferior fpirits ; 
 and as he bribed thofe who wuro lent to feize 
 him, it was considered by the vulgar that it 
 was impoflible to apprehend him. He was 
 brou/ht before Fugenjus at the council of 
 Rheims in 1 148, and pretended, that when he 
 held up to heaven the forked flick in his hand, 
 two thirds of the world were under the power 
 of God, and the other of himlW, and when ho 
 turned the ltick to the earth, that his autho- 
 rity extended over two parts, and that of God 
 only over one. He died in priibn, and fome 
 of his followers chofe to be burnt rather than 
 abjure. 
 
 Eon de Beaumont, Charlolte-Gene-fteve- 
 Twiothee d\ of Tonnerre fur Armerccn, was 
 born j.72,8. She was brought up as a boy by 
 her parents, who wilhed at her birth to have 
 a fon, and was recommended to the court, and 
 lbnt as ambaflador to Rufiia. She afterwards 
 IsrYed in the army under Bngho, and be- 
 haved with unufual com age, and after the 
 peace of 1762, (he was fent as lecretary to 
 the emhaffy in London, and alio fuccetded as 
 avnbaflador. A wager determined her fit! in 
 London, and before the king's bench Q] 
 clared herleif to be a woman. The penfitm 
 the had received was .-.- tint i by the French, 
 king, but on condition Hie aiJupied the J: ?fs 
 of herlVx. She died in 179O; She publilhed 
 g^ci; jions, 
 
 ii i '.:. CI at fa 
 celebrated for hjs hjn - in favor qf 
 
 the deaf 3rd dumb. By his f-.Iutary ini 
 tion, theie unfor:u'.'3> pt. l u >f*d 
 
 the kno. t languages, 
 
 and have become \ i Lemati'ciau#. 
 
 and ready Calculators, This benevolent nian> 
 afi r receiving !k -: |1 ' marks of el 
 and gratitude from ihe empreis of Ruuu* 
 the emperor of Germany, the king of France, 
 and the ' whole of Europe, ^Jed at Pariv, 
 1790. He was fucfieeded bv Tilbc Si- V .iri 
 
 Efiikaim, fon of Iofejhj was ndopted 
 among the tribes c-l Jacob. Hv was barn 
 about 1710 B.C. 
 
 Y 4 Ibflltf, 
 
ERA 
 
 ERA 
 
 EfHXEM, St. a father of the church, horn 
 at EdefTa. He devoted himfelf to the monaf- 
 tic life, and refined to be a bifhop. He wrote 
 i'everal books in Syriac, which are highly 
 efteemed. He died 378. 
 
 ton, a divine, born at Am- 
 sterdam, IJ83, and educated there and at 
 Leyden. Pining the controverfy between 
 Gomarus and Arminius about predeftination, 
 he embraced the opinions of the latter, and 
 was expofed to periecutirn. He was in 161 2 
 appointed divinity profeffbr at Leyden, in the 
 room of Gomarus. In 1615 he went to Paris; 
 but on his return he was accufed of concerting 
 with father Cotton the ruin of the proteftant 
 church and the United States. He appeared 
 before the fyrtod at Dort, and hecaufe he and 
 his friends refilled to fubmit to the authority 
 of arbitrary judges, they were depofed from 
 their functions, and bammed. He retired to 
 Antwerp, and feverely attacked the popilh 
 tenets. He afterwards vifited Paris; and was 
 again perrhitted to return to Holland, in 1626, 
 where he became minifter of the remonftrants' 
 church at Rotterdam. In 1634 he was chofen 
 rector of the cellege of his fet at Amftcrdam. 
 He died 1643, of a retention of urine, a 
 dreadful diforder, which had two years before 
 carried off his wife. As the moon was xlinieci 
 at his death, his friends, in their grief, confi- 
 dered it as the emblem of the church, which 
 ldft its brighteft light by the departure of 
 Epifcopius. He did not always a6t with that 
 humility of temper and moderation fo becom- 
 ing a Chriftian. his characiey was highly 
 refpeited by Grotius, who always carried with 
 him his theological institutions. As an Armi- 
 nian, and the leader of the remonftrants, he 
 was engaged iri fevere controversies, in which 
 he difplayed commanding eloquence and ardent 
 zeal. His works have appeared in 2 vols. fol. 
 
 ErrENt-tORr, Henry, a German noble, who 
 acquired celebrity by his difpute with Erafmus. 
 He was born near Frjburg. and though he 
 hoafted of his nobility, was the fon of a ple- 
 beian. He reflected on the illegitimate birth 
 of Erafmus, who in his turn retorted againft 
 his adverfary. The interference of friends 
 produced a reconciliation, but it was momen- 
 ts ry, and a war of letters arofe more fierce 
 and inveterate. 
 
 Erasmus, JPefiderius, an illuftrious cha- 
 racter in the republic of literature, and in the 
 caufe of religion, was born 28th October, 
 1467. at Rotterdam. His father Gerard, of 
 Tergou, fell in love with Margaret, daughter 
 of a phyfician of Lover.!" rgen, and after 
 mu'ual p'omifes of marriage, which were 
 never realized, the lovers forgot tbemf 
 criminal irtercouil'e, and gave birtli to two 
 fon-;. One of thefe died early, and the other 
 was called Gerard after his father, a name which 
 he exchanged for Defiderius, in Latin Signify- 
 ing rh" fame as Gerard in Dutch, that is, 
 . ; ;' ' . ave 1 fuch 
 
 I ifs to his re! itionj that they determined 
 
 to make him nn ecclefiaftic, but he fl 
 Rome. Here he was faliely informed, that 
 his beloved. Margaret was no more, and in 
 defpair he became- a prielt. On his return, 
 however, he was aftonifhed to find his Mar- 
 garet alive, but though difpleafed with his 
 relations, he abftained from all improp 
 tercourie, and Margaret herfeif, faithful to 
 her firft vows, led ever after a life of celibacy, 
 Gerard devoting himfelf to the education of 
 his only fon, faw with admiration the opening 
 of thofe powers, which proved the envy and 
 wonder of all German}'. His ftudies at Deven- 
 ter where he had for his fellow ftudent Adrian 
 VI. were interrupted by the plague, which 
 proved fatal to his mother, who had accom- 
 panied him to this feat of learning. The 
 death of Margaret was followed by that of 
 Gerard, and Erafmus now an orphan, was re- 
 moved to Tergou, about the age of 14, and 
 placed under guardians, who wifhed to obtain 
 his I'm all patrimony by devoting him to the 
 feclufion of a monastery. He was firft fent to 
 a convent at Eois-le-duc, then removed to 
 Sion, and afterwards to Stein near Tergou, 
 where he became a regular canon i486. In 
 a convent, which, as he defcribes, is a place of 
 impiety rather than of religion, where every 
 thing was done to which a depraved inclination 
 could lead, under the mafk of piety, and where 
 it was hardly poflible for any one to keep him- 
 felf pure, Erafmus could not long be confined. 
 He was introduced to the archbiihop of Cam- 
 bray, who wanted a fecretary on his vifit to 
 Rome ; but though the journey was laid afide 
 by the prelate, Erafmus did not return to the 
 convent, but let out for Paris in 1496. To 
 maintain himlelf he inftrufted fome pupils, and 
 in 1497 he left Paris, and was kindly received 
 at Cambray by the bifhop. The fame year 
 he vifited England under the patronage of his 
 former pupil lord Montjoy, and he entered at 
 St. Alary 's college, Oxford, where, in the 
 company of Colet, Latimer, More, &C he 
 devoted himfelf to claffical ftudies, especially 
 to Greek, which now began to revive in Eng- 
 land, and of which he knew nothing. After 
 nearly a year's rtfidence, he returned to Paris, 
 and in confequence of the plague then in that 
 city, he paffed to Orleans, ana in 1498, com- 
 pleted his Adagia. Pie again, in 1499, vifited 
 for a little time, England, which he defcribes 
 as abounding with humanity, politeneis, and 
 learning. His Adagia was publifhed 1500, 
 and to it he added a panegyric on England, 
 and foon after he printed his book de copia 
 verborum, & de conferib. epiftolis. But whilft 
 rifing in literary fame, Erafmus was poor. In 
 IJ02 he purfued his theological ftudies at 
 Louvain, under his friend, afterwards Adrian 
 VI., and in 1503, he publifhed his " En-, 
 chiridion mihtis cluiitiani," which affailed 
 the corruptions of the Romifh church. He 
 w applied for three years to Greek, 
 I publifhed fome tranflations from 
 authors, and dedicated to Henry VIIT. 
 
ERA 
 
 ERA 
 
 one of Plutarch's treatifes, the Hecuba of 
 les to Warham, and Lucian's Toxaris 
 to Fox bifhop of \Vinchefter, He now tra- 
 velled to It^ly, and taking his degree of D.D. 
 at Turin, proceeded to Florence, and was 
 prelent at the pompous entry of Julius II,. 
 into Bologna, a ceremonv which excited his 
 indignation, when he compared it to the meek 
 entry of the lowly Jefusirito Jerufalem. After 
 about a year at "Bologna, he went to 
 
 Venice, where Aldus printed a new improved 
 edition ot his Adagia, and of his tranihtions 
 from Euripides, Terence, and Plautus. At 
 Padua he luperintended the education of 
 Alexander, the natural fori of James V. of 
 Scotland. He afterwards paffed to Rome, 
 where he was received with r.il the refpect 
 due to his merit ; and he would have fettled 
 there, had he not previouily engaged to return 
 to England. Going back to Sienna, where he 
 had left his pupil, he parted with him at Cu- 
 mx, and after wards heard that he had perifhed 
 in the Moody battle of Flodden-field 151 3. 
 From Italy, Erafmus patted through Conftance, 
 Brtfgau, S-rafburg, Holland ; and Antwerp, and 
 arrived jn England in the beginning of 1510. 
 Though flattered with expectations, he found 
 him elf difappointed, and regretted he had not 
 fixed his refidence at Rome. While in Eng- 
 land he 1 dged in the houfe f More, where 
 in the courfe of a week he wrote his " enco- 
 mium moria?," in which he lathed the follies 
 of the church of Rome. He afterwards went 
 to Cambridge, and was appointed lady Mar- 
 garet's divinity profeffbr, and profeffor of 
 Greek. How long he continued in thefe of- 
 fices is not k own, he had unfortunately a 
 fondneft for wandering, and was diffatisfied 
 with the flow progrefs of preferment, which, 
 while it frequently falls rapidly on the head of 
 perfons of no merit, with difficulty overtakes 
 thole whofe fervices have been moil active in 
 the caufe of fcience and of virtue In 1514, 
 Erafmus was in Flanders, flattered with the 
 title of counfellor to Charles of Auliria, and 
 in 1515 he went to Bafil, with- the intention 
 of printing there, his new teftament, and other 
 works. The new teftament appeared in 15 16, 
 and as it was the firft time it was printed in 
 Greek, it drew upon him the cenfure of igno- 
 rant divines. But to his labors, perhaps more 
 than to any other man, was learning indebted 
 for its revival, While engaged in the caufe of 
 literature, the opinions of the world were agi 
 tated by the opposition of I^uther to the papal 
 authority. It was expected that Erafmus 
 would have joined the reformer, as in his En- 
 chiridion he had ridiculed the poi ifli ceremo- 
 nies, and as he was confidered " to have laid 
 the egg which Luther hatched ;" but though 
 folicited by Luther, he declined to take a 
 fiiare in the difpute. 1 his timidity was agree- 
 able to neither party, who eagerly withed for 
 his abilities to defend their caufe, and there- 
 fore while he pretended en one fide to be well 
 affected towards the pope, and un the othen 
 
 hand, commended the conduct of Luther, he 
 found himfelf expofed to the odium of all. In 
 1518 he was invited by Henry VIII. to fettle 
 in England, but he was fufpicious of Wolfey, 
 and thanked the king in general terms. At 
 laft Erafmus attacked Luther on free will, and 
 bellowed high encomiums on the book of 
 Henry VIII. againft the reformer, but thefe 
 things appeared feeble to the catholics, and 
 the publication of the Colloquia, proved that 
 the author had no objection to ridicule the 
 rope. The book, though full of wit and good 
 fenie, was afterwards condemned by the faculty 
 of theology at Paris, and prohibited by the 
 pope. On the fuccefllon of Adrian VI. Eraf- 
 mus congratulate*! his old fchool fellow, but 
 though repeatedly invited by him to Rome, 
 with every offer of protection, he refuted to 
 trufl: himfelf into the hands of men whom he 
 had offended, and with juftice, for he foou 
 difcovered that the advice which he offered 
 about healing the diflenfions of the church, 
 was received not only with indifference, but 
 with evident marks of difpleafure. The latter 
 part of his life was fpent chiefly at Bafil. 
 Though exalperated by Luther, who in his 
 anfwer to his book, in a mixture of compli- 
 ment, ridicule, and invective, called it " an 
 excrement in a golden dim," and difpleafed 
 with the philippics of J. Scaliger againit his 
 " Ciceronianus," he (till preferred that neu- 
 trality which either the love of cafe or cow- 
 ardice had fuggefted. It is faid that as his 
 health declined he was flattered with a cardi- 
 nal's hat, but he firmly refuted. He died at 
 Bafil mth July 1536, aged 69. Bafil ftill 
 retains her refpect for the allies of this great 
 man, the houfe in which he died is itill fhown, 
 and his cabinet containing his ring his feal, his 
 fword, knife, pencil, and his will written by 
 himfelf, and his picture by Holbein, is ftiil 
 vifited with veneration by the curious. Rot- 
 terdam alio has not forgotten the celebrity Ihe 
 derives from giving him birth. The houfe in 
 which he was born is marked out by a becom- 
 ing infeription, the college bears the name of 
 Erafmus. and a beautiful copper ftatue erected 
 in 1622, points out with how much pride the 
 inhabitants reckon Erafmus among their fellow 
 cith.ens. The perfon and the manners of 
 Erafmus have been delineated by his friend 
 Beatus Rhenanus, and his features are moil 
 correctly expreffed by Hans Holbein. Great 
 and refpectable as the character of Erafmus is^ 
 he had his failings. Too fickle in his attach- 
 ments, and irrefolute in his opinions, he has 
 been cenfured for luke-warmnefs, timidity, 
 and unfairnefs in the reformation. Though 
 difgufted with the fuperftition of Rome, his 
 meek fpirit was equally hurt by the violence 
 of the reformers, and perhaps to the prejudices 
 of his early education may he alcribed, the 
 conduct he purfued in not embracing the tenets 
 of Luther. Indifferent to the l'uccefs or jea- 
 lous of the labors of the reformers, Erafmus 
 claims the gratitude of pofterity by the excel- 
 lence 
 
ERI 
 
 E R P 
 
 lence t /a, in which he fpenl a long 
 
 lite, in oppofing ignorance and foperftition, and 
 in promoting literature and true pietv. Hji 
 works are very numerous, and dHplay the elo- 
 uoence and j I Cicero, and arc pub- 
 
 lished in iovols. fob by le Clerc. 
 
 Ercjli-ya-Cl'Kiga, Don Alonzo d\ a 
 Sptniard, in the fervjee of tyaximilian. He 
 was at the battle of St. Quintin 1557, and 
 pfterwards travelled through Trance, England, 
 and Italy. Animated with romantic bravery, 
 he went to attack the Indians in Chili and 
 Peru, and defeated them, and made his ad- 
 
 ventures the fuhject of his poem called Arau- 
 cana. This poem, confifting of 36 cantos, 
 contains tedious repetitions, but it abounds in 
 bold defcriptions, and poiFtffes the charms of 
 animated poetry. 
 
 E REMIT A) Daniel, of Antwerp, was inti- 
 mate with Scaliger and Cafaubon. He was 
 infinuating in his manners, but without prin- 
 ciple, and in his converfation very licentious. 
 Recommended to the great duke of Florence, 
 he obtained a penfion for his verfes on the 
 marriage of the duke with Magdalen of Aus- 
 tria 1608. He went in the fuite of the duke's 
 envoy to Germany, and made himfelf ridicu- 
 lous on his return by the fhamelefs untruths 
 which he delivered. He became afterwards a 
 peift, and died 1613. ' His opera varia were 
 publiihed by Grasvius, written with elegance, 
 eafe, and purity of ftyle. He wrote befides 
 Latin poems, &.C. 
 
 Eric IX. king of Denmark, Sweden, and 
 Norway, after Margaret 1412, married the 
 daughter of Henry IV. of England. His 
 
 "pilgrimage to the holy land and his captivity 
 jri Syria, difordered his affairs, and en his re- 
 turn he found the Swedes d;(Tatisfied, and the 
 Danes anxious to revolt. He found opposition 
 unavailing, and was fclemnly depofed 1439, 
 and retired to Pomerania, wpere he died in 
 privacy 14.'9- 
 
 Eric XIV. fucceeded his father Guftavus, 
 and was the unfuccefsful fuitor of Elizabeth of 
 England. His marriage with the daughter of an 
 obfeure peafant rendered him unpopular. His 
 cruelties encreafed the divTatisff'tion, and he 
 refigned th& crown Ij68, and died in confine- 
 ment 1578. 
 
 Eric, Peter, a Venetian, feized in 1584 a 
 veflel which carried the widow of rii 
 of Tripoli to Constantinople, with, ali her 
 treafur^s. Putting to death the fajlors, he 
 offered violence to the females, and then cut 
 their bodies to puces and threw 
 fea. This barbarity was punifhed, and Eric 
 V3s beheaded by order of 
 jiche reftorcd to the emperor 
 
 Erioena, Jo'.n d feho- 
 
 Lr, born a'. Ayr in Scotland. Hs travelled 
 ft reign lands. 
 
 himfelf in oriental liter . 
 
 the greateft : At th<- 
 
 invitation of Cha. 
 
 
 
 the feverity of his raillery \ rumor. 
 
 As the monarch and the philofopher (at one 
 day oppofite each other at tahle, Charles aiked ' 
 him in a merry mood, Pray what is between- 
 a fcot and 2 lot? Nothing but the table, 
 d the bold courtier. The king hearing 
 1 ike without being offended, laughed 
 heartily. Scotus wrote fome works, but though 
 all admired his learning, the clergy were of- 
 fended with his attacks on their notions of 
 predomination, and of tranfubftantiation. His 
 books therefore were regarded as heretical, as 
 they feemed to contain the errors cf Pc-lagius. 
 His next work was a tranflation of the works 
 of Dionyfius, which the Greek emperor had 
 fent to Charles, and which Erigena tranflated. 
 The work was received with gratitude by the 
 weflern clergy, but as it attacked in fome paf- 
 fages the Romifh church, pope Nicholas fer.t 
 a letter to the French king, defiling the ba- 
 nifnment of Erigena, and his appearance at 
 Rome. Charles hvftead permitted him to 
 elcape to England, where he was employed 
 under Alfred in reftoring literature in Oxford. 
 He was in 879 profeflor of mathematics and 
 aftronomy in that univerfity, and then retired 
 to Malmfbury, where he opened a fchool. 
 His feverity here was laid to be Co great that 
 his pupils murdered him with iron bodkins, 
 the inftruments with which they then wrote, 
 though fome imagine that this was committed 
 at the mitigation of the monks, who were jea- 
 lous of Scotus. Tnis event is placed in the 
 year 883, by fome in 886, but by Mackenzie 
 in 874. 
 
 Erizzo, ZeTvijznd Marl Anthony, two bro T 
 thers of Venice. They confpired in the mur- 
 der ot their uncle a fenator of Ravenna 1546, 
 to obtain his riches. This was difcovered by 
 an accomplice, and Lewis was beheaded and , 
 Mark died in prilon. 
 
 Erizzo, Paul, was governor of Negropont. 
 When obliged to capitulate to the Tui 
 condition of having his life fpared, Ma] 
 II. ordered him 1469 to be fawn in two, and 
 cut off, with his own handi,, the head of his 
 daughter, who refufed to gratify his palfion. 
 
 Erlacii, John Lewis, of Eerne, was at 
 the head of the fix families of that name, fa 
 illuftrious in Switzerland, llr lb diitinguimed 
 hintfelf in the fervice of France, that Lewis 
 XIV. male him commander in chief of his 
 FTp died 1650, aged SS> at B./a 
 ndr. 
 
 EenestIj 'John Augvjlus, profciT 
 
 at Lemfic, &c died 1781, a^ed 74. 
 
 editions of Cicero, Jven< 
 ., Homer, Tacitus, Callimachus, &c. . 
 with leai . illitutio in* 
 
 .,. I.eipf. Sec. 
 
 1 1..1 1 I writer, of 
 
 Gorcum in Holla ftudied at Leydc-n, 
 
 v4 afterwards trav.-l; 
 
 I the 
 
ERY 
 
 ESP 
 
 Earned of Europe. In 1612 he was profeffbr 
 e.i Arabic and of oriental languages at Leyden, 
 v here he died of a contagious difeafe 1624. 
 His abilities were Co much admired that he 
 was iolicited to fettle in England, alfo in Italy, 
 and in Spain, and his knowledge of Arabic was 
 lb correct that the emperor of Morocco 
 ihowed his nobles, as a curiofityfor its elegance 
 and purity, a letrer in Arabic, which he had 
 received from him, as the interpreter of the 
 itctes of Holland. ' hough he was but 40 
 years old at his death, he published 19 various 
 works, on oriental hiltory, and on iubjects con- 
 nected with his profeffcrlhip. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, of Alloa, was educated 
 there and at Edinburgh. He was minifter of Fal- 
 kirk but ejected for nonconformity 1662, and 
 when afterwards imprifoncd by his enemies, 
 he was liberated by the influence of lord Mar. 
 On the re-eitabli.hment of the prefbytery he 
 was made 1690 minifter of Churnfide, Ber- 
 wick, where he died 1696, aged 68. He left 
 fome Latin MSS. on difficult pafTages of 
 fcripture. 
 
 Ekskix r., E&enezcr, fon to the preceding, 
 was born 1680, In the prifon of Bafs, where 
 his father was confined. He was minifter of 
 Portmoak, Fifefliire, from whence he removed 
 in 1728 to Stirling. In 1747 he joined the 
 burghers, and died at Stirling 1755, aged 75. 
 Fcrtir volumes of his fcrmons were printed 
 j 7 62, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Erskine, Ralph, brother to the preceding, 
 was born at Roxburgh 1682, and educated at 
 Edinburgh. He was miniiter of Dunfermlin, 
 Fifeftiire, I7II, and was depofed 1734, for 
 joining the feceders. He died 1751, aged 69. 
 His works were published 2 vols. fol. coniifting 
 of a polemical treatife, gofpel fonnets, and 
 above 2CO fermons, &c. 
 
 Erskine, James, lord Alva, was born at 
 Edinburgh 1722, and made one of the barons 
 of the exchequer 1754, which he refigned in 
 1761, on being appointed to the fupreme civil 
 court of Scotland. He exchanged tfie name of 
 lord Barjarg for that of Alva, and died at 
 Drum (he ugh, near Edinburgh, 1796. 
 
 ERILEBEN, John Chrijlian Polycarp, of 
 Quedlinburg, gave at Gottingen lectures on 
 phytic, the veterinary art, and natural hiltory. 
 Ei is principles of natural hiltory in 8vo. are 
 particularly admired. He died 1777, aged 
 
 23- 
 
 ERVCEIRA, Ferdinand Je Mrnefs.t count d\ 
 of Lifbon, dhtinguifhed himfelf in military af- 
 fairs. He wrote the hiltory of Tangiers, fol. 
 hiltory of Portugal, 2 vols, folio to 1657, 
 &c. 
 
 Erxcziv. A, Francis Xaiiier de JILnefcj count 
 f, great-grandfon or the foregoing, was born 
 at Lifbon 1673, and died 1743. He was ho- 
 nored by feveral princes and learned men, 
 and by the prefent of their works he encreafed 
 the library of his ancestors with 15,000 new 
 volume;:, and y,coo manulcrii ts. He wrote 
 100 different publications, the bef} 
 
 known of which are his memoirs on the vafue 
 of the coins of Portugal, reflections on aca- 
 demical ltudies, 58 parallels of illuftrious 
 
 men, and 12 ofilluftrious women, the Hen- 
 riade of Voltaire tranflated, &c. 
 
 Es, James Fan, of Antwerp, is well known 
 for his pictures of birds, flowers, fiihes, and 
 fruit. Pi is loblters, crabs, oyllers, &c. are 
 incomparable, and in his grapes, nature is fo 
 ikilfully imitated, that the ilones are viliblc 
 through the fkin. 
 
 Esau, ion of Ifaac and Rebecca, fold h's 
 right of primogeniture to his brother Jacob, 
 who, afterwards, alfo obtained his father's blef- 
 fing. This proved lb offenlive to Eiau, that - 
 he meditated his death, but he was afterwards 
 reconciled to him. He was father of the 
 Edomites, and died about 171P B.C. aged 1 26. 
 
 Escalo, Mafiin de l\ podeftat of Verona 
 1259, was afaV.hnated 1273. The lbvereign 
 authority remained in his family, and his de- 
 fcendant Maltiuo III. added Vicenza, Brefcia, 
 and even Padua to his dominions. His ty- 
 ranny at hit was reprefTed by the Venetians, 
 and he died 1 387. The families of 1'Ekalo 
 and the Carraras of Padua had long conteils, 
 but Verona at hit became independent. 
 
 Escai.quens, Wittiajriy of Touloufe 1326 
 rendered himfelf known by caufing himfelf to 
 be carried in a coffin, with all the funeral 
 pomp of a departed faint to the cathedral. 
 
 Esc.oubleau, Francis d\ cardinal de Sour- 
 dis, was a great favorite with pope Leo IX. 
 and a warm advocate for church discipline. He 
 died 1686, aged 53. 
 
 Escoubi.eau, Henry d f , brother and fuc- 
 cefTbr to the preceding, as archbifbop of Bour- 
 'deaux. He was at the fiege of Rochelle, and 
 quarrelled with the duke of Epernon, who 
 (truck him a blow, which was punilhed by the 
 excommunication of the guilty lord. He died 
 
 1645- 
 
 EsrAGNAC, John Bjptiji Jofeph de Sa- 
 puguet Damarxil baron d\ a French general, 
 who died at Paris 1783, aged 70. He figna- 
 li'fed himfelf in the campaigns of Italy and 
 Bavaria, and wrote feveral books on the mili- 
 tary profeflion, among which are his canipagnr % 
 du roi, 1 745, &c. 4 vols. 8vo. effiufur la fd- 
 encc de la guerre, a valuable work, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 Hiftoire du marechal de Saxc, 3 vols, 4to. 
 ftc. 
 
 Espaone, John d\ot Dnupbinc, came to 
 Enehnd in J lines' reign, and officiate.! 
 nifter of a French protefttmi coug 
 London. He wrote a treatife of fon; 
 on popylar errors in religion, with feme 
 ftriclwres on . dedicated to 
 
 si. 
 
 EsPjSgkjst, 'John ./", preftdJent cf the par- 
 liament of ourdea known by his 
 Fnct.irl.i' n rhyfica; rettttiitar, in which he ef- 
 tabl'rihedacoT n of phyfic* contrary 
 to the t.- ruts of At'lbtle. He wrote alio on 
 the philofouhei'r ftone,&c 1616. 
 
 EsrAi.^;. - . j l&btria I*, Spartffh 
 
 painter. 
 
ESS 
 
 EST 
 
 painter. In poverty he was liappy in his de- 
 lineations, but profperity rendered him indo- 
 lent. The countenances of his figures were 
 extremely expreffn'e, and he was particularly 
 fuccefsful in the reprefentation of terror, an- 
 guifh, and ferocity. He died 1656, aged 76. 
 
 EsPEN, Zegcr Bernard Van,\st% profeifbr 
 of laws at Louvain. His obfervations on the 
 formulary and the hull unigenitus, proved the 
 fource of bitternefs to him,fothat to avoid per- 
 secution, he retired to Amersfort, where be 
 died 1728, aged 83. His Vvorks are valuable, 
 elpecially his jus erdefiafticum univerfum. 
 
 Esper, John Frederic, of DrofTenfeld, ,in 
 Bayreuth, wrote an accurate description of the 
 lately difcovered zoolites of unknown animals, 
 and of feveral caverns, &c. fol. 1774,3 method 
 I* determining the orbits of the comets, and 
 other celeflial bodies, without agronomical in- 
 ftruments, &c. He died 1 781, aged 49. 
 
 EsPEKir.NTK, Philip Calliviachus, of St. 
 Geminiano, in Tuicany, under Pius II. formed 
 an academy, the members of which aflumed 
 Greek or Latin names. Under Paul, Pius' 
 fuccefior, the academy was confidered as an 
 affembly of feditious men, and the founder fled 
 to Poland, where he became preceptor to the 
 children of king Cafimir III. He was alio 
 ambailador to Conftantinople, Vienna, and 
 Rome, and on his return to Poland, an acci- 
 dental fire deftroyed his houfe, library, and 
 mattufcripts, and overwhelmed him with grief. 
 He died Icon after 1496. His works are 
 commentarii rerum Perficarum, &c, 
 
 Espremenil, 'James Duval a" , a French- 
 man, born in Pondifherry. He was remark- 
 able for his violent proceedings during the re- 
 volution. He was guillotined 1794. He 
 4 wrote remonflrancc-i, publilhcd by the parlia- 
 ment 1788, nullity and defpotifm of the af- 
 fembly, 8vo. atualflate of France. 
 
 Esprit, James t an agreeable writer, born 
 at Beziers 161 1. He became, by his wit, 
 ienfe, and elegant manners, the friend of Se- 
 guier, Rochefoucault, and Conti.. He died 
 1678, aged 67. He wrote paraphrafes on the 
 pfalms, the fallacy of human virtues, 2 vols. 
 j.2mo. &;c. 
 
 Essars, Pierre des, a French noblewian, 
 who icrved in the Scotch army aga-'mft the 
 Engliib, and was taken prifoner in 1402. He 
 loft his head on the fcaffold, I4I3 
 
 Essars, Charlotte des, a lady of great beau- 
 ty. She was in England with the countefs de 
 Beaumont, and on her return to France (lie 
 was introduced 1590 to Henry IV. by whom 
 fhe had two children, afterwards legitimated. 
 She afterwards lived with cardinal de Guife, 
 by whom fhe had a fon called de Romorentin, 
 and fhe married in 163c de l'Hopital. Her 
 withes to advance her fon Romorentin proved 
 fatal to her, as fhe was arretted by Richelieu, 
 and put in confinement where fhe died 165 1. 
 
 Essex, James, F.A.S. was born 1723, and 
 
 diftingu'rfhed himfelf by his knowledge of ar- 
 
 urc. He repaired King's college 
 
 chapel, Cambridge, and the cathedrals of Ely 
 and Lincoln, befides other colleges in Cam- 
 bridge. He died 1784, in his 61ft year, at 
 Cambridge, his nati e 
 
 Estaing, Charles Henry count d\a. French 
 admiral born in Auvergnt. He was under 
 Lally in the Eaft Indies, and efcaped from an 
 Englifh prifon, by breaking his parole. He 
 commanded the French fquadrons in the 
 American war, and took Grenada. He w^s 
 guillotined 1793, as a fufpecled charae, 
 
 K?tami'E3, Anne, of P'/Jfelieu ducbefs of, a 
 woman of great beauty. She attended as 
 maid of honor, Louifa of Savoy when fhe went 
 to meet h:r ton Francis I. at Madrid, and the 
 was no fooncrfeen than loved by the monarch. 
 Though Francis forgot himfelf with her, he 
 yet attempted to cover her difhonor by marry- 
 ing her to one of his flatterers, whom he 
 created duke of Eftampes. In the declining 
 years of the monarch, the duchefs, who dill 
 poflefTed the influence of her charms, entered 
 into correfpondence with Charles V. to coun- 
 teract the views of the dauphin, and of his 
 miftrefs Diana de Poitiers. By her perfidi- 
 ous communications Charles, at the head of 
 an almoft famifned army, was enabled to take 
 Epernay and Chateau-Tierri, where the ma- 
 gazines of the French troops were depofited, 
 and as no meafures were taken by the dau- 
 phin without cpntultation with Francis, every 
 fecret was imparted to the faithlefs miftrefs, 
 and by her to the enemy, to that the ruin of 
 the kingdom teemed inevitable. After the 
 death of Francis the worthier* favorite re- 
 turned to her country feat, and died a pro- 
 teftant. 
 
 Estampes, Leonard </', archbithop of 
 Rheims, was zealous againft the Jefuits 1626, 
 who had attacked the authority of the king, 
 in church affairs. The cenfure of d'Eftam- 
 pes was however refilled, as in the flates, 
 general of 1614 the tiers etat could never ob- 
 tain the declaration, " that no power, temporal 
 or fpiritual, has the right to difpofe of the 
 kingdom, and to difyenle the fubjets from 
 their oaths of fidelity." 
 
 Estcourt, Richard, of Tewkfkury, Glou- 
 cefter(hire,at the age of 15 efcaped from his 
 friends to join a company of ftrolling players 
 at Worcester, where he appeared in women's, 
 clothes, m the part of Roxana in Alexander 
 the great. He was purfued to Chipping-Nor- 
 ton, by his father, who bound him to an apo- 
 thecary in Hattori-garden, London. Here he 
 continued till bufinefs failed him, and he then 
 went to Ireland, where he was well received, 
 and he appeared at DruryUane, in the part of 
 Dominic in the Spanifh Fryar. His chief 
 merit confifted in mimicry. Without great 
 powers of his own, he could imitate the greateft 
 players of the times, though he frequently of- 
 fended by the introduction of fentences which 
 the author never wrote. He became 
 favorite of the town, and when the leading 
 men of the times, and among them Marlbo- 
 j rough* 
 
EST 
 
 ETH 
 
 rough, erected the beef fteak club, Eftcourt 
 was appointed providore, and wore as the 
 badge of his office, a gold gridiron fufpended 
 from his neck, by a green filk ribbon. Some 
 vears before his death he quitted the ftage. 
 He died 17 13. He left two dramatic pieces, 
 Fair example, a comedy, and Prunella, <m in- 
 terlude. 
 
 Esther, a Jewifh maid, whom Ahafuerus 
 king of Perfia took for his wife, after his di- 
 vorce from V.ifhti. She defeated the machi- 
 nations of Human againft her nation, and fhe 
 faw her coufin Mordecai railed to the fame 
 honors which the favorite poffeffed. This 
 deliverance of the Jews was celebrated by a 
 particular feaft called Purim. The Ahafuerus 
 of fcriptnre is fuppofed to be Darius ion of 
 Hyftalpes. 
 
 Estoii.e, Pierre de /', grand auditor of 
 the chancery of Paris, died 161 1. From his 
 MSS. were publifhed his journal of Henry 
 III. from 1574 to 1589, Journal of the 
 reign of Henry IV. four vols. 8vo. Thefe 
 works are valuable, and ill nitrate the private 
 hiftory of France. 
 
 Estoile, Clauds de /', fon of the preced- 
 ing, died 1^52. aged 54. lie was one of the 
 five authors conlulted by Richelieu in the 
 making of his bad plays. D'Eftoile wrote 
 fovne poems and phys, and it is faid that like 
 Moliere and M lher.be, he read his pieces for 
 the ftage to his maid fervant, on whole approba- 
 tion proceeding from fiinple motives, he could 
 depend. 
 
 Estrades, Godfrey count d\ marfhal of 
 France was an able negociator. He was am- 
 baffador in England in 1661, and he negoci- 
 ated with Charles II. for the evacuation of 
 Dunkirk. In 1666, he had a difpute with the 
 Spanifh arnbafTador, about precedency in Lon- 
 don, and the year following he negociated the 
 peace of Breda, and in 1673, aiiifted at the 
 conferences of Nimeguen. He died 1686, 
 sged 79. His negociitiuns were printed nine 
 vols. i2mo. from the originals, confifting of 
 %% vols, folio. 
 
 Estre'es, Je/j.n d\ page to Anne of Bri- 
 tany, died 1567, aged 81. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf greatly in feveral battles and at the 
 taking of Calais 1588. He improved the 
 manner of cafting cannon, and was the firft 
 gentleman of Picardy who embraced the pro- 
 teftant religion. 
 
 Estre'es Francis Annibal d\ fon of the 
 preceding, was bifhop of Laon. He foon quit- 
 ted the church for the army, and diftinguilhed 
 himfelf at the taking of Treves, and by other 
 military exploits. He was made duke, peer, 
 and marfhal of France, and was employed in 
 1636, as arnbafTador at Rome. He died at 
 Paris 1670, aged 98. He wrote in an una- 
 dorned ftile, but with great fidelity, memoirs 
 of the regency of Mary de Medicis, relation 
 of the fiege of Mantua in 1630, &c. 
 
 Estre'es, Co-far d\ cardinal, was fon of 
 the preceding, and biihop of Laon 1653. He 
 
 wns afterwards employed at the court of Ba- 
 varia, and alio at Rome, where he fkilfully 
 conducted himfelf to procure the election/ .of 
 Alexander VIII. Innocent XII. and Clement 
 XI. He accompanied Philip V. when he 
 took poffeffion of the Spanifh throne, and died 
 1714, aged 87, refpedfted as an able negociator 
 and a benevolent man. 
 
 Estre'es, Gabrielle d\ filter of Francis 
 Annibal d'Eftrees, became the. favoiite of 
 Henry IV. who faw her firft in 1591, at the 
 caftle of Cceuvres. The king, to pleafe her, 
 embraced the popish religion, and determined 
 to marry her, though he was himfelf married 
 to Margaret de Valois. While engaged in 
 procuring the divorce, Gabrielle, died fuddenly 
 1599. It was fufpected that fhe was poifoned 
 by Zamet, as her head the day after her 
 death was To diftprted that her beautiful fea- 
 tures had disappeared. During her amours 
 fhe had married d'Amerval, with whom how- 
 ever fhe never cohabited. She had three 
 children by Henry. The king put on mour- 
 ning for her, and honored her memory as if 
 fhe had been a queen. Though fond of her, 
 Henry did not forget his duties, and when 
 Gabrielle, difpleafed with ibme of his miniiters, 
 folicited their difmifiion, he replied that he 
 would fooner part with 10 miftreiTes than one 
 of his long- tried fervants. 
 
 Estre'es, Viftor Marie ^', vice admiral 
 of France, bombarded Barcelona and Alicant 
 i69i,and again in 1697 he befieged Barcelona. 
 In 1 701 he commanded the French and Spa- 
 nifh fleets, and in 1 703 was created marflul 
 of France, &c. He died at Paris 1737, a S ec * 
 77- 
 
 Estre'es, Lewis defar duke d\ marfhal 
 of France and minilter of ftate, firft diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf in the war againft Spain, and 
 afterwards in the war of 1 741, where at the 
 blockade of Egra, the battle of Fontenoi, the 
 fieges of Mons, Charleroi, &c. his bravery was 
 confpicuous. In 17.56 he was placed at the 
 head of the French forces in Germany, and 
 gave battle to 'the duke of Cumberland at 
 Haftenback, and paved the way for the lucceis 
 of Clofterfeven. He was made a duke in 
 1763, aad died 1771, aged 76. 
 
 Ethelbert, king of Kent, became a 
 christian by the preaching of Auftin, who came 
 to. England at the invitation of Bertha the 
 queen. He en^ted a code of laws, and died 
 616, in the 56th year of his reign. 
 
 Ethelbert, fecond fon of Ethelwolf, fuc- 
 ceeded his brother Ethclbald 860, and was a 
 popular prince. 
 
 Ethelred, fon of Edgar, was king 978. 
 To deliver himfelf from the tax paid to the 
 Danes, called Danegelt, he caufed thofe un- 
 fortunate foreigners to be all murdered, in 
 confequenceof which Sweyrt the Daniih king 
 invaded the kingdom. He died 1016. 
 
 Ethelwolf, king of England 838, went 
 to Rome to improve the education of his ion 
 the great Alfred, He died 857. 
 
 F.THE- 
 
LTT 
 
 EVA 
 
 JLTHT.xr.Gt.,GMrjre i a dramatic writer, born 
 1636, in Oxfordshire, his comedy of "The 
 1 revenge, or leve in a> tub," appeared 
 . . n!J recommended him to the wits of 
 thv: times, in whofe company he (hone as a 
 man of humor, lively in his conversation and 
 of a refined taite. His fecond play appeared 
 in 166?., called" She would it" (he could," and 
 the hit in 1676, called tile " man of mode, or 
 ling Flutter." Of tht-fe the Lift was 
 t finished, and as it eenfured the vices 
 cf lome of the lafhionable men of the times, 
 it was very popular. His gaiety made him 
 poor, but to recruit his finances, he paid his 
 addreffes to a rich old widow, who however 
 refufed to mam him except he was knighted, 
 and to make her a lady and obtain her fortune, 
 he foliated and obtained the honor of knight- 
 hood, 1683. Etherege, whofe manners were 
 lb fafcihating that he was humoroufly called 
 gentle Ge.Tge, and eafy Etheredge, was pa- 
 tronized by the ducheis of York, by whofe in- 
 fluence he was lent amhaffador abroad. He 
 was at Ratifbon in 1688, where drinking with 
 more freedom than prudence, he tumbled down 
 ftairs and broke his neck, though fome ac- 
 counts State that he followed James II. to 
 France, and died foon after* Etherege had 
 no children by his wife, but he had a daughter 
 by -Mrs. Barry the actrefs, with whom in 
 thofe days of general depravity he lived. Be- 
 iides his plays he wrote various fonnets, fengs, 
 and fhort poems, which With great tale and 
 elegance contain the voluptuous defcxiptiorts, 
 and the immoral levities fo fashionable in the 
 reign of Charles II. His comedies are not 
 tree from licentioufnefs; and however we 
 may admire the politenefs of the dialogue,, the 
 iprightlinefs of the conversation, the faithful de- 
 lineation of the characters, and the interesting 
 intricacies of the plots, yet the loofe tendency 
 of the whole cannot efepe the fevereft ceh- 
 fures of every friend of virtue and morality. 
 
 Ethryg, George, or Etheridge, of Thame, 
 Oxfordfhire, was educated at Corpus Chrifti 
 college, Oxford. He was king's Greek pro- 
 feffor, but in Elizabeth's reig.i he was difmiifed, 
 and then practised medicine at Oxford, and en- 
 gaged in the education of young perlbns. He 
 was living in 1,588, but the year of his death 
 is unknown, he excelled in the knowlege 
 not only of the Greek and Hebrew, and of 
 medicine, but alio of 1 
 
 t 2ii Mil.: r.R, Michael , a puyfician, born at 
 Leipfic. After travelling through France, 
 England, Holland, and Italy, he was appointed 
 of the medicinal faculty, and in 1681 
 profeflbr of botany. He died in confequence 
 of an unfuci ation in chemiltry, 
 
 1683. Fie v things on medicinal 
 
 fubje&fc 
 
 i'.TTMUi ! ER, Michael E tie St., fon of the 
 precedi: at Leipfic 1673. ^fter 
 
 vifitiii ; r . Germany, he 
 
 anatomy and 
 
 . '. 
 
 in 1730. director of the imperial academy of 
 n::tursc curioibrum, and died- 1732. He pub- 
 lifhed his father's works, with a preface, and 
 wrote icvcral curious treatifes on medical fub- 
 jects. 
 
 Evans, Cornelius, fon of a Welshman by a 
 Provence woman, was born at Marllilles. 
 During the civil wars he came to an inn at 
 Sandwich in 1648, pretending that he was the 
 prince of Wales efcaped from France. When 
 the imposition was discovered he was lent to 
 Newgate, but he extricated himfelf from con- 
 finement, and it ::ever was kuown what became 
 cf him. 
 
 F-vans. Arifit a Welfh conjuror, brought 
 up at Oxford. He refided on a curacy at 
 Enfield in Staffordshire, from which he fled on 
 account of his irregularities. He came to Lon- 
 don in 1632, and was confidered as fo power- 
 ful in the management of fupernatural beings, 
 that he was Solicited by lord Bothwell, and fir 
 Keneim Digby, to Show them a Spirit. At 
 the appointed time when all were within the 
 magical circle, Evans was fuddenly carried aut 
 of the room and thrown into a held at Bat- 
 terfea-caufey near the Thames, where he was 
 found the next morning alleep. Thefe aflro- 
 logical incantations were the fafhionable Study 
 in the reign of Elizabeth and James I. Evans 
 died about the time of the rebellion. 
 
 Evan s,Abei, the epigrammatifl,ofSt. John's 
 Oxford, was intimate with the wits and poets 
 of the times, Specially Pope, dean Swift, Sec 
 He was vicar of St. Giles' Oxford, and burial 
 of his college. His poetry is now forgotten. 
 A good Specimen of it may be feen in Nichols' 
 collections, eipecially his " apparition," and 
 " Verturanus," and fome epigram* 
 
 Evans, John, D.D. a diffenting minuter 
 born in o'hropfhire 168c. He Succeeded Dr. 
 Williams as paftorin Petty France, Weibnin- 
 fter, and printed fome occasional Sermons, but 
 his 38 lermonson the christian temper is his belt 
 work. He died of the djropfy 173.4, aged 52. 
 
 Evans, Caleb, of Briftol, became a preacher 
 and mftructed young people for the diffenting 
 ministry. He died 1791, aged 54. He pub- 
 lifhed Scripture doctrine of the fon and holy 
 fpirit, hymns for public worfhip, addrefs to 
 ferious profeflbrs of Christianity the doctrine 
 of atonement, &c. 
 
 Evans, Evan, of Cardiganshire, was edu- 
 cated at Jefus college, Oxford. Addicting 
 himfelf to intemperate drinking, he died 179' 
 aged 60. He published two vols, of lermons 
 by Tillotfon and others, translated into Wcl*h, 
 the love of our country, an English poem, - 
 dilfertatio de bardis, with fpepimens of Welfl* 
 poetry, 4to. 
 
 Evansqm', Edward^ "of Warrington, was 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, after 
 which he became curate to his uncle at Mit- 
 cham, Surrey and then obtained in 1768, South 
 Mimms living., Middlclex. In 1770, he was 
 prefentc-d to the living oS TewkfLury, Glou 
 cefterfhirc, and afterwards to Longdon, Wor- 
 cestershire 
 
EVE 
 
 EVE 
 
 tefterfhire. His conduct m thefe parishes, i 
 and the alterations which he introduced in the 
 forms of the church duty, offended his auditors, 
 and he refigned his livings in 1778. He after- 
 wards reCded at Mitcham, where he took 
 lbme pupils and he died at Colford, Gloiueiter- 
 fnire, 1805, aged 74. He publilhed without 
 his name in 1772., the doctrines of a trinity 
 and the incarnation of God examined, &c. 
 the duTonance of the four generally received 
 evangelists, 8vo. argument againlt and for the 
 obfervance of Sunday, Sec. letter to Dr. 
 Prieltley, reflection on the ftate of religion in 
 Christendom, &C. 
 
 Eudes, John, brother of the hiltorian 
 Mezerai, was horn in the diocefe of Sees in 
 1601. In 1643 he founded the congregation 
 of the Eudills, and died at Caen 1680, aged 
 79, leaving feveral devotional works. 
 
 Eudocia afcended the imperial throne of 
 Constantinople at the death of her hufband, 
 Conftantine Duc:;s, 1067. One of her gene- 
 rals, Romanus Diogenes, confpired againlt her; 
 but me pardoned him, and made him her hul- 
 band. In 1071, her ion Michael proclaimed 
 himfelf emperor, and (hut her up in a monas- 
 tery, where (he ended her days. 
 
 Eudocia, Fc'oJoreuna, daughter of the 
 boyar Feodor Lapookin, was made, 1,689, the 
 firit wife of Peter the great, whom he chofe out 
 of the hundred girls that he had by proclama- 
 tion affembled at Mofcow. Her complaints 
 againlt the infidelity of her hufband produced 
 her difgrsce. She was divorced in 1696, and 
 confined in a convent at Sufdal. She was re- 
 leafed at the accefiicn of her grandfon Peter 
 II. at whofe coronation fhe was prefent, and 
 fhe died in 173 1, aged 59. 
 
 Evelyn, John, a learned writer, bom at 
 Wotton, in Surrey, 1620, and educated at 
 Lewes grammar-fchool and Baliol college. At 
 the beginning of the civil wars he obtained 
 permiflion to travel. To enlarge his mind by 
 observations ou the manners and habits of 
 various countries, to examine their commercial 
 and agricultural concerns, and the curioiities, 
 the productions, the arts, and the Sciences, of 
 every place, was the great object of his inten- 
 tions ; and to thefe purfuits about Seven' years 
 were devoted. In 1647, at Paris, he married 
 Mary, daughter of fir Richard Browne, the 
 king's minifter at the French court ; and on 
 his return, in 1651, he fixed his residence at 
 her feat, at Sayes Court, in Kent. Attached 
 to a life of retirement, he had little concern 
 with public affairs ; but after the expulsion of 
 Riciiard Cromwell, he promoted the regula- 
 tion of the royal family. At the establish- 
 ment of the royal fociety in 1662, Mr. Evelyn 
 was appointed one of the firil fellows, and 
 counfel ; and in 1664 he was male one of the 
 commiliioners of the lick and wounded, and next 
 one of the commissioners for the rebuilding of 
 cf St. Paul's. In 1 669 he was honored at Ox- 
 ford with the degree of LL.D. out of refpeci, 
 
 not only to his abilities, but fhe active part he 
 had taken in procuring the Arundelian marbles, 
 which, by his interceiTion with lord Henry 
 Howard, were handlbmely prefented to that 
 learned body. Under James II. he was one of 
 the commissioners to execute the office of lord 
 privy Seal ; and after the revolution he became 
 treasurer of Greenwich holpital. This good 
 man died in the 86th year of his age, 2 7th 
 February 1706, and was interred at Wotton 
 in a Stone coffin, over which was this inlcrip- 
 tion : " That living in an age of extraordinary 
 events and revolutions, he had learned from 
 thence this truth, which he defired might thus 
 be communicated to poilerity ; that ail is vanity 
 which is not honeit, and that there is no Solid 
 wifdom but in real piety." His works amount 
 to mtore than 25 various publications, befides pa- 
 pers in the transactions of the royal and other foci- 
 ties. Of thefe, the moft known are his iculptura, 
 or the hiitory and art of chalcography and en- 
 graving in copper, with an ample enumeration 
 of the mod renowned mailers and their works, 
 with the new manner of engraving, or mezzo- 
 tinto, communicated by his highneis prince 
 Rupert to the author, London, 1662, 8vo, a 
 very valuable work, edited again in l 
 Sylva, or a difcourfe of fojreft trees, ai 
 propagation of timber in his Majesty's i 
 ons, to which is annexed, Pomona, cor 
 fruit trees, &c, 1664, folio, a popular work, 
 which, as the author fays in thefecond edition, 
 1669, was the cauie that more than two mil- 
 lions of timber trees had been furnished in the 
 three kingdorrs. He wrote alio a parallel of 
 ancient architecture with the modern, &c. the 
 third edition of which appeared in 1733, folio 
 kaiendarium Hortenie, from which all modern 
 gardening books at e borrowed public employ- 
 ment -and active life preferred tofolitude toe 
 perfection of painting .demonstrated from the 
 principles of art,&c. a philosophical difcourfe 
 on earth, relating to the culture and -improve- 
 ment of it for vegetation, &c. muudus mulie- 
 bris, cr the lady's dreiling-room "unlocked 
 Numata, a difcourfe on medals, &c. His fer- 
 vices td literature and mankind have been 
 celebrated by Cowley, Glamille, Wotton, 
 biShop Burnet, R.oger North, &c. and, among 
 foreigners, by Morluff and others. He wks 
 aiib an an artiSt, for " if he had not 
 been," Says Mr. Walpcle, " I Should have 
 found it difficult to deny myiVlf the pleafure of 
 allotting him a place among the arts he loved, 
 promoted, patronized. If I have once or twice 
 criticifed him, they arc trirlmg blemishes, com- 
 pared with his amiable virtues and beneficence. 
 It may be remarked, that the worit to be laid 
 of hirn is, that lie knew more than he always 
 communicated. His life was a courfe of in- 
 quiry, Study, curioSity, instruction, and bene- 
 volence. He knew that retirement in his own 
 hands was induftry and benefit to mankind, in 
 thole of others la/.inel's and iuuti' 
 
 Evelyn, John, lbn of the preceding, was 
 
 born 
 
EUG 
 
 EUG 
 
 torn at Saycs-court, 1654- In" x 666 he went 
 to Oxford, and when little more than 15, he 
 wrote that elegant Greek poem prefixed to the 
 fecond edition of his father's . v ylva. I he 
 powers of genius thus early difplayed gave 
 birth to fome ether original pieces of poetry, 
 inferted in LVyden's mucellaiiies. He alio 
 translated the four nooks of gardens from the 
 poems of Renatus Rapines, befides Alexan- 
 der's 1 fe, from Plutarch, and the hillory of 
 the grand viflers,' &c. with the fecret intrigues 
 of the feraglio, 8vo. He was one of the com- 
 Ihiflfioners of the revenue in Ireland, and died 
 in London 1698, aged 45. 
 
 Eugene, Francis, prince of Savoy, was 
 born in 1663, ton of Eugene Maurice, gene 
 ral of the Swifs, by Olympia Mancini, niece of 
 Mazarin. He was intended for the church, 
 but die death of his father, before he was 10 
 years of age, altered his proipecls. The 
 banifhment of his mother to the Low Countiies 
 raifed his indignation ; and as Curtius and 
 Ca?iar feemed more favorite authors with him 
 thr.n all the divines cf the church, he panted 
 for military employments, and when refufed 
 by the king he removed to Vienna. The em- 
 peror received him with great courtefy, and 
 and he and his brother Philip rejecting the 
 offers of France, became fuhjecis of the imperi- 
 al houfe. 1 he death of Philip whilft bravely 
 fighting, left Eugene to avenge his fall, and to 
 conduct his regiment to vidlory. In 1683 
 Eugene difplayed aftonifhing powers of valor 
 in the railing of the fiege of Vienna; and at 
 New Laufel and Buda his bravery again be- 
 came fo conspicuous, that the duke of Lorraine, 
 in presenting him to the emperor, laid, 
 * May it pleafe your majefty, this young 
 Savoyard will tome time or other be the great- 
 eft captain of the age." On the declaration of 
 war arrainft the empire by Lewis XIV. Eu- 
 gene was removed from his campaign againft 
 the Turks, to refill the French; and he lb 
 blocked up Mantua that for two years his 
 enemies were unable to advance in Italy. The 
 peace between Savoy and France, in 1696, 
 enabled Lewis to negotiate with Eugene ; but 
 nothing could fhake his fidelity. He was made 
 commander in chief of the imperial forces in 
 Hungary, and he defeated the Turkifh army, 
 commanded by the grand feignbr in peribn, 
 1697, at Zenta, near Peterwaradin, where 
 the Turks loll 2C ; C00 men killed, 12,000 
 drowned, and 6,000 prifoners, belides oxen, 
 camels, and hories, and a booty amounting to 
 feveral millions of pounds fterling. The peace 
 of Carlowitch, in 1699, infured by Eugene, 
 put an erid to a war of 15 years. While 
 France claimed the luccefiion to Spain, the 
 ^ - fet forth alio his title to the crown, 
 and Eugene in Italy oppofed the French forces 
 under Villeroi. Though inferior in numbers, 
 he planned his meafures with fuch wifdom, 
 that he furprifed Cremona, and carried Vil- 
 leroi away his prifoner. The Englifh viewing 
 the elevation of the duke of 
 
 Anjou to the throne of Spain, and refenting 
 the acknowledgement of the pretender, joined 
 the imperialifls. Eugene again difplayed his 
 ufual abilities, and the battles of Schellenburgi 
 Blenheim, Turin, &c. became the fcenes of 
 the luperior powers of his mind. His in- 
 fluence was fuel), that his enemies determined 
 to cut him off by poifon. He acci rdirtgry, in 
 T710, received a letter, cnclofing a paper 
 poilbned to fuch a degree that it made him, 
 and three more who touched it, ready to 
 fvvoon, and killed a dog upon the fpot upon his 
 fwallowing the contents. In 171 2 he came 
 over to England, to induce the court to con- 
 tinue the war ; but found his friend Marlbo- 
 rough in dilgrace, and a new miniftry a 
 to his meafures. He however received the 
 honor due to his merit ; he was feafted in the 
 city of London, and received a fword worth 
 5000I. from the queen, which he wore on her 
 birth-day. lie returned to the armies, where 
 lie acted upon the defenfive. In March 1714 
 he figned preliminary articles of peace, which 
 were the September following concluded by a 
 treaty. He was received at Vienna in the 
 moll flattering maimer ; but when the Turks 
 threatened the imperialifls in 1716-, he placed 
 himlelf at the head of the army in Hi;: 
 and defeating tjum, took Temefwaer, of 
 they had had poffeffion 164 years, and after- 
 wards reduced Belgrade. In 1733 he was 
 engaged in the wars between the imperialiffj 
 and the kings of France, Spain, and Sardinia, 
 where his ufoal prudence was displayed. He 
 died at Vienna, icth April, 1736, aged 73. 
 His death was ludden, as the preceding day 
 he had entertained company, and he is fup- 
 pofed to have been choaked in the night by a 
 ftrong defluxion of rheum. This heroic ge- 
 neral was affable, modeft, generous, and hu- 
 mane. He was alfo the patron of learned 
 men, and himlelf no indifferent fcholar. Tho- 
 mas a Kempis' book, de imitatione, was the 
 conftant companion of his campaigns, and he 
 obferved, with Guftavus Adolphus, that a good 
 chriftian always made a good ioldfer. 
 
 Eugenics, I. St. pope, after Martin 654, 
 died three years after. 
 
 Eugenius II. fucceeded Pafcal I. 824, and , | 
 died three years after. 
 
 Eugenius III. pope 1145, retired to Pifa , 
 and then to Rheims, v. here he called a council. 
 He died at Tivoli 1153. 
 
 Eugenius IV. Gabriel Ccndolmero, a Ve- 
 netian, pope 1431, after Martin V. 1. 
 a dilpute with the council at Bafil, and ilfued 
 a bull to diffalve it ; but the bifhops refitted 
 his authority. Another council at Ferrara was 
 obftinate, though the pope propofed a 
 reconciliation and union between the ealtern 
 and weftern churches. The counfil of Bafil 
 prefumed to depofe the pontiff, and to appoint 
 Amadeus Vlll. of Savoy, in his room ; but 
 the caufe of Eugenius prevailed, and he died 
 at Rome 1447, a;e:d 64. 
 
 Eugenius, a grammarian, proclaimed cm- 
 
 pero* 
 
EUL 
 
 EVR 
 
 t*ror in Dauphinc, after the death of Va'en- 
 tiniati the younger, 392. He fell in battle 
 394- 
 
 Et/LER, Leonard^ a mathematician, born at 
 Bafil 1707. His father, intending him for the 
 miniihy, mftructed him in mathematics, for 
 the ground work of all other improvements; 
 but his genius was bent to philosophical pur- 
 suits. Encouraged by the hernoullis, he fol- 
 lowed them, 1727, to Pcterlburg, where 
 Catharine I. had founded an academy of 
 fciences, and he was appointed adjutant to the 
 mathematical clnis. His publications on the 
 nature and propagation of found, on curves, 
 on the calculus integralis, the movement of 
 the celeftial bodies, and other ufeful Subjects, 
 railed his reputation among philoibphers. 
 While his fellow academicians alked four 
 months to complete an important calculation, 
 he finiihed it in three days, but lb intenfe was 
 his application that it produced a fever, which 
 robbed him of the fight of one of his eyes. 
 He gained, in 1740, with Maclaurin and D. 
 Bernoulli, the prize of the academy of Paris, 
 on the nature of tides ; and thefe three illuf- 
 trious men traced the effe<Ets, though by dif- 
 ferent roads, to the lame caufes. In 1 741 he 
 removed to Berlin, and alfifted in the eftabliih- 
 ment of an academy of fciences. Still inde- 
 fatigable, he produced his theory of the 
 motions of the planets and comets, the theory 
 of magnetii'm, the theory of light and colors 
 againit Newton's Syftem of emanations, and 
 the theory of the equilibrium and motion of 
 floating bodies and the refiftance of fluids. In 
 1773 he publimed his tbeorie complette de la 
 construction et de la manoeuvre des vailfeux, 
 which was tranilated into all languages, and 
 was rewarded by the Frer.ch king, as his theo- 
 rems before had been rewarded with 300I. 
 from the Britilh parliament. His labors of 
 thirty years on the molt intricate Subject of 
 infinitefimals were communicated to the pub- 
 lic by his " introduction to the analyfis of in- 
 finitelimals," and followed by lefTons on the 
 calculus integralis, and differentialis. While 
 arranging his thoughts on the motion of the 
 aeroltatical globes, and converfing with Lexell 
 on the new planet, he was fuddenly attacked 
 by a fit of apoplexy. The Itroke was imme- 
 diately fatal. " I am dying," were his lad 
 words, and a few hours after he expired, 1783, 
 aged 76 years, 5 months, 3 days. Befides the 
 works already enumerated, there are many 
 others on geometrical and philofophical Sub- 
 jects. He was a man, indeed, as his impartial 
 eulogift, Fui's, has mentioned, of aftonilhing 
 powers, great and extenfive erudition, and of 
 fuch retentive memcry that he could repeat 
 the whole of the JEne\d, and in one night he 
 calculated in his head the fix firlt powers of all 
 the numbers above 20, which he repeated the 
 next day correctly to his aitonifned friends. 
 Affable, humane, and benevolent in his con- 
 duct, he could abandon the molt abftrufe ltu- 
 dxes to mix with the general amuSements of ' 
 
 Society. His piety was ardent but fincere, he 
 loved mankind, and defended the great truths 
 of religion with earneftnefs and fidelity. He 
 was twice married, and was father of thirteen 
 children ; four of whom only Survived him. 
 
 Evre.Mo ND, St. Charles de St. Denis, lord 
 of, a French writer, born at St. Denis le 
 Guaft, 1 613. He was educated at Clermont, 
 Pars, and Caen, and being a younger ion, was 
 intended for the law, but his inclinations turned 
 to a military life. He was as well known for 
 his pohtenefs and literary accomplilhments, as 
 for his valor, fo that th duke of Enghien ad- 
 miring his character made him lieutenant of 
 his guards. He was at the fiege of Arras in 
 1640, and ferved at Rocroy and Friburg, and 
 was wounded in the knee at Nortlingcn. After 
 the taking, of Fumes in 1646, the duke com- 
 mifiioned him to convey the news to the court 
 and to concert with Mazarin mealures for the 
 reduction of Dunkirk, but he was in 1648s 
 for i'ome Satirical remarks, diimifled from the 
 confidence of the duke, who unfortunately 
 loved raillery, but was not magnanimous enough 
 to pardon it. Afterwards the king, well ac- 
 quainted with his merits, made him in 1652 a 
 major-general, and granted him a penfion. He 
 ferved in Guienne under Candale, and after a 
 confinement of three months, for reflection* 
 on Mazarin's character, he attended the cam- 
 paign of Flanders in 1654. In 1657 he fought 
 a duel with de Force, which proved fo offen- 
 five to the court, that he retired into the 
 country, till his friends could procure his par- 
 don. In 1649 he ferved in Flanders, and Soon 
 after accompanied Mazarin in the negotiation, 
 with the Spanifh miniitry. Of this he gave a 
 written account to Crequi, containing fuch 
 fevere reflections on Mazarin, and fuch odious; 
 charges of Sacrificing the honor of France to 
 private intereft, that the compofition was eon- 
 lidered as treafonable, and though the cardinal 
 was dead, the writer fled to Holland, in i66r, 
 from the persecution of the court. From 
 Holland he palSed to England, where he had 
 the year before congratulated Charles on his 
 restoration, and he was received with great 
 courtefy. Devoting himfelf here to literature, 
 and the Society oShis friends, he did not how- 
 ever forget his native country, and he Solicited 
 his return, but to no piirpofe. He afterwards 
 vifited Flanders, Spa, and Liege, and wiflied 
 to fix his refideuce in Holland, but the invi- 
 tations of Charles prevailed upon him to re- 
 turn to England, where the king granted him 
 300I. a year. On the death of Charles he loft 
 his penlion ; but though deferted by his coun- 
 try, he refuted to accept near James's peifon 
 the honorable office of private Secretary of the* 
 cabinet. The revolution proved favorable to 
 his interetts, William honored him with his 
 friendfhip, and while he patroniSed him, he 
 delighted in his conversation. At kit the 
 French king relented, but St. Evremond re- 
 fufed to quit a country where he had been fo 
 hoSpitably treated, and where his old age could 
 Z meet 
 
EUT 
 
 EZR 
 
 meet with a continuation of long experienced 
 comforts. He died 1703, of a ftrangury, in 
 his 95th year, and wai buried in Weftmiofter 
 abbey. St Evremond was an accompliihed 
 gentleman, and though his morals were not 
 rigid, he was generous in his conduct, humane, 
 and benevolent. Though fuipected by Bayle 
 f being a free thinker, he always profeffed 
 the Romifh faith, and though giving a loofe to 
 fatire, and making pleafure the fole bufinefs of 
 life, he never fpoke with jocularity or inde- 
 corous freedom of religion or morality. Of 
 his works, confiding of light pieces of poetry 
 and profe, the belt ed.tion is that of Amfter- 
 dam, 1726, 5 vols. iamo. with two other vo- 
 lumes of pieces attributed to his pen. 
 
 EusDEN, Lawrence, a poet, born at Spotf- 
 worth in Yorklhire, and educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He was patronifed by 
 lord Halifax, and by the duke of Newcaftle, 
 whofe marriage with Henrietta Godolphin he 
 celebrated in verfe, for which the duke, on 
 Rowe's death, appointed him laureat 1718. 
 This elevation was envied by contemporary 
 bards ; and Pope afiigned to the laureat a dif- 
 tinguifhed place in his Dunciad. Eufden died 
 at his rectory at Coninglby, Lincolnfhire, 
 J730. One of his biographers has afterted 
 that in the latter part of his life, he became a 
 very great drunkard, but perhaps without 
 authority. He left a MS. tranflation of 
 TafTo. 
 
 Eusebia, abbefs of St. Cyr, at Marfeilles, 
 is faid to have cut off her nofe, to fecure her- 
 felf from the brutality of Saracen ravifhers. 
 Her nuns followed her example, but they were 
 all murdered by the barbarians, 731. 
 
 Eustache, David, a protectant minifter, 
 of Montpellier, fent in 1669 by the fynod of 
 Ludun, to addrefs the French king. His 
 fpeech on the oecafion was much admired. He 
 was author of fome theological tracts. 
 
 Eustachius, Bartholomew, an Italian 
 phyfician of San-Severino. He fettled at Ur- 
 bino, and afterwards at Rome, where his ana- 
 tomical tables were engraved 1552, though not 
 publifhed till 1714. His opufcula anatomica 
 were republiihed by Boerhaave 1 707. He died 
 
 1570. 
 
 Eutychianus, pope after Felix 275, was 
 martyred 283. 
 
 Euty-chius, a Chriilian author of Cairo. 
 He practifed phyfic among the Mahometans, 
 and became, in 933, patriarch of Alexandria. 
 He wrote, in Arabic, annals from the begin- 
 
 ning of the world to 900, curious, but not 
 always authentic. 
 
 Euzorius, a deacon of Alexandria, depofed 
 and condemned by the council of Nice for His 
 attachment to the tenets of Arius. He died 
 376. 
 
 Ewald, John, of Copenhagen, in the hopes 
 of feeing the world, bec.-me a ierjeant in the 
 Pruflian fervice. He afterwards deferted, and 
 returned to Denmark, where he itudied divi- 
 nity. Poetry was his favorite purfuit, and, to 
 enlarge his underftanding, he Itudied the beft 
 Englifh poets. He wrote poems in the (tile of 
 Oflian Adam and Eve, a dramatic poem a 
 
 theatrical piece called the filherman and 
 
 other poems, which poffefs great merit, and 
 rank high in the temple of poetry. He died 
 1781, aged 38. 
 
 Eyck, John van, died 1441* aged 71. He 
 is fuppoled to be the inventor of painting in 
 oil, which he difcovered by mixing linieed oil 
 in the compofition of a brilliant varnifh. The 
 fecret was conveyed to Italy by one of hu 
 pupils, and divulged to the world. His his- 
 torical pieces and landfcapes are much admired. 
 
 Eymar, A. M. d\ a deputy in the Hates- 
 general in 1789, evinced his attachment to the 
 iyftem ofRoufleau, as a lover of republicanifm. 
 He was ambaffador in Piedmont, and difcovered 
 the treaty made by the Sardinian king againft 
 France; and by his intrigues he forced the 
 unfortunate monarch from his Italian domi- 
 nions. He was afterwards prefect of Leman, 
 and died at Geneva 1805. He wrote fome 
 fmall tracts, not devoid of merit. 
 
 Ezekiel, the third of the greater prophets, 
 was a captive at Babylon, 597, before Chrift, 
 and there he wrote his prophecies. His ftylt, 
 according to Lowth, is bold, vehement, and 
 tragical, abounding with figurative exprefiions, 
 and worked up occafionally to a degree of tre- 
 mendous dignity. He foretold the coming of 
 the Meffiah. 
 
 Ezekiel, a Greek Jew and poet, author 
 of fome tragedies on fcripture fubjects. It is 
 fuppofed that he ftoriihed about 300 years be- 
 fore Chrift. 
 
 Ezra, one of the defcendants of Aaron, 
 ftiared the captivity of Babylon, and was per- 
 mitted by Artaxerxes to conduct a colony to 
 Jerufalem, and to re-eitablifh the laws of Mofes, 
 about 467 before Chrift. A book bearing his 
 name in the bible, and two ia the apocrypha, 
 are preferred. 
 
R 
 
 FAB 
 
 FAB 
 
 FABER, John, a divine, born in Suabia, 
 and, from one of his works againtt the 
 reformers, called the Mallet of Heretics. He 
 was, in 153 1, advanced to the fee of Vienna, 
 where he died IJ42, aged 63. He owed his 
 elevation to his zeal againft Luther. His 
 works difplay warmth and fluency of language, 
 in 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Faber, Bajil, a Lutheran, born 1520, in 
 Lufatia. He was teacher in the fchools of 
 Nordhaufcn and Tennftadt, and rector of Er- 
 furt. His mod valuable work is thefaurus 
 eruditionis fcholatiics, improved afterwaids 
 by Cellarbs and others, % vols. fol. He died 
 1576. 
 
 Faber. Fid Fevre. 
 
 Fabert, Abraham, marfhal of France un- 
 der Lewis XIV., diftinguifhed himfelf in 1635, 
 at the fieges of Turin 1640, of Perpignan 
 1642, and in 1 654 at the taking of Stenai 
 As he was not qualified by nobility of ancef- 
 tors, he reful'ed the collar of the royal order, 
 obferving, he would not be decorated with a 
 crofs, with his foul difgraced by an impofture. 
 He was childifhly addicted to aitrological cal- 
 culations. 
 
 Fabian, Robert, of London, was fherifFand 
 alderman of his native city, where he died 
 15 1 2. His chief work is his " Chronicle of 
 England and France," firft printed 15 16, and 
 again 1553, 2 vols, folio. The firft volume 
 begins with Brute, and ends at the death of 
 Henry II. and the fecond, which is very va- 
 luable, ends 1504. Stow calls the work a 
 painful labor, to the great honor of the city, 
 and of the whole realm. 
 
 Fabian, pope 326, was aftive in the dif- 
 femination of Chriitianity and the building of 
 churches, and differed martyrdom in the per- 
 fection of Decius. 
 
 Fabre, 'Jean Claude, a prieft of the ora 
 tory of Paris, who died there 175?, aged 85. 
 He wrote two dictionaries, an indifferent tranf- 
 lation of Virgil, and a continuation of Fleury's 
 ecclefiallical hiftory, &c. 
 
 Fabrk, N. of Languedoc, is famous for 
 filial piety. When his father was condemned 
 to the gallies for his adherence to Calvinifm, 
 in 1752, he, unperceived, took his place a- 
 mong the condemned, and remained for fix 
 years in confinement, till Mirepoix, the go- 
 vernor of the province, liberated him, and 
 prefented him to the court .as an illuftrious 
 tharacto. 
 
 Fabre d'Eglantine, Philip Francis 
 Mjzaire. of Carcaflbne, became fucceffively 
 an adtor, a comic writer, and a ftatefman. In 
 the convention he was the friend of Danton, 
 and the other promoters of the mafiacres of 
 France, and though originally poor, he became 
 very rich. Robefpierre, who viewed him with 
 jealoufy, hurled him from his eminence, and 
 he was guillotined 1794. He wrote ibme plays 
 which poffefs merit, and he is known for in- 
 troducing in France that puerile calendar 
 which combated the opinions of Europe. 
 
 Fabretti, Raphael, an antiquary, born at 
 Urbino in 1619. He was_fent to negociate 
 into Spain, and he conducted himfelf there 
 with fuch ability, that he was made procurator 
 fifcal of the kingdom. After 13 years' refi- 
 dence, he returned to Rome, where he was 
 appointed judge of appeals to the capitol, and 
 afterwards auditor of the legation of Urbino. 
 After Alexander's death he devoted himfelf to 
 the ftudy of antiquities, and with his horfe, 
 called by his friends Marco Polo, he made 
 excurfions in the neighbourhood of Rome to 
 examine whatever was mod rare and valuable. 
 Innocent XII. drew him from his retirement 
 to make him mailer of the fecrets of the 
 pope's temporal ftate. He died 1700. . He 
 publifhed thefe valuable works, de aquis & 
 aquseduclibus veteris Romse dhTertationes 
 ties, 4to. 1680 de columna Trajana fyn- 
 tagma, &c. fol. 1683 Jafithei ad Gronov. 
 apologema, de Tito Livio, &c. 4to. inferip- 
 tionum antiquarum, Sec. 
 
 Fabri, Ho/tore, a jefuit, of Bellay, 1607; 
 profeffor of philofophy at Lyons, and peni- 
 tentiary at Rome, where he died 1688. He 
 wrote ieveral works on theology, optics, plants, 
 &c. and he is laid by Ibme to have difcovered 
 the circulation of the blood before Hervey. 
 
 Fabricius, George, of Chemnitz, in Mif- 
 nia, is. famous for his Latin poetry. He tra- 
 velled to Italy as tutor to a nobleman, and at 
 Rome compofed his woik called Roma, con- 
 taining an interefting defcription of that city. 
 After returning home, he was for 26 years 
 mafter of the fchool of MefTein, where he 
 died 1571, aged 55. His poems are written 
 with great powers of genius, and in the molt 
 elegant and correct language', 2 vols. 8vo. He 
 wrote alfo fome odes, hymns, &c. befides. 
 profe works, &c. 
 
 Fabricius, Jerome, a phyfician, called 
 
 Aquapendente, from the place of his birth- 
 
 2 H 
 
FAB 
 
 FAG 
 
 He ftudied languages at Padua, and acquired 
 his medical knowledge under Fallopius. He 
 practifed for 40 years at Padua with fuch re- 
 fute that Venice fettled an annual penfion of 
 ICOC crowns of gold on him, befides the honorof 
 a goldn chain, and of a ilatue. He died about 
 J 603, and left 2 vols, folio, the one on furge- 
 ry, and the other on anatomy. 
 
 Fabricius, William, a furgeon, born near 
 Cologne, who became public phyfician at 
 Berne, where he died 1634, aged 74. He 
 wrote tracts on gangrene and Sphacelus on 
 burns, on gun-fhot wounds, on lithotomy 
 iix centuries of obfervations and cures, &c. in 
 4to. 
 
 Fabricius, John Lewis, of Schaffhaufen, 
 profefTor of theology and philofophy at Heidel- 
 berg, was author of tracts de viisdei, etquouf- 
 que font fimiles viis hominum on infant 
 baptilm, &c. He died at Frankfort, 1697, 
 
 Vd 58. 
 
 Fabricius, 'John Albert, a learned native 
 f Leipfic, educated at Quedlinburg. He was 
 profefTor of eloquence at Hamburgh 1699, and 
 was invited by the landgrave of HefTe Cartel, to 
 fettle in his dominions, but the fenators of 
 Hamburgh prevailed upon him by a Superior 
 falary not to relinquiih them. He died at 
 Hamburgh 1736, aged 68. Of his works the 
 nioft ufefol are bibliotheca Latina, five notitia 
 auctorum veterurn Latin. 2 vols. 4to. re- 
 published by Ernefti, 3 vols. 8vo. bibliotheca 
 Grasca, five notitia fcriptorum veterurn Gra?c. 
 14 vols. 4to. codex apocrvphus novi tefta- 
 menti,collechis, &c. 3 vols. 8vo. 1719 codex 
 pfeu-depigraphus veteris teftamenti, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 1 722 and 1723 bibliographia antiquaria, 
 4to. 1 716 deleclus argumentorum & Syllabus 
 fcriptoium adverfos atheos, &c. 4to. 1725 
 falutaris lex evangelii, &c. 4to. 1731 biblio- 
 theca, media; & infimce latinitntis, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Fabricius, Vincent, of Hamburgh, wrote 
 Latin poetry with great elegance. He was 
 counfellor to the bilhop of Lubec, and fyndic 
 to Dantzic, where he became burgomafter, and 
 was 13 times deputy to Poland. He died at 
 Warfaw, 1667, aged 54. The belt edition of 
 his poems is that of Leipfic 1685, under the 
 care of his fon. 
 
 Fabuicius, Baron, a German writer, the 
 favorite of Charles XII. with whom he refided 
 as envoy from Holitein, during that monarch's 
 captivity at Bender. He was afterwards in the 
 fervice of Staniflaus of Poland, and of George 
 I. whom he accompanied in his laft journey to 
 "Hanover. Fabricius is known for his intereft- 
 '3ng letter's, which give an account of Charles 
 XII. while refident in Turkey. 
 
 Fabrowi, Angiolo, of Marradi in Tufcany, 
 was made prior of St. Lorenzo's church at 
 Florence, and afterwards curator of Pifa uni- 
 verfity. He wrote an account of the learned 
 men of Italy in the 17th and i8rh centuries, of 
 which 18 vols, were publiihed, and one left 
 unfmifiVd. He publifhcd al(b an account of 
 Cofmo I/rcnzo, and other member: ef ths 
 
 houfe of Medicls, befides religious trafts, kc. 
 tie died 1802, aged 70. 
 
 F.VBROT, Charles Hannibal, of Aix in 
 Provence, was profefTor of law. In 1617 he 
 came to Paris, and in 1637 gave an edition of 
 the Bafilica,or conftitutions of the eaftern em- 
 perors, in 7 vols. fol. 1647, with a Latin trans- 
 lation and notes, and two years after he pub- 
 liihed Cedrenus, Nicetas, Anaftafius, in 2 
 vols. fol. with curious notes. In 1658 he pub- 
 lifned the works of Cujacius, revifed, 10 vols, 
 fol. His great application brought on diforders, 
 which put an end to his life, 1659. 
 
 Fa cio, Bartholotneo, of Spezzia near Genoa, 
 was fecretary to Alphonlb king of Naples, and 
 intimate with ./Eneas Sylvius, afterwards pope 
 Pius II. He died about 1457. He wrote de 
 bello Veneto Claudiano, feu inter Venetos & 
 Genuenfes, anno 1391 de rebus ab Alphonfo 
 Neapolit. geflis libri decern de humans 
 vita; felicitate ,-cIAlphonSum. Neap, reg., &c. 
 
 FAni.ALi.AH, or Choilfu Rafchid A J Jin, a 
 Perfian hiftorian. He wrote at the defire of 
 the Sultan an hiftory of the Moguls, fmiihed 
 1294, to which he added a fuppleinent. 
 
 Fakrnus, Gabriel, of Cremona, is known 
 as a critic and a poet in the 16th century. He 
 wrote Latin elegies, befides pieces of criticifm, 
 and notes on Terence, So valuable that Bentley 
 has inferted them in his edition of that poet. 
 He wrote allbin iambics 100 fables, lb much 
 in the ltyle of Phxdrus, that Thuanus has ac- 
 cufed him of concealing from the world that, 
 Latin fahulilt then unknown, to procure cele- 
 brity for his own compofition; but of his ico 
 fables only five treat the fame Subjects as Pha> 
 drus. Faernus died at Rome ij6i. 
 
 Fa g a n , Ch rijhpher Bartholomew, a French 
 comic writer, who died 1755, aged $$. Of his 
 works in 4 vols. i2mo. 1 760, the moft approv- 
 ed comedies are " the rendezvous" and " the 
 ward," written in a delicate and lively Style. 
 
 Fage, Raimond de la, a felf-taught genius 
 in drawing with the pen, or Indian ink, born in 
 Languedoc. His intemperance ruined his 
 proipects ; as his time was lpent at the ale- 
 houfe, where he frequently discharged his bills 
 by producing a Sketch. He died 1690, aged 
 
 42. 
 
 Faoius, Paul, a proteftant minifler of 
 Germany, born 1504. He was educated at 
 Heidelberg and Strafburg, and after making 
 great proficiency in Hebrew, then become 
 fafhlonable, he undertook in 1527 the care of 
 a fchool at Ilha. He afterwards entered into 
 orders, and diftingnifhed himfelf in 1541 by his 
 zeal in administering to the neccflities of the 
 poor, during the plague which raged at Ifna, 
 from the infect ion of which he happily efcaped. 
 He afterwards became profefTor at Heidelberg, 
 where he publifhed lbme works for the ad- 
 vancement of Hebrew literature. During the 
 persecution of the proteftants in Germany, he 
 was invited to England by Cranmer, where he 
 came with Bucer in 1549. Thefe two learned 
 men engaged at Cambridge to complete a new 
 trauilau3 
 
FAI 
 
 FAL 
 
 tranflation of the bible, Fagius of the old, and 
 Bucer of the new teftament. This was never 
 completed, as Fagius died of a fever at Cam- 
 bridge 1550, and Bucer about a yar after. The 
 bodies of thefe two divines were dug tip and 
 burnt under the gallows, in the reign of Mary. 
 Fagius wrote on the Hebrew language and on 
 the Targums. 
 
 Fagnano, yulius Charles, count of, of 
 Sinigaglia, published % vols. 4to. in which he 
 treats in a clear manner of the difcoveries of the 
 property and of the ufe of the geometrical 
 curve, called the Lemnifcate. He died 1760, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Fagon, Guy Crefcent, a phyfician of Paris, 
 who fupported the dodtrine of the circulation 
 f the blood, and gained the royal approbation 
 by his indefatigable refearches in collecting 
 plants on the Alps. He was profefTbr of bota- 
 ny and chemillry in the royal gardens, and 
 phyfician to Lewis XI V. in 1693. It was by 
 his advice that the king fent Tournefort to 
 colledt plants in the Ealt. Though of a deli- 
 cate conititution he lived by proper regimen to 
 the age of 80, and died 17 18. 
 
 Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel, an ingeni- 
 ous experimentalift, born at Dantzic, 1686. In 
 1720 he improved the thermometer by fubfti- 
 ruting mercury for fpirits of wine, and fixed 
 the extremity of his tcale at the point of cold, 
 which he had obferved in Iceland in 1700, 
 but at Peterfburg the cold has been known 
 forty degrees below the of this thermometer. 
 The Englifh in general have adopted his icale, 
 but ihe French adhere to Reaumur's. He 
 travelled through Holland and the continent, 
 and died 1736. He wrote a dhTertation on 
 thrmometers, 1724. 
 
 Fairciough, Samuel, of Haveril, was 
 minilter of Bamardifton, and of Ketton, Suf- 
 folk, and was ejected for nonconformity 1662. 
 Though he disapproved of fome things in the 
 liturgy, he was the friend of epifcopacy. He 
 publifhed fermons and other tracts, and died 
 1678, aged 84- 
 
 Faireax, dzvard,-an Englifh poet, in the 
 r-eigns of Elizabeth and James. His poetical 
 talents were fuch that, according to Dryden 
 himfelf, a judge of merit, he deferved to be 
 jranked above Spenfer in point of harmony. 
 His firft attempt was a tranflation of Taffb's 
 Godfrey of Bouillon, a performance highly va- 
 lued by the wits of the times. He wrote ibme 
 eclogues, bcfides controverfial treatifes on the 
 pope's infallibility, Sec. He died about 1632, 
 at Newhall, between Denton and Knarefbo- 
 rough. 
 
 I'airfax, Thomas lord, eldeft foil of Fer- 
 dinando lord Fairfax, was born at Denton, 
 Yorkfhire, 161 1. After ferving in Holland 
 under lord Vere, he embraced the party of 
 the prefbyterians in the civil war againft the 
 king. He was engaged in the north where he 
 fuffered fome defeats, efpecfclly at Adderton 
 moor 1643, but he retrieved his affairs in the J 
 kittle of Maritou moor, and was enuufted ' 
 
 with the chief command of the army on the 
 resignation of EfTex. He contributed to the 
 king's defeat at Nafeby 1645, and marched to 
 the reduction of the weft. In 1648 he fuc- 
 ceeded to the title on the death of his father, 
 and that year reduced Colcheller, and, much, 
 to his difgrace, ordered fir George Lifie and fir 
 Charles Lucas, to whom he had promiied par- 
 don, to be lhot. On the king's trial it was 
 fuppofed that he would interfere, but during 
 the execution he was kept at a diftance from 
 the fcene, engaged with Harrilbn in the hypo- 
 critical attitude of offering up prayers to God. 
 After the destruction of royalty he favored 
 the views of the ufurper, and was treated with 
 unufual ceremony in London, but when offer- 
 ed the command of the army againft the pref- 
 byterians of Scotland, he refufed it, and it was 
 granted to Cromwell. At the reftoration he 
 was reconciled to the king, and went to the 
 Hague to congratulate him. He wrote an ac- 
 count of his public life, and died 1671. 
 
 Fairthorne, William, an Englifh pain- 
 ter.. He was a foldier in the civil wars, an* 
 being taken at Bafing-houfe, was banifhed for 
 refuting allegiance to Cromwell. On his 're- 
 turn home he applied himfelf chiefly in en- 
 graving, in which he alio excelled. He wrote 
 a book upon " drawing, graving, and etching,'* 
 celebrated by Flatman, the poet, and died 
 1 69 1, aged 75. His fon William acquired 
 celebrity by mezzotinto engraving. 
 
 Faistenberger, Anthony, of Infpruck, 
 died 1722, aged 44. Flis landfcapes, cafrades, 
 rocks, and rivers, were all in a mafterly ftyle. 
 His younger brother fofeph, was equally emi-, 
 nent in landfcapes. 
 
 Faixandus, Hugo, a refpeclable hiftoriart 
 of Sicily, who publilhed an account of the affairs 
 of his country for 23 years under William 1. 
 and II. His preface was written 1126. 
 
 Falcon berg, Mary, countefs of, third 
 daughter of Oliver Cromwell, and fecond wife 
 of vifcount Falconberg, pofieffed great beauty, 
 and fo much fpirit and activity that, as Burnet 
 obferves, the was more worthy to be protector; 
 than her brother. On Richard's depofition (lie 
 exerted herlelf Urenuoufly for the reftoratiorj 
 of Charles II. She died 1 7 1 2. 
 
 Falconer, William, a Scotfman, who 
 came to London in 1762, where he published 
 " the fhipwreck," in three cantos, a very pathe- 
 tic poem. He wrote alio the marine diction- 
 ary, 4to. He unfortunately perifhed in th? 
 Aurora in 1769, after touching at the Cape of 
 Good Hope in its way to India, and was never 
 heard of. 
 
 Falconet, Camille, the friend of Malc- 
 branche, was born at Lyons, 1671. He was 
 elected in 1716 into the French academy, and 
 from his collection of nearly 500,000 volumes, 
 he enriched the royal library with fuch books 
 as were wanting. He lived to the age of 91 
 in 1762, and is fuppofed, like Fagon, to have 
 prolonged life by his medical fkill. He wrote 
 atrAuflation ofYillemont's lyftema planetarum 
 3 an 
 
FAN 
 
 FAR 
 
 an edition of the paftorals of Daphnis and 
 Chloe differtations, &c. 
 
 Falda, Giovanni Baptijla, an Italian en- 
 graver of the lad century, whofe etchings in 
 aqua fortis are much admired. 
 
 Faj.eti, Jeronimo, of Savpna, near Genoa, 
 publi'hed in 1557 a poem on the wars of 
 Charles V and other poems. He was alio 
 an orator, hiilorian, and ftatefman, and was 
 employed as ambaifador to Venice by the duke 
 fFeriara. 
 
 Falieri, Ordelafo, a doge of Venice, who 
 with a fleet in 1102 affifted Baldwin of Jerufa- 
 lem in the conqueft of Syria. He conquered 
 Dalmatia, Croatia, and other provinces, and 
 afterwards loft his life at the fiege of Zara in 
 Dalmatia, 11 20. 
 
 Faijeri, Mar'm$, a d ge of Venice, 1354, 
 confpiredtomakehimlelfahfolute by the alfaf- 
 fination of all the fenators. His plot was dis- 
 covered, and he loft his head, aged 80, with 
 above 400 of his affociates. 
 
 Falk, John Peter, of Weftrogothia, ftudi- 
 d medicine and botany under Linnaeus. He 
 was profelTor of botany in the Apothecaries' 
 garden at Peterfburg, and keeper of the natu- 
 ral hiftory cabinet, and publilbed obfervations 
 on his travels, 3 vols. 4to. 1785. In a fit of 
 melancholy he deftroyed himfelf, I774> aged 
 
 47- 
 
 Fa lken stein, John Henry, of Franco- 
 Ilia, was in 1714 director of the academy of 
 noblemen at Erlingen. He left the proteftant 
 for the Roman catholic religion, and died 1760, 
 aged 78. He publifhed " the antiquities of 
 Kordgan," 3 vols, folio, and other works. 
 
 Falkland, lord, Fid. Caky. 
 
 Fai.le, Philip, author of " the hiftory of 
 Jerfey," where he was born 1655. He enter- 
 ed at Exeter college, Oxford, and afterwards 
 removed to Alban hall. He was rector of St. 
 Saviour's in the ifland, and was one of the de- 
 puties of the ftates to William and Mary. He 
 publifhed three fermons. 
 
 Fallopius, Gal> itl, phyfician and anato- 
 mift, was bom at Modena 1490. He travelled 
 through Europe, and was profeffor of anatomy 
 at Pif>, 1548, and three years after at Padua, 
 where he died 1563, aged 72. He made va- 
 rious difcoveries in anatomy, and efpecially the 
 tubes by which the ova defcend from the 
 female ovarium into the uterus, called from 
 him " Fallopian tubes." His works, all on 
 fubjecrs of medicine and anatomy, were pub- 
 lifhed in 3 vols fol. 
 
 Falster, Chrijlian, a Danifh critic, who 
 wrote fupplementum lingua Latins, 1717 
 animadverfiones epiftolica? qua?ftiones Ro- 
 mans? cogitatione? philologies? fermo pane- 
 gyricus, &c. Vigilia prima noftium Ripen. 
 
 &.C 
 
 Fan court, Samuel, a diffenting minifter, 
 I at Salifbury, where for 20 years he took 
 fome pupils, and had the care of a congrega- 
 tion. His writings aeainft Calvinifm expofed 
 him to perfecution. About 1740, or 1745 a he 
 
 eftabliihed the firft circulating library in tha 
 kingdom ; but his plans did not fucceed to hia 
 wifhes, and after advertifing for fubferibers, and 
 offering to teach the claffics, lb as to enable his 
 pupils to write and fpeak in twelve months for 
 twelve guineas, he funk into poverty, and from 
 the corner of one of the ftreets of the Strand, 
 where he had a fhop, he retired to Hoxton 
 fquare, where he died 1768, aeed 90. 
 
 Fansha wy7r Pichard,tenth fonof fir Henry 
 FanlTuw, of Ware park, Herts, was born 1607. 
 Afterftudying at Cambridge, hetravelled on the 
 continent, and in 1635 was lent by Charles I. 
 as envoy to Spain. In 1644 he attended the 
 king at Oxford, and was afterwards fecretary to 
 Charles prince of Wales, whofe wanderings he 
 fhared in the weft of England, anc in Scilly and 
 Jerfey. He was treafurer of the navy under 
 Rupert, and was created, 1650, a baronet by 
 Charles II., and fent as envoy to Spain. He 
 Was taken at the battle of Worcefter, and im- 
 prifoned in London, but liberated by g'.ving 
 bail At the reftoration, he was mailer of re- 
 quefts and fecretary of the Latin language. 
 He afterwards was ambaffador to Portugal, 
 to negociate the marriage of Charles and the 
 infanta Catharina, and in 1664 was lent to 
 Philip IV. of Spain, with whofe fucceffor he 
 concluded a treaty of peace in 1665. He died 
 at Madrid, 1666, of a fever, as he was prepar- 
 ing to return home. He wrote fome refpecb- 
 able pieces, and among them a tranflation in 
 rhyme of Guarini's pallor fido, a tranflation of 
 Fletcher's faithful fhepherdefs, into Latin 
 verfe odes of Horace, tranflated into Englifh 
 Virgil's fourth iEneid and Cambens' Lu- 
 fiad, tranflated into Englifh, befides fomo 
 poems, &c. 
 
 Fare, Charles Augujlus, marquis de la, a 
 captain in the French guards, known as a writer 
 and as the author of" memoirs and reflection* 
 on the reign of Lewis XIV." I2mo. and of 
 fome little pieces of poetry. He began to be 
 a poet when 60 years old, and died 1712, 
 aged 68. 
 
 Farel, William, an able reformer, born 
 at Gap in Dauphine 1489. He ftudied at 
 Paris the Hebrew and Greek tongues, but the 
 fpirit of perfecution drove him from France. 
 He went to Strafburg, and then to Switzerland, 
 and he engaged with the duke of Wirtemberg, 
 to introduce the reformation into Montbeliard 
 and other places. He afterwards went to 
 Geneva, but was refilled by the clergy, and 
 he retired, though in t.534 he was recalled. Irt 
 1538 he was again banifhed from Geneva with 
 Calvin, and retired to Bafil and then to Neuf- 
 chatel. Though expofed to a thoufand dan- 
 gers from perfecution, he efcaped them all, 
 and after increafing his profelytes at Metz and 
 other places, he vifited Calvin on his deathbed 
 at Geneva 1564, and expired himfelf the next 
 year at Neufchatel. At the age of 69 he mar- 
 ried, an event in his life which expofed him to 
 the ridicule of his enemies. Eral'mus among 
 others has fpoken of him feverely, but rather 
 
 unjuftly, 
 
FAR 
 
 FAR 
 
 unjuftly, when he calls him a falfe, virulent, 
 and ieditious evangelift. Nothing could, indeed, 
 refill his zeal, though furrounded by drawn 
 fwords, though interrupted by the ringing of 
 bells, and by the clamors of his enemies, he 
 yet preached boldly, and made as many con- 
 verts as any of the reformers. 
 
 Faret, Nicholas, one of the firft members 
 of the French academy, known more for the 
 excellent ftatutes which he formed for the in- 
 ftitution, than the books he wrote. He died 
 1646, rged 46. 
 
 Farin, Emanuel de Sou/a, a Portuguefe 
 knight, who died at Madrid 1 650, aged 60, 
 reduced to poverty by his negligence. He 
 wrote poems in a nervous ftile, collected into 
 fevert volumes, befides moral and political dif- 
 courfes, commentaries on the Lufiad of Ca- 
 moens, a hiftory of Portugal to the reign of 
 Henry the cardinal, and Portuguefe Europe : 
 Afia, &c. Though a Portuguefe, he preferred 
 the Caftilian language to his own. 
 
 Farinato, Paul, a painter, of Verona 
 His mother died in giving him birth, and he 
 and his wife both expired at the fame moment 
 in 1606, aged 84. One of his paintings in St. 
 George's church, Verona, is as much admired 
 as that of Paul Veronefe, which is placed near it. 
 
 Farinelli, Fid. Broschi. 
 
 Faringdon, Anthony, a divine, born at 
 Sunning, Berks, 1596. He was educated at 
 Trinity college, Oxford, and afterwards was 
 vicar of Bray, near Maidenhead, 1634, and 
 divinity reader in Windfor chapel. In the civil 
 wars he was ejected, and reduced to poverty, 
 till invited to officiate at St. Mary Magdalen, 
 Milk-ftreet, London, where he died 1658. 
 He published in 1657, a folio volume of his 
 fermons, &c. 
 
 Farmer, Hugh, 2 difienting minifter, fettled 
 at Walthamftow, in thehoufe of his friend Mr. 
 Snell, where he died 1787. He wrote a differ- 
 tation on miracles, 8vo. a treatife on the 
 worfhip of human fpirits among the heathens, 
 gvo N on Chrift's temptation, 8vo. and on 
 the Demoniacs, 8vo. 
 
 Farmer, Richard, f Leicefter, was edu- 
 cated at Emanuel college, Cambridge. In 
 1766 he publifhed his valuable eflay on the 
 learning of Shakefpeare, in which he maintains 
 that the bard obtained his knowledge of ancient 
 hiftory and mythology from tranflations and 
 not from original tlaihcal authors. He was in 
 1775 elected rmfter of his college, and then 
 took his degree of D. D. He obtained after- 
 wards a prebend, and the chancellorship in 
 Lichfield cathedral, the place of librarian in 
 Cambridge, and a prebend in Canterbury, 
 which he exchanged for a refidentiaryihip of 
 St. Paul's. He had collected materials for the 
 hiftory of his native town, which he gave to his 
 friend Mr. Nichols, for his Leicefterihire hifto- 
 ry. He died 1797, aged 62, and his collection 
 of fcarce and curious books was fold by public 
 auction. 
 Farnaby, Tbomas t a grammarian, born in 
 
 London 1575. He was of Merton college, 
 Oxford, and was feduced by the jefuits to leave 
 his country and religion for Spain. Tired of 
 his new inftrudtors, he efcaped, and went a 
 voyage with fir Francis Drake and fir John 
 Hawkins 1595. He afterwards ferved as a 
 foldier in the Low Countries, and returned to 
 Cornwall, poor and deftitute. He fettled at 
 Martock, Somerfetfhire, where he taught 
 grammar, and then came to London, where 
 he had not lefs than 300 pupils. In 1616 he 
 took his mailer's degree at Cambridge. About 
 1636, on account of the ficknefs in London, he 
 removed to Seven Oaks, Kent, where he pur- 
 chafed an eftate. During the civil wars he be- 
 came obnoxious to the parliament, becaufe he 
 had faid it was better to have one king than 500. 
 He was therefore imprifoned in Newgate, and 
 died 1647. His works were notae ad Juve- 
 nalis et Perfii fatiras notat ad Seneca? tra- 
 gcedias ad Martialis epigr. ad Lucani Phar- 
 falia, index rhetoricus, &c. florilegium 
 epigrammat. Graec. notse ad Virgil. fyf- 
 tema grammatic. &c. His works difplay every 
 where great erudition, and his notes, fays 
 Boyle, are of great ufe, being Ihort and learned. 
 
 Farnese, Peter Louis, ion of pope Paul 
 III. by a fecret marriage, was made duke of Par- 
 ma and Placentia. The tyranny of his go- 
 vernment rendered him fo unpopular, that he 
 was afTailinated at Placentia 1547 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, eldeft fon of the 
 preceding, was made bithop of Parma, and ad- 
 vanced to the purple in 1534, by his grand- 
 father Paul III. by whom he was employed as 
 ambaflador to Germany. He died at Rome 
 1589. Charles V. faid of him, when dean of 
 the facred college, that if all the members re- 
 fembled him, the college would be the moft 
 auguft aflembly in the world. 
 
 Farnese, Alexander, third duke of Parma, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf at the fiege of Lep nto, 
 and at the taking of Antwerp. He received a 
 mortal wound at Rouen, when befieged by 
 Henry IV. of France, and died at Arras 159a. 
 
 Farnewor'th, Ellis, a divine, born at 
 Bonteftiall, Derbyfhire, and educated at Chef- 
 terfield and Eton, and at Jefus college, 
 Cambridge. He was rector of Carfington, 
 Derbyftiire, 1762, and died there 1763. He 
 wrote the life of pope Sixtus V. from the 
 Italian ofLeti, fol. Davila's hiftory of France, 
 2 vols. 4to. Machiavel's works tranflated. 
 
 Farquhar, George, a comic poet, born at 
 Londonderry 1678. He was educated at 
 Dublin college, and afterwards engaged with a 
 company of players. At the reprefentation of 
 Diyden's Indian Emperor, he was nearly con- 
 verting the play into a real tragedy, for for- 
 getting to exchange his l'word for a foil, he 
 wounded .his antagonift Vafquez fo dreadfully 
 that from that moment, he in terror bid adieu 
 to the ftage He came to London in 1696, 
 and at the folicitation ofWilks the actor, he 
 turned his thoughts to the compofition of a the- 
 atrical piece, In 1698 his firft comedy appcar- 
 Z 4 ti, 
 
FAS 
 
 FAU 
 
 ed, called " Love in a bottle," and in 1700 
 " the conftantxouple, or trip to the jubilee," 
 was acted, and gave Wilks the opportunity of 
 difplaying fir Harry Wildair with all the gaiety 
 nd vivacity of the character. The fame year 
 Farquhar was in Holland, and he has given a 
 facetious and interefting account of the place 
 and people in two letter*. In 1701, appeared 
 " fir Harry Wildair, or the fequel of the trip 
 to the jubilee," which was received with un- 
 common approbation. He published in 1702, 
 mifcellanies, or collections, of poems, letters 
 and eflays,. and the next year came out his 
 " Inconftant, or the way to win him." In 
 X704 appeared his " ftage coach," the next 
 year " the twin rivals," and in 1706 " the 
 recruiting officer," dedicated to " all friends 
 round the Wrekin," a hill near Shrewsbury, 
 where he had obferved on a recruiting party 
 the manner in which clowns are inveigled into 
 the army, and the milk maids are robbed of 
 their virtue and happinefs by military men. 
 His laft comedy was * the beaux's ftratagem," 
 the great fuccefs of which he did not live to fee, 
 as the unkindneis of a courtier, who had pro- 
 mifed, and forgot to patronize him, and the 
 preflure of his debts, broke his heart. He died 
 1707, before he had reached his 30th year. 
 He had married in 1 703 a lady who had fallen 
 in love with him, and who to gain the affections 
 of a dilfipated fuitor, had falfely reprefented 
 herfelf as a woman of great opulence. He 
 married, but though bitterly disappointed, he 
 never upbraided his wife with the artifice, but 
 became a tender and indulgent hufband. He 
 left two daughters whom in his papers he had 
 recommended to the friendfhip of Wilks. 
 Wilks became a father to them, he procured a 
 benefit for each of them, and continued his 
 parental fondnefs, even after they were fettled 
 in bufineis. For the fuccefs of his comedies, 
 Fnrquhar is indebted to the natural delineation 
 of his characters, the interefting tendency of 
 his plots, and the flowing fprightlinefs of his 
 wit. The fame popularity attends them now 
 as upon their original production, though it is 
 to be lamented that a fpirit of indelicacy is ob- 
 ferved throughout, to be attributed not fo much 
 to depravity of heart in the author, as to the 
 impure tat re of the age. 
 
 FASTOLFF,/7r 'John, a valiant general, born 
 at Yarmouth in Norfolk. He was with the 
 duke of Clarence in Ireland, and in 1408 he 
 married a rich widow of that kingdom, and 
 foon after went to France, where he was pro- 
 moted to places of truft and honor. He re- 
 turned home 1 440, covered with laurels bravely 
 won in the field, and in his private conduct 
 exhibited the hofnitable, generous, and benevo- 
 lent man. He 1 eftovved legacies to Cambridge 
 to build the fchools of philofophy and civil law, 
 and was a mod liberal benefactor to Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, founded by Wainfleet. He 
 died 1459, a S e d upwards of 80. Shakefpeare 
 has been feverely cenfured for abufing this 
 great man under the character of fir John Fal- 
 
 vtaff. The ae and the name cf thefe two 
 knights are fo different, that the apparent coin- 
 cidence muft be purely accidental. FaftolfF, 
 as is well obferved, was a difcreet and valiant, 
 chafte and fober commander abroad, and emi- 
 nent for every virtue at home ; but the Falftaff 
 of the poet is an old, humorous, vaporing, 
 cowardly, lewd, lying, drunken debauchee. 
 It is befides to be recollected that Shakefpeare's 
 Falftaff was firft acted under the name of fir 
 John Oldcaftle, though modern critics dilpute 
 it. 
 
 Favart, Cbaries S>mon, known for his 
 opera;, died at Paris 1793, aged 83. 
 
 FAVART, Marie "Jujiine Benolte, a French 
 actrefs, wife of the preceding. She was never 
 furpaffed in the fenfibility, eafe, and livelinefs 
 of her comic characters, She died at Paris 
 177*. aged 45. 
 
 Faochet, <7/<<&,hiftoriogr3pher to Henry 
 IV., died 1601, aged 72. J he monuments 
 of his extenfive reading are found in his Gaulilh 
 and French antiquities a treatife on the liber- 
 ties of the Gallican church on the origin of 
 knights, armorial bearings, and heralds, &c. 
 Thefe works are curious, but fo inelegant that, 
 it is faid, the perutal of them gave Louis XIII. 
 a diftafte for reading. 
 
 Fauchet, Claude, of Dome in the Niver- 
 nois, was preacher to Louis XVI. The thea* 
 trical manner oi his delivery offended the mo- 
 narch, and in conlequence of this he was at the 
 revolution moft hoftile to the government. He 
 was moft active in the deftruction of the baftile, 
 and preached a thankigiving fermon on the 
 event, and was fo forgetful of his character, 
 that he called Jefus Chrift the hrft fans culotte 
 of Judxa. Thefe extravagances rendered him 
 popular with the mob ; he was deputy from 
 v alvados, and became the coniiitutional bifhop 
 of Bayeux. He was at laft accufed as a dif- 
 afFected perfon before the revolutionary tribu- 
 nal, and guillotined 1793, in his 49th year. 
 He wrote a panegyric on St. I-ewis, before the 
 French academy funeral oration for the duke 
 of Orleans Eloge on Benjamin Franklin, &c. 
 
 Faucheur, Michael le, a proteftant divine, 
 admired as a preacher at Montpellier, Charen- 
 ton, and Paris. After hearing him difcourfe 
 on duelling, marfhal de la Force faid ; " If * 
 challenge was fent to me, I would refufe it." 
 He died at Paris 1667. He wrote a treatife 
 on oratorical action fermons in 8vo. chrifti- 
 an prayers and meditations a treatife on the 
 eucharift againft Perron, folio. 
 
 Faulkner, George, a printer of eminence, 
 the firft who raifed his profeffion in Ireland to 
 refpect ability. He was the friend of dean 
 Swift, and of lord Chefterfield, whofe letters to 
 him under the name of Aniens are much ad- 
 mired. He broke his leg, in confequence of 
 which, Foote, with more humor than eocd 
 breeding, introduced him in his Orators, 1762, 
 in the character of Peter Paragraph. Faul- 
 kner commenced an action againft the mimic, 
 whish however was dropped by the interfe- 
 rence 
 
FAW 
 
 FEA 
 
 fence of lord Townfhend. He raifed himfelf 
 to opulence by the fuceefs of his " journHl," and 
 died alderman of Dublin 1 775. 
 
 Favqiunus, Varinus, of Favera, near Ca- 
 merino, in Italy, was a dhciple of Politian, and 
 became a Benedictine monk. He was keeper 
 of the Medicean library of Florence, and bilhop 
 ofNocera, and died 1537. He publifhed in 
 1523 his Greek lexicon at Rome, one of the 
 firft of modern lexicons, compiled from Suidas, 
 the Etymologcium Magnum, Hefychius, &c. 
 He wrote befides, cornucopia et horti Adoni- 
 dis and Stobams' apophthegmata.tranflated. 
 
 Fauk, Guy de, of Tpuloufe, was fent by 
 Charles IX. as ambaffador to the councils of 
 Trent, where he defended the Gallican church. 
 In 1571 he vindicated themaffacre of St. Bar- 
 tholomew, no doubt compelled by his fuperiors, 
 as his own character was mild and far from 
 vindictive. He made peace between the court 
 and the protcflants under Henry III. whom 
 he had accompanied to Poland. He poffefled 
 great influence with his matter, and was created 
 one of the chitf pre Indents of the court of law. 
 He died 1584, aged 56. He is beft known by 
 bis " Quatrains," or moral ilanzas of four 
 lines, fo much admired at that time, that they 
 were tranflated into all languages, and into 
 Englifh by Sylvefter. 
 
 Favre, Anthony, ox Faber, a lawyer, born 
 J557 at Breffe. He was governor of Savoy, 
 and was engaged in feveral negociations be- 
 tween that dukedom and France. He died 
 1624. He wrote 10 vols. fol. on jui ifprudence 
 and civil law, befides quatrains preferved among 
 thofeofFaur. * 
 
 Favre, Claude, Vld. Vaucei as. 
 
 Fawcett,^ William, a general, born at 
 Shipdenhall, near Halifax, Yorkfhire. He re- 
 ceived his education at a grammar fchool in 
 Lancafhire, and ferved in Germany during the 
 feven years' war under Eliot and Granby. 
 The king of Pruffia made him liberal offers to 
 accept a command in his army, but he preferred 
 the fervice of his native country. He was 
 knight of the bath, cojonel of the third regi- 
 ment of dragoon guards, and governor of Chel- 
 fea hofpital. He died 1804. He tranflated 
 from the French count Saxe's reveries, or 
 memoirs on the art of war, 4to. regulations 
 for the Pruffian cavalry, from the German 
 regulations for the Pruflian infantry, and 
 the Pruffian tactics. 
 
 Fawkes, Franc: j, a poet, born in York- 
 mire 1 7 21, and educated at Leeds, and at 
 Jffus college, Cambridge. He fettled at 
 Bromham,Yorkfhire,and removed to Croydon, 
 Surrey, where Herring gave him the vicarage of 
 Orpington, with St. Mary Clay, Kent, which 
 he exchanged in 1774 for the rectory of 
 Hayes. He died 1777. He publifhed an 
 ode inlcribed to Plerring, and lamented his 
 death in 1 756 in a pathetic elegy. His poems 
 appeared by fubfeription 1 761, in 8vo. but his 
 chief merit wastranflntion, as is evinced by his 
 fpirited verhons of Anacreon, Srppho, Eion, 
 
 Mofchus, and Mufaeus, tamo. and the Idyl- 
 lia of Theocritus, 8vo. His Apollonius Rho- 
 dius appeared 1780. 
 
 Faydit, Anfdm, a Provencal poet of cele- 
 brity, noticed by the princes of his time, for his 
 wit. He was relieved from indigence by 
 Richard Cccur de Lion who admired his poe- 
 try, and he died at Aix 1220. He wrote a 
 poem on the death of his benefadtor Richara, 
 the ;>lace of love, imitated afterwards by 
 Petrarch, befides comedies, &c. 
 
 Faydit, Peter > a prieft of the oratory, 
 born at Riom in Auvergne, and died there 
 1709, aged 60. He is known for his fa- 
 tirical attacks on great characters, efpecially 
 BofTuet and Fenelon for his Telemacbus, 
 and his illuflrations of ecclefiaflkal hiilory, 
 8vo. 
 
 Fayette, Louifa de la, a French lady. She 
 was maid of honor to Anne of Auftria, and en- 
 joyed the confidence of Lewis XIII So great 
 was her influence upon this monarch that fne 
 reconciled him to the queen, and when fhe 
 had thus ferved the man whom fhe refpeted, 
 fhe r tired uncontaminated, and took the veil. 
 Lewis vifited her in her retreat, but fhe refill- 
 ed every invitai ion to the court. She died in 
 her convent, univerfally beloved, and deferved- 
 ly admired for that uncommon difplay of virtue 
 and felf-command which, in a beautiful woman, 
 could refill the nioft flattering offers of diftinc- 
 tion and of rank, and facrifice the world and 
 her innocent attachment to a king,to devotion. 
 
 Fayette, Marie Maddeirc, count (fs of, 
 wife of count de la Fayette, is celebrated for 
 her knowledge of literature and of the fine 
 arts, and her intimacy with Rochefoucault, 
 Huetius, and ether learned men. She died 
 1693. Though abufed for levity of conduct 
 by the author of the memoirs of madam de 
 Maintenon, fhe is reprefented by madam de 
 Sevigne as a woman of exemplary character. 
 
 She wrote Zaide la princefle de Cleves 
 
 la princeffe de Montpenfier, romances 
 memoires de la cotir de France hiftoire 
 d'Henriette d'Angletere divers portraits, 
 &c. works ftill efleemed. She is the firft, fays 
 Voltaire, who exhibited in her romances the 
 manners of people of falhion in a graceful and 
 natural way. 
 
 Featly, Daniel, or Fairclouch, a di- 
 vine, born at Charlton, Oxfordfhire, 1582. 
 He was educated at Magdalen college fchool 
 and Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. He was fent as 
 chaplain to fir Thomas Edmund's embaffy to 
 France, and became, iu 1613, rector of Nort- 
 hill, Cornwall, and chaplain to Abbot the pri- 
 mate, who made him rector of Lambeth. He 
 afterwards received from the primate the rec- 
 tory of All-Hallows, Bread-flreet, London, 
 which he exchanged for Acton, and he was 
 the lafl provoft of Cheliea college. He fuffer- 
 ed much by the civil wars, and hardly efcaped 
 with his life, as he was imprifoned in 1643, 
 for oppofing the covenant. He grew fo weak 
 and dropfical from the confinement that he was 
 permitted 
 
FEL 
 
 FEL, 
 
 permitted to remove to Chelfea college, where 
 he died 1645. He was an able difputant, and 
 a moil imart fcourge, fays Wood, of die church 
 cf Rome. He publilhed nearly 40 works, all of 
 tiie polemical kind, befides ' cygnea cantio." 
 
 Feckenham, John de, was born in Wor- 
 cefterlhire. He was educated in the monaftery 
 ofEvefham, and afterwards at Gloucefter hall, 
 Oxford. He was afterwards chaplaiji to bifhops 
 Bell and Bonner, and in. 1549 he was com- 
 mitted to the tower for refufing, it is faid, to 
 adminifter the iacraments after the manner of 
 the proteftants. Oa Mary's acceffion he was 
 railed to diftinclion in the church, in 1554 
 he difputed at Oxford with Cranmer, Ridley, 
 and Latimer, before they fuffered martyrdom; 
 hut though favored by the papiits, he exer- 
 cifed every office of benevolence towards the 
 iuffering proteftants. In 1556 he was made 
 D. D. in compliment to his great learning, and 
 appointed abbot of Weftminfter. On Mary's 
 death, Elizabeth, before her coronation, fent 
 for him, and as he had interefted himfelf 
 warmly in her f>vor during the laft reign, (he 
 acknowledged his fervices, and offered him the 
 archbifhopric of Canterbury, if he would con- 
 form, which he refufed. In the queen's firft 
 parliament he was the laft abbot that fat there ; 
 and he then fpoke fo boldly againft the refor- 
 mation, that he was fent to the tower in 1560. 
 He continued in cuftody, and died a prifoner in 
 "Wifbedi caftle, 1585. His works were chiefly 
 fermons and controverfial tracts, now little re- 
 garded. 
 
 Feijoo, Bcnedicl Jerom, a Spanilh Bene- 
 dictine, who attempted to correct and reform 
 the vitiated notions of his countrymen. His 
 Teatro Critico, in 14 vols. 4to. is a work of 
 great merit, which, with great freedom, cen- 
 fures the licentioufnefs of the clergy, and ex- 
 pofes the futility of pilgrimages and fuperfti- 
 tious exorcifms. This unufual boldnefs proved 
 very offenfive to the church, and the author 
 was with difficulty faved from the inquifition. 
 He died 1765. 
 
 Feithius, Everard, a German, born at 
 Elburgh, in Guelderland. The invafion of the 
 Spaniards under Spinola fo terrified him, that 
 he retired to France, where he taught Greek, 
 and was honored with the friendfhip of Cafau- 
 bon, Thuanus, Du Puy, and other learned 
 men. As he walked one day at Rochelle, he 
 was invited into a houfe by one of the citizens, 
 and from that moment it never could be known 
 what became of him, though the myfterious 
 occurrence was diligently inquired into by the 
 rnagiftrates of the place. He was then young, 
 but had given great fpecimens of fuperior 
 learning. Of his MS. works were published 
 antiquitatnm Homericarum libri quatuor, 
 I2mo. de Athenien. republica de antiquit. 
 Atticis, &c. very learned. 
 
 Feiibien, Andrew , hiftoriographer o the 
 French king, was born at Chartres 161 0. He 
 improved himfelf at Paris, and alio at Rome, 
 and ws d by Fouqu&t and Colbert, 
 
 and placed by the king in offices of refpeclabi- 
 lity. He died 1695, aged 76. His principal 
 works are entretiens fur les vies & les ouvrages 
 desplus excellent peintres,anciens& modernes, 
 5 vols. 4to. les principes de l'architecture, de 
 la fculpture, & de la peinture, avec un diclion- 
 aire des termes propres,de ces arts, de l'originc 
 de la peinture, &c defcriptions of feveral en- 
 tertainments given by the king, &c. the con- 
 ferences of the royal academy of painting, &c 
 the defcription of the abbey de la Trappe, 
 &c. h is dialogues on the lives of the painters 
 is the work molt admired. It is elegant and 
 profound. 
 
 Felibien, John Francis, fucceeded his fa- 
 ther in all his appointments, and inherited his 
 tafte and knowledge of the fine arts. He wrote 
 an hiftorical colledtion of the lives and works of 
 the moil celebrated architects, 4to. defcription 
 of Verfailles, ancient and modern, i2mo., and 
 died 1733. 
 
 Felibien, Michael, fon of Andrew, en- 
 gaged to write the hiftory of Paris, which he 
 did not live to complete. It was finifhed by 
 Lobineau, 5 vols. fol. 1725. He died 1719, 
 aged 53. He had publilhed the hiftory-of the 
 abbey of St. Denys, in folio. 
 
 Felix I. pope after Dionyfius, 269, was put 
 to death 274, and canonized. 
 
 Felix II. was, in 355, elevated to the papal 
 chair by Conftans, during the exile of Laberi- 
 us. On the return of his rival, Felix wifhed 
 to retain his office conjunctly with him, but 
 the Romans exclaimed, "one God, one Chrift, 
 one pope," and he retired to exile, and died 365. 
 
 Felix III. fucceflbr of Simplicius, quarrelled 
 with Zeno, and died 492. 
 
 Felix IV. pope after John I. 526, died 
 four years after. He was a prelate of great 
 piety and exemplary goodnefs. He was the 
 firft who introduced extreme unction in the 
 church. 
 
 Fell, Dr. John, a prelate, born at Long- 
 worth, Berks, 1625. He was educated at 
 Thame fchool, and Chrift church, Oxford, 
 where his father was dean. During the civil 
 war, he bore arms for the king, and being ex- 
 pelled from the cpllege, he lived in retirement 
 till the reftoration, when he was made prebend- 
 ary of Chichefter, and canon and dean of 
 Chrift church. He was liberal to his college, 
 and built the tower over the principal gate, into 
 which in 1683 he cauled to be removed the 
 bell called great Tom, faid to have been ori- 
 ginally brought from Ofeney abbey. He 
 ierved the office cf vice-chancellor, and in 
 1675-6 was made bilhop of Oxford, without 
 giving up his deanery, and applied a large part 
 of his income to the rebuilding of Cuddefden 
 palace. He died 1686. He wrote the life of 
 Dr. Hammond hiftoria& antiquitates univer- 
 fitatis Oxon. 2 vols. fol. translated from Wood's 
 Alcinoi in Platonicam philofophiam intro- 
 duce io in laudem mufices carmen Sapphi- 
 cum St. Clement's two epiftles to the Corin- 
 thians, Greek and Latin AJleltree's life . 
 fermons^- 
 
FEL 
 
 FEN 
 
 fermons an edition of Cyprian, and other 
 claflics. The bifhop's father was born in Lon- 
 don, 1594, and educated at Weftminfter and 
 Chrift church. He was fucceffively miniiter of 
 Frefhwater, ifle of Wight, chaplain to James I. 
 prebendary of Worcefter, dean of Lichfield, 
 and in 1638 dean of Chrift church. He died 
 1649, of a broken heart, in confequence of the 
 murder of his royal mafter. He wrote primi- 
 tiai, feu oratio, &c. and concio Latina ad bac- 
 calaureos, &c. 
 
 Fell, John, a difTenting minifter, ofCock- 
 ermouth. He was originally a tayknybut ac- 
 quired fome knowledge of the claflics, and be- 
 came paftor of a congregation at Eccles, Suffolk, 
 and afterwards Thaxfted, Eflex. He was after- 
 wards tutor at an academy at Homerton, from 
 which he was difmiffed, fays his biographer, for 
 reading a newfpaper on a funday. A lubfcrip- 
 tion of 100 guineas was made for him to 
 preach fermons on the evidences of chriftianity. 
 Four only of thefe were delivered at the Scots 
 church, London Wall, when the preacher fell 
 a victim to a dropfy, 1797. The fermon 
 were continued by Dr. -*. Hunter. Fell was 
 the author of anfvvers to Farmer's efTay on the 
 Demoniacs and his treatife on the idolatry 
 of Greece and Rome genuine proteftantifm 
 an efTay on the love of one's country a 
 letter to Burke on the penal laws an efTay on 
 Englifh grammar, See. 
 
 Feuer, Joachim Frederic, a German, 
 born at Leipfic, 1673. He was fecretary to 
 the duke of Weimar, and travelled to vifit fo- 
 reign libraries. He died 1726. The beft 
 known of his works is monumenta varia 
 inedita, Jena, 1714, in 12 numbers, 4to. He 
 wrote alio mifcellanea Leibnitiana,&c. 
 
 Feller, Francis Xavier, an ex-jefuit, born 
 at BrufTels. He wrote an hiftorical and lite- 
 rary journal, from 1774 to 1794, at Luxem- 
 burg a geographical dictionary obfervations 
 on Newton's philofophy and Buffon's epochs 
 of nature examined an hiftorical dictionary, 
 8 vols. 8vo. and died at Ratifbon, 1802, aged 
 67. 
 
 Felltham, Oivcn, an Englifh writer, in 
 the reign of James I. His learning and virtues 
 recommended him to the notice of the earl of 
 Thomond, in whofe family he lived in eafy 
 and honorable dependence. He wrote Refolves, 
 divine, moral, and political, a work of fingular 
 excellence, of which the 12th edition appeared 
 in 1709, in 8vo. This book, fo valuable for 
 its refined fentiments of morality, its pointed 
 delineations of duty, and its interefting tenden- 
 cy to improve the heart in the road to virtue, 
 has lately been edited by Mr. dimming. 
 
 Felton, John, was the afTaflin of Villiers, 
 duke of Buckingham, 1628, a crime which he 
 committed in the full perfuafion that he thus 
 ferved God and man. He was tried and exe- 
 cuted. He had been a lieutenant in the army 
 which befieged the ifle of Rhe, and becaufe he 
 did not fucceed to a company, he became a 
 bigoted diflatisficd puriua, His r.mdfatlu'i , 
 
 of the fame name, had. in the reign of Eliza- 
 beth, affixed on the palaee gates of the biihop 
 of London, the bull of Pius V. by which the 
 queen was declared a heretic. He was tried 
 and executed for this conduct, 1570. 
 
 Felton, Henry, principal ofEdmund hall, 
 Oxford, was author of a difTertation on reading 
 the claflics, and forming a juft ftyle, a work of 
 merit. He wrote alio fermons, and died 
 1739- 
 
 FENELON, Francis de Salignac dc la Motte 9 
 archbifhop of Cambray, was born at the caftle 
 of Fenelon in Perigord, 16.51. He was edu- 
 cated at Cahors and Paris, and at the age of 
 24 took orders, and in 1686, after the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes, he was fent at the 
 head of the mifiionaries to convert the proteft- 
 antsofthe coaft of Saintongeand the Pays de 
 Aunis. In 1689 he was appointed tutor to 
 the dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri,and 
 the king for his fervices gave him the abbey of 
 St. Valery, and the iee of Cambray, 1695. 
 In 1697 he wasexpofedto perfecution, by the 
 publication of his explication of" the maxims 
 of the faints concerning the interior life," in, 
 which he fupported the claims of madams 
 Guyon, to exalted devotion, aftd her myftical 
 interpretation of Solomon's fong. Fenelon 
 was offered to fign a recantation, and when he 
 refufed, the affair was referred to the king, 
 and then to the pope, who in condemning the 
 archbifhop's book, declared that he had erred 
 from excefsofloveof God, and his opponents, 
 from excefsoflove of their neighbour. This 
 affair, to which fuch importance was attached, 
 was fuppofed to arife from the wifh of prevent- 
 ing the appointment of Fenelon to the office of 
 almoner to the duchefs of Burgundy. Fenelon 
 fubmitted to the decifion of the pope, and read 
 the fentence, and his recantntion in his own 
 diocefe, where, by his exemplary life, he gave 
 luftre to the epiicopal office, fie afterwards 
 affifted the Jefuits againft the Janfenifts, and 
 procured the difgrace of Noialles their patron. 
 The work from which Fenelon derives immor- 
 tality is his " Telemachus". It was expoled 
 to the jealoufy of Lewis and his courtiers, who 
 pretended to fee the character of mad^m de 
 Montefpan in Calypfo, of mademoifelle de 
 Fontanges, irt Eucharis, of the duchefs of Bur- 
 gundy, in Antiope, ofLouvois in Protefilaus, 
 of James II in Idomeneus, and of Lewis XIV. 
 in Sefoftris,but though its publication was pro- 
 hibited in France, it appeared at Paris furrep- 
 titioufly in 1699, and in a corrected form at 
 the Hague 1701. Such is the merit of the 
 work, that it ranks, though in profe, among 
 epic poems, and by the elegance of its ftyle, 
 and the fublimity of its moral, it has fecured 
 univerfal applaufe, and has been tranflated into 
 all the languages of Europe. This amiable 
 prelate died 7th January 1 7 15, aged 63. Be- 
 fides his Telemachus, and his explication of 
 the maxims, he wrote a treatife on the educa- 
 tion of daughters, l2mo. much admired- 
 dialogues of the dead, % vols. iamo.-~clialogues 
 
 oa 
 
FE R. 
 
 FER 
 
 <. eloquence, rind the eloquence of the pulpit, 
 - -lives of ancient philofophers, abridged, 
 lame. lpiritual- works, 4 vols. i2n.o a de- 
 monftration of the exiltence of God, i2mo. 
 fitrmons, &.c. 
 
 Fenton, Elijah, a poet, the yonngeft of 
 iz children, born at Shelton, near Newcaftle- 
 -Line, Staffordshire. He was educated 
 at Cambridge-, ai-d became uiherin lionwicke's 
 fehool, at headley, in Surry. He afterward.; 
 mm matter of Seven Oaks fchool, and next 
 WM fecietary to lord Orrery, and tutor to his 
 Jew lord Roylc, and by Pope's recommendation 
 rre was placed near Craggs, fecretary of ftate. 
 Though not rich he ended his life in eafe, and 
 died at the houfe of lady Trumbal, Eaft 
 Mampftead, Berks, 13th Jujy, 1730. He 
 ft tblifhed in 1709, " Oxford and Cambridge 
 veries," and in 171 7, a volume of his own 
 poems, and in 1723, his tragedy of Mariamne. 
 He alio aflifted Hope in the Odyfley, and 
 tranilated the firlt, fourth, 19th, and 20th 
 books* He alfo edited Waller's poena;, with 
 wotes, and publifhed a life of Mibon, com- 
 mended by Dr. Johnfon. Fenton. though of 
 n fupeiior genius as a poet, yet polTefted 
 BeM merit. His epitaph was written by 
 Pope, and the praifes bellowed on him are not 
 iv-rchar^ed, for he was an h on eft man, un- 
 envred by rivals, mild, humane, and benevolent 
 in his conduct, and he lived "content with 
 fcience, in the vale of peace." 
 
 Fenton, /- Geoffrey, ierved Elizabeth in 
 Ireland, where he became member of the privy 
 council 15 81, and where he married the 
 daughter of Dr. Robert Wefton, lord ch?.n- 
 relbr of the ifland. He was afterwards fecre- 
 tary to the lord lieutenant, and continued fo 
 BUttiT arl the changes of government. He 
 cii-d 1608. He tranilattd Guiciardini's wars 
 cjf EtahjF, dedicated to Elizabeth, befides golden 
 er riles from Guevara's works, &c. 
 * Ferdinand I. &cond fou of the archduke 
 Fhiiip, was crowned king of Hungary and 
 Boheinia 1527, on the death of Louis the 
 zcuager, and in 1531 he was elecled king of 
 tke Romans, and in 1558 he fucceeded as 
 emperor, on the abdication of his brother 
 Charles V. He governed with moderation, 
 ad died of a dropfy at Vienna 1564, aged 61. 
 Ferdinand II. archduke of Auftra. raifed 
 to the imperial throne 1619. His fubjedts of 
 Bohemia- placed on the throne Frederic V. 
 ;le<ftor palatine, but Ferdinand defeated them 
 acthe battle of Prague 1620, and the vidto 
 
 of ambition and aggrandizement, but in W3 
 
 war againft the Swedes, his troops were de. 
 tfeattd by Bernard duke cf Weimar, who, in 
 four months, gained four important victories. 
 Tranquillity was reltored by the peace of 
 Weilphalia, 1648, and the treaties of Ofna- 
 burg and Muniter tolerated the Lutheran? 
 and Calvinifts in the midft of the Roman Ca- 
 tholic religion. The emperor died 1657, aged 
 49. 
 
 Ferdinand I. king of Caftile and Leon, 
 furnamed the Great, was fon of Sancho III. of 
 Navarre. He defeated Alphonfo rf Leon, 
 1037, and caufed himfelf to be crowned king, 
 of Leon, and of the Atturias. He next 
 marched againft the Moors, took feveral of 
 their towns, and penetrated into the heart of 
 Portugal. He died 1065. 
 
 Ferdinand II. yoanger fon of Alphonfo 
 VIII. of Leon arrd Caftile, made war againft 
 the Portuguefe. He made the moft temper- 
 ate ufe of his victory, and died 1 287, after 
 rc?ign of 30 years. 
 
 Ferdinand III. St. fon of Alphorrfb IX. 
 obtained the crown of Caftile by the abdica- 
 tion of his mother Berengere 1217, and af- 
 cended the throne of Leon 1230. He made 
 war againft the Moors, and took Cordova, 
 Murcia, Seville, Xeres, Cadiz, ice. and died 
 1252. 
 
 Ferdinand IV. fucceeded to the throne 
 of Caftile 1295, at the age of ic. His mi- 
 nority was governed by his mother Mary. 
 He made war againft the Moors, and died 
 fuddenly I3i2,aged 27. 
 
 Ferdinand V. furnamed the Catholic, 
 was ion of John II. of Arragon. He manied 
 Ifubclla of Caftile, and thus united the king- 
 doms of Caftile and Arragon. He made war 
 againft Alphonfo king of Portugal, and de- 
 feated him at Toro 1476, and he next fub- 
 dued Grenada, after a war of eight wars, and 
 put an end to the Moorilh power, which for 
 800 years hadfloiiihed in Spain. By means 
 of his general Gonlalvo of Cordova, he con- 
 quered part of the kingdom of Naples, but 
 whilft his dominions were enlarged in Europe 
 and Africa, a new continent fubmitted to his 
 power by the diicoveries of Columbus. Fer- 
 dinand died 1516. 
 
 Ferdinand VI. furnamed the Wife, was 
 fon of Philip V. and Mary of Savoy, and fuc- 
 ceeded his father 1746. He was a moft be- 
 nevolent prince, and two days in a week 
 ve accef* to his fubjedts, and redrefled 
 
 xies of Tilly, the imperial general, rendered i perfonnlly their grievances. He engaged in 
 cppofitioii hopelefs. Thefe fucceiTes roufed j the war of T741, and in rhe peace of 1748 
 againft Ferdinand, the king or" France, and ; h< obtained for one of his brothers the crown 
 Gvftavus Adol))hus, ot Sweden, and the - of the two Sicilies, and for the other the du- 
 yeriaJ7.en.eral was defeated at Leipfic, though | ciiies of Parma and Placentia. Under his 
 
 loon after rhe Swedilh coaqueror fell covered 
 Titb gk-ry in the battle of Loesea. Ferdi- 
 nand died at Vienna, 1637, aged 59/ 
 
 FtanrNAND HI. fcumaosed Erneft, eldeft 
 fr*o of the preceding. WIS elected emperor on 
 jLs father's death. 
 
 government induftry was encouraged, abufes. 
 were reformed, and canals were made to con- 
 vey plenty and commerce through the country. 
 He died without children at Madrid 1759, 
 aged 46. 
 Ferdiuand I. fucceeded in 1458 to Al- 
 phonfo 
 
FER 
 
 FER 
 
 phonfo of Arragon as king of Naples and Si- 
 ll cily. Though he protected commerce, he 
 J was unpopular on account of his debaucheries. 
 | He died little regretted 1494, aged 70. 
 
 Ferdinand, king of Portugal after Peter 
 
 jj 1367, died 1383. He aflumed the title of 
 
 I king of Caltile after Peter the Cruel, and was 
 
 I engaged in war with Henry of Tranitamare, 
 
 whole daughter he married, to re-eftablilh the 
 
 general tranquillity* 
 
 Ferdinand T. grand duke of Tufcany 
 after his brother Francis II. 1587, was emi- 
 nent for his wifdom. He died 1609. 
 
 Ferdinand II. grand duke of Tufcany, 
 fucceeded Col'mo II. and gained the reipecl of 
 the neighbouring princes, by his neutrality 
 during the wars between France and Spain. 
 He iV.ppoited the Venetians in their war in 
 Candia, and died 1668. 
 
 1-KKDrNAND of Cordova, in the 15th cen- 
 tury, was lb well fkilied in the logic of Aril- 
 totle, and the learning of the ancients, that 
 he palled among the vulgar for a magician. 
 He wrote de artificio omnis fcibilis and 
 commentaries on Ptolemy's almageit, and on 
 the bible. 
 
 Fekdonsi, Hajfun Ben Scharf, a Perfian 
 poet, whole epic poem called Schanamehis 
 very celebrated. It is the labor of 30 years, 
 and confiits of 60,000 veries, each of which is 
 a diltich. He died at Thous 1020. 
 
 Ferg or Fergire, Francis Paul, a painter 
 of Vienna. He came to London, where he 
 was much efteemed, but an imprudent mar- 
 riage ruined his expectations. He was found 
 dead at the door of his lodging 1 740, worn 
 out with difeafe and wretchednefs. His land- 
 icapes are beautifully enriched with ruins of 
 caftles and towers. 
 
 Fergus I. king of Scotland, affifted the 
 Scots in repelling the Pi6ts, and for his fer- 
 vices was elected kinj. He was drowned as 
 he returned to Ireland 404. 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, was ejected from the 
 living of Godmariham in Kent, for noncon- 
 formity, 1662. He afterwards kept a fchool, 
 and then became a court fpy. He was next 
 the aflbciate of Monmouth, whom, as it is 
 thought, he betrayed. He wrote the intereft 
 M real'on in religion, 8vo. a diicourfe con- 
 cerning juflihcation, &c. and died poor, 
 II714* 
 
 Ferguson, Robert, of Edinburgh, ftudied 
 divinity, but preferred literary fame to all 
 other purfuits. He obtained a place in the 
 fherifF clerk's office, Edinburgh, but diffipation 
 abridged his days, and he died infane 1774, 
 aged 24. His paftoral, humorous, and lyric 
 poems, have been edited in Anderfon's collec- 
 tion. 
 
 FF.RousoN,j^7w,afelf-taught philofopher, 
 born of poor parents in BamrFihire, 17 10. 
 He was a common fhepherd, and in this em- 
 ployment marked accurately the pofkion of 
 the liars with a thread and bead. His inge- 
 nuity was encouraged by h:$ opulent ri^h- ' 
 
 bouts, who had him inftructed in arithmetic, 
 algebra, and geometry. His ingenuity was Co 
 great, that after the fight of a watch and of a' 
 clock, lie made one of each with wood. In 
 1744 he came to London, and in coulecac-nce 
 of his aftronomical rotula to fhew the new 
 moon and ecliples, he vtas made fello\v of the 
 royal fociety. The king at his acceiilon granted 
 him a penfion of* jcl. a year, and occafioually 
 took great delight in his converfation. He 
 invented fome ufeful inftruments, and died 
 1776. He wrote " felecl mechanical exer- 
 cifes," introduction to electricity to aftro- 
 nomy treatife on perspective andaltronomv 
 explained on Newton's principles, edited for 
 the fourth time 177c lectures on mechanics, 
 hydroftatics, hydraulics, &c. edited the fifth 
 time 1776, &c. 
 
 Ferguson, William, a Scotch painter, 
 who died 1690. He excelled in repreientifig 
 dead birds, game, and ftill life. 
 
 Fermat, Peter, a mathematician of Tyu- 
 loufe. As a philofopher he may be laid to 
 have prepared the way for the inrinitfs of 
 Newton and Leibnitz, and to have introduced 
 new geometry. He was connected with Def- 
 cartes, Huygens, and Pafcal, and died 1664. 
 His works were publiihed 2 vols. fol. 1.670. 
 His fon Samuel wrote fome learned duTerta- 
 tions. 
 
 FermoR, William count Van, of Phalkow, 
 was fon of a Scotchman. He like his father 
 was in the Ruffian fervice againft the Turl*j. 
 For his fervices he was tnade count of the 
 empire by the emperor Francis. He defeated 
 the king of Prulfia at the famous battle ofc" 
 ZorndorfF, and afterwards took Berlin, He 
 died 1 771, aged 64. 
 
 Fernel, John Fratuit, phyfician to Henry 
 II. of France, was born in Picardy 1506. His 
 lectures on philofophical fubjects at Paris were 
 greatly admired for eloquence and erudition. 
 He afterwards ftudied phyfic, and divided bis 
 time between his patients and his books, allow- 
 ing himfelf fcarce five hours of reft in 24. 
 When invited to court by the king, whole 
 friendship he had fecured by caring one of hit 
 favorites, he excufed himfelf, and preferred 
 retirement to ev^ry other purfuit. On the 
 death of the king's firft phyfician, he fettled at 
 thf* court, but the iudden death of his wife, 
 who fell a facrifice to her grief in leaving her 
 relations to live at Fontainbleau, fo affected 
 him, that he died within a month after, 1558. 
 He wrote feveral works on medical fubjects in 
 high repute. 
 
 Fernouillot de Falbaire, Charles 
 George, a French author, who died 1801, aged 
 74. He wrote fome articles in the Encyclu- 
 pedie, befides dramatic pieces. 
 
 Ferracino, Bartolomeo, a felfrtaught me- 
 chanic of Padua. His invention of a law 
 which worked by the wind recommended him 
 to the notice of the great. He built a famous 
 bridge over the Brenta in his native town, and 
 died 1764, aged 73, 
 
 Fbrrano, 
 
FER 
 
 FER 
 
 Ferrand, James, a French phyfician of 
 Agen. He wrote a book " on the diftemper 
 of love," Paris, 162a. 
 
 Ferrand, Anthony, of Paris, died 1719, 
 aged 42. His madrigals, fongs, epigrams &c. 
 axe well known. 
 
 Ferrand, James Philip, a French painter 
 in enamel, born at Joigni in Burgundy. He 
 died at Paris I732> aged 79. He wrote a 
 treatife on enamel painting, and another on 
 miniatures, i2mo. 
 
 Ferrar, Robert, of Halifax, Yorkfhire, was 
 educated at Cambridge and Oxford, and made 
 kifhop of St. David's by Cranmer. He was 
 imprifoned in Edward's reisn, and under Mary 
 he was burnt as a heretic at Caermarthen, 
 *SSS- 
 
 Ferrar, Nicholas, of London, was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge, and after travelling on 
 the continent, was made fecretary to the Vir- 
 ginia company, and in 1624 elected member 
 of parliament, and directed, with two others, 
 to draw the impeachment againft lord Gran- 
 field, the treafurer. He foon after retired to 
 Little Gidding, Huntingdonfhire, where he 
 eftablifhed a proteftant monaftery. In 1626 
 he took deacon's orders, and died 1637. He 
 had tranflated from the Spanifh Valdeflb's 
 cenfiderations on religion. 
 
 Ferrari, Leivis, of Milan, was profeflbr 
 of mathematics at Bologna, where he died 
 *5&5i ag e d 45. He invented the method of 
 refolving biquadratic equations. 
 
 Ferrari, O&avian, an Italian author, pro- 
 fefTor of ethics and politics at Venice, Padua, 
 Milan, and other places of Italy. He died at 
 Milan, 1586, aged 68, confidered for his 
 learning as a fecond Ariftotle. He wrote de 
 fermonibus exoreticis de origine Romanorum 
 a Latin tranflation of Athenaeus, and notes 
 on Ariftotle. 
 
 Ferrari, Francifco Bernardino, of the fame 
 family, was born at Milan, 1577. He was 
 encouraged by the archbifhop of Milan to 
 travel not only to improve himfelf, but to 
 make a collection of beoks. This valuable 
 felection, made in Spain, Italy, &c. laid the 
 foundation of the Ambrofian library. Ferrari 
 died at Milan 1669, aged 92. He wrote de 
 antiquo ecclefiafticarum epiftolarum gencre li- 
 bri tres de veterum acclamationibus & plaufu 
 libri feptem. Thefe works are curious, and 
 diiplfly great erudition. 
 
 Ferrari, Oftavio, of the fame family, was 
 horn at Milan, 1607, and educated at the 
 Ambrofian college, where he became profeflbr 
 of rhetoric at the age of 21. Six years after 
 he was invited by the Venetians to Padua, 
 where as profeflbr of Greek, of eloquence, and 
 })olitics, he collected a great number of pupils. 
 His fame was fo defervedly eftablifhed, that 
 Chriftina f Sweden honored him with pre- 
 fents, and Lewis XIV. fettled on him a pen- 
 fion of 5CXD crowns for feven years. He died 
 1682. His works are chiefly on claffical anti- 
 quities, th? moft known of which is orpines 
 
 lingua Italic*, fol. a fubjecl treated before by- 
 Scaliger, in 24 books, now loft. 
 
 Ferrars, Getrge, was educated at Oxford, 
 and removed to Lincoln's-inn, and foon dittin- 
 guifhed himfelf as an advocate under Cromwell, 
 earl of Effex. he became next a favorite with 
 Henry VIII. and his arreft, when he was 
 member of parliament for Plymouth, created 
 fuch confufion, that in the event it eftablifhed 
 the privileges of the members of the houfe. 
 On the fall of Somerfei under Edward VI. he 
 was named lord of mifrule, to entertain the 
 public with paftimes, and for 12 days he ex- 
 hibited at Greenwich all the pomp of affumed 
 f reatnefs, to the Satisfaction of the court, and 
 of the populace. Ferrars pofleffed fuch ver- 
 fatile talents, that while the religion of the 
 court changed at the caprice of the fovereign, 
 he continued a favorite with all, and died a 
 proteftant, 1579. He wrote the hiftory of 
 queen Mary, and alfo contributed to the 
 poetical work called " the mirror for magis- 
 trates," publifhed 1559 the fall of Robert 
 Trefilian, chief juftice,fcc. &c. 
 
 Ferrars, Ed-ward, a Warwickfhire poet, 
 educated at Oxford. He was a favorite with 
 Henry VIII. and died 1564. He wrote fome 
 comedies and tragedies. 
 
 Ferrars, Henry, of the fame family, was- 
 educated at Oxford, and made large collections 
 for the hiftory of his native county. His 
 papers laid the foundation of Dugdale's anti- 
 quities of Warwickfhire. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf alio as a poet. He died 1633, aged 
 84, leaving behind him, fays Wood, the cha- 
 racter of a well-bred gentleman, a good neigh- 
 bour, and an honeft man. 
 
 Ferraud, N. of Daure, near the Pyre- 
 nees, was a deputy in the convention, and 
 diftinguifhed by his enmity to the monarchy. 
 He was commiflary in the armies of the Rhine, 
 where he behaved with coolnefs, and on his. 
 return to Paris, when oppofing the attack 
 made on the convention, 1795, he was fhot 
 through the heart with a piftol. His mur- 
 derer was executed, and the convention ap- 
 pointed a day to celebrate his obfequies. 
 
 Ferreras, Don John of, a Spanifh divine, 
 educated at Salamanca. His wit and learning 
 recommended him to the court, from whole 
 favors he refuted two bifhoprics. He contri- 
 buted much to the Spanifh dictionary, pub- 
 lifhed by the academy 1739, in 6 vols, folio, 
 and died 1735, leaving feveral works in phi- 
 lofophy, divinity, and hiftory. 
 
 Ferreti or Ferretus, a poet and hifto- 
 rian of Vicenza, of the 14th eentury, who 
 contributed much to the revival of learning in 
 Europe. He wrote an hiftory of his owii 
 times from 1259 to 13*8, &c in Italian. 
 
 Ferri, Paul, was born at Metz 159X, and 
 educated at Montauban. As minifter in his 
 native town, he gained popularity by his elo- 
 quence, and zealoufly employed himfelf to 
 reconcile the proteftants, but for this he wit 
 accufed of bfing bribed by Richelieu to form 
 1% a coali- 
 
FET 
 
 FEV 
 
 "coalition of the two religions. He died 
 1669, of the ftone, and more than 80 calculi 
 j were found in his bladder. He publifhed 
 Ifcholaftici orthodoxici fpecimen, a book ap- 
 j proved by Du Pleffis Mornay vindicias pro 
 fcholaftico orthodox, &c. 
 
 Ferri, Ciro, a painter, born at Rome, 
 1634. The excellence of his pieces, on which 
 he fet a very high price, recommended him to 
 Alexander VII. and his three fucceffors. The 
 duke of Florence alio granted him a penfion 
 to finifh the imperfect figures of Cortona, and 
 nominated hi r chief of the Florentine fchool. 
 He was alfo great as an architect, and feveral 
 I palaces and altars at Rome were railed from 
 his defigns. It is faid that he died through 
 chagrin at feeing the fuperior coloring of Ba- 
 cici's picture of angels near his own works in 
 the palace of Navona, 1689, aged $$. 
 
 Ferrier, Arnaud de,n lawyer of Touloufe, 
 from the greatnefs of his abilities, called the 
 Cato of France. He was profeflor of the 
 tmiverfity, and in 1562 he was deputed by the 
 French king to the council of Trent, where 
 the boldnefs of his harangues in favor of his 
 mafter offended fome of his Italian hearers. 
 He afterwards went to Venice, where he af- 
 fifted father Paul in collecting materials for 
 the hiftory of the council of Trent. He was 
 at heart a proteftant, and was made chancellor 
 to the king of Navarre, and formed the defign 
 to declare the French king head of the church, 
 after the example of England. He died in 
 his 79th year. He wrote fome works. 
 
 Ferrier, Jeremy, divinity profelTor at 
 Nifmes, became papift, even after declaring in 
 a public difputation that Clement VIII. was 
 Anti-ehrifL He was afterwards ftate coun- 
 fellor to the French king, and was patronized 
 by Richelieu, and wrote fome tracts, efpecially 
 ** Catholique d'etat," in favor of his religion 
 and principles. He died of a hectic fever 
 X626. ' 
 
 Ferrier, Lewis, a poet, of Avignon. He 
 was imprifoned for fome licentious verfes in 
 his " preceptes galantes," but liberated by 
 intereft. He wrote Anne of Britany, Adraf- 
 tus, and Montezuma, tragedies, and died in 
 Normandy 1721, aged 69. 
 
 Ferron, Arnauld du, a lawyer of Bour- 
 deaux, who died 1563, aged 48. He wrote in 
 elegant Latin, and continued to the reign of 
 Francis I. the Latin hiftory of France by 
 Paulus iEmilius the Veronefe. 
 
 Ferte', Henry de SeneSierre Marefchal de, 
 a famous general under Lewis XIII. diftin- 
 fuifhed at the fiege of Rpchelle 1626, and at 
 the battle of Rocroi and Lens. In 1650 he 
 defeated the duke of Lorraine, at the battle of 
 St. Nicholas, but in 1656 he was taken pri- 
 (bner at Valenciennes, and died 1681, aged 
 82. 
 
 Fetti, Dom'wico, a painter of Rome, 1589. 
 He imitated the paintings of Julio Romano, 
 and was patronized by the duke of Mantua, 
 whofe paUe* he adorned with hi* Piece*. He 
 
 ruined his conftitution by licentious indulgences 
 at Venice, and died in his 35th year. His 
 pictures are very fcarce. His fiiter, a nun, 
 was alfo a good painter, and fhe adorned her 
 convent with fome of her pieces. 
 
 Fevardentius or FeWardent, Francis^ 
 a Francifcan friar of Coutances, Normandy. 
 He was a furious oppofer of the proteftants, 
 and even the third and fourth Henries were 
 obje&s of his attack. He publifhed the five 
 books of Irenaeus, with learned notes, &c. and 
 died 1641. 
 
 Feuille'e, Lewis, a French naturalift, 
 born in Provence 1660. He travelled in dif- 
 ferent parts of the world, to advance the know- 
 ledge of natural hiftory, and at his return 
 received a penfion, and an obfervatory was 
 built for his refidence at Marleilles, where he 
 died 1732. He wrote a journal of obfervations 
 phyfical, botanical, &c. on the coaits of South 
 America, 3 vols. 4to. and prefented the French 
 king with a folio of curious drawings, Sec. 
 
 Fevre, Guy le, a poet of Lower Norman- 
 dy, well ikilled in oriental literature. He pub- 
 lifhed fome works in Syriac and Chaldee, and 
 affifted in the editing of Montanu's Polyglott 
 bible. He died 1598, aged 57. 
 
 Fevre, Anthony le, brother to Guy, was 
 employed near the perfon of Henry IV. of 
 France, and fent as ambaffador to England, 
 and other countries. He died 1615, aged 60 
 His memoirs appeared in 5 vols. i2mo. 
 
 Fevre, Nicholas le, a jefuit, author of a 
 treatife on true religion and a critical exa- 
 mination of Bayle's works. He died 1755. 
 
 Fevre, James le, or Jacobus Faber, a 
 learned Frenchman, born at Eftampes, in I'i- 
 cardy, 1440. He was fufpected of proteftant- 
 ifm, and therefore flying, found a fafe retreat 
 at Nerac, under the. protedtion of Margaret, 
 queen of Navarre, fifter of Francis I. He 
 died there 1537, nearly igo years old. 
 Though not profefTedly a proteftant, he yet 
 difapproved of many of the tenets of the 
 church of Rome, and held a conference with 
 Bucer and Capito about the reformation of the 
 church. In 1512 he publifhed a translation of 
 St. Paul's epiftles, with notes, &c. Though 
 the correfpondent of Erafmus, he quarrelled 
 with him in confequence of fome difputed 
 pafTages in fcripture, and Erafmus, much to 
 his honor, after repelling the attack, folicited 
 the continuance of his friendfhip. It is fail 
 that he was murdered in his bed, after weeping 
 in the prefence of Margaret, and lamenting 
 that he had not, like many of his difciples, had 
 the fortitude to become a martyr in the de- 
 fence of his opinions. 
 
 Fevre, Nicholas le, or Nictlaus Faber, a 
 learned man, born at Paris 1544. In his youth, 
 while cutting a pen, a fmall piece of the quill 
 flew into his eye, and caufed filch acute pain, 
 that he lifted, in fudden anguifh, the knife, 
 and ftruck the eye out of the focket. He 
 ftudied the civil law at Touloufe, Padua, and 
 Soloe.ua, and after refiding J 2 months in 
 
 Rome, 
 
FEV 
 
 FJD 
 
 Rome, he returned to Paris, and applied him- 
 fclf to belles lettres. His edition of Seneca, 
 appeared in 1587, with learned notes. He 
 am fiudied mathematics, and dilcovered the 
 fhlfity of Scaliger's demonstration of the quad- 
 rature of the circle. On the acceifion of 
 Hen.y IV. to the crown, he was made pre- 
 ceptor to the duke of Conde", and after the 
 king's death, he held the fame office ia the 
 education of Lewis XIII. He died 161 1. 
 His works, which are few, were collected af- 
 ter his death in a 4to. vol. 161 4, Paris. 
 
 Fevre, Tanaquil, or Tannequi, a learned 
 man, father of madame Dacier, was horn at 
 Caen in Normandy 1615. After Undying at 
 home, he went to Paris, and was foon recom- 
 mended to the patronage of Richelieu, who 
 fettled a pey.fion of 2000 livres upon him, to 
 infpect the hooks pubiilhed at the Louvre 
 The death of his patron, and the neglect of 
 Mtaaria, altered his plans of life, and he 
 turned protectant, and accepted a profeflbrfhip 
 at Saumur. Here his reputation drew pupils, 
 but an unfortunate afi'ertion that he could 
 pardon Sappho's love for her own lex, fince it 
 produced a beautiful ode, proved the caufe of 
 a difpute -with the univerfity, and at lait in 
 1671, he was invited to Heidelberg. A fever 
 prevented his departure, and he died 12th 
 Sept. 1672. He left a ion of his own name, 
 who was a proteftant divine in Holland, and at 
 London, but became a Roman catholic at 
 Paris, and pubiilhed a trad, de futilitate poe- 
 tices, and befides madame Dacier, another 
 daughter married to Bauldri, profefTor at 
 Utrecht. Faber was agreeable in his perfon, 
 but rattier effeminate, as to appear with neat- 
 nefs, he procured gloves, &c. from London, 
 and eflences from Rome. He pubiilhed, a- 
 mong other books, Luciani de morte pere- 
 grini libellus, 4to. diatribe Flavii Jofephi 
 de Jefu Chriiti teftimon. i'uppofitum efle, 8vo. 
 epiftolarum pars prima, fecunda a fhort 
 account of the lives of Greek poets the life 
 f Thefeus, from Plutarch, &c. editions of 
 Xenophon's convivium, of Plato's Alcibiades, 
 cf Plutarch's de luperftitione, befiJes notes on 
 Apollodorus, Longinus, and other dailies. 
 
 Fevre, Roland le, a painter of Anjou, 
 called fometimes a Venetian. His naked fi- 
 gures were much admired. He ftained mar- 
 ble curioufly. He died in England 1677. 
 
 Fevret, Charles, a French civilian, of 
 Saumur, T583. He ftudied at Heidelberg, 
 and returned to Dijon, where he married 
 Anne Brunet, by whom he had 19 children, 
 14 Gf which were born in eight years. He 
 was a popular advocate at Dijon, and when 
 Lewis XI 1 1, came to Dijon to punifh an in- 
 furrection, he was the only perfon confidered 
 as capable to plead the caule of the infurgents, 
 and io eloquent and perfuafive was his addrefs, 
 that the king defired him to print it, and for- 
 gave the rebels. He died at Dijon 1661, 
 aged 78. He pubiilhed a Latin treatiie de 
 clui is fori Burgundici omoribus -and in 
 
 1653 his famous "traitc dc Tabus," freqtoemlP 
 reprinted. 
 
 Feustkinc;, John Henry, of Holftein, wn? 
 profeilbr and doctor of divinity at Wittemberg. 
 He was alio confeflbr to the elector of Stxonjd 
 and died 1 713, aged 41. He wrote various 
 works in German and in Latin. 
 
 Fevret de FonTEtte, Charles Marie, 
 great grandibn of the preceding, was born at 
 Dijon 1 710, and eminent as a lawver. Me 
 was laborioufly employed in editing " le Long'* 
 bibliotheque hiltorique de la France," whuh 
 he enlarged from one to five large fol. vols. 
 He died $772. 
 
 Fichard, John, a lawyer, of Frankfort on 
 tho Mayne, where he died 1581, aged 69. 
 1 he beil known of his works are, vi'vorum qui 
 fuperiori noitroque larculo eruditione et doc- 
 trine illuftres atque memor tbiles fuerunt, vital 
 1536, 410. -onon-. ail icon philololophico-medico 
 fynonymum, Sec. 
 
 Ficinos, Marfiliusi of Florence, was eim 
 cated at the expence of Lorenzo de Medicis, 
 to whom his father was phyfician. t 
 ftored in the weft the ftudy of the Platonic 
 philofophy, and tranflated not only Plato, htll 
 alio Plotinus, Proclus, lamblicus, P01 ; 
 &c Though a fceptic, the preach'-ng <_: 
 norola brought him to a due fenfe of religion, 
 hut like many of the learned of his til 
 remained devoted to aitrology. By a ; 
 regimen he iupported his naturally feeble con- 
 ilitution to the age of 66. He died at Ccr- 
 reggio 1499, anc * loon after, as Baronius gravely 
 affirms, appeared according to his promife to 
 his friend Mercatus, to prove thus the im- 
 mortality of the foul. His writings facrei 
 and profane are very numerous, collected in % 
 vols. fol. 
 
 FlDANZA, Johannes, a philofopher, poet, 
 and theelogift, of Tufcany, called from his 
 learning the feraphic doclor. He died 1274, 
 aged $2, author of ibme books now little 
 known. 
 
 FinDES, Richard, was bqrn at Hunmanby, 
 near Scarborough, Yorklhire, 1 67 1, and edu- 
 cated at Corpus Chrifti college, whence he 
 removed to Univerfity college. In 1694 he 
 was preiented to the living of Haliham, but 
 the marihy fituation of the place proved f'o in- 
 jurious that he was Suddenly deprived ef his 5 
 lpeech, and never after completely recovered 1 
 it. He came to London 171 2, and no longer 
 able to lhine as an eloquent preacher, he* 
 maintained himielf by his pen. By the friend- 
 fhip of Swift he was recommended to Oxford, 
 who made him his chaplain, but the hopes of 
 preferment vaniihed at the death of the queen. 
 He died at Putney 1725, aged 54, leaving in 
 deftitute circumftances his wife and fix child- 
 ren. Of his writings the moft known ire, " * 
 body of divinity explaining the principles and 
 the duties of natural and revealed religion, % 
 vols. fol. 52 diicourfes and the life of car- 
 dinal Wolley, in fol. Thefe works appeared 
 under the patronage of a large fuMcription, but 
 
 their 
 
FIE 
 
 FIE 
 
 their popularity was feverely attacked. Stack- 
 houie found great fault with the divinity, and 
 for the life of Woll'ey the author was cenfured 
 in the London journal, as being a friend to 
 popery, and the fecret enemy of the reforma- 
 tion. Dr. Knight afterwards, in his life of 
 Erafmus, repeats the accufation, and charges 
 Fiddes with favoriug the claims of the preten- 
 der, as he wrote his book in the houle and 
 under the eye of Atterbury, whole oppofition 
 to the Hanoverian family was then very un- 
 popular. 
 
 Field, Richard, was born at Hempftead, 
 Herts, 1561, and educated at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Oxford. He afterwards removed to 
 Magdalen hall, and in J594 became reader to 
 Lincoln's-inn lbciety, and obtained the living 
 of Burrovvclere, Hants. In 1598 he was 
 chaplain to Elizabeth, and under James, her 
 fuccefTor, he was made canon of Windlbr, and 
 dean of Gloucefter. The bilhopric of Oxford 
 was intended for him, but he died before the 
 appointment, 1616, aged $$. He was a man 
 highly refpected for his learning, and anxioufly 
 devoted to the healing of diflenfions in the 
 church. The firft time the king heard him 
 preach he quaintly oblerved, " this is a field 
 for God to dwell in," and almofl in limilar 
 words he was ftyled by Fuller, " that learned 
 divine, whofe memory fmelleth like a field 
 which the Lord hath blefTed." The moft fa- 
 mous of his works is his " four books of the 
 church," augmented with a fifth in the fecond 
 edition, which appeared 1610. His memory 
 was retentive to a furprifing degree, fo that 
 whatever he read he accurately remembered. 
 
 Fielding, Henry, the celebrated novelift, 
 was born at Sharpham park, Somerfetfhire, 
 22d April, 1707. His father was grandfon to 
 an earl of Denbigh, and his mother was daugh- 
 ter of the firft judge Gould. Young Fielding 
 was educated at home, under Mr. Oliver, a 
 clergyman, whom he afterwards turned to 
 ridicule in the coarfe character of parlbn Trul- 
 liber. He then went to Eton, where he 
 formed an early intimacy with Lyttleton, Fox, 
 Pitt, and others, and when 18 he palled to 
 Leyden, to ftudy civil law. Being ill fupplied 
 with money by his father, who had taken a 
 fecnnd wife, and had another family, he re- 
 turned to London, and there regardlefs of 
 temperance and of virtue, he gratified every 
 paffion, and laid the leeds of lading infirmities. 
 With a llraitened purfe he commenced author, 
 and produced his firft dramatic piece, " love in 
 feveral mafques," 1717, which, together with 
 " the temple beau," the next year, drew forth 
 the applaufes of crowded audiences. He was 
 not,, however, always luccelsful, and he pub- 
 liihcd one of his pieces, bearing in the title 
 " at it -was damned at the theatre-royal, Drury- 
 lanc ,-" but the feverity ot criticilrn was un- 
 heeded in the patronage of the great, efpecially 
 of the duke of Argyle and lord Lyttelton. 
 About 1734 he married mils Craddock, at 
 Salisbury, a woman of great beauty, and a for- 
 
 tune of about 1500I. but this, together with 
 an eilate in Dorfetihire, on his father's death, 
 was quickly i'qnandered away in expenfive hof- 
 pitality, and at 30 Fielding found himfelf de- 
 ftitute of every reiburce. tie now applied to 
 the law, and was called to the bar, and began 
 to make a relpectable figure in Weitminiier 
 hall; but the gout, and all the dileales en- 
 grafted on a licentious youth, prevented his 
 iucceis. To maintain himfelf and a wife and 
 children, he wrote various pamphlets and 
 tracts. He produced Jofeph. Andrews, and 
 Tom Jones, novels fo univerfally admired, <t3 
 to be above the praife of his biographer. His 
 " wedding day," however, did not meet the 
 fuccefs expected, and the death cf his wifb 
 came to embitter his affliction, which was lb 
 poignant, that his friends dreaded the lots of 
 his ienies. Reduced in his income, he found 
 affittance in the appointment of juftice of the 
 peace for the county of Middleiex, procured 
 by the influence of his friends, which, though 
 unpopular, was diicharged by him with impar- 
 tiality. In the avocation of this office he exe- 
 cuted his Amelia, a work very reipechble, 
 but inferior to lorn Jones. His conftitution 
 was now fo enfeebied, that his friends advifed 
 his removing to Lilbon, and two months after 
 he arrived there, he died, 1754, aged 48. Yet 
 though laboring under the attacks of difeaie, 
 he wrote the humorous journal of his vovage 
 to Lilbon, publiihed in London 1755. Be- 
 fides, he wrote an efTay on conversation 011 
 
 the knowledge and characters of men a 
 
 journey from this world to the next the hif- 
 tory of Jonathan the wild, &c. His dramatic 
 pieces are 26 in number, and the whole of his 
 works has been publifhed in feveral iizes, with 
 an eflay on his life and genius, by Murphy. 
 His biographer attributes much in the hiltory 
 of Fielding's life to flander and defamation ; 
 but he wifely obferves that quick and warm 
 palfions (hould be early controuled, and that 
 to their licentious indulgence the author of 
 Tom Jones facrificed his health, his happinels, 
 and the profpect of a lengthened life. So 
 fatal to peace is the wild indulgence of thofe 
 pafllons which providence has given to man 
 for his comfort, if decently enjoyed, and for 
 his niUery, if riotouily abuled. 
 
 Fielding, Sarah, third lifter of the pre- 
 ceding, was born 1714% and died unmarried 
 1768. She wrote the Cry, and David Simple, 
 and alfo tranilated Xenophon's memorabilia, 
 &c. 
 
 Fielding, fir John, the fourth half bro- 
 ther to Henry Fielding, was his fuccefibr as 
 Weftminfter magiilrate. Though blind from 
 his youth, he diicharged his duty with great 
 activity, and for his fervices was knighted, 
 1761. He publiihed various tracts on fubjecls 
 of police, charges to the grand jury, effays on 
 important iubjects, cautions againll the tricks 
 of iharpers, &c. He died at Brompton 1 780. 
 
 Fiennes, William, lord Say and Sele, born 
 
 at Broughton, Oxfordshire, 158a, was edu- 
 
 A a catci 
 
FIL 
 
 FIN 
 
 .sted at Winchefter and New college, Oxford. 
 He was made a vifcount by James I. In the 
 long parliament of 1640 he was very active 
 with Hampden and Pym, and though made 
 mafter of the court of wards, he flighted all 
 reconciliation with the king. After the king's 
 death he left the prelbyterians, and joined the 
 independents, and during the ulurpation he 
 was created one of Cromwell's peers. At the 
 reftoration he was noticed by Charles II. made 
 lord privy feal, and lord chamberlain, though, 
 as Wood obferves, he had been a grand rebel 
 for 20 years, and while others who had been 
 reduced to a bit of bread for his majefty's 
 caufe, were left to bnguifti under difappoint- 
 ment, and though a promoter of the rebellion, 
 and in fome refpect accefiary to the murder 
 of Charles, he died quietly in his bed 1662. 
 He is called by Whitlock a man of great parts, 
 wifdom, and integrity, and Clarendon, allow- 
 ing him the fame merit, defcri'bes him as am- 
 bitious, the enemy of the church, and a vio- 
 lent and dangerous leader of the difcontented 
 party. He wrote fome political tracts. 
 
 Fiennes, Nat ha na el, fecond foil of the 
 above, was born at Broughton 1608, and 
 educated at Winchefter and New college, Ox- 
 ford. He travelled on the continent, and at 
 his return was made member for Banbury, 
 2nd difplayed the fame violence againft the 
 royal party as his father. During the civil 
 wars he was colonel under Efiex, and governor 
 of Briftol, which he yielded to prince Rupert, 
 for which he was condemned to lofe his head. 
 His father's influence, however, faved him, 
 and he left the army dilgraced. He joined 
 the independents, and when Cromwell became 
 protector, he was made one of his privy coun- 
 cil, and of his lords. At the reftoration he 
 retired into the country, and died at his feat 
 near Salifbury, 1669. He wrote fome things 
 in fupport of Cromwell's uiurpation, and in 
 another tract defended his conduct at Briftol. 
 
 Fienus, Thomas., of Antwerp, was profel- 
 for of phyfic at Louvain, and phyfician to the 
 duke of Bavaria. He died at Louvain 1631. 
 He wrote " de viribus imaginationis," in which 
 he relates a curious ftory of a hypocondriac, 
 who thought himfelf fo large that he could not 
 get out of his room de formatione & anima- 
 tione foetus, Sec. 
 
 Fikscho, "John Lszvis,.a Gencefe, who 
 confpired againft Andrew Doiia, with the in- 
 tention of delivering the gallies to the French, 
 and of making himielf fovereign. He was 
 drowned in the attempt, 1547, and his family 
 tanifhed from Genoa to the fifth genera- 
 tion. 
 
 Figrelius, Edmundus, a Swede, profefior 
 of hiftoiy at Upfal. He wrote a book de 
 ttatuis illuftrium Roman. anJ died 1676. 
 
 Filangrri, Gaetano, of Naples, was in 
 1777 employed about the court as gentleman 
 of the bedchamber, and in 1787 was raifed to 
 an office in the college of finance. He wrote 
 a popular work on legiilation, the firft vol. of 
 
 which appeared in 1780, and the eighth m 
 791. He died 1787, aged 35. 
 Filicaja, Vincentio di, an elegant poet of 
 Florence, who died 1707, aged 65. His poems, 
 in a delicate and refined ftyle, were collected 
 by his lbn in folio. 
 
 Filmer, fir Robert, of Eaft Sutton, in 
 Kent, was educated at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and died 1688. He wrote the anarchy 
 of a limited and mixed monarchy " Patn- 
 archa" and " the freeholder's grand ir.queft." 
 FiNiF.us, Orontius, profeflbr of mathema- 
 tics at Paris, was born in Dauphine, 1494. 
 He died very poor 1555. He invented a 
 clock in 15 -3, and pretended that he had 
 found out the quadrature of the circle. His 
 works were collected in 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Finch, Heneage, earl of Nottingham, was 
 born in 1621, and educated at Weftminfter 
 fchool, and Chrift-church, Oxford, and at the 
 Inner Temple. He was made folicitor general 
 to Charles II. and created a baronet, and in 
 1661 elected member for the univerfity of 
 Oxford. He was active in the impeachment 
 of lord Clarendon, in 1667, and in 1670 he 
 was attorney-general, and three years after 
 lord keeper. In 1675 he was appointed lord 
 chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of Net 
 tingham, and died the year after. He was a 
 man of great wifdom and eloquence. Burnet 
 has commended him for his attachment to the 
 church, Dryden has recorded him in his Ab- 
 folom and Achitophel, in the character of 
 Amri, and for his powers in oratory, he de- 
 ferved the name of the Rofcius and Cicero of 
 England. 
 
 Finch, Daniel, -Ton of the preceding, was 
 born in 1647. Though one of the privy 
 counfellors who proclaimed the duke of York 
 to the throne, he never appeared at court 
 during the reign of James, but upon the abdi- 
 cation he wifhed the appointment of a regent. 
 He was fecretary under William, and under 
 Anne, till 1704. At the acceflion of George 
 I. he was prefident of the council. He retired 
 from public affairs 1716, and died 1730. He 
 wrote an elaborate book in reply to Whifton's 
 letter to him on the trinity, for which he was 
 thanked by the univerfity of Oxford. 
 
 Finch, Edward, brother of fir Heneage 
 Finch, firft earl of Nottingham, was vicar of 
 Chri't- church, London, from which he was 
 ejected. The crimes alledged againft him 
 were, that he preached in a l'urplice, wor- 
 ihipped the great idol fet up in the church, 
 i. e. the altar, and aflbcisted with women. 
 He died 1642. 
 
 Finck, Thomas, of South Jutland, became 
 phyfician to the duke of blefwick. He was 
 made in 1591 profefTor of mathematics at 
 Copenhagen, and in 1602 profefior of elo- 
 quence, and 1603, of medicine. He wrote 
 tracts, gecmetria? rotundi de medicina, &c; 
 and died 1656, aged 95. 
 
 FiNET,y; John, one of the courtiers cA 
 James I. and Charles I. born ai Soulton near 
 
 Dover 
 
FIS 
 
 FIT 
 
 Dover in Kent. He died 1641, aged 70. He 
 wrote "Fineti philoxenus," a book on the prece- 
 dency, treatment, audience, &c. towards foreign 
 ambafladors at the Englifh court, 1656. 
 
 Firenzuola, Angela, an Italian poet, pa- 
 tronifed by Clement VII. He was an advo- 
 cate, and became an ecclefiaftic, and died at 
 Rome 1545. His prole works were publilhed 
 1548, 8vo. and his comedies and other poetical 
 pieces the year after. 
 
 Firmin, Thomas, born at Ipfwich 1632, 
 was apprenticed by his parents who were pu- 
 ritans, to a linen-manufacturer in London. 
 He was very profperous in bufinefs, and he 
 honorably employed the fruits of his induftry 
 to eharitable purpofes. He was in his religious 
 opinions a Socinian, but he neverthelefs was 
 held in efteem by the clergy, by Wilkins, 
 Whichcot, and efpecially Tillotfon. He fet- 
 tled in Lombard-ftreet, and the plague in 
 1665, and the fire of 1666, gave full activity 
 to his benevolence. In 1676 he erected a 
 warehoufe in Little Britain, for the poor in 
 he linen manufacture, and in 1682 he eftab- 
 ifhed another of the fame kind at Ipfwich, for 
 he protefcants who had fled from France. 
 7 or the laft 20 years of his life he was gover- 
 or of Chrift hofpital, London, to which he 
 ?as a great benefactor. He died 1697, aged 
 6. He publilhed in 1678, propofals for the 
 m ploying the poor, and the prevention of 
 eggary, &c. 4to. 
 
 Firmin, Giles, of Suffolk, was educated at 
 Cambridge, and ftudied phyfic, which he after- 
 wards praclifed in New England. On his 
 eturn to England he became minifter of 
 halford, from which he was ejected 1662. 
 rle refumed the practice of phyfic, and died 
 697, aged 80. The belt known of his. works 
 1 " the real Chriftian." 
 
 Fironzabadi, a learned Perfian, author 
 f al Tanbidh, or general information on the 
 Mahometan law in the nth century. 
 
 Fish, Simon, of Kent, was educated at 
 kford, and Gray's-inn. He fled into Ger- 
 wny for acting in a play, in which cenfures 
 fere thrown upon "VVolfey.. He wrote in 
 527, " the fupplication of beggars," a violent 
 Ltire on bhhops and clergy, and the perufal 
 T this piece by Henry VIII. and Anne Bo- 
 
 En, reitored him to favor, and after Wolfey's 
 ^ he returned. He died of the plague 1571. 
 Ie tranflated the Dutch book called the fum 
 "the fcriptures. 
 
 Fisher, John, a prelate, born at Beverley, 
 brklhire, 1459. He was educated- at Mi- 
 1-houle, a college afterwards incorporated 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, and in 1495 
 elected matter of Michael-houfe, and then 
 e confeflor to Margaret of Richmond, 
 to Henry VII. who by his advice 
 d St. John's and Chrift colleges, at 
 bridge. In 1501 he was vice chancellor 
 Cambridge, and in 1504 was nominated 
 of Rochefter, and the next year ac- 
 the headfhip of Queen's college, Cam- 
 
 bridge. On Luther's appearance he flood 
 forth as the champion of Rome, but fell under 
 the king's difpleafure 1527, on account of his 
 defence of the queen, in the affair of her di- 
 vorce. In 1530 he narrowly efcaped poifon- 
 ing by one Roufe, who threw in the cook's, 
 abfence poiibn into the gruel, of which the 
 bifhop did not tafte, but which proved fatal to 
 two of the fervants, and nearly fo to 15 others 
 whs partook of it. He, in 1531, oppofed the 
 king's fupremacy, and encreafed the difiatis- 
 fadtion of the court, by liftening to the pre- 
 dictions of the holy maid of Kent, and more 
 by refufing to take the oaths of allegiance, 
 He was committed to the Tower for his con- 
 tumacy, and attainted of high treafon. Where 
 created a cardinal by Paul III. Henry gave 
 orders that none fhould bring the hat into his 
 dominions, and when the bifhop faid that he 
 would receive the cardinal's hat, the angry 
 monarch fwore by the mother of God, that 
 he mould wear it on his fhoulders then, for he 
 would leave him never a head to fet it on. 
 He was foon after arraigned, and condemned 
 to fuffer death, and on the 22d June, 1535, he 
 was beheaded, and his head fixed on London - 
 bridge. He was then nearly 7 7. His works 
 are chiefly on controverfialfubjects, &c. 
 
 Fisher, Mary, an enthufiaftic quaker, in 
 the 17th century, who travelled to Conftan- 
 tinople, with the intention of converting the 
 grand fegnior. Mahomet heard her with pa- 
 tience, and fent her back in fafety. She 
 afterwards married a preacher of her periua- 
 fion, and then went into Languedoc, to convert 
 the pioteftants there. 
 
 Fitzherbert,^ Anthony, a lawyer, bom 
 at Norbury, Derbyfhire. He was educated at 
 Oxford, and at one of the inns of court, Lon- 
 don, and was made ferjeant at law, knighted, 
 and in 1523 appointed juftice in the court of 
 common pleas. After fupporting his high 
 ftation with integrity, he died 1538. He 
 wrote the office of juftice of the peace, &c. 
 the office of fheriffs, &c. and other law tracts, 
 befides " of the furveying of lands," &c. 
 
 Fitzherbert, Thomas, grandfon to fir 
 Anthony, was born 1 55 2, and educated at 
 Oxford. He left the univerfity without a 
 degree, and retired to privacy, but on account 
 of his attachment to the jefuits, he expofed 
 himfelf to difficulties, and fled to France 1582. 
 He afterwards went to Madrid, and at laft 
 entered into the fociety of Jefus, at Rome, 
 1 614. He afterwaads for 22 years prefided 
 over the Englifh college at Rome, where he 
 died 1640, aged 88. He wrote feveral books 
 on coutroverfial fubjedts, againft Barlow, An- 
 drews, and other divines. His treatife con- 
 cerning policy and religion, in three parts, was 
 much admired. 
 
 Fitzherbert, Nicholas, grandfon to fir 
 Anthony, and coufin to Thomas, was educated 
 at Exeter college, Oxford. In 157 a he went 
 abroad on account of his religious principles, 
 and fettled at Bologna, and afterwards at 
 A a 2, Rpme, 
 
FLA 
 
 FLA 
 
 Rome. He was unfortunately drowned in a 
 journey from Rome 1612. He wrote cafae 
 Galatxi He bonis moribus Oxonienfis in An- 
 
 glia academue defcriptio de antiquitate Sc 
 
 continuwfione catholics rellgionis, in Anglia,&c. 
 
 FitzJames, y amis, duke f Berwick, natu- 
 ral fon of the duke of York, afterwards James 
 II. by Arabella Churchill, filter to the duke 
 of Marlborough, was born at Moulines 167 1. 
 Inured to a military life, he was wounded at 
 Buda 1686, and fignalized himfelf at the de- 
 feat of the Turks at Mohatz, and afterwards 
 in Ireland at the fiege of Londonderry, and at 
 the battle of the Eoyne. In 1703, he headed 
 the French in Spain, and in 1705 took Nice, 
 and for his fervices was made marlhal of 
 France. He gained the famous victory at 
 Almanza, over the Englilh and Portnguele, 
 under Galloway 1 707, and thus fecured the 
 Spani(h crown to Philip V. He was killed by 
 a cannon ball at the fiege of Philipfburg, in 
 Germany 1 734. He was a man of a benevo- 
 lent character, generally poor from the great 
 facrifices which he made to fupport the emi- 
 grants in his father's eaufe. Montefquieu has 
 drawn up his charadter. 
 
 Fitz-Stefhen, William, a monk of Can- 
 terbury, was prefent at the murder of Becket, 
 6f which he wrote an account. HU defcrip- 
 tion of London is very curious, and the oldeft 
 extant. He died 1 191. 
 
 Fixmillner, Placidw, of Linz, in Auf- 
 tria, ftudied mathematics at Strafburg under 
 Stuard, and was ecclefiaftical profeflbr for 40 
 years at Kremirnunfter. He publifhed fome 
 works 011 aftronomieal fubjects, befide? traces 
 on the canon law, &c. He died 1 791, aged 71. 
 
 Flameel, Berthokt, a painter of Liege, 
 1675, improved himfelf in Italy, and was no- 
 ticed at Florence by the grand duke Some of 
 his pieces adorn the churches of Paris and of 
 Liege. 
 
 Flam el, Nicholas, of Paris, rofe from po- 
 verty to extenfive opulence, and gave rife to 3 
 report that he had diicovered the philofopher's 
 itone. His riches were nobly ufed in the relief 
 of indigence. It is fuppofed that his wealth 
 aroi'e from fuccelsful (peculations in commerce, 
 at that lime little known. He was living in 
 1399, and Lucas amufed his readers by de- 
 claring that he had feeh him in India after his 
 deceafe. 
 
 Flaminio, Giovani Antonio, an orator, 
 poet, and hiftotian of Bologna, author of the 
 lives of Albertus Magnus, &c. He died 1536, 
 aged 72. 
 
 Flamin'io, Marc Antonio, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was patronifed by cardinal Farnelc, 
 who appointed him his fecretary at the council 
 of Trent. He died at Rome 1550, aged 57. 
 His letters and epigrams appeared 156 1, 8vo. 
 and his paraphraie of 30 pfalms IJ58. His 
 latinity is very pure. 
 
 Flamsteed, yohn, an aftronomer, born 
 at Derby, 1646. When he leftfehoolin 1662, 
 he law for the firft time an aftronomieal book, 
 
 Sacrobofko'sde Sphjera, which fixed deeply H 
 attention, and directed all his thoughts to afire 
 nomy. He not only conftrufted dials, but b 
 the help of Street's Caroline tables, he calcu 
 rated an eclipfe, and fo ingenious did this ay 
 pear, that the calculation was fhewn to Mj 
 Halton, a gentleman of mathematical know 
 ledge in the neighbourhood, who applauded th 
 young aftronomer, and fupplied him with frei 
 books In 1669, he communicated his calci 
 latkms of the eclipfes of the fixed ftars by th 
 moon, to the royal ibciety, and received th 
 thanks of that body. In 1670 his father, wh 
 had hitherto viewed his ftudies with jealouf] 
 pleated with his correfjnondence with learne 
 men, advifed him to go to London. At Cam 
 bridge he became acquainted with Barrow an 
 Newton, and he entered at Jefus college, s 
 that univerfity, where he continued his aftr< 
 nomical ftudies. In 1673-4, he wrote h 
 Ephemeris, to (how the folly of aftrology, \ 
 which he added tables of the moon's rifing an 
 fetting, and at the requeft of his friend fir Jon; 
 Moore, he compiled an account of the tide 
 and conftrudted a barometer for the kino;. 
 taking his matter's degree at Cambridge, r. 
 wifhed to take orders, but his friend fir Jonl 
 difluaded him, and procured him the place < 
 aftronomer royal, with a (alary of iool. a yea 
 He was, however, ordained, and when in 167, 
 the firft (tone was laid for the building < 
 Greenwich obfervatory, he lodged at tr, 
 queen's houfe there, and oblerved the aj 
 pulfes of the moon and planets to the fixi 
 ftars, and in 1681, publilhed the doctrine 1 
 the Sphere, in fir Jonas Moore's pofthumol 
 work of a new fyflem of mathematics in 4t 
 In 1684 he obtained Burftovv in Surrey, th 
 only preferment he ever held, but though h 
 genius entitled him to higher emoluments, 1 
 was fatisfied with moderate competence, mo| 
 pleafed in his favorite ftudies, and in the frien( 
 (hipoffuch men as Newton, Halley, Mol 
 neaux, Wallis, Cafini, &c. than in the pofTeflk 
 of unbounded opulence. He died of a ftrtl 
 gury, 31ft Dec. 1712, aged m6re than J 
 years. His hiftoria cceleftis Britannica, 
 which the belt part was printed before I 
 death, was publilhed by his widow, 1725,1* 
 vols.fol. dedicated to the king. 
 
 Fi.andiun, Peler, of Lyons, ftudied t 
 veterinary art under his uncle Chabertj 1 
 acquired celebrity in the knowledge of comj 1 
 rative anatomy. Hevifited England and Spl 
 in fearch of information about the manage 
 of cattle and the improvement of wools, 1 1 
 publifhed an interefting treatiie on the iubjt 
 He died 1796. 
 
 Flassans, Taraudd de, a Provencal pi 
 of the 14th century. He wrote a poem CHI 
 " leflbns to avoid the treacheries of love," I 
 which he was rewarded by de Ponteves, witl 
 piece of land. 
 
 Flatman, Thomas, a poet, born in . 
 derfgate-ftreet, London, 1633, and educs 
 at Winchefter and New college, Oxford. 
 
FLE 
 
 FLE 
 
 VBstarrifter of the Inner Temple, but never 
 
 followed the law. He wrote feveral light 
 
 peems, one of which, on the death of lord Of- 
 
 i lory, was read by the father, the duke of 
 
 I Ormcnd, with fuch gratification, that he lent 
 
 the author a mourning ring, with a diamond 
 
 ! in it, worth iool. He died in Fleet-ftreet, 
 
 1 London, 1688. He was an indifferent poet ; 
 
 U but, lays Granger, lucceeded better as a pain- 
 
 I ter, as one of his heads is worth a ream of his 
 
 Pindarics. 
 
 Flavel, John, a divine, born in Wor- 
 cefterihire, and educated at Univerfity college, 
 Oxford. He was ejected from Dartmouth, in 
 X662, for nonconformity, and retired to Hud- 
 fcott, near South Molton. He returned to 
 his living on the indulgence granted by Charles 
 II. and died there 1692. He wrote " naviga- 
 tion and hufbandry fpiritualized," &c. 
 
 Flechie-r, Efprit, a French prelate, born 
 ,1 63.2, near Avignon. He diltinguifhed himfelf 
 as 2 popular preacher, and as an elegant l'cho- 
 lar, by his poetical defcription of a carouial in 
 pure latinity. His funeral orations were much 
 admired, efpecially that on Turenne, and that 
 on ?vlontaufier. In 1679 he wrote his " hiftory 
 of Theodofius the Great," and.in 1685 he was 
 promoted to.the lee of Lavaur, on which occa- 
 sion the king laid, ' Be not iurprized I have fo 
 long delayed to reward your merit ; I was 
 afraid pf lofing the. pleafure of hearing your 
 dii'courfes.' In 1687 he was tranflnted to 
 Nifmes, where he drew many of the proteft- 
 .ants to the catholic faith. In the famine of 
 1709 his benevolence was unbounded. This 
 moll exemplary man died 1710, lamented, 
 fays d'Alembert, by the catholics, and regret- 
 ted by the prpteftants. His works are oeuvres 
 meiees panegyric of faints funeral orations 
 * fermons, 3 vols. i2mo. the hiftory of The- 
 odofius Gratiani de cafibus illuftr. vir. 
 the life of Ximenes, 4X0. letters, 2 vols. 
 l2mo. the life of cardinal Commendon, 4to. 
 pofthumous works. 
 
 Flecknoe, Richard, an Englifh poet, for- 
 merly, it is laid, a jefuit. At the revolution, 
 when Dryden was difmifTed as being a catholic, 
 from the office oflaureat, Flecknoe was ap- 
 pointed, which fo exafperated the bard, that he 
 vented his indignation in a fevere poem called, 
 from his humble antagonist, Mac Flecknoe. 
 He wrote fome plays, one only of which was 
 acted. His " damoifelles a-la-mode," and his 
 " love's kingdom," were both hifled off the 
 ftage. He wrote befides, enigmas, epigrams, 
 &c. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 Fleetwood, William, an Englifh lawyer. 
 He was educated at Oxford, and at the Middle 
 Temple. He was recorder of London 1569, 
 and ihowed himfelf very active againft mafl- 
 'houfes and popifh priefts. He died 1593. He 
 was an eloquent orator, fay* Wood, and his 
 flcillas a politician recommended him much to 
 the notice of Leicefter. He publifhed an ora- 
 tion at Guildhall before the lord mayor a 
 table to Plowdcn's reports the office of a 
 
 juftice of the peace. annalium tarn regum 
 Edwardi V. Richardi III. Henrici VII. quam 
 Henrici VIII. 
 
 Fleetwood, William, an Engliih prelate, 
 born in the tower of London 1656. He was 
 educated at Eton and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, and was chaplain to king William, and 
 afterwards obtained a fellowfhip at Eton, and 
 the rectory of St. Auftin's, London. In 1 706 , 
 without any folicitation, lie was nominated to 
 the fee of St. Afaph, and in 17x4 was tranf- 
 lated to Ely. He died at Tottenham, in 
 Middlefex, where he had retired for change 
 of air, 1723. His only fon Charles, rector of 
 Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, did =not long fur- 
 vive him. Bifhop Fleetwood's character was 
 refpectable : he made an exemplary life, and a 
 benevolent heart, the nobleft ornaments qf his 
 periuafive eloquence in the pulpit. His fer- 
 mons and divinity tracts were widely circu- 
 lated ; but the firmnels of his opinions drew 
 upon him the cenfure of the houfe of com- 
 mons. His preface to his fermons, on the 
 deaths of Mary, of the duke of Glouceftcr, 
 and of William, and on the acceffion of Anne, 
 gave fuch offence to the min'ulry that the book 
 was burned publicly, 1712; but it was more 
 univerfally read, and even appeared in the 
 Spectator, No. 384. Befides thefe, Fleetwood 
 publifhed Infcriptionum antiquarum fylloge, 
 8vo. a tranflation of Jurieu's method of de- 
 votion an eflay on miracles, 8vo. the rea- 
 fonable communicant fixteen practical dif- 
 courfes on the relative duties of parents, &c. % 
 vols. 8vo. the thirteenth of Romans vindicat- 
 ed the judgment of the church of England in 
 lay baptifm and dhTenters' baptifm, &c. 
 
 Fleming, 'Robe t, was educated a* St. An- 
 drew's, and at the age of 33 became paflor of a 
 congregation, from which he was ejected after 
 the reftoration. He then fettled at Rotterdam, 
 as minifter of the Scots congregation .there, and 
 died 1694. His " fulfilling of the fcriptures," 
 has been a popular work. 
 
 Fleming, Robert, ton of the preceding, was 
 a native of Scotland, and educated at Leyden 
 and Utrecht:. Hefettled at Leyden, and then 
 removed to Amfterdam, from whence he came 
 to London, and officiated at the Scotch church, 
 Lothbury, and at Salters' hall. He wrote fer- 
 mons-^tracts chriftology, 3 vols. 8vo.the 
 rife and fall of popery, &c. He died 17 16. 
 
 Fleming, Caleb, of Nottingham, paftor of 
 a diflenting congregation in London, wrote 
 " a furvey of the fearch after fouls," and. other 
 tracts, and in his tenets he was a ftrict Arian. 
 He died 17 73, aged 75. 
 
 Flemming, or FlemmYNGE, Richard, of 
 Crofton, Yorkfhire, was educated at Univerfity 
 college, Oxford, and made prebendary of York, 
 1408. He was in 1424, bifhop of Lincoln, 
 and the pope railed him to York, but the king 
 refufed his content. He died 1431 He was 
 founder of Lincoln college, Oxford, and was a 
 ftrenuous oppofer of Wickliffe's doctrines, 
 which he afterwards as warmly embraced. 
 
 Aa3 Fletcher, 
 
FLE 
 
 FLO 
 
 Fletcher, Dr. Richard, father cf the 
 dramatic poet, was born in Kent, and educated 
 at Benet college, Cambridge. He wai dean 
 of Peterborough 1583, and three years after 
 attended the Scotch Mary's execution, where 
 he dilplayed more zeal than good feme in pref- 
 fing that unfortunate queen to turn proteftant. 
 In 1589 he was advanced to the fee of Briftol, 
 in 1592 tranfhted to Worcefter, and 1594 to 
 London. After the death of his wife he took 
 a fecond, about 1595, and this ib offended 
 Elizabeth, who was averfe to the marriage of 
 the clergy, that ihe caufed Whitgift to fufpend 
 him. Though reftored to favor, the queen's 
 conduct fat heavily upon him, and he died fud- 
 denly in his chair 1596. As he was fond of 
 tobacco, then little known, Camden imputes his 
 death to an immoderate ufe of it. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, brother to the bilhop, 
 was educated at Eton and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He was employed by Elizabeth, 
 as commiffioner in Scotland, Germany, and 
 the Low Countries, and in 1588 went as 
 ambaflaalor to Ruffia, to reconcile the Ruffians 
 to the Englifh commerce. He died 1610. He 
 wrote a curious account of the Ruffian com- 
 monwealth, with a defcription of the fafhions 
 nd manners of the people, 1590, 8vo. 
 
 Fletcher, John, a dramatic writer, fon of 
 the bifhop of London, was born in Northamp- 
 tonfhire 1576. He was educated at Cambridge, 
 and dillinguilhed himfelf as a writer of plays 
 conjointly with Beaumont. He alio aflifted 
 Ben Jonfon in his " widow," and after Beau- 
 mont's death, he confulted Shirley in the plots 
 of his pieces. The refpective (hare of thefe 
 joint authors is not known, though it is faid 
 that Beaumont's judgment corrected the re- 
 dundancies of Fletcher's wit. Once at a tavern 
 the brother bards debated upon the plot of a 
 tragedy, and Fletcher being overheard by the 
 waiter to fay that he would kill the king, he 
 and his friend were both feized,, till explana- 
 tions proved to the magiftrate that the intended 
 murder was the innocent facrifice of a theatrical 
 hero. Fletcher died of the plague in London 
 1625. He was ranked with Jonfon and 
 Shakefpeare, in the great triumvirate of chief 
 dramatic authors, and Dryden fays that his 
 yiays, amounting to about 50, poffefied gaiety in 
 the comic parts, and pathos in the ferious cha- 
 racters. 
 
 Fletcher, Phinchas,(on of Giles Fletcher, 
 was educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He was minifter of Flilgay in 
 Norfolk, 1621, and died there about 1650. He 
 is author of" purple ifland," a poem, containing 
 an allegorical defcription of man, very popular 
 at the time of its publication. He wrote be- 
 fides, " pifcatory eclogues," &c. 
 
 Fletcher, Giles, brother of Phinehas, 
 
 was educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 
 and died at his living of Alderton, Suffolk, 
 
 1623, equall) beloved, fays Wood, of the mufes 
 
 ces. His " Chrift's victory," fiift 
 
 1 1610, is a poem of fome merit, as 
 
 the perfomf.cations are very natural, and the 
 language dignified. 
 
 Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, Scotland, 
 was educated under Burnet, and when in 
 parliament he fo ftrongly oppofed the court, 
 that he was obliged to fly to Holland. He 
 landed in the weft of England with Monmouth 
 1685, and afterwards fought againft the Turks 
 in the Hungarian army. The revolution re- 
 ftored him to his country, and he was a com- 
 millioner to fettle the government of Scotland. 
 He died in London 17 16. His works are all 
 on political fubjects. 
 
 Fletcher, Abraham, of Little Broughton, 
 Cumberland, was brought up under his father 
 as a tobacco pipe manufacturer. He raifed him- 
 felf to public notice, and, though felf-taught, 
 became at 30 a teacher of mathematics ; and as 
 aftrologer and univerfal doctor, he acquired a 
 fortune of 3000I. His " univerfal meafurer," 
 8vo. is a work of great merit, and exhibits his 
 perfect knowledge of mathematics. He died 
 1793, aged 79. 
 
 Fleury, Claude, a French advocate, born 
 at Paris 1640. He in 1672 became precep- 
 tor to the princefs of Conti, and in t68o to 
 the count de Vermandois, and then to the 
 dukes of Burgundy, Anjou, and Berri, and for 
 liis fervices was made abbot of Locdieu, which 
 he refigned for the rich priory of Angenteuil. 
 In 1 716 he was confeflbr'to Lewis XV. and 
 died 1 723, aged 82. His works are numerous, 
 the chief of which are, manners of the Ifrael- 
 ites manners of the Chriftians ecclefiafticai 
 hiftory, in 13 vols. 4to. a valuable book infti- 
 tution of ecclefiafticai law, &c. 
 
 Fleury, Andre Hercule de, a cardinal, 
 born in Languedoc 1653, and educated at 
 Paris. He rofe to be bilhop of Frejus, and 
 was appointed by Lewis XIV. preceptor to his 
 grandlbn, after Boffuet and Fenelon. In 1726 
 he was made cardinal and prime minifter, 
 though aged 70, and fo active was his conduct, 
 that the kingdom of France profpered greatly 
 under his adminiftration, the fucceffion war was 
 glorioufly finiflied, and Lorraine added to the 
 French dominions. His economy, however, 
 ruined the marine, and in the war of 1 740 his 
 plans were not crowned with victory, fo that it 
 is laid, he died with a heart broken with grief, 
 1743. Without the pride of Richelieu, and 
 the avarice of Mazarin, he pofiefred great abi- 
 lities, and though the misfortunes of the hft 
 war were attributed to him, he rather deierved 
 gratitude for his management of the finances, 
 and mere for the benevolence of his heart. 
 
 Flood, Henry, fon of the chief juftice of 
 the king's bench in Ireland, was educated at 
 Dublin univerfity, and at Oxford, r'e L\t in 
 the Jrifh houfe of commons, and a< 
 great popularity by his eloquencej but his con- 
 fequence ceafed when he obtained a feat among 
 the Englifh commons, fo that las nddn 
 public occafions were received with litti 
 rtft. He died 1791. He wrote a Pindaric 
 ode tofame- a poem on the death uf Frederic j 
 
 I ru:cft i 
 
FOG 
 
 FON 
 
 prince of Wales, found in the Oxford coli.ec 
 tion, &c. 
 
 Florian, John Peter Claris de, of Lan- 
 guedoc, was educated under the care of Vol- 
 | taire, by whofe influence he became page to 
 the duke of Penthievre. Though honored by 
 his patron, and promoted in the army, he pre- 
 ferred literary reputation to all other objects, 
 and publithed in 1781 his firft. work Galathee, 
 a romance. His wrote afterwards Theatre, 
 I V dtaire et le ferf de Jura, which obtained the 
 prize of the French academy Eftelle Numa 
 Pompilius, &c. During the revolution his 
 fentiments in Numa drew upon him the referit- 
 ment of Robefpierre, but he was liberated, and 
 died at Seaux, 1794, aged 39. He began dur- 
 ing his confinement a poem on William Tell, 
 never completed. He wrote alfo Ebrahim, a 
 I poem,&c. 
 
 Fi.orio, John, the refolute, was born in 
 London in the reign of Henry VIII. His 
 parents who were defcended from the Florii 
 of Tufcany, had fled from the perfecutions of 
 popery, and fettled in England. Florio taught 
 Italian and French at Oxford, and was admit- 
 ted at Magdalen college, he was tutor in 
 thofe languages to prince Henry, and to Anne 
 the queen of James I. to whom he was clerk 
 of the clofet. He died of the plague at Ful- 
 ham 1625, aged 80. His principal works are, 
 " firft fruits and lecond fruits," containing pro- 
 verbs and witty fentences garden of recrea- 
 tion 1 tranftation of Montaigne's efTays and 
 an Italian and Englifti dictionary, foh 1597, a 
 work of merit. 
 
 Floius, Francis, of Antwerp, was like his 
 father a lculptor till the age of 20, and then 
 he ftudied painting, and acquired celebrity and 
 opulence. He worked feven hours each day, 
 and devoted the reft of the time to drinking. 
 He died 1570, aged 50. He was calkd the 
 Raphael of Flanders. 
 
 Floyer, fir John, of Hinters, StafFord- 
 fhire, was educated at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford.' He fettled as a phyfician at Lichfield 
 and was knighted. He wrote the touchftone 
 of medicines, 2 vols. 8vo. the virtues of cold 
 water, 8vo, and died 1720, aged 71. 
 
 Fi.udd, Robert, an Englifh philofopher, 
 born at Milgate, Kent, 1574. He was of 
 St. John's college, Oxford, and travelled in 
 France, Spain, Italy, and Germany, to im- 
 prove himfelf. He took his degrees in me- 
 dicine 1605; and fettled in London. He 
 was a voluminous writer, chiefly on the pow- 
 ers and wonders of Alchymy, and the Rofi- 
 crucian doctrines. His works are in Latin, 
 and written in an obfeure and myfterious lan- 
 guage. They amount to about 20. 
 
 Foglteta, or Folieta, Uberto, a Ge- 
 noefe, banifiied from his country on account 
 of the freedom of his writings. Cardinal 
 d'Efte, at Rome, became his patron ; and he 
 died there 1581, aged 63. He wrote hiftoria 
 milium, 12. libr. fol, de caiifis roagnitu- 
 
 diuis Turcarum imperii della republica d* 
 Genoa, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Fohi, firft king of China, and founder of 
 the monarchy about 20 years after the deluge, 
 removed the feat of empire from Xen Si, to 
 Chin Cheu, and invented inftruments of mu- 
 fic, and eftablifhed proper laws reflecting mar- 
 riage ; inftead of the promiicuous intercourfe 
 of the fexes. It is faid that he reigned 115 
 years, but fable is ftrongly intermixed with his 
 hiftory. 
 
 Foix, Odel de, a French general, wounded 
 under Lewis XII. at the battle of Ravenna 
 15 T 2, and appointed governor of Milan by 
 Francis I. The fuccefs of Colouna drove him 
 from Milan, Pavia, Lodi, Parma, and Pla- 
 centia, and after the unfortunate battle of 
 Bicoque he retired to Guienne 1522. In 
 1528 he re-entered Italy, took Pavia, and 
 boldly befieged Naples, before which he died. 
 
 Folard, Charles, a French officer, born 
 at Avignon 1669. His genius was roufed by 
 the reading of Ciefar's commentaries, and at 
 the age of 16 he became a foldier. His father 
 confined him in a monaftery, but he efcaped, 
 and became aid de-camp to Vendome in Italy, 
 1702, who entrufted him with part of his 
 forces. In 1705 he was wounded at the battle 
 of CafTano, and in confequence loft the ufe 
 of his left hand. In 1706 he defended Mo- 
 dena againft Eugene, by whom he was taken 
 priibner at the battle of_Blenheim. In 1 714 
 he affifted in the defence of Malta againft the 
 Turks, and afterwards went ir.to the fervice of 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, and was prefent at his 
 death, at the fiege of Frederickihall 171 8. 
 On his return to France he ferved under the 
 duke of Berwick, and died at Avignon 1752, 
 aged 83. He wrote lbme valuable commenta- 
 ries on Polybius, in 6 vols. 4to. a book of new 
 difcoveries in war a treadle concerning the 
 defence of places. 
 
 Folengo, Thcjpbllus, fled from Bologna, 
 and for fome time |fflS in the military profei- 
 fion, which he quitted for the fociety of the 
 Benedictines in St. Euphemia monaftery. He 
 died 1544, aged 51. The heft known of his 
 works are " opus macaronicum," a popular 
 work orlandino, and chaos del triperuno, two 
 licentious poems on the three ages o r nian, &c. 
 
 Foi.kes, Martin, was born at WjflTnin- 
 fter 1690, and was of the royal fociety, Lon- 
 don, and became its prefident 1741. He con- 
 tributed much to the philofophical tranladVions, 
 and was a great connoifTeur of coins. He died 
 in London 1754. He wrote a 4to volume on 
 Engliih filver coin, from the conqueft to his 
 own time. 
 
 Fonsf.ca, Peter, a Portuguefe writer, au- 
 thor of a fyftem of metaphyfics in 4 vols, 
 folio. He died 15J9. 
 
 Font, Jofeph de la, a French comic writer, 
 author of five comedies and lbme operas. He 
 died 1725, aged 39, hurried to his grave by 
 his intemperance. 
 
 A a 4 Fqntaine, 
 
FON 
 
 FON 
 
 Fontaine, John dcla, a celebrated French 
 poet, born at Chateau-Thierry, 162 1. He 
 
 was admitted at 19 among the fathers of the 
 oratory, whom he loon left, but he difplayed no 
 genius for poetry till the age of 22, when the 
 accidental hearing of Malherbe's odes on the 
 aflaffination of Henry roufed his powers into 
 a flame, fie read the befl poets of Greece, 
 of Italy, and of his country, and in the wri- 
 tings of Plato and Plutarch, collected all that 
 morality which has enriched his fables. He 
 married to pleafe his parents, but though he 
 had (hown iuch partialities to his wife as to 
 entriift her in confidence with his compofi- 
 tiors, he left her foon with indifference to 
 follow his patronefs the duchel's of Bouillon to 
 Paris. Here he became gentleman to Hen- 
 rietta of England, after whole death he was 
 received into the houfe of the witty madam 
 de la Sabliere, who jocofely obferved in part- 
 ing with her houfehold, lhe kept only three 
 animals, her dog, her cat, and her la Fontaine. 
 In the company of this learned lady he conti- 
 nued about 20 years, not, however, without 
 paying annually formal vifits to his negledted 
 wife, and upon the death of his patronefs he 
 refuied invitations to fettle in England. He 
 was attacked by a fsvere illnefs in 1692, and 
 then began to think of death and of religion. 
 The prielt w^ho attended him reminded him 
 that his tales had an evil tendency, and were 
 frequent')' licentious, and hoftile to good mo- 
 rals, and la Fontaine promifed amendment. 
 Though not a libertine he was indifferent to 
 religious truths, and he informed the pried 
 with great compofure that he had the new 
 teitament which he thought a tolerable good 
 book. He died 1695, and it is laid he was 
 found with an hair fhirt on, a proof of fincere 
 repentance according to feme. Jn his cha- 
 liiirer la Fontaine was a very abfent man, 
 who, in the indulgence of his reveries, would 
 often fay the molt unbecoming things, and do 
 the molt incoherent actions. In coniequence 
 of his merit, it is faid the intendant forbad 
 t.txes to be levied on his family, an honorable 
 mark of reipedt paid to genius. He wrote 
 befides " tales," fables comedies amours 
 de Pfyche, a romance letters, &c. 
 
 Fontain *.,Nichelas, fon of a fcrivenor, was 
 admitted at the age of 20 among the fociety 
 of port royal. In 1664 he was confined for 
 four years in the baftille, and at laft finally fet- 
 tled at Melun where he died 1709, aged 84. 
 He wrote " lives of the faints of the old tefta- 
 ment," 4 vols. 8vo lives of faints in general, 
 4 vols. 8vo. the figurative language of the 
 bible, 410 memoirs of the folitaries of Port- 
 Royal, 2 vols. i2mo. Chryloftom's homilies 
 on St. Paul's epiftles, tranflated 7 vols. 8vo. 
 
 FoN'TAlNES, Peter Francis Guyat des, a 
 French critic, born at Rouen 1685. For 
 fome time a prieft, he became a man of wit, 
 and in 1 724, he was entruftcd by Bignon with 
 the care of the " journal des favans." The 
 
 feverity of his cenfures drew upon him the 
 acculation of. an abominable crime, but, after 
 fome confinement, his character was cleared 
 up. In 1 731, he began the " nouvelilte du 
 Parnafle, ou reflections fur les ouvvages nou- 
 veaux," of which he wrote 2 vols, till the 
 work was fupreffed for the feverity of its con- 
 "tents. In 1735, he began " obfervations fur 
 les ecrits modernes," which, after 33 vols, 
 were completed, was alio fuppreffed 1743. 
 The next year another periodical paper, 
 " jugemens fur les ouvrages nouveaux," was 
 undertaken; but after 11 vols, had appeared, 
 death flopped the labors of the critic 1745. 
 He publifhed tranflations of Virgil, &c. be- 
 fides thofe of Pope, Swift, Fielding and others. 
 
 Font AN A, Dominico, an architect and 
 mechanic, born at Milan 1543. His chief 
 work was the fetting up of the obelifk, in front 
 of St. Peter's, which had been buried for 
 many years, and confidered as an imp; 
 ble thing bv all other mechanics. In 1592, he 
 removed to Naples as an architect ta the king, 
 and died there 1607. 
 
 FoNTANOES, Marie Angeliquc, duchrfs of t 
 fucceflbr to de Montelpan in the good graces 
 of Louis XIV., was beautiful as an angel, but 
 filly as a goofe, fays abbe Choifi. She died 
 1681, aged only 20. 
 
 FoNTE-MooERATA,a Venetian lady, born 
 l S55' Though placed in a monnftery, (lie 
 married, and, after 20 years of conjugal hap* 
 pinefs, died in childbed 1592. Her memory 
 was fo retentive that lhe could repeat verbatim 
 a diicourfe when only once heard. She wrote 
 a poem called " il Floridoro," and another on 
 the paffion and refurrection of Chriit, befides 
 " dei meriti delle donne," in which (he main- 
 tains that the female lex is not inferior in un- 
 derstanding to the male. 
 
 FoNTENAY, "John Baptifl Blaiu dr, a 
 French painter, born at Caen 1654. His 
 fruits and flowers are very fine, and the in- 
 fe6ts on them have the appearance of real 
 life. He was patronized by Louis XIV., 
 who granted him a penfion. He died at Pa- 
 ris 1715. 
 
 FONTENEI.LE, Bernard le Bovier de, \'on 
 of an advocate in the parliament of Rouen, 
 by a filter of Corneille, was born at Rouen 
 1657. Though fo weak at his birth that his 
 furviving was unexpected, he attained the age 
 of 100. He died 1757. Before he reached 
 his 20th year he had written a great part of 
 his Bellerophon, a Tragic opera. He did not, 
 however, (nine as a dramatic writer equal to 
 his uncle Corneille, but in his other pieces he 
 exhibits great powers, delicacy of wit, and pro- 
 foundnefs of thought, fo that Voltaire has ob- 
 ferved that he was the moft un'iverfal genius 
 which the age of Louis XIV. produced. His 
 " plurality of worlds " is a moft fai'cinating 
 performance, in which he introduces a lady 
 conveying the fublimer truths of philofophy 
 in a dialogue, pleafing, lively, and refined. M 
 
 Ucretarjf 
 
FOO 
 
 FOR 
 
 I fecretary to the academy of fciences, in which 
 b he -continued more than 40 years, he devoted 
 U himfelf to the " hiftory " of that learned 
 ij body, and introduced elegance of language 
 ll into the mo.! abftrufe p?.rts of fcience. The 
 H " eloges " delivered on deceafed members are 
 ij perilled with particular delight, and his apologv 
 for Defcartes' virtues, though in favor of an 
 exploded fyltem, muft be read with -intereft. 
 H 2^o man more than Fontenelie deferved and 
 ! enjoyed the refpect and confidence of his con- 
 | tempoi'aries. In his temper he was mild and 
 I affable, and with the feelings of a true chriftian 
 I h? obferveu that a man ihould be fparing in 
 1 iuperfiuittes to himfelf, that he may fupply 
 I necerTitjes to others. Though originally poor, 
 ircd, by :ommer.dable economy, an in- 
 ! dependent fortu le ; but not delpifing the reft 
 I of the woild for hie fuperiority of mental ta- 
 | lents. he faid tha: men are fooiiih and wicked, 
 but ruch as they are we' mull live among them. 
 He wrote, betides the works already mention- 
 ed, paftoral poems hiftorv of the French the- 
 atre to Corneille Reflections on theatrical 
 poetry, particularly tragedy, a judicious and 
 valuable work elements of geometry of in- 
 finities a tragedy, and fix comedies Endy- 
 mion moral difc ourfes the hiftory of oracles 
 ! dialogues of the dead, &c. 
 
 Fontius, Bartholomew, of Florence, was 
 librarian to Matthew Corvinus king of Hun- 
 gary at Buda, and died 15 13, ?ged 68. He 
 wrote a commentary on Perfius, and orations. 
 Foote, Samuel, a dramatic writer, called 
 the Englilh Ariftophanes, was born at Truro, 
 Cornwall, 172?,. He was at Worcefter col- 
 lege, Oxford, and then removed to the temple, 
 but the Jaw was too dry a puriuit for his volatile 
 temper, and he went on the ltage. He ap- 
 peared ririt in Othello, but his fuccefs in per- 
 forming the character of other writers did not 
 pleafe him, end he commenced author and actor 
 in the Hay-market, where in 1747, he tint 
 appeared before the public in " the diverfions 
 of the morning." It was at firft oppoled by the 
 Weftminfter juftices, as representing characters 
 in real life, but was altered to *' Mr. Foote's 
 giving tea to his friends," and for upwards of 
 40 mornings drew crouded audiences. 'The 
 next year prelented " an auction of pictures " 
 which met with equal approbation, though it 
 rejected on the popular characters of the day. 
 From 1752, to 1761 his fuccefs continued 
 uninterrupted, and the little theatre Hay- 
 market was now considered as the regular 
 fummer theatre, afier the clofe of the other 
 two. In 1766, he, while at lord Mexbo- 
 rough's, broke his leg by a fall from his horfe, 
 and fuffered an amputation, but the accident 
 i*o interefted the duke of York who was pre- 
 fent, that a patent Was obtained that year for 
 the little theatre. In 1776, his attempt to 
 introduce on the ftage the duchefs of Kington, 
 brought upon him the malicious accufation of 
 unnatural practices. Though acquitted of this 
 foul charge, ye; the imputation weakened his 
 
 conftitution, and brought on a paralyt'c fit. 
 He recovered, but the following year as he 
 proceeded to France, he was taken ill, and 
 died a few hours after at Dover, 1777. In 
 his private character Fo >te was refpectable, 
 and the wit and humor of his converfation 
 were very powerful. Dr. Johnfon, as Bof* 
 well relates, met him for the firft time at 
 ert's. Having no good opinion of 
 tne fellow, lays lie, 1 w'as refolved not to be 
 pleated, and it is very difficult to pleafe a man 
 againft his will. I went on eating my dinner, 
 pretty iullenly affecting not to mind him, but 
 the dog was lb very comical, that I was obliged 
 to lay down my knife and f.rk, throw myfelf 
 back in my chair, and fairly laugh it out. Sir, 
 he was irrefifcible. His dr ;mas are 20 in 
 number, mo'Uy built on temporary topics, and 
 full of perfonalities. He borrowed liberally 
 from Molicre, but made all his own by his 
 own peculiar powers of humor. His life has 
 been publifhed with anecdotes by Cooke. 
 
 Fop pens, yehn Francis, profeflbr of di/i- 
 nity at Louvain, edited Miraeus* opera hiftorfc* 
 diplomatics, and compiled bibliotheca Belgica, 
 2 vols. 4to. Arc. and died 1761, aged 72. 
 
 Forf.es, Patrick, was born in Aberdeen- 
 lhire 1564. He was educated at Aberdeen 
 and St. Andrew's, and in 1618, railed to the 
 fee of Aberdeen. He died 163 c, aged 71. 
 His commentary on the Revelations appeared 
 London 1613. He was a great benefactor to 
 Aberdeen univerfitv. 
 
 Foubes, John, fon of the preceding, was 
 biihop of Aberdeen. He was expelled from 
 the divinity profelforfhip by the covenanters, 
 and after two years' refidence in Holland, he 
 returned and ended his days at his eftate at 
 Cori'e 1648. His works, theological and hifto- 
 rical, were publifhed at Amfterdam, 2 vols, 
 fol. 1703. 
 
 Forbes, William, biihop of Edinburgh, 
 was born at Aberdeen 1585, and educated 
 there. After ftudying at Deyden, and in 
 Germany, he came to England, and declined 
 the Hebrew profefforfhip at Oxford. On the 
 foundation of the fee of Edinburgh by Char- 
 les I., Dr. Forbes was placed by the monarch 
 to fill it, but he en'oved his dignity only three 
 months, and died 1634. He was a man of 
 extenfive learning, moderate in his opinions, 
 and pacific in his temper, as his treatile to 
 diminilh controverfies, fully proves. 
 
 Forbes, Duncan, was born at Culloden 
 1685, and ftudied at Edinburgh, Utrecht, 
 and Paris, and on his return to Scotland 
 1710, practifed as an advocate, and in 1725 
 he was made lord advocate, and in 1742, 
 railed to be lord prefident of the court of fef- 
 fions. In the rebellion of 1745, ne oppoled 
 the pretender, but the refufal of government 
 to refund what he had loft by his fupport of 
 the royal caufe, proved lb difagreeable to his 
 feelings, that it produced a fever of which he 
 died 1747, aged 62. He wrote thoughts on 
 religion, a letter to a biihop on Ilutchinfon's 
 
 writings, 
 
FOR 
 
 FOR 
 
 writings, reflexions on incredulity, 2 vols. 
 1 2 mo. 
 
 Forbin, Claude Cbevalirr de, a French 
 naval officer, chief admiral to the king of 
 JSiam in the Eaft Indies. He diftinguilhed 
 himfelf in Europe, on the co-ail cf Spain, and 
 5n the fervice of Levis XIV. Though fa- 
 vored, he was neglected by the miniiiers, and 
 therefore he retired in difcontent from the 
 fervice 1710. He died 1733, aged 77. His 
 maxims to peribns in the fea fervice, were two, 
 never to interfere with any thing not belong- 
 ing to their employment, and to pay a blind 
 obedience to the orders they received, how- 
 ever repugnant to their private opinions. 
 
 FoRBONNAIS, Francis Veron de, infpector 
 general of the manufactures of France, was 
 torn at Mans 1722, and died at Paris 1800. 
 He was well acquainted with commerce, and 
 the real refources of a kingdom, and he pub- 
 limed various intelligent trails on fubjects of 
 tinance, politics, &c. 
 
 Force, Charlotte Rofe de Caumont de la, a 
 French poeteis, who died 1724, aged 70. Her 
 cattle in Spain, a poem her iecret hiftory of 
 .Burgundy, a romance, &c. pofTefs merit. 
 
 Force, "James duke "de la, fon of Francis, 
 lord of la Force, who, with his eldeft ion Ar- 
 naud, was murdered in his bed, on the night 
 of St. Bartholomew. He was then nine years 
 old, and was between his father and his brother 
 in the bed, but being unperceived by the afTaf- 
 fins, he efcape'd with his life, a circumftancc 
 which Voltaire has recorded in the 2d canto of 
 his Henriade. Fie fought under Henry IV. 
 and efpoufed the fide of the proteftants, againft 
 Lewis XIII. He made his peace with the 
 king, upon which he was created marfhal of 
 France, a duke, lieutenant general of the 
 army of Piedmont, befides a prefent of 200,000 
 crowns. He afterwards took Pignerol, and 
 defeated the Spaniards at Cari^nan 1630. He 
 died full of glory 1652, aged 89. 
 
 Ford, "John, a dramatic poet, in the reigns 
 of James, and Charles I. fie was of the 
 middle Temple, and wrote 12 plays between 
 1629, and 1636. 
 
 Fordun, "John de, a Scotch hiftorian, about 
 1377, who wrote a hiftory of his country called 
 ^coti-Chronicon, a curious but not accurate 
 performance. 
 
 Fordyce, David, of Aberdeen, was edu- 
 cated there, and became profeflbr of moral 
 philolbphy, in the nrnifchal college. He tra- 
 velled through Europe, and was drowned on 
 his return, in a ftorm on the coaft of Holland 
 J 751. He wrote dialogues concerning educa- 
 tion, 2 vols. 8vo. treatifc of moral philofo- 
 phy Theodorus, a dialogue concerning the 
 art of preaching the temple of virtue, a 
 dream, &c. 
 
 Fordyce, j 'arr.es, brother to the above, 
 
 was born at Aberdeen, and educated there. 
 
 minifter of Brechin, and of Alloa, and 
 
 in 1762, he removed to Moftkwell tlrr-p*-, 
 
 lie after 
 
 mire, and died at Bath 1796, "m his 77th 
 year. He is author of fermons to young wo- 
 men, 2 vols. addrefs to young men, 2 vols. 
 addrelfes to the deity. a fermon on the 
 eloquence of the pulpit poems tingle fer- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Fordyce, George, nephew of the preced- 
 ing, was born near Aberdeen, and ed 
 in that univertity. After fome retidence with 
 his uncle, an apothecary at Uppingham, Rut- 
 landihire, lie went to Edinburgh, and t< 
 den, where he took his doctor's degree 1758. 
 He fettled in London, where he dittinguifhed 
 himfelf as a le6turer on the materia medica, 
 and the practice of phytic, and in 1770 he be- 
 came phylician to St. Thomas's hoipital. He , 
 was, in 1787, made a fellow of the college of 
 phyficians fpeciali gratia, an unufual honor, 
 and he died 1802, aged 66. His works are 
 etTays on fevers on digeftion elements of 
 the practice of phytic elements of agricul- 
 ture, and vegetation, &c. 
 
 Fordyce, fir William, a Scotch phytician, 
 of great repute, who died in London 1792. 
 
 Formey, John Henry Samuel, of Berlin, 
 minifter of the French church there, aud after- 
 wards profeftbr of philolbphy, and fecretary to 
 the royal Berlin academy of lciences. He died 
 1797, aged 86. He was author of abridgment 
 of eccletialtical hiftory hiftory of philolbphy 
 abridged, both trantlated into Englith Re- 
 fearches on the elements of matter confi- 
 derations on Cicero's Tulculanum the Chrii- 
 tian philofopher penfees railbnables Anti- 
 Emile againft Rouifeau, and other works. 
 
 Formosus, fucceeded Stephen V. as pope, 
 891. He was very unpopular, and after death 
 his body was dragged from his grave by the 
 populace, and thrown into the 1 iber. 
 
 Forskal, Feter, a Swedith naturalift, who 
 ftudied under Linnanis. He went, in 1761, 
 with Niebuhr to Arabia, and died there 1763, 
 aged 27. Fie was author of thoughts on civil li- 
 berty, 1759, and from his papers Niebuhr 
 publifhed Icones rerum naturalium, &c. 4to. 
 delcriptiones animalium & equas, &c. 4to. &c. 
 
 Forster, John, a proteftant Hebraift, 
 born at Augtburg 1495. He was the liiend 
 of Luther and Melancthon, and died 1556. 
 His Hebrew lexicon was publilhed 1564, folio, 
 Bale, Sec. 
 
 Forster, Gecrge, a naturalift, who accom- 
 panied Cook in his lecend voyage round the , 
 world, H e was profeflor at Caflel, and after- 
 wards at Wilna and Mayence. He next vifited 
 Parii, to enable himfelf to travel to Thibet ; 
 but died in the midft of his preparations, 1792, 
 aged 39. He wrote a tract on the Englith 
 conftitution a journal of Cook's l'econd voy- 
 age, 2 vols. 4to. which he defended againft 
 Wales a philofophical journey along tiic 
 Rhine, 2 vols. 8vo. a journey through England. 
 
 Forster, Dr. John Reh.old, father to the 
 above, ftudied at Halle, and was minifter at 
 Dantzic, and after being in Rufila came to 
 Engbnd itor in German and 1 
 
FOR 
 
 FOS 
 
 in Warrington academy. He accompanied 
 Cook in his fecond voyage, and in 1775, was 
 created LL. D. by the univerfity of Oxford. 
 He loft his public character in England, for 
 publiihing, contrary to agreement, an account 
 of the plants difcovered in his voyage. He 
 died at Halle, in Saxony, 1799. He is au- 
 thor of obfervations made round the world 
 hiftory of difcoveries in the north treatifes 
 on the byflus of the ancients, and other 
 tracb. 
 
 Forster, Nathanael, of Plymftock, De- 
 vonihire, was educated at Plymouth and Eton 
 fchools, and at Corpus Chrirti, Oxford. He 
 obtained Hethe rectory, Oxfordlhire, and in 
 1750 was chaplain to Butler, of Durham, who 
 made him his executor. He was, in 1752, 
 chaplain to Herring the primate, and obtained 
 a prebend in Briftol cathedral, and Rochdale 
 vicarage, Lancafhire. He died 1757, aged 
 40. He publilhed Platonis dialogi quinque, 
 &c. 174J reflections on the antiquity of 
 Egypt appendix Livi.ma, popery deftructive 
 of the evidence of ehriftianity, a fermon dif- 
 fertation on Jolephus' account of our Savi- 
 our, &c. 
 
 Forstner, Chrijlopber, an Auftrian law- 
 yer, who died 1667, aged 69. He was en- 
 gaged in the negotiations of the peace of Mun- 
 fter, and wrote de principatu Tiberii notie po- 
 litics ad Taciturn collection of his letters on 
 the peace of Munller, &c. 
 
 Fort, Francis le, of Geneva, ferved in 
 Holland at the age of 16, and afterwards en- 
 tered into the army of Peter I. of Ruflia. 
 He was entrufted, in 1696, with the fiege of 
 Azof, and difplayed tuch abilities that the 
 emperor made him commander of his forces, 
 and prime minifter. His great genius was 
 employed in new-modelling the army, and 
 improving the affairs of his imperial patron. 
 He died at Mofcow 1699. 
 
 FoKTEscuE.^/r "John, an Englifh lawyer, 
 of Wear Gifford, in Devonfliire. He was 
 educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and Lin- 
 coln's Inn. In 1441 he was made king's fer- 
 jeant at law, and the next year chief juftice 
 of the king's bench. His integrity and firm- 
 nefs recommended him to Henry VI. by whom 
 his falary was raifed ; but his attachment to 
 t^p houfe of Lancafter proved the fource of 
 persecution. In the firft parliament of Ed- 
 ward IV. he was attainted of high treafon, 
 and he followed his mafter to Scotland, where 
 he was nominated chancellor of England. He 
 embarkc .1 for Holland in 1463, with Marga- 
 ret, and employed himfelf in the compofition of 
 his book" de laudibus legum Angliac," written 
 for the inftruction of young prince Edward ; 
 but not publifhed till the reign of Henry VIII. 
 He accompanied the queen back to England ; 
 and on the defperate ftate of the king's affairs he 
 reconciled himfelf to the reigning monarch by 
 writing an apology for his own conduct. He 
 lived to nearly his 90th year, and was buried 
 in the ^church of Ebrington, G lonelier fhiie. 
 U 
 
 He wrote befides, " the difference "between 
 an abfclute and limited monarchy, &c. 
 
 Fortiguerra, Nicolas, an Italian pre- 
 late and poet, born 1 6 74. He was lb often 
 difappointed by Clement XII. who had pre- 
 mifed him a cardinal's hat, that he fell ill in 
 confequence, and died 1735, aged 61. He 
 wrote " ricciardetto," a burlefque poem in 30 
 cantos, in a fhort time, to prove to fome. 
 friends the eafe with which he could write in 
 the manner of Ariofto. This poem, though 
 faulty, exhibits fallies of pleafantry and ftrokes 
 of genius. Fortiguerra tranflated Terence 
 into Italian 1736. 
 
 Foscari, Francis, a Venetian, doge 1413. 
 He enlarged the Venetian dominions by the 
 conqueft of Brefcia, Bergamo, Crema, Ra- 
 venna, and other places ; but thefe victories 
 coft lb dear that the Venetians depofed their 
 unfortunate leader. His fon fhared his dif- 
 grace, and was banifhed, and the wretched 
 father died two days after his depofition, 1457, 
 aged 84. The fon alio foon after died in 
 prifon. 
 
 Foscarini, Michael, a Venetian hifto- 
 rian. He continued Nani's hiftory of Ve- 
 nice, at the public requeft, and died 1692, 
 aged 64. His work makes the 10th vol. of 
 Venetian hiftorians. He alfo wrote novels. 
 
 Fosse, Charles de la, a French painter, 
 born at Paris 1640. He iludied in Italy, and 
 painted the dome of the hotel of Invalids. 
 Lewis XIV. t*ave him a penfion of 1000 
 crowns, and he became profefibr and rector 
 of the academy for painting, He was for 
 fome time engaged in adorning the duke of 
 Montague's houfe, now the Britifh Mufeuni 
 in London, and received a handfome offer 
 from William, who wi'.hed him to fettle in 
 England ; but he declined. He died at Paris 
 1716. 
 
 Fosse, Antony de la, nephew to the above, 
 was born at Paris 1658. He was fecretary to 
 the marquis de Crequi,and on his death, at the 
 battle of Luzara, he brought back his heart to 
 Paris, and celebrated his fall in poetry. He 
 di'tinguifhed himfelf chiefly by his tragedies. 
 His Manlius, his beft play, is confidered by the 
 French as equal to the tmgedies of Corneillc ; 
 but he is lefs known than lie 3efefve$. He 
 died in the retirement which he loved, 1708, 
 aged 50. 
 ' Foster, Samuel, mathematician, bom in 
 Northamptonfhire, and educated at Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge. He was elected in 1636. 
 to the profefforfitip of aftronomy in Grefhain 
 college. During the civil amis he formed one 
 of the learned men who united for philoso- 
 phical purpofes, afterwards incorporated as 
 the royal fociety. He applied himfelf tn 
 aftronomy, and conflructed ana improved fe- 
 veral mathematical and alhonomical inftiu- 
 ments. he died at Grefham college of a de- 
 cline, 1652. The chief of his works are 
 " the art of dialling," 4to. four treatifes of 
 dialling, 410, mii'eclhnies, or mathematical 
 lucubiatiwis 
 
FOT 
 
 F-OU 
 
 lucubrations del'criptions of feveral inflru- 
 ments. 
 
 Foster, 'James, a difienting miniftcr, born 
 1697,^ at Exeter, wliere he was educated. 
 He began to preach 17 18, but the dilutes 
 which prevailed in the Weft of England, 
 about the trinity, rendered his fituation un- 
 pleaiant, and he removed to Melborne, So- 
 merfetfhire, and loon after to Alhwick. He 
 pnblitlied in 1720 his " effay on funda- 
 mentals," and his fermon " en the refur- 
 rection of Chrift ; " bat his finances vvere 
 to low, that he determined to learn the tiv.de 
 of glover. Me was, however, foon after re- 
 ceived as chaplain in the family of Rob. Houl- 
 ton, elq. and in, 1724 fucceeded at Barbican, 
 Dr. Gale, a perfon by whole book on adult im- 
 merfion he had been perfuaded to be baptized. 
 In 1 73 1 he publifhed his defence of the ufe- 
 fuhiefs, truth, &c. of chriilian revelation againft 
 Tindal, and in 1744, after 20 years' fervice 
 at Barbican, he was choll-n paftor of the hide- 
 pendents at Pinners' hall. He attended lord 
 Kilmarnock after his trial in 1746, and died 
 in confequence of a paralytic ftroke 1753. 
 He wrote befides " tracis on herefy," in a 
 controverfy with Dr. Stebbing 4 vols of fer- 
 mons, 8vo. 2 vols of difcourfes on natural 
 religion, and fecial virtue, 4to. 
 
 Foster, 'John, was born at Windfor 1731, 
 rina educated at Eton college, where under 
 Plumptree and Burton, he dhiinguifhed him- 
 ielf as a luperior proficient in Greek and He- 
 brew. It) 1748 he was elected to King's 
 college, and afterwards became affiftant to Dr. 
 Barnard, whom be fucceeded in 1 765, as niaf- 
 ter of Eton college. Though eminent in 
 learning, he was deficient in manners, in tem- 
 per, and in a perfect knowledge of the world, 
 t'o necefTary fovfuch a fituation, 10 that his au- 
 thority became unpopular, and he at laft re- 
 signed. His merits were rewarded by a ca- 
 nonry at Windfor in 1772. He went to the 
 Cermnn Spa for tl.e recovery of his health, 
 and died there 1.773. He wrote befides a 
 prize difTertntion on the doctrines of Epicu- 
 rus, and the Stoics, Cambridge an eftayon 
 the different nature of accents and quantity, 
 with their ufe and application in the pronun- 
 ciation of the Englilh,. Latin, and Greek 
 tongues, with the defence of the Greek ac- 
 centual marks, againft If. Voffius, Dr. Galy, 
 &c. 8vo. 1762, a curious performance. 
 
 Fostek, Michael, a learned jutige, born at 
 Marlborough, Wilts. He was educated .at. 
 Marlborough fchool, and Exeter college, Ox- 
 ford, and at the Middle Temple, hi 1745 
 he was made one of the juftices of the king's 
 "bench, and then knighted. He died 1765, 
 aged 74. He publifhed an examination of the 
 fcheme of church power, laid down in bifhop 
 Gibfon's codex, 173$ report of fome pro- 
 ceedings on the commidion for the trial of re- 
 bels in 1746. 
 
 Fotheroii.i., George, D.D. eldeft of feven 
 fciii, was born 1705, at JLockholme, Weil- 
 
 moreland. He was educated there, and at 
 Kendal fchool, and Queen's college, Oxford. In 
 i/jl he was head of St.Edmund hall, and vicar 
 of Bramley, Hamplhire. He diod of an allhma, 
 1 760. He was author of 2 vols, of fermons. 
 
 Fothergill, John, an eminent phyfi- 
 cian, born 1 7 12, at Can-end, Yorkfhire. He 
 was educated at Sedburgh fchool, Yorkfhire, 
 ai>d in 1718 bound to an apothecary at Brad- 
 ford. He ilucbed under Wilmot at St. Tho- 
 mas's holpitai, and then went to Edinburgh. 
 He afterwards viiited Leyden, France, and 
 Germany, and in 1740 fettled in London. 
 He was a licentiate of the college of phyfi- 
 cians London, and fellow of Edinburgh, and 
 of the royal and antiquarian lbcieties. He 
 rofe in fame and practice, lb that his bufinefs 
 brought him little left th?n 7000J. per ann. 
 and enabled him to accumulate a property of 
 8o,oocl. He died of an obltruction in the 
 bbidder. in Harpur ftreet, 1780. He devoted 
 much of his time to natural hiftory, and made 
 a collection of {hells and other natural curiofities* 
 fold after his death to Dr. Hunter for 1200L. 
 He formed a botanical garden at Upton inEffex 
 and liberally endowed a feminary of young qua- 
 kers at Acworth near Leeds, for the educa- 
 tion and clothing of above 300 children. He 
 publilhed fome tracts, the belt of which is 
 " on the ulcerous fore throat," and was a great 
 patron of learned men. He ailifted Sydney 
 Parkinfon in his account of his South fea voy- 
 age, and at the expence of 2000I. printed a 
 tranflation of the bible from the Hebrew and 
 Greek original, by Anthony Purver the qua- 
 ker, 2 vols. fol. 1764, and in 1780 publilhed 
 Percy's key to the new Teftament, for the ufe 
 of his feminiry. 
 
 Fothurgjll, Samuel, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was an eminent preacher among the 
 quakers. He travelled over England, Scot- 
 land, Ireland, and North America, to propa- 
 gate his doctrines, and died 1773. 
 
 Foucault, Nicolas Joftpb, an antiquary 
 born at Patis 1643. Within fix miles of 
 Caen, he dlicovered in 1704 the antient town 
 of the Viducaffians, of which he publifhed an 
 interefting account, with the hiftory of the 
 marbles, coins, infcriptions,&c. He difcovered 
 in the abbey of Moiffac in Querci a MS. of 
 Lactantius de mortibus perfecutorum. He 
 died 1721. 
 
 Fouchcr, Simony of Dijon, died at Paris 
 1696, aged 52. He was author of a treatile 
 on hygrometers on the wifdom of the an- 
 tients letters on the hiftory and principles of 
 the academic philofophy, 6 vols. &c. 
 
 Foucquet, Nicolas, was procurator-gene- 
 ral of the parliament of Paris, and fuper-in- 
 tendarrt of the fmances. His peculation was 
 little calculated to repair the mifmanagemeut 
 of Mazarin, and when he bad fpent above 
 150,000!. of the public money in adorning 
 his feat at Vaux, and attempted to rival his 
 matter in the affection of la Valliere, his 
 ruin was complete. He was arretted in 1661, 
 
 arid 
 
FOU 
 
 FOVV 
 
 and condemned ts perpetual banifhment. He 
 died 1680, aged 65, in the citadel of Pig- 
 nerol. 
 
 Foucquet, Charles Leivls Augujius, grand- 
 fon of the preceding, known by the name ol* 
 marefchal Bellifle, was born 1684. He dif- 
 tinguifhed himfelf at the fie^e of Line, but 
 after the death of .Lewis he was confined in 
 the baftille, till his juilification recommended 
 him to the court. Ke was commander in 
 Flanders in the war of 1733, and became the 
 advifer of cardinal Fleury. In 1741 he was 
 created marefchal of France, and in 1742 af- 
 filed at Frankfort at the election of the em- 
 peror Charles VII. Being deierted by the 
 Pruflians and .Saxons, he effected his efcape 
 with great difficulty from Prague, but with la- 
 gacious dexterity, lb that he was created by 
 the emperor member of the Golden Fleece, 
 and a prince of the empire. He was, taken 
 prifoner in 1743 at E ! bingerode near Hanover, 
 and brought over to England. He afterwards 
 ferved in Provence, and was made peer of 
 France 1748. He was made prime minifter 
 1757, and died four years after, a facrifice to 
 his zeal in the lervice of his country. He died 
 1761, aged 77. He was a great character, 
 refpe<Eted in private life, and much auachedto 
 the glory of his country. 
 
 Fougeroux, Augujius Denys, of Paris, 
 was nephew of Duhamel, and with him ex- 
 amined the quarries of Anjou, Britany, Na- 
 ples, &c. and every where made valuable ob- 
 fervations on the various productions of the 
 natural kingdom. He died of an apoplexy 
 1789. He wrote memoir on the formal ion 
 of bone l'art de l'ardoifier l'art du 
 tonncllier l'art de travailler les cuirs 
 dores, fcc. 
 
 Foulon, iV. a French politician who ad- 
 vifed the government to recover its credit by 
 a general bankruptcy. He was placed over 
 the finances at the beginning of the revolu- 
 tion, but became one of its firft victims. He 
 in 1789, vvas dragged with the greateft intuit, 
 and in the moft excruciating manner to Paris, 
 where he was hanged amidft the acclamations 
 of a ferocious populaca. 
 
 FouNTAiNE,j6r Andrew, an antiquarian, 
 born at Narford, Norfolk, and educated at 
 Chrift -church, Oxford. He ftudied the An- 
 glo-Saxon language, and publilhed a fpecimen 
 of his great proficiency in his inftructor Hickes' 
 thefaurus, under the title of munifmata An- 
 glo-Saxonica & Anglo-Danica, &c. He was 
 knighted by William, and afterwards travelled 
 through Europe to collect valuable pictures, 
 medals, ftatues, and inferiptions. He was the 
 correipondent of Swift, and he embellifhed 
 his tale "of a tub, with excellent defigns. 
 Sir Andrew, as a connoiffeur of medals and 
 antiques, improved his property greatly by 
 collecting for fome of the largeft cabinets in 
 the kingdom. He was vice-chamberlain to 
 Caroline, and in 1727 was made warden 
 of the mint, which he held till his death, 1753. 
 
 FoUQtTIER-TlNViLLE, Anthiny Queutin, 
 a Frenchman of infamous memory, born near 
 St. Quentin. From a bankrupt, he became 
 the friend of Robefpierre, and i'o fanguinary 
 was his conduit, that he was deemed by the 
 tyrant, worthy to be the public accufer. In 
 this office he difplayed the moft vindictive cha- 
 racter. The young, the aged, the innocent, 
 were hurried with infulting indifference to the 
 fcaffold, and in one inftance, in four hours, 80 
 individuals were devoted to immediate death. 
 When one of the gaolers obfe^ved that a per- 
 fon before the tribunal was not the accufed, 
 Fouquier faid with unconcern, that one was 
 as good as the other, and the unhappy victim 
 marched to the guillotine. On another occa- 
 fion, under a fimilar miftake, he exclaimed, 
 it matters little, to-day is as good as to-morrow, 
 and the wretched prifoner fuffered death. The 
 fall of Robefpierre checked not this monfter, 
 on the clay of the tyrant's arreft, he obierved, 
 on figning the condemnation of 42 perfons, 
 that juftice muft have her courfe. At hit 
 punilhment came, though late, Fouquier ap- 
 peared before that tribunal where he had 
 exercifed fuch bloody tyranny, and on the 7th 
 May 1794, he was guillotined, aged 48. 
 
 Fouquteres, James, a Flemiih painter, 
 born at Antwerp 1580. He worked for the 
 elector palatine at Heidelberg, and went to 
 Paris, where he died poor through imprudence 
 1659. His landfcapes are fo finely fhiifhed 
 as to be fcarce inferior to Titian's. 
 
 Foitrcroi, N. a French engineer, who 
 planned the junction of the rivers Scheldt,. 
 Mofelle, Sambre, Oife, Rhine, nnd Meule, by 
 means of canaU. He publifhed valuable tracts, 
 and died 1791, aged 76. 
 
 Fourmo XT, Stephen, profeflbr of Arabic and 
 Chinefe at Paris, was born 1683. He had fo 
 retentive a memory that the moft difficult paffa- 
 ges became familiar to him. He was invited 
 by count de Toledo to fettle in Spain, which he 
 declined. He fucceeded Galland in 1715, as 
 Arabic profeflbr, and was admitted into the 
 learned focieties of Paris, Berlin, and London, 
 and was afterwards fecretary to the duke of 
 Orleans. He died 1743. His works are " the 
 roots of the Latin tongue in metre" -critical 
 reflections on ancient hiltory, to the time oi* 
 Cyrus, 2 vols. 4to. meditationes Sinicas, folio 
 a Chinefe grammar in Latin, folio, Sec. 
 
 FouRirtER, Peter Simon, a French engrav- 
 er and letter founder, born at Paris 171-2. 
 In 1737 he publifhed a table of proportion* 
 between letters to determine their Height. H: 
 wrote alio diflemtions on the rile and progrei? 
 of the topographical art. His great work is 
 " manuel topographique utile BOX gens de 
 lettres," 8vo. 2 vols. He died 1768. 
 
 Fowler, Jib*, bom at Briitol, and edu- 
 cated at Winchefter and New college, Oxford, 
 went in 1559 t0 Antwerp and Louvnin, where 
 he learned printing, and employed his ulents 
 againftthe proteftants. He was we'd fkilled in 
 Greek and Latin, a poet and orator, and a 
 
 judicious 
 
FOX 
 
 FOX 
 
 judicious critic. He wrote, as well ^ printed, 
 books in favor of his religion. He died at 
 Newmark in Germany 1578. 
 
 Fowler, Cbrijiopber, a puritan, born at 
 Marlborough 1611, and educated at Magdalen 
 college, and Edmund hall, Oxford. He in 
 1641 declared himfelf a prefbyterian, and drew 
 crowds after him by the oddity of his geftures 
 and the violence of his appeals in the pulpit. 
 Ee afterwards was vicar of St. Mary's, Read- 
 ing, and then fellow of Eton, and an able afiift- 
 ant to the Berkfhire commifhoners in the 
 ejection of thofe then called infufficient mini- 
 fters. He died i676,confideredss little better 
 than difiracled. 
 
 Fowler, Edivard, an Englilh prelate, born 
 1632, at Welter Icigh, Gloucefterfhire. He 
 v, as educated at the college fchool, Gloucefter, 
 and Corpus Chrifti college, Oxford. As a pu- 
 ritan he at firft objected to conformity, but 
 became afterwards one of the greateft orna- 
 ments of the chureh. He was an able defender 
 of proteftantifm, and appears as the fecond of 
 the London clergy, who refilled to read king 
 Tames's declaration for liberty of confcience, 
 1688. He was made in 1691, bifhop of Glou- 
 cefter. He died at Chelfea 1714, aged 8z. 
 He wrote l'ermens and various pieces on divi- 
 nity, the moft ufeful of which is his " defign of 
 chriflianity," often printed. 
 
 Fox, Edivard, an Englifh prelate and ftatef- 
 man, born at Duriley, Gloucefterfhire, and 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, of which he was prov oil 1518. Wol- 
 fey engaged him as ambafTador to Rome with 
 Gardiner, to promote the divorce of the king 
 from Catharine of Arragon. He was after- 
 wards fent to France and Germany, and in 
 1535 railed to the fee of Hereford. He pro- 
 moted the reformation, and if inferior to Cran- 
 mer in abilities, he was his fuperior in dexteri- 
 ty. When in Germany he invited the pro- 
 tectant divines to unite themfelves to the doc- 
 trines of the church of England. He died in 
 London 1538. He wrote " de vera differen- 
 tia regia; poteftatis et ecclefiafticse," &c. tranf- 
 lated into Englilh by lord Strafford. His max- 
 ims were that " an honorable peace lafts long, 
 but a difhonorable peace no longer, than till 
 kings have power to break it ; the fureft way 
 therefore to peace is a conltant preparedneis 
 for war ," and" two things mult l'upporta go- 
 vernment, gold and iron, gold to. reward its 
 friends, and iron to keep under its enemies." 
 
 Fox, John, a divine, born at Bolton, Lin- 
 colnfhire 1517. He was of Brazen-nofe col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of Magda- 
 len. In his younger years he publifhed fonie 
 Latin plays on fcriptural fubjects, but after- 
 wards turned his thoughts to divinity, and to 
 the reformation. He read the Greek and 
 Latin father*, itudied Hebrew, and perufed 
 every work from which he could reap infor- 
 mation ; but his feclufion alarmed his friends 
 and encoi raged lis enemies. He was there- 
 fore aceufed of herefy in 1545, and with dilii- 
 
 fulty efcaped with his life by expulfioh from 
 college. In his diftrefs he was received in the 
 houfe of fir Thomas Lucy of Warwickfhire, 
 to whofe children he became tutor. He after- 
 wards came to London ftill expofed to the pri- 
 vations of a narrow income. His wants, how- 
 ever, lays his ton, were relieved by an unknown 
 ftranger, who gave him an untold fum, and 
 bade him hope for better times, which in three 
 days arrived by his being admitted into the 
 fervice of the duchefs of Richmond, and made 
 tutor to her nephew lord Surrey's children. 
 He lived at Ryegate in this noble family, and 
 though Gardiner, in the reign of Mary, 
 plotted his ruin, he remained unhurt by the 
 influence of his pupil now duke of Norfolk. At 
 laft, he efcaped to the continent, and paffing 
 through Antwerp and Frankfort he fettled at 
 Bafil, and there maintained himfelf by cor- 
 recting the prels for Oporinus. Here he form- 
 ed the plan for his great work, and at the end 
 of Mary's reign returned to England. His 
 pupil fettled a penfion on him, and Cecil ob- 
 tained for him a prebend in the church of 
 Salifbury; but though he might have rifen 
 high in preferment by the interelt of his friends, 
 he refufed to fubferibe to fome of the canons, 
 and when urged by the primate, he produced 
 a Greek teftament, adding, to this only will I 
 fubferibe. He was greatly afflicted at the 
 ejection of his fon from Magdalen college by 
 the puritans; but while he exhibited the moft 
 perfect moderation, he dreaded the evils which 
 party might bring upon the church. He died 
 1587, aged 70. He left two fons, Samuel t 
 afterwards fellow of Magdalen college, Oxford, 
 and author of his father's life, and Thomas^ 
 fellow of King's college, Cambridge, and phy- 
 fician in London. Fox is defervedly celebrat- 
 ed as the author of the hiftory of the acts and 
 monuments of the church, called " book of 
 martyrs," publifhed 1563, in one volume folio, 
 and afterwards improved and enlarged, and 
 publifhed in a ninth edition 1684, in 3 vols, 
 fol. This work was highly valued by the pro- 
 teftants, while the papifts abufed it under the 
 name of Fox's golden legend. 
 
 Fox, George, the firft preacher of the feci 
 called quakers, was born at Drayton in the 
 Clay, Leicefterfhire, 1624. He was bound 
 by his father, a weaver, to a fhoemaker and 
 grazier, and the occupation of his youth was 
 chiefly the tending of fheep. In 1643 he. be- 
 gan his wandering life, and after retiring to 
 foiitude, and frequenting the company of reli- 
 gious perfons, he became a public preacher. 
 He inveighed, with fullen bitternefs, againft the 
 drunkennels, the injuftice, and the vices of the 
 times, he attacked the clergy, and the eftab- 
 lifhed modes of worlhip, and aflerted that the 
 light of Chrift, implanted in the human heart, 
 was alone the means of falvation. Such doc- 
 trines produced perfecution, he was imprilbned 
 at Nottingham in 1649, an< ^ during his labo- 
 rious life, he fuffered the fame treatment eight 
 times more, often with great feverity. He 
 
 married 
 
FOX 
 
 FOX 
 
 -din 1669, Margaret, widow of Thomas 
 Fell, a Wellh judge, nine years older than 
 himfelf, but as ihe had to attend to a family, 
 by her former hufband, and as his avocations 
 were of a fpiritual kind, they did not long live 
 together. In his seal, Fox vifited England, Ire- 
 land, and Scotland. He extended his travels to 
 Holland and Germany, to the American co- 
 lonies, and the Weft India iflands, recommend- 
 ing in his life and conduct the merits of a meek, 
 devout, and inoffenfive character. He died in 
 London, 1690. Though illiterate, he wrote 
 much. His journal was printed 1694, 
 his epiftles 1698, his doctrinal pieces, about 
 150 in number, 1706. The name of quakers 
 was firft given to him and his followers at 
 Derby, in coniequence of the odd contorfions 
 of their body. 
 
 Fox, Richard., of Grantham, Lincolnshire, 
 was well educated at Bofton fchool, and Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, from which he removed 
 in coniequence of the plague, to Pembroke 
 hall, Cambridge. He was recommended to 
 the notice of Henry of Richmond, who on his 
 acceflion to the Englifli throne, raifed him to 
 the fee of Exeter. His abilities were employed 
 in various embattles on the continent, and he 
 was tranflated to the fee of Durham, and then 
 to Wincheiter. He was a liberal patron of 
 learning, and founded befides feveral free 
 fchools, Corpus Chrilti college, Oxford. He 
 died 1528. 
 
 ox, Charles yames,zn eminent ftatefman, 
 born 13th Jan. 1749. He was the fecond fon 
 of lord Holland, and to high rank he added 
 the more folid advantages of extraordinary 
 natural genius, and ftrong powers of mind. 
 Thefe promifing talents were cheriihed by his 
 father, he was inftrucled to think with free- 
 dom, and to ipeak with readinefs and with 
 energy, and after a ftiort initiation at Weft- 
 minfter fchool, he was removed to Eton, where 
 he puhlilhed the periodical paper called 
 the Spendthrift, in ao numbers. From Eton 
 he removed to Oxford, and devoted himfelf 
 fo zealoufly to dramatic literature, that he is 
 faid to have read every play in the Englifh 
 language. After making the tour of Europe, 
 he was elected even before he was of age, into 
 parliament for Midhurft, and his firft lpeech 
 was in favor of miniitry, againft Mr. Wilkes, 
 and the Middlefex election. After fharing 
 the favors of the minifter as a lord of the ad- 
 miralty, and afterwards as a lord of the treafury, 
 he was dilmifled from his offices, and had the 
 lingular fortune before he reached his 24th 
 year, of being the ableft fupporter of the go- 
 vernment during one fefTion, and in the next 
 of becoming one of its moft eloquent oppon- 
 ents. During the American war he was a 
 regular antagonift of the miniftry, and on the 
 removal of lord North he was made fecretary 
 of Mate. The death of lord Rockingham foon 
 diflblved the new miniftry, and Mr. Fox, after 
 fome time oppofing the meafurcs of lord Shel- 
 kurce, returned to power by his well known 
 
 coalition with lord North. This event is re- 
 garded as a ftigmu in his political life, as in the 
 ardor of his zeal he had often declared, that he 
 would not truft himfelf in the fame room with 
 lord North, but would employ all his powers 
 to bring him to the fcaftold for the flagitioufnefs 
 of his public life. The memorable India bill 
 brought on the downfall of the coalition, and 
 the elevation of Mr. Pitt to the helm of the 
 ftate. The French revolution was an event 
 which Fox hailed as the harbinger of freedom, 
 happinels, and profperitv, not only to France, 
 but to neighbouring nations, but he witneffed 
 the fallacy of the conclufion. Deferted by 
 fome of his aftbehtes, who regarded his fyfte- 
 matical oppofition as difloyal, he formed the 
 defign of withdrawing from his attendance in 
 parliament, except on conftitutional occafions, 
 but the meafuie was ceni'ured, even by his 
 warmeit fupporters. In his addreffes at the 
 public meetings at the Crown and Anchor ta- 
 vern, which were now confidered as fubftitutes 
 for his parliamentary fervices, he gave offence 
 to the miniitry, and in coniequence of his 
 fpeeches there, his name was ftruck off from 
 the lift of the privy counlellorsf- In 1803, he 
 returned to his parliamentary duty, and on the 
 death of his rival Pitt, in the beginning of 
 1 806, he was drawn from oppofition, and by the 
 advice of lord Grenville, placed as fecretary of 
 ftate for foreign affairs, in the number of thofe 
 moft capable of guiding the deftinies of the 
 empire in times of the greateft danger and 
 difficulty. In this new fituation, he had the 
 opportunity of witneffing the chicane and per- 
 fidy of the 'French government, and in his ne- 
 gochtion lie experienced how ill calculated for 
 the happinefs and independence of Europe, was 
 the political fyftem of that people, whofe ex.- 
 travagances and crimes had been once regarded 
 as the ebullitions of freemen. Having lived to 
 feel the disappointment which a generous mind 
 muft experience in a diplomatic intercourfe 
 conducted on the one part with franknefs and 
 fincerity, and on the other with artifice and 
 duplicity, this illuflrious ftatefman fell a prey 
 to the infurmountable attacks of a dropfy. He 
 died atChifwick-houfe, 13th September 1806, 
 after undergoing three times in five weeks the 
 painful operation of tapping, and his remains 
 were publicly buried on the 10th October fol- 
 lowing in Weltminfter abbey. Of this extra- 
 ordinary character it muft be acknowledged 
 that he was one of the greateft men this coun- 
 try ever produced, As an orator his powers 
 were gigantic, his eloquence irrefiilible, vehe- 
 ment and lublime. It was a torrent which in 
 its impetuous force hurried along its hearers in 
 fpite of all oppofition. His mind capacious and 
 intelligent, at one view graiped the whole Sub- 
 ject of debate, nt one glance he faw the weak 
 and ftrong parts of his adveriary's defence, and 
 with rr.afterly dexterity he combated the moft 
 formidable opponent, nnd improved every ad- 
 vantage which in the field of debate lay expofed 
 to iiis attacks. If he was left copious, lei's ele- 
 gant, 
 
FRA 
 
 gant, and lefs fententious than Pitt, if be wa 
 deficient in the dazzling and flowery profufiou, 
 in the lively f.illies of imagination of his great 
 mafter Burke, he poflefled the pathos, the for- 
 cible argument, the convincing language, the 
 impofing earneftneis which captivated and en- 
 chained every hearer. With the moil reten- 
 tive memory, he has been known after the lnple 
 of many hours, when the powers of the mind 
 might grow languid, to anfwer the arguments 
 of various ipeakers, and with the moft minute 
 arrangement. His manner, if not graceful, 
 was peculiarly animated and imprefiive, and the 
 fire of his eye was rapid and commanding. His 
 replies always exhibited him as very great, and 
 with all the ardor of genuine oratory, he en- 
 livened the debate, not only with new ideas, 
 but with all the clearnefs of argumentation, 
 and the extenfive information with which his 
 comprehenfive mind was ftored. In a profound 
 acquaintance with the human character, and a 
 mature knowledge of domeftic and foreign po- 
 litics, he was above all others fupremely hap- 
 py. In private life he was univerfally beloved. 
 Ke was the convivial friend, the pleating com- 
 panion, the ni%n of iategrity and honor. He 
 pofifetted in a high degree the talent which 
 diftinguifhesrnan 3 and the genius which elevates 
 him, nor was he deficient in a portion of that 
 virtue which rifes fuperior to both. His faults, 
 as Burke obferved, though they might tarniih 
 the luflre, and fometimes impede the march, 
 of his abilities, were not formed to extinguifh 
 the fire of great virtues. In his faults there 
 was no mixture of deceit, of hypocrify, of pride, 
 f ferocity, or complexional delpotifm. As a 
 man of letters, Mr. Fox is highly rei'pectable. 
 His letter to the electors of Weitmin for, patted 
 through feveral editions. Some copies of his 
 verfes are preferved, and (how great genius, 
 and itrong poetic fire. His hiftory of England 
 from the revolution, to collecT: materials for 
 which he vifitrd Paris during the fhort interval 
 of peace, after the treaty of Amiens, is loon to 
 appear before the public. 
 
 Fox be Mor7.ii.lo, Selaftian, qf Seville, 
 author of trades de ftudii philolophici ratione 
 de naturaphilofophorum,&c. He was invited 
 to be tutor to Don Carlos, fon of Philip III. of 
 Spain, but was unfortunately drowned as he 
 palled from Louvain. 
 
 Fracastorio, Girolamo, an Itilian poet 
 and phylician born at Verona i.'.Kj. Two 
 fingul r things are related of him in his infancy. 
 When born, his lips adhered Jo clofdy toge- 
 ther, that the knife of a ftrgeon was neceflarr 
 te i'eparate them, and his mother (when the 
 took him up was killed by lightning, and he re- 
 mained unhurt. He Was eminent as an ait.ro - 
 nomer and mathematician, and the friend of 
 Bembo, of luiius Scaligcr, who efteemed him 
 inferior only to Virgil, and other learned nen. 
 He died oJ an apoplexy at Cafi near Verona, 
 1.553* am! hx ye;>rs after the town of Verona 
 honored his memory with a ftatue. His chief 
 poem is " Siphius^or de rnoibo G.iilico " his 
 
 FRA 
 
 medical pieces de fympathia & antipathic 
 de contagione & contagiofis morbis, &c. 
 
 FRACHETTA, Girolamo, a political writer, 
 of Rovigno. His fervices procured him ene- 
 mies, and he retired to Naples, where he vin- 
 dicated his conduct to the Spanith court, and 
 was protected by Benevento viceroy of Naples. 
 He died at Naples in tire i ;th century. His 
 great work is " II feminario de governi di 
 Itato & di guerra," which contains about 8000 
 military and date maxims, highly efteemed. 
 
 Fraguikr, Claude Francis, of Pari*, taught 
 belles lettres at Caen for four years, but on his 
 return to Paris he quitted the order of the 
 jefuits 1694, for literary purfuits. He afiifted 
 Bignon in the journal des Scavans, and under- 
 took a transition of Plato. He expofed him- 
 t'elf unfortunately to the cold air of the night, 
 which brought on convulfions in his head, and 
 though he outlived the attack TQyears,he died 
 at laft oi an apoplexy 1728, aged 62. His 
 works confiit of Latin poems, with dilTertations 
 concerning Socrates, &c. 
 
 Francesca, Peter, of Venice, was emi- 
 nent in his representation of night pieces and 
 battles. He died 1443. 
 
 Francia, Fratwefco, of Bologna, was ori- 
 ginally a goldfmith, afterwards a graver of 
 medals, and at laft an eminent painter. His 
 Sebaftian tied to a tree, was an admirable 
 piece, from which fucceeding painters drew the 
 improvement of their art. He died about 1518. 
 
 Francis, of Affifi in Umbria, abandoned 
 tfje profelhon of his father as merchant, and 
 founded one of the four orders of mendicant 
 friars, which was approved and confirmed by 
 Innocent III. 1210. His followers increafed 
 fo rapidly, that in 1219 his order confided of 
 5000 members. He afterward travelled to 
 the Holy Land, to convert the fultan Meledin, 
 and offered to throw himfelf into the flames to 
 prove the truth of what he preached. He died 
 at Affifi 1226, aged 44, and was canonized by 
 Gregory IX. four years after. 
 
 Francis, of Paulo, a Romiih faint, 1416, 
 founder of the Minims. He retired to a cave, 
 where his aufterities drew around him a great 
 number of penitents, who built there a monaf- 
 tery. He enjoined perpetual abftinence from 
 wine, filh, and meat, with many bodily mortifi- 
 cations. He was invited to France to cure 
 Lewis XI. by his pretence, but inftead of cur- 
 ing the monarch, he died at Plellis du Pare 
 1507, aged 91. 
 
 Francis Xavif.r, of Xavier, at the foot 
 of the Pyrenees, taught philosophy at Pari?, 
 and became acquainted with Ignatius Loyola, 
 whom he atlitttd in the eftnblifhment ofthid 
 order of the jefuits, and with whom and five 
 others he made a vow to labor in the conver- 
 fion of infidels. He embarked at Lifbon 1541 
 for Goa, and as the apoflle of the Indies lie 
 preached on the coafl of Comorin, at Malacca, 
 in the Moluccas, and at Japan ; but was cut off 
 by dii'eafe 1552. He wrote five books of 
 epiftles, Pavia, <Scc. 
 
 Francis* 
 
F&A 
 
 FRA 
 
 Tranci's, de Sales, of Sales, near Geneva, j 
 ftudied at Paris and Padua, and in bis zeal is j 
 fafd to have converted 70,000 prcteftants. In I 
 1612 he was made bithop of Gene /a, and 
 founded the order of the vifitation, eftaMifhed 
 by Paul V. 1618. He died at Lyons 162s* 
 aged 56. 
 
 Fran ci s,of Lorraine, emperor of Germany, 
 v.t.s ion of Leopold of Lorraine. He married in 
 1736 MariaTherefa,fhe daughter of the empe- 
 rorCharlesVI. after whole death, 1740, he was 
 aflfociatedin the empire by his wife, and after 
 the death of his opponent Charles VII. he was 
 elected emperor 1 745 Franciswas a great patron 
 of literature, of the arts, and of commerce. 
 He died luddenly at Infpruck, 1765, aged 58. 
 Francis I king of France fon of Charles 
 of Orleans, and Louifa of Savoy, fucceeded 
 Lewis XII. 1515. He claimed the Milanefe 
 as defcende.l from duke Valentine his maternal 
 grand lather, but his progrefs was flopped by 
 the Swifs, whom he defeated in the dreadful 
 battle of Marignan 15 15, after obliging Maxi- 
 milian Sforza to refign his power into his 
 hands. After making treaties with the Geno- 
 efe and the pope, Francis in 1516 met Charles 
 V. at Noycn, and (wore eternal peace. This 
 pledge was obferved only two days, and Francis, 
 diffatisfied that his rival had obtained the impe- 
 rial crown, fought revenge in war. Though 
 fuccefsful in Navarre and Flanders, the French 
 were defeated at Bicoque, Cremona' and Genoa 
 were taken, Toulon and Marieilles were be- 
 fieged, and Provence was invaded. Francis 
 flew to the relief of his fuffering provinces, and 
 began the fiege of Pavia, but was foon after 
 defeated, 24th February 1525, in battle, and 
 made prilbner. On this occafion he wrote to 
 his mother, and declared that all was loft ex- 
 cept his honor. In Madrid, Francis was treated 
 by Charles with feverity, and he was reftored 
 to liberty in 1526, only upon figning hisrennn- 
 latien to Naples, the Milanefe, Genoa, Flan- 
 ders, and Artois. The peace of Cambray 
 1529 put an end to the difputes between the 
 ival fovereigns. Francis took for his fecond 
 ife Eleanor the emperor's fifter, and agreed 
 toranfom for a large fum his two fons ft ill de- 
 tained as hoftages at Madrid. Jealous of the 
 ;r of his rival, Francis in 1535 feized upon 
 y, but at laft a reconciliation was effected 
 means of Paul III. 1538. The peace was 
 fhort duration, Francis attacked Italy, Rouf- 
 n, and Luxemburg, but though hi3 general, 
 duke of Knghien, defeated the imperialifts 
 Cerifoles in 1544, his enemy fupported by 
 IHenry VIII. invaded Picardy and Champagne. 
 [The proteftant princes united their forces 
 pgainlt the conqueror, flopped his career, and 
 peace was reftored. Francis died at Ram 
 bouillet 1547, aged 53. He had in confequence 
 f h'i6 debaucheries contracted the foul difede, 
 which, after a continuance of nine years of 
 increafing pains, proved fatal. Greater as a 
 warrior than as a king, his whole reign was 
 iifturbed by a fpirit of jealoufy, which he che 
 
 rifbed to the laft againft the power of his rival 
 the emperor, but the protection which he ex- 
 tended to literature, and which procured for 
 him the honorable title of father of letters, has 
 eclipfed the weakneffes of an adminiftration too 
 often guided by prejudice, and dilgracefully 
 influenced'by miitreffes and favorites: He was 
 the founder of the royal college of Paris. 
 
 Francis II. fon of Henry II. and Catheiine 
 de Medicis, fucceeded his father on the ihrone 
 of France 1559. He had* married Mary 
 Stewart of Scotland, and he died after a reign 
 of 1 7 months, 1560, aged 17. Hie confidence 
 in the Guiles proved the fource of much mi- 
 fery to France. 
 
 Francis, duke of Alencon, Anjou, and 
 Berri, fon of Henry II. and brother of the 
 preceding, placed himfelf at the head of the 
 malcontents when his brother Henry III. 
 attended the" throne. He was feized by order 
 of his mother Catherine de Medicis, but his 
 brother reftored him to liberty. He was at 
 laft crowned 1582, duke of Brabant, but for his 
 oppreffive conduct was obliged to fly to France 
 forfafety. He died there 1584, aged 29. He 
 is known in Englifh hiftory as the fuitor of 
 queen Elizabeth in 158 1, who flattered his 
 vanity, but with unbecoming coquetry rejected 
 iiis addrelfes, after lhe had given him a ring as 
 a pledge of her affection. 
 
 Francis, of Bourbon, was taken prilbner 
 at Pavia with Francis I. but eltaped. He died 
 1545, aged 55. 
 
 Francis de Bourbon, courtt>Enghien, 
 in the fervice of Francis I. took Nice, and ob- 
 tained the victory of Cerifoles 1544. He Was 
 killed 1545, aged 27. 
 
 Francis de Bourbon, duke of Mont- 
 penfier, behaved with valor at the fi--ge of Rou- 
 en, and at the battles of Jarnac and of Mont- 
 contour 1572. He diftinguiihed himfelf at 
 Arques and Ivri, and died at Lifieux 1592, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Francis, of Lorraine, duke of Guile, and 
 of Aumale, was born 1519. His defence of 
 Metz in 1553, againft the arms of Charles V. 
 is defervedly commended. The next year he 
 diftinguiihed himfelf at the battle of Renti, in 
 which he defeated the Germans, and after 
 ibme glorious campaigns in Italy and Flanders, 
 he was named lieutenant-general. His next 
 exploit was againft Calais, which he took after 
 a fiege of eight days from the Fnglifh, who ha4 
 poffeffed it for 2to years, and this was followed 
 by the faU of I hionville. He governed the 
 kingdom under Henry II. and Francis II. and 
 received from the parliament the "lorious title 
 of the faviour of his country. After the death 
 of Francis II he fupported the caufe of the 
 catholics, and took Rouen and Bourges, and 
 defeated his enemies at Dreux 1562. Pre- 
 paring to befiege Orleans, the chief town of 
 the proteftants, he was afTaffinated by a piftol 
 ihot, by de Mere, one of the Huguenots 
 
 *& 
 
 Francis de Borgia, 5/. duke of Candia, 
 li b and 
 
TKA 
 
 FRA 
 
 and viceroy of Catalonia, was gfandfon of 
 Alexander VI. and after filling high offices in 
 the ftate, he embraced the eccleiiaftical pro- 
 fefiion. He refufed the rank of cardinal, and 
 di'.d at Rome, 1572, aged 62. Ke was author 
 of ibme pious traces in Spanifli. 
 
 Francis, Lucas-, of Mechlin, was painter 
 to the kings of Spain and France. His por- 
 traits and historical pieces pofleffed merit. 
 He died 1643, aged 69. His ion Lucas, called 
 the Young, acquired celebrity as an artilt. He 
 died 1654, aged 48. 
 
 Francij Romain, a Dominican of Ghent. 
 He finiihed the bridge of Maeitri< ht, and af- 
 terwards was engaged by Lewis XIV. in the 
 completion of the Pont-Royal at Paris, left 
 imperfect by Gabriel. He was liberally re- 
 warded by the French monarch, and died at 
 Paris 1/35, aged 89. 
 
 Francis, "James Charles, an eminent 
 Trench engraver, liberally patronifed at Paris. 
 His merits railed him enemies, which, it is 
 faid, hallened his death, l-'e died 1769, aged 
 52. He publifhed Recueii dcs chateaux de 
 Lorraine Corps-de- Garde after Venloo, &c. 
 
 Francis, Philip, D D. fon of an Irifh 
 dean, is known by his excellent tranflatisns of 
 Horace and Dtmotthenes. He wrote alfo 
 BtagtBtt and Conftantia, two tragedies pot 
 very fuccefsful, and for his fervices as a poli- 
 tical writer, it is faid, he wns rewarded by 
 government with the rectory of Barrow, Suf- 
 folk, and the chaplainlhip of Chelfea college. 
 He died at Bath 1773. 
 
 Franciu?, Peter, of Amfterdam, after tra- 
 velling over Fiance and England, became 1674 
 pjofeflbr of rhetoric and hiltory at Amfterdam. 
 He wrote orationes fpecimen eloquentia: ex- 
 terioris befides poems in Greek and Latin, 
 of confiderable merit. He died 1 704. 
 
 Franck, George, of Naumburgh, at the 
 age of 18 received the poetic crown, for his 
 Latin, Greek, German, and Hebrew poetry. 
 He became profefior of medicine at Heidel- 
 berg and Wittemberg, and died 1704, aged 
 61. He is author of Flora Francica, l2mo. 
 fatyra medics, 4to. epiftola?, &c. 
 
 Franck, Augujlus Herman, of Lubeck, 
 profeflbr of oriental languages, and of divinity 
 at Halle. He founded at Halle an orphan 
 houie, which, in 1727, contained 2196 child- 
 ren, and more than 130 preceptors. He alio 
 promoted the eftablifhment of a million to 
 propagate the gofpel on the coaft of Malabar. 
 He wrote methodus ftudii theologici in- 
 trodutio ad lecticnem prophetarum com- 
 mentaria de fcopo veteris & novi teft. book 
 of devotions, &c. He died 1727, aged 64. 
 
 Franck, or Francken, Francifcus, a 
 Flemifh painter, died 1616, aged 72. He 
 executed his hiftorical pieces from the fcrip- 
 turss, fome of which poflefs great merit. 
 
 Frakck, Francifcus, fon to the above, 
 called Young Francis, died 1642, aged 62. 
 His idolatry of Solomon, in the Notre Dame 
 etf Antwerp, is his beft piece. . . ' 
 
 FRANC* EN STEIN, Cbripan Godfrey, % 
 native of Leipfic, diftingutthed as an advocate. 
 He wrote the life of Chriftina of Sweden 
 hiltory of the x6th and 17th centuries and a 
 continuation of Puffendorf's introduction to 
 hiltory, and died 171 7, aged 56. His fon 
 James wrote de collatione honorum, &c. and 
 died 1733. 
 
 Franco, Nicoh, a fatirift, born at Bene- 
 vento 15 IO. He was condemned to death at 
 Rome 1569, for fevere fatires on fome illuf- 
 trious peribns of that city ; but it is unknown 
 whether he fuftered. 
 
 Francois, Abbk Laurent, an able oppo- 
 nent of the French philofophers, who died 
 1782, aged 84. His works were a book of. 
 geography proofs of the religion of Jeiua 
 Chrift, 4 vols. i2mo. defence of religion, 4, 
 vols. i2mo. examination of the catechifm of 
 an honeft man of the fads on which chrif- 
 tianity is founded, 3 vols. 121110. .\c. 
 
 Francois, Simon, a portrait painter, of. 
 Tours. He was (elf-taught, and acquired 
 great reputation. He died 1671, aged 65. 
 
 Francowitz, Matthias, the pupil of 
 Luther and Melanclhon, wns born at Albano. 
 in Illyiia 1520, in confequence of which he' 
 ailumed the name of Flaccus Illyricus. He-< 
 taught Greek and Latin at Wittemberg pri 
 vately, and was afterwards public profeflbr., 
 He oppol'ed the interim of Charles V, and- 
 was concerned in the drawing up of the cen- 
 turies of Magdeburg. He died 1575. His 
 belt work is a key to the holy fcriptures, % 
 vols. fol. He wrote befides, a catalogue of the- 
 witnefies of the truth, &c. 
 
 Franklin, Thomas, D.D. was born in, 
 London 1720, and educated at Weftminfter- 
 lchool, and Trinity college, Cambridge. H 
 was in 1758 made vicar of Ware and Thun- 
 dridge, and afterwards obtained the rectory of; 
 Brafted in Kent. He was alio chaplain in 
 ordinary to the king, and died 1784. He. 
 tranflated Phalaris, Sophocles, and Lucinn, and 
 he wrote the earl of Warwick, and Matilda, 
 two tragedies received with great applaufe, 
 and alio ** the contract," a comedy in two at. 
 Voltaire's work* appeared tranflated under his- 
 name; but only two tragedies, the Orellea. 
 and Eleftra, were by him. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, an American phiio- 
 fopher and ftatelman, born at Bofton, Nevr 
 England, 1706. He. was well educated under 
 his father, who was a tallow-chandler and foap> 
 boiler, and after being engaged in the bufinefs* 
 he was bound to his father's elder brother, a 
 printer. Eager after knowledge, he read at- \ 
 tentively in the night, the works which he had 
 printed in the day, and from Xenophcn he- 
 derived that energetic ardor which at laft 
 raifed him to fame and diftinction. A differ- 1 
 ence with his uncle removed him from Ner 
 York to Philadelphia, where he was noticed 
 by the governor Keith, and encouraged to fet 
 up bufinefs for himfelf. With this view he, 
 came to London i but foon discovered that 
 % the 
 
FRA 
 
 the promifes of his patron were the unmeaning 
 profeiTiom of polifhed life, and, after working 
 as a journeyman printer, he, in 1 726, returned 
 to Philadelphia. He began bufinefs, and pub- 
 lifhed a periodical paper, which was read with 
 avidity. In 1730 he married a widow, whom 
 he had courted before her firft marriage, and 
 the next year he began the public library of 
 Philadelphia, which was enriched by the valu- 
 able contributions of the Penn family, of 
 Collinfon, and others. His Poor Richard's 
 almanack appeared in 173a, and fo pleafed 
 the public, on account of the valuable maxims 
 of prudence and economy which it contained, 
 that not left than 10,000 copies were fold in 
 one year. He was, in 1736, made clerk to 
 the general afTembly in Pennfylvania, and the 
 next year poitmafter at Philadelphia. In 
 1738 he formed an aflbciation for preferving 
 the houfes of Philadelphia from fire, and in 
 the war of 1744, he ably promoted fome po- 
 pular meafures for the defence of the province. 
 In 1747 he addreffed an account of his dilco- 
 veries on electricity to his friend Collinfon, 
 and explained the Aurora Borealis, and the 
 laws of thunder and lightning, and not only 
 recommended the propriety of guarding build- 
 ings againft the effects of ftorms, by means of 
 conductors, but (howed that the lightning from 
 the clouds is the fame as the electric fire. 
 Diftinguiihed as a philofopher, he was equally 
 fo as a ftatefman. By his advice the militia 
 bill was palled, and he was, in confequence, 
 appointed colonel of the Philadelphia diftril. 
 On his appearance in England, in 1757, as 
 agent for Pennfylvania, he was received with 
 refpecl by the public men, and was honored 
 with a feat in the royal fociety, and the degree 
 of doftor of laws at St. Andrew's, Edinburgh, 
 and Oxford. He returned home in 1762, 
 and two years after he again vifited England. 
 The fpirit which now began to appear in 
 America roufed the attention of the govern- 
 ment, aad Franklin, as a man of knowledge, 
 was called to the bar of the commons, and 
 examined with refpeft to the (lamp at. His 
 conduct on this occafion was firm and manly, 
 and his anfwers clear. He returned, in 1775, 
 to America, and was elected one of the mem- 
 bers of congrefs, and he difplayed the mod 
 a&ive zeal, and propofed the ftrongeft mea- 
 fures for full emancipation from the mother 
 country. He next completed the negotiations 
 of America with France, and as the refources 
 of his country were low, he embarked with a 
 Cargo of tobacco, which he fold at Nantes, to 
 defray his expences. He was received with 
 peat diftin&ion by the French, the people 
 I admired the Angularity of his drefs and the 
 fimplicity of his republican manners; the 
 poets, and Voltaire particularly, paid refpect to 
 his merits, and the government, by figning a 
 treaty of oflfenfive and defenfive alliance with 
 him, declared war with England. When the 
 independence of America was acknowledged, 
 Franklin, who had continued at Paris, figried 
 
 Mi 
 
 the treaty of peace in 1783, and advanced the' 
 interefts of his country by forming new con- 
 nections with Pruflia and Sweden. He re- 
 turned to America in 1785, and was received 
 as a venerable father; he was made governor' 
 of Pennfylvania, and he applied the ftrong 
 powers of his mind to heal the differences in 
 the province, by wife laws and conciliating 
 regulations. This relpedtable man died full 
 of years and of glory, 17th April, 1790, aged 
 84 years and three months, and his country- 
 men ordered, on the oicafion, a public mourn- 
 ing for two months The epitaph which he 
 compofed for himfelf is well known. His 
 difcoveries in electricity, and his fervices in 
 the emancipation of his country were depicted 
 by the pen of Turgot in this bold line, placed 
 under his portrait : 
 
 Eripuit coelo fulmen, fceptrumque tyrannis. 
 By his patient induftry he rofe from obfeurity, 
 and amaffed a very large fortune, part of 
 which he left for charitable purpofes. He 
 wrote an entertaining account of the firft part 
 of his life, containing valuable maxims for 
 health, induftry, and economy, which has ap- 
 peared in two fmall vols. iamo. with fome 
 efTays. His political, mifcellaneous, and phi- 
 lofophical pieces, have been publifhed in 4to. 
 and in 8vo. 
 
 Frantzius, Wolfgang, a German divine* 
 profeflbr of divinity at Wittemberg, where he 
 died 1620, aged 56. He wrote animalium. 
 hiftoria facra tradtatus de interpretation e 
 facrarum fcripturarum , 4to. Sec. 
 
 Frauwenlob, Henry, a German writer, 
 who died 1317. He wrote in favor of the 
 ladies, who, it is faid, attended his funeral, and 
 poured fuch quantities of wine into his grave, 
 as almoft inundated the ehurch. 
 
 Fredegarius, the earlieft French hifto- 
 rian, after Gregory of Tours, was called the 
 Scholaflic. His chronicle, in barbarous lan- 
 guage, extends to the year 641. 
 
 Fredegonde, wife of Chilperic of France, 
 was born in Picardy. She was in the 
 queen's retinue, and by the influence of her 
 perfonal charms, (he became the third wife 
 of the weak Chilperic. Raifed to the throne, 
 fhe facrificed the members of the royal 
 family, and by the fword, as well as by. 
 poifon, fhe cut off all thofe whom, either on 
 account of talents, influence, or birth, fhe re- 
 garded as enemies or rivals. Chilperic was at 
 laft aflafhnated in hunting, that the guilty 
 queen might indulge her criminal paffion for 
 her favorite Landri. She died 597. 
 
 Frederic I. furnamed Barbarofla, was born 
 1 1 21, and in 1152 afcended the imperial 
 throne after his uncle Conrad III. He palled 
 in 1 155 into Italy, where after fome difficul- 
 ties on account of the fuperiority which the 
 pope claimed over him, he obtained the crownj 
 and confecration from Adrian IV. His dif- 
 putes with the holy fee were terminated by 
 his crufade againft Saladin. With a numerous 
 army he marched into the Eaft, and after 
 B b ft t'efwuuu 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 defeating the Greeks, and the Turks, he pe- 
 netrated into Syria, where death flopped his 
 victories. He died 1 190, in conference of 
 baling imprudently in the Cydnus, where 
 Alexander the Great, i'ome ages before, had 
 nearly fallen a facrifice to the fame recrea- 
 tion. 
 
 Frederic II. grandfon of the preceding, 
 was elected emperor of Germauy, on the ex- 
 communication of Otho IV. by Innocent III. 
 but he obtained peaceful pofieflion of his 
 power, only after the death of his rival 1218. 
 He was folemnly crowned by Honoriur. III. 
 l2fcO, and proniifed to extend the papal power 
 by undertaking a crufade. 1 his diltant expe- 
 dition was put off, till the fear of excommuni- 
 cation obliged him to let out for Jerufalem in 
 1228. His invafion of the holy land was fo 
 formidable* that Saladin, fultan of Babylon, 
 not only made a truce of ro years with him, 
 but yielded to him fome Afiatic cities. This 
 conduit provoked the pepe, who incited his 
 fon and his father-in-law againft him. Fre- 
 deric haftened back to oppofe this unnatural 
 confpiracy, and feizing Romagna, Ancona, 
 Spoletto, ?. d Benevento, defeated the plans 
 of his enemu s. His .partizans bore the name 
 f Gibelins, while thofe of the pope were 
 called Guelphs, and carried on their moulders 
 the impreflions of two keys. At laft, how- 
 ever, Frederic made peace with the Roman 
 pontiff, 1230, to be enabled to reduce to obe- 
 dience his rebellious fon Henry, whom he 
 degraded from the title of king of the Romans 
 in favor of his fecond fon Conrad. In 1240 
 Frederic parted again to Italy, and reduced the 
 Milanefe, and Sardinia, and atter defeating 
 the Genoefe and Venetians, he laid fiege to 
 Rome. The pope oppofed his attack by the 
 terrible denunciation of excommunication, but 
 Frederic disregarded this, and defeated the 
 forces lent to check his progrefs. The death 
 of the pope ibothed for awhile the enmities 
 between Rome and Germany, but at laft In- 
 nocent IV. had the courage to depofe him, ] at 
 a council at Lyons, 1245, and Frederic, har- 
 yafled by the infurrections of his fubjedts in 
 Naples and Parma, funk under his misfortunes, 
 and died in Apulia, I2.$0 : aged 57. 
 
 Frederic III. furnamed the Fair, was 
 elected e>peror 1314, by fome of the elec- 
 tors, though the majority placed the crown on 
 Lewis of Bavaria. The battle < f MicheldorfT, 
 1322, proved decifive againft Frederic, who 
 was taken prifoner, and died 1330. 
 
 Frederic IV. furnamed the Pacific, af- 
 eended the imperial throne 1440, in his 25th 
 year. He was crowned at Rome 1452, by 
 Nicholas V. and was the laft German prince 
 who fubmitted to that ceremony. He was a 
 weak and ftiperftitrous prince, and fufFered 
 Hungary to rebel, and afterwards he fled from 
 Vienna, fatistied to beg his bread from con- 
 vent to convent. He died 1493, in confe- 
 rence of the amputation of erne of his legs, 
 which mortified. 
 
 Frederic I. the Pacific, king of Denmark, 
 1523, after the expullion of Chriftian, diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf by the wifdoin of his mealures, 
 and by his alliance with Guftavus I. of Sweden. 
 After the conqucft of Copenhagen, he recon- 
 ciled to his government the Danifh nobility, 
 and lendered himfelf popular by his liberality, 
 and by the introduction of Lutheranilrn among 
 his fubjects. He died 1533. 
 
 Frederic II. king of Denmark, after 
 Chriftian III., was the patron of learning and . 
 of learned men, eipecially of Tycho Brahe. 
 He was lor fome time engaged in war with, 
 Sweden, and died 1588, aged 54. 
 
 Frederic III. archbishop of Bremen, fuc- 
 ceeded in 1648 as king of Denmark. He 
 rendered his people more independent of the 
 nobles, by making the crown hereditary. He 
 died 1670, aged 61. 
 
 Frederic IV. fucceeded his father Chrif- 
 tian V. as king of Denmark, 1699. He 
 joined the czar Peter, and Poland, againft 
 Charles XII. of Sweden, but he was obliged to 
 make peace. During the captivity of Charles 
 in Turkey, Frederic drove the Swedes from- 
 his dominions, and died 1730, aged 59. 
 
 Frederic V. grandfon of the preceding, 
 afcended the throne 1746, and died after a 
 reign of 20 years. On his death bed, he 
 called his fucceflbr Chriftian VII. and thus 
 addrefled him : " It is a great confolation to- 
 me, my fon, in my laft moments, to reflect 
 that I have offended no oae and that I have ] 
 (bed the blood of none of my fubjects." 
 
 Frederic Augustus I. king of Poland, 
 was fon of John George III. elector of Saxony. 
 He fucceeded to the electorate 1694, and dif- ; 
 tinguifhed himfelf againft the French, and de- 
 feated the Turks, in 1696, at the battle of 
 Oltach. He was in 1696 elec-ted king of 
 Poland, but tha glories of foreign wars were ; 
 eclipfed by the fuccefles of Charles XII. of 
 Sweden, and Frederic beaten at Riga, Clif- 
 fow, and Frawftadt, was ftripped of his domi- 
 nions, and confented to fee the crown of 
 Poland placed on the head of Staniflaus. The 
 defeat of the Swedes at Fultowa proved favor- 
 able to him, he recovered the Polifti throne, 
 and maintained his power and independence 
 till his death, 1733, in his 63d year. He was 
 in his perfon very athletic, and poffeffed of 
 prodigious bodily ftrength. Hi's court was fot 
 a long time one of the moil brilliant in Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 Frederic Augustus II. fon of the pre- 
 ceding, fucceeded his father 1734. The laft 
 years of his life were embittered by the mife- 
 ries of war, and the king of Pruffia, invading 
 his dominions, obliged him to fubferihe to* 
 humiliating terms. Auguftus indeed returned 
 te Poland, but Saxony remained in th-e hand'sv 
 of the conqueror, till the peace of Huberf- 
 burg, 1763. Auguftus died the following' 
 October. Reipecfable in private life, this 
 monarch was uneqaal to the arduous duties of 
 reigning. 
 
 Fredekh* ' 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 Frederic, prince of Heffe Caflel, married | 
 *n .1715 Ulrica Eleonora, filter of Charles XII. 1 
 of Sweden, and he obtained poffeffion of the , 
 Swediih throne 1720, after the abdication of 
 his wife, who had fucceeded on the death of 
 her brother. He made war againft the Ruf- 
 fians, and died 1751, aged 75. 
 
 Frederic William, furnamed the Great, 
 elector of Brandenburg, was horn at Cologne, 
 on the Spree, 1620. In 1674 he joined 
 agaiiiit Lewis XIV. with Spain and Holland, 
 and invaded Alface, but his progrefs was 
 checked by the intelligence that the Swedes 
 had laid wafte feveral of his cities, and he re- 
 turned haftily to repel them, and feized the 
 towns of Stralfund, Ferfchantz, and Griipwald. 
 Peace was no fooner reftored, than he directed 
 his attention to improve the commerce of his 
 dominions, and joined the Spree to the Oder 
 by a canal. He died 1688, aged 68, highly 
 xefpeted*by his fubjects. 
 
 Frederic I. elector of Brandenburg, fon 
 of the preceding, was born atKonigfberg 1057. 
 His ambition was flattered with the hopes of 
 erecting his duchy into a kingdom, and his 
 title was acknowledged at the peace of U- 
 trecht. I he Pruffian dominions were in 
 creafed under him by the acquifition of Guel- 
 ders, of the county of Tecklenburg, and of 
 the principalities of Neuchatel and Vnlengin. 
 Frederic died 1713, aged 60. He founded 
 the univerfity of Halle, the royal academy of 
 Berlin, and the academy of nobles. 
 
 Frederic William I. king of pruffia, 
 fucceeded his father 1713. He reformed the 
 expenditure of the kingdom, and of the IOO 
 chamberlains kept for oitentation by his father, 
 only 12 were retained. He unwillingly en- 
 gaged in war againft Charles XII, of Sweden, 
 from whom he took Stralfund. To encourage 
 commerce among his fubjects, he invited fo- 
 reign artifans into his dominions by liberal 
 rewards, and created a large ftanding army of 
 fixty thoufand men. The latter part of his 
 ljfe was clouded by an unhappy difagreement 
 with his fon the prince royal. Fie died 1740, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Frederic II. fon of the preceding, was 
 born 1 7 12, and afcended the throne of Pruf- 
 fia 1 740. His conduct; had been viewed with 
 jealoufy by his father, and his attachment to 
 mufic and to belles lcttres was regarded as a 
 rnean propenfity ; but when he attempted to 
 efcape from the harfh treatment, he was lent 
 as prifoner to Cuftrin, where he few the exe- 
 cution of Kar, the companion of his domeflic 
 fufferings. On his accellion, Frederic laid 
 claims to Silefia, which had been long occupied 
 by the German emperor, and all the attempts 
 of Maria Therefa to defend it proved abor- 
 tive. His poffeffion was confirmed by the 
 treaty of Breflaw 174.3. The following year 
 war was re-kindled, and Frederic advanced 
 with ico,ooo men to the fiege of Prague, 
 which he took with i6,coo prilbners, and this 
 *5S foon followed by the declare battle of 
 
 Friedburg. 7 he treaty of Drefden 1 745, re- 
 ftored peace to the continent, and nuftria 
 ceded to Pruffia all Silefia, together with the 
 county of Glatz. In 1 755 a new war, called 
 the feven years' war, biirft forth, and while 
 Pruffia had for its auxiliary the Englifh ..at'nn, 
 Auftria was fupported by France and by the 
 elector of Saxony, Ruffia, S*den, and Ger- 
 mauy. Undifmayed, Frederic laid the foun- 
 dation for fuccefs in the ftrict difcipline of his 
 army, and in the fortitude with which he 
 fhared the fatigues of his foldiers. Though 
 France attacked him from Guelders to Min- 
 den, and Ruffia penetrated into Pruffia, and 
 the Auftrians ino Silefia, Frederic on all fides 
 role fupeiior to misfortunes. Though defeated 
 by the Ruffians he routed the Autkians, and 
 again fuffered a check in Bohemia, hot n the 
 5th Nov 1757, he avenged himfelf by the 
 terrible defeat of the Aultrians <md French at 
 Rofbach, and by an equally fplendid victory 
 the next mouth over the Auftrian forces at 
 Liffa near Brelaw. i hefe fucceffes appalled 
 hii enemies, the Ruffians and Swedes retired, 
 and Frederic fuppcrted by a liberal fupply 
 from England, and by a* array of Hanowerknfe, 
 penetrated into Moravia, and laid fiege to 
 Olmutz. though checked by Daun, he ad- 
 vanced againft the Ruffians at Cuftrin, and 
 defeated them at Zorndoff. The hattle of 
 Hoehkirchen was adverfe to his fortunes, and 
 hs alio fuffered a check at Cunnerfdorff againft 
 the Ruffians, and in confequence of this Bran- 
 denburg and the capital fell into the hands of 
 the enemy, 1761. The defeat of Daun at 
 Torgau gave a new turn to affairs, the country 
 was evacuated by the enemy, and in 176;, a 
 treaty of peace was concluded with Ruffia imd 
 Sweden, and the next year with France and 
 the Empire, by which Silefia was for ever con- 
 firmed in his poffeffion. Still intent on en- 
 larging his dominions, Frederic joined with 
 Auftria and Ruffia, in 1772, in that unpar- 
 donable league which difmembered Poland. 
 In 1777, the death of the duke of Bavaria 
 kindled the flame: of difcord between Auftria ' 
 and Pruffia, Frederic placed himfelf aU-the 
 head of his troops, but differences were fettled 
 by the peace of Tefchen 1779. The laft 
 years of Frederic's life were devoted to the 
 encouragement of commerce and of the arts, 
 juftice was adminiftered with impartiality ufe 
 ful eftablifhments were created, and the mife- 
 ries of the indigent were liberally relieved. 
 Frederic died 17th Aug. 1786, aged 75, and 
 he met death with all the refignation which 
 philofophy unaided by religion can fhow. As 
 Frederic^ was brought up in the fchool of ad- 
 verfity, fie early learnt lefibns of ftoicifm aad 
 philofophical wiidora, and unyielding to the 
 careffes of proiperjty he was taught not to 
 fink under the frewns of fortune. From ne- 
 ceffity as well as from choice attach d to lite- 
 rature, he cultivated the mufes on the throne, 
 and liberally pa.trqnifed the lovers of fcierKes 
 and of the tine arts. His evenings were 
 B b 3 generally 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 generally fpent in the eafy fociety of men of 
 letters, and after the fatigues of the day he 
 unbent the hero and the king to the wit, the 
 fchoiar, and the literary difputant. His invi- 
 tations to learned foreigners were fincere and 
 honorable, and Maupertuis and efpecially Vol- 
 taire were for awhile objects of his particular 
 regard. Anxious to redrefs the grievance? of 
 his fubjccls he paid the minuteft attention to 
 their applications, and a word written at the 
 bottom of each petition ferved for his Secre- 
 taries to convey either refufal or reprehenfion, 
 ; encourat^ment or promifes. At five in the 
 morning Frederic generally rofe from his bed, 
 and after the day was divided between bufinels, 
 recreation, and literature, he retired to his 
 chamber at ten in the evening, and as his 
 meals were regular, and as he was through 
 life a ftranger to the licentious propensities 
 which too often dishonor the great and the 
 powerful, he enjoyed a Strong conftitution 
 with a placid evennefs of temper. His con- 
 duel: in war, the heroic firmnefs with which he 
 withitood his enemies, and the aftonifhing pre- 
 sence of mind which he difplayed in every 
 difficult fituation, not lefs than his wifdom, and 
 the paternal care with which he watched over 
 the happinefs of his people, proved him to be a 
 monarch of fuperior excellence ; but though 
 he thu3 deferved the appellation of Great, it 
 is painful to observe the inconfiftency of his 
 principles, the wavering tenets of his faith, and 
 the mighty influence of thofe two dangerous 
 paffions by which he was guided, ambition and 
 avarice. Great as a monarch, Frederic was 
 an infidel at heart, and while he wifhed to 
 bind, to obedience to his government, the af- 
 fection of hi* iubjects by the im poling rites cf 
 religion, and by the expectations of another 
 life, he was himfelf a fceptic in the moil cf- 
 fenfive degree, and regarded the ties which 
 unite men to an over-ruling providence only 
 lo far as they fecured his power or contributed 
 to his aggrandizement. As Frederic did not 
 cohabit with his wife, whom he had married 
 only in obedience to his 'ather, without affec- 
 tion, he died without ifTue. His works are 
 numerous and refpeclable. Four volumes in 
 Odtavo were publifhed in his life-time, and 
 fifteen Since his death. The chief of thefe are 
 ahemoirs of the houfe of brandenburg- a poem 
 on the art of war, a composition of great merit 
 the hiftory of his own time- the hiftory of 
 the (even years' war. 
 
 Frederic, furnamed the Wife, elector of 
 Saxony, fhared the councils of Maximilian, 
 after whofe death he might have been plnced 
 on the imperial throne, an honor which he rc- 
 iufed, while he fupported the election cf 
 Charles V. ' e was one of the firft and mod 
 zealous friends of Luther, and contributed 
 much to the til ablifl.ment cf the reformed 
 church. He died 1526 and was fucceeded 
 by his brother Join, whofe fon John Frederic 
 when fcveieign became a powerful protector of 
 |ke reformers, and was chief of the famous 
 
 league of Smalkalde 1536. In the war which 
 followed this league John Frederic was taken 
 prifoner by Charles V. and condemned to lofe 
 his head, but the ientence was reverfed on. 
 condition that he contented to the renunciation 
 of the electoral dignity. He died 1554, aged 
 
 it. 
 
 Frederic V., elector palatine, fon of Fre- 
 deric IV., married a daughter of James 1. of 
 England. He was elected in 1619, king of 
 Bohemia, but oppofed by Ferdinand of Muf- 
 tria, and though fupported by France and by 
 England, he was defeated the following year 
 and totally ruined near Prague. Guilavus, in 
 his invafion of Germany, promifed to re-eftab- 
 lifh him, but the death of that heroic chief at 
 the battle of Lutzen 1632, weighed fo heavily 
 on his fpirits, that he died a month after. 
 
 Frederic, Colonel, fon of Theodore, the 
 unfortunate king of Corfica, was in the fervice 
 of the elector of Wirtemberg. He came to 
 England as the agent of the eledtor, but either 
 unluccefsful in his negoeiations, or overwhelm- 
 ed with debts, he committed fuicide by Shoot- 
 ing himielf through the head in the portal of 
 Weftminfler abbey 1796. He was author of 
 fome publications of merit, memoirespour ier- 
 vir al'hiftoire de Corie, 8vo. 1768 a defcrip- 
 tion of Corfica, with an account of its Short 
 union to the British crown, &c. 1798, 8vo. fcc. 
 
 Frederic, William, an Englilh hocinian, 
 born 1663. He wrote a dialogue on the deity, 
 and a confutation of the dodtrines of trinity, 
 which drew down the feverity of the commons 
 upon him. He was fined 500I., his book was 
 burnt, and he made a recantation in the four 
 courts of Weftminfter-hall. 
 
 Freeman, J<hn, a painter, under Charles 
 IT. His life was attempted by poifon in the 
 Weft 'ndies, and his conftitution ever after 
 retained the fatal effedls. In the decline of 
 life, he painted fcenes for (Jovent-garden 
 theatre. 
 
 Fregoso, Baptijl, doge of Genoa, 1478* 
 was cepofed for his haughtinels, and banished 
 to Fregui. He wrote, like Valerius Maximus, 
 nine books of memorable actions the life of 
 Martin V., &c. 
 
 Freher, Marquard, a German, ftudied 
 civil law in France under Cujacius, and was 
 afterwards profeSTor of law at Heidelberg, and 
 engaged in important affairs by the elector 
 Frederic IV. He died 1614, at the age of 49. 
 i :is books on law, criticism, and hiitory, arc 
 very numerous and reipectable. 
 
 Freigius, John Thomas, a learned Ger- 
 man, of Friburg. He taught the law at Friburg, 
 and afterwards at Bafil, and was appointed 
 rector of the new college of Altorf, 1575. He 
 died 1583, of the plague, following to the grave 
 a fon and two daughters. Of his works, the 
 chief are quafliones geometries?, and ftereo- 
 metricae logica confultorum Ciceronis ra- 
 tiones perpetuis notis logicis, Sec. 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Freind, John, an English phyfician, born 
 1675, at Croton, in Northamptonshire. He 
 
FRE 
 
 FRE 
 
 I was educated under Bufby at Weftminfter, 
 
 j 2nd came in 1690 to Chrift- church. His abi- 
 
 lities were already fo diltinguiihed, that he in 
 
 I conjunction with a friend published an elegant 
 
 i edition of Demofthenes, and iEichines de Co- 
 
 i rona, and about the fame time reviled the 
 
 I Delphin edition of Ovid's metamorphofes. 
 
 Directing his attention to phyfic, he addrefTed 
 
 I a letter concerning the hydrocephalus to fir 
 
 Hans Sloane in 1699, and another in 1701 de 
 
 ! fpafmi rarioris hiltoria. In 1 703 he drew the 
 
 public attention to an ufeful work called " em- 
 
 menologia, in qua fluxus muliebris menltrui, 
 
 fcc "and in 1704 was elected chemical profef- 
 
 f for at Oxford. The year after he accompanied 
 
 j lord Peterborough in his Spanifh expedition, 
 
 II and then vifited Italy and Rome. On his re- 
 
 II turn in 1707, he publifhed an account of the 
 
 II earl of Peterborough in Spain, &c. as an able 
 
 II vindication of his friend fince the railing of the 
 
 I liege of Barcelona, and during the campaign 
 
 || of Valencia ; and the work palled rapidly to 
 
 H a third edition. At this time he was created 
 
 I M. D. and two years after he publifhed his 
 
 II przelectiones chemica?, dedicated to Newton. 
 H This work was cenfured in the acta erudito- 
 I j rum by the German philofophers, and drew 
 |j forth a defence from the author. In 1711 he 
 1 Wis made member of the Royal fociety, and 
 1 went with Ormond as phyfician to Flanders. 
 |l In 1716 he was chofen fellow of the college of 
 
 phyficians, and then had a controvcrfy with 
 Woodward, of Grefham college, in confequence 
 of his publication of Hippocrates de morbis 
 popularibus, and afterwards on the fubject of 
 the fever in the imail-pox, in which more acri- 
 mony was mown on both fides, than decorum 
 could approve. In 1 722 he was elected M. P. 
 for Launceiton, and the eloquence of his 
 fpeeches, together with his intimacy with At- 
 terbury, drew upon him the fufpicion that he 
 was concerned in the plot of that unfortunate 
 bifhop, and confequently he was committed to 
 the tower, 17*2, from which he was bailed the 
 June following. In his confinement he wrote 
 a letter on fome kind of i'mall-pox, addrefled 
 to his friend Mead, and he formed the plan of 
 his great work " the hiftory of phyfic," the firft 
 part of which appeared in 1725, and the fecond 
 1726. He died of a fever 1728, in his 5 2d 
 year. His Latin works were publifhed toge- 
 ther, London 1 733, in fol. by Wigan, who 
 added a Latin tranflation of the hiitory of 
 phyfic, with an elegant dedication to the queen. 
 3Dr. Friend's brother, Robert, was head of 
 Weftminfter fchool, and publifhed Cicero de 
 oratore, and died 1754. 
 
 Freinshemius, "John, a learned German, 
 born at Ulm in Swabia 1608. He was pro- 
 feflbr of eloquence at Upfal, librarian to Chril- 
 tina of Sweden, and afterwards profeflbr at 
 Heidelberg, where he died 166c. To the 
 knowledge of Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, he 
 united an intimate acquaintance with the lan- 
 guages of Europe. His critique on Florus, 
 and his notes on Phssdrus and Tacitus, are 
 
 valuable, but he derives his greateft celebritr 
 from his excellent fupplements to Livy anc 
 Quintus Curtius, in which he has been molt 
 fuccefsful. 
 
 Freire de Andrada, Hyacinths, a Por- 
 tuguefe, of Beja. He was in great favor with 
 John IV. of Portugal, who wifhed to make 
 him a bifhop. He was a man of great levity 
 of character, which probably prevented his ad- 
 vancement In the ltate. He died at Liibon 
 I ^>S7> aged 60. His " life of don Juan de 
 Caftro," is efteemed as one of the belt written 
 books in Portuguefe. 
 
 Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicholas, re- 
 tired to Holland at the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, and was appointed hiftoriographer to 
 tiie prince of Orange. Befides a defence of his 
 uncle d'Ablancourt's Tacitus againit la Floui- 
 faye, he tranflated lbme ofLuciailSs dialogues 
 &c. and died in 1693. * 
 
 Frenicle de Bessy, Bernard, author of 
 a treatiie on right-angled triangles on com- 
 bination? on reiblving problems by exclufions, 
 &c. was intimate with Merfenne, Defcartes, 
 and others, and died 1675. 
 
 Freret, Nicolas, of Paris, was at the age 
 of 25 admitted into the academy of inferiptions, 
 in confequence of his difcourfe on the origin of 
 the French. This treatife was confidered as 
 oftenfive to the court, and the author was fent 
 to the Baltille, where the reading ofBayle's 
 dictionary rendered him fceptical. He wrote 
 letters " of Thrafybulus to Leucippe." in favor 
 of atheifm exanvnation of the apologiits for 
 chriftianity, &c. and died 1749, aged 61. 
 
 Freron, Elie Catherine, a French journal- 
 ift, born at Quimper 1 719. He was educated 
 by the Jefuits, but in 1739 ne ^ them, and 
 "oegan the life and profeffion of author. His 
 letters on certain writings of the times," ap- 
 peared in 1749, and were continued to 13 
 vols. In 1754 he began his " annce literaire," 
 in 7 vols, to which he added yearly 8 vols, till 
 his death in 1776. He was an able and acute 
 critic, but his remarks on Voltaire offended the 
 fatirift, and he became the hero of his Dun- 
 ciad. 
 
 FresnaVe, John Vavquelin de la, an early 
 French poet, prcfident of Caen. He died 
 1606, aged 72. He wrote " fatires," inferior 
 to thole of Boileau and Regnier, but pofleffing 
 merit " the art of poetry" two books of 
 Idyllia, &c. 
 
 Fresne, Charles du Cange du, born at 
 Amiens 1610, ftudied the law at Orleans, and 
 was advocate of the parliament of Paris. He 
 was in 1668 engaged by Colbert to make a 
 collection from all authors who had written on 
 the hiitory of France. His labors did not 
 pleafe the minifter, and he refigned his engage, 
 ments, and then finifhed his " glofTarium me- 
 dia? & infima: latinitatis," 3 vols. fol. an excel- 
 lent work, often reprinted. He afterwards 
 wrote a Greek gloflary of the middle age, in x 
 vols. fol. He wrote alfo the hiitory of Con- 
 ftajuinople under the French emperors, an4 
 Eb 4 pub- 
 
FRI 
 
 FRQ 
 
 publifhed befides, editions of Nicephorus, Cin- 
 namus, Anna Conena, Zor.aras, &c. with 
 learned notes. He died 1688, aged 78. His 
 Latin GlofTary was en'ngeJ and improved, 
 and afterwards abridged in 6 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Fr.es Nov, Charles Alphonfo du, a poet 
 and painter, horn at *aris i6n. i4is father 
 a furgeon, educated him for a phyficum, but 
 the love of poetry was iuperior to paternal 
 authority. He travelled to Rome, where his 
 wants, in confequence of the neglect of his 
 parents, were relieved by his friend Mignard. 
 He ftudied here anatomy, the rules of per- 
 fpective and 'architecture, and the elements of 
 geometry, and with a raind well ftored with 
 poetical images, he produced his elegant poem 
 *' de arte graphica." His pictures were not 
 numerous, fcarce 50 in number, and always. 
 parted wiri for little, to fuoply the wants of 
 the moment. On his return from Italy in 
 1656, he was folieited to publifh his poem ; 
 but deferred it, and died before the comple- 
 tion, 1665, aged 53. The poem appeared 
 after his death, with notes by de Piles, and 
 it has been tranflated by Dryden, by Graham, 
 and by Mafon, in Manic verfe, with notes. 
 
 Fresny, Charles Riviere du, a French 
 poet, born at Paris 1648. He was overfeer 
 of the king's gardens ; but fold the appoint- 
 ment to fupply his extravagance. As a dra- 
 matic writer he acquired celebrity. His fol- 
 lies were fuc'i that, as Le Sage has mention- 
 ed in the Diable Boiteux, he actually married 
 his laundreis, thus to difcharge his bills. Be- 
 fides his comedies he wrote cantatas and 
 fones, which he himfelf fet to mufic. He 
 died 1724, aged 76. His works were collect- 
 ed in 6 vols. 121110. 
 
 ' Frew en, Accepted, a prelate, born in 
 Kent, and educated at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford, of which he became prefident He was 
 chaplain to Charles I., was Made dean of 
 Gloucelter, and in 1643, bifhop of Lichfield 
 and Coventry. He was tranflated to York at 
 the refioratior., and died 1^64, aged 75. 
 
 FrEv, "John Cecil, a German phy-fician, 
 who pretended to be the firft in Europe who 
 defended thefes 'in philofophy in the Greek 
 language. ' He died of/the plague 1631. 
 
 F Rky't a ':,' Frederic QnUlehb, a burgomaf- 
 ter of Nufeml ^rz, died I -76, aged 53 He 
 was author of Rhinoceros veterum fcripto- 
 ruw monv.mfr.tIs defeviptus, analeita li- 
 teraria de'libris rarioVibuj, 1751 orato- 
 rum Sc rht. Gra?c. fcc! ' % 
 
 Freztef., Amadfc Francis, ox Chambery, 
 took a furvey of Chili and Peru, of which he 
 publifhed an account, 1716, and deferved the 
 crols of St. Lewis for the fortifying of St. 
 JvTaloes. He wrote a treatife on les feux 
 d'artifice elerr.er.s de ftereotomie, &c. and 
 died at Krert'1777, aged 90. 
 ' FRISCII, John Leonard, of S^lt/bach, was 
 founder of the filk' manufactures at Branden- 
 burg, and the firft encourager of the cultiva- 
 tion of the mulberry tree in Pruffia, He be- 
 
 longed to the academy of fciences at Berlin, 
 and died there 1743, aged 77. He wrote a 
 German and Latin dictionary a deicrip- 
 tion of German infects, &c 
 
 Frischun, Nicodcmus, of Baling, in Swa- 
 bia, was educated under his father, and at 
 Tubingen. He became, at 20, profeflbr at 
 Tubingen, and, in 1580, published an ora- 
 tion in praife of a country life, with a para- 
 phrase on Virgil's eclogues and georgics. In 
 this work he inveighed fe-verely againft cour- 
 tiers, and the fatire was felt and refented. 
 He fled to Lnubach, in L'amiola, where he 
 opened a fohool ; but the infalubrity of the 
 air obliged him to return home. He after* 
 wards pafTed to Saxony, and to ttrunfwick, 
 and at laft, overpowered by his neceflities, he' 
 wrote to the prince of Wirtemberg for relief; 
 but his application was difregarded, and he 
 was afterwards impriibned. Attempting to 
 efcape, the ropes which he ufed were lb weak, 
 th-it he fell down a deep precipice, and was 
 dafhed to pieces on the rocks, in 1 ^oo. He, 
 left behind him the character of a perfecuted 
 man, whofe abilities were ftrongly exhibited 
 in his tragedies, comedies, elegies, and ele- 
 gant tranflations from Greek and Lavin au* 
 thors, Sec. 
 
 Frisxus, "John, of Zurich, became prin- 
 cipal of the college there, and introduced the 
 lludy of the Hebrew, and other oriental lan- 
 guages. Befides a Latin and German diction- 
 ary he tranflated fome of the fcriptures intO t 
 German, and died 1565, aged 60. His fori 
 John James, was profeflbr of theology and, 
 philofophy, and died 1610. Another fon fuc- 
 ceeded him as profeflbr. Hemy, of the fame 
 familv, was profeflbr of languages ac Zurich, 
 where he died 1718, anther of a treatife de 
 fedf aniuia" rationis, &c 
 
 ' Friz on, Peter , author of a hiftory of 
 French cardinals a hiftory of the grand 
 almoners of France the life of Spondaeus, 
 &c. and < ditor of the French bible, by the 
 Louvain divines, with notes, died at Paris, 
 ioci. 
 
 Frowemus, John, an eminent printed 
 born in Franconia. ,He was educated at Ba-' 
 fil, and began the bufinefs of a printer there* 
 The refpectability of his character, and his, 
 conftant care of never printing any thing off 
 fenfive to morals and religion, produced him 
 both celebrity and opulence. He was the in- 
 timate friend of Eratmus, and he printed his, 
 works. From his prefs iflued valuable editions" 
 of different authors, of Jerome, Auguftine,' 
 Sec. He had formed the defign of publilh'mg 
 all the Grek fathers, but death prevented the 
 completion. He died at Bafil 1527* He 
 was univerfally lamented ; but by none more 
 than Erafmus, who in proof of his affection^ 
 wrote his epitaph in Greek and Latin. 
 
 FR0BisHER,yr Martin^ a celebrated na* 
 vigator born in Yorkfhire. He was the firft, 
 Englifhman who attempted to d>jover a north- 
 weft paffage to China. After fruitlefs endca* 
 a ?Qur* 
 
FRO 
 
 FUL 
 
 yours in his favorite fcheme for 15 years, he 1 
 obtained the protection of Dudley earl of 
 Warwick, and with three barks failed from ' 
 Deptford, 8th of June 1576, in fight of queen 
 Elizabeth, who waving her hand bade him 
 farewell. After vifking Greenland, and pe- 
 netrating to a Strait to which he gave his own 
 name, he returned to Harwich the 2d Oc- 
 tober. As he brought with him a black and 
 heavv ftone. which was discovered to contain 
 gold, a new expedition was quickly planned. 
 With a fhiu of the royal navy and two barks, 
 he failed from Harwich 31ft May 1577 ; and 
 after patting by iflands of ice on the coalt of 
 Friezland, he difcovered and gave name to 
 various bays and ifles ; and after loading his 
 fhips with feme of the golden ore of which he 
 was in purfuit, he came back to England at 
 the end of September. The queen received 
 him with great condefcenfion. The ore he 
 had brought was proved to be valuable ; and 
 another expedition was prepared to make ftill 
 further dilcoveries. The third expedition, 
 confiding of 15 ihips, failed from Harwich on 
 the 31ft of May, and returned back in Oc- 
 tober. Afterwards Frobifher ferved in the 
 Weft Indies; and three years after, in 1588, 
 he commanded the Triumph in the defeat of 
 the Spanifh armada. He was knighted in his 
 own (hip for his fervices ; and afterwards com- 
 manded a fleet on the Spanilh coaft. In 1594, 
 he fupported Henry IV. againft the leaguers 
 and Spaniards ; but in an attack againft Croy- 
 zon near Breft, he was unfortunately wound- 
 ed by a ball in the hip, 7th Nov. and died 
 foon after, it is laid, through the ignorance 
 of his furgeon, who neglected the feftering 
 of the affected part. 
 
 Froila, I. king of Spain after Alphonfus 
 7J7, is known for his victory over the Sara- 
 cens in Galicia 760. He eftablifhed very ex- 
 cellent laws, but his murder of his brother 
 Vimazan was cowardly, and in confequence 
 he loft his life by his other brother Aurelius 
 768. 
 
 Froila, II. fucceeded Ordoguo on the 
 Spanifh throne 923, and died of a leprofy two 
 years after. 
 
 Froissard or Froissart, John, an 
 hiftorian, born at Valenciennes 1337. He 
 travelled through England, Scotland, Italy, 
 and other places, and was for fome time in fa- 
 vor with Philippa, the queen of Edward III. 
 and died canon and treasurer of Chimai about 
 1410. His " chronicle" is a valuable work, 
 containing an account of the events in Eng- 
 land, France, and Spain, from 1326 to 1400, 
 publifhed 4 vols- fol. It has been abridged by 
 Sleidan, and continued to 1466 by Monftreiet. 
 It has been latterly edited by Mr. Johnes. 
 
 Frowoe, Philip, an Englifli poet, educat- 
 ed at Oxford, and intimate with Addilbn. 
 He was author of fome elegant Latin poems 
 in the Mufx Anglicana?, and wrote befides, 
 two tragedies, " the fall of Sjguntum" and 
 * F-hilotas:' He died 1738. 
 
 Frve, Thomas, of Dublin, fettled in Lon- 
 don, /.'here he acquired eminence as a painter. 
 He engaged in a China manufactory at Bow, 
 but ill iuccefs obliged him to return to his pal- 
 let. He attempted alio mezzotinto engraving. 
 His picture of the prince of Wales, painted for 
 Sadlers-hall in 1738, was admired. He died 
 1762, aged 52. 
 
 FRi*rH, John, an Englifh martyr, born at 
 Seven Oaks in Kent. He was educated at 
 King's college, Cambridge, and was at Ox- 
 ford canon in Wolfey's college. The conver- 
 fation of Tyndale converted him to the tenets 
 of Luther, for which he was imprifoned. In 
 1528 he left England, and two years after re- 
 turned, and as a preacher his influence was fo 
 great that he was fent to the Tower by fir 
 Thomas More, and refufing to recant he was 
 condemned and burnt in Smithficld 1533. 
 He wrote feveral treatifes againft popery. 
 
 Fuchsius, or Fuchs, Leonard, a phy- 
 fician and botanift, born 1501, in Bavaria. 
 He pradtifed at Munich and Ingoldftadt, and 
 was railed to equeftrian honors by Charles V. 
 He died 1566, aged 65. The beft known of 
 his works is, " hiftoria ftirphnn," folio. 
 
 Fuessli, "John Gajpard, of Zurich, is 
 eminent as an artift. He wrote the hiftory 
 of the artids of Switzerland, a work of me- 
 rit, and died 1782, aged 76. His fon of the 
 fame name was a bookfeller at Zurich, and 
 publifhed. fome interefting works on entomo- 
 logy. He died 1786. 
 
 Fugger, Huldr'ic, of Augfburg, fpent much 
 of his property in the purchafmg of books and 
 manufcripts, which he printed at the prefs of 
 Henry Stephens, but his relations were {o 
 difpleifed with his extravagance, that they 
 had him declared by a court of juftice inca- 
 pable of managing his affairs. He retired to 
 Heidelberg, where he died 1584. 
 
 Fulbert, an Italian, educated under Syl- 
 vefter II. He acquired celebrity ia France as 
 a public preacher, and obtained the biihopric 
 ofChaitres. He wrote againft Berengarius 
 on the eucharift, and was the firlt who intro- 
 duced into Fiance the worfhip to the virgin 
 Mary. He died 1028. 
 
 Fulda, Charles Frederic, of Wimpfen* in 
 Swabia, was an eminent Lutheran divine, and 
 a mechanic. He died at Einzigen 1788, aged 
 66. He was author of a dkiionary of the 
 German roots an enquiry into lan- 
 guage on the origin of the Guths, &c. 
 
 - Fulke, William, an Englifh divine, born 
 in London, and educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He fpent fix years at Clif- 
 ford's Inn, but loved literature more than the 
 law. Sufpecfed of puritanifm, he was expel- 
 led from his college, but Leicefter reflored 
 him to public favor, and prefented him J.571 
 to the living of Warley. Eflex, and two years 
 after to Didington, Suf^Wfc. He accompanied 
 his patron when ambaffador to France, a nd was 
 on his return made mafter of Pembroke hall, 
 and Margaret profeflbr. He died 1589. He 
 
FUL 
 
 FUS 
 
 wrote feveral works in Latin and Englifh, 
 againft the papifts, and dedicated to queen 
 Elizabeth, and to Leicefter. His comment 
 upon the Rheims teilament is the moft known 
 of his works. 
 
 Fuller, Nicolas, of Southampton, was 
 educated at the free fchool there. He became 
 fecretary to Home biihop of Winchefter, and 
 to Watfon his fucceffor, and afterwards he 
 went as tutor to a Mr. Knight's fons at St. 
 John's college, Oxford. He became preben- 
 dary of Salifbury, and rector of Bifhop's Wal- 
 tham, Hants, and died 1622. He was well 
 fkilled in Hebrew, and fuperior to all the cri- 
 tics of his time. His mifcellanea theolo- 
 gica," in four books, was a valuable book. 
 
 Fuller, Thomas, an Englifh hiftorian, 
 lorn in 1608, at Akle in Northamptonfhire. 
 At 12 he was fent to Queen's college, Cam- 
 bridge, and he afterwards removed to Sidney 
 college. He obtained a prebend at Salifbury, 
 and was afterwards prefented to the living of 
 Broad Windlbr, Dorfetihire, where he mar- 
 ried. Upon the lofs of his wife about 1641, 
 he removed to the Savoy, London. In 1642 
 he preached at Weftminfter abbey, and gave 
 fuch offence by his zealous iupport of the roy- 
 al caufe, that his life was confidered in dan- 
 ger. He joined the king at Oxford in 1643, 
 but his fermon there, before his royal mafter, 
 appeared as lukewarm, as that at Weftminlter 
 had been interpreted as violent, a ftrong proof 
 no doubt of the moderation to which he warm- 
 ly exhorted all parties. In 1644 he was chap- 
 lain to lord Hopton, and was left with part of 
 the army at Bafing houfe when it was befieg- 
 ed by fir William Waller, and he behaved 
 with fuch courage that the parliamentary ge- 
 neral raifed the fiege. Fuller retired to Exe- 
 ter, where he continued during the fiege of 
 the city, and at the clofe of the war he return- 
 ed to London, and became a popular preacher. 
 In 1648 he was prefented to the living of 
 Waltham, in Effex, and in 1654 he married 
 a filler of vifcount Baltinglaffe. At the reite- 
 ration, he would have rifen to a bifhopric, 
 had not a fever unfortunately carried him off. 
 1661. The moft celebrated of his works are 
 " the church hiftory of Britain, from the birth 
 ofChnft, till 1648", with che hiftory of Cam- 
 bridge univerfity, and the hiftory of Wal- 
 tham-abbey annexed. Hiftory of the wor- 
 thies of England, a valuable book. good 
 thoughts, in bad times, and in worf'e 
 times. The hiftory of the holy war, 
 1640, fol. the holy fate, fol. Pifgah 
 fight of Paleftine, and the confines thereof, 
 with the hiftory of the old and new tefta- 
 ment. Abel, redivivus, or Englifh divines, 
 4to. the fpeech of birds, moral and myi- 
 tical, 8vo. Andronicus, or the unfortu- 
 nate politician, 8vo. befides fermons, &c. 
 His memory is faid to have been uncommon- 
 ly retentive, fo that he could repeat a fermon 
 verbatim, after once hearing it, and once after 
 walking from Temple-bar to the end of Cheap- 
 
 fide, he mentioned all the figns, on both fides 
 of the way, cither backwards or forwards. 
 He was, in his converfation, very humorous. 
 It is faid that he once travelled with a friend 
 of the name of Sparrow-hawk, and he could 
 not but nfk him jocofely what was the diffe- 
 rence between an owl and, a fparro'.v hawk. 
 The difference is very great, replied his com- 
 panion, eyeing his corpulent perfen with a 
 fmile, for it is Fuller in the head, fuller in the 
 body, and fuller all over. 
 
 Fuller, Ifaac, an Englifh painter of ce- 
 lebrity. The refurrection in All Soul's ccl- 
 lege-chapel, and that of Magdalen college, 
 and an hillorical piece, in Wadham college, 
 Oxford, are excellent proofs of his great abili- 
 ties. He died at the end of the fecond Charles' 
 reign. 
 
 Funccius or Funck, John Nicholas, a 
 celebrated critic, educated at the univerfity 
 of Rintlen. He wrote fome learned trea- 
 tifes, de origine Latinse linguae, and de 
 pueritia Latinac linguae, &c. and died 1 778, 
 aged 86. 
 
 Furetiere, Anthony, a lawyer born at 
 Paris 1620. He afterwards took orders, and 
 was expelled in 1685 from the French acade- 
 my, on the accufation that he had compoied 
 " a dictionary of the French tongue" which, 
 being borrowed from the fame materials, w;is 
 intended to fuperfede their's. This work was 
 publifhed two years after his death, in 1690, 
 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Furneaux, Philip, a non-conformift of 
 Totnefs, Devonfhire. He was affiftant to a 
 difTenting congregation in Southwark, and. 
 afterwards a lecturer at Salters' hall, and in 
 1753 fucceeded Lowman at Clapham. He 
 died 1783, aged 59. He wrote an effay on 
 toleration, and letters to judge Blackftone on 
 his expofition of the toleration act. 
 
 Furst, Walter, or Furstius, a Swifs, 
 revered as one of the founders of the liberty 
 of his country. He feized in 1307, with fome 
 of his countrymen, the forts by which his 
 country was enflaved under Albert of Auftria, 
 and by their demolition the independence of 
 the Swifs was re-eftablifhecL 
 
 FuRSTEMBERG, Ferdinand de, of Weft- 
 phalia, was promoted in the church by Alex- 
 ander VII. and in 1678 made bifhop of Mun- 
 fter, and aportolical vicar of northern Europe. 
 He publifhed monunventa Paderbornenfia, 4to. 
 a collection of Latin poems, &c. &c. He 
 died 1683, aged 57. 
 
 Fu6i, Anthony, of the Sorbonne, minifter 
 of St. Bartholomew church at Paris, was im- 
 prifoned by the jefuits, whofe opinions and 
 conduct he oppofed, and accufed of inconti- 
 nency and herefy, but he was afterwards fet 
 free, and retired to Geneva where he public- 
 ly embraced the proteftant tenets. He wrote 
 againft the errors and corruptions of the Ro- 
 mifh church, &c. and died 1630. 
 
 Fust, or Faust, John, a goldfmith of 
 
 Menu, to whom, with Guttemberg, and 
 
 Schxffcr, 
 
FUS 
 
 FUZ 
 
 SchsfFer, Is attributed the invention of print- 
 ing. It is more probable that he only affifted 
 Guttemberg with money, to enable him to 
 make moveable metal types at Straiburg in 
 X444. Fuft died at Paris 1466 of the plague. 
 The report of his having been arretted as 
 9 magicician at Paris, for having in his 
 
 poffefiion various copies of the bible, is 
 falfe. 
 
 Fuzelier, Lnvlt, a dramatic writer of 
 Paris, conducted the Mercury, a periodical 
 work, from 1744 to 1752, when he died aged 
 80. His tragedies, operas, &c. were written 
 with fpirit. 
 
 a 
 
 G 
 
 GAE 
 
 ^ABRIEL, Sionite, a Maronite, profef- 
 
 for of oriental languages at Rome, died 
 at Paris 1648. He affilted le Jay in the po- 
 lygot bible, and publiihed a tranilation of the 
 Arabic geography. 
 
 Gabriel, James, a French architect, died 
 at Paris 1 742, aged 77. his merit, as build- 
 er of feveral noble edifices in France, placed 
 him in the office of infpe&or general of build- 
 ings, gardens, arts, and manufactures, and of 
 firfl architect and engineer of bridges and pub- 
 lic ways in the kingdom. 
 
 Gabrielle, de Bourbon, daughter of count 
 de Montpenfier, married, 1485, la Tremou- 
 llle, who was killed at the battle of Pavia 
 1525. Her fon Charles was alio killed at the 
 battle of Marignan 1515, and ihe died 1516. 
 Some publimed treatifes remain as proofs of 
 her great piety and devotion. 
 
 Gabrino, Augiijiine, of Brefcia, called 
 himfelf prince of the number feven, and mo- 
 narch ofthe holy trinity. His followers amount- 
 ing to 8c called themfelves knights of the Apo- 
 calypfe. He rufhed into a church on palm 
 funday 1694, while the priefts were fmging 
 Who is the king of glory ? and with a drawn 
 fvvord he proclaimed himfelf the kin,j of glory. 
 He was confined in a mad-houle, and his feet 
 difperfed. 
 
 Gacon, Francis, a French poet, of Lyons. 
 He became father of the oratory, and died 
 1727, nged 58. He is known for his fevere 
 fatires againft BofTuet, RoufTeau, la Motte 
 and others. Though he had perfonally at- 
 tacked the members of the academy, yet the 
 poetical prize was adjudged to him 17 17. 
 The beft of his works is a tranflation of Ana- 
 Creon. 
 
 Gaddesden, 'John of, an Englifhraan, the 
 firft employed as phyfician at the court. He 
 wrote " rofa Anglica" a treatife containing a 
 compendium of all the practice of phyfic in 
 England in his time. He was an ecclefiaflic, 
 nd as, a medical man was very fuperfti- 
 tious. 
 
 Garrtner, Jofcph, of Calu in Swabia, 
 ftudied at Tubingen, but his fondnefs for na- 
 
 GAF 
 
 rural hiftory was fo great that he abandon- 
 ed divinity for his favorite purfuits, and 
 for mathematics and medicine. He attend- 
 ed the lefiures of Haller at Gottingen, and 
 after travelling over part of Europe he in 
 1759 applied himfelf to botany and vegetable 
 anatomy at Leyden. In his vifit to England 
 he was kindly received by men of rank and 
 of fcience, he w.16 made fellow of the royal 
 fociety and enriched the philofophical tranf- 
 aclions with a curious papsr on the fructifica- 
 tion and propagation of conferva;, &c. In 
 1768, he was appointed profefibr of botany 
 and natural hiftory at Peterfburg, and examin- 
 ed the natural curiofities of the Ukraine. 
 He returned to.Swabia in 1770, and, in 1778, 
 again vifited London to finilh the drawings and 
 figures for his great work called carpelogy, 
 dedicated to fir Jofeph Banks. This indefati- 
 gable naturalift died 1791, aged 59. 
 
 Gaffareli., James, a French writer, born 
 in Provence, 1601, and educated at Apt. He 
 applied himfelf to the Hebrew language, and 
 to Rabbinical learning, and at 22 wrote a large 
 4to. volume in defence ofthe myfterious doc- 
 trine of the Cabala. He was librarian to 
 Richelieu, and travelled into Italy to collect 
 valuable books and manufcripts. On his re- 
 turn his abilities were employed by his patron 
 in the unavailing talk of reconciling the protec- 
 tants to the papifts. He died at Sigonce, 
 where fc he was abbot, 1681, aged 81. His 
 works are numerous, learned, and curious. 
 The molt known are " unheard of curiofi- 
 ties concerning the Talifmanic fculpture of 
 the Perfians, the horofcope of the patri- 
 archs and the reading of the ftars," a work 
 which paired through three editions in fix 
 months, and in afferting fome bold things con- 
 cerning magic, drew upon the author the 
 cenfures of the Sorbomie, a hiftory of the 
 fubterranean world, with an account of 
 grottoes, vaults, and catacombs, feen during 
 his travels, with plates. 
 
 GAFURIO, Francliino, of Lodi, became 
 head ofthe choir in Milan cathedral, and alfo 
 mufical profeflbr. He wrote in Latin, the- 
 
 oricum 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 oricum opus mufica? dMcipItnse angclicum 
 & divinum opus muficae, materna lingua fcrip- 
 tum de harmonia mufic. inflrument. &c. 
 He died 1500, aged 69. 
 
 Gage, Thomas, an Irifhman, fent as mif- 
 fionary from Spain to the Philippines 1625. 
 He acquired fome property, which he came 
 to enjoy in England, where, in 1651, he pub 
 lifhed his account of the Eait-Indies. 
 
 Gacnier, John, a learned Frenchman, 
 horn at Paris. He was an able orientalift, 
 and abandoning the popifh faith, for the te- 
 nets of the Englifh church, he came to Eng- 
 land. He lived fome time at Oxford, by 
 teaching Hebrew, but during the abfence, and 
 after the death, of Dr. Wallis, he was ap- 
 pointed Arabic profeffor, and delivered lec- 
 tures to the univerfity, till his death 1725. 
 In 1706, he edited Gorion's hiltory of the 
 Jews, in Hebrew, with a Latin tranfiation, 
 and notes 4to. and in 1723, he publifhed 
 Abulfeda's life of Mahomet, in Arabic, with 
 a Latin tranfiation. 
 
 Gaguin. Robert, a French hiftoriah. He 
 was employed by Charles VIII. and Lewis 
 XII. in embaffies to England. Germany, and 
 Italy. He was royal librarian, and general of 
 the Unitarians, and died 1501. His thief 
 work i? " de geftis Frnncorum" from 1200 
 to 1500 in 11 books folio. 
 
 Gaillaro, de Lonjumeau, bifhop of Apt, 
 from 1673, t0 n ' 3 death 1695, is to be re- 
 corded as being the firft projector of an uni- 
 verfal hiftorical dictionary. He patronifed his 
 almoner Moreri, and enabled him to confult 
 the libraries of Europe, r.nd the Vatican. Ac- 
 cording to Mcreri's dedication, Gaillard was 
 a man of eminent virtues, exemplary in pub- 
 lic and private life. 
 
 Gainsborough, Thsmas, an Englifh pain- 
 ter, born at Sudbury, Suffolk, 1727. He jvas 
 felf taught, and after trying his powers in de- 
 lineating the fecnes of the country, he came 
 to London, where he acquired celebrity, by 
 the iuperior flyle of his portraits, and the ele- 
 gant fimplicity of his landscapes. He was of a 
 very benevolent turn of mind, and it is faid 
 that he impoverifhed himfelf by his liberality. 
 He died 1788, aged 61. His eldeft brother 
 was alio eminent as an artifl, and another, 
 minifter of a diffenting congregation at Hen- 
 ley, Oxon, was faid to be a very ingenious 
 mechanic. 
 
 Galadin, Mahomet, emperor of the Mo- 
 guls, died 1605. He gave twice a day audi- 
 ence to his fubjefts, and was very careful that 
 1 their complaints fhould be liftened to and re- 
 dreffed. 
 
 Galas, Matlheiv, a page to baron Beau- 
 fremont, who fo diftinguifhed himfelf bv his 
 valor under Tilli, that he fucceeded him as 
 commander of the imperial forces. After 
 ferving Frederic II. and Philip the IV. of 
 Spain he fell into difgrace in confequence of 
 the lofs of a battle, agaimt Torftenlbn, rear 
 
 Magdebourg. He was reftored to favor, but 
 died fhortly after, at Vienna, 1647. 
 
 Galateo Ferrari, Antonio, of Gala- 
 tina, in the territory of Otranto, was phyfi- 
 cian tu the king of Naples, and died at Lecce, 
 1517 aged 73. He wrote " a defcription of 
 Iapygia" a trac/t in praife of the gout 
 Latin verfes a treatife on the elements, 
 &c. 
 
 Gale, John, a baptifl preacher, born 1680, 
 in London. From Leyden where his abili- 
 ties had been acknowledged with applaufe, he 
 went to Amfterdam, and began a lafting inti- 
 macy with J. le Clerc. In 1711 he publifhed 
 his reflections on Wall's defence of infant 
 baptifm, and fo high was the character of the 
 work, that he acquired great influence among 
 the diffenters. A meeting, upon the difputed 
 fubjec't of baptifm, took place between Wall 
 and Gale, but though each endeavoured to 
 convince the other, both parted diflatisfied, 
 and Wall published foon after in 1719, his 
 defence of the hiftory of infant baptifm, 
 which was fo highly refpefted, that the uni- 
 verfity of Oxford preiented him with the de- 
 gree of D. D. To this it is faid that Galtfi 
 prepared an anfwer, which death prevented 
 him from completing. He died of a fever 
 1 721, aged 42. He befides publifhed fome 
 fermons, 4 vols. 
 
 Gale, The fihilus, a diffenter, born 1628, 
 at King's Teignton, Devonfhire. He enter- 
 ed at Magdalen college, Oxford in 1647, and 
 in 1650 was chofen fejlow and became an 
 active tutor. He afterwards fettled at Win- 
 chefter, but at the reftoratian he was ejected 
 from his fellowfhip for refilling to conform, 
 -and in J 662 attended as tutor the two fons of 
 lord Wharton to Caen in Normandy. Fie 
 returned in 1665, and faved his papers, 
 from the conflagration of London in 1666. He 
 fucceeded in 1677 to a congregation in Hol- 
 born, and then took a few private pupils at 
 Newington. Fie died 1678 leaving his pro- 
 perty for the education of ftudents in his own 
 periuafion. He alio bequeathed his library 
 for the promotion of the fame principles in 
 New England. Befides his court of the Gen- 
 tiles publifhed in four parts, between 1669 
 and 1677, in which he proved that the theo- 
 logy and philofophy of the pagans were de- 
 rived from the holy fcriptures, he wrote " th$ 
 true idea of Janlenifm," 4to. the anatomy 
 of infidelity, &c. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Gale, Thomas, a divine, born 1636 at 
 Scruton, Yorkfhire, and educated at Weft- 
 mintfer fchool, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was profeflbr of Greek in the 
 univerfity, and 1761 was eledted matter 0} St. 
 Paul's fchool, and received a handfome pre- 
 fent of plate from the city, for writing the 
 infeription on the monument which records 
 the conflagration of London. In 1676 he be- 
 came prebendary of St. Paul's, and was made 
 member of the Royal fociety. After prefid- 
 I inj 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 j ing over his fchool for 25 years he was made 
 J dean of York in 1697. He died at his dean- 
 cry, 1702, aged 67. He publifhed the Greek 
 mythologic authors, ethic and phyfical 
 hiftoriae poetica? fcriptores, rhetores Se- 
 lecti, Gr and Lst. 1679 Cicero's works, 
 a vols, folio, hifloihe Anglican* fcrip- 
 tores quinque, fol. hiftorise Britannicae, 
 Saxonnica?, A rig. Danicae fcriptores quinde- 
 cira, Sec. 
 
 Gale, Roger, F. R. and A. S. S. fon of 
 the dean, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge. He represented North Allerton 
 in three parliaments, and was commifhoner of 
 exciie. He was the firlt prelident of the an- 
 tiquarian fociety. He was one of the moft po- 
 lite Scholars of the age, and died at Scruton 
 1744, aged 72. He publifhed Antouini iter 
 Britanniarum commentariis illuftratum, 410. 
 the knowledge of medals, tranilated from 
 the French, and other works. 
 
 Gale, Samuel, the youngeft of the three 
 fons of dean Gale, publifhed fome effays 
 in the Archaeologia, and died 1754, aged 
 72. 
 
 Galea no, Jofepb, a phyfician of Paler- 
 mo, who died 1675, aged 70. He wrote 
 feveral treatiSes on his profeffion, and elpecial- 
 ly " Hippocrates redivivus, &c." 
 
 Galen, Mattheiv, of Zealand, profeflbr 
 of divinity, wrote cemmentarium de catho- 
 lico & chriftiano facerdote, 4to. de origi- 
 Hibus monalt. &x. and died 1573. 
 
 Galen, Bernard Van, of Wefiphalia, 
 was originally in the fervice of the eledtor 
 of Cologne, and then took orders and became 
 bifhop of Munfter, but when the pope re- 
 fufed to confirm his elevation, he determined 
 to fecure his power by having a garrifon of 
 foldiers. The citizens in vain interfered, 
 Galen was refolved to have recourfe to arms, 
 but hostilities were Impended, and his atten- 
 tion was drawn to the war againft the Turks,' 
 in which he had an important command. In 
 1665, he attacked the United States. Though 
 pacified by the interference of France, he 
 again, in 1672, formed a league with Eng- 
 land and France, againft the States, and af- 
 terwards directed his arms againft Sweden, 
 and diftinguifhed himfelf in this war. He 
 died 1678, aged 74. 
 
 Galeoti, March, of Narni, inftructed 
 jouth at Bologna, and afterwards in Hun- 
 gary, where he became known to the king, 
 Matthias Corvinus, who made him his fecre- 
 tary. He was invited by Lewis XI. into 
 France, and came to Lyons to meet him. 
 The unexpected meeting of the king at the 
 gates of the city proved fatal to Galeoti ; des- 
 cending too haftily from his chariot, to pay his 
 reSpec:s, he fell down, and being very corpu- 
 lent, fo much injured himfelf that he died foon 
 after. He publifhed in 14/8, the bon mo's 
 of Matthias Corvinus, and alfo a treatiie in 
 4to- de homine interiore, & de corpore 
 
 Galtani, Ferdinand, of Chieti, in Abruz- 
 
 | zi, was educated under his uncle the arch- 
 I biiliop of Tarento. In 1 750 he publifhed his 
 work on money and fpecie, in confequeiice 
 of the fcarcity of cam in the two Sicilies, and 
 in 1772 appeared his catalogue of Stones 
 found near Veluvius, which he prefented to 
 Benedict XIV. with this infeription, Bea- 
 tifiime p;.ter, fac ut lapides ifti fiant panes. 
 The witty Sentence procured a living from the 
 pope, and Galiani, in 1759, was lent as Se- 
 cretary to Paris. He returned, in 1779, and 
 died at Naples 1787. Befides his anonymous 
 dialogues on the corn trade, written while at 
 Paris, he publifhed a commentary on Horace 
 a treatiie on the duties ^ of princes, 
 &c. 
 
 Galigai, Eleonera, the wife of Comini, 
 marechai d'Ancre, was daughter of a joiner 
 and a wafhervvoman in Italy. She was Softer- 
 fifter to Mary of Medicis, who loved her, 
 and to this were owing her greatnefs and mis- 
 fortunes. She came to France, and though 
 her features were plain and even diSguiting, 
 ihe married Concini, but did not fliew that 
 moderation which her great powers of mind 
 feemed to promife. Haughty and imperious, 
 her conduct foon gave offence to Louis XJII. 
 the fon of her partial miftrefs, who caufed 
 her hufband to be affaffmated, and herSelf to 
 be brought 10 trial, though no crime but that 
 of being a favorite could be found againft her, 
 She was charged with forcery ; and when 
 queftioned by what magic ihe had lb fafcinated 
 her miftrefs, the made this well known an- 
 fwer, " By that power which ftrong minds na- 
 turally poffefs over the weak." She was con- 
 demned 1617, and ^executed. 
 
 Galilei, Galileo, a celebrated aftrono- 
 mer, born at Florence 19th February, 1564.. 
 His father wifhed him to apply to medicine 
 but his Strong attachment to mathematics pre- 
 vailed, and fo rapid was his progrefs, that in 
 1589 he was appointed mathematical profcl- 
 for at PiSa. His oppofition thereto the max- 
 ims of Ariftotle rendered his Situation un- 
 pleaSant, and in 1592 he removed to Padua. 
 His treatiSe on" mechanics," and his "' ba- 
 lance," or the problem of Archimedes about 
 the crown, made hith known as a man of ge- 
 nius. In 1609, while at Venice, he heard of 
 the invention of the telofcope by Metms, and 
 immediately applied the powers of his mind to 
 improve that aftonifhing inftrument, by which, 
 he penetrated into unknown regions. He dis- 
 covered mountains in the moon, and firft ob- 
 served four of the Satellites of Jupiter, to 
 which he gave the name of Medicean Stars in 
 honor of his patron Cofmo II. He was to 
 1610 re-eftablifhed at PiSa by the duke, and 
 continuing his aftronomical labors, he obser- 
 ved the phaSes of Venus ; but his difcoveries 
 were too oppofite to the doctrines of Arif- 
 tode, to efcape the cenSure of the age. No 
 fooner did he afTert, with Copernicus, that the 
 fun, disfigured by Sjpots, remains immoveable 
 
GAL 
 
 GAL 
 
 in the centre of the univerfe, and that the 
 earth turns round in annual and diurnal mo- 
 tions, than he was fummoned before the in- 
 quifition for opinions fo contrary to the word 
 of God. After a year's confinement he was 
 reftored to liberty 1616, on the promife of 
 renouncing his heretical opinions ; but con- 
 fidering forced oaths as not obligatory, he con- 
 tinued his difcoveries in the planetary fyftem. 
 In 1632, his dialogues on the two fyftems of 
 Ptolemy and Copernicus drew down upon 
 him the vengeance of the monks. Though 
 indeed he left the queftion undecided, yet he 
 wifhed to lean to the opinions of Copernicus, 
 and by thus overthrowing the philofophy of 
 Ariftotle, and in bold language ridiculing the 
 blindnefs of his followers, he fhewed himfelf 
 an obftinate heretic. He was therefore cited 
 before the inquifition at Rome, and after be- 
 ing made to abjure his errors, and doing pe- 
 nance by repeating every week the feven pe- 
 nitential pfalms, he was detained in prifon till 
 1634. Indignant at the cruelty of this treat- 
 ment, he yet continued his purfuits ; but in 
 filence and fear. His exceflive application, 
 together with frequent expofure to the night 
 air, had filch an effe6t upon him, that in 1639 
 he loft his fight. He died three years after at 
 Arcetri near Florence, 8th Jan. 1642, aged 
 78. Galileo has thus immortalized himfelf 
 by his important difcoveries ; he firft obferved 
 the inequalities on the furface of the moon, 
 and knew her vibration ; he planned the ac- 
 curate calculation of the longitude by the 
 eclipfes of the Medicean (lars ; he invented 
 the cycloid, and obferved the increafing ce- 
 lerity in the defcent of bodies. His works 
 were collected in 3 vols. 4to. 1718. His fon 
 Vhicenzo was a man of genius, and author of 
 iome treatifes and inventions in mechanics 
 and mufic. 
 
 Gali-ssonniere, Rolland Michael Bar- 
 yta marquis^ a French admiral born at Roche- 
 fort, 1693. After ferving in the navy, he 
 was made governor of Canada ^745, and in 
 1756 he had a fevere engagement near Mi- 
 norca with the Englim fleet under Byng. He 
 died the fame year at Nemours. 
 
 Galland, Augujlm, a French counfel- 
 lcr of ftate, who wrote memoirs for the 
 hiftory of France and Navarre, folio a 
 treatiie on the enfigns and ftandards of 
 France, &c. He died about 1 644. 
 
 GallanD; Antony, a French antiquary, 
 born in Picardy, 1646. He was educated at 
 Noyon and Paris, and in confequence of his 
 knowledge of the Hebrew and the oriental 
 languages, he was fent to the Eaft by Col- 
 bert. He was member of the academy of 
 inferiptions, and profeflbr of Arabic at Paris, 
 where he died 1715. He publifhed a col- 
 lection of maxims and bon mots from oriental 
 writers a treatife on the origin of coffee 
 an acoount of the death of the Sultan Of- 
 man &c. Arabian nights' entertainments, 
 fcc. 
 
 Gallitzin, Baftl, a Ruflian in favor with 
 princefs Sophia during the minority of the 
 Czars Peter I. and lwan. He was unfortu- 
 nate againft the Tartars, and when the prin- 
 cefs was difcovered in her intrigues to deftroy 
 the Czar Peter, and to raife her favorite to 
 the throne by marrying him, (he was confined 
 to a monaftery near Mofcow, and Gallitzin 
 banifhed to Siberia. He afterwards retired 
 to a monaftery, where he died 1713, at the 
 age of 80. Though unfuccefsful in his am- 
 bitious views, he was a man of great merit, 
 whofe attention introduced improvement and 
 civilization into the Ruflian empire, and pre- 
 pared the way for the reign of Peter the 
 Great. 
 
 GALLITZIN, Michael Michaeloivitz, prince 
 of, was born 1674, and diftinguifhed himfelf 
 under Peter the Great againft Charles XII. 
 of Sweden. He commanded 10 years in 
 Finland, and concluded the peace of Neuftadt. 
 He died 1730. At the victory of Lerna he 
 aficed only the pardon of one of the captives 
 for the reward of his fervices. 
 
 Gal 1.01s, John, a Frenchman well ac- 
 quainted with ancient and modern languages, 
 and of fuch univerfal information that he en- 
 gaged with de Salle in the condudting of the 
 Journal des Scavans, a periodical paper, which, 
 from its commencement, 1665, has, under 
 various names, claimed the public attention.. 
 Gallois was patronifed by Colbert, whom he 
 inftrucled in Latin chiefly in his coach, as he ' 
 travelled between Verlailles and Paris. He 
 was made member of the academy of fciences 
 1668, and of the French academy 1673, and 
 after his patron's death librarian to the king. 
 ! He died of the dropfy 1707. 
 
 Gallucci, Tarquino, an Italian jefuit, 
 who wrote " Virgilianaj indicationes," in which 
 he afTerted the fuperiority of Virgil over Ho- 
 mer, againft madam Dacier. He died 1649, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Gally, Henry, of Beckenham Kent, 
 was educated at Benet's college, Cambridge. 
 In 1721 he was made lecturer of St. Paul's, 
 vent-garden, and rector of Wanden, Bucks, 
 and in 1728 was prefented to a prebend of 
 Gloucefter by King, lord chancellor, to whom 
 he was chaplain. He afterwards had a pre- 
 bend at Norwich, and became rector of Afhton, 
 Northamptonshire, and St. Giles' in the 
 Fields, and in 1735 chaplain to the king. He 
 died 1769. He wrote fome fermons, befides 
 the characters of Theophraftus, tranflated 
 from the Greek, with notes a diflertation 
 againft pronouncing the Greek language ac- 
 cording to accents, 1 754, 8vo. a fecond dit- 
 fertation, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Galvani, Lewis, a phyfiologift, bora 
 at Bologna. He ftudied medicine under Ga- 
 leazzi, whofe daughter he married, and in 
 1762 he began to give lectures in his native 
 city. He accidentally difcovered, while pre- 
 preparing broth from frogs for his fick wife, 
 
 that 
 
GAM 
 
 GAR 
 
 
 that the mufcles cf thefe animals were thrown 
 into convulfion by the touch of a directing 
 knife. The fubjeft was accurately examined, 
 and upon incontrovertible grounds he proved 
 that the nerves of ali animals are thus power- 
 fully acted upon, and he gave his name to this 
 new fyftem of phyfiology. His obfervations 
 were communicated to the world in his trea- 
 tife de viribus electricitatis in motu mufcu- 
 bri commentarius- 179I, and the fubjett 
 afterwards engaged the attention of Valli, 
 Fowler, Aldini, and efpecially Volta, who 
 introduced great improvements in the fyftem. 
 le death of his wife, in 1790, Gal- 
 vani became a prey to a fevere melancholy, 
 and died 1798, aged 61. He wrote befides 
 tracts on medical fubjects, &c. 
 
 Galvano, Antony, governor of the Mo- 
 luccas, was vigorous in his adminiftration, and 
 cleared the fea of pirates. He reduced him- 
 ielf fo much by his liberality that he returned 
 poor to Europe, and not meeting with honor- 
 able treatment from John III, king of Portu- 
 gal, he died in an hofpital at Lilbon 1557. 
 
 Gam, Bavid, a brave Welchman at the 
 battle of Agincourt. He obferved of the 
 enemy that there were enough to kill, enough 
 to take prifoners, and enough to fly. He fell 
 nobly defending Henry V. and juft ?.s he ex- 
 pired he was knighted by his grateful fovereign 
 en the field of battle. 
 
 Gama, Vafco, or Vafquez. de, a Portuguefe, 
 horn at Sines, immortalized as the difroverer 
 of a pafiage to the Eaft Indies by the Cape of 
 Good Hope. He fet fail from the fagus 8th 
 July, 1497, with four fhips, and though his 
 e*pc-dition was con n dered as perilous, he 
 boldly encountered the ftorms of the African 
 cOwft, and the more dangerous mutiny of his 
 followers, and on the loth Nov. doubled the 
 cipe, which hitherto had been called the Cape 
 of Tempefts, and proceeded -as far as Calicut. 
 H; re-doubled the cape April, 1499, and re- 
 turned home after an abience of two years 
 and nearly two months, and was loaded with 
 honors due to his fervices. In 1501 he again 
 vifited the Eaft Indies, with 20 (hips, as admi- 
 ral of the eaftewi feas, and returned Sept. 
 *53i with 13 fhips richly laden. Under 
 John III. he was appointed viceroy of India, 
 and for the third time returned to the country 
 and fued the feat of government at Cochin, 
 but he unfortunately died 24th Dec. 15*5. 
 He was a man of the greateft intreoidity and 
 the mod perfevering courage, but alio pofiefled 
 in a very eminent degree the virtues of pri- 
 vate life. His virtues have been immortalized 
 by the poem of Camoens, called M the Lu- 
 fiad " tranflated into Englifh by Mickle. 
 
 Gam aches, Stephen Simon, of the French 
 academy of fciences, died at Paris 1756, aged 
 84. He was author of phyfical aftronomy, 
 a vols. 4to. literary and philofophical difler- 
 tations, 8vo. fyftem of the heart the elegan- 
 ces of language, &c. a valuable book. 
 
 of commentaries on the fumma of Aquinas, 
 was divinity prcfeflbr in Paris univerfity, and 
 died at Paris 1625. 
 
 Gamaliel, a jewifh dotor, the fecret dif- 
 ciple of our Saviour. He defended the conduct 
 of the apoitles againft the Sanhedrim, and when 
 Stephen had been ltoned to death, it is faid 
 that he caufed his remains to be buried. 
 
 Gambara, Lorenzo, an Italian poet, died 
 1586, aged 90. He wrote a Latin poem on 
 Columbus, befides eclogues, &c. 
 
 Gambara, Veronica, a lady of Brefcia, 
 married the lord of Corregio, and after his 
 death devoted herlelf to literature, and the 
 education of her two fons. She died 1550, 
 aged 65. Her poems pofTefs merit. 
 
 Gambold, John, of Haverfordweft, was 
 educatsd at Chrift-church, Oxford. He was 
 vicar of Stanton Harcourt, and wrote there 
 " the martyrdom of Ignatius," a tragedy, 
 1740, and in 1742 edited, at the Oxford 
 prefs, the new teftament after Milles. He 
 joined in 1748 the united Moravian brethren, 
 and was for many years their minifter in Ne- 
 ville's court, Fetter lane. He was confecrated 
 biihop of his fraternity 1754, and in 1765 he 
 eftablifhed a congregation at Coothill in Ire- 
 land. He died in his native town 1771. He 
 wrote feveral things for the ufe of his Moravian 
 brethren, befides a character of count Zinzen- 
 dorf 16 difcourfes on the fecond article of the 
 creed and the hiftory of Greenland, &c. 
 Ganganelli, Vid. Clement XIV. 
 Garamond, Claude, of Paris, known at 
 an ingenious engraver and letter founder, firft 
 baniihed the ufe of the Gothic, or black letter, 
 and founded his types in fo complete a man- 
 ner that by way of excellence the fmall Ro- 
 man letters were denominated by his name. 
 At the defire of Francis I. he founded three 
 different Greek types, for Robert Stephens, 
 for the publication of the Greek teftament, 
 and of the Greek clafiics. He died 1561. 
 
 Garasse, Francir, a jefuit, of Augou- 
 leme, wrote elegies on the death of Henry* 
 IV. and a poem in heroic verfe addrefTed to 
 Lewis XIII. on his inauguration. As a 
 preacher he was very eloquent. In his ftyle 
 he was fcurrilous, and his " horofcope of 
 anti-Coton, &c" and his " calviniftic elixir, 
 &c." were proofs of the buffoonery with 
 which he defended his order. In 1620 he 
 published " Rabelais reformed, &c." and af- 
 terwards in other publications attacked the 
 ghoft of Pafqukr. His " fomme theologique 
 des verites capitales de la religion chretienne," 
 firft railed diflenfion between the jefuits and 
 Janfenifts. The book was attacked by the ab- 
 bot of St. Cyran, and in 1626, the redtor of 
 the Sorbonne complained of the evil tendencies 
 of a compofition which recommended heretical 
 opinions. GarafTe was, after a folemn examina- 
 tion,cenfured,but the animofity excited between 
 
 the two orders continued with increafing vio 
 
 lence. Though fupported by the jefuits, Garafle 
 
 Camachss. Philip de, author of % voir ' was baniihed. During the peitilence at Poicliers* 
 
 he 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 he fhowed himfelf charitably a&iVd in the re- 
 lief of the infected, and fell a victim to the 
 contagion, 1631. He is ft vied by Wai burton 
 in his coramerjtary on the eflkj 0$ nun, an 
 
 eminent cafuiit. 
 
 Garcilasso, or Garcias Lasso de la 
 Vega, a Spanifh poet, born at Toledo,i5CO. 
 He was patronized by Charles V. and he dir 
 tinguhhed himfelf as much by his valor as by 
 his po::ry. After lerving in the campaigns ot 
 Germany, Africa, and Provence, he received 
 a wound on the head from a ltone thrown 
 from a tower, when at the heap of a battalion, 
 and died three weeks after at Nice, in his 
 36th year. To ins genius the poetry of the 
 Spaniards is greatly indebted His work; are 
 written not only in elegant language, but with 
 true poetic fire, and his odes are laid to equal 
 thole of Horace in fweetnefs. His works 
 were publiihed with learned notes by Sanchez, 
 Naples, 1664, in 8vo. 
 
 Garb ie, Pontus de la, a French adven- 
 turer in the fervice of Bril'ac, and afterwards 
 of the Danes, and then of the swedes. He 
 was ambaffador from Sweden at Vienna and 
 at Rome, and in 1580 he was employed 
 againit the Ruffians. He was drowned acci- 
 dentally at Revel 1585. 
 
 Gardin Domesnil, N. profeflbr of rhe- 
 toric at Paris, was eminent as a fcholar, ^s 
 appears in his lynonymes Latines, in imitation 
 of Girard's fynonymes Francois. He died 
 1802, aged 82. 
 
 Gardiner, Stephen, the illegitimate ion 
 of Lionel Woodville, biihop of Sahfbury, and 
 brother to Elizabeth queen of the fourth Ed- 
 ward, was born at Bury St. Edmund's, Suf- 
 folk 1483, and educated at Trinity college; 
 Cambridge. His introduction into the Nor- 
 folk family, and into the fervice of Wolfey, 
 rendered him a favorite at court. In the 
 bufinefs of the divorce he was fent in 1527 to 
 Rome, where he warmly efpoufed the caufe 
 of his fovereign. For. his fervices he was 
 made fecretary cf ftate, and in 153 1 raifed to 
 the fee of Winchefter. He went afterwards as 
 ambaffador to the French court, and when 
 Henry broke off his dependence on the papal 
 fee, the n?w bifhop defended it in his tract de 
 vera obediential After various employments 
 he was directed by Henry to draw up articles 
 on an accufation of herefy, againtt his lait wife 
 Catherine Parr, but the queen averted the 
 ftorm. Under Edward VI. he fhowed himfelf 
 averfe to the introduction of the reformation, 
 and though impriibned, he perfevered in his 
 oppofition. Under Mary he was reflored to 
 his bifhopric, and raifed to the office of lord 
 chancellor and of prime miuifter. Much to 
 his dil'grace he conducted himfelf with caprice 
 and unpardonable cruelty. The proteitants 
 were with little ceremony committed to the 
 flames, a,nd thefe meafures of violence and 
 blood were fanctioncd by the queen. He 
 died 1555, aged 72. In his private character 
 he was not without fume good qualities. He 
 
 was learned, and promoted the caufe of learn- 
 ing. His gratitude to Wolfey, to whom he 
 was indebted for part of his greatnefs, is highly 
 commendable, and though mush injured by 
 Henry VIII. he never mentioned his name 
 without marks of ref Section. That 
 
 he poflefTed ambi ion, his life fufficiently 
 proves, and tha ot unlkilled in dif- 
 
 firnuhtion is evident from the iuccefs with 
 which he fupported his meafures in the midlt 
 of jarring factions. 
 
 Gardiner, James, an officer in the army 
 of George II. who on reading a religious book, 
 called heaven taken by iiorm, reformed the li- 
 centious conduct of his youth. He was killed 
 at the battle of i'refton-pans, in fight of his 
 own houfe, 1745. 
 
 GarenGF.OT, Rene, "Jacques, CroiJJani de> 
 a French furgeon, royal lecturer on furgery at 
 Paris. He acquired celebrity by the fuccefs 
 of his operations, and the ingenious works 
 which he wrote on his profeffion. He died at 
 Paris 1759. His works are a treatife on fur- 
 gical operations, 2 vols. 8vo. on furgical in- 
 itruments, 2 vols 121110. the anatomy of the 
 vifcera, i2mo. &c. 
 
 Garlande, Jean de, of Garlande in Nor- 
 mandy,, wrote " a poem on the contempt of 
 the world." Floretus, on the doctrines of 
 faith Facetus, on the duties of men towards 
 God didtionaiium artis alchymiae. He was 
 living in 1081, and palled much of his time in 
 England, with William of Normandy. 
 
 Garnet, Henry, one of the confpirators 
 in the gunpowder plot, was educated at Win- 
 chefter fchool, from whence he went to Rome, 
 and, in 1575, took the habit of the jefuits. In 
 1586, he returned as the provincial f his or- 
 der, and began to plot the overthrow of the 
 religion of the country. By impioufly affert- 
 ing that the innocent might be involved in the 
 deltruction of the guilty, he encouraged his 
 afiociates in that dreadful plot which was pre- 
 vented by a happy difcovery. He was lent to 
 the tower and hanged for high treafon, at the 
 weft end of St. Paul's 1606. He palTed as a 
 martyr among the catholic cnthufialts. 
 
 Garnett, Thomas, of Weltmorelaud, was 
 educated at Sedburgh fchool, and Edinburgh. 
 He ftudied furgery in London, and fettled at 
 Harrowgate, and then removed to Liverpool 
 with the intention of emigrating to America. 
 The- interference of his friends prevenred this, 
 and he applied himfelf to chemiitry and natural 
 philofophy, and after reading fonie lectures at 
 Liverpool and Manchefter, he was appointed 
 Anderfon's lecturer at Glafgow.. The elta- 
 blilhment of the royal inftitution in London 
 drew him to the capital, and he read lectures 
 there to. numerous audiences, and afterwards 
 in his houfe Great Marlborough flreet. He 
 died of a fever 1802. As an author he was 
 refpe&able, and as a lecturer intelligent. He 
 publifhed analyfis of the harrowgate waters, 
 a tour through Scotland ,2 vo)s.4to. a lecture 
 ou health, 1 am 0. various papers, <U\ on me- 
 dical 
 
GAR 
 
 GAR 
 
 <a\::"i and phyfical fubje&s, and lectures 
 Zoonomia. 
 
 Garniek, Robert, a French tragi'." poet, born 
 at Fertc Bernard in Maine, 1534. He was 
 compared to Sophocles and Euripides. His 
 merits were rewarded by fome honorable offi- 
 ces, and he died 1500. His works, confifting 
 of tragedies, befides elegies, fongs <tc. were in 
 a ftyle and manner very obfolete. 
 
 Garrard, Mart, a painter of Bruges, 
 in the fervice of queen Elizabeth, and of Anne 
 the wife of James I. Some of his pieces are 
 preferved in England, hie died ia London 
 3635, aged 74. 
 
 Garrick, David, an illuftrious Englifh 
 aftor. His grandfather was a Frenchman, 
 and his father was a captain in the army, re- 
 fident at Lichfield. David was born at Here- 
 ford, where his father was on a recruiting 
 party, and was baptized there 20th Feb. 1716. 
 He was educated at Lichfield fchool, but was 
 more attached to theatrical purfuits than learn- 
 ing, fo that he afted with his fellow pupils the 
 play of" the recruiting officer," and fuppoxted 
 himfelf the character of ferjeant Kite. He 
 afterwards refided with his uncle a wine mer- 
 chant at Liibon, but loon returned to Lichfield 
 fchool, and after being fix months the pupil of 
 Dr. Jehnfon, he accompanied him to London 
 in 1735. He ftudied for a while mathematics, 
 and then entered into partnerfhip in the vrine 
 trade with his brother Peter, in Durham yard, 
 but a theatrical life was his favorite object, and 
 after the death of his uncle, the Lifbon mer- 
 chant, who left him 1000I., and of his father 
 and his mother, he now without the controul 
 of fuperiors indulged the favorite bent of 
 his heart. His powers were improved by 
 the converfation of the moft popular actors, 
 but Garrick ftill diffident, flew from a London 
 audience to Ipfwich, where in 1741, he per- 
 formed the part of Aboan in Oroonoko, un- 
 der the affumed name of Lyddal. His efforts 
 were received with encxeafing applaufe, and 
 thus fluflied with provincial approbation, he 
 came to Goodman's fields, and acted Richard 
 III. Oct. 19th, 1 741. So fuperior were his 
 abilities, that the other theatres were left 
 empty, and the houfe in Goodman's fields was 
 daily crowded with all the beauty and the tafte 
 of the town. This was viewed with envy by 
 his rival heroes Qnin and Cibber. By the in- 
 fluence of fir John Barnard, an aft was ob- 
 tained to fhut up the theatre of Goodman's 
 fields, fo that Garrick, abandoning'a fituation 
 where he divided the profits with Giffard the 
 manager, made an engagement with Fleet- 
 wood the patentee of Drury-lane for 500I. a 
 year. Thus popular in England, Garrick 
 faffed to Dublin in 174a, where, in confe- 
 quencc of the crowded houl'es and the in tt rife 
 heat of the weather, a contagious diibrder fa- 
 tally broke out in the town, which was called, 
 Garrick's fever. In 1747 he became joint 
 e of Drury-lane, and inl749 he mar- 
 ried mademoifelle Violeui, <1Q Ijaliau ftage 
 
 on ! dancer, In 1763 he went to Paris and Italy 
 and though fome^attributed this journey to a 
 
 jealoufy at the fuccefsful efforts of Beard in 
 the management of Covent-garden, it was 
 more probably undertaken for the reftoration 
 of his health and that of Mrs. Garrick/ who 
 received benefit from the baths of Padua. He 
 returned to London in April 1765, fo fearful 
 of the public opinion, that with a timidity- 
 unworthy of his character, he endeavoured to 
 prevent cenfure, and on this occafion caufed, 
 by means of a friend, to be publifhed " the 
 fick monkey," a poem in which, by drawing 
 the cenfures of animals on himfelf and his 
 travels he attempted to blunt the edge of 
 ridicule. In 1769 he projected and con- 
 ducted the jubilee at Stratford, in honor of 
 Shakefpear, which, though admired on one 
 fide anc; ridiculed on the other, mould be 
 mentioned with commendation as the homage 
 of a great man to an immortal genius. By 
 the death of Lacy in 1773, the whole ma- 
 nagement devolved on him, but three years af- 
 ter he left the flage, and difpofed of his moiety 
 to Sheridan, Linley, and Ford, for 35,0001. 
 He was feized while at lord Spencer's with a 
 fit, and removed to his houfe -in the Adelphi, 
 where he died three weeks after, 20th Jan. 
 1779. Befides the difplay of his aflonifhing 
 powers on the ftage, Garrick merited the pub- 
 lic approbation as a writer. The biographia 
 dramatica mentions not lefs than 38 of his 
 plays, fome of which were original, and fome 
 tranflations, belides a great number of pro- 
 logues, epilogues, Tongs, elegies, &c. A mo- 
 nument has been erected to his memory in 
 Weftminfter-abbey, and his life has been 
 written by 'I nomas Davies. 
 
 Garsault, Francis Alexander, a French- 
 man, who paid much attention to literature 
 and the arts, and particularly to the hiftory 
 and charafter of the horfe. He died at Pa*- 
 ris of a paralytic ftroke 1778, aged 85. He - 
 wrote the anatomy of the horfe tranflated 
 from the Englifh of Snap, 4to ie nouveau 
 parfait marechal, a work of merit, &c. 
 
 Garth, Jir Samtiel, a phyfician and poet f 
 born in Yorkfhire, and educ?.ted at Peter- 
 houfe, Cambridge. He fettled in London, 
 and was elected fellow of the college of phyfi- 
 cians 1692. His ailiftance and influence were 
 great in the difpute between the phyficians :tn& 
 the apothecaries about the eftablifhment of 
 difpeniaries, and he fupported the former, 
 who wifhed to adminifter to the relief of their 
 fellow- creatures gratis. Irritated at the con- 
 duct of the apothecaries, who oppofed the be- 
 nevolent plans of the college, he employed his 
 pen to ridicule them, and in 1699 produced 
 his " difpenfary," which in a few months went 
 through three editions. The fixth edition ap- 
 peared 1706, much improved with the epifodes 
 and inferiptidns, but though it gained fo much 
 of the public attention, it wants fomething of 
 poetical ardor, as Johnfott has obferved, and 
 no longer fupported by accidental popularity, 
 C c k 
 
GAS 
 
 GA3 
 
 it is now almoft forgotten. In 169 7, Dr. 
 Garth fpoke the annual Latin fpeech on St. 
 Luke's day ; and in this he fhowcd himfelf an 
 elegant and refined fcholar, and an able and 
 eloquent orator. This high reputation, re- 
 commended by polite manners, foon placed 
 Garth at the head of his profefiion. His fpi- 
 fittd conduct, in raifing a fubfcription for the 
 interment of Dryden's corpfe, which the fon of 
 lord Jefferies had infulted and abandonee), 
 encreafed his popularity, and he vas one of the 
 firft who united to form the Kitcat club, in 
 170,?, composed of above 30 noblemen and 
 gentlemen to fupport the fuccefllon of the Ha- 
 noverian family. In politics, Garth was the 
 friend of Marlborough and Godolphin, and 
 on their difgrace he, though ridiculed by 
 Prior, defended their conduit, and honored 
 their meritorious fervices. On the acceffion 
 of George I. he was knighted with Marlbo- 
 rough's fword, and appointed king's phyfician 
 in ordinary, and phyfician general to the 
 army. He died, after a fhort illnefs, 1718-9. 
 Pope, who -loved and admired him, oblerved 
 that if there ever was a good chriftian without 
 knowing himfelf to be fo, it was Dr. Garth. Be- 
 fides his difpenfary he publifhed "claremont,"on 
 the villa of the duke of Newcaftle, and other fu- 
 gitive pieces, befides an edition of Ovid's meter 
 morphofes, a book to which he was partial, &c. 
 
 GARzr; Lewis, of Piftoia in Tufcany, was 
 confidered as the fuccefsful rival of Carlo Ma- 
 rat. His fineft piece is the painting of the 
 dome of the church of Stigmatie at Rome, 
 by order of Clement XI., undertaken when 
 he was 80. He died 1721, aged 83. 
 
 Gascoigne, ftr William, chief juftice 
 tinder Henry IV. was born at Gawthorp in 
 Yorkfhire 1350. He was made lung's fer- 
 ieant 1.598, and in 1401 chief juftice of the 
 king's bench. He treated with the rebels un- 
 der the earl of Northumberland, but when 
 archbifhop Scroop was taken in arms, he re- 
 futed to condemn him, ohlerving that neither 
 the king nor his fubjedts could legally adjudge a 
 bifhop to death. He purfned his laudabla ex- 
 ertions to improve the morals and the juris- 
 prudence of England, and he made fome whole- 
 feme regulations for the limitation of attor- 
 nies, who it feems were become a public 
 grievance. His prefence of mind and dignity 
 were nobly exhibited, when the prince of 
 Wales, determined to refcue one of his fer- 
 vants who wss arraigned before the king's 
 bench, prefumed to interrupt and even to 
 ftrike the chief juftice. Gafcoigne committed 
 the prince to the cufftxly of the king's bench 
 to await his father's pleafure. The king 
 heard of the circumftance with becoming pro- 
 priety, and thanked God " that he had given 
 him a judge who knew how to administer, and 
 a fon who oould obey juftice." The venerable 
 judge died 1413- 
 
 Gascoigne, George, an Englifh poet, 
 born in ElTex, and educated at both univer- 
 fitiw. He ftudied at Gray's Ino, and suite* 
 
 vnted poetry under the patronage of lord Grey 
 de Wilton and though his verfes and language 
 are oblblete, yet he poflefles itrtngth, energy, 
 and elegance. He died 1578. 
 
 Gastarini, a grammarian, born near Ber- 
 gamo. During the troubles of Italy, he la* 
 bored eaifleftly to reltore learning, and was 
 profeflbr of belles lettres at Padua. He died 
 I431, aged 61. He wrote in elegant Latin 
 commentaries on ieveral of Cicero's works, 
 befides " letters and orations." 
 
 Gassekdj, Peter., a French philofopher, 
 born 159s, near Digne in Provence. In his 
 infancy he frequently amnied himfelf by gaz- 
 ing at the moon and itarr, and at fchool at 
 Digne, be far outstripped all his fellow-ftu- 
 dents in every branch of fcience. At 16 
 he was made teacher of rhetoric, and three 
 years alter he removed to Aix, as profeflbr 
 of philolbphy. His " paradoxical exercita- 
 tiohs," againft Ariftotle's philofophy gained 
 the attention of Nicolas Peirefc, and of Jo- 
 leph Walter prior of Valette, and by their 
 means he entered into orders, and became 
 warden of Digne church, where he conti- 
 nued 20 years. Pie was in 1645 appoint- 
 ed profeflbr of mathematics at Paris, and 
 in tli; office unfortunately contracted a cold, 
 which affumed luch unpleafant fymptoms that 
 he left Paris for his native air. His ftudious 
 purfuits enfeebled his constitution, but he v.ai 
 in fome degree relieved by phlebotomy. He 
 had already undergone that peration nine 
 times when he remonfti ated, but one of his 
 phyficians prevailed upon the other two to af- 
 fent to the neceility of a repetition of the 
 bleeding, and the yielding patient lubmitted 
 to it, even to a fourth time. He foon after 
 funk under his complaints, and placing the 
 hand of his faithful amamienfis on his heart, 
 after hearing that the motion of that fpring of I 
 life was faint and fluttering, he exclaimed in ' 
 thefe laft words, " you fee what is man's 
 life," and immediately expired 1655. His 
 papers were left to the care of his friend 
 Monmor, who deemed them all worthy of the 
 name of the philofopher. Thefe therefore 
 with the books printed before appeared uni- 
 formly in 6 vols. fol. at Leyden, i6<8. This 
 great man, who lived and died a catholic, was 
 the correipondent of Kepler, Longomontanus, 
 Snellius, Heveb'us, Galileo, Bullialdi, Kercher, 
 and other refpeclable i'cholars, and to his ge- 
 nius, learning, and app'icarion, are owing in - 
 fijme degree the rapid improvements in phi- 
 lofophy, which banifhed the hypothec's of Arif- 
 totle from the fchools of Europe. 
 
 Gassion, John de, of Pau, was diftin- 
 guifhed in favor of the proteftants, and un- 
 der Guftavus of Sweden, whofe bodv guards 
 he commanded in the German wars. On the 
 death of Gultavus he returned to France and 
 fought under la Force. His valor was emi- 
 nently dilplayed at the victory of Rocroy. 
 He was in the wars of Flanders, and fell at 
 theJiege of Lens 1647. 
 
 Gast, 
 
GAT 
 
 GAU 
 
 Gist, Jehu, of Dublin, was educated at 
 Dublin college, and became rector of Arklow, 
 which he afterwards exchanged in T775 for 
 St. Nicholas without Dublin. He alio ob- 
 tained the archdeaconry of Glandelogh, and 
 the h'ving of Newcaftie, and died 1788, aged 
 73. He published in 1753 the rudiments of 
 Grecian hiftory, a work of merit and a letter 
 from an Iriih clergyman to his popKh parifh- 
 ioners. 
 
 Gastaud, Francis, of Aix in Provence, 
 preacher in Paris, and afterwards a pleader in 
 his native city, was very violent in his diflikes 
 and in his attachments. He died 173a at 
 Viviers, where he had been banifhed, and as 
 he hnd infulted the bifhop of Marfeilles in 
 his writings, he was denied the honors of fe- 
 pulture. He wrote- a let of homilies, &c. 
 
 Gaston of France, John Baptijl, duke 
 of Orleans, fon of Henry IV. and brother 
 of Lewis XIII. is known for his deep in- 
 trigues againft Richelieu. He died 1660, 
 aged 52. 
 
 I Gaston de Foix,duke of Nemours, fon 
 f the count d'Etampes, by Mary the fifter 
 of Lewis XII. diftiriguifhed himfelf in Italy. 
 He defeased the Swifs, and obtained a victory 
 at Ravenna, and loon after fell in the field of 
 battle 15 1 2, aged 24. 
 
 Gastrell, Francis, born at Slapton, in 
 Northamptonfhire, was educated at Weftmin- 
 fter fchool, and Chrift church, Oxford. He 
 was preacher an Lincoln's inn, and Boyle's 
 
 tchirer, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his 
 ritings in defence of the chriftian religion. 
 In 1700, he became chaplain to Harley, ipea- 
 ker of the commons, and in 1702, was ap- 
 pointed canon of Chrilt's church, Oxford. In 
 17 14, he was raifed to the fee of Chefter, 
 with permiffion to retain his canonry. He 
 refilled to admit Peploe vicar of Prefton to 
 the wai denfhip of Manchefter college, becaufe 
 he had not taken the degree of B. D. as the 
 ftatutes required. The candidate had been ad- 
 mitted to that degree by the archbilhop, but 
 Gaftrell confidercd a metropolitan degree as 
 nothing, till the court of king's bench de- 
 creed, that the primate's qualification was 
 lufficient. On this occafion the bifhop re- 
 ceived the thanks of the univerfity of Oxford, 
 his vindication of their privileges in his 
 Conduit and in the pamphlat, which he wrote 
 in his own defence. Gaftrell became obnoxi- 
 ous to the minifiers of George I. and boldly 
 oppofed the proceedings againft Atterbury, 
 and cenfured his accufers as violent, acrimo- 
 nious, and uncharitable. He aied of the gout 
 1725. He is well known for his considerations 
 concerning the Trinity, and " remarks on the 
 fcripture do&rine of the Trinity, by Dr. Sa- 
 muel Clarke," befides " the chriftian infti- 
 tutes, or the fincere word of God, &c," a 
 nfeful performance, a defence of the chriftian 
 religion againft the deifts, &c. 
 
 Gataker, Thomas, an Englifh divine, 
 ** n x 574 London. He was educated a; 
 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, and on the 
 foundation of Sidney eollege, he was on ac- 
 count Of his abilities admitted fellow. Ha 
 was appointed 1601, preacher of Lincoln** 
 inn, and in 161 1, he married and took the liv- 
 ing of Rotherhithe in Surrey. In 1620, he 
 travelled into the low countries, and as a 
 writer excited the public attention by his 
 " difcourfe on the nature and ufe of lots, a 
 treatiie hiflorical and theological 1619," 4to. 
 and by his defence of it 1623. On the re- 
 moval of Comber, he was offered the mafter- 
 lhip of Trinity college, Cambridge, which his 
 infirm health did not permit him to accept. 
 He was one of the afTembly of divines at 
 Weftminfter, and though he declared ftrongly 
 in favor of epilcopacy, he figned the covenant. 
 In 1648 he was the firft of the 47 minifters 
 who figned a remonftrance to the army, and 
 the general, againft the defign of trying the 
 king, and both in private, and in the pulpit, 
 he fpoke againft the independents. When 
 his parifhioners refuted to pay him the com- 
 pofition agreed in lieu of the tithes, he bore 
 it with patience, and turned his attention to 
 literary purfuits. He died 1654, aged 80. 
 To extenfive erudition, he united great mode- 
 ration, and benevolent principles. He op- 
 pofed ftrongly in the reigns of James, and 
 Charles I., the high notions of churchmen, 
 and deprecated the fatal confecuences which 
 he forelaw would fall on the government, and 
 on the church. The moderation of his con- 
 duit drew upon him the virulence of fanatics, 
 but he preferred peaceful retirement, and the 
 uniform conduct which his confeience approved, 
 to all the reputation of guilty elevation and 
 f uccelsful artifice. He was one of the divines 
 who wrote annotations on the bible, efpecially 
 Ifaiah, Jeremiah, and the Lamentations, and 
 Calamy has obferved that no commentator, an- 
 cient or modern, is entitled to higher praife. 
 He wrote befides " Marcus Antoninus" me 
 ditations, with a difcourfe on the philolbphy 
 of the Stoics, and a commentary " " opera 
 critica," and he was befides engaged in a con* 
 troverfy with Lilly, the aftrologer. 
 
 Gatimosin, the laft of Mexican kings, 
 was nephew to Montezuma. He was tor- 
 tured in a fiery ordeal by >..ortez and the Spa- 
 niards who wifhed to difcover his treafures, 
 and three years after, he was ignominioufly 
 hanged in his capital, with many of his caciques, 
 1526. 
 
 Gaubil, Anthony, a miffionary in China, 
 where he refided 30 years. He was born at 
 Caillac, 1708, and died 1759. He was in- 
 terpreter at the court of Pekin, and aftonifhei 
 evfcn, the Chinefe themfelves for his know- 
 ledge of their language. Ha fent fome cu- 
 rious anecdotes to Europe, and publilhed a 
 good hiftory of Gengis Khau, 4to. and a tran- 
 slation of Chou-king. 
 
 Gaubius, Jerome David, of Heidelberg, 
 
 ftudkd medicine under hiyunclea phyficianac- 
 
 Amlterdam, and then went to Handerwyck, 
 
 Ccj and 
 
GAIT 
 
 GAY 
 
 Leyden, In 1731 be fucceeded Po- 
 trhaave, as led urer of botany and chemiftry 
 at Leyden, and obtained the medical profef- 
 lbrfliip three years after. He died 1780, aged 
 7-5. His works are :i thefis on the lblids, 
 another on the method of prescribing, and 
 wiiting recipes, a valuable work, inftitu- 
 tiones puholog-ioe medicinal, 4*0. adver- 
 farii de variis argumentis, &c. 
 
 Gauden, John, a prelate born 1605, at 
 eld, EfTex. He was educated at Bury 
 St. Edmund's fchool, and St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. In 1630, he married the daugh- 
 ter of fir William Ruffe I, of Chippenham, 
 Cambridgethire, and obtained that vicarage, 
 and afterwards the- rectory of Brightwell, 
 Berks. He was chaplain tc lord Warwick, 
 and he preached before the Houle of Com- 
 mons, in a ftyle which procured, with their 
 approbation, the preient of a large filver tan- 
 kard with an appropriate infeription, and af- 
 terwards the deanery of Bocking in EfTex. 
 He fubrnittcd to the parliament, and was one 
 of the aftembly of divines at Weftminfter, 
 though Godwin was afterwards in his room. 
 When preparations were made to try the king, 
 he petitioned againft it, and after the king's 
 -death he published " a juft invedt ive againft 
 thoie who murthered king Charles I. &c." 
 His zeal was further manifested in printing the 
 " icon bafilice," with a copy of the MS. of 
 which, written by the unfortunate Charles, he 
 had been intrufted, and though diligent fearch 
 was made for the publisher, Gauden efcaped 
 difcovery. In 1659 he publifhed '* the tears, 
 fighs, &c. of the church of England, kc. in 
 4 books folio." and on the death of Brownrigg 
 he was made preacher to the Temple, and bi- 
 ihop of Exeter. In 1662 he was removed to 
 Worcefter, but, it is faid, that he was lb 
 difappointed in not being emulated to Win- 
 .ehefter, that he died of a broken heart, that 
 fame year. Though he had cleared upwards 
 of 20,oool. by renewing leafes at Exeter, his 
 widow, with his five children, petitioned for 
 the half year's profits of the fee of Worcef- 
 ter, which was refufed. Gauden has been 
 <:enfured for ambition, and he is defcribed 
 by Clarendon, Burnet, and ojhers, as fo in- 
 conftant, ambiguous, and covetous of prefer- 
 ment, that he would follow any party or fub- 
 icribe to any opinions to gain his ends. He 
 wrote feveral trads on the politics, and theo- 
 logical dilputes of the times. Some have con- 
 iidcred the icon balilice, as wholly written 
 by him, but the ftyle is fo fuperior to that of 
 the biihop, that the king is now regarded as 
 ihe author of it. 
 
 Gaudenzio, Paganin, of the Valtcline, 
 J : is education at Rome where he ac- 
 quired celebrity as Greek profefTor, and af- 
 terwards at Pita where he filled the chair of 
 belies lettres. He wrote declamationes ob- 
 .ftetm literaria academ. inftar. de philo- 
 lophia? apud Roman, initio r.nd progrefTu, -JtO. 
 
 lad died 1648, aged 53. 
 
 Gavf.ston, Peter, fen of a Gafcon geriJ 
 tleman, is known in Englifh hiftory as the 
 favorite at' Edward II. In his elevation he 
 was overbearing, and cruel, and therefore be- 
 headed by the barons, 13 12. 
 
 Gaulmin, Gilbert, a Erench writer of ce- 
 lebrity, who died 1665, aged 60. He wrote 
 commentaries on Pfellus and Theod. Prod- 
 romus, befides remarks on the falie Calhl- 
 thenes, an edition oflfmenus and IfmeniaSj 
 &c. 
 
 Gaurico, Lu:a, a profefibr of aftronomy 
 at Ferrara. His prediction that Ber iti 
 would lofe the fupreme power of Bologna, ex- 
 pofed him to perfecution, and he removed to 
 Venice, and then to Rome. He was made 
 bifliop of Civita in Naples, but refigned in 
 1550, and came to Rome, where he died 
 1558, aged $2>- ^' s works on aftrology and 
 aftronomy appeared at Balil 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Gaussem, Jane Catherine, a celebrated 
 adrefs, who after enjoying for 30 years the 
 applaufesof a French audience, retired 1764, 
 from motives of religion, and died, 1767, aged 
 56. 
 
 Gadthier, Jean Baptijte, a French 
 abbe, born at Louviers 1685. He died of 4 
 fall 1755. His chief works are " a tract 
 againft Pope's eftay on man" which he def* 
 cribes as impious, letters againft Hardouin 
 and Berruyer, 3 vols. iamo. an attack upon 
 the Jefuits, 3 vols, and other works. 
 
 Gay, John, an Engliih poet, born 1688, 
 near Barnftaple, Devon, and educated at the 
 free fchool of his native town. When his pa- 
 rents who were poor, though of a refpedabB 
 family, bound him apprentice to a filk-mer^S 
 in London, he attended behind the counQB 
 with filent indignation, and ibon purchased his 
 indentures of his matter. Flattered with the 
 friendfhip of Swift and of Pope, he conrcH 
 the public approbation in 171 1, by his fw 
 piece, " rural fports, a Georgic," '1 
 luccefsful as an author, his relburces were 
 i'eanty, and his creditors threatened his liber- 
 ty, when the patronage of the duchefs of 
 Monmouth, by appointing him her iecretary, 
 placed him above want. In this profpei 
 wrote his " trivia, or the art of 
 the Streets," and the next year he formed the 
 plan of his " paftorals." In eipoufing tbpj 
 caufe of Pope, who had been inful 
 Philips, he produced an excellent poem " the 
 thepherd's week" which rivalled his ; 
 nift's performance. He was Cent as fei 
 to lord Clarendon, in his embafiy to 
 ver, but the death of queen Anne fee 
 ruin his hopes, but he eufured the pat' 
 of the princefs of Wales by a well 
 compliment. The fweetnefs of his m 
 and the fincerky of his heart, gaini 
 friends wherever he appeared. He went to 
 Aixm France with Mr. Pulteney, and at his 
 return he introduced on the fUge his" three 
 hours after marriage," which did not meet 
 the fame fweceis which his " what dy' 
 
 it," 
 
CAY 
 
 GED 
 
 it" had before commanded. Tn 1 718, he was 
 with Pope at lord Harcourt's where he cele- 
 brated in beautiful verfe the fid cataitrophe of 
 the two lovers deftroyed by lightning* In 
 1720, 'he recruited his finances by a handfome 
 fublcription to his poems, in 2 vols. 4to but 
 he whole amounting to 1009L was loft in the 
 fouth lea fcheme. This had fuch effect upon 
 his fpirits, that he almoft funk under the lofs, 
 but by the advice of Dr. Arbuthnot he gra- 
 dually recovered. In 17*4, he read his" cap- 
 tives" before the princefs of Wales, and at her 
 pqueft wrote his elegant fables for the ufe of 
 the duke of Cumberland. In 1727, he pro- 
 duced his " beggar's opera" which met with 
 unufual fuccefs, and was acted 63 fucceffive 
 nights in London, 50 at Bath and Briitol, and 
 with equal popularity in other places. So 
 Heat was the public admiration, that the 
 pongs of the opera appeared on the fans of the 
 ladies, and the perfon who acted Polly, though 
 hitherto obfeure, became an important cha- 
 racter in the hiitory of the town, and at laft 
 jrofe by marriage to the rank of a duchefs. 
 This favorite play cved its celebrity to the 
 unpopularity "vthe court, and the refentment 
 of the ;\>et, whfc was offered the place of gen- 
 tleman ufher to the young princefs Louifa, 
 which he rejected with narked indignation. 
 He prodceed a fecond part to the beggar's 
 ope: a, by the title of" Polly" but the court 
 forbad its appearance on the ftage, and Gay 
 obtained an unufually lar_..e fublcription for 
 its publication. To make his triumph com- 
 plete, the duke and duchefs of Queenfbury 
 embracing his caufe, refigned their places at 
 court to patronize him. Thus raifed to in- 
 dependence and comfort he began to improve 
 the wife of Bath" a play which had been 
 received with indifference in 1 7 14, but the 
 fecond reprefentation in 1720, was unfuc- 
 celsful, and brought a {evers fit of melancholy. 
 Some lucid intervals indeed interpofed during 
 the gloomy dcprelion, and under the hofpi- 
 tahle roof of the duke, at Amefbury, he fini- 
 ilsed his opera of " Achilles." He came to 
 town to prefent his play to the flage ; but an 
 inflammatory fever brought on a mortification 
 in his bowels, and he died at Burlington houfe 
 I nh December 1732. After lying in ftate at 
 
 diange, his remains were conveyed to 
 Weftminiter abbey, and interred againfl the 
 tomb of Chaucer, where his monument is 
 crcCtud. The opera of Achilles afterwards 
 appeared for the benefit of his two widowed 
 fitters, Catherine Ballet, and Joanna Fortef- 
 cue, who inherited equally his property of 
 
 oodI. A few years afterwards hisco- 
 
 " the dutreffed wife" was pub- 
 
 ::id in 1754, a humorous piece called 
 
 hearial at Goatham. His papers were 
 
 left to the care of Pope who l'upprefied fome 
 
 pi" them as friendihip and delicacy required. 
 
 vr OK Pit aval, Francis, of Lyons, 
 wrote (( cav.ies celebres," a voluminous 
 
 1 ac vols. iamo. which, though in- 
 
 tereflhlgin fome parts, is infipidin ffyle. lie 
 was fucceffively an abbe, a lb'.Jier, and at 50 an 
 advocate, and died I743> a 3 e d 7- 
 
 Gaza, Theodorc^i fheilalonica, in Greece* 
 upon the invafiori of his country by the 
 Turks, in 1430, came to Italy, and became 
 one of the brightest ornaments to whom Eih 
 rope is indebted for the revival of learning 
 In 1450 hexameto Rome, and was engaged 
 by Nieo-las V. in tranilatiiu Greek, authors 
 into Latin, and after , the death of that pon- 
 tiff, in 1456, he went to the court of Al- 
 phonfus of" Naples. By the patronage of his 
 friend Beflarion he was prefented to a imrul 
 benefice in Calabria. In his old age he pre- 
 fented one of his performances beautifully 
 written in vellum to . ixtuslV. and while he 
 expected a liberal reward, he was ilked by the 
 pontiff what his expence; had been, and f hefe 
 were carefully repaid, which fo excited his 
 kid. nation, that he exclaimed," It was high 
 time to return home, fince the over-fed aflfe* 
 of Rome had no relifh but for thiftles and 
 weeds. *' The money he had received he con* 
 temptuouly threw into the Tiber, and died 
 foon after of grief. The works of Gaza con- 
 fided of original pieces, and of tranflations, * 
 grammatics Grascas libri quatuor, written 
 in Greek, diber de Atticis menfibus and 
 a traufiation el Cicero's de fenechite, ?c de 
 fomnio Scipionis, into Greek -and Arif- 
 totle's hiftory cf animals, translated into 
 Latin, aud other w: r]:s. Gaza's learn. ng and 
 reputation were ib ki:p!y refpecled that Sea- 
 liger lays, there were flot more than three he 
 was inclined to envy, Theodore Gaza, An- 
 gelus Politianus, and Pi< us qf Miraudula. He 
 is ranked among the belt tranflators of Greek 
 authors into Latin. Pie di . at Rome 1478* 
 aged So. 
 
 Gazali, or Aron Haj-d Mohammed 
 Zein Eddin al Thqu6{, a muffulman 
 doctor, who died at Khouti.in, iri2, aged 
 56. He wrote the feveralclalTes of fcience.s 
 which concern religion." 
 
 Gazola, Jcffpb, of Verona, died I7T5 
 aged 54. He is very candid as a phyficiam 
 and acknowledges that patients as often died 
 by the ignorance cf their phyficians, as by the 
 force ofdifeafe. 
 
 Gehkr, Jckn, an Arabian phyfician oftlie 
 ninth century, who wrote a commentary on 
 Ptolemy's " fyntaxis magna, &c." Hi$ 
 works contain much knowledge, though in> 
 Inch affected jargon that Dr. Johnfon has de* 
 rived the word gibberifb from the cant of Ge- 
 ber, and his followers. 
 
 Geo, William, a goldimith, of Edinburgh, 
 who invented a plate for printing whole pages, 
 intend of ufing a type for every letter. This 
 had Hrt .been practifed by the Chineie and 
 Japanefe in blocks of wood. In the profecu- 
 tion of his plan, Ged applied to the univerfity 
 of Cambridge, to print bibles and prayer-book? 
 after the new method; but much money was 
 funk in the attempt, and by the villainy of 
 C c 3 she 
 
GED 
 
 GEL 
 
 the preflmen, and the ill conduS of his part- 
 ners, he was ruined. He returned to Scot- 
 land 1733, and gave a fpecimen of his plan 
 by the publication of a Salluft, in 1 744. He 
 died 1749. 
 
 Geddes, 'James, born 1710, in the (hire 
 of Tweedale, difplayed great powers while at 
 Edinburgh, and was rapidly advancing to ce- 
 lebrity in the profefilon of the law, when he 
 was cut offby a lingering confumption before 
 he reached his 40th year. To the labors of 
 the law he added a very polifhed tafte for 
 claffical literature. He wrote " an eiTay on 
 the compofition and manner of writing of 
 the ancients, particularly Plato." 
 
 Geddes, Michael, was for fome years chap- 
 k lain to the Lifbon factory, where the inqui- 
 sition fufpended his labors, and obliged him to 
 return to England. He died 1715, chancel 
 lor of Sarum, and author of a hiftory of the 
 church of Malabar the church hiftory of 
 jEthopia, &c. 
 
 Geddes, Dr. of Ruthven, Bamffshire, was 
 educated at a village fchool in the Highlands, 
 and removed 1758 to the Scottifh college at 
 Paris. He became a prieft and chaplain in 
 lord Tranquair's family. In 1769 he was mi- 
 nifter at Auchinhalrig, Bamffshire, and 10 
 years after he obtained the degree of 
 LLsD. at Aberdeen, and then removed to 
 Duke's ftreet chapel, Lincoln's Inn fields, and 
 the imperial ambaffador's chapel. He be- 
 gan in 1782 his tranflation of the Bible, of 
 which he publifhed a profpe&usin 4to. 1786, 
 with an appendix 1787. He then engaged in 
 a controverfy with Prieftley on the divinity of 
 Chrift, and publifhed his general anfvver in 
 1790 to the various queries, criticifms, and 
 hints, offered te- him on his meditated work. 
 His firft volume appeared in 1792, under the 
 aufpices of lord Petre, as far as the end of Jo- 
 fhua, but fo fevere was oppofition, that the 
 bifhops of his perfuafion, offended with his 
 verfion, actually fufpended him from his ec- 
 clefiaftical functions. Regardlefs of this, he 
 publifhed his fecond volume 1 79 7, in language 
 ftill more exceptionable, fo that he found it 
 neceffary t" defend himfelf againft the attacks 
 of his oponents and of critics by his " critical 
 remarks" in 1800. He died 1802, aged 65. 
 He was in his character irritable, petulant, 
 and vindictive, though he poffeffed great learn- 
 ing and a capacious mind. Ke wrote an apo- 
 logy for the Roman Catholics of Great Bri- 
 tain. 
 
 Gedoyn, Nicolas, of Orleans, ftudied at 
 Paris, and was a jefuit for 10 years ; but re- 
 turned to the world, and as the friend of Ni- 
 non de l'Enclos, he figured as a man of wit 
 and letters. He was a member of the French 
 academy, and of that of belles lettres, and in 
 1732 was abbot of Notre-dame de lieaugency. 
 He wrote fome ingenious effays and difTer- 
 tations, and is chiefly known for his elegant 
 tranflaticns of Quintilian, and of Paufanias. 
 Hedied 1744 a Sd 77- 
 
 Geer, Charles de, of Sweden, was educa- 
 ted at Utrecht and at Upfal. He acquired 
 property by the introduction of new machines 
 in the iron works of Dannemorn, and by an 
 apparatus for drying corn by fmelting houles. 
 He was, in 1761, made knight of the Polar 
 ftar, and a baron. He died 1778, aged 58. 
 He was anthor of memoires pour fervir a 
 Thiltoire des infect.es, 7 vols. ^to. on the 
 procreation of infects 'nd papers on the 
 tranfactions of the academies of Stockholm, 
 and UpfcL&C. 
 
 Geinoz, Francis, a Swifs abbe, author of 
 fome valuable differtations on ancient medal,; 
 on the plan and character of Herodotus, 
 &c. He died at Paris 1752, aged 56. 
 
 Gejer, Martin, of Leip.lc, profeffor of 
 Hebrew, and author of commentaries on fe- 
 veral of the books of the Old Teftament, Sec. 
 and a treatife on the mourning of the Her 
 brews, in 2 vols folio, died 1681, aged 
 
 Geiasius I. bifhop of Rome, after Felix 
 II. 492, enagaged unfucccfsfully to fettle the 
 dilputes between the eaftern and weftern 
 churches. He wifhed to e>.punge from the 
 lift of faints the name of Acacius, which Fu- 
 phemius of Conftantinople oppoied. He died 
 496. 
 
 Gelasius IT. was railed to the pontificate 
 iri8, and ejecled by Cencio Frsngipani, com 
 ful of Rome, and by the influence of Henry V. 
 and after in vain endeavoring to regain the 
 popedom, he retired to Clugny in France, and 
 died 1 1 19. 
 
 Geldenhaur, Gerard E'lhanus, a German, 
 born at Nimeguen 1482. He v.u\s invited to 
 the court of Charles of Auftria, which he de- 
 clined for the office of fecretary to the bill-op 
 of Utrecht. He vifited the fchools and churches 
 of Wirtemberg, and was fo ftruck with the 
 innocent manners of the proteftants that he 
 abjured for their tenets the popifh faith. He 
 afterwards married, and was engaged in the 
 education of youth at Worms, at A> 
 and laftly at' Marpurg, where he died of the 
 plague 1542. He was well (killed in poetry, 
 hiftory, and rhetoric, but the freedom with 
 which he inveighed againft the pope offended 
 his friends, particularly Erafmus, who compar- 
 ed him to the traitor Judas, and ipoke with 
 contempt of his condrct. He wrote hirloria 
 Batavica hiftoria fuieartatis Germnnie. 
 hiftoriae illuftratio de viris illuftr. inferior. Ger- 
 manise, &c. 
 
 Gelenius, Sigifmund, of Prague, travelled 
 to improve his knowledge of modern languages, 
 and during his refidence at Bafil, he became 
 acquainted with Erafmus, who recommended 
 him to Frobenius as a corrector of the learned 
 works in his printing houfe. He wrote fome 
 valuable works, efpecially Latin tranflations of 
 Dionyfius of Halicarnaffus of Appian, Philo, 
 Jofephus, Origen, and feveral others. Fie alfo 
 publifhed a dictionary in four languages, Greek, 
 Latin, German, and Sclavonian. His talenrv 
 
 have 
 
GEM 
 
 GEN 
 
 have been commended by Valerius, Erafmus, 
 and others. His difregard for honors was un- 
 common, he rejected the offers of thecourt of 
 Bohemia for the enjoyment of humble life, 
 and chough deferving the moft afHuent fortune, 
 he itruggled, fays 1 huanus, all his life with 
 poverty. He died at Bafil 1555. 
 
 G e l l E R t , Ch rijtian Furcbtegott, born at 
 Haynichen near Freyberg in Miihia, 1715, 
 ftudied at MeifTen and Leipfic, and as the cir- 
 cumitances of his family were narrow, main- 
 tained himfelf as tutor in private families. At 
 the age of 43 he was made profeflbr of philo- 
 sophy at Leipfic, and died 1769. He was of 
 a very generous difpoGtion, but of hypoeondriac 
 habit, and of a conftitutional fear of death, 
 which, however, gradually difappeared, fo that 
 In- expired calm and compofed. He acquired 
 celebrity by his poetry, h is " fables and tales" 
 sre beft known. g wrote befides, hymns, 
 didactic poems, the devotee, a comedy, &c. 
 
 Gel li, John Buptijl, of Florence. Though 
 but a taylor he pofieiTed great powers of mind, 
 and wrote fome very valuable books. He 
 died 156,3, aged 65. He wrote tranilations 
 from Latin and Greek authors, dialogues after 
 the manner of Lucian translated into Latin, 
 French, and Engiifh, alio dilfcrtations, two 
 comedies, la fporta and 1 errore, and other 
 things. 
 
 Geliibrand, Henry, profefTor ofaftrono- 
 iny in Grefliam college, was born in St. Bo- 
 tclph's pariih, Alderfgate, 1597, and educated 
 at Trinity college, Oxford. He became 
 curate of Chiddington, Kent, and wasintruited 
 by his dying friend, Briggs, the Saviiian piap- 
 fefTor at Oxford, to complete his trigonomettta 
 Britannica, which he did in 1632. He was 
 called before the high commiffion court for per- 
 mitting his fervant William Beale to public an 
 almanac for 1631, omitting the popifh Lints, 
 and fubftituting the names of the martyrs, for 
 which he was acquitted, though Laud oppofed 
 i.L He had not fagacity enough t" abandon 
 the Ptolemaic for the Copernican fyftem, and 
 hence his treatifes in explanation of plane and 
 fpherical triangles on the improvement of 
 navigation, Sec. are confufed and unfatisfadrory. 
 He died of a fever in his 40th year. 
 
 Gemelli-Carreri, Francis, was author 
 of an interefling account of a voyage round the 
 world, between 1693 and 1698. Some ima- 
 gine thathe impofed this as a fictitious account 
 on the public. 
 
 Gemionano, Giacinto, a painter, born at 
 Piftoia. He died 1681, aged 70. The churches 
 of Rome are adorned with his pieces. " 
 
 Gemimani, Francifco, an eminent per- 
 former on the violin, and compoier, born at 
 Lucca 1680. He came to England 1714, 
 where he was introduced to George 1. He 
 refufed to accept the place of mailer and com- 
 pofer of mufic in Ireland, becauie he was a 
 Roman catholic, obferving that he never would 
 facrifice his religion to private intereft. He 
 was l'o fond of painting, that he injured his in- 
 
 come by purchafing pictures, but he found in 
 the earl of EfTex a good friend. He, however, 
 rejected, as offenfive to an independent fpirit, 
 the ofFer of a penfion of iool. a year from the 
 prince of Wales. He had employed much time 
 on a treatife on mufic, which, while on a vifit at 
 Dublin, a treacherous female fervant conveyed 
 away from the houfe, and this had fuch an 
 effect upon him, that he died ibon after, 176a. 
 He compofed Corelli's folos into concertos, and 
 publilhed (ix concertos of his own. 
 
 Gemistus, Gdwj*?, retired to Florence upon 
 the taking of Conttantinople by the Turks. 
 He lived to above the age of 100, diitinguifhed 
 for learning and virtues. He was a ltrong 
 Platonilt, and wrote commentaries on the 
 magic oracles of Zoroafler hiltorical treatifes 
 de geftis Gnecorum poll Mantinse pugnam, 
 Sec. 
 
 GzifikAyHeixUr, ofDockum in Friefland, 
 died 1555, aged 43. He publilhed phyfic at 
 Louvain, and wrote methodus arithmeticse 
 de ufu annuli aftronomici demonftrationes 
 geometries de radii ufu, &c. de locorum def- 
 cribend. ratione, &c de aitrolabio catholico, 
 &c. 
 
 Gendre, Lewis le, a French hiftorian, 
 raifed to notice by (larlay archbifhop of his 
 province. He died 1733, aged 74. He wrote 
 an hiftory of France to the death of Lewis XIII. 
 3 vols, folio, a valuable work manners and 
 curtoms of the French the life of Francis 
 Harlay his patron an efTay on the reign of 
 Lewis the great. 
 
 Gendre, Letvis le, a deputy in the national 
 convention, who, after being 10 years a failor, 
 and then a butcher, difplayed himfelf the fit 
 inffrument of the atrocities of Marat and 
 Robelpi rre. He figured in all the horrors of 
 the 10th of Augutl, and of September, and the 
 night before the execution of Lewis, he propol- 
 ed in the jacobin club, that the body ihould 
 be cut into 84 pieces, "and fent to the 84 de- 
 partments. In his miffions at Lyons, Rouen, 
 Dieppe, &c. he every where fpread terror and 
 difmay,but though the friend of Robefpierre, 
 he no fooner law his fall, than he drove away, 
 with a piftol in his hand, all the members of 
 the jacobin club, and brought the key of their 
 hall to the convention. He continued after- 
 wards the enemy of the terrorifts, and in his 
 conduct mowed deep art and diffimulation, as 
 he had furvived every faction. He died as 
 Paris 1797, aged 41, defiring in his will that 
 his body might be lent to the anatomical fchool 
 for difTeclion, vvilhing, as he exprefTed it, to 
 be ufeful to mankind, even after death. 
 
 Genebrard, Gilbert, a benediciine monk, 
 pfRiom inAuvergne 1537. He eipoufed the 
 caufe of the league, and after being 13 years 
 profefTor of Hebrew at Paris, he was nominated 
 to a bifhopric, which for his animofity againft 
 Henry IV. he was not permitted to enjoy. By 
 the intereft of the duke of Mayc-nce, he after- 
 wards obtained the archbifhop of Ait, but he 
 became there very unpopular, and died 1597, 
 Cc 4 m 
 
GEN 
 
 GEO 
 
 in exile at his priory of Semur, in Burgundy. 
 Befides his polemical works, he vvrot* " a le- 
 ered chronology" much efteemed a commen- 
 tary on the pl'alms a tranllation of Jofephus, 
 &c. 
 
 Genesius, Jofephus, one of the Byzantine 
 hiftorians, wrote the hiftory of Conftantinople 
 from Leo the Armenian to Bafiliusthe Mace- 
 donian, about 9 fO. 
 
 Gj mist, Charles Claude, a poet, born at 
 Paris 1636. In his attempt to go to India he 
 was taken by the Engiiih, and Supported him- 
 felt by teaching French ill England. Here- 
 fumed to Franc* and obtained an abbey, and 
 died 1 719, aged 84. He wrote, among other 
 tragedies, Penelope, much admired ibme 
 piilles and a didactic poem on the proof of 
 the cxiftence of a God, and the immortality of 
 the foul. 
 
 Gengis Khan, fon of a khan of the Mo- 
 guls; was born 1 193. At 13 he began to reign, 
 but the conspiracies of his fubjects obliged him 
 to fly for iaftty to Aventi-Khan, a Tartar 
 prince, whom he fupported on his throne, and 
 whole daughter he married. Tnefe ties were 
 not binding, Avefiti joined againft Gengis, who 
 took fignal vengeance over his enemies, and 
 then with a victorious army directed his power 
 againft the neighbouring ftates, and in 22 
 years conquered Corea, Cathay, part of China, 
 and the nubleft province? of Afia. His further 
 projects of dominion were Hopped by death 
 U27, and his vaft kingdom divided among his 
 four Cons. 
 
 Gennari, Benedetto, ofTSolngnz, died 17 15, 
 aged 82. He was patronifed by Lewis XIV. 
 and' in England by Chailes II. and the Engliih 
 nobility. 
 
 Gennaro, Jofeph Aurd'ws,of Naples, was 
 diftinguifhed as an able civilian. The beft 
 known of his works, chiefly on civil law, and 
 written in a pleafing llyle, is " refpublica jurif- 
 confultorum," in which, in the fafcinating form 
 ef a novel, he gives an account of the moft in- 
 tricate parts of the civil law. He died 1 762, 
 aged 61. 
 
 . ovesi, Anthony, of Caftigl'one, acquired 
 celebrity at Naples as lecturer in philoibphy, 
 but expofed himfelf to ceni'ure by his meta- 
 physics, in which he recommended the works 
 ti Galileo, Grotius, and Newton. Though 
 protected by the king of -Naples, his applica- 
 tion for the theological chair drew upon him 
 frt hi the clergy the ill founded charge of he- 
 reiy He was afterwards profeflbr of political 
 phlofophy. and died 1769, aged 57. He 
 wiote in Italian, a fyftem of logic, humorous 
 letters Italian morality, his beft work, &c. 
 
 Gensonne, Armani, an advocate at Bour- 
 deaux, born 1758. At the revolution he at- 
 tacked the government, andfirft gave currency 
 to the opinion that fufpicion was a fumcient 
 reafon to condemn a perlbn to death. He 
 wiilu-d to refer the fentence of Lewis to the 
 primary aflemblies, and he had boldnefs enough 
 to demand tue purufhment ef the Se|tembrj. 
 
 2crs. Tliis proved fo offenfive to Robof t 
 that he was marked for dell ruction with the 
 Girondists, and was guillotined 1793- 
 
 , ILLS, Scipio, of Ancona, ftudied at 
 Tubingen, Wittemberg, and Leyden, and was 
 profeflbr of civil law at Altorf. He died 1616, 
 aged 51. He wrote " de jure publico populi 
 Romani," " de conjurationifeus," de bonis 
 maternis, &c.Taflb's Jerufalem, tranlluted into 
 Lathi verfe, &c. 
 
 GKNTT .is, John Valentine, a relation of 
 the preceding, who left Naples, not to be burnt 
 in confequence of his attachment to Arianifm. 
 lie fled to Geneva, but nearly was condemned 
 to the flames by Calvin, He at laft was con- 
 demned to lofe his head at Berne 1567. 
 
 Gentilis, Alberhe, of Ancona, ion of a 
 phylician, was a lawyer, and coming to Eng- 
 land as a proteftant, he was made profeflbr of 
 law at Oxford, and died 1608, aged 58. He 
 wrote fix dialogues on the interpretation of the? 
 law, a treatife de jure belli, commended by 
 Grotius, &c. 
 
 Gentii.eschi, Horatio, an Italian painter. 
 born at Pifa 1563. After being admired in 
 Genoa, Rome, Florence, and Savoy, he came 
 to England, and employed his pencil in adorn- 
 ing the ceilings of Greenu ich and York houfe, 
 and died here after 12 years' refidence, aged 
 84. His laft work is the portico of Bcnti- 
 voglio's palace at Rome. 
 
 Gentileschi, Artemifta, daughter of the 
 preceding, was eminent as an hiftorical painter, 
 Her David with the head of Goliah is her beft 
 piece. She took fome of the portraits of the 
 royal family and of the nobility in England j 
 but chiefly lived at Naples, where her gallantry 
 became as public as her eminence as a painter. 
 Gentleman, Francis, an actor, author 
 of 11 dramatic pieces, died 1784, aged 66. 
 
 Geoffroi, Stephen Francis, a French phy r 
 ficjan, born at Paris 1672, fon of an apothecary. 
 He vifited Italy, Holland, and England, to 
 complete his medical ftudies, and became pro- 
 feflbr of chemiftry and cf medicine at Paris^ 
 He died 1731. His chief work is " materia 
 medica" in Latin, 3 vols, 8vo. translated hy 
 Bergier. 
 
 Geoffroy, of Monmouth, a Britifh hifto- 
 rian, author of Chronicon, five hiftoria Brito- 
 num,a curious book, full cf legendary tak-s in 
 the hiftory of the firft Britifh kings He was 
 archdeacon of Monmouth, and biihop of St. 
 Afaph, which he refigned to live at Abingdon, 
 where he was abbot, about 1150. 
 
 George, St. the patron of England, was 
 fuppoftd to have lbiHred martyrdom in the 
 reign of Diocletian. Little is known of his,, 
 hiftory, though he is celebrated by many ecclfct 
 fiaftical writers. 
 
 George, of Trebizond, a native cf Candia, 
 who was a popular profeflbr of rhetoric and 
 philoibphy at Vicenza, and afterwards became 
 fecretary to Nicholas V He died in 
 old age, 1484. He wrote de arte rhetoric.! -. 
 iCii/.tiyn? on fome of Cicero's orations 
 
 and 
 
GEO 
 
 CER 
 
 t t Mn ' Quebec, and Canada, were followed by the 
 and letters, &c. and alfo tranflated into Laun , V^ ^ ^ ^fr fleet under Conflans. 
 
 ifebius' evangelical preparations fome ol 
 the works of Aristotle Plato de legibus, &c. 
 George, the Cappadocian, was elected 
 bimop of Alexandria by the Arians after the 
 expulfion of Athanafius 354- On his elevation 
 he betrayed the moil oppreflive conduct, he 
 laid taxes fevere and arbitrary on the people, 
 and at laft was aflafllnated, 36 1 . 
 
 George, duke of rarehqe, brother of Ed- 
 ward IV. of England, was condemned to death 
 for confniring againft his brother. He was, 
 1478, fmothered in a veflel full of Malrofey 
 wine, a liquor to which he was particularly 
 partid. Some fuppole that he fuffcred, be- 
 caufe it had been foretold by lbme foothfayer, 
 that the king's children would be deprived of 
 the throne by a man whofe name was to begin 
 with a G. ; that monfter was the duke ofGlou 
 cefter, Richard III. 
 
 George, prince ofServia, was expofed to 
 the attacks of Mahomet II. to whom he had 
 given his daughter Mary in marriage. After 
 feeing his children cruelly treated by the ene- 
 my, and his cities depopulated, he died in con- 
 fequence of a wound which he had received 
 1457. in a battle again!! the Hungarians. 
 
 George Lewis I. fon of Erneft Augustus, 
 elector of Hanover, and Sophia, grand-daugh- 
 ter of James I. was born 1660. He was at 
 the head of the imperial armies in 1708 and 
 J709, and on the death of Anne, in 1714* he 
 was called to the throne of England. By 
 favoring the whigs, who had contributed to his 
 elevation, he offended the tories, and inffead 
 of reconciling all parties, he thus lowed the 
 feeds of rebellion. An inl'urrection took place in 
 Scotland, in 17 15, in favor of the pretender. 
 During his reign, the duration of parliament 
 was extended from three to feven years, and 
 the order of the bath was revived, but the 
 fouth-lcT icheme proved the ruin of feveral 
 thoufand families. George, diitinguifhed by 
 firmnefs and pol tical fagacity, died luddenly at 
 Ofnaburgh, nth June 1727, in his way ;o 
 Hanover. 
 
 George Augustus II. fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born 1683, and fucceeded 1727. He 
 was engaged in war with the Spaniards, and 
 fent againft the American fettlements Vernon, 
 who took Porto-bejlp, though he was unluccefs- 
 ful at Carthagena. In the continental wars he 
 headed.his troops at Dettingen, 1743, where 
 he obtained a brilliant victory. The infurrec- 
 tion of the Scorch, in 1745, was quelled by the 
 duke of Cumberland, who defeated the rebels 
 at Culloden 1746. Though the peace of 
 Aix-la-chapelle in 1748, reftored tranquillity 
 on the continent, frefh difputes aroie in 1755, 
 in North America. Braddock was defeated, 
 and Byng wasfhot, for not giving battle to the 
 combined fleets, and relieving Minorca, but at 
 bit the difafters of the war were forgotten in 
 the glorious fucceffes of Mr. Pitt's adminiftra- 
 fion. The deitruction of the French power 
 in the Eaft Indies, and the fall of Louifburg,. ' y^, umo. 
 
 I George died in the midft of thefe fuccefies, by 
 . the fudden burfting of the right ventricle of 
 the heart, a 5 th Oftober 1760, in his 7 7th 
 year His domeftic happineft was much em- 
 bittered bv his difputes with his ion the prince 
 of Wales,' who died 1 75 * re, S* * ^ 
 monarch was iplendid more than uleful, he 
 fupported the rights of the queen of Hungary 
 in the war of 1741, but luxury and corruption 
 were permitted to floriih unchecked, and the 
 conduct: of the fovereigtl was not always coa- 
 fonanf with the ftrifrteft principles of morality. 
 Gerard, Tom or 7>#,the inlututor of the 
 knights hofpitalers of Je.rul'alem, afterwards at 
 Malta, was born at Amalfi. He took the re- 
 ligious habit at Jerufalem in IIoO, and affoci- 
 ated with others to relieve all chrilhans m dif- 
 tiefs, and bound himfelf to oblerve alfo chafti- 
 ty, poverty, and obedience. He died 1120, 
 and his order was confirmed by Anaftafius IV. 
 
 Gerard, Balthazar, tha affaftirt of William 
 I. prince of Orange, was a native of Villefans, 
 Franche Comte. He ingratiated himfelf into 
 the friendfhip of the prince, by an affeclcd air 
 of devotion, and at laft perpetrated the deed 
 which he had for fix years coolly meditated, by 
 fhobtmg him through the head with a piftol. 
 He fuffered the fame mtnifhment ns Ravaillac, 
 and Damien, and died a martyr to the church 
 of Rome 1584. The prince of Orange was the 
 head of the proteftants, and thence this fmatic 
 was incited by his clergy to leek, as he fa':d, by 
 his death, the expiation of his fins, and eternal 
 
 glory. 
 
 Gerard, Dr. Alexander, profeffor of philo- 
 fophy and divinity in Aberdeen, was .1 native 
 of Aberdeenihire, and died 1795, aged 67. He 
 wrote an efiay on genius, 8vo. 2 vols, of 
 fermons an efiay on tafte, 8vo. on the geni- 
 us and evidences of chriftianity, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Gerard, John, of Jena, theological pro- 
 feffor and rector of the univerfity, was author 
 of harmonia linguarum oriental. dUputatio- 
 num theologic. fafciculus de lepultura Mofis, 
 &c. and died i668,aged^47. 
 
 Gerard, John, of Nantwich, Chc-fhire, 
 was eminent as a botanift, and publifhed an ac- 
 count, in Latin, of the trees, fhrubs, plan's, 
 foreign and domeltic, in his own garden, 410. 
 His chief work is herbal, or general hutory of 
 nlants. He died .1607, aged 62. 
 1 Gerardi, Chrijlofaro, a painter of Flp- 
 rer.ce,v\\ho died 1556, aged 56. He excelled 
 in landlhr^enndthe grotefque. 
 
 GerbeVon, Gabriel, a BenedicYmc monk 
 of St. Mat\.r, was born l6a8. Long diftin- 
 guilhed as a ideological profeflbr, he was or- 
 dered to.be axrefted vy Lewis XIV. for the 
 freedom of his .opinions on the Janfenift con- 
 troverfy, but he efcaped to Holland, and in 
 1703 wasfeized v'y the bifhop of Mechlin, 
 and "imprilbned at . \miens. He died at the 
 prilbn of St. Der.ys \7> aged 8*. His chief 
 work is the general hiftory of Janfcnifm, 3 
 
 GliRBIER, 
 
GES 
 
 GET 
 
 Gerbter, fir Balthazar, n painter / Ant- 
 werp, recommended by Buckingham to Charles 
 I. who knighted him, and lent him to BrtnTels 
 as hisrefident. He died 1661, aged 69. 
 
 Gerbiilon, John Francis, a jeiV.it miffion- 
 ary ill China, who died at Pekin 1707. He 
 wrote an account of his travels. He was in 
 great favor with the emperor of China, for 
 whom he wrote elements of geometry, from 
 ;d and Archimedes. 
 Gkrdes, Daniel, of flrcmen, became pro- 
 feffor of divinity at Duifburg, and in 173J at 
 Gronlngen, where he died 1 765, aged 67. lie 
 wrote velperae vadenfes, ordiatrike theologico- 
 philologica: de hyperbolis, &c. 4to. obferva- 
 tiones ad quaedam lo.a S. S: &c. 
 
 - Gerhard, Ephraim, of Silefia, profeffor 
 of law at Ahorf, died 1718, aged 36. He 
 wrote delineatio philofophiae rationales, &c. 
 
 Gerlach, Stephen, of Svvabia, was edu- 
 cated at Tubingen, where he became profeffor 
 of divinity and dean of die church. He wrote 
 epitome oi ecclefiaftical hiltory journal of the 
 embaffies to the porte difTertations, &c. He 
 died 1 uil, aged 66. 
 
 Germain, Thomas, of Paris, refided for 
 fome years at Rome, diliinguifted as an inge- 
 nious goiulmith and as an architect, and emi- 
 nent alio in drawing. His metal fculptures 
 were ib neatly wrought that they obtained 
 high celebrity at Paris, and fold very dear. He 
 died 1748, aged 74- 
 
 German 10, Anafafw, of Piedmont, though 
 fetf-taught, acquired celebrity at Padua, and 
 at Turin, where he was elected profeffor of 
 canon law. He was made bifhop of Taranta- 
 fia, and died at Madrid, where he was amballa- 
 dor from the duke uf Savoy 1627, aged 76. 
 
 Gekson, John, was canon and chancellor 
 f Paris. When Petit jutUfied the murder of 
 Orleans, by the duke of Burgundy, he inveigh- 
 ed againft it, and had the detr'me condemned 
 by the univerfity.. He was at the council of 
 Couftance as ambaffador from France, and in 
 his eloquent lpeeches he affertedthe foperiori- 
 ty of the fynod over the pope. He retired to 
 Germany and died 1429, aged 66. _ His writ- 
 ing have been publifhcd by Du Pin, 5 vols. 
 
 foi. , . , 
 
 GERSTEN, Cbrifian Letois, mathematical 
 profoflor at Gieffen, was depofed from his 
 office for refilling to fuhmit to the fentence of 
 a court of law, and was alio imprifoned for 13 
 months for writing an improper letter in vin- 
 dication of his contumacy. He died 1762, 
 aged 6 1 . He wrote methodus nova ad eclipfes 
 terrse* et appulfes hmae ad ftellas fupputaiulas 
 
 ce.,tamin* fyitematis novi ad barometri 
 
 mutationes, &c. 
 
 Gf,nkr, Conrad, a fcholar, phyfician, and 
 philofophcr, born at Zurich 1516. The pover- 
 ty of his father would have checked his abilities, j 
 had not Ammien, profeffor of Latin and elo- j 
 at Zurich, with getter ofity, taken him ; 
 and provided for his education. The death of j 
 x. left him hiv own- matter, and he 
 
 vifited Strafburg where he made fome prtf 
 grefs in the Hebrew language, and as he wa 
 allowed a fmall penfion from Zurich univerfity, 
 he made the tour of Europe. He returned to 
 Strafburg and was called back to Zurich to 
 prefide over a fchool. His appointment was 
 not adequate to his expences, and determining 
 to apply himfelf to phylic he leu Zurich, and 
 ftudied the Greek phyficians in thuir own 
 language at Bafil, till he was nominated Greek 
 profeffor at Laui'anne. Thus independent, he 
 applied himfelf to the medical profeflion, and 
 puffed to Montpellier, where he ftudied anato- 
 my and botany, and on his return to Zurich 
 he praciifed as phyfician. He was appointed 
 there profeffor of philofophy, which he held 
 %4 years till his death. He died of the plague 
 1.565. For the variety of his attainments, and 
 his erudition, he was defervedly called the 
 German Pliny. He wrote not lets than 66 
 various pieces on fubjects of grammar, botany, 
 medicine, and natural hiftory. He tirft diftin- 
 guifhed tl'ie genera of plants by the comparifon 
 of their flowers, feeds, and ft lfts. 
 
 Gesner, Sobmon, bookteller of Zurich, 
 was author of fome elegant poems in the Ger- 
 man language. He was member of the lenate 
 of Zurich, and alio obtained celebrity by his 
 Iandfcape painting. The molt admired of his 
 compofitions is the death of Abel, in poetic 
 prpie, tranflated into Englifh. He died 1788, 
 aged 58. He wrote befides, " night" 
 Daphnis, a paitoral idylls a letter on Iand- 
 fcape painting poems, &c. He alio publilhed 
 iolandlcapes engraved by himfelf. 
 
 Gesner, John Matthew, of the family of 
 Conrad Gefner, was born near Neivburg in 
 Germany 1691. He fuperintended the public 
 fchool at Weinheim, and eleven years after he 
 removed to the more lucrative fituation at An- 
 fpach, and laftly to Gottingen, where he be- 
 came profeffor of humanity, pulvic librarian, 
 fee. He died at Gottingen in 1761. He 
 is known as the author of fome valuable edi- 
 tions of the claflics, of which Horace and 
 Claudian are the more popular. 
 
 Gesner, John James, of Zurich, was 
 profeffor in the univerfity, and died there 
 1787, aged 80. He wrote thefaurus univerfa- 
 lis omnium numifmatum veterum Graecor. & 
 Roman. 4 vols. fol. fpecimen rei nummariae 
 numifmataregum Macedon, &c. 
 
 Gesner, Solomon, of Silefia, was divinity 
 profeffor at Wittemberg 1593, and afterwards 
 dean and reclor of the univerfity. He wrote 
 the prophecy of Hofea from Jerome's verfion 
 differtation on Genefis, &c. fermons, effays, 
 &c. and died 1605, aged 46. 
 
 Gv.Tiiin.lady Grace, daughter of fir George 
 Norton, of Abbots-Leith, Somerfetfhire, mar- 
 ried fir Richard Gethin of Ireland ; but did not 
 live long enough to difplay to the world the 
 fuperior talents fhe poffeffed, as (he died at the 
 premature age of 21, 1697. She was buried 
 in Weltminfter abbey, where a beautiful mo- 
 nument records her merits, and where, toper- ^ 
 
 petuate I 
 
GIB 
 
 GIB 
 
 yetuate her memory, fhe founded a fermon to 
 be preached every Afh-Wednelday for ever. 
 After her death were publifhed " reliquiae 
 Gethinianse," being a collection f choice dif- 
 courfes, pleafant apophthegms, and witty fen- 
 tences, &c. This work, containing much good 
 fenfe, and many judicious obiervations, deferves 
 the compliments which fhe received from the 
 pen of Congreve. 
 
 Gething, Richard, a curious penman of 
 Herefordfhire, fetted in London about 1616, 
 at the Hand and Pen, Fetter-lane, London. 
 He publifhed copy books of various hands with 
 plates. 
 
 GEVAKTIU3, John Gafpar, an eminent 
 critic, born at Antwerp 1593. He became 
 .town clerk of Antwerp till his death 1666. 
 He published ledfionum Papinianarum libri 
 q-uinque in Statii fylvas, 8vo. electorum Hbri 
 tres, &c. 
 
 Geuss, John Michael, of Holftein, pro- 
 feffor of mathematics at Copenhagen, and au- 
 thor of the theory of the art of constructing 
 mines a voyage to Iceland, from the German, 
 a vols. 4to. an edition of iogaritbmi numero- 
 rum ab unitate ad 10,000, &c. died at Hol- 
 ftein 786, aged 41. 
 
 GbIUNI, Jerome,of Monza, in Milan, was 
 educated by the jefuits, and riudied the civil 
 and canon law at Parma. He married, but 
 upon the death of his wife became an ecclefi- 
 attic. He lived to the age of 80. He is 
 known for ins " theatre d'huomini letterati," 
 reprinted % vols. 4to 1647. The work, though 
 praifed by Baillet, is confidered as infipid, par- 
 tial, and often incorrect. He wrote befides, 
 cafes of confidence, &c. 
 
 GuiKLANDAie, Domenico, a Florentine 
 painter, born 1449. He was intended for the 
 profeffion of a goldfmith, but he ftudied paint- 
 ing, and though his pieces pofTefs not fuperior 
 merit, he is refpect ed as the mafter of the great 
 Michael Angelo. Hi& three fons, David, 
 JBensdiSi, and Randolph, were diftinguifhed as 
 painters. He died at the age of 44. 
 
 Giannoni, Peter, a Neapolitan, author of 
 the hill ory of his country, which fo offended 
 the court of Rome that he fled to the king of 
 Sardinians dominions, and died in Piedmont 
 1748, aged 68. 
 
 Gibalyn, le Comte de, author of " le 
 monde primitif," died 1784, aged 59. For 
 this work he twice received the prize of 1200 
 livres from the French academy. 
 
 Gibbon, Edivard, author of the " hiftory 
 fthe decline and fA\ ef the Roman empire," 
 Was born at Putney, 8th May 1737, of an 
 ancient family. From Kingfton fchoel he re- 
 moved to Weftminfter, and became gentleman 
 commoner at Magdalen college, Oxford. At 
 the univerfity he paid much attention to books 
 of divinity, efpecially the works of Bofluet, and 
 as he had never imbibed proper notions of reli- 
 gion, he either from conviction or Angularity 
 embraced the Roman catholic principles, and 
 V 1753 renounced the herefy of the protect- 
 
 ants. This difpleafed his father, who fent hint 
 to Lauianne, where, under the friendly care 
 of Pivibiard, a proteftant divine, he was made 
 to underttand the pure doctrines of the gofpsl, 
 and in 1754 he renounced his errors, and re- 
 ceived as a rledge of his reconciliation the i'a- 
 crament, acooraing to the rit^s of the reformed 
 church. During his refidence at Lauianne, 
 he paid much at! ention to clafllcai literature, 
 and acquired a < erfedt knowledge of the French 
 language. He here became intimate with the 
 daughter of a protectant minifter, an accom- 
 plifhed woman, who afterwards became the wife 
 of Necker ; but his wiih to form a matrimo- 
 nial connection with the - lady was checked by 
 his father, and while he fighed as a lover, La 
 obeyed as a ion, and abandoned the object of 
 his paffionto lead the reft of his life in peeviih 
 celibacy. In 1758 he returned to England, 
 but though the captain of the grenadiers of the 
 Hampfhire militia, he continued his itudies in 
 the midit of the camp, and found more pleaiure 
 with his favorite authors, than in theibciety of 
 profligate afTociates. His elfin fur letude de 
 la literature appeared in 1761, dedicated to his 
 ftther, and was admired as an elegant per- 
 formance. At the peace of 1763 lie quitted 
 the militia, and travelled through Paris and 
 Switzerland to Italy, and in the midit of the 
 ruins of the c; pitol, formed the plan of that 
 great work which has immortalized his name. 
 He contributed much to the completion of the 
 " memoires literairei" of Great Britain by 
 Deyverdun 1767, and in 1770 he attacked 
 Warburton's hypothefis on the defcent of 
 .'Eneas to the infernal regions. The death of 
 his father, in 1770, left him mafter of a com- 
 fortable though encumbered elfate, and there- 
 fore as an owner of landed property, he ob- 
 tained a feat in parliament for Lifkeard in 
 1774. The firft volume of the decline and 
 fall of the Roman empire appeared in 1776, 
 and was continued and completed in five other 
 quarto volume The book was received with 
 univerfal applaufe, and his bookftller, Mr. 
 Cadell, lenfible of its merits, liberally paid him 
 on the completion of the hiftory 8000L Much 
 as the hittorian is commended, it is to be la- 
 mented that he has inveighed with farcaltic 
 rudenefs againit chriitianity. The unfettled 
 ftate of his own religious opinions, and the 
 frequent vifits which he paid to the inridc-1 hero 
 of Ferney, left it indeed doubtful whether he 
 was much more than a maiked atheift ; but it 
 required the deep arts of hypocrify to pretend 
 to develope the awful caui'es which produced 
 the redemption of mankind, and to unveil the 
 myfteries which cover the revelation of heaven 
 to fallen finners. It is therefore not to be 
 wondered, that the two offenfive chapters on 
 the growth and progrefs of chriitianity were 
 attacked by various writers, but the phlegma- 
 tic hiftorian deigned to give a reply only to Mr. 
 Davis becaufe he had accufed him with want 
 of fidelity. Though the abilities of the hifto- 
 rian were acknowledged of fuperior rank, he 
 14 ne.er 
 
GIB 
 
 GIB 
 
 .never ventured to fpeak in parliament, but 
 during the eight years in which he held a fear, 
 he gave a iilent vote for the minifter. His 
 >' memoir on the war with France," in confe- 
 fequence of her elpouiing the caufe of the 
 colonies, written in French, was much admir- 
 ed, and procured for him a feat at the board of 
 trade. In 1783 Gibbon returned to Switzer- 
 land, to complete the three laft volumes of his 
 hiftory, and he returned to England 1788, 
 where the work was publilhed on his birth- 
 day. He afterwards returned to Laufanne, 
 but the French revolution, the origin of which 
 he had falfely hailed as the regeneration of 
 mankind, difturbed the tranquillity of his re- 
 tirement, and he haftened back to England. 
 He died of a dropfy 1 6th Jan. 1794, at the 
 houfe of his friend lord Sheffield. His poft- 
 humous works, with memoirs written by him- 
 lelf, and nnilhcd by lord Sheffield, appeared in 
 a vols. 4to. His character as a writer has been 
 well drawn up by Mr Porfon in his letters to 
 Travis. His hiftory he allows to be an able 
 performance. His induftry is indefatigable, 
 his accuracy fcrupulous, his reading, which is 
 fometimes oilentatioufly difplayed, immenfe, 
 his attention always awake., his memory exten- 
 five,his periods haimonious. In endeavouring 
 however to avoid vulgar terms, he too fre- 
 quently dignifies trifles, and clothes common 
 thoughts in a fplendid drefs, that would be 
 rich enough for the nob eft ideas. In his anxi- 
 ety to vary his phuafe, he becomes obfcure,and 
 inftead of calling his peribnages by their names, 
 he delcribes them by their birth, alliance, 
 office, or other circumftances of their hiftory. 
 An unpardonable fault, too, is his rage for inde- 
 cency, which pervades the whole work, efpe- 
 cially the laft volumes, though it is remarkable 
 he is lb' affectedly prudifh, that he dares not 
 call Belifarius a cuckold, becaufe it is too bad 
 word to be tiled by a decent hiftorian. 
 
 Gibbon 5, GrinUtrg, a Dutch fculptor, fet- 
 tled in England. The beft fpecimen of his ait 
 are the foliage in Windfor chapel, the choir 
 of St. Paul's cathedral, the font of St. James's 
 church, Weihninfter, and the ornaments of 
 Petwoith houfe. . He died 1721. 
 
 Gibbons, Orlando., of Cambridge, was or- 
 ganilt of the royal chapel, and mu% dc6tor at 
 Oxford, 1621. He died of the fmall pox at 
 Canterbury, aged 42. His compofitions in 
 mufic were far iuperior to all thofe of his age. 
 He pubhfhed madrigals, i6i2,&c. 
 
 Gibbs, "James, an architect, born at Aber- 
 deen 1685. Befides the defign of St. Martin's 
 church, London, which coft 32,0001. in the 
 erection, the new church at Derby, the fe- 
 nata houfe, and the new buildings at King's 
 college, Cambridge, and St. Mary's church in 
 the Strand, are part of his works. ; 
 his defigns in 1728 for 1500!. and the plates 
 for 400L He died 1 754. 
 
 Gibert, Balihafar, of Air, after being 
 four years profeflbr of philofophy at Beauvais, 
 was eledtcd to tha chair of rhetoric at the col- 
 
 lege of Mazarin, where he prefided 50 years. 
 He died at Regcnnes 1741, aged 77. His 
 works arerhetorique, ou les reglesdel'eloquencc 
 jugement des favansfur les amatvurs qui out 
 traite de la rhetorique, 3 vols observations 
 fur le traite de etudes de Rollin, &c. 
 
 GlBRRT, "John Peter, of Aix, profeffor of 
 theology at Toulon in 1709, removed to Paris. 
 He lived here in a very retired manner, and 
 though offered feveral benefices he refilled 
 them. He died poor at Paris 1736, aged 76. 
 He wrote practical cafes concerning the facra- 
 ments memoirs concerning the holy fcrip- 
 tures inftitutions ecclefiartical and beneficial, 
 &c. ufage of the Gallican church in cenfures, 
 &c. 
 
 Giberti, John M lttheiv, of Palermo, ob- 
 tained favor at the court of Leo X. and Cle- 
 ment VI!. and became governor of Tivoli, and 
 bifhop of Verona. He was, in 1527; one of 
 the hoftages delivered to the imperialists, and 
 according to the prejudices of thole times, he 
 was treated even with cruelty. When let at 
 liberty he retired to his diocele ; but returned 
 to Rome at the invitation of Paul II. and 
 eftablifhed in his own houfe a Greek prefs, and 
 thus enabled learned'men to publilh fome edi- 
 tions of the writings of the fathers. He died 
 
 1543- , 
 
 Gibson, Edmund, was born at Knipe, near 
 Bampton, Weftmoreland, 1669. He entered 
 as fervitor at Queen's college, Oxford, and 
 publilhed 1691, William Dmmmond's *' pole- 
 mo middiana," and James V. of Scotland's 
 " cantilena ruftica ," 4to. with curious notes. 
 In 1692 he publilhed a Latin tranflation of the 
 " chronicon Sa;;onicum," 4to. and loon after 
 M librorum MSS. in duabus infignibus biblio^- 
 thecis, catalogus," dedicated to Tenifon bilhop 
 of London, who appointed him his chaplain. 
 He took his matter's degree in 1694, and the 
 next year fhowed his abilities as an antiquarian 
 by publifhing Cmiden's Britannia, with addi- 
 tions, dedicated to Tenifon. from whom he 
 obtained the rectory of lifted, Fll'ex in 1700, 
 the rectory of Lambeth, and the mafterfhip of 
 St. Mary*s hpfpital 1703, and in 17 10 the 
 archdeaconry of Surrey. His " code- 
 ecclefiaftici Angficani" infol.^appeared in 1713. 
 When Wake fqeceeded to the primacy 1715^ 
 Gibfon was railed to the fee of Lincoln, and in 
 1723 was tranflated to London. He died at 
 Bath 1748, leaving feveral children. As n 
 prelate Gibfon ranks high. Vigilant over the 
 rights of the church, he warmly fupported the 
 tell nc~t, and was zealous that thole who -a ere 
 admitted into holy orders fhould be perfoni of 
 
 r, dilcretion, and learning. The 
 lifhment of preachers from Oxford and I 
 Whitehall, alternately took pla 
 geftion. He wrote befides i'ome tra&| 
 and paltoral letters. 
 
 Gibson, William, a felf-taught mathema* 
 tician, was born <\X. Boulton near Appleby | 
 Weftmoreland, and died 1791, aged 71. 
 
 Gibson, Thomas ^ a phyficun, of Morpeth, 
 
GIF 
 
 Git, 
 
 in Northumberland. He was eminent for his 
 kno\vledge,of botany, hiftory, phylic, and divi- 
 nity. He favored the reformation, and died 
 in London 1562. The titles of his writings 
 are preserved in Tanner, &c. 
 
 Gibson, Richard, called the dwarf, was a 
 painter in the time of fir Peter Lely. He was 
 originally fervant to a lady at Mortlake, who 
 encouraged his fondnefs for painting, and 
 placed him under de Cleyn, mafter of the ta- 
 peftry works at Mortlake, and thedefignerof 
 the cuts for Ogilvy's works, and Sandys' Ovid. 
 Gibfon's pieces in water colors, but efpecially 
 his copies of Lely's portraits, gained him repu- 
 tation. He was page to Charles I. alfo a favo- 
 rite with Oliver Cromwell, and drew him fe- 
 veral times, and he alfo inftrucred in drawing 
 Mary aad Anne, afterwards queens. He mar- 
 ried Mrs. Anne Shepherd, likev/ife a dwarf, 
 and the ceremony was honored by Charles I. 
 who gave away the bride. Though only three 
 feet ten inches, they had nine children, five of 
 which reached maturity, and were well pro- 
 portioned, and of the common fize. Gibfon 
 died in Covent Garden, in his 7,5th year, and 
 his wife twenty years after, 1 709, aged 89. 
 
 Gibson, William, nephew of Richard, was 
 fuccefsful as a limner, and a copier offir Peter 
 Lely ; whole collection he purchafed at his 
 death, and enriched with feveral valuable fo- 
 reign pieces. He died 1702, aged 58. 
 
 Gibson, Ed-ward, kinfman to William, firft 
 painted in oil, and afterwards acquired great 
 celebrity in crayons. His abilities were cut 
 fhort by death when very young. . 
 
 Gideon, one of the judges of Ifrael, of the 
 tribe of ManafTeh, was called by God while he 
 was threflung, to extricate Ifrael from the 
 Midianites. He was judge over the nation 
 40 yenrs, and died B. C. 1236. 
 
 Gifanius, Hubsrtus or Obertus, a critic 
 and civilian, of Euren in Guelderland. He 
 ftudied at Louvain and Paris, and firft erected 
 a library for the Germans at Orleans. He 
 Was in Italy in the fuite of the French ambaf- 
 fador, and afterwards was profefior of philofo- 
 phy at Strafburg, and then at Altdorf and In- 
 goldftadt. He abandoned the proteftant6 for 
 popery, and died at Prague 1604. He wrote 
 notes 3nd commentaries oil Homer, Arift ode's 
 ethics and politics, Lucretius, and other authors, 
 and fome law tracts, but he is acculed with 
 fuppreffing the publication of the MSS. of 
 Eruteiius, an extraordinary youth, who died at 
 the age of 25 at Paris. He was engaged in 
 quarrels with Lambin and others. 
 
 Gifford, Dr. Andrew, a baptift minifter, 
 afMant librarian in the Pritifh mufeura.' He 
 died 1784, aged 84, leaving his library to the 
 baptili meeting, Briftol. 
 
 Gifford, Richard, a divine, educated at 
 Baliol college, Oxford. He was curate of 
 Richard's caftle, Hereford (hire, and then morn- 
 ing preacher ofSt. Anne's, Soho, and in 1758 
 he became chaplain to the marqujs of Twee- 
 dale, and the next year obtained Dufiield vica- 
 
 rage in Derby fhire. He was prefented in 
 177a to North Okendon re/lory in Efiex, 
 where he was unable long torelide on account 
 of the fens. He was author of remarks on 
 Kennicott's differtation on the tree of life in 
 paradife, contemplation, a poem, 1 753, quoted 
 by Johnfon in his dictionary, outlines of an 
 anfwer to Dr. Prieitley's difqiiifitions on mat- 
 ter and fpirit, &c. and died at Duffield 1807, 
 aged 82. 
 
 Giggeo, Anthony, a divine, fettled at Mi- 
 lan. He tranflated into Latin the commenta- 
 ries of Solomon, Aben Eara,and Levi Gerfom, 
 on the Proverbs. His chief work is thefaurus 
 linguos Arabics?, 4 vols. fol. He died about 
 1632. 
 
 Gilbert, William, a phyfician, who firft 
 difcovered fome of the properties of the load- 
 ftone, was born 1540, at Colchelter. He was 
 educated at Cambridge, and was fellow of the 
 college of phyficians 1573. He practifed in 
 London, and Elizabeth appointed him her 
 phyfician, with a liberal penfion. In 1600, 
 he publifhed his book " de magnete, &c. phyfi- 
 ologia nova," which contained the obfervations 
 of former writers. He died 1603. His re- 
 putation was very extenfive, fo that not only- 
 Carpenter, Barrow, fir Kenelm Digby, and 
 others, have compared him to Harvey, to Gali- 
 leo, to GafTendus, and others, but foreigners 
 regarded him as a man of uncommon merit. 
 
 Gilbert, Thomas, B.D. a divine, educated 
 at Edmund-hall, Oxford. He was ejected- 
 from Egmond, Salop, for nonconformity, 1662, 
 and died 1694, aged 83. He wrote theological 
 trafts, and it is faid made a convert of Dr. 
 South to his opinion concerning predeftination. 
 
 Gilbert, Jir Humphrey, a navigator, bom 
 at Dartmouth. His mother, when a widow, 
 married Mr. Raleigh, by whom fhe had the 
 famous fir Walter. He was educated at Eton 
 and Oxford, and was knighted in 1570, for his 
 fervices in Ireland. He, in 1583, took pofief- 
 fion of Newfoundland, in the name of Eliza- 
 beth, where his attempts to fettle a colony on 
 the American continent were unfuccefsful. 
 He wrote a book to prove a N. W. pafTage to 
 Cathaia, and the Indies. On his return from 
 Newfoundland his fkip foundered, and every 
 foul perifhed, 1584. 
 
 Gilbert, yeffery, chief baron of the ex- 
 chequer in Ireland, and afterwards in England, 
 abridged Locke's effhy on the human under- 
 ftanding, publifhed by Dodd 1750, and tranf- 
 lated the 12th ode of Horace's fecond book. 
 
 Gildas, the moft ancient of Britifh hifto- 
 rians. is known for his epiftle written 560, ia 
 years after the evacuation of Britain by the 
 Romans. He lived near the wall built by 
 Severus. 
 
 Giluon, Charles, a critic, born at Gilling- 
 ham,Dorfetfhire, 1666. As his friends were 
 of the Romifh perfuafion, he was fent to E)ou- 
 ay, but his inclinations were not for the church.. 
 His fpent in youthful follies in London, the 
 greateft part of his property, and married a 
 
 'woman 
 
GIL 
 
 GiO 
 
 woman of r.o fortune, aiad at laft to retrieve 
 his affairs, at the age of 23, he went on the 
 itage, but proved unfuccefsful. He publifhed 
 various pamphlets ami clays, and affected the 
 name and office of a critic, and wrote his 
 " complete art of poetry," and the " laws of 
 poetry , &c. He offended Pope, for which he 
 was placed in the Dunciad. He died 1723. 
 
 Giles, John, or ./Egidius, was born at 
 St. Album's in the IJth century, and was phy- 
 sician to Philip, king of France, and profeffor 
 rtf medicine at Mbntpelljer and at Paris. He 
 was the tirft Englifhman on record entered 
 among the Dominicans. 
 
 Gilimek, or Gelimer, lafl of the Vandal 
 kings of Africa, depofed his relation Hilderic, 
 530. but fled into Numidia >vhen invaded by 
 Belifarius. He was taken priibner, and when 
 led through the ftreets of Conflantinople, he 
 exclaimed, * vanity of vanities, all is vanity !' 
 Gill,. Alexander, was educated at Chriit 
 church, Oxford, and made mafter of St. Paul's 
 fchool 1608, in which he continued till his 
 death 1635, aged 71. He wrote fome theolo- 
 gical tracts. 
 
 Gill, Alexander, fon of the above, was of 
 Trinity college, Oxford. He was ufher in St. 
 Paul's fchool, and fucceeded his father in 1635. 
 He afterwards kept a fchool in Alderfgate till 
 his death 1642. 
 
 Gill, John, D.D. a diffenting minifter, of 
 Kettering, Northamptonfhire, paftor of the 
 anabaptifts at Kettering, and two years after 
 at Higham Ferrers. In 1721 he came to 
 Horfleydown meeting, Southwark,and remov- 
 ed to Tooley-ftreet, where he died 1771. His 
 publications were numerous, and in his princi- 
 ples he was a rigid Calvinift. His works are, 
 an expofition of the bible, 9 vols.fol. a valuable 
 performance the caul'e of God and truth, 3 
 vols, 8vo. a body of divinity, 3 vols. 4to. 
 trails, fermons, &c. 
 
 Gilles, Peter, of Alhi, diftinguifhed himfelf 
 by his knowledge of claffical literature, and in 
 1533 dedicated a book to Francis I. and invited 
 him to fend learned men into foreign countries 
 to examine their manners and cuftoms. He 
 was accordingly fent to the Levant, but a* he 
 was not fupplied with money, he in his diitrefs 
 enrolled himfelf in the army of Soliman II. 
 He was afterwards in another voyage, and 
 carried by the pirates to Algiers, from which he 
 extricated himfelf, and died at Rome 1555. He 
 was author of tracts de vi et natura animalium 
 de boiphoro Thracio, &c. 
 
 Gillespie, George, one of the four fent as 
 comm flioners from the church of Scotland to 
 Weftn.infter, 1643, wrote Aaron's rod bloffom- 
 ine mifcellaneous queftions, &c. and died 
 1648. 
 
 Gilpin, Bernard, a divine, born at Kent- 
 mire, Weftmoreland, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford He afterwards went to Chriit 
 church, and fupported the reformation in confe- 
 rence of reading the works of Erafmus, and 
 of other, German divines. He obtained in IJJ2 
 
 Norton in Durham diocefe, but with remark- 
 able humility refigned it, confidering himfelf 
 unfit to prefide over a parilh. He vifited the 
 continent, where he printed a treadle on the 
 facramems, written by his uncle Tonftal, and 
 returned to England in 1556. He obtained 
 the archdeaconry of Durham, and the rectory 
 of Eafington, and afterwards Houghton le 
 Spring. Zealous and active, he enforced refi- 
 dence among the clergy, and every where fup- 
 ported the interefts of virtue. His influence 
 was conlidered as fo great, that Bonner rr.arked 
 him for definition, and Gilpin, fummoned to 
 London, already prepared to march to the 
 flake, when the death of Mary flopped the 
 hand of his perfecutors, and reltored him to his 
 parilhioners. This hofpitable man was offered 
 the bifhopric of Carlille by Elizabeth, and alfo 
 the headihip of Queen's college, hut he refufed 
 thefe honors, fatislied to live and to die among 
 his parilhioners. He died 1583, aged 66. His 
 life has been written by Carleton, and by his 
 defcendant William Gilpin. 
 
 Gilpin, Richard, of Cumberland, was 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford. He be- 
 came minifler of Greyftock, and a popular 
 preacher about London, but was expelled for 
 nonconformity 1662. He then practifed phy- 
 fic in the north, and died 1697. Of his works 
 his difecurfe on " fatan's temptations," is belt 
 known. 
 
 Gilpin, William, defcended from Bernard 
 Gilpin, of whole life he wrote an account, was 
 born in Weftmoreland, and educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford. He diftinguifhed himfelf at 
 the head of a refpectable fchool at Cheam, 
 Surrey, and died 1804, aged 80, vicar of 
 Boldre in Hampfhire, and prebendary of Sa- 
 rum. He publifhed the lives of Latimer, 
 Wickliffe, Hufs, and Cranmer lectures on 
 church catechifm, 1 2 mo. expofition ef the 
 new tefhment, 2 vols. 8vo. obfervations on 
 picturefque beauty, 8vo. a tour to the lakes, 
 2 vols. 8vo. remarks on foreft fcenery, 2 vols. 
 efTays on picturefque beauty on prints 
 on the river Wye, &c. on the weflern parts 
 of England, 8vo. fermons to country congre- 
 gations, J vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 G10CONDO, Fra Giovanni, fchoolmafter of 
 Verona, had Julius Csfar Scaliger among his 
 pupils, and was well fkilled in architecture, 
 mathematics, theology, and antiquities, and 
 conftrudted fome of the bridges of France and 
 Italy. He died 152 1. He publifhed an edi- 
 tion of Cafar's commentaries, &c. 
 
 Gioia, Flavio, of Amalfi, is celebrated as 
 the inventor of the mariner's compafs. As 
 the fovereigns of Naples were the younger 
 branches of the royal family of France, he 
 placed at the north of the compafs a fleur de 
 lis, a diftinclion adopted by fucceeding navi- 
 gators. Principato, where he was born, alfo 
 affumed a compafs for its arms. Some have 
 attributed the invention of the compafs to the 
 Chinefe, and Dr. Wallis to the Englilh. Gioia. 
 was born about 1300. 
 
 Gxquto, 
 
GIO 
 
 GUI 
 
 Giolito, Del Ferrari, a punter of the 
 
 teenth century at Venice, ennobled by 
 arles V. 
 
 Giordaxi, Vital, a Neapolitan mathe- 
 matician, at firft a lbldier in the pope's gallies, 
 len purler of a (hip, afterwards keeper of St. 
 
 igelo's caftie at Rome, and laftly profetfbr 
 
 mathematics. He died 1711. He wrote 
 Nuclide reftituto, rol. de componendis gra- 
 kium momentis, fol. &c. 
 
 Giordano, Luca, a painter of Naples, 
 eho died 1705, aged 76. Several of his 
 )ieces are preferved at Milan, but his moft 
 
 ifhed picture is the battle of the angels, and 
 le fall of Lucifer, at Naples. 
 
 Giorgione, an illuftrious painter, fo called 
 from his noble afpect, born at Cartel Franco, 
 Venice 1478. He was the firft of the I,om- 
 bards who found out the admirable effects of 
 ftrong lights and fhadows. He improved him- 
 felf by th^ imitation of the works bf Leonardo 
 da Vinci. Titian was his friend and fellow 
 pupil, but his frequent vifits alarmed him, and 
 viewing him in the light of a rival and enemy, 
 he excluded him from his houfe. Thus hoitile 
 each to the other, Titian labored to copy na- 
 ture, but while he furpaffed Giorgione in the 
 delicacies of natural objects, he was himfelf 
 furpafTed in grestnefs of conception. The 
 houfe where the German merchants aftemble 
 at Venice, had its front adorned by the pen- 
 cil of thefe rival mailers, and while Titian 
 embellifhed one fide, Giorgione labored on 
 the other, but time unfortunately has defaced 
 thefe fplendid monuments of human excel- 
 lence. A Ciirift carrying the crofs, at Venice, 
 is confidered as the beft piece from Giorgione's 
 pencil. The ingenious artift employed his 
 talents to fkow that fculpture is not i'uperior 
 to painting, and he reprefented all the fides of 
 the body in the fame picture, by the aid of 
 reflection from a fountain at his feet, from a 
 looking glafs at his fide, and a fhining armor. 
 He died in his 33d year, 1511, of the plague, 
 with which he was feized by paying a vilit to a 
 favorite mjftrefs. 
 
 Gioseppino, a painter, born 1560. He 
 became the favorite of cardinals and popes, 
 and was mr.de knight of St. Michael by Lewis 
 XII. His battles in the capitol are his beft 
 pieces. He died 1640. 
 
 Giott, an eminent painter, fculptor, and 
 architect, bcrn near Florence 1276. He was 
 fcund by Cimabue employing himfelf in the 
 fields in drawing upon the land the figures of 
 the fheep which he was tending, and under 
 the guidance of this friend he role to fame. 
 When Benedict IX. wilhed to fee deiigns 
 from the Tufcan artifts, Giotto, with the 
 greatcft quicknel6, drew with one ftroke of 
 bis pencil, a circle fo round and {o perfectly 
 equal, that round as Giotto's O became pro- 
 verbial. The pope undcrftood from this the 
 genius of the painter, and employed him at 
 Rome. His moft admired piece was a fhip of 
 Jrfofic work over the three gates of the por- 
 
 tico at the entrance of St. Peter's church. 
 Giotto returned in 1316 to Florence loaded 
 with riches, and was afterwards engaged in the 
 fervice of the lord of Lucca, and of the king 
 of Naples, and every where left fpecimens of 
 his genius and of his art. His death ef the 
 Virgin, with the apoft'es about her, was 
 greatly admired. He died 1^36, and the 
 city of Florence erected a marb'e ftatue over 
 his tomb. 
 
 Giuai.di, Li'io Gregorio, of Farrarn, was 
 educated in Latin and Greek. He retried at Mo. 
 dena.andnfterwardswenttoRome, and law the 
 pillage of that capital by Charles V.'s foldiers. 
 After loving there the whole of his property, 
 he returned to Ferrara poor and enfeebled by 
 difeafe. Though afflicted with the gout, he 
 compofed feveral of his books, till he funk un- 
 der his complaint, 1552. He wrote 17 differ- 
 ent things, afterwards collected into 2 vols. foL 
 The moft valuable of his conmofitions are his 
 hilloria de deis gentium hiftoriae poetaruiu 
 turn Grsecorum quam Latinorum dialogi de- 
 cern and the dialogi de poeris noftrorum. 
 
 Giraldi, John Baftijl Cintio, of the fa- 
 mily of the preceding, was born at Ferrara 
 1504. When a I years old he read lectures 
 on phyfic and polite literature at Ferrara, and 
 in 154a he became fecretary to the duke of 
 Ferrara. After teaching belles lettres at 
 Mondovi, he went to Turin, and thence to 
 Pavia, where he was made profeiTor of rheto- 
 ric. He took the name of Cintio at Pavia. 
 Fie was greatly afflicted with the gout, and 
 retired to Ferrara, where be died IJ73. He 
 wrote nine Italian tragedies, befides orations 
 in Latin, and Hecatonmithi, or 100 novels. 
 Hk tragedies are by fome critics efteemed ex- 
 cellent compofitions. 
 
 Gir aldus, Sylvefler, a Welchmnn, born 
 1145. He ftudied theology at Paris for fome 
 time, and returned to England 1 172, ?.n& 
 four years after was named by Henry IL who 
 knew his merit, to the fee of St. David's, 
 which he refufed. In II 85 he was lent by 
 the king as fecretary to his fon John, in Ire- 
 land. In this office he made collections of 
 materials for the hiftory of Ireland, and in 
 1186 returned to England. In 1198 he was 
 a fecond time elected to the fee of St. David '*, 
 but as he had a rich competitor, and as every 
 thing wa6 venal at Rome, he did not fucceed. 
 He died at the age of about 70. He wrote 
 feveral works. He was a great enemy to the 
 monks, and very fuperftitious, and with re~ 
 fpet to dreams and virions ridiculous. Be- 
 fides his hiftory of Ireland, he wrote " itinera- 
 rium Cambria:" " de rebus a fe geftis," &c. 
 
 GlKARD, John. Baptijl, a jefuit of Dot, 
 tried by the parliament of Aix, on the accu- 
 fation of a g'nl of 18, for ufing forcery, ac- 
 cording to her expreflions, in the violation of 
 her perfon, and in the attempt to deftroy the 
 fjuit of her womb. He was acquitted. 
 
 Girandon, Francis, of Troyes, was fent 
 
 to Rome by Lewis XJV. to complete hit 
 
 .knowledge 
 
GLA 
 
 GLA 
 
 knowledge of the arts. He furceedcd Le 
 Brun as infpeetor general of fculpture to the 
 king, and died 1715, aged 87. His chief 
 works are the maufoleum of Richelieu in the 
 church ct' the Sorbonne the equeftrian itatue 
 of Lewis XiV. and the rape of Proferpine in 
 the garden of Verfailles. 
 
 Gxron, D. Pierre, duke of OfTuna, a proud 
 and imperious Spaniard, who, when viceroy of 
 Naples, encouraged the confpiracv againft Ve- 
 nice, which was dil'covered by Jaffier, one of 
 the accomplices, and which forms the Subject 
 of one of the iineft pieces of Engliih tragedy. 
 Giron died in priibu 1624, aged 49. 
 
 Girtin, John, an Englilh painter, whofe 
 landfcapcs in water-colors, and in 'oil, were 
 admired. The views of London and Paris, 
 "exhibited in the Panorama in London, are 
 p!e3fmg proofs of his genius and tafte. Though 
 laboring under the attacks of a dreadful aithma, 
 he followed his profeffion till within a few days 
 of his death, 1802, in his 50U1 year. 
 
 Girv, Lezv'u, member of the French aca 
 
 demy, translated Tertullian's apologv the 
 
 iacred hiftory oi Sulpicius Severus Auguftine 
 de civitate Dei, &c. and died 1665, aged 70. 
 
 Giulano, J)i Aiajane, a Florentine Sculp- 
 tor and architect, who died at Naples 1447, 
 aged 70. The i'oggio Reale palace, and other 
 edifices at Naples, are the monuments of his 
 genius. * 
 
 Glatn, JV". Saint, of Limoges, retired to 
 Holland to pr oft lis the protectant faith, 1640. 
 After ferving in the armies of the republic, he 
 wrote in the Holland gazette, and from a zeal- 
 ous proteStant, he became, by reading Spinoza's 
 Jbook, a rank atheifL He translated Spinoza 
 into French, and published it in three different 
 editions, undwr three different titles, to attract 
 the public attention. 
 
 Glandorp, Matthias, of Cologne, after 
 improving himfelf at Padua and other Italian 
 univeifities, became phvfician to the arch- 
 bilhop of Bremen 1628. He died after 1652. 
 His works, which exhibit the powers of an 
 attentive and able man, were printed together 
 1729, 4to. 
 
 Glanvil, Jofrpk, a divine, born at Ply- 
 mouth, Devonshire, 1636. He was of Exeter 
 college, Oxford, and in 1656 removed to Lin- 
 coln college.- Though he had mowed ftrong 
 partiality for Cromwell's ufurpaticn.he at the 
 restoration became an active royalift, and pub- 
 lifhed his popular treatife, called the vanity of 
 dogmztifing, &c. againSt the Aristotelians, fo 
 that when the Royal focietv was established, 
 he was chofen one of that learned body. In 
 1663 he engaged in a controverfy about the 
 poflibiiity of witches and witchcraft, and though 
 his friends advifed him to be careful in fo de- 
 licate a fuLjett, where religion might be treated 
 with levity, he colic-cled not Lfs than 26 
 modern relations of apparkiors, &c. betides 
 that cf the invisible drummer which nightly 
 disturbed MumpefTon's houfe ft T-edwOrth, 
 Wilts, and which wa* the m.+. 
 
 troverfy. In 1666 he obtained fhe reflofy of 
 the Abbey church, Bath, where he fixed hi 
 refidence. In 1677 ne engaged in a controi 
 verfy with Croffe, vicar of Chew, Somerfet- 
 fhire, in defence of the Royal fociety, and the 
 raillery tiled on both fides, brought a frefh 
 antagonilt, Dr. Stubbe, phyfician at Warwick, 
 who treated our author with great fcurrility. 
 Glanvil forgot his refentment; and when 
 Stubbe was unfortunately drowned near Bath, 
 ;md his remains were brought to be interred 
 into the Abbey church, he preached a very 
 pathetic fermon on the occafion, and paid very 
 handfome compliments to the memory of bis 
 departed antagonist. He was prefented, in 
 1678, to a prebendal Stall of Worcester. He 
 was attacked by a fever, and died at Bath 
 1680, aged 44. He was twice married, but 
 had no ifTue. He was a man of great parts, 
 but though he pofTeSTed in a high degree the 
 power of writing with elegance and fluency, 
 his publications were all on temporary fubjeets. 
 He wrote befides, an " efTay concerning 
 preaching and a feaibnable defence of preach- 
 ing" a blow at modern fadducifm " reflec 
 tions on drollery and atheifm," &c. 
 
 Gi.anville, Ramdph, an English lawyer 
 in the 12th century, mentioned with great 
 refpect by the law writers, for collecting all 
 the laws of the kingdom into one body. 
 
 Glai'Thorne, Henry, a dramatic writer 
 in the age of Charles L Befides plays, he 
 wrote poems to his miftrefs Lucinda. 
 
 Glass, John, M.A. a divine, of Dundee, 
 educated at New college, Aberdeen. Upon 
 his publication of a pamphlet on the inconfiflJ 
 ency of a civil establishment with chriSUanityj 
 he was depofed from his church, and became 
 the founder of the feet called the Glaflites, in 
 Scotland, and Sandemonians, in England As 
 his difcipline was rigorous, faw embra.' 
 tenets, and the name is fcarce known now. 
 He wrote controversial tracts, 4 vols. 8vo. and 
 died at Dundee 1773, aged 75. 
 
 Glass, John, fen of the preceding, was 
 born at Dundee 1725, and went as Surgeon to 
 the Welt Indies. Quitting the medical pro- 
 fession, he as captain of a Ship traded to the 
 Brazils. After an abTence of two years, he 
 returned from the Brazils to London in 1765 J 
 but, when in fight of Ireland, four of the few 
 men confpired againft him ; and after murder- 
 ing him, his wife and daughter, the mate, one 
 feaman and two boys, they loaded the boat 
 uith dollars, and linking the (hip, lauded at 
 Rols, and came to Dublin, where- punishment 
 overtook them. They. were executed 1766. 
 Glaft. published a defcription of FenerifT, with 
 the manners, &c. of the Portuguefe, 4to. 
 Gi.assiuSj Solomon, profeflbr of divinity in 
 im eifity, was afterwards fuperin 
 of the fchools in Saxe-Gotha, and died 1656, 
 aged 63. He wrote philolo^-ia Sacra, /,to. 
 ono.iiatologia meihje prophetic! diijpu! 
 in auguit ccnifeff. exegelis evangel, et epiftoL 
 ciuiftclogi* Mofaica, c; Davidita, &c. 
 
 GLAUBER; 
 
GLO 
 
 COB 
 
 Glauber, RcJoIpbusy a German chemift, 
 author of a volume *' Glauberus concentratus." 
 He has acquired celebrity aj the difcoverer of 
 the neutral purgative fait, which Rill bears his 
 name. 
 
 Gleditsch, John Gottlieb, of Leipfic, 
 became at Frankfort on the Oder lecturer in 
 botany, phyfiology, and the materia medica. 
 He was author of treatifes on the management 
 of trees on the means of deftroying locufts 
 on funguffes mifcellaneous efTays on medi- 
 cine, botany, economy on bees on the fyf- 
 tem of plants, &c. and died 1786, aged yz. 
 
 Gleichen, Frederic William -von, of Bay- 
 reuth, after ferving his country retired from 
 public life in 1756, and, fatisfied with the 
 empty title of privy counfettor, devoted him- 
 felf to natural hiftory. He was ingenious in 
 the delineation of plants, and well acquainted 
 with chemiftry, and he conflructed a curious 
 microfcope, with which he made obfervations 
 on feminal animalcules, and on the putrefaction 
 of vegetables, of which he publilhad an account. 
 He died I/83, aged 69. 
 
 Glendower, Owen, a famous Welfhman, 
 who oppofed, during 14 years, the elevation of 
 Henry IV. to the Englifh throne. His name 
 is ftill revered among the Welch. He died 
 1415, aged 61. 
 
 Glisson, Francis, a phyfician, born at 
 Rampifham, Dorfetfhire, and educated at 
 Caius college, Cambridge. He became, in 
 the room of Winterton, regius profefTor of 
 phyfic, which he held 40 years. He was 
 elected fellow of the college of phyficians, aad 
 followed the plans of the great Harvey, de- 
 pending more upon anatomical difleclian and 
 obfervations thau wild theories. During the 
 civil wars he removed to Cokhefter, where 
 he praftifed. He paid great attention to 
 the progrefs of the rickets, a dilbrder which 
 then firit appeared in the counties of Dorfet 
 and Somerfet, and he communicated his ob- 
 fervations to the world in his " anatomia he- 
 patis," 1654. He was prefident of the col- 
 lege of phyficians, and died 1677, in the parifh 
 of St. Bride, London. He contributed much 
 to the advancement of medical knowledge, and 
 he difcovered the capfula communis, or vagina 
 porta?, and more clearly defined the vena cava 
 porta, and vafa fellea of the liver. His trea- 
 tise on the liver is his beft work. 
 
 Gloucester, Robert of , the moft ancient 
 of Englifh poets, florifhed in the reign of 
 Henry II. Camden fpeaks very highly of him, 
 and quotes many of his Englifh rhymes. 
 
 Glover, Richard, a poet, born in Lon- 
 don, and educated at Cheam fchool, where his 
 verl'es on the memory of Newton were ap- 
 plauded. He engaged with his father in the 
 Hamburgh trade, and in 1737 he married a 
 woman of fortune, and produced his admired 
 peem Leonidas. He was a popular leader at 
 elections, and when" appointed one of the com- 
 mittee in an application to the houfe of com- 
 mons from the London merchants, he fpoke 
 
 with fuch energy at the bar that his addrefs 
 was printed, and excited univerfal attention. 
 He fat in parliament for Weymouth, and died 
 1785, aged 74. Befides his Leonidas, he 
 publifhed London, or the progrefs of com- 
 merce, a poem Hofier's ghoft, a popular bal- 
 lad to roufe the fpirit of the nation againfl the 
 Spanifh court Boadicea, a tragedy, ailed at 
 Drury-lane, not with fuccefs Medea, another 
 tragedy, better received 1761 Athenaid, an 
 epic poem of inferior merit, 3 vols. i2mo. 
 mis great and immortal work Leonidas has 
 panned through various editions. 
 
 Gluck, Chrijlopher, a mufician. born in 
 the Upper Palatinate. He vifited England 
 and Germany, and afterwards acquired great 
 celebrity at Vienna. He went to Paris, where 
 he obtained a penfion. He wrote befides 
 operas, letters on mufic, &c. and died at Vi- 
 enna 1787, aged 73. 
 
 Glynn, Robert, f Cambridge, was edu- 
 cated at Eton and King's college. He ftudied 
 medicine, but preferred the indolent life of a 
 college to practice. After being 63 years, for 
 his wit, his learning, and his interefting fund 
 of anecdotes, the favorite of his fociety, he 
 died 1800, aged 82. He is known as the 
 author of the day of judgment, a poem of 
 merit, which obtained the Setonian prize at 
 Cambridge 1757. 
 
 Gmelin, Samuel Gottlieb, of Tubingen, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his abilities in feveral 
 voyages to France, Holland, and the Cafpiaa 
 lea. He was feized by the Tartars, and died 
 in confinement 1774, aged 29. He publifhed, 
 in German, " travels in Ruffia," and " hifloria 
 fucorum," but though a man of genius, he was 
 of a licentious turn of mind. 
 
 .Gmelin, John George, uncle to the pre- 
 ceding, was member of the academy at Peterf- 
 burg. He is known by his Flora Siberica, 4 
 vols. 4to. and his travels in Siberia, publifhed 
 in French, a vols. He died 1755, aged 46. 
 
 Goadby, Robert, a printer of Sherborne, 
 Dorfetfhire, author of an illuitration of the 
 fcriptures, 3 vols. fol. and the univerfe dif- 
 played, and other books. He wrote alfo the 
 life of Bamfylde Moore Carew, king of the 
 beggars; and acquired fome property by a 
 provincial paper at Sherborne. He died 
 1778. 
 
 Goar, 'James, a Dominican friar, fent to 
 the Levant in 161 8. He publifhed " Graeco- 
 rum eucologium," in Greek and Latin, and 
 alfo tranflated fome of the Byzantine hiftorians. 
 He refided for fome time at Rome, and died 
 1 6 53, aged 5%. 
 
 Gobel, "John Baptijl, of Hanne, was bi- 
 fhop of Lydda. He was appointed 1791, firft 
 conftitutional archbifhop of Paris, but he re- 
 figned his epifcopal habit in the convention, 
 declaring at the age of 70 that he abjured a 
 religion in which he placed no faith, and 
 which difhonored humanity. This hoary de 
 linquent againfl truth and virtue was accufed 
 of atheifm by Rabefpierre, and condemned as 
 Bd the 
 
GOD 
 
 GOB 
 
 the acecwpHce of Chaumette. He was gv.il- 
 lotined 1793, regretted by none. 
 
 Gobkmn, Gilt* a dyer in the rign of 
 Francis I. known for the invention of th-a fine 
 fcailct, which Still bears his name. His houie 
 at Paris Still preferves his name. 
 
 Gorier, Charles, a jefuit of St. Maloes, 
 wrote the hiftory of the Mariannes,'* and 
 " lettres edifiantes," containing the hiftory, 
 geography, and politics of thole countries, Sub- 
 jected to the obfervations of the jefuits. He 
 Wrote other trails, and died at Paris 1 708 
 aged 64. 
 
 Goclfnius, Rodolphus, author of a tract 
 en the cure of wounds by the magnet, may 
 be confidered as the founder of modem mag- 
 netifm. He was profeSfor of phytic and ma- 
 thematics at Marpurg, and died 1621, aged 49. 
 
 Goddakd, Jonathan, a phyfician, bom at 
 Greenwich 1617, and educated at Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford. He travelled, and in 1646 was 
 ehofen fellow of the college of phyficians, and 
 the next year appointed their reader in ana- 
 tomy. As he favored the meafures of parlia- 
 ment, he accompanied Cromwell as phyfician 
 to the army to Ireland, and afterwards to 
 Scotland, and was nominated warden of Mer- 
 ton college, Oxford, 165 1. He was one of 
 the five delegates appointed to fettle all grants 
 and difpenfations, and in the fhort parliament 
 of 1653, he fat as fole representative of the 
 univerfity. At the restoration he was driven 
 from his wardenfhip, and he retired to Gref- 
 ham college, where he had been in 1655 cho- 
 Xen profeffor of phytic, laut in the eltablifhment 
 f the Royal fociety to which he had much 
 contributed, he was named one of the firft 
 council 1663. As phyfician, he was io con- 
 fcientious that he mixed up his own medicines, 
 and even publifhed a pamphlet Strongly re- 
 commending it to his fellow phyficians. After 
 being driven from the Exchange by the fire of 
 London, he was enabled to return to the new 
 lodgings in 167 1, where he continued till his 
 death, of an apoplectic fit, 1674. He was the 
 liberal patron of learned men, and in confe- 
 rence of his celebrky, had feveral books de- 
 dicated to him. He procured fame by the 
 invention of fome drops, long fine* forgotten, 
 bit he deferves to be mentioned with particu- 
 lar honor, if as Seth Ward fays, he was the 
 firft Englishman who made a telefcope. His 
 writings are chiefly on medical and philofo- 
 phical Subjects. 
 
 Godeau, Anthony^ a French prelate, born 
 atDreux 1605. He was one of thofe learned 
 men who met at the houfe'ef Mr. Courart, 
 on Subjects of Science and- philofophy, and to 
 whom the French academy of belles lettres 
 owed its origin. In 1636 he was raifed to 
 the bishopric of GraSTe, which he relinquished 
 for that of Vence. He died of a fit of apo- 
 plexy 1671. His ecclefiaftical hiftory, 3 vols. 
 fol. is very valuable. 
 
 Godefroi, Denys, author of memoirs and 
 laftructious coiicsrrucg the affairs, of the French 
 
 king, in fol. died 1 63 1. His fon John edited 
 Philip de Confines' imemoirs, 5 vols. 8vo. &e 
 and died 1732. 
 
 Gooeschj\lc, furnamed Fulgentius, a 
 monk of Orbais, in the ninth century , known 
 for his controverfy about predeltinati<">n and 
 grace. He was thrown by the archbiShop of 
 Menrz into piifon, where he died ; but his 
 doctrines as well as his Sufferings gained hina 
 followers. I e died about 869. 
 
 Godfrey, Jir Edmundbury, an upright 
 magistrate, who exerted himfelf in the difco- 
 very of the popifh plot. He was foon after 
 found dead pierced with his own fword, 1687. 
 His death was imputed to the papifts, and 
 therefore his funeral was performed with great 
 pomp, and nolefs than 72 clergymen preceded 
 his cor pie, and 10OO perfons of rank attended 
 the proceffion. 
 
 Godfrey, of Bouillon, an illuftrious chie 
 tain during the crufades. He was after the 
 fall of Jerufalem, elected king of that city, but 
 from motwes of humility, he declined the 
 lofty title, Satisfied with the appellation of 
 duke of the holy fepulchre. He defeated the 
 EgypNan fultan, and made himfelf mafter of 
 all the holy land. He made an excellent code 
 of laws for his fubjedts, and died after enjoy 
 ing his dignity little more than a year, IICO. 
 He is one of the heroes of Taffo's poem. 
 
 Godiva, a lady of beauty and celebrity:, 
 Sifter to Burgenhall, Sheriff of Lincolnshire, 
 and wife of Leofric, earl of Leicester. She 
 foliated her hufband to exonerate the people 
 of Coventry from a heavy tax, and he con- 
 fented, provided She rode naked through the 
 Streets, which from her generous affection to- 
 wards the city She did. The adventure was 
 painted in one of the windows of Trinity- 
 church, Coventry, with thefe words, 
 I Luric, for the love of thee, 
 Do make Coventry toll-free. 
 
 Godolphin, John, a civilian, born at 
 Godolphin, in.the ifland of Scflly, 1617. He 
 was of Gloucefter-hall, Oxford, and Studied 
 the civil law. He favored the puritans, and 
 under Cromwell was one of the three judges 
 of the admiralty. At the restoration he was 
 made king's advocate, and died 1678. He 
 published " a view of the admiral's jurisdic- 
 tion," 8vo. 1661 " the orphan's legacy, &c. 
 1674,"- " repertorium canonicum, 4to."-~ 
 the holy limbec, &c. 
 
 Godwin, cad, a Saxon baron, who, in 
 1017, went with Canute againft Sweden, and 
 received that monarch's daughter in marriage? 
 On the king's death he fupported Hardicanu'e 
 againft his brother Harold, but foon after 
 changed fides. After Hardicanute's death, he 
 declared himfelf in favor of Edward, who had 
 married his daughter, but afterwards confpired 
 againft him, and invading the kingdon, he Spread 
 fuch terror by failing up the Thames, that th$ 
 king received him again into his protection. 
 Hedied at Winchester fuddenly, while dining 
 with the king, 1053. 
 
 Godwin, 
 
GOD 
 
 GOE 
 
 Godwin, Thomas, a prelate, torn at Ock- 
 inghara, Berks, 1517. He was of Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, and early embraced the te- 
 nets of the proteftants, and as his fellow col- 
 legians were very zealous for the popilh prin- 
 ciples, he quitted Oxford, and took the gram- 
 mar fchool at Brackley, Northamptonihire, 
 where he lived in the reign of Edward VI. 
 At the acceiiion of Mary he was expofed to 
 perfecution, and leaving his fchnol. he began 
 K> practice phytic. On Elizabeth's acceffion 
 he took orders, and was introduced to the 
 queen, who admired his eloquence in the pul- 
 pit, and rewarded him with the deanery of 
 Chrift church 1565, and that of Canterbury 
 the next year. In 1584 he was made bifhop 
 of Bath and Wells, but fell under the queen's 
 dffpleafure for taking a fecond wife. He died 
 of a quartan ague 1590. 
 
 Godwin, Francis, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Havington, Northamptonshire, 
 1561, and educated at Chrift church, Oxford. 
 ,He was rector of Samford Orcais, Somerfet- 
 Ihire, prependary of Wilts, and fubdean of 
 JExeter. He accompanied Camden in his tra- 
 vels into Wales in fearch of antiquit'es, but 
 while he left his friend to record the features 
 of the country, he turned his thoughts to the 
 hiftory of fome of the inhabitants, and pro- 
 duced in 1 601, in 4to. " a catalogue of the 
 bifhops of England, fince the firft planting of 
 chriftianity in the ifland, with an hiftory of 
 their lives and memorable acfions." This 
 work gained him the patronage of Elizabeth, 
 who made him bilnop of LlandafF. He, in 
 1615, published another edition of his book, 
 which was fo erroneoufly printed, from his 
 diftance from the prefs, that he gave another 
 edition in an elegant Latin drefs, dedicated to 
 James I. who tranflated him to Hereford 
 1617. He died of a languishing dilbrder 
 1633. After his death was publifhed " the 
 man in the moon, by Domingo Gonfales, 
 3vo." an entertaining piece on a philofophi- 
 cal fubject, written in 1583, but never pub- 
 lished. He wrote alfo annals of the reigns of 
 Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Mary, in La- 
 tin, &c 
 
 Godwin, Thomas, born in Semerfetmire, 
 was of Magdalen hall, Oxford, and in 1609, 
 was elefted mafter of Roy It's free fchool, 
 Abingdon, where his genius and abilities were 
 fc>on diftinguifhed by a reipectable number of 
 pupils. He wrote for the uie of his fchool 
 ** Romanas hiftoria? anthologia," 1613, 4to. 
 and in 1616, publifhed at Oxford h>s " fy- 
 nopfis antiquatum Hebraicarum, &c." Some 
 time after he obtained the rectory of Bright- 
 well, Berks, and refigned his fchool. He 
 printed 1637 " Mofes and Aaron," and died 
 at Brightwell 1643. 
 
 Godwin, Mary WolIJlonecraft, n woman 
 of eccentric character, born at Beverley, in 
 Yorkfhire, 1768. Reduced in her circum- 
 ftancei by the extravagance of her father, fhe 
 as a teacher of a day fchool at Iflingten, and 
 
 the* at Newipgton, and afterwards, as go 
 vernefs in lord Kingiboroiuh's family, main- 
 tained herfelf with reputation. Too fond of 
 independence to fubmit to the humors of felf- 
 willed children, (he had recourfe to her pen, 
 and, in 1787, (he fettled in London, aud pub- 
 lifhed original ftories for children, and various 
 tranflations from French, and German authors. 
 She alio engaged in the analytical review, and, 
 in 1790, was one of Burke's opponents againft 
 his famous pamphlet on the French revolution, 
 and the next year lhe published her vindication 
 of the rights of women, a book which in bold 
 language attempts to overthrow the eftablifhed 
 regulations of fociety, and which, inftead of 
 Conciliating concord and mutual affection in. 
 domeflic life, would render the marriage-Hate 
 a i'cene of diftrult, and contentious rivalfhip. 
 She was in 1792, at Paris, where fite formed* 
 an improper connection with an America^ 
 merchant, by whom fhe had a daughter, and 
 while with him in Norway, (he wrote her law 
 ters on Scandinavia. The little refpecf fhe 
 had paid to her character proved a fource of 
 unhappinefs, and deierted by her ungrateful 
 favorite, fhe, on her return to England, at- 
 tempted to deitroy herfelf by throwing herfelf 
 into the Thames. She in fome degree atoned, 
 1796, for the intuits offered to the good fenfe 
 of her fex, and, after defending a promiscuous 
 intercourfe among the fexes, as paffion dic- 
 tated, lhe married Mr. Godwin, but died the 
 Auguft of the following year in child-bed. 
 Her letters, fragments, and pofthumous works 
 appeared after her death. 
 
 Goerce, William, of Middleburg, died 
 at Amsterdam, 1715, aged 80 He is au- 
 thor of jewifh antiquities, 2 vols. fo!. hiftory 
 of the jewifh church eflay on the practice 06 
 painting* on architecture. 
 
 Goertz, John baron of, of Holftein, 
 gained, by his valor, the good opinions of 
 Charles XII. He had been placed, by Char- 
 les, at the head of his finances, and the dif- 
 contents which he caufed by raifing money 
 were fuch, that after the king's death he wa 
 beheaded 1 719. 
 
 Goes, Hugo Vander, a painter of Bruges 
 His Abigail in the prefence of David, is moft 
 admired. He florifhed about 1480. 
 
 Goesius, William, a critic of Levden. ' 
 His notes on Petronius are much admired. 
 He died 1686. 
 
 Goetze, Georgt Henry, of Leipfic, died 
 at Lubec, 1 702, aged 34. He was fuperin- 
 dant of the churches of Lubec, and wrote in 
 Latin, differtations historical, critical, and the- 
 ological. 
 
 GoEZ, John Augujlus JiJ>hratm, of Afcher- 
 leben, educated at Halle, was minifter of 
 Querilinburg, where he died 1 786, aged 55. 
 He was an eminent naturalift, and his various 
 discoveries with the microfcope entitle him to 
 praiie. i'e p.^lifhed entomological collec- 
 tions, in four parts - hiftory of inteftinal 
 worms, in German, &c. 
 
 D d 3. Go22, 
 
GOL 
 
 GOL 
 
 GoE2, I>amtan de, a Portuguefe writer, 
 born near Lifbon. He travelled much, and 
 became acquainted with the learned of Eu- 
 rope. He fettled at Louvain, but a war be- 
 tween Charles V. and Henry II. of France, 
 drove him from his retirement. He was re- 
 called home, but the favors of the monarch 
 were embittered by the perfecution of the 
 courtiers, and by their influence he was con- 
 fined within the walls of Lilbon on his parole, 
 and was foon after found dead in his houie, 
 with the appearance of having been ftrangled, 
 or fallen a facrifice to a violent apoplexy. He 
 wrote " fides, reliiio, morefque ifithiopum " 
 " de imperio & rebus Lufitanorum," and 
 other works. 
 
 Goff, Thomas, was born in Eflex, 159a, 
 and educated at Weftminfter fchool, and 
 Chrjft church, Oxford. He obtained the liv- 
 ing of Eaft Chandon, Surrey, where he took 
 for his wife a Xantippe, whofe violence of 
 temper probably ihortened his days. He 
 died 1627. Among his writings are five 
 tragedies, fome fermons, and two funeral 
 orations on fir Henry Saville aand Dr. God- 
 win. 
 
 Goguet, Antony-Yves, a French writer, 
 born 1 716 at Paris. Though dull in - his 
 younger years, his mind expanded, and pro- 
 duced that excellent work called " l'origine 
 des loix, des arts, des fciences, et de leur 
 progres ches les anciexs peuples 1758," 3 vols. 
 4to. He did not long enjoy his reputation, 
 as he died of the fmall pox the fame year. 
 
 Goldast, Melchiot Haiminsficld, a civi- 
 lian of BifchofFiel in Switzerland. He was of 
 a very unfettled temper, and he palled from 
 St. Gal to Geneva, from Geneva to Lau- 
 ianne, and afterwards he was at Frankfort, 
 Forfteg, znd other places. He was fome time 
 Secretary to the duke of Bouillon, and died 
 1635, aged 59. He was a molt indefatigable 
 man, and though his writings were drawn 
 from fca'rce books and old manufcripts, he dif- 
 played aftonifhing judgment and great erudi- 
 tion. As to the knowledge of the public law 
 of the empire, no man was better intitled to 
 refpect. His works are monarchia S. Ro- 
 manii imperii, 3 vols. fol. Alamanije fcriptores, 
 3 vols. fol. commentarius de Bohemia regno, 
 4to. fcriptores rerum Suevicarum, 4to. &c. 
 
 Gold hag en, John Eujlachius, of Mag- 
 deburg, tranflated Herodotus, Paufanias, &c. 
 into Latin. He died 1772, aged 71. 
 
 Goldman, Nicholas, of Breflaw, author 
 of a treatife on military architecture, on the 
 proportion of the circle, &c. He died 1665. 
 
 Golooni, Charles, of Venice, early lhowed 
 a decided partiality for theatrical repreienta- 
 tion, fo that his father fitted up a play-houfc 
 on his own premifes. The Italian ftage was 
 reformed by the labors and the judgment of 
 Goldoni, whole plays vvfre numerous and po- 
 pular. After acquiring celebrity at home by 
 he genuine wit of his c< medies, he went in 
 \+'\? ro Paris, where he bec?^> -nr^O*- t* 
 
 the Italian theatre, and obtained a per.fibat 
 He died I79^> aged 85. 
 
 Goldsmith, Oliver,* celebrated writer,, 
 bom in Ireland about 17 31. He was the 
 third of four fons, and his father intending, 
 him for the church, lent him to Trinity col- 
 lege, Dublin. He preferred, however, me- 
 dicine to divinity, and paired to Edinhur, h, but 
 here his benevolence drew him into difficulties ; 
 and his offer to anfwer for the payment of the 
 'debts of an ungrateful fellow collegian, obliged 
 him to fly from Scotland. He was arretted at 
 Sunderland, but the friendfliip of two friends, 
 who pitied his imprudence, relieved him, ana 
 he immediately embarked for the continent. 
 From Rotterdam, where he had landed, he 
 proceeded to BrufTels, and to Strafburg, and 
 vifited Louvain, where he took his degree of 
 M. B. He became tutor to a young man- 
 whom the fudden potTeffion of a large for- 
 tune had induced to make the tour of 1 
 but the difpofitlons of the preceptor and the 
 pupil were fo different, that, after vifiting the 
 ibuth. of France, they feparated. After a 
 long excurfion, chit fly on foot, Goldlmith at 
 laft reached Dover in 1758, perfecuted by 
 poverty. The rultic appearance of his drel's, 
 and his broad Irifh accent, proved unfavorable 
 to his profpects of employment, till at hft a 
 cbemift in Filh-ttreet, pitying his misfoi tunes, 
 received him into his laboratory. From the 
 hofpitable roof of this accidental patron, he 
 foon rofe to confequence under the patronage 
 of his old friend Dr. Sleigh, and after being 
 ufher in a fchool at Peckham, he commenced 
 writer in the monthly review, and then in the 
 public ledger, where his citizen of the world 
 firft appeared under the title of Chinefe letters. 
 Now emerging from his obfeure lodgin 
 the Old Bailey, he took chambers in the 
 pie, and lived like a man of fafhion and of for- 
 tune. His traveller, or profpect of focietyj 
 his vicar of Wakefield, and his letcers on the. 
 hiftory of England added to his income, and 
 in 1768, his good-natured man, acted at Co- 
 vent-garden, placed him in the rank of the 
 popular writers of the age. His excellent 
 poem of the deferted village appeared in 
 and two years after he produced his comedy of 
 fhe ftoops to conquer, which was received with 
 deferved applaufe. He published befides, an, 
 hiftory of England in 4 vols. 8vo, another in 
 a feries of letters from a nobleman to I 
 long attributed to lord Lyttelfon, in 2 vols. 
 i2mo. a \Roman hiftory, 2 vols. 8vo. a 
 Grecian hiltory, 2 vols. 8vo. an hiftory of 
 the earth and animated nature, 8 vols. 8vo. 
 &c. but though his income was relpec"table he 
 was far from feeling the comforts of indepen- 
 dence. His temper was unfortunately pee- 
 vifti, and though benevolent, the friend of 
 indigence ind pining merit, he was often a 
 prey to ehildifh morofenefs, and frequently re- 
 tired from the company of the gay and the 
 convivial to brood over his imaginary woes. 
 The laft part of life was embittered by the 
 
 lingerinf 
 
GOL 
 
 GOM 
 
 lingering attack of a ftrangury, and bodily 
 dileai'e produced a fettled melancholy. A 
 nervous fever fucceeded, and by inadvertently 
 taking an improper dofe of Dr. James's pow- 
 ders lie haftened his own difiblution. He died 
 4th April 1774, aged 45. A monument wor- 
 thy of his fame has been erected to his me- 
 mory in Weftminfter abbey, where a Latin 
 infcriprion, in nervous language by Dr. John- 
 fon, records his virtues. As a writer, Gold- 
 fmith acquired deferved celebrity. His poems 
 pofTels lingular beauty, the traveller abounds 
 with animated defcription, and as Dr. Johnfon 
 obferved, no poem of greater excellence has 
 'appeared fince the days of Pope. The de- 
 ferted village exhibits beauties peculiarly its 
 own, and while the fimple tale of indigent 
 nature, and of Suffering humanity can intereft 
 the heart, fo long will the lines of this correct 
 poem continue to be read. 
 
 Goldsmitu, or Gouldsmith, Francis, 
 a tranllator of Grotius' play of Sophomparcas, 
 or hiltory of Jofeph, into English verfe, lived 
 in the reign of Charles I. 
 
 Go Liu s, James., an orientalift, born at the 
 Hague 1596. He ftudied at Leyden, and 
 travelled to France with the duchefs de la 
 Tremouille, and was invited to teach Greek at 
 Rochelle. He returned to Holland, and ac- 
 companied the Dutch ambaffador in 1622, to 
 the court of Morocco. He carried with him 
 a letter of recommendation from his mafter 
 Erpenius, for the Moorish prince, with a pre- 
 fent of a grand atlas, and of a new teftament 
 m Arabic, which was received with great fatif- 
 fa& ion by the king of Morocco. During his 
 refidence here, Golius devoted himfelf to the 
 Arabic, and in an audience from the king, he 
 was admired for the facility with which he un- 
 derftood the language, though on account of 
 its guttural founds he could not pronounce it 
 fluently, and on his return he brought with 
 him a valuable collect ion of books and manu- 
 scripts, hitherto unknown to Europe. On the 
 death of his friend Erpenius, he was chofen as 
 his fuccefibr in the Arabic chair, but he again 
 travelled into the eaft. He was 15 months 
 at Aleppo, and made excurfions into Arabia 
 and Meiopotamia, and then came by land to 
 Conftantinople, and at laft in 1629, he re- 
 turned to Leyden, bringing with him fuch va- 
 luable manufcripts, as have ever fince been the 
 glory of the univerfity of Leyden. He now be- 
 gan and finished a new teftament in the Arabic 
 language, with a tranflation into the vulgar 
 Greek, befides the confeflion of the reformed 
 proteftants, and a catechifm of liturgy, to be 
 difperfed among the Greeks and Mahometans 
 fa every part of the world. During his ab- 
 fence, his countrymen, in honor of his fervices, 
 had appointed him mathematical profeffor, and 
 foon after he was nominated interpreter to the 
 Hate for eaftern languages. To thefe honors 
 he added all the virtues of priva:e life ; his 
 temperance enfured him a vigorous conftitution, 
 and at the age of 70 he travelled on foot from 
 
 : the Meufe to the Waal, a journey of 14 
 hours. He died 1667, much and del'ervedly 
 refpected. Befides a valuable " Arabic lexi- 
 con," and a new edition of Erpenius' gram- 
 mar, and a Perfian dictionary, the life of Ta- 
 merlane, &c, he engaged in a geographical and 
 historical dictionary of the eaft. 
 
 Golius, Peter, brother of the preceding, 
 was born at Leyden, and eftablifhed a mona- 
 stery of Carmelites on mount of Libanus. He 
 was an excellent orientalift, and published fome 
 books in Arabic and Latin. He died at Surat 
 in the Eaft Indies, 1673. 
 
 Goltzius, Henry, a painter and engra- 
 ver, born 16.58, in the duchy of Juliers. He 
 travelled through Germany to Italy dilguiled 
 as a fervant, whilft his fervant appeared in the 
 character of a mafter. After vifiting Rome 
 and Naples, and ftudying the works of the 
 belt Rafters he returned to Haerlem, where 
 he died 1 61 7. 
 
 Goltzius, Hubert, a German writer, 
 born at Venloc, 1526. Though brought up 
 a painter, he devoted himfelf to the purfuits 
 of antiquities, and particularly of medals. He 
 was fo reSpectable that he was honored with 
 the freedom of Rome, and the books he wrote 
 were fo curious, that they were deemed the 
 ornaments of the firft libraries in Europe. He 
 was lb devoted to the fcience of antiquity that 
 he gave to his children the names of ancient 
 Romans, fuch as Julius, Marcellus, &c. He 
 mariied a fecond wife, widow of Smetius, 
 more for the antiquities which her hufband 
 had poifefTed than for love, and, conlequent- 
 ly, the union proved fo difagreeable that the 
 violent temper of his bride Shortened his days. 
 He died at Bruges 1583, aged 57. His chief 
 publications were " Imperatorum fere om- 
 nium viva; imagines a J. Caefare ad Carolum 
 V. ex veter. numiSm." " fafti magiftra- 
 tuum, &c." " de origine populiR." " fafti 
 confulares," &c. 
 
 Go mar, Francis, of Bruges, defended 
 Calvin's principles againft Arminius, his col- 
 league as divinity profeffor at Leyden. He 
 died at Groningen, where he was divinity and 
 Hebrew profeffor, 1641. 
 
 Gombauld, John Ogier de, a French 
 poet, born in Saintonge, 1567. He was edu- 
 cated at Bourdeaux, and then came to Paris, 
 where his fonnets and epigrams gained him 
 applaufe. The verfes which he wrote on the 
 king's afTaflination by Ravaillac fo pleafed the 
 queen regent, that She granted him a prefent 
 of 1 200 livres. He was one of thole whole 
 meetings gave rife to the academy of belles 
 letties, 1626, under Richelieu, and he be- 
 came one of its firft members. Though a 
 friend of the reformed religion he fo conduct- 
 ed himfelf that he offended no party. His 
 income was increafed by an additional penSion 
 from Seguier, chancellor of France, and, by 
 economy, his equipage and finances were al- 
 ways molt refpectable. By an accidental fall 
 in his room he was confined for Some of the 
 D d 3 laSt 
 
GON 
 
 laft years of h'.s life to his bed. He died 1666, 
 aged 9,. At the age of 90 he publifhed a 
 collection of epigrams, and feme years after, 
 the tragedy called Danaides. Among his chief 
 productions are " Endymion," a romance, in 
 prole Amarintha, a paftoral letters po- 
 ems, &c. 
 
 GoMBERYltiE, Marin h Rot, of Che- 
 vrei-.e, author of Polesnndre la Cytheree 
 la ; e.neA idiane, romances difcours fur Us 
 vert .x lei vices de l'hiftoire, &c. poefies 
 div.- os, &c died 1674, aged 75, 
 
 GofrtKJLSAX, Robert, a poet in the time of 
 Charles I. iludent of Chviil-church, Oxford. 
 Lc left poems and fermons. His " Levites 
 revenge," containing poetical meditations on 
 the 19th and 20th chapters of Judges is his 
 beft piece. He died 1646. 
 
 Gomez, de Cividad, Alvarez, a Latin poet, 
 born near Toledo. He wrote Solomon's pro- 
 verbs into Latin verfe| the golden fleece, 
 and other works, eileemed in Spain. He died 
 X55? aged 70. 
 
 Gondebaud, th<rd king of Burgundy, at- 
 tacked Italy, and endeavoured in vain to re- 
 unite the catholics and Arians, He was made 
 tributary to Clovis. He put to death his bro- 
 ther Godefil who had revolted againft him, 
 and afterwards devoted himfelf to improve the 
 morals and property of his fubjects, by the ef- 
 tablifhment of -a fyftem of laws ft ill called la 
 loiGouihelie. He died 516. 
 
 Gondrin, Leivis Antony, a favorite of 
 Lewis XIV. When vifited at his country 
 boufe by the monarch, he removed in one 
 night the grove of old trees which had ap- 
 
 ? eared to the king as offe five to the fight, 
 ^ewis the next day, complained of a large 
 wood which obftru&ed his view, and in a mo- 
 ment nco men, levelled the difagreeable 
 wood to the' ground. What if the king, faid 
 the duche s of Burgundy, if the king wilhed 
 our heads thus to difappear, the duke, I 
 fear, would net hefitate to gratify his fove- 
 jreign, 
 
 Gondt, John Francis Paul, cardinal dc 
 Retz, was born at Montmirelin Brie, in 16 13, 
 and died 1(79. He was coadjutor to his un- 
 cle the archUfhop of Paris, and obtained a 
 cardinal's hat. Though a debauchee in his 
 you h, be affumed the fanftity of the preach- 
 er and with fuch eloquence that he was ador- 
 ed ^y the people. He caballed againft Riche- 
 lieu, and at laft, after fix years' exile, and 
 after being imprifoned at Vincennes and 
 Nantes, he was permitted to rett;rn. He was, 
 fa)S Voltaire, a Catiline in his youth, and an 
 Atticus in his old --ige. He wrote befides the 
 confrir, ry of comt Fiefco memoirs of his 
 life, very authentic and interfiling. The belt 
 edition of ibis valuable performance is that 
 
 of Am.lerdam l~i<), 4 vols. nmo. 
 
 Gokt.ora, 1 civil de, a poet of Cordova. 
 He ftudted at Salamanca, and taking orders, 
 kecar e chapUin to the king, and prebendary 
 
 of Cojdova wheie he died 1627. His works 
 6 
 
 GOO 
 
 
 were all publifhed after his death, and confift 
 of fonnets, elegies, a comedy, a tragedy, &c. 
 The Spaniards regard him as the prince of 
 their poets. 
 
 G r NEi.1.1, John, of Combaffi, loft his 
 fight at the age of 20. He became a fculptor, 
 and by the touch acquired great excellence, 
 and even attempted portraits, and with fome 
 fuccefs. He gave a good likenefs of pope 
 Urban VIII. and of Cofmo duke of Florence. 
 His works are much admired in Fiance. 
 
 Gonsalva, Fernandez, the great captain 
 of Cordova,, was dillinguifhed againft the Por- 
 tuguefe, and in the reign of Ferdinand and 
 Ifabella in the conqueft of Grenada, and in 
 the wars of Italy. This great character, fo 
 refpeclable for Vis valor and kis private v 
 became at laft fufpected to his fovereign, by 
 the artifice of his enemies, and he died in re 
 tirement in Grenada 1515. 
 
 Gonzaga, Lucrdia, a learned woman of 
 the 1 6th century. At the age of 14 fhe mar- - 
 md Monfrone, who confpired againft the duke 
 of Ferrara, and was difcovered and imprifoned. 
 Lucretia, though he was not put t death, 
 applied to every European power for his deli- 
 verance, but her hufband died in priion. 
 Though afterwards folicited in marriage, fhe 
 lived in widowhood. She was fo elegant a 
 writer that her epiftles were collected and 
 publifhed at Venice 1552. Though fhe did 
 not profefs to be learned, yet fhe infufed fpi- ( 
 rit, and all the graces and flowers of erudition 
 into her pieces, and fhe fully deferved all the I 
 flattering compliments of the wits of her time, 
 She died at Milan I576. 
 
 Gonzaga, Scipio, an Italian, created a I 
 cardinal by Sixtus VI. He died 1593, aged ( 
 5 1 , author of fome poems and manufcript met 
 moirs of himfelf, &c. 
 
 Gonzaga, Vefpafian, duke of Sabbioneta, 
 a city which he founded and adorned with 
 churches and fchools, died IJ9l> aged 60, 
 univerlally refpe&ed. 
 
 Goodall, Walter, a Scotch writer, edu, 
 cated at King's college, Aberdeen. He is 
 known as a philologift, and as the author of 
 a vindication of Mary, in 1 vols. 175L He 
 died at Edinburgh I7.*8v aged 71. 
 
 Goodwin, John, educated at Queen's col? 
 lege, Cambridge, was minifter of St. Stephen, 
 Coleman ftreet, London, from which he was 
 ejected 1645 for refufing to adminifter the 
 lacrament to his people promrfcuoufly. His 
 principles were fo violent that he wrote a 
 vindication of the beheading of Charles 
 I. At the reftoration he was excepted from 
 the act of indemnity, and his works were 
 burnt by the hangman, and he loon after 
 died. His writings were in favor of Armi 7 
 nianlYn. 
 
 Goodwin, Thomas, a puritanical divme, 
 born i6or, at Rolfeby, Norfolk, and educat- 
 ed at Chrift church, Cambridge. To n><id 
 jerfecution he went to Holland, and fettled 
 at Arnheim, as paltor of the Englifh chinch 
 
 thtre. 
 
GOR 
 
 COT 
 
 t."ere. During the civil wars he returned to 
 London, and was one of the afTemhlv of di- 
 vines at Weiiminiter, and in 1649 was made 
 by Cromwell prefident of Magdalen college, 
 Oxford. He attended the protector in his 
 laft illnefs, and was ejected from Oxford at 
 the restoration. He afterwards preached to 
 an afTembly of independents in London till 
 his death, 1679. Hi works have been col- 
 lected < vols, folio. 
 
 Gordon, Thomas, of Kircudbright, Gal- 
 loway came to London and diftinguilhed him- 
 felf in the Bangonan controversy, and as the 
 defender of brd Oxford. He was patronited 
 by Mr. Trenchard, who with hi.m published 
 under the name of " Cato" a number of let- 
 ters on public affairs. He alfo published u the 
 independent whig," in which he fhowed his 
 violence againfl the hierarchy, but fir Robert 
 Walpole, knowing his abilities, gamed him 
 over, and made liim commiffioner of wine li- 
 cences. Thus devoted to the minister, he 
 a':ly defended his me.fures, and continued at- 
 tached to him till his death, 1 750, at the a?;e 
 of 66. Befides political traits, he puhfifhed 
 tranflations of Salluft and Yacitus. 
 
 Gordon, Alexander, M. A. a Scotchman, 
 who travelled over Fiance, Germany, &c. and 
 was fecretary to the fociety for the encourage- 
 ment of learning, afterwards to the Egyptian 
 club, and to the antiquarian fociety, which he 
 refigned 1741. He went with governor Glen 
 to Carolina, where he died. He wrote " iti- 
 nararium feptentrionale," or a journey through 
 Scotland, with plates lives ef Alexander VI. 
 and his fon Caefar Borgia, &c. folio hiftory of 
 ancient amphitheatres and 25 plates of Egyp- 
 tian mummies, &c. 
 
 Gordon, James, a jefuit, taught philo- 
 fophy and languages at Bourdeaux and Paris, 
 and died at Paris 1620, aged 77. He wrote 
 eontroverfiarum chriftianas fidei epitome, 2 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Gordon, Robert, of Stralogh, was author 
 of " theatmm Scotiae," with maps of the 
 country, dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. 
 
 Gordon, Andrew, of Aberdeen, profef- 
 for of philofophy in the Scotch monaftery of 
 Benedictines at Erfurt, died 1 75 1, aged 39. 
 He wrote phenomena electricitatis expofita, 
 8vo. philofophia jucunda et utilis, 3 vols. 
 8vo. origin of the prefent war of Great Bri- 
 tain, 4to. He fir ft fubllituted a cylinder 
 instead of a globe in his electrical machine 
 
 Gordon, lord George, fon of Cotmo duke 
 of Gordon, was originrlly in the navy He 
 was member for Ludgerthall, and anxious after 
 popularity he oppol'ed the miniftry, and at- 
 tacked the bill which granted immunities to 
 the Roman catholics. Not fatisfied with this, 
 he headed the mob when they prefented a pe- 
 tition to the commons, and thus by his artful 
 conduct, he occafioned thole dreadful riots, 
 which in 1780 nearly converted the capital 
 into a heap of Turns. For this he was lent vo 
 Newgate and tried, but acquitted. In 1786 
 
 he was excommunicated for refufing to apoMi 
 as z witnefs in a caufe, and two years after he 
 was found guilty of publilhihg a libel againtt 
 the queen of France. To avoid punimrnent 
 he fled to Holland, but returned in the habit 
 of a Jew. He was arretted and lent to New- 
 gate, where he died 1793, aged 43. 
 
 Gore, Thomas, of Alderton, Wilts, was 
 educated at Oxford, i.e was of Lincoln's 
 Inn, and died 1684, author of fome Latin 
 pieces. 
 
 Go R el li, of Arezzo, wrote after the man- 
 ner of Dante, the hiftory of his country from 
 10x0 to 1384, which if not elegant as a 
 poem, is ufeful m a chronicle. 
 
 Gorius, or Gorio, Anionius Francifcus y 
 of Florence, wrote Several works on Grecian 
 and Roman antiquities, elpecially mufeum 
 Etrufcum, 3 vols. fol. mufaeum Cortonenle, 
 fol. ini'cription in Tulcany, 3 vols. fol. &c. 
 Ke died 1757. 
 
 GoRLJEUS, Abraham, an antiquarian of 
 Antwerp who died at Delft, 1 609, aged 69. 
 He publifhed a collection of the rings and 
 feals of the antients, &c. 
 
 Goropius, John, of Brabant, travelled 
 over Europe, and fettled at Antwerp. In bis 
 " origines Antverpianae," he maintained that 
 Flemilh was the language of Adam. He died 
 
 1572- 
 
 Gorter, John, of Enhuyfen, in Weft 
 Frieftand, became medical lecturer, and pub* 
 lie physician at Hardervyck. He afterwards 
 went to Peterfburg, but returned in 1758 
 to Holland, and died 1762, aged 73. He 
 wrote a treatife de perfpiratione infenfibili Sanc- 
 toriana Batavia compendium medicinae de 
 fecretione humorum e languine ex iblidorura 
 fabrica, &c. 
 
 Goth, Stephen, archbifliop of Unfal, by 
 attempting to reftore the Romilh religion irt 
 Sweden, in conjunction with John the king, 
 nearly kindled a civil war, in the 16th cen- 
 tury. 
 
 Gothofred, James, was a calvinift, and 
 enjoyed five times the office of fyndic, and 
 other high appointments at Geneva, where he 
 died 165a. He wrote fever al works, -which 
 difplay extenfive erudition. 
 
 Gothopred, John, was well (killed in the 
 hiitory and antiquities of France, and wrote 
 journal de Henry III. memoires of Margue- 
 rite, and an edition of Philip Comines. He 
 died 173a, very old. 
 
 GottlebeR, John Chrijtopher , an excel- 
 lent German critic, who died 1785, aged ca. 
 Of his works, the beft known is animadver- 
 fions on Plato's works. 
 
 GoTTSCHKD, John Ch'ijlopher, of Ko- 
 ninglberg, profefTor of logic, philofophy, and 
 metaphysics, died at Leipfic 1 766, aged 66. 
 He was aflilted in his dramatic pieces by his 
 wife, and fo great was his influence that he 
 banifhed bufFonnery from the stage. His wife 
 died 1762. The beft of his works are, efTay 
 towards a critical hiftory of poetry for the Ger- 
 D d 4 nans 
 
GOU 
 
 GRA 
 
 Brians collections for a critical hiftory of 
 the language, poetry, and" eloquence of Ger- 
 many principles of general philofophy 'the 
 German theatre poems the death of Cato, 
 a tragedy, See. 
 
 Goudelin, or Goudouli, Peter, a Gaf- 
 con poet, fo eftcemed that he is called the 
 Homer of Gafcony. His works contain great 
 fprightlineis and elegance. He died 1649, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Gove a, Antony, profefTor of law at Tou- 
 loufe, and then at Turin, befides an excellent 
 edition of Virgil and Terence, wrote Latin 
 epigrams, and a commentary on Cicero's to- 
 pica. He died after an immoderate meal of 
 cucumbers, 1565, aged 60. 
 
 Gouge, William, minifler of Blackfriars, 
 was of King's college, Cambridge, and is re- 
 markable tor not being abfent from morning 
 and evening prayers for nine years, and for 
 reading IJ chapters of the bible every day. 
 He was one of the minifters of the aitembly 
 of Weftminfter, and was appointed one of the 
 annotators of the bible. He died 1653. He 
 wrote *' the whole armour of God " expofi- 
 tion of the Lord's prayer " commentary 
 on the epillle to the Hebrews," and other 
 works. 
 
 GoueE, Thomas, fon of the preceding, 
 was educated at Eton and King's colleges, 
 Cambridge, and became minuter of St. Se- 
 pulchre, London, for 24 years, but was ejected 
 at the reftoration. He died in his deep 1681, 
 aged 77. He wrote books of practicable divi- 
 nity, and diftributed many thoufand copies of 
 the bible, catechifm, &c. among the 300 fchools 
 which he is faid to have eftablifhed in Wales. 
 
 Gouges, Mary Olympe de, a native of 
 JMontauban. During the revolution, fhe made 
 3Mirabeau the hero of her writings, but the 
 enormities of the times cooled her prejudices, 
 and when Louis XVI. was dragged before the 
 bloody tribunal, fhe demanded of the conven- 
 tion, the privilege of defending an innocent 
 monarch. This conduct, and her attacks 
 upon Marat and Robeipierre, marked her 
 out for death. She was guillotined 179a, 
 aged 38. She wrote fome dramatic pieces. 
 
 Goulart, Simon, born near Paris, 1543, 
 ftudied at Geneva, where he fucceeded Cal- 
 vin ; and died there 1628. He wrote an 
 hiftory of the League notes on Plutarch's 
 works, tranflated by Amiot and on Cypri- 
 an's works, &c. 
 
 Gould, Robert, an Englilh poet, who died 
 1708. 
 
 Goulston, Theodore, of Northamnton- 
 fhire, was educated at Merton college, Ox- 
 iord, where he took his degree of M.D. 1610. 
 He practiftd in London, and died 1632, and 
 by his will left 2C0I. to endow a pathological 
 lecture in the college of phyficians. He wrote 
 aparaphrafe of Ariftotle, &c. 
 
 Goupv, Jofeph, a French artift, admired 
 for his execution in water colors. He Aught 
 dhe princefc of Wales ; and his cartoons were 
 
 fo highly valued that the duke of Chandot 
 gave 300I. for the copy, when they produced 
 at his death only 17 guineas. He died 
 1747- 
 
 Gournay, Mary de Jars, lady of, a 
 Frenchwoman, born in Gafcony 1565. She 
 fhowed fuch refpeel for Montaigne upon read- 
 ing his firft effays, that ihe foliciteri hi:- friend* 
 ihip ; and on the death of her father, adopted 
 him as her parent. Thus devoted to the mu. 
 fes ihe paffed the belt part of her life, rejec- 
 ting every connection which might deftroy her 
 friendtliip and her mental enjoyments. On 
 Montaigne's death, fhe croifed the king- 
 dom to mingle her tears with thofe of his wi- 
 dow and her daughter ; and as a proof of her 
 gratitude fhe re-printed his EiTays in 1634, 
 with an elegant preface. Her works, in profe 
 and verfe,-were published in 1636, in one vo- 
 lume. She died 1645 at Paris. 
 
 Gourville, John Herauld, author of 
 " memoirs" containing anecdotes of the 
 French minifters from Mazarin to 'olbert, 
 and of Lewis XIV. was originally valet to the 
 duke of Rouchefoucault. He died 1705, a:ed 
 80. 
 
 Gousset, Jame.t, a French proteftant mi- 
 nifter of Blois, profefTor of Greek and theo- 
 logy at Groningen. He died there 1704J 
 author of feveral books of erudition, eipeci- 
 ally an Hebrew dictionary, dilTertations on 
 controveriy with the Jews, &.c. 
 
 Goux de la Boui.aye, Francis h, of 
 Anjou, travelled through Alia and Africa as 
 a Mahometan, and through Europe as a ca- 
 tholic, of which he publifhed an account in 
 4to. 1653. He went as ambaflador to the 
 great Mogul in 1668, and died of a fever the 
 next year. 
 
 Gower, "John, an old Englifh poet, born 
 in Yorklhire 13*0. He was profefTor of law 
 in the Inner Temple, and according to fome 
 was chief juftice of the common pleas. His 
 works called fpeculum meditantis vox cla- 
 mantis confeilio amantis, were firft printed 
 by Caxton 1483. They pofTels great lpirit, 
 and the author in bold and energetic language, 
 inveighs againlt the debaucheries of the times, 
 the immorality of the clergy, and the vices 
 of an abandoned court. 
 
 Gozzi, count Gdfpar, a Venetian, who 
 died 1786, aged 73, illuftrious for lyrical 
 and fatirical poems. He was alio the au- 
 thor of a periodical paper "Tobfervatore," in 
 imitation of the ipedtator. 
 
 Graaf, Regnier de, a phyfician of Schoon- 
 haven in Holland. He ftudied at Leyden, 
 and fettled at Delft, where he practifed with 
 great celebrity. He had a controveriy with 
 Swammerdam, on account of the three trea- 
 tiles which he published on the organs of ge- 
 neration in the human fpecies. He died 16731 
 aged only 32. 
 
 Grabe, John Ernefi, of Koningfberg, ftu- 
 died divinity, and determined to go to Rome, 
 to embrace popery, becaufe he coniidered the 
 
 Roman 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Roman church as the true church of Chrift. 
 He published his opinions, but before he 
 reached Rome, he met with three pamphlets 
 written by order of the elector of Bran- 
 denburg, in aniwer to his book, and thefe 
 had fifth an effect upon him, that he refolved 
 to come to England, as the only place which 
 retained the regular fucceifion of the apoftolic 
 miniftry, without the fuperftitions of Rome. 
 He was. liberally received in England, and in 
 proof of his adherence to the Anglican church 
 he took orders, and wrote fome valuable 
 works in divinity. He alio published an edi- 
 tion of the Septuagint, from the Alexandrian 
 A1S. preferved in the king's library. He died 
 171a, aged 46. 
 
 Gradenigo, Peter, doge of Venice, is 
 known for changing the government of his 
 country, from a democracy to an ariftocracy. 
 He died 1303. 
 
 Gr-jeme, John, a Scotch poet. He was 
 intended for the miniftry by his father, a far- 
 mer of the middling clafs, and from the ichool 
 of Lanark, he was removed to Edinburgh uni- 
 verfity, where his talents dilplayed themlelves 
 in the composition of elegant Latin, and in the 
 more abftrufe lciences of natural philolbphy 
 and metaphyfics. His rifing fame was cut 
 fhort by a rapid confumption, of which he 
 died 177a, aged 22. His poems confiit of 
 elegies and mifcellaneous pieces. 
 
 Grafigny, Frances, a French lady, who 
 wrote the " Peruvian letters," an admired 
 performance. After her hufband's death, who 
 was chamberlain to the duke of Lorraine, and 
 from whom, for his brutality, fhe was fepa- 
 rated, fhe went to Paris, to live with the wife 
 of marfhal Richelieu, where fhe died 1758, 
 aged 65. She wrote alio Cenie la fille d'Arif- 
 tide, two dramatic pieces. 
 
 Grafton, Richard, author of an abridg- 
 ment of the chronicles of England, and of a 
 chronicle and large meere hiftorye of the af- 
 fcyres of England, and kings of the lame from 
 the creation of the world, died in London, in 
 die reign of Elizabeth. 
 
 Graham, George, an eminent watch and 
 clock-maker born at Gratwick, Cumberland, 
 1675. In 1688 he came to London. To 
 a perfedt knowledge of mechanics he added 
 practical aftronomy, and by his accuracy, he 
 invented and improved feveral agronomical 
 and mathematical inftruments. The great 
 mural arch in Greenwich obfervatory, was 
 made under his infpection, and divided by 
 his own hand ; and with his fector Dr. Brad- 
 ley firft difcovered two new motions in the 
 fixed ftars. The inftruments with which the 
 French academicians made obfervations on the 
 figure of the earth, and thofe in the cabinets 
 of the king of Spain, and other princes, were 
 all conftructed by this ingenious artift. As 
 member of the Royal fociety, he contributed 
 fome valuable difcoveries, efpecinlly on the 
 magnetic needle, and a quick (ilver pendulum, 
 and the fimple pendulum. The remains of 
 
 this refpectable man were carried Nov. 24, 
 1 75 1? with great folemnity to Weftminfier, 
 and depofited in the fame grave with his friend 
 and matter Tompion. 
 
 Graham, Catherine JMacaulay, Vid. 
 Macaulay. 
 
 Grain, John Bapt'Jle le, a French hifto- 
 rian, mafter of the requefts to queen Mary 
 de Medicis. He wrote the Decades, con- 
 taining thehiftory of Henry IV. and the hit- 
 tory of Lewis XlII. to the death of d'Anere 
 16 1 7. He was lb cenl'ured by the jefuits, 
 that he ordered in his will that none of his 
 defendants mould be educated by the jefuits. 
 He died at Paris 1643. 
 
 Grainger, James, Vid. Granger. 
 
 Grammond, Gabriel lord of , prefident of 
 the parliament of Touloufe, and author of the 
 hiftory of Lewis XIII., and of a hiitory of the 
 wars of Lewis XIII, died 1654. 
 
 Gramokt, Antony duke of, marfhal of 
 France, is known as a warrior. He wrote two 
 volumes of memoirs, and after being the great- 
 eft ornament of the court of Lewis XIV. he 
 died 1678, aged 74. 
 
 Gramont, Pbilibert count of, fbn of the 
 preceding, was a volunteer under Conde and 
 Turenne. Fie paid his addreffes to the mif- 
 trefs of Lewis XlV. and in confequence his 
 ier vices were forgotten, and he fled to Eng- 
 land where his agreeable manners gained him 
 admirers. He became a favorite with Charles 
 II. and afterwards married a lady of the name 
 of Hamilton. His memoirs were communi- 
 cated by him to count Hamilton. 
 
 Grand, Joachim le, wrote lome interefling 
 tracts on the hiftory of France, befides tran- 
 flations of Lobo's and of Ribeyro's hiftories, 
 and the hiftory of the divorce of Flenry VIII. 
 and Catharine of Arragon, 3 vols, and died 
 *733 aged 80. 
 
 Grand, Mark Antony le, a French actor, 
 who died at Paris 1728. His comedies were 
 received with great applaufe, as well 'as his 
 performance in feveral characters- 
 
 Grandier, Urban, a Jei'uit of Bouvere. 
 He was an eloquent preacher, but was accufed 
 by the monks of Loudun of criminal conver- 
 iation with maids and married women, in his 
 own church, and when acquitted, his ene- 
 mies inveighed againft him for caufing the 
 Urfuline nuns of Loudun to be poffefled with 
 the devil. The folly of this accufation would 
 have appeared before impartial judges, but the 
 monks periuaded Richelieu, that Grandier 
 was the author of " la cordonniere de Lou*. 
 dun" a fevere fatire upon himfelf. He was 
 therefore loon found guilty of magic, witch- 
 craft, and pofleffion, and condemned to be 
 burnt alive. The dreadful fentence was exe- 
 cuted, and this innocent man periflied in the 
 flames, becaufe the virulence of his enemies 
 was fupported by a gloomy tyrant in power. 
 
 Granduet, Charles, a French actor, for 
 35 years, the fuccefsful repreientative of all 
 the Paris petit s-maitres. 
 
 Granet, 
 
GRA 
 
 GRA 
 
 Granet, Francis, a French writer, inti- 
 mate with the abbe de Fontaine. He tran- 
 slated Newton's chronology, and wrote re- 
 marks on Racine and Corneille, and was en- 
 gaged as a joumalift ai Paris, where he died 
 374I- 
 
 Grange, Jtfeph dc Chancel, a French 
 writer, who died 1758, aged 82. His tra- 
 gedies are much admired as well as his mif- 
 cellanecus pieces. 
 
 Grange, Nicolas, tranflated Lucretius 
 with notes, and edited the Greek antiquities 
 of le Bos, &c. and died at Paris 1775, aged 
 37- 
 
 Granger or Grainger, James, M. D. 
 a phyfician, author of a poem on the fugar 
 can?, of a tranflation of libullus, and of fome 
 medical tracts, was born at Dunfe in Scotland, 
 1723. He was educated at Edinburgh, and 
 was furgeon in the army, during the German 
 campaign of 1748, and afterwards practifed in 
 London.. Probal ly his fuccefs as a phyfician 
 was not equal to his expirations, as he left 
 London and embarked to fettle at the ifland 
 of St. Chriftopher. In his paffage he cured 
 Mrs. Burt, who tailed in another fhip of the 
 fleet, and who had been feized with the fmall 
 pox, and thus gained the affection of her 
 daughter, whom he married Fn the midft 
 of a refpectahle practice, Granger did not 
 forget the mules. He wrote his fugar cane, 
 which he came to England to publifh, and af- 
 ter a few years* refidence, again returned to 
 his favorite ifland, where he died of a conta- 
 gious fever, 1767. In his character he was a 
 man of pleating manners, and of great benevo- 
 lence of heart. His merits as a poet are well 
 Known. Befldes the fugar cane, he wrote an 
 ode to fblitude, a weft Indian ballad, hifto- 
 ria febris anomahe Batava?, a tranflation 01 
 Tibullus' elegies into Englifh verfe, &c. 
 
 Granger, James, author of the biogra 
 phical hiftory of England, 4 vols. 4to. a valu- 
 able work, was rector of Shiplake, Oxon, and 
 died 1776, in confequence of an apolecYic fit, 
 with which he had been attacked, whilft ad- 
 miniftering the facrament. 
 
 Grant, Francis, hrd Cullen, an eminent 
 lawyer of Scotland, educated at Aberdeen and 
 at Leyden. He became the friend of fir 
 George Mackenzie, and diftinguifhed him- 
 felf at the revolution. While fome of the aged 
 lawyers of Scotland, argued iu favor of the 
 Stuarts, he manfully adopted the principles of 
 the Englifh nation, and afTerted the right of 
 the people to fill up the vacant throne. This 
 recommended the fucceffion of William III. 
 and Grant thus became a popular advocate. 
 Without his folicitation he was created a ba- 
 ronet by Anns in 1705, and a year after he 
 vas nominated one of the judges of Scotland, 
 when he afTumed the title of lord Cullen. 
 After 20 years of honorable labor devoted to 
 the good of his country, and the impartial ad- 
 rniniftration of her laws, he fell a facrifice to 
 in illncfs cf three days 1726, in his 06th year. 
 
 RefpeAed as a judge he was equally great as % 
 writer. His etfiys on law, religion, educa- 
 tion, and on feveral literary fuhjects, proved 
 his folid fenfe, extenfive erudition, and ftrong- 
 ly fixed principles. 
 
 Grant, Patrui, a Scotch judge, by the 
 title of lord Prefton-Grange, was born at 
 Edinburgh and ftudied at Glaigow, Paris, and 
 Leyden. He was in 1746 lord advocate, and 
 in 1754 advanced to the bench. He wrote 
 lbme ingenious pieces againft the rebellion of 
 1745, and died at Edinburgh 1762, aged 
 64. 
 
 Granville, George, vifcount Landf- 
 downe, an Englifh poet, fecond fon of Bar- 
 nard Granville efq. brother of the firft earl of 
 Bath of this name, who had a principal fhare 
 in bringing back Charles II. At the age of 
 1 1 he entered at Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 and two years after was created M.A. He 
 exprefTed a wifh, on the infurre&ion of Mon- 
 mouth, to arm in the defence of the king, and 
 alfo at the invafion of the prince of Orange, 
 but he was rebuked by his father, and ac- 
 quiefced in the meafures of parliament. He 
 devoted himfelf to the cultivation of the mu- 
 les, andfoon told the world, in all the fweet- 
 nefs of amorous poetry, how much he was 
 charmed with the beauty of Myra, a name un- 
 der which he immortalized the inexorable 
 countefs of Newburgh. In vain his friends 
 expoftulated with him for proilituting his po- 
 etry a' the fhrine of unyielding charms ; he 
 indulged his favorite paffion, and, in enjoying 
 the company of the fair, he celebrated, after 
 the example cf his predeceflbr Waller, the 
 reigning beauties of the age. He wrote alfo 
 fome dramatic pieces, and his " Britifh en- 
 chanters," was applauded for 40 fucceffive 
 nights. At the age of $5, he was introduced 
 to queen Anne, and found that polite recep- 
 tion which his character deferved. In fecond- 
 ing the views of miniftry in their war againft 
 Spain, he tranflated the fecond Olynthiac cf 
 Demoflhenes to animate his countrymen, and 
 prefented to Harley the journal of Wim- 
 bledon's expedition againft Cadiz in 1625, that 
 his errors might be avoided in the pro- 
 jected plan under Ormond, but in vain, for 
 the attempt was unfuccefsful, though Vigo fell 
 inro the hands of the Englifh. After the 
 death pf his father, Granville was in parlia- 
 ment for Fowey, and by the death of his elder 
 brother, governor of Barbadoes, he was 
 now at the head of his family, and in poflef- 
 fion of a very ample fortune. A change of 
 adminiftration, however, cut off his profpecls 
 of aggrandizement, till, at the trial oi Sache- 
 verell, his friends were again replaced into fa- 
 vor, and he became fecretary at war, in th 
 room of Walpole. In 171 1 he married Mary 
 lord Jerfry's dmghter, widow of Thomas 
 Thvnne, and was created baron of Bideford , 
 vifcount Landfdowne, in Devonfhire. Though 
 he was one of the 12 perfons who were created 
 pe&rs at the feme timo, fr the purpofei of 
 
 party, 
 
Git A 
 
 GRA 
 
 party, his elevation caufed not fo much noife 
 as that of the others, as already two peerages 
 had been extinct in his family, which,- for 
 antiquity, and ioitune, was equal to any in 
 the kingdom. In 17 12 he was made privy 
 counsellor, comptroller, and afterwards trea- 
 furer of the houfehold. The death of the 
 queen removed him from his offices; but not 
 forgetting his friends, h^ strongly protested 
 sg-nii.t the attainting, of. Ormond arid Boling- 
 broke. As lie was fufpected of favoring the 
 pretender, he was arretted and committed for 
 two years a clofe priioner to the lower. On 
 the breaking out of Atterbury's accu- 
 fation, he retired to France to avoid the 
 imputation of treafon and the persecution of 
 his enemies. After 10 years' refidence at 
 Paris he returned to England, md pubiifhed, 
 in 173*, his poems, together with a vindica- 
 tion of his uncle fir Richard Granville, again:! 
 the mifreprelenutions of Burnet, Echard, and 
 Clarendon, in % vols 4to. He died 173 <r, aged 
 68. 
 
 Grapaldus, Francis Marius, of Parma, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf fo much in an embaffy to 
 the pope, that Julius II. crowned him with his 
 own hand. He wrote a book in which he de- 
 fcribed all the parts of a houfe with great 
 judgment and tafte. 
 
 Graswjnckel, Theodore, of Delft, died 
 at Mechlin 1666, aged 66. He was made 
 faught of St. Mark by the Venetians for vin- 
 dicating them again ft the duke of Savoy in his 
 work called lib^rtas Veneta. He wrote be- 
 sides de jure majeftatis againft Buchanan, &c. 
 
 Gravejlot, Henry Francis Bourguinon, 
 an engraver of Paris, who fpent fome time at 
 St. Domingo, and came to London, where he 
 refided 13 years. He adorned the belt edi- 
 tions of the French poets, and died 1 7 73, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Graves, Richard, was born at Micletcn, 
 Gloucelterlhire 1715, and after receiving his 
 education at Abingdon fchool, and Pembroke 
 college, Oxford, he in 1736 was elected fellow 
 of All-Souls. He ftudied phyfic for fome 
 time, but abandoned it for divinity, and was 
 prefented in 1750 to the rectory of Claverton 
 near Bath, and to this was added in 1763 the 
 living of Kilmerfdbn. He diftinguifhed him- 
 felf much as a popular writer, and every where 
 difplayed that freedom and good humor fo emi- 
 nently vifible in his character. The belt 
 known of his publications are the feftoon, or 
 collection of epigrams, ijmo. lucubrations, in 
 profe and rhyme, j ublifhed under the name of 
 Peter Pomfret the fpiritual Quixote, 3 vols. 
 8vo. a work of merit, in which he fuccelsfullv 
 expofed to ridicule the conduct and tmets ot 
 the methodifts Eugenius, or anecdotes of 
 the golden bull Columella, or the diftr effed 
 anchoret Plexippus, or the afpiring ple- 
 beian political pieces, under the name of 
 JSuphrofyne recollections of fome particulars 
 |n the life of his friend shenftone life of 
 Comrnodus, from the Greek of Kwodiaa 
 
 Hiero, er royalty, from Xenophon fermani 
 on various fubjects meditations of Antoninus, 
 from the Greek the reveries of folitude 
 the coalition, or rehearfal of the paitoral 
 oge^i of Echo and NarciiTus the farmer's 
 ion, as a companion to Anfiey's farmer's 
 daughter the invalid, with the means of en- 
 joying long life feuilities, &c. He died at 
 his rectory of Claverton, 1804, in his 90th 
 vear. 
 
 Gravesande, William James, a maths, 
 matician of Delft in Holland, educated at Ley- 
 den, and intended for the law. He fettled at 
 the Hague 1707, and pracliied at the b*r, 
 but his acquaintance with learned men led 
 him to literature, and he united in the perio- 
 dical review called * le journal literaire ", 
 from 1713 to 1722. In 1715 he was one 
 of the delegates tent to cpsgratulafce George L 
 on his acceffion to the Englilh throne, and in 
 England he became the friend of Newton, 
 whole fublime philolbphy he afterwards taught 
 when eleted to the mathematical and philofo- 
 phical chair at Leyden. He died 1742. He 
 wrote among other things " an introduction to 
 Newton's philofophy " " a fmall treatife on 
 the elements of algebra," a courfe of logic 
 and metaphyffes. 
 
 Gravina, Peter, an Italian poet, who 
 pubiifhed a 4to. volume of poems, admired for 
 harmony, fweetnefs, and delicacy. 
 
 Gravina, John Fmcent, a lawyer, fecrn 
 at Roggiano, 1664, and educated under his 
 relation Gregory Caloprefe. He afterwards 
 ihidied at Naples, and each day dedicated io, 
 often 12, hours to his improvement. He 
 went to Rome and was made profefTor of 
 canon law in the Sapienzi college. He was 
 invited by liberal promiles to fettle in Ger- 
 many, and alfo at Turin, but he preferred his 
 refidence, where he died of a mortification in 
 his bowels, 1718. Though learned, he was 
 unhappily of a difagreeable temper, and fpoke 
 with fuch contempt of mankind, that he railed 
 himfelf many enemies. He wrote " de ortu 
 et progreflu juris civilis," the belt edition of 
 which is that of Naples, a vols. 4^-. with the 
 addition of his treatife de Romano imp?rio. He 
 wrote alfo five tragedies, befides philological 
 treatifes, orations, &c. 
 
 Graunt, Edivard, head mafter of Weft- 
 minfter fchool, and author of Gneca? linguse 
 ipecilegium et inftitutio Grascse grammatics," 
 died 1601. 
 
 Graunt, John, author of " obfervations 
 on the bills of mortality," was born in Birchm- 
 lane, London, 1620. He was brought up 
 in the principles of the puritans, and received 
 no advantages from grammar education, but 
 was barely qualified in writing for the bufinefc 
 of a haberdafher. In this employment ht 
 gained the confidence of his fellow citizens; 
 fo that he role to all the offices of his ward ; 
 was a common council-man, and a captain, and 
 then a major of the train bands. I lis " obfer- 
 vations" fir* appeared in 1661, and with fucb 
 
 tuccefs, 
 
GRE 
 
 ORE 
 
 fuccefs, that Lewis XIV. of France adopted 
 his plans for the regular regifter of births and 
 burials, and Charles II. recommended him to 
 the Royal lbciety to be elected one of their 
 members in 1661-a. In 1665 the third edi- 
 tion of his popular book was printed by the 
 's printer, and the author flattered by 
 the honors raid to his literary fervices, aban- 
 doned the bufinefs of fhopkeeper, and in 1666 
 became a truftee for the management of the 
 New River. In this sffice, it has been reported 
 by Bornet, that he was guilty of a moft dia- 
 bolical crime., by Hopping all the cocks which 
 conveyed water from Iflington to London, the 
 night before the great fire which confirmed the 
 city. The accufation, however, is falie, as 
 he was admitted among the truftees 23 days 
 after the conflagration happened ; and the ma- 
 levolent report arofe only after his death, 
 and probably owed its origin to his change of 
 religious principles, as about 1667 he recon- 
 ciled himfelf to the tenets of the church of 
 Rome. He died 1674. 
 
 Grav, Thomas, an Englifh poet, born in 
 Cornhill 1716. He was educated at Eton, and 
 Peter-houfe, Cambridge, and in 1738 he came 
 to ftudy the law. His purfuits were fufpend- 
 cd, while he accompanied Horace Walpole on 
 the continent. Two months after his return, 
 in 1741, his father died, and he then difcover- 
 ed that his income wa inadequate to fupport 
 him in the ftudy of the law, therefore he re- 
 turned to Cambridge, where he afterwards 
 chiefly fixed his refidence. Between the years 
 1759 and 1762, he confulted the Harleian and 
 ether MSS. i n the Britifh mufeum, from 
 which he madefome curious extracts. In 1768, 
 he was appointed profeflbr of modern hiilory 
 at Cambridge, but his health was fuch, that he 
 never executed the duties of the office.. He 
 died of the gout in his ftomach 1771. As a 
 fcholar, Gray was profound, elegant, and well 
 informed; he had read all the hiftorians of 
 England, ( France, and Italy, and was well 
 veri'ed.in antiquities, in criticifm, in morals 
 and politics ; and he pofieiTed the moft re- 
 fined taite in painting, architecture, and gar- 
 dening. His letters are correct, pleafing, and 
 inftructive. His poems, which are very 
 few, but mod elegant and fublime, were pub- 
 liihedin 1775, in. 4to. by his friend Maibn, 
 who had lived with him in intimacy fincei.747, 
 and who, therefore, was well qualified to pre- 
 fix to the edition " memoirs of his life and 
 writings. ' 
 
 Gkazzini, Antony Francis, one of the 
 founders of the academy of la Crui'ca, was 
 born in Florence, and confidered as equal to 
 Boccace. He published fix comedies, and 
 other things, and died 1583. 
 
 Greatrakfs, Valentine., an. Irifhman, 
 
 i cc-kbrity by attempting to cure dif- 
 
 touch. He came to En- 
 
 re were unfuccefsful with 
 
 is defcribed as an extraor- 
 
 , who with feveral 
 
 others 3ttefted his cures. But, though Glan* 
 ville imputed his healing powers to fomc fana- 
 tive qualities about his perfon, his enthufiafm 
 was ftrongly affifted by the imagination of his 
 patients. He died about 1680. 
 
 Greaves, John, a mathematician, born 
 160s near Ahesford, Hants. At ij he en- 
 tered at Bahol college, and in 1624 | 
 elected firft of five candidates to a fell 
 in Ivlerton college. He devoted himfelf to 
 mathematics and oriental learning, and in 
 1630, was chofen geometry lecturer in Gre- 
 fham college. In 1635, he went to Holland 
 to attend Golius at Leyden, and afterwards 
 pailed to Paris, and vifited Rome and 
 Italy. Lord Arundel admired his lpirit in 
 Italy, and endeavoured to prevail upon him to 
 accompany him to Greece, with a liberal al- 
 lowance of 200L per annum, but Greaves had 
 formed the defign of penetrating to Egypt, 
 and therefore on his return to England, he 
 communicated his plan to his patron Laud. 
 Laud liberally encouraged him ; but when 
 the city of London was iblicited to lub- 
 fcribe to the defign, it was rejected, and 
 Greaves remembered ever after the illibera- 
 lityofthe Londoners. In June 1637 he pro- 
 ceeded to Conftantinople, where fir Peter 
 Wyche, the ambaflador, introduced him to 
 Cyril the Greek patriarch, who enabled him 
 to procure valuable MSS. but whofe death* 
 foon fruftrated his defign. He then embarked 
 for Alexandria, and after vifiting Rhodes ho 
 reached Egypt, Sept. 1638. After twice pe-> 
 netrating into the defart, meafuring the pyra- 
 mids, and making various obfervations on the 
 climate, monuments, and manners of the 
 country, he left Alexandria April, 1639. He 
 came back through Italy, and reached Lon- 
 don 1640, richly loaded with the claffical 
 ipoilsofthe Eaft, Arabic, Perfic, Greek MSS. 
 befides gems, coins, and other valuable anti- 
 quities. His attachment to his patron, and to 
 his royal mailer, expofed him to the periecu- 
 tion of the parliament, he was removed from 
 his profeflbrfhip at Grefham college, and 
 though appointed to the bavilian profefTorfhip 
 of aitronomy at Oxford, and permitted by the 
 king taretain his Merton fellowfhip, he found 
 himfelf difturbed in the arrangement of his 
 papers for the prefs. Though the commons 
 were acrimonious againft the partisans of roy- 
 alty, he found an active patron in Selden,wh 
 was burgefs in the houfe for Oxford, and to 
 whom he dedicated his " Roman foot." At 
 laft lie was ejected from the Savilian prolef- 
 forfhip, in which he wa:> fucceeded by Seth 
 Ward, and he afterwards went to refide in 
 London, where he enriched Englifh literature 
 by the tranflation of Arabic and Perfian manu- 
 fcripts with explanatory notes. He died 1652. 
 His coins were left to his friend fir John Mar- 
 lham,and his aftronomical inftrumentswerepre 
 fented to the Savilian profeflbrfiiip of Oxford, 
 with feveral of his papers. The hc\\ k'io.\ D of 
 his works are, his " pyramidographia," and his 
 " defciiptiot 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 * description of the Roman foot and dena- 
 rius." 
 
 GRE COURT, John Baptiji Jofepb Vlllart 
 dc, a French poet, of Tours. He quitted the 
 church, and became the favorite of men of 
 rank and fafhion, on account of his wit. He 
 died 1743, aged 60. He wrote tales, epi- 
 grams, fongs, fables, fonnets, &c. 
 
 Green, Robert, a poet in the reign of 
 Elizabeth, of St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 and afterwards of Clare hall. The humor 
 which he pofTefTed was unfortunately profti- 
 tuted to encourage vice and obfcenity, and he 
 fhowed himielf a mod abandoned libertine in 
 theory and practice. He is laid to be the firft 
 Englifh poet who wrote for bread, and happy 
 had it been if virtue had been the idol of his 
 mufe. It is faid that he felt remorfe with 
 penury and dileafe. He died about 1592, of 
 a furfeit, after eating too many pickled her- 
 rings, and fwallowing too much Rhenifh wine. 
 His pieces are now little known. 
 
 Green, John, a prelate, born near Hull, 
 in Yorkfhire, 1706. He was of St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and afterwards ufher of 
 Lichfield fchool, and then chaplain to Somer- 
 fet, who became his patron, and gave him the 
 rectory of Borough Green, near Newmarket. 
 In 1 748 he was regius profefTor of divinity, in 
 1750 mailer of Corpus Chrifti, Cambridge, 
 and in 1756 dean of Lincoln, and vice chan- 
 cellor of the univerfity. He was raifed to the 
 fee of Lincoln, and in 1764 he refigned the 
 headfhip of his college. On the debate con- 
 cerning the diffenters in 1772, he favored the 
 bill for their relief, and was the only bifhop 
 who voted with that fide of the houfe. He 
 died fuddenly at Bath 1779. He wrote the 
 " academic, or a difputation on the (late of the 
 univerfity of Cambridge," and fome fermons. 
 
 Green, Edward Burnaby, author of fome 
 poetical works, was educated at Benet college, 
 Cambridge. He tranflated Anacreon, Apol- 
 lonius Rhodius, and part of Pindar, and pa- 
 raphrafed Perfius, and died 1788 
 
 Green, Mattheiv, an Englifh poet. Hh 
 parents were diffenters, but he abandoned 
 their tenets for the church of England. He 
 'held an office at the cuftom-houfe. His beft 
 poem is the ** fpleen," containing wit, ele- 
 gance, and originality. He died at the age of 
 41, I737- 
 
 Greene, Dr. Maurice, was organift be- 
 fore the age of 20, to St. Dunftart in the Weft, 
 and afterwards in the vear 171 8 to St. Paul's, 
 ar.-d in 1727 to the royal chapel. In 1730 he 
 took his doctor's degree at Cambridge, and 
 was alio appointed prcfeffbr of mufic to the 
 univerfity. He projected the plan of reform- 
 ing our church mufic, and died 1755. 
 
 Greenhill, John, an Enghfh painter, of 
 Salilbury. He ftudied under fir Peter Lely, 
 who was fo jealous of his powers, that he 
 never would ui'e his pencil before him, till he 
 inadvertently betrayed himielf hy taking a 
 likenet's of bis wife. His licentious mode of 
 
 life, it is faid, haftened his end. He died 
 1676. 
 
 Greenville, fir Richard, was born in 
 Cornwall 1540. He ferved fa the imperial 
 army againft the Turks, and was knighted 
 15 7 J. He was, in 1585, lent on an expedi- 
 tion to America, and in 1591 intercepted 
 a rich Spanifh fleet. With only a few (hips he 
 attacked the enemy's fquadron of 52 fail; but 
 when about to fink his own (hip, he was car- 
 ried on board the Spanifh fleet, and died three 
 days after of his wounds. 
 
 Greenville,^ Be-uil, grandfon of fir 
 Richard, was born in Cornwall, and educated 
 at Exeter college. During the civil wars he 
 behaved with courage, and after defending his 
 fovereign, in various encounters, he fell at the 
 battle of Lanfduwne, near Bath, 1643, aged 
 
 47- 
 
 Gregory, 67. furnamed the Great, was 
 made prefect at Rome 573, but ibon alter 
 retired to a monaftery. He was fent, by 
 Pelagius, to Conflantinople, and on the death 
 of that pontiff, he *was elected in his room, 
 590. He labored earneftly to heal differences, 
 and to make prolelytes; and in Sardinia, and 
 alio in England, by the preaching of Auguf- 
 tine, the monk, the bleflings of the gofpel 
 were rapidly fpread. He died 604, aged 60. 
 
 Gregory II. elected pope after Conftan- 
 tine, 715, died 731. 
 
 Gregory III. iucceeded the preceding 731. 
 He folicited the affiftnnce of Charles Martei 
 againft the Lombards, who ravaged Italy, and 
 was the firft who added temporal confequence 
 and impofing fplendor to the eccleflaftical 
 power of the holy fee. He died 741. 
 
 Gregory IV. elected pope 827 or 828, 
 vifited France, to reconcile the jarring inte- 
 refts of the royal family, and died at Rome 
 844. 
 
 Gregory V, Brunon, elected pope after 
 John XVI. 996, was oppofed by Crefcentius, 
 the conful of Rome, who raifed to the holy 
 feat the ami pope, John XVII. but the uiur* 
 per was expelled. He died 999, aged 27. 
 
 Gregory VI. John Gratian, elected pope 
 1044, after Benedict IX, labored 2ealoufly to 
 reftore the revenues of the church to their 
 former flori fhig fituation. Difgufted with the 
 ill conduct of his fubjects, he abdicated the 
 tiara 1046, and was fucceeded by Clement II. 
 
 Gregory, VII. HilJebrand, fon of a car- 
 penter of Soano, in Tufcany, was in 1073 
 elected fucceffor to Alexander II. Affuminj 
 extraordinary powers, he claimed funeriority, 
 not only in all fpiritual but temporal affair*, 
 and regarded the fovereigns of Europe as vaf- 
 fals whom he could depofe and appoint at his 
 pleafure. His prefumption embroiled him 
 with Henry IV. emperor of Germany, wh 
 fubmitted to his power by the moft mortifying 
 penance. A reconciliation was followed by 
 frefh difputes, and at latt Henry elected ano- 
 ther pontiff, while the offended Italian pre- 
 vailed upon the German princes to appoint 
 
 another 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 toother emperor. Gregory, at lad, tired with 
 the diflentions which his ambition had railed, 
 and difgulled with the murmurs of the Ro- 
 KaDs, retired to Salerno, where he died 1C85. 
 Gregory VIII. Albert de Mora, i'ue- 
 ceeded Urban III. 1 187, and died two months 
 after. 
 
 Gregory IX. Ugolin, nephew to Inno- 
 cent III was elected pope 1227. He excited 
 the. chriltian princes to a crul'ade, and died 
 1241. 
 
 Gregory X. Theobald, was elected 1271, 
 ^rhile in the Holy-land, with Edward king of 
 England. He fummoned a council at Lyons, 
 and labored to heal all fchifms in religion. 
 He died-iZ76. 
 
 Gregory XI. Peter Roger, elected pope 
 2370, was a zealous promoter of concord and 
 reconciliation among the christian princes, and 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his liberal pstronage 
 of letters. He quitted Avignon, where the 
 popes had fixed their refidence for feveral 
 years, and transferred the fee to Rome, where 
 he died 1378, aged 47. 
 
 Gregory XII. Angela Corario, elected 
 pope 1406. He was oppofed by Benedict 
 XIII. and at lait a general council at Pifa, 
 depofed both the competitors, and elected 
 Alexander V. in their room. Gregory died 
 141 7, aged 92. 
 
 Gregory XIIT. Hugh Buoncompagno,yo^t 
 after Pius V. 1572, warmly oppofed the pro- 
 tedants. Ke embellifhed Rome with churches, 
 palaces, and porticoes, and immcrtaliz-ed hkn- 
 felf by the reformation of the calendar. He 
 was alhfted in this necefiary alteration by Lilio, 
 an able aftronomer of Rome, but though the 
 plan was uleful, it was pertinacioufiy rejected 
 by the protectant princes of Europe. He died 
 1585, aged 83. 
 
 Gregory XIV. Nicalas Sfondrate, elect- 
 ed pope after Urban VII. 1590, declared him- 
 felf againit Henry IV. of France, and levied an 
 army, but his troops were defeated. He died 
 of the done 1591, aged 57. 
 
 Gregory XV. Alexander Ludwvifto, was 
 elected pope 1621, and died 1623, aged 69. 
 He erected the fee of Paris into an arch- 
 bifhopric. 
 
 Gregory, "James, a mathematician, born 
 and educated at Aberdeen. In 1663, at the 
 age of 24, he invented the reflecting telefcope, 
 which ftill bears his name. He went to Italy, 
 at that time confidered as the cradle of mathe- 
 matical knowledge, and difcovered a new ana- 
 lytical method of fumming up an iufinite con- 
 verging feries to calculate with exaclnefs the 
 area of the hyperbola, and of the circle. On 
 his return to London in 1669 he was chofen 
 member of the Rpyal fociety, and foon after 
 engaged in a ccntroverfy with Huygens about 
 the quadrature of the circle, in which his ar- 
 guments were falfe. His reputation as a ma- 
 thematician, and as the inventor of the 
 ing telefcope, and of the burning 1 
 minor, was to well edabliihcd, that the Royal 
 
 academy at Paris propofed him to the Freirch- 
 king a< deferving a penfion, a dep not adopted. 
 In 1672 he had a diipute with fit Uaac New- 
 ton, after his wonderful difcoveries on the 
 nature of light, about the various utility of his 
 dioptric telefcope againd that of the catoptrk 
 indrument of his rntagouid. He died of a 
 fever 16 5, in his 36th year. A fl>oit hillory 
 of his mathematical difcoveries was publifhed 
 by his friend Mr. Collins, with his letters in 
 the ' commercium epidolicum." His woiks 
 are optica promou feu abdita radiorum reflexo- 
 rum & rdraclorum mvdeiia, Sec. 166 1, tran- 
 flated by Dr. Defaguihers into Englifh vewi 
 circuli & hyi'.eibola? quadratura, &c. 
 
 Gregory, David, nephew to the preceding, 
 was born at Aberdeen 166 1, and educated 
 there and at Eilinh.ugh. The fame of his uncle 
 excited his attention in mathematical purfuits, 
 and at the age of 23 he was placea in the 
 mathematical chair of Edinburgh. He pub- 
 lished, in 1684, an ingenious treaiile called 
 " exercitatio geometrrca de dimenfiojte figura- 
 nim," /jtck and foon after, on the appearance 
 of Newton's principia, he dudied the great 
 truths of the philofopher, and firft introduced 
 them into the univerfity ichools. He obtained 
 the Savilian profeffbrfhip of adronomy at Ox> 
 ford, and diiplayed great powers in the ele- 
 ments of optics and phyfical and geometrical 
 adronomy. He propofed to publifh the woiks 
 of all the ancient mathematicians, and pro- 
 duced an edition of Euclid in Greek and Latin, 
 and prepared with his friend Halley, an adi- 
 tion of the conies of Apollonius. His labors, 
 however, were dopped by death, at his villa 
 near Maidenhead, 1710. His elded fon Da' ' 
 vid, was educated at Chrid-church, and fuc- 
 ceffively became regit* profeflbr of modern 
 hidory, canon and dean of his college. Many 
 of his papers were inlertcd in the philofophical 
 tranfactions, &c. His brother Jatnes was for 
 2,2 years mathematical profeflbr at Edinburgh, 
 where he was fucceeded by Maclaurin. Ano- 
 ther brother, Charles, was 32 years mathe- 
 matical profeflbr at St. Andrew's, where he 
 was fucceeded by his fon David, author of a 
 fydem of arithmetic and algebra. 
 
 Gregory, John, an Englifh divine, bora 
 at Agmondefham, Bucks, 1607. As his pa- 
 rents were poor, his opulent neighbours fent 
 him to Chrid-chwrch, Oxford, as fervitor, un- 
 der Morley, afterwards bifhop of Wincheder. 
 He rofe in the edeem of his fellow dudents, 
 and was made by dean Duppa, chaplain of the 
 cathedral. When Duppa was promoted to 
 Chicheder, and afterwards to Salifbury, he 
 accompanied him as his chaplain, and obtained 
 a dall in Sarum. The violence of tht> times, 
 however, did not long permit him to enjoy 
 his ecclefiadical honors, and, in his dhtrels, he 
 redded with Sutton, who kept an ale-houfe at 
 Kiddington-green,near Oxford, to whole fon he 
 had been tutor, and there he died of the gout 
 in his domach, 1646. His works were notss 
 and obfex vat ions on ibme pafrages of fcripture 
 
 as 
 
GRE 
 
 GR 
 
 an edition of Ridley's view of the civil and 
 cclefiaftical law " Gregorii pofthuma," &c. 
 
 Gregory, Edmund, author of the " his- 
 torical anatomy of chrHlian melancholy" of 
 " a meditation on Job," was of Trinity col- 
 lege, Oxford, and died 1650. 
 
 Ghegory, Dr. John, a phyfician of Aber- 
 deen. He ftud'ed at Edinburgh and Leyden, 
 and was profeflbr of philofophy and medicin* 
 at Aberdeen. He wrote " comparative view 
 of the ftate of man, and other animals" a 
 father's legacy to his daughter and other 
 moral pieces. He fettled in London, but 
 removed to Edinburgh as profeflbr of phyfic, 
 in T766, and died there 1773, aged 49. 
 
 Gregorius, Geo'glus Florentius, or Gre- 
 gory cf Tours., a bifhop of Tours, wrote the 
 hiftory of France lives of the faints and 
 othrr works. Gibbon cenfures his ftile as 
 devoid of elegance and fimplicity. He died 
 about 595. 
 
 Grenan, Beuignus, profeflbr of rhetoric 
 at Harcourt, died at Paris 1723, aged 42. 
 His Latin veries contain great elegance, with 
 many delicate fentimenfcs. 
 
 Grence, a French painter of merit. Hi* 
 pieces are much admired, efpecially the facri- 
 fice of Jephtha, Diana and Endymion, Sufan- 
 uah, &c. 
 
 Grenville, George, was known in parlia- 
 mentary hiitcry, for his two bills for the more 
 regular payment of the navy, patted in 1757, 
 and for the trial of contefted elections, patted 
 in 1770. He was in 1754 made trealurer of 
 the navy, and became firfl: lord of the treafury 
 in 1763, but refigned two years after to lord 
 Rockingham. He died 17 70, aged 58. Of 
 his Ions, lord Grenville and Mr. Thomas 
 Grenville, have railed themfelves high in the 
 public eftimation. 
 
 Gresham, ^y?r Thomas, was bom in Lon- 
 don 1519, and apprenticed to a mercer. He 
 was alfo member of Gaius college, Cambridge, 
 where his proficiency was fuch that he was 
 ailed by Caius the founder, " do&iflimus 
 mercator." He was admitted into the mer- 
 cers' company in 1543, and about that time 
 married, and, in 155 1, he went to Antwerp as 
 agent to king Edward, for taking up money 
 from the Flemilh merchants. In this office 
 he difplayad great dexterity, and made the 
 balance of trade preponderate in favor of Eng- 
 land. On Mary's accettion he was removed 
 from office, but prefenting a petition to the 
 queen, and reprefenting the many fervices 
 which he had rendered to the kingdom, he 
 was reftored to favor. In 1559, he was 
 knighted, and in the midll of his great com- 
 mercial profperity, he built himfelf a manfion- 
 boul'e on the weft fide of Bifhopfgate-ftreet, 
 but his happinefs was embittered by the death 
 of his only fon, a youth of 16, in 1564. Full 
 9f liberality, he wiftied that the merchants of 
 London might meet in a more convenient 
 place than the open air in Lombard-ftreet, and 
 therefore, agreeable to his fuggeilfons, the city 
 
 of London bought about 80 houfes,-which Were. 
 pulled down, and on the fite of them was begun, 
 7th June, 1566, the erection of a noble build- 
 ing. It was completed in 1569, at fir Tho- 
 mas's expence, after the model of the exchange 
 at Antwerp, and Jan. 29th, 1570, Elizabeth, 
 attended by her nobility, vifited it, and by the 
 voice of a herald, proclaimed it, " the Royal 
 Exchange." Sir Thomas afterwards built 
 Ofterley park manfion for his refidence, and 
 appropriated his houfe in Biihopfgate ftreet to 
 literary purpofes, though earneftiv iblicited to 
 apply it to the foundation of a college at Ox- 
 ford, or particularly at Cambridge, where he 
 had received part of hi education. In 1575 
 he founded Greiham college, leaving the half 
 of his property in the Royal Exchange to the 
 corporation of London, and the other to the 
 mercers' company, to endow feven lectures in 
 divinity, law, phyfic, aftronomy, rhetoric, geo- 
 metry, and mufic, at 50I. each, with his houfe 
 where the lectures were to be delivered. Be- 
 fides thefe donations, he was a. liberal bene- 
 factor to various charities. This truly illu& 
 trious character fell down fenfelefs on his 
 return from the exchange to his houfe, Bt 
 fhopfgate-ftreet, and expired foon after, 21ft 
 Nov. 1579. His corpfe was attended to the 
 grave by 100 poor men and as many women, 
 clothed in black, and the expences of the 
 funeral, in thole cheap days, amounted to no 
 lefs than 800I. The character of this gene* 
 rous and public fpirited man has been drawn 
 accurately by Mr. Ward, who obferves that, 
 to the knowledge of ancient and modern lan- 
 guages, and an eagernefs to patronife litera- 
 ture, he united a very comprehensive know- 
 ledge of commercial affairs, foreign and 
 domeftic. He acquired an immenfe fortune, 
 which rendered him not only the higheft 
 commoner in the kingdom, with the appella- 
 tion of the Royal merchant, but the raoft 
 capable and the moll willing to employ his 
 opulence in fuch ats as dignify human nature. 
 
 Gresset, John Baptfjl Lezvis, a cele- 
 brated' French poet, known chiefly for his 
 elegant and interefting poem called Vert-vert. 
 He was director of the French academv, and 
 obtained the order of St. Michael, and letters 
 of nobility. He died at his native town Ami- 
 ens, 1777, aged 68. 
 
 Gretser, James, 3 learned jefuit, was 24 
 years profeflbr of morality and fchool divinity 
 at IngolJftadt. He published many books on 
 theological fubjefts, and againft the proteftants, 
 and died at Ingolditadt 1635, aged 74. 
 
 Greville, Fulk, or Faulk, lord Brooke, 
 was born 1554, at Beauchamp court, War 
 wicklhire, and educated at Shrewsbury fchool 
 and at Trinity college, Cambridge. After 
 travelling abroad he was introduced to Eliza- 
 beth, and became a great favorite, obtaining 
 an income of above 2000I. as clerk of the 
 fignet to the council of Wales. He diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf, with his friend fir Philip Sid- 
 ney, in the tilts and tournaments which en- 
 gaged 
 
GRE 
 
 GRE 
 
 fared the public attention on the expected 
 mnrria^e of Elizabeth to the duke of Anjou, 
 and in 1597 was knighted. Though under 
 James lie obtained the grant of Warwick 
 caftle, on the reparation of which he fpent 
 20,0001. yet he found Cecil jealous of his 
 power, and therefore retired to privacy . He 
 w lined Bo engage in the hidory of his country 
 from the union of the two roles in Henry VII. 
 but Cecil refuted him the perufal of thofe 
 papers which mi^ht have thrown light on the 
 annals of that interesting period. After Cecil's 
 death he became, in 1615, a favorite at court, 
 and was made under treasurer and chancellor 
 of the exchequer, and in 1620 he was raifed 
 to the dignity of the peerage. Ke continued 
 in the favor of Charles I. and founded a hiitory 
 lecture in the ui.iverfity of Cambridge, with 
 an annual falary of iool. The fucceeding 
 hiitory of his life is mod melancholy ; Ralph 
 Heywood, a domeitic, cor.fiuering his fervices 
 long unrewarded, Upbraided him with unufual 
 freedom, and upon fincing his application dif- 
 regarded, ftabbed him mortally in the back 
 with a knife or fword, and then retiring to his 
 chamber, deployed himielf with the fame 
 weapon. This happened at Brook-houfe, 
 Holborn, 30th Sept. 1628. Lord Brooke 
 deierves to be recorded as the friend and pa- 
 tron of learned men, and among his refpectable 
 affociates may be numbered betides Sidney, 
 Spet.ler, Shakefpeare, Ben Jonfon, Egerton, 
 Overal, Camden, Speed, Davenant, &c. 
 
 Grevin, James, a French poet and phy- 
 fician, born at Clermont 1538. He was in 
 the fervice of Margaret of France, duchefs of 
 Savoy, and died at Turin 1573. He wrote 
 three plays ; and had he not died thus pre- 
 maturely, he would have been diftinguifhed 
 ftill more by his genius as a poet, and by ex- 
 tent! ve practice as. a phyfician. 
 
 Grevius, or Grjevius, John George, a 
 Latin critic, born at Naumbourg in Saxony, 
 1632. He finhhed his ltudies at Leipfic, but 
 though intended for the law, he paid much 
 attention to clatlical literature, and quitted the 
 tenets of Luther for thole of Calvin. He 
 fettled at Deventer, where he fucceeded his 
 friend Gronovius. After adorning, by his 
 eloquence fuccelfively, tie chairs of eloquence, 
 politics, and hiftory ; and after being honored 
 with the particular attentions of the ftates of 
 Utrecht, he was fuddenly carried off by an 
 apoplexy, 1703, aged 71. By his wife he had 
 18 children, but only four daughters iurvived 
 him. As an editor and annotator, Gnevius 
 lias acquired celebrity. Hefiod, Suetonius, 
 Cicero, Florus, Catullus, Tibullus, Propertius, 
 Caifar, Lucian, &c. were edited by him, be- 
 tides Callimachus, which his fon, who died in 
 his 23d year, had nearly completed. His 
 chief work is his " thefaurus antiquitatum 
 Romanarum," 12 vols. fol. to which he added 
 thefaurus antiq. et hiitor. Italia?, printed after 
 hU death, 3 vois. fol. 
 
 Greuze, a French painter. His per de 
 
 famille, his filial piety, and his young woman 
 deploring the lots of her canary bird, are tine 
 performances. 
 
 Grew, Obadiah, of Atherfton, Wnrwick- 
 fhire, was of Baliol college, and fettled at 
 Coventry as minifter of St. Michael's there. 
 Exemplary in his conduit, he was an inde- 
 fatigable parifh prieft, and as he tided with the 
 prelbyterians, fo he oppofed them in their 
 views of cutting off the king ; and even drew 
 a promile from Cromwell, as he patTed through 
 Coventry, in 1647, that no violence fhould be 
 offered to his royal matter. At the reftoration 
 he refufed to conform, for which he was eject- I 
 ed from his parifh, and he died 1698. He 
 publifhed meditations on the parable of the 
 prodigal fon, and other theological tracts. 
 
 Grew, Nehemiah, fon of the preceding, 
 was eminent as a writer and a phyfician. His 
 great merits and extenfive practice . in London, 
 recommended him to the Royal fociety, of 
 which he became fellow; and in i677,fecre- 
 tary. Betides the publication of the philofo- 
 phical tranfactions, he fent to prefs the ana- ' 
 tomy of plants, fol. comparative anatomy of 
 the ftomach, &c. fol. catalogue of the rarities 
 of the Royal fociety cofmologia facra, &c. 
 He died fuddenly, 1711, in London 
 
 Grey, lady Jane, celebrated for her virtue* 
 and her misfortunes, was daughter of Henry 
 Grey by Frances Brandon, daughter of Mary, 
 dowager of France, and fitter to Henry VIII. 
 She was born in 1537, at Bradgate-hall, Lei- 
 cefterfhire, and from her very infancy thewed 
 great quicknefs and comprehenfion of mind. 
 She became fuch a proficient in languages, that 
 the fpoke and wrote, with attonifhing facility, 
 the French, Italian, Latin, and it is faid the 
 Greek; and 'was alio well fkilled in Hebrew, 
 Arabic, and Chaldee. To thefe acquirements 
 were united great beauty, the mildeft manners, 
 and the molt captivating virtues of humility, 
 benevolence, and modetty. Regardlefs of the 
 frivolous occupations of the great, the fought 
 for gratification in reading and meditation, and 
 the obferved to Afcham, who found her read- 
 ing Plato, while the ret! of the family were 
 hunting in the park, that the fport which they 
 were enjoying, was but a thadow compared to 
 the pleal'ure which the received from the tub. 
 lime author. The alliances of her family, 
 however, were too powerful to fuffer her ta 
 live in her beloved feclufion. No fooner was 
 the declining health of the fixth Edward per- 
 ceived, than Dudley, duke of Northumberland, 
 prevailed upon the monarch to fettle the crown 
 on lady Jane, vvhofe attachment to the re- 
 formation was indubitable; and ]to pafs over 
 his fitters Mary and Elizabeth. When this 
 was effected, the favorite married his fon 
 Guildford Dudley to the future queen, and 
 thus paved the way for his own family to the 
 throne. But while others rejoiced in thefe 
 plans, Jane alone teemed unconcerned, and 
 when, on Edward's death, the was hailed a* 
 queen by Northumberland, fhe refufed the 
 proffered 
 
GRE 
 
 GR.I 
 
 proffered dignity, till the authority of her 
 fether the duke of Suffolk, and the entreaties 
 fa hufbind, whom fhe tenderly loved, prevail- 
 ed upon her reluctantly to content. She was 
 as ufual conveyed to the tower, preparatory to 
 her coronation, and fhe was proclaimed queen 
 in the city, and honored with all the marks 
 of royalty. This funfhine of profperity was, 
 however, but tranfitory ; her rival Mary 
 proved more powerful, and the kingdom 
 ieemed to elpouie her caufe with fuch loyalty, 
 that Northumberland and Suffolk yielded to 
 the popular voice, and lady Jane, after being 
 treated as queen for a few days, defcended 
 again, and with exultation, to privacy. But 
 misfortunes accompanied her fall. She law 
 her father-in law, and his family, her own 
 father and his numerous adherents, brought 
 to the Tower, and at lalt expire under the 
 hand of the executioner, and fhe herfelf, 
 together with her hufband, were to complete 
 the bloody tragedy. She and lord Guildford 
 and Cranmer were carried to Guildhall, from' 
 the Tower, and attainted of high treaibn, 
 and condemned, but it is imagined that had 
 not Wyatt's rebellion at that time alarmed the 
 fufpicions of the bigoted Mary, the innocent 
 Jane might have been pardoned. Three 
 months after her condemnation, fhe was or- 
 dered to prepare for death, and as her 
 hufband was diffuaded from increafing their 
 mutual bitternefs by taking leave of each 
 -other, fhe gave him her laft farewel through 
 the window as he paffed to the place of exe- 
 cution, and fooa after fhe law his headlels 
 body wrapped in a linen cloth borne to the 
 diapeL From the horrid fight fhe was foon 
 fummoned herfelf to the fcaffold, where fhe 
 fiiffered with the moft chriftian refignation, 
 exclaiming with fervency, " Lord, into 
 thy hands I commend my fpirit." This 
 bloody cataftrophe took place I2ih Feb. IJ44. 
 Jane carried with her to the grave, the re- 
 gret:, and the affe&ions of the proteftants, 
 and Mary in fl^dding the blood of thofe who 
 were fo nearly related to her, feemed to pro- 
 claim that fhe little regarded the Sacrificing of 
 the lives of her fubjedf.* to her own bigoted 
 principles. 
 
 Grey, Dr. Zachary, an Englifh fcholar, 
 defcended from a Yorkfhire family. He was 
 of Jefus college, Cambridge* and afterwards 
 removed to Trinity hall, where he took 
 the degree of L.L.D. He was rector of 
 J Houghton-Conquelt, BedfordtVire, and vicar 
 of St. Giles' and St. Peter's in Cambridge, and 
 died 25th Nov. 1766, aged ?y. He was 
 anthor of near 30 publ^tions, the beft 
 known of .vhich is his edition of Hudi- 
 bras, with curious and interedmg notes, a 
 voR which has been cenfured and ridi- 
 culed by*"Warburton and Fislding, tut ably 
 defended by Warton on Shakefpcie. Be 
 
 alfo anfvvered Neale's hiftory of the Ptu 
 ritans, 5 vols. 8vo. Dr. Grey was twice mar- 
 ried and left two daughters. 
 
 Grey, Dr. Richard, an Englifh divine, 
 born 1693. He was of Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, and obtained the livings of Kilncote, 
 I.eicefterfhire, and afterwards Hinton in 
 Northamptonihire, and a prebend in St. 
 Paul's. He was made D. D. 1 731, by the 
 univerfity for his " fyftem of Englifh eccle- 
 liaftical law." He publifhed befides in 1 736 
 an anonypious pamphlet called " the mise- 
 rable and diffracted ftate of religion in En- 
 gland, upon the downfall of the church el- 
 tablifhed," 8vo. and alfo " a new method of 
 learning Hebrew without points," -liber Jobi 
 -the laft words of David four ferrftons, &c. 
 He left fome daughters, and died 18th Feb. 
 1771, aged 78. 
 
 Giubaldus, Matthew,* learned civilian 
 of Padua, who left Italy to embrace the 
 proteftant faith, and became profeifor of civil 
 law at Tubingen. He followed the errors 
 of the anti-trinitarians, for which he was 
 obliged to fly from Tubingen, and he was at 
 lad feized at Bern, where the plague carried 
 him off Sept. 1564, and thus prevented the 
 ignominious death which his perfecutbrs would 
 have inflicled upon him He wrote fome va- 
 luable books on civil law, the beft known 
 of which is his " commentarii in legem 
 de rerum mixtura, et de jure fifci." 
 
 Gribner, Michael Henry, profefTor of 
 the law at Wittemberg, died 1734. H$ wrote 
 feverai works in Latin on jurisprudence, Sec. 
 and his abilities are mentioned with refpeci by 
 Saxius in his Onamafticon. 
 
 Giuerson, Conjlantia, a woman of great 
 refpe&abiiity as a fcholar in Greek and Ro- 
 man literature. She was born in Kilkenny 
 Ireland, of poor and illiterate parents, bur 
 fhe proved her title to celebrity by her edition 
 of Tacitus, dedicated to lord Carteret, and 
 by that of Terence, inferibed to his fon, and 
 alfo by her poems, and a Greek epigram 
 of great merit. In acknowledgment of her 
 literary abilities, lord Carteret inierted her 
 name in the patent which granted the office 
 of king's printer to her hufband for life. 'She 
 died in 1733, aged only 27. She received, 
 as fhe informed Mrs. Pilkington, feme in- 
 flruclion from the clergyman of her parifh, 
 but for the bed part of her learning, fhe was 
 indebted to her owri induftry. To her learn- 
 ing and philofophical knowledge, fhe united 
 great medeity, genuine piety, and every fe- 
 male virtue. 
 
 Griff et, Henry y a jefuit of Moulins, 
 who died at Pr afTels 1 775, aged 77. He pub- 
 lifhed Dtuicl's 111 tory of Franc , in which he 
 continued the reign of Lewis XIII. m 7 
 velum --s 4to. befides ferraons, ani a popular 
 e worK 
 
GRI 
 
 GRI 
 
 work called u delices des pays bas," 1115 volumes 
 I am* 
 
 Griffier, John, an eminent painter, cal- 
 led old Griffier, and abroad the gentleman of 
 Utrecht. He was born at Amsterdam, and 
 died in London 1718, aged 60. His views 
 on the Thames were wiuch admired, as alfo 
 his etched prints of birds, bealts, &c, from 
 the defigns of F. Barlow, his ion Robert cal- 
 led the young Griffier, was born in England, 
 and was living in 1713. He was an excellent 
 landfcape painter. 
 
 Griffin, the bit prince of Wales before 
 its total fubjugation by the Englifh, was in- 
 humanly put to death in London by his con- 
 queror. 
 
 Griffith, Michael^, a native of Lon- 
 don, who iludied at Seville and in the Low 
 Countries, and became a jefuit, and was fent 
 as miifiohary of his order to .England. He 
 died at St. Omer*s 1652, aged 65. He 
 wrote annales ecclefiae Britannicse, 4 vols. fol. 
 Britannia illuftrata, 4te. 
 
 Griffiths, Ralph, a native of Shropfhire, 
 known in the republic of letters, as the firft 
 editor and printer of the monthly review, a pe- 
 riodical work, begun in 1749, and by his alii- 
 duity and the co-operation of men of talents 
 and information, railed to great celebrity. 
 This uleful work wasYo ably and fuccefsfully 
 conducted, that it procured him a comfortable 
 independence, on which he retired to his re- 
 lidence at Turnham Green, fome years be- 
 fore his death. He was honored for iiis 
 fervices to literature with the degree of LL. D. 
 from one of the American univerfkies, and 
 he died 1803, aged 83. 
 
 Grignan, Frances Margaret de Sevigne, 
 countefs of, daughter of the celebrated madam 
 de Sevigne, was born in 1646. She mar- 
 ried, in 1669, count Grignan, an officer of 
 high rank at the court of Lewis XIV. Her 
 refidence in Provence with her hufband, and 
 at a diftance from her mother, was the caufe 
 of the writing of thofe excellent letters 
 which palled between the mother and daugh- 
 ter. She had two daughters and one fon. 
 She died 1705, One year after the death of 
 her fon, and her hufband furvived her till 
 1 7 14, aged 85. 
 
 Grignon, Jaqucs, a French engraver at 
 the end of the 17th century. His belt works 
 are his portraits. He engraved fome pieces 
 from Chauveau's defigns for " les tableaux de 
 la penitence." 
 
 Grimaldi, John Francis, a painter born 
 at Bologna 1606. He ftudied under his rela- 
 tions the Caraccis, and was honorably em- 
 ployed by Innocent X. in adori; 
 Vatican, and the other edifices of Rome. 
 He alfo was engaged by Mazarin at Paris 
 for three years in embellifhing his palace 
 e Louvre, but the troubles of the times, 
 
 and the warmth with which he efpoufed the 
 caufe of his patron, obliged him to fly to the 
 jefuits for protection. On his return to 
 Rome he gained the patronage of Innocent's 
 two fuccefibrs, Alexander VII. and Cle- 
 ment IX., and devoted the labors of his pencil 
 in their fervice. He was alfo fkilled in ar- 
 cb.itect.ure, and 42 of his engravings in 
 aqua fortis, are mentioned with great recom- 
 mendation. In him the celebrity of the pain- 
 ter was united with great benevolence and the 
 mod charitable difpofition. He died of a dropfy 
 at Rome 1660, leaving a confiderable fortune- 
 among his fix children, the youngeft of 
 whom, Alexander, diftinguifhed himfelf as a 
 painter. 
 
 Grimani, Domenico, fon of the doge of 
 Venice,- was born there 1 460. He was a learn- 
 ed man and the correipondent of Erafmus, 
 and tranflated fome of Chrylbftom's homilies 
 into Latin. He was made a cardinal and died 
 
 I523- 
 
 Grimani, Hubert, an excellent portrait 
 painter of Delft, who died 1629, aged 
 3 a 
 
 Grimarest, Leonard, a French writer, 
 who died 1740. He wrote the life of Charles ' 
 XII. and that of Molieie, feverely cenfured by 
 Voltaire. 
 
 Grimaud, N, de, profeflbr of medicine 
 at Montpellier, is author of a treatife on fe- 
 vers memoirs on nutrition, &c. He died 
 1791. 
 
 Grimmer, fames, a much admired land- 
 fcape painter of Antwerp, who died 1546, 
 aged 30. 
 
 Grimoux, a French painter, who affect- 
 ed to make no diftinttion between night and 
 day. His portraits are highly valued as ca- 
 binet pieces. He died 1740. 
 
 GRiMSTON,y/r Harbottle, a learned law- 
 yer mafter of the rolls to Charles I. He died 
 1683, aged 99. 
 
 Grin dal, Edmund, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, was born 15 19, at Halfingham, .in 
 Cumberland. He entered at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Cambridge, arid then removed to Chrift's, 
 and afterwards to Pembroke hall, where he 
 became fellow, 1538, and M- A. I 541. He 
 was afterwards chofen lady Margaret's public 
 preacher, and diftinguifhed himfelf fo much, 
 that Ridley, bithop of London, made him his 
 chaplain, 1550. The next year he was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the king, and in 1553 he 
 obtained a ftall At Weltminfter, and was mark- 
 ed as one of thofe who were to enjoy in 
 two portions the rich bifiiopric of Durham, 
 but the fucceffioruof Mary clouded all hil 
 profpecis. He fled to Strafburg, and there 
 remained till the death of the queen, when 
 his fervices were employed in drawing up the 
 new liturgy, and in oppofing in a public dif- 
 
 pute 
 
GRI 
 
 GRO 
 
 pute with feven other proteftants the popihh ! eminence. His fon rofe to the pontifi- 
 prelates. . In 1559 he was made mailer of cate under the name of Urban V. His works 
 Pembroke hall, in the room of Young, who ' aie mentioned in Aikin's biog. memoirs, 
 refuted the oaths of fupremacy, and the fame Grive, John de la, a French geographer 
 year he was nominated to fucceed, after Bon- ' f Sedan, died 1757, aged 68. His " topo- 
 ner's depofition, as bifhop of London. In 1564 g ra phy of Paris'* is extremely accurate, and 
 he took his degree of D. D. and in 1570 he ! h : ' s pl ans f Verfailles, Marly, &c. are much 
 was tranflated to York, and fucceeded Parker admired. He wrote alfo a manual fpherical 
 five years after in the fee of Canterbury. His trigonometry, &c. 
 
 elevation was of fhort duration. Elizabeth j Grocyn, William, of Briftol, was edu- 
 faw with difplealure that the frequent meetings cate(1 at Winchefter fchool, and New college, 
 of the clergy for purpofes of mutual improve- Oxford. In 1479 ne obtained the rectory of 
 ment, and for the better underftanding of the | Newton Longville, Bucks, and afterwards was 
 fcripture, were often converted into fa<5tion I mac ^ e P ebendary of Lincoln. He' travelled 
 inftead of chriftian edification* and lhe there- l t0 Italv > and improved himfelf in the Greek, 
 fore directed Grindal to exercife his authority { tnen ^ lU ^ e underftood under Demetrius Chal- 
 to abolifh thefe prophefyings, as they were ! C9 nc tylas, and Politian, and at his return 
 called. The primate, who acknowledged that i *49* fettled at Exeter college,Oxford, as public 
 the interference of the laity in thefe public ( profeiTor of his favorite language. When 
 meetings was often fubverfive of good order [ Erattnus vifited Oxford, Grocyn received him 
 and decorum, yet; faw coniequences in the : w ' tn affection, and introduced him to Warhain 
 friendly meeting of the clergy fo favorable to \ the primate, and other learned men. In 1490 
 'the caufe of religion, that he ventured to dif, j Grocyn exchanged his living for the mafterihip 
 pute with the queen about the propriety of | of All-hallows college, Maidftone, Kent, where 
 her meaiures. Elizabeth was peremptory, her j ne died 1522, of a itroke of the pally. He 
 commands were iffued to the bifhops to filence j ^ a ^ lltt ^ e reipect for Plato, but paid great 
 
 all prophefyings and exercifes, all preachers 
 not lawfully called ; and Grindal, after being 
 allowed a decent time to confider of his con- 
 duct, was, by order of the Star chamber, 
 confined to his houfe, and his fee fequeftered 
 from him. Though in fome degree after- 
 wards reftored to his metropolitan power, 
 yet he chofe to refign his fee, and to receive 
 a penfion from the queen. With this he re- 
 tired to Croydon ; but died two months after, 
 6th July, 1583, and was interred in Croydon 
 church. This learned prelate, whofe firmnefs 
 was doubted whilll he held the fee of London, 
 and feemed to waver in his treatment of the 
 papifts, wrote little. The patrons of his early 
 life, were befides Ridley, l'ecretary Cecil and 
 archbithop Parker. He was engaged in draw- 
 ing up the ftatutes for the government of 
 Chrilt -church, Oxford, and by his humanity 
 he provided a new fettlement at Embden for 
 the Britifh merchants of Antwerp, whom Spa- 
 nifh tyranny opprefied and infulted. 
 
 Gringonneur, Jacquemi/i, a Parifian 
 painter, faid by fome. to have invented play- 
 ing cards about 1392, to amufe the melan- 
 choly hours of Charles VI. king of France. 
 
 Gringore, Peter, herald at arms to the 
 duke of Lorraine, died 1544. His " mora- 
 lities" in verfe, thou 'h not very interefting, 
 are curious, to mark the progrefs of theatrical 
 improvement. 
 
 Grisaunt, William, an Englifh phyfician 
 and mathematician of Merton college, Oxford. 
 To avoid the fufpicion of magic which then 
 attended the pofieflion of learning, he fled over 
 to France, and fettled at Marfeilles, and after- 
 wards at Montpellier, where he acquired 
 
 homage to the philofophy of Ariftotle, whofe 
 works he undertook to tranflate, but did not 
 purtue. He left part of his property to 
 Linacre his executor, and to Thomas Lilly 
 the grammarian. A Latin epiftle fiom him 
 to Aldus Manutius, is preferred in LinacrVs 
 tranflation of Proclus de fph*era. 
 
 Grochowski, a Pole, who, after ferving 
 in the Pruffian armies, took up arms againft 
 the Ruffians. He was with Kofciufzko, 'aft 
 Syezekociny, 1791, and was mortally wounded 
 by a cannon ball. 
 
 Groditius, Stanijlaui, a jefuit of Poland, 
 author of eight volumes of Latin fermons, and 
 other polemical writings. He died at Cra- 
 cow 1613. 
 
 Gronovios, John Frederic, a refpeclable 
 civilian, .critic, andhiftorian, born at Hamburgh 
 1613. After making great progrefs in litera- 
 ture at home, he travelled through Germany, 
 It. 1 and France, further to increafe the 
 refources of his mind, and on his return 
 through Deventer, he was flopped, and honor- 
 ably appointed proieifor of polite learning. In. 
 1658 he removed to Leyden, as fucceffbr in 
 the profeflcrial chair to Dan. Heinfius, and 
 there he died greatly regretted, 1672. He 
 married at Deventer, and had two fons, both 
 eminent in literature. He publifhed a diiTer- 
 tation on Statius' fylva -a treatiie on the fef- 
 terces a work of ecclefiaftical writers, befidei 
 valuable editions of Plautus, Seneca, Salluft, 
 Livy, Ouintiliari, Plin'y, &c. 
 
 Gronovius, James, fon of the preceding, 
 
 was bom at Deventer, 20th Oct. 1645, and 
 
 educated under his father at Leyden. In 
 
 1670 he vifited England, and not only exa- 
 
 E e 2, cnnei 
 
GRO 
 
 GRO 
 
 mined the valuable libraries of the univerfities, 
 but he gained the friendship of the learned, of 
 Pocock, Pearfon, and M. Cafaubon, and after 
 his return to Leyden, he extended his travels 
 to France, where he was introduced to Chap- 
 lain, d'Herbelot, Thevenot, and other fcholars, 
 Though his father's death difconcerted his 
 plans,' he proceeded to Italy, where the grand 
 duke of Tufcany, in refpect to his merits 
 granted him a penfion, and a profefibr's chair 
 at Pifa, where he had for his colleague Henry 
 Norris, afterwards a cardinal. After fome 
 rime he left Tufcany, and returning by the 
 way of Venice and Padua, he came to Ley- 
 den, where, in 1679, a profeffbrihip awaited 
 him. In this peaceful retreat, endeared to 
 him by the refidence of his father, and the 
 partialities of youthful life, he determined to 
 pafs the remainder of his days, and therefore 
 rejected the ho?: >rable offers of a chair at Pa- 
 dua, and alio at Keil, in Holllein, under the 
 duke of Slefwick. In the midit of his literary 
 occupations, the death of his favorite daughter 
 rent his bofom with affliction, fo that in the 
 fullnefs of his grief, he fell lick, and rive weeks 
 after followed her to the grave, 21ft October, 
 17 16. He left two fons, the eldeft a phyli- 
 cian, and the youngeft,^ra^aw, hiftory pro- 
 fefTor at Utrecht. Gronovius was inferior to 
 his father in modefty and moderation, though 
 fuperior in learning ; but his virulence againft 
 his literary antagonifts was fuch, that he was 
 called a fecond Scioppius. Befides editions of 
 Macrobius, Polybius, &c. he publifhed that 
 valuable book, " thefaurus antiquit. Gksec" 
 13 vols. fol. 
 
 Gropper, John, of Weflphalia, refufed a 
 cardinal's hat, and died at Rome 1559. He 
 had a great abhorrence of women, and wrote 
 ** enchiridion chriftianae religionis." 
 
 Gros, Peter, an able fculptor, born at 
 Paris. He embellifhed the capital of France 
 with many fine fpecimens of his art, and died 
 at Rome 1710, aged 44. 
 
 Gros, Nicholas, a theologian of Rheims, 
 whole oppofition to the bull umgenitus, obli- 
 ged him to fly from France. He was for fome 
 time in England, and wrote feveral things on 
 "temporary fubjects. He was theological pro- 
 feffor at Amersfort, and in his writings ably 
 fupported the janfenifts in Holland. He died 
 1751, aged 76. 
 
 GkosE, Francis, an Englifh antiquary, who 
 Uluftrated the antiquity of England and 
 Wales" in 4 vols. 4to. " and of Scotland," in 
 two. His defign, with refpect to Ireland, was 
 checked by death, which carried him off in 
 Dublin, in 179T, aged 53. He publifhed be- 
 fides, " a claffieal dictionary of the vulgar 
 tongue," military antiquities, &o a treatife 
 n ancient armour, &c. 
 
 Gros ley, Peter 'John, member of the 
 academy of belles lettres, and of inferiptions, 
 
 was born at Troyes, and died there 1785, aged 
 67. He wrote " recherches pour l'hiftoire du 
 droit Francois** the lives of the two Pithou's, 
 Sec. befides large contributions to the encyclo- 
 pedia, and the dictionnaire hiftorique. 
 
 Grosseteste, Robert, a prelate, born 
 about 1 1 75, at Stradbrook, Suffolk. Though 
 obfeurely born, he received a decent educa- 
 tion at Oxford and Paris, where he became a 
 refpecfable proficient in Greek, little regarded 
 at that time. On returning from Paris, he* 
 read lectures on phjlofophy and divinity at 
 Oxford, and was made archdeacon of Chefter, 
 afterwards of Wilts, and in 1 234-5 elected 
 bifhopof Lincoln. He died at Buckden.iaj^, 
 highly refpected for learning, integrity, and 
 piety. He wrote commentaries on Ariftotle, 
 and other voluminous works. 
 
 Gro3 teste, Claude, a French refugee, 
 minuter of the Savoy, and author of feveral 
 fermons, and a treatife on the infpiration of the 
 facred books,&c. He died 1713, aged 28. 
 
 Grosvenor, Benjamin, of London, mini- 
 fter of a difTenting congregation in Crofby 
 iquare, in 17 16 removed to Salters' hall meet- 
 ing houfe. Befides effay on health, and the 
 mourner, often edited, he wrote fermons, 
 and died 1758, aged 83. 
 
 Grotius, or Groot, Hugo, a celebrated 
 writer, fon of John de Groot, a refpectable 
 burgo-mafter of Delft. He was born at Delft, 
 loth April, 1583, and from his earliefl years 
 difplayed ftrong powers of mind, great genius, 
 found judgment, and a mofl retentive memojy. 
 He fludied at the Hague, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Leyden, under the care of Francis 
 Junius, and here Jol'eph Scaliger faw and ad- 
 mired his promifing abilities, and affectionately 
 interefled himfelf in his improvement. In 
 1598 he accompanied count Juflin of NafTau, 
 and the grand penfioner Barnevelt, in their 
 embaffy to France, and he was received with 
 every mark ofkindnefs by the court, and pre- 
 fented by Henry IV. with his picture and a 
 gold chain. The univerfity of Paris alfo paid 
 its refpect to this learned youth, and granted 
 him a doctor of law's degree before his return 
 to Holland. Devoting himfelf to the law, he 
 pleaded his firft caufe at Delft, arid though 
 fcarce 17, he commanded the general appluife 
 by his eloquence and extenfive information. 
 But polite literature alio engaged much of his 
 attention, and in 1 ^99 he publifhed an edition 
 of Martianus Capella, dedicated to the cele- 
 brated de Thou, and tranflated into Latin, 
 Stevin's treatife for the inftruction of pilots 
 in finding a (hip's place at fea. In 1600, he 
 publifhed his phenomena of Aratus, and ac- 
 quired fuch celebrity as a poet, that his pro- 
 fopopceia was tranflated into French by da 
 Vaer, Rapin, Pafquier, and Malherbe, and 
 into Greek by Cafaubon. He alio wrote tra- 
 gedies, 
 A 
 
GRO 
 
 gedies, and his Adamus Exul, his Chriftus 
 patiens, and his Jofeph, were received with 
 great applaufe. In 1603, he was appointed 
 hiftoriographer to the ftates of Holland, who 
 thus felected him as the ableft hiftorian wor- 
 thy to tranfmit to polterity the heroic deeds 
 of their countrymen, and their emancipation 
 from SpaniTn 'lavery." He was next appointed 
 advocate general for the fife of Holland and 
 Zealand, with an encreafed falary, and he 
 xbly defended in 1609, in his " mare liberum," 
 the freedom of the ocean, and the right of 
 the Durch to trade to the eaft, though the 
 work was feverely and acutely cenfured by 
 Selden. His treatife de antiquitate reipubliae 
 Batavas, to alfert the ancient independence 
 of his country from the Roman yoke, arid the 
 modern ufurpations of Spain appeared in 1610, 
 and was rewarded with the unanimous thanks 
 of the ftates. In 1613 he was honorably 
 elected per.fionary of Rotterdam, and obtained 
 a feat in the affembly of the ftates of Hol- 
 land, and afterwards of the ftates general, and 
 foon after his abilities were emyloyed in fet- 
 tling the dilputes between the Engli'ih and the 
 Dutch, on the iubjeft of the fifhery in the 
 northern feas. In the religious differences 
 which ^iow began to agitate Holland, Grotius, 
 who had hitherto marched unoppofed in the 
 road of honor and glory, took a mare, and, in 
 embracing the tenets of Arminius, he declared 
 himfelf a zealous advocate for toleration. His 
 conduct, and that of thofe with whom he 
 ailed, proved offenfive to prince Maurice, and 
 the conference, begun for reconciliation, foon 
 ended in miftnift and warfare. At the nati- 
 onal fynod of Dort, 15th Nov. 1618, the five 
 articles of the Arminians were condemned, 
 their minifters were banilhed, and their three 
 able defenders Barnevelt, Grotius, and Hoo- 
 garbetz, were tried, and the firft was executed, 
 and the others doomed to perpetual imprifon- 
 ment. In his prifon of Louveftein, Grotius 
 found confolation in literary occupations, and 
 though his confinement was rigorous, he de- 
 rived every comfort from the attentions of his 
 wife, who after fome difficulty was permitted 
 to vifit him. The fond care of this worthy 
 woman at laft procured his deliverance, after 
 a captivity of nearly two years, and on pre- 
 tence of removing books which (he declared 
 proved injurious to her hufband's health, (he 
 was permitted to fend away a final! cheft of 
 drawers of the length of three feet and a 
 half, in which he was confined. Thus car- 
 ried by two foldiers from the fortrefs of Lou- 
 veftein, the ehelt was removed to Gorcum on 
 horfeback, and at the houfe of a friend the 
 illuftrious prifoner was fet at liberty, and im- 
 mediately efciped, difguifed in the drefs of a 
 mafon with a rule and a trowel, to Valvic in 
 Brabant, and then to Antwerp. From An- 
 twerp he wrote to the ftates general excul- 
 
 GRO 
 
 pating himfelf, and aflerting that his condud 
 was guided by the pureft love for his country, 
 and the fincereft regard for the interefts of the 
 dates, and he afterwards went to Paris, where 
 he received a penfion from the French court. 
 His apology appeared in 162a, but it was 
 received with fuch indignation by the Lates 
 general, that all perfons were forbidden to read 
 it on pain of death, aud a decree was nTueJ 
 to feize the offending author wherever hs 
 could be found. In 1623 he retired from the 
 tumults of Paris to the feat of one of his 
 friends near Boulogne, and there began his 
 great work on th# rights of peace and war. 
 The death of Maurice in Holland made no 
 change in the politics of the Dutch, ar^d the 
 next ftadtholder, Frederic Henry, protelied 
 the fame enmity againft the exiled luflFerer, 
 but, at laft, through the felicitation of his 
 friends, and the earneft applications of his 
 wife, the confiscation was removed from his 
 property, and in Odl. 1631, he ventured to 
 revifit Holland. Though honorably re- 
 ceived at Rotterdam, at Atnfterdam, and at 
 Delft, he found ftill the fpirit of rancor in the 
 magiftrates, and when threatened again with 
 perfecution, he determined to remove from 
 an ungrateful country on which his iervices 
 and his writings have conferred immortal fame. 
 In March 1632, he retired to Hamburgh, and 
 there was flattered with the mod preffing and 
 liberal invitations from Spain, Portugal, Den- 
 mark, Holftein, and other princes, but he 
 preferred the friendihip of Oxenftiern, and a 
 residence in Sweden, to all other fituations. 
 By the kindnefs of his new patron, and the 
 celebrity of his own meritorious worki, he 
 was at laft declared counfellor to the queen of 
 Sweden, and appointed her ambaflador to 
 France, and for eight years, till 1644, he 
 fupported the characler of his ftation, and 
 the intereft6 of his new adopted country, 
 withfuccefs and with dignity. When, at his" 
 own folicitation, he retired from the French 
 emhafTy, he removed through Holland to Swe- 
 den, and was honorably received by queen 
 Chriftina ; but feeing the cabals of his ene- 
 mies, who, without merit, were jealous of his 
 fame and confequence, he fighed again for 
 retirement, and requefted permirfion to go 
 to Lubec. On the 12th of Auguft, 1645, 
 he embarked, but the veifel was driven by 
 dreadful ftorm on the coaft of Pomerania, 
 and Grotius, intent to reach Lubec, arrived 
 at Roftock, after a tedious journey of fixty 
 miles, expofed to the rain and to the in- 
 clemency of the air. The difficulties of his 
 journey were encreafed by the attacks of a 
 fever, and the illuftrious ftranger, whom the 
 ingratitude of his countrymen had banilhed 
 from his home, and the envy of courtiers had 
 driven from his long wifhod for afylum, fink. 
 E e 3 tag 
 
GRO 
 
 ing under fatigue and diieafe, expired at mid- 
 night, 28th Aug. 1645. His remains were 
 conveyed to Delft, and depofited in the grave 
 of his family, where this modell epitaph writ- 
 ten by himfelf marks the lpot ; 
 
 Grotius hie Hugo eft, Batavum captivus et exul 
 Legatus regni, Suecia magna, tui. 
 
 Befides his valuable treatife on the chriftian 
 religion, which is known to every ftudent of 
 chriftianity, and his treatife de jure belli r & 
 pacis, and the other pieces already mentioned, 
 he publifhed, among other works, via adpacem 
 ecclefiafticam anthologia hiftoria Gothorum 
 -commentary 1 on the old and new tefta- 
 mentS" difTertatio hiltcric. de dogmat. ritib. 
 &c. ecclefia;, &c. de origine gentium Ame- 
 rican. notes on Tacitus, Lucian, &c. epif- 
 tles, &c. His wife Mary Reigelberg, whom 
 he married 1608, furvived him. She was a 
 woman of a moll refpeclable family in Zea- 
 land, and in her character moll amiable, be- 
 nevolent, and exemplary, 'i he religious opi- 
 nions of Grotius were very favorable to the 
 church of England, and it is no defpicable 
 tellimony to the purity and authenticity of 
 the doctrines of our national eftabliihment, 
 that its tenets and difcipiine were commend- 
 ed and applauded by a man whofe judgment 
 was fo discriminating, and whofe opinion s fo 
 refpeclable and lb fatfefac^pry, efpecially on 
 the fubjedl of religion, to which he devoted, 
 for a long time, all the powers of a ftrong, 
 vigorous, and unprejudiced mind. Two of 
 the fons of this illuftrious character, Cornelius 
 and Diederic, embraced the military pro- 
 feffion, and another, Pet-cr, became eminent 
 in the law and as a philologift, and was known 
 as a penfionary of Amfterdam. He died 
 1678. 
 
 Grotius, William, brother of Hugo, was 
 born at Delft, and diftinguilhed himfelf as a 
 lawyer. He wrote enchiridion de principiis 
 juris naturae and vita; jurhconfult. in pan- 
 dedt. in nomin. &o, and died 1662. 
 
 Grove, Henry, a learned teacher among 
 the prefbyterians, born at Taunton,' Sorrier- 
 fetfhire, 4th Jan. 1683. He was defcended 
 from very refpeclable families in Devonfhire 
 and Wiltihire, by his father and mother, and 
 therefore his education was particularly atten- 
 ,ded to. After being under the care of Mr. 
 Warren, who kept an academy at Taunton, 
 he went to London, and ftudied under his re- 
 lation Mr. Rowe, and. by his learning and 
 abilities, recommended himfelf to the notice 
 of fome refpedlable divines, among whom 
 w3sDr. Watts. At the age of 22 he began 
 to be a preacher, and foon after married, 
 and undertook with Mr. James, the care 
 of Taunton academy, in the room of his 
 firiefid Warren, where he continued very 
 fuccefsfully employed for 18 years. During 
 
 GRU 
 
 that time he engaged in the theological dis- 
 putes, which agitated the diffenters and the 
 clergy, and he publifhed his " elTay on the 
 terms of chriftian communion," and other 
 things. In 1 7.? 6 he loll his wife, and the 
 following year he fell a victim to a violent 
 fever, which carried him off 27th Feb. 1736-7. 
 An infeription was placed over his grave by Dr. 
 Ward of Grefham college. He wrote miicel- 
 lanies in prole and verfe, befides a difcourfe 
 on faving faith an effay on the foul's immor- 
 tality and the numbers 588, 601, 626, 635, 
 in the fpectator. His pofthumous works ap- 
 peared in 1740, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Grove, Jofepb, author of the life of car- 
 dinal Woifey, died 1764. 
 
 Gruchius, Nicolas, of Rouen, was the 
 firft who explained Ariftotle in Greek. He 
 tranflated Caftanedo's hiftory of the Indies, 
 and wrote a treatife de comitiis Romanorum, 
 &c. He died 1572, at Roche 11:. 
 
 Grudius, Nicolas E-verard, treafurer of 
 Brabant, wrote facred and prophane poetry in 
 Latin, and died 157 1. 
 
 Grue, Thomas, a Frenchman at the end 
 of the 17th cfentury, who tranflated feveral 
 Englifh works into French, and among them 
 Rofs's hiftory of all religions, and Rogers' 
 gate open to the knowledge of paganifm. 
 
 Gruet, N. a young poet, unfortunately 
 killed by the difcharge of a fowling-piece, on 
 which he was refting his head, and of which 
 the trigger was pulled by the motion of his 
 dog. His farewell of Hector and Andromache, 
 and his Annibal to the Carthaginian fenate, 
 are poetical pieces of great merit. He died 
 1778, aged 25. 
 
 Grucet, Claude, a Parifian, of the 16th 
 century, who tranflated Spanifh and Italian 
 works into French, and among them the queen 
 of Navarre's heptnmeron. 
 
 Gruner, John Frederic, of Cobourg, wrote 
 an introduction to Roman antiquities mif- 
 cellanea facra critical remarks on the daffies, 
 befides editions of Ca'lius Sedulius, Eutropius, 
 Qaterculus, &c. He died 1778, aged 55. 
 
 Gruterus, Janus, an eminent philologer, 
 of Antwerp. Plis father was burgomafter 
 there, and fled in confequence of figning that 
 petition to the duchefs of Parma, which gave 
 rife to the word Gueux. He came to Nor- 
 wich with his wife, an Englifh worn' 
 with his infant fon. Under his moth; : 
 could read Galen in the original, young Gru- 
 ter made a rapid progrefs, and was lent to 
 Cambridge. When his parents returned to 
 the continent he followed them and col 
 his education at Leyden. During the political 
 agitation of Flanders, he was fome time pro- 
 felfor of hiftory at Wittemberg, but refuted 
 to continue there, as a confeifion of faith, 
 contrary to his featiments, was tendered tt 
 
 lnm. 
 
 
 
GRY 
 
 GUA 
 
 kim. He was afterwards offered a profeffbr's j 
 chair at Padua, but he peferred the invitation j 
 which he had received from Heidelberg. He 
 published his large collection of infcriptions, 
 dedicated to Rodoiphus li. who in approbation | 
 granted him the licence of publiihing Ins own ! 
 works and thole of others, and intended him i 
 the honors of nobility, whkh h : s death pre- | 
 vented. On the taking of Heidelberg, he loll 
 his valuable library, wnich had coft him I zoo 
 golden adWns., and all applications for its re- 
 covery were fruitleis. He afterwards was 
 invited to fettle in Denmark, and at Franeker, 
 but he rejected thb>, and at lad fixed his refit 
 dence at a country h&ufc near Heidelberg J 
 from whence going to viiit his fon-in-law he 
 was, 1527, iuddenly taken ill, and expired 10 
 days after. He was an able critic, a man of 
 extenh've erudition, and a very voluminous 
 writer. 
 
 Gruterus, Peter, a practitioner of phyfie 
 in Fland rs, published in 1709, at JLeyden, 
 " a century of Latin letters," with obiblete 
 phrales, and a " new century," alio in 1629, 
 at Amsterdam, where he died 1634. 
 
 Gryllus, fou of Xenophon, flew Epami- 
 nondas, and fell himfelf at the celebrated bat- 
 tle of Mantinea, B. C. 363. 
 
 Grynjeus, Simon, Ion of a peafant of 
 Swabia, was bora at Veringen, 1493. He 
 became Greek profefTor at Vienna, but his 
 attachment to the protectants' expoled him to 
 frequent periecution. He was imprilbned at 
 Baden, and alter his liberation had a confer- 
 ence with Luther and Melancthon at Wit- 
 temberg. He was afterwards Greek profefTor 
 at Heidelberg, from whence he went to Baiil, 
 and, in 1531, vifited- England, with ftrong re- 
 commendations from Erafmus to iir Thomas 
 
 and poetry at Jena, was author of fome works, 
 and died 161 2. 
 
 Gryphius, Scbajlian, a printer, at Lyons, 
 born in Swabia 1493. He was equally known 
 as a fchclar, and Conrad Gefner, in teftimony 
 of his merit, dedicated one of his books to him, 
 and Julius Scaliger alfo fpoke refpectfully of 
 his abilities. The books printed by Gryphius 
 are much admired, efpecially his Hebrew, 
 Greek, and Latin editions, and particularly 
 his "Latin bible," in 2 vols. fol. in the largeit 
 types, then feen, 1550. He died 1556, and 
 left his trade to his ion and fucceflbr Anthony 
 Gryphius. 
 
 Gryphius, Andrew, the Corneille of 
 Germany, was born at Glogaw 1616. He is 
 highly extolled by the Germans as a tragic 
 writer, and he alfo publifhsd in a fine vein of 
 fatire and irony, a critique on the ancient 
 comedies of the Greeks. Pie died 1664. 
 
 Gryphius, Chrijlian, fon of Andrew, was 
 profeffor of eloquence at Breflaw, and princi- 
 pal librarian of the college of Magdalen. He 
 was author of German poems a treatife on 
 
 the German language of a dilfertation on 
 
 the hiitorical writers of the 17th century, fcc* 
 He died 1706, aged 57. 
 
 Gua DE Malves, John Paul de, of 
 Languedoc, firft conceived the idea of an en- 
 cyclopedia, which was fo fuccefsfully executed 
 by d'Alembert and others. He wrote ufage 
 de Tanalyfe -Q Defcartes, &c. and died 1786, 
 
 aged 74 
 
 Guadac 
 at Maglia' 
 Chaldean, 
 Arabic, w 
 
 OLO, 
 
 He 
 
 More, Montjoy, and others. In 1534 he 
 was employed. in reforming the church and 
 fchool of Tubingen, and two years after re- 
 turned to Bafil, apd in 1540 affitted at. the 
 conferences of Worms. He died of the plague 
 the next year at Bafii. Pie was an excellent 
 fcholar, whole erudition is dii played in his 
 editions of the Alma 5 eit of Ptolemy, of Eu- 
 clid. Plato, Proclus, &c. 
 
 Gryn#us, John James, of Berne, of the 
 family of the preceding, was minii..- 
 divinity profeffor at Bafil, and died there 
 1617, aged 77. He was blind for the hit 
 five years of his life. He wrote notes on 
 feveral of the fathers, befides an ecclefialtiea} 
 hiftory, &c. 
 
 Gry\.eus, Thomas, nephew of the prece- 
 -ding, was born at Syringen, in Swabia, and 
 educated under the care of his uncle. He 
 was Latin and Greek profelfor at Berne and 
 Bafil, and was highly refpected as a fcholar 
 and a man. He left four fons, all eminent in 
 literature. 
 
 Grypuiarder, Jobn t profeffor of bjftory 
 
 Philip, an orientalift, born 
 ftudied Greek, Hebrew, 
 : 'c, Perfian, and particularly 
 a 1 ? taught many years at Rome, 
 He was fo well VArfed in Arabic, that he fpoke 
 an Oration in that language before Chriitina at 
 Rome, 1656. He alfo at the requeft of 
 Urban VIII, undertook in T622, and finiihed 
 after 27 years' labor, a tranflation of the bible 
 into Arabic for the ufe of the Eaftern churches, 
 publifhed 1671, 3 vols. fol. He wrote befides 
 an apology for the chrifuan religion, in Lathi, 
 1 63 1, and in Arabic 1637, againft a Maho- 
 metan, and with fuch effect that his antagonist 
 embraced chriftianity " a methodical Arabic 
 grammar" an Arabic dictionary, not com- 
 pleted, the manufcript of which is preferved, 
 hi the convent of San Lorenzo, in Lucina. 
 This accomplished fcholar died 1656, aged do, 
 
 Guagukv, Alexander, an author, who was 
 boin at Verona 1538, and died at Cracow, 
 aged 76. He wrote fome valuable typogra- 
 phical works, efpecially " Sarmatia? Europea? 
 defcriptio, Spires," 1581 et rerum Polcniea- 
 rum fcriptores, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Gualbert, St. John, a Florentine, who 
 
 founded a.monaftery at Valiombrofa on the 
 
 Apennines, where he died 1073. The fpot 
 
 is immortalized by Milton in hjs paradife loft, 
 
 E e 4 GwA*,pU3 s 
 
GUA 
 
 GUE 
 
 Gualdus, Pritratus, or Galeaxzo^ an hit 
 torian, born at Vicenza, where he died 1678. 
 He was historiographer to the emperor, and 
 wrote the hiftory of Ferdinand II. and III. and 
 alio of Leopold, 3 vols. fol. the troubles of 
 France from 1648 to 1654. 
 
 Gualterus, Rodolphus, author of com- 
 mentaries on the bible, and of a translation of 
 Julius Pollux, was born at Zurich 1529, and 
 died 1586. 
 
 Guarin, Peter, a Benedi&ine of Rouen, 
 who died at Paris 1729, aged 51. He pub- 
 lifhed a Hebrew grammar, % vols. 4to. and 
 alfo a Hebrew lexicon. 
 
 Guarini, an eminent fcholar, of Verona, 
 who went to Conftantinople to learn Greek, 
 and was the firft who taught it in Italy. He 
 was profefTor of learned languages at Ferrara, 
 . and tranflated ibme of the ancient authors, 
 efpecially Strabo and Plutarch's lives, and died 
 1460, at Ferrara. His fon Baptijla was pro- 
 feflbr at Ferrara, and tranflated into Italian 
 fome of Plautus' comedies, &c. 
 
 Guarini, John Baptijl, a famous poet, 
 great grandfon of the preceding, born at Fer- 
 rara , 1 537* He was educated at Pifa and 
 Padua, and afterwards introduced to the court 
 of Alphonfo II. His abilities were employed 
 in frequent embaflies to Venice and to Turin, 
 where his " paftor fido," was firft exhibited at 
 the nuptials of the duke of Savoy with the 
 lifter of Philip III. of Spain. In 1571 he went 
 ambaffador to Rome, and four years after ne- 
 gotiated in Poland, to obtain for his mafter the 
 crown, which Henry of Valois had refigned. 
 Difguft with the ingratitude of the court, 
 drove him, in 1582, into retirement; but 
 he was prevailed upon again to become fecre- 
 tary of ftaie, and ambaffador, and again he 
 abandoned the offices of elevated life for pri- 
 vacy. As the duke of Ferrara had favored his 
 fon in a law-fuit againft him, he offered his 
 fervices to the duke of Savoy ; but the lofs of 
 fcis wife, in 1589, produced a revolution in his 
 fentiments, and for a while determined him to 
 become an ecclefiaftic. After, howeyer, being 
 in the fervice of the duke of Mantua, he was 
 reconciled to Alphonfo of Ferrara ; but frefh 
 quarrels arofe, and Guarini quitted his country 
 for the protection of the grand duke of Tuf- 
 cany. He died at Venice, 16 1 2, aged 70, 
 after exhibiting the peevifhnefs and diflatis- 
 faclion of an ambitious inconfiftent character. 
 He was fo regardlefs of the poetical fame 
 which his paftor fido had acquired, that he 
 confidered it below the rank of a gentleman to 
 be a poet. He wrote feveral things befides, 
 mentioned by Niceron. 
 
 Guarini, Guarino, an architect, born at 
 JVTodena. He died 1683, aged 59. He em- 
 bellifhed Turin, and other cities of Italy, and 
 even Haris, with palaces ; but though admired,, 
 his buildings are irregular. 
 
 Guasco, OUavian, of Turin, died at Ve- 
 rona 1783. He was member of the French 
 academies, and diltinguilhed himieif by his 
 writings, efpecially " a treatife on alylums," 
 on the ttatues of the ancients, &c. 
 
 Guazzi, Stephen, fecretary to the duchefs 
 of Mentz, and author of lbme poems, dia- 
 logues, &c. much efteemed, died at Pavia, 
 
 1565. 
 
 Guazzi, Marl, of Padua, wrote an hil- 
 tory of Charles VIII. an hiftory of his own 
 time, and other things, much admired. He 
 died 15.56. 
 
 Guay Trouin, Rene Ju, a famous admiral. 
 Vid. Du-Guav. 
 
 Gudius, Marquard, a critic of Holftein, 
 educated at Renlburg and Jena. He early 
 dilplayed a ftrong inclination for literature, 
 and was recommended by Gronovius to D. 
 Heinfius, as a perfon of promifing talents ; 
 but his parents were anxious to advance him 
 at court, and, therefore, earneftly defired to 
 fee him lay afide all ttudious purfuits. By 
 the intereft however of Grasvius and Grono- 
 vius, he obtained the office of tutor to a young 
 man of family and fortune, named Schas, and 
 with him he began to travel, in 1659, into 
 France. His abilities introduced him to the 
 learned of Paris and of '1 ouloufe, and after 
 vifiting the moft curious collections of France 
 and Italy, the tutor and the pupil returned, in 
 1664, to Germany. He was afterwards in 
 England, and in the company and friendfhip 
 of his pupil, who poflefled great erudition, 
 and employed much of his property in the 
 collection of valuable manufcripts, he fpent 
 the whole of his time, and declined accepting 
 a profeflbrfhip offered him at rhe Hague. So 
 great and fincere was the friendlhip between 
 Gudius and Schas, that the pupil left his 
 property to his preceptor, in 1675 ; but fuch, 
 was the ungrateful conduct of Gudius, that 
 on the acquifition of his riches he difregarded 
 the friends in Holland, to whole interference 
 he owed his elevation and his opulence. Ho 
 was afterwards counsellor to the duke of Hol- 
 ftein, and to the king of Denmark, and died 
 immaturely, as Burman nbferves, in 1689. 
 Though very learned, he never publifhed any 
 thing of great importance ; the notes and 
 MSS. however, which he communicated to 
 his friends were valuable, and his afliftance 
 and abilities have been recorded by Graevhjs, 
 Burman, and others. 
 
 Gudius, Gottlob Frederic, a Lutheran mi- 
 nifter, author of fome valuable works, o the 
 difficulty of learning Hebrew remarks on the 
 emperor Julian a life of Hoffman, &c. 
 
 Guedrier de St. Aubin, Henry Mi- 
 thael, of Gournai en-bray, near Rouen, died 
 abbot of St. Vulmer monaftery, in Bayonne, 
 1742, aged 47. He diftinguilhed himfelf as a 
 
 cafuiftf 
 
GUE 
 
 CUE 
 
 cafuift; and wrote the facred hiftory of the two 
 covenants, 7 vols. l2mo. &c. 
 
 Guerard, Robert, a Benedi&ine monk, 
 born at Rouen, where he died 1715, aged 74. 
 He wrote an abridgment of the bible in ques- 
 tions and anfwers, % vols. I zmo. and aSSifted 
 Delfau in editing of St. Auftin's work, and 
 was fent to exile, when his aflbciate was dis- 
 graced for his abbe commendataire. 
 
 GuERCHEViLLE, Antoinette de Pons, mar- 
 chionefs of, a French lady, remarkable' for her 
 dignified anfwer to Henry IV. who meditated 
 an attack on her virtue. If, Said She, I am 
 not noble enough to be your wife, I am too 
 noble to be your miftrefs. When married to 
 Mary de Medicis, he made her lady of honor 
 to his queen, laying, Since you are a lady of 
 honor, be one to my wife. 
 
 GuERCHl, Claude Letuis de Reenter, count 
 de, a French general, who diftinguifhed him- 
 Self in the wars of Italy and Flanders, and 
 afterwards came to England, as ambalTador 
 from his court. He died 1768. 
 
 Guercixo, Francifeo Bar bier i da Cento, fo 
 called from a calt in one of his eyes, was a 
 painter, born near Bologna, 1590. He began 
 to practife his profeflion at eight, and by at- 
 tending the leiTons of Michael Angelo, and 
 the Caracas, he acquired great reputation for 
 correctness, invention, and a becoming bold- 
 nefs in his figures. For two years he practised 
 at Rome, but afterwards the liberal offers of 
 the kings of England and France could not 
 draw him away from his favorite retreat at 
 Bologna. Chriftina of Sweden paid her re- 
 fpects to him, and fhook him by the hand, by 
 that hand, faid he, which had painted 106 
 altar pieces, 144 pictures, for people of dis- 
 tinction , and befides compofed 10 books of 
 defigns. He died, 1666, a bachelor, leaving 
 much of his property to build chapels, and for 
 other charitable purpoles. His private cha- 
 racter for piety and morality, was as eminent 
 as his abilities as a painter. 
 
 Gueret, Gabriel, eminent as an advocate 
 at the bar, and 2s an author, was born at 
 Paris 1641, and died there 1688. He wrote 
 M Parnaffus reformed" the war of authors, 
 and other facetious and Satirical works. 
 
 Guerick, Otho, a German philoSopher, 
 and phyfician, celebrated as the inventor of 
 the air-pump, and of the weather glai's. Fie 
 was counsellor to the elector of Brandenburg, 
 burgo-mafter of Magdeburg, and author of 
 fome treatifes on experimental philoSophy. He 
 was twice married, and, by his firft wife, had 
 Otho, who was counfellor to the king of PruS- 
 fia, and a man of learning. This able man 
 died at Hamburgh, 1686, aged 84^ 
 
 Guerin, Francis, profeffor of the college 
 of Beauvais, translated Tacitus and Lftry into 
 French. His Livy was efteemed, xo vols. 
 Hmo. 
 
 GtJERINIERE, Francis Robichon, author 
 of " l'ecole de cavalerie," and " elemens de 
 cavalerie", was equerry to the French kingj 
 and died 17^1. 
 
 Guerre, Martin, a Frenchman, whofe 
 hiftory excited Some intereft in his country. 
 After living about 10 years with Bertrande 
 de Roh, his wife, he went from her and en- 
 gaged in the Spanifh Service. Eight years 
 after one of his friends, Arnaud du Thil, pre- 
 sented himSelf to Bertrande, and by impofing 
 upon her credulity, was received by her as 
 her hufband. The impofture was SuSpected 
 by the uncle of Guerre, but du Thil, though 
 profecuted, and condemned to be hanged, aS- 
 Serted his innocence, and declaring himSelf the- 
 reat Martin, appealed to the parliament of 
 Toulcufe. The cauSe Teemed intricate, but 
 before the decifive Sentence was pronounced, 
 Martin returned, and the impoftor was, for 
 his treacherous and immoral conduct, hanged 
 and burned, 1560. 
 
 Guesclin, Bertrand du, a celebrated war- 
 rior, conftable of France. He was of Britany, 
 but his education had been fo neglected, that 
 he could neither read nor write, and in his 
 perfon he was as mean, as his mind was noble. 
 He was principally diftinguifhed in his wars 
 againft the Englifh. His life has been written 
 by feveral of his countrymen. He died in 
 the midft of his triumphs, before- Chateau 
 Neuf de Rendon, 1380, aged 69. 
 
 Guettard, John Stephen, a French phy- 
 fician and botanift, whoSe extreme application 
 in literary purluits, brought on a premature 
 death, 1786. He wrote observations on 
 plants, a vols. iamo. and memoirs of different 
 parts of the Sciences and arts, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Guevara, Antony de, a Spanifh writer, 
 bern at Alaba. He was brought -up at court, 
 and became known as a preacher, and histo- 
 riographer to Charles V. He was bifhop of 
 Gundix in Granada, and of Mandonedo in 
 Gfjicia, and died 1544. The belt of his 
 works is " dial of princes, or the life of M. 
 A. Antoninus," translated into all the lan- 
 guages of Europe. He is deServedly cenSurcd 
 as an hiftorian, not only for the ill tafte, but 
 the improbabilities, and diitorted accounts, 
 which he introduces as historical fadts, more 
 becoming the meretriciaufneSs of romance 
 than of Sober truth. He wrote befides golden 
 epiStles, &c. His nephew Anthony, an eccle- 
 fiaftic, was author of commentaries on the 
 Scriptures. 
 
 Guevara, Letvis Velep de, a Spanifh co- 
 mic poet, admired in the court of Philip IV. 
 for his pleafantries. His humorous piece " el 
 diabolo cojuelo" is the Soundation of le Sage's 
 diable boiteux. He was of Icija, in Anda- 
 lufia, and died 1646. 
 
 Gueulette, Thomas Simon, author of 
 
 fome 
 
GUI 
 
 GUI 
 
 .fome novels and comedies, was born qt Paris, 
 and died 1766, aged 83. His works dilplay 
 genius, elegance, and eaie. Befides " the lul- 
 tans of Guzerat, &c. ' he wrote Italian pieces, 
 &c. 
 
 Guglielmini, Dominic, a mathematician, 
 bom at Bologna. He was of the academy of 
 Paris, and was patronized by Lewis XIV. 
 Of the valuable works which he wrote, the 
 treatife on the nature of rivers is the mod 
 efteemed. I i is works are printed at Geneva, 
 a vols. 4to. 171 9. He died 17 10, aged 55. 
 
 Guibert, author of " Gefta Dei per 
 Francos," or " an hiitory of the mil crufade," 
 died abbot of Rogent-fous-Couci, n 24, aged 
 
 GuiBERT, Jatnej Anthony Hippollte, of 
 Montauban, ferved.in the German wars, and 
 became a colonel in Corfica. He pubiifhed, 
 in 1770, effai. general du tadtique, and after- 
 wards quitted the military profeffion to devote 
 himfelf to dramatic writings. He became 
 member of the French academy, and died 
 1790, aged 47. Befides tragedies, he wrote 
 slfo the .eulogy of the king of Pruffia of 
 Catinat, and of l'Hopital. 
 
 Guicciardini, Iianccfc), a celebrated 
 hiilorian, born at Florence, 148a. After re- 
 ceiving a liberal education, he pradtifed the 
 l.ivv, and held fome- offices of importance, and 
 then devoted himfelf to the public affairs of 
 his native city. From Florence he went to 
 Rom";, and was highly honored by Leo X. 
 and his two fuccefTors, who employed him in a 
 high, civil, and military capacity, and trufted 
 much to his integrity. He died 1540. His 
 hiitory of Italy, in Italian, 4 vols. 4to. is a 
 performance about which his countrymen de- 
 servedly pride themfelves. 
 
 Guicciardini, Leivis, nephew of the hif- 
 torian, was himfelf a writer of great fidelity. 
 Fie was born at Florence, and died at An- 
 twerp 1589, aged 66. Of his .valuable works 
 the moft efteemed is his deicription of the 
 Pays Bas, in Italian, traailated into French by 
 Belleforet. 
 
 Guichard, Claude de, hiftcriographer to 
 the duke of Savoy, was author of a curious 
 work called " the funerals of the ancients," 
 in 4to. He died 1607. 
 
 Gujciieron, Samuel, advocate of Bourge, 
 in Breffe, is known as an hiilorian. Among 
 other things his " genealogical hiftory of the 
 houfe pi Savoy," is admired by Bayle and 
 others. He died 1664, aged 57. 
 
 Guidi, Alexander, an Italian poet, born at 
 Pavia m Milan, 1650. He was patronized by 
 the duke of Parma, and afterwards under the 
 protection of Chriftina of Sweden, he not 
 only became acquainted with the literary cha- 
 racters of that city, but read to great advan- 
 tage the works of his favorite mailers, Dante, 
 Petrarch, and Chiabrara. Alter thus enjoying 
 
 the friendfhip of the learned, and the good 
 opinion of the popes, of Iiuge?:2 of Savoy, and 
 others, he was feized with an apoplexy which 
 proved fatal, at Frdc'ti 171a. His works, 
 which confht of paftorals, operas, and other 
 poems, written in an eafy, agreeable, but cor- 
 rect ltyle, were pubiifhed at Verona, 1726, 
 umo. with an account of his life. Though 
 refpectable as a poet, he was in his perl'on 
 very deformed, his head was difagreeably large, 
 and he was blind of one eye. 
 
 Guido, Rent, a celebrated Italian painter, 
 born at Bologna 1575. His father, a mufician, < 
 defigned him for his profeffion, but nature had 
 given him a ftrong genius for painting, and by 
 improving himfelf under Calvert, a Flemifh 
 painter, and afterwards under the Caraccis, 
 he acquired fuch excellence as rendered him 
 fuperior to the artifts of his age. His merits 
 happily were not buried in oblivion, he was 
 honored with the notice of pope Paul V., of 
 the cardinals and princes of Italy, of Fewis 
 XIII., cf Philip IV. of Spain, and of Udiflaus, 
 king of Sweden and Poland He lived in 
 great fplendor at Bologna, and afterwards at 
 Rome, hut a moft invincible attachment to 
 gaming rendered him indigent and difcontented. 
 From the moft elevated affluence he funk to 
 poverty, and the reflection of his deplorable 
 iituation had fuch an effect upon him, that it 
 brought on a diftemper, of which he died, 
 1642. In his youth his features were fo 
 pleafing that his mailer Ludovico Caracci 
 painted his angels from him. In every part pf 
 his character Guido was highly refpectable, 
 gaming was his only vice. His pictures are 
 much valued, and they adorn the coll 
 of the great. His belt piece is what he paint- 
 ed with Dumcnieiieno in the church of St. 
 Gregory. 
 
 Guido, Caanacc'i, an hiftorical painter of 
 Bologna, difciple to Reni Guido. He pof- 
 feffed great merit. He died 1680. 
 
 Guidotti, Paul, a painter, engraver, and 
 architect, of Lucca'. He had alto fome know- 
 ledge of anatomy, and pretended he could fly 
 with wings; but in the attempt he fell and 
 broke his limbs. Fie died 1619, aged 60. 
 
 Guignard, John, of Chartres, was pro- 
 feffor of divinity at Clermont. Fie was exe- 
 cuted at Paris 1595, for high treafon. During 
 the affair of John Chattel, which fo nearly 
 concerned the life of Henry IV. fome papers 
 were feized at Clermont, in the hand-writing 
 of Guignard, and as in thefe he maintained 
 that the murder of Henry III. and of Henry 
 IV. was lawful, and refilled to retract his ad 
 fertions, he w<:s put to death. 
 
 Guignes, Jofrph de, of Pontoife, ftudied 
 the oriental languages under Fourmont, and 
 became interpreter to the French king, I74* 
 and member of the belles lettres' academy, 
 
 i/J3r 
 
GUI 
 
 GUI 
 
 ;$. The revolution wroved the fource of 
 
 mifery and reduced him to poverty. He 
 
 i at Paris 1800, aged 79. He was well 
 
 uainted with the Chinefe characters, and 
 
 35 years was principal conductor of the 
 journal des Savans. He wrote general hiftory 
 f the Huns, Turks, Moguls, and Tartars, 5 
 ols. 4to. the life of Fourmont the military 
 art of the Chinefe memoir to prove the 
 Chinefe an Egyptian colony effay on the 
 Oriental and Greek topography principles of 
 ypographical compofition, &c. 
 
 Guild, William, D. D. a divine, born 
 near Dundee, and educated at the Marifchal 
 ollege, Aberdeen, where he was profeffor of 
 philofophy, divinity, and church hiftory 
 Though he oppofed the covenant in 1638, 
 he afterwards complied, and at the restoration 
 went as one of the comtniflioners to Breda to 
 congratulate Charles II. He wrote in 16.17 
 an aniwer to a Roman catholic book on inno- 
 vations, and died 1662, aged 60. 
 
 Guili.ain, Simon, a fculptor,. rector of 
 the painting and fculpture academy at Paris- 
 He died 1658, aged 77. 
 
 Guillandius, Melchiar, a phyfician and 
 botanift of Koningfberg, in Pruffia, taken by 
 the Algerines when going on botanical pur- 
 fuits to Africa. His commentary on the pa- 
 pyrus is full of erudition. He wrote feveral 
 works, and died at Padua 1589, where he 
 was botanical profeffor. 
 
 Gcjillelma, a woman of Bohemia, who, 
 in the 13th century, founded in Italy a feci 
 which united enthufiafm with lewdnefs. After 
 being refpected during life as a faint, fhe was, 
 when dead, dug up from her grave, and burnt 
 with ignominy. 
 
 Guillemeau, James, a French furgeon, 
 author of fome valuable books on his profef- 
 iioii. He died at Paris 161 2. 
 
 GuiLLBT de St. George, George, firft 
 historiographer to the academy of painting and 
 fculpture in Paris, was born at Thiers, in 
 Auvergne, and died at Paris 1705, aged 80. 
 He wrote, among other things, the hiftory of 
 Mahomet II. ancient and modern Sparta- 
 ancient and modern Athens, &c. 
 
 Guilliaud, Clause, doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, was author of commentaries on the 
 gofpels of St. Matthew, and St. John, and of 
 ones in omncs S. Pauli epiftolas, &c. 
 
 GuiLLIM, John, author of " difphy of 
 jheraldry," in folio, was born in Herefordfkire, 
 1565, and educated at Brazen-nofe, Oxford. 
 > of the fociety of the college of arms, 
 and in 161 7 was made rouge-croix purfuivant 
 ns. He died 1621. The fixth edition 
 of his valuable work appeared 1724, with 
 
 additions.* 
 Guillotin, a phyfician, born at Saintes 
 1738. At the revolution he was deputy in 
 <he national alfembly from Paris. In making 
 
 a report on the penal code, he recommend.d 
 an infh ument of death which might be more 
 expeditious, and create to the fuffei ers lefs pain 
 than either the halter or the wheel, and this 
 new machine, fo fatally uled during the civil 
 difTenfipns of the ftate, has immortalized the 
 name of its author. Though it is reported, 
 that he perifhed under his guillotine, it is hovv~ 
 ever certain that he died a natural death, and. 
 it is faid of grief for the infamous abufe of wh^t 
 he intended for the more humane punilhment 
 of the guilty. 
 
 Guiscard, Rhert, a famous knight of 
 Coutances, who affifted in the conquelt of Na- 
 ples and Sicily, from the Saracens He ob- 
 tained the dukedom of Apulia and CaU.biia,and 
 took prifoner Gregory VII. who died a captive 
 under his care. His daughter married C n- 
 ftantine, fon'of Michael Ducas, for which ele- 
 vation he is cenfwred by the invidious Anna 
 Comena. He died 1085, in Corfu. 
 
 Guiscard, Charles, a Pruffiatt officer, au- 
 thor of " military memoirs of the Greeks aid 
 Romans,"' a valuable work. He wrote be- 
 fides memoires critiques &'fhiftr-riques fur plu- 
 heurs points d'antiquites militaires, 4 vols. 8vc. 
 &c As a fbldier, he ferved under the Dutch, 
 and under Frederic II. of Pruffia, who called 
 h m Quintus Icilius, and gave him a regiment. 
 He died 1775, aged 33. 
 
 Guise, Claude de Lorraine,' duke of, fifth 
 fon of duke Rene II. of Lorraine, fettled in 
 France. At the battle of Marignan he dis- 
 played fuch valor, that he received more than 
 20 M'ounds. He died 1550. 
 
 Guise, Francis duke of, fon of the preced- 
 ing, was a man of talents and extenfive in- 
 fluence in France. In him began the factions of 
 Conde and Guile. He was at the heid of the 
 Cathoiic party, and was a mofl furious bigot. 
 He died by a piitol (hot from the hand of Pol- 
 trot de Mere, a proteftant gentleman, 1563, 
 aged 44. 
 
 Guise, Henry duke of, eldeit fon of Fran- 
 cis, was born in 1550. Brave as a fbldier, he 
 was turbulent, imperious, and violent, as a fub- 
 ject, and at the head of the party called the 
 league, and formed by the intrigues of his bro- 
 ther the cardinal under pretence of fupporting 
 the catholic religion and the ftate, he long over- 
 awed the king, Henry III and prevented his 
 appearance at Paris. After maffacring the * 
 Huguenots, and filling the ftreets of Paris 
 with blood, on the famous d^y called the day 
 of Barricades, Guife confidered his fuccefs 
 fecure, hut Henry efcaping his guards fled to 
 Blois where he called an affembly oi the Mates. 
 Guife appeared there, but a forced reconcilia- 
 tion with the king was followed by the affaffi- 
 nation of the demagogue, 23d Dec. 1-588, and 
 on the morro.v the cardinal fhared the fate of 
 his brother. 
 
 Guise, 
 
GUN 
 
 GUN 
 
 Guise, Charles duke of \ eldeft fon of Henry, 
 was arretted on his father's murder and con- 
 fined at Tours, from which he efcaped 1592. 
 His partizans received him with open arms, 
 but he afterwards had the good fenfe to be re- 
 conciled to the king, and might have lived in 
 fecurity, had not Richelieu's jealoufy driven 
 him from the kingdom, He fled to Italy, and 
 died at Cuna 1640, aged 69. 
 
 Guise, Lewis de Lorraine cardinal of, 
 fon of Henry, was llluftrious as well in arms as 
 in the arts of peace. He was with Lewis 
 XIII. in Poitou, where he fignalized himfelf, 
 and died at Saintes 16 21. 
 
 GUISE, Henry of Lorraine, duke of , grand- 
 fon of Henry, was remarkable for his intrigues 
 with Bouillon, and the court of Soiflbns, 
 which obliged him to fly from France to 
 Rome. During his exile, the revolt of the 
 Neapolitans, from the Spanifh power, called 
 him into the field, but while flufhed with vic- 
 tory he regarded the crown of Naples already 
 within his reach, he was taksn prifoner at Ab- 
 ruzzo and carried to Spain. After four years' 
 imprifonment he was liberated. He died 
 1664. aged 50, author of memoirs of his Ne- 
 apolitan enterprize, one vol. 4to. 
 
 Guise, William, was born at Ablond's 
 ccurt r near Gloucefter 1653. He entered at 
 Oriel college, Oxford, of which he became 
 fellow, and he applied himfelf to the ftudy of 
 oriental literature, and publifhed a tranflation 
 with a valuable commentary of " milhae pars 
 ordinis primi Zeraim titulifeptem." He died 
 of the fmall pox 1683, and was buried at .St. 
 Michael's Oxford, where he had long ref : ded. 
 His fon was general Guife of military me- 
 mory. 
 
 Guitton, d* Arezzo, an early Italian poet, 
 fome of whofe productions are to be found in 
 the Florence collection of ancient Italian poets, 
 1527, in 8vo. He fiorilhed in the middle of 
 the 13th century. 
 
 Guitton, John, a native of Rochelle, 
 mayor of the town when befieged by Riche- 
 lieu. He always had a dagger on the table, 
 to flab the firft man who talked of furrender- 
 ing, and when told that many perifhed by fa- 
 mine, he faid, it matters little if one only is 
 left to fhut the gates. 
 
 GuldensT-AEDT, Join Antony, of Riga, 
 vifited during aiyibfence of three years, Aftra- 
 can, Caucafus, Georgia, Tartary, and the neigh- 
 bouring places. His performances are e- 
 numerated by Coxe. He was invited to 
 Petersburg, where he became profeffor of 
 languages, and where he died of a fever, 
 1781. 
 
 Gundling, Nicolas Jercme, a native of 
 Nuremberg, profeffor of eloquence, civil law, 
 and rhitafophy, at Halle, on which fubjecls he 
 wrote fome valuable works. His reputation 
 for fagacity and knowledge was fuch, that he 
 
 was often confulted at Berlin by the cour 
 His " courfe of philofophy," " of literary hil 
 tory," and his hiftory of moral philofophy, ar 
 much efteemed. He died rector of Hall< 
 1729. 
 
 GuNNERUS, John Ernejl, of Christian; 
 was bifhop of Dronthcim 1758, and died 2 
 Chriftianfund 1773, aged 55. He publifhe 
 flora Norwegise, &c. He founded, for the en 
 couragement of natural hiftory, the royal Nor 
 wegian fociety at Drontheim. Linnaeus, in c om 
 pliment to his merit, gave the name of Gun 
 nera to a plant. 
 
 Gunning, Peter, a prelate^ born at Ho 
 in Kent, 16 13, and educated at Ganterbur 
 fchool, and Clare hall, Cambridge. He be 
 came tutor of his college, and diftinguifhei 
 himfelf as a preacher, but he expofed himfd 
 to the perfecution of the parliament, on ac 
 count of his zeal for the king's fervice ; am 
 when ejedted, he returned to Oxford. Her 
 he was made chaplain of New college, and ai 
 terwards became tutor to lord Hatton, and fi 
 Francis Compton, and chaplain to fir Rober 
 Shirley, at whole death he obtained the chape 
 of Exeter houle, Swand. At the reftoration 
 his fufFerings were rewarded ; he was create) 
 D. D. by the king's mandate, and then ad 
 vanced to a prebend of Canterbury, and t< 
 the headfhips of Corpus Chrifti and St. John' 
 college, Cambridge. He was one of the com 
 mittee for the review of the liturgy, and In 
 had a conference with the dhTenters at th< 
 Savoy, in 1661. Tn 1669, he was made bifhoj 
 of Chicheiter, and in 167-1, was tranilated t< 
 Ely, where he died 1684. Opinions hav< 
 varied with refpect to his character, but 11 
 muft be confeffed, that, though fome quefiion 
 whether his head was as good as his heart, h< 
 was diftinguifhed by erudition, piety, and ex. 
 emplary manners. His charities to public in 
 were numerous. 
 
 Gunter, Edmund, a mathematician, borr 
 at Gunter's town, Brecknockfhire, Ij8i. H 
 was educated at Weltminlter, under Bufby, ane 
 entered at Chrift church, Oxford. His genius 
 led him to mathematical purfuits, and by the 
 new projection of a fe&or, he acquired cele- 
 brity, and was in 16 19 appoointed aftronomy 
 profeffor at Grefham college. Here direct- 
 ing all the powers of his mind in the im- 
 provement of fcience, he invented a portabk 
 quadrant, obferved a new variation in the mag 
 netic needle, and contrived that valuable rule 
 of proportion, the line of number ,s called from 
 him, (Junto's fcale. His merits gained him 
 the friendfhip of the leaned, of Oughtredj 
 Henry Briggs, and others, and the patronage 
 of the earl of Bridgewater, and the notice oi 
 his fovereign Charles I. He was carried ofl 
 in the prime of life, 1626, and was buried in 
 St. Fvter's the poor, Broad-ftreet, whore no 
 
 monu- 
 
GUS 
 
 GUS 
 
 nt records his name. The fifth edi- 
 ion of his works was publifhed by Leybourn, 
 674, in 4to. 
 
 Gun t her, a German poet in the begin- 
 ing of the 1 8th century, whofe fuperior ge- 
 ius proved his deftruction. As he was going 
 ) be prefented to Auguftus II. king of Po- 
 ind, a rival poet mixed i'ome poilbnous drugs 
 1 his drink, in coniequence of which the un- 
 appy man, as he was addrefling the monarch, 
 ell down, and expired foon after, in his 28th 
 ear. He wrote fome elegant poetry, aa ode 
 
 Eucrene's victory over the Turks, &c. 
 
 Gurtler, N'uolasy a native of Bafil, who 
 lied 1707, aged 5$. He wrote a Greek, 
 German, and French lexicon hiftoria tem- 
 dariorum origines mundi inftitutiones theo- 
 ogicse. 
 
 Gusman, Letvis, a jefuit, author of the 
 tiftory of his fraternity in the Indies, and the 
 uccels of their millions in Japan, 14 books. 
 ie died at Madrid 1605, provincial of Se- 
 ville. 
 
 Gussanvillan, Peter, a native of Char- 
 res. He edited the works of Gregory the 
 5reat, the beft, before the Benedictine edi- 
 ion. 
 
 Gustavo s, king of Sweden, is known by 
 he name of Guftavus Vafa. He was born 
 [490. After the reduction of Sweden by 
 Thriltian II. of Denmark, Guftavus was kept 
 1 prifoner in the capital of the conqueror; 
 jut after many years of captivity, he efcaped, 
 nd appeared among the Dalecarlians, whom he 
 engaged to revolt. A great boldnefs of cha- 
 racter, and an ardent love of military glory, 
 together with capacious reiburces of mind, had 
 ralculated him for a leader in times of difficulty. 
 The conduct of the Danes, who had murdered 
 Sis father and other Swedifh nobles, roufed him 
 to revenge. He re-took Upfal ; and though 
 occafionally defeated, he acquired frefh vigor 
 from dil'afters ; and animated to defperation by 
 the cruelties of Chriftian, who put his mother 
 and his fifter to death, by Ihocking tortures, he 
 over-ran Gothland, and befieged Stockholm. 
 The ftates of the kingdom were convened, and 
 Guftavus was offered that kingdom, which his 
 valor had recovered, and by his influence the 
 crown was declared hereditary in his male if- 
 fue. Invafion from broad ceafed, by the ex- 
 pulfion of the Danifh monarch, and the fuc- 
 eeffion of Frederic, duke of Holltein, and Guf- 
 tavus, fecure in the love of his fubje&s, culti- 
 ed all the arts of peace and commerce, and 
 made the Lutheran tenets the ellablifhed reli- 
 gion of his country. This heroic monarch 
 died at Stockholm 1560, in his 70th year. 
 
 Gustavus, Adotpbus, defervediy iurnamed 
 the Great, was born at Stockholm 1594. In 
 161 r he afcpnded uie throne, and though fo 
 young he evinced the fogaeity of a great cha- 
 racter ia the choke of able mini ters. He 
 
 was fond of military glory, and foon acquired 
 renown in his battles againft the Danes, Mus- 
 covites, and Poles. By his heroic valor and 
 judicious conduct, he made an honorable peace 
 with the two firft, and obliged the laft to evacu- 
 ate Livonia, and then forming an alliance with 
 the proteftants of Germany, he overran in 
 two years and a half all the countries between 
 the Viftula, the Rhine, and the Danube. The 
 imperial general Tilly was twice defeated, and 
 the pride of Auftria was humbled, feut the bat- 
 tle in the plains of Lutzen proved fatal to the 
 life of the monarch, 163a. He fell it is faid 
 by the treacherous intrigues of Richelieu, or 
 by the hand of Lawemburgh, one of his ge- 
 nerals who had been bribed by the emperor 
 Ferdinand to take away his life. This warlike 
 monarch poflefTed thofe virtues which in a 
 reign of peace might have equally diftinguifhed 
 him. He patronized literature, he enriched 
 Upfal by his munificent donations, he founded 
 the royal academy of Abo, and the univerfity 
 of Dorp, in Livonia. Before his time the 
 Swedes were indiffarant foldiers, but fuch was 
 the enthufiafm which he infpired among his 
 fubje&s, that he had always an army of 80,000 
 men well difciplined. He has been with fome 
 juftice compared to the great Scipio, and the 
 parallel in fome particulars is ftriking. He 
 was fucceeded by his only child, the celebrated 
 Chriftina, though only five years old. 
 
 Gustavus III. king of Sweden, fon of 
 Frederic Adolphus, by Louifa Ulrica, the fif- 
 ter of Frederic II. king of Pruffia, was born 
 24th Jan. 1746, and fucceeded 17 71. Dif- 
 gufted with the influence of Ruflia at Stock- 
 holm, and with the ufurpation of his fenators 
 who wifhed to abridge his liberty, and not 
 only to appoint him a confefTor, but to fettle 
 even how much wine he might be permitted 
 to have on his table ; he fecretly formed the 
 plan of a revolution, which was effected with- 
 out bloodlhed in 1772. The fenate furround- 
 ed by the guards furrendered its authority, and 
 the friends of Guftavus were afterwards diftin- 
 guifhed by wearing a white handkerchief on the 
 left arm, which was the fignal of attachment 
 during the revolution. The wifeft regula- 
 tions followed this change, a new tranflation 
 of the bible was made, torture was abolifhed, 
 commerce, the arts and the fciences wer^ li- 
 berally encouraged, agriculture and induftry 
 patronized, and the laws adminiftered with 
 greater difpatch and more impartiality. To 
 put an end to the difputes which prevailed with 
 Ruflia, he in 1777 paid a vifit to Catherine 
 at Peterfburg, and was received with magnifi- 
 cent hofpitality, and in 1783 he fpent 10 
 months in travelling over Italy and France, not 
 only to improve his health, but to obferve the 
 manners, the political regulations, and the in- 
 duftrious exertions of foreign countries. The 
 
 peact 
 
GUT 
 
 GUY 
 
 peace with Pvufiu was difturbed in 1 788, by 
 the emiflaries of Catherine, who wilhed to ex- 
 cite disturbances in Finland, and Guitavus, de- 
 claring war, equipped a formidable fleet at 
 Carlfcrona. Though he contended with Den- 
 mark and Ruilia, he, encouraged by affurances 
 of fupport from Turkey and Pruffia, boldly at- 
 tacked Fredericklhan, where he deftroyed fe- 
 veral veffels, but he was repulfed in his attempt 
 againft Revel, and obliged to retreat. The at- 
 tempt on Wyburg was equally unfuccelsful, 
 but a fplendid victory was obtained July 9th, 
 1790, over the Rufiian fleet, and he took and 
 deftroyed 45 fhips, and peace loon after was 
 reftored. The abilities which Guftavus had 
 difplaye;! made him ambitious of acquiring 
 greater glory, and therefore on the breaking 
 out of the French revolution he engaged in 
 the coalition which Spain formed with the 
 Northern powers for the invafion of France. 
 But during the preparations for this diftant 
 war, the life of the monarch was cruelly facri- 
 ficed by an alTaflin. The Swedifh nobles dil- 
 fatisfied with the revolution of 1772, and with 
 the changes which had been introduced into 
 the government at the diet of Gefle in 1792, 
 conlpired apainft his life, and three of them 
 drew lots who fhotild give the fatal blow. An- 
 karftroom a difbanded officer who had received 
 favors from the monarch was the affairm, and 
 during a mafk ball in which the unfortunate 
 king hdd been warned of his danger, the fatal 
 blow was given by the difcharge of a piftol. 
 This was in the night of the 15th April, 1 792, 
 and the king languiihed till the 29th of the 
 fame month, and expired in great agony, main- 
 taining to the laft the ierenity of a heroic 
 mind. He took an affect iontae farewell of 
 his fon and of his friends, and appointed his 
 brother the duke of Sudermania the regent of 
 the minority. G-uftavus poffeffed an en-, 
 lightened mind, and as his education had been 
 under the care of count Teflin, he imbibed a 
 ftrong partiality for literature and for noble 
 atchievements. He wrote fome dramatic 
 pieces, academical difcouifes, and an eulogv 
 on Torftenfon, which was fecretly conveyed 
 to the academy of Stockholm, and obtained 
 the price. 
 
 Gutuieres, James, a French advocate, 
 kn6wn as an able antiquarian and correct, wri- 
 ter. He died 1638. 
 
 Guthrie, William, of Braichen, Angu- 
 ihire, 1 701, was educated at King's college, 
 Aberdeen. A love affair drove him to Lon- 
 don, where he wrote for the booklellers, and 
 died 1769. He was a juftice of Middlefex, 
 but did n jt act. J is works were, hiftory of 
 England, 3 vols. fol. a geographical gram- 
 mar, in 8vo. and 4to. He lent his name to 
 " hiftory of Scotland " 10 vols. to " uni- 
 versal hiftory ," 12 vols! and a " peerage," 
 4 to. 3 
 
 Guttembero, John, a German, born at 
 Mentz 1408. He difputes with Fault, Schoef- 
 fer, and others, the honor of inventing print- 
 ing. Bowyer fays, Laurer.tius of Haerlem is 
 the real inventor, and that his types were 
 ftolen by a brother of Guttemberg. Guttem- 
 berg, however, claims the merit of regularly 
 printing a book, and of inventing cut metal 
 types, with which the earlieft editions of the 
 bible were printed. He died at Menu, 
 1468. 
 
 Guy, Thomas, fon of a lighterman an'ff 
 coal-dealer in Horfley-down, Sourthwar! 
 apprenticed in f66o to a bookfeller, and beggfl 
 trade with about 200I. ftock, in the hotdi 
 which forms the angle between Cornhill 
 Dombard-itreet. He engaged in a fcheme 
 print bibles in Holland to import into 
 land ; but when that was prohibited, he 
 tracted with the univerftty of Oxford for th 
 privilege, and thus began to 3mals a large fo 
 tune. His property, however, was immenfe 
 encreafed by purchafing Teamen's tickets a 
 fouth-fea ftock in the year 1720. It was 
 intention to marry his maid-fervant, and 
 adorn the avenues of his houfe, on this occafion 
 he had the pavement before his door mendei 
 A broken piece was obferved in his abience I 
 the maid-fervant, and (lie defired the workme 
 to repair it, and when they laid they were no 
 to go fo far, fhe, prefuming on the partiality d 
 the old man, required them to mend it, 
 to tell her mailer not to be angry, as fhe 
 directed it. The pavement was mended, bi 
 Guy offended at the prefumption of his in- 
 tended bride, determined never to mam her, 
 but to apoly his riches to charitable ufes. Affl 
 ter being a great benefactor to St. ThomlM 
 hofpital, he at the age of 76 formed the noble 
 defign of erecting that itately pile which 
 the name of Guy's hofpital. The t 
 coft him 18793I. and 219,499!. were left by 
 him for its endowment, and he had tl 
 faition to fee the building roofed in before his 
 death, which happened 17th Dec. 172-}, in 
 his 81ft year. He alio formed' an aim; 
 at Tamworth, which he reprefented in 
 ment, and which was his mother's native 
 and he alio gave 400I. a year to Chrift's 
 tal, and left 8o,ocol. xo his relations, 
 molt extraordinary and very benevok;;' 
 who left more to charitable ufes than an 
 vate man on record, was in his habits vei 
 fimonious. He dined on his (hop counter 
 with an old newfpaper for his table cloth, with- 
 out dainties, and his appear-mce was fo mean 
 that in fome inftances the alms of the humane 
 were prefTed upon him as upon a half 
 beggar. 
 
 Guy, a monk of Arezzo, known as a ram 
 cian, and as the fir!t who produced a delightful 
 harmony from different voices ringing together. 
 
 He 
 
G'U'Y 
 
 GWY 
 
 ! 
 
 He alfo invented" the fix fylfebles of the ga- 
 mut, ut, re, mi, fa, fol, la. He lived' about 
 the year ioa6. 
 
 Guvard, de Bdrt)ille, an author born at 
 Pins 1697. After iuffering, like Otway and 
 Chatterton, all the evils of poverty and accu- 
 mulated diftrefs, he died in the $rifon of Bi- 
 cetre, aged 73. He wrote the lives of Ber- 
 trand, of du Guefdin, of Bayard, &c. 
 
 Guyard, Anthony, a Benedictine monk, 
 author of political obfervations on the 'admi- 
 nistration of benefices* &c. He died at Drjoif,' 
 x 77. 
 
 Guyet, Francis, a critic, born at Angers 
 1575. He loft his parents in his infancy, but, 
 though his property was fquandered by his 
 guardian, he. devoted himfeif to letters, and 
 went to Paris, where he was introduced to 
 the fociety of the two du Puys.Thuanus, and 
 other learned men. In 1608 he vifited Rome, 
 and after his return through Germany to Pa- 
 ris, he became tutor in the houfe of the duke 
 of d'Epernon, to Granlelve, afterwards cardinal 
 de la Valette. In this office he conducted 
 himfeif with fuch prudence, that he might 
 have rifen to eminence in the church, had he 
 not preferred the retirement of Burgundy col- 
 lege to the fplendor of a palace. He employed 
 himfeif here to prove that the Latin is derived 
 from the Greek, and that all the primitive 
 words of the Greek are but of one iy liable. 
 Though learned, he publilhed nothing, but his 
 criticifms afterwards appeared valuable in the 
 hands of his friends, efpecially thole on Hefiod, 
 publifhed by Grjevius, and thole on Terence 
 by Bocclerus. As a critic, he was levere, and 
 he fcrupled not to erafe many verfes in Virgil, 
 and to reject the firft ode in Horace, and the 
 fecret hiitory of Procopius. He died ref- 
 peted for his erudition, and for the virtues of 
 private life, of a catarrh after three days' ill 
 nefs in the arms of his friends J. du Puy, and 
 Menage, 1655, aged 80. ', 
 
 Guyon, Symphorian, a native of Orleans, 
 of the oratory. He died there 1657, aged 32, 
 author of the hiftory of the city and umverfity 
 of Orleans, fol. &c. 
 
 Go YON, "Johanna Mary Bowviers de la 
 Mothe, a French lady, born at Montargis, 
 1648. She wifhed to take the veil, but her 
 friends made her marry, and (he became, at 
 a8, a widow. Abandoning the care of her fa- 
 mily, fhe devoted herfelf to the myfteries of 
 quietifm, which Molinos, a Spanifh jefuit at 
 Rome, had impofed upon the world. Waver- 
 ing in her opinions, and incondant in her tem- 
 per, (he, however, endured perfecution for 
 her tenets, and when (lie declared herfelf the 
 -pregnant woman mentioned in the apocalypfe, 
 and threatened the peace of the kingdom by 
 the number of her followers, fhe was impri- 
 foned in the baftille. Fenelonf undertook her 
 defence, but Boffuet had the art to procure the 
 
 condemnation of his works on the fubjeft. 
 Her verfes, after her death, which happened 
 at Blois 1717, were published in 5 vols, and 
 alfo lbme of her myftical reveries. 
 
 Go yon, Claude, an hiftorian, born ia 
 Franche Comte. He died at Paris 1771, 
 aged 70. Betides his " ecclefiaftical hiftory," 
 a valuable book, he wrote " hiftory of the In- 
 dies of the Amazbns and a continuation 
 of Echard's Roman hiftory, and hiitory of 
 empires and republics, a. vols. izmo. 
 
 Guys, Peter Augujlln, of Marfeilles, was 
 eminent as a merchant, and as a man of let- 
 ters. He travelled ofrer various parts, of the. 
 eaft, and publilhed the refult of his refearches, 
 in which he compared the different characters 
 of the ancient and of the modern inhabitants of 
 thofe claffical countries. He died at Zante in 
 the Ionian fea, in 1799, aged 79. His works 
 are efiay on the antiquities of Marfeilles, 
 8vo. voyage literaire de la Grece, 1^4 vols. 
 8vo. voyage in Italy and in the North, 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Guyse, 'John, of Hereford, became a dif- 
 fenting minifter there, and in 1737 removed to 
 New Broad-ftreet, London. He was made 
 D. D. by the univerfity of Aberdeen 1733, 
 and though blind lbme years before his death, 
 he neverthelefs continued his paftoral func- 
 tions. He died 1 761, aged 81. He wrote a 
 paraphrafe of the New Teftament, 3 vols. 4to. 
 the ftandard ufe of fcripture in the purpofes 
 of divine revelation, 8vo. Jefus Chrift God- 
 man, &c. in feveral fermons the Holy Spirit, 
 in fermons youth's monitor, in 10 fermons to 
 young perfons, iimo. 
 
 Guzman, Alfbonfo Perez, de, a famous 
 Spahifh leader about 12^3. He was originally 
 in the fervice of the princes of Morocco, and 
 palling into Spain, he laid the foundation of the 
 illuftrious houfe of Medina-Sidonia. When go- 
 vernor of Tariffa, he bravely withftood the liege 
 of John of Caftile, and when the enemy threat- 
 ened, if he did not furrender, to put to death 
 his fon, who had been taken prifoner, Guzman 
 indignantly replied, that rather than he be a 
 traitor to his country he would fupply an inftru- 
 ment to flay his fon, and with theie words lie 
 threw a dagger over the ramparts. The dagger 
 was ufed by the cruel beiiegers, and Guzman 
 faw from the walls his favorite child put to 
 death ; but this inhumanity neither intimidated 
 his followers, nor fhook his firm reiblution to 
 refift'his aflailants to the laft. This tragical 
 event has been celebrated in the fublime verfes 
 of Lopez de Vega. 
 
 Gwynn, Eleanor, better known by the 
 name of Nell, was famous in the hiftory of 
 courtezans, as fhe role, from an orange girl in 
 the play-houfe,to be the miftrefs of Charles II. 
 In the firft career of life (he gained her bread 
 by finging from tavern to tavern for the aniufe- 
 
 ment 
 
GWY 
 
 GYZ 
 
 ment of the guefts, and gradually advanced to 
 the rank of a popular aftrefs, at the theatre 
 royal. She is reprefented as hnndfome but 
 low of ftature. She was miftrefs fuccefiively 
 to Hart, Lacy, and Buckhurft, before (he 
 fliared the favors of the licentious Charles. 
 It * faid that in her elevation fhe (bowed her 
 gratitude to Dryden, who had patronized her 
 poverty, and fhe was, unlike the other concu- 
 bines, faithful to her royal lover. From her 
 are fprung the dukes of St. Alban's. She died 
 1687. 
 
 Gwynne, Matlheiv, a phyfician, born ki 
 London. He was educated at Oxford, where 
 
 in 1593, he took his degree of M.D. He 
 went in 1595, as phyfician to fir Henry Unton, 
 Elizabeth's ambafTador to France. He ob- 
 tained reputation by his practice and writings, 
 which modern difcoveries have rendered now 
 of little value. He died after 1639. 
 
 Gvmppus, a Lacedaemonian general, fent 
 to aflift Syracufe againft the Athenians, B. C. 
 414. He was banifhed for embezzling the 
 booty which he had obtained. 
 
 Gyzen, JPctet, a landfcape painter, difciple 
 to John Breughel, born at Antwerp, about 
 1636. His views on the Rhine are much 
 admired, 
 
 HAANS- 
 
H. 
 
 HAG 
 
 HAANSBERGEN, John Van, a painter 
 of Utrecht, who died 1705 aged 63. 
 The figures which he introduced into his land- 
 feapes were much admired. 
 
 Haas, William, a printer and type-founder, 
 born at Bafil. He was in the firft part of life 
 engaged in military affairs, and he eftabliihed a 
 fchool in which a new fyftem of artiiiery was 
 recommended. He afterwards devoted his time 
 to printing, and was the firft who engraved a 
 French type in the ftyle of Bafkerville. He 
 invented a new printing prefs, and introduced 
 a new method of printing geographical charts 
 with moveable characters. He died at St. .Ur- 
 ban monaftery in Lucerne, June 1800 aged 59. 
 Habakkuk, the eighth of the minor pro- 
 phets, prophefied in the reign of Jehoiakim, 
 and chofe to remain among the ruins of his de- 
 folated country, rather than follow his people 
 into captivity. His ftyle is highly poetical, and 
 fublime. 
 
 Habert de Cerisi, Germain, an ecclefiaf- 
 tic of Bayeux, who defended the Cid of Cor- 
 neille againft the cenfures of Richelieu and of 
 the academy, and died at Paris 1655. 
 
 Habert, Henry Lewis, the friend of Gaf- 
 fendi, and the publifher of his works with an 
 elegant Latin pref4.ee, wrote fome epigrams, 
 &c. and died in 167 9. 
 
 Habington, William, an Englim writer, 
 born at Hendlip, Worceftermire 1605. He 
 was educated at St. Omer's and Paris, but he 
 refufed to embrace the order of the Jefuits, 
 and returned to England. He died 1654. 
 1 He wrote the Queen of Arragon Obfervations 
 on the Hiftory of Edward IV. and fome 
 poems. 
 
 Hachette, Jane, a heroine of Beauvais 
 in Picardy, who headed a body of women in 
 an aflault againft the Bourguignons who be- 
 fieged her native place 1472. In commemo- 
 ration of this, an annual procefiiort' takes place 
 at Beauvais on the 10th July, in which the 
 women march at the head of the men. 
 
 Hackaert, John, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Amfterdam 1635. The mountainous fcenery 
 in his landfcapes is much admired. 
 
 Hacket, William, a fanatic in the reign 
 of Elizabeth. After being a gentleman's fer- 
 ant, he married a rich widow, and when re- 
 duced to indigence by extravagance, he became 
 & highwayman, and then all at once afpired 
 to the name of prophet. He was joined by 
 Coppinger and Arthington, men of fome learn- 
 ing, and after impofing upon the people of | 
 York, and Lincoln, he came to London, as in- 
 
 HAD 
 
 fplred by the Holy Ghoft. He prodah.vd tb.c 
 J efus was come to judge the world, and bis af- 
 fociates announced him by the words of " be- 
 hold the king of the earth." The cabals which 
 he raifed called for the interference of govern- 
 ment. He was tried and executed 159-2. His 
 blafphemies on the fcaffold were moft honid, 
 and evinced not only a mad enthufiaft, but a 
 moft diabolical heart. 
 
 Hacket, John, ah Englifh prelate, born in 
 London, 1592. He was educated at Weft- 
 minfter fchool and Trinity college Cambridge, - 
 where he became fellow and tutor. He took 
 his degree of D.D. 1628, and was promoted 
 to a prebend in Lincoln, and the rectory of 
 Cheam in Surrey, and St. Andrew's, Holborn. 
 The troubles of the times not only prevented 
 his further advancement, but. fubjected him to 
 perfecution, though he concealed himfelf in 
 retirement at Cheam. At the reftoration he 
 refufed the bifhopric of Gloucefter, but foon 
 after accepted that of Lichfield and Coventry. 
 He repaired his cathedral, which had been 
 nearly demolifhed by the civil wars, and after 
 eight years' labor, and the expence of 20,000l 
 nearly all his own, he completed the building 
 in a fplendid manner. He was equally liberal 
 in his benefactions to Trinity college Cam- 
 bridge, and other foundations. He died at 
 Lichfield 1 67 0. He was twice married, and had 
 children by both his wives. His fon fir An- 
 drew, mafter in chancery, erected a monument 
 over him. He wrote ** Loyola," a comedy, 
 twice acted before James I. : befides fermons, 
 and a life of fus great patron bifhop Williams, 
 &c. 
 
 Haddock, fir Richard, a valiant admiral, 
 who diftinguiftied himfelf on various occfiaons 
 under Charles II. and his fucceffors, audjlied 
 1714. 
 
 Haddon, Waller, an eminent Englifh Scho- 
 lar, born in Buckinghamfhire 1516, and educated 
 at Eton fchool and King's college Cambridge. 
 In Edward's reign he was a zealous promoter of 
 the reformation, and was made matter of Trinity 
 hall Cambridge in the room of Gardiner, and af- 
 terwards, though not qualified, made prefident of 
 Magdalen college Oxford ; but in Mary's reign 
 he refigned his honors to avoid the difgrace of 
 expulfion. On the acceffion of Elizabeth, he 
 was made mafter of the court of requefts, judges 
 of the prerogative court, and one of the com~ 
 miffioners who vifited Cambridge. He died 
 1571-2. The chief writings of this pious, 
 lfarned, and polite character, were " Lucu-- 
 brationes, containing Latin orations, letters, 
 [A] &c 
 
HAK 
 
 HAL 
 
 Sec. a defence of queen Elizabeth againft 
 Oforio, 8c. poems. 
 
 Haerlem, Theodore Fan, a painter, born 
 at Haerlem. His Chrift and Ills Apoftles in 
 tbe church of Utrecht are much admired. 
 He died 1470*aged 60. 
 
 Hagedorn, a German poet of the 19th 
 eenturv, whofe works, in imitation of Fon- 
 taine, difpk')' genius and vivacity. 
 
 Haggai, the tenth of the minor prophets, 
 Ulttd in the reign of Darius 1 i vftafpes. 
 
 Haguemkr, John, a French poet of Bur- 
 gundy. He died ,1738. His pieces are on 
 light fuhje&s, but poffefs wit and elegance. 
 
 Hahx, Simon Frederick, author of the 
 << hiftory of the empire," and of collcclio 
 ionumentorumveter. & recent," 2 vols. Svo. 
 was a very extraordinary character. At the age 
 of 10 he knew feveral languages, and at 24 
 was profeffor of hiftory at Hehnfiadt. He 
 died 1729 aged 37. 
 
 Haili an, Bernard de Girard, lord of, a 
 French hiftorian, born at Bourdeaux. His 
 firft piece was " the union of the princes," 
 and afterwards he tranflated Eutropius, 
 Tully's offices, and /Emylius Probns. In 1374 
 he was named hiftoriographer of France, in 
 onfequence of his valuable book on the fiate 
 and fuccefs of the affairs of Fiance. In 15/6 
 appeared his hiftory from Pbaramond to the 
 death of Charles VII. the firft hiftory of France 
 written in French. He did not continue this 
 popular work beyond that time, as he confidered 
 himfolf too near the periods of which he was to 
 treat, afraid that the fober truths of hiftory 
 Blight give offence. A continuation was added 
 by the bookfellers, as far as 162 7. He died 
 at Paris 1610. Though " accurate and impar- 
 tial as an hiftorian, he teems fond of difplay- 
 ing bis title to the approbation of his country, 
 by the ftyle of his dedications, and of his 
 prefaces. 
 
 Haines, Jofeph, a comedian of wit and 
 great racelioufneis. He was obfeurely born, 
 but the fubfeription of a few friends enabled 
 him to enter at Queen's college Oxford, where 
 his talents gained him the friendlhip of fir Jo- 
 feph Williamfon, afterwards feeretary of ftate, 
 and minifter at Ryfwick congrefs. He attend- 
 ed him as Latin Secretary, but he betrayed 
 the ilate fecrets with which he was entrufted, 
 and foon after quitted Cambridge, where he 
 bad retired, to join a company ff ftrolling 
 players at Stirbridge fair. He was next en- 
 gaged at Prury-lane, where his education, his 
 wit, and his agreeable converfation, made him 
 the affociate of the great and the opulent. 
 He died of a fever, after a few days' illncfs, in 
 Harv-ftreet, Long-acre, and was buried in 
 St. Paxil's Church-yard, Covent-gardcn. 
 
 Hakewill, George, an able divine, born 
 - 1j79 at Exeter, fon of a merchant. He en- 
 tered at St. Alban's ball, and was elected fel- 
 low of Exeter college Oxford. He was, in 
 1616, made archdeacon of Surrey, and 
 chaplain to Claries prince of Wales, but 
 
 when he wrote to oppofe the union of his mas- 
 ter with the infanta of Spain, the kine; refented 
 his remarks, and he was for fome time impri- 
 foned, and difmiffed from about the prince's 
 perfon. He was afterwards reclor of Exeter 
 college, but civil war drove him to his reelory 
 of neegton Dear Barnftaple, where he died 
 lt>49. Of his works, the heft known is his 
 " apology or declaration of the power and 
 providence of God in the government of the 
 world, proving that it doth not devay," &c, 
 in four hooks. 
 
 HAKEWILL, John, brother to the preceding, 
 was mayor of Exeter 1632. Another brother, 
 William, was of Exeter college, and afterward* 
 of Lincoln's inn, and as he efpoufed warmly the 
 party of the puritans, he publiihed " the liberty 
 of the fubjectagainilimpofitions,'" &c. 4to. 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard, a native of Eyton, 
 Herefordlhire, educated at Weftminfter fchool 
 and Chrift' a church Oxford. He obtained the 
 living of Wetheringfet in Suffolk, and a pre- 
 bend in Briftol cathedral, and afterwards at 
 Weftminfter, He died 161 6 aged 61. His 
 collec-non of voyages in 3 vols, folio, is de- 
 fervedly admired as a valuable performance. 
 In honor of his fervices to geography, a pro- 
 montory on the coaft of Greenland was called 
 by his name, by Hudfon in 160& 
 
 HalDE, John Baptijl du, a learned Jefuit, 
 born at Paris 16/4. He is the author of a 
 valuable work, " grande defcription de la 
 Chine et de la Tartarie," 4 vols, folio ; 
 compiled from the interefting observations of 
 the miflionaries of his fraternity. He col- 
 lected alfo after father Gobien, " lettres edi- 
 fiantes," in 1 S vols. &c. He died 174-3. 
 
 Hale, fir Matthew, a learned lawyer, born 
 at Alderfley in Gloucefterfhire 1600. He was 
 educated at Wotton-under-Edge, and in lC2f" 
 entered at Magdalen hall Oxford, and then ftu- 
 died the law at Lincolu'sinn. Panting after dif- 
 tindtion he bade adieu to the levities of youth, 
 and devoting daily 16 hours to ftudy, he en- 
 riched the refources of his mind with all the 
 treafures of law, of philofophy, of feience, 
 and of divinity. When called to the bar, 
 the integrity of his conduct recommended him 
 to the public notice, and he became the 
 friend of royaliils and of republicans by not 
 mixing with faction. His knowledge of the 
 law was fhewn in the defence of Stafford, of 
 Laud, and everi of Charles himfelf; but though 
 the advocate of royalty, he refufed not to take 
 the covenant, and to appear as one of the , 
 commiinoncrs who treated with tbe king's of- 
 ficers about tbe reduction of Oxford. Though 
 the death of Charles fhocked his feelings, he 
 yielded to Cromwell, who knew his merits, 
 and he accepted under him the office of one 
 of the judges of the Common-bench. Scruples 
 however foon arofe, and after going two or 
 th ee circuits, 1#: refufed to aft as judge on 
 the crown fide ; and when, on the death of the 
 protector, higher powers were offered him, he 
 reje&ed them, and refuiedto wear mourning. At 
 
 the 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 
 the restoration he was made chief baron of the 
 exchequer ; and Clarendon in inveiling him 
 with his office, declared that he knew no one 
 more honeft or more fit to prefide in that court. 
 In 1 6 7 1 he was promoted to tlie office of chief 
 juftice of England, where he difplayed the 
 fame integrity, and the fame unbiaffed atten- 
 tion. Four yean after, a fudden inflammation 
 in the midriff produced an afthma, and a rapid 
 dropfy, which proved fatal 25th Dec. 167 6. 
 He was twice married, and by his firft wife 
 had ten children. He left his valuable MSS. 
 to Lincoln's inn fociety. This great man wrote 
 the primitive origination of mankind confider- 
 ed according to the light of nature, &c. folio 
 the hiftory of the pleas of the crown, folio 
 the original inftitution, power, and jurifdic- 
 tion of parliaments contemplations, moral 
 and divine, 3 vols. 8vo. judgment of the 
 nature of true religion, its corruption, &c. 
 difficiles nugae, &c. effay on the gravitation, 
 &c. of fluid bodies, &c. 
 
 Hales, John, called the ever-memorable, 
 was born at Bath 1584, and educated at Cor- 
 pus Chrifti college Oxford. In 1605 he was 
 fellow of Merton; in 1612 made Greek pro- 
 feflbr of the univerfity, and the next year ad- 
 mitted fellow of Eton college. In 1618 he 
 went as chaplain with fir Dudley Carleton, the 
 Englifh ambaffador to the Hague, and was at 
 the fynod of Dordt, of the proceedings of 
 . which he wrote to his patron an impartial ac- 
 count, publifhed in his golden remains. In 
 1638 he was made canon of Windfor, bvt 
 when he refufed to take the engagement, he 
 was ftripped of his Eton fellowflnp, and of 
 his other preferments. He died 1656. This 
 worthy man, fo much admired for his wit, 
 his learning, and his politenefs, wrote feveral 
 works, which appeared after his death, in 3 
 vols. l2mo. or 8vo. 
 
 Hales, Stephen, a native of Kent, educat- 
 ed at Bene't college Cambridge, where he be- 
 came fellow 1703. He ftudied botany, and 
 experimental philofophy, and was the inge- 
 nious inventor of a machine which difplayed 
 the various motions of the heavens fimilar to 
 a modern orrery. Satisfied with the rectory of 
 Teddington near Hampton Court, he difregard- 
 ed the higher preferments which the influence of 
 friends might have procured, and died after a few 
 days' illnefs 1761 a^ed 84, univerfally reflected. 
 He publifhed in 1741 his invention of venti- 
 lators; and wrote beiides four volumes ot lta- 
 tiftic.d eflays, &c. 
 
 Hali-Bi ion, a native of Poland. He was 
 when very young fold by the Tartars to the 
 Turks, and educated in their religion. He was 
 acquainted with 17 languages, mid became 
 dragoman or interpreter to the grand fignior. 
 He tranflated the Englifh catechifm into 
 the Torkifh language* and alfo the Bible. 
 His chief work is a treatife on the liturgy of 
 the Turks, their pilgrimages to Mecca, &c. 
 He died 167 5. 
 
 H.u.l ; Jo/eph, an enuoent divine born 
 
 1 57 if at Briftow park Leicefterfhire. He was 
 fellow of Emanuel college Cambridge, and dif- 
 tinguifhed hirhfelf by his wit and learning. He 
 obtained the living of Hawftead Suffolk, but 
 refigned it, and was fbon after prefented to 
 Waltham Holy Crofs Effex. Though he re- 
 mained in pofleffion of this preferment 22 
 years, his income was increafed by a prebend 
 in Wolverhampton church; and in 1616 by the 
 deanerv of Worcefler. His learning had recom- 
 mended him to prince Henry, to whom he 
 was fome time tutor, and to the king; and 
 his abilities appeared fo refpc&able, that he 
 was one of the divines at the fynod at Dordt. 
 In 1624 he refufed the fee of Gloucefterfhire, 
 but three years after he accepted that of Exeter, 
 and in Nov. 1641 he was tranflated to Nor- 
 wich. The following December however he 
 was fent to the tower by the parliament, with 
 the reft of the bifhops who protefted againft the 
 exclufion of the fpiritual peers from the upper 
 houfe ; but was releafed fix months after by 
 giving 5,000l. bail. Stripped of his dignities and 
 of his revenues, he retired to the obfcurity of a 
 little farm at Heigham near Norwich, where 
 the laft nine years of his life were fpent. He 
 died 1656 aged 82 : and as he faid in his will 
 that " God's houfe was not a fit repofitory 
 for dead bodies," he ordered himfelf to be bu- 
 ried in the church yard of his parifh. To wit, 
 learning, and judgment, this prelate joined the 
 virtues of private life. He was pious, unaf- 
 fected, and moderate in his religious opinions ; 
 and while he wrote againft popery, he wa4 
 equally fevere againft thofe who feparate from 
 the church - from motives of party or inno- 
 vation. Befides virgidemiarium, or fatires, in 
 6 books, he wrote meditations, miscella- 
 neous letters, mundus idem & alter, a fa- 
 tirical piece, &c. His works, fays Bayle, a- 
 bound with fine thoughts, excellent morality, 
 and a great deal of piety ; fo that he is not im- 
 properly called the Englifh Seneca. 
 
 Hall, John, an Englifh lawyer and poet/ 
 born at Durham 1627, and educated at St. 
 John's college Cambridge. He was called to 
 the bar, and afterwards was fent by the par- 
 liament to Cromwell to Scotland, but he fell a 
 facrifice to his intemperance, and died at Dur- 
 ham lft Aug. 1656. During his fhort life 
 he gave ftrong proofs of his genius and abilities 
 by the nublication of " Florae vacivge or ef- 
 
 fays" a.tranflation of Longimss, poems, 8.r. 
 Hall, Henry, an Englifh divine, born in 
 London 17 16. He v/as educated at Eton and 
 King's college Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came fellow 1 7 : ? 8 . In 1 748 he was librarian at 
 Lambe:h,and Potter, and the next primate Her- 
 ring, rewarded his merit by the reclory of Har- 
 bleuown, the vicarage of Heme, and the fine- 
 cure of Orpington. In 1756 he exchanged 
 Herne for Eait Peokham, and at the death 
 of his patron in 1 7 57, 'he refigned the place 
 of librarian, and being appointed treafurer of 
 Wells' cathedral, he retired to Harbledown ; , 
 where he died a bachelor 17'63, aftet a fhort 
 [ A a ] illnefc. 
 
HAL 
 
 HAL 
 
 tllnffs. Tlits refpe&able man, beloved as a 
 pallor for his raeekncfs, and exemplary conduct, 
 publilhed fome occaiional fermons, &c. 
 
 Hall, John, a furgeon of Maidftone, 
 Kent, in the reign of Elizabeth. He pub- 
 lished a compendium of anatomy and other 
 farcical works, &c. 
 
 Hall, Jacob, a rope dancer in the age 
 of Charles II. lb graceful in his pcrfon, that 
 he captivated feveral of the ladies of that licen- 
 tious period, efpecially the duchefs of Cleve- 
 land, who granted him a penfion. 
 
 Hall, Richard, an Englifh popilh priefl, 
 who left England under Elizabeth to avoid the 
 penal laws againft his religion. He became di- 
 vinity profeflbr at Douay, and wrote feveral 
 theological books, efpecially the hiftory of 
 the troubles of his times, and died 1 604. 
 
 Halle, Peter, a French civilian and poet, 
 born at Bayeux in Normandy, 1611, & 
 tducated at Bayeux and Caen. His eloquence 
 fo pleafed Seguier the chancellor, that he pre- 
 fented him with a doctor's cap 1640, and car- 
 ried him with him to Paris. Here he was offered 
 the headfhip of five colleges, and w r as at laft 
 appointed poet to the king, and in 1646 reader 
 f the Greek and Latin tongues in the royal 
 college. In 1655 he began as profeffor of 
 canon law to raife the chancer of that much 
 ljeglected fcience, and by his V canonical infli- 
 tutions," publilhed 1685, and other treatifes 
 en law, acquired a high reputation for learning, 
 application and judgment. He died 1689. 
 
 Hallk, Claude Guy, director of the Paris 
 academy of painting, was diilinguiihed as a 
 painter. He died highly refpected 1 7 ; 36, aged 
 5. Risfon Nod, member of the academy of 
 painting, obtained the order of St, Michael 
 for his iervicesin improving the academy of paint- 
 ing at Rome. He died 1781 aged 70. 
 
 Haller, Albert, a Swifs phviician, profeflbr 
 of medicine, chemiftry, &c. at Gottingen. 
 Belides medical trails, fuch as difputationes ana- 
 tomicae, 8 vols. 4to. difputationes de morbis, 
 7 vols. 4to. elementa phyfiologiae, 8 vols. 4to. 
 Ste. he wrote moral eflays, religious pieces, and a 
 few odes much admired in Germany for poetry, 
 elegance, and fublimity. He died at Berne. 
 1777, aged 75. His fon, who died 17 S6, was 
 tqually eminent as a fcholar and as a man of 
 merit, and wrote biographie literaire de la 
 SuhTe. 
 
 , Halley, Eimttridy a celebrated Englifh 
 philofopher, born I6i6, in St. Leonard's pa- 
 rilh, Shoreditch. He was educated at St. 
 Paul's fchool under Gale, and at Queen's col- 
 lege, Oxford. His firft attempt in the purfuit 
 of Eilroiiomy was co correct the errors of Tyeho 
 Brahe, and to afcertain the place of the fixed 
 liars ; but finding that thofe of the northern 
 hemifphere ancady engaged the attention of 
 Flamftcad and Heveiius, he fet out to St. He- 
 lena, where he formed a catalogue of thofe bo- 
 dies which never appear above the horizon of 
 Greenwich or Dantzick. After two years' refi- 
 dejiit he returned in 1078 to England, and for 
 
 his labors he was honored with the degree of 
 M. A. at Oxford by royal mandamus, and was 
 admitted fellow of the royal fociety. In 1697 
 he vifited Hevelius at Dantzick, to adjuft the 
 difpute between that great philofopher and 
 Hooke in England, concerning the preference of 
 plain or glafs lights in aflrofcopicnl inftruments. 
 Afterwards, in his way to Paris, he obfervedthat 
 remarkable comet which at that time foon en- 
 gaged the attention of the philofophers of Eu- 
 rope. Alter finifhing his obfervations on this 
 wandering body in the Paris obfervatory, with 
 theafliflance of Caflini, he pafled to Italy, and on 
 his return he fettled at Iflington, after his mar- 
 riage with the daughter of Mr. Tooke, and de- 
 voted himfclf ardently to his favorite purfuits. 
 In 1683 appeared his theory of the variation of 
 the magnetial eompafs, and by his acquaintance 
 with Newton, he had the opportunity of recom- 
 mending, by an elegant copy of verfes, the 
 principia of the illuftrious ailronomer which 
 were then firft prefented to the world. In 1698 
 he obtained from king William the appointment 
 of a veflel to enable him to improve bis philofo- 
 phical obfervations on the variations of the 
 needle, and he proceeded as far as the line. The 
 next year he penetrated towards the fouth pole 
 till the ice flopped his progrefs, and returning 
 to England in 1700; he publilhed the fol- 
 lowing year his general chart, mowing the va- 
 riations of the eompafs in thofe feas frequented 
 by European navigators. In athird voyage, he 
 examined the eourfe of the tides in the Englifh 
 channel, and accuratelyafcertained thelongitude 
 and latitude of each headland, publilhed in 
 1 70'2. At the requeft of the emperor of Ger- 
 many he examined the coaft of Dalmatia, where 
 two convenient harbours were to be formed for 
 the reception of the commerce of the Medi- 
 terranean. Though the defign failed through 
 the jealoufy of the Dutch, Halley was honora- 
 bly treated by the emperor, who prefented him 
 with a golden ring from his own finger, as a 
 mark of refpect. On his return he was ap- 
 pointed Savilian profeflbr of geometry at Ox- 
 ford, and honored with the degree of LL. D. 
 In 1713 he was fecrotary to the royal fociety, 
 which he refigned in 1719, when he fucceeded 
 Flamftead in the Greenwich obfervatory, and he 
 received by the inteiceffion of queen Caroline, 
 the allowance of half pay as a captain of the 
 navy. This great and good man, who had done 
 fo much for fcience and philofophy, was ia 
 1737 attacked by a paralytic ftroke, which gra- 
 dually weakened his conliitution, though it did 
 not totally extinguilh the powers oi' his mind. 
 He expired without a groan, as he fat in his 
 chair, 14th Jan. 1741-2, in his 86th year. 
 Befidcs the works already mentioned, altrono- 
 mical tables, &c. he tranflated the works of 
 Apollonius. 
 
 Hallifax, George Savilte> marquis of, vid. 
 Saville. 
 
 II xluf ax , Sarmiel, an Englifh bifhop, eldeft 
 fon of an apothecary at Cheflerfield. He was 
 educated a; Jfu$ college Cambridge, and Tri- 
 nity 
 
HAM 
 
 HAM 
 
 ity hall. As profeiTor of civil law in the uni- 
 versity, he gained reputation by his " analyfis 
 of the civil law." In 1 7 7 5 he was created D.D. 
 by mandate, and became rector of Worfop, 
 Notts, mailer of the faculties in Doctors' 
 Commons, andmafierof his college, which he 
 refigned in 1/81, when macfo bilhop of Glou- 
 cefler. In 1 7 87 he was tranflated to St. Afaph, 
 and died 1750' aged GO. He was. a man of 
 great erudition, commanding eloquence, and 
 of amiable manners. His fermons at Warbur- 
 ton's lectures were much admired, and alto his 
 judicious analyfis of Butler's Analogy. 
 
 Hals, Francis, a portrait painter of Mech- 
 lin, much admired. He died 1666 aged 82. 
 
 Hals, Dirk, brother to the above, was a 
 painter, whofe genius led him to the humorous 
 rcprefentation of feftive and low fcenes. He 
 died 1656 aged 67. 
 
 Hamiserger, George Chrijhpher, a learned 
 German, of Gottingen. Befides other volu- 
 minous works he publifhed Orpheus with the 
 affiftance of Gefner. He died 17 7-1 aged 47. 
 
 Hamel, John Baptijl da, a French divine, 
 t)f Vire, in Normandy, educated at Caen and 
 Paris. He publiihed a tract on trigonometry 
 with Theodofius' three books on fpherics, and 
 in 1666 he was appointed fecretary to the 
 newly eftablifhed academy of feiences, and he 
 afterwards accompanied the French ambafiador, 
 at Aix la Chapelle and in England, where he 
 gained the friendfhip of Boyle, Ray, and 
 Willis. He returned to France through Hol- 
 land, and in 167S publiihed his " philofophia 
 vetus & nova," a valuable work, reprinted 
 in 6 vols. 1681. In 1698 appeared his " Re- 
 gi;e fcientiarum aeademiae hilloria," 4to. in 
 lour books, to which two were afterwards added. 
 He alfo publifhed 1706, Biblia facra vulgatse 
 editionis cum felectis notis, &c. befides other 
 theological works. He died 1706, of old age. 
 
 Hamel, du Monceau, Henry Leuis da, a 
 native of Paris, who wrote treatifes on trees, 
 naval architecture, agriculture, and other fub- 
 jects, and died 1782 aged 82. 
 
 Hamilton, Patrick, a Scotch divine, re- 
 lated to James V. by whom he was made abbot 
 of Feme. His further advancement was pre- 
 vented by his adherence to the tenets of Lu- 
 ther, which fo offended the catholics, that 
 he was tried as a heretic, and condemned to the 
 flames. He endured the cruel fentence with 
 the moft aftonifliing fortitude, 1527, aged 
 only 23. 
 
 Hamilton, Antony, count, a native of 
 Ireland, of Scotch extraction. He followed 
 the fate of the fecond Charles, and returned 
 at the reftoration, but was banifhed at the re- 
 volution. His genius, vivacity, and wit, ren- 
 dered him the ornament of every fociety. His 
 works confifted of poems, fairy tales, and "Me- 
 moirs of the Count de Grammont," which de- 
 velope the licentious characters of the court of 
 Charles II. He died at St. Germain's 17 20, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Hamilton, James, Jirjl duke of, fon of 
 
 James marquis of Hamilton, was educated at 
 Oxford. He went in 1631 with an army to the 
 affifiance of Guftavus Adolphus of Sweden, 
 and returned the following year. He was 
 named a eommiffioner to fettle the difputes of 
 the preibyterians in Scotland, and for his fer- 
 vices was created duke of Hamilton and caTl of 
 Cambridge. After feeing the ruin of his maf- 
 ter'js armies in England, he ftill maintained 
 his caufe in the north, but the fuperior power 
 of Cromwell prevailed againft him, and he was 
 unfortunately defeated at Prefton. Though 
 promifed his life the perfidious conqueror 
 treated him as an enemy and caufed him to be 
 beheaded, 1649, in his 43d year. 
 
 Hamilton, William, a poet, born at Ban- 
 gor, who died 1754, aged 50. His works 
 were printed 1760. 
 
 Hamilton, fir William, a Scotchman of, 
 the noble family of that name, who improved 
 his narrow circumftances by his marriage with 
 a lady of fortune 1755. He was ambafiador 
 to the Neapolitan court in 1 7 64, and continued 
 in that capacity till the year 1800, during 
 which time he devoted himfelf to the cultiva- 
 tion of fcience, and to the improvement of 
 the fine arts. With the eye of a philofopher 
 and the tafte of a man of genius, he exa- 
 mined the wonders of Etna aud Vefuvius, 
 and not only made collections from their vol- 
 canic eruptions, but compofed an interefting 
 and admired performance. He alfo publifhed 
 Campi Phlegrsei, 2 vols, folio, and contributed 
 to the compilation of the Antiquites Etr ques, 
 Grecques & Romaines, edited from his cabinet 
 by D'Hancarville. The Britifh Muficum can 
 boaft of his valuable prefents of antiquities and 
 other curious donations. Some years after the 
 death of his firft wife he married Mifs Hart, 
 who furvived him. He died in London May 
 1803. 
 
 Hamlet, prince of Denmark, is immorta- 
 lized in Englifh literature by the pen of Shake- 
 fpeare, who drew his materials from the rela- 
 tion of Saxo Grammaticus the Danifh hifto- 
 rian. 
 
 Hammond, Henry, an Englifh divine born 
 atChertfey, Surrey, 1605. He was educated 
 at Eton, and Magdalen college, Oxford. In 
 1633 he was prefented to the living of Pen- 
 fhurft, Kent, by Robert earl of Leicefter, who 
 accidentally heard him in the pulpit, and thus 
 nobly rewarded his eloquence and piety. He 
 continued there the zealous minifter of his pa- 
 ri fh, till 1643, when his zeal in the royal caufe 
 rendered him obnoxious to the parliament, and 
 lOOl. were fet upon his head. He fled to 
 Oxford, and in 1644, he publifhed his " prac- 
 tical catechifm," which gave offence to thofe 
 who in the bufinefs of falvation regarded faith 
 alone without works. " He defended himfelf 
 againft the attacks not only of Cheynell, but 
 of 52 minifters in the province of London, and 
 he continued to fcrve the caufe of religion by 
 other valuable tracts. At the treaty of Ux- 
 bridge lie on the jwrt of Charles I. duplaycd 
 [A3] to 
 
HAM 
 
 HAN 
 
 to great advantage his learning and eloquence in 
 a difpute with Richard Vines a preibyterian 
 rninifter delegated bv the parliament to meet 
 him. To the archdeaconry of Chichefter the 
 king in 1645 added a canonry of Chrift 
 church, and foon after he was ehofen public 
 orator to the univerfity. He attended the 
 king as chaplain during his confinement at 
 Woburn, Caverfham, Hampton Court, and 
 the ifle of Wight, till he wasdifmiffed in 1647 
 by the parliament. He was in 1648, with 
 Dr. Sheldon, confined a prifoner in Oxford by 
 the parliamentary delegates, and ten weeks 
 after conveyed to the houfe of fir Philip War- 
 wick, Bedfordfhire. When liberated in 1649 
 he retired into Worcefterlhire, where the 
 fecond Charles faw and commended his loyalty. 
 Jn 1653 he publifhed his "paraphrafe and an- 
 ' notations en the new teftament," which he 
 had begun during his confinement at Oxford, 
 a work of great merit, and general utility. He 
 began afterwards " a paraphrafe and commen- 
 tary on all the books of the old teftament," 
 but his infirmities prevented his completing 
 more than the pfalms and the third part of pro- 
 verbs. He fell a martyr to the ftone, the 
 gout, the cholic, and cramp, 1660, at a 
 time when the king, reftorcd to the throne, 
 was going to raife him to the bifhopric of 
 Worcefter. His works are collected into 4 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Hammond, Anthony, an Englifh poet born 
 1668, and educated at St. John's, Cambridge. 
 He became commiffioner to the navy, and was 
 fo eloquent in parliament that Bolingbroke 
 called him the filver tongued Hammond. Dif- 
 tinguifhed as a wit, and as a man of fafhion, 
 he was equally known as a poet and an author. 
 He wrote the life of his friend Moyle, 
 befides poems. He died about 1730. 
 
 Hammond, James, fecond fon of the 
 above, isdiftinguifhed as apoet. He wasedueat- 
 ed at Weftminfter fchool, but he did not enter 
 ' the univerfity. He was made equerry to the 
 prince of Wales, and became the friend of 
 jLyttelton, Cobham, and Chefterficld. His 
 income was- increafed in 17-33 to 4-00 1. a year 
 by a dying relation, and in 174 1 he was defied 
 tnember for Truro, yet in the midft of plea- 
 lures and bufinefs he did not forget the calls 
 of the mufe, but often withdrew from feftive 
 fcenes to retirement and the meditations of 
 literary life. His " love elegies" are elegant, 
 and valuable fpecimens of his poetical powers, 
 and alfo his prologues, &e. He died at 
 Stowe, the feat of his friend Cobbam, 1742. 
 
 Hampden, John, the illustrious patriot, 
 was born of a very ancient family in Bucking- 
 hamfhirc, and educated at' Magdalen coHege, 
 Oxford. He was a* the inns of court in Jxm- 
 don, and was afterwards chofen in parliament. 
 In I6r>6 lie had the boldnefs alone to refill the 
 T'yal authority in levying ftiip money- and 
 though he loft sits caufe he gained more .admi- 
 re s than the king obtained aflvantge by the 
 fjecefsful iffue of the trial, Hampden was 
 
 now regarded as the leader of the popular 
 party in the houfe of commons, and when the 
 civil war broke out, he took up arms to de- 
 fend the rights of the people. In the field 
 he fhowed himi'elf courageous, intrepid and 
 active^ but his career of glory was cut fhort 
 by a fatal wound in Chalgrove field, Oxford- 
 shire, againft prince Rupert 1 8th June 1643. 
 The bone of his ihoulder was Shattered by two 
 bullets, and after fuffering great pain from the 
 wound, he expired fix days after, to the uni- 
 verfal regret of his party. This very extraordi- 
 nary character, who evinced fuch fteadineli 
 and perfeverance in what he regarded as the 
 eaufe of his country, is defcribed by Clarendon 
 as a great rather than a good man, and the 
 noble hiftorian applies to him what was ap- 
 plied to Cinna, that he had a head to contrive, a 
 tongue to perfuade, and a hand to execute any 
 mifchief. 
 
 Handel, George Frederic, a celebrated 
 mufician born at Hall, Upper Saxony, 1684. 
 His father a furgeon intended him for the pro* 
 feffion of the law, and that he might check his 
 ftrong inclinations for mufic he prevented his 
 accefs to all mufical inftniments. The fon 
 however, obtained a ftnall clavichord, with 
 which he amufed himfelf every evening, at the 
 top of the houfe, after the family had retired 
 to reft. His accidental vifit with his father to 
 the court of the duke of Saxe Weifenfels, 
 where his brother-in-law was valet of the 
 houfehold, enabled him at laft to follow the 
 bent of his genius. He played the church 
 organ with fuch effect, that the duke, who hap- 
 pened to be prefent, fenfible of his promifing 
 powers, expoftulated with his father, and ob- 
 -tained from him the permifiion of his being 
 inftrueVted in mufic. At the age of nine he 
 compofed the church fervice for voices and 
 inftruments, and after equalling his mafter at 
 Hall he pafled to Berlin, where the king of 
 Pruffia wirneffed and rewarded his aflonifhing 
 powers. From Berlin he went to Hamburgh, 
 but the honors which he received excite! ihe 
 envy of other muficians, and one of them, as 
 he was returning from the orcheftra, made a vio- 
 lent pufh at him with a fword. The wound 
 would have proved fatal had not Apollo, tayi 
 his hiftorian, interpofed, and by means of 
 a mufic book which he carried in his bofom, 
 Handel was not ftabbed mortally to the hear. 
 It was at Hamburgh, where at the age of It, 
 he produced Almeria, his firft opera, with fuch 
 effect that' it was repeated :'?0 fucceffive nigh:.- ; 
 and after flaying here about Five year* he vrfited 
 Florence, and next went to Vienna, wh 
 Agrippina, finifiVd inthree weeks, waspei 
 for '27 fucceffive nights. Afterwards h< 
 Italy, and then returned to his native < 
 and from thence he paffed to England in 1 " 1 0. 
 His fame procured him here friends and 
 rers, he was flattered by the queen and n 
 and his Rinaldo, (hewed how well lie was en- 
 titled to the public favor. Alter vi filing the 
 cltdor oi' Hanover he again returned t< 
 
HAN 
 
 HAR 
 
 fend, where a penfion of 200 1 - c-year was fet- 
 tled on him, and lie was appointed compofer to 
 the Haymarkct theatre. On the acceffion of 
 George I. his penfion was doubled by the mo- 
 narch, who forgot the offence which Handel 
 had offered to him by not fettling at Hanover ; 
 but after prefid'mg nine years at the Hayrharket 
 he found that his quarrels, with the Italian fing- 
 ers rendered him unpopular, and by degrees his 
 audience funk away from him. After fome 
 time malice and jealoufy ceafed, and his merits 
 were again permitted to finne in full fplendor. 
 In 174-2, on his return from Dublin to London 
 , he was invited to Covent Garden, where his ora- 
 torios were continued till within eight days of his 
 death. He expired the 14th April 1/59, and 
 was buried in Weftminfter abbey, where a 
 handfome monument, at his expencc, was 
 creeled to his memory. His works, which 
 are truly valuable, have been well edited by Dr. 
 Arnold. 
 
 Hankins, Martin, profeffor of hiftory, po- 
 litics, and eloquence, of Breflaw, wrote, "De 
 Romanarum rerum fcriptoribus," to which 
 was added de Byzantin. rerum fcriptor. Gryecis. 
 He died 1709." 
 
 Hammer, fir Thomas, a ftatefman, educat- 
 ed at Weftminfter fchcOl, and Chriit church 
 Oxford. He was for 30 years member of par- 
 liament either for Suffolk, Flintfhire or Thet- 
 ford, and in 1713 he was chofen fpeaker. He 
 retired from public life and publiihed an edition 
 of Shakclpeare, in an elegant and magnificent 
 ftyle, which he prefented to the univcrfity of 
 Oxford, in 6 vols. 4to. He died at his feat 
 Suffolk, 1746. 
 
 Hanmkr, Jonathan, a nonconformed divine, 
 of Barnftaple, educated at Emanuel col- 
 lege, Cambridge, where he took his degree of 
 M.A. He was rector of BHhip's Tawtoti, and 
 lecturer of Barnftaple, from which he was 
 ejected 1662. He is the author of a virw of 
 ecclefiaftical antiquity, and other works. He 
 died 1687. 
 
 Hakneckek, Mention, profeffor of morals, 
 theology, &c. at Marpurg, died at Lubeck 
 1*671, aged 76. He wrote a Hebrew gram- 
 mar, an expofition of St. Paul's epiftle to the 
 Ephefians, &c. 
 
 Hanneckek, Philip Leiris, eldeft fon of the 
 preceding, was prof * or of eloquence and He- 
 brew at Gieffen, and died at Wittemberg ] 706. 
 Hi works were on theological comrovufv. 
 
 Hannf.mav, John,, a painter at the Hague, 
 kno-.vn for his hiftorical pieces and portraits. 
 He was patronized by Mary princefs of Orange, 
 and di ed 69. 
 
 Hanrtot, Ftfincis, a native- of Nairn rre, 
 who during the revolution obtained the confi- 
 dence of Marat and Robf.fpie.-rrc, by the aclive 
 part which he performed in the murder of (the 
 priefts at the Carmea in Sep. ll'rl. By fur- 
 rounding the convention with armed men, he 
 obtained the degree of accufation againft the 
 (Is, but the fall of RobefpLerre was but 
 the forerunner, of his own, He was guilk>wi- 
 
 ed 2 Stir July 1794, aged 33, execrated for hi* 
 cruelty, rapine, and mfolence. 
 
 Hanway, Jonas, a benevolent chara&etf, 
 born at Portfniouth 1/12. He was early en- 
 gaged with a merchant at Lffbon, and after- 
 wards with a houfe at Petersburg, in the bufi- 
 nefs of which he travelled into Perfia. On his 
 return to Loudon, he employed his opulence 
 to the purpofes of humanity, and to his public 
 fpirit, the Marine fociety, and the Magdalen 
 charity owe their origin. His philanthropy wa* 
 inch that feveral Biltifli merchants applied to 
 lord Bute to diftinguifti hizn by fome marks of 
 public efteem, and he was accordingly made 
 cemmifnoner of the navy, and when, alter 20 
 years, he reugned the office, he was permitted to 
 retain the falary. His exertions to relieve the 
 chimney fweepers, deferve alfo the higheft 
 praife, and to his humane intentions funday 
 fchools are in fome degree to be attributed. 
 At his death which happened 1786, a public 
 fubfeription was -contributed to erccft a monu- 
 ment to the memOry of a man, who above all 
 others had (hone as a pattern of benevolence, 
 virtue and philanthropy. Of his publicatioi s, 
 faid to have amounted to nearly 70, the b* it 
 known are an account of his travels through Ruf- 
 fia, Perfia, &c. publifhed 17 3d, 2 vols. 4to. 
 and domeftic happinefs promoted. He is faid 
 to be tlie firft who uied an umbrella in the ftreeta 
 of London. 
 
 HarcoukT, Harriet Evfelia, a lady bom at 
 Richmond, Yorkshire. She travelled with hex 
 father over Europe, and at his death at Con- 
 ftantinople in 1 7'i^> fhe returned to England, 
 and as fhe inherited a large property ilie began 
 to eftablilh a female monailery on her York- 
 Shire eftate, and another in the weftern ides of 
 Scotland. Thefe inftitutions compofed chiefly, 
 of foreign females, reftrained by neither VQW> 
 nor auftere forms, were diffolved at her death 
 ] 7 4 5 , in her :) yth vear. 
 
 Harder, John James, a native of Bafil, 
 who after ftudyingat Rome, and in France, be- 
 came profeffor of rhetoric and afterwards of 
 medicine and anatomy at home, and was three 
 times re&or of the univerfuy. He wrote pro- 
 dromus phyfiologicus ? &c. apiarium exajnen 
 anatomicum cochlea; terreitris, 8cc. and died 
 1711 aged 53. His brother James was profef- 
 for of oriental languages at Leyden, and a learn- 
 ed divine. He died at (Jonilantinople. 
 
 Habdeby, Grofrii, confeifor to Henry II. 
 and profeffor at Oxford, died in London 1360, 
 author of fome lectures on the old and new 
 teftainent,-~tra<9; on evangelical poetry, ^c. 
 
 Hardjme, Peter, a painter ol Antwerp 
 who died 1748, aged 70. His four defigns re- 
 presenting the four feafons witii appropriate 
 fruits are much admired. 
 
 Harding, Thomas, an Englijh divine, .torn 
 at Cqjnb Martin Devonshire la 12. He waa 
 educated at Winchefter and New college Oxford, 
 lie whs made Hebrew profeffor of the univerfity 
 by Henry YI1I. and when chaplain to \}u j . duke 
 of Suffolk, Ixc was engaged in the education of 
 [Aij the 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 tli*" lady Jane Grey. From a prof "fl*rit under 
 
 Edward he became a ftrong catholic under 
 
 Mary, and at the acceffion of Elizabeth, he 
 
 t preferment and retired to Louvain where 
 
 he became, lays Wood, the target of popery. 
 
 He entered the lifts of coivtrovoriy with hilhop 
 
 . againft whom, during 18 years, he 
 
 n pieces. He died about 1 57 o. 
 
 Hardinge, Nicolas, an eminent Englifll 
 
 r, born at Canbury near Krngft 
 
 rv, tod educated at Eton, and King's college, 
 
 idge; He was clerk to the houfe of 
 
 commons, and afterwards member for Eye, and 
 
 ary to the treafury. He died 1/58. His 
 
 Latin poems were much admired, and two of 
 
 them are preferved in the mufae Angliear.oe. He 
 
 wrote befides " Denhill Iliad," a poem, and 
 
 other things. 
 
 Hardouin, John, a French jefuit, born at 
 Quhnper in Britany 1647. He diftinguilhed 
 himfelf .for his criticfm and extenfive erudition, 
 as well as by the Angularity of his opinions. He 
 publilhed " nummi antiqui populonim & urbi- 
 um illnftrati," and afterwards was engaged in 
 the edition of the dailies, for the ufe of the 
 Dauphin, efpecially Plir;v\ 5 vols. 4to. He 
 next publilhed, in 2 vols. 4to. his "Chronolo- 
 gic prolufio, &c." in which he maintains 
 that the many authors which the moderns re- 
 gard as antient, are only impofitions upon the 
 credulity of the world by the monks of the 
 l?ith century. Homer therefore and a long 
 lift of literary heroes are hurled down from their 
 height of antiquity, and Cicero alone, with 
 Pliny's natural hiftory and Virgil's Georgics, 
 and Horace's fatires and epiftles, are permitted 
 to retain the reverence paid to them through 
 fucceffive ages. His learning was thus loft in 
 wild reveries, and while he wilhed to prove, 
 that the /Eneas of Virgil is no other than Je- 
 fus Chrift, and the Lalage of Horace, the 
 chriftian religion, he gave way to the greateft 
 abfurdities. His opinions were ably oppofed by 
 la Croze, by ie Clere, and others; but 
 though he pretended to make ?. recantation of 
 his errors, he yet continued to maintain them. 
 He prepared a new edition of the councils, in 
 12 vols, folio, which however was prohibited 
 by the parliament. This extraordinary charac- 
 ter died at Paris 1729, aged 8.J. De Boze 
 wrote his epitaph, and after mentioning his 
 learning he concludes by describing him a.s a man 
 " qui fcepticum pie egit, credulitate puer, au- 
 dacia juvenis, deliriis fenex." 
 
 Harduin, Alexander XarAcr, a native of Ar- 
 ras, known as a grammarian. He .died 1788, 
 aged 70. He wrote diiTertations on vowels and 
 confonants, and other works. 
 
 Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, carl of, an emin- 
 ent Engliih lawyer, born at Dover, 16P0, and 
 educated under Mr. Samuel Morland of Beth- 
 nal green. He ftudied law in the Middle Tem- 
 p!-, and was called to the bar, in 1714, and 
 in 171 8, was chofen member for Lewes. He 
 was raifed in 17 20, to the office of lolicitor ge- 
 neral, and four years after he ma attorney ge- 
 
 neral. In the trials of Layer, of Kel! 
 others, he drfplayed great eloquence^ ex 
 knowledge of law, and honorable candor and le- 
 niiv. In 17 : 3 ; 3 he was made chief juftke of the 
 King's bench, with a double falary of 4000 1. 
 and loon after a baron of the realm, and on the 
 death, of lord Talbot he was appointed lord 
 chancellor, Feb. l7 ; 36-7- In 17 54 he was 
 raifed to the dignity of an carl, and two years 
 after he refigned the high office which for 20 
 years he hadlupported with honor, with impar- 
 tiality, and with general approbation. During 
 thefc times of public danger only three of his 
 decrees were queftioned, and on examination 
 they were affirmed by the lords. This excellent 
 character, pious as a chriftian, eloquent as an 
 orator, dignified as a judge, well informed as a 
 politician, as much beloved in private as he was 
 honorably refpefted in public life, died 1764, 
 at his houfe in Grofvenor fquare. His fon and 
 fuceeffor in the title diftinguilhed himfelf while 
 at Cambridge as the author of Athenian letters, 
 in which he was alfifted by his brother Charles. 
 He alfo publilhed fir Dudley Carleton's corre- 
 fpondence and fome other ftate papers. He died 
 ged 70. 
 
 HarOY, Ah c under, a French dramatic wri- 
 ter, whofe plays it is faid amounted to fix hun- 
 dred, of which however only 41, in 6 vols. 8vo 
 were printed. He often wrote 2000 lines in 
 24 hours, and completed his play in three days. 
 He was the firft French dramatift paid for his 
 pieces. He died at Paris 1630. 
 
 Hardy, fir Charles, grandfon of a diftin- 
 guilhed naval commander under queen Anne, 
 was commander in chief of the weftern fquad- 
 ron in 1779, and died that year at Spithead 
 of an inflammation in his bowels. 
 
 Hare, Francis, an Engliih prelate bred at 
 Eton and King's college, Cambridge, of which 
 be was fellow. He became tutor to lord Bland- 
 ford, fon of Marlborough, and rofe to the of- 
 fice of chaplain general to the army, and after- 
 wards of dean of Worcefter, and bifhop of 
 Chichefter, with the deanery of St. Paul's till 
 his death 1740. He has been aecufed by fome 
 of fecpticifm, but falfely, though he treats in 
 a manner more ludicrous than dignified the 
 ftudy of fcripture, in his " difficulties and il'.f- 
 eouragements, &e." Ha oppofed Hoadly 
 Bangorian controverfy, and publilhed Terence, 
 with notes, in 4to. the pfalms in Hebrew, 
 &c. 
 
 Hariot, Thomas, an Engliih mathematici- 
 an, born at Oxford 1560. He was educated 
 at St. Mary hall there, and went over to Ame- 
 rica with fir Walter Baleigh, whom he inftruct,- 
 ed in mathematics, and at his return he publilh- 
 ed an account of Virginia, reprinted in ' 
 luyt's vovages. He lived for fome time at 
 college, and died at London lf>21, of a cancer 
 on his lip. His " cphemrris chryrometrica," 
 is preferved in Sion college in MS. and from 
 his " arl is analytical praxis," publifhed after his 
 death, it is faid Defeartee drew many of his im- 
 provements in algebra. 
 
 Harlay, 
 
HAR 
 
 HAR 
 
 Hari-aY, Achilk de, a learned prefident of 
 the parliament of Paris, after de Thou. Dur- 
 
 commotions of the league he maintain- 
 
 - attachment to the king, and, without 
 
 V to the intrigues of the difloyal, he fup- 
 
 with increafing reputation the upright 
 conduct of the magistrate. He died univerfaliy 
 reflected, 1616, aged 80. 
 
 Harley, Rolvrt, earl of Oxford, was eldeft 
 fon of fir Edward Harley, and was born in Bow- 
 reet, Covent garden ,1661. He was educated 
 at Shilton near Burford, Oxon, and there he 
 laid the foundation of that extenfive knowledge, 
 which raifed him to the higheft honors'. At 
 the revolution he levied a troop of horfe in fa- 
 vor of William, and foon after was member 
 for Tregony in Cornwall, and then for Radnor, 
 which he reprefented till he obtained a feat in 
 the upper houfe. In Feb. 1701-2 he was cho- 
 fen fpeaker of the houfe of commons, and 
 continued in that high office that and two fuc- 
 cffive parliaments. In 17 06 he was one of 
 the commiffioners to fettle the union with Scot- 
 land, and in 1710, he was raifed to the office 
 of one of the commiffifjners of the treafury, 
 and of chancellor of the exchequer. In March 
 that year his life was attempted by Guifcard, a 
 French papift who, when examined before the 
 privy council, ftabbed him with a penknife, for 
 which offence he was fent to Newgate where 
 he died foon after. The danger thus incurred 
 encreafed the popularity of the feeretary, who 
 on his appearance in the houfe, was handfome- 
 ly congratulated by the fpeaker. In 1 7 1 1 he 
 was raifed to the peerage and appointed lord 
 high treafurer of Great Britain, an office which 
 he refigned in 1714, four days before the 
 queen's death. In 1715 he was impeached by 
 ' the commons, and after two years' confinement 
 he was tried and acquitted by his peers, 
 1717. He died 1724, aged 6 4 . Though a- 
 pofed and vilified by his rival in power, Boling- 
 broke, not only in the fenate but in a letter to 
 fir William Windham, he poffeffed great talents, 
 and was not devoid of thofe amiable virtues 
 which attend and fupport the good man, and 
 which have been defervedly illuftrated by the 
 immortal pen of Pope. 
 
 Harmer, Thomas, a diflenting minifter of 
 Waterfield in Suffolk, born at Norwich. He is 
 author of " obfervations on paffages of fcrip- 
 ture," 4 vols. 8vo. a valuable work often edit- 
 ed. He wrote alfo notes on Solomon's fong, and 
 other works. He died 17SS aged 73. 
 
 Haro, Don Louis de, nephew of Olivares 
 the famous Spanifh minifter, was celebrated as 
 the favorite of Philip IV. He was not only 
 
 !)ri:ne minifter, but a ncgociator, and had a 
 tference with Mazarin to fettle the peace 
 with the Low Countries, and with France in 
 lie died 1661, aged 6:5. 
 Harold I. king of England, was fon of 
 Though oppofed by the archbifhop of 
 Canterbury he feized the throne, and became 
 of his half-brother Alfred, whom he 
 confined in a monaftery after putting out his 
 
 eyes. He diod the 5th year of his reign in 1 0-39, 
 and without iffue. 
 
 Harold II., for. of earl Godwin, took pof- 
 feffion of the Englifh crown on the death of Ed- 
 ward the confeffor. After defeating his bro- 
 ther who oppofed him, he found that another 
 competitor, William of Normandy, had invad- 
 ed the kingdom. He marched bravely to repel 
 this formidable invafion, and fell, nobly fight- 
 ing at the head of his troops, 14 th Oct. 1066, 
 the firft year of his reign. Though Harold 
 rauft be confidered in fome degree as an ufurprr, 
 yet his bravery, his wifdom, and his virtues, ex- 
 hibit him in the moft amiable light. Had he 
 defeated the Normans in the field of Haftings 
 he might have adorned his reign by the arts of 
 peace, and endeared to his people by the in- 
 trepidity with which he expofed his life in the 
 defence of his native country, he might have 
 given birth to a new era of national profperlty, 
 political juftice, and honorable irtduftry, and pre- 
 vented that tyranny, and that devastation which 
 ever attends the fteps of a foreign, arrogant, and 
 fufpicious ufurper. 
 
 Harve, John Francis de la, a French writer 
 of Swifs parentage, born at Paris 1 7 '3 Q , and 
 educated in the college of Havccurt. His earl 
 of Warwick, a tragedy, in 176-1, procured 
 him great applaufe and fome money. He pub- 
 lifhed various other dramatic pieces, befides po- 
 ems rewarded with prizes from different learned 
 bodies, elegies of Fenelon, Catinat, Charles V. 
 &c. highly and defervedly admired. His chief 
 work is a complete courfe of literature 12 vols. 
 8vo. As a critic, his powers were advantage- 
 oufly difplayed in his lectures at the Lyceum. 
 During the revolution he, like other literary 
 characters, fupportcd the principles of republic- 
 anifm ; but when he faw terror prevail, and re- 
 ligion degraded, his fentiments were ferioufly 
 changed. Though condemned to be deported, 
 he elcaped from his perfecutcrs, and died at Pa- 
 ris 1803. 
 
 Harpsfield, Nicholas, an Englifh divine, 
 archdeacon of Canterbury. He was imprifoned 
 for fome years, for his popifh principles and 
 died 1572. He wrote an hiftory of Wick) iffe's 
 herefy an ecclefiaftieal hiftory of England, 
 
 &c. 
 
 Harrington, fir John, an Englifh poet, 
 born at Helfton near Bath. As his father was 
 imprifoned for holding conference with Elizabeth 
 in Mary's reign, the princefs flood godmother 
 to his fon in proof of her patronage. He was 
 educated at Eton and Cambridge, and before he 
 was 30 he publifhed a tranflation of Ariofto's 
 Orlando Furiofo. He was knighted on the field 
 by the earl of Eflex, and under James he was 
 created a knight of the Bath. He was attacked 
 by the clergy, by writing, for the ufe of prince 
 Henry, a tract againft married bifliops. His 
 works were publiihed by the Rev. H. Harrington 
 under the title of " Nugie antique," and con- 
 tain a mifcellaneous collection of curious pieces 
 in verfe and profe. He died 1612 aged 51. 
 
 Harrington, 'John lord, eldtft fon of lord 
 
 and 
 
HAK, 
 
 HAR 
 
 and lady Harrington, to whole oarc James I. 
 entrufted the education of his daughter Eliza- 
 beth, afterwards the wife to Frederic king of 
 Bohemia, was diftlnguilhed by his talents, and 
 his genius, and by his intimacy with Henry 
 prince <>f Wale*. When at Rome he was 
 ftroogty folieited by the Jefuits to abandon his 
 religion, but when intrcaties were unavailing, 
 it is laid that the holy fathers artfully adminis- 
 tered potion, in eonfequence of which, his tutor 
 foon after died, though his ftronger conflitution 
 firaggled longer againft the deleterious effects. 
 This poinding youth however died fome time 
 after his return to England l6lo, aged 22. His 
 Latin letters to the prinee are extant. 
 
 Harrington, James, an eminent political 
 writer, horn 1011, at Upton, Northamptou- 
 fhire. He was educated at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, where he had Chillingworth for his tutor. 
 In 1622, he fet out upon his travels, and in 
 Holland he ferved for fome time in lord Craven's 
 regiment, and afterwards vifited Flanders, Ger- 
 many, France, and Italy. He refufed to 
 pay homage to the pope of Rome by kiffmg his 
 toe. In Italy he regard*! Venice by her fitua- 
 tion and constitution fuperior to the reil of the 
 world. After his return Harrington fided with 
 the parliament, but he never could obtain a feat 
 in the houfc. His independent fpirit, how- 
 ever, was admired, and when the eommiffioncrs 
 removed the king from Newcaftle nearer Lon- 
 don, he was felected to attend upon his perfon. 
 The unfortunate monarch was pleafed with his 
 converfation ; he parted with him at Hurft caf- 
 tle with bitter concern, and when led to the fcaf- 
 fold he again diftinguifhed his favorite, and re- 
 warded him on that awful occalion with a token 
 of his efteem. The death of Charles affected 
 deeply Harrington, but while his friends attri- 
 buted his retirement to melancholy or difcontent 
 he filenced their reproaches by producing his 
 celebrated work "Oceana," which at fail was 
 regarded a3 a fevere fatire on Cromwell's ufurpa- 
 tion, but was afterwards permitted to appear de- 
 dicated to the protector by the interference of 
 lady Claypole his favorite daughter. The work 
 was read btxt not approved by Cromwell, and 
 Harrington in the mean time found his labors at- 
 tacked by various pamphlets, which he boldly 
 anfwered, and to prove the practicability of his 
 republican plan he eftablifhed a fociety at Miles' 
 eofiee-houfe, Palace yard, where the public re- 
 gulations he propofed were fully debated before 
 crowded audiences. Such principle* could not 
 be agreeable to the royalifts, and therefore at 
 the reftoration, Harrington was regarded as a 
 nemy, and was in Dec. 1661 fei/ed by 
 order of the king and committed to the tower 
 as guilty of treasonable practices. Thefe accu- 
 iations may be eonfidered as founded on imagi- 
 nary grounds, while the criminality of Hairing- 
 ton may be viewed in his fevere reflections 
 againft the royal family. With unfeeling bitter- 
 not only decried the character of Mary 
 rtf Scots, and treated her fon James as a worth- 
 left imnofiorj but be loaded the memory of 
 
 Charles with every foul epithet; and forgetful 
 of It is former attachment, ho defcribed him as & 
 tyrant cut off by God's avenging hand. After 
 fome time he was removed from the tower to 
 Plymouth, whereby the advice of his phyficiaa 
 he mixed improperly too much guaiacurt with 
 his coffee for the cure of the fcurvy, and 
 brought on a gradual delirium. As his relation] 
 had given bail for his appearance he was liber- 
 ated from confinement, and as he had fome in- 
 tervals of reafon, he was permitted to retire t 
 Scotland, where he married a lady to whom he 
 had formerly paid his addreffes, and with whom 
 he fpent the remainder of life. He died of the 
 palfy at Weftm'tnfter. There were not 
 fome who attributed his difordcr to ] 
 caufes, and who eonfidered his delirium as oc- 
 cafioned by the malice of his enemies, who 
 dreaded the fatire of his pen. Befides his Ocea- 
 na which, as mentioned already, contaii 
 vifionary plan of a pure and independent 
 lie, he attempted poetry. 
 
 Harris, Robert, a, native of Broad < 
 Gloucefterfhire, educated at Oxford. During 
 the rebellion he oppofed the king, and was 
 made by the pailiament rector of Petersfield, 
 and prefident of Trinity college Oxford, whew 
 he died 1658 aged 80. He wrote fermons 
 remedium contra avaritiam, &c. 
 
 Harris, William, a diffenting minifter, who 
 refided alHoniton, where he died 1770. He 
 wrote, though not very accurately, an account . 
 of the lives of James I. Charles I. Oliver Crom- 
 well, and Hugh Peters, in 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Harris, John, fecretary to the royal foeiety, 
 tranflated Par-die's elements of geometry, and 
 died 1 7 .3 . He was an able mathematician and 
 good divine, and firft projected the plan of a 
 Cyclopaedia, winch appeared in 2 vols, folio, 
 called Lexicon Technician, to which a fup- 
 plement was added in 1786. The works of 
 Chambers, Pees, and others, have fupeifcded 
 this now obfolete performance. 
 
 Harris, William, author of fermons on the 
 principal representations of the Mefliah in the 
 old teftament, and other religious tracts, was 
 for 40 years minifter o( a diffenting congregation 
 at Crutched-friars, and died 1740. aged 65. 
 
 Harris, James, ejq. an eminent fcholar^ 
 fon of a finer of Shaftelbury, the author of the 
 characteriuics. He was born in the clofe, S.i- 
 rum, 1 709, and after an education at the gram- 
 mar fchool there, he entered at Wadham col- 
 lege Oxford, but took no degree. He was 
 member for Chrift-church in feveral ] 
 meats, and in 176a was made one of thi 
 of the admiralty, and foon alter removed 
 treafury, and in 17 74 he was appointed 
 tary and comptroller to the queen, whi 
 fice he retained during his life. He died 1 7 "0. 
 His works are three treatifes concerning art; 
 mufic, painting, and poetry; and happinefs, 
 Svo. 174 3 Hermes, or a philofophieal in- 
 quiry concerning uuiverfal grammar 1751| 
 hv ). anable eompofition, commended by Lmth, 
 philofophieal arrangements, and philofophi- 
 eal 
 
HAR 
 
 ' HAR 
 
 Ual inquiries, 2 vols. 8vo. His works have 
 been edited by his ion lord Malmfbury, with 
 [an account of his life. 
 
 Harrison, William, an ingenious youth, 
 fellow of New college Oxford. He was recom- 
 mended by his wit and learning to dean Swift, 
 who procured for him from St. John the re- 
 fpectable office of fecretary to the Englifh ara- 
 [ baffadorat the Hague. Under the expectation 
 of higher appointments, he was carried off by 
 a fhort illnefs, in London 1712-13. He wrote 
 fome elegant poetical pieces, many of which 
 are preferred in Nichols's and Hodfley's col- 
 lections. 
 
 Harrison, William, an Englifh writer, au- 
 thor of the pilgrim, or the happy convert, a 
 paftoral tragedy 1709. 
 
 Harrison*, John, an eminent and well- 
 known mechanic, born at Foulby near Pon- 
 tefra<ft 1^93. His father was a carpenter, and 
 he was brought up to his bufinefs. He had 
 early a ftttrag propenfity to wheel machinery, 
 and as his father was occasionally employed in 
 repairing clocks, he improved in his knowledge 
 of the power of movements. In 17 00 his fa- 
 ther removed to Barrow Lincolnfhire, and there 
 he obtained from a neighbouring clergyman a 
 MS. copy of Sanderfon's lectures, which he 
 transcribed, and from which he drew a hither- 
 to unknown fund of knowledge. He made 
 fome ingenious experiments, and in 1726, pro- 
 duced two clocks chiefly of wood, with the 
 compound pendulum, fo accurately conftructed 
 that they varied fcarce a fecond in 0e month. 
 He vifited London 1735, and by Dr. Halley was 
 recommended to that ingenious artift G. Gra- 
 ham, who advifed him to complete his machines 
 to prefent to the board of longitude. In 1735 
 his firft machine was approved by the board, 
 and he was fent to Lifbon to try its accu- 
 racy and its properties. He produced another 
 more fimple machine in 17-39, and again a 
 third in 1749, but while he confidered his la- 
 bors as arrived at the higheft degree of per- 
 fection, he difcovered that greater accuracy 
 fiight ftill be obtained, and a fourth time his 
 marhine, fix inches in diameter, and in the 
 fhape of a watch, was eouftru6ted. The c'or- 
 K&nefs of this machine was ascertained bv 
 the author's fon in a voyage to Jamaica, and 
 in another to Barbadocs, and as his difcovery 
 came within the meaning of the act of the 
 1:2th of Anne, he claimed, and obtained the li- 
 beral reward of 20,000l. from parliament. Thefe 
 four curious machines were depoiitcd in the 
 ebfervatory of Greenwich, where it is laid rhey 
 are now buried in oblivion. The laft time-piece 
 made by this ingenious art ill erred only four 
 fecrmds and a half in ten weeks. After 'a life 
 thus devoted to the fervice of the public, this 
 worthy character died 1 770 of the gout at his 
 houfe Red-lionTquare aged 80. Though in- 
 genious as a mechanic, he was very income! 
 as a writer, and never could exprefs himfelf in 
 elear and fimple ftyle. 
 
 Harrison, Juhn, colonel in the parliament 
 
 army, was fon of a butcher, and one of the 
 judges of the unfortunate' Charles. He was 
 with the unfufpecting Fairfax, on his knees in. 
 the hypocritical femblance of prayer till tiie 
 execution was over. He was tried and exe- 
 cuted for his perfidy, after the reftoration. 
 
 Harte, Walter, a native of Marlborough, 
 Wilts, known as a poet and hiftorlan. Hit 
 poetical pieces, called Amaranth, were pub- 
 lifhed in 8vo. befides a hiftory of Guftavus 
 Adolphus, 2 vols. 4to.&c. He died 1773. 
 
 Hartley, David, an Englifh phyfician, fon 
 0?a clergyman, educated at Jefus college Cam- 
 bridge. He praetifed phyfic at Newark, after- 
 wards at St. Edmundfbury, and then in Lon- 
 don, and laflly at Bath, where he died 1757. 
 His chief work is obfervations on man, his 
 frame, his duty, and his expectations, 2 parts, 
 1749, 2 vols. 8vo. He ell o wrote about ?Irs. 
 Stevens' quack medicines as a folvent for the 
 ftone, which procured her from parliament 
 50001. The doctor died of the ftone at laft, 
 thdugh it is faid he had taken to remove it 
 above 200lbs. weight of foap. 
 
 Hartungus, John., a native of Millinberg, 
 profeffor of Greek at Heidelberg. He for fome 
 time bore arms againft the Turks, and died 
 1579. He wrote fome notes on the three 
 firft books of the Odyffey, befides a Latia 
 tranflation of Apollonius. 
 
 Harvard, John, founder of the college at 
 Cambridge in North America, which bears his 
 name, was a nonconformift, and died at Charlef- 
 town in New England 1688. 
 
 Harvey, William, an Englifh phyfician, 
 elebrated as the firft difcoverer of the circula- 
 tion of the blood. He was born at Folkftone 
 1578, and educated at Canterbury fchool, and 
 Caius college Cambridge. At the age of 19 
 he travelled through France and Germany +0 
 Padua, where he took the degree of M.D. 
 in 1602. On his return to England he was in- 
 corporated to his doctor's degree at Cambridge, 
 and then fettled in^London where he married. 
 In 1604 he was admitted candidate of the col- 
 lege of phyficlans, three years after fellow, and 
 in 1615 lecturer of anatqmy and furgery. In 
 1616 he laid open his difcovery of the circula- 
 tion of the blood, in his lectures, the MS. of 
 which is preferved in fir Hans Sloane's papers. 
 It was published in 1628, and dedicated to 
 Charles I. after the ingenious author had in his 
 lectures for nine years confirmed and iUnltrated. 
 it, by reafonings and arguments convincing and 
 fatisfaetory. This importaat difcovery produced 
 an aftonifhing revolution in the practice of phv- 
 fie, and it is not to be wondered that fo many 
 kid claims to the celebrity which belonged to 
 Harvey alone. Not only father Paid vindicated 
 the merit of the difiovery, but Hippocrates was 
 j aficrted to be the original author of this newly 
 I opinion. In 1632 Harvey was made 
 phyfician to the king, and fhared his dangc rs at 
 the battle of Edge-hifl, ;-.d in confequence of 
 his loyalty, he was in 1645 made warden of 
 Mcrton college, which the following year he 
 
 refigoed 
 
HAS 
 
 IT AW 
 
 refigned. on the furrcnder of the city to the 
 parlianent. In 165J he publifl-'-d his " exer- 
 cli.iti.mrs de generatione anhnalium, Sre." K: 
 n ]>6.vi he waachofen prefident of the 
 ofphvfieians, but his infirmities ware fo great 
 that he recommended Dr. Prujean for his tae- 
 ceffor. As he had no family, he honorably 
 made the college his heirs, and after he had 
 built them a combination room, a library and 
 amnfeum, he presented them with the deeds 
 oi' his tiiatcs, and founded the commemoration 
 which annually on the ISth Oc~r. records the 
 liberality of its benefactors, and the meritorious 
 Services of its founder. This great man died 
 yd June 1657. Under his picture in the college, 
 on a brafs plate, is a long but nervous inferip- 
 tton, which commemorates his fervices and his 
 virtues. His works were edited by Dr. Law- 
 rence, with a life, 9 vols. 4to. 17 66. 
 
 Harvey, Gideon, an Englifh phyfician, born 
 in Surrey. He ftudied in the Low Countries, 
 'at Exeter college Oxford, and at Leyden. He 
 was phyfician to Charles II. in his exile, and al- 
 fo to the Englifh army in Flanders. He after- 
 wards travelled through Germany, Italy, and 
 Switzerland, and on his return was made phyfi- 
 cian in ordinary to the king. He died 17 00,, 
 but he derived little fame, and lefs profit from 
 his publications. He was perpetually at war 
 with the college of phyficians, whom he at- 
 tempted to ridicule in a piece, 1683. 
 
 Harwood, Edicard, a diffenting minifter, 
 born in Lancashire. He died 1794 aged 65. 
 He wrote various works, but he is beft known 
 as the author of a " view of the various editions 
 of the Greek and Roman daffies," which 
 has paned through feveral editions, and 
 has appeared in almoft every European lan- 
 guage. He lived in London by correcting the 
 prefs, and teaching the daffies, and by his va- 
 rious publications. , It is faid that he refufed 
 very liberal patronage to join the church of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 HasstlcjUtst, Frederick*^ learned botanift, 
 born in 1 722 in Eafl Gothiff The early death 
 <^f his father left him in indigent eireumftances, 
 hut he maintained himfdf at the univerfity of 
 Upfal by inftru&ing fome of his fellow pupils. 
 He publifhed an " effay on the virtue of 
 plants," and was er.courged by his matter Lin- 
 ftaeut to undertake a voyage to Palcfline to exa- 
 mine its natural hiftory. He was conveyed by 
 the Levant company to Smyrna, and for two years 
 vas engaged in making a moft valuable collection 
 of curiofsties. When on his return in 1752 he 
 was overpowered bv the heat of the climate, 
 md bv fatigue, and died near Smyrna. His 
 mriofities were fei/.ed bv his creditors, but. the 
 queen of Sweden difcharged his debts, and 
 Linn-ens arranged the publication of his papers. 
 
 Hastings, Elizabeth, daughter of th 
 f Huntingdon, was celebrated for her perfonal 
 accomplishments, but more for her private and 
 public a-'ls ofdiarV, nev.r exceeded by any 
 in the kingdom. The diilreffes of the 
 poor and unfortunate iu every place and fitua- 
 
 tion were her peculiar care, and a fplendid for- 
 tune was appropriated folcly to their 1 
 and near. This amiable character is well de- 
 pictured under the name of Afpalia by Con- 
 grevein the 49th number of the Tatler. 
 died 1710. 
 
 Hatton,^?/- Chrijlophcr, chancellor ur.dcrEli- 
 zabeth, was a man of learning and great integrity, 
 but it is remarkable that he had not been bred to 
 the law. His decifions however were never im- 
 peached, as he was guided by jufticc and im- 
 partiality. It was by his advice that the unfor-r 
 tunatc Mary fubmitted to her fatal trial. He 
 was born in Northamptonshire, from an ancieat 
 Chefhire family, and died 1591. 
 
 Havercamp, Sigebert., an eminent critic, 
 profeffor of hiftory, eloquence and Greek, at 
 Leyden. His editions of Jofephus, Salluft, 
 Eutropius, Tertullian, &e. are confidered as 
 very valuable. He died at Leyden 1 742 aged 58. 
 
 Havers, Clopt<m,&n .Englifh phyfician in the 
 18th century, who publifhed in 1691 a curious 
 treatife on the bones. 
 
 Hausted, Peter, a comic writer, author of 
 the " rival friends," acted before Charles L 
 and his court at Cambridge. 
 
 Haute-feuillk, John, an ingenious mreha- 
 nic, fon of a baker, was born at Orleans 
 He was the inventor of the fteel fprings in pen- 
 dulum watches, afterwards improved by Huy- 
 gens. He alfo wrote fome curious pamphlets 
 on clocks, &c.and died 1'724. 
 
 Hauteroche, Noel le Breton de, a French 
 dramatic poet, and actor, who died at Paris 
 1707 , aged 90. His pieces poffefs fome me- 
 rit. 
 
 Hauteterre, Anthony Dadine de, profef-. 
 for of law at Touloufe, was a native of Cahors, 
 and died 1682, aged 80. He wrote Gefta re- 
 gum et ducum Aquitanke, 2 vols. 4to a 
 treatife on monaftie life, &c. wcrks which 
 difplay great erudition. 
 
 Hawes, Stephen, a native of Suffolk, edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and made groom of the pri- 
 vy chamber to Henry VII. He was well (killed in 
 French and Italian poetry, and wrote the tem- 
 ple of glafs, copied from Chaucer's houfe of 
 fame, the paftime of pleafure, &c* 
 
 Hawke, Edward lord, fon of a barrifier, 
 entered early in the naval fervicc to which he 
 was to add fo much glory. In 17;>4 lie was 
 captain of the Wolf, and he diftinguifhed him- 
 fefr under Matthews, Lefloek, and Rowley, 
 off Toulon, and took a Spanifh ihip of fuperi- 
 or force, the Padcr of 60 guns. In 17 17 he 
 defeated a French fleet, and took two 7;, on': 
 70, two 6-1, and one 50, for which he was 
 honored with the ribbon of the Bath. In 1757 
 he affifted on the expedition againft Hochfort, 
 and in 1759 he was lent off Brelt, from which 
 the French Beet efcaped, but he purfued them 
 and attacked them off Belleiue and totally de- 
 feated them, for which he received a penfion 
 of 2000 1. from the king. In 1765 he was 
 appointed vice-admiral of Great Britain, aoJ 
 fixlt lord of the admiralty, and in 1/76 rarfea 
 
 to 
 
HAW 
 
 HAY 
 
 to the peerage. He died at his houfe at Slu-pper- 
 tjn. Middlefex, 1781. 
 
 Hawkesworth, John, an eminent Enjrlifh 
 writer. He was born 1715 at Bromley in Kent, 
 and bound to the bufinefs of a watch maker, 
 which he abandoned for literary purfuits. His 
 is laid, kepta boarding fehool atBromley, 
 and by the means of a lady of tome influence in 
 Indian affairs he became known to the commer- 
 cial world, and was elected a director of the 
 Eaft India company. His " adventurer," was 
 fo popular a performance that arcbbiihop Her- 
 ring conferred upon him, though a diifenter, 
 the Lambeth degree of LL.D. He was appoint- 
 ed to digeft the narrative of the South fea ex- 
 peditions, a labor for which, fay fome critics, 
 he was not adequate, as his talents tended more 
 to influence the paffions in animated defcriptions, 
 than interett the heart in the cold detail of a 
 journal. Thoush he received the high fum of 
 60001. for his trouble it is aflerted that he died 
 of chagrin for the unfavorable reception of 
 his narrative. He died 17/3, aged 58, and in 
 Bromley church, Kent, where he was buried 
 his monument records his ferviccs, in appro- 
 priate language borrowed from die laft adven- 
 turer. 
 
 Hawkins, fir John, an Englifh admiral, 
 Signalized himfelf under Elizabeth, againft 
 the invincible armada, when he was rear admi- 
 ral, and alfo in feveral expeditions to the Weft 
 Indies, where he died, 1,595. 
 
 Hawkins, fir John, a native of London, 
 who acquired fome eminence in the law as an 
 attorney, and became known as the friend of 
 Dr. Johnfon. He commenced author by pub- 
 lishing in 1760, an edition of Walton's an- 
 gler, &c. 1 and in 1 761 he was made juftice 
 of peace for Middlefex, and in 1772 kuighted 
 for difperfing fome rioters in Moor-fields. The 
 greatefl of his works is his hiftory of mufic in 
 ft vols. 4to. with very ufeful and curious parti- 
 culars. His life of Johnfon is not a very cre- 
 ditable performance, as it was haftily finifhed to 
 gratify the wifhes of the bookfelkrs.. Sir John 
 died 1789, aged 70. 
 
 Hawksmoou, Nicholas, an architect, pupil 
 to fir Chriitopher Wren. He was clerk of the 
 works at Greenwich, under William aud his two 
 fuccefToTs, and was alfo employed as furveyor of 
 the new churches built by queen Anne's act. 
 Arnon; others the church of St. George's 
 BlDomfbury, is particularly cenfured, as it ex- 
 hibits an irregularly abfurd fteeple, with the 
 itatue of George I. elevated to the top, with 
 the lion and unicorn as fupporters. He planned 
 feveral private manfions, and gave the defign of 
 the Radclirle library at Oxford. He died 
 17-JG. 
 
 Hawkwood, fir John, an Englifh general 
 in the fervice of Edward III. His father was a 
 tanner, and he himfelf was for fome time ap- 
 to a tailor, but he foon, fays Fuller, 
 turned his needle into a fword, and his thimble 
 into a fhield, at the found of Edward's wars. 
 He %nalized hiiuielf fo much that from a pri- 
 
 vate foldler he became a captain, and was knight- 
 ed ; but at the peace of Bretigni in 1360, he 
 found himfelf too poor to maintain his dignity, 
 and therefore he affociated with others into a 
 corps called " k-s tard venus," whofe employ- 
 ment was to gain fupport by plunder as a ma- 
 rauding party. With thefc defperate followers, 
 fir John penetrated into Italy, aud enriched 
 himfelf by the plunder of the clergy. In 1364 
 he entered into the fervice of the Fifan republic, 
 and in 1387 he armed in defence of the Floren- 
 tines, and his mafterlv retreat from the fuperior 
 forces of his able antagonist Venni, is celebrated 
 as exhibiting the moft heroic courage, with cool- 
 nefs, and perfeverance. Though at the peace 
 of 1391 the Florentines difbanded all their 
 forces, yet they retained ftill Hawkwood at the 
 head of 1000 men. He died in Florence 1393, 
 at an advanced age. A cenotaph was erected 
 in the church of his native town, which ftill 
 perpetuates his memory, as an able and heroic 
 general, whofe character, if taxed with fero- 
 city or with the unprincipled paffions of a law- 
 lefs freebooter, muft be defended by the barba- 
 rity of the times, which regarded valor, how- 
 ever difgraced by bloodlhed and rapine, as one of 
 the nobleft virtues of man. 
 
 Hay, James, came to England with the 
 firft James, and was the firft Scotchman raifed 
 to the Englifh peerage, fucceffively by the titles 
 of lord Hay, vifcount Doncafter, and earl Car- 
 line. He was employed in various embaffies, 
 and went to France to negociate a marriage be- 
 tween tire prince of Wales and Henrietta Maria 
 of France . He died 1636. 
 
 Hay, JFilliam, an Englifh writer, born at 
 Glenburne, Suffex, about 17 00, and educated 
 at Headley fehool. In 1734,. he was elected 
 member for Seaford, which he reprefented till 
 his death. He efpoufed the caufe of fir Robert 
 Walpole, whom lie defended in fome pamphlets, 
 and by whom he was rewardrd with the place of 
 cornmiflioner of the victualling office. He died 
 1 9th June 1755. He wrote ' ' religio philofo- 
 phi," &c. a translation of Hawkins Browne's 
 de immortalitate ainmte the epigrams of Mar- 
 tial modernized, &c. befides an efhiy oir defor- 
 mity, in which he defcanted with humor and 
 livelinefo on his own perfonal imperfection. 
 
 Haver, John Nicholas Hubert, a French 
 ecclefiafHe, born at Sare-Louis, 1708. He 
 difplayed his zeal and learning by his able 
 works on tire immortality of tire foul, 3 vols. 
 12mo. on the exifienee of God* He died at 
 Paris 1 6th July 1780. 
 
 Hayes, Charles, an ingenious author. He 
 was of fuch a timid difpofition, that he pre- 
 fixed his name to none of his many valuable pub- 
 lications, except to his treatife on fluxions, in 
 folio 1704. He was for many years deputy- 
 governor to the royal African company, and on 
 its dilTolution in 1752, he retired to folitude at 
 Down in Kent. He died 1760, at Gray's inn, 
 where two years before he had taken chambers, 
 in his 82d year. His works were " tire moon, 
 
 a philo- 
 
HEA 
 
 HEA 
 
 a philofophical dialogue," "a new and eafyme- 
 thodto find the longitude," and other works. 
 
 Haymon, a native of the Tyrolefe in the 1 3th 
 century, remarkable for his gigantic ilature, 
 laid to have been 1 6 feet in height, with propor- 
 tionable fircngyh. His tomb is to he fees at 
 Iufpruck. 
 
 Haynes, Hopton, aftay mailer of the mint, 
 and tally writer of the exchequer, was diftin- 
 guilhed as the author of " the icripture account 
 of the. attributes and worfhip of God, and of 
 the character and offices of Jefus Chriit," pub- 
 liihed after his death. He died 1 7 4<). 
 
 Haynes, Scnnvel, fon to tlie above, was 
 tutor to lord Saliibury, who rewarded his fcr- 
 rices with the living of Hatfield, and afterwards 
 that of Gothall. He was alfo canon of Wind- 
 for. He died 1752. He publiihed " a col- 
 lection of ilate papers," in folio. 
 
 Hayward, Jir John, an Engliih hiftorian, 
 anthor of " the lives of the three Nonnans, 
 kings of England, William I. and II. and 
 Henry I." dedicated to Charles prince of Wales, 
 r of the firft part of "the life and reign of 
 Henry IV." dedicated to Robert earl of Effex, 
 for which he fuff ered imprifonment, on account 
 of fome offenfive pail ages about hereditary 
 right, of "the life and reign of Edward VI. 
 with the beginning of Elizabeth's," and of 
 other works, efpecially on divinity and pious 
 fubjeefs. He was hiitoriographer of Chelfea 
 college Ifiio, and knighted by James 1619. 
 He died 16-27. 
 
 Hazaf.l, fcrvantof Benhadad king of Syria, 
 was fent by histrnafter in his illnefs to inquire 
 of Elifha concerning his complaint. On his 
 return he murdered his matter, and afcended 
 his throne, B. C. 889. 
 
 Ht..\d, Richard, author of " the Engliih 
 rogue"" the an of wheedling" " the hu- 
 mors of Dublin," comedies and other dramatic 
 pieces ; was a native of Ireland, and after being 
 at the univeriirv of Oxford, became a bookfeller 
 in London. He was drowned going to the ifle 
 of Wight 1678. 
 
 Headi-EY, Henry, a native of Norwich, 
 "educated there under Dr. Parr, after which he 
 went to Trinity college, Oxford. He married 
 early, and fell a victim foon after to a rapid 
 coniumption 1788, aged only 1-1. He pof- 
 feffed genius and talents, which he difplayed in 
 his volume of poems. He wrote fame of the 
 papers of the Olla Podrida; and befides various 
 communications to the Gentleman's and Euro- 
 pean magazines, under tlie. fignature of T. C. O. 
 he publiihed fele<ft beauties of antient Engliih 
 poetry, with curious and intereiling remarks, 2 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Hearme, Thomas, a learned Engliih anti- 
 quary. He was born 10 80 at White Waltham, 
 Berks, where his father was pari fh clerk, and as 
 be difplayed early proofs of application, he was 
 noticed by Mr. Cherry of Shottefbrooke, and 
 by tlie advice of Mr. Dodwell, then refident 
 there, he was taken into his patron's family, and 
 honorably treated as one of his funs. After 
 
 a previous good education, he entered at Ed- 
 mund trail, Oxford, under Dr. Mill the editoi 
 of the Greek teftament, and diftinguiihed him- 
 felf as an accurate collator of MSS. and as an 
 indefatigable antiquarian. In 1699 fome oj 
 his friends wiihed to fend him as mifiionary to 
 Maryland, hut he preferred the learned retire- 
 ment of Oxford and the valuable (lores of the 
 Bodleian, to difficulties and fame abroad ; and 
 after being for fome years one of the librarian! 
 of that noble collection, he was appointed 
 in 1713 archetypographus of the univeriity, 
 and fquire beadle of the civil law. Thele office! 
 however he foon after refigned, as he refufed tt 
 take the oaths ; and though preferment was of- 
 fered to him, he declined it from the fame fcru- 
 ples of confeience. He died at Oxford 1/35 
 aged 55, and was buried in St. Peter's church* 
 yard, where his epitaph by himfelf fays, " he 
 ftudied and preferved antiquities." By a life oj 
 economy he faved about 13001. found among 
 his papers, and diitributed among his poor re- 
 lations. With the moil indefatigable applica- 
 tion, but often without taile and judgment, he 
 fent a great number of publications to ti 
 not Ms than 88. Among the heft known oi 
 thefe are, "Reliquiae Bodleianae," " Ducfl 
 Hiiloricus," " Leland's Itinerary," 9 vols.^8 
 " the hiilory of Glailonbury," " Sj .< 
 Alfred,"" Camden's Annales," &c. 
 
 Heath, James, an Englifh hiftorian, bora 
 16-29 in London, and educated at Weftminitef 
 fchool, and Chriit church, Oxford. He was 
 ejected in 164 8 for his loyalty,- and by a fooliB 
 marriage, he foon reduced his patrimony, fo 
 that he maintained himfelf by correcting the 
 prefs, and by his pen. He died of 
 and confumption, 1664, leaving feveral cbJfl 
 dren to the pariih. He, is author of a brief 
 chronicle of the late inteiiine war in the three 
 kingdoms, 1661, 8vo. afterwards improved 
 and jrepubliihed, and again continued to 1675 
 by Philips, Milton's nephew, of the glorief 
 of Charles II. 's rcftoration. 
 
 Heath, Benjamin, town clerk of Ex< 
 known as an able fcholar. He publiihed m 
 eifay to prove tlie divine exiilence and attributed 
 1740 a revifal of Shakefpeare's text, 1765^ 
 and notoe, five lecliones ad tragicorum Graecdj 
 rum vetcrum, ./Efchyli, &c. 4to. 1752, aw oaf 
 which difplays great critical knowledge, &fl 
 He was created LL.D.at Oxford, 17 6-2. The 
 time of his death is not mentioned. His bro- 
 ther, Thomas, alderman of Exeter, v . 
 effav towards a new verfion of Job, 1 7 5 5. 
 
 Heath, Nicholas, archbiihopof York, and 
 chancellor of England in Mary's reign, was 
 bom in London, and educated at Chriit i 
 Cambridge. He was dqjrived for refuting to 
 take the oath of fupremaey, and died al 
 ham 1560. 
 
 Heath, Thomas, brother of the archbifbop, 
 was a Jefuit, fent by his order as miflioi 
 England in 1568, As he was dilguil'ed as a pu- 
 ritan, he was permitted to preach in Rocheftet 
 cathedral, but whilft inveighing agaiail the li- 
 turgy, 
 
HED 
 
 HEI 
 
 targy, he dropped by accident a letter which 
 
 j frfeing tarried to the bilhop, proved him to be a 
 
 . and oc-.afioned his imprifomnent, and his 
 
 re on the pillory. He died foon after in 
 
 inent. 
 
 Heathcote, Ralph, D. D. at Cambridge, 
 
 H was author of fylva a fketch of Bolingbroke's 
 
 >hy a trail; againft the Hutchinibnians, 
 
 I and otlier works. He died 1795 aged 74. 
 
 Hebenstreit, John Erneji, an eminent 
 
 tohyfician, educated at Jena, removed to Leip- 
 
 jpt, where he fpent much 0* his time, and died 
 
 He wrote various tracts, and among 
 
 I them Carmen de ufu partium de homine 
 
 fano, 8cc. His brother, Jolin Chrijiian, was 
 
 I an able divine, and a learned Hebraift. Both 
 
 [I brothers are mentioned with great praife by Er- 
 
 Heber, fon of Saleh and father of Pheleg, 
 died at the age of 464, B. C. 81 7 . From him 
 the Jews derive their name of Hebrews. 
 
 Hebert, James Re?ie, a native of Alencon, 
 whom the French revolution raifed to confe- 
 quence. As the writer of the pere Duchefne, 
 an abuiive paper, he acquired popularity, and 
 by bitterly inveighing againft the unfortunate 
 queen, he maintained the character of bruta- 
 lity, and cruelty, which had defended the hor- 
 rors of the 10th of Auguft, and the murders 
 of September. By attempting to oppofe the 
 commune of Paris to the authority of the 
 convention, he drew upon himfelfthe vengeance 
 of Robefpierre, and was guillotined 1794. 
 This worthlefs character, who had organized 
 the feafts of reafon in contempt of religion, 
 and of another life, died like a coward. 
 
 Heck, Nicholas, a Dutch painter, born 
 1580, well acquainted with the powerful effects 
 of the chiaro obfeuro. His landfcapes and 
 hiftorical pieces are much admired. 
 
 Heck, Martin Hemjlrirk, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was eminent for the beauty and correct- 
 liefs of his landfcapes. 
 
 Heck, John Fan, a painter of Oudenard, 
 known for the delicacy and eorrectnefs of his 
 flowers, and his Roman landfcapes. He died 
 -about 1689 aged 64. 
 
 Hecquet, Philip, a French phyfieian, born 
 at Abbeville. He practifed there, and at 
 Paris, where he died in the Carmelites' con- 
 vent, 1737 aged 76. He was a great friend 
 to bleeding and tp the good effects of warm wa- 
 ter ; and this opinion has tended to immortalize 
 him in Gil Bias under the name of doctor San- 
 Hc was a man of great abftemioufnifs, 
 and exemplary piety, and publiflied fome me- 
 dical works, efpecially on the indecency of men- 
 midwives and in favor of mothers fackling 
 their own cliildren on digeftion on the 
 plague, &c. 
 
 Hedelin, Francis, an advocate, afterwards 
 an abbe, was born at Paris. The favor of 
 Richelieu, two of whofe nephews he educated, 
 raifed him to confequence. He was of fuch 
 a haughty temper, that he was embroiled in 
 juarreiii, tipcciaJly with CoxoaiUe, Ma 
 
 nage, Mad. Scuderi, 8cc. He died at Ne- 
 mours, 1676, aged 72. His chief works are, 
 ** Pratique du Theatre," a book of no givat 
 merit, but cenTorious, and fuch as to have 
 palfed to a fourth edition. " Zenobia," a 
 tragedy in profe, &.c. 
 
 Hedericus, or Hederich, Benjamin, au- 
 thor of the well-known Greek lexicon, firll 
 publiflied at Leipfic in Svo. 172-2, and repub- 
 liihed in England by Young and Patrick, was 
 born at Groffen-hayn in Mifnia, I675. He 
 publifhed belides an edition of Empedocles de 
 fphaera. He died 1748. 
 
 Hedlincver, John Charles, a Swifs engra- 
 ver, whofe medals are much admired. He was. 
 member of various academies, and died 1 7 7 1 
 aged 80. 
 
 Heede ? William, and F(qor Fan, two 
 brothers, born at Furnes. They painted hifto- 
 rical pieces with great fuccefs. William, whofa 
 works are moft efteemed, died 1728 aged 68; 
 and the other 1708 aged 49. 
 
 He em, John David de, a painter of 
 Utrecht, whofe fruits and flowers were greatly 
 admired. He died 1674 aged 74. His fon 
 Cornelius, rivalled him in the eorrectnefs of 
 his pieces. 
 
 Heemskerk, James, a Dutch admiral, born 
 at Amfterdam. He was fent In 1596todif- 
 cover a north-eaft paffage to Afia, and brought 
 back his fhips fafe, lifter the death of the com- 
 mander of the fquadron. He was in 1607 
 fent againft the Spaniards, but fell in the 
 battle after defeating a fuperior force in the Me- 
 diterranean, and capturing the enemy's admiral 
 Davila. 
 
 Heere, Lucas dc, a painter of Ghent, 
 whole hiftorical pieces are laid to be in a very 
 fuperior ftyle. He died 1584 aged 50. His 
 father was a good ftatuary, and his mother ex- 
 celled as a painter. 
 
 Heidegger, John Henry, a proteftant di- 
 vine, born near Zurich. He was profeffor at 
 Heidelberg, afterwards at Stcinfurt, and then 
 at Zurich, where he died 1698 aged 65. He 
 publiflied " Exercitationes fele'ctce de hiftoria 
 facr'i. Patriarcharum," &c. 
 
 Heideoger, John James, a native of 
 Zurich, fon of a clergyman. He married in 
 Switzerland, but in confequence of an intrigue 
 left the country, and when 50 years old, came 
 to England on a negotiation for the Swifs. His 
 embafiy failed and with it his refources, fo that 
 he engaged as a private foldier in the guards. 
 His conduct and addrefs however were fuch, 
 that he foon gained the attention of his fupe- 
 riors, and obtained the appellation of the 
 Swifs count. By means of his friends in the 
 falhionable world, he raifed a fubfeription in 
 1709 to furnifli the opera of Thomyris, which 
 was performed at the Haymarket, and with 
 fuch fuccefi?, that he gained .500 guineas. 
 George II. who was fond of operas patronifed 
 him, fo that he obtained the management of 
 the opera houfe in the Haymarket, and prefided 
 ever the raafquerades, and was nude mailer of 
 
 the 
 
HEI 
 
 the rev as, the arbiter elegantiarura, 
 
 he raifed n uummJ income of 50001. lie did 
 
 Dot accumulate property, but expended bis 
 hk rt'v in tbe luxuries of his table, and in ho- 
 norable acts of extenfive charity. His memory 
 was fy retentive that he once walked from Cha- 
 rng-;rofs to Temple-bar, and back again, and 
 ei his return wrote down every figo on either 
 fide of the Strand. When difcourfing on the 
 nioft ingenious nation in Europe, he claimed 
 the merit himfelf, and faid, I was born a Swifs, 
 and came to England without a farthing, where 
 
 1 hare found means to gain 50001. a-year and to 
 fpend it. Now I defy the moft able Englim- 
 inan to go to Switzerland and either to gain that 
 income, or to fpend it there. He died 1749 
 aged 90. 
 
 Hkil, Daniel Fan, a painter of Bruffels, 
 born 1604. His houies on fire are much ad- 
 mired. His brother, John Baptiji, was emi- 
 nent as an hiftorical and portrait painter. 
 
 Hein, Peter, a Dutchman, who rofe to the 
 command of the fleets of his country. He 
 defeated the Spaniards on the coati of Brazil, 
 16-26, and was killed off Dunkirk in a battle 
 againit the French, 16-29. The ftate of Hol- 
 land honored his memory, and condoled with 
 his mother who coolly obferved, I always faid 
 that Peter was an unlucky dog, and would come 
 to an untimely end. 
 
 Hkineccius, John Gottlieb, a German law- 
 ver, born at Eifemberg 1681, He was coun- 
 sellor and profelfor of philosophy, and after- 
 wards of law at Hall, then at Franeker, and next 
 at Frankfort on Oder. In 1 7 83 he refumed his 
 former engagements at Hall, where he died 
 1741. His works are numerous and refpect- 
 able. on jurifprudence, logic, and morality, 
 collected at Geneva in 8 vols. 4to. 1744. 
 
 Heinecken, Chriftian Henry, a remark- 
 able child, born at Lubeck 1721, died then 
 
 2 7 th June 1725. At ten months' old he could 
 talk, and before he was 1 2 months he knew the 
 principal facts mentioned in the books of Mofes, 
 and in another month he gained a complete 
 knowledge of the reft of the old teftament, 
 and in an additional month of the new. His 
 mental powers continued to increafe fo that at 
 the age of four he could prove the doctrines of 
 divinity from the bible, was acquainted with ec- 
 clefiaflical hiftory and could repeat 80 pfalms, 
 200 hymns, &c. and undcritood and fpoke 
 perfectly the (krman, Latin, French, and 
 low Dutch. Thefe aftonifhing abilities were 
 juft fhown to the admiration of the world, and 
 then matched away. 
 
 Heinsius, Daniel, an eminent fcholar bom 
 at Ghent, 1580. After fludying at the Hague, 
 In Zeland, and at Franeker, he came to Ley- 
 den, and at the age of 1 8 he was made Greek 
 proieflbr, and afterwards fucceeded his friend and 
 inftractor Jofeph Scaliger in the chair of po- 
 litics and hiftory. He died 165.5. He was 
 diftinguiihed as a man of extenfive learning, 
 and great application, and poffeifed of a cor- 
 rect tafU and found judgment. He net only 
 
 HEL 
 
 > 
 
 enriched by h's labors Silius Italious, 
 .critus, Hefiod, Seneca, Homor, Theophraftaaj 
 Hefychius, Livy, Ovid, Terence, Hon 
 but he wrote alfo fome profe works abounding 
 with wit, and chafte fatire. 
 
 Heinsius, Nicholas, fon to the pre 
 was born at Leyden 16-20. He was eminent as 
 a poet, and critic, and deferved the flattering 
 appellation of the " fwan of Ho 
 Though employed in the affairs of the flat 
 devoted much of his time to the muf 
 edited feveral clafheal authors, Virgil, Ovid, 
 Valerius Flaccus, Ckudian, &e, He d 
 the Hague 1691. 
 
 Heinsius, N. grand penfionary of Hoi-* 
 land, died at the Hague 1720, aged 87. He 
 was in the fervice of William of Orange, and 
 was a negotiator in France, againit which he 
 afterwards directed all the energies of his coun- 
 try. During the 30 years in which he waa 
 grand penfionary, he dilplayed great vigor of 
 mind, but in bis views of humbling Lewis XIV., 
 he brought immenfe debts upon Holland, fo 
 that the people faw his retirement from power 
 with exultation. 
 
 Heister, Laurence, a native of Fr 
 on the Maine, profeilor of medicine a'> 
 and afterwards at Helmftadt where he died 1 7 58 
 aged 73. He was the learned author of " Com-* 
 pendium anatomieum"- " inftitutiones chirur- 
 giea," &c. 
 
 Hele, Thomas, a native of Gloucefterftiire, 
 who ferved in the army, and then travelled 
 through Italy, and in 1770 fettled at Paris. 
 He wrote fome plays in French which were re* 
 ceived with great applaufe on the Paris theatres. 
 His comedies, it is faid, are full of plot, lively 
 and interefting, and the dialogue is pleafing and 
 exprefied with neatnefs and elegance. He died 
 of a confumptive diforder at Paris 1780 aged 
 about 4 0. 
 
 Hellot, John, author of Part de la teintura 
 des laines & elofles de laine, 12mo. and 
 other works of merit on philofophical and che- 
 mical fubjects, was member of the Paris and 
 London focieties and alfo conducted for fome 
 time the Gazette of France. He died at Paris 
 1766 aged 80. 
 
 Helm br ek eh, Theodore, a painter born at 
 Haerlem 16-24. He ftudied in Italy, and after 
 refiding at Haerlem he returned to Rome where 
 he died 1694. His pieces, of hiftory and land- 
 scape, are much admired. 
 
 Helmont, Matthew Van, a painter of Ant-^ 
 werp happy in the reprefentation of fhops, che- 
 mical laboratories, markets, &c. He died 
 1726. 
 
 Helmont, John Baptiji Fan, a learned 
 fcholar and phyfician, born at Bruffels 1577. 
 He ftudied at Louvain, and his application to 
 chemical experiments, and to the invelli 
 of the power of herbs led him to fuperior prac- 
 tice, andfo extraordinary were fome of his 
 cures that he. was brought before the inquifition 
 as a magician who removed human difeafes. by 
 more tliau human art. He cleared hhufelf from 
 6 the 
 
HEL 
 
 HEN 
 
 the imputation, and retired to the greater free- 
 dom of Holland, where he died 1644. He 
 was, fays Lobkowitz his biographer, pious, 
 learned, famous, a fworn enemy of Galen and 
 Arifrotte. The lick never Ianguifhed long under 
 his hands, being always killed or cured .in two 
 Or three days. He was fent chiefly to thofe who 
 were given up by other phyficians, to whofe 
 great indignation the patients were often unex- 
 pectedly lettered to health. He died 1699 
 aged fl. 
 
 Heloise, the miftrefs of Abelard, is celebra- 
 ted for her beauty and her misfortunes. She 
 died 1163. Fid. Abelard. 
 
 Helsham, Richard, M.D. profefTorcf phy- 
 iic and natural philofophy in Dublin college, 
 was author of 2 3 very popular lectures on na- 
 tural philofophy publifhed after his death by Dr. 
 Robinfon. 
 
 Helst, Barihohmeu' Fan der, a painter of 
 Haerlem who died 1670 aged 5 7 . His represen- 
 tation of the train bands of Amiterdam was much 
 admired by fir Godfrey Kneller. 
 
 Helvetius, Adrian, a Dutch phyfician born 
 1656. He was by accident at Paris when a vio- 
 lent dvfentery prevailed there, and his remedies 
 }>roved fo fuecefsful that Lewis XIV. prefented 
 dm with 1000 louis d'ors for the difcovery of 
 his potent medicine. He declared it to be ipe- 
 cacuanha. He fettled at Paris, and was made 
 phyfician to the duke of Orleans. He died 
 1721 . The beft known of his works is a trea- 
 tifc on the moll frequent maladies, &c. 2 vols. 
 Svo. 
 
 Helvetius, John Clavde, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, died 1755, aged 70. He wasfirfl phy- 
 fician to the French queen, and member of 
 feveral learned academies. He cured Louis XV. 
 of a dangerous diforder, and gained the confi- 
 dence not only of the court but of the poor, 
 byhislkill and great humanity. He publifhed 
 ' ' L'idc'e generate de l'ecbnomie animate," 1722, 
 8vo. " principle phyfico-medica," 2 vols. Svo. 
 Helvetius, Claude Adrian, fon of John, 
 was born at Paris 1715. He had a flrong defire 
 
 I to appear as an author, but his firfl production 
 
 M de l'efprit" expofed him to th-; cenfure of the 
 
 parliament, who condemned his publication as 
 
 atted more for the encouragement of vice 
 
 J than an incitement to virtue. Thus difgraced he 
 
 I came to England in 1764, and the next year 
 Pruffia, where the king honorably receiv- 
 
 I cd him. On his return to France he retired in 
 privacy to his eftate at Vore*. As he was rich, 
 he fhowed himfclf charitable and benevolent. 
 He died of the gout 1771- Befides his atheift- 
 ical book " de IVfprit," he publifhed " lebon- 
 " hcur," a poem in fix cantos, written in an af- 
 fected ftyle, " de l'homme," 2 vols. Svo. a 
 work as dangerous, as unphilofophical, and as 
 impious as the firft, and the " child of nature 
 improved by chance," a licentious romance. 
 As Helvetius was a man of mild manners, and 
 of a benevolent difpofition, it may furprife us, 
 tl::-.i books fo little calculated to improve huma- 
 nity fliuuld proceed from bis pen, 
 
 Helvicus, Chrifopher, profeffor of Greek 
 and eafiern languages, and of divinity, at Gi- 
 effen univerfity, was born near Frankfort. He 
 was educated at Marpurg, and at 20 was capable 
 of teaching Hebrew and Greek, two languages 
 which he fpoke with great fluency'. He died 
 in the. flower of his age 1617, and his imma- 
 ture death was deplored by all the German poets 
 of the Augfburg perfuafion. Befides poetry he 
 publifhed Latin, Greek, Hebrew, Chaldee, and 
 Syriac grammars, a Hebrew and Latin lexicon, 
 &c. 
 
 Hemelar, John, a learned man, born at 
 the Hague, of fo amiable a character for pro- 
 bity and dlfintereltcdcfs as to deferve to be com- 
 pared, fays Gronovius, with the Roman Atti- 
 cus. He refuted fix years at Rdme, and was 1 
 librarian of the Vatican. He lived in friendly 
 intimacy with Grotius, Lipfius, and other emi- 
 nent men. He publifhed commentaries on the 
 medals of the Roman emperors from Julius 
 Caefar to Juftinian. He died 1610. 
 
 Hemmingford, Walter de, a canon of Gif- 
 borough abbey in Yorkfhire, author of a hif- 
 tory of England from 1 066 to 1 308. The work 
 is refpeelabte for accuracy. He died 1 347. 
 
 Hemskirk, oi-Heemskirk, Martin, apea- 
 fant's fon, born in Holland 1198, and diftin- 
 guifhed as a painter. After ftudying three 
 years at Rome he fettled at Haerlem, where 
 he died 1574, aged 76. His pieces were ad- 
 mired by Michael Angelo, and others, but 
 though he pofleffed merit, his figures fhow that 
 he did not underftand the chiaro obfeuro. 
 
 Hemskirk, Eglert, aDtrtch painter, known 
 for his fuccefs in delineating grotefque figures. 
 
 Hemskirk, Egbert, called the younger, 
 fon of the preceding, united to great abilities, 
 a lively imagination and a humorous tafte. 
 Some of his pieces in which he reprefents de- 
 vils and witches are admired. He died 1704, 
 aged 59. 
 
 Hemsterhuis, or Hemsterhusius, Tibe- 
 rius, a learned critic, born at Gronineor, 
 16S5. He iludied at Groningen and Leydei , 
 and at ] 9 was appointed profeffor of mathema- 
 tics and philofophy at Amfterdam. He re- 
 moved to Franeker, where he fucceeded Lam- 
 bert Bos as Greek profeffor, and in 1740 he 
 was appointed to the chairs of Greek and of 
 liifioryat Leyden, where he died 1766. He 
 publifhed the three laft books of J. Pollux's 
 onomaflicon 17 06, for which he was compli- 
 mented by Bentlev, ft tecl colloquies of Lucian, 
 and his Timon, 17 08, the Plutus of Arifto- 
 phanes, with the fchblia 1744, part of an 
 edition of Lucian, notes and emendations 
 on Xenophon Ephefius, and other learned 
 works. 
 
 Hemsterhusius, Frauds, grandfon of Ti- 
 berius, war. in the fervice ol' the United 
 States, and died 1790. He was an able au- 
 thor, and wrote oeuvrcs philofophiques, tran- 
 flatcd into French, in 2 vols. 8vo. and other 
 works. 
 
 Henaultj John <f , a French poet, fon of 
 [B] a Paris 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 a Paris baker. He was patronized by Fouquet, 
 and obtained the reccivcrlhip of taxes, at Fores, 
 and other employments. He became a man of 
 celebrity by his poetical pieces, and affected 
 the falhionable debauchee and the impious 
 athcift as the friend of Spinoza, but after a life 
 of diffipation, dea>h fecmed fo terrible that he 
 became a coward, and renounced with deep 
 contrition the follies and wickednefs of his pro- 
 fpcrousdays. He died 1682. His beft pieces 
 are faid to be his fonnct on the mifcarriage of 
 Mad. de Guerchi, and his fatirical poem on 
 Colbert, in confequence of the fall of his 
 patron. 
 
 Hknault, Charles John Francis, a cele- 
 brated hiftorian, born at Paris 1685. After 
 being two years at the congregation of the ora- 
 tory, he quitted it for the more gay fociety of 
 the wits of the age, but the difpute between 
 Rouffeau and de la Motte however gave him a 
 diiguft for the fallacious intimacies of the learn- 
 ed. He obtained the prize of eloquence in 
 the French academy 1~07, and another the 
 following year, and in 17 13 he produced on the 
 itage a tragedy, under the difguifed name of 
 Fufelier, but though it was received with in- 
 difference by the public, he regarded it as a 
 raiuable compofition, and permitted his friend 
 Horace Walpole, to print it at Strawberry- 
 hill. Though unfuccefsful as a poet, he rofe 
 to honor as a politician. He became counl'el- 
 lor of parliament 1/06, prefid.ent of the firft 
 chamber of inqueft 17 10, and in 17 18 he ac- 
 companied the French ambaffador to Holland, 
 tvhere his abilities were refpeet.ed particularly 
 by the penfionary Heinfius. Henault paid deep 
 attention to hiftory and at laft published his 
 hittory, the refult of 40 years' laborious reading 
 under the modeft name of "an effay," in 
 1744. It met with aftonifhing fuccefs, and 
 not only became popular in France in nine edi- 
 tions, but was tranflated into Engliih, German, 
 Italian, and even Chinefe. This work raifed 
 him to a feat in the academy of belles lettres 
 t Paris, and other learned focieties, and he was 
 afterwards appointed fuperintendant of the 
 queen's houfe. For the entertainment of the 
 queen and her court he wrote three lively co- 
 medies, one of which, u le Reveil d' Epime- 
 nides," who is faid to have flept 27 years, 
 proved particularly agreeable, and he produced 
 at the queen's requeft, a fourth piece called 
 Hebe. This moit refpee'table character died 
 1771, aged 86. In the midfl of profperity he 
 prac~tifed benevolence and charity, he was 
 pious and refigned under afflictions, and grate- 
 ful to providence for the bleffings which he 
 enjoyed. 
 
 Henderson, Alexander, a Scotchman, one 
 of the divines lent to meet Charles I. at New- 
 cafUe I6f 6. Though he poffefled abilities, it 
 is faid that indifputing v,ith the monarch about 
 epifeopacy, he found his argumeuts too futile to 
 refill the fuperior reafons of his unfortunate 
 malkr. This it u faid had fuch effect upon his 
 lpiriu, that be died loon after, ejrprefflng 
 
 great contrition for the rancor with which he 
 had oppofed the king in Scotland. 
 
 Henderson, John, an Englifh actor of 
 eminence, born in London. He at firft learnt 
 painting, but quitted it to work in the (hop of a 
 filverfmith, and afterwards appeared on the 
 ftage at Bath 17 72, in the character of Ham- 
 let, under the affumed name of Courtney, lie 
 was greeted by the applaufes of crowded houfes, 
 and he next prefented bimfelf before a London 
 audience at the Hay-Market, under Coleman, 
 in Shylock. He foon became the popi 
 prefentative of Falllaff, Richard III., and other 
 difficult characters at Drury-lane. He died 
 fuddenly 178;>, of a fpafinodie affection in the 
 brain, aged 08. 
 
 Henderson, John, an extraordinarv cha- 
 racter, born at Ballegarance in Ireland 1737. 
 He was educated by his father, who was an iti- 
 nerant preacher ,of Wefley's perfuafion, and 
 who for fome time fettled near Briftol as a 
 fchoolmafler, and under him he made fuch pro- 
 grefs, that he taught Latin in Kingfwood fchool 
 at the age of eight, and Greek in lady Hun- 
 tingdon's college in Wales, when he was no 
 more than 12. Dean Tucker lent him to 
 Pembroke college, Oxford, where he took 
 his firft degree, but was not admitted to orders, 
 though his friends wifhed to fee his oratorical 
 abilities exerted in the pulpit. Thefe brilliant 
 parts were unfortunately clouded by great and 
 often offenfive fingularities. In his perfon, he 
 affected great negligence, his long unpowderefj 
 hair gave him an air of religious melancholy, 
 he never wore a neckcloth, his buckles on bis 
 fhoes were of the moft diminutive fize, and the 
 reft of his drefs exhibited him particularly hoftile 
 to the reigning fafhions of the times. Though 
 courted in the univerfity for the inexhauftible re- 
 fources of his mental powers, he at length ren- 
 dered himfelf difagreeable by the latei 
 which he protracted his vifits. Seldom i 
 before the dawn of day, he rofe late in tin: 
 afternoon, and would often go half na 
 the pump, and defire the college fervantsti 
 over him for feveral minutes, and then in that 
 condition he retired to his bed. Thofe who 'V< - 
 quentcd his company have often been ait. 
 at the vallnefs of his powers, which adorned 
 with all the flowers of oratory' and elegant lan- 
 guage the molt abflrufe fubjects. He w 
 ticularly attached to phyfiognomv, alchymy, and 
 the occult arts, and in feme inftances he has 
 been known to proftitute his great talents in 
 diving into futuritv, and anticipating tb.e 
 mournful accidents of life. This eccenti 
 nius died in Pembroke college 2d Nov. 1788. 
 
 HengisT, a Saxon chief who came I 
 land to aflift Vortigern in repelling th< 
 The Britifh monuich married Rowena, the 
 daughter of hi* ally, and Hengift obtained the 
 kingdom pf Kent, and died 189. 
 
 Henley, AnlJiouij, an Englifh fenator, born 
 in Hampfhire. He was educated at ' 
 and in London he gained the friendfhip of tho 
 great, and as the. iitlotiiite of Dorfetam 
 
 5 derlanl 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 $erland he figured in the circles of fafhion, 
 and patted at Will's and Tom's as a man of wit 
 and facetioufnefs. As his heart was generous, 
 be was addrefled by the poets and writers of the 
 I age as a patron, and the command of an inde- 
 I pendent fortune of upwards of 30001. a year 
 I was liberally applied to the remuneration of the 
 flattering mufe. As member for Andover, and 
 Weymouth, he was a firm and eloquent whig, 
 and drew upon himfelf the perfecution of the 
 tories by moving the houfe to addrefs the queen 
 to confer fome ecciefiaftical dignity on Mr. Ben. 
 Hoadly, whofe attachment to the revolution was 
 then publicly known. He wrote various ano- 
 nymous things, and in the Tatler and Medley, 
 Speared many of his pieces, remarkable for 
 eir wit, eafe and fluency, and for that viva- 
 city with which he affumed the character and 
 language of maflers and fervants, peafants and 
 tradefinen, parents and children. He was very 
 fond of mufic, and in his fummer recreations 
 had a private theatre at Southwick, where 
 Betterton, Booth, Mrs. Bany, and other great 
 rformers were generally invited to join his ex- 
 ^tions, for the amufement of his friends. He 
 lied 1711. 
 Henley, John, known by the appellation of 
 orator Henley," was born at Melton Mow- 
 Dray, 1692, where his father was vicar, and 
 le entered at the age of 17 at St. John's col- 
 ege, Cambridge. When he had taken his firft 
 iegree he was invited by the truftees of Mel- 
 on i'chool to take care of that foundation, and 
 raifed it from a languishing to a florifhing 
 tate. He published Eflher, a poem, and when 
 1 orders he left the country for fame and prefer- 
 nt in the capital. Determined to create pub- 
 c notice, he introduced regular action into 
 le pulpit, but when dilappointed of the pre- 
 ment he expected, he formed a plan for 
 Kftures and orations. Every funday he dif- 
 (urfed on theology, while wednefday. was rc- 
 arved for political fubje&s, into which he pour- 
 1 much of the gall of fatire againft the great. 
 b this acrimonious fpirit he owes the place 
 hich he holds in Pope's Dunciad, as " the 
 inj of his age." Admiffion was procured to 
 is theatre by the payment of a {lulling, and as 
 ie lowed of the people formed the moft nu- 
 erous part of his audience, the daily adver- 
 ser generally announced the topics which were 
 be difcuffed on each day, at his oratory near 
 pcoln's Inn fields. He died 1756. He pub- 
 Ibed an account of himfelf and his adven- 
 res, and it is eafily difcovered tliat to pcrfonal 
 tiity he added effrontery, and obtained popu- 
 ity by bold invr^ives and fatirical cenforiouf- 
 fs. The me< vhich he ftruck for admiffion 
 his lectures represented a ftar riling to the 
 eridian with " Inveniam viaro aut faciam." 
 ogarth has introduced him into two of his hu- 
 jroir, pieces, in one of which he is chriften- 
 r a child, ai;d in the other he appears on a 
 ifibld with a monkey by his fide with th' 
 
 and with other appropriate figures, 
 it L> litid gained, looi. a veai by editing 
 
 a periodical paper called the Hip Do&or, which 
 was a farrago of nonfenfe. On one occafion he 
 filled his oratory with fhoemakers, by announ- 
 cing to them he would teach a new and fhort 
 way of making fhoes, which was by cutting off 
 the tops of boots. 
 
 Henninges, Jerome, a German hiftorianin 
 the 16th century. His " theatrum genealo- 
 gicum," 6 vols, folio, 1598, is a valuable work, 
 containing the account of feverai of the chief 
 families of Germany, &c. 
 
 Hennuyer, John, bifhop of Lifieux, is 
 celebrated for his humanity at the dreadful maffa- 
 ere of St. Bartholomew. He oppofed the king's 
 orders to affaffinate the proteftants, and'inflead 
 of violating their perfons, he openly protected 
 them. He died 1577, revered for his mildnefs, 
 humanity, and piety. 
 
 Henrion, Nicholas, a native of Troyes, in 
 Champagne, engaged in compofing a work on 
 the weights and meafures of the antients, of 
 which his death in 1720, at the age of 50, pre- 
 vented the completion. He defcribed Adam as 
 132 feet 9 "inches high, and Eve 118 feet 
 9 inches^, and then gradually reduced the fize 
 of his heroes, and made Abraham 27 feet, 
 Mofes 13, Hercules 10, and Alexander only 6, 
 Henry I. furnamed the Fowler, emperor of 
 Germany, was elected to the throne 919. He 
 was a brave and a politic prince, he exerted his 
 influence to reftore union in Germany ; and to> 
 render the country more powerful, he fortified! 
 towns to withftand the attacks of the barbarians. 
 He died 9 36, aged 60. 
 
 Henry II. emperor of Germany, furnamed' 
 the Lame, was grandfon of the preceding, and 
 afcended the throne 1002. He was crowned at 
 Rome 1014, with great folemnity, and drove 
 the Greeks and Saracens from Calabria. After 
 reftoring tranquillity over Italy and Germany, 
 and leaving marks of his extenfive benevolence, 
 he died 1024, aged 47. 
 
 Henry III. emperor of Germany, Succeeded 
 his father Conrad in 1039. He made war ir 
 Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia, expelled Be- 
 nedicl: IX. Sylvefter III. and Gregory VI. and 
 in their room elected Clement II. pope, by 
 whom hewas crowned. He died 1056, aged 39. 
 Henry IV. the aged or great, emperor of 
 Germany after his father Henry III. though 
 only fix years old, was governed during his mi* 
 nority by the wifdom of his mother Agnes,. 
 He difplayed ability in oppofing the infurgents 
 of Germany and Saxony, but when he fuppli~ 
 cated the interference of pope Gregory VII, to 
 reftore order by his fpiritual authority among 
 his fubjects, he found himfelf accufed of fimo- 
 ny, before the holy .pontiff. Henry had not 
 fcrupled to fell the highef I dignities 01 the Ger- 
 man church, and the pope, as umpire, abc - 
 lilhed the inveftitur"S that had already taken 
 place. Henry in revenge affembled a council 
 at Worms 1076, and not only uepoi'ed the pope 
 but ordered his perfon to be leized. Clement 
 iu cunfequence of this hurled bi 
 ugajuft Henry, who, afraid of the ioiIu< 
 
 [B2j ki 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 his enemies, repaired to the refidence of the 
 pope, and for three days of mortification iblicited 
 his forgivenefs. This humility was contemned ; 
 but while Henry meditated vengeance, the pope 
 appointed Rodolphus duke of Swabia, emperor 
 in his place. Henry defeated and flew his anta- 
 gonift at Volchneim, and then formally depo- 
 fing the pope, elevated in his room Guibert 
 arthbimop of Ravenna, and fupported him by 
 befieging and reducing Rome under his power 
 by force of arms. Henry now found himfelf 
 attacked by his children, Conrad revolted and 
 obtained the crown of Italy, and Henry the 
 other fon, placed the imperial crown on his 
 head 1106. While Henry wifhed to effeft a 
 reconciliation with thefe unnatural children, he 
 found himfelf abandoned by bis former fr kinds, 
 and retired to Cologne, and then to Liege, where 
 his misfortunes raifed him a few adherents. His 
 forces were however foon defeated, and the un- 
 fortunate monarch, indigent and perfecuted, ap- 
 plied to the bifhop of Spire* for a lay prebend, 
 which was refufed. Thus a wanderer, without 
 refources, and without friends, he at laft en- 
 treated his ungrateful fon to permit him to hide 
 his misfortunes at Liege, where he foon after 
 died 1106, aged 56. He was prefent in 66 
 battles, but the greater part of his misfortunes 
 arofe from the blind confidence which he placed 
 on worthlefs minifters and favorites. 
 
 Henry V. or the young, depofed his father 
 Henry IV. 1106. Though he had oppofed 
 him he purfued the fame rneafures, and obliged 
 the pope Pafcal II. to reftore to him the power 
 of eeclefiaftical inveftitures. The papal power 
 however was too great to be fuccefsfully refilled, 
 aad Henry already excommunicated, fubmitted 
 to the new pope Gelafius II. though he had 
 violently oppofed his election. Henry died at 
 Utrecht 1125, aged 44. 
 
 Henry VI. furnamed the fevere, fucceeded 
 his father Frederic Barbarofla on the throne of 
 Germany 1 1 90. He behaved with great cru- 
 elty towards the family of his wife Conftance, 
 daughter of Roger king of Naples, and detain- 
 ed Richard I. cf England, who, when fhipwreck- 
 ed on the coaft of Dalmatia, had been feized 
 by Leopold duke of Aufiria, and fold into his 
 power. With the large fums of money obtain- 
 ed for the ranfnm of his captive, Henry made 
 war againft Sicily. He was at laft poifoned by 
 his wife Conftance 1107, aged 32. 
 
 Henry VII. was elected emperor l- 308, and 
 , was the firft thus raifed to the imperial dignity 
 by the fuffrages of the fix electors. He vilited 
 Italy, where the factions of the Guelphs and 
 Gibelins hadfpread devaftation, and in the midll 
 of thefe public diforders he was obliged to enter 
 Rome fword in hand. He was crowned by the 
 pope, and died the next year 1 ;J 1 3 , aged 5 1 . 
 
 Henry, Rufpon, margrave of Thuringia, 
 was upon the depofition of Frederic II. raifed 
 to the imperial throne 1246, but he died the 
 following year. 
 
 Hr.NKY I. king of France, fucceeded lits 
 brother Robert ioai, lie was engaged iu a 
 
 civil war, but by the afliftance of Robert the hi- 
 ther of William the Conqueror he defeated 
 emies. He died at Vitry en Brie, 1060, ag< 
 
 Henry II. fucceeded his father Francis I. 
 as king of France 1547, and obtained an ho- 
 norable peace with the Englifh, and tin d 
 of Boulogne for a ftipulated fum of monej, 
 1550. The following year he engaged in a 
 league againft Charles V. and he reduce,! 
 Toul, and Verdun. Though at laft !< '.' 
 to maintain the war, he bravely defend, 
 againft an army of 100,000 men. The lata! 
 day of St. Quentin in 1557 was in fomi 
 retrieved by the capture of Calais from tin 
 lifh, and the reduction of fome other 
 and at laft peace was reftored between 1 1 
 tending powers. Henry gave his daughter t< 
 the king of Spain, and his filter to the 
 Savoy, but in the rejoicings for this union 
 Henry was accidentally wounded in a 
 ment by Montgomery, and died in confe quene 
 of it 1559, aged 41. 
 
 Henry III. king of France, was the thir 
 
 fon of Henry II. He was educated under hi 
 
 mother Catherine de Medicis, and when dui 
 
 of Anjou, he was elected king of Poland 157? 
 
 and he quitted this dignity three months afte 
 
 to fucceed his brother Charles IX. on the Frenc 
 
 throne. In 157 5. he gained the battle of Doi 
 
 mans, and made a peace at Blob with the Ht 
 
 guencto, to whom he granted religious tolers 
 
 tion. This diipleafed the catholics, and was tt 
 
 voked in 1585, and thence arofe thofe civil di 
 
 fentions which almoit ruined the kingdon 
 
 France was then torn by the three parties of 1 
 
 three Henries, of which the royalifts we 
 
 headed by the king, the league by Hen 
 
 duke of Guife, and the Huguenots by Hen 
 
 king of Navarre, prefumptive heir to theFreii 
 
 throne. After fome time Henry was reconcSl 
 
 to the Guifes, and directed all his powers agajj! 
 
 the king of Navarre, and the proteftants. 
 
 battle of Coutras, however, 1587, checked | 
 
 hopes of the catholics, but while the vi&orio 
 
 king of Navarre was defirousof accommodate 
 
 the duke of Guife refufed. The French kin 
 
 wifhing to reprefs the power of Guife, in vs 
 
 attempted to prevent his entrance into ft* 
 
 and when he fummoncd the ftate 
 
 Blois, he found his rival there ready to difpt 
 
 his authority. Henry foon after caufed Gti 
 
 to be aifaifinated, and by this perfidious de 
 
 found himfeli'abhorred by his fubjecls, depfll 
 
 by the Sorhunue, and excommunicated by t 
 
 pope. Thus expofed to univerfal deteftatk 
 
 Henry, abandoned by all, implored the protcfli 
 
 of the king of Navarre, who marched to 1 
 
 afiiltance, and forgetting former animofiti 
 
 employed all his refources to deftr< >j 
 
 of the league. Thefe united effort . 
 
 proved fuceefcful, when Henry was flab! 
 
 by a fanatical pricft, and died of tl i 
 
 the morrow, 2d Aug. 1589, aged 39. Thov 
 
 debauched, cruel, and revengeful, Henry p 
 
 fefled great courage, andorten dilciiigiulhedhi 
 
 felfiuthciieid. 
 
 3 HE> 
 
HEN 
 
 HEN 
 
 Henry IV. defervedly furnamcd the great, 
 king of France and Navarre, was born 1553, 
 at Pau the capital of Bearne. He early imbib- 
 I cd the precepts of the heroes of ancient times, 
 J and chiefly amufed himfelf with the lives of Plu- 
 tarch. As he was a Calvinift, he was declared 
 head of the proteftants at Rochelle 156q, and 
 he engaged warmly in the civil wars, which at 
 thai time diftracted France. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf at the battles of Jarnac and of Mont- 
 contour, and after the peace of St. Germain 
 he vifited the court of France, and two years 
 after, 1572, married Margaret de Valois After 
 of Charles IX. During the rejoicings on this 
 occaiion, the infamous maffaere of St. Bartho- 
 lomew was perpetrated, and Henry was obliged 
 to renounce his religion rather than perifli by 
 the hands of an affaflin. He at laft efcaped 
 from his perfecutors 1576, and placed himfelf 
 at the head of the Huguenots. He had fucceed- 
 ed in 1572 to the kingdom of Navarre, and as 
 tlie defcendant of Lewis IX. he afcended the 
 throne of France on the death of Henry III. 
 1589. His elevation gave offence to the oppo- 
 fito faction, who fuf peeled the fincerity of his 
 religion, but he confirmed his power by the 
 victories of Arque and of Ivri, and at laft to 
 filence all oppofition he pronounced his adher- 
 ence to the catholic tenets at St. Denis before 
 his coronation, and on the following year 1591, 
 Paris opened her gates to her conqueror. By 
 confuhing the chiefs of the nation at Rouen, 
 he fecured the good will of his fubjecls, and 
 in making peace with the Spaniards 1598, he 
 reftored tranquillity to the country. He yet 
 unfortunately found that the fpirit of faction 
 was not extinguished ; by promulgating an edict 
 of toleration at Nantes, he offended the catho- 
 lics, and many fecret meafures were planned 
 to facrifice his life, by the offended jefuits. 
 Barriere firft attempted to deftroy him, Chatel 
 afterwards wounded him in the mouth 1595, 
 and two others meditated liis deftruction, but 
 the bloody deed was perpetrated by Ravaillac 
 14th May 16 10, who ftabbed him to the heart 
 in his coach in tlte flreets of Paris. No foou- 
 er had he perifhed by the dagger of the affaff.n, 
 than his merits were fuilv acknowledged by all 
 parties. The wifdom of his meafufes, the 
 mildnefs of his government, and his love for 
 Ins people, and for the happinefs of France, 
 have been re-echoed, from every corner of the 
 kingdom, and his name is ftill revered by the 
 nation not only as a great, but a benevolent king, 
 truly the father of his people. 
 
 Henry I. king of England, and duke of 
 Normandy, was the third fon of William the 
 Conqueror, and fucceeded to the crown on the 
 death of William Rufus 1100, during the ab- 
 ' his ekler brother Robert in Italy. Ro- 
 bert r< turned to England to claim his kingdom 
 ' band, but Henry had the art to pre- 
 
 vail on him to refign his pretentions for a ftipu- 
 m. Jealoufy thus excited again was 
 .'.:to a war, but Robert was defeated in 
 Ncnuaudy, aaul dragged a pnibnei ;o England, 
 
 where the laft years of his life were paffed in con- 
 finement in Cardiff caitle. In his government 
 Henry was wife and moderate, he oppofed the 
 encroachments of Rome, and not only patron* 
 ifed learning, by reflating the university of Cam- 
 bridge, but deferred the name of Beau Clerc 
 from his acquaintance with literature. He was 
 fevere againft robbers, but he abolifhed the 
 curfew bdl fo galling to the Englifh, and he 
 eftablifhed an univerfal ftandard of weights and 
 meafures. He refpedted the liberties of the 
 people, and from the charters which he granted 
 may be derived the freedom of which the nation 
 is now fo defervedly proud. Henry died in 
 Normandy 1185, aged 68, and was buried in 
 Reading abbey. As his only fon had been 
 drowned in croffing from Normandy, he left 
 his poffeflions to his daughter Matilda, but 
 Stephen ufurped the crown at his death. 
 
 Henry II. king of England, fon of Geof- 
 frey Plantagenet, duke of Anjou, by Matilda, 
 daughter of Heiry I . was born 1102. In 1150 
 he was made duke of Normandy, and the next 
 year married Eleanor the heirels of Poitou and 
 Guienne, and in 1153 was acknowledged fuc- 
 ceffor to the Englifh throne, which he afcended 
 the next year. To his extenfive poffeflions in 
 France he added Britany by conqueft, and he 
 afterwards conquered Ireland, which fince that 
 time has formed part of the Britifh dominions. 
 Henry had to druggie with the clergy, and the 
 murder of Becket, which was falfely attributed 
 to him, tended to increafe rather than diminifh 
 the power of the church, fo that he could re- 
 concile himfelf to the offended pope only by 
 fubmitting patiently with every mark of con- 
 trition to the difclpline inflicted on him by the 
 monks of Canterbury. Though refpected at 
 home and abroad, Henry did not find that hap- 
 pinefs at the dole of life which he might de- 
 ferve. His children, excited by the art3 of the 
 French king, rebelled agalnil him, and their 
 ingratitude proved fo grievous that it is faid he 
 died of a broken heart, when he found his fa- 
 vorite fon John in the number of his enemies. 
 He expired at Chinon in Touraine i 1 89. The 
 reign of Henry was marked by the finking cha- 
 racter of firmnefs, wiulom, valor, genius, and 
 popularity, He reformed abufes, corrected 
 the laws, repreffed the poweivof the barons, and 
 advanced the intcrefts and the confequence of 
 the people. 
 
 Henry III. was fon and fuccefforof John 
 on the Englifh throne 131.6'. He loft by his 
 ill conduct the provinces qf Normandy, Anjou, 
 Poitou, Maine and Touraine, which were con- 
 quered by the king of France ; and after a dif- 
 graceful campaign he retired to England, where 
 the barons made war agamft him, and took him 
 prifoner at the battle of Lewes. Tlie valor of 
 his fon Edward Jet him at liberty, at the battle 
 of Evefham, but Henry not become wifer by 
 adverfity, gave loofe to every bafe and intempe- 
 rate pleafurc; and while he could levy money to 
 fatisfy his parafites, lie pennitted the pope to 
 plunder the clergy, and to impoverish the king* 
 [B 3] dow. 
 
HEM 
 
 HEN 
 
 dom. This wort hlefs monarch , to whofe weak- 
 ness indeed the people of England may be faid 
 to owe their democratic government, died, after 
 a long reign of 56 years, 15th Nov. 1272, 
 aged 65. 
 
 Henry IV. lung of England, fon of John of 
 Gaunt duke of Lancafter, the third fon of Ed- 
 ward III. afcended the throne after the depofition 
 of Richard II. 1399. This ufurpation excited 
 civil wars between the two rofes, or the houfes 
 of York and Lancafter. Henry, after an ufe- 
 ful rather than a fplendid reign, died 1413, 
 aged 46, and was fuccecded by his fon. 
 
 Henry V. fon and fucceffor of Henry IV. was 
 Temarkablc in his youth for his debauchery. When 
 raifed to the throne , he bid adieu to the companions 
 of his licentious hours, and difplayed the great 
 and virtuous monarch. He invaded France, 
 and after taking Harfleur, and ravaging Nor- 
 mandy, he fought the celebrated battle of Agin- 
 eourt, in which his 15,000 men obtained the 
 victory over 52,000 Frenchmen. Everywhere 
 victorious, he was received at Paris as the fu- 
 ture matter of the kingdom. He married 
 Catherine of France, and was declared heir to 
 the kingdom after the death of Charles VI. 
 the reigning monarch : but whilft thei'e fuccef- 
 fes promifed fecurity to his power, the hidden 
 attack of a fiftula, at that time coniidercd as 
 incurable, proved fatal. Henry died at Yin- 
 cennes3lft Auguft 1422, aged 36. 
 
 Henry VI. fon of Henry V. was only ten 
 months old when he fucceeded to his father on 
 the Englifli throne. The death of his grandfather 
 Charles VI. foon after left him alfo the title of 
 fovereign of France ; but a rival arofe in the 
 duke of Orleans to difpute his title. Though 
 crowned at Paris, and ably fupported by the 
 valor of his uncle the duke of Bedford, yet 
 his affairs began to decline at the appearance of 
 Joan of Arc. This famous heroine relieved 
 Orleans, and irifpiring courage in her country- 
 men, and fuperftitious terror in her enemies, 
 fhe recovered with rapidity the vafi territories 
 which had coft fo much Englifh blood to ac- 
 quire. The death of Bedford haftencd alfo 
 the downfall of the Englifh power in France, 
 and Henry, when come to years of manhood, did 
 rot difplay that deciiion of character, fo necef- 
 fary in times of danger and civil war. Though 
 his wife Margaret of Anjou poficifed great ta- 
 lents, he was neverthelefs uniuecefsful in the 
 battles between the two rofes. He was taken 
 prifoner, and led about as a captive ; but though 
 he recovered his liberty it was only for frefh in- 
 fults. Edward fon of the duke (if York 
 laid claim to the crown, and had abilities and 
 troops to fupport thofe pretentions, and after 
 various battles he at laft prevailed in the fight 
 of St. Alban's, and was proclaimed king. Hen- 
 ry, who had remained a paffiyc fpccVrator of the 
 courage of his wife, and of the {laughter of 
 his people, was fent to the tower, where he was 
 foon after murdered, as it is fuppofed, by the 
 duke of Glouceftcr, afterwards; Richard III. 
 1471. 
 
 Henry VII. fon of Edmund, earl of Rich- 
 mond, and of Margaret, of the houfe of Lan- 
 cafter, was enabled by the affiftance of the 
 duke of Britany, and of Charles VIII. of 
 France, to invade England and to dcu 
 ufurper Richard III. in the battle of Bof- 
 worth fell, 1485. His tranquillity however 
 was difturbed by the arts of two impoftors, one 
 of whom, Lambert Simnel, fon of a linker, 
 affumed the title of Richard the duke of Yorkj 
 who had been murdered in the tower by the 
 duke of Gloucefter. The impofhion for a while 
 fucceeded, but Henry at laft obtained pofief- 
 fion of the perfon of his ignoble rival, whom 
 he made a (bullion in his kitchen. The other 
 impoftor was Perkin Warbcck, the fon of a Jew, 
 who perfonated young Edward V. and after he 
 had for fome time alarmed the kingdom, he 
 was taken and executed at Tyburn. The reign 
 of Henry formed a new era in the Englifli hif- 
 tory. The happinefs of his people was the 
 guide of his conduct, and though beloved mo- 
 ney, no monarch ever contributed more to the . 
 efiablifhment of commerce, to the encourage- 
 ment of induftry, and to the protection of arts. 
 This great and good king died 22d April 1509, 
 aged 52. He had married Elizabeth the daugh- 
 ter of Edward IV. and he thus united the claims 
 of the two rival houfes, which had fo long de- 
 luged England in blood. 
 
 Henry VIII. fon and fucceffor to Henry VII. 
 afcended the throne 1509, at the age of 18. 
 The fulutary inftrucTions imbibed under his fa- 
 ther, for a while guided the young monarch, 
 whofe reigh was wife, popular, and ufeiul. Ar- 
 bitrary in his conduct; and capricious in his opi- 
 nions, Henry foon however fhowed himfelf a ty- 
 rant. He was perfuaded by Maximilian and 
 by pope Julius II. to make war againft France, 
 and his invafion of that kingdom was attended 
 with fuccefs ; but pleafure and not military elory 
 was his ambition, and at the perfuaiion oi'Wol- 
 fey, he made peace, to be enabled to diffipate 
 in licentious enjoyments the money acquired by 
 conqueft and by treaty. When the reformation 
 was begun by Luther, Henry, who was well 
 flcilled in fchool divinity, defended the papal 
 power with inch effect:, that the pope in flattery 
 called him defender of the faith. His attach- 
 ment to Rome foon after vanifhed, when the 
 pope rcfufed to grant him a divorce, and em- 
 power him to marry Anne Boleyn, of whom 
 he was enamoured. Unable to feparate himfelf 
 from his queen, with whom he had lived 1 8 
 yean, but with whom he now fcrupled tc coha- 
 bit becaufe fhe had been his brother's wife, he 
 declared war againft Rome. He proclaimed 
 himfelf head of the church, abolifhcd ail n.o- 
 naft cries, and feized the eccltfiaftieal funis, 
 which were lavifhed wantonly on favorite para- 
 uVs. Thus married to Anne Boleyn, he foun 
 changed his affections to another < bj ' , apd 
 conducing the ill-fated que Id, he 
 
 M k for his third wife Jane Seymour, who the 
 next year died in childbed; His fourth wife was 
 Anne of Ckves, whom he divorced as he found 
 
HEN 
 
 HER 
 
 her more corpulent and lefs agreeable than he 
 expected ; and for his fifth he took Catherine 
 Howard, who loon after expired on the fcaf- 
 f'ol d on a charge of adultery. He afterwards 
 married Catherine Parr, widow of lord Latimer, 
 krko furvived him, and after a reign of turbu- 
 j fence, violence, and oppreffion, he expired 
 1 28th Jan. 1547, aged 57. Though Henry 
 I was the unworthy inftrument of the introduction 
 I of the reformation into England, he mutt be 
 I <1 letted in his character as an unfeeling and li- 
 I feentious tyrant; of whom it was truly laid, that 
 I he never fpared a man in his anger, nor a wo- 
 I man in his luft. During his reign, Fifher, 
 J fir Thomas More, Cromwell, and other illuf- 
 / trious characters were facrificed to his paffions, 
 and no minitter could ever be either fo virtuous 
 or fo favored as to efcape his refentment. 
 Out of the diffolved monafteries Henrv found- 
 ed fix new bilhoprics, Oxford, Peterborough, 
 Briftol, Chefter, G loucefter, and Wettminiter, 
 the latt of which has tince been incorporated 
 with that of London. 
 
 Henry prince of Wales, eldeft fon of James 
 I. a moft promifing youth, who died 1612, 
 aged 18. 
 
 Henry of Huntingdon, an ancient hiftorian, 
 whofe hiftory of England to the year 1154, 
 was publittied by Saville 1576. He was arch- 
 Beacon of Huntingdon, and wrote beiides a La- 
 tin treatife on the contempt of the world, &c. 
 
 Henry, Philip, an Englifh non-conformift 
 divine, called by his party " the good and the 
 heavenly," tfas bom at Whitehall 1631, and 
 educated at Weftroinfter fchool, under Bufby. 
 In 1 61 8 he was admitted of Chrift church, and 
 afterwards went into Flintfhire, as tutor to the 
 fons of judge Pulefton, where he was ordained 
 according to the forms of the prelbytery, and 
 where he married the heirefs of Dan. Matth< ws 
 of Broad-oak, Shropihire, and thus acquired 
 independence. At the reftoration he reinfect 
 to conform, and for the latt 28 years of his 
 life, he refided at Broad-oak, behaving with 
 great moderation, benevolence, and in an ex- 
 emplary manner ; and preaching to foine few ad- 
 herents in a barn. 
 
 Henry, Matthew, an eminent diflenting 
 divine, fon of the above, was born 1662. He 
 was inttructed under his father, and for fome 
 time ttudied the law at Gray's inn. Being par- 
 tial to divinity he was invited to a congregation 
 at Chefter, where he was ordained, and where 
 he lived 25 years. He afterwards removed to 
 Hackney, and died of an apoplectic fit at Nant- 
 widi 1714. His great worth was afcertained 
 ly the various funeral fennons which his death 
 tied. As the author of fome fermons, 
 and other theological pieces, and practical di- 
 vinity, but efpecially his expeditions of the bi- 
 ble in :> vols, folio, a molt excellent perform- 
 ance, he is well known. 
 
 Henry, Robert, a Scotch divine, born 1718 
 
 at Muir town. After being at the fchool of 
 
 an, and of Stirling, he completed his 
 
 iludu.k at Edinburgh, and became matter of 
 
 Annan grammar fchool. In 1748 he went to 
 Carlifle as minitter of the prefbyterians, and after 
 1 9 years' refidence, he removed to Berwick-on- 
 Twecd, where he married the daughter of Mr. 
 Balderfton, a furgeon. In 1/68 he was ap- 
 pointed minitter of the New Grey-friars at 
 Edinburgh ; and two years after the degree of 
 D.D. was conferred upon him by the univerfity; 
 and in 1776 he became colleague minitter in 
 the old church, till his death Nov. 1790. Dr. 
 Henry is author of an hittory of England on a 
 new plan, firft begun in 1763, but not publittied 
 till 1771. He arranged his materials under fe- 
 ven heads, civil and military hiftory, the hiftory 
 of religion, the hiftory of the conftitution and 
 laws, the hiftory of learning and learned men, 
 the hiftory of arts, that of commerce, money, 
 &c. and laftly, that of manners and cuftoms. 
 This laborious work, of which the fecond 4to. 
 volume appeared in 1774, the third 1 7 7 7 , the 
 fourth 1781, the fifth 1785, and the fixth, 
 which is pofthumous, 1793, has merited the 
 public approbation by the large editions which 
 have been printed in a 4to. and 8vo. form. The 
 Scotch critics indeed at firft cenfured the work, 
 but the Englifh regarded it with more propi- 
 tious omens, and the author for 1000 1. convey- 
 ed his property in his volumes to Meflrs. Cadell 
 and Strahan, and reflected with fatisfaction that 
 his hiftory produced him altogether no lefs than 
 33001. Dr. Henry, in his private character, 
 was an amiable man. 
 
 Henry, David, a refpectable printer, known 
 as the conductor of the gentleman's magazine 
 for above fifty years, in the management of 
 which he fucceeded the original proprietor, 
 Cave, whofe lifter he married 1736. Befide* 
 communications to his magazine,- he publittied, 
 a fyftem of hufbandry 1772 an account of 
 the voyages round the world, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 1774, and other fmaller works. He died 
 1792. 
 
 Heraldus, Dejiderius, or Heravlt, a 
 counfellor of the parliament of Paris, author 
 of feveral learned works, among which were, 
 " adverfaria," 1599; beiides notes on Tertul- 
 lian's apology, on Minutius Felix, Arnobius, 
 Martial, &c. He died 1649. His fon was 
 minitter of the Walloon church in London, and 
 fled during the civil wars to France, as a royal- 
 ift. He publittied fome fermons. 
 
 Herbelot, Bartholomew, a well-known 
 French orientalift, born at Paris 1 62 5. He ap- 
 plied himfelf to the oriental languages, efpeci- 
 ally Hebrew, and fettled at Paris, where he be- 
 came interpreter for Eattern languages. He 
 went to Rome a fecond time in 1666, and was 
 received with uncommon relpect by the duke 
 of Tufcany, who liberally entertained bun in 
 his palace, and prefentcd him with fome valu- 
 able oriental manufcripts. The homage paid to 
 his abilities abroad, rendered him more relpeit- 
 ed at home. Colbert recalled him, and lie 
 quitted Florence to the great regret of the duke. 
 V\ bile m Italy, he began Li 1 -* bibliotheque cri- 
 eniale, ccr.taining whatever related to the 
 [B 4] knowledge 
 
HER 
 
 HER 
 
 knowledge of the Eaftern world, and he com- 
 pleted it in France. It was originally written in 
 Arabic, but he tranflated it into French. He 
 died I695, and his work was not published till 
 1697, in a large folio. This learned man, re- 
 fpe/iable in the poffeSfion of all the virtues of 
 private life, wrote alfo a Turkifh, Arabian, Per- 
 fian, and Latin dictionary, &c. never publifh- 
 ed. The beft edition of his bibliotheque is in 
 6 vols. Svo. 1782. 
 
 Herbert, Mary, fifter of fir Philip Sidney, 
 and countefs of Pembroke, is known as the 
 .translator of Annius, a tragedy, from the French, 
 in 12mo. 1595, and of the pSalms of David. 
 She died at her houfe Alderfgate Street Lon- 
 don 1631. 
 
 Herbert, Edward, lord Herbert of Cher- 
 bury, Shropfnire, was born at Montgomery 
 caitle in Wales 15 81. He was educated at 
 liniverfity college Oxford, and was made a 
 knight banneret, and counsellor to the king, 
 and Sent as ambaffador to Lewis XIII. to inter- 
 fere for the proteftants of France. He was 
 made an Irifh peer in 1625, and a peer of 
 England 1631. During the civil wars he forgot 
 the kindnefs of his mailer, and Sided with the 
 parliament. " He died at his houfe Queen-ftreet 
 London, 1648. He wrote various books, the 
 Left known of which are, de veritate, in which 
 lie Supports the tenets of the deifts, a work re- 
 futed by Gaffendi the hiflory of the life and 
 reigri of Henry VIII. a performance of merit- - 
 memoirs, &c. 
 
 Herbert,. George, brother to the preced- 
 ing, was born at Montgomery caitle 159-1, and 
 educated at Weflminfter School, and Trinity 
 college Cambri'lge. He was orator of the uni- 
 verfity for eight years, and when disappointed in 
 court favors, he took orders, and obtained a 
 prebend in Lincoln cathedral, and Bemerton 
 rectory Wilts. He died about 1635, and left 
 behind him an excellent character, not only as 
 an exemplary divine, but as an elegant poet. 
 His poems, confilting of the temple prieft 
 to the Temple, &c. were publifhed together in 
 J2mo. 
 
 Herbert, William, earl of Pembroke, was 
 born at Wilton houfe, and educated at New 
 college Oxford. He was in 1626 elected chan- 
 cellor of Oxford, and made Steward of the royal 
 houfehold, and he died Suddenly four years af- 
 ter. His poems were publifhed in Svo. 1660. 
 
 Herbert, 7 homos, a native of York, re- 
 lated to the Pembroke family. He was edu- 
 cated at Jefiis college Oxford, from which he 
 removed to Trinity college Cambridge. After 
 four years' abSence abroad he returned, and pub- 
 lifhed his interesting travels In Afia and Africa, 
 i n folio. During the civil wars he joined the 
 parliament, but afterwards was reconciled to his 
 ro>al rnafttr, whom he attended in his captivity. 
 He was at the restoration created a baronet. 
 He died at York 1682. He wrote befides 
 Thrcnodia Carolina, or the historical account 
 pf the two lait years oi the life of Charles I. Svo. 
 
 HtRBINlus, John, a native of BitchSen in 
 
 Silefia, who was deputed by the proteftants of 
 Poland to thofe of Ceimany. His obfervatioM 
 in his travels on cataracts and waterfalls, were 
 publifhed in 167S in 4 to. called de admi 
 inundi cataraclis, &c. He wrote alfo 
 motus examen, ike. and died 167 6, a 
 
 Herissant, Lewis Anthony P, 
 fon of a printer, was born at Paris, am 
 there aged 24. He was eminent as a pi 
 as a phyfician, and wrote l'eloge de G< 
 d'Andernach l'eloge de Ducange po 
 printing bibliotheque phyfique de la 1 
 &c. 
 
 Heritier, Nicolas V, a French poet 
 became treaSurer of the French guards, and aft I 
 ter wards historiographer of France. He wrote 
 two tragedies, Hereule furieux, atid t 
 and other fugitive pieces, and died 1680. 
 
 Heritier, Marie Jeanne V, de Villi 
 daughter of the preceding, was born at Pan 
 1664. She was member of the academy of 
 Jeux Floraux, and of the Ricovrati at Padua. 
 Her works are both profe and verfe. She wrote 
 la tour tenebreufe, a tale les caprices du 
 deftin, a novel 1' avare puni, in verfe, and 
 other poems, befides a tranflation of 16 of 
 Ovid's epiflles. She died at Paris 1 7;J4. 
 
 Heritier de Brvtelt.e, Charles Lewis /', 
 a native of Paris, eminent as a botanift. lie 
 publifhed in London the Flora of Peru, fronj 
 the collection of plants, &c. brought from Peru 
 and Chili byDombey, in 1786, and on his re- 
 turn to Paris, he printed another work. 
 Flora de la place Vendome. Trf'-s ingenious 
 man was affalfinatcd on Lis return from t 
 tional Inflitute at Paris, 10th Aug. 1801 , and 
 his murderers were never discovered. He was 
 then 56 years old. He wrote befides Stirpes 
 novae, folio, 1784, &.C. 
 
 Herman, Paul, a botanift of Halle h 
 ony, phyfician to the Dutch Settlements at 
 Ceylon, and afterwards botanical profeffor at 
 Leydeu, where he died 1695. He wrote a ca- 
 talogue of plants in the public gardenof Leyicn, 
 8vo. cynofura matcriae medico;, 2 vols. Ito. 
 
 Hermann, James, mathematical profeffoc 
 at Padua, aififted the czar Peter in the 
 blithment of his academy, and then was ap- 
 pointed morality profeffor at Bafle, where he 
 died 17-33 aged 5 5. He wrote Several works on 
 mathematics : reSponfio a<l consideration 
 princip. calculi different de nova ae< 
 tionis lege, &e. 
 
 Hkrmant, Godefioi, a doclor of the Sor- 
 bonne, rector of the univcrfity of Paris 1646, 
 where he died 1690. He poflefied learning 
 and application. His works are chief!) 00 
 theological Subjects, befides the lives of t# 
 Athanafius, &.c. 
 
 Hermii.i.v, Faonelte d', author of the hif- 
 tory of Majorca and Minorca, and of a tranfla- 
 tion of Ferrara's hiftory of Spain, Mid of 
 Feijoo's critical theatre, was a native of 
 Amiens, and died at Paris 177s aged 71. 
 
 HeraERA Tordesillas, Antonio de, a ce- 
 
HER 
 
 HES 
 
 Jebrated Spanifh hiftorian, Secretary to Vefpa- 
 fian Gonzaga, viceroy of Naples, and afterwards 
 hiftorioerapher of India. He publiihed his ge- 
 neral hiltoiy of India, from 1492 to 1554, in 
 4 vols, folio, and died 1625 aged 60. His In- 
 dian hiftory is a moft valuable performance, 
 very accurate, though the ftyle is now and then 
 too inflated. He wrote alfo a hiftory of Spain, 
 3 vols, l'oiio. 
 
 Hxrreras, Ferdinand de, a poet of Seville, 
 who publifhed fome elegant lyric and heroic 
 poetry, 15 82. He wrote alio in profe a life 
 of fir Thomas Moore an account of the 
 war in Cyprus, &.c. 
 
 Herring, Thomas, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, was born 1693 at Walfoken, Norfolk. 
 He was educated at Wifbech fchool, and Je- 
 fus college Cambridge. He was elected fellow 
 of Corpus Chrifti in 1716, and became tutor 
 there, and when in orders minute* of Great 
 Shelford, &c. In 172-2 he was made cha- 
 plain to Fleetwood, bifhop of Ely, and four 
 years after, chofen preacher at Lincoln's 
 inn, about which time he took his degree 
 of D.D. In 1731 he was made dean of 
 llochefter, in 173/ bifhop of Bangor, and in 
 174 3 tranflated to York. At the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, the archbifhop excited 
 himfelf actively to roufe the people to a 
 fenfe of their duty, and by his eloquent ap- 
 peals, procured a Subscription of 40,0001. for 
 the defence of the country, which was imme- 
 diately feconded by the kingdom. For tbefe 
 Services he was railed to Canterbury, after 
 Potter, 1717. A violent fever in 1753 mat- 
 tered his conftitution fa much, that he af- 
 terwards retired to the privacy of Croydon, 
 where he faw none but his immediate friends. 
 He died after a languishing illnefs of four 
 years 1757. Herring was as am Vdde in pri- 
 vate, as he was reSpected in public life. He 
 liberally expended 60001. in r the repairs of 
 Lambeth and Goydon palaces and gardens, 
 and was a noble contributor to Several charities. 
 His fermons and his letters on public occafions 
 have been publiihed. 
 
 Hersent, Charles, or Herfan, a French di- 
 vine, known by his Satire againft Richelieu, 
 whom he accuSed, in his book called " Op- 
 taw Galli de cavendo fchifmate," of intentions 
 of Separating the Gailican church, like the 
 Englifh, from the fee of Rome. The book 
 was anfwered by three or four writers at the 
 fuggeftion of the cardinal, but the author 
 efcapedf to Rome, where he drew the ven- 
 geance of the inquifitiou upon him, by his 
 opiniona on the doctrine of grace. He was 
 excommunicated for contumacy, and returned 
 to France, where he died 1660. He wrote 
 befides a paraphrafe on Solomon's fong, 
 &c. 
 
 Hertzherg, Ewald Fredericbon, a na- 
 tive of I'omerania, employed as ambaffa- 
 dor at Vienna. His knowledge of political 
 affairs appeared in his effay on the popula- 
 tion of the majfche of Brandenburg, which 
 
 was in 175*2 rewarded with the prize of- 
 the Berlin academy of Sciences, and in 
 confequence of his experience in diplomatic 
 affairs, every paper of importance, and every 
 communication with foreign powers, was Sub- 
 mitted to his enlightened mind. He was ratfel 
 to the higheft offices in the kingdom, and en- 
 nobled, and died 1/95, aged 70.. 
 
 Hervey, James, an eminent divine, bora 
 at Hardingftone, Northamptonfhire, and edu- 
 cated at Northampton School, and Lincoln col- 
 lege Oxford. In 1736 he was curate of Wef- 
 ton Favell for his father, and afterwards re- 
 moved to Biddeford, and in 1750 Succeeded, 
 on his father's death to the livings of Wef- 
 ton and Colli ngtree. In his paftoral duties, 
 he was active and vigilant. ; his heart was So 
 warmly actuated by benevolent motives, that 
 he expreffed a with to die " even with the 
 world," and therefore his income, and the 
 profits which he derived from his popular 
 publications, were carefully devoted to the 
 Support of the poor in his neighbourhood. 
 This benevolent character, whofe conftitution 
 was undermined by a flow confumption, died 
 on Chriftmas-day 1758 aged 44. Asa feho- 
 lar, his abilities were reSpectable, he was well 
 (killed in Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and in 
 his compofitions he aimed not fo much to be 
 polifhed and fublime, as to be plain and uSeful. 
 His meditations among the tombs, and re- 
 flections in a flower garden, were firft pub- 
 liihed 1746, and as they were well' received, 
 he added another volume, and Theron and 
 Afpafio, or dialogues and letters on the 
 moft important Subjects, 3 vols. 8vo. appeared 
 1755, a work ftrongly Supporting the doc- 
 trines of Calvin. -*He wrote befides fermons 
 letters to J. Wefley letters to kd^ Frances 
 Shirley. His works have been edited in 7 vols, 
 8vo. 1/96. 
 
 Hervey, Aupijhis John, earl of Briftol, 
 married in 1744 mifs Chudleigh, afterwards 
 better known as the dacheSs of Kingfton. He 
 was in 1747 made poft captain, and Served 
 with credit in the Mediterranean. He was 
 in 1771 made a lord of the admiralty, and 
 three years after fueceeded to his brother's 
 title and eftates. In 1768 his wife had her 
 marriage annulled by the commons, but the 
 proceedings were rcverfed by the houfe of 
 lords 1773, and Ihe was declared guilty of 
 bigamy. The earl died 1779, and was Suc- 
 ceeded by the bifhop of Dcrry, his bro- 
 ther. 
 
 Herwart, or Hervart, John Frederic, 
 of AugCburg, chancellor of Bavaria, at the 
 beginning of the 17th century, was author of 
 Some curious publications. He wrote chrono- 
 logia nova et vera, '2 parts, 4to. 1622 and 
 26. adiniranda ethicte theologicae myfteria, 
 &c. 
 
 Hesim'sius, Tillem annus, a German divine, 
 born at VVcfel, duchy of Cleves 1526. He 
 taught theology, but was every where difliked 
 in coulecruer.ce of his turbulent Spirit. He died 
 
 1588. 
 
HEV 
 
 HEY 
 
 Re wrote commentaries on trie pfa!ms 
 on Ifaiah on St. Paul's epifllcs, &c. 
 
 Hesse, William, prince of, was illuflrious 
 fur his patfonag of learning. He built an ob- 
 fervatory at Gafie), and was affifted in his ob- 
 f< nations on the heavenly bodies by Julie 
 Bvrge / and Chriftopher Itothman. He died 
 1 5 9 7 . His observations were publiflied 1618. 
 
 Hessees, John, or Heffelius, theological 
 profeflbr at Lou vain, was horn 1522. He 
 diftmguiihed hiiniVii* at the council of Trent by 
 his eloquence, and by a perfect knowledge of 
 the works of Auftin and Jerome. He died of 
 ap apoplexy 1566. He wrote various contro- 
 vevfial works againft the proteftants. 
 
 Hevelius, John, or Hevelke, a celebrated 
 aftronomer, born at Dantzic 1611. As his 
 parents were refpectable, he received a very 
 liberal education, and under the care of 
 Crugerus, he made a moil rapid progrefs in 
 mathematics. He Spent four years in travel- 
 ling over Holland, England, France, and Ger- 
 many, and at his return he was engaged in civil 
 affairs, till Crugerus prevailed upon him to de- 
 vote himfelf fully to aftrononiy, as a fcience by 
 which he might obtain distinction. To purfue 
 this ftudy, he built an obfervatory at the top of 
 his houfe, and as he had learned to work in 
 wood and metals, he constructed his own in- 
 ftruments. His observations were firft directed 
 towards the moon, and in 1647 he publifhed 
 his felenographia, five funse defcriptio, &c. 
 in which he gave an accurate account of its ap- 
 pearance and fpots, and alio of the pbafes of 
 the other planets. Flattered with the applaufe 
 of the learned, he continued his aftronomical 
 obfervations, and publiflied various traces on 
 the heavenly bodies. In 1668 appeared his 
 " cornel * raphia," which he fent to Hooke 
 of the London royal Society. This literary in- 
 tercourse, however, was not productive of great 
 Service to fcience, but rather of abuflve lan- 
 guage, and while Hevelius aflerted that dis- 
 tances and altitudes could be taken with plain 
 fights nearer than a minute, Hooke denied it, 
 and thus each defended his pofition, and the 
 goodneSs of his particular tetefcopei In 1673, 
 the firft part of his " machina cceleftis" ap- 
 peared, which was attacked by Hooke with 
 Such virulence, that in 1679 Dr. Halley, at 
 the reqneft of the royal Society, examined tli'e 
 instruments of both the difputants, and nr/.de 
 a favorable report of both, though later ex- 
 periment, have given the preference to Ho(j>ke. 
 The Second part of the machina cceleftis Was 
 publifbed 1679, in which year he Suffered a 
 moft irreparable lofs by the. deftrucYioh of his 
 houfe, and aitronomical apparatus, &c. by fire. 
 This learned man died on. his birth-day 1687. 
 To the reputation of a great aftronomer, he 
 added the character of an upright magistrate, 
 as he a-, as raifed to the office of burgomaltcr of 
 Dantzic, which he discharged with fidelity. 
 Many of the letters which he received from 
 learned men, from pripecs and potentates, 
 were publiflied at Dantzic I6h-i, all ex- 
 
 Offive of the high refpeel in which he 
 ,d in the republic of letters. 
 
 mt 
 
 Kevin-, Prudent, author of pathologia chi* 
 
 rurgica, 3 vols. 8vo. memoir on flrangc fub- 
 ftances in the oefophagus, ike. died at Paris 
 179 aged 74. 
 
 Heukxius, Job?, a phyfician of Utrecht 
 15413. He was medical profelfor at Leyden, 
 where he died of the ftone 1601. He is Saul 
 to have been the firft who lcclured at Leyden 
 on human bodies. He publifhed Hippocrates 
 in Greek and Latin, and wrote a treatiie on 
 the diforders of the head, &c. 
 
 Hf.uscii, William de, a landfcape painter 
 of Utrecht, who died at the end of" the 17 th 
 century. His nephew, Jacob, was equally 
 eminent, and died 1701 aged 44. Another 
 of the name of Abraham, was alfo eminent as 
 a painter of ir feels, flowers, and plants. 
 
 Heusinger, John Michael, a Saxon di- 
 vine, who Studied at Gotha, Halle, and Jena, 
 and in 1715 fettled at Gieffen, where he took 
 pupils. In 1722 he went to Laubach, and 
 was made profelfor at Gotha, and in 1738 he 
 removed to the fame, but more lucrative fitua- 
 tion at Eifenach, where he married, and 
 where he died 17 51. He is eminent for his 
 piety and found judgment ; and of his learning 
 the beft proofs are, his valuable editions of 
 Some of the claffics, and various philological 
 treatifes. 
 
 He using f.r, James Frederick, nephew 
 to the preceding, was born 17 19 at Ufin- 
 gen, in Wetteravia, and educated at Go- 
 tha under his uncle. He removed in 17 50 
 from Jena to Wolfenbuttel, as fecond maf- 
 ter of the School there, in which he Suc- 
 ceeded as head mafter 1759. He Support- 
 ed the character of an able preceptor, and 
 polite Scholar, and died 17/8, well known 
 by fome learned observations on the Ajax and 
 Electra of Sophaclcs, and other tracts. 
 
 Hewsqn, William, an able anatomifl, af- 
 fiftant and afterwards partner to Dr. William 
 Hunter. An unfortunate difpute Separated 
 thefe able men, and Hewfon read lectures in 
 his own houSe. He died 177*1, aged 35, He 
 wrote inquiries into the properties of the blood, 
 and the lymphatic fyftcm, 2 vols. 8vo, and 
 tiad a literary difpute with Dr. Abraham 
 Monro, about the difcovery oS the lymphatics . 
 in the vefiels of oviparous animals. 
 
 Hexham. John of, an Englifh Benedict ine, 
 whole historical works in the 12th century 
 poffefs great merit. * 
 
 Hr.YDEN*, John Van der^& landfcape painter 
 of Gorcum in Holland. He died 1712, aged 
 75. His pieces, reprcSenting buildings, &C. 
 are admired. 
 
 Heyein, Peter, a native of Burford, Ox- 
 fordshire. He was educated at Hart-hall, and 
 afterwards elected fellow of Magdalen college. 
 He publiflied in 1621 his micTOCofmus, or 
 deScription of the world, which became \cry 
 popular. In 1629 he was made chaplain to the 
 king, and in 16a 1 he was made rector of Hera- 
 mingfoid, 
 
HEY 
 
 HIC 
 
 tri'mgford, with a prebend of Weftmmer, and 
 the living of Houghton, Durham. In 1633 
 ' he took his degree of D. D> and in 1687 was 
 made rector of Iflip, Oxfordshire, but while he 
 expected higher preferments, he found his 
 hopes mattered by the violence of civil war. 
 He fled from the fury of his persecutors, and 
 concealed himfelf for fome time at Winchester, 
 then at Mintler-Lovel, Oxfordfhire, and after- 
 wards at Abingdon, where he devoted himfelf 
 to literature. At the reiteration he was reinfta- 
 ted, but while he expected in higher dignity the 
 reward of his faidifui fervices in favor of royul- 
 tv, he funk under a fevere difeafe, 1662. This 
 able writer whom Wood declares to have been 
 endowed with lingular gifts, of a fharp and 
 pregnant wit, folid and clear judgment, pubTifli- 
 ed, befides a hiftery of* the reformation in Eng- 
 land hiitory of the prefbyterians.. foi. life 
 of archbiihop Laud, fol. &e. His defcripticn 
 of the world from a fmall 8vo. originally, was 
 fwelled in fubfequent editions, under the name 
 of cofmography, to a large folio. 
 
 Heywood, John, an Englifh poet and jefter 
 born in London, and educated at Oxford. He 
 was one of the firft who wrote Englifh plays, Lut 
 the brilliancy of his wit rendered him better 
 known to his contemporaries than the efFufions 
 of his pen. He was particularly noticed by fir 
 Thomas More, and by Henry VIII. and he was 
 equally the favorite of queen Man-, whom it is 
 faid lie entertained and amufed even upon her 
 death bed. As he was a bigoted papifl, he left 
 England on the acceffionof Elizabeth, and re- 
 tired to Mechlin, where he died 1565. Be- 
 fides his plays, he wrote 500 epigrams, the 
 fpider and fly, a parable, in 77 chapters, at 
 the beginning of each of which appears the 
 figure of the author near a window hung with 
 cobwebs, flies, and fpiders. He had two fons, 
 the eldeSt of whom was Ellis, fellow of All- 
 Souls, Oxford, fo perfect as an Italian lin- 
 guist, that he wrote a book called M II moro." 
 lie died 1572. 
 
 Heywood, Jqfper, youngeft fon of John, 
 was born in London 1535, and educated at 
 Morton college, Oxford, from which he m 
 expelled for immorality 1558- He was next 
 fellow of All-Souls, but foon after left England 
 for Rome and became provincial of the Jei'uits 
 in England. He died at Naples 1597 He 
 wrote befides three tragedies of Seneca translat- 
 ed, various poems and the " paradife of 
 dainty devices," 1573, 4to. 
 
 Heywood, Thomas, an actor and writer of 
 plays, under Elizabeth and her two fncceffors. 
 Out of 220 plays which he wrote, only 24 re- ' 
 main, of no great reputation. He was a good 
 linguift if we are t5 judge from his translations 
 from Lucian, Erafmus, Sec. 
 
 Heywood, Oliver, a native of Bolton, Lan- 
 cashire, educated at Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 He was ejected in 1662 from Coley, Yorkshire, 
 for nonconformity, and he afterwards preached 
 privately, 'or which he was excommunicated, 
 fie died 1/02 aged ;<j. He vrou- heart's 
 
 treafure, 12rno. 1667 clofet prayer, 12mo. 
 &c. 
 
 Heywood, Eliza, a voluminous female 
 writer born in London. Her "court of Ari- 
 mania" and " new Utopia" do not fhow her 
 in a favorable light as a moralift, and from the 
 licentious tendency of her works, though fome 
 fay from perfonal motives, Pope gave her a 
 place in the Dunciad. Her other works were 
 more in favor of virtue, especially the female 
 Spectator, 4 vols. epiltle for the ladies, 2 
 vols. betfey thoughtlefs, 4 vols. hulband 
 and wife, 2 vols. &c. She attempted drama- 
 tic poetry, but without fuecefs, and her ap- 
 pearance on the ftage was equally unfavorable. 
 Though thus licentious in her writings, fhe has 
 never been accufed of immorality in her con- 
 duct. 
 
 Hickes, George, an eminent Englifh di- 
 vine, born 1642 at Newfham, Yorkshire, and 
 educated at North* Allerton School, and at St. 
 John's college, Oxford. He afterwards re- 
 moved to Magdakn college, and Magdalen 
 hall, and in 1664 was chofen fellow of Lincoln 
 college, where he was an active tutor for Seven 
 years. In 1673 he accompanied his pupil, Sir 
 George Wheeler on his travels, but left him in 
 France. At Paris he became acquainted with 
 Henry Jnftell, a man of confequencc and in- 
 formation, who entrufted him with fome MSS. 
 for the univerfity of Oxford. In 1676 he was 
 made chaplain to the duke of Lauderdale, wih 
 whom he went the next year to Scotland. He 
 was honored, at the requeSt of Dr. Sharp, areh- 
 bifhop of St. Andrew's, with the degree of 
 D.D. from that univerfity, which was confirm- 
 ed at Oxford 167 9. He was made dean of 
 Worcefter 1683, and the next year the bifhop- 
 ric of Brifiol was marked for him, but the king's 
 death prevented his elevation. He afterwards 
 accepted from the biihop of Worcefter the rec- 
 tory of A!l-church near that -City, but at the 
 revolution' he was ejected from all his ecclefiafli* 
 cal honors, as he refufed to take the oaths of 
 allegiance. When Talbot, afterwards bifnop 
 of Durham, was nominated in the gazette, dean 
 in his room, he boldly claimed his right, and 
 affixed a paper to that purpofe on the entrance 
 into the choir of the cathedral. This expofed 
 him to the reSentment of government, and to 
 avoid persecution he left the kingdom, till in 
 1699, the chancellor, lord Somers, out of re- 
 spect for his great abilities obtained an aft of 
 council to Stop all proceedings againft him. 
 After his deprivation, Hickes was Sent by his 
 fellow-fuiferers to James into France, and in 
 1694 he was confecrated Suffragan bifhop of 
 Thetford, by the bifhops of .Norwich, Ely, and 
 Peterborough. Though fome have accufed him 
 of a with to take the oaths of allegiance, to 
 preferve his preferments, his known integrity 
 forbid* the belief of it. After being'afrlietcd 
 with the Stone, he died 1715 in his 7 ^ th year. 
 Dr. Hickes was a man of very extenftve eru- 
 dition, well acquainted \t*ith the fathers, and 
 with the doctrines of the primitive church. His 
 
 principal 
 
HIG 
 
 BIG 
 
 prinicipal works are on the old northern lan- 
 guages, and their antiquities, befides fome 
 fermohs, and treatifcs, i^c. amounting to 26 
 in number. 
 
 Hickes, John, brother to the preceding, 
 was ejected from the living of Stoke in Devon- 
 shire l 66-2, and joined, in 1685, the duke of 
 Monmouth's rebellion, and for thb diflcyal aft 
 he was feized and executed. 
 
 Hw/kmav, Henry, fellow of Magdalen col- 
 lege, Oxford, was ejected in 166-2 for non- 
 conformity. He died about 1688, minifter 
 of the Englifh congregation at Leyden in Hol- 
 land. Befides other works he attacked Heylin's 
 bifbry, &c. 
 
 Hiffermav, Paul, an author, born in the 
 county of Dublin 1/19, and educated at Dub- 
 Jin and in France. He preferred phyfic to di- 
 vinity, and for fome time practhed in Dublin, 
 but his indolence was fuch that he relinquifhed 
 the profeffion for the life of an author, and 
 came to London 1/53. He recommended 
 himfelf to the learned and witty of the times, 
 by the effufions of his pen, but though ac- 
 quainted with Foote, Garrick, Goldi'mith, 
 Murphy, Bickerftaff and others, he feldom ap- 
 peared decently refpectable. His refourccs in- 
 deed were not always very honorable, and fo 
 great were his eccentricities, that he never 
 would mention where his lodgings were. He 
 died J777, and it was then difcovcred that he 
 lodged in one ofthe obfeure courts near St. Mar- 
 tin's lane. He wrote ** die ticklers," a fet of 
 political papers in Dublin 1 570 " the tuner" 
 another political paper, London 1573 mif- 
 cellanies in profe and verfe the earl of War- 
 wick, a tragedy from la Ilarpe, and other tri- 
 fles neither elegant nor popular. 
 
 Hioden, Ralph, an early Englifh chronicler 
 who died 1363. He is author of polychronici 
 libri VIII. &c. extending from Adam to 1357. 
 
 Hiogins, or Higins, John, an Englifh di- 
 vine educated at Oxford, and engaged in the 
 iiiftruciion of youth at Winfham and Ilminfler 
 in Somerfetfhire. He publiflied " flofculi of 
 Terence" Holcot's dictionary and other 
 febool books, befides controvejfial tracts. He 
 died after 1604. 
 
 Higgovs, fir Thomas, an Englifh writer, 
 born at Wcflbvrrg, Shropfhire, and admitted at 
 St. Alban'shall, Oxford, where he took no de- 
 gree. He married the j< icn defamed widow 
 of Robert earl of Eficx, at whofe funeral he 
 pronounced an oration 1655, afterwards pub- 
 limed. He next married the filler of John 
 Grenville earl of Bath, and in 1658 and 1661 
 was member for Malmfbury and Windibr, and 
 for his fervices to the crown he received a pen- 
 non of 5001. a year, befides handfome prefents, 
 and the honor of knighthood. In 1669 he 
 was fent as envoy to inveft the duke of Saxony 
 with the order of the gaiter, and four years al- 
 ter he was ambaffador at Vienna. He died of 
 an apoplexy in the court of King's Bench, 
 here he was fummoned as a v.itnefs, 24th 
 Nov. 1691, and was buried in V/uichefAer. ca- 
 
 thedral near his firft wife. He wrote a panegyric 
 to the king 1660 the hiflory of Ifoof Baffa 
 168-1 the Venetian triumph tranflated into 
 Englifh, befides his oration on his wife, which 
 did ;ts much honor to his fenfibility , and the 
 goodnefs of his heart, as it refcued from infamy, 
 he character of an injured and innocent wife. 
 
 Hi GOONS, Beiil, younger fon of the pre- 
 ceding by his fecond wife, entered 16S6 at St. 
 John's college, Oxford, and afterwards remov- 
 ed to Cambridge, and then to the Middle Tem- 
 ple. He wrote the generous conqueror, or 
 th* timely difcovery, a tragedy, a&cd at Dru- 
 ry-lane, a poem on the peace of Utrecht 
 remarks on Burnet's hiftory of his own time* 
 a view of Englifh hiftory, with reflections 
 political, &c.to the revolution of 1688. He 
 was a firm adherent to the Stuarts and lie ac- 
 companied James II. in his exile, and died in 
 France 1735. 
 
 Highmore, Joftph, an eminent painter 
 born iu London. He early fhowed a ftrom; in- 
 clination to painting, but his father bound him 
 as clerk to an attorney. Nature however pre- 
 vailed over parental authority, and young High- 
 more guided by his own genius gradually became 
 a profeffed artift in 1715, at the expiration of 
 hi-; elerkfhip. In 17 16 he married the daugh- 
 ter of Mr. Hiller, and removed from the city 
 iu 1724 to a houfe in Lincoln's inn fields. His 
 engagements now grew upon him; he was em- 
 ployed in drawing the kfiights of the Bath, on 
 the revival of the order, and afterwards he- 
 painted the portrait of the duke of Cumber- 
 land, and fome time after of the prince and 
 princefs of Wales, and of the chief nobility. 
 In 17-3-2 he examined the picture gallery of 
 Duffeldorff, and in 1734 he made another ex- 
 curfion to Paris, where he faw the famous 
 group of the court of Lycomcdes, why b 
 afterwards deftroyed by the Ruffians at Charlot- 
 tenburg in Pruffia. In 1744 he painted a fet 
 of paintings on the hiflory of Pamela, juft 
 publiflied, and thus became acquainted with 
 the excellent author, Richardlbn. In 
 1753, at the inftitution of the academy of 
 painting, . he was appointed one of the profef- 
 iors. He publithed " an examination of Ru- 
 bens' two paintings in the banqueting houfe"' 
 in 4to. practice of perfpective on the princi- 
 ples of Dr. Brook Taylor, &c. 1763, effays 
 moral religious, Stc. with a tranflation of 
 Browne's Latin poem on the immortality of the 
 foul, 1766, l-2mo. &c. Hid paintings during 
 a practice of 46 years are numerous, the bell 
 known of which are Hagar and Ilhmael, now 
 in the Foundling hofpital, the good Sam. 
 the finding of Mofes, the Harlowe farail) from 
 Glaiilla, the Graces unveili..-, Nature, on me- 
 mory, from Rubens, &c. On the m 
 of his daughter in 1761 to Mr. Duncombe he 
 retired from bufinefs, and felling his collection 
 of pictures, fettled with his fon-in-law at Can- 
 terbury. An even temper, and a moft bene- 
 tolent (1 if] 1 oil x ion lent their aid to ft:;- port a con- 
 ilitulion naturally ftiong aud vigorous, and he 
 
 lived, 
 
HIL 
 
 HIL 
 
 lived to his 88th year. He decayed gradually, and 
 gently expired 3d March 1780. 
 
 HlGHMORE, Nathaniel, an eminent anato- 
 rnift, born at Fording-bridge Hants. He is the 
 firft Engiifhman who wrote a fyftematical trea- 
 tife on the ftructure of the human body. He 
 died 16S4 aged 7 1. His works are "corpo- 
 ris huroani difquifitio anatomica, folio 1651 
 the hiftory of generation, 8ce. 
 
 HiLABiusE, Jojcph, a native of Envesfield, 
 teacher of grammar and rhetoric at Vienna, 
 where he was appointed prsefectus rei numma- 
 riae. He renounced the order of the Jefuits 
 17 70, and became director of the imperial 
 cabinet of medals, ike. As a medallift and an- 
 tiquarian he was eminent. He died 1798 aged 
 61. 
 
 Hilary, St. a native of Poictiers in France, 
 late in life converted to chriftianity, and in 355 
 made bifnop of his native town. He ably de- 
 fended Athanaiius at the council of Beziers 
 againft Saturninus, and for his zeal was banifh- 
 ed into Phrygia. He died 367. 
 
 Hilderert, bifhop of Mans, and then arch- 
 bifhop of Tours. Though accufed with lieen- 
 tioufnefs before he was admitted into the 
 church, he became one of its brighteft orna- 
 ments for piety, learning and holinefs. He was 
 very feme againft the vices of the court of 
 Rome, in a letter which he publifhed in lively 
 and animated language. He alfo wrote a de- 
 scription of Rome in Latin verie ; and died 
 before the middle of the 12th century. 
 
 Hildesley, Mark, an Englifh bifhop, born 
 at Marfton, Kent, 1699, and educated at the 
 Charter houfe, and Trinity college, Cambridge. 
 In 1731 he obtained the college living of Hit- 
 chin, and four years after Hohtell in Bedford- 
 - ihire. On the death of Dr. Wilfon, bifhop 
 of Sodor and Man, the duke of Athol fixed 
 upon Hildeuey as a fucccflor, and for piety, 
 and exemplary morals, a better choice could not 
 be made. The new prelate took leave of his 
 Hitchin congregation with affectionate tender- 
 nefs, and when he revifited them afterwards with 
 friendly humility, he was greeted with* the re- 
 fpect of crowded multitudes. In his diocefe he 
 eomple^d his predeceffor's tranflation of the 
 bible into the Manx language in 1/55. He 
 died of a paralytic ftroke, 1772. 
 
 Hill, Jofeph, an Englifh divine born at 
 Leeds 1624, and educa^ted at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and Magdalen. As he was at- 
 tached to the puritans, he was ejected at the re- 
 ftoration for non-eonformity, and went over to 
 Holland. He was in I667 paftor of the Eng- 
 liih church at Middleburg, and fettled at Rot- 
 terdam where he died 1707. He is chiefly 
 known for his edition of Schrevelius' Creek 
 lexicon improved with 8000 new words 1 67 (>, 
 and for his dilfertations on the antiquity of tem- 
 ples, &c. 
 
 Hill, William, an Englifli fcholar, fellow 
 of Merton college, Oxford, and afterwards 
 mafter of a fchool in Dublin, where he died 
 I667, He prepared au edition of Diunyfius 
 
 Peiiegetes, with learned and critical annota- 
 tions. 
 
 Hill, Aaron, a poet, born 1685, in Beau- 
 fovt buildings, London. He was educated at 
 Weftminiter fchool, but the ruin of his father 
 left him in 1669 in diftrefsful circumf ranees, 
 but the next year he went to Conftantinople, to 
 fee his relation lord Paget the Englifh ambaffa- 
 dor there. The vifit was not unwelcome to 
 lord Paget ; by his friendihip young Hill was 
 enabled to travel over Egypt and part of the eaft, 
 and on his return to England with him he was 
 prefented to many of the courts on 4iie conti- 
 nent. Some time after he accompanied fir 
 William Wentworth in the tour of Europe, and 
 was abfent for three years. He published 1 709 
 " Camillas," a poem on lord Peterborough 
 the general in Spain ; and being manager of 
 Drury-lane theatre, he wrote his firft tragedy, 
 " Elfrid or the fair inconftant," finifhed at 
 the requeft of Booth in little more than a week. 
 In 1710 he was mafter of the Opera-houfe, 
 Hay-market, and wrote the opera of ** Rinal- 
 do," the firft piece fet to mufic by Handel m 
 England. A quarrel however with the lord 
 chamberlain put a fpeedy end to his theatrical 
 career, and in 1715, he undertook to extract 
 from the beech nut, an oil as fweet as that of 
 olives ; but though he obtained a patent, and 
 promifed an annual million to the nation, his 
 hopes were difappointed. He again wrote for 
 the ftage " the fatal vifion, or the fall of Si- 
 am ;" and in 17 18 publifhed "the northern 
 flar," a poem on the czar Peter, which was 
 handfomely rewarded with a gold medal from the 
 emprefs Catherine. In 1728 he engaged to 
 fupply the navy with timber from Scotland, but 
 his fchemes like the former proved abortive, and 
 after travelling into the north of Scotland' he 
 retired to York, where he publifhed " the 
 progrefs of wit" againft Pope's Dunciad. 
 In 1731 he loft his wife, after an happy union 
 of 20 years, and the birth of nine children. 
 He furvived her till ] 750, and expired 8th Feb. 
 in the very minute, it is faid, of the earthquake, 
 and was interred in Weftminftcr abbey by the 
 fide of his beloved wife. Four volumes of his 
 poems have appeared fince his death, in which 
 is Merope, a tragedy borrowed from Voltaire, 
 and introduced at Drury-lane by Garrick. 
 Though pofleffed of good natural talents, he 
 never rofe to great celebrity as a writer. His 
 thoughts were always expreffed with affeclation, 
 and by attempting too much, he never effected 
 any thing with complete fuccefs. 
 
 Hill, fir John, an Englifh writer born 17 16, 
 fon of a clergyman. He was bred an apothe- 
 cary, and for fonts time pracYifed in St.Martin's 
 lane Weftminfter, but an early marriage accom- 
 panied with no fortune obliged him to apply to 
 other refources. As he knew fomething of 
 botany he turned his thoughts to that fcieucc, 
 but he found the fuccefs of his project inade- 
 quate to his expeclations. He next applied to 
 the ftage, but after fome exhibitions at the 
 Hay-market aod Coveut-garden, he was con- 
 vinced 
 
HIL 
 
 HIR 
 
 vinced that nature had not formed him for a 
 theatrical hero. By the friendihip of Folkes, 
 and Baker, of the royal fociety, he was intro- 
 duced to the notice of literary men, an.', in 
 2 746 he published by fubfeription a translation 
 of TheophraStus' treat ife ' on perns," which 
 inereafed his fame, his friends and his refources. 
 He next began to compile a general natu- 
 ral hiStory in 3 vols, folio, and then undertook 
 a fupplcment to Chambers' dictionary. Be<- 
 fides thefe, his attention was engaged in the pub- 
 lication of the " British magazine," and of 
 '* the infpeetor," a periodical pamphlet, which 
 he tendered palatable to the public by the little 
 anecdotes with which his attendance at differ- 
 ent places of general amufement made him ac- 
 quainted. Succefs rendered him vain, and 
 with the diploma degree of M.D. from the uni- 
 versity of St. Andrew's he aflumed the charac- 
 ter, the language, and the equipage of a man 
 of falhion. As his publications were nume- 
 rous, he acquired a large income, but the free- 
 dom with which he treated public and private 
 characters, often expofed him to perfonal vio- 
 lence, fo that in one inftance he was caned at 
 Ranelagh by an Iriih gentleman whom he had 
 ridiculed. Thus by degrees he expofed 
 himfelf to the contempt of the world, and by a 
 paper war with Fielding, and others, he funk 
 in the general estimation. From a writer he 
 became an empiric, and by the preparation of 
 the effence of watcrdock, of tincture of vale- 
 rian, of the pectoral balfam of honey, and 
 other fimple medicines, he again procured a 
 comfortable income. The patronage of the 
 e::rl of Bute alfo was extended to him, and 
 with his approbation he undertook that pomp- 
 ous and voluminous work, called " a fyflem 
 of botany," and by prefenting a copy of it 
 and of fome of his other works to the king of 
 Sweden, lie was in return inverted with the 
 order of knighthood, and alfumed the title 
 of fir John. He died Nov. 177.5, of the gout 
 in his flomach. He poffeffed great natural ta- 
 lents, but the rapidity with which he wrote, 
 prevented that elegant polilh, and that highly 
 iiniihed dictinn, which entitle the labors of genius 
 and perfeverance to move than temporary fame. 
 It is faid, though fcarcely credible, that from 
 the variety of Subjects which his prolific pen 
 treated, he gained an income of 1.500 1, a year, 
 an enormous fum for compositions which were 
 moftly compilations. His novels, as filled with 
 perfonal abufe on the characters of the times, 
 polfefs little merit ; his three dramatic pieces, 
 Orpheus, the critical minute, and the rout, 
 rife not above mediocrity, but his " effays," 
 and fome of his philofophieal treatiies, are en- 
 titled to greater prajle. 
 
 Hii.l, Robert, an extraordinary character, 
 born 1699, at M if well near Tring, Herts, by 
 profeffion a taylof and Slay-maker. Afpiring 
 after fame, by great labor and perfeVeramee, he 
 made himfelf a peri I ral- lan- 
 
 ante known to 
 the public by meam *ho la 
 
 1757 published a comparifon between him and 
 Magliabecchi, and endeavoured to raife a fub- 
 feription in his favor. He was feven years in 
 acquiring a knowledge of Latin, and It in 
 learning Greek, but he made himfelf mailer of 
 Hebrew in a little time. He wrote remarks on 
 Berkeley's effay on Spirit a criticifm on Job. 
 He died, after a confinement of 1 8 months to 
 his bed, 1 7 7 7 , at Buckingham. 
 
 Hiu., Thomas Ford, an Englifh antiquary 
 and philologist, who died 1795. 
 
 Hilliard, Nicholas, a native of Exeter, 
 goldfmith, carver, and jKirtrait painter to queen 
 Elizabeth. He drew the queen's whole length 
 fitting on her throne, and alfo a portrait, in 
 water colors, of Mary queen of Scots, in hex 
 1 8th year. His pieces were fo much admired, 
 that Donne faid in his "Storm," a hand, an 
 eye, by Hilliard drawn, is worth an hiStory. 
 He died 1619, aged 72. 
 
 Hinckley, John, a native of Warwick- 
 Shire, educated at St. Alban's hall, Oxford, 
 where he took the degree of D.D. 1679. He 
 was vicar of Colefhill, Berks, and rector of 
 Drayton, Leicestershire, and afterwards became 
 rector of Northfield, WorceilerShire. He 
 died 169.1- He published fome affize fermons, 
 preached at Reading and Abingdon a perfua- 
 Sive to conformity, in a letter to his- dhTent- 
 ing brethren, &c* 
 
 Hincmar or Hincmarus, archbifhop of 
 Rheims, 685, was a zealous fupporter of the 
 Gallican church. He was driven from his bi- 
 shopric by the Normans, and died at Epernay 
 882. He wrote on theology and hiStory with 
 great Spirit, though in barbarous language. 
 
 Hiram, king of Tyre in the reign of David 
 and Solomon. As he was at peace with the 
 JewiSh nation, he fupplied Solomon with tim- 
 ber, gold, and other ornaments, for the com- 
 pletion of the temple. He died 1000 B. C. in 
 the 60th year of his reign. It is faid that the 
 letters which palfed between him and Solomon 
 are extant. 
 
 Hire, Laurence de la, a French painter, 
 born at Paris 1606. His landfcapes were much 
 admired. He died 1656. 
 
 Hire, Philip de la, a painter, fon of the 
 preceding, born at Paris 1677. He imitated 
 the manner of Watteau, and was admired for 
 his landfcapes. He died 1719. 
 
 Hire, Philip de la, a celebrated French 
 mathematician, burn at Paris 1640. His fa- 
 ther, Laurence, educated him in the principles 
 of painting, but his application to m a thematics 
 and geometry marked him early foi agronomical 
 feme. After his father's death, he refided foot 
 years in Italy for the benefit of his health, and 
 after his return to Paris he was elected member 
 of the academy of fcienccs 1678. He was 
 employed with Picard and Caffini, under Col- 
 bert, to make obfervations for the improvement 
 of the map of France ; and he viSited with the 
 eye of a philofopher, Bretagnc, Guienne, Ca- 
 lais, Dunkirk, am! Provence in lo;o, and the 
 
 three following year* He was after CbuWi 
 
 death 
 
HOA 
 
 HOA 
 
 death engaged in taking levels for the grand 
 aqueducts projected by Lewis XIV . but befides 
 the labors which devolved upon him as profeflbr 
 of the royal college, and of the academy of 
 architecture, he devoted himfelf to other {den- 
 tine purfuits. While the day was employed in 
 ftudv, the night was frequently pafled in aftro- 
 nomical obfervations, and painting occafionally 
 amufed a vacant hour. This great and good 
 man died 17 IS, aged 78. He was twice mar- 
 ried, and was father of eight children. Fonte- 
 nrlle wrote an eulogium upon him. His works 
 IK numerous, tjie moil valuable of which are 
 nuuvelle methode en geometrie, &c. 4to. 
 dr la cydoide, 12mo. notiveaux elemens 
 des lections coniques, ike. la gnomonique, 
 l'imo. fectiones conicae, in IX. libros, &c. 
 folio, a moft valuable work tabuUe aftrono- 
 miere, 4to. &e. 
 
 Hiscam, or Hisjam, 15th caliph of the 
 Ommiades, fucceeded his brother Jefid II. 
 723. He conquered Khacam of Turkeftan, 
 and made war againft Leo the Kaurian. He 
 was always attended with 600 camels to carry 
 his fplendid wardrobe. He died 740. 
 
 Hoadly, Benjamin, a learned prelate, 
 born 1676 at Wefterham in Kent. His father 
 was for fome time mafter ol* Norwich grammar 
 fchool. Young Hoadly entered at Catharine 
 hal!, Cambridge, 1692, and became afterwards 
 a fellow of the fociety. In 1706 he attacked 
 Atterbury's fernion at Mr. Btnnet's funeral, and 
 two years after another fermon of the fame au- 
 thor, on the power of charity to cover fin. 
 His " meafures of obedience," on the doc- 
 trine of non-rcfiftance, fo pleafed the com- 
 mons in 1709, that they petitioned the queen 
 to reward his i'ervices by foine honorary prefer- 
 ment. He was however neglected, though 
 made rector of Streutham, Surrey, till the 
 reign of George I., when he was in 1715 raifed 
 to the fee of Bangor. Party difputes, however, 
 and the fear of his perfonal enemies, detained 
 him in the metropolis, fo tliat he never vifited 
 his bifhopric. At this time his fermon oh the 
 words '* my kingdom is not of this world," 
 produced a Violent difpute known by the name 
 of the Bangorian controverfy, which, though 
 at firft it attacked the temporal pVjwer only of 
 the clergy, foon extended to the rights of 
 princes. In this controverfy he had for oppo- 
 Dr. Snape, and the ftill more formi- 
 dable William Law, who in fome points tri- 
 umphed in the general opinion over him. He 
 afterwards oppofed Hare on the nature of prayer, 
 and aflerted that a calm, difpaffionate, and ra- 
 tional addrefs was the moft acceptable to heaven, 
 while his opponent recommended a warm, en- 
 thuiiaftic zeal. From Bangor he was tranfla- 
 ted to Hereford, and afterwards to Salifbury, 
 and laftly to Winchefter, where he continued 
 %6 jean. He died 17th April 1761, aged 85, 
 and was buried in Winchefter cathedral, where 
 a beat monument, with a Latin infeription, 
 drauA by himfelf, records the events of his life. 
 He was twice married; aod by his firft wile had 
 
 two fons, Benjamin and John, the laft of 
 whom furvived him. As a writer he pollened 
 great abilities ; lie was a keen difputant, but 
 his flyle was inelegant, and his periods, as Pope 
 obferves, " were of a mile." In his religious 
 opinions he was a great latitud'marian, fo that 
 it has been wondered on what principles he con- 
 tinued through life to profefs conformity, as on 
 feveral occafions he fecmed far from ftrictly ad- 
 hering to the Anglican church, and regarded 
 reafon more as the guide of the Chnftian, 
 than the pure precepts of the gofpel. His wri- 
 tings, which are numerous, have appeared in 
 4 vols, folio. Akenfide, among other poets, 
 has paid a handfome tribute to his memory. 
 His brother John died archbifhop of Armagh. 
 1746. 
 
 Hoadi.y, Benjamin, M.D. eldeft fon of the 
 bifhop of Winchefter, was born 10th Feb. 
 1705-6, in Broad ftreet, and educated at New- 
 come's fchool, Hackney. He entered at Benet 
 college, . Cambridge, 1722, under Herring, 
 afterwards primate. He ftudicd mathematics 
 under Saundtrfon, and then took his degree in 
 medicine. When the king vilited Cambridge 
 in 1728, Hoadly 's name was on the lift of 
 thofe who were to be prefented to the decree 
 of M.D. but it is fuppofed that he \ us omitted 
 by Dr. Snape, who hated his father, and he 
 was admitted about a month after by mandamus. 
 He was made regiftrar of Hereford by his la- 
 ther, and appointed phyfician to the king's 
 houfehold in 1742, and to the prince of Wales 
 1746. He died 1757, at Chelfea. Hew-as 
 twice married, but his only child, by his firft 
 wife, died an infant. Fie wrote three letters on thp 
 organs of refpiration, read at the college of 
 phyfidans 1740 roatio anni.erfaria, &c 
 1742 obfervations on electrical experiments, 
 1756, 4to. and the fufpicious hufband, a co- 
 medy of great merit. 
 
 Hoadly, John, LL. D. youngeft fon of 
 bifhop Hoadly, was born in Broad-ftreet 1 7 1 ] , 
 and educated at Hackney fchool, where he 
 acted with great applaufe Phocyas in the fiege 
 of Damafcus. He entered in 1730 at Corpus 
 Chrifti, Cambridge, and foon after at the Tem- 
 ple, but he abandoned the law, and tool: the 
 degree of LL. B. in 17-i5, and the fame year 
 was appointed chancellor of Winchefter and 
 admitted into orders. Preferments crowded 
 afterwards thick upon him, the moft valuable of 
 which were a prebend of Winchefter, the 
 rectory of St. Mary, near Southampton 1743, 
 that of Overton 1746, and the mafterfhip of 
 St. Crofs in 17 60. He received the degree of 
 doctor from Lambeth, the firft honor of that 
 nature conferred by Herring the primate. He. 
 died 1776, and with him the name of Hoadly 
 became extinct. He wrote five dramas, the 
 contract, a comedy love's revenge and 
 Phoebe, two paftorals^-Jeptha, and the farce 
 of truth, two oratorios, befides fome other 
 dramatic works, left in MS., among which was 
 a tragedy on lord Cromwell. Some of his 
 poems axe preferved in Dodflev's collection. 
 
 He 
 
HOB 
 
 HOD 
 
 He Shewed himfelf fo fond of a theatrical life, 
 that he Seldom had any friends in his houfc, 
 whom he did not Solicit to undertake a cha- 
 racter in fome interlude at his own private 
 theatre. 
 Hobbes, Thomas, an eminent philofophcr,born 
 ' Malmlbury Wilts. He entered at Mag- 
 dalen hall, Oxford, in 1603, and five year* after 
 he went to ndide in the family of the earl ofDe- 
 vonfLire as tutor to his ion, with whom he 
 made the tour of Europe. By the friendship 
 of this illuflrious family, he was introduced to 
 perfons of rank ; he was noticed bv the great 
 lord .Bacon, lord Herbert of Cherbury ; and 
 Ben Jonfon, with fond partiality, revifed his 
 nanflation of Thucydides, which he published 
 to warn his countrymen againft the daj 
 civil diffenfior.s. In 1626 he loft his patron, 
 and two years after his pupil, and fo Severely 
 did he feel the affliction, that to diSperfe his 
 grief, he travelled with fir G. Clifton's fon over 
 the continent. His abilities were fo well 
 known, that lady Devonfhire infilled on his 
 Superintending the education of the young; earl, 
 and he vifited again the continent with his 
 pupil, and at Paris was introduced to Merfen- 
 tius, and other learned men, and at Piia he 
 had freqi'iit intercourfe with the celebrated 
 Galileo. On his return to England, he publifhed 
 his book called de cive, and he afterwards 
 made his political and moral opinions public in 
 his leviathan, but the tumults of civil war 
 were too violent for him, fo that he retired to 
 Paris. His intimacy with DeScaites was inter- 
 rupted by a controverfial difpute, but Galfendi 
 remained his friend to the latc-ft period of life. 
 In his controverfy with Cavendifh about the 
 quadrature of the circle, Hobbes Showed filch 
 abilities that he was recommended to inftruct 
 the prince, afterwards the fecond Charles, in 
 mathematical knowledge ; and fuch were his 
 fervices, that at the reftoration the monarch 
 treated him with marked reSpcct. The public 
 opinion, however, foon after represented Hob- 
 bes as a dangerous man; and when the commons 
 cenfured his treatife de cive, and his leviathan, 
 as intended to fubvert religion and civil govern- 
 ment, Charles reluctantly withdrew his patro- 
 nage from him. In his old age he was vifited 
 not only by men of eminence and dignity, but 
 by princes and atnbaffadors, who were anxious 
 to pay refpee/t to a man whofe writings and opi- 
 nions were fo celebrated hi Europe. He was 
 attacked by a fuppreffion of urine in Nov. 
 It' 7 9, while at Chatfwcrfh, and foon after a 
 ftroke of the palfy came to increafe his Suffer- 
 ings, under which he funk the 4th of Decem- 
 ber following, aged 92. In his character, 
 Hobbes exhibited the profound reafoner, the 
 erudite philofopher, and the refined writer. 
 His abilities were of a Superior order, and 
 therefore it is to be lamented that foch 
 of mind Should be directed to unworthy pur- 
 
 EoSes. While in th' Devonfhire family, where 
 e lived the heft part of his life, as in his own 
 houfe, he frequently attended the chapel, end 
 
 received the Sacrament, yet he 
 turned his back upon the preacher, observ- 
 ing that he could teach him nothing but 
 what he knew before. That prefumption which 
 trufts to Irfelf without the aSfvflance ol a Super- 
 intending Providence, is not only irreli 
 but dangerous to Society. His purpofe 
 firike at the root of all religion, natural and re- 
 vealed, and while he pretended to reprefent the 
 Scriptures as derived from mere human 
 tion, he endeavoured to deftroy God's 
 government of the world, and to rediu 
 to the degraded State of animal nature, which 
 views a rival and a foe in even' face, and i V- 
 vates force and cunning into the room of bene- 
 volence, and the mild'- ft virtues of the heart. 
 His principles d by many able men, 
 
 efpecially by Harrington, Tenifon, Filmer, 
 Parker, Henry More, Cumberland, Cudworth, 
 ei*. His ctlier works were, a treatife 
 on human nature de corpore politico, or the 
 elements of law de mirabilibus pecei, or 
 the wooden of the peak, a poem Homer 
 translated into EngliSh verSe---Ietter on liberty 
 and neceffity elements of phtlofopby fix 
 leffons to the profeffors of ms 
 marks of abiYud geometry, &e. One of h ; s 
 maxims was, that bad means mig] 
 to procure a good end ; for, Says he, if I wvr 
 ca'ft into a deep pit, and the devil Should put 
 down his cloven foot, I would readily lav hold 
 of it to get oitt. In Spite of his philofophy, it 
 is faid, that he was childifbly afraid i 
 paritions, and that he would never 
 alone in a houfe if he poffibly con! 
 vein it. 
 
 , Hoebima, Mivdcrhmrf, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp 1611, He ftudied nature, and his 
 landfcapes, now Scarce, had peculiar beauty. 
 
 Hociie, Lazarus, a native of Verfailles, fon 
 of a hofiler, made;, upon the death of his fa- 
 ther, a choirifter at St. Germain-en-laye. He 
 was afterwards a helper in the royal i 
 and at 16 he entitled m the army, and i 
 a corporal. The revolution raiSed him f . .i 
 obfeuritv ; he diftinguiihed himfelf in fe\ 1 
 engagements, and rote to the higher) rani 
 army. Though imprifoned for fume time 
 RobeSpierre, hewas reitoved to liberty, and paSSi d 
 a glorious campaign againft the Auftrians in Al- 
 Sace, and afterwards went to la Vendee, and to 
 Quiberon, where he behaved with great cruelty 
 towards the emigrants, and put to death the he- 
 roic Charette. He was intrufled with the troops 
 which were to invade Ireland at the end of 
 1795, but the expedition failed after attempt- 
 ing to land at Bantry bay, and Hoche, for a 
 while regarded with eoolnefs, was Sent to the 
 armiei of the Sombre and Meufe. In this new 
 Scene he displayed great bravery againft the 
 Auftrians on the Rhine, but died Sudd 
 Wet /.la r in 1797, aged HO, in conSequei 
 a cold caught in tlie midft of his military 
 tions. His life has been publifhed by Ro. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 Hodgzs, Nathaniel, aa English ph; 
 
HOE 
 
 HOF 
 
 fbn of the Jean of Hereford. He was educated 
 at Weftminftcr, and entered at Chriit church 
 1048. In 1659 he took the degree of M. I). 
 and fettled iu Loudon, where he remained dur- 
 ing the plague, and thus acquired an extenfive 
 pra( r ii.'\ Misfortunes, however, fucceeded 
 profperity, and he was thrown for debt into 
 Ludgate priibn, where he died 1684. He 
 *rott* vindicioe medicinae &. medicorum, 
 16<>0 loimologia, or a Latin account of the 
 plague of Loudon 1665, printed 1672, and 
 trauflated into Lngliih by Dr. John Quincy 
 k720. 
 
 Hoi/Y, Humphrey, an Englifh divine, 
 born 1659, at Odeombe Somerfetfhire. He 
 was of Wadham college, Oxford. At the 
 age oi' 21, he publifhed his diflertation 
 fcgainfl Arifteas* hiflory of the 72 hiter- 
 jftreters, which was received with u;cne- 
 rul applaufe bv the learned, though Voffms 
 a!or.e> who had embraced a different opinion, 
 loaded it with abufe, and ridiculed the author, 
 contemptuouflv calling him Juvenis Oxouienfis. 
 
 To this attack from Voffius, He 
 
 lid not 
 
 deign to give an anfwc 
 years after. In 1704, h 
 
 till more. than 20 
 publifhed his book 
 P de bibliorum text ib us originalihus," &c. 
 -in which he refuted theobjeciions of Voffius,and 
 
 proved that the feptuagint was trauflated not by 
 order 01" the Ptolemies, though in their reign, 
 but by the Htllenitt dews, for the uie of their 
 countrymen. In 1689 he publifhed his prole- 
 gomena to Malela's chrouicon. In confequence 
 of the deprivation of hilltop Stilliugfleet, his 
 . *;<r refufing allegiance to king William, 
 1 (1 in a controverfy with DodweU, 
 and the abilities which he difplaycd, fo pleafed 
 llllotfon, that he made him his don ;eft'u- chap- 
 lain 1694. He was alfo patrtnized by tire 
 n<-\t primate Tennifon, -at whole requeft he 
 trrote aniinadverfions on Collier's pamphlets, 
 . wo others pronounced abfo! utlon, 
 urn manner, on Perkins and Friend, 
 tented for the aifaffination plot. Inl(i98 
 made regius profeflor ot Greek at Ox- 
 ford, and 170 J was nominated archdeacon of 
 1 died 1706, ana was buried in 
 
 ge, to which he was a great 
 r, by the foundation of 1-0 f.holar- 
 f lol. each tor the cultivation of 1 1 
 
 cunt of the 
 
 who had fled into Italy by the 
 
 F ( 'nnttanfinople by the Turks, publilh- 
 
 by Dr. S. J ebb. He had publifhed 
 
 1 170! a hiflory of the 1 tls and 
 
 ationi, Kc. 
 
 ' Hok, Math n ?g* ii German di- 
 
 Vieimti 1..S0. He was prcachei 
 
 elector of Saxony at Drefden, where 
 
 He w.ts an able ir,\d a zealous 
 
 i e wrote with great fpirit againft 
 
 -piits. 
 :u i avy a painter, born at Ant- 
 tudied under Rubens and 
 the pote highly h 
 afterwards u.trcnized at \ 
 
 by Ferdinafcd II. His portraits and hiftorica 
 pieces are much admired. He died 1650. 
 
 Hof.ck, Robert Kin, a painter of Antwerp, 
 who died in the middle of the 17 th century. 
 His belt performances are military pieces. 
 
 Hoel, Gerard, a painter, born at Bemnael 
 1648. He. was director of the academy of 
 painting at Utrecht. He died 17: 33. 
 
 Hoeltzunus, Jeremas, aphilologer, born 
 at Nuremberg. He fettled at Leyden, and 
 publifhed a large edition of Apcllonius Rhodius 
 1(34 1 , the year of his death. 
 
 Hoeschelius, David, a learned German* 
 bom at Augfburgh, 1556. After teaching; 
 luii"- in the college there, he 1 was appointed 
 principal of the fociety, and alfo librarian. 
 He was a judicious collector of MSS. andt 
 publifhed fome of the fathers, Origen, Bafil, 
 Philo Jiukeus, &c. befides Appian, Proco- 
 pius, Anna Cpmmena, tic. He died at Augf- 
 burg 1617. Asa proof of his difeipline at the 
 head of his college, he furnifhed to the bar 
 10c;o of his pupils, and '2000 to the church. 
 
 Hoffman, Maurice, a phyfician, born at 
 Furftcmvalde, Brandenburgh, 16-21. His 
 fondnefs for literature fnrmounted the oppo- 
 fition which his parents made againft him, 
 and in 160/ he went to tlie college of Cologne. 
 On the death of his father he came to Altdorf, 
 where his mother's brother was profeflor of 
 phyfic, and afterwards he went to Padua, where, 
 by the diflecTton of a turkey-cock, he difco- 
 vered the pancreatic ducvi, from which his 
 friend Verfungus afcertained the fame vefTcl 
 in the human body. Hoffman, aft#r three 
 years' r.didence at Padua, returned to Altdorf, 
 where he practifed as a phyfician. In 164 8 
 be was made profeflor of anatomy and furgery. 
 His abilities were fuch, that many of the Ger- 
 man princes, appointed him their phyfician. 
 He died of an apoplexy 1698, aged 76. He 
 had 18 children bv three wives. He wrote 
 Attdorfii Deliciae Hortcnfcs, 4to. Appendix, 
 ike. Florilcgium, &c. 
 
 Hoffman, John Maurice, fon of the pre- 
 ceding bv his firft wife, was born 1653 at Alt- 
 dorf. lie was at Padua two years, and then 
 making the tour of Italy, he returned home 
 and took the degree of M. D. In .1677 he was 
 profeflor extraordinary in phyfic, and was named 
 phyfician to the margrave of Anfpach in 1695. 
 He travelled with his illullrious patron into 
 Italy, and after his death in 1703 he held the 
 feme honorable rank with his fucceflbr, at 
 whole llrong invitations he removed to Anfpach 
 1710, and died 1727. He had fucceeded his 
 father as botanic profeflor and director of the 
 phyfic garden at Altdorf 1608. He had five 
 children by his wife. He publifhed fome va- 
 luable botanical works, &c. 
 
 Hoffman, Frederick, an eminent phyfi- 
 ftkn, born at. Hall, near Magdeburg, 1660, 
 where he became profeflor of phyfic 1693, 
 and where he continued till his death 1742. 
 He vifited Holland and England, and was ac- 
 quaiutvd iriih the learned men 01 the times, 
 [C] eipeoially 
 
HOG 
 
 HOL 
 
 especially Paul Herman, and "Robert Boyle. 
 He took no tcrs, but was fupported by an an- 
 nual ftipend. His works, in fix large folios, 
 Geneva, 17 18-5 1, eor-tain much valuable 
 matter, with fume puerile eonjeftures. 
 
 Hoffman, Daniel, a Lutheran divine, pro- 
 feflbr at Hclmfladt. He engaged in the popu- 
 lar controverfies of the limes, and oppofed 
 Re/a on the fubje't of the Lucharift.. He was 
 cenfured by an affembly of divines 159-3, and 
 threatened with excommunication if he did not 
 fubfenbe to the opinions of his perfecutors, 
 againft whom he publifhed a labored apology. 
 
 Hoffman-, John James, a laborious compi- 
 ler of Bafle; He jmblilhed at Geneva 1677. in 
 2 vols, folio, his great work, " lexicon univer- 
 fala, niflorico-geographieo-poetieo-phUolbphi- 
 co-politico-philologicum," to which he was in- 
 duced by fp.cce.ft to add a fupplement. 'Hie 
 Leyden bookfellers, in 1698, having been fa- 
 vored with all the improvements and corrections 
 of the author, publifhed the work in 4 vols, 
 folio, with a new preface. He died Greek pro- 
 feffor at Bafle 1700, aged 7 1 
 
 Hogarth, William, a celebrated painter, 
 born in the parifh of St. Martin Ludgute, Lon- 
 don, 1697. His father, who was a fchool- 
 mafter, and occafionally a corrector of the 
 prefs, bound him an apprentice to an engra- 
 ver of arms on plate. The firft piece by which 
 he diftinguilhed himfelf was a representation of 
 Wanitead affembly, about 1 720, and he then 
 engaged on his own account in engraving arms 
 and {hop bills, and in defigning plates for 
 bookfellers. His cuts for Hudibras, and other 
 works, are ftill preferred as euriofities, but his 
 powers were exerted with Angular effect,, not 
 only in portrait painting, but in whimfical and 
 humorous reprefentations. He thus rofe from 
 obfeurity to fame, and in 17SJ0 married fir 
 James Thornhill's daughter. Though the 
 match was againft the knight's confent, yet 
 they were reconciled, and the father-in-law af- 
 terwards was proud of the connection. During 
 his refidence at South Lambeth, he contributed 
 largely to the embellishment of Vauxhall gar- 
 dens, and for his pieces the proprietor, Tyers, 
 complimented him with a golden ticket of ad- 
 mifiion, with this honorable motto, " In per- 
 pctuam beneficii memoriam." In 17-33 bis 
 harlot's progrefs appeared, and by the molt 
 ftriking fcenes in conveying a iimple girl 
 through all the horrors and vicifiitudes of the 
 wretched proltitute to a premature death, he 
 exhibited a teflon to the understanding, and 
 moil fenfibly touched the. heart. Thus fuc- 
 cefeful in a new mode of conveying moral in- 
 ih-u Mi.:,n, he devoted hitnfelf to the delineation 
 of other equally interefting characters, and to 
 ipey muft be added the faithful repre- 
 (eotation of the drefs, th.e manners, and the 
 parti' -i . age. The midnight tron- 
 
 v rlation, the rake's progrefs, the marriage 
 B ide, the happy marriage, and other 
 works fucceeded each other, and eniured to the 
 irtjii the uadifpmed character ol graftf genius, 
 
 throng originality, and fuceefsful delineation. 
 After the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, he vhitei 
 France, and while taking a drawing of the gates 
 of (\dais, he was arretted as a fpy, but 
 
 '. a vireumftanc" which he has beauti- 
 fully recorded in his " O the road beef of old 
 England" 17 -JO. In 1753, in his analyfis of 
 beauty, he made many l'enfible and oi 
 remarks on his profethon. Ho firft a 
 that a curve is the line of beauty, an 
 round fwelling figures an moft pi 
 eye, and the opinion has been fup] 
 by other eminent writers, as the langu 
 truth and nature. In his con;. 
 was a very abfe.nt man. One of his letl 
 Dr. Hoadly was directed " to the Do 
 Chelfea," and it reached Ins friend to b< 
 fervedas a monument of his Angularity, 
 he. fet up his carnage he paid a vifit toE- 
 the lord mayor, and being let out by a 
 ent door from the manfion houfe, he hi 
 to his apartments in Lcicefter fquare, t. 
 a violent Jfhower of rain, and never rec< 
 that he had left his coach behind, till his wife 
 inquired for it. He never ufed the dangerous 
 talent, of which he was fuch a mailer, in a 
 vindicative degree, though perhaps Ins rcprcfen- 
 tation of Churchill as a canonical bear, and his 
 portrait of Wilkes may be faid not high!-, 
 licit on his judgment or good fenfc*. 
 pired at his houfe Leicefter fquare 2Mh (Jet. 
 1764, in confequcncc of an aneurifm, 
 buried in Chifwick church-yard, where an in-. 
 fcriptionby his friend Garrick marks his 
 Great as an artift, Hogarth was refpe 
 a private man; he was liberal, generous, and 
 hofpitable. A very entertaining account of the. 
 life and labors of Hogarth has appeared , 
 " Hogarth Hluftrated," 1792, and " graphic^ 
 iliuil rations, &c." by the two Irelands. 
 
 Hohenlohe, Prince de, general of artil- 
 lery in the imperial army, was difth. . 
 againft the Turks in Trardylvania in 1788, and 
 againft the French at Famars and Mermal in. 
 1792.' He was entrufted with the army on 
 the Rhine, and died whilft in that office, 
 17*36. 
 
 Hoi.ba.ch, PaulThierri, baron de, a 
 nent mineralogift, born in the Palatinati 
 for his learning made member of the academics 
 of iVTauheim, Paris, Peterfburgh, Berlin, &c. He^ 
 wrote inineralogiedeWaUerius,2vols. elemeJ 
 de la morale univcrfelle, ouoatechifme de la nfl 
 ture introduction a la inineralogie, &c \ 
 and died at Paris 1789, aged 66. 
 
 Holbein, John, better known by the Ger- 
 man name of Hans, a celebrated painter bofl 
 at Bafil, Switzerland, 14 98, or three y<-affj 
 earlier according to Putin. He ftudied undfl 
 his father, and painted our Saviour's paflion Mm 
 iwn houfe of Bafil, and in the nhVmar- 
 ket, a dance of pedants, and death* 
 
 
 : alio the frjendfhip of the great Erafmus, wH 
 pitied, and in yain emleavore : 
 rpughaeji of. manners, md in his culpable pfH 
 
 tiiditj 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL- 
 
 txalltv for hvr company and for drinking. He 
 fms invited by an Englifh nobleman who faw 
 him at Bafd to vifit England, and at laft, by 
 the advice ol' Erafmus, he began to travel to- 
 
 this country, and almoft begged his 
 wny on his journey. He was received with great 
 friti:d:i:ip by the lord chancellor, fir Thomas 
 More, in whole houfe lie refided nearly three 
 fears, while employing his pencil in drawing 
 the portrait of his patronand his friends. When 
 afked the name of the perfon who had acciden- 
 tally promifed him protection in England, he 
 faid he had forgotten it, but added that he re- 
 membered his features, and immediately drew 
 a likenefs fo correct, that the noble ftranger 
 e known to the chancellor and his 
 
 . Some time after fir Thomas exhibited 
 the productions of Holbein accidentally to 
 Henry VIII. who was fo pleafed with them, 
 that he took the painter under his immediate 
 patronage, and lent him to draw the picture 
 of the duchefs dowager of Milan, whom he 
 defigncd for his fourth wife, after the death 
 of Jane Seymour. He was afterwards employed 
 to draw the portrait of Anne of Cleves, which 
 prove 1 too flattering to engage the faflidious 
 affections of Henry. Holbein, after giving 
 the world a great number of valuable portraits 
 |f the perfonages.of the court, and of various 
 gpblemen, unfortunately died of the plague at 
 Whitehall 1554. This excellent artift, lavs 
 Du Frefnoy, " was wonderfully knowing, and 
 had certainly been of the firft form of painters 
 had he travelled into Italy, fmce nothing can 
 be laid to his charge, but only that he had a 
 Gothic gufto." Henry VIII. Mas fo fenfxble 
 of hi; merit, that in defending him from the 
 vengeance of an offended nobleman, he faid to 
 his perfeeutor, I can, when I pleafe, make fc- 
 ven lords of frven ploughmen, but I cannot 
 make one Holbein even of feven lords. 
 
 Holberg, Louis d>\ a Danifti writer, born 
 at Rergen, Norway, 1685. He rofe from ob- 
 
 by his application, and after travelling 
 over Europe, fupporfed by his own perform! 
 exertions, he returned to Copenhagen, where 
 he became affeiTor oft.be confiflory court. He 
 gained celebrity by his works, whicii were a 
 valuable hiftory of Denmark, ;} vols. 4to. 
 Ibmfe c d ; es, 2 vols, of mural tiioughts, 
 the Panifli fpe&ator, and a fatirical romance, 
 Uke Gulliver's travels. By economy he ac- 
 Hiced a handfome fortune, and was a great be- 
 Bfeftor to the univerfitv of Zealand. He died 
 
 Hold en, Henry, an Englifh divine. He 
 
 Roman catholic, and fettled at Paris, 
 
 pre he died 1662. His works are, analyfia 
 
 jai, reprinted by Baxbou 1766 marginal 
 
 Hes on the new teitarneut, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 
 m, an English divine, born 
 
 ..dare, and e -broke 
 
 2 he was made ree- 
 
 and in 1660 
 
 the degree of D. D- lie was afterwards 
 
 canon of Ely and St. Paul's, and died at Amen 
 Corner, London, 1697- He was well flail- 
 ed in mufic, and wrote a treatife no the prin- 
 ciples of harmony, and alfo adifcouvfe concern* 
 ing time, with application to the natural day, 
 lunar month, and folar year. He gained fome 
 credit by teaching Popham, a man'cf distinc- 
 tion, who was deaf and dumb, to fpeakj 
 but as the pupil forgot what he had been 
 taught, and again recovered it by the infrac- 
 tion of Dr. Wailisof Oxford, a ccntroverfy on 
 the fubjecl: between thefe two learned men, 
 was conducted in fome pamphlets with- more 
 acrimonv than moderation. 
 
 Hoedsworth, Edicard, an elegant fcho- 
 lar, educated at Winchefter fchool , and Mag- 
 dalen college, Oxford, 1705. When elected 
 fellow in 1/15, he refufed to take the oath of 
 allegiance to the Hanoverian fuccCifion, and 
 returning from Oxford, fpent the reft of his 
 days in travelling with pupils of diftinetion. He 
 died of a fever at lord Digby's at Colefhill, 
 Warwickfhire, 1747. He was author of 
 that elegant poem, " Mufcipula," tranilated 
 by Dr. J. Hoadly in Dodfley's mifcellanies, 
 and wrote alfo a diffevtation on the Pharfaiia 
 and Philippi mentioned in the Georgics, be- 
 fides remarks on Virgil, published by Mr. 
 Spence 1768. He underftood Virgil, fays 
 Mr. Spence, " better than any man I ever 
 knew." 
 
 Hoee, Richard, a native of Exeter, educat- 
 ed there and at Exeter college. In 1792 he 
 fucceeded to the living of Farringdon, Devon- 
 fhire, on the prefentation of the biihop of Exe- 
 ter, and alio obtained Inwardleiga vicarage. 
 He publifhcd Oman in a poetical drefs ode 
 to imagination Homer's hymn to Ceres, tran- 
 ilated 17 81 Arthur, an epic romance, with 
 notes remarks on rhe Arabian night's enter- 
 tainments, ike. 1797, 12mo befides odes, 
 &c. He died 1803. 
 
 Holingsheo, Raphael, an Englifh <' .o~ 
 nicler defcended from a family which I 
 Bofely, Chefhire. Few particulars .are known 
 rclpecting him. His " chronicles" were firft 
 publifhcd 1577, 2 vols, folio, and in 1587 
 in three. The fecond edition contained fome 
 paflages offenfive to Elizabeth, and therefore 
 they were cancelled in the fecond andth'rd vol, 
 though afterwards printed feparately, in thefe 
 chronicles, which gave an interefting account 
 of England, of Ireland, and of Scotland, 
 Holingfhed had for coadjutors, Hooker, Har- 
 rifon, Stanihurft, Botevilie, and 'others, who 
 at that time were rcfpe^ablc writers, well 
 verfeel in antiquarian hiftoiy. The work 
 was afterwards continued by Stow, and others^ 
 from .1577 to 1586. The time of his death i* 
 uncertain. 
 
 Hole, Francis Xavier, a jefuit, prcfciTci 
 lettrea, and of ecclefiaftical law in fc* 
 the Genoaa univr4kies J , died at Hei- 
 delberg 1784, aged 64. Lie wrote ftatiiiica 
 eccfefc? Germanise, 8vo. an uieful work. 
 
 i-icLluiii'. Fr^r^.on, a Dative of Cheung 
 [C2] fori, 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 for<l, duoatcd at Cambridge under Whitgift. 
 He was mafter of Coventry free fehool, but ho- 
 bo dudes of this llatiou, lie piacuicd 
 phytic, and with ionic degree of eelebritv. 
 He was a good fcholar, and trarrflatcd Livy, 
 Xsnophon's evropaedia, Pliny's natural billow, 
 aanden's Britannia. He died at Coven- 
 try 16.16, aged 85. 
 
 I ar, "or Hollard, Hhttzel or Jf'-nce- 
 fiaus'f a:i eminent engraver of Prague, Bohe- 
 mia, 1607. He was intended for the law, 
 but on the ruin of his family, by the faeking 
 of Prague, he left home, determined to fup- 
 purt himfclf by his own exertions. In fcveral 
 towns of Germany, he devoted himl'elf to 
 
 and defign, and took geometrical and 
 |.: rfpe&hre views of fbrtrefles and buildings, fo 
 :) it ct the age of 18, he was known as an able 
 artift. He employed his powers in copying 
 heads and portraits from the belt painters, and 
 in didinedting fmall and delicate views of fome 
 : the cities on the banks of the Rhine. His 
 reputation became known to lord Arundel, the 
 Englim ambaifador at the court of Ferdinand II. 
 x*ho 3 in 1636, noticed him by every mark of 
 iir.Jne&, and took him in his retinue. Hollar 
 i.<>companic.d his patron to England, and foon 
 engaged in the fen ice of the printfellers. His 
 'rilwork in England was a view of Greenwich, 
 pubUihed 1637. He afterwards took different 
 views, and in 1640, was introduced to the 
 royal family, to inftruc'l the prince of Wales in 
 the art of defigning. That fame year appeared 
 his " ornauis muliebris Anglicanus," represent- 
 ing the drefs of Englilh women of various rank*, 
 a work efleemed among connoiffeurs. The 
 civil wars proved unfortunate for his labors, 
 and after his patron lord Arundel had returned 
 X) the conthunt, he grew obnoxious to the 
 parliament, chiefly for employing his graver to 
 prefcrve the portraits of fo mt-.ny of the Icyaliils. 
 He was taken prifoner at the furrender of Baf- 
 isg-houfe 1645, but efcaped to Antwerp, 
 >rhcre lord Arundel had fixed his refidence. 
 Here he employed himfelf in etching the por- 
 f fome of the great men of the times, 
 but without the with or the means of improv- 
 ing his- fortune. In 16.52 he returned to Eng- 
 fend, where he labored with fueh perfeverance 
 that he never would be internipted till his hour 
 glafs was exhaufted, It is faid that, lie furFercd 
 greatly in his property by the fire and the 
 plague of Ix>ndon 1665. About 1669 he was 
 fent by the king to take a view of Tangier, oh 
 the coaft of Africa, and after his return, he in 
 1672 went into the northern counties, to draw 
 representations of the principal cities, &c. of 
 that part of the kingdom. This illuftrious ar- 
 lift was never free from the perfecutions of cre- 
 ditors, fo that after giving celebrity to others, 
 he found that independence could never be in 
 his power, t-ither for want of economy, or 
 more probably the illiberality of his employers. 
 He had, it is faid, in his 7 Oth year an execu- 
 tion in his houfe in Gardiner's lane Weftmin- 
 fter, and begged only the liberty of dying on 
 
 lushed, without being conveyed to any pri(ba 
 but the grave. He died 2m1i Marc. 
 It is irapolfible to enumerate all his w 
 etching, which embraced not only the 
 collection of lord Arundel and the 
 piece:; of Titian, Diner, Holb< 
 Teniers, and many others, but alio the heads of 
 the moll eminent men in church and ilate, in 
 the army, and in every department of fciencc and 
 of fame, befides landf capes, views, &c. or the 
 moll capital places or Europe, lie was very ex- 
 act in affixing his cypher, and the date to his 
 pieces, which has proved ol fervjee in alcertain-i 
 ing hiitorieal facls. 
 
 Hoi.lis, Thomas Pelhnm, fueeeeded as duke 
 of* Neweaftle 1711. His attachment to thJ 
 houfe of Hanover was rewarded hi 
 honors. lie retired from adminifiration lotr 
 after the acceilion of George III. and wa 
 fueeeeded by lord Bute. He died 1768, 
 75. 
 
 Hotxis, Dentil, lord, one of the fiv< 
 hers whom Charles I. went to the houfe 
 mons pcrfonally to. accufc. This weaki 
 the part of the king greatly increafed i: : 
 laxity, but he was not fuccefsful in his oppo-J 
 fition to the independents, and to Cromwell] 
 Though he favored tlve caufe of the pn 
 rians, he was deemed worthy to be n 
 by the fecond Charles, and to be raifH 
 to the peerage, lie died 1680, age! 
 
 HottIS, Thomas, an Englilh gentlemsjM 
 born in London 17 20. At the age of 1 4 h, 
 was fent to Amftcrdam, to acquire the P 
 and Dutch languages, and after lvs lather's 
 death in 1735, hi was placed by his -j. 
 under the tuition of profeffor Ward. In 174fiJ 
 he entered at Lincoln's inn, and became a law 
 itudent. In 1748 lie travelled with his 
 Brand through Holland, the Netherlands 
 part of France, Switzerland and Italy, andagaaB 
 in 1750 he made another tour in die 
 Germany, Italy, Sicily, and in Malta anS 
 France, of which travels the journal is faid tA 
 be extant in MS. He attempted at his retutW 
 to get into parliament, but bis views were diff 
 appointed, and he went to rcfide on his eihitp 
 of Corfcombe, Dorfetihire. He was in MB 
 principles a diifeuler, and he. not only madi 
 a collection Of books and medals to illuflTa^ 
 his favorite fyftcm, but he prefented anonjg 
 moufly, as an Englishman, two large and 
 choice collections of books to the public I 
 of Bern, as a lover of liberty, of his couutry, 
 and of its excellent coniTitution as eftablilhed at 
 the revolution. He died fuddenly of an apo- 
 plexy on new year's day 1774. lie is defcribetl 
 by his contemporaries as a man ul large for- 
 tune, above half of which he devoted to cha- : 
 ritable purpofes. His property he left to his 
 friend Brand, who confequently took the name 
 of Hollis, and was as zealous a friend of libtrty, 
 as his departed benefactor. Mr. Mollis pub- 
 liilied at his own expence new editions ol To 
 land's life of Milton, of Algernon Sidney's 
 dilcouifcs on government, and ineditr.r 
 
 g edition 
 
HOL 
 
 HOL 
 
 ! tjfition of Andrew Marvell's works. When 
 ufe in London was on fire in 1/61, he 
 calmly walked out, only taking under his arm 
 iginal picture of Milton. 
 Holmes, George, born at Skiptonin Cra- 
 ven, Yorkshire, was clerk to the keepers of the 
 records in the tower lor nearly 60 years. He 
 was employed by lord Halifax to methodize the 
 dqiofited in the tower, and he received 
 lot his trouble an annual falary of 2001. He 
 Was alfo bu.iTaclv-mu.lver of the tower. He died 
 ir-iS-9 aged 87 . His fon and only child died 
 long before him, at the age of 25. Mr. 
 Holmes repuhlifhed the 17 firft volumes of 
 Rymer's toedera. His valuable collection of 
 pooks, prints, coins, medals, &. was ibid by 
 auction 1719. His widow received from go- 
 vernment 2001. for his papers, which were de- 
 Pofited as a i'aered pledge iu the tower. 
 
 Holmes, Dr. Nathaniel, a learned hcbraift, 
 author of the iet'une. ; rion revealed, in defence 
 of the millennium. He was ejected from St. 
 Mary Staining, London, in 1662, for non- 
 conformUy, and died 1 07 9 . 
 
 Holmes, Robert, a native of Hampfkire, 
 educated at Winchefter i'chool, and new col- 
 lege Oxford. In the begimi ng of the French 
 revolution he went to Paris, to examine the 
 jRuaufcripts and veruous of the feriptures in 
 flic public libraries of France. His fei vices to 
 f,i'-:-ed literature were honorably rewarded, and 
 he was fucceilively cation of Saliibury, of Chrift- 
 chureh, and then dean of Winchefter, which 
 Lift preferment he enjoyed not two years. He 
 died at Oxford 1 -2th Nov. 1 803, aged 56. He 
 jpublifhed the Bampton lectures in 17 82 
 divinity traces, 8vo. 1788 Alfred, an ode, 
 with fix fonnets, 1778 an ode tor the duke of 
 Portland's inliallation, 1790 a Latin letter 
 to the bifhop of Durham respecting his colla- 
 tion of the feptnagint, fob &c. He took bis 
 degree of V).D. in ]78S V and in 1790 inc- 
 eceded Thomas Warton as poetry profeilor. Of 
 bis collation of the feptuagint MSS. 5 vols, 
 m folio, have appeared. 
 
 Hoi.sti.iv, Cornelius, a painter of Haerleno, 
 brought up by his father, of the fame prof eilion. 
 The ceiling of thetreafury at Amfterdam, and 
 pther pit ces, are proofs of bis fuperioj abilities. 
 He died at the end of the 1 7 th century. 
 
 HoLSTENlCs, or HoLST&lM, Luctis,' a Ger- 
 man divine, born at Hamburgh, 1596, and 
 d from proteftantifm to the catholic re- 
 ligion, by Sirmond. Hcftudied at home, Paris, 
 and Rome, where he was patronized by cardi- 
 nal Barberiui, and Urban VIII. and his two 
 fucceffors. He was made a eanon of St. Pe- 
 ter's, and in 1665 went as ambaifador to 
 Chriftina queen of Sweden, whole profeffion 
 of the catholic faith he received at Icfpruck. ' 
 He died at Rome lfifti, aged f>5. Though 
 very learned, he publilhed only a difievution on 
 the life and writings of Porphyry, befides notes 
 ,00 the argona,utioa of Apoilonlus, &c. 
 
 Hoir t Jir J An, lord chief juftice of the 
 WXifft bench, was porn a; Thame, Oxford? 
 
 (hire 1642. He was educated at Abing- 
 don fchool, where his father was recorder, and 
 afterwards entered at Oriel college, Oxford. In 
 1658 he entered at Gray's Inn, and in the 
 reign of James II. he was elected recorder of 
 London, from which, 18 months after, he 
 was removed for oppofing the abolition of the 
 teft acL In 1686 he was made ferjeant at 
 law, and at the revolution he was elected to 
 the convention parliament, ind foon after he 
 was raifed to the firft feat in the court of king's 
 bench, and a place in the privy council, la 
 1700 he declined fucceeding lord Somers as 
 chancellor, and remained in the king's ben^h, 
 where he prefided with firmnefs and dignity, 
 and maintained the honor of his fituation even 
 i:i oppofition to- the two f.oufes of parliament. 
 Impartial and unbiaffed as a judge, he de- 
 ferved by his integrity the character of Verus, 
 applied to him in the 14th number of the 
 Tatler. While in cfF.ce he was fclicited to 
 fupport with his officers, a party of the mili- 
 tary, which was lent to dilperfe a riot, oc- 
 cafioned in Holborn, by the frequent practice 
 of decoying young u.on for the plantations, 
 Suppofe, faid the judge to the meflenge*, that 
 the populace fhou'.d not difperfe at your ap- 
 pearance, what are you to do then? Sir, re- 
 plied the officer, we have orders to fire en 
 them. Have you, fir, faid the judge, then 
 take notice of this, if there be one man killed, 
 and you are tiled before me> I w i u tak* care 
 you, and every foldier of your party fhall be 
 hanged. Sir, added he, go back to thofe who 
 fent you, and tell them that no officer of mine 
 lhall attend foidiers, and let them know at the 
 fame time, that the laws of this kingdom are 
 not to be executed by the fword, thei'e matters 
 belong to the civil power, and you have nothing 
 to do with them. The chief juftice imme- 
 diately, with his tipflaves and a few conftable* 
 repaired to the foot, and after addrefnng the 
 populace, and promifing the puniihment of 
 thofe who had excited the public indignation, 
 he difperfel the mob quietly. This upright 
 judge died after a lingering illnefs, March 
 r/09, leaving no iflue. He publifhed 1708 a 
 report of cases in plea:, of the crown. 
 
 HpLWELL, John Zephanvdi, governor of 
 Bengal, was one of thofe unfortunate men con- 
 fined in the black hole of Calcutta 175 G, of 
 which be publifhed a. narrative. He wrote alfo 
 feveral pieces on Kaft India affairs, and died 
 1/98. 
 
 Holyday, Barten, an Englifh divine, born 
 at Oxford 159), fon of a taylor. He was 
 educated at Thrift-church, and in 1618 he went 
 as chaplain with fir Francis Stewart to Spain, 
 and on his return was made chaplain to the 
 king, and archdeacon of Oxford. During the 
 civil wars he remained concealed, but afterward* 
 he fnbmitted to the parliament, and under their 
 regulations took the living of Chilton, Berk- 
 lhire, At the refioration he fettled at Ilfley, 
 Berk?, and was restored to his former prefer- 
 ments. He died at Ilucy 1661* It is laid 
 [C,! c j lua 
 
HOM 
 
 HON 
 
 his tetttKrtftng mmtnera pr 
 to a biihoprie. Tic publiihed twenty fermons, 
 befides tome poems, and " the furvey of the 
 world, " a poem in 10 books, 1661, and alfo 
 a tranihtion of Juvenal and Petfnw, not very 
 poetical, fays Dryden, but very faithful, with 
 valuable notes. 
 
 Hoiyoake, Francis, a learned febolar, born 
 at Nether Wtitacre, Warwlclrfhire, about 
 1567. He ftudied at Oxford, and in 1604 
 beeame rc-clor of Southam, WarwieWhire. He 
 fiiffered greatly during the civil wars, for his 
 attachment to the royal eaufe, and died 1653, 
 He publiihed an etymological dictionary of Latin 
 words, firft printed 1006, 4to. and edited the 
 fourth time 1633. 
 
 Holyoake, Thomas, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Southam 1616, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He was captain 
 in the king's army, and for his fervices was 
 made D. D. He practifeci phyfic, and then 
 took orders, and had fome valuable livings. 
 He died 16" 5, leaving a dictionary Engliih 
 and Latin, and Latin and Engliih, publiihed 
 1677, and borrowed from his father's labors. 
 
 Hor.YV,oon, John, called alfo Sacrobofco, 
 of Halifax, a mathematician, born at Halifax, 
 Yorkfhire, though faid by fome to be an Irifh- 
 man, and by others a Scotchman. He was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and then went to Paris, where 
 he died 1256. He wrote de fphaera mundi 
 de anni ratione, &c. 
 
 Homberg, William, an eminent chemift 
 born at Batavia in Java, 1652. He entered 
 into the army, and afterward? ftudied at the uni- 
 veifities of Jena and Leipfie, but the fciences 
 had greater attraction for him than the la', 
 for which he was intended. Botany, chemif- 
 try, and medicine, were his favorite purfuits, in 
 which he was encouraged by Otto de Gueiicke. 
 He travelled to Italy, Hungary, Bohemia, 
 $wederi and Fiance, and under the patronage 
 of Colbert, fettled at Paris, where he renounced 
 the proteftant for the catholic religion in 1682. 
 The death of Colbert altered his refolution, 
 and he retired to Rome, where he began to 
 praclife phyfir. In 1690 he returned to Paris, 
 and was appointed chemift, and then phyfician 
 to Orleans the regent. He died of a dyferrtery 
 1715, at Paris, feven years after he had mar- 
 ried the daughter of the phyfician Dodart. 
 His writings are chiefly preserved in the me- 
 moirs of the academy. He is known for his 
 fuccefsful experiments, and for his difeoveries 
 in chemiftry, especially for that of the proper- 
 ties of the Bologna (tone, and its phofphoric 
 after calcination. 
 \ David, a Scotch divine, educated 
 in France, and employed by James I. to re- 
 concile the differences between TDenus and 
 Lu Moulin, on the fiibjeA of juftificatlon. 
 The time of bis death is not recorded. He 
 wrote apologia bafilica, fen Machiaveili inge- 
 nium exaroicatum, '4to.- Vafiaffinat du roi, 
 and fome pieces in the Peliciaj Poetarum Sco- 
 texum, 
 
 Home, Henry, lord Kaimcs, a li 
 
 
 yer, he was in 175 '2 railed to a feat ami 
 lords of feffion, and while he faithful 
 charged his duty t> the public, he 
 fully his time to literature. He 
 His writings are, eflhyson feveval fubjei 
 Britilh antiquities, &c i;i- 
 fays on the principles of morality and i 
 religion 17. r >i, Svo. hiftorical law, 17 
 the principles of equity, folio, 176O 
 ments of criticifm, 3 vols. Svo. a v 
 book, often re-edited the hiftory of man, 
 or (ketches, 4 vols. svo. 178-2, &ic. 
 
 Hommel, Charles Frederic, a writer <>f 
 Leipfie, who died 1781, aged 59. He 
 de legum civiliUm et naturalium nati 
 oble&amenta juris feudalis, &c. 
 
 Hommond, Charles Francis V , a 
 of Chaulnes, near Noyon, who devoted his- 
 life to the inftruclion of youth at Pari; 
 in the provinces. He died at Pari 
 66. He wrote, de viris illuftribus urbis I 
 epitome hifioriae faerne a grammar, <S.c 
 
 Hondekoeter, Gilles, a painter of Utrecht, 
 15 83. His land feapes and Mowers wer< 
 admired. 
 
 Hondekoeter, Gyjbrccht, fon of I 
 was born 161:3, and excelled in the lively re- 
 presentation of fowls. 
 
 Hondekoeter, Melclvor, a painter, fon of 
 Gylbrecht, born at Utrecht. He died 1695J 
 aged 59. His landfcapes introduced, efpei 
 cially in the back of his pictures, pofft . 
 beauty. 
 
 Hondius, Abraham, a painter, born at 
 Rotterdam. He died 1691, aged 53. i ! iJ 
 beft piece is the burning of Troy, in v. 
 has introduced a great variety of figun 
 exquiiite judgment. 
 
 Hondius, Jejfe, a native of Wackcrne in 
 Flanders, who died 1611, aged 48. ' 
 'eminent as an engraver on copper and ivi 
 as a letter founder. He publiihed, de 
 geographica orbis terrarum, folio, ! 
 theatrum artis fcribendt, &c. He co- 
 ed two globes in London, remarkable foi 
 and fi/e, and fettled in Amfterdam. 
 
 HoNESTis, Petri;* de, or PetrusDami 
 Italian, born at Ravenna 1006. His 
 piety recommended him to pope Stephen 
 made him biihop of Oftia, and a cardinal 
 in 1059 he was employed by pope Nico 
 to reduce the church of Milan to the ol 
 tior.s of celibacy. In 1061 he abdicate 
 bilhopric and retired to a cell, btit tl 
 year the pope fent him as his . 
 France. In 1072 he reconciled the fee of Ra- 
 venna to the pope, and died the farm 
 . His works confift of epiftlesa< 
 to the el 
 
 Honor; us I. pop 
 
 ided over th 
 
 great 
 
 r.d wifdorn, though he is blamed tor 
 
 yieldiui jnftantinople, on fome 
 
 \ centre.' 
 
 He 
 
HOO 
 
 HOO 
 
 HoNomrs II. Lambert, bifhop of Oftia. ! 
 was made pope 11-24, after the death of Cal- 
 lixtus II. though at the fame time, and in the 
 fame church, another party tiecled Theobald, 
 under the name of Celeftinus. The influence 
 of Honorius however prevailed, and Celeftinus 
 yielded to his rival, who died 1130. 
 
 Honorius III. Cenjio Savelli, was ekted 
 after Innocent III. lie confirmed the orders 
 of St. Dominic, and the Carmes, and preached 
 without effect, a crufade to the Holy Land. 
 He died 1227. 
 
 Honorius IV. James SaveW, was elected 
 pope 1285, and died 1287. He defended the 
 rights of the Roman church, and fupported the 
 crufades. 
 
 Hontan, Baron de, a native of Gafcony, 
 in the 1/th century, known by his travels in 
 North America, in a barbarous ityle, and filled 
 with difguiied faffs, and many improbabilities. 
 He was originally a fol.lier in Canada, and alter 
 riling to the rank of an officer, he was broke 
 for quarrelling with the governor of Newfound- 
 land, and then went to fettle in Denmark. 
 
 Honthorst, Gerard, a painter of Utrecht, 
 who fludied under Bloemart. His night pieces 
 are much admired, especially his Chrill brought 
 before Pilate, in which the light from the 
 torches is made to illuminate the whole piece 
 with aftonilhing effect. He died 1660, aged 
 68. His brother H'illiam was equally emi- 
 nent. 
 
 Hooft, Pet r us Cornelius Fan, a poet and 
 hiftorian of Amilerdam 1581. He was made 
 knight of St. Michael by Lewis XIII. and died 
 after a ihort illness, as he was going to the fu- 
 neral of Fred. Henry prince of Orange 164/. 
 He wrote epigrams, comedies, and other po- 
 ems a hittory of the Low Countries from 
 Charles V.'s abdication, to 1598i 2 vols, 
 folio a Dutch tranflation of Tacitus, highly 
 efteemed, as the author read the original 52 
 times, to underftand more perfectly his mean- 
 ing. 
 
 Hoogevf.ev, Henry, a Dutch philology, 
 born at Leydcn, 1/12. In 1/32 he was 
 elected under-mafter of the fchool of Corcum, 
 and nine mi.nths after went to fettle at Woer- 
 den, where lie married. In 17 ; *8, the year he 
 loft his wife, by whom he had three fons and 
 two daughttis, lie removed to the fchool of 
 Culemburg, where he took a fecond wife In 
 1745, he was invited to Breda, but for a while 
 the fears of a French army, dillurbed his re- 
 sidence, though at laft he lived there 16 years, 
 and in 17 61 be removed to Dort, and next to 
 Delft, where he died 1794. His works were, 
 an edition of Vigerus de idiotifmis linguae 
 Grace an iuaugural fpeech at Culemburg 
 an elegiac pic :. and other poetical pieces and 
 doctriua particular^;;:. Linguae Grace, 2 vols. 
 4to. 1769, a work of great learning di.ftio- 
 narium analor icum Gracum, printed at Cam- 
 bridge, with bii account of his life, by his fon, 
 Lcceflbrai the fchool of Delft. 
 ilouOESTlu.EitN', ILcodoti Van, a painter 
 
 of Antwerp. His kr.d 
 
 c?.pos were nwc 
 
 1 ad- 
 
 mired. He died 1640, aged 44. His fon $&" 
 muel, was equally eminent. He died 1678, 
 aged 51. 
 
 "Hgogestraeten, James, a Dominican, 
 known by the virulence with which he )vrote 
 agalnit Luther, Erafmus, Reuchlin, and others. 
 He died at Cologne 152/ , 
 
 Hoogsthaten, David Van, profeffcr'of 
 belles letters at Amfterdam, was b^rn at Rot- 
 terdam 1658. In a thick fog, 1724, he fell 
 into a canal, and in confluence died eight 
 days after. He wrote Latin poems Flemifh 
 poems notes on Cor. Nepos and Terence a 
 Flemifh and Latin dictionary, ike. 
 
 Hoogue, Romainde, a Dutch engraver and 
 defigner. His principal works are, plates for 
 the new and old teftament, publifhed by Baf- 
 nage, folio, 1704 plates for the Egyptian 
 hieroglyphics, folio plates to Fontaine's fables, 
 2 vols.' 8vo. 16*5 to Boccace to the tales 
 of the queen of Navarre, &c. 
 
 Hooke, Robert, was born 17 ; ">-% at Frefh- 
 water, in the ifle of Wight, where his father 
 was minifter. He was intended for the church, 
 but the weaknefs of his conditution prevented 
 it, and he was placed under the care of fir 
 Peter I^ely, but the fmell of oil colors inereafed 
 thofe violent head-aches to which he was liable, 
 and rendered his improvement as a painter im- 
 poffible. He next was taken into the houfe of 
 Dr. Bulby, and there acquired a perfect know- 
 ledge of the learned languages. About 1653 
 he went to Chrift- church, and foon after his 
 introduction to the philofophical fociety at Ox- 
 ford enabled him to difplay and cultivate his 
 mechanical abilities. He affifted Willis and 
 Boyle in their chemical experiments, and im- 
 proved himfelf in aftronomy under Seth Ward. 
 In 1 662 he was appointed curator of the ex- 
 periments of the royal fociety; and when the 
 charter of inftitution was granted to that learned 
 body, his name was inferted among the coun- 
 cil. He was in 1664 made profeffor of me- 
 chanics to the Royal fociety by Cutler, and the 
 next year he was deeded to the geometrical 
 chair in Grelham college. Upon the deftrue- 
 tion of London by fire, he produced an inge- 
 nious plan for the. re-building of the city, but 
 though it was not adopted, he was appointed 
 one of the furveyors. In 1668 he was en- 
 gaged in a difpute with Hevclius of Dantzic, 
 with reflect to the dioptric teiefcopes, which 
 he regarded as fupcrior to thofe with plain 
 fights ; but though he was blamed for his af- 
 fertions, it is now proved that his opinion was 
 the more correct. In I671 he attacked New- 
 ton's theory of light and colors; but when in 
 168 6 he laid claim to the difcovery of the force 
 and the aflion of gravity in preference to the 
 great phllofopher, his pretentions were re 
 with indifference. He was in 16'U i 
 M..D. by Tillotfon; but the wifhes of his 
 friends that he might complete a defcription of 
 the various inftruirrfn^s which his ingenuity had 
 difcovercd, proved unavailing, as a gradual de- 
 [ C 4 J cay 
 
HOO 
 
 HOO 
 
 eay rendered him unfit for laborious exertion. 
 He died at his lodgings, Grefham college, 
 1 702. Though poffeiTed of fuch mental pow- 
 ers, Hooke was in his temper penurious and 
 miftroft: ill, utrfociablc and fufpicious, ar.d in 
 hi3 perfon uncomely and vulgar, (hort of fia- 
 ture, and of a pale and meagre afpect. In 
 his religious character however, he was very 
 devout and humble, and nothing fortunate or 
 pleafing ever happened to him without drawing 
 from him ejaculations of gratitude and thanks 
 to the divinity. He wrote micrographia, or 
 philofophical deferiptions of minute bodies 
 made by magnifying glaffes, with obfervations 
 aud inquiries, folio ]66f>. His pofthumous 
 works appeared 1705, folio, under the care of 
 R. Walker. 
 
 Hooke, Nathanccl, an Engliih hiftorian of 
 whom few particulars are known. He fuffered 
 in the South fea fcheme, but he afterwards 
 was patronized by the duchefs of Marlborough, 
 who gave him 50001. to aftiit her in the ar- 
 rangement of her papers, for an hiftory of her 
 conduct at court till the year 1710. The work 
 was finilhcd 174 2, 8vo. but the hiftorian quar- 
 relled with the duchefs and was difmifled. As he 
 Was ft rongly attached to the tenets of Fenelon, 
 he was the friend of the catholics, and it is 
 faid that he introduced one of. his priefts to 
 Pope's bed-fide to receive the confeflion of the 
 dying poet, a # circumftanee which highly of- 
 fended Bolingbroke. Hooke is particularly 
 known as the hiftorian of Rome, in 4 vols. 
 4 to. from the foundation of the city to the end 
 of the republic. He wrote befides obfervations 
 on the Roman fenate, ike. He died 1764. 
 
 Hooker, John, an eminent antiquary, born 
 at Exeter 1 524, and educated at Oxford. He 
 travelled into Germany, and then fettled at 
 Exeter, which he represented in parliament 
 1571. He died 1601. He was author of a 
 description of Exeter, and of fome part of 
 JJolinflied's chronicle. 
 
 Hooker, Richard, nephew to the preceding, 
 was a celebrated divine, born at Ileavitree, 
 near Exeter, 155-3. By the kindnefs of his 
 uncle he was introduced to bifnop Jewell, who 
 fent him as clerk to Gorpus Chrifti, Oxford, 
 and fettled a pennon upon him. The death 
 of his patron for a while obfeujed his profpects, 
 but he found a friend in Dr. Gole, the prafident 
 of his college, and in Sandys, bifhop of Lon- 
 don; and in 1577 was made fellow of his col- 
 lege, lie took orders in 1581 and foon after 
 married a woman who rendered his life, by her 
 
 Jcevilh manners, painful and uncomfortable. 
 n 1584 he obtained the living of Drayton 
 Beauchamp, Bucks, where the following year 
 two of his pupils, Sandys, the fon of his pa- 
 tron, and Cranmer, the nephew of the great 
 Cranmer, vifited him with marks of fincerc rc- 
 fpedt. Sandys reported to his lather the indi- 
 gent eircumftanccs of his learned tutor, and 
 the bilhop procured for this neglected man the 
 mafterihip of the temple, 1 5P5. In this new 
 iitiiition Hooker had to ibvcgle with Travwfy 
 
 the afternoon lecturer, who io far forgot 1.5* 
 duty, as to attack his coadjutor in the pulpit, 
 and it was plcafantly obferved by fome of the 
 congregation, that the forenoon fermon fpake 
 Canterbury, and the afternoon, Geneva, al- 
 luding to the principles to which the two rivals 
 were attached. Ait' r defending himfelf again ft 
 his opponent, Hooker obtained permiflion from 
 \\ hitgift to exchange, and in 1591 he removed 
 to the rectory of Bofcomb, YViltfhire, to which 
 was added the prebend of Nether-haven in Sa- 
 rum church. In 1595 he was prefented by 
 the queen to BHhop's Bourne rectory in Kent, 
 and here he palled the reft of his life, and com- 
 pleted his great work, ecclefiaftical polity, which 
 he had begun at Bofcomb. In crofting be- 
 tween London and Gfravefend by water, he un- 
 fortunately caught cold, which brought on a 
 fevere illnefs, which proved fatal 1600, in his 
 -! 7th year. The fame of Hooker refts upon 
 that incomparable work tire ecclefiaftical pclitv, 
 in eight books, a work admired not only in 
 England, but on the continent. It is faid that 
 the pope, Clement VIII. who declared that he 
 knew no Engliih writer who deferved the name 
 of author, no fooner heard its contents, than 
 he exclaimed, there is no learning that, this man 
 hath not fearched into. His books will get 
 reverence by age, for there is in them fuch 
 feeds of eternity, that they will continue till 
 the laft fire (hall devour all learning. Befides 
 his anfwer to Travers' ^application, Hooker 
 publifhod fome fermons. 
 
 Hoot.e, Charles, a native of Wakefield. 
 Yorkshire, educated at Lincoln college, Oxford. 
 He was mafter of Roth cram fchool, but dur- 
 ing the civil wars he came to London, as a pub- 
 lic teacher. His fervices to literature and to 
 education, were acknowledged by bifhop Saun- 
 &erfof|, who <;;ive him the rectory of Stock in 
 Effex, and a prebend in Lincoln cathedral. 
 Befidefl a translation of Terence's p'ays, he pub- 
 lished a good edition of the Greek teiiament, 
 and wrote alio various ulei'ui fchool books. He 
 died 3 666. 
 
 Hoole, John, a native of London, fon of 
 a watch-maker, whole mechanical genius was 
 much admired in the machinery of thq Irenes 
 in Covent-garden. The fon received 
 education under Mr. Beiinet, the editor of 
 Afcbam's works ; but when admitted clerk at 
 the India houfe, at the age of 18, he devoted 
 much of his time to literary purfuits, and to 
 the ftudy of modern languages, especially Ita- 
 lian. Befides three tragedies, Cyrus, Timan- 
 thes, and Cleonice, he publiihed fpirtted anil 
 much admired truncations, in Engliih metre, 
 of Ariofto's orlando luriofo, and Taflb's Jeru- 
 fidem. He wrote befides fome original poems, 
 and published the life of Mr. Scott of Amweu. 
 This ingenious poet died 180<J, aged 76. 
 
 HoOPRR, George, an Engliih prelate, born 
 at Grimley, Worcefterfhiie, about 1641 
 educated at Weftminfter fchool, and f'i.rift- 
 chureh. He in 16/2, was made chaplain to 
 Mcrk-y, biihop of Wincheftcr, and foop after 
 
HOP 
 
 HOR 
 
 
 to Sheldon, the primate, who gave him the 
 le&ory of Lambeth, and the precentorfhip of 
 Exeter. In 167 7 he was made almoner to 
 the princefs of Orange, whom he attended, in 
 Holland. Herefufed in 1680 the divinity pro- 
 feilbrfhip at Oxford, and in 1691 was made 
 fle*n of Canterbury. In 1701 he was offered 
 the primacy of Ireland by lord Rochefter, the 
 Heeroy; and loon after Anne's acceffion, he 
 was nominated bilhop of St. Afaph, andfoon 
 after, removed to Bath and Weils, where be 
 continued to prefide for 24 years. He died fit 
 Berkley, Somerfetihire, 17-27- Befidea three 
 fennons, he publifhed various tracts on theolo- 
 gical and other fubjects, a Latin trail: on di- 
 voree an inquiry into the ft ate of the ancient 
 feflfu T CS , the Attic, Roman, and efpeeially the 
 JewHh, with an appendix concerning our old 
 Knglifh money and meafnres of content, 1 721 . 
 
 PER or Hopf.r, John, an Englifh bi- 
 ttop and martyr, born in Sohm rietthire, and 
 educated at Oxford. He was for fome time one 
 of the Ciftereian monks, but dimking their 
 principles he returned to Oxford, ond became 
 a convert to the tenets of Luther. Upon the 
 
 of the ftatute of the foe articles, he 
 weilt to fettle in Switzerland, where he mar- 
 ried, and then devoted bimfelf to the ftudy of 
 Hebrew. On the death of Henry VIII. he 
 returned to London, where he became the 
 fcccufe* of Bonner. By the intert.il of lord 
 Warwick, lie was nominated bilhop of Glou- 
 tefter lf>'>0, and he was coinecratcd, though 
 
 Cad to wear the canonical habits as ap- 
 proaching too near to poplin forms, and two 
 
 Rcer lie obtained the fee of Wercefter in 
 commcudam. This worthy prelate, under the 
 bloody reign of Marv, was marked for deftruc- 
 Con, Neither his popularity as a preacher, 
 nor his benevolence as a prelate, nor his exem- 
 plary manners as a man, could lave him from 
 the flames. He was condemned and burned 
 at Ginnccfter, 1555, in his 6 Oth year. Kis 
 
 s, and efpeeially his letter? preferred in 
 Fox's monuments are excellent fpecimens of 
 his learning. 
 
 HonaxHKKCK, John, a Dutch divine, born 
 at Haerlem 1617. He entered into the minis- 
 try at Cologne 1632, and 11 years after re- 
 turned to Holland. In 134 4 he was made di- 
 inity profelfor at Utrecht, and minifter in or- 
 inary in the church there, and after filling 
 o important offices with great ability, 
 I to hmilar employments at LeV- 
 den, 1654. He died 166G, aged 49. His 
 Works are various, on polemical, practical, hif- 
 tor'ual, and other fubje.-rs ; and throughout 
 lid- he displayed, faysBayle, the comphre mo- 
 del of a good pallor and divinity profelfor. 
 Hopkins, fizekid, a learned prelate, born 
 
 ford, Devonihire. He was choirifter of 
 
 lea college, Oxlord, and at the age of 
 16 was made ufher of the college fchool, and 
 fome time alter its chaplain. He was a popu- 
 lar preacher among the prMbyterhns, and there- 
 EpTB tic Oiitiop of Loudon ryfufed to adimit 
 
 him to one of the city churches, in confe- 
 quenee of which he went to fettle at Exotwr. 
 Here he was feen by lord Robartes, afterwards 
 earl of Truro, who gave him his daughter 
 Araminta in marriage, and when lorJ-lieute- 
 nant ol Ireland, prcfentcd him to the deanery 
 of Raphoe. He alio recommended him 'to lord 
 Berkeley, the uext viceroy, and he was in 16" 1 
 made bilhop of Raphoe, and in 1681 tranilated. 
 to Londonderry. He left his diocefe in 108% 
 when perfecuted by lord Tyrcounel, and came 
 to England, where he was elected miuifteT or 
 Aldc-rmanbury loS9, where he died 1 690. He 
 wa/t an interefting writer. He pubiifhed five 
 fennons, befides expofitions of the ten com- 
 mandments, and of the lord's prayer. 
 
 Hopkins, Charles, fon of the preceding, -was 
 born at Exeter, and educated at Dublin, and 
 afterwards at Cambridge. During the Irifh .re- 
 beliion ol 1683, he was a zealous partisan in 
 favor oi William, and at the end of the trou- 
 bles he returned to England. In 1 6 94 lie pub- 
 Bihed fome epiftclary poems and translations, 
 and in 1695 produced " Pyrrhus," a tragedy, 
 with an epilogue by Congreve. His *' art of 
 love," gained him the acquaintance of the earl 
 of Dorfet ; but his intemperance proved fatal. 
 He died 1699, in confequence of liis exceffes, 
 aged 36. He wrote befides a translation of 
 Ovid's hiftbry of love, two trap-edies, Boadieea* 
 and thr female wanior, &c, 
 
 Hopkins, John, another fon of the biffiop, 
 who publifhed 1698. the triumphs of peace, 
 or the glories of Naffau- the victory of death 
 and alio Amafie, cr the works of the mules, a 
 coHe&ion of poems, 3 vols. 1700. 
 
 Hopton, Arthur* an able mathematician, 
 fon of fir Arthur H&pton. He was born in So- 
 merfetfhire, and educated at Lincoln college, 
 Oxford, where he took Ids full degree, and 
 then removed to the temple, London. Though 
 he died at the early age of 26, 1614,' he wrov 
 fome valuable treatifes, on the gtfbdetkd ftafF 
 for furveying, 4 to. the. topographical glafe, 
 with the ui'es of that inftrurncnt, the theodo- 
 lite, plain table, and circumferenter, 4to. a 
 concordance of years according to the Englilh 
 account, Svo. &c. 
 
 Hopton, Ralph, lord, an 'Englilh noble- 
 man, (liftinguifhed in the Low Countries, and 
 in the king's fervice during the civil wars. His 
 troops were under the licit difeipline, and with 
 them he defeated fir W. Waller at Stratton, 
 1643; but though victorious he was obliged 
 to retreat before general Fairfax. He died at 
 Bruges 1652. 
 
 Hopton, Sufmnn, a lady of Stafford fhirr. 
 Though beguiled to conform to the church of 
 Rome by the arts of Turberville, a prieft, lhe 
 afterwards was reconciled to the proteftant. faith, 
 and died at Hereford 1709, aged 82, a'terftir- 
 viving fcvenJ years her hnfbau.! Richard Hop- 
 ton, one of the Welch judges. She wrote 
 daily devotions hexameron, or meditations on 
 the fix days of the creation, &c. 
 
 Hokman, f'f'Ulicun, a native bf Salisbury, 
 educated 
 
IIOR 
 
 HOR 
 
 i si Wincheflrr fchool and new college. 
 ^fier of Eton 
 
 provoft. 
 lie <lieii 1335, He was a good botanifj 
 to 4 n.i: herbarum fyno- 
 
 nvnu- and r-iio indices to the writers de re 
 I 
 
 Hohmisdas. a fiunt elected to the papal 
 chair 514. He affemblcd a council to con- 
 ns, and died 523. Several 
 f his letters ;.re ea 
 
 thr the great Chofroe*, 57 8. His fubje&s 
 revolted againft him at the mitigation of Va- 
 , runes his genera], whom he offended by fend- 
 efs becaufe he had been de- 
 feated by the Romans. 
 
 Hobke, George, a venerable prelate, born 
 1730, at Otham near Maidfione. Alter be- 
 ing educated by his father, he was two years at 
 ne fchool, and at the age of 15 he was 
 defied fcholar. of tJniverfity college, Oxford, 
 i i firfl degree he removed to Mag- 
 1 , where he was eledted Kentifh 
 
 re he applied himfclf to He- 
 brew and {acred literatures and while he 
 embraced the principles of Hutchinfon, he 
 raid the foundation lor controverfy and me- 
 taphyseal difputations. In 1753 he took 
 orders, and in 17 68, he was elected prefident 
 of his college, and in 1776 he was made vice 
 chancellor. In 17 81, he was made dean of 
 Canterbury by lord North, and in 17S9 fuc- 
 ceeded JBagot in tile fee of Norwich. His de- 
 ration, unhappily for the church and for pof- 
 teriiy was of fliort duration. His health had 
 gradually been declining, and a paralytic ftroke 
 on his journey to Bath gave fuch a fhock to his 
 conftitution that he never recovered^ and died 
 foon after 17th Jan. 1792, aged 62. Though 
 cenfured for his philosophical fentiments as the 
 friend of Hutchinfon and the opponent of New- 
 ton, Home mull rank very high as a fincere 
 and exemplary chriftian, as a good fcholar, an 
 able divine, and a rnoft benevolent man. His 
 works, which are valuable and difplay the man 
 of information, judgment, and erudition, wert 
 the theology and philofophy of Cicero's fom- 
 nium Seipionis, explained, &c. 8vo. a fair 
 and impartial Hate of the cafe between fir Ifa.ic 
 Aewton and Mr. Hutchinfon, fcvo. fpicile- 
 gium Shuckfordianum, cr a nofeeay for the 
 rntics, 12mo. Chrifl and the Holy Gboft, 
 fupporters of the fpiritual life an apology for 
 certain gentlemen in Oxford, afperfed in a late 
 pamphlet, ro. a view of Mr. Kennicott's 
 ' of eprre&in teat, 8vo. 
 
 ations on the projected reformation of 
 _ and confiderations of the 
 1. John the Baptifi, Svo. 
 infern:' lly at Magdalen col- 
 
 lege, 6vo. commentary ort the book of pfalms, 
 l to Adam Smith, 
 pf David Hunif, I'irno. 
 . > . .'- ttMS to Dr. 
 
 HonvEC.K, Anthony, a divine bom at V>ir. 
 charack, in the lower 1 
 educated at He:i!elberg. At 19 h<' c 
 
 i, and entered at Qu 
 where the fame year he 
 M. A. from the univerfity of Wittemberg. lie 
 
 ide chaplain of his college and vi 
 All Saints, Oxford, and two years after he 
 
 a tutor to the eldeft ion of the 
 Albemarle, by whom he was ma 
 Doulton, in Devonlhirft, and prebendary of 
 
 He was in 1 1 7 1 made preacl 
 the Savoy, and obtained a Weftminfier ] 
 1693. He took the degree of D. I). 1081, 
 at Caml obta ed a 
 
 in the church of Wells. He died of th 
 1696 in his 56th year. Bifliop Kidder who 
 wrote hit life defcribes him as a man of v 
 tenfive learning, well fkilied in the learned 
 languages, efpecially Hebrew, and in his du- 
 ties ot ])aftor unulually exemplary. He pub- 
 lifhed fermons, and other works, chiefly on 
 theological fubjects, much admired. 
 
 Hornius, George, hiflorical profefi 
 Leyden, where he died 1670, was born in the 
 Palatinate. The lofs of feme property iu bis 
 old age, difordered his femes. He 
 hiftoria ecelefiaftiea ad ann. 1666 de 
 bus Americanis geographia vetus et no 
 
 Horhkbow, Peter, profeffor of aftronomy, 
 mathematics, and philofophy at ("ope: 
 is known as the firfl who difcovered the aber- 
 ration of the light of the fixed ftars. He pub- 
 lifhed Copernicus triumphant, and died 1 7 6 -1 , 
 aged 85. 
 
 Horrox, Jeremiah, an Englifh aftrouo- 
 mer born at Toxteth, Lancafhirc, about 
 He finifhed his education at Emanuel 1 
 Cambridge, and then fettled at Hoole near 
 Liverpool, and had the good fortune of 
 the firft perfon who obferved a tranfitoi 
 over the fun's (life 24th Nov. 1639. I. 
 affifted in his aftronomical obfervations ; 
 friend Crabtree of Broughton near Mane 
 and he derived much information from the 
 writings of Tycho Brahe, Kepler and others. 
 This ingenious man was cut off, by a fudden 
 death, in the midft of his obfcrvatioi 
 Jan. 1640-1. His " Venus in fole 
 was preferved in MS. and publiflied by Heve- 
 bus at Dantzick, 1662. He bad undi 
 fome other works which he left incon 
 His " opera pofthuma" appeared under the 
 care of Dr. Wallis, 10;.i, but fcveral 
 papers were deflroyed while in i ! 
 private pedbaa, at the great fire of London. 
 
 HonsbEY, John, author of Dritannia Bo 
 mana was a native of Northumberland 
 was educated at Newcaftle, and in i 1 
 where he took the degree of M. A., ai 
 fettled at .Morpeth, as drffenting teaeb r. 1 1 - 
 died 1731, a fhort time before the publication 
 of the book on which his liteTary fame d' . 
 His Britannia, in three books, is a m< 
 luable compofition, and gives a . 
 account of the differentiations of tie !' 
 
 ieeionl 
 
HOR 
 
 HOS 
 
 felons and governments in the ifland, and of the 
 geographical divifions and names, with other 
 particulars of the country. 
 
 Horsi.ky, Samuel, a learned prelate, born 
 in St. Martin's in the fields, where his father 
 was clerk in orders, and educated at Trinity 
 hall, Cambridge. Ke took his degree of 
 LL. B. in 17 58, and 1 years after attended 
 lord Aylesford at Chrift-church, Oxford, where 
 he proceeded to the degree of LL. D. In 
 17 7S he t\u:ceeded his lather in the living of 
 Thcrley, Herts, in the gift of the bifhop of 
 London to whom he was chaplain, and he held 
 alfo the rectory of St. Mary, Newington, which 
 he exchanged for that of South Weald, Eflex, 
 in 17 8-2. He was for feme years member and 
 feeretary of the Royal ibciety, but after con- 
 tributing much to the tranf anions, he retired 
 in confequence of the difientions which pre- 
 vailed in that learned body, and in which he 
 took a zealous part. When archdeacon of St. 
 Alban's he related Prieftley in fo dextrous a 
 * manner, and with fuch unantv.-erabieargtmierits, 
 as to gaiu the reiprcft and the admiration of 
 every friend of true ehriftianity. He was af- 
 terwards preler.ted to Aldbury reftory in Sur- 
 rey, byi lord Avlesfurd, and Thurlow the 
 chancellor, was lb pleaied with his zeal in 
 his late controverfy, that he gave him a pre- 
 bend of Glouceiler, and in 17 88 procured for 
 him the fee of St. David's. In his diocefe 
 he increased the flipend of curates, and in 
 1 7 93 he was tranflated to Rocheller with the 
 deanery of Weftminfter, and in 1802 paficd 
 to the f<e of St. Afaph. He died after a tew 
 days' ilinefs, 4th Oct. 1806 at Brighton, 
 where he had gone to pay a vifit to his venera- 
 ble patron Thurlow, whom on his arrival lie 
 found dead. Bolides finglo fernions and con 
 troverfial tracts in defence of the church efla- 
 blilhment, and of the true principles of chrif- 
 tianitv, the bifhop publiihed editions of the 
 inclinations of Apollouius of lir Ifaac New- 
 ton's works, 5 vols. 4 to. treatiies on Virgil's 
 two feafons of honey, on the properties of 
 the Creek and Latin languages, critical dif- 
 quifition on the 18th chapter of Ifaiah, &c. 
 As a fpeaker in the lenate the bifriop was elo- 
 quent, clear and argumentative, and on all im- 
 portant national difcuffions, and efpecially 
 when the hierarchical citablifhmentof the coun- 
 try was mentioned, he generally delivered his 
 lentimcnt't, and was littened to with deference 
 and admiration. As a preacher he was impref- 
 five, and though in hi, manner rather dictato- 
 rial, his delivery was pleating and his enunci- 
 ation diitinct. i lis mind it may be faid gnu'ped 
 all the learning of the ancient and the modern 
 world, his heart was warm and generous, 
 lings noble and patriotic, and his head 
 capable and willing to ferve the caufe of vir- 
 tue, morality, and religion. In his private 
 charaU-r lie was highly refpetfable, though 
 ;l and humane, and 
 ,h*> uec-o. of wi.oiuy Lave often proved bu.dcn- 
 
 fome to Hs mcome, and diilreffed him in his 
 pecuniary airifirs. 
 
 Horstius, James, a phyfician of Torgau, 
 1.5.37, created M. D. in the univeriity of 
 Frankfort on the Oder, 1582. He was me- 
 dical proieubr of the univeriity of Helmftadt in 
 15 84, and long fupported the character of u 
 popular phyliclan, and died 1600. He was 
 a man of piety, and called down the bleffings 
 of heaven upon his various prefcriptions, a 
 religious euflom which he recommended to his 
 medical brethren with little eiTedL With ail 
 his learning however he was impofed upon by 
 the golden tooth of a child in Silefia, about 
 which he wrote a diifertation before the de- 
 ception was divulged. He wrote befldes com- 
 pendium medicarum inliitutionum herbarium 
 de noctambulis, &c. 
 
 Horstics, Gregory, nephew of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Torgau, 157 8, and was 
 made M. A. at Wittemberg, and M. D. at Bafil. 
 lie was profelfor of phyiic in feveral places, 
 but lailly at Ulm in Germany, where he 
 died of '.he gout 16:35. He obtained the title 
 of the iE'fculapius of Germany. He wrote de 
 tuenda lanitate de cauiis iimilitudinis Sc dif- 
 fimilitudinis in fcetu, &c. de natura. amoris, 
 
 Houte, John, an Englifh divine, educated 
 among the dili'enters, but after officiating for 
 feme time he conformed to the church, and 
 was regularly ordained. He preached a viola- 
 tion fennon at Aylelbury, in 1708, and was 
 made by the lord lieutenant of Ireland, to 
 whom he was chaplain, bifhop of LeigMin and 
 Ferns. He was afterwards tranflated to Kil- 
 more, ar/l in 1742 to Tuain, where he died 
 1751* ikfides a charge, he wrote a volume 
 of fermora of great merit. 
 
 Ho^tensios, Lambert) a phiiologer, poet, 
 and hlftOfiao, of Monttbrt, Utrecht, who 
 ftudied at Louvain, and was for many yfttra 1 >o- 
 tor of the grammar i'chcol of Naarden, where 
 he died 1577, aged 76. He wrote befirbs 6r- 
 tires, and other poems, feven books, de bello 
 Germanico, tmder Charles V. commentaries 
 on the fix firft books of the ifciueid- uot.es 
 on Ariftophanes, Sec. 
 
 Hortknsius, Martin, an aftrononier bom 
 at Delft. He died 1 60 9, aged 3 1. He fnate 
 de mercurio lub fole vifo, et venere invifa 
 de oculo, ejufque pruiftantia,. &c. 
 
 Hose a, the firit of the minor prophet?, 
 flounfhed from A. M. 3194 to 3219, under the 
 fecund Jeroboam, and Uzziah. 
 
 IIosiis, Staaijlaus, a cardinal, born of 
 poor parents in Cracow in Poland. He be- 
 came feeretary to the king of Poland, bifhop of 
 Culm, of Warmia, and at lall a cardinal. He 
 was employed by 1'ius IV. to procure the conti- 
 nuance of the council of Trent, and died 
 15*79, aged 76. His works, in Q vols, folio, 
 were popular. 
 
 HosXlNS, John, an Ewglifti portrait painter, 
 who disd 1464. He took the portrait* bf the 
 
 feeond 
 
II OS 
 
 HOT 
 
 freond Charles, his queen, and family. IT" 
 had the Coopers, Alexander and Samuel, for 
 his pupils. 
 
 Hoshmav, . i Swife writer, born 
 
 near Zurich 1547. He ftudicd at Zurich, 
 Marpurg, and Heidelberg, and was admitted 
 into the miniftry 1558, Mid the nertt year 
 married. In 1571 he vras'proxifor of the ab- 
 bey fchool of Zurich, and in confequence of 
 his fervlces as a writer, he whs made in 15SS 
 archdeacon of the Caroline church, and 1594 
 miniiier of the abbey church. After being 
 blind, in confequence of a catarac*r, for about a 
 year, he recovered his fight by couching 1(5] 3. 
 For the lad three years of his life he grew 
 childilh. He died 1606, aged 79. Tie was 
 considered as the only fchofar capable of re- 
 luting Baronius' annals. He undertook " an 
 hiftory of the errors of popery," which he 
 publimed at various times in different portions, 
 acd with univcrfal applanfe. 
 
 Hospital, Michael de I', chancellor of 
 France, foti of a phyfician, was bom at - 
 perfe, Auvergne, 1503. Alter ftudying in 
 France and Italy, lie became auditor of the 
 Rota at Rome, counfellor of the parliament at 
 Pari.--, ambaffador to the council of Treut, and 
 fupcrintendant of the French provinces. In 
 this laft office he labored to reftore the ruined 
 finances of his country, but after continuing 
 fix years at the head of a department, where 
 he might, have appropriated millions to his ufe, 
 he was found incapable of portioning out his 
 daughter, and was therefore indebted on that 
 oecafion to the king's liberality. On the death 
 of Henry II. he was Inrjoduced into the coun- 
 cil of flate, and was raifed to the office of chan- 
 cellor of the kingdom, to which his virtues 
 entitled him. He proved himfclf a determined 
 friend in the caufe of toleration, and was in 
 confequence fufpecled of favoring the caufe of 
 the proteftants, fo that the feals were taken 
 from him by the influence of Catharine de Me- 
 dicis, and on the fatal night of St. Bartholo- 
 mew he was marked for the general {laughter. 
 A party of horfe advanced againft him, but 
 while with unconcern he would not even fruit 
 his caftle gates, or fly for fafety, an order was 
 fent, at the moment, from the king, to fpare 
 hi6 life. This upright magiftrate died 1573, 
 aged 68. His features are faid to have rcfem- 
 fcled thofe of Ariftotle. He wrote Latin poems 
 pnbliihed Amfterdam 173-2, 8vo. fperches, 
 &c. memoirs containing treaties of peace, 
 
 Hospital, lliW.am Francis Antony t vwr- 
 yuu fie f, an eminent French mathematician, 
 born 1661 . He was for fome time in the armv, 
 which he left as being very fhort lighted, and 
 then applied himfclf to mathematical purfuifs. 
 At the age of 33 he gave a public folution of 
 fome difficult problems, proprjfed to mathema- 
 ticians in the city of I^eipfic, and in 1693 he 
 was mark- honorary member of the academy of 
 at Paris, aud diftinguifhed himfclf by 
 calculation*, called 
 
 u Tanalvf" de? infiniment petits." H* 
 alfo les feclions coniques les lieux g 
 triques la COnftruclion des equations una 
 thcorie des eourbes mechaniqucs, 8cp. He 
 died of a fever 1 JO I, .aged 19. 
 
 IJostk, Paul /', a French jffuit, ] - 
 of mathematics at Toulon, where he dud 
 1700, aged -l*. He was author of the train- 
 des evolutions navafes, folio, 1727 traite des 
 mathematiques les plus necefTaires a un ofricier, 
 3 vols, 12mo. tranflated into Englilh bv W. 
 Weblter. 
 
 HostHjs, Mattheiv, a German antiquary, 
 who died 1587, ag;ed 78, author of treat'rfes 
 de numeration^ emendata Gr.ecis and Latins 
 ulitata -de re numeraria, Gr. Horn, llebr. 
 &c. 
 
 Hotm.n\ Framis, a French civilian, born 
 at Para l'sa i. He ftudied the civil lw st Or- 
 leans, but afterwards applied himfclf to polite 
 liter.itur<\ and began to read lectures in 
 the public fchool at Paris. By embracing the 
 precepts of Luther, he difoblirred his father 
 and retired to Geneva, and was made prpffeflbr 
 of belles ' lettrcs at Bern. He next went to 
 Strafburg to fill the chair of civil law, aud 
 there he received liberal offers from 1 
 Hefie, Saxonv, , r ui>> of England, 
 
 to fettle m their dominious. He next was pro- 
 feflbrat Bourges, by the invitation of Marga- 
 ret of France, but after efefiping from th< 
 facre of 1572, he left France determined never 
 to return. lie died at Band of 'he dro'jfj 
 15co. During the fix years of illnefs which 
 preceded hi* death, he revifed his works which 
 were edited, 3 vols, folio, 1599. His writ- 
 ings were chiefly on civil law, on the govern- 
 ment of France, on Roman antiquities, befides 
 a treatife de confobftone. He has been ad- 
 mired for his piety atid framed, but like the" 
 reft of his learned contemporaries, he loft much 
 of bis time and money in Teaching for the phi- 
 lofopher's ftor.e. 
 
 HoTTiNGF.R, John Henry, a learned Oiien- 
 talift, born at Zurich 1620. He ftudied at 
 Geneva, Gronitigen, a:;d Leyden, and after 
 vifiting England he returned to Zurich, where 
 he was appointed in 1643 to the chair of divi- 
 nity and of oriental languages. In 165." he 
 took the degree of P. D. at Bafil, and then 
 affifted the elector Palatine for three years, in 
 reftoring to its ancient fame the univerfity of 
 Heidelberg. 11ms honored with the friendi- 
 fhip of the eledlor, he afterwards accompanied 
 him to Frankfort, where he had a conference 
 with Job Ludorf, the celebrated orientalift, and 
 concerted with him tofendmiifionaries to explore 
 Ethiopia. In 1661 he was recalled back to 
 Zurich, and then fent as a negotiator to Hol- 
 land ; but while many universities foliated the 
 honor of granting him a profelfor's chair, his 
 countrymen refufed to permit him to quit 
 Switzerland. The entreaties of the Dutch at 
 laft prevailed, but while he was preparing for 
 this honorable appointment, he unfortunately 
 was drowned in the river whiuh paflfes through 
 
 Zurich 
 
HCU 
 
 HOU 
 
 Zurich 1667. He had indeed efcaped to land. 
 with two friends who were in the boat when 
 it funk under him, but feeing his wife and 
 three children and fcrvant in danger, he at- 
 tempted their refcue, but pcriihed in the 
 fiream. His wife,/ one of his friends, and the 
 servant were faved, but the children perifhed 
 I.. Four fons and two daughters fur- 
 vived him. His works bell known are excrci- 
 tatioues anti-moriniauoe de pentat. fainant. 
 4to. againft Morin, a contemporary critic the- 
 i'aurus philologicus, feu cl.iv is fcriptur.fi, 1649) 
 4to. hiftoria oricntalis---ct\mologu\;rn orien- 
 tale.five lexicon hanuonieifm heptaglotton, 
 &c. 1661, 4to. the it yen languages were He- 
 brew, Chaluee, Syriac, Arabic, Samaritan, 
 Kthiopic, and Babinieal, with which the au- 
 thor was raoft perfectly acquainted, &c. 
 
 Hotze, an Austrian general, born at Zurich. 
 He ferved with great credit under Wurmfer at 
 the taking of the \\ eiueinberg linos and at the 
 battles of Neumarck, and of Wurteburg, for 
 which he was made knight of the order or' 
 Maria Therefa. He commanded in 1799 
 th left wing of the archduke Charles'* army, 
 and ws killed near Kalu nbruim. 
 
 Hocarddela Mothk, Anthony, a native 
 oj Dieppe, who died at Abbeville 1 8<v* aged 7 8. 
 He was member of the academy of infer i prions, 
 and of the national iuftitutc, and wrote ancicnnes 
 Francois ccnferv&s dans les coutumes 
 Angloifes, 2 vols. -"to. trait*? fur les coutumes 
 Anglo-normandes, &cl 4 vols. 4to. He had 
 J 7 children by his wife, with whom he lived 
 happy 54 years. 
 
 Horiuoot'T, Charles Francis', of the con- 
 gregation of the Oratory, was born at Paris 
 1686. As he was deaf he had recourfe for 
 confolatlon to fludy, and was honored with 
 the mofi flattering marks of ^probation, 
 by his countrymen, biu- by pope I'e- 
 XIV. This worthy man, to extenlive 
 learning, added the moll amiable character of 
 private life, and died 17 S3, aged 98. His 
 works are an edition of the Hebrew bible) 
 with a Latin verfion and notes, Paris 17:>3, 
 * vols, folio a Latin tranijation of th'j 
 pfaiter, from the Hebrew, 1 7 4i, 12mo. 
 .RttOther of the old Teitament, 8 vols. 8vo. 
 
 HoVbrakek, Arnold^ a Hutch painter, born 
 1660 at Dordt. He wrote, the lives of 
 th" Remifh ^utets, printed 3 vols, folio, 
 
 f! icciiARD, John, Nicholas, a French ge- 
 nera!, born at Forbach. After ferving un- 
 der < Siftines, he accufed him of lofmg May- 
 by his mifconduift. Cuflmes was con- 
 (equendy difgraced, and Houchard, placed at 
 the head of tire army, difplayed his abilities 
 in the victories of Dunkirk, of Hondfeoot, of 
 Fumes, Menin, &c. He wns treated by 
 Hoche as he l>ad treated Cufljnes, and 
 arretted at Lille on a charge of treafon, he 
 was hurried to Paris, and guillotined 15th Nov. 
 
 IToudry, Vincent, a jtfuit, born at Tours, 
 2 6,U. v He pubiifheu la bdJiotheque des pre- 
 (Rcateurs, 2-2 vols. 4to. 1 7 ^-3 la morale, 
 S vols. K-c. " He died at Paris i70. 
 
 HoVEDEtf, Ilagvr de, arr Englifn hiftorian 
 in the age of Henry II, born at York. He unit- 
 ed the proieilions of divine and lawyer, arid 
 wrote annals which began 7-->i where. Bede left 
 off, and continued to the third year of king 
 Joan. Thefe were fnit publifhed 1 "-03, and re- 
 pijatedat Frankfort, folio, 1601. He is dc- 
 fcrvetlly praifed by Leland, and by Saville his 
 editor, for fidelity. 
 
 liocr.ii, John, bilhop of Woreejftorj is cele- 
 brated for his oppofition when president of Mag- 
 dalen college Oxford, to James II. He was 
 burn in Middlcfex 1650, and alter receiving 
 his education at Birmingham, entered at 
 Magdalen college, 1669, where he became 
 fellow. At the breaking out of the popifh plot, 
 he \\-;ts improperly fufpefled, but he did not 
 lofe his popularity, and he attended his patron 
 Ormond to Ireland, and at his return ob- 
 tained a prebend at Woreefter. In loS7 he 
 was elected pendent of his college bv the fel- 
 lows, who thus rejected the arbitrary manda- 
 mus of James in favor of Anthony Farmer, but 
 he was foon after expeijed by the king's 
 commMIioners, and Parker bifliop of Oxford 
 placed itr his room. During this lrruggte he 
 behaved with great fpirit, but becoming dignity, 
 and at the approach of William, of Orange, 
 the college was reftored to its rights, a'*d 
 the prefidc nt to his office. In I 690 William 
 rronriirated him to the fee of Oxford, and in 
 J 699 he was trauflatfd to Lichfield. On Tea- 
 nifon's death he through modefty declined the 
 primaevj but two years after, 1717, accepted 
 the fee of Woreefter, where he continued up- 
 wards of 26 years. He repaired with becoming 
 magnificence the palaces of the fees to which 
 he was promoted, at the expence, it is laid, 
 of not lefs than 7000b This venerable pre- 
 late died ]743 in his 93d year, and the 55d 
 of his epifcopate, 
 
 Houlikrks, Aritoniettt de la Garde des, 
 widow of William de Lafon, was born at Fan 
 16ye. She w,is the pupil of Hcnault, and 
 was member of the academy of Rieovrati of 
 Padrra, and 6f Aries, aud died at Paris 1694 
 She was flattered for the volatility of her mufe 
 at the court of l^ewis XIV. and her odes, epi- 
 grams, tragedies, but especially her paftorals, 
 poffefs great fpirit and beauty. Her daughter 
 was alfo a pociefs, and obtained the prize of 
 the French academy, againil Fontenelie as 
 her competitor. She died at Paris 17 IS. 
 Their works were publifhed 1747, 2 vols. 
 I2mo. 
 
 Houseman;, Cornelius, a painter of Ant- 
 werp, born 1648. He fettled at Mechlin, 
 ami died 17 2 7. His landfcapes, exhibiting 
 animals and trees, are much admired. 
 
 Houseman, James, a painter of Antwerp, 
 born 1656. His portraits and hiftortcal 
 pieces were in high repute. He completed 
 
 the 
 
HOW 
 
 KOW 
 
 the a!tar-p>ce cf St. James'? chapel, and died 
 
 101)6. 
 
 Houston, William , an Eagtifh phyfielan, 
 . in the Weil Tr.dies, and M. D. it 
 under Boerhaave. He was affiled at 
 D by Van Swieten in making fome curious 
 e xpe r im e nt s on brutes, publilhed in the philo- 
 foplncal tranfaftiens, vol. 39. He wai 
 cf the royal ibeir-ty, and died 1733 in the 
 Writ Indies. His MS. catalogue of plants 
 . by i:r J. Banks. 
 Houri:vit.T.K*, C.. , cf the con- 
 
 gregation of the oratory, was borb at Paris, 
 and died there 1742, aged 54. He was &cre- 
 tary to the French academy, and alio to car- 
 dinal Dubois, who greatly efleeraed him. Hfe 
 . thetmth of the chrifUan religion 
 proved by fa. c is, 3 vols. 4 to. and 4 vols. l l >ino. 
 
 How, William, a phyfician and botanift, 
 born in London, and educated at merchant 
 taVbrs 1 and St. John's college, Oxford, lie 
 ras car.ta.in of a troop of borfe in the royal 
 arrnv, but when the king's affairs were ruined, 
 he came to London, where he pracYifed phytic, 
 and died 1656, aged 37. He wrote phytolo- 
 gia Britannica, &c, ] 2mo. and he edited Lobel's 
 illuftrations of plants. 
 
 Howard, Thomas, earl of Surrey, and 
 duke of Norfolk, aftiiled his brother fir Ed- 
 ward, in his attack againfl: fir Andrew Barton, 
 i Scotch pirate who in ] .5 1 1 fpread terror on 
 the Englrfli coaft. He next embarked for Gtti- 
 enne with the marquis of Dorfet, and ably con- 
 tributed to the conqueft of Navarre by the arms 
 of Ferdinand. Raifed to the honor of high 
 admiral he dilplayed his valor in the field, and 
 enfured the defeat of the Scotch at Floddcnfield, 
 where James IV. was (lain. He afterwards 
 went to Ireland as viceroy, and after two years 
 he returned to lead a fled againfl the French. 
 Thefe fcrvices were rewarded by the king, who 
 created him earl cf Surrey, and reftored his 
 father to the dukedom of Norfolk, but his 
 popularity was tranfitory and he was accufed of 
 treafon. He faw his fon beheaded upon the 
 falfe accufation, and efcaped the fame fatal blow 
 only by the previous death of the king. He died 
 1*554, aged 6f>. 
 
 Howard, Edward, a brave Englilh admiral, 
 younger brother to the preceding. He was 
 knighted about 14 94 for his ferviees, and after- 
 wards was placed at the head of a fleet to at- 
 tack and defiroy the French (hips which infeil- 
 ed the EngHfh coaft. He defeated the enemy's 
 fleet offBteft, but. the following year 1514, he 
 (led in boarding Pregant the French ad- 
 iniraft 
 
 Howard, Henry, earl of Surrey, ion of 
 Thomas duke of Norfolk above mentioned, was 
 borp about 15-20. He celebrated wit] 
 
 the celebrated 
 d Orford, to 
 lady El fecond daui 
 
 lord Kildare, who 
 
 i In, and be travelled over Europe 
 in the trua fplxit of cLvJuy, and challenged 
 
 every knight who might be inclined to d 
 her luperior beauty. His valor was alfo d 
 cd at the battle of Floddcnfield, but all his 
 virtues were of no avail againfl the glooraj 
 fufpicions of Henry VIII. 'Uk: monarch, ei- 
 ther jealous of Howard's prowefs and popularity, 
 or pretending that he afpircd to the crown by 
 folieiting the hand of the princefe Mary, ar- 
 raigned him as guilty of treafon, and caufed 
 him to be beheaded on Tower-bill 1547. As 
 a pciet he is very refbeel able, the harmony of 
 his numbers, and the purity of his Ian 
 have been commended by Pope, Wart. 
 Others ; and he had the fingukr merit of 
 the firft of the Englilh nobility who courted the 
 mufeg, 
 
 Howard, fir Robert, youngeft fon of Tho- 
 mas earl of Berklbire, was eminent for his 
 learning. He was educated at Magdalen col- 
 lege, Oxford, and after the refloration was 
 elected member for Stockbridge, and afterward* 
 for Caftle Rifing, and was made auditor of the 
 Exchequer. Though the favorite of the fecond 
 Charles he was a violent enemy to James II. 
 and a firm fupporter of the revolution. He died 
 about 1700. He was author of the hiftory of the 
 reigns of Edward and Richard II. &c. 8v0 ft 
 letter to Johnfon,--- Virgil's fourth iEneid trans- 
 lated, &C 
 
 Howard, Charles, earl of Nottingham, fon 
 of lord William Howard, was I orn 1536. He 
 ferved under his fathd i ;irds was ge- 
 
 neral of horfe, againfl; the carls of Northumber- 
 land and Weftmoreland and their rebel forces. 
 In 156Q he efcorted in an Engiifli fleet Anne 
 of Auftria, daughter of Maximilian from Zea- 
 land to Spain, where ihe was married to king 
 Philip. He Succeeded his father in the title 
 of Effingham in 1572, and foon after com- 
 manded the Englilh fleet, and completely de- 
 feated the Spaniih armada. For thefe fervices 
 he was raifed to the earldom of Nottingham by 
 the queen ; but in the next reign, though for 
 a while ambaffador at the court of Spain, he 
 was fucceeded by the greater favorite Vdliers 
 duke of Buckingham. He died 1624. 
 
 Howard, John, a celebrated philanthropift, 
 born at Hackney 1 720. When very young he 
 loft his father who was a carpet warehoufe keep- 
 er in Long-lane Smithfield, in confequence of 
 which his guardians bound him apprentice to a 
 grocer. ; but as his property was above medio- 
 crity he purchafed his indentures, and travelled 
 over France and Italy. On hS return to Lon- 
 don he lodged for fome time at the houfe of 
 Mrs. Lardcau a widow, at Stoke Newington^ 
 whom he married in confequence of her great 
 attention to him during afevfcre illnefs. Three 
 years after, 1755, be bad the misfortune to 
 lofe her, and this melancholy event he deplored 
 with all of undiminished afle&ion. 
 
 The 5i< -. oul for Lifboc to view the 
 
 dreadful confequence* of the earthquake, but 
 ate in which he had fet out was captured 
 by a French privateer, and i of con-* 
 
 A which he endured in France excited 
 that 
 
HOW 
 
 HOW 
 
 that {ymp&thy for luffering captives which has 
 d his name io illuftrious. After his re- 
 jfeafe he vifited Italy, and on his return he fet- 
 Bed near Lyruington, where in 17. r >8he married, 
 but in 1705 he loft his wife in child-bed. 
 rds he purchased aneftate at Cardington 
 new Bedford, and there employed himfelf in 
 a ts of benevolence among the poor and induf- 
 trious cottagers who furroundedhim. In 1773 
 he fervua the office of fheriff, and this, as he 
 fays, brought the diftrefs of j)rifoners more im- 
 rnediatclv under his notice, and led him to the 
 humane defign of viiiting the gaols of England. 
 In 17 74 lie flood candidate to represent Bed- 
 ford, but notwithstanding his popularity he was 
 unfuccefsfuJL He was afterwards examined be- 
 fore the commons, and received their thanks 
 fi.r his attention to the fiate of prifons. En- 
 coturaged by this honorable teftimony, he tra- 
 velled on the continent with the fame humane 
 zeal, and three times paflfed through France, 
 four through Germany, five through Holland, 
 twice through Italy, once through Spain and 
 Portugal, &c. between 1775 and 17?. In 
 2 7 7/ appeared his irate of prifons in England 
 and Wales, with preliminary observations, and 
 
 an account of fome foreign prifons, 4to. and 
 
 in 1 780 an appendix was added to it with an ac- 
 count of his observations in Italy, and of thefe 
 in i;s] a new improved edition was publiihed. 
 His account of the principal lazarettos in Eu- 
 rope appeared in 17B9, 4to. and in this work 
 he intimated his intention of penetrating through 
 Ruffia and Turkey, far into the ealt. On this 
 oecation he obferved that he was fully fenfible 
 of the dangers which muft attend fuch a jour- 
 ney. " Trailing, however," faid he, " in 
 the kindnefs of that providence which has 
 hitherto preferred roe, I ealmly and cheerfully 
 i'ubmit mylclf to the difpofal of unerring wif- 
 dom. Should it pleafe God to cut off my life, 
 in the profeeution of this defign, let not my 
 conduct be uncaudidly imputed to rafhnefs or 
 enthmiai'm, but to a ferious deliberate con- 
 viction, that I am purfuing the path of duty, 
 and to a fmcere defire of being made an in- 
 ftrument of more cxtenfive ufefulnefs to my 
 fellow-creatures, than could be expc&ed in the 
 narrower circle of a retired life." His zeal 
 in the caufe of humanity proved at laft unhap- 
 pily fatal. While at Cherfrn he vifited a 
 patient under a malignant epidemic fever, 
 and catching the diforder he fell a victim 
 to his companion, 20th Jan. 1790. In his 
 manners Howard was fimple and unaffected, 
 temperate oven to abftcmioufnefs, and un- 
 willing to mix in the crouds of eonvirial life. 
 His rnodefty was equal to his merits. When 
 in 17 $5 a large fubfeription was rapidly filled 
 to ere r t a ftatu/6 in commemoration of his 
 many Cervices to the fuffering captives, he per- 
 emptorily declined the honor, exclaiming, 
 ti Have I not one friend in England that would 
 put a flop to fuch proceedings." The nation 
 '.ever paid a merited tribute to his 
 memory. A liaue ucacd in St. Paul's re- 
 
 presents Kim in a Roman drefs, with a ccun* 
 tenance of ehriltian mildnefs, holding in one 
 hand a fcroll of writings for the improvement 
 of prifons, &c. and in the other a key, 
 whilfl he tramples on chains and fetters. Thus 
 he trod, fays the fimple but energetic inferip- 
 tion, an open but unfrequented path to im- 
 mortality. In his religious fentiments Howard 
 was a diffenter. It is remarkable that with all 
 the benevolence of his character, he was too 
 rigid a rather, and while he endeavoured to edu- 
 cate his only fou in the paths of duty, he en- 
 forced his precepts with too much aufterity. 
 and rather terrified the mind, than drew it by 
 gentle means to the admiration and practice 
 of virtue. 
 
 Howe, John, a nonconformift divine, born 
 at Loughborough 1630. He was originally <f 
 Cambridge, but afterwards was elected '<'.!- 
 low of Magdalen college, and he was cje- i- 
 edfrom Torrington, Devonshire, for noncon- 
 formity in 1 662. He had been chaplain to Crom- 
 well, and after the reftoratiqn he went over to 
 Ireland, as chaplain to lord Maffarene. .He 
 returned to- London where he died 170"j. His 
 bell: known work is the living temple, 2 vols. 
 8yo. v 
 
 Howe, John, an Englifh. ftatefmaa, bora 
 in iNottingharaibire. He was member for Ci- 
 reneefter, and fat in the three lad parliaments of 
 William, and the three firftof Anne. He was 
 a man of great integrity, and by the weight 
 of his representations, the commons were in- 
 duced to allow half pay to difbav.rled officers; 
 During the partition treaty, hf expreifed him- 
 f elf with fuch opposition that king Willi i 
 clared that if it was not for the difparity of their 
 fituation he would fight him. Though he ef- 
 poufed the revolution, he was dlfguiied with 
 William, and boldly oppofed him the whole of 
 his reign. On Anne's fuctelfion he was made a 
 privy eounfellor, pay-matter of the forces, and 
 vke-admiral of the county of Glpuce&er. Os 
 George's aceeffion he was fueceeded 
 mailer by Waljiole. He died at Stawel, Glou- 
 cefterihire in 1721, leaving an onlyfon, created 
 afterwards lord Chedworth. Some for, 
 poems by him have been publifhed. 
 
 Howe, Richard carl, an able Engfiftj ad- 
 miral. At the age of 20 lie behaved with 
 fuch bravery in beating oft two French fri- 
 gates, that he was made poll captain. He .af- 
 terwards took a 64 gun fbip with the Dunkirk 
 of 60 guns, oft' Newfoundland, a;id in 17 ">8 
 he deftroyed fome of the lhips and magazines at 
 St. Maloes, with little lofs. The next war 
 he attacked Cherburg, and deftroyed the" Ira- 
 fon, and afterwards in the affair of St. Cat 
 he exhibited true heroifm in protecting the 
 retreat of his men, at his own perfonaT dan- 
 ger. In the engagement with Conflans he con- 
 tributed greatly to the victory-. In 176-i lie was 
 made one of the commiffioners of the admhaltv, 
 which he refigned two years after, n<j in ] ; ;V> 
 he was appointed commruidcr in chief in theMc- 
 diternincau. During the American w^r he had 
 
 the 
 
HOW 
 
 HUB 
 
 tiit command of the American Ration, 
 fat as his affiftanee could co-operate, his mal- 
 terr? difpofitkms were* of great fcrvice to the 
 Vine's troops. His relief of Gibraltar in I ; 8a in 
 
 light of the combined fleets of France and Spain, 
 u;is confukred as a very bold manoeuvre. In 
 1788 be was made firft lord or tlie admiralty, 
 where after a fliort refignation he continued 
 lir feme time. lie took the command of the 
 fleet in 17 93, and after endeavouring For feme 
 time to find the French fleet, : lie had the 
 
 ortone to bring them to action, and to 
 obtain a molt complete victory 1 ft June 17<M. 
 This glorious event was celebrated by the nation 
 with the molt Cnthufiallic applaufe. lie n- 
 rrived the thanks of hoth hoofes of parliament, 
 and the king and queen lilted the Victorious 
 fliips at Spithead, and prcfeiued the admiial 
 with a *;old chain and medal, and a ntpfl va- 
 luable fword. Lord Howe who had fuccceded 
 in 1759 to the title of lord Howe on his bro- 
 ther's death, and had been created an Engliftl 
 earl in 1783, was further honored with 
 the rank of general of marines in 179. r >, and 
 two years after made a knight of the garter. He 
 died Aug. 1799, universally refpeclcd hy the 
 nation, and fincercly lamented by the navy, 
 where he was regarded with all the gra- 
 titude and devotion due to a father and a 
 fiiend. 
 
 Howei.l, James, an Englifh writer, born 
 in Caermarthenfhire aboutl. r >r>6. He was edu- 
 cated at Hereford fchool, and JefuS college, 
 Oxford, where his brother, afterwards bifhop 
 of Briftol, was then a fellow. After taking his 
 rft degree, he went to Loudon for employ- 
 ment, and became fieward to the glafs-houfe Of 
 fir Robert Manfel and company. He was fent 
 as a general agent in 1619 to provide materials 
 and workmen, and travelled over Holland, 
 Flandefs, France, Italy, and Spain, and while 
 he honorably ferved his employers, he impiov- 
 edhis lior-s of general knowledge. He again 
 went to Spain in 1622, and in his abfence 
 was chofen fellow of Jefus college. On his 
 return he became fecretary to lord Scrope, pre- 
 fident of the north, and while with him in 
 Yorklhire, he was chofen member for Rich- 
 mond. He wan lent in 1(332 as iecretary to 
 Robert earl of Leiceffcr to Denmark, and 
 1640 was appointed crerk to the privy council. 
 In 1643 his papers were feizedbvthe commons, 
 and he hirnfelf imprifoned in the Fleet, and 
 though fome attribute this to his attachment to 
 the king, it is more probable that to hi; own 
 extravagance and imprudent conduct lie was 
 indebted for his confinement. The tedioufnefs 
 ef a long imprifonment was relieved by the 
 employment of his pen, while he remained 
 in prifon, which was even alter the king's 
 death. He wrote feveral things, which though 
 COmpofed through neceiFity, poifefs merit, 
 Though attached to the king, he yet difapprov- 
 
 the meafure? recommended by Laud, 
 Buckingham, and Strafford, bat he was fo 
 
 u enemy to republican opprelfcou, that 
 
 he rejoiced at the monarchical power affumed by 
 Cromwcl), and even complimented him in ;t 
 fpeech. At the reftoration he was appointed 
 hiftoriographer royal, an honorable ofli< 
 
 I in his perfon. He died 1666. His 
 publications amount to neatly 50$ chiefly on 
 temporary and political fubjeets. Th< 
 known of thefe are his letters, which as cod- 
 taining ail interefting accouiit of the public 
 affairs of the time, hare gone through eleven 
 editions. 
 
 HoziETt, Peter d r , an eminent 
 horn at Marseilles 1.S92. lie was honored 
 with the confidence of Lewis XII I. and XIV. 
 and was made judge of arms, certifier of titles, 
 and counfellorof ftate. He died at Parii loGo. 
 He was author of an hiftory of Britany, folio, 
 and of fome genealogical tables, 
 
 Hl/ABTE, John, a native of French Na- 
 varre in the 1 7th century, author of a curious 
 !x>ok in Spanifh, called, an examination of 
 fuch geniuies as are fit for acquiring the 
 fciences, &c, with diree/lions to difcover the 
 properties of each genius, &c. The work 
 has been translated into Latin, Italian", French 
 and otlier languages, and alio, into Englifh, 
 under die title of trial of wits. Bayle eenfures 
 him^ among other tilings, for publiihing as ge- 
 nuine, the pretended letter of Lcntulus, from 
 Jeruiltlem to the Roman fenate, in which he de- 
 fcribes the Saviour, liis very hair, beard, iliape, 
 andftature, &c. - 
 
 Hubkk, Samuel, a native of Berne, divinity 
 profefibr at Wittemberg 1592. He oppofed 
 predeft nation, and wrote an explanation of th* 
 ninth, te,.th, and eleventh chapters of the Ro- 
 mans. 
 
 Hlt.f.k, Ulric, a Dutch lawyer and philolo- 
 get, born at Dorki in 1635. He was profeffor 
 of bw and hiftory at Franeker, and at Lewarde, 
 and died lti'jl. His publications are feven 
 difTertations, de genuirra a;tate Affyriormn & 
 Medorum treatifes de jure clvitafts fpeci- 
 men philofophi;e inftiuuiones hiitoria- dri- 
 lls, &c. 
 
 Hcnnn, Mary, a female writer, was 1 an 
 at Geneva, and died at Lyons 17- r > : >, a. 
 She wrote an abridgment of the iVviatcr -let- 
 ters on religion effeutial to man the fyftem of 
 ancient and modern theologians, on the ftate 
 of tlu foul after death. 
 
 H.UBER, John Rudolph, a painter of Raft* 1 , 
 who died 174 B, aged 80. He painted 3065 
 portraits, beiides hifiorieal pieces. 
 
 Hubert, Matthew, of the oratory of Paris, 
 was diftinguifhed ;is an eloquent preacher, and 
 inferior only to Bourdaloue. He died 1 / 1 7 , 
 aged 77. His fermons which had pleafecl the 
 congregation* of the capital and of the pro- 
 vince*, were puhlifhed 1725 in 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Huiwf.r, John, a native of Saxony, who 
 wrote fome popular works in hiftory and geogra- 
 phy, in the form of queftion and anfwer. He 
 was profeffor of geography at Leipfic, andrek>r 
 of the fchool of Hamburgh, where he died 
 1731, aged 63. His chief works arc, genea- 
 logical 
 
HUE 
 
 HUG 
 
 Jpgica] tables bibliotheoa hiftcriea Hambur- 
 genfis mufeum geographicum and a genea- 
 logical lexicon. 
 
 "Hudson, Hairy, an Englifh navigator for 
 fome time employed to find a noith paiTage to 
 China and Japan. The firit voyage uas in 
 1607, another was undertaken the next year, 
 and a third in 1609, at the expciice of die 
 Dutch Eaft India company. In thefe voyages 
 little was difcovered befidt* fields of ice, though 
 the navigator entertains his readers with an ac- 
 count of a mermaid feen by his men. In a 
 fourth voyage 1610 the bold adventurer penetra- 
 ted towards the north of America, and entered 
 thole ftreights which lead into the bay now 
 bearing his name. After failing above 100 
 leagues in expectation of having difcovered the 
 long fought paffage, he found that he wed at 
 the bottom only of a deep bay, and after en- 
 during great hardships from fhortnefs of provi- 
 fions, and from the rigor of the climate, he 
 failed back on his return. Some of his men, 
 , were diiladsfied at his conduct, and 
 ainft him, they fattened his arms behind 
 him, and put him, his ion, and feven men, 
 ft infirm of the crew, into his fmali 
 lhalkrp, and turned them adrift, The fhallop 
 . r afterwards heard of, but the inhuman 
 :s reached Plymouth} Sep. 1611. A 
 n ' exifts which beats his name, and 
 to that part of America which he difco- 
 I 
 
 HUDSON, Dr. Juhvfon, an Englifh critic, 
 
 : Wide-hope in Cumberland 1662, and 
 
 I at Queen's college, Oxford. In lob 6 
 
 chofen fellow of Univerlity college, and 
 
 Id 1701 he was elected keeper or the Bodleian 
 
 . when he took the de;;ree of D.D. In 
 
 171-2 he was appointed principal of St. Mary- 
 
 luul, through the iitcerelt of Dr. Radcliife ; and 
 
 to his influence with that celebrated phyftciau, 
 
 Oxford, it is faid, is indebted for the many 
 
 noble benefactions which fhe received. A fe- 
 
 life brought on at laff. a dropfy, of 
 
 Dr. Hudfon died 1719. Dr. Hudfon was 
 
 employed in the publication of Veiltius Pater- 
 
 -Thucydides geographic veteris fcrip- 
 
 raeci minores Diouyiius of Halicarnaifus 
 
 Longinus jLfop, &e. with fiiort and valuable 
 
 His beautiful edition of Jofeplms, left 
 
 ed, was completed and publilhed 1720, 
 
 .folio, by his friend Antony Hall, who 
 
 . "tied i lis widow. 
 
 Hudson, Thomas, an Englifh painter, fon- 
 
 if Richardfon. He for many years paint- 
 
 cA portraits in London, but he is bell known 
 
 ' preceptor of fir Jofhua Reynolds. He 
 
 79, aged 78. 
 
 r, Peter Daniel, a learned French 
 
 . bom at Caen lfi-UJ. The early 
 
 if his parents left him at the mercy 
 
 lians who neglecTed him. Bythedirec- 
 
 bis tutor, he became well acquainted 
 
 with literature, and particularly geometry, and 
 
 nee of Bochart, he made himfelf 
 
 & matter of the Greek and Latin 
 
 dailies. When of age he viftted Paris t<3 
 purehafe books, and there became known to the 
 politeft feholars of France-; and in 1752 he 
 accompanied his friend Bochart, to the court 
 pf Clmftina, queen of Sweden. The queen 
 wifhed Iluet to fettle at Stockholm, but 
 after three months' Hay. he took his leave 
 of the fickle princefs. In 1661 he published 
 sknovvn book, de interpretatione libri 
 duo, which drew upon him the auplaufes 
 and the thanks of the learned. His Originis 
 eommentaria appeared in 1688 at Rouen, 
 with a Latin tranflatiou and notes. In 1659 
 be > . invited by Chrillina to Rome, but 
 he declined her liberal offers. He was after- 
 wards appointed, with Boffuet, fub-pre- 
 ceptor to the Dauphin, and in 16/8 he 
 was nominated by the king to the abbey 
 of Auuay in Normandy, and in 1G85 was 
 raifed to the fee of Soifibns, which foon after 
 he exchanged for that of Avranches. In 1 699 he 
 reiigned his bifhopric, and received in its 
 ftead the abbey of Fonter.ay, near Caen, but 
 afterwards removed among the jeiuits at 
 Paris, where he fpent the laft 20 years of 
 his life in devotion and in literary purfuits. 
 He died 1721, in his 9 lit year. '1 lie other 
 works of this Learned and amiable bifhop 
 were demonfiratio evangelic* 1679, folio, 
 often reprinted cenfura philofophiaj Carteii- 
 aiue, 1689, a book in which he ably attacked 
 the doctrines of Des Cartes. He alfo wrote 
 notes on the vulgate translation of the bible 5 , 
 for which purpofe he read over the Hebrew 
 text 24 times. He was, fays Olivet, the molt 
 learned man that any age has produced. It 
 is to be mentioned that the publication of 
 the. ckfEcs ad ufum delphini, originated in 
 him. 
 
 Hufnagel, George, a native of Antwerp, 
 noticed and rewarded by fome German princes, 
 and by the emperor Rodoiphus. Beiides 
 poetical works in Latin and German, he 
 four books for the ufe of the emperor, con- 
 taining an accurate description and elegant 
 representation of quadrupeds, infeels, birds 
 and hikes. He died lCOO, aged 55. 
 
 Hugh-Gavet, count of Paris and Orleans, 
 was raifed by his merits at Noyon to the 
 throne of Fiance 98 7, and thus became the 
 head of the third race of the French monar- 
 chy. He died 996, aged 57. 
 
 Hughes, John, an Englifll poet bora at 
 Marlborough, Wilts, 1677. He was edu- 
 cated in private fchocls in London, but the 
 delicate bate of his health preventing bifl >\i - 
 in any laborious employment} poetry, 
 mulic and uiaw'mg became by choice as well as 
 neceffily his purfuit. He obtained a p'aee in 
 the ordnance, and was fecmary to the com- 
 miilioucrs tor the purchaiing of lands for the 
 royal dock-yards. His firit poem was on the 
 I Ryfvvick, which was well received, 
 1697, and two yeaja after "the court of 
 Neptune" on William's return, met with 
 equal applattfie, He afterwards published a 
 [D] Pindaric 
 
HUL 
 
 HUM 
 
 PfodMffc oop *'. of the ho'ife of Naffau," ar.d 
 
 another in praife of mulie, ard by his poe- 
 ticd merits he gained the acquaintance of 
 Pope, Congreve, Additbn, Southerne, ltowe, 
 and otliers. He was alio noticed by lord 
 Wfcartmr, and in 17 17 lord Cowper, the 
 chancellor, appointed him fecretary |o the 
 commilfions of the peace. His laft work, 
 written under the flattering hope of long enjoy- 
 ing his affluent independence, was the fiege 
 of Damafcus ; but, fuch is the uncertainty 
 of human affairs, he died the very r. : g 
 
 s prefented to the public on the ftage, 
 37th Feb. 1/20. Before he expired, he 
 that his performance was well received, 
 but the intelligence did not divert his thoughts 
 now fixed on another world. His memory 
 was regretted by the pen of Steele in the 
 "Theatre." H poems were (.ollecu'd and 
 publifhed i 1 2 vols. 12mo. 1735. Befides 
 thefe he tranflated Fontenellc's dialogues of 
 the dead. A'ertot's revolutions of Portugal, 
 . and he contributed fome papers to the Taller, 
 Spectator, and Guardian. 
 
 Hughes, Jahz, younger brother to the 
 preceding, publifheda translation of Claudiah's 
 rape of Proferpine - the dory of Sextus and 
 Erictho from Lucan's Pbaifalia Suetonius' 
 lives of the 12 Caefars novels from the Spa- 
 niflr of Cervantes, &c. He died 1731, aged 
 46. 
 
 Hughes, Jdbez, fellow of Jefus college, 
 Cambridge, was not related to the preceding. 
 He edited Chryfollom's treatife " on the 
 priefthood," a fecond edition of which appear- 
 ed at Cambridge 1712. 
 
 Hugo, of Cluni, a faint of the Romifli ca- 
 lendar, born in Burgundy 1023. At the age 
 of 15 he abandoned the world for Cluui, 
 where he was chofen abbot 1018. He was 
 pious and exemplary, and introduced great 
 reformation among the monks, 10,000 of 
 whom he is faid to have had under his direction 
 at Cluni, and other places. He died 1608 or 9. 
 Hugo, Charles L(uis, a French and Latin 
 writer, abbe of Etival, and titular biihop of 
 Ptolemais, died at an advanced age, 1735. 
 He wrote annates prcEmonftratenflum, 2 vols, 
 folio, a curious work on his own order facrae 
 antiquitatis monumenta hiftorica, doymatica, 
 &.C. 2 vols. fol. 172"), &c. 
 
 Hugtenburgh, John Fan, a Dutch paint- 
 er who died 1733, aged 77. As he excelled 
 in the delineation of battles, his pencil was en- 
 gaged with great fuccefs in representing the 
 battles of Marlborough and Eugene. His 
 brother James was eminent as a painter of ani- 
 mals and of landfrapes. He died 1696. 
 
 Hti.nruc, John James, a native of Zu- 
 ;n, aged 48. He wrote a commentary 
 on PtrfE tty of n.an mifcellauoa ti- 
 
 gurina, 3 vols. &c. 
 
 Hi an dtr, a painter of Dort. 
 
 The intnxiu^ion of infecl 
 f rogs, I 
 
 : ed i<>. 
 
 HUME, David, a celebrated Englifli 
 born at Edinburgh 17 11. He was 'in 
 but he had greater rega 
 nd Cicero, than for Voet and Vi 
 At laft however, from the narrownefs 
 fortune, he embarked in a mercantile ci 
 at Briftol 1734 ; but in a few months ta 
 ted the piace in difgull, and retired to I 
 determined with the moil rigid econ< 
 guide his expenditure by his income whi 
 voted to literary purfuits. Here he 
 his treatife of human nature which h 
 lifhed in London 1738; hut the wot 
 with no fuccefs. In 1742 the firft part ed his 
 eiTays appeared with a little mere 
 nfelf he was obliged 
 the marquis of Am-. 
 
 lie weak intervals 
 lordifcip's intellects. He afterwards at 
 St. (lair as his fecretary, or. tl 
 of France, and in his embaiiy at V.e 
 Turin, and after the lapl'e of two y< 
 congratulated himfelf on being mailer of in- 
 dependence and of lOOOl. His political dif- 
 courfes, and Ids Inquiry concerning the prin- 
 ciples of morals appeared iu 17-02, but though 
 he confidered thefe works ashiahly finifhc 
 pofitions, they met little notice from the rub- 
 lic. In 1 7.54 he publiflied his portion of Eng- 
 lifh hiiiory from the acceilion 0" Jan.' 
 the revolution, and though the work was dis- 
 regarded by the nation, he continued his la- 
 bors, and m 17.56 publiflied another v 
 which attracted fome public attent: 
 ferved, as he faid, to buoy up its unfoi 
 brother. His natural hiftory of religion 
 tFijis time had appeared, and though it met 
 with few readers, yet was attacked by Warburl 
 ton under the name of Hurd, as he fare; 
 fays, with all the petulance, arroganc 
 fcurrility of the Warburtonian fchool. In 
 1759 the hiftory of the houle of Tu< 
 publiflied, and 176I the more early 
 Englifli hiftory, and thus the plan vva 
 pleted, and the autjhor, though he foi 
 villers in confequence of th.e partiality 
 opinions and the licentious tendency 
 principles, had the Satisfaction to fee hi 
 grow popular, and thus enfure him a hai 
 reward from the bookfellers. While f 
 the plan of a literary fecluflon from th< 
 world, in 1763, he was invited by lord 
 ford to accompany him as fecretary to 1 
 baffy at Paris, and the offer was 
 not to be accepted. In the furnmer of 1 , 
 was left tlnre as charge d'affaires, and foot 
 on his rettrnto Scotia ' he was perfui 
 under-fecretary of flate to ; 
 Conway. In 1769 he returned to Fdii 
 very opulent, as he obfirves, pofleffing a re- 
 venue of lOOOl. a year, healthy, though 
 Somewhat ftricken in years, with the profpeft 
 Ing long his cafe. In 1775 he was at- 
 tacked with a diforder in his bowels, which 
 though at firft disregarded, proved fatal, lie 
 ig. 1776. lie has written eft 
 accouut 
 
HUN 
 
 HUN 
 
 account of his life to the ISth April, 1776, 
 prefixed to his works. His dialogues concern- 
 ing natural religion, appeared alter his death, 
 in 8vo. Though Hume poffeffes the deep re- 
 fearch of the hiflorian, the patience of die 
 philofppher, and the lubtleties of the rneta- 
 m, he is to be read with caution, as his 
 pr nciples on religion and morality are infidi- 
 Ou'.lv clothed in fallacious language, and would 
 tend to undermine the iaiutary do&rin 
 ftMch mankind to reverence the-divinity as a 
 beneficent creator. 
 
 Humphrbt, Laurence, an Englifh writer, 
 born at Newport Pagnell, Bucks, about 1527, 
 and educated at Cambridge, and afterwards at 
 Ma;da!en college, Oxford. He took his 
 "s degree 15 52, and in 1555 left Eng- 
 land to travel into foreign countries. On 
 Elizabeth's acceffion he returned to Oxford, 
 and was reftored to his fellowfhip, from which 
 he had been expelled for being abfeut more 
 than the limited time of one year, and in 
 I 1560 be was made queen's profefTor of divinity, 
 and the next year elected prendent of his col- 
 lege. In 1570 he waa made dean of Gleu- 
 cefler, and 10 years after removed to the 
 deanery of Winchefter, and lie might have 
 been raifed to a biihopric, had lie not been 
 too much attached to the ealviniils. He died 
 15?0 leaving a wife by whom he bad 12 chil- 
 dren. He wrote epiftola de Graecis Uteris, 
 and Homeri kvlione et imitatione, Bafil 1558 
 optimates, five de nobilitate, ejufque an- 
 tique, origine life of bifhop Jewel, fermons, 
 and pieces againll papifts, &c. 
 
 Hunniades, John Corvinus, waivode of 
 Tranfylvahia, and general of Ladiflaus king 
 of Hungary, is famous for his defeat of the 
 Turks under Amurath. He obliged his ene- 
 mies to raife the fiege of Belgrade, but though 
 unufually brave he was yet defeated 1448. 
 , He afterwards recovered his victorious fame, 
 
 at Edinburgh, and at Leyden, where he ftu- 
 d.ed Hebrew and Jewifh antiquities,, and he 
 fint officiated before the Englifh congregation 
 at Amfterdam, He fettled at Tunftead in 
 Norfolk, and in 1700 came to London, to be- 
 come the manlier of Pinner's hall congregation. 
 He was made i).D. by the Edinburgh univer- 
 sity in 1729, nnd died 1744, aged 66. He 
 wrote befides fermon-;, an effay to explain the 
 hii'lory and revelations of fcripture, ike. 
 with a differtation on the fall of man; &c. 
 
 Hunt>er, Robert, author of the famous 
 " letter onenihmiifm,'' attributed by fome to 
 Swift, and by others to Shafteibury, was made 
 governor of Virginia 1708, but being taken by 
 the French, he in 17 10 was lent as governor 
 to New York and the Jerfeys, at the head of 
 a colony of Palatines. He was in 17 28 ap- 
 pointed governor of Jamaica, and died there 
 1734. His epitaph, in elegant Latin, was 
 written by the Rev. Mr. Fleming. He wrote 
 a farce called Androboros. 
 
 Hunter, Henry, a native of Culrofs, 
 Perthlhire, educated at Edinburgh, and made 
 minifter of Dumferml'me 1764. He removed 
 to South Leith, and in 1771 was invited to 
 the care of the Scotch church, London wall, 
 where he continued till his death, ref peeled for 
 his learning, his eloquence, themildnefs of his 
 manners, and the liberality of his principles. 
 He died at Briftol where he had retired for the 
 benefit of the air and the waters 1802, aged 
 61. He publimed facred biography, or the 
 characters of fcripture, 6 vols. 8vo. mifcel- 
 laueous fermons, 2 vols. 8vo. befides tranila- 
 tions, &c. 
 
 Hunter, William, M. D. a famous phy- 
 fician and anatomift, born 1718, at Kilbride, 
 Lariarkfliire. As he was the fevenjh of 10 
 children, he was intended by his father, a. far- 
 mer, for an active lunation in the church. 
 He was for five years at Glafgow, but while he 
 
 and again raifed the fiege of 1 nil i hefitated to fubferibe to the articles of faith* 
 
 Mahomet II. ; but unfortunately died the fame 
 year, 10th Sept. 145 5. His lofs was univer- 
 mented, not only by the' chriftiaiis, and 
 by the pope, who is faid to have lhe.fi tears at 
 the intelligence, but the infidels and Maho- 
 met himfelf, to whom he was lo dreadful a 
 . 
 Hunnics, Giles, a Lutheran divine of Wi- 
 nende, in Wirtemburg, 1 550. He took his de- 
 md in 1576 was made divi- 
 nity profeffor at Marpurg. He wrote with fuch 
 igainfl the Calvinifts that he was invited 
 electorate of Saxony, t 
 made ] ofe r or at Wittemberg. He died of 
 immation caufed by the florte, 1603. 
 d into 5 vfcls. and contain 
 orations, and colloquies, &.c. 
 
 Hunt, Wattt r, an Englifh carmelite at the 
 council of Florence, where he oppofed the me- 
 ditated union between the Greek and Latin 
 churches. He died 1470. 
 
 Hunt, Jeremiah, a native of London, edu- 
 :ntrs, He wa$ afterward* 
 
 he became acquainted with Dr. Cullen, and 
 thus his future purfuits were diverted from their 
 original intention. After remaining three yearn 
 in the houfe of' his friend, he came in 1740 to 
 Edinburgh, and the next year vifited London, 
 
 e was recommended to the notice of his 
 countryman Dr. dames Douglas, who took 
 him into his houfe, made him tutor to his 
 fon, and enabled him to improve - himfelf by 
 attending various lectures 'on philofophy and 
 medicine. The death of Douglas in 1742, 
 left him his own maiier; and the next vear 
 he prefented to the Royal fociety his efiay on 
 the ftruclure and difeafes of articulating carti- 
 
 iie fucceeded Mr. Sharpe as lecturer 
 to a fociety of furgeons in Covent-sardert 
 1746, and the next year he was admitted mem- 
 ber of the corporation of furgeons, and ac- 
 quired high reputation in midwifery. In 1750 
 he obtained his doctor's degree from Glafgow, 
 and in 1764 was appointed phyfician extraor- 
 dinary to the qu?en. His practice was fo ex- 
 teafivt that he took Mr. Hewfon as his affift- 
 [ D 2 j am 
 
KUN 
 
 HUN 
 
 rml lrflurcr and partner, but in 17 TO this 
 connexion was dillblved, and Hewfon gave way 
 to Mr. (Yuikfhank. In 1767 he was elected 
 fellow of the Royal focicty, and the next year 
 he was admitted into the Antiquarian focicty, 
 ftttd appointed by the king an atomical profef- 
 for. In 17 si be fucceeded Fothergill a* pre- 
 sident of thcLoadOQ college of phyficians, aud 
 was elec~ted member of levcral foreign i'ocieties. 
 Thus diilinjruifhed as a medical man, he ac- 
 quired an ample fortune, but with a commend- 
 able ambition he wifhed to apply it to the 
 noblcft and moft beneficial, purposes, the cf- 
 tablifhment of an anatomical fchool in ix)ndon. 
 He purcliafed fome ground in Wind-miil ftreet, 
 and there eredled a fpacious houfe, where he 
 removed in 1770 from J ermyn direct. Here 
 a fpacious amphitheatre was built for the de- 
 livering of lectures, and a magnificent room 
 was' fet apart for a mufeum, which was enriched 
 not only with his own valuable preparations, 
 bat the prefents of his friends, and ali other 
 curiofities in the animal and foffi! kingdoms, 
 which either favor or money could procure. 
 Befides a cabinet of ancient medals, aud a cu- 
 rious collection of lhells, corals, Scc. he placed 
 theie the moft magnificent mature of Greek, 
 and Latin books accumulated by any living per- 
 lon fmcethe days of .Mead. Of this mini va- 
 luable mufeum, which it is laid coil above 
 20,O00l. the ufe was permitted 
 his nephew Matthew Baillie, and Mr. Cruik- 
 ihank, and afterwards to become the proper- 
 ty of the univevfity of Glafgow. Dr. Hunter, 
 befides the labors which he bellowed iu the 
 co!k. c iioT; and arrangement of his mufeum, 
 and in his lectures aud txtenfive practice, 
 devoted much of his time in making < I . 
 tions. His immortal work, the anatomy of 
 the gravid uteru-3, mule remain a inikingmo- 
 I of his labor and application. It was 
 begun 1751, but was not made public till 
 17 7 5 that accuracy and truth might be dis- 
 played in every page. It is dedicated u> the 
 king, and is adorned by ;) I beautiful plates, 
 exhibiting thole various delicate defections iu 
 which he had been aiiilted by his brother. 
 Rich in fame and in fortune, Dr. Hunter 
 formed the plan <f retiring to Scotland ab^ut 
 10 years before his death ; but his wiih to pur- 
 chafe an eftate in his native country, was re- 
 tarded aud finally prevented by the d 
 titles of the proprietor, and he dete 
 never to remove from Ix'iulon. In the lad 
 part of life he was affiicled with the gout, but 
 a paxalytic iiroke came ut laii to ihorten his 
 <kiy<. He expired 30th March, 17 
 lubitin 
 
 ;on. If I had ftrength enough, laid 
 he, to hold a pen, 1 would write how 1 
 pleafant it is to die. 
 
 rtn, John, younger brother of Dr. 
 -, was born at Long Cakienvood, 172s. 
 I, he loft bis ' 
 this fo retarJ' 
 
 i old before he became Ceu- 
 
 fiblc of the propriety of applying himfelf t< 
 fome profeffion. The reputation of his brother 
 excited him to furgical purfuits, and he joined 
 him in London, 1 7 .'> 8 . After becon 
 pupil at Bartholomew's, and vifiting Sc< 
 lie entered at St. Mary hall, Oxford, 
 without lofing fight of his medical fi 
 In 1,756 he was appointed houfe furgeon to 
 St. George's hofpital, and was admitted by bi| 
 brother as an afliftant in his lectures. h 
 now devoted himfelf to anatomical flud 
 10 long years, and was tlms enabled w 
 to underftand, but to improve the art oi 
 parative anatomy. The ramifitation of the ol- 
 factory nerves iu the nofe, the arteries of the 
 gravid uterus, and the lymphatic veffels of 
 birds, were, among other important fu 
 fatisiarrtorily defcribed. The exceffive 
 tion which he bellowed on his anatonf. 
 dies, had fuch an elfecl on his health, I 
 re-eitablifh it he went abroad, and was furgeon 
 on the ftaff with the army at Betteifle. In 
 1767 he was elected fellow of the Royal focietv, 
 and the next year he weat to refidc in Jermyu 
 ftreet, in the houfe which his brother quitted 
 for Wind-mill ftreet. In 1776 he was ap- 
 pointed furgeon extraordinary to the king, aud 
 in 1 7 8 ; 3 he removed to Leicefler fquare, where 
 he had prepared a houfe for the reception of 
 his valuable mufeum. Befides the appoint- 
 ment of furgeon to St. George's hofpital, he 
 was in 1786 deputy furgcon-general to the. 
 army, and in 1 7 90 he fucceeded Mr. Adair as 
 infpect or -general of hofpitals, and as fur- 
 geon-geueral to the army, in which yeaj 
 he reugned to his brother-in-law, E 
 Home, his furgical lectures, which he found 
 too laborious and inconvenient for his extenfive 
 pracliee. He was unfortunately fubjec~l to 
 ftrong fpafmodic affections n his heart 
 1786, and as irritation generally pn 
 thole fymptoms he unfortunately met, 
 viftt at St. George's hofpital, loth 0<ft. 
 fome vexatious ckcumilances, and e; 
 check the feelings o[ his mind, he wall 
 another room, and while turning round (0 
 fpeak to a phyficiun, he fell down and 
 inftanriy without a groan. As an abb 
 mcntalifl, John Hunter will long be 1 
 bered with refpeel and gratitude : the di 
 of his operations was equalled only by I 
 tience and perfevcranee. His works are, 
 
 . iftory of the human teeth) 
 !to. 1"71, with a fecond part 1 ; 
 
 .. al difeafe, -lio. 
 tiuns on certain parts of the animal ecoi 
 4to. a treatife on the blood, infiam 
 and guu-fliot wounds, 4to. publiihed al 
 death. His collection of comparative ana- 
 tomy arranged in a clear order to exhibit tb* 
 correfponding parts of animals, ismoft valuable. 
 Huntingdon, Selina, countefs of, fecond- 
 daughter of Walhington, earl Ferrei 
 boru 1707, and married lord Huntingdon. 
 From habits of gaiety and fcenes of diffipation, 
 ihe became, aiter a ferious illnefs ; grave, re- 
 
HUS 
 
 HUT 
 
 jferred, and melancholy. Her thoughts were 
 
 whohy abforbed by religion, and (he employed 
 
 the ample refources which ilie pofTefled in dif- 
 
 ting her principles by the popnlar arts 
 
 of Whitfield, Romalne, and otlier enthuliaftic 
 
 rnethodiils. Not only her houfe in Park ftreet 
 
 irown open for the frequent aflemblirig of 
 
 thefc pious reformers, but chapels were built 
 
 in various parts of* the kingdom, and a col- 
 
 i ected in Wales for the education of 
 
 minifters. After many acts of extenfive 
 
 , and with the belt intentions, fhe died 
 
 in 1791. 
 
 Huntington, Robert, an Emrllfh divine, 
 born in Gloucefterihire 1636. He was edu- 
 cated at Briftol, and at Merton college, Ox- 
 ford. He left England 1670, as chaplain to 
 the Englifli factory at Aleppo, and during 1 1 
 years' residence, he employed hirafelf in the 
 procuring of MSS. and in exploring the 
 neighbouring countries. He viiitcd Galilee, 
 Jerufalem, Samaria, Cyprus, Palmyra, and 
 In 1682 he returned to England, and 
 by the recommendation of bifhop Fell, he was 
 appointed to the maflerihip of Trinity college, 
 Dublin ; but the troubles of the revolution 
 drove him back, and in 1691 he rehgned his 
 office. In I602 he was made rector of Great 
 Ha'lmgbury, Effex, and refufed the bifhopric 
 of Kiimore in Ireland. In 1701 he however 
 accepted that of Raphoe, but he furvived his 
 honors but few days. He fold his fine col- 
 lection of MSS. to the Bodleian for 700l. He 
 published in the philosophical tranfactions, an 
 account of the porphyry pillars in Egypt, and 
 it is his only work, betides fome observations in 
 a collection of travels by Ray. 
 
 HtNTonsr, Gerard, a Dutch painter, born 
 at Utrecht 1592. He was for fome time 
 in the fervice of Charles I. in England, but 
 refided chiefly in Holland. His night pieces 
 are much admired. 
 
 Hum:, Charles, a French divine, bom 
 163 9, fon of a laborer. He applied himfelf 
 to the Oriental languages, and was member of 
 the Fort-roval fociety, profeifor of languages 
 in the univerfity of Paris, and at lafl principal 
 of the college of Beneourt. In his religious 
 opinions he was confidercd a Janfenift. He 
 died 17i7- He wrote a dictionary of the 
 bible, 2 vols, folio, interior to that of Calmet 
 an edition of the Latin teftament, &c. 
 
 Huss, John, a famous divine and martyr, 
 born in Bohemia 1376, and educated at 
 The writings of Wickliffe converted 
 him from the fuperftitions of Rome, and with 
 eloquent zeal he preached againft the power of 
 the pope. His efforts proved fuccefsful, the 
 papal authority began to be flighted in Bohe- 
 mia, but the archbilhop of Prague iffucd two 
 mandates againft the herefies of Wickliffe, and 
 the labors of Hufs, and this was foon feconded 
 by a bull from Rome, for the fuppreffion of 
 all tenets offenfive to the holy fee. Hufs ex- 
 claimed againft thefe proceedings, and though 
 fummoned to llou,e ' to arifwer f jr his conduit, 
 
 he, fupportcd by trrb ftvor of Wcnceflaus 
 king of Bohemia, difiregarded the pope's au- 
 thority, and was excommunicated, and foon 
 after his adherents were included in the fame 
 interdict. After caufing, by his oppofition, 
 various tumuli s in Prague and Bohemia, Hufs 
 was prevailed upon to appear at the council of 
 Conftanee. The emperor Sigifmund granted 
 him his protection, and enfured fecurhy to 
 his perfon ; but when he reached Conftanee 
 1414, he was feizod as a heretic and impri- 
 foned, and after a confinement of fevere hard- 
 fhips for fix months, he was condemned 
 without a hearing, and when he refufed to re- 
 cant his errors, he was tumultuoufly fentenced 
 to be burnt. The emperor complained of the 
 contempt mown to his authority, and of the 
 perfidy ufed towards the delinquent, but allin 
 vain. Hufs "was inhumanly dragged to exe- 
 cution, he was ftripped of Ins iacerdcta! habit, 
 deprived of his degrees, and with a paper crown 
 on his head, with pictures of devils round, and 
 the infeription of Herefiarch, he was burned 
 alive, July, 1415. He endured his torments 
 with uncommon fortitude, and truly cluiftian 
 refignation. His afhes were collected and then 
 fprinkled in the Rhine. His writings were nu- 
 merous but violent. 
 
 Hutcjieson, Francis, an ingenious writer, 
 born 1694, in Ireland, fon of a diflenting 
 minuter. After an excellent education , he re- 
 moved in 1710 to Glafgow, where he applied 
 to philofophy, the learned languages, and di- 
 vinity. On his return to Ireland, he took care 
 of. a fmall diffenting congregation in Dublin, 
 and then fettled in the capital, and opened an 
 academy. He met here with great fuccefs, 
 and the publication of his inquiry into the ideas 
 of beauty and virtue, in which he was affifted 
 by lord Molefworth, and bifhop Synge, re- 
 commended him to the notice of the learned, 
 of lord Granville, the viceroy, of archbilhop 
 King, the primate Boulter, and others. In 
 1729 he left Ireland for Glafgow, where he 
 became profeffor of philofophy. He died 
 highly refpected 1747, though his conftitution 
 feemed to promife a more extended life than 
 58 years. His fyftem of moral philofophy, in 
 three books, was publiihed by his only fon 
 Francis, M. D., 1755, 2 vols. 4to. with an 
 account of his life by Dr. Leechman. 
 
 Hutchins, John, author of the hiftory 
 and antiquities of Dorfetfhire, was born T"698 
 at Bradford Peverell. He was of Baliol college, 
 Oxford, and was in 1729 pfefented to the 
 living of Swyre, to Malcomb Horfey, 1733, 
 and to Holy Trinity, Wareham 1743. He 
 began in 1737 to collect: materials for his hif- 
 tory, which after much labor was put to the 
 prefs, but received not the author's laft correct- 
 ing hand. It was liberally patronized by the 
 gentlemen of the county, and made its appear- 
 ance in 17 7-4, 2 vols, folio, for the benefit 
 of the author's widow and daughter. He died 
 dune 17*73, ai ^ wft s buried in St. Mary's 
 church, Wareham. 
 
 [ D 3 ] Hutchinson, 
 
IHJT 
 
 HUT 
 
 Hutchinson, John, the well known found- 
 er of a philosophical feci, was born at Spenny- 
 thorn, Yorkfhire, 1674. He received in the 
 village fchool a plain education, which was im- 
 proved by the friendly communication of a gen- 
 tleman who lodged in tlichoufe of his father, 
 and at the age of 19 he became fteward to 
 Mr. Bathurft a Yorkfhire gentleman. He after- 
 wards held the fame fituation in the family of 
 lord Scarborough, and in J 7 00 in that of the 
 duke of Someriet. While in the employment 
 of his noble patron, he tiavclled over various 
 parts of England, and made a collection of 
 foffils, which it is laid was afterwards prefented 
 to the univcriity of Cambridge under the name 
 of Dr. Woodward, who had been confidentially 
 entmfted with the arrangement and defcrip- 
 tion of them, Difpleafed with the treachery of 
 his former friend, Hutchinfon determined to 
 commence author ; but in relinqniihing the fer- 
 vice of the duke, he was liberally prefented by 
 him as mailer of the horfe to the king, with 
 the finecure of purveyor to the royal llables, 
 with a good houfe and a falary of 2001. per an- 
 nnm. Thus in poffeffion of independence, he 
 devoted him fell to ftudious purfuits, and in 
 1724 he published the firft part of Mofes' prin- 
 cipia, in which he feverely ridiculed Wood- 
 ward's natural hiftory of the earth, and by at- 
 tacking the doctrine of gravitation he thus at- 
 tempted to undermine the great fabric on which 
 Newton's fame is built. In 1727 the fecond 
 part of Mofes' principia appeared, in which he 
 afferted againfl Newton's doctrines that a ple- 
 num and the air are the principles of the fcrip- 
 ture philofophy. With a fanciful hypothefis 
 he fupported that the myfleries of the trinity 
 may be drawn from the three grand agents in 
 -the fyffem of nature, fpirit, firs, and light; 
 and fo fafcinating were his arguments, that 
 among others Dr. Samuel Clarke declared 
 himfelf a warm admirer of his doctrines. Hut- 
 chinfon died 1737) aged 63. In his temper he 
 is defcribed as violent ; the mental powers which 
 he derived irom nature were great, and had they 
 been properly cultivated he might have enriched 
 his works with more judieii 
 to learning have added the 'graces of elegant 
 language. In his opinions Hutchinfon was an- 
 gular. He imagined that all knowledge is 
 confined in the Hebrew fcriptures, and there- 
 fore rejecting the points, he regarded every 
 Hebrew root as conveying the fign if; cation of 
 fome mental or fpiritual - mgh this 
 
 fanciful fyftem was for a time defended by the 
 author, and fupported zealoufly by his adhe- 
 rents, Home, Jones, Spearman, and other 
 pious divines, it gradually fell into difrepute, 
 and is now no longer dreaded as the. fource of 
 innovation and fceptieifm in theological opi- 
 pions. 
 
 HoTCHlWfOW, John Hdi/, an Irifhman 
 born 1715. By pcTfeverance, and the exer- 
 1 ion of moderate abilities, he rofe to be prime 
 ferjenr I pate, provofl of Trinity 
 
 olkge, Dublin, with other lucrative employ- 
 
 ments. His avidity however tsas fueh, that 
 
 lord North exclaimed in fpeakin 
 
 this man had England an 1 
 
 he would flill folicit the ifle of n 
 
 tatoe garden. He died 1794. 
 
 Hutten, Ulric de, a lingular character, 
 born 1488 jn Franconia. He itudicd at the 
 abbey of Fulda, and took his maftcr's degree 
 at Frankfort on the Oder; but as his neceHnies 
 grew upon him, he entered the army of the 
 emperor, and was at the liege of Padua. His 
 inclination led him to literature, but his father 
 confidered fueh employment beneath the cha- 
 racler of a gentleman, and therefore to pleafe 
 him he went in 1511 to Pavia to ftudy the 
 law. The fiege and plunder of that city by 
 the Swifs difturbed his plans, and he returned 
 to Germany, and then travelled through Bo- 
 hemia and Moravia, often without money or 
 refources except what charity beflowed. On 
 his introduction to the emperor, 1516, he was 
 Is, pud in confequence of 
 the popularity of his competitions, he received 
 from his hand the poetical crown. He was a 
 warm advocate for Luther's doctrines, and he ' 
 publithed the pope's bull againfl that r< 
 with fueh fareaftic remarks, that the fovereignj 
 pontiff commanded the elector ofMentz 
 him the fatirift bound hand and foot. Heefcapef 
 however to the caflle of Ebernberg, and im- 
 plored the protection of the emperor, and of 
 the electors of Saxony and Mentz ; but though 
 perfecuted he did not manifeft lefs zeal againflj 
 the fee of. Rome. ' He was afterwards at Bafil, 
 where he was refufed an afylum in the houfe of 
 Erafmus, an affront which he fatirieally re- 
 lented. He died at lafl in an ifland of the lako 
 of Zurich, where he had taken refuge 1 .0 -2 :3 ; 
 but though he inveighed fo bitterly againfl the 
 corruptions of the Romifh church, he exhibited 
 in his own life the moft profligate manners, 
 and fell a victim to a foul difeafe which hie de- 
 bauchery brought upon him. Though 
 for his genius and learning, Hutten was violent 
 and pallionate in his temper, and ' 
 faid of Demoflhenes was applied to him by 
 Camerarius, that h.n would have turnt 
 world upfide down, had his power been equal 
 to his will. His works are numeroui 
 chiefly fatirical, fo that he has been compared 
 byThuanus to Lueian. 
 
 Huttf.x, Jacob, a Silefian in the H'.th 
 
 . rounder of the anabaptift feet called 
 
 the Bohemian or Moravian brethren. His ic- 
 
 commended equality among mr 
 therefore he expofed himfelf to the perfi 
 of mn/riftrates. The time of his death 
 mentioned, though it is faid that fo 
 burnt as a heretic at Infpruck. His followers 
 difperfed after his death, though t< 
 who adhered to Zinzendorff, confidered them- 
 felves as the true difeiples of his doctrines. 
 
 H utter, Elia*, a protefiant divine of Ulric 
 1553. He was an able orientalift, and publifh- 
 cd a " Hebrew bible," with the 117th pialm in 
 17 languages, " two polyglots," one : 
 
 languages. 
 
HUY 
 
 HYD 
 
 languages^ and the other in fix. He died at 
 Nuremberg after 1602. 
 
 Hutter, Leonard, a learned Lutheran di- 
 vine, born at Ulrn ] 563. He ihidied at Straf- 
 burg, Leipfic, Jena, &c. and was theological 
 profeffor at Wittemberg, and laftly rector of 
 the univerfity. He died 16 1 6. He wrote 
 compendium theologioe libri chriftianae con- 
 cerdise, and othfr theological works. 
 
 Hijttox, Matthew, an Englifh biihop, born 
 of poor parents in Lancashire. He had the 
 advantage of a tolerable education, and was 
 fe-.it to Cambridge , where he became fellow of 
 Trinity college, and Margaret profeffor of di- 
 vinity. He afterwards obtained a prebend of 
 St. Paul's, Mas made mailer of Pembroke 
 hall, and in 1567 preferred to the deanery of 
 York. In 15 (i9 he was made biihop of Dur- 
 ham, and five years after translated to York. 
 He died 1605, aged 59. 
 
 Huygeks, Conjiantine, author of 14 books 
 of Latin poems and mifceilanies, called monu- 
 menta defultoria, was born at the Hague, and 
 became feeretary to the prince of Orange. He 
 died 1687, aged 91. 
 
 Huv an, a celebrated mathema- 
 
 tician, ion of the preceding, was born at the 
 1 629. He difcovered a Strong genius 
 for mathematics, and paid great attention to 
 .?tie, geography, and mechanics. 
 He for feme time Studied law at Leydeu and 
 Broda, but. without relinquishing his favorite 
 fciences, fo that in l65lhegavca Specimen 
 mathematical abilities in his theoremata 
 de quadratura hyperboles ellipfis et circuli ex 
 dato portionem gravitatis centro. In 164-9 
 he went to Holftein, and in 1655 to France, 
 where he took the degree of doctor of laws at 
 Angers. In 165 6 he publifhed at the Hague 
 his horologium, with a model of a new invent- 
 ed pendulum, and the following year appeared 
 his fyftem of Saturn, in which he difcovered a 
 fatellite attending that planet, and afcertaiued 
 the exiftence of its' ring. In 1660 he again 
 uen-L to France, and the next year came to 
 England, where he was made fellow of the 
 fociety. His improvements in poliihing 
 claffes, and in the air pump, increafed his 
 lame ; but he had a difpute with Wren and 
 Wallis about the priority of difcovering the laws 
 of the collision of elaftic bodies. In 1666 he 
 went to n fide at Paris in confequence of the 
 invitations of Colbert, and the grant of ahand- 
 fome penfion. Here, finding his health gra- 
 dually decline from exceflive application, he in 
 1631 left France for his native country, where 
 tit the remainder of life. He died 
 at the Hague, 8th June 1695, in his 67th 
 year, while his cofmotheoros, a Latin treatife 
 on the plurality of worlds, was printing. This 
 work appeared 1698, his opufcnla poillmma, 
 1" 00, 4to. the next year his opera varia, in 
 4 vols. 4to. and in 1728 his opera reliqua, in 
 Q vols. 4to. the firft of which contains his trea- 
 tises on light and gravity, and the fecond the 
 t>pufcula polihuxua. His works have been col- 
 
 lected in 6 vols. 4to. Huygens was a great 
 as well as a learned character, in vhtue, 
 in cheerfulness, and private worth, equalled by 
 few. 
 
 Huysum, Jnftus Fan, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Anvfterdam. He died 1 7 16, aged 57. 
 He excelled in painting battles, landfcapcs, and 
 flowers. 
 
 Huysum, John Fan, fon of the preceding, 
 was born at Amfterdam 1682. His pieces fold 
 for a very high price. He was fo jealous of 
 his fame that he never admitted any body to fse 
 him paint, and therefore his mode of mixing 
 the tints and preferving the luftre of the colors 
 remained an impenetrable fecret. He died 
 1749. His brothers Jujhis and Jacob were 
 alfo excellent painters. 
 
 Hyde, Edward, earl of Clarendon, and 
 lord chancellor of England, wasdefcended from 
 aThefhire family, and born at Dinton, Wilts, 
 1608. In 1622 he entered at Magdalen hall, 
 Oxford, and on being difappointed in a fellow- 
 ship at Exeter, he removed to the Middle Tem- 
 ple, where he ftudied the law. In the par- 
 liament of 1640 he fat for Wootton Baffet, 
 and difiinguiihed himfelf as a fpeaker. He 
 was elected for Saltafh in the long parliament, 
 and when the commons prefented articles of 
 impeachment againftthe judges Davenport, Wei- 
 ton, and Trevor, he was commiffioned to carry 
 them to the lords, and he introduced them in 
 a moft excellent and energetic Speech. He was 
 not however fo fully devoted to party as to for- 
 get his duties; the refpecthe had for the church 
 and the crown, would not permit him to al- 
 fent to the measures winch banished the bilhops 
 from parliament, and though one of the com- 
 mittee againft Strafford, he foon abandoned 
 the office, and oppofed the attainder when he 
 perceived the violence and vindictive animofity 
 of his accufers. With equal patriotifm he in- 
 veighed againft the ordinance for raising tire mi- 
 litia againil the king, and when he faw his mo- 
 deration fufpeeted, he left the parliament, and 
 in 1642 withdrew to the king at York. His 
 abilities were well known to the unfortunate 
 monarch, who foon after knighted him, and 
 appointed him chancellor of the exchequer, and 
 a privy counfdlor. In 1643 he attended the 
 parliament at Oxford, and the next year was 
 one of the commissioners at the treaty of Ux- 
 b ridge, and afterwards he went as Secretary 
 and afliftant counfeilor to the prince of Wales 
 in his excurfion into Wales. On the ruin of 
 the royal caufe, he palled to the Scilly iilands, 
 and in 1645 to Jerfey, where he began to write 
 his hiftory of the rebellion. In 164 8 he went 
 to join Ins new mafter at Paris, and then wa3 
 Sent ambaSTador extraordinary to Spain. He 
 afterwards was made Secretary of State, and in 
 1657 raifed to the office of lord chancellor. 
 On his return to England with the king, he was 
 made chancellor of Oxford, and created an earl. 
 Thefe high honors were due to his fervices, and 
 while he wiShed to reftore the prerogatives of 
 the crown, he was zealouSIy employed in efla- 
 [D4J blifhing 
 
HYD 
 
 HYD 
 
 Wifhing the liberties of the people. Envy, 
 however, is the attendant ongreatnefs, and the 
 elevation of his daughter to be the wife of the 
 cuke of York, contributed much to his down- 
 fall. He was frit attacked in 1661 by lord 
 Brifiol, who exhibited againft him HS chaws 
 of high treafon, but though the malice and the 
 inconflftency of his aaverfary were tw faring 
 rot to be vfjefied, the public cdium 1111 was 
 directed agn'nft him. His magnificent hoide 
 was convened in 1664 as an engine of accufation 
 againft him, and while his enemies chained him 
 with iaviihing the fums of moneywhich theypre- 
 t'-nded he hud received for felling Dunkirk, 
 his eonducl, though virtuous, became fo i'uf pelt- 
 ed that the king in 1667 difmiffed him from the 
 ofliec of ckmeJJor. His difmiffal was follow- 
 ed by his impeachment, but he avoided the 
 itorrn by flying into France, and an aft of 
 banifhment was pafled againft him. From 
 Row n he retired to Evrcux in 1 663, where one 
 night he was attacked by a body of Engliih fea- 
 men, who were going to difpatch him, had not in 
 the violent fcuffic their lieutenant opportunely 
 come to difarm them and fave his life. He after- 
 wards went to Montpellicr, and to Moulins 
 1662, and the next year fettled at Rouen, 
 where he died. His body was brought to Eng- 
 land, and interred in Henry the Seventh's 
 chapel in Weftminfter abbey. He was twice 
 married : by his firft wife he had no children, 
 and bv the fecond, he had four fons and two 
 daughters, of which Anne, the eldeft, married 
 the duke of York, and became mother of 
 Mary and Anne, fucceiTively queens of Eng- 
 land. Befides his moft valuable hiftory of the 
 rebellion, completed about 16; -3, and edited at 
 Oxford both in folio and in 8vo. lord Clarendon 
 wrote animadverfions on Mr. Creify's book, 
 called fanadcifrn a furvey of Hobbes' levia- 
 than, 4to. mifcellaneous trafts, fob an ac- 
 count of his own life to his banifhment, print- 
 ed 17 59. The difmiffion of Clarendon from 
 the fervice of the king is attributed by fonie 
 to the ridicule of Buckingham^ and other chi- 
 fipated favorites, who amu fed their licentious mo- 
 narch with mimicking the perfonal conference 
 of the chancellor. While with a pair of bellows 
 before him to reprefent the purfe, and a f;re- 
 ftiovel for the mace, Buckingham thus infoited 
 the dignity of Clarendon, Charles unfortunately 
 forgot in thejeft, the fervices cf his faithful 
 lervant, and liftened with greater pleafure to 
 the vile infmuations of his concubines, than 
 he refpe&ed the integrity and the virtues of the 
 friend of his father, and the fuppcrter of his 
 throne. 
 
 Hyde, Henry, 'ail or Clarendon, fon of 
 the chancellor, was born 1638. He was em- 
 ployed in the correspondence of his father, 
 as fcereey was requifite in the management of 
 the ki At the reiteration 
 
 I. A. at Oxford, and afterwards appoint- 
 ed chamberlain to the queen. XKi 
 with the illiberal treatment which hi 
 had ruet with from the court, he oppofed 
 2 
 
 Cures of minificrs in parliament, and 
 diftinguifhed himfelf among the nv.ft <lo- 
 quent fpeakers. On his father's death he took 
 his feat in the houfe of lords, ftill in the 
 ranks of oppofition j but his exei 
 the bill of exclufion reftored him to favor, and 
 in 1680 he was made a privy counfcllor, and on 
 James's acceffion fent as viceroy to Ireland, but 
 foon removed to make room for Tyrconnel. 
 On the abdication of the king, he refufed to 
 take the oaths of allegiance to William, and 
 was therefore fent to the tower. After fome 
 confinement he retired into the country, and 
 (pent the remainder of his days in privacy. 
 He died 1709, aged 71. His ftate letter*, 
 and his diary for 1687, 1688, and 1690, 
 were publilhcd -2 vols. 4to. 
 
 TIvdk, Lawrence, fecond fon of the chan- 
 cellor, w.-is early engaged about the court. He 
 was made in 166 1 maftcr of the robes to the 
 king, and in 1676 fent as ambaffador to Po- 
 land, and he was prefent as plenipotentiary at 
 the congrefs of Nimeguen. He was made firft 
 lord of the treafury in 1679, and warmly op- 
 pofed the bill which was brought into parlia- 
 ment to exclude the duke of York from the 
 fueceffion, for which he was raifed to the peer- 
 age in 1681, by the title of vifcount Hyde, 
 and afterwards earl of Rocheficr. He was in 
 pointed president of the council, lord 
 treafurer, and in 16S5 made knight of the 
 garter, but though favored by the court he 
 refufed to change, his religion, and facrificed 
 his place to his principles. At the revolution 
 he was one of the commiiftoners, and was fent 
 in 1700 to Ireland as lord lieutenant. Under 
 Anne he was made prefident of the council. 
 He died 1711, defervedlv refpected as an able 
 ftatefman. The dedication of lord Clarendon's 
 hif'.ory of the rebellion was bv him. 
 
 Hyde, Thomas, a learned writer, born 1606 
 at Billingftey, near Bridgenorth, j^alop. After 
 ftudying the oriental languages under his father, 
 he went to king's college, Cambridge, and 
 foon after affifted Walton, afterwards bKhop of 
 Chefter, in the completion of his polyglott 
 bible. His fervices were fuch in the transcrib- 
 ing of the characters, and in the. fetting forth 
 of the Ferfian pentateueh, that the learned 
 editor acknowledged in the handfomeft terms 
 his abilities, and his meritorious affifiance. In 
 16.-8 he entered at queen's college, Oxford, 
 ! and was afterwards eleeled under-librarian, and 
 then head-librarian to the Bodleian, and in 
 166.5 he published a Latin tranflation of Uleigh 
 Beig's observations on the longitude and lati- 
 tude of the liars. In 1666 he v 
 bendary of Sarum, in 1678 archdeacon of 
 Gloucester, in 1682 he took the degree of 
 D.D. and in 1691 he was elected Arabic pro- 
 . In I607 he was made regius profeffor 
 of Hebrew, and canon of Chrift chi.reh, and 
 in 17ol refigned the Bodleian. He died 1703 
 at Chrift church. He was Interpreter and fe- 
 cretary for oriental languages to Charles H. 
 and his two fuccefibxs, and for learning 
 
 ment, 
 
HYD 
 
 HYP 
 
 ment, and extenfive information, lie was de- 
 ferrcdly efteemed. The beft known of his 
 works is, hiftoria religionis vetenim Perfarum, 
 rorumque magorum, &c. published 17 00 
 in 4to. dedicated to lord Somers, and abound- 
 in? in moft intevefting particulars con- 
 cerning the theology, hiftory, and learning of 
 em nations. 
 Hyd>.r-au.y-khax, an Aftatic prince, born 
 at Dinavelli, in the My fore. He ferved under 
 his father, and then joined his brother, who 
 alliance with Fiance. His intrepidity, 
 and a feries of fuccefs againft the Mahrattas, 
 and againft the Englifh, raifed him not 'only to 
 the rank of generaliflimo of the king of My- 
 fore's forces, but to the independent powr of 
 Suba of Servla. The fovereignty which his 
 valor had acquired, he maintained by wifdom 
 aud found policy, and regarding the Euro- 1 
 
 ponns as intruders, he formed the mod formi- 
 dable plans for the complete expulfion of the 
 Englifhfrom Afia. The treaty made in 1/69 
 was violated in 1780; but the forces of Hvder 
 were unable, though numerous, to withftand 
 the bravery of the Englilh troops, under iir 
 Eyre Coote. Hyder died 178-2, and was 
 fuceeeded by his i<m Tipppo Said, who polfeiTed 
 equal valor, and was animated with the fame, 
 hatred againft the Englifh name. 
 
 Hvll, Albayn, a phyfictan in the 1 6th cen- 
 tury, who ftudied at Oxford. He wrote on Ga- 
 len, and died in London 1 559. 
 
 Hypeiuus, Andrew Gerard, a divine, born 
 at Yores, He ftudied in France, which he 
 left for England, upon embracing the reforma- 
 tion. He died divinity profeffor at Marpurg, 
 1564, "having pubjiihed 7 vols, folio, on di-. 
 vinity fubjcb, &c. 
 
 J. 
 
 J AC 
 
 JAC 
 
 JAAFHAN, Ebn Topkaxl, an Arabian pliilo- 
 fopher in the twelfth century, author of a 
 romance, called the hiftory of Hai Ebn Yckd- 
 h;'.n, in which he aflerts that by the light of 
 nature, a man may acquire a knowledge of 
 things, an ] of God. 
 
 Jablonski, Daniel Brncft, a popifh divine, 
 born 1660 atDantzic. He ftudied in Germany, 
 and viflted Holland and England. He was 
 minifter of Magdeburg and Berlin, and endea- 
 voured to reconcile the Lutherans and Cal- 
 vinifts. He translated into Latin Bentley's 
 fermons and Boyle's lectures, and wrote 
 fome differtations on the land of Geflen, 
 and other works highly eftcemed. He died 
 1741. 
 
 Jablonski, TJieodorc, counfellor of the 
 Mart of PrufF.a, and fecrctary to the royal fo- 
 f fciencfs at. Berlin, was a man of ex- 
 tenfive erudition. He wrote di&ionnaire 
 Francois et Allemand, & Allemand Francois 
 a courfe of morality in German dirUonnaire 
 ! des arts & des fciences and a tranfla- 
 tion of Tacitus de mor. Germ. 
 
 Jablonski, Paul Erncji, fon of Daniel 
 Erneft, was born at Berlin, and became theo- 
 h .7 profeffor at Frankfort on the Oder. He 
 w<-( re difquifitio de lingua lvcaonica inftitu- 
 iiiftorire ecclefiafticae, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 pantheon /Egyptiorum, a learned work, 3 vols. 
 fcvo. He died 1757. 
 
 JABLONSKI, Charles Gujlavus, author of a 
 natural hiftory of infe&s, and member of the fo- 
 ticfy of Halle; died 17 87. 
 j Jacktius, Francis de Cataneis, an Italian 
 
 writer, profeffor of platonic philofbphy at Flo- 
 rence, where he died 1552. He wrote a trea- 
 tife of beauty, and another of love, according to 
 Plato, and other works. 
 
 Jackson, Thomas, an Englilh divine, born 
 1579 at Willowing, county of Durham. He 
 entered at Queen's college, Oxford, 1595, and 
 the year after removed to Corpus Chrifti. He 
 became D. D. 1629, and two years after took 
 a living, and aifo the vicarage of Newcaftle, 
 which he refigned in 1630, when elected prefi- 
 dent of his college. In 1635 he was made 
 prebendary of Winchefter, and in 1638, he was 
 made dean of Peterborough. He died 1 640. He 
 was a man of great learning, a*. d of an exem- 
 plary character. Flis works were published in 3 
 vols, folio, confifting of fermons, befides com- 
 mentaries on the apoftles' creed. 
 
 Jackson, John, an Englilh divine, born at 
 Lenfoy, Yorklhire, where his father was mi- 
 nifter. He was educated at Doncafter fchool, 
 and at Jefus', Cambridge. In 1710 he was v 
 prefented to the living of Roifington by the 
 corporation of Doncafter, and married 17 12. 
 He was refit fed the degree of M. A. at Cam- 
 bridge, in confequence it is faid of his hereti- 
 cal opinions, and by embracing tenets oppofite 
 to the church, he embroiled himfelf greatly at 
 Leicefter, where he refided as confrater of 
 Wigfton hofpital. As he refufed to fabferibe 
 to the articles, he loft in 17*24 a prebend in 
 Salifbury church, but in 1729 he fuceeeded 
 to the maftcrfliip of Wigfton hofpital. His 
 works are numerous on theological fubjeels, 
 and difplay labor, judgment, and learning. He 
 
 fliowed 
 
IAC 
 
 JAE 
 
 fhowcJ fueh virulence in his conduct, that he 
 was at -.'I the facrament, and in 
 
 Leicefter forcibly denied the ufe of the pulpit.' 
 He oppefed the do&rine of the trinity, and 
 I Warburton, and even fence of his own 
 friends, in his pamphlets. His laft, and by 
 far his beft work, is " chronological antiqut- 
 3 vols 4to. 1?6?.. H prepared mate- 
 rials for an edition of the (.'reek teilament, of 
 which, however, his infirmities prevented the 
 publication. lie died 1763. 
 
 Jackson, Arthur, a divine, ejeclcd from 
 his living of St. Faith, in London, 1662, for 
 non-coniormity. He was alfo imprifoned, and 
 fined 500l. for refufing to give evidence 
 againft'Chriftopher Love. Heat the Wfcftora- 
 lion prefented, in the name of the ajQTeoably of 
 divines, a bibie to Charles II. and was alfo one 
 
 of th 
 
 ifters who attended the Savoy con- 
 
 ference. He wrote a commentary on the bible, 
 3 vols. 4to. and died 1666. 
 
 JlCKSON, William, a native of Exeter, 
 eminent as a mufical cempofer, and as a wri- 
 ter. He ftudicd mufic at Exeter and Lon- 
 don, and in 17 77 was chofen organift of St. 
 Peter's church in his native town, where he 
 died 1803, aged 7-3. Befides books of fongs, 
 hymns, fonatas, canzonets, &c. of merit, he 
 wrote 00 letters on various fubjects lately edi- 
 ted, a third time- -the four ages, 8vo. trea- 
 tife on the prefent ftate of mufic, 12mo. 
 papers in the eifays of the Exeter fociety,. &c. 
 One of his fons was ambaffador at the court 
 of Sardinia, afterwards in France, and at Ber- 
 lin, and another was with lord Macartney, in 
 China. 
 
 Jacob, fon of Ifaac and Rebecca, obtained 
 from his elder brother, Efau, his birthright, 
 and alfo his father's bleffing. This drew upon 
 him the vengeance of Efau, which he avoided 
 by flying to Padan-aran, where he ferved his 
 uncle Laban for 1 4 years, and obtained his two 
 daughters, Leah and Raehael, for wives. He 
 was afterwards reconciled to his brother, and 
 went to Egypt with all his family, to fee his 
 fon Jofeph in the fupreme power of the coun- 
 try under Pharoah. He died in Egypt, B. C. 
 1689, aged 147. 
 
 Jacob, He)iry, a native cf Kent, educated 
 at Oxford. He afterwards retired to his 
 living and died 1621, aged 60. He is au- 
 thor of fome treatifes againft the Brownifts, 
 and of a work on our Saviour's fnfferings. 
 
 JicoB, Henry, fon of the preceding, be- 
 came an able orientalilt under Erpenius. He 
 was fellow of Merton college, Oxford, but 
 was ejected and died at Canterbury 1 652, aped 
 4 4. He wrote Delphi Phcenicizant! 
 orki. 
 
 Jacob, Giles, author of a law dictionary 
 the live ' ers of Englift 
 
 Other valuable works, died 1744, aged 54. 
 
 Jacob, a Ciftercian monk in Hungar 
 alTembled a number of peafarrti in France and 
 Germany, to go to deliver the holy land from 
 ilels. He pretended alfo to be commiffi- 
 
 oned by the .Virgin to fet Lewis, king of 
 France, at liberty, who had been made pri- 
 foner by the Saracens, and for this he p i 
 a crufade ; but the government at lalt r 
 to countenance the meafure ; and ihi refore the 
 zealots were difperfed, and Jacob fo< 
 murdered by a butcher. 
 
 JIacc bi of the .sth 
 
 century. The invention of points in the He* 
 brew letters, inftead of vowels, is attributed to 
 him , and to his friend Ben AiTer , i) 
 
 Jacob feffor of phi! 
 
 and phytic at Copenhagen, was born 1.650, at 
 Arhufen, Jutland. After ftudying at Copen- 
 he travelled over Europe, and on his re- 
 turn was appointed profefi'or and manager of 
 the king's cabinet of curiofities. The 
 his wife in 1693 robbed him of all his 
 nefs, and though he attempted to avert his 
 grief by a feeond marriage, he fell a facrifice to 
 his melancholy 1701. He wrote de ran i 
 certis difiertatio gaudia areloi orbis, &e> be i 
 fides elegant Latin poems. 
 
 Jacobs, Jurian, a painter of Switz 
 The animals which he introdticed in his hifio- 
 rical pieces, were finiihed in a very animated 
 ftyle. He died 1664, aged 54. 
 
 Jacomb, Thomas, D.D. of Leicefterfbirr, 
 was educated at Magdalen hall, Oxford, from 
 which he removed to Cambridge. In 1647 he 
 obtained the living of St. Martin, Ludgate, 
 from which he was ejecled for non-conformity 
 in 1662. He died 1687. He wrote a treatife 
 of holy dedication -fermons a commentary 
 on the eighth of Romans and contributed to 
 the continuation of Pool's annotations. 
 
 Jacopone, da Todi, an Italian poet. On 
 becoming a widower, he diftributed T.'is proper- 
 ty to the poor, and acquired the furname of 
 the Happy, in confequence of his character 
 of fanclity. He wrote feveral canticles, full 
 of fire and zeal, befides ftabat mater, a Latin 
 poem. He died very old , 1306. 
 
 Jacquet, Lewis, a native of Lyon?, who 
 died 1793, aped 61 . It is faid that he refem- 
 bled the famous J.J. Roufleau, and thi 
 he was his warm admirer and imitator. His 
 parallel between Greek and French trap 
 poffelTed great merit, and alfo fome of his 
 effays, crowned by the Bcfancon academy. 
 
 Jacquier, Francis, a native of Vitry, who 
 died at Rome 1788, aged 77- He was emi- 
 nent as a divine and mathematician, an I 
 Newton's philof. natur. principia mathem. ' 
 4 vo\s > 4 to. inftitutiones philof. ad 
 theol.'accomm. . r > vols. i2mo. &c. 
 
 Jadeeot, Nicholas, a native of Nancy, 
 who died there 1793, aged 57. Hew 
 nent as a phvfician, and was author 
 pictures of animal ccconomy, 8vo. a rom- 
 plcte courfe of anatomy, folio- phyfica 
 is feni, 2 vols. l2mo. &c. 
 
 Jaeger, John Wolfgang, a Lui 
 divine, of Stutgard, made by the d 
 Wirtemburg, whofe fon he had educated, bis 
 counftiior, and alfo preache: of the cat I 
 
JAM 
 
 JAM 
 
 and abbot of Adelberg. In 1 702 he was chan- 
 cellor of tile univerfrty, and provoft of Tubin- 
 gen, and died 1720. He wrote, ecclefiaftical 
 hifiory compared with profane observations on 
 PufFendorf and Grothi5 Spinoza's life and 
 doctrines examined, and other Latin works. 
 
 Jago, Richard, an Englifh poet, born 
 1715, at Beaudefert, Henley, Warwickshire. 
 From Solihul fchool, he went in 1/39 as fer- 
 vitor to Univerfity college. In 17:37 he took 
 orders, and in 1744 married a clergyman's 
 daughter, and obtained the livings of Har- 
 bury and Chefterton, 1746, and in 1754 lord 
 Clare obtained for him the vicarage of Snit- 
 terfield, and in 177 1 his patron lord Wil- 
 loughby de Broke, gave him, inftead ofHar- 
 bury, Kilmcote in Leieefterihire, worth 3001. 
 a-year. His elegy on the blackbirds appeared 
 in 1752, in Haw kei worth's adventurer, and as 
 it was anonymous, it was attributed to various 
 authors, and efpecially to Gilbert Weft. He 
 died after -a ihort illnefs, 1781, aged 66. 
 Three of his daughters furvived him. His vnoft 
 admired performance is Edgchill, a dei'criptive 
 poem, in blank verfe, 17 67. 
 
 Jaiixot, Alexis Hubert, a French fculp- 
 tor, who, by marrying the daughter of a map 
 cokwer, adopted his father-in-law's profeffion, 
 and fooa excelled in the execution of maps. 
 He died 1 7 SO. His recherches critiques, hilto- 
 riqius, &c. fur Paris, &c. 5 vols. 8 vo. 177-2, 
 is a correel and interefling work. 
 
 James, SV. the great, ion of Zebedee, was 
 a filberman, and was called with his brother 
 John, to become apoftles, by our Saviour. 
 He was prefent with his brother and Peter at 
 the transfiguration ; and after the crucifixion, 
 he preached the gofpel to the Jews difperfed 
 in the towns of Syria. He was cruelly put to 
 death with the fword, A. D. 44, by Herod. 
 
 James, St. the lefs, brother of Simon and 
 Jude, was alio one of the apoftles, and receiv- 
 ed the furname of Juft, on account of his 
 virtues. He was the firft appointed 
 biihop of Jerufdem, and for his firmnefs he 
 was called by St. Paul one of the pillars of 
 the church. He was put to death with the 
 blow of a fuller's club, under Ananias the 
 high-prieft, A. D. 6'2. 
 
 James I. king of Scotland, after his father 
 Robert III. was taken by the Englifh as he was 
 eroffing over to France. After an imprifon- 
 mr-nt of 1 8 years, he was fet at liberty on con- 
 dition of marrying Jane, daughter of the earl 
 of Somerfet, 1424. He feverery punifhed 
 thofe who had governed in his abfence ; and in 
 lence of this he was alfaffinated by their re- 
 lations, and died pierced with r>6 wounds, ] 4;$7. 
 
 James II. king of Scotland, fucceeded at 
 
 of feven to his father, James I. He 
 
 punifhed fome of his barons, who had revolted 
 
 againft him, and he was killed at the fiegc of 
 
 Roxburgh, 1460, aged 29, by a cannon lhot. 
 
 James III. fuccceded his father James II. 
 and rendered himfelf odious by his cruelties. 
 He put to death his brother John, but Alex- 
 1 
 
 ander his other brother efcaped, and levied war 
 againft the tyrant. James, defeated in a battle 
 by his fubjec/b, fell from his horfe, and was at 
 lafl put to death in a mill by the purfuing ene- 
 my, 1488. 
 
 James IV. Succeeded his father James III. 
 at the age of 16. He defeated fome of his 
 rebellious barons, and affifted Lewis XII. of 
 France againft the Englifh, but was unfortu- 
 nately flain in the fatal battle of Floddon field, 
 1513. He inftituted the order of the thiftle. 
 
 James V. of Scotland, fucceeded at the 
 death of his father, James IV. though only 18 
 months old. His minority was governed by 
 his mother, Margaret of England, but at the 
 age of 1 7 he affumed the reins of government, 
 and affifted Francis I. againft Charles V. and mar- 
 ried 1 535 Magdalen, the French king's daugh- 
 ter who died two years after. He afterwards mar- 
 ried Mary of Lorraine, the widow of Lewis of 
 Orleans, and died 1542, leaving his dominions 
 to his only child, Mary Stuart, who was born 
 only eight days before his death. He was a 
 prince admired for his virtues. 
 
 James VI. of Scotland, and the firft of 
 England, was fon of Henry earl of Darnley, 
 and Mary the daughter of James V. and was 
 born 1566. When his mother was obliged by 
 her rebellious fubjec/ts to refign the crown in 
 1566, James afcended the throne, and on 
 the death of Elizabeth he fucceeded to the P^ng- 
 liih crown 1 603 . Some of the Englifh nobles 
 confpired againft him and his fon prince Henry, 
 but a more dreadful cataftrophe awaited him 
 from the catholics whom he had rendered his 
 enemies, by the feverity of his treatment. 
 But when the parliament houfe was doomed to 
 be blown up by gun-powder with the king, the 
 lords and commons, the plot was happily dis- 
 covered by the fagacity of the monarch.. 
 James was naturally fond of peace, and during 
 20 years of his reign, his fubjects enjoyed per- 
 fect traaquill'ty. The mterefts of the nation 
 perhaps might have required more vigorous 
 meafures, but the cultivation of commerce, and 
 a friendly intercourfe with the reft of the world, 
 were more congenial to the fentiments of the 
 monarch. In the extenfion of his prerogative 
 James rendered himfelf not only oppreffive, 
 but often ridiculous, and while he argued with 
 his parliament, and enlarged on the divine rights 
 of kings he taught the factious to difpute his 
 authority, and to prepare that oppofition which 
 proved fo fatal to his fuccelfor. Though learned 
 he chofe for his favorites the moll ignorant and 
 worthlefs, and the partiality which he fhowedto 
 Carr, earl of Somfrfet, and to Villiers, duke of 
 Buckingham, reflec/t little honor on his judg- 
 ment or his heart. He died at Theobalds, 
 1625, aged 59, after a reign of 22 years, and 
 he was buried in YVeftminfter abbey. By his 
 wife Anne of Denmark, whom he married 
 1590, he had Henry and Robert who died 
 young, Charles his fuccelfor, and Elizabeth who 
 married Frederic V. eleclor Palatine. His 
 works, which confiited of a commentary on the 
 revelations, 
 
JAM 
 
 JAM 
 
 revelations, in which he terms the pop 
 chrHl biifilieon doron, or advice to his fon 
 dwrnonobgy, or diicouri'e on witchcrafi a 
 countcrblaft aga'mft tobacco, &c. were publifhed 
 in l vol. folio, 1619. Though James deferred 
 to be commended ibr bis love of peace, yet hi* 
 changer mull defcend to poAaritj with every 
 mark of deteftation for bis cruel conduct to- 
 the virtuous Boleigh, whom he wantonly 
 cuut'ed to be beheaded 1 5 years alter his fentence, 
 and alter he had granted him his protection. 
 
 James II. of England, fucceeded his bro- 
 ther the fecond Charles 1684. On the death 
 of his father, he efcaped to France, and at the 
 
 ion he was declared admiral of England, 
 and obtained in 166.7, a celebrated victory over 
 Opdam, the Patch admiral ; but in 16/2, he 
 was defeated by Ruytc'r. His valor had en- 
 deared him to the Englifh, and though his popiih 
 principles were confined by tlie parliament, he 
 ait-ended the throne on the death of his bro- 
 ther ; but the virtues of the private man unfor- 
 tunately difappeared in the king. James be- 
 came arbitrary and opprehive, and in his wifh to 
 ejtablifh the Roman catholic religion, he rudely 
 invaded thf rights of his fubjecls, and paid no 
 regard to the opinions of a people, who had a 
 few years before conducted his father to the 
 fcaffold. The murmurs of the Englifh were 
 not in vain. William of Orange, who had 
 married the king's daughter, invaded the king- 
 dom, and James, terrified at the fuccefs of his 
 enemy, and the ingratitude of his courtiers, 
 ed to France, 1668. Tie afterwards attacked 
 Ireland, but neither this invafion nor the in- 
 trigues of his catholic adherents, were able to 
 fliake the popularity of William. James died 
 at St. Germain's, a penf:oner on the bounty of 
 the French king, 1701, aged 68. By Ins mft 
 urife, Anne, daughter of lord Clarendon, lie 
 had two daughters, Mary and Anne, luccelfivelv 
 queens of England; and by his fecond wife, 
 the prineefs of Modena, he had a fon, called 
 tire pretender, acknowledged by the Roman 
 catholic princes, under the name of James III. 
 This fon died at Rome, 1 766, and his fun, 
 Cliarles Edward, the pretender, fo well known 
 by his invafion of Scotland in 1745, died at 
 Florence 1788, aged 68. Henry Benedict, 
 eardinaj of York, brother to Charles Edward, 
 died lately at Rome, and thus that branch of 
 the Stuart family is cxtnvft. 
 
 James I. king of Arragon, furnamed the 
 warrior, fucceeded his father, Peter the catholic, 
 1319. He defeated fome of his neb. 
 had ratted an infurre&ioc againll him, and con- 
 quered Majorca, Minorca, Vulraotla, aatd 
 places from the Moors. He alio fupporled him- 
 
 1 iilr the encroachments of the papal 
 power, and died at Xativa, 1276, aged 70. 
 
 II. (ung of A.. 
 III. fat lib III. i-2')i. 
 
 iqucred Sic'ay, an I 
 
 ;he Moors, and the peoj . 
 
 . :iown, 
 ;,aged 66 
 
 James of Voragine, provincial of the domU 
 means, compiled the golden legend, a work of 
 fabulous (lories, often edited. He died 1 
 
 James, Thomas, an Englifh divine, born at 
 Newport, ifie of Wight, and educated at Win- 
 fchool, and New college Oxford. He 
 collc&cd curious MSS. and publifhed a cata- 
 logue of fuch as were in the c< 
 
 ity, and was the ftrft librarian appointed 
 by lir Thomas Ecdley, in his newly euablifhed 
 library. He was made fub-dean of Wells, and 
 took his degree of I). D. 161 1, and mi 
 wards prefeated to Mongeham, in Lent. Thefe 
 and other pieces of preferment, were not ur.de- 
 ferved. He was a moft active divine agaii 
 papiiis, and propofed various plans for the col- 
 lating of the MSS. of the fathers, which 
 not only advance the caufe of feience, but de- 
 feat the forgeries and the views of the catho- 
 lics, which however failed for" want of encou- 
 
 ;,-. He died at Oxford lfi-J. . 
 about 51. His works are all refpcitable, the 
 bell known of which is, a treatise of the cor- 
 ruption of fesiptures, councils, and fathers, pub- 
 lifhed .ito. and Svo. 
 
 James, Richard, nephew of the preceding, 
 was of Exeter college, Oxford, aud aft 
 removed to Corpus Chrihi. In 1619 be tra- 
 velled through Wales and Scotland, and then 
 paITed into Ruffia, on which he publifhed fume 
 observations. He was {killed in the learned 
 languages, in Italian, French, and Spanifh, and 
 fo well informed that he alibied Selden in the 
 drawing up of his marmora arundeliana, and fir 
 Robert Cotton and his fou, in the arrun. 
 of their noble library. He died 3 608. 
 
 James, Robert, M. D. jan Englifh ph; 
 known by his preparation of a very ufeful fever 
 powder, was born at Kinverfton, 
 170J. He was of St. John's college, Oxford, 
 and afterwards pracUfcd as a pkyncian at Shef- 
 field, Lichfield, and Birmingham. He then 
 . and publiflied there, in 
 174::, his valuable medicinal dictionary, 
 ibl . in the composition of which he was affiited 
 by Dr. Johnfon. He wrote alio the practice of 
 pnyfic, 17-16, 2 vols. Svo, on canine madtiefs, 
 tvc. and in 1778, a dUTertation on fevers, &c. 
 He died 1776. His powder, of which the in- 
 vention is - attributed byiome to a German phy- 
 ucian, has acquired great and deferred eel 
 and though at firft oppofed by feme of the la- 
 ho either through prejudice or rivalihip, 
 rthlefs noftrom, it has pro- 
 cured to his family an inexhauHible fource of 
 opulence. Dj. e in hi* man- 
 
 well as perfon, but he was intelligent, 
 .'ile and cheerful. 
 
 James, Thomas, I). D. anativeof Si.Ncot's 
 
 Huntingdonfhire, educated at Eton and King'3 
 
 /which he left in 17 76 for 
 
 t Rugby fchooh He renghed in 
 
 170;!, : laWorcefter prebend, and 
 
 Harrington rectory, Wbrceflerfliire. II 
 
 ugbyfehool 
 two fermons the . '! e*i 
 
JAN 
 
 IAR 
 
 plained 'by algebra. He died at Harrington, 
 l'804. 
 
 Ja.myx, Anmdis, a French poet, tbe friend 
 Kid rival of Ronfard. He travelled over Greece 
 and Alia Miner, and afterwards became fecre- 
 tary and chamber reader to Charles IX. He 
 died 15S5. Befides bis poetical works in 2 vols. 
 he publiihcd feven academical difcourfes in 
 prole, and finilbed Homer's itiad in verfe, &c. 
 
 Janeway, James,, a native of Hertfbrdfhire, 
 educated at Chrift-church, Oxford, and eject- 
 ed for non-conformity 1662. He opened a 
 meeting houfe at Rotherhithe, and died there 
 167 4. He is author of heaven on earth, 
 8vo. a token for children, 12 mo. often edited, 
 &c. 
 
 Janicon, Francis Michael, a French writer, 
 born at Paris, and educated in Holland. He 
 was at firft in the armv, but became a writer in 
 the gazettes of Amit.erda.in, Rotterdam, and 
 Utrecht. He died of an apoplexy 1730, aged 
 ft 6. Befides his " gazettes" he wrote Steel's 
 ladies' library translated Gavin's fatire at>;ainft 
 monks, 4 vols. 1 2mo. the prefent Hate of the 
 republic of the United Provinces, &c. 2 vols. 
 1 7 2 9 , a valuable work. 
 
 Jansexius, Cornelius, a divine, tbe envoy of 
 Philip II. of Spain, at the council of Trent, 
 rewarded by the bifnopric of Ghent where he 
 died 1576, aged 66. He was a native of 
 Hulft, in Flanders. He publifhed among 
 other works a harmony of the gofpel. 
 
 Janskmus, or Jansex, Cornelius, a cele- 
 brated Roman catholic bifhop, the author of 
 Janienifm. He was born at Accoy in Holland, 
 1 WS'} and after (bodying at Utrecht he in 160 4 
 went to Paris, and then returned to Louvain in 
 1617, and two years after took his doctor's 
 degree,' and was placed at the bead of St. Pul- 
 cheria college, with a theological profeiTorfhip. 
 His abilities were fo popular that he was twice 
 fent by the univerfity of Louvain as a deputv 
 to the Spanilhking, to whom he rendered him- 
 felf acceptable by writing a fevere book agai nit 
 the Rrench, called Mars Gallicus, for their 
 alliance with the proteftant princes. This work 
 procured him the biihopric of Ypres, and with 
 it the hatred and persecution of Richelieu. He 
 died of the plague 1608, ajjed 53. He wrote 
 commentaries on the gofpels, proverbs, ike. 
 fome controvcrfial books, &c. but his molt 
 celebrated competition, the labor of 20 years, 
 is Ids Auguftinus, publifhed after his death. In 
 this book he illullratcd tbe doctrine oi Auguf- 
 tine concerning man's natural corruption, and 
 the nature and efficacy of the divine grace ; but 
 as this directly militated againft.the opinions of 
 the jefuits, it drew upon his memory the fevereft 
 oppofition. The pope at laft was prevailed 
 upon to exert his authority, and accordingly the 
 ufe of the book was forbidden in 1611, and 
 the next year Urban VIII. ilfued bis bull for its 
 final fuppreffion. Thefe ineafures excited vio- 
 lent animolities, but to give greater folemnity to 
 .the condemnation, the French bifhops drew 
 up live proportions from the do&xwc of Juifen, 
 
 which were pronounced by the pope heretical. 
 Thefe propofitions aflerted, iff, That there are 
 divine precepts which good men though 'defi- 
 rous, are unable to obey. 2d, That no man 
 can refilt tlie influence of divine grace operating 
 bu his mind. 3d, That to render human actions 
 meritorious it is not necc'Jary that they be 
 exempt from necefiity, but only that they be 
 free from conftraint. 4th, T it the Semi- 
 pelagians err in maintaining that the human 
 will is endowed with the power of either re- 
 ceiving or refilling the influences of preventing 
 grace. 5th, That whoever affirms that Jefus 
 thrift made expiation by his death for the fins 
 of all mankind, is a Semipelasian. Thefe 
 meafures were productive of great dilfention ia 
 the French church, and when Alexander VII. 
 declared that none fhould be admitted into f he 
 church without fubferihing to a renunciation of 
 thefe doctrines, the janfennts ventured to dif- 
 pute the infallibility of the pontiff, and to re- 
 gard him as of inferior power to a general 
 council. Oppofition in this as in all contro- 
 verfies produced irritation and not conviction, 
 and inftead of fuppreffmg the janienilis, the 
 efforts oi the jeniits and of the fee of Rome 
 rendered them more numerous and more vio- 
 lent, not only in France, but in the Low Coun- 
 tries and in Germany. 
 
 Jansskns, Abraham, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp 1569. His defeent from the crofs 
 in Ghent cathedral is much admired. 
 
 Jaxssexs, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, 
 whofe portraits were much admired. He re- 
 lided for fome time io England, and died 1665. 
 
 Jaxssexs, Victor llonoriv $, a painter of Bruf- 
 fels, who died 1739, aged 75. He ftudied at 
 Rome, and on his return employed his pencil 
 in adorning the facred buildings of his native 
 city. 
 
 Januarws, St. bifliop of Benevento, be- 
 headed at Puzzuoli in the persecution of Dio- 
 clefian. His body was buried at Naples, where 
 a noble chapel in the cathedral is dedicated to 
 his mertfiorv. His blood is i'uppofed to be 
 preferved in a phial, and annually, on particular 
 occafions, and when Vefuvius threatens an 
 eruption, the holy veffel is produced, when at 
 the prefence of the faint's head, which is then 
 exhibited, the blood which before was con- 
 gealed immediately liquifies. The mountain, 
 as the Neapolitans behave, refpccls the fo- 
 lemnity, and earthquakes are very frequently 
 thus pre vented. 
 
 f aphet, fon of Noah, is the progenitor of 
 the nations of Afia and Europe. He was born 
 B. C. 2448. 
 
 Iahciii, Solomon Ben Ifaac, a Jewifh rabbi, 
 born at Troyes in Champagne ]104. At the 
 age of thirty he travelled abroad and not only 
 vifited Italy and Greece, but penetrated to 
 Egypt, Perfia, Tartary, and Mufcovy, and re- 
 turned through Germany. He died at Troves 
 1180; his learning was extenfive, and he is 
 confidercd as one of the molt illullriuus rabbics. 
 He wrote commentaries on the pentateuch, &c, 
 
 trahflated 
 
JAU 
 
 JEA 
 
 trar.(!ated by Fred. Breithaupt at Gotha, 1 710, 
 
 Jardins, Mary Catherine des, a French 
 lady, born 1640 "at Alencon in Normandy. 
 i home in confequeii<"e of an intrigue, 
 and retired to Paris, where fhe fubfifted by her 
 pen. While engaged in the publication of 
 novels, fhe gave a loofe lo her paffions, and 
 aimmed the' name of Villedieu, one of her fa- 
 vorites, with whom however fhe Ibon quarrelled. 
 A fit of devotion on the death of a female friend 
 ; her for a while to her fenfes, in the 
 n of her convent, but when returned to 
 the world fhe again became diffipated, and after 
 the death of Villedieu, who died in battle, fhe 
 married the marquis de la Chaffe. After his 
 death fhe attached herfelf to one of] her coufins, 
 an J died at Clinchcmarc, on the Maine, 1683, 
 Her works, confiding of dramas, poems, ro- 
 mances, and fables, were publifhed in l o vols. 
 12mo. 1702, to which two more were added in 
 1721. 
 
 Jardy>t, Karel du, a painter, born at 
 Amflerdam 1640. He ftudied in Italy and 
 Tefided at Venice, where he died 167 S. His 
 animals and landfcapes are admired. 
 
 Jahoslaw, grand duke of Ruffia in the 
 10th century, is celebrated for the pal 
 which he extended to learned men. H< 
 a code of laws for the benefit of his fubjeclo, 
 and to encourage learning he founded a febool, 
 and caufed various books to be tranflated from 
 the Greek into the Ruffian language. 
 
 Jarry, Laurence JuiUard du, a French poet 
 and divine, born at Jarry near Xantes, 16.58. 
 He came young to Paris, and was patronized by 
 Boffuet, Bourdaloue and others, and obtained 
 the poetical prize of the French academy 1679, 
 and alfo in 1714, when Voltaire was his com- 
 petitor. He was prior of Notredame da Jarry, 
 in Xantes, where he died 17--0. He excelled 
 as a preacher, and publifhed le niiniftere evan- 
 gelique des poefies Chretiennes, &c. 
 
 Jars, Gabriel, a native of Lyons, who vifit- 
 edthe mines of Bohemia, Saxuny, Carinthia, 
 England, and other countries, and with the (kill 
 of a true mineralogift, prepared his obfervations, 
 which death however prevented him to publifh. 
 He was in 176S made member of the academy 
 offciences at Paris, and died the next year aged 
 37. His voyages metalkugiques were pub- 
 lifhed by hi* brother, 3 vols." 4 to. 
 
 Jaucourt, Leuis de, a Frenchman who dif- 
 
 ' the advantages of birth and 
 
 the pleasures of ftudy. His knowledj 
 
 very exienfive, and he conducted the biblio- 
 
 tlieque raifonne'e, from its commencement in 
 
 174 0, and aflifted Gaubius and others in the 
 
 mufeum febacanum in 17.34. He wrote alfo 
 
 lexicon medicum ttftiverfale, in 6 vols, folio, but 
 
 the MS. was left in the veffel which conveyed 
 
 it to Holland. He was member of the royal 
 
 and of the academies of 
 
 and Stockholm, but refufed the liberal 
 
 ns cf the ftadtholder to fettle in Hol- 
 
 i'.'S nor 
 
 ambition, but only wifhed for fludious obfeurity. 
 He died 1780. 
 
 Jav, advocate of the par* 
 
 liament of Paris, who ruined himfelf by print- 
 ing at his own ex;' lott bible, in 
 10 vols. fol. He died 1675. 
 
 Ibarra, Joachim, a native of Sai 
 eminent as a printer 1 
 
 :he mozarablc miff;; 
 of Spain don Quixote Gabriel's tranflation 
 of Sail uft and other works, are 1 
 cimens qf the elegance of his printing. He 
 invented a valuable fort of printing ink, and 
 died 17 85, aged 60. 
 
 Ibbot, Benjamin, a learned divine, born 
 1680, in Norfolk. He was of Cla 
 
 idge, and in 1/00 removed to Corpus 
 Chrifti, Oxford. He foon after refigned, and 
 was made by Tendon treafufer of Wells 
 dral, and reftor of St. Veda ft and St. Michael 
 le Querne in London. In 17 16 he was chap- 
 lain to the king, and the next year, he 
 royal mandamus honored with the dc 
 .D. D. at Cambridge. He preached B 
 
 ., and was appointed affiftant pre 
 Dr., Clarke, and in 1724 was infialled 
 dary of Weftminfter. He died I 
 His friend Clarke publifhed, in 2 vols. 8vo. -16 
 of his fermons, after his death, for the benefit 
 of his widow. 
 
 Ibrahim, fon of Maffoud, eighth caliph of 
 the race of the Gaznevides, acquired th 
 of conqueror by the exrpnt of his victories. 
 He was a liberal monarch, and died 1008, 
 after a reign of 4 2- years. 
 
 IBRAHIM, fon of Achmet, fucceeded his 
 brother Achmet IV. as emperor of the Turks 
 1640. He was aifaffinated for his debaucheries 
 and repeated cruelties, 1649. 
 
 Ibrahim, Eff'endi, a Pole who eftablifhed 
 a printing prefs in Turkey, and publifhed a 
 treatife on the military ar a Turkifh grammar 
 an hiftory' of Turkey, &c. 
 
 Idris, Gawr, a Welfli aftronomer of fuch 
 iTieiit that one of the higheft mountains of 
 Wales ftill bears his name. He is ranked a^ one 
 of the three greatcft aiironomers of Britain. 
 
 Jeacocke, Caleb, author of the vindica- 
 tion of the moral character of theapoftle Paul , 
 againft the charges of hypocrify and infince- 
 rity, brought by lord Boungbroke, Dr. 
 dleton and others 176.'), Svo. was a baker of 
 the High-itrect, St. Giles, who by his great 
 merit became director of the Haud-in-hand 
 fire office. He was a frequent attendant of 
 the Robin Hood fpeaking fociety, Butcher- 
 Row, Temple-bar, where it is faid his oratory 
 proved often more powerful and convincing 
 than that of Edmund Burke and others, who 
 afterwards acquired celebrity in the houfe of 
 commons. He died 1 7 86 much rojpefred. 
 
 US, Henry y a native of Al 
 Somerfetfhire, educated at Hart-hall, < I 
 He afterwards 
 
 and 
 alfo Chedzoy. I the preibyterians, 
 
 but 
 
JEB 
 
 the church was called in queftion 1662. He 
 urate a treadle on cibftinenee from evil, 8vo. 
 . on the ihdrffereney of human actions, 4t 
 on original righteoufnefs, &c. 4to. 
 
 Jeannin, Peter, a Burgundian, advocate 
 in the parliament of Dijon. When the orders 
 for the murder of St. Bartholomew were iffued 
 at Dijon, he oppofed it with all his authority, 
 and was made prefident of the parliament 
 there. After the deftrueUon of the league he 
 WM employed by Henry IV T . in negotiations 
 with tlie Spaniards and Dutch, and after the 
 king's death, he continued in the court, of 
 the queen mother. He died 1622, aged 82, 
 after feeing feven fucceffive kings on the 
 
 of France. He publifhed a collection 
 of negotiations and memoirs in folio 1659, &c. 
 much efteemed. 
 
 JeaUTUT, Sebaftian, a native of Paris, 
 
 r of the academy of Sciences, and after- 
 wards of the national inftitute, "was diftinguifh- 
 
 i able mathematician. He founded an 
 
 .tory in the military fchool, and wrote 
 Dew tablet of Jupiter, 4to.-~ a treatife on per- 
 fpe -live, 4to. obfervations on the comet of 
 1 7 3 y -obfervations on the folar eclipfe of 1793, 
 &C He died 1803, aged 99. 
 
 Jebb, Samuel, M. D. a phyfieian, born at 
 
 ham, and educated at Petcr-houfc, 
 
 Cambridge. "He favored the non-jurors, but 
 
 upon his marrying a relation of Dillingham, 
 
 i nent apothecary of Red-lion fquare, he 
 himfelf to pharmacy, and foon began 
 to pracTife as phyfidan at Stratford-le-Bow. 
 He afterwards retired with a moderate income 
 to Derbyfhire, where he died 1772, leaving 
 feveral children, one of whom was fir Rich. 
 Jebb, one of the phyfejans extraordinary to 
 the king. He publifhefl a tranflation of Mar- 
 tin's anfwers to Emlyn, 8vo. de vita & rebus 
 geftis Marias Scotorum retinae, an edition of 
 Arid ides, with notes, 1728, 2 vols. 4 to. J. 
 C. Britain:'! de canibus Britannicis, &c. Ba- 
 con's opus majus, &e. 
 
 Jebb, John, fun of the dean of Cafhel, 
 was born in London 1736. From Ireland, he 
 entered at Peter-houfe Cambridge, and took 
 orders, and obtained fome preferment. He 
 for fome years delivered theological lectures in 
 
 idge, but he was prohibited in 1770, 
 as he profelfedly embraced the tenets of the 
 s. In 1775, he refigned his gown for 
 the ftu !y of phyfic, and obtained a degree at 
 St. Andrew's ; and became a licentiate in Lon- 
 don. He died 1 7 86 of a decline. He was a 
 
 arm controversy ft. He had when at 
 
 : verfity been a v.ry ftrenuous advocate 
 for yearly examinations; and in his political 
 Bfe, he Slowed himfelf a zealous friend of an- 
 nual parliaments, of univerfal fuffrage, and of 
 tiie caufe of America againft tlie mother coun- 
 try. Betides phyfic and claflical literature he 
 ! flcilled in' Hebrew, Arabic, and Saxon. 
 ks were pnl ' . in 3 vols, 
 
 *i0. by his friend Dr. Dift) 
 
 JEF 
 
 TeCHON'ias, king of Judah, was carried 
 prifoner to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar, and 
 was made, B. C. 562, one of tlie officers of 
 the king's court. 
 
 Jeffery, Tkomtss, a native of Exeter, edu- 
 cated among the diiTentcrs. He in 172:} fet- 
 tled at Little Baddow, . Effex, where he had & 
 congregation , but two years after returned to 
 Exeter, where he died foon after, aged a'jout 
 30. He was author of true grounds of the 
 chriflian religion, againft Collins the deift, 8vo. 
 the divinity of chriftianity proved from 
 fcripture, 8ce. 
 
 Jeffery, John, a divine, born 1647, at 
 Ipfwich, where he was educated, and at Ca- 
 therine hall, Cambridge. In 1678 he was 
 elected minifter of a church at Norwich, 
 where his eloquence as a preacher, rendered 
 him a popular and efteemed character. lie was 
 made by Tillotfon archdeacon of Norwich. 
 He died 1720, a^ed 72. He publifhed fir 
 T.Browne's chriflian morals Whichcote's mo- 
 ral and religious aphorifms. He wrote alfo 
 fome fermons, &c. 2 vols. 8vo. Dr. Jeffery 
 was an enemy to controverfy, and obferved that 
 it produced more heat than light. 
 
 Jeffery of Monmouth, ap JrtttW, a 
 Britifh hiftorian of Monmouth, archdeacon of 
 Monmouth and bifhop of St. Afaph, 1152. 
 Hois known for an hiftory of Britain, in which 
 he gives a long and fabulous account of the 
 firft fettlements in thai country under Brutus 
 thegrandfon of Afcanius. The work is written 
 in a plain ftyle, but the puerile ftories which it 
 contains render its authority very dubious, 
 though Ufher, Leland, and oAers defend its 
 authenticity againft Polydore Virgil, Buchanan, 
 &c. who regard it as n*$ion and forgery. 
 
 Jeffreys, George lord, better known as 
 judge Jeffreys, was born at Atfton, Denbigh- 
 shire.. He was educated at Weftminfter fchool, 
 and then removed to the Inner-temple. When 
 called to the bar, he was, by tlie influence of 
 his relative, alderman Jeffreys, elected record- 
 er of London. He afterwards became a favo- 
 rite of tlie court, was knighted, and appointed 
 chief juftice of Chcfter. His next appoint- 
 ment was the place of chief juftice of the 
 king's bench, and on James the feeorid's ac- 
 ceffion he was raifed to the office of lord chan- 
 cellor. He was a violent promoter of all the 
 oppreflive meafures of that Ihoit reign, and 
 his cruelty on tlie circuit, after Monmouth's re- 
 bellion, upon the adherents of this unfortunate 
 nobleman, will always be remembered to his 
 difgrace and ignominy. Though abufive in 
 his language, he had at times a becoming 
 fenfe of his dignity when on the bench ; and it 
 is faid that, in the name of common humanity, 
 he threatened his fevereft vengeance againft the 
 mayor and corporation of Briftol who had been 
 long In the habit of foiling culprits for exporta- 
 tion to the American plantations. At the re- 
 volution the chancellor dreaded the public in- 
 dignation, and In the habit of a failor endea- 
 voured to cfcape to the continent. He was in 
 
 this 
 
JEN 
 
 JEN 
 
 this difguife at Wapping drinking in a cellar, 
 when a icrivenrr whom v. hen in authority he- 
 had ievcrely ehaitifod, l.-cognized his once 
 ! features. Tne chancellor in vain at- 
 i to elude the difeovery by coughing and 
 turning to the wall, with the pot in liis hand; 
 the alann was given, he was feized by the mob, 
 and conveyed to the lord mayor, and thence to 
 the t wr. He died there IbH'J. 
 
 Jeffreys, George, an Englifh writer bom 
 at Weldron, Norlhamptonfhire. He was edu- 
 cated at Weftminfter fchool, and Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He applied hirofelf to the 
 law, and ma called to the bar, but did not 
 prac"life. He palled the latter part of life in 
 the family of the dukes of Chandos, his re- 
 lations, and died 1735, aged 77. In 17 31 
 he publifhed a 4to. vol. of niifcellanies in profe 
 and verfe, among which are two tragedies Ed- 
 win and Metope, both acled at the theatre 
 Lincoln's Inn fields, and the triumph of truth, 
 an oratorio. 
 
 Jehu, fbn of Jeliofophat, was the loth 
 king of Ifrael, B. C. 885. Though he deftroy- 
 cd die family oLAhab, and cut off all the ido- 
 latrous prieils of Baal, yet he afterwards uif- 
 regarded the worfhip of God, for which he 
 was deprived of his kingdom by Hazael of 
 Syria, and died 856 B. C. 
 
 Jekye, fit Jofiph, fon of a clergyman in 
 Northarnptonfhire, became known as an able 
 lawyer and an eloquent ftatefmun. He was 
 cne of the managers of Sacheverel's trial, and 
 after maintaining his popularity undiminiihed, 
 he was made in the reign of George I. maftcr 
 of the rolls, privy eounfelior, and was a!fo 
 knighted. In his pamphlet, called, the judi- 
 cial authority of the mailer of the rolls flated 
 and vindicated, he ably fupported the indepen- 
 dence of his office againft the chancellor King. 
 He died 1738, aged 75. 
 
 Jekyl, Thomas, D. .D. brother of the pre- 
 ceding was educated at Trinity coltep 
 bridge, and obtained the vicarage of Rowd, 
 Wilts, the office of St. " minifter, 
 
 "Weftmiufier, &c. He was author of love and 
 peace recommended, in two fermons at Brif- 
 tol, 4to. popery, a great mjfteryof iniquity, 
 4to. true religion the beft loyalty, 16^2. 
 
 Jenkin, Robert, a divine, ban at Miniler, 
 ifle of Thanet, 1656. He was educated at the 
 king's fchool, Canterbury, and St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge. In 1710 he was elected 
 niafter of his college, and 
 garet pi f divinity, lie refilled to 
 
 talc the oaths at the revolution, but as the 
 bitiiop of Ely could not vil'it tiie college with- 
 out the invitation of 1 he fellows, he remained 
 with many others undiflur at the 
 
 made which obliged all thole who held . 
 ment w ]) r . 
 
 Jenkin law pelled, 
 
 but the uneafihefs which hi ined to 
 
 brother's hpufe, Norfolk, 
 
 aud died tliere 1727. His theological trac"b 
 were much efteemed, and among tliem 
 animation of the authority of g 
 oils the reafonablenefs and certainty 
 chriftian religion, of which the fifth edition 
 appeared 17 '21, &C. 
 
 Jenkin, tVilliam, a puritan, born a1 
 bury, Suffolk, and educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He w;is minifter of Chriil- 
 church, Newgate, but was deprived for non- 
 conformity 166-2. He was concerned in Love's: 
 plot, and therefore was fer.t to the ton 
 procured his liberty by petitioning Cn 
 He was in 1684 fent to Newgate on the con- 
 venticle act, and died there lour month 
 He is author of expofition on tiie ep'dile of 
 Jude, fol. fome fermons, &c. 
 
 Jenkins, Hemy, a native of Yorkshire, who 
 lived to the extraordinary age of 169 years. 
 His faculties remained ftrong to the li 
 at an afilze he appeared to give evidence of 
 what had naued within his knowledge 140 
 years before. He remembered the battle of 
 Floddcn-fleld. As lie was born before reghtert 
 were kept, no place would acknowledge him as 
 a native, fo that to the difcrace of his opulent 
 neighbours, he was compeIl< 
 in the laft part of bis life. He died ]</; 
 there is creeled to his memory a monu, 
 Bolton church, Yorkfliire, where he was buried. 
 
 Jenkins, fir Leolinc, an Englifh ftatefman, 
 born in GJamorganfhire, 1623. He was edu- 
 cated at. Cowbridge fchool, and Jefus college, Ox- 
 ford, and foon after be took up aims in the 
 royal caufe. He remained in Oxford rill the 
 king's death, and then retired to Wales, to the 
 feat of fir <]ohn Aubrey, the education of 
 eldeft fon he undertook. He was afterwards 
 tntox to other young men of family, b 
 
 loxioustp the government, from whofa 
 refentment however he was feved by his friend 
 Wilkins, warden of Wadham college. He fled 
 to the continent with fome of his pu] 
 travelled with them over France, Holland 
 Germany. lie returned heme about 
 and at the restoration was chofen one of the 
 of Jefus college. Inl66l he; 
 of LL. l>. and was the fame yi 
 fignation of Dr. Man:"; 11, elected | 
 pal of hi* coll.^e. He was iu 106-) apj 
 commiifary of Canterbury by Sheldon, the 
 primate; and then removed to Doctors' Com- 
 mons as advocate of that court. In 1664- he 
 
 in reviewing the maritim 
 and the fame year was made judge ailhla 
 foon after principal of the admiralty com 
 ill 1 668 judge of the prerogative court QJ 
 tcrbury. In 1669-/ ;or bis 
 
 fervlces in recovering the property of 
 ceaied queen n nil the claim. 1 
 
 nephew Lewis XIV. and afterwan 
 of the commifuooers to negotiate the union with 
 Scotland. In 16/ 1 
 Hythe, in Kent, and in 1673, after reugiung 
 
 logne m pie, . 1 fettle a u 
 
 p'cace 
 
JEN 
 
 JER 
 
 peace with the Dutch. The next year he was 
 apain deputed as a mediator of the treaty of 
 Nimeguen, with fir William Temple. His la- 
 bors however were unfuccefsful, and he next 
 was nominated ambaflkdor to the. Hague in the 
 room of liis alfociate Temple, but loon after 
 was agairi invited to renew his application for. 
 the treaty, which at laft was that fame year con- 
 cluded. He returned home 1679, and was 
 foon after elected reprefentative of the univer-. 
 fity of Oxford. He ably oppofed in parliament, 
 the bill for the exclufion of the duke of York, 
 and for his fervices was made fecretary for the 
 northern provinces in 1680, and next year for 
 the ibuthern. The firmnefs with which he re- 
 probated the violent meafures of the court, ex- 
 pofed him to obloquy, fo that he retired from 
 office, 16S4, to literary folitude at his houfe at 
 Hammerfmith. On James's acceffion he was 
 fworn one of the privy council, and elected 
 again fur the univerfity, but his infirmities in- 
 creafed and he died 1685. His letters and pa- 
 pers were printed, 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Jknks, Benjamin, a native of Shropfhire, 
 who obtained the living of Harley in his native 
 county, where he was minifter 56 years, arid 
 died 17 o 4, aged 78. He wrote fubmiffion to 
 the righteoufnefs of God, 12mo. meditations, 
 2 vols. and other works of devotion. 
 
 Jenkvns, David, a native of Pendoylen, Gla- 
 morganinire, educated at Edmund hall Oxford, 
 from which he removed to Gray's inn to fludy 
 the law. Charles I. made him a Welch judge, 
 but his exertions were fo great in the royal caufe 
 that he was arrefted at Hereford 1645 by the 
 parliament, and fent to the tower. When 
 brought before the commons he boldly refiifed 
 to kneel, and would not acknowledge their au- 
 thority, for which he was fined lodol. and fent 
 back to prifon. Farther violence was prevented 
 it is faid by a lingular fpeech of Harry Martin, 
 and at laft Jenkyns, who expected daily to be 
 led to execution, and who meant to die with 
 the bible under one arm, and the magna charta 
 under the other, was fet at liberty 1656, 
 and died feven years after, aged 66. His legal 
 and political trails appeared together 1681, 
 12mo. 
 
 J f.nnexs , Charles, a gentleman of di ffenting 
 principles, who in his youth difplayed with fuch 
 fplendor, the riches acquired by the induftry of 
 his family at Birmingham, that he was called 
 Solyman the magnificent. He compofed the 
 words of fome of Handel's oratorios, and pub- 
 lifhed the Lear, Hamlet, Othello, and Mac- 
 beth of Shakefpeare, as the Specimen of an 
 intended edition of the poet. He died 1773. 
 
 Jexn'inos, David, D.D.in Scotland, wasmi- 
 nifterof Old Gravel -lane meeting-houie YVapping, 
 '-., and alio prcfided over Coward's diifent- 
 ing l'chool. He wrote the introduction to the ufe 
 of the globes, and the orrery, 8vo. to the know- 
 ledge of medals, 12mo. fermons, &c. and died 
 176-2, aged 71. 
 
 Jknson', Nicolas, or Janfonius, an cmi- 
 ent printer, and letter founder of Venice, 
 
 He was comrniiTioned, it is fuid, by the French 
 king, to gain information with refpect to the 
 art of printing, lately invented at Mentz, and 
 upon the dtath of his patron he retired to Ve- 
 nice, where he foon diftinguiihed himfeif. 
 His types are ftill admired for their neatntfs 
 and beauty. He was the firft who determined 
 the proportions of the prefent Roman characters . 
 The firit bocks which ifluei from his pfefs 
 were, '* decor puellarum," 1 i 7 1 and the 
 fame year in Italian, " gloria mulleruin," &.c. 
 He died about 1481. 
 
 Jenyns, Svamc, an eminent Englilh writer, 
 born in London 170 4. He. was privately edu- 
 cated, and then entered at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, where he took no degree. In 
 1728 he published his " art of dancing," and 
 in 1741 was elected member for Cambridge. 
 He affilted Moore in the publication of the 
 " world," in 175;!, and in ] 755 he was made 
 one of the lords of trade, and continued ibtill the 
 abolition of the board 17 80. He died 1787, 
 aged 83, leaving no iflue, though twice mar- 
 ried. As a writer he diftingu'yfhed himfelf by 
 the purity of his language, and the elegance 
 of his diction, by critical knowledge, and a 
 delicate and lively humor. It is remarkable 
 that from a ferious believer in revelation -he 
 became a deift, and again, after wandering in 
 the labyrinth of fcepticifm, he returned a 
 convert to chriftianity, aud on his death-bed, 
 gloried in the reflection that Ids " view of the 
 internal evidences of the Chriftian religion," 
 had proved ufeful. His publications were 
 poems, collected in a third edition 1778 a 
 free inquiry into the origin of evil a view 
 of the internal evidence, &c. political tracts, 
 &c. all republifhed together In 4 vols. 8vo. 
 by Nelfon Cole, efq. 1790. 
 
 Jephson, Richard, an Iriihman, known ax 
 a dramatic writer. He wrote Braganza, printed 
 1775 the law of Lombardy, a tragedy, acted 
 1779 the count of Narbonn*, &c. Julia, a 
 
 tragedy two firings to your bow, a farce 
 
 the confeffions of J. Baptifl Couteau, a fatire 
 on the atrocities of the French revolution, 
 2 vols. 12mo. 1794 Roman portraits, with il- 
 luflrations, in 4to. an heroic poem of merit, 
 &c. He died near Dublin, 1803. 
 
 Jepiithah, judge of Ifrael, is known for 
 his rafh vow which he made when going to war 
 againft the Amorites, promifing if fuccefsful to 
 facrifice to God the firll living thing which met 
 him. This was his own daughter, who was ac- 
 cordingly offered in fajcrinee, though, mod com- 
 mentators explain the hiftory u^ laying that 
 the daughter of Jephthuh was only devoted 
 to a life of perpetual celibacy, and not immo- 
 lated. 
 
 Jeremiah, fecondof the great prophets, wm 
 imprifoued for prophefying the calamities which 
 awaited his country, and when Jerufalern was 
 taken by Nebuchadnezzar, he was carried to 
 Babylon, where he died 586 B. C. In a pa- 
 thetic and fublime ftyle the prophet foretold the 
 captivitv of his nation and Uitir future return, 
 [ E ] and 
 
JES * 
 
 JEW 
 
 and in another age the birth and the atonement 
 of the Mefliah. 
 
 Jf.roboam I. king of Ifrael, after the dpara- 
 tion of the ten tribes from ftdioboam, rt igned 
 02 yean*, and died 954 li. C 
 
 Jkroboam II. foil of Joafh, king of Ifrael, 
 B. C. 82 G, was defeated at Jczrecl, by the Af- 
 fyrians, and died "84 B. C. 
 
 Jekome of Prague, was a martyr to protcf- 
 tantilm. He ftudied at Paris, Heidelberg, 
 Cologne^ and it is faid, Oxford, and in 1096 
 became ft. D. He warmly embraced the doc- 
 trines of his friend and mailer, Hufs, and with 
 him, was fummoned to andver for his opinions 
 before the council of Conftance. He fecmed 
 inclined to aiifwejthe citation, but feeing Hufs 
 thrown into prifon, he withdrew to Ubcrlingeh, 
 and in vain applied to the emperor for protection. 
 Though he promifed to confront his perfceu- 
 tors, if guarded againft violence, he was feized 
 as lie attempted to return home, and dragged 
 in chains to Conftance. After being expofed 
 to various infults, and artfullv tempted to 
 make a recantation, he boldly declared himfelf 
 the fupporter of the tenets of WieklifFe and 
 Hufs, and thus triumphant in conftancr, he 
 was condemned to the flames. On May 30 
 1416, he differed at the flake; enduring his 
 torments with great fortitude and refigna- 
 lion. 
 
 Jerome of St. Faith, or JoftVia Larchi, a 
 Spaniih jew, phyfician to Peter de Luna, after- 
 wards pope Benedict XIII. He difputed in 
 the prefence of this pope at Tortofa, with the 
 Jcwifh rabbies 1414, and by becoming a con- 
 cert to chriHianity, he had fuch influence over 
 his countrymen, and alfo by his treatife on the 
 errors of the tahnud, that 6000 Jews followed 
 his example. 
 
 dp.RVAS, Chajim, a painter, born in Ireland. 
 He ftudied under Knvllcr, and vifited France 
 <;nd Iralv, for the improvement of his abilities. 
 On his return he acquired fome celebrity, more 
 from the friendlhip of Pope, than from his own 
 merit. It lias been bferved, that ihe lines 
 which the poet wrote in his praife, are more 
 languid, and lefs happv, than anv otlfer of his 
 nerfes. Horace Walpole, whofe judgment 
 fbould be deciflve, lays of him, that be was 
 defective in drawing, coloring, and companion, 
 and ig likenefs. He was however vain of his 
 art, and after cenfuring the ear as the only faulty 
 jvhtt of the beautiful face of ladv Bridgewater, 
 with whom he pretended to be in love, he pro- 
 duced his own as a perfect model. He pub- 
 lifted a tranflation of Don Quixote, without. 
 und"rftanding Spanifh, fays Pope, and the work 
 
 romances of chivalry, by Warburton. He died 
 about 1740. 
 
 , a Jew, who foretold the ca.amities of 
 [em by Tieue, During the 
 cried out, on feeing his prophecy ful- 
 filled, woe to the temple, to the ooitan, and to 
 me! and at that ra Jufephu*, he 
 
 vj killed ly a tUrt, > 
 
 Jesus, fon of &iraeh, amative of Jerufalem, 
 was author of Ecclefiaflicus, B.C. 200. 
 
 Jesus Christ, the bleflcd faviour of the 
 world, was born at Bethlehem, A.M. 4004, 
 and was, after a life of the moil exemplar* 
 faneYtty, and of celeftial benevolence, cruelly 
 crucified by the Jews, on mount Calvary, Fri- 
 day 34 April, A.D. 36. His hiftory is well 
 known as recorded in the page of the four holy 
 erangeirft*. 
 
 Jethro, father-in-law of Mofcs, was pricft 
 and king of the Midiaoites, and after the deli- 
 verance of Ifrael from Egypt, he gave Mofcs 
 
 much coed advice about the government of 
 i 
 
 Ins nation. 
 
 Jeunr, Jam fe, a French divine, highly 
 eftecmed as a preacher, and as a man. He 
 loft his fight at 35, and was twice cut for the 
 ftonc, but he endured all thefe fufieringi 
 gleal resignation. He died 1072 aged SO. 
 His fermons, publifhed in 10 vols. 8vo. were 
 much eftecmed by Mafliilon, and have been 
 tranflatcd into Latin. 
 
 dr. wee, John, an Englifh hiftiop, born at 
 Buden, in Devonfhire, 132 -2. He was edtt* 
 cated at Barnftaple fchool, and Merton col- 
 lege, Oxford, and was chofen fcholar of Cor- 
 pus Chrifti. By great application he became 
 a refpeelable tutor in 4iis college, and a popular 
 preacher in the univcrfity, and in Ins parifh of 
 Sunningwell, near Oxford, of which he WW 
 reefor. He was in His principles, a zealous 
 protcflant ; but after young Edward's death, lie 
 was expelled from his college by the. fellows, 
 and he retired to Broadgatc-hall, now Pembroke 
 college, where many of his pupils followed him. 
 The abettors of popery did not long differ him 
 in the enjoyment of feeurity; he was compelled 
 to fubferibe to the popifli doctrines, but his 
 fiiicerity was doubted, and he eft-aped with 
 difficulty, from the emiffaries of Bonner, to 
 the continent. He redded for foma time at 
 Strafburg, hi the houfe of his old friend, Peter 
 Martyr, once divinity prof ell or at Oxford. On 
 Mary's death he returned to England, and was 
 one of the uxteen proteftants who were to dis- 
 pute with the fame number of catholics in the 
 prefence of Elizabeth. In 1359 he was one of 
 the commtffionen for the extirpation of popery 
 in the weft of England, and a few months after 
 was railed to the fee of Salifbury. In hi?, epif- 
 copal character he difplayed that activity an<t 
 vigilance fo neceffary in the eftablUhment of 
 order and regularity, after emancipation from 
 catholic tyranny, and he perfonalty infpectod 
 the conduct, of all his officers, and completed the 
 triumph of reformation in his dioeefe, bv the 
 
 honored with a Supplement on the origin of impartial and exemplary conduct, which, cm 
 
 tuning from himfelf, pervaded his courts and liis 
 clergy. Ills application undermined his con- 
 ftitution, and the regular habit of rifing at four 
 in the morning, and continuing engaged in 
 prayer, in fludy, and in bufmefs (ill near 12 at 
 night, proved at laft unhappily injurious to 
 health. He contracted a diforder which carried 
 hiiu off 13/1, in liw 30th year. This worthy 
 
 ntttj 
 
1MB 
 
 1NG 
 
 Xnan, fo eminent for integrity, for liberality, for 
 Jneeknefs, and every amiable virtue, was bleffed 
 with a moft happy memory, and well (killed in 
 the learned languages, and alfo in German and 
 Italian. Of his works the beft known are his 
 " apologia ecelefiae Anglicanae," feveral times 
 printed in England, and abroad, and tranflated 
 into Greek at Oxford, and into Englifh by 
 fedy Bacon. Tills valuable work merited and 
 obtained the approbation of the queen and her 
 two fucceflbrs, and was recommended from the 
 bench of bifhops to be placed in all parilh 
 ehurches in England and Wales. 
 
 Ignatius, patriarch of Conftantinople, was 
 fon of the emperor Michael Curopalata, by 
 Procopia, and when his father was depofed by 
 Leo, he retired to a monaftery. He was made 
 patriarch 847, but his reprimand of Bardas, an 
 mceftuous courtier, procured his difgrace, and 
 Photius was placed in his room. He was re- 
 ftored under Bafil, and presided at the eighth 
 general council held at Conftantinople. He 
 died 878. 
 
 Ignatius, vid. Loyola. 
 
 Igor, fovercign prince of Ruflia, after his 
 father Rurick, lpread defolation over Pontus and 
 Alia Minor. He died 945, and his widow, 
 Alga, who fucceeded him, was converted to 
 chriftianity. 
 
 Ildefonse, St. the pupil of Ifidore of Se- 
 ville, was abbot of a monaftery at Toledo, and 
 bllhop of that fee. He died nine years after, 
 667, aged 82, author of an account of eccle- 
 fiaftieal writers, and other works. 
 
 Ilive, Jacob, an Englifh printer, who in 
 1751 publiihcd a pretended translation of the 
 " book of Jaftu-r," a work full of abfurditles. 
 Among other things, he printed an oration, in 
 which he maintained that this earth is hell, 
 that the fouls of men are apoftate angels, and 
 that the fire which will punifti' thofe con- 
 fumed in this world will be immaterial. He 
 died 1768. 
 
 Illyrius, Matthias Flaccus, or Francowitz, 
 a learned divine, born 1520, at Albona, in 
 Iftrla. He ftudied at Venice, and completed 
 his education under Luther and Melancthon, 
 whofe principles he warmly embraced. He 
 was one of the writers of the " centuriae Mag- 
 deburgenfes," but the learning and abilities 
 which he poffeffed, were far overbalanced by a 
 reftlefs and unyielding temper, which created 
 much difl'ention among the proteftants. 
 He wrote feveral learned works, and died 
 1575. 
 
 Imbert, Bartholo77icw,a.\)oet of Nifmes, who 
 foil a fiicrifice to a violent fever 1790, aged 43. 
 He wrote a poem on the judgment of Paris, 
 a work of merit a volume of fables inferior to 
 thofe of la Fontaine, and other cbmporitiuns of 
 confidmble eminence. 
 
 Imbert, Jqfeph Gabriel, a painter of Mar- 
 feilles, who at the age of 34, embraced the 
 aultm- order of St. Brans, yet, inthemidftof 
 hi* fervent devotions, employed fome portion 
 W time in painuugr He died at Avujuon 
 
 1749, aged 83. His beft piece is a view of 
 Calvary, at the high altar of the Chartreux, 
 Marfeilles. 
 
 Imhoff, James William, a famous genea- 
 logift, and fenator of Nuremberg, where he 
 died 1728, aged 77. He was deeply verfed in 
 the hiftory of ftates, and publifhed " hiftoria 
 genealogica regum magnae Britanniae," andL 
 other works, containing the genealogies o 
 princes, &c. 
 
 Imperiali, John Baptift, a phyfician, born 
 1568, at Vicenza, and one of the 24 nobles of 
 Genoa. He ftudied at Verona and Bologna, 
 and taught phiiofophy at Padua. He praclifed 
 afterwards at Vicenza, where he died 1623. 
 He wrote verfes in the elegant ftyle of Catullus. 
 He publifhed a 4to. vol. " exercitationum exo- 
 ticarum." 
 
 Imperiali, John, fon of the preceding, 
 became eminent as a writer, and as a phyfician. 
 He died 1653, aged 51. He publifhed, ** mu 
 f;eum hiftoricum," 1640 and " muuEuia 
 phyficum," &c. 
 
 Imperiali, Giufeppe Rcnato, a cardinal, 
 born at Genoa 1651, known for a valuable li- 
 brary, which ft ill adorns the city of Rome, and 
 of which the catalogue was publifhed 17 11*' 
 folio. In 1730 he was propofed to the con- 
 clave, to fill the vacant chair of St. Peter, 
 and loft it by a fingle voice. He died 1737, 
 aged 86. 
 
 In a, a king of the Weft Saxons, who found- 
 ed at Rome in 726 an Englifh college, which 
 was fupported by an annual tax drawn from th 
 Englifh, called Peter-pence. 
 
 Inchofer, Melchior, a German jefuit, 
 born at Vienna 1584. He ftudied the law, 
 but at the age of 28 he went to Rome, and 
 entered among the jefuits. He taught ma- 
 thematics and divinity for fome time at Mef- 
 fina, and publifhed in 1630, in Latin, theblcff- 
 ecl Virgin's letter to the people of Meffina, folio. 
 He was afterwards fo difpleafed with the jefuits, 
 that he wrote againft them a fevere fatlre, which 
 appeared after his death, in Holland. He died 
 at Milan 1 648. He wrote an ecclefuftical hif- 
 tory of Hungary, and other works, which 
 prove him to have been a learned, but credu- 
 lous man. 
 
 Indulphus, a Scotch king, faid to be the 
 77th fmce the foundation of that monarchy. 
 When invaded by the Danes, he marched at 
 the head of his forces to repel them, but 
 unfortunately was fhot by an arrow as he preffed 
 them too clofely in their flight. 
 
 Inghen, William Fan, a native of Utrecht, 
 who fettled at Amfterdam, where he died at 
 the beginning of the 17 th century. His piece*, 
 are held In great efteero, 
 
 Ingenhquz, John, a native of Breda, emi- 
 nent as a chemift, and a phyfician. He learned 
 iti England the Suttoukn method of inocula- 
 tion, and then went to Vienna, where he ino- 
 culated the daughter of Joleph II. He wa* 
 fellow of the royal fociety, and died 1799, 
 aged, 69. lie is author of experiments on v*- 
 [ S 2 ] getables, 
 
INN 
 
 INN 
 
 petahles. Pvo. Hulme's treatife on th< 
 fcurw, and Hone, tranfuted into Jvitin che- 
 mical treadles on impregnating waters, &c. 
 with fixed air, &*. 
 
 iH0( I i Lewis, a native of Gi- 
 
 fors, author Of lbme fcrmons, and of the 8th 
 vol. of the memoirs of the jefuit miffionaries 
 iu the Levant. Ha died 173-3, aged 64. 
 
 Ingram, Robert, a native of Yorkshire, 
 educated at Beverley fchool, and Corpus Chritti 
 . Cambridge. He obtained the curacy 
 of Briilhurft, Kent, and afterwards Qrfton vi- 
 carage, Notts, and then Wormington and Box- 
 J !e -wrote a view of the great events 
 of the feventh plague, &e. concluding the expla- 
 nation of the iew.n laft plagues, &c. 1785 ac- 
 count of the ten, tribes of Ifraeljjeing LnAmeriea, 
 with obfervations, 1792 explanation of the 
 prophecy of the feven phials, &c. 1804. He 
 died 1804. 
 
 Inguassia, John Philip, a phyfician of Pa- 
 lermo, who freed his country from the plague. 
 He wrote, veterinaria medicina, Venice, 
 1568, and other works, and died 1581, aged 
 about 70. 
 
 Incuimberti, Dominic Jofeph Marie d', a 
 learned divine, born at Carpentras. He was 
 originally a Dominican; and by his learning and 
 virtues, he recommended himfelf to the notice 
 of Clement XII. by whom he was made bifhop 
 of Carpentras, 1733. He died of an apoplexy, 
 1757, a;ed7 5. He was a munificent as well 
 as a pious prelate. His large revenues were ap- 
 plied to relieve the poor, to the building of an 
 liofpital, the erecting of a large library, and 
 other charitable ufes. He publifhed fome trea- 
 tifes on monaftie lire on theological fubjeits, 
 fcc 
 
 Inguepiius, abbot of Croyland, was born 
 in London, 10oO, and educated at Weftminftcr 
 and Oxford. He was feerctary to William of 
 Normandy before he invaded England, and in 
 1064 went to the Holy Land. He was made 
 abbot by William, and died 1109. He was a 
 great benefactor to his monafiery, which he re- 
 built. He wrote an hiftory of the abbey from 
 664 to 1091. 
 
 Innocent I. a native of Albano, elected 
 pope after Anaitafius the firft, 402. He con- 
 demned the Novatians and Pelagians, and died 
 at Ravenna, 417. 
 
 Innocent il. was elected pope after Hono- 
 ring II. though part of the cardinals protelted 
 1 his elevation, by appointing the fon of a 
 Jew, of the name of Peter de Leo, by the name 
 of Anacletus II. Innocent, though fupported 
 of the princes of Kurope, was driven 
 from Rome by the tumults of Arnauld de Breffe, 
 and retired to France, where he held the coun- 
 cils of Clermont, Rheims, Puy, &e. After the 
 death of AnacletttS, and the- abdication of his 
 r, Victor IV. he returned to Rome, 
 where he held the fecoftd Lateran council in 
 1139i attended by 1000 bifhops, and crowned 
 c as tmpcror. He died at Rojue, 
 
 Innocent III. Lothaire Conti, a native of 
 
 Anagni, raifed to the popedom, l ;<j*, 
 only 37 years eld. lb unite the ehnii'. 
 very of the Holy Land, h-' pre:: 
 crufade againft the Alb'gcnfes, at 
 put Philip Auguftus of France m 
 diet, and excommunicated John king oi 
 land, and Raymond count of T01 
 raifed the papal authority to fueh ; 
 the Roman republic, in its brighteit da- 
 never more powerful, fo that the pope . 
 longer the vaifal, but the temporal mai 
 fovereigns, whom he could depoi'e or 1 
 agreeably to his abfolute will. Under li- 
 the Dominicans, Francifcans, x Trinit 
 and other orders arofe, which were ilill to 
 farther the power of Rome. He died at Pe- 4j 
 roufe 20th July 1216. 
 
 Innocent IV. SimbaMi de Fiefque, was 
 elected pope 1243, after the death of ( 
 nus IV. He quarrelled with Frederic of Ger- 
 many, who wiftied to invade the rights of the 
 church, and he held a council at Lyons, in 
 which he depofedhim. This was dilpleafmg to 
 feveral princes ; but Louis, king of France, in- 
 terfered in vain, and the difpute was terminat- 
 ed only by the death of the emperor. Innocent 
 died foon after his return from France, at 
 Naples, 12 54. He was the firft who invefted 
 the cardinals with a red hat, as a mark of their 
 dignity. 
 
 Innocent V. Peter de Tarantaife, a Domi- 
 nican, made pope 127 G. He died four months 
 after. 
 
 Innocent VI. Stephen Albert, a native of 
 Pompadour in Limoges, in 13 52 elected pope 
 after Clement VI. He was of a peaceable dif- 
 pofition, and labored to reconcile- the kings of 
 England and France. He is blamed for be- 
 llowing too many honors on his family. Ha 
 died 1-362. 
 
 Innocent VII. Come de Meliorate, a na- 
 tive of Sulmone in Abruzzo, was 
 pope 1404, but oppofed by Ladiflaus, king 
 of Naples, who drove him from Rome, lie 
 died 1406. 
 
 Innocent VIII. John Baptift Cibo,a noble 
 Genoefe, elected pope 1484. He labored to 
 rc-efiabiifh union among chriftian ] 
 and fhowed himfelf particularly attentive to the 
 interefts of his family. He was a benevolent 
 pontiff, and died of an apoplectic fit 
 aged 60. 
 
 Innocent IX. John Anthony Farchinetti, 
 a native of Bologna, elecled pope 1-591, and 
 died two months after. He had formed the 
 plan of clearing the port of Ancona, and other 
 magnificent improvements. _ 
 
 Innocent X. John Baptifl Pamphili, a na- 
 tive of Rome;, who fucceeded Urban VIII. 
 1644, at the age of 7 2. He perfecuted the 
 Barberinis, -to whom he was indebted for his 
 elevation ; and he publifhed his bull 
 the five proportions of the Janfenifb. He 
 died 165 5. 
 
 Innocent XI. Benedict OdrJ'cakhi, a na- 
 
JOA 
 
 JOA 
 
 rvt- of Como, in the Milanefe, elected pope 
 1676. He reformed feveral abufes in the eecfe- 
 fiafticai ftates, and oppofed Lewis XIV. by re- 
 futing to admit to biihopries thofe perfons who 
 were recommended to him by the monarch, fo 
 that at his death, net letb than ;J0 diocefes 
 were vacant. He condemned the errors of the 
 Molinifts and Quietifts, and effected a llrong 
 coalition againit the Turks. He died 1689, 
 ag-d 7 8 . 
 
 Innocent XII. Anthony PignatelH, a noble 
 Neapolitan, raifed to the papal chair. 1691, 
 after Alexander VIII. He iflued a bull againit 
 the fyftem adopted by his predeceffort, of pay- 
 ing particular honors to the relations of popes, 
 and condemned the maxims of the faints, writ- 
 ten by Fcnelon. He died 1700. 
 
 Innocent XIII. Michael Angeh Conti, 
 a native of Rome, the eighth pope of his fa- 
 mily. He was elected i/21, and died 172-1, 
 Aged 69. His infirmities prevented the execu- 
 tion of feveral plans of improvement which he 
 had formed. 
 
 Inteuia.v de Avala, John, a vSpaniard, 
 who ciied at Madrid 1770, aged 74. He 
 wrote fome poems, betides pietor-Chriftianus, 
 folio, 1720, in which he cenfures painters in 
 the representation of religious fubjecls. 
 
 Inveges, Augiijiivo, a Sicilian hiftorian 
 and antiquary. He died 1677, aged 84. He 
 wrote an hiftory of Palermo, in Italian, 3 vols, 
 folio, 164 9 hiflcria paradili terrcitris, 4 to. 
 1641, &c. 
 
 Joab, a general under David, who flew Ab- 
 ner, and afterwards ftabbed Abfalom, his maf- 
 ter's fon. Though his cruelties were forgiven 
 by David, vet lie was put to death by Solomon 
 >r efpoufing the caufe of Adonijah, B. C. 
 1014. 
 
 Joachim, abbot of Corazzo, and afterwards 
 of Flora in Calabria, was of the Ciftercian or- 
 der, and travelled on a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 It is faid that he founded feveral mona- 
 fteries. He pretended alio to be a prophet, 
 prophecies have appeared in abook, called 
 ** th^ everlafting gofpel," winch however is 
 fuppofed by jSIoftn ira to have been written 
 by fome other rniihonary. Joachim died 
 1302, leaving a numerous fecit behind him, 
 called Jcachamites. 
 
 Jr -', Pope, a woman, placed by Platina 
 
 I the fuceetfbrs of St. Peter, by the name 
 
 of John VIII. or according to others of John 
 
 VII. Though, fome affirm this to be fictitious, 
 
 ited for the difcredit of the catholic:, ac- 
 
 ' to the report, a woman, born at ?Ientz, 
 
 , ofed to be of Engliih extraction, ac- 
 
 fach celebrity at Athens and Rome, 
 
 (lie (ludied in man's clothes, that for 
 
 ..:ing and virtues, flic was honored with 
 
 ree of doctor, and was deemed worthy 
 
 d to the popedom on the death of 
 
 Thus railed 10 eminence, Joan in- 
 
 l be moil indelicate amours with her ra- 
 
 vonu! tutor, and being in a pregnant ftate, 
 
 properly ventured, when ueii her time, 
 
 j to attend a proceffion through the ftreets of 
 1 Rome. Thuscircumihmced, me was delivered 
 j between the Coloffemn and the church of St. 
 I Catharine, and died upon the fpot, either 
 through pain or fhame, after enoying two 
 years the pontifical feat. In remembrance of 
 this, it is faid, the holy father turns his head 
 afide, when he pailes by the fatal fpot, and 
 to prevent the recurrence of fach immo- 
 rality, it is afferted, that the. elected pon- 
 tilf, before he is inftailed, fubmits to an 
 examination of his manhood, feated on a pierced 
 chair. This itory, believed for fome centime,*, 
 and excufed or palliated by fome catho- 
 lic writers, ana denied by others, is now consi- 
 dered as fabulous, as it never was mentioned 
 for 200 years after the time, when, it is affert- 
 ed, it actually took place. Pius II. was the 
 firit who ventured, in the 15th century, to 
 quefuon the authority of the tradition, and 
 it is now laid afide as ridiculous and puerile. 
 
 Joan of Arc, or the maid of Orleans, a ce- 
 lebrated French heroine; born at Domremy in 
 Lorraine, 1 1 i 2 . When fervant at an inn , ihe 
 pretended that fhe faw in a vition St. Michael, 
 the tutelary faint of France, who ordered her 
 to raife the fiege of Orleans, which the Eng- 
 lifh were then beileging, and to prefide at the 
 coronation of Charles VII. at Rheims, and upon 
 this ihe was introduced by Baudrieouit, the 
 governor of Vaucouleurs, to the king, whom 
 fhe iound out in the midft of his courtiers, 
 though drefTed in the plaineft apparel. Charles 
 employed this extraordinary woman, though 
 her profeffions were ridiculed by the parlia- 
 ment ; and Joan appearing among the foldiers, 
 arrayed in the arms of a man, infpired them 
 with fuch ardor that the fiege of Orleans was 
 raifed, the Engliih were defeat&d, and the 
 monarch advanced to Rheims, where his coro- 
 nation took place in the prefence of the victo- 
 rious heroine. For thefe fervices Joan was 
 ennobled by the king, fhe affirmed the name 
 of Lys, and received a grant of lands ; but 
 while Ihe promifed hcrfelf frefh victories, fhe 
 was wounded at the fiege of Paris, and taken 
 prifoner at Compicgne. This event was re- 
 garded by the Engliih as a great, victory, but 
 infiead of receiving her with the humanity 
 which a captive female required, they accufed 
 Iter of witchcraft, and condemned her by the 
 Sentence of the univerfity of Paris to be burnt. 
 She iuffered 3Qth May 14;31, at Rouen, and 
 as fhe walked to the fatal flake, fhe difplayed 
 the fame intrepidity which (he had evinced under 
 the walls of Orleans. By her death, Joan 
 gained more friends to her rnafter than her feit- 
 vices and her triumphs had procured ; and in 
 thus cruelly putting to death a perfon whom the 
 fortune of war had placed in their hattls, not 
 as a rebellious fubjec~t, but as a captive, whom 
 fuperftition had exalted to extraordinary confe- 
 quence, the Engliih fixed an indelible ftigma 
 upon tlieir character, and rendered their caufe 
 odious in the eyes even of their adherents in 
 conquered France. 
 
 [E3] Joan, 
 
JOE 
 
 JOH 
 
 JfUV, que*n of Naples, daughter of 
 Charles, king of Sitily, murdered her /irft huf- 
 band, Andrew of Hungary, and married ano- 
 ther. The death of the prince was avenged 
 bv his brother Lewis ; but though Joan ficd 
 to Provence, (lie recovered her kingdom, and 
 JUfllUJlMl her hufband to marry a third, after 
 whole death, (he took a fourth. As flic had 
 no iiTue, (he adopted her relation, Charles 
 de Duras, who however revolted againft 
 her in confequence of which fhe named for 
 her fuceelfor Lewis of France, duke of An- 
 jou. This was productive of a civil war, 
 but Charles, obtaining Naples, fei/ed the 
 queen, and put her to death 1381, in her 55th 
 year. 
 
 Joan II. quoen of Naples after her bro- 
 ther, Ladiflaus, 1414, difgraced herfelf by 
 her debaucheries. Her fecond hufband, John 
 count of March, offended with her conduit, 
 deftroyed her favorite, Pandolphus, and im- 
 prlfoned her j but an infurrecHon reilored her 
 to liberty, and thruft her huiband into a 
 dungeon, from which he efcaped to France, 
 to lead a monaftic life. Joan adopted for her 
 heir Alphonfus of Arragon, and died 1434. 
 
 Joas}j, fon of Ahaziah, was proclaimed 
 king of Ifrael, at the age of feven, by Jehoi- 
 ada the high prieft, by whofe advice he 
 governed well, and put to death his grand- 
 mother Athaliah who had deftroyed all his 
 family. On the death of his virtuous precep- 
 tor, he became idolatrous and was flain B.C. 
 483. 
 
 Joash, king of Ifrael, after his father Je- 
 hoahaz, though he pa.d refpect to Eliiha, the 
 prophet, followed the idolatries of Jeroboam. 
 He defeated the Syrians, took Amaziah of Ju- 
 dali prifoner, and reduced Jerufaicm, and died 
 B. C. 826, after a reign of 1 6 years. 
 
 Job, patriarch of Uz, ncarldumea, is cele- 
 brated in (acred hiftory for his fuffcrings and pa- 
 tience, his refpect for the decrees of heaven, 
 and his refignation in calamity. He was re- 
 flored to happinefs after enduring the greateft 
 misfortunes, and diedabout 1500 yearsB.C. His 
 hiftory is a moft beautiful and fublime poem, 
 s which forae attribute to Ifaiah, and others to 
 JVIofes. t 
 
 Jodelle, Stephen, was one of the pleiades, 
 r feven French poets mentioned by Ronfard. 
 He was the firft Frenchman who wrote plays in 
 his own language, and with choruffes in iniitation 
 of the Greek. His Cleopatra was acted with 
 great applaufe before the king, but in general 
 his plays w^rc long and tedious. He was alfb 
 an orator, and well ikilled in architecture and 
 painting. He at one time embraced the opi- 
 nions of the protcftants, but after ridiculing 
 the mafs in a Latin fatirieal poem, he returned 
 to the profeffion of that religion, and thus ef- 
 caped the murder of St. Bartholomew. He 
 died 1 57 -3 , aged 4 ) , very poor. 
 
 Joel, the fecond of the minor prophets, 
 foretold the defolatkmof J udea, by the Chal- 
 deans, and in a paffage quoted by Peter, an- 
 
 nounces the pouring out of the Holy Ghoft on 
 the believing Chriftians. He florifhed about 
 7 90 years B. C. 
 
 John, Baptijl, the forerunner of Chrift, 
 was fon of Zafcharias and Elizabeth. He was 
 be>rn about fix months before our Saviour, and 
 after living in the defert, where his food w^s 
 locufts and wild honey, and his cloathing ca- 
 mel's hair, he began to preach repentance of 
 fins, and to baptize in the Jordan thole who 
 confefTcd their fins. Jefus was hirafelf baptized 
 by him, and the baptift bore teilimony to his 
 facred office and fupernatural appointment. 
 John reproving Herod for marrying Ilerodias 
 his brother Philip's widow, was eaft into prifon, 
 and at the inftigation of the vindictive queea 
 he was beheaded, A. I). 29. 
 
 John, the evangclift, brother of James 
 the great, was fon of Zebedee and Salome. 
 He was about 26 when the Meffiah called him 
 from his profeffion of fifhennan to be a dii'ciple., 
 and he ever afterwards continued from hisrefpect 
 and attention the favorite of his matter. At 
 the laft fupper he leaned upon the breait of 
 Jefu6, and enquired who fhould be the traitor. 
 He afterwards preached the gofpel in Afia, 
 and penetrated as far as Parthia, and then 
 fixed his refidence at Ephefus. During the pcr,- 
 fecutions of Domitian he was dragged to Rome, 
 and thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil, from 
 which he received no injury* and then was ba- 
 nifhed to Patmos, where he faw his vifions, 
 and wrote his apocalypfe. Under Nero, he 
 returned to Ephefus, and at the requeft of the 
 Afiatic churches, he wrote his gofpel to refute 
 the errors -of Cerinthus and Ebion, who main- 
 tained that our Saviour was a mere man. He 
 wrote befides three epiftles. He died at Ephe? 
 fus, A. D. 100, at the age o^ 91. 
 
 John, "furnamed Mark, was the difciple of 
 the apoiiies, and attended Paul and Barnabas 
 in their peregrinations. John followed Barna- 
 bas to Cyprus, and fome years afterwards he 
 was at Roine to minifter to the neeeffities of 
 Paul in prifon. Some fuppofe that he died at 
 Ephefus. 
 
 John I. furnamed Zimifees, was of an iV- 
 luftrious family, and he feized on the throne of 
 Conftantinoplc, by the affaifination of Nicer 
 phorus Phocas, at the inftigation of the emprefa 
 969. Though he owed his elevation to mur 
 der, he governed with great moderation, at 
 difplayed valor againft the Ruffians, Bulgariar 
 and Saracens. He banifhed the emprefs, at 
 the command of the patriarch , and he. was poi- 
 foned by a cup-bearer, at the inftigation of 
 eunuch Paiil, and he died 976. 
 
 John II. Commemts, fucceeded his fathe 
 Alexis Cornmenus, 1118. He married Irene, 
 princess of Hungary, and was fucce&ful againf 
 the Mahometans, and other barbarians, 
 was a virtuous prince, and banifhed luxti 
 from his court. He died 1143, aged 55, ip 
 confequence of a wound received from a poifon 
 ed arrow in the eh ace. 
 
 John III, Ducas, was emperor of Nice, 
 
 whiift 
 
JOH 
 
 wh!!Pt the Latins were mailers of Conftanti- 
 nople. He failed in His' attempts to take Con- 
 stantinople, and was obliged to make a treaty 
 of peace with Baldwin, the ufurper. He after- 
 wards waged war againft the Bulgarians, and 
 died 1255, aged 62. 
 
 John IV. LaJ'caris, fuceeeded at the age 
 of fix, his father Theodore the younger on the 
 throne of Conftantinople 1 2 5 9 . His youth ex- 
 pofed him to dangers, aud his feeptre was feized 
 by Michael Pakeologus who put out his eyes. 
 He died under Andronicus II. 
 
 John V.. Cautaaizemis, emperor of Con- 
 ftantinople. Vid. Cantaci'zenus. 
 
 John VI. Paiwologus $ fuccccded his father 
 Andronicus the younger, 1341, and had the 
 good fortune to free himfelf from the power of 
 John Cantacuzenus his father-in-law, the 
 ufurper. He afterwards defended himfelf 
 againft the Turks, but a more formidable op- 
 pofition awaited him in the rebellion of his fon 
 Andronicus. During thefe civil commotions, 
 the Turks renewed their attacks again ft Con- 
 Itantinople, and impofed upon the emperor 
 very difgraecful terms. This unfortunate 
 
 monarch died of chagrin 1390, aged 60. 
 
 John VII. Palwolopits, emperor after his 
 father Emanuel 1423, was unfortunate againft the 
 Turks, and folicited in his defence the afliftance 
 of the Latins. To fecure the fupj>ort of the prin- 
 ces of the Weft, he meditated an union between 
 tfae twp churches, and the pope, favoring the 
 plan, called a council at Fcrrara, where the 
 emperor attended in perfon, and where a re- 
 c'oncUiation took place 1439, but not to 
 continue long. John died 1448, after a reign 
 of 29 years. 
 
 John I. pope, a Tufcan, who fuceeeded 
 Hormifdas 523. He was thrown into prifon 
 by Theodorie, and died at Ravenna 526. 
 
 John II. pope after Boniface II. 533, op- 
 pofed the iNeftorians and Eutyehians, and 
 died 535. 
 
 John III. pope after Pclagius I. 560, was 
 zealous in die decoration of churches, and died 
 
 John IV. of Salona, was made pope 640, 
 and died two years after. 
 
 John V. a Syrian, raifed to the papal chair 
 08 >. He died two years after. 
 
 J(m;n' VI. a Creek, pope after Sergius 701. 
 Ii'j died 70.'), 
 
 John VII. a Greek, who fuceeeded John 
 
 VI. Qiid di; I 707. He was a weak pontiff, 
 
 and top compliant with the rccjuefts of Juf- 
 
 . 
 
 VIII. pope after Adrian 'II. 872, 
 
 . Charles the Bald emperor 8" 5. He 
 
 held' a council at Troves 87 8, 'but was called 
 
 bark to Italy by the invauon of the Saracens, 
 
 who obliged him to pay an annual tribute. 
 
 lie was prevailed upon by Balil of the Eaft 
 
 to acknowledge as patriarch Photius, who had 
 
 artfully banifhed the legal pofhuor Ignatius, 
 
 but lie afterwards cxcumniuuieated tLtf ufurper. 
 
 Jle died 882. 
 
 t 
 
 era 
 
 John IX. pope after Theodore H. 638, 
 died 900. 
 
 John X. was elected pope 914, by the in- 
 trigues of Theodora his miilrofs. He was more 
 capable of leading an army r than of governing 
 the church, and he defeated the Saracens who 
 ravaged Italy, but was afterwards driven from 
 Rome bv Guy of Tufcany. He was put in pri- 
 fon by Maroiia daughter of Theodore, and fuf- 
 focated 928. 
 
 John XL fon of Alberic duke of Spoletto, 
 and Marofia the wife of Guy of Tufcany, was 
 made pope at the age of 25, by the intrigues of 
 his mother 93 1 He was confined in the caftle 
 of St. Angelo by his brother Alberic, and he 
 died there 936. 
 
 John XII. a Roman noble, elected pope 956, 
 at the age of 18, and he was the firft: who 
 changed his name of Octavian by afiuming that 
 of John. He folicited the afliftance of Otlio 
 againft Berenger, who had eftablifhed his power 
 over Italy, and when he had fuceeeded in driv- 
 ing away his enemy, he crowned his ally, and 
 fwore to him fidelity over the body of St. Peter. 
 This was of fhort duration, the pope became 
 the friend of the fon of Berenger, and united 
 himfelf againft his ancient benefactor, in con- 
 fequence of which Otho invaded Italy, and ia 
 a general council accufed the pope of various 
 crimes. John, convicted of adultery, and op- 
 preffion, was depofed, and Leo VIII. placed 
 in his room ; but no fooner was the emperor 
 returned, than the exiled pontiff entered 
 Rome, and with barbarous cruelty mutilated 
 his enemies. He was in 964 killed by an in- 
 fulted hufband whofe bed he had denied. 
 
 John XIII. a Roman, elected pope 965, 
 by the emperor, againft the wifhes of the Ro- 
 man people. This was productive of diffenfion, 
 and the new pontiff was banifhed by Peter, prefect 
 of Rome ; but the emperor reinftatedhim, and 
 fent into exile his opponent. John died 972. 
 
 John XIV. fuceeeded Benedict VII. as 
 pope 983. He "was imprisoned in the caftle of 
 St. Angelo, by the anti-pope Boniface VIII. 
 and died either of poifon or of grief 984. 
 
 John XV. pope after John XIV. died fooxv 
 after, even before his eoufecration according to 
 fjme. 
 
 Johjj XVI. a Roman made pope 985. He 
 was the firft who rewarded the meritorious 
 deeds of life by canonization. He died 996. 
 
 John XVIi. a Roman, elected after Sylvef- 
 ter II. 1003. He died fix months after. 
 There was an anti-pope of that name who was 
 feized by the foldicrs of Otho III. who in de- 
 rilion cut off his hands and ears, and tore o\\% 
 his tongue, 998. 
 
 John XVill. a Roman, elected after John 
 XVII. From this time the right of election 
 palled f' om the Roman people to the clergy. 
 John atirwards reiigned his dignity for a mo- 
 naftery, and died 1009. 
 
 ,John XIX. fuceeeded Ins brother Bene- 
 dict VIII. 1024. He crowned tlje , emperor 
 Conrad li. aol died 10 33, 
 
 [ 4 ] Jouw 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 John XX. the r.ame B*M> by fome hif- 
 l/srians 10 the anti-pope Phila^athus, or to 
 John, fen of Robert, or to the woman faid to 
 have filled the papal chair under the name of 
 pope Jean. 
 
 John XXI. a Fortuguefe, made pope 
 He died eight months after by the 
 fall of a building upon him at Viterbo, 1277. 
 
 John XX11. Ja?nes <T Evfe, a native of 
 Cahovs. elected to the popedom. He founded fe- 
 ; ics, and ellabliihed fome bifhepries in 
 central towns. His pontificate was difturbed by 
 various ouftrreh, < Tpecialiy with the cordeliers. 
 He died 1.3:34. He was well (killed in medicine, 
 and wrote the thefaurus pauperum, &c. 
 
 John XXIII. Balthafar Coffa, a Neapo- 
 litan, MBSJ on the death of Alexander V. 
 railed to the popedom 1410. His elevation 
 was not without eppofition ; but to pacify fac- 
 tion he promifed to refign the tiara, if Gre- 
 gory XII. and Peter de Lune, or Benedict 
 XIII. would alfo abandon their pretentions. 
 Though thefe conditions were accepted in the 
 council of Conftanee, he had the art to 
 withdraw himfelf, and to re'-affume the infignia 
 of fovereign pontiff ; but he was foon after 
 imprifcucd. Three years after, 1418, he was 
 to liberty, and acknowledged the election 
 of Martin '/. by whotn lie was treated wiih 
 great kindnefs. He died focn after at Florence 
 i419. 
 
 John, king of England, furnamed lack- 
 land, was the fourth fon of Henry II. He de- 
 prived his nephew Arthur of his poffeffions in 
 Botany, and confined him in the tower of 
 Rouen-, where he was cruelly put to death, 
 end having thus cut oft the right heir of the 
 crown, he was declared king. Con- 
 fiance, the mother of the murdered Arthur, 
 complained of the cruelties of the ufurper 
 before Auguftus Philip of France, and the tyrant 
 ndemnedfor ihemurder, and his dominions 
 in France confifcatcd. He retired to England, 
 ar.l to complete his difgrace he quarrelled with 
 the pope and the barons. TJie pope excommu- 
 nicated him , but he reconciled himfelf to him 
 by acknowledging himfelf the vaflal of Rome, 
 and when he found the barons oppofing Ixis mea- 
 fwres, he confented to fijrn the magna charta, 
 orious bafis oi" B.ritifh freedom. As 
 this wi John fhc.ved little in- 
 
 timation to obferve it ; and the baron* to de- 
 throne him, culled nvr Lewis the fon of the 
 French king, and fwore allegjanee to him' 
 Defcrted by his fubjecls, ' Jtitifl at laft found 
 Miefin death. His misfortunes preffed fo hea- 
 vilv upon his fpirits, that he fell a victim to a 
 fever, at Newark J.Q16. 
 
 John, king of France, furnamed die Good, 
 
 (1 his father i'hilip Valois 3 3 50. The 
 
 . marked by infurrec- 
 
 the mvafion of the Englifh, 
 
 butwi id battle near 1'ni- 
 
 the black prir.ee Edward, and taken 
 
 prrfoner 1356. France wa^ now torn to pieces 
 
 by htr rebellious tl.. kjng, unable 
 
 t> 
 
 to procure his liberty by the payment of .TOO 
 millions of golden crowns, and by the 
 of eight provinces for his ranfom, rei 
 from France, which he had vifited on his pa- 
 role, and died foon after in the Savoy, London, 
 1364, aged 54. 
 
 JOHN III. king of Sweden, fon of Guftavus 
 Vafa, fucceeded in 1568 Eric XIV. wl 
 been depofed for his ill conduct. He rc- 
 ftored tranquillity among his fubjefts, and 
 made a peace with Denmark. He died 1592. 
 
 John II. fon of Henry III. was at the age 
 of two proclaimed king of Caftile. Though 
 educated in indolence by his mother, he fhew- 
 ed himfelf brave in war, againft the kings of 
 Navarre and Arragon, whom he obliged to fue 
 for peace. He afterwards turned his arms 
 again!! the Moors of Grenada, and defeated 
 them. He died 1 154, aged 50. 
 
 John II. king of Navarre, fucceeded Ids 
 brother Alphonfus on the throne of Arragon 
 1458. He made war againft Henry IV. of 
 Caftile, and died at Barcelona 1479, as 
 He left his kingdoms of Arragon and Sicily to 
 his fon Ferdinand, and Navarre to his daugh- 
 ter Donna Leonora. 
 
 John, fon of the emperor Henry VII. was at 
 the age of 14 elected king of Bohemia 1-309. 
 After conquering Silefia he was declared king of 
 Poland. In his expedition againft the Lithua- 
 nians, he had the misfortune to lofe one of his 
 eyes, and a Jew doctor to whom he. applied at 
 Montpellier for a cure, deprived him of the other. 
 This misfortune didnothoweverdifarm himof his 
 courage, he affifted Philip of Valois againft the 
 Englifh, and in the battle of Crecy, with his 
 horfe led by the bridle by two brave knights, he 
 difplayed lingular acts of valor, and was mor- 
 tally wounded 1346. 
 
 John I. king of Portugal was raifed to the 
 throne 1384, though but the natural fon of 
 Peter the Severe, againft Beatrix daughter of 
 his brother Ferdinand I. His elevation was op- 
 pofed by John king of Caftile, w ho had married 
 Beatrix ; but the ufurper cttabllfhed hi; 
 the defeat of hi.s opponents at the battle 
 barota. John turned Ms arms againft the 
 Moors in Africa, attd took Ceuta and other 
 plftees, and died 1433, aged 76. 
 
 John II. king of Portugal was furnamed the 
 Great, and fucceeded his father Alph >nfus V. 
 1481. He was fuccefsful in his fuppr 
 fome infurreftions, and afterwards he 
 arms into Africa. He afterwards defeated the 
 Caftilians at the battle of Toro, 147'>, and with 
 wife policy encouraged the maritime excurfions 
 of his fubjects, and their fettlements on the 
 coaft of Africa, and in the Indies. He died of 
 a dropfy 1405, aged 41. 
 
 John III. king of Portugal, fucceeded his 
 father Emanuel ] 521. The beginning of his 
 reicrn was marked by dreadful earth 
 which deftroyed his cities, and fwallowed up 
 the inhabitants ; but John relieved the mife- 
 ri.s of his fubjecls, and encouraged coni 
 and navigation. Iii fleets penetrated far int* 
 
 the 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 the Eaft and difcovered Japan, and to enfnre 
 the tranquillity of his Indian fettlements he fcnt 
 tttODg them the celehrated Francis Xavier. He 
 died of an apoplexy 155", aged 55. 
 
 John IV. fin-named the Fortunate, was fon 
 of Theodore duke of Braganza, and was horn 
 1604. He employed all the powers of his 
 mind to the emancipation of his country, which 
 the Spaniards after the death of Sebaitian had 
 conquered, and held as a tributary province, 
 and he ihook off the odious yoke, and was pro- 
 claimed king 1630. He died at LiiLon 1636, 
 aged 32. 
 
 John V. fucceeded Peter II. on the throne 
 of Portugal 1707. He efpoufed the caufe of 
 the allies in the wars of the Spanilh fucceflion, 
 and at the peace of Utrecht, in 1 7 1 3 , he devot- 
 ed himfelf to the encouragement of commerce 
 and induftry among his fubjedts. He died 
 1750, aged 61. 
 
 John of Gaunt, or Ghent, duke of Lancaf- 
 ter, was the third fon of Edward III. He was 
 born at Ghent 1340. In confequence of his 
 marriage with Conilance, the natural daughter 
 of Peter the Cruel, king of Caftile and Leon, 
 he laid claim to the throne on the death of his 
 father-in-law, but was oppofed by Henry of 
 Tranftamare, and enjoyed nothing but the 
 empty title of king. In the wars of the black 
 prince his brother in France, he fupported him 
 by his intrepidity, and after his death fucceeded 
 to the management of affairs. On the accef- 
 fion of Richard II. he was dragged from retire- 
 ment, to clear himfelf againft the courtiers, 
 who charged him with attempting to feize the 
 frown, becaufe he countenanced the doctrines 
 of Wickliffe againft the pope. He afterwards 
 refigned his claims to the throne of Caftile 
 to his only daughter by Conftance, who in 
 1386 married the hoir apparent of that king- 
 dom. John had for his third wife Catherine 
 Swinford, the governefs of his children, and 
 the fifter of Chaucer's wife, and from his pa- 
 tronage of that poet he received pleafure and 
 fame. John died 1399- His fon Henry fuc- 
 ceeded to the Englifh throne, after the depo- 
 fition of the fecond Richard. 
 
 John Soeieski, king of Poland, vid. So- 
 
 BltSKI. 
 
 John of Auftria, Don, was the natural fon 
 of Charles V. of Germany. He was unac- 
 quainted with his birth, till his father on his 
 death-bed revealed the fecret to his fon Phi- 
 lip II. who honorably called him to court, 
 and in 1570 placed him at the head of his army 
 againft the Moors of Grenada. In 1571 lie 
 commanded the naval armaments againft the 
 Turks, and gained the celebrated battle of Le- 
 panto, and two years after took Tunis. He 
 was governor of the Netherlands in 1576, and 
 after taking Namur, and other towns, he com- 
 pleted his triumphs over the prince of Orange 
 by the famous battle of Gemblours 1578. 
 He died l r >7S, a"t the early age of 32, in con- 
 fluence of poifon, as it isfuppofed, adminifier- 
 ed by Ids enemies. 
 
 John Fearlefs, count of Nevers, and (hike 
 of Burgundy, diliinguifhed himfelf againft Ba- 
 jazet, who fold him his liberty for an exorbi- 
 tant ranfom. He emploved his influence in 
 promoting fedition againft the dauphin, after- 
 wards Charles VII. and the partizans of the 
 duke of Orleans. He murdered the duke of < 
 Orleans, and afterwards being reconciled to the 
 dauphin he was affaffmated in hi:; prei'euce bj 
 one of his courtiers 1419, aged -!S. 
 
 John, duke of Berry, Ion of king John, 
 diftinguiihed himfelf at the b'atde of Poitiers. 
 He died at Paris 1416. 
 
 John V. duke of Britany, was furnamed. 
 the conqueror, for the defence which he made 
 againft the emperor and againft the king of 
 France who wifhed to ftrip him of his domi- 
 nions. He died 1399. 
 
 John VI. duke of Britany, was a prince 
 of great valor and equal benevolence. He 
 was in the fervice of Charles VII. of Fiance. 
 He died 1446. 
 
 John V. count of Armagnac was fon of 
 John IV. of Navarre. He difgraced himfelf 
 by an inceftuous commerce with his filler 
 Ifabella, and at laft he was banifhed from 
 his dominions by the French king. He was 
 killed in his palace at Leiture in a fiege 1473. 
 John of Salifbury, a learned Engliihmaa 
 in the fervice of the abbot of Rheims. He 
 ftudied at Paris, where he took his degrees, 
 and opened a fchool there. He afterwards 
 was in England and lived with Theobald, the 
 primate, and with Thomas-a-Becket, and in 
 1177 was chofen bilhop of Chartres. He 
 diftinguiihed himfelf at the council of Lateran, 
 and died 1181. His writings are loft, except 
 Becket's life letters and " Polycraticon." 
 John of Leyden, vid. Boccold. 
 John of Paris,' a celebrated theological 
 profeifor at Paris. He fupported the caufe 
 of Philip the Fair, againft Boniface VIII. 
 in his treatife de rcgiA prqteftate and papali ; 
 but the doctrines which he afferted with re- 
 fpect to tranfubftantiation proved highly offen- 
 five, and he was fufpended from his offices by 
 the archbifhop of Paris. He appealed to 
 Rome, but died in that city before his caufe 
 was heard 1304. 
 
 John of Udino, a celehrated painter. 
 His fruits, animals, flowers, &c. exhibited 
 great powers of execution. He died at Rome 
 1564, aged 70. 
 
 Johnson, Samuel, an Englifh divine, 
 born 1649, in Warwickfhire, and educated 
 at St. Paul's fchool, and Trinity college,' Cam- 
 bridge. He obtained the living of Corring- 
 ham in Effex, but on account of its unhealthy 
 fituation, came to fettle in London. Here 
 he became the friend of lord Effex, and of 
 lord William Ruffe!, who made him his 
 chaplain. He inveighed fevcrely from the 
 pulpit, againft the horrors of popery, and 
 {poke againft the fucceffion of the duke of 
 York to the throne. While his friends wielded 
 the weapons of eloquence in parliament, he 
 
 himfelf 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 nimfclf attacked Br. Hickes, the bold charo- 
 pioh of paifive obedience;, in a pamphlet 
 called "Julian the apoftate." The work 
 was quickly anfwerc ! by Hickes, in a pamphlet 
 called " Jovian," and Johnfon had already prc- 
 a reply, which the imprifonment of 
 his patron, Kuficl, prevented him from pub- 
 liming. His abilities, however, were too 
 confpicuous to he disregarded : after Ruffel's 
 death, he was fummened before the privy 
 council, and gneftioned about the anfwer 
 written to Dr. Hickes, called "Julian's arts 
 and methods to undermine and extirpate ehrif- 
 tianitv ;" but when he declared that he had 
 fuppreffed it, he "was difmiffed. Soon after 
 he was profecuted for the publication of Julian 
 die apoftate, and was condemned before 
 Jeffries, and fentenced to pay 500 marks, 
 and to be imprit'oned till it was paid. His 
 fpirit was not fubducd : he flill wrote againft 
 popery ; and when the army was drawn up 
 on Hounflow heath in 1686, he drew up "an 
 addrefs to the proteftants of the army," 
 which, after the difperiion of 1000 copies, 
 was ftized, and ex poled him to freih perfecu- 
 tion. He was for this condemned to {land 
 in the pillory, in Palace yard, at Charing 
 crofs, and the Exchange, to pay a fine of 500 
 marks, and to be whipped from Newgate 
 Id Tyburn, after being degraded from the 
 pricfthood. The degradation took place by 
 the hands of bifhops Crew, Sprat, and White; 
 and on December i, 1686, the fentence was 
 executed. The ftripes which he received wfere 
 317, from a whip of nine cords knotted, which 
 he endured with firmnefs and even alacrity. 
 The king appointed a fucceffor to his living, 
 but as in the diverting him of his facerdotal 
 habit, either by accident or defign, he had 
 been permitted to retain his caifock, his de- 
 gradation was eonfidered as incomplete, and 
 the biihop refufed to admit the new incumbent 
 without indemnity ; and when he prtfented 
 himfelf to the parim, -the people refufed to 
 receive him in the room of Johnfon, who 
 thus retained his living. At the revolution, 
 the parliament, 1689, refolved that the pro- 
 ceedings in the king's bench againfl Johnfon 
 were illegal ; and therefore thy recommended 
 him to the king for fome ceclefiaviical prefer- 
 ment fui table to his fufferings. The deanery I 
 of Durham in confequencc or this was 
 offered to him, which he refufed as ina- 
 dequate to his merits ; but at the folicitation of 
 ladyRoffel, and Tfllotfon, a pennon of ;iool. 
 t-y. ..r was obtained from the king, for his 
 own and his fan's life, befides a gratuity 
 of loool. In 1692 his houfe was - 
 in the night by feven alfaffins, who teemed 
 to ha*e been actuated to murder by the pub- 
 lication of his book, called "argument to 
 prove ihc abrogation of king James, i^e." 
 The cries of his wife however prevailed upon 
 the ruffians, who left him, after inflicting 
 fome fevcre hrvHes on his body, and two 
 jroands on his head, but his confUtution 
 
 was weakened by the perfevering fpirit of hw 
 persecutors, though his zeal" againft 
 remained unfhakeu. He died 170:!. All 
 his treatifes were publilhed in 1 vol. folio, 
 17 10; a fecond edition oi' which appeared 
 1'713. Johnfon in his character, was firm, 
 undaunted, and cnthufiaitic ; but his tem- 
 per was violent, and unlubmuTive ; and pro- 
 bably to the furious zeal with which he at- 
 tacked thofe who differed from him, he 
 might attribute the virulence and perfevering 
 fpirit of his perfecutors. 
 
 Johnson, John, a nonjuror born near 
 Rocheltcr, 1662, and educated at Can- 
 terbury fchool, and Magdalen college, Cam- 
 bridge. He afterwards entered at Corpus 
 Chrifti, and was in 1686 presented to the 
 vicarages of Ballon and Heron hill, near 
 Canterbury, by Sancroft, the primate; and 
 in 1(^97 he was promoted by Tenifon to 
 the living of Margate, and afterwards to 
 Apuklre. But though protected by govern- 
 ment, he manifelted fome oppofition to the 
 eitabhfhment, and not only expreffed a 
 mean opinion of the articles of the church, 
 but even refufed to take the oaths of alle- 
 giance to George L He died 1 7 -2 5 . He wrote 
 the " clergyman's vade-mecum," an excellent 
 book, 2 vols. 12mo. collection of cede-. 
 fiaftical laws, canons, &f. 2 vols. 8vo. &.e. 
 
 Johnson, or Jansen, Cornelius, a na- 
 tive of Amfterdain, eminent as a painter. 
 He came to England in the reign of James I. 
 and drew that monarch, but was foou after 
 ecJip&d by the fuperior fame of Vandyke; 
 though his pictures pofi'effed great merit, 
 for high finifhing, and correctnets of drapery. 
 He died in London. 
 
 Johnson, Martin, a feal engraver, better 
 known as a painter. His landfcapes are 
 particularly excellent. He died in the be- 
 ginning of James II. 's reign. 
 
 Johnson, Charles, a member of the 
 Middle Temple, left the pvofeflion of the 
 law for the mules. He wrote fome plays, 
 acted on the ftage, and received with fome 
 applaufe. He married a young widow, with 
 a moderate fortune, and opened a tavern 
 in Bow ftreet, Covent-garden, which he re- 
 linquifticd at hjs wife's death, having ac- 
 quired a decent competence. He died about 
 17-M. His dramatic pieces are 19 in num- 
 ber. He is immortalized i Pope's Duneiad, 
 beeaufe, fays the note, he was famous for 
 writing a play every year, and for being at 
 Button's eoffee-houfe every day, and for 
 falling a martyr to obefitv, and the rotun- 
 dity of his parts. 
 
 Johnson, Maurice, an eminent antiquary, 
 born of an antient family at Spalding, \ 
 he eftabli'hed a gentleman's literary fociety. 
 By his wife, he had 26 children, 16 of whom 
 fat down together at his table. He was one of 
 the lall founders of the Antiquarian fociety; 
 and by the liberality of his various comnnmir 
 cutious, he fully deferred the hundfome ctdo- 
 
 g'Mfl) 
 
JOH 
 
 JOH 
 
 gram written on him by Dr. Stukeley. Re 
 made a curious collection for the hiitory of 
 Caraulius. lie died, after iuffering much from 
 a vertiginous diforder, 1755. 
 
 Johnson, Thomas, a native of Sclby, 
 York fh ire, brought up to the bufmefs of an 
 K apothecary in London. He became, accord- 
 ing to Wood, the belt herbal if t of liis time ; 
 and wrote, Iter in agrum Cautuarhun, 16-29 
 erieetum Hamitedianum, 16;32, the firit 
 -catalogue of plants publifhed in England 
 Gerard's herbal improved, a valuable work 
 &e. He was made M. D. by the univerfity 
 of Oxford for his military fervices, and he died 
 in consequence of a wound received in the 
 fhoulder at the fiege of Bafinghoufe, 1644. 
 
 Johnson, Samud, a celebrated Englifh 
 writer, born at Lichfield, 7th Sept. 1709. 
 He was the fon of a bookfellcr, and was edu- 
 cated at Lichfickl fchool, and after being one 
 year at Stourbridge fchool, and paffing two 
 years in unfettled ftudies at home, he entered, 
 OcL 1728, at Pembroke college, Oxford. 
 His exercifes in the univerfity difplaycd, as 
 they had done at fchool, fuperior powers ; and 
 his tranflation of Pope's Meffiah into Latin 
 verfe, appeared fo highly finifhed, that the 
 jx)et fpoke with the higheft refpect of his 
 ttanflator, and declared, that posterity would 
 doubt which poem was the original. Unhap- 
 pily Johnfon had to flruggle with poverty, and 
 in confequence of the info!vency of his father, 
 he left the univerfity in 17^1, without a de- 
 gree. After his father's death, his whole 
 property amounted to only 20l. ; and thus def- 
 titute, he accepted the offer of an ufherfhip 
 at Bofworth fchool. The fituation proved dif- 
 )!e, and in a few months he removed 
 to Birmingham, where he publifhed his firft 
 literary labor, a tranflation of Lobo. In 
 17.14 he returned to Lichfield; and the next 
 year he married Mrs. Porter, a widow of Bir- 
 mingham, much older than himfelf, and not 
 poiTeffed of the moft engaging manners, or 
 the moft tafcinating perfon. As fhe brought 
 him 800I. he fitted up a Loufe at Edit], near 
 Lichfield, for the reception of pupils ; but as 
 he had only three fcholars, among whom was 
 David Garrick, the plan was dropped. About 
 this time, under the patronage of Mr. Walmf- 
 ley, his earlieft friend, he began his Irene; 
 and in March 1737, he firft vifited London 
 in company with his pupil, Garrick, like him- 
 felf in queft of employment. In London he 
 formed an acquaintance with Cave, the printer 
 of the gentleman's magazine ; and his firit 
 performance in that work was a Latin alcaic 
 ode, inferted in March l~-\ 8. Thus encou- 
 raged, he returned to Lichfield to fetch his 
 wife ; and from 17-10 to 1 7 4 ) , he was em- 
 ployed in the fervice of this periodical work, 
 and during that period, wrote the parhamei tary 
 debates, valuable not as the efrufions of ora- 
 tors, but as the bold compofition of a man 
 f genius on fuch fuhjec'ts as were fuppofed 
 engage the legiflatori of the a^e. In 173 i 
 
 he publifhed his London, in imitation of Juve- 
 nal's third fat ire, which was honored with the 
 commendation of Pope, and paffed to a fe- 
 cond edition in one week. Johnfon Hill felt 
 the preffure of poverty, and therefore he ap- 
 plied for a fchool in Leiceiterfhire ; but 
 though recommended l>y lord Gowcr, he was 
 difappointed, as he had" not the requifite de- 
 gree of M. A. His attempts to be admitted 
 at Doctors' Commons, without academical ho- 
 nors, proved equally urrfncceCiful ; and there- 
 fore he determined to depend on his pen for 
 fubfiftcoce. He in 174 1 publifhed the life of 
 Savage, a work of great merit, which, in the 
 elegant language of pathetic narration, exhi- 
 bited the fufferings and the poverty of a 
 friend, whofe calamities he himfelf had fhared 
 and bewailed. He began in 1 747, his edition 
 of Shakefpeare, and publifhed the plan of 
 his Englifh dictionary. This work was under- 
 taken under the patronage of the bookfellers ; 
 and the. lexicographer engaged a houfe in 
 Gough-fquare, where, with the affiftance of 
 fix amanuenfes, he proceeded rap.dly in the 
 execution of his plan. This great work, fa 
 valuable to the nation, and fo honorable to 
 the talents of the author, appeared, May, 
 1755, in 2 vols, without a patron. Lord 
 Chelterfield, who had favored the undertaking, 
 but had afterwards neglected the author, en- 
 deavoured, by a flattering recommendation of 
 the work in " tke World," to reconcile him- 
 felf to his good opinion ; but Johnfon, fpurn- 
 ed at the mean artifice of his courtly patron ; 
 and his celebrated letter reflected, with inde- 
 pendent fpirit and in fevere language, againfr. 
 his felfifh views. The dictionary produced 
 15751. but as the money had been advanced 
 during the compofition there was no folid ad- 
 vantage to be procured on the publication, 
 and fame coidd ill fupply bread to the indigent 
 author. In 1749 the Irene had been brought 
 forward on the ftagc, by the friendfhip of Gar- 
 rick, but with no fuccefs. The Rambler was 
 undertaken 20th March, 1750, and till the / 
 
 17th Marih, 1752, when it ceafed, a paper 
 appeared every Tutfday and Saturday ; and it 
 is remarkable that, during the whole of that 
 time, only five numbers were contributed by 
 other authors. Thefe publications, though 
 popular, ftill left Johnfon in diftrcifed circum- 
 iianccs ; and In 17 56, the year after the puh- 
 liihing of his dictionary, he was arretted for 
 a debt of five guineas, from which the kind- 
 nefs of Richp.nilbn relieved him. In 1758 he 
 began the Idler, continued for two years with 
 little aliiitance ; and on the death of his mo- 
 ther in 1759, that he might pay fome decent 
 refpect to her funeral, he wrote his Raffelas, 
 and obtained for it, from the bookfellers, the 
 fum of 1001. Happily, however, thefe high 
 fervices to literature, were not to pafs unre- 
 warded : in 1762 he was prefented by the king 
 with a penfion of nool. per annum, for .the 
 moral tendency of his writings, a character 
 to which his Rambler was molt fully entitled. 
 
 From 
 
JOH 
 
 JOL 
 
 From public motives, and not from flatten-, 
 Johnfon afterwards becmic a political writer, 
 and his falfe alarm," and his thoughts 
 on the Falkland ifla'ids," displayed the great 
 pouers or' his mind in the defence, of the mea- 
 i'ures of the. couft'. Thefe fervieej firft (pe- 
 tite idea of introducing him into the 
 houfe of commons ; but lord North did not 
 attend to the recommendation of Mr. Strahan, 
 and ef other gentlemen, who wifbad to foe the 
 jiigautic powers of this literary hero exerted 
 in parliament, and the propo/al was dropped. 
 J q 1 7 7 . r < Johnfon was complimented by the uni- 
 vcriity of Oxford with the degree of LL. D. 
 by diploma, as he had before reeeived from 
 them the degree of A. M. and the fame ho- 
 nors from Dublin. In 1777 he began his 
 lives of the poets, which he finifhed in 17 81, 
 a work of great merit, and which exhibits 
 the foundnefs of the critic, the information of 
 the biographer, and the benevolent views of 
 the man. In 1731 the lofs of his friend Mr. 
 Thrale, in whofe hofpitable houfe he had parted 
 15 of thehappielt years of his life, affected 
 him much ; he found his health gradually de- 
 clining, from the united attacks of the dropfyj 
 and of an afthma ; but while he exprefl'cd a 
 wifh to remove to the milder climates of France 
 and Italy, the applications of his friends for 
 the increafe of his penfion proved abortive. 
 During the progreffive increafe of his com- 
 plaints, he divided his time in acts of devotion, 
 and in claffical recreations ; and in his fleeplefs 
 nights, he translated feveral of the Creek epi- 
 grams of the Anthologia into Latin verfe. It is 
 remarkable, that Johnfon, whofe pen was 
 t vcr employed in recommending piety, and all 
 the offices df the pureft morality, and whofe 
 conduct exhibited the moft perfect pattern of 
 the chriftian virtues, fhould, in the clofe of 
 life, betray dreadful apprehensions of death. 
 By degrees, indeed, the terrors which his ima- 
 gination had painted to itfelf, difappeared ; 
 but ftill his- example teaches us, that if the 
 moft virtuous and devout view the approach of 
 death with trembling, the unrepented fins of 
 life have much to apprehend from the all- 
 fearching eye of God. Johnfon expired on 
 the 13th Dec. 1 78 1, full of refignation, 
 ftrong in faith, and joyful in hope of a happy 
 refurreftion. His remains were depofited in 
 Weftmrafter abbey, near the grave of his 
 friend Garrick ; and the nation has paid an ho- 
 norable tribute to his memory, by erecting to 
 him a monument in St. Paul's, with an ele- 
 gant epitaph from the pen of Dr. Parr. His 
 works are very numerous, and all refpeetable. 
 Some of his fmallcr pieces were publifhed by 
 flr J. Hawkins in 1787, with hi3 life in 
 11 vols. 8vo. and of thefe an edition, by Mur- 
 phy, appeared in 1792, in 12 vols. 8vo. His 
 articular reflecting his chc- 
 the at- 
 publica- 
 Mrs. Pioz/.i, and 
 .Acreuhng ac- 
 
 count of his life by Bofwell, with w-hom he 
 travelled to the Hebrides, of which 
 an account in 1 7 7-i- In his perfon, Jo 
 was large, corpulent, and unweildly, with 
 little of the graces of poliihcd life, oecahon- 
 ally offenlive by involuntary or convulfive mo- 
 tions, and in his drefs, lingular and flovenry. 
 His conversation, however, made atonement 
 for the defie.iences of his perfonal appearance^ 
 and though frrrn the fuperior powers of his 
 mind, the great independence of his charac- 
 ter, and the gigantic vigor of his genius, : 
 pofitive, and impatient of contradiction, he 
 was ever intereftingand inftructive, and c 
 ed at all times great goodnefs of hearr, un- 
 fhaken fteadinefs of principle, and cormnand- 
 ing benignity. Humane, charitable, gene- 
 rous, and affectionate, with all his little de> 
 fects of temper, it may truly be faid, 
 there was fcarce a virtue in principle which he 
 did not poffefs. His goodnefs flowed from 
 the. heart, and his religion was the pure fin/am 
 from the fSul, humble, devout, contrite and 
 pious. As a literary character, his name 
 ftands on very high ground ; corredtnefs, ele- 
 gance, and variety every where clothed undet 
 a ftrong and nervous ftyle, captivate, enliven 
 and edify. 
 
 Johnston, Arthur, a phyfieian, born at 
 Cafkieben,, near Aberdeen. From Aberdeen, 
 he went to Rome, and Padua, where he took 
 the degree of M. D. 1610. He next travelled 
 through Italy, Germany, Denmark, England 
 and Holland, and at laft fettled in France, when 
 he had by two wives, 13 children. He re- 
 turned after '2 4 years' abfence, to Scotland, in 
 1632, and was then introduced to Laud, to 
 whom he dedicated his poetical paranhrafe of 
 David's pfalms. He vifited in 1641, one of 
 his daughters, who was married at Oxford, and 
 being feued withaviolent diarrhoea, died there, 
 aged 54. He wrote befides epigrams -mufia 
 aulicae, 8cc. 
 
 Johnstone, Georgr, known as one of the 
 commiffioners, fent with lord Carlifle and Mr. 
 Eden, to treat with the Americans during the 
 war, was the fon of a Scotch baronet. He was 
 brought up to the fea fervice, and in 1 ; 
 appointed governor of Weft Florida. U 
 his return to England, fat in parliament for 
 Cockermouth and Appleby, and fought a duel 
 with lord George Germaine, in confcquei 
 fome reflections made in parliament on his 
 conduct. He alfo diftinguifhed himfelf for his 
 zeal in the affairs of the Eaft India company, 
 and for his attacks on lord Clive. He was au- 
 thor of thoughts on our acquifitio:.'; in the 
 Eaft Indies, particularly in Bengal, and he 
 died 1787. 
 
 Joinvili.e, John Sire de, a French ftatef- 
 man, born in Champagne. He became 
 the favorites of Lev/is IX. and was confulud 
 with confidence by the monarch. He 
 the Kftory of St. Louis, an interefting work. 
 He died about 1318, aged nearly 90 j 
 
 Jokv, Claude, a French writer, born 
 
 1G07. 
 
JON 
 
 JON 
 
 He dlea m eor.fequc-nee of a fall into 
 
 [ a trench, made for a foundation of a high altar 
 
 i in his church, 1/00, at the great age of 91. 
 
 ibliihed a collection of maxims for the 
 
 ion of a prince, agaim'l the falfe politics 
 
 :arin, burnt by the hands of the hangman, 
 
 , Guy, the fecretary, and friend of 
 de Retz, was author of " memoirs of his 
 times," from 1641 to 1665. 
 
 Jonah, the fifth of the minor prophets, flo- 
 rifhed under Joath and Jeroboam, kings of 
 Ifrael. When he refufed to go to Nineveh, 
 he was, during a dreadful ftorm, thrown, at 
 his own requelt, into the tea, and after being 
 three days fwall .r.ed by a large filh, he was cart 
 out on dry land. His preaching to the Nine- 
 vites was attended by their conversion. The 
 gourd, die fudden decay ol which he bitterly 
 lamented, while he diiregarded the late of the 
 thoufands of Nineveh, is fuppofed by fome to 
 be the plant called palraa Chriili. He died 
 about 761 B. C. 
 
 Jonas, AnagrimvSt a learned Icelander, the 
 pupil of Tycho Brahe. On the death of his 
 friend the bifhop of Holum, he refufed to 
 fucceed him in his dioceie, but remained in 
 the bumble fituat.on of miuiftcr of Mehladr. 
 In his 86th year he took for his fecond wife, 
 a young girl, and died about nine years after, 
 1640. His works were idea veri inagiftratus, 
 1589, 8vo brevis commentarius de iilandia, 
 1593, 8vo. &c 
 
 . Jonas, Jajiu ?, a learned divine, in Thuringia. 
 He was the able defender of Luther. He was 
 principal ol the college of Wittemberg, and died 
 1555, aged 62. 
 
 Jonathan, ion of Saul, and the faithful 
 friend of David, was ilain in battle by the Phi- 
 Uftines, B. C. 1055. 
 
 Jones, Iuigo, a celebrated architect, born 
 157-2, in London, where his father was a cloth- 
 worker. He was apprenticed to a joiner, and 
 his improvement in defigning, gradually re- 
 commended him ; and the earl of Pembroke 
 generoufly enabled him to travel over Italy, and 
 the bell part of Europe. He was noticed at 
 Venice by Chriftian IV. king of Denmark, 
 and he returned to England in the train of 
 that monarch. He was made architect to the 
 queen, and to prince Henry, but when he fuc- 
 ceeded to the reverfion of iurveyor-general of 
 tl. king's works, he refufed to accept any fa- 
 larv, till the heavy debts contracted under his 
 -ifor had been totally liquidated. In 
 1620 he was directed by the king, when at 
 lord Pembroke's at Wilton, to examine Stone- 
 henge, and after deep refearch, and exact 
 measurement, he concluded, that this venerable 
 pile is nothing but a Roman temple, erected 
 between the times of Agricoia and Conftan- 
 tine. He was one of the commiffiouers for 
 repairing St. Paul's cathedral, and he was alfo 
 made manager of the mafques in fafhion in 
 thofe times of pageantry, and it was in this 
 ifice, that he unfortunately quarrelled with 
 
 Ben Jonfon, who, with all the virulence of an 
 poet, ridiculed his friend in the dia- 
 racier of Lantern Leather-head, in the comedy 
 of Bartholomew fair, and in other pieces. Nat- 
 wit hitanding this, Jones increafed in fame, 
 and in opulence. The troubles of the nation, 
 however, affected him deeply, his property was 
 plundered on account of his loyalty, and after 
 the king's death, he was obliged to pay 4 OoL 
 as a compolition to Cromwell. Worn out with 
 years, and with grief at the public calamities, 
 he died 1652. Though fprung from a lo\r 
 origin, Jones fo improved the native powers of 
 his mind, that ' he lfecarne an excellent mathe- 
 matician, a tolerable fcholar in Greek and. 
 Latin, a decent poet, and to the higheft cele- 
 brity in architecture, added an exteniive know- 
 ledge of all human f-ciences. Befides the re- 
 pairing of St. Paul's, he dciigncd the palace of 
 Whitehall, erected the banqueting houfe, 
 Catherine's chapel in St. James's palace, the 
 church and piazza of Covent-garden, and other 
 private buildings. 
 
 Jones, IftlUam y a mathematician, born 
 1675, in the hie of Angiefey. He taught 
 mathematics in London, and had in the num- 
 ber of his pupils, lords Hardwieke and Macclef- 
 ficid. By the friendship of lord Hardwicke, he 
 obtained a finecure of 2001. a year, and after- 
 wards fucceeded to the more lucrative office of 
 deputy teller in the exchequer. He was the 
 friend of Newton, and the correfpondent of ths 
 greateft mathematicians of Europe. He died, 
 in e.ify circumftances, in 1/49, but it is to be 
 lamented, that the work which he had com- 
 pleted as an introduction to the mathematical 
 and philofophical compofitions of Newton, has 
 been lolt. The works of Mr. Jones were 
 a compendium of the art of navigation, 8vo. 
 170-2 fynopfis palmariorum- mathefeos, 8vo. 
 1706. , 
 
 JoNES,yir William, a learned judge, fon of 
 the preceding, was born in London, 1748. The 
 early lofs of his father was fupplied bv the 
 attentive care of his mother, a woman of high 
 character, and he was placed at Harrow fchool, 
 where he acquired fuch perfect knowledge of 
 claffical learning, that Dr. Sumner, the mat- 
 ter, declared that he knew Greek better than 
 himfelf. He entered at Univerfity college, 
 Oxford, in 1761, and became at the age of 
 19, tutor to lord Althorpe, and though he paid 
 due attention to his pupil, he yet found time to 
 read the belt part of the old teftamem in the 
 original, while refident at Wimbledon. He 
 rifited the continent in 1769, with his pupil, 
 and in 1770, entered ai the Temple to fludy the 
 law, He publiihed in 1774, hi* commentaries 
 on Atiatic poetry, dedicated to the university of 
 Oxford. His t radiation of Ifieus, with learned 
 note;, appeared in 1779, and the next year he 
 publiihed an inquiry into the legal mode of fup- 
 preffmg riots. In 179S his legal knowledge 
 recommended him to the miniftry, as a fit per- 
 fon to prefide in the fupreme court of Calcutta, 
 and oil tlat occauou, he received the honor of 
 knighthood, 
 
JOtf 
 
 JOtf 
 
 knighthood, *nd f<x>n after, married Anna Maria 
 Shiplev, the bilhop of St. Afaph's daughter. 
 He left England in April 1793, and on his 
 arrh d in India, he eftabliihed an Afiatic fo- 
 eiety, to illuftrate the hiftory, and antiquities of 
 the Eaii. To the memoirs of thislcarncd body, 
 the forma : on of which his active mind had 
 planned, in bis voyupc from Europe, he made 
 m II valuable contributions. When difengagi d 
 from his judicial occupations, be unbent all the 
 powers of his compichenfive mind, to the litera- 
 ture of the Eaft, and he acquired fuch an ac- 
 quaintance with the Sanfcrit language, and the 
 code of the Bramius, that he was admired by 
 the moll learned and intelligent of the native 
 Indians. He was a pirns and a fincere chriftian, 
 and his refcarches were equally directed to in- 
 weftio'atc and to prove from oriental books, and 
 from the various traditions of the heathen na- 
 tives, the great hifro; leal facts, contained in the 
 holy fcriptures. This great and good man, 
 from whom fo much was expected Hill, in the 
 patlis of oriental fcience and literature, was 
 Matched away after a fhoit iilnefs at Calcutta, 
 27 th April 1794, aged 48. His remains were 
 interred in the burial ground at Calcutta, where 
 an Englifh infeription by himfelf, and a Latin 
 one by his brother judge, fir Willian Dunkin, 
 mark the fpot. An elegant monument has 
 latclybeen erected tahim in St. Paul's cathedral, 
 by the munificence of the Eaft India directors. 
 The works of fir William have been pub- 
 limed in 6 vols. 4to. 1799, and prove him not 
 only an elegant fcholar, but a good poet, an 
 able critic, and an indefatigable hiftorian. His 
 life has been written by lord Teignmouth, 4 to. 
 1804. 
 
 Jo>?ns, If'illiam, an Englifh divine, born at 
 Lowick, Northamptonshire, 1726, and educat- 
 ed at the cnarter*houfe and univerfity college, 
 Oxford. After entering into orders he took 
 the curacy of Finedon, Northamptonlhire,' 
 where he wrote his anfwer to bilhop Clayton's 
 erTay on fpirit. In 175 i he became curate to his 
 brother-in-law, at Wadcnhoe, where he wrote 
 his catholic dextrine of the trinity, a work of 
 merit. In 1 7H4 he was prefented by Seeker to 
 Betherfden vicarage, Kent, and afterwards he 
 went to refid~ at Nayland, Suffolk, till on the 
 elevation of Dr. Home, to the fee . of Norwich, 
 he became his domeitic chaplain. He after- 
 wards was invited by lord Keujon to undertake 
 the tuition of his two fons, and in 1798 he 
 was prefented by the archbifhop to the living 
 of Hb ffing bo u rne, in Kent. Mr. Jones was 
 a pious and exemplary cbara fur. He efpoufed 
 the tenets of th< Hotchiufonian fyitcm, as he 
 evinced in his eflky on the firft principles of 
 natural philofophy, pubiifned in J 7 62, and 
 completed in his phyfiologiral difquifitions. 
 Inuring the French revolution, he ably fnpport- 
 cd the go vernm ent of the country, by lbme 
 . Me pamphlets, particularly an excellent 
 . called the f.-bolar armed, 
 hvo. He alfo publifhed 8 vols, ot l'er- 
 u..,m, and died ISOl, 
 
 Jones, Henry, a poet, born at Drogheda, 
 in Ireland. He was bred a bricklayer, but na- 
 ture formed him for a poet, and he was intro- 
 duced to lord Chefterfield, when lord-lieute- 
 nant, in 1745. That nobleman, pleafed with 
 his poetical effufions, brought him over to 
 London and procured a liberal fubfeription to 
 his poems. He alfo recommended him ftrongly 
 to Colley Cibber, and prevailed upon the mana- 
 gers of Covent-garden to introduce his plays 
 on the ftage, and nearly fecured the reverfion of 
 the laurel for his brow ; but while the patron 
 was kind and generous, the poet was fickle, 
 violent, prodigal, and capricious. After va- 
 rious viciffitudes of fortune, the confequence of 
 imprudence and folly, he died in great want, 
 1770, in a garret of the Bedford coffee-houfc. 
 His " earl of Eifex," by no means a con- 
 temptible performance, appe?red in 1753. 
 
 Jones, Jeremiah, a diffenting divine, edu- 
 cated at Tewkefbury. He kept a fchool at Nailf- 
 worth, and prefided over a diffenting con- 
 gregation at Avening, Gloucefterfhire. He 
 wrote a vindication of' the former part of St. 
 Matthew's gofpel, againft Whifton's charge of 
 diflocations, Kc. 17 19 a new method of fet- 
 tling the canonicajauthority of theoldtcftament, 
 3 vols. Svo. 17 '26* He died 1724, aged 31. 
 
 Jonks, Paul, a native of Selkirk, in Scot- 
 land, who fettled in America, and became a for- 
 midable enemy to the trading interefts of Bri- 
 tain. He obtained in 1775, a commiffion from 
 congrefs, and was made the next year captain 
 of marines. Well acquainted with the coafts 
 of Ireland and Scotland, he came to Europe, 
 to infeft the trade of the country, and made a 
 defcent at Whitehaven, where he deftroyed the 
 fhipping of the harbour, and afterwards on the 
 eftatesof lord Selkirk, whofe plate and furniture 
 he carried away in triumph. After taking the 
 Drake floop of war, off Carrickfergus, he re- 
 tired to Breft, and with a fiefh reinforcement, 
 he again fcoured the Irifh fea, and advancing 
 round the ifland, took the Serapis frigate, and 
 the Countefs of Scarborough armed fhip, after 
 a gallant action off Flamborough head. Theft 
 exploits made him a favorite, not only in 
 America, but in France, where the king pre- 
 fented him with a handfomc gold hilted l'word. 
 The peace put an end to his depredations and 
 glory. He died at Paris 1 7 92 . 
 
 Jones, John, a Benedictine monk, edu- 
 cated at merchant tayior's, and St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford, As he Mas inclined to the Ro- 
 man catholic faith, he went to Spain, and took 
 the name of Leander de Santo Martino. He 
 was Hebrew and divinity profeffor, and vicar* 
 general of his order, and died in London 1G-',C. 
 He wrote facia ars memorise ad fcripturas di- 
 vinns, &c. 
 
 JoKBS, David, a native of Cacrnarvonfhire, 
 who died about 17 80. He wrote fome poetical 
 pieces of merit, and edited two collections of 
 Welch poctrv, and made a collection of Welch 
 MSS. 
 Jone, John, a Welch antiquary, known fgr 
 1 his 
 
JON 
 
 JON 
 
 MSS. for above 40 years. Fifty large volumes 
 are (lift preferred, bearing the date of 1590 to 
 1630. 
 
 Jones, Rice, a Welch poet, born in Merio- 
 nethihirc. He publifhed Welch anthology, 
 A to. 1770, or Selections from the poets of va- 
 rious ages. He died 1801, aged 86. 
 
 Jones, Griffith, an Englifh writer, editor of 
 the London Chronicle. He was a very amiable 
 character* and projected with his brother, thofe 
 entertaining books which are now become fo 
 fafhionab'.e, for (he improvement of young 
 minds. He died 1786, aged 65. 
 
 Jones, John, a dramatic writer in the reign 
 of Charles I. who wrote a play called Adraita, 
 or the woman's fpleen. 
 
 Jones, John, a medical writer, born in 
 Wales. He took his -degrees at Cambridge, and 
 practifed with reputation in Bath, Nottingham 1 
 (hire, and Dcrbyfhire. He wrote, the dial of 
 agues, 1556 the benefit of ancient baths, 
 1572, &c. He died about ] 5 SO. 
 
 Jones, Jit William, .judge of the king's 
 bench, in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
 was author of reports in his court, ike. 
 
 Jones, ft Thomas, a judge of the king's 
 bench, under Charles II. and James II. When 
 James wifhed to aifert the dtfpenfing power, and 
 laid he could foon have 1 2 judges of his opinion ; 
 True, answered fir Thomas, you mav bare 1 2 
 judges, but not 12 lawyers. 
 
 Jones, Richard, a Welehman, the author of 
 ** gemma Cambricum," in Welch, which con- 
 tained In clear brevity, all the books and chapters 
 of the bible, publifhed 1652. He was of Jefus 
 oUege, Oxford, 1621, and died in Ireland. 
 
 Jonsius, John, a native of Holftein, who 
 died young, 1659. His Latin treatife, de 
 fcriptoribus hiftoriae philofophke, in 4to. is 
 much admired. 
 
 !OW, Benjamin, a celebrated Englifh 
 poet, born at Weftminfter, 1574. His father, 
 who v. as a clergyman, and had fuffered in the 
 of Mary, by iinprilbnment, and by the 
 lofs of his property, died about a month before 
 the birth of the poet. He was placed at Weft- 
 mmfter fchool, where Camden was then mailer, 
 lie imprudent marriage of Ids mother with 
 
 :kla 
 
 altered his plans of life. He 
 
 recalled home 10 work in his ftep-father's bufi- 
 nels, but he enliftad for a foldier, and puffed 
 with the army into the Netherlands, where he 
 diftinguifhed himfcll by his pcrfonal valor. On 
 his return to England, he entered at St. John's 
 Cambridge, but the narrow nefs of his 
 tfrcumftances cut fhort hia refidence in the 
 univerfjty, and he applied for fupport to the 
 ita^e. His f.rft appearance was at the Curtain, 
 one of thofe obfctire theatres which then were 
 built in the fkirts of the town, but in the mod 
 
 ;, characters, he was unable to perform 
 with credit. His profpects, hotfevcr, were foon 
 clouded, Be fought a duel with a brother actor, 
 and difpatched him, while he himfclf received 
 
 iij; the arm. He howeve* eftsqped yr 
 
 nifliment, by fomc means now unknown, though 
 during his confinement, he was prevailed upon 
 by the infinuation of a prieft, to become a con- 
 vert to the church of Rome, in which he con- 
 tinued for 1 2 years. As he could not fhine as 
 an actor, hi attempted to write plays, but his 
 e|fforts were unfuccefsful, till Shakefpeare, who 
 like himfelf, had felt the feverities of fortune, 
 extended his friendfhip to him, and not only 
 interefted himfelf in his behalf, but fupported 
 his claims to public applaufe, by acting himfelf 
 in fomeof his characters. His firft play printed 
 was, every man in his humour, a comedy, which 
 was generally followed by another every year ; 
 but when his enemies ridiculed the tardy efforts 
 of his, mufe, he produced his " Volpone," in 
 five weeks. By joining with Chapman and 
 Marfton in ** Eaftward-Hoe," a comedy, he 
 was accufed of reflecting on the Scotch nation, 
 and with his two companions was thrown into 
 prifon, but upon making due fubmiffion they 
 efeaped the lofs of their ears and nofrs, and ob- 
 tained a pardon. In the exhibition of mafques a 
 then very popular, Jonfon was employed for the 
 diverfion of the court, and compofed in I60* 
 part of the device, which was to entertain James 
 as he pafl'ed from the tower to Weftminfter ab->- 
 bey on his coronation. Thus favored by the 
 court, Jonfon became a popidar character, and 
 obtained the friendlhip of men of literature, of 
 Sh.-.A-efpeare, Beaumont, Fletcher, Camden, 
 Seidell, and others. He vifited France in 1613, 
 and in 1 6 1 9 was presented with the degree of 
 M.D. by the univerfity of Oxford. That year 
 he fucceded on the death of Daniel to tlie 
 place of poet laureat, of which the king, two 
 years before, had granted him the reverfion, and 
 on his petition his falary of 100 marks was in 
 1630 augmented to as many pounds. About 
 this time lie vifited his friend Drummond of 
 Hawthornden in Scotland, and celebrated his 
 adventures in a poem afterwards unfortunately 
 burnt. Yet though handfomely rewarded for 
 his plays, Jonfon through careleflhefs or extra- 
 vagance was poor. From an obfeure lodging 
 he folicited the king's favor, but the gratuity 
 of lool averted but for a while the increasing 
 honors of indigence. He died of the palf* 
 1637, in his 63d year. Over his grave in 
 Weftminfter abbey, on a rough pavement ftone, 
 the gift of Jack Young of Great Milton Ox- 
 fordshire, are hvferibed theft quaint, but expref- 
 five words, "O rare Ben Jonfon." The lite- 
 rary fame of Jonfon drew againft him a crowd 
 of obfeure poetafters who expected reputation 
 by attacking his fuperior merit ; but his funeral 
 obfequies were fung by " the friends of the 
 mules," by lord Falkland, lord Buckhurft, 
 Beaumout, Waller, and others. His works 
 were edited in 1716, in 6 vols. 8vo. and more 
 completely in 7 vols. 8vo. 'with notes by Mr. 
 Whalleyl756. 
 
 Jonston, John, a Polifh naturalift, born 
 1603. He travelled over Europe, and died on 
 his eftate at Lignitz, Silefia, 1675. He pub- 
 lifhed a natural hiftorv of birds, fifties, quadru- 
 peds, 
 
JO a 
 
 JOS 
 
 peck, infects, ferpents, and dragons, folio, 
 
 Jokam, king of Ifrael, after Ms brother 
 
 b B.C. SM-6, was delivered trum the 
 
 ' Bcnhadad the Syrian who beheged Ins 
 
 it became an idolater. He was after- 
 
 I by Hazael, king of Syria, and 
 
 : au B.< . 
 
 Joram, king of Judah after his brother Je- 
 hofimphat 889, B. P. was drawn into idolatry 
 bv Ahab his father-in-law, whofe daughter 
 Athal'.ah he had married. He diefi SS5, B. C. 
 
 Jordan, /&" Jojeph, an Englifh admiral, 
 to whole extraordinary valor his country was in- 
 debted for the naval victory of Solebay over the 
 Dutch 1672. 
 
 Jordan, Charles Stephen, a Pruffian wri- 
 ter, who died at Berlin his native city 1746, 
 aged 46. Frederick, not only erected a monu- 
 \0 him with tins infeription, " here lies 
 Jordan, the friend of the mufes and of the 
 king," but wrote an eulogy in his praife. 
 Jordan wrote literary travel- in Fiance, Eng- 
 land, ami Holland, with fatirieal anecdotes, 
 frvo. a miicellany of literature, philofophy,. 
 hiftory, &c. 
 
 Jordan, Thomas t a dramatic author in the 
 reign of Charles I. 
 
 Jordan, John Chriftcpher, privy counfellor 
 to the king of Bohemia. His notes on the 
 chronology of Dionvfius Hal. Polybius, Dio- 
 dorus Sic. and Livy are excellent. He died 
 about 2740. 
 
 Jordano, Luca, a celebrated painter, born 
 at Naples 1632. He diiplayed iueh abilities 
 that at the age of feven his pieces were highly 
 reipec table. He villi ed Rome, and the other 
 cities of Italy, where he copied the works of 
 the grcateft mallets. He improved upon the 
 beauties of others with fueh effect, that he was 
 called the ingenious bee, jvho extracted his ho- 
 ney &0B the flowers of the belt artiits. His 
 reputation gradually fpread not only over Italy, 
 but Furope, and Charles II. of Spain invited 
 Lm in 1G92 to adorn the Efcurial, and the 
 churches and palaces of Spain. Jordano, by 
 the excellence and the variety of his pieces, ac- 
 quired great opulence. He died at Naples 
 1705. In his private character he was very 
 amiable, he was benevolent in his conduct, 
 friendly to his pupils, and to great affability 
 united a remarkable flow of wit and humor. 
 
 Jordans, Janus, a painter born at Ant- 
 werp 1594. His early marriage with the 
 daughter of Oort his mailer, prevented his vi- 
 ting Italy 5 but application fupplied every de- 
 ficiency. In his pieces' he diiplayed greaj eor- 
 rcctnefs ; his manner was bold, 
 
 yet natural. His works adorned the 
 public buildings of fame of the .cities of Flan- 
 ders. He died at Antwerp 1 6/ 8 
 
 Jordkn, Eduard, an Englifh ph; 
 bom 1569 in Kent. 
 
 . He took his doctor's degree at Padua. 
 
 . he practifed in London, and was 
 
 : of tlic college o:" phyficiansj but his 
 
 attempts to manufacture alum proved injurious 
 to his fortune. He died of the gout and ftone 
 
 wrote a difcourfe 1 
 difeafe called the fuffocatton of the mother, -ito. 
 difcourfe on natural baths and mineral wa- 
 ters, Ito. &c. 
 
 Jortin, John, an Englilh divine, born in 
 London 1698. His father was of French ori- 
 gin, and came to England when tqieration was 
 not allowed to the proteliants of Prance. 
 ^ oungJonin was educated at the Charter-houfe, 
 and Jefus college, Cambridge. He was en 
 two years after in making extracts from EtUta- 
 thius for Pope's Homer, but he never was intro- 
 duced to the poet. In 1722 he publifhed 
 " lufus poetici," fome Latin poems, well re- 
 ceived by his friends, and in 17 '2 6-7 as being 
 fellow of his fociety, he was presented to the 
 living of Swajcefey, near Cambridge, which he 
 refigned in 1723 upon marrying, and came to 
 fettle in London, where he refided for 2 5 veins. 
 He in 1737 obtained the living of Eaiiwell, 
 Kent, which he foon refigned. In 17-16 he 
 was made afternoon preacher to Oxendon cha- 
 pel, and the next year he became affiftant to 
 Dr. Warburton at Lincoln's Inn. In 174'j he 
 preached Boyle's lectures, and in 1751 he was 
 made reel or of St. Dunftan in the Eafl by Her- 
 ring the primate. In 1762 he became chaplain 
 to the bilhop of London, who gave him a pre- 
 bend in St. Paul's, the living of Kenfington, and 
 in 1 764**the archdeaconry of London. He died 
 after a fhort illnefsl770. Dr. Jortin, refpectabb 
 as a divine and as a man, was delenedly elteem- 
 edasa polite fcholar and an able orator. His 
 publications were numerous and highly valuable. 
 He publifhed in 1700 four fermons on the 
 truth of the Chriftian religion, afterwards 
 incorporated in his difeourfes on the truth of 
 the~Chriftiau religion, 8vo. 1746 mifcclla- 
 neous obfervations upon authors, ancient and 
 . 2 vols. Svo. remarks on ecclefiafticaj 
 hiftory, 8vo. 1 751, continued in fotir liu feed- 
 ing volumes down to 1517, the era of the re- 
 formation life of Erafmus, 4to. 175s 
 remarks on the works of Erafmus, A to. 1760, 
 other inferior works. 
 
 Joseph, fonof Jacob by Rachael, was th 
 favorite of his father, and confequently was ex- 
 pofed to the envy of his brothers, whq fold him 
 asallaveto fome Midianitifhmerchants, by whom 
 carried into Egypt. In Egypt, under 
 the protecting hand of providence, he 1 
 
 ountry, and 1 
 the famine, his brothers proftraie themfelves 
 before him according to the fulfilling of hit 
 dreams. He afterwards lent for his lather to 
 . Gofben, and after governing the na- 
 tion with wifdom, he died aboul 1606 B. C. 
 
 Joseph, hufband mother of 
 
 Jefus Chrift, was of the tribe of Judal 
 of the lineage of David. He was fon of Jacob, 
 according to St. Matthew, or according to . w t. 
 rence which is explainedbf 
 recollecting that Heli and Jacob were bri 
 and that filer the death of Heli, Jacob matt 
 
JOS 
 
 JOS 
 
 fled agreeable to the law ofjVTofes, his brother's 
 widow, and became father of Jofeph. 
 
 Joseph of Ariraathea, a counsellor, who 
 became privately a difciple of our Saviour. 
 After the crucifixion he buried the body of 
 his mailer in a new toinb. He died at Je- 
 ruSalem. 
 
 Joseph I. 15th emperor of the houfe of 
 Auftria, was born at Vienna I678. He was 
 crowned king of Hungary 1687, and in 1*05 
 I 1 the death of his father Leopold, he Suc- 
 ceeded to the empire of Germany. He engag- 
 ed England, Savoy, and Holland, in his war 
 againft France, to raife the archduke Charles 
 ,to the throne of Spain, and then exerting his 
 power as head of the Germanic empire, he de- 
 prived the electors of Bavaria and of Cologne of 
 their dominions for affifting his enemies. 
 7 hits abfolute in Germany, he turned his arms 
 againft Italv, and not oidy Mantua, Parma, 
 &c. but even Etruria, Sicily, and Naples, be- 
 came obedient to his dictates. From Italy he 
 marched againSt the Hungarian infurgents 
 whom he defeated. His fuceeiics were itopped 
 by the attack of the fmall-pox, which proved 
 fatal 1 7 1 1 , in his 3 -id year. 
 
 Joseph II. emperor of Germany, fon of 
 Leopold and Maria Thereia, was born 1741, 
 and crowned emperor 1765, on the deceafe of 
 his father. He was in his conduct actuated by 
 the molt benevolent motives ; and to be ac- 
 quainted with the wants of his Subje&s he tra- 
 velled over the greateft part of his dominions. 
 In Croatia he facilitated commercial inter- 
 courie, by the forming of a high road between 
 Zing and Carifladt ; at Vcnic?, he fettled 
 the boundaries of his kingdom, and thole of the 
 republic, and in Bohemia he checked the ra- 
 vages of the famine which the troubles of Po- 
 land had can fed. He afterwards had two inter- 
 views with the king of Pruffia, whofe great mi- 
 litary character he admired, but unfortunately 
 thetc vifits ended in a plan for the Seizure of 
 the Polifh provinces. In 17 81 he palled into 
 France, but he disregarded the pompous cere- 
 monies with which the court wiihed to receive 
 him, and found greater pleafure in examiningthe 
 curioiuies of Paris, the manufactures of Lyons, 
 and the canals of Picardy. He often difguiSed 
 himuif to converfe with obfeure individuals, and 
 that every opportunity might be indulged or 
 displaying his humanity, he appointed one 
 day in the week in which he received petitions, 
 eren horn the meaneft beggar. In 17 80 he 
 Succeeded, by the death of the emprefs queen, 
 to the crowns of Hungary and Bohemia. The 
 attachment to his perlon which the Flemings 
 liad displayed was repaid by his improvements 
 in the harbour of Ollend at his own expence, 
 and by declaring the place a free port. His at- 
 howeverto render the navigation of the 
 ' free, met with opposition from the 
 ; 'Ts, who viewed with jealouSy the com- 
 merce of Antwerp. Jofeph Saw and pitied the 
 fiate of his peafants through his States, and 
 therefore Slavery was abolifhed iu Bohemia, 
 
 Moravia, and SileSia ; and with equal boldnefs 
 in favor of Spiritual freedom he published an 
 edict to diSclaim the Secular Submiffion of his 
 Subjects to the See of Rome, and to fupprefs 
 fome of the monafleries. This excited the: 
 alarm of the pope ; but the journey of Pius VI. 
 to Vienna could not reconcile the emperor, or 
 abolifh his decree, and in 1 7 80 the eceleliaiti- 
 cal princes at Ratilbon determined to withdraw 
 from the temporal jurisdiction of Rome. His? 
 vifit to the emprefs of Ilulfia at Cherfon, tended 
 to cnSure the partition of Poland, and the ex- 
 pulsion of the Turks from Europe. Though hu- 
 mane, Jofeph was not a warrior; he indeed redu- 
 ced Schabatz in perfon , but his troops were de- 
 feated under prince Lichtenftein, and the dreadful 
 battle of Rohadin which lafted four days proved 
 fatal to his views. Laudohn by his valor reftored 
 confidence among the Imperialists, and by the 
 taking of Darbieza, Belgrade, &e. contributed to 
 the glory vf his mailer's arms. Tlie war, how- 
 ever, was unpopular, and a peace haftily con- 
 cluded, left the emperor the opportunity of at- 
 tending to the difcontents which had now been 
 excited in the Netherlands. Before thefe could 
 be checked Jofeph fell a Sacrifice to a linger- 
 ing difeaSe, and died 1790. He was Succeeded 
 by his brother Leopold. 
 
 Joseph, king of Portugal, oS ihe family of 
 Braganza, aScended the throne 1/50, and 
 died 1777, aged 6a years and eight months. 
 His reign was unfortunate. Lifbon was Swal- 
 lowed in 1755 by an earthquake, and in 1758- 
 . a violent confpiracy was formed agaiult the 
 monarch, whofe life was laved by the perfonal 
 courage of his coachman, and in conSequenc* 
 of this, the jefuits who had meditated the alfaf- . 
 filiation, were expelled from the kingdom, and 
 their property confiscated. 
 
 Joseph Meih, a learned rabbi of Avignon, 
 who died near Genoa 1554. He wrote an 
 Hebrew book on the annals of the kings of 
 France, &c. 
 
 Joseph Ben GorioJi, a Jewilh historian, 
 who abridged the hiiiory of Joi'ephus, with 
 whom he is often confounded by the rabbins, 
 in the 1 Oth century. 
 
 Joseph of Paris, a capuchin, the friend and 
 confident of Richelieu. His Services were great 
 in the employment of emilfaries. He died of 
 an apoplexy at Ruel, 1638. His life has been 
 frequently written, and contains curious par- 
 ticulars. 
 
 Joseph, Father, an apoState monk, who, 
 under the aSfumed name of Jofhua, at the 
 head of 60OO banditti, attempted in 1678 to 
 extirpate the catholic religion in Hungary. 
 After committing the greatelt enormities his 
 followers were diSperfed upon the Sudden death 
 of their leader. 
 
 Joshua', Son of Nun, and of the tribe 
 of Benjamin, was appointed by Mofes as his 
 SucceSSor to conduct the .people of Ifrael into 
 the poSfeffion of Canaan. He died B. C. 1424, 
 aged 110. 
 
 Josiah, king of Judah after his father Am- 
 [F] uca 
 
JOV 
 
 IRE 
 
 ,1 B. C. is celebrated for the steal 
 k ith which he reftored the law of Mofes. He 
 died 13. C 610, aged 39, from wounds he re- 
 ceived in a battle at Megiddo. 
 
 i.p.t, Laurence, a phyfician, born at 
 Valence, in Dauphiny, 1*80. Ileftudied at Pa- 
 ris and at Rome, and afterwards fettled at Mont- 
 pellier, where he became rcgius-profeffor, 
 Henry 111. font for him to confult how 
 he might render his marriage prolific, which 
 however was unavailing. He died 1582. His 
 writings aie in French, and in Latin, on his 
 piof'effion. 1 vols, folio. 
 
 Joubert, Francis, a pricft of Montpellier, 
 Confined in the haftile for his attachment to the 
 Janfenifts. He died 17 6-3, aged 74. He is 
 author of a commentary, and other works. 
 
 Joubert, Bartholomew Catharine, a native 
 of Pont-de-Vaux, horn 1769, and bred up to 
 the law. The revolution altered his purfuits, 
 and panting for military glory he entered 
 into the army, and from a grenadier rofe to 
 the rank of general. He was fecond in com- 
 mand under Bonaparte in Italy, at the 
 battles if Milleiimo, Ceva, Montebaldo, Ri- 
 voli, anci in the Tyrol. His prefence of mind 
 was i'uch, that Bonaparte going to Egypt, em- 
 phatically told the directory, I leave you 
 Joubert. He was 1 afterwards oppofed to 
 the Ruffians under Suwarrow at Novi, but 
 was killed at the beginning of the engage- 
 ment 1799, leaving behind him the charac- 
 ter, not only of a great general, but of an 
 amiable man. 
 
 Jovius, Paul, an hiftorian, born at Como 
 id Italy 148:3. After fiudying in his native 
 place, he went to Rome for the ad vantages of the 
 Vatican library, and there wrote his firft piece 
 " de pifeibus Romania." He attached himfelf 
 *o Francis I. king ol France, who granted him 
 a peniion, difcontinued in the reign of the 
 next monarch, through the influence of Mont- 
 morency, whom Jovius had offended. The fa- 
 vorable manner in which he had fpoken of the 
 houfe of Medicis in his hiftorical compositions, 
 induced him to hope a biihopric from Clement 
 VII : and making the requeft, he gained the 
 fee of Nocera, but under the next pontiff he 
 attempted in vain to gain the vacant biihopric 
 of his native place, and upon the refufal he 
 retired in difcontent to Florence, where he em- 
 ployed himfelf in the completion of his hiftory. 
 He died 1552. His hiiiory, containing the 
 events of his own times from 1494 to 1544, 
 was primed S vols, folio, but though interefting, 
 it is to be. read with great caution. To great 
 learning, Jovius united wit and livelinefs, his 
 flyle was elegant and polifhed, and his judg- 
 ment folid. In his private character he was 
 difiblute and licentious, and to a reprehenfible 
 e credulous. There was another Paul 
 .Jovius, bifhopot Nocera 1585, and diftinguiih- 
 iioetandaman of letters. 
 Jovirs Bmedi&us, brother to the hifto- 
 rian, was known as a poet and hiitorian. 
 
 Joussb, Daniel y a lawyer of Oilcans. IT- 1 
 died 1 7 H I , ;:g(.d 77. He wrote fome works en 
 his profeflkm. 
 
 Jouvency, Jofeph, a French jefuit, pro- 
 feifor of belles lettres at Caen, and at Paris. 
 He .lied at Rome 1719, aged 76. He d( 
 ed the jefuit Guignard whole works had inflam- 
 ed Caftal to attempt the life of Henry IV. and 
 did not frruple to compare this alTaflin to our 
 Saviour, and the judge who condemned him to 
 Pontius Pilate. He continued the lull 
 thejefuits from the year 1591 to 1616, but 
 the work was condemned by the parliament of 
 Paris 171.I. He wrote befides " Latin ora- 
 tions," and notes on Perfius, Juvenal, Ovid, 
 &c. 
 
 Jouvenet, John, a French painter of 
 Rouen, 1641. His family, diftmguhhed as 
 painters, were of Italian origin. He improved 
 himfelf at Paris under le Brun, and gained the 
 approbation of the academy of painting, by 
 prefenting them his Efther fainting before Aha* 
 fuerus. He was made oneof the four perpetual 
 rectors on the death of Mignard. His paint- 
 ings are very valuable, efpecially his facred 
 pieces. In his old age he was ftruck with the 
 palfy in his right fide, and then began to ufe 
 his left hand, with aftonifhing dexterity, in the 
 completion of fome of his pieces. He died at 
 Paris 1/17- 
 
 Joyruse, Anne cle, admiral of France, and 
 tlie favorite of Henry III. was mild in private 
 life, but as a commander extremely fevere. 
 He was killed in an expedition againft the Hu- 
 guenots 1587. 
 
 Joveuse,- Francis de, brother to the above, 
 was the able and confidential minifter of Henry 
 III. and IV. and Lewis XIII. He founded 
 fome public edifices, and died at Avignon 
 1615. 
 
 Joyner, William, or Lyde, an Engliih wri- 
 ter, born in St. Giles's parilh, Oxford, 1622*' 
 He was educated at Thame, and Coventry, and 
 then entered as demy at Magdalen college. Ox* 
 ford. He embraced the popilh religion, and 
 went abroad, and afterwards returned to Lon- 
 don. In 1678 he came to live at H 
 near Oxford, but was arrefted by the 
 chancellor as a jefuit; but upon his appearance 
 at the feffions, he was difcharged, and t ; 
 tired to Ickford in Buckinghamihire. On Janus' 
 aceeffion he was reftored to his fellowfhip, but 
 was expelled the year after, and died at I 
 1706. He wrote the Roman emprcf; 
 medy obfervations on cardinal Pole's life--* 
 Latin and Englifh poems. 
 
 Ireland, Samuel, an ingenious mechanic 
 in Spital-fields. His fkill in drawing 
 graving became to him the fource of diftinctioi 
 and independence. He publiflied a piefturefque 
 tour through Holland, France, and Rrabant, 
 1 7 90 picTturefque views of the Thames 
 1792 of the Medway, 179-3 graphic illuf- 
 trations of Hogarth, 1 7 94 piclurefque view* 
 and account of the inns of cou/', 1- 
 
ISA 
 
 0. He attempted to impofe upon the 
 wot1(1 a folio volume which he called a collec- 
 tion of letters, papers, &c. written by Shake- 
 fpearc, and afterwards his fon published a de- 
 claration, acknowledging himfelf alone guilty 
 of the forgery. 
 
 Ireton, Hcmnj, a republican general of 
 >ilities, who married Cromwell's eldclt 
 laughter, Bridget. He was fent to Ireland as 
 lord-lieutenant, and died at the liege of Lime- 
 rick 1651. His body was buried with great 
 pomp in Wefhninfter abbe)', but at the reitora- 
 tion it was dug up and expofed on Tyburn gib- 
 bet, with thofe of Cromwell and Bradfhaw. 
 
 Irevisa, John, vicar of Berkeley, Glou- 
 cefterfhire, tranflated at the requeft of lord 
 Berkeley the " polyehronicon," 1087, 
 
 Irnerius, called alfo Wernerus, or Guar- 
 nerus, a German lawyer of the 12 th century, 
 who ftudied at Conftantinople and Ravenna, 
 an<! taughtat Bologna. He was properly the 
 reftorer of the Roman law, and deferved the 
 aame of" Lucerna Juris." He was the father 
 )f the Gloffators, and prevailed upon Lotha- 
 rius, whofe chancellor he was, to introduce 
 ;he creation of doctors In the univerfnies, an 
 honor which fpread from Bologna, where it firft 
 bad its rife to all the learned bodies of Europe. 
 He died 1 1 50. 
 
 Iro>?side, Gilbert, a native of Hawkefbury, 
 jducated at Trinity college, Oxford, and made 
 rector of Winterbourn, Dorfetfhire. He was 
 mthor of a fermon, and of feven queftions of 
 the Sabbath, and at the reftoration he was 
 made bifhop of Briftol, where he died 1671, 
 iged 83. 
 
 Isaac, fon of Abraham and Sarah, was 
 born 1896 B. C. His father's faith was tried 
 by an order from heaven to offer this favorite 
 fon as a facrifice on the mountains of Moriah. 
 [faa- was lather of Efau, and of Jacob. He 
 Ked i 7 16 B. C. 
 
 Isaac Commenus, Greek emperor, 1057. 
 
 After a turbulent reign he retired to a mona- 
 
 Lving the crown to Ducas Conftantinc, 
 
 ; two years after, 1061. 
 
 Isaac, Angelus, Greek emperor, 11 85, was 
 
 imprifoned, and deprived of his fight by Lis 
 
 ^Hmt Alexius, after whofe death he was re- 
 
 M to the throne. He died 1204. 
 
 Isaac, Caro, a rabbi, in 1492 banifbed 
 prom Spain with the reft of the Jews, except 
 ame Chriftians. He retired to Jeru- 
 Bem, where he devoted himfelf to ftudy. He 
 UpMe " the generations of Ifaac," which is a 
 nentary on the pentateuch of Mofes. The 
 is efteemed. 
 cson, Henry, a native of London, 
 to bifhop Andrews. He compiled a 
 on chronology, and died 1654, aged 73. 
 i.la, daughter of Philip the Fair, king 
 e, was born 1292. She married, 
 Lid ward of England, but her licentiouf- 
 fc*tfifgraced her character, and her partiality 
 ^Mr favorite Mortimer, proved fo offenfive to 
 her fon Edward III. that he ordered her to be 
 
 ISE 
 
 confined in the caftle of Rifing, where fhe Ian- 
 guifhed 28 years of captivity, and died at th* 
 age of 75. 
 
 Isabella of Bavaria, married Charles VI. 
 king of France, 1385. She was a woman of 
 licentious manners, and of a moil vindictive 
 temper. She facrificed her only f<5n to her par- 
 tiality for the Engllfh, and wilhed for the tri- 
 umph of Henry V. of England, who had mar- 
 ried her daughter Catharine, rather than the 
 profperity of her country under the govern- 
 ment of their natural fovereign. She died 
 at Paris 1 135, aged 64. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of John II. of Caftile, 
 fucceeded to the kingdom 1474, and though 
 oppofed by her niece, fhe united Caflile and 
 Arragcn, and was, with her hufband Ferdinand, 
 proclaimed fovereign of Spain. She was dif- 
 tinguiihed by her juftice, and her public and 
 private virtues. Her reign is remarkable for 
 the conqueft of Grenada from the Moors, and 
 the difcovery of America by Columbus, but it 
 was difgraced by the introduction of the fangui- 
 nary inqtiifitibn. Ifabella died of a dropfy> 
 1504, aged 54. 
 
 Isabella, daughter of Alphonfo, duke of* 
 Calabria, married John Galeazzo Sforza a 
 minor. The union of thefe lovers was put 
 off by the intrigues of Lewis Sforza, the 
 uncle of the^ bridegroom, who had himfelf 
 fallen in love with Ifabella ; but when his 
 guilty addreffes were received with contempt, 
 he determined on revenge. By marrying 
 Alphonfina the daughter of the duke of Ferrara, 
 he gained an active accomplice in his criminal 
 intentions, Galeazzo was poifoned, and Ifabella 
 fled to Naples, and after feeing the deftructioa 
 of her family, fhe died 1 524. 
 
 Isabella, fifter of Sigifmund Auguflus, of 
 Poland, married John Zopolita, waivode off 
 Tranfylvania, afterwards king of Hungary. The 
 birth of a fon fo pleafed the father who was 
 engaged in the fiege of Fogarra, that in a feaffc 
 which he gave his foldiers he fell a victim to 
 his intemperance 1540. Thus left unprotected 
 and unable to refift Ferdinand of Auftria, 
 againft whom her hufband had made war, fhe 
 in an evil hour called to her aid Solyman the 
 Turkifh fultan, who inflead of protecting her 
 feized her capital, and obliged her to fly to 
 Tranfylvania, of which fhe was foon after ftrip- 
 ped. She recovered Tranfylvania in 1556, 
 and died two years after, refpected for magna- 
 nimity and courage. 
 
 Isaiah, the greatefl of the prophets, is 
 called the evangelical prophet from' the clear 
 and confiftent manner in which, in language 
 of fire and fublimity, he defcribes the coming 
 and the attributes of the Meffiah. He prophe- 
 Ced from 735 to 681 B. C. and is laid to have 
 been cut into two with a wooden faw by order 
 of Manaffeh. 
 
 Iselin, James Chrijiopher, a learned Gef- 
 
 man, born at Bafil 1681. He was profeffor of 
 
 hiftory and eloquence at Marpurg, 1704; and 
 
 was advanced to the chair of divinity at Baftt, 
 
 [F2j 171-1* 
 
IVE 
 
 JUL 
 
 171]. He died at Bafil !f8Jf. He wrote 
 " de GalUs Rhenum tranfeuntibiis, carmen 
 heroicum de hiftorieis Latiuis diffcrtatio 
 diffenauons, *vc. 
 
 \el, fori of Abraham, by Agar, was 
 born 1)10 B. C. lie fettled at Paran, where 
 he became th progenitor of the Arabians. 
 
 Isiimaei. 1. fophy of Perfia, was defeended 
 from Ali the fon-in-law of Mahomet, and died 
 15 23 in the 18th year of his reign. 
 
 Ishmael II. fophy of Perfia after Thamas, 
 1375, was the murderer of his eight brothers, 
 and atlaft waspoiibned 1379 by his own lifter. 
 
 Isingrimus, Michael, a printer of Bafil in 
 the Kith century, who printed in Greek the 
 works of Ariftotle in a manner much fnperior to 
 former editors, even of Aldus Manutius. 
 
 Israel, McmaJTeh Ben, a rabbi in the Low 
 Countries, who offered Cromwell 200,0001. for 
 permiffion to the Jews to fettle in England, and 
 to have the ufeof St. Paul's cathedral. This 
 was oppofed by the clergy, but it is faid by 
 Heath, that the protector " gulled the Jews of 
 their earndt money." He wrote feveral works 
 and died 1657 . 
 
 Ittigius, Thoinas, a German divine, of 
 Leipfic 1644. He was educated at Leipfic, 
 Roilock, and Straiburg, and was profeflbr of 
 divinity at Leipfu- in 16<H. He died 1/10. 
 He wrote differtations , &c. 
 
 Juan, George, a Spaniard, knight of Malta. 
 He went with t'lloa, and the French mathema- 
 ticians to Peru, to afcertain the figure of the 
 earth. He publifhed, on his return, ohferva- 
 tions en the voyage, in Spanifh, tranllated with 
 the remarks of Ulloa, into French. He wrote 
 betides a treatife on the confiructlon and 
 management of veffels, and died at Madrid 
 1773. 
 
 Judah, fourth fon of Jacob and Leah, was 
 the head of a tribe, and to him his father de- 
 clared that the fceptre fhou'd not depart from 
 him, till the Meifiah fhould come. He died 
 16.36 B. C. aged 1 1 9 years. 
 
 Judas Iscariot of Kphraim, was the dif- 
 triple and the betrayer of Jefus. When he 
 found that his matter was condemned, he threw 
 back the 30 pieces of filver for which he had 
 betrayed him and went and hanged himlYlf. 
 
 JuDe, St. an apoitle, and the author of an 
 epiftle, was brother of Junes the lefs, and lit- 
 is called fometime, Thaddeus, Lebbeus, or the 
 zealous. He preached the gofpel hi Libya, &c. 
 and fuffered martyrdom at Berytus. 
 
 Judex, iMaitheiv, a learned German, born at 
 Tippofwald in Mifnia, 1528. He ftudied at 
 Drefden, Wittemberg, and Magdeburg, and 
 was divinity profeffor at Jena. He died 156-1, 
 aged 36. He was concerned in the compofi- 
 tion of the two firtt centuries of Magdeburg. 
 
 Ives, John, an antiquarian, born at Yar- 
 mouth, and educated at Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was raifed to the revived office of 
 Suffolk herald, but without emolument, and he 
 was alio fellow of the royal and antiquarian fo- 
 cirtiei . He died of a dee p consumption 1776, 
 
 aged 95 years. His library and c 
 paintings, &c. were fold bv auction. 1 1 
 lilhed " three felect papers" from his own col- 
 lection, befides remarks upon the garianOlMK 
 of the Romans 1771. 
 
 Iveteaux, Nicholas Vavquelin 
 a French poet, born at Frribaye. lie was pre* 
 oepter to the duke of Vendome, the fon of Cm; 
 brielle d'Eftrees, and afterwards to Lewis XIII* 
 when dauphin. He was very li< 
 when reproached by Richelieu for his diflbj^H 
 eonduct, he retired to his houfe in St. GernuflH 
 where he fpent the reft of life in volupttt^H 
 indulgence. As he confidered th< 
 the molt agreeable, he dreffed hiir.ftli' in the 
 habit of a fhepherd, and attended by his rdjfl 
 trefs difguifed as a nymph playing on the bflH 
 he wafted away his time in the 'jroifeit fetraH 
 ality, regardlefs of the opinions of the world! 
 or the calls of religion. He died 1649, *fl 
 90. He wrote inftitution d'un prince, a p^H 
 of merit fonnets, fongs, &c. in the ueliccs dt. 
 la poefie Francoife, 1620, Svo. 
 
 Juglaris, Aloyfius, an Italian j 
 Nice. He taught rhetoric and was precepjM 
 to prince Charles Emanuel of Savoy, and cmH 
 at Meiiina 1653. He wrote 100 panegjrtM 
 on Jefus Chrift, 40 in honor of Lewis XIII. &wj 
 
 Juigne Broissiniere, D. Seigneur de iMH 
 Here, author of dictionnaire theologique, w 
 was an advocate of the French parliament. 
 
 Juliana, a lingular character of Norwich, m 
 the 3d Edward's reign, who in her zeal formor* 
 tification confined herfelf lor feveral years bU 
 tween four walls. She wrote, " fixtec-n reve* 1 
 lations of divine love fhowedto mother Juliamfl 
 &c. 
 
 Julio, Romano, an Italian painter, the dW 
 ciple and favorite of Raphael. He dhunguiflM 
 hiinfelf not only by his pencil, but alfo by]H 
 knowledge of architecture. He built a pal^| 
 for his patron, Clement VII. and adorned tM 
 churches of Rome, with his highly fin'if^H 
 paintings. He aftenvards went to Mantlf^ 
 which his genius was employed to improve i 
 to beautify. He died at Mantua, 1.046. 
 Piles, who has given a critique of his 
 fays, that his genius took wing all at once, 
 like a torrent, broke over its banks. His 
 pofitions, therefore, were all exprelfive of 1 
 fire, and dignity ; fublime in the cone 
 grand and correct in the execution. 
 
 Julius I. pope and faint, Succeeded 
 337, and died 3 52. 
 
 Julius II. Julian de le Revere of Albi: 
 was raifed to the purple in 14/1, by his 
 Sixtus IV. and on the death of Alexanc 7 
 he had the art and influence to prevent tl 
 tion of Amboife, and to place Pius III. 
 vacant chair, which he himfelf was called 
 99 days after, 1503, by the fudden death I 
 new pontiff. Af.or laying the foundation < 
 Peter's church, 1506, he meditated the tc 
 ral aggrandifement of his court. He wiflw |H 
 recover from the Venetians, Faenza and RubMN 
 and the other loft cwiquefts of Alexan 
 
JUN 
 
 JUR 
 
 and by figning the league of Cambray with the 
 emperor, and the kings of France and Arragon, 
 ke triumphed orer his enemies. Thus victori- 
 ous he intrigued againft the French, for having 
 oppofed his elevation to the pontificate ; and his 
 artful infinuaiions procured for him the fupport 
 of the Swifs republic, and of England and Ar- 
 ragon. At the head of his troops, Julius 
 marched to meet the enemy, he befieged Mi- 
 J randola, and ibon entered its gates as a con- 
 queror ; but foon Trivulce, the French general, 
 feized Bologna, and made the papal troops and 
 their allies ot V^ice fly before him. Julius 
 retired to Rome, and foon the general council of 
 Piia pronounced his fufpenfion for contumacy, a 
 ftep which he oppofd by laying the French 
 kingdom under an interdict. The chagrin how- 
 ever which corroded him from pique and difap- 
 pointment, proved too powerful for his coniti- 
 tution. He was carried off by a fever, 1513, 
 asred 7 0. Great as a ftatefman and as a warrior, 
 Julius had little claim to the meeknefs and hu- 
 mility, which fhould belong to the ecclefiaftical 
 character. He was, however, a liberal patron of 
 e and of the arts. He was the firft who 
 Introduced the cuftom of wearing the beard 
 hich was foon after imitated by Charles 
 V. Francis I. and their courtiers. 
 
 Julius III. Jolvi Marie du Mont, a native 
 of Are/.zo," made pope in 1350. He joined 
 the emperor ajrainft Octavius duke of Parma ; 
 but the expedition was attended with difgrace. 
 He it, blamed for diffolving the council of Trent, 
 the treaty of Pailaw. He was a weak 
 and narrow-minded pontiff, and died 1556, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Juncker, Chriftian, an able medallift, born 
 at Dreukn. He died J 7 14, aged M 6. He 
 inflated fome of the daffies into German, and 
 enturia feeminarum eruditione & fcriptis 
 illuftnum vitaLuthevi, &c. 
 I Junctin, or Guintino, Francis, a native of 
 * , who fettled in France, and amaffed a 
 fortune by correcting the prefs, and as a 
 facturer of paper, and, a banker; and died 
 SO. He poffeffed merit as a mathematician, 
 and publifhed arithmetical works commen- 
 
 Sacrobofco's fpherc, &c. 
 W: Jungerman, Godfrey, profeffor of law at 
 Hfefic, died at Henau, 16 10. He "edited 
 Hbus Pollux, and tranllated Longus. 
 RJungkrman, Lewis, brother to the prc- 
 . wrote on botany, and natural hiftory. 
 I at Altorf, 1653. 
 
 f, Ji'NGirs, Joachim, a native of Luheck, who 
 died at Gloffen. He applied to phytic at 
 Sfcfourg, and took his degree of M. D. at. 
 H&ia, and died at Hamburgh, 1657 , aged 
 98. He wrote fome Latin tragedies, befides 
 treaties on metaphyfics, &c. 
 
 Junius, Adrian, a learned Dutchman, born 
 
 151 J, at Hoorn. After ftudying at Haerlem 
 
 ivaiue, he went to Paris, and to Bologna, 
 
 Hpe he applied himfelf to medical purfuits. 
 
 England about 1543, and was 
 
 Hpzan to the duke ol .Norfolk. He pub- 
 
 lished, among other works, a' Greek and Lati* 
 lexicon, dedicated to king Edward, fur which 
 he was cenfured by the pope, who had not ac- 
 knowledged the acceffion of the young mo- 
 narch. He returned to Holland ; but on the 
 acceffion of Mary, he again fettled in England, 
 and wrote an epithaiamium on Mary's mar- 
 riage with Philip of Spain. He afterwards 
 fettled at Haerlem, but the ficge of this city 
 by the Spaniards, 15 73, and the lofs of his 
 library on that melancholy oceafion, affected 
 him great lv, fo that his diibrders increafed, 
 and he died at Middleburg, 1575. His 
 works are numerous, and prove him to have 
 been an able fcholar. 
 
 Junius, or du Jon, Francis, profeffor of 
 divinity at Leyden, was born at Bourges, 1545. 
 He ftudied at Geneva, and at the age of 20 
 he was made minifter of the Walloon church 
 at Antwerp. He afterwards was chaplain to 
 the prince of Orange, and attended him in 
 various expeditions, and then read public lec- 
 tures at Neuftadt, and Heidelberg, and vifited 
 France, where he was kindlv received by Henry 
 IV. He next fettled at Leyden, 1592, and 
 was cut off by the plague 1 years after. He ' 
 was four times married. His publications were 
 64 in number, the bell known of which is his 
 Latin verfion of the Hebrew bible. 
 
 Junius, Francis, fon of the preceding, was 
 born at Heidelberg, 1589. He was educated 
 at Leyden, and at his father's death he ftu- 
 died mathematics to follow a military life. He 
 next devoted himfelf to literature, publifhed 
 fome of his father's works, and then travelled to 
 France and England. For Co years he was in 
 England in the family of the earl of Arun- 
 del ; and applied himfelf to . the acquifitlrm of 
 the ancient languages of the Cimbri, Goths, 
 Franks, Frifons, and other northern nations, 
 from whofe obfolete idioms he deduced tluc 
 derivation of many German and Enjdifh words. 
 Though thus engaged in infipid and perhaps 
 unprofitable ftudles, he enjoyed a great flow of 
 fpirits, and attained a good old age. In 1677, 
 lie vifited his nephew, Dr. If. Volfius, at 
 Windfor, and was there attacked by a fever, 
 which carried him off that year. He left by 
 his will, all his MSS. a-nd collections to the 
 public library of his favorite Oxford. His chief 
 works were, gloffadum Gothicum de pictura* 
 veterum, 8cc. 
 
 Juntas, two printers of celebrity, who had 
 printing offices at Venice, Florence, and Ge- 
 neva. Philip began to print at Geneva 1497. 
 He died 1519. Bernard, his brother orcou- 
 fin, was equally known. 
 
 Jurilu, Peter, called by the papifts the 
 Goliath of the protectants, was born 1637, at 
 Mer, in the diocefe of Blois. He was edu- 
 cated partly under Peter de Moulin, his mo- 
 ther's brother, who was in England, and when 
 of age, he was ordained minifter in thai church; 
 but after his return, to fucceed his father at 
 Mer, be was re-ordained according to the 
 iorm ol' foreign y rotdhtuts. He officiated at 
 [F3J Vitn, 
 
JUS 
 
 JUS 
 
 Vitri, and then became profeffor of Hebrew 
 and divinity at Sedan. In )681 he retired to 
 Holland, and was appointed divinity profeflbr 
 at Rotterdam, and minifier of the Walloon 
 church. He next applied himfelf to the ftudy 
 of the revelations, and explained the ftriking 
 panares of that myfterious book, by application 
 to the events patting under his eye. The re- 
 volution in England enabled him to confider 
 William III. as the inftrument of God raited 
 lip againlt antiehrift. While he attempted to 
 convince the world of the truth of his explana- 
 tions, he excited a holt of enemies againft 
 him. Bayle, long his friend, took up the arms 
 of eontroveriy againft him, and in Several of the 
 churches of Holland, his opinions on baptifm, 
 justification, and other ecclefiaftieal topics, were 
 publicly condemned, though his name was 
 omitted in the cenfure. The popular difcopitent 
 which his accufation of heterodoxy, againft 
 Saurin, pallor of Utrecht, excited, produced a 
 dejection of fpirits, which, after continuing 
 fome years, carried hint off, 1713, at Rotter- 
 dam, in his 76th year. He was a man of great 
 learning, and vaft information ; but unfortu- 
 nately he was violent in his temper, intolerant 
 in his principles, and unwilling to yield, or even 
 to liften, to tire candid representations of his 
 opponents. His chief works are, hiftoire du 
 calvinifme & du papifme lettres paftorales, 
 3 vols. le vrai fyfteme de 1'eglii'e, &.c. 
 fermons, &c. 
 
 Jurin, Dr. James j Secretary of the royal 
 lociety, and prcfident of the college of phyfkians, 
 London, contributed much to the philosophical 
 tranfact'ons, and had a difpute with Michelioti 
 on the momentum of running waters, with 
 Keill and Senac on the action of the heart, 
 with Robins on diftinct vifion, and with the 
 followers of Leibnitz on moving bodies. His 
 treatife on vifion is printed with Smith's op- 
 tics. He died 1750. 
 
 Jussieu, Anthony de, an eminent botanift, 
 born at Lyons, 1686. He travelled to im- 
 prove the Science of botany, and natural hiftory ; 
 and he was admitted into the academy of 
 Sciences at Paris, and made botany profeffor in 
 the royal garden. Befides Several communi- 
 cations to the learned Societies of Paris, he 
 abridged Barrelier's work on the plants of 
 France, Spain, and Italy and made an 
 appendix to Tournr fort's &c. He died 1758 
 Jussieu, Bernard de, brother to the preced- 
 ing, born at Lyons, 1609, was equally emi- 
 nent as a botanift and phyfician. He was a 
 great favorite with the king, over whofe plants 
 he was appointed, curator, and whofe botanical 
 garden at Trianon he adorned with great Skill. 
 He wrote, the friend of humanity, &c. and 
 edited Tournefort's plants, 2 vols. 12mo. He 
 died 17 77, aged 79. His brother Jojcph, was 
 alfo an excellent naiuralift, as well as engineer. 
 He was with Condamine in Peru, 1735, and 
 died 1779. 
 
 Justel, Chrijlrpher, counSellor and Secre- 
 tary to the French king, wrote code of canons 
 
 of the church un'rverfal and the councils 
 of Africa with notes, &c.---and died at Paris 
 1649, aged 69. 
 
 Justel, Henry, Son and SuccefTor of the 
 above, was born in Paris, 10-20. He was 
 particularly attached to England, and vj her 
 literary characters, Such as Locke, Dr. Hicketj 
 &c. He gave to Oxford the Greek IS 1 
 his father's canones ecclefije universalis, for 
 which he was complimented with the degree of 
 LL. I). 1675. On the revocation of the edict 
 of Nantes, he migrated to London, and was 
 made keeper of the king's library, St. James's, 
 with a Salary of 2001. per annum. This he 
 held till his death, 1693, and was iucceeded by 
 Dr. R. Bentley. 
 
 Justi, N. de, a German mineralogist, who 
 Studied at Jena, 17 20, Supported by the con- 
 tributions of his friends. Under Zink, he ac- 
 quired an extenfive knowledge of mineralogy, 
 and became known by his treatife on political 
 ceconomy. He examined the various mines 
 of Sehemnitz, Hungary, and Auftria, and was 
 made a member of the council of mines ; and 
 nominated profeffor of political ceconomy and 
 natural hiftory at Gottingen univerfity. He 
 was meditating the plan of a German encyclope- 
 dia, after the French, when he was carried off 
 by a Sudden diSeaSe. His works were, a 
 treatiSe on mineralogy > 17 57 a treatife on 
 money, a work of great merit, tor which, by 
 the misinterpretation of Some pafiages, he wai 
 for a little time imprilbned at Breflaw, by 
 the king of Pruftia miScellanies on chemiftry, 
 &c. 2 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Justin I. from a Swine-herd and I 
 rofe to the rank of emperor of the Eaft, on the 
 death of Anaftaiius, 518. 
 
 Justin II. nephew and SuccefTor of Jufti- 
 nian, 565, caufed his relative, Juftin, the lftfl 
 emperor's grand nephew, to be affaflinated. 
 His indolence gave way to the Superior arts 
 of his wife, Sophia, niece of the emprei* 
 Theodora, who managed the empire with greM 
 ability, with the aliiilance of Tiberius. He 
 died 578. 
 
 Justinian I. emperor of Rome after hi* 
 uncle, Juftin I. 52/, is celebrated more from 
 the fame of his general Belifarius, than his 
 own perfonal exertions. The Roman laws 
 were under him reduced into a code, whiflfc 
 was called the digeiis or pandecls, and the nujjB 
 modern laws collected under the name of HH 
 vellie. He built St. Sophia's church at Con/ 
 ftantinople, and died 565, aged 8^3. 
 
 Justinian II. Succeeded his father Pog# 
 natus Conftantine, 685. He was banifUl 
 694, but 10 years after, he retail 
 throne with the attiftance of the BulgaridB 
 and he" was afiaffinated by Philippicus. fidfil 
 danes, who afcended the throne 7 11. 
 
 Justiniani, St. Laurence,* noble of VeUJH 
 made the firft patriarch of Venice, 1 151, by 
 pope Eugenius IV. He died four years *4H 
 aged 74. His works, confif t of lign . 
 de cafto conuubio laiuculis amoris. 
 
 Justiniani. 
 
JUX 
 
 IZA 
 
 Justikiani, Bernard, nephew of die pre- 
 i*6ding, was born 1407-8, at Venice. He 
 ftodied at Verona and Padua, and in 1461 
 went as anrbaifador to Louis XI. of France, 
 who knighted him. After being '20 times 
 raifed to the office of Sage grand, lie was made 
 procurator of St. Mark, inferior only to the 
 doge. He died 1189. He left de origine 
 tirbis Venet. the life of his uncle and other 
 hirtoricul works. 
 
 Justiniani, AvgiiJHn, bifliop of Nebo, in 
 Corfica, was born at Genoa, 1470. Francis 
 I. of France patronized him, and after being 
 profeffor of Hebrew at Paris, he returned to 
 Genoa, and palled over to his diecefe, 1522. 
 He prrifhed, together with the veffel which con- 
 veyed him to Nebo, 1536. He wrote, pfal- 
 terhim Hebneum, Graecum, &c. 
 
 JtrvAHA, Philip, a Sicilian architect, born 
 at Meffina. He diftinguiihed himfelf by the 
 beautiful edifices which he erected at Turin. 
 He went to Spain but the model which he pro- 
 pofed for the conftruction of a magnificent 
 palace, on the ruins of that which had been 
 deft roved bv fire, though approved, was not 
 carried into execution, and Juvara, chagrined, 
 died of grief at Madrid, 1735, aged 50. 
 
 Juvenal, de Carlencas Felix, a French 
 writer, born at Fezenas, where he alfo died, 
 1760, aged 81. He wrote, principles of hif- 
 tory eifays on belles lettres the arts. 
 
 Juxox, William, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, was born at Chiehefler, and educated at 
 merchant taylors', and St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, where he was prefident 1621. His inti- 
 macy with Laud raifed him to high ftations : 
 he w;is made dean of Worcefter, clerk of the 
 king's clofet, bifhop of Hereford, and before 
 confer ration, tranflated to London. He was, 
 in l(j-i5, made lord treafurer ; but whilft thefe 
 appointments offended the puritans, Juxon was 
 .' hable in the difcliarire of his duties. 
 
 He fuffered feverely during the rebellion ; and 
 after attending his royd mailer to the fcaffold, 
 he was imprii'oned by the SuSpicious parliament, 
 who wifhed him to difclofe the private conver- 
 sation which he had held with the king.' At 
 the reftoration he was raifed to Canterbury, 
 He died 1663, aged 81. 
 
 Iwan V. John Alexiouitz, fecond fon of 
 Michaelowitz, fucceedcd his brother, Feodor 
 Alexiowitz, 168-2, in Ruifia. As his powers 
 of mind were weak, he was declared incapable 
 of reigning, and fent to a monaftery, and the 
 fceptre was placed in the hands of ins brother 
 Peter. This change difpleaied his fifter, So- 
 phia, and by her intrigues, Iwan was drawn 
 from his confinement, and feated on the throne 
 with her and with Peter. This divided fove- 
 reignty continued for fix years ; but the defign 
 of Sophia to Sacrifice Peter to her ambition 
 proved abortive, and the proscribed prince con- 
 fined her in a convent, and feized the reins of 
 government alone. Iwan died 1696, aged 3.5, 
 leaving five daughters. 
 
 Iwan VI. of Brunfwick Bevern, Succeeded, 
 when three months old, his great aunt, Anne 
 Iwanova, as emperor of Ruffia, 1740. The 
 guardianfhip was entrufied, by the dying em- 
 prefs, to her favorite, Erneft, duke of BIren ; 
 but foon after the regent was removed, and the 
 emperor's mother, Anne of Mecklenburg, 
 was made guardian. The next year the unfor- 
 tunate child was dethroned, and confined in a 
 fortrefs, from which a monk had the art to re- 
 move him to Germany. The attempt did not, 
 however, Succeed, and Iwan was again im- 
 mured in a monaftery, where he was put to 
 death, 1764, by order of Catherine. 
 
 Izaacke, Richard, a native of Exeter, edu- 
 cated at Exeter cojijege, Oxford. He was 
 afterwards town clerk of his native town, of 
 which he wrote the hiftory, improved by his fon, 
 1724. 
 
 K. 
 
 KAH 
 
 KAI 
 
 KABBETE, John, a Dutch painter, who 
 fettled afterwards at Amfterdam, where 
 be died 1660. 
 
 Kahter, John, prcfeflorof poetry, mathe- 
 matics, N.c. v.ds born at Wolmar, in Heffe Caf- 
 *tl, 104 9, and died 17 2 0, author of diffcrta- 
 1 theology, plulofophy, &c. in 2 vols, 
 i 21110. 
 
 Kain, Hairy Lewis le, a celebrated actor 
 of Paris, 1728. He was originally a maker 
 of Surgical inftruments, and was introduced to 
 Voltaire, who cultivated his talents, and ena- 
 bled him to appear on the French theatre, and 
 to acquire there Such celebrity, as to be called 
 die Garrick of France. In die exprelfion of 
 gtwf f defpair, Senfibiliiy, ami all the Strong 
 [ F 4 J emotions. 
 
KAU 
 
 KEE 
 
 rmotions of the mind, Kain had no funerior. 
 His firft tppeennct on the ftage was in 1750, 
 ar.d he died at Paris of an inflammatory fever, 
 1778. It is remarkable, that Voltaire, who 
 foresaw his grcatnefs, was never prefent at his 
 rep* fentations, as he left France for Pruffia a 
 fsw days before the appearance of his friend on 
 the public theatre ; and after an abfence of 27 
 years, he heard, on his return to Paris, that 
 Kain was no more. 
 
 Kale, JVdtiam, a Dutch painter, who 
 died 1693, aged 63. His paintings on gold, 
 filver, and chryftal vafes, on gems, were highly 
 admired. 
 
 Kalgreen, N. a dramatic writer of Sweden. 
 Befides his Guftavus Vafa, &c. he wrote fome 
 lyric poems, and died 1798. 
 
 Kalubko, yince.nt, a Polifh hiftorian, bi- 
 fhop of Cracow. He retired to a monaftery 
 when his cathedral was burnt, 1.218, by light- 
 ning, and there he died, 1223. He wrote 
 chronicon regni Poloniae, in the form of a dia- 
 logue. 
 
 Kam-hi, emperor of China, fucceeded to 
 the throne 1661. He was the grandfon of a 
 Tartar prince, who had in 1644 conquered 
 China, and he was a liberal patron of the lite- 
 rature, and of the arts of Europe. Though 
 well acquainted with geography, he never 
 would fuffer a map to appear before him, ex- 
 cept China was placed in the midit of the 
 earth. He died 1722, aged 71. 
 
 Kampen, Jacob Van, a painter of Haer- 
 lem, 1658. The figures in his pieces are gene- 
 rally as large as life, and with ftrong and happy 
 coloring and effect. 
 
 Handler, John Joachim, an ingenious 
 artift, in the porcelaine manufactory of Meif- 
 ien. His figures were m^ch admired, efpe- 
 cially bis St. Paul, the feourging of Chrift, 
 the death of St. Xavier, the 12 apoflles, &.c. 
 The groupe which he completed at the defire of 
 Auguftus of Poland, for Lewis XV. procured 
 a very handfome reward from the French mo- 
 narch. He died 1776, aged 70. 
 
 Kanold, John, author of fome works on 
 the plague of memoirs on nature and art, in 
 German, &c. was a German phyfician, and 
 died at Breflaw, 1729, aged 50. 
 
 Kant, Immanucl, a native of Konigfberg, 
 fon of a fadler, defcended from a Scotch fa- 
 mily, of the name of Cant, fettled in Pruflia. 
 From the charity fchool of his village, he re- 
 moved to the univt rfity, and to maintain him- 
 felf he became tutor in private families, and 
 then became a public tutor of celebrity. His 
 knowledge WW very extenfivc, and his publica- 
 tions numerous, but he paid particular attention 
 to mctaphyfics, and though bis labors were 
 fometimef obfcure, Lis principles and opinions 
 were popular. He died ; SO. His 
 
 works are on the theory of the winds phy- 
 rinciples of motion and rcil 
 ^volcanoes m tin; moon the rotation of the 
 earth on it: 
 
 Kaunitz RjtberGj yrince of, a celebrated 
 
 ftatefman, for 4 years chancellor and prime 
 minifter of Aultria. He was firft ami 
 in France, and negociated the marriage of An- 
 toinette, with Lewis XVI. He ferved with fide- 
 lity, Maria Therefa, Jofeph II. and Leopold, 
 and by bis intrigues, gained a great afcendancy 
 in the European v courts. He died at Vienna, 
 1794, aged 84. 
 
 Kay, It'dliam, anhiflorieal painter of Breda. 
 He died J 5 68, aged 4 8, it is faid, of grief, 
 becaufe the duke of Alva, while fitting to him 
 fin- his picture, paffed fentence of death on 
 counts Egmont and Hoorn. 
 
 Keach, Benjamin, author of travels of true 
 godlinefs, in the ftyle of Bunyan, and fcrip- 
 ture metaphors, in folio, reprinted 1777? works 
 of great merit ; was a baptift teacher, of the 
 1 8th century. 
 
 Keate, George, a native of Trowbridge, 
 Wilts, educated at Kingilon fchool. After 
 vifiting Geneva, and Voltaire, he entered at the 
 Inner Temple, and was called to the bar, but 
 he foon quitted the profeffion to become an au- 
 thor. Among other things, he wrote ancient 
 and modern Rome, a poem an account of the 
 Pelew iflands, from captain Wilton's papers, 
 and other works. He died 1797, aged 68. 
 
 Keating, Jejfery, a clergyman of Tippc- 
 rary, author of the hiftory of the poet; of his 
 own country, with the genealogies of fome 
 Irifh families. He died 1650. 
 
 Keble, Jofeph, an Englifh lawyer, born in, 
 London, 1632. He was of Jefus college, Ox- 
 ford, and was made fellow of All-Souif by the 
 parliamentary vifitors, 1648. He fettled at 
 Gray's Inn, and when a barrifter, was remark- 
 able for his regular and conitant attendance at 
 the court of king's bench. He died fuddenly 
 1710. He publifhed an explanation 
 laws againft recufants, Svo. 16 81 an affift- 
 ance to the juftices of the peace, &c. folio* 
 reports from the king's bench, Weltminihr, 
 3 vols, folio two eflays on human nature, ox' 
 the creation of mankind, and on human , 
 
 Keckehman, Bartholomew, a native of 
 Dantzic, profefibr of Hebrew at Heid 
 He fettled in 1601 at Dantzic, where he died 
 1609, aged only 38. His works, which well 
 learned, though, fays G. Volfius, full of ptft< 
 giarifm, were collected and published 
 folio. 
 
 Keene, Edmund, an Engliih bifliop, lorn 
 at Lynn, Norfolk. He was educated at Cuius 
 college, Cambridge, and in 1740, was 
 rector of Stanhope, Durham, in the room of 
 bifhop Butler. In 17 -i 8 he fucceeded Dr. 
 Whalley, at the head of St. Peter's 
 and in 1750 was vice-chancellor. His efforts 
 to improve discipline, however, were not 
 
 Da and obloqify; he wa* ridiculed 
 profc pamphlet, " fragment," and 
 poem called " capitale." In 17.V2 
 made bilhop of C heller, and on the 
 Dr. Miwfon, 1770, be was tranflatcd 
 He obtained an acl of parliam 
 the old palace of llsdboru, bek 
 
 fee, 
 
KEI 
 
 KEN 
 
 fee, and for building a new one in Dover-ftreet, 
 and thus he not only got rid of a great incum- 
 brance, but added an annual revenue of 50001. 
 to repair and maintain his palace. He died 
 3781. 
 
 Keill, John, an eminent ^mathematician, 
 fcorn at Edinburgh, 1671. Alter taking the 
 degree of M. A. in his native city, he followed 
 David Gregory to Oxford, and in 1694 en- 
 tered at Baliol as a Scotch exhibitioner. Here 
 he was the firft who taught Newton's principles 
 by proper experiments, and foon became better 
 known bv his " examination of Burnet's the- 
 ory of the earth," to which were fubjoined 
 " remarks on Whifton's new theory." In^ 1700 
 he was appointed deputy profeiTor of natural 
 philofophy at Oxford, and the next year he pub- 
 limed his famous treatife, called " introductio 
 ad veram phvficam," confidered as a moll able 
 introduction to Newton's principia. In 1709 
 he was made treafurer to the Palatines going to 
 fettle in New England, and after his return, the 
 next year, he was appointed Savilian profeffor of 
 aftronomy, at Oxford. In 17 11 he was en- 
 gaged in a controverfy with Leibnitz, and ably 
 defended the claim of Newton to the invention 
 of fluxions, in which his efforts were feconded 
 by the royal fociety. The fame year he was 
 made decypherer to the queen, and two year3 
 after was honored with the degree of M. D. by 
 the univeriity of Oxford. His edition of Com- 
 mandinus' Euclid appeared 171% and 1718 
 his introdu6Vio ad veram aftvonomiam, tranf- 
 lated by himfelf into Englifli, at the requeil of 
 the ducheis of Chandos. He was carried off 
 by a fever, 1721, in his 50th year. 
 
 Keill, James, younger brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Edinburgh, 1673. He 
 applied himfelf to medical ftudies, and particu- 
 larly to anatomv, and received the honorary de- 
 gree of M. D. from Cambridge. He fettled 
 at Northampton, 1703, as a phyfician, and he 
 disci there from that painful diforder, a cancer 
 in the roof of his mouth, 1719- He publiihed 
 an account of animal fecretion the quantity 
 of blood in the human heart, and mufcular mo- 
 tion anatomy of the human body, 8vo. an 
 account of the direction of John Bayles, aged 
 130. 
 
 Keith, James, field-marfha! of Pruflia, the 
 younger fon of William, earl marihal of Scot- 
 land, was born 1696. He was educated under 
 Iluddiman, and intended for the law, but in the 
 rebellion he joined the pretender, end was 
 wounded at the battle of Sheriffmuir, and then 
 fled to France. After travelling through Italy, 
 he became in 1717, acquainted with the Czar 
 Peter, but refufmg to enter into his fer 
 went to Madrid, where he obtained a . 
 flon in the Irifh brigade. He; 
 toKutua, and he engaged in the ftrvicc of the 
 czarina. He diftinguimed himfelf a;airdt the 
 Turks and the Swedes, as wrii as in negocir 
 arions ; but diffatisfied, lie left Ruifia, and came 
 to Berlin, where the king of Pruifia. railed him 
 10 pcac houuis, and laadc hiaa gpvttmer of his 
 
 capital, and field marflial. He gained fo 
 ftrongly the confidence of that monarch, that 
 he was his counfellor in the cabinet, and his 
 companion in his relpxations, and he attended 
 him in his travels through Germany, Poland, 
 and Hungary. After diftinguifhing himfelf as 
 a warrior and a politician in the fervice of his 
 new mailer, he was unfortunately killed at the 
 battle of Hohkerchen, 1758. 
 
 Keller, James, a learned jefuit, counfellor 
 to Albert of Bavaria, and the confidential 
 friend of the emperor Maximilian. He died 
 at Munich, 1631. He wrote various books 
 under fictitious names ; but his myfteria poli- 
 tica was expofed to the cenfures of the Sor- 
 bonne, and burnt publicly. 
 
 Kelley, Echcard, a famous necromancer 
 of Worcester, educated at Oxford. For fome 
 ill couducf in Lancafhire, he loft both his ears 
 at Lancafier, but afterwards travelled with Dr. 
 Dee abroad, and ably fupported him in his pre- 
 tended intercourfe with familiar fpirits. By 
 commuting metals into gold, he recommended 
 himfelf to the notice of Rodolphus II. who 
 knighted him, but afterwards diffatisfied with 
 his impoftures, fent him a prifoner to Prague. 
 Kelly endeavoured to extricate himfelf from 
 confinement, but he fell from the window of 
 his apartment, and broke both his legs, in con- 
 ference of which he died foon after, 1595. 
 His works were a poem on chemiftry oa the 
 philoftpher's ftone a relation of what pafied 
 between Dr. Dee, and certain fpirits. 
 
 Kelly, Hugh, an Iriihman, who from a ftay 
 maker, became a hackney writer to a lawver in 
 London, and then turned author. He died 
 1777- His works are Thefpis, a poem, after 
 Churchill's manner falfe delicacy a word to 
 the wife fehool for wives, comedies Clemen- 
 tina, a tragedy -the romance of an hour, a 
 comic entertainment the memoirs of a ma^- ' 
 dalen, a novel, &c. 
 
 Kemi-is, Thomas, a famous theologian, born 
 at Kempen, in the dioeefe of Cologne, 1380. 
 He was educated at Deventer, and difplayed 
 great 'piety, and felt-mortification, and befide* ' 
 tranferibing books of devotion, he compofed 
 feveral works of divinity, much admired by the 
 papifts. He died 147 1, in his 92d year. The 
 largeft edition of his works, confifling of fer- 
 mons, pious treatifes, &C, is in 3 vols, folio, 
 Cologne, 1660. His famous book, de imita- 
 tione Chrifti, which has been tranflated into all 
 languages, has been by fome writers afcrihed 
 to Gerfbn, a benedicline monk. 
 
 Ken, Thomas, an Engl iih prelate, born at 
 Berkhamftcad, Herts, 1637. He was educated 
 at Wineheiter, and New college, Oxford. He 
 was patronized by bilhop Morley, and after- 
 wards went to Holland, as chaplain to the prin- 
 cefs of Orange. In 1683 he went with lord 
 Dartmouth, againft Tangier, and on his return 
 was made chaplain to the king. Far from of- 
 fending his royal matter, by refufmg admittance 
 into his houfe, to> Eleanor Gwyn, the favorite 
 uuTtrcf;, he received hi- her narks of efteem, 
 
 and 
 
KEN 
 
 KEN 
 
 and wns nominated to the vacant fee of Bath 
 and Wells. Before he was however admitted, 
 was taken ill, and was attended by his 
 faithful chaplain, whofe Services were much in- 
 ed by j>opifh prieft. On James's aceef- 
 &n Ken was fettled in his fee, btit though at- 
 were made to render him favorable to 
 the projected alteration of the national religion, 
 he remained Steady to his principles, and was 
 one of the feven bifhops fent to the Tower J 
 At the revolution he was unwilling to take the 
 oaths, and therefore retired, and was deprived 
 of his bifhopric. He devoted the reft of his 
 life K literary and pious purfuits, and was fo 
 much refpeited for his Steady principles, that 
 queen, Anne granted him a penSion of -200l. 
 per annum. He' died at Longleat, of an ulcer 
 in his kidneys, 17] 1. He wiShed always to be 
 imprefled with fuch a fenfe of mortality that he 
 continually carried his fhroud in his portman- 
 teau. His works confifc of hymns, pious ma- 
 nuals, an epic poem in 13 books, called Ed- 
 mund, fermons, &c. 
 
 Ken oal, George, a native of Dawlifh, De- 
 vonshire, educated at Exeter college, Oxford, 
 and made prebendary of Exeter, and rector of 
 Blifsland, Cornwall.. He afterwards removed to 
 a benefice in London, and took his degree of 
 D. D. 1654. He loft all his preferment in 
 for nonconformity. He was author of a 
 vindication of the doctrine of grace and fpecial 
 favor to the elect, &c. 
 
 Kennedy, John, M. D. a Scotch phyfician 
 who refided for fome years at Smyrna, and died 
 1/60. His collections of Greek and Latin 
 coins and pictures were fold by auction, and 
 .'if iei -wards came into the polfeffion of Dr. 
 Hunter. In his differtation on the coins of 
 C araufius he aflerted that Oriuna was the empe- 
 ror's, guardian goddefs, which excited a con- 
 troversy between him and Dr.* Stukeley, who 
 iup)X)rtcd that Oriuna was the wife of Ca- 
 rtulius. 
 
 Kennedy, John, rector of Bradley, Derby- 
 Shire, was author of fcripture chronology, 
 Jackfon's chronological antiquities examined, 
 17-5:?,&c. 
 
 Kennedy, James, fecond fon of fir W. 
 Kennedy by Margaret, daughter of Robert 
 III. king of Scotland, was educated at Paris 
 and Rome, and became regent during the 
 minority of James II. He was archbifhop of 
 St. Andrew's, and founder of St. Mary's col- 
 lege. He died chancellor of Scotland 1473, 
 sged 68. 
 
 Ki NNi.T, While, an Englifh prelate, born at 
 Dover, 1660. He was educated at WeSt- 
 minlier fchool, and Edmund hall, Oxford, 
 where he published his letter from a Student, 
 concerning the approaching parliament, a po- 
 litical pamphlet, which highly offended the whig 
 parry. He alfo publiftied at this time his 
 "ballad" a political poem, and in 1684 ap- 
 nflation of Erafmus' mori;e enco- 
 miurn.. That year he was then pfefented to 
 the living of Ambrofden, Oxfordihiie. Iu 1 689, 
 
 whilft mooting, his gun burft, and wounded hk 
 Skull lb fevereiy that he was trepanned, ai 
 ever after obliged to wear a black patch on the 
 injured part. In 16Q3 he was prefented to 
 the rectory of Shottefbrook in Berkftiire, and 
 in 1699 he took his degree of D. D. and the 
 next year, unsolicited was appointed minifter of 
 St. Botolph, Aldgate, London. In 1701 he 
 became archdeacon of Huntingdon, and that 
 j' ear engaged with Dr. Atterbury in a con- 
 troverfy alxmt the rights of convocation. In 
 1 70. r i he preached Dr. Wake's conl'ecration 
 fermon, which was much applauded, parti- 
 cularly by judge Holt, and fome time ali'-r 
 he was appointed chaplain to the queen. His 
 fermon at the funeral of the duke of Devon- 
 shire, in 1707, proved very agreeable to the 
 next duke who recommended him to the deanery 
 of Peterborough. The opposition which he 
 Showed to Sacheverell cxpofed him to obloquy, 
 and when the minifby were changed he was 
 reptefented as an enemy to the queen and 
 her government. The imputation was induf- 
 triocfty circulated and with fuch malignity that 
 in an altar piece painted for Whitechapel, Judas 
 was reprefented in the number ui 'the ] -2 apoftles 
 at the laft fupper, with the countenance of 
 Dr. Kennet, and more Strongly to point the 
 refemblancc, the black patch appeared on his 
 head. The picture was viewed and condemned, 
 and the biShop of London at laft ordered the 
 fcandalous piece to be removed from the 
 church. He was fome time after promoted 
 to the fee of Peterborough which he enjoyed 
 ten years. He died in St. James's-llreet, 
 London 1728. He had begun to make a large 
 collection of maps, papers, &e. to write a lull 
 hiftory of the propagation of chriftianity in the 
 Englilh American colonies, which never was 
 completed. He wrote the third volume of 
 " a complete hiftory of England" publiftied by 
 the booksellers 1706, befides a vindication of 
 the church a letter to the editors of Som- 
 ner's treatife of the Roman polls, &c Ser- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Kennet, Baft!, younger brother of the 
 bifhop, was born 1674 at Poftling, and was 
 educated at Corpus Chrifti college, Oxford. In 
 1706 he was made chaplain to the Englifh 
 factory at Leghorn* but fo violent was the 
 opposition which he met from the papiSts when 
 he reached Italy that he efcaped with difficulty 
 the horrors of the inquilition. On his return 
 to Oxford 1714 he took the degree of D. D. 
 but died verv foon alter of a flow fever, the 
 feeds of which he had brought with him from 
 Italy. BaSil Kennet was in private life an 
 amiable man, and as an author his works are 
 fufficient proof of his abilities. *He publilbed 
 in 1696 Romae antiqua notitia, in two parts, 
 the lives and characters of the anticnt Greek 
 poets, 8vo. l697--anexpofitionoftheapolt! >' 
 creed after Dr. Pearfon, 170J an eifay to- 
 wards a paraphrafe on the pfahns, ike. 8vo. 
 i'706 fermons, ike. 
 Kenneth II. the 69th king of Scotland, 
 iucceedfed 
 
 
KEN 
 
 KEP 
 
 fuecceded his father Alpin 823. He made 
 war againft the Picts and died 854. 
 
 KENNETH III. Ion of Malcolm, obtained 
 victories over the Danes and the Englifh. He 
 was afTaffmated by hisfubjects 994 for attempt- 
 ing to alter the fuceeffion in favor of his family. 
 Kennicott, Benjamin, a celebrated Hebrew 
 feliolar, born at Totnefs, Devonshire 17 18. 
 By the liberal contributions of fome gentle- 
 men, friendly to infant merit, he was fent to 
 Exeter college, Oxford. Here he ftndied with 
 fo much affiduity that by the publication of 
 two popular difiertations on the tree of life 
 and on the oblations of Cain and Abel he 
 obtained the degree of B. A. from the univer- 
 fity, gratis, and before the ftatutable term. His 
 excellent fermons next recommended him to 
 public notice, but about 1753, he began to 
 digeft the plan of his national labor, the pub- 
 lication of die Hebrew text of the bible collated 
 from various MSS. In this undertaking, too 
 expenfive for a private man, he was nobly fup- 
 ported by the munificence of learned bodies, 
 and even of fovereign princes ; and to accele- 
 rate his labors, he was made canon of Chrift 
 church, and keeper of the Radclitfe library. 
 After the mod laudable perfeverance he com- 
 pleted the work. The compendious hiftory 
 of the Hebrew text from the clofing of the 
 canon to the invention of printing,, with an 
 account of 103 MSS. appeared firft; in 1760, 
 the propofals for collecting the MSS. were laid 
 before the public; in 1776 the firft volume 
 was publifhed, and in 1780 his labors were 
 brought to a conelufion in the 8th volume. 
 He next began to publifh fome remarks on 
 fclect paflages of the old teftament, but died 
 before the completion, at Oxford in 1783. 
 He was vicar of Culham, Oxfordfhire. 
 
 Kenrick, William, a native of Watford 
 Herts, who from the occupation of a ride- 
 maker, became a popular writer. He went 
 to Leyden, and at his return in 1759 he pub- 
 lifhed his epiftles philofophical and moral in 
 vcrfe. In 1766 appeared his " FalftafFs 
 wedding," a comedy, an admirable imitation 
 of Shakefpeare, and which he at firft intended 
 to impofe on the world as the production of 
 that great bard. For fome time he wrote in 
 the monthly review, but in confequence of a 
 difpute he fet up the London review, which 
 did not anfwer. He was equally unfuccefsful 
 in a newfpaper in oppofition to the morning 
 clironicle, which after conducting fome years 
 he abandoned, from a fimilar quarrel. He tranf- 
 latcd Rouffeau's Emilius and Eloifa -Milot's 
 hiftory of England and other works, and pro- 
 duced fome dramatic pieces, which if not all 
 fuccefsful yet poffeffed merit. He died 1779. 
 Kent, William, a native of Yorkfhire, who 
 abandoned the bufinefs of coach painter for 
 the fuperior branches of the profeffion. By 
 the liberality of fome friends he in 1710 went 
 to Rome; but the-patronage of lord Burlington 
 raifed him to independence. On his return 
 to London, he was employed in various works, 
 
 hut he poffeffed little genius as a painter. His 
 talents as an ingenious and able architect, appear 
 in his temple of Venus in Stowe gardens, in 
 Holkham houfe, Norfolk, and other buildings. 
 By the influence of lord Burlington and other 
 friends he obtained the place of matter car- 
 penter, architect, &c. to the king, with a 
 ialary of 600l. per ann. He died of an inflara- . 
 mation in his bowels, at Burlington houfe, 
 1718, aged 63. He may be confidered, as 
 Walpole obferves, the father of modern gar- 
 dening in England. 
 
 Kenyon, Lloyd lord, an Englifh judge, born 
 1733 at Gredington, Flintfhire. On leaving 
 Ruthin fchool Denbighfhire, he became an 
 articled clerk to Tomlinfon, attorney at Nant- 
 wich, Chefhire, and entered at Lincoln's Inn 
 and was called to the bar in 1 7 6 1 . Though 
 known as an able lawyer and much employed 
 in chancery, he did not rapidly rife to eminence, 
 till in 1780 he was called upon with Erfkine to 
 defend lord George Gordon. Diftinguiihed on 
 this memorable occafion, he was in 1782 made 
 attorney-general and chief juftice of Chefter 
 and elected member of parliament for Hindon, 
 Wilts. He was next made mafter of the rolls, 
 and on lord Mansfield's refignation in 1788, he 
 was by the recommendation' of lord Thurlow 
 raifed to fticceed him in the king's bench, 
 with the dignity of the peerage. In this office 
 lord Kenyon endeared himfelf to the people 
 as an upright and impartial judge, as the 
 friend of his country, the advocate of virtue, 
 and the unfhaken punifher of vice, however 
 great or powerful the offender. Though warm 
 in his temper he never fuffered juftice to yield 
 to prejudice or paffion, but regarded the ltrict 
 execution of the law as the firm eft bulwark 
 of national honor. The death of his eldeft 
 fon, in a decline, is fuppofed to have haftened 
 his diflblufion, by producing, in confequence 
 of his broken fpirits, the black jaundice of 
 which he died at Bath, 1802, aged 69. 
 
 KErtEK, John, a celebrated afironomcr, born 
 27th Dee. 1571 at Wiel in the duchy of 
 Wirtemberg. His family was refpectable, 
 though his father was in the humble occupa- 
 tion of an inn-keeper. On his father's death 
 he went to Tubingen univerfity, where he 
 ftudied philofophy and mathematics, and 
 made fuch progrefs that in 1593 he was invited 
 to a mathematical chair at Gratz in Styria. In 
 1597 he married, and three years after he left 
 Styria and fettled in Bohemia where Tycho 
 Brahe had invited him. Tycho introduced his 
 friend to the emperor Rodolphus, but the 
 intimacy which it was fondly expected was cal- 
 culated to contribute not only to the advance- 
 ment of fcience, but to mutual comfort proved 
 the fource of diflatisfaction. Kepler was of- 
 fended with the referve of his friend, and Tycho 
 did not communicate all the 1 knowledge which 
 honor and promife would have dictated. Thefe 
 diffenfions were flopped by the death of 
 Tycho, and Kepler was directed to finifh the 
 tables begun by his friend, which he dedicated 
 
KER 
 
 KET 
 
 to his imperial patron under the- title of Ho- 
 dolphine tables. But though refpecled tor his 
 abilities ad to foruggle with poverty 
 
 throng] f the imperial 
 
 jninifters who paid him his pennon with a very 
 - band, fo that he removed i'rom Prague 
 10 Lints, and in 16K5 afliitcd at the affembly 
 at Ratifbon, and was consulted in the reforma- 
 tion of the calendar. He went in 1630 to 
 Jlatilbon to folicit the payment of the arrears 
 of his- peniion, and whilit there he was feized 
 with a fever, oecalioned it is faid by hard rid- 
 A fell avioTim to the difeafe in Nov. of 
 the fame year. His works were betides, ephe- 
 merides phyfica creleftis tradita comment** 
 rius de motibus ftelkc martis epitome afrrono- 
 wio;e Coperniete fomnium aitronom. de 
 aitronom. lunari prodromus diifertationum 
 cofmographicarum, &c. a work which the author 
 cunfidtred as his belt performance, and which 
 he valued fo much that he declared he would 
 not exchange the glory of the difeoverics which 
 he had made, to become elector of Saxony. 
 As an aftroncmer Kepler was a man of high 
 celebrity, whofe genius has been defervedly 
 commended by dts Cartes, Newton, Gregory, 
 and other altronomers. He firft proved that 
 the planets do not move in circles, but in 
 ellipfes, and that in their motions they de&ribe 
 equal areas in equal times, and that the fquarcs 
 ol then; periodical times are equal to the cubes 
 of their difianees. Vet though thus the 
 preeurfor of the great Newton he maintains 
 puerile abfurdities and foolifhly imagine* that 
 the earth has a fympathy with the heavens, and 
 that the globe is a huge animal which breathes 
 out the winds through the holes of the moun- 
 ts through its month avid nodrils. 
 
 Kv.vr f.i,, Aitguftus Fij'cijind , feeond fon of the 
 earl of Albemarle, was an able admiral. He 
 accompanied Anfon round the world, aud when 
 at the head of the Englifh channel Heet, he, in 
 3 77S, engaged the French under d'Orvilliers 
 off Ufhant. 1 The action was partial, and the 
 next day when the admiral wiihed torcnew the 
 e ngagem ent he found it impoffible. This en- 
 counter (bread difcontent through the nation, 
 and the admiral was tried at Portfmouth on the 
 amtfation of fir Hugh Palllfer, the feeond in 
 command, and honorably acquitted. The 
 ch;ir::e was retorted by the admiral, and fir Hugh 
 Pallifer was cenfutrd by .the fentence of a 
 fonrt-martiaJ. In 1782 the admiral was made 
 a ]kct, and under two adminiftrations was twice 
 made firft lord of the admiralty. He died 17T36. 
 
 Kerckchorf., Jofcph Fan de-r, a painter of 
 Bruges, who died 1724, aged 55. His coun- 
 cil of the gods is much admired. 
 
 Kr.ncKRixo, Thomas, a phyfician refident at 
 Hamburgh, ! I duke of Tufcany. 
 
 : : member of the London royal I 
 
 none eelebrity in bis profeffion. 
 He died at Hamburgh 1693. His ch'n 
 arc fpicelegium anatomicum, 4to. and a 
 pogeniaz inchnographia, in which he fupported 
 doc of au ovary in the human female. 
 
 KeROVELIK DU Tremara, Yves Jo/i 
 thor of a relation of a voyage in the N< . 
 
 4to. 176S naval events between Frame and 
 England, 177, &c was a naval French com- 
 mander, and died 1797. 
 
 Keki, Francis Borgia, a jefuit of Hungary, 
 author of an hiiiory of the emperors of the 
 Eaft, from Cortftantine to the laU of Conftart- 
 tinople, and of the Ottoman princes. He was 
 alfo an able attrOKomer, and died at Buda 1769. 
 Kehkhxrdere, John Gerard, hifloriographer 
 to Jofeph I. was bom near Maefbichl 
 and died 17 as. He publifhed fome Latin 
 poems, befides a commentary on Daniel, o^e. 
 
 Kersaint, Armand Guy Simon, ceirni of, 
 a native of Paris, who ferved in the French 
 navy, and on the breaking out of the revo- 
 lution took an acftivc part in the national affem- 
 bly. He was attached to the girondifis, and 
 oppofed boldly the violent meafures of the 
 fanguinary terroiifts. On the dav of the con- 
 densation of Lewis XVI. he religned his feat 
 in the bloody affembly, and when called to 
 their bar, he with undaunted countenance 
 defended his conduct. So much virtue could 
 not pats unpunished in thofe days of (laughter. 
 He was difcovered in his retreat and condemned 
 to die, 1 7 9-T. He was then aged 52 . 
 
 Kersey, John, author of a book in folio, 
 &c. called " the elements of algebra," of 
 an Engklh dictionary, &c. Mas bom at Bodicott, 
 near Banbury, Oxibrdfiiire, and died about 
 1690, aged 74. 
 
 Kervii.lars, John Marin de, a jefuit who 
 tranflaled Ovid's fafti and elegies into French, 
 and affifted in the memoires de Trcvoux. He 
 died 1745. 
 
 Kesski., John Fan, a native of Antwerp , 
 born 1626. His flowers, birds, and infects, 
 executed according to the feaibns of the yc^r, 
 poffeffed great merit, after the manner of Van- 
 dyke. His ion Ferdinand, who was alio eminent, 
 was patronized by John Sobiefki at Warfaw. 
 
 Ketet,, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, who 
 came to England and painted Elizabeth and her 
 nobility. He made himfelf ridiculous by his 
 attempting to paint with his fingers and even 
 with his toes. He died 1602. 
 
 Kett, JfiUiam, a tanner of Norfolk, who 
 raifed an infurrcction in the reign of Edward VI. 
 His followers amounted to above 20,000 men, 
 and by inveighing againft the opprelfion of the 
 nobility, he inereafed his influence among the 
 deluded multitude. He took Norwich, and 
 defeated lord Northampton, but was afterwards 
 routed by lord Warwick, and hanged with fome 
 of his aiTociates on the tree which he had called 
 the tree of reformation, and where he adminif- 
 teredjufticeto Ins followers, 1549. 
 
 Kettlewi-.i.l, John, an Englifh divine born 
 at North Allerton, Yorklhire, 1 to-3. Ai'ier an 
 education in his native town, he entered at Ed- 
 mund hall Oxford, and five rears after was 
 elected fellow and tutor of Lincoln. . By his 
 publication of " meafures of chriftiau obedi- 
 ence," 1681 j he acquired great reputation, and 
 
 obtained 
 
KID 
 
 Kit 
 
 bta'nea the living of Cclefhili, Warwickfliire. 
 At the revolution he refufed to take the oaths, 
 in confequence of which he was deprived of his 
 living and lei tied ii\ lxmdon. lie died of a 
 confumption in Grav's Inn lane, 1695. He is 
 reprtfehted by Nelfon, who knew him well, as 
 an amiable man, benevolent, learned and hum- 
 ble. Id is works, which confifted of religions 
 tracts, befides tracts upon "new oaths," the 
 duty of allegiance, &c. were collecled into 2 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Keiilen, Jonijl'n Fan, a portrait painter of 
 Dutch extraction, born in Ixmdon, and for 
 fome time the favorite of Charles I. before the 
 introduction of Vandyke. Though he fell in 
 the public eiiimation by the celebrity of his 
 rival, he had the good feme of living with him 
 on the moil intimate terms, and died 1665. 
 
 Kr.Ysi.ER, John Gcoige, a German antiqushy, 
 fellow of the London roval foeiety, was born at 
 Thournau 1689. He wa^ educated at Halle, 
 and travelled as tutor to the two fobs of count 
 Giech-Bucbau, and vilited the chief cities of 
 Germany, France, and the Netherlands. He 
 afterwards undertook the care of the two grand- 
 fons of baron Bcrnftorf, minifter of ltate to the 
 feleclor of Hanover, and he came to England, 
 where he was received with all the refpecl due 
 to learning, and eminent virtue.. He was ad- 
 mitted fellow of the Ixmdon royal fociety, and 
 deferred it by his explication of Stohehcnge, 
 which lie called an Anglo-Saxon monument;, 
 and by a differtation on the mifletoe of the 
 druids. He died 1743, aged 54, of an 
 afthma. He published antiquitates feleclse 
 feptentrionales 8c Celticne, &e. Hanover, 
 12mo. bfiides travels through Germany, 
 Bohemia, Hungary, ike. tranllated into Englifh. 
 
 Khrraskof, Michael, a Ruffian poet of the 
 18th- century, vice-prefident of the college of 
 mines, counfellor of flate, and curator of Mof- 
 cow univerfrty. He wrote a poem on the utility 
 of fcier.ee fome tragedies Pindaric odes, fa- 
 bles, idyls, fatires Ariadne and Thefeu?, a ro- 
 mance Numa Pompilius, a poem, in four 
 cantos " Roffiada," an epic poem in 12 
 cantos, &e. 
 
 Khilhof, Prince, a Ruffian nobleman, am- 
 bafiador to Charles XII. of Sweden, ungener- 
 oufly thrown into prifon when that monarch un- 
 dertook war againlt Ruffia. After 1 8 years' con- 
 finement he died in the prifon of Welterasjuft 
 as he was going to be reftored to liberty 1718. 
 He wrote the kernel of the Ruffian hiitory, in 
 feven books, to his own times, which potfefles 
 confiderable merit. 
 
 Kick, ('ornelius, a painter of Arafterdam. 
 His- flowers were reprefented with fuch brilliancy 
 that they exhibited all the freftmefs and beauty 
 of nature. He died 167 5, aged 40. 
 
 Kidder, Richarxl, a learned prelate born in 
 Suffolk. In 1649 he entered at Emanuel col- 
 lege, Cambridge, arid obtained the living of 
 >und, Huntingdonlhire, from which hs 
 was ejefted for nonconformity. He however, 
 afterwards, conformed and obtained from lord 
 
 Eflex the rectory of Raine in Erfot, attd :.i 
 
 1674 the living of St. Martin Outwich, Lon- 
 don. In lGyi he was made prebendary of 
 Norwich* and in 1698 dean of Peterborough. 
 On the deprivation ol Ken, he was appointed 
 in his {dace to the fee of Bath and Wells. He 
 was unfortunately killed in his bed with his lady 
 by the fall of a ftack of chimmes at Weils in 
 the great ftorm which happened in the night 
 between the -26th and 27th Nov. 1703. Dr. 
 Kidder was an elegant and learned writer, and 
 a moft able divine. His publications were fer- 
 mons preached at Boyle's lectures, and inferted 
 hi " demonflration of the Meffias," in three 
 parts a commentary on the five books of 
 Moles, &c. 2 vols. 8yo. controverfial tracts, &c. 
 
 Lii-x-LONG, emperor of China, died at the 
 end of the ISth century, ar.e? a reigfj of 60 
 rears, at the age of 90. When lord Macart- 
 ney was at his court, he gave him fomc of his 
 verfes to be prefented to the Englifh king. 
 
 KlERlKGS, Alexander, a Dutch painter of 
 Utrecht, who died 1646, aged 56. His land- 
 fcapes were much admired for correcineis, fo 
 that even the fibres of trees were diftinelly fecn. 
 
 Kilburn, Richard, author of a furvcy of 
 Kent, publiihcd 1659 iu his 54th year, was a 
 native of Kent. 
 
 Kilbyk, Richard, a native of Radclrffe, 
 Leicciterlhire, fellow of Lincoln college, Ox- 
 ford, and re.el.or in 1590. He was Hebrew 
 profeffor in the univerfity and obtained a pre- 
 bend in Lincoln cathedral, and was one of the 
 tranilators of the prefect bible. He was aib 
 author of fome fermons, and died 1620. 
 
 " Kilbye, Richard, a miniller of All-hallows, 
 in Derby, who wrote tlie burden of a loaded 
 conference, and died I617. 
 
 Kilian", Cornelius, a native of Brabant, 
 for 50 years correclor of the prefs to Planter:, 
 He pubiifl.-cd etymologicon lingue Teutonieae, 
 fome Latin poems, &c. He died 1607 . 
 
 Killigrew, Catharine, daughter of fir 
 A. Cook, was born about 1330 at Giddy half, 
 - EfTcx, and married Mr. Killigrew, who for his 
 fervices as ambaffador was knighted. To a great 
 genius {he joined an extenfive knowledge of 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Latin, and wrote verfes with 
 slegance. She died about 160O. 
 
 Killigrew, William, fori of fir Robert 
 Killigrew, was born at Hanworth, Middlesex, 
 1605, and after three years' refidence stt St. 
 John's college, Oxford, he travelled abroad. 
 He was appointed governor of Pendcnnis caftle 
 and Falmouth haven, Cornwall, and gentleman- 
 uflier of the privy chamber to Charles I. He 
 fuffered feverely during the civil Wars, but at 
 tlie reftoration he was made vice-chamberlain 
 to the king, an office which he held 22 years. 
 He died 1693. He wrote four plays, bciides 
 midnight and daily thoughts in profe and verfe, 
 &c. 
 
 Killigrew, Thomas, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, page to Charles I. and groom of the 
 chamber to Charles II. was born 1611. He 
 for fome time was Enpliiti refident at Venice. 
 
 He 
 
KIM 
 
 KIN 
 
 He wrote four plays, collected in<o one folio vo- 
 lume befuies other things. He was twice mar- 
 ried and died 1632. He was a man of great 
 wit, and in his facetious company Charles II. 
 paused many a vacant hour, in the higheft fami- 
 liarity- 
 
 Kilugrew, Henry, brother to the prece- 
 ding, was born 1612. He was of Chrift 
 church, Oxford, and became chaplain in the 
 king's army, and in 1643 was created D. D. 
 and made prebendary of Weftminfter. He 
 was at the reftoration rcinftated in his prebend-, 
 and made mailer of the Savoy hofpital, and 
 re&or of Wheatamflead, Hertfordfhire. He 
 wrote at the age of 1 7 the confpiracy, a tra- 
 gedy, afterwards altered into Pallantus and Eu- 
 dora 163-2. He alfo publilhed fermons, &c. 
 and died about KiQO. 
 
 Kilugrew, Anne, called by Wood " a 
 grace for beauty, and a mufc for wit," was 
 daughter of Henry, juft mentioned. She had 
 great fkill in painting, and drew the picture of 
 the duke of York and of the duchefs to whom 
 fhe was maid of honor. This excellent woman, 
 admired for piety and benevolence as well as 
 learning, died of the frnall-pox, 168.5, and 
 her merits were celebrated by the mui'e of 
 Dryden. 
 
 Kilugrew, Margaret, known as the wri- 
 ter of 13 folio volumes, was daughter of Tho. 
 Lucas, and Second wife of W. Cavendifh duke 
 of Newcaftle. The life of this her hulband is 
 the beft of her works. She died 167-3. 
 
 Kilwarden, Arthur Wolfe lord, an Irifh 
 judge. Though bom of an obfenre family, he 
 received a liberal education, and was called to 
 the bar 1766. He became king's counfel, 
 was chofen member of parliament, and in 17.87 
 made folicitor-general and in 1789 attorney-ge- 
 neral. On the death of lord Clonmel he was 
 made chief juftice of the king's bench. The 
 impartiality of his public life, and his private 
 virtues, were not proof againft the violence of 
 a blood-thirfty mob. During a popular infur- 
 jreclion In the ftreets of Dublin, he was met by 
 an armed multitude, and his carriage was imme- 
 diately fuvrounded, and he and his nephew 
 were dragged away and piked to death in 
 Thomas ftreet, Dublin, 1803. His daugh- 
 ter who was with him in the coach was fpared 
 by the murderers, one of whom courteoufly 
 conveyed her to a place of fafety. The lall 
 wurds of the expiring judge were that no vio- 
 lent punifhment fhould be inflicted on his 
 murderers, but that they might be impartially 
 tried by the law. 
 
 Kimuer, Ifaac, of Wantage, Berks, was 
 a diffenting divine, emineut as the author of 
 the life of Oliver Cromwell 8vo. hiftory of 
 England, 4 vols. 8vo. life of bifhop Bevc- 
 ridge, prefixed to his works twenty polthu- 
 mous fermons, &c. He was engaged in the 
 London magazine, and died 1758, aged 66. 
 
 KlMBKR, Edward, fon of the preceding, 
 left the trade of a bookfelkr for the army, 
 and ferved iu America, He was, after his la- 
 
 ther, editor oF the London magazine, and 
 wrote an hiftory of England, 10 vols. 8vo. 
 the pocket peerage of England, &c. befidei 
 Joe Thompfon, a novel, and other works. 
 He died 1769, aged 50. 
 
 Kimchi, David, a Jewifh r?bbi at the be- 
 ginning of the 19 th century, born in Spain. 
 His commentary on die old teflament is much 
 valued, as well as his Hebrew dictionary. 
 
 Kinaston, Francis, was born in Shrop-* 
 fhirc, and educated at Oriel college, Oxford* 
 He took his matter's degree at Cambridge, and 
 was knighted. He tranflated into Latin Chau- 
 cer's Troilus and Creflida, and alfo publilhed 
 the conftitutions of the muueum minervae, a 
 focicty, of which he was the firft prefident. 
 He died 1642. 
 
 King, John, an Englifh prelate, born at 
 Wornall, Bucks, 1559, and educated at Weft- 
 minfter fchool, and Chrift church, Oxford. 
 He became chaplain to Elizabeth, dean of his 
 college 1605, and bifhop of London 1611. 
 He died 1621. He was an eloquent fpcaker 
 in the ftar chamber, and fo eminent as a 
 preacher, that king James called him the king 
 of preachers. 
 
 King, Henry, fon of the preceding, was 
 born at Wornall, 1591, and educated at 
 Thame fchool, and Weftminfter, and Chrift 
 church. He was chaplain to James I. and 
 was made archdeacon of Colchefter, canon of 
 Chrift church, and in 1638 dean of Rochefter, 
 and 1641 bifhop of Chichefter. He was treat- 
 ed with great harfhnefs during the civil wars, 
 but at the reftoration he recovered his bifhopric, 
 and died 1669. He publilhed fermons ex- 
 position of the Lord's prayer Latin and Greek 
 poems, &c. 
 
 King, John, fecond fon of the bifhop of 
 London, was canon of Chrift church, Ox/ord, 
 and of Windfor. He died 1639. He is au- 
 thor of oratio panegyrica de Caroli principis in 
 Hifpan. adventu gratulatio pro Carolo reduce, 
 &c. befides fermons, &c. 
 
 King, Edward, a promifing young man, 
 of Chrift's college, Cambridge, 1633. He 
 was foon after drowned as he was palling from 
 Chefter to Ireland, a melancholy circumftance, 
 which gave birth to the beautiful poem of Ly- 
 cidas, by Milton. A collection of his poems 
 has been publilhed. 
 
 King, William,, a humorous Englifh wri- 
 ter, bom in London, 1663, and educated at 
 Weftminfter fchool, and Chrift church, Ox- 
 ford. In 1688 be defended Wiekl-ffe againft 
 the calumnies of Varillas, in a manner ftrongly 
 exprcilive of his wit and learning ; and followed 
 the law as his profeffion. He took his degree 
 of LL. D. 1692, and was admitted to plead in 
 the courts of civil and ecclefiaftical law. In 1 694 
 his animadveruon on Molefworth's pretended 
 account of Denmark, which had offended the 
 Danes, was fo much approved, that he was ap- 
 pointed fecretary to Anne of Denmark. 
 During the controverfy about the cpiftles of 
 PhaJarisj Dr, King publilhed two letters to 
 
 Mr. 
 
KIN 
 
 KIN 
 
 "Mr. Bovle, for which he was Severely handled 
 by Bentley. Though qualified to Shine as an 
 advocate, yet he Shrunk from the fatigues of 
 active bufinefs, better pleafed with the charac- 
 ter of a polite writer. By degrees, however, 
 a comfortable independence was diffvpated in 
 pleafure ; and Dr. King was, by the intereft 
 of his friends, Rochefter and Pembroke, ap- 
 pointed judge of the admiralty in Ireland, 
 Sole commissioner of prizes, keeper of the 
 records in Birmingham tower, "and vicar-ge- 
 neral to the primate. Thefe lucrative offices, 
 however, could not fix his giddy attention, he 
 preferred wit and the mufes to active life, and 
 refigning his employments, returned to Lon- 
 don about 17 08. In 1710 he was engaged in 
 the publication of the examiner, in vindication 
 of the queen's meaSures, and of the new mi- 
 niftry ; and at the trial of Sacheverell, he em- 
 ployed his pen in the happieft vein of fatire 
 againft the whigs. In 17 11 he was appointed 
 gazetteer with '2501. per annum. Opprefled 
 however with the idea of fitting up occasionally 
 till three or four o'clock, to correct the prefs, 
 he foon refigned the appointment. Finding his 
 health decline, he fhut hinvfelf up for fome 
 time againft all fociety, and died at fome lodg- 
 ings oppofite Somerfet honfe, provided him 
 by his friend, lord Clarendon, 17 12. This 
 fingular man, though apparently chargeable 
 with levity, was in his real character, virtuous 
 and religious, in his dealings confeientious, 
 and though fond of trifles, entertaining in his 
 converfation, fincere and benevolent in his dif- 
 pofition, and fo tender hearted that tears would 
 often flow profufely on the leaft moving occa- 
 fion. He wrote befides hiftorical account of 
 heathen gods and heroes, for the ufe of Weft- 
 minfter School tht; life of M. A. Antoninus, 
 dialogues of the dead a journey to London, 
 after the manner of Lifter, &c. 
 
 King, William, archbifhop of Dublin, 
 was born at Antrim, 1650, and educated at 
 the fchool of Dungannon, and Trinity college, 
 Dublin. He was patronized by archbifhop 
 Parker, of Tuam, and fhone as a writer in de- 
 fence of the proteftant caufe in Ireland. He 
 entered the lifts againft dean Manby, who had 
 lately become a convert to the catholic faith, 
 and with Such fuccefs that he was made dean of 
 St. Patrick, and after the battle of the Boyne, 
 he was promoted to the fee of Derry. In 1 69 1 
 he publifhed ' ' the ftate of the proteftants in 
 Ireland, under James II." and afterwards 
 applied himfelf feduloufly to promote union 
 and concord in his diocefe. In 1702 ap- 
 peared, in 4to. his celebrated work, " de 
 origine mali," in which he fupports that the 
 evils which exift in the wrld, are not incon- 
 fiftent with the goodnefs of God. This though 
 well received at home, excited the cenfure of 
 foreign critics, and was oppofed -by Bayle and 
 Leibnitz. The work was translated into Eng- 
 lish by I.aw, afterwards bifhop of Carlifle, 
 with notes, &c. and a refutation of the opi- 
 nions of bis opponents. In 1702 he was- 
 
 translated to Dublin, and three times was. $mS 
 of the lords juftices of Ireland. He died at 
 Dublin, 1/-29. His other works were, a dif- 
 courfe concerning the inventions of men in 
 the worfhip of God, Sermons, &c. 
 
 King, Peter, chancellor of England, was 
 born at Exeter, 1669. His father, who was 
 a grocer and falter, intended him for his bufi- 
 nefs ; but the fon, at laft broke from the ob- 
 icurity of an humble trade. He had devoted 
 his leifure hours to ftudy, and he was advifed, 
 by his maternal uncle, Mr. Locke, who left 
 him half his library at his death, to ftudy at 
 Leyden, and afterwards he entered at the Inner 
 Temple. Railed by Superior abilities to emi- 
 nence, he obtained a feat in the houfe of 
 commons in 1699, for Beeralfton, Devon. 
 But though high in the law, he did not forget 
 literary purfuits ; his- " inquiry into the con- 
 ftitution, difcipline, unity, &c. of the pri- 
 mitive church," appeared in 1692; and in 
 1702, he publifhed the hiftory of the apoS- 
 tles' creed, with critical observations, two works 
 of great merit and extenfive popularity. In 
 1708 he was made recorder of London, and 
 knighted by Anne : the next year he was one of 
 the managers of the commons againft Sache- 
 verell; and at the acceffion of George I. he 
 was made chief juftice of the common pleas. 
 In 1725 he was created a peer, and Succeeded 
 Macclesfield as lord chancellor. It is Said, the; 
 public expectation was disappointed by his con- 
 duct in chancery, as more of his decrees were 
 repealed by the lords than had been known for 
 the Short time he provided in the court of equity. 
 He refigned the Seals in 1/33 ; and, weakened 
 by a paralytic diforder, died at his feat, at 
 Ockam, Surrey, 1704. > 
 
 King, William, an EngliSh writer, born 
 at Stepney, Middlefex, 1685. He was edu- 
 cated at Salisbury, and Baliol college, Ox- 
 ford; and in 17 18, was made principal of St. 
 Mary hall. In 1722 he refigned upon becom- 
 ing candidate for the univerfity, but was de- 
 feated by Dr. Clarke, and then went to Ire- 
 land. He there wrote his "toaft," an epic 
 poem, conveying much fatire, which he did 
 not publiSh, but diSperSed among his friends. 
 At the dedication of the Radcliffe library in 
 1749, he Spoke a Latin oration in the Oxford 
 theatre, and was univerfally applauded, and 
 deferred the high encomiums of T. Warton, 
 in his triumphs of Ifis. In his political prin- 
 ciples, he was a Strenuous tory, and not much 
 affected to the Hanoverian fucceffion. He 
 publifhed, about 1754, an "apology," in 4to. 
 in which he boldly attacked the whigs, &c. 
 He died 1763. 
 
 King, fir Edmund, a Surgeon and chemift, 
 efteemed by Charles II. who is Said to have 
 Spent much time in his laboratory. He at- 
 tended the king in his laft illnefs, and was 
 ordered lOOOl. by the privy council, which 
 he never received. He wrote Some papers on 
 ants, on the transfuSing of blood from a calf to a 
 iheep, &c. The time of his death is unknown. 
 
 6 KiVQ. 
 
KIR 
 
 KLE 
 
 Kin'G, John Glen, D. D. a native of 
 Norfolk, educated at Caius college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was chaplain to the Englifh fac- 
 tory at Petcrlburg, and mcdallift to the cm- 
 prefs of Ruifia, at whole requeft he under- 
 took a work on medals, but died 17 S7, be- 
 fore its completion. He publifhed, the rites 
 and ceremonies of the Greek church, with 
 an account of its doctrines, worfnip, and 
 difciplinc obfervations on the climate of Ruf- 
 iia, See. 
 
 Kippingius, Ilvnry, a native of Roftoclc. 
 He was preffed for a foldier, and fervod in 
 the army ; but when obferved by a Swedifh 
 counfellor with a Latin book in his hand, his 
 fortunes became known, and he was made 
 the librarian of the noble inquirer, by whole 
 intercft alfo he procured the place of fub- 
 rector of Bremen univerlity. He wrote a fup- 
 plement to the hiflory of Jobn Pappus 
 treatifes on the creation, &c. and died 16~3. 
 
 Kippis, Andrea-, eminent as a biographer, 
 was born in 172.5, at Nottingham, and 
 educated under Doddridge. He fettled as a 
 diffenting teacher at Bofton, Lineolnfhire, 
 1746, and then removed to Dorking, Surrey, 
 and in 1753 to Princes ftreet, Weftminfter. 
 lit 1763 he was philological tutor in Coward's 
 academy, for the education of diffenting mi- 
 nisters, and afterwards acquired fuch emi- 
 nence as a writer, that he was created D. D. 
 by the univerlity of Edinburgh, and made 
 fellow of the royal and antiquarian focieties in 
 London. He died I79. r >, in Weftminfter. 
 The beft known of his works is the biographia 
 Britannica, of which he began to publifh a new 
 edition in 1777) and of which fix volumes 
 have appeared. He publifhed, befiues, a 
 vindication of proteftant diffenting minifters, 
 which created a controverfy, between him and 
 dean Tucker the life of captain Cook, 4to. 
 the life of Lardner, prefixed to his works, 
 1788 feveral fermons, and tra&s : and he 
 was alfo concerned for fome years in the 
 monthly review, &c. The fty'.e of Dr. Kip- 
 pis was clear, elegant, and pleafing, and 
 from his extenfive reading, he was a man of 
 intelligence, learning, and judgment. 
 
 Kirch, Mary 'Margaret, a native of 
 Leipfic. She married in 1699, Godfrey 
 Kirch, an aflronomer of Luben in Lower Lu- 
 fatia, who when appointed royal aflronomer 
 in 1700 at Berlin, found in his wife an in- 
 telligent alfiftant, and an able calculator. 
 She discovered in 1702 a comet, on which 
 Die and her hulband publifhed fome obferva- 
 tions, and in 1707 fhe obferved a remarkable 
 aurora borealis. The hufband died 17 ]0, 
 and the following year his wife publifhed a dif- 
 courfe on the auproaclung conjunction of Ju- 
 piter, Saturn, &e. She died at Berlin 1720, 
 aged 50. Her fon Chrijhian Frederic ac- 
 quired fome celebrity by his writings, and died 
 1740, aged 46. 
 
 Kircher, Athanafius, aJefuit, horn 1 601, 
 at Fulda, in Germany. He fettled iu the 
 
 Jefttits* college at Avignon, 163 
 then paPed to Rome where he was pi 
 of mathematics and Hebrew. He died at 
 Rome 16o. His works rather curious than 
 ufeful, amount to 22 vols, folio. 1 1 in 4to. 
 and 3 in 8vo. 
 
 KtKCHER, Conrad, of AugfbuTg, is known 
 by his Greek concordance of the old tellament. 
 Kirciiman-, John, a learned German in- 
 vited by the magiffrates of Lubeek, in 1613, 
 to undertake the office of rector of their eol- 
 legej which he executed with great reputation. 
 He died 20th March, 1643, a.^cd 68. He 
 wrote i* de hmeribus Romanorurn," &c. 
 
 Kjrchman, A t . an eminent profeflor of 
 philofophy at Peterfburg, unfortunate}? killed 
 by a ball of fire, while he was making experi- 
 ments on electricity, and endeavouring to draw 
 down the electric fluid from the clouds, 6th 
 Aug. 175s. 
 
 Kirchmayer, John Go/per, profeflor of 
 logic at Wittemberg, was born at Uffenheim 
 iu Franconia, and died 17 00, aged 65. He 
 publifhed fome valuable commentaries on Corn. 
 Nepos, Tacitus, Cicero, Salluft, and Pliny; 
 
 Kirk, Colonel, an Englifh officer under 
 James JI. who difgraccd himfelf bv his 
 cruelties in the weft of England during Mon- 
 moath's rebellion in 1685. To'the moft wan 
 ton barbarity, it is faid that he added lull of 
 the moft offe'nfive nature, though fome doubt 
 the truth of the facSs mentioned by Pomfret, 
 It is faid that James wifhing to male converts 
 to the catholic religion folicted this monfter; 
 who rudely replied, that when quartered at 
 Tangier he had promifed the dey, when he 
 changed religion he would become a mahome- 
 tan. The year of his death is unknown. 
 
 Kirkland. Thomas, a^plnfician of emi- 
 nence who died at Afhby-rie-la-Zouch, Lei- 
 eefterfhire, 1798, aged 77. He was of the 
 medical focieties of Edinburgh and London, 
 and acquired fome celebrity as an intelligent 
 writer and a popular practitioner. He wrote 
 an inquiry into the ftate of medical furgery, 
 2 vols. 8vo. obfervations on Pott's remarks 
 on fractures treatife on child-bed fevers, 8vo. 
 &e. 
 
 Kirstf-Xius, Peter, profeflor of phyfie 
 at Lpfal, and in the fervice of queen Confix 
 tiria, was born at Breflaw in Sikfia, 1577. 
 He ftudied botany and philofophy for 14 
 years at Leipfic, Wittemberg, and Jena, and 
 then vifiteel the low countries and France, and 
 ! ^ Itr.lv, Greece, and Afia. He re- 
 signed the care of Breflaw univerlity for the 
 practice of phyfie, and the ftudy of Arabic. 
 He accompanied Oxenftiern to Sweden, and 
 was in 1636 chofen profeffor of phyfie at 
 Upfal, but he died 1640. He was, according 
 to his epitaph, well acquainted with 26 lau- 
 His principal works arc grammatica 
 Arabica tria fpecimina, &c. decas facra, &c. 
 Klebf.r, /. B. a celebrated French general, 
 born at Strafburg 1750. To improve lu> 
 tlknti in architecture he went to Paris for 
 
 S the . 
 
KL 
 
 KNO 
 
 'ihe inftruction of the well-known Chalgrlri. 
 Here by accident he faw fome foreigners infult- 
 ed in a coffee-houfe, and with noble indigna- 
 tion he defended them againft their opponents, 
 and thus fecure in their gratitude he accom- 
 panied them to Munich. Here he obtained 
 a lieutenancy, but after eight years of honor- 
 able fen-ice in the Auftrian army he returned to 
 France. He was now appointed infpector of 
 the public buildings of Upper Alface ; but the 
 French revolution recalled him to a military 
 life, and he was appointed adjutant-major in 
 CuftineY army. At the taking of Mayence he 
 was made general of brigade ; but when faction 
 folicited enemies to Cuftine, Kleber had the 
 Courage not only not to accufe him, but to 
 fpeak favorably of his conduct. In la Vende'e 
 he directed the attack of the ifiand of Noir- 
 montier, but afhamed of the cruelties exer- 
 cifed on the royalifis, he folicited his recal, 
 to go to the army of the North. He defeated 
 the Auftrians at Merber-le-Chateau, and at 
 Marchiennes, took Mons and Louvain, and 
 Maeftricht in 10 days opened its gates to the 
 conqueror. Thefe victories, followed by the 
 fubmimon of Duffeldorf, of Frankfort, and 
 the battle of Butzbach, however, rendered him 
 fufpeeted to the directory, and he retired in 
 difcontent to a country houfe near Paris. Here 
 he digefted memoirs of his military life, when 
 Bonaparte going to Egypt called him away to 
 follow his Standard. When Bonaparte advanced 
 againft Cairo he left his friend commander in 
 Alexandria, and when he afterwards quitted 
 Egypt to return to Europe he appointed him 
 his fucceffor with full powers. Though victo- 
 rious, Kleber liftened to peace, and he figned 
 the treaty of El-Arifch with fir Sidney Smith, 
 which permitted the French to return to Eu- 
 rope. This armiftice was not approved by 
 the Engliih government, and after he had 
 delivered fome of his fortreiTes to the Turks, 
 Kleber was informed by lord Keith that the 
 treaty of El-Arifch was void. Undifmayed at 
 his fituation, he recovered the ftrong holds which 
 had been given up, and he marched to the 
 attack of a Turkifh army at the obelifk of 
 Heliopulis, and defeated them with great 
 (laughter, though ten times more numerous 
 than his own foldiers. After this he fubdued 
 an infurreftion at Cairo, and formed plans for 
 the peaceful government of the country. He 
 wa attacked, while walking in his garden, by 
 Solyman, a Turk, who difpatched him with 
 four blows with a dagger, 1800. In his 
 appearance Kleber was pleafing and comely, 
 his ftature was fix feet, well proportioned ; his 
 features were mild, but his eyes were ex- 
 prelfive, and in the field of battle his voice, 
 otherwife foft and melodious, fpoke with the 
 terror of thunder. 
 
 Kleist, Ewald Chrijiian de, a native of 
 Zeblin in Pomerania, diftinguifhed as an officer 
 in the Pruffian fervice, and as a poet. He was 
 killed at the battle of Kunnerfdorff between the 
 Kulikus and Pruffiam, 17 59- His idyls after 
 
 the manner of Gefner are much admired for 
 their elegance and fimplicity. 
 
 Klingstadt, a painter born at Riga 1657. 
 He died at Paris aged 77- His miniatures for/ 
 fnuff boxes were much admired, though gene- 
 rally very licentious. 
 
 Klocker, David, a painter of Hamburgh. 
 He fettled at Stockholm, where the king libe- 
 rally patronized him. His pieces, which are 
 chiefly hiftorical, polfefs merit. He died 1698, 
 aged 79- 
 
 Knapton, George, a , portrait painter, in 
 crayons, the pupil of Richardfon, and the 
 keeper of the king's pictures, died at Ken- 
 fington 1778, aged 80. 
 
 Knellf.r, _/ir Godfrey, an eminent painter, 
 born at Lubec 1648. Educated at Leyden 
 for the military profeffion, his genius directed 
 him to the drawing of figures ; and after 
 improving himfelf under the inftruction of 
 Rembrandt, Carlo Marat, and Bernini, he came 
 to England, where his reputation quickly re- 
 commended him to the notice of Charles II. 
 He continued in favor and acquired fucli 
 celebrity, that he drew no lefs than 1 crowned 
 beads, befides electors and princes. William 
 III. knighted him, and made him a gentleman 
 of his privy chamber, and George I. honored 
 him with the title of baronet. He was alfo 
 created a nobleman and knight of the holy 
 Roman empire by Leopold, and received the 
 degree of LL. D. from the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford. His likeneffes were always considered 
 as remarkably ftriking, though expreffed in 
 a flattering manner. Honored by princes, and 
 fluttered by poets and wits, he was not a little 
 oftentatious of his confequence, he lived in 
 great fplendor at his houfe' at Whitton near 
 Hampton-court, but though accufed of vanity, 
 his manners are reprefented as blameleis. He 
 died 1723, and a monument by Ryfbraeh, 
 with a partial infeription by Pope, was erected 
 to his honor in Weftminfter abbey. 
 
 Knight, $a?nuel, a native of London, 
 educated at St. Paul's fchool and Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge. He was prebendary of E!v, 
 and archdeacon of Berks, and alfo chaplain to 
 George II. He publifhed the lives of Colet, 
 and of Erafmus, 8vo. and died 1746, aged 72. 
 
 Knolles, Richard, a native of Northamp- 
 tonshire, educated at Oxford. He was mafter 
 of Sandwich fchool, where he became cele- 
 brated as a public teacher, and where he died 
 1610. He wrote grammaticse Latinas, Gruecae, 
 and Hebraicae compendium hiftory of the 
 Turks, 16 lo, folio, a valuable book, improved 
 by Ricaut, 1680* folio the lives and con- 
 quefts of the Ottoman kings and emperors, to 
 1610 &tv 
 
 Knoli.es, fir Robert, a native of Chefhire, 
 in the wars of Edward III. in France. He, 
 from a common foldier, became a general, ani 
 acquired both celebrity and opulence. With 
 the fpoils of caftles and monafteries deftroyed, 
 he built Rochelter bridge, as a monument cf 
 his exploits, He died 1 407, aged 90. 
 
 [GJ Knolus, 
 
KNO 
 
 KOE 
 
 Knou.is, Francis, an Englifh ftatefman, 
 born at Gray's, Oxfordfhire, and educated at 
 Oxford. He favored the reformation, but 
 during Mary's reign, he retired to the con- 
 tinent. On Elizabeth's aeceffion, he was vice- 
 chamberlain of the houfehold, and privy coun- 
 fellor, and afterwards was made knight of the 
 gartet. He was one of the commiffioners who 
 Vat at the trial of the unfortunate Mary queen 
 of Scots. Hevas author of a treatife againft 
 tin- ufurpation of papal bifhops, J 608, 8vo. 
 and a general furvey of the Ifle of Wight, and 
 he died 1590. 
 
 Knott, Edward, ajefuit,born at Pegfworth, 
 near Morpeth, Northumberland. He was 
 profeiibr of divinity in the Engliih college at 
 Home, and afterwards provincial of England, 
 and he died in London, 1655-6, aged 7^. 
 He was a great difciplinarian, and poflefled of 
 extcntive learning, His writings againft the 
 protectants gave rife to Chillingworth's famous 
 book, called the religion of proteftants. 
 
 Knowleh, Milliam, an Englifh divine, 
 who tranfiated Chryfoftom's comment on St. 
 Paul's epiftle to the Galatians. He died 1 767 > 
 aged 68. 
 
 Knowlks, Thomas, a native of Ely, edu- 
 cated at Ely fchool, and Pembroke hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He was lecturer of Bury St. Edmund's, 
 and prebendary of Ely cathedral, and died at 
 Bury, 1802. He wrote trie fcripture doctrine 
 of the exiftence and attributes of a God, 12 
 fermons, 8vo. anfwer to bifhop Clayton's 
 effay on fpirit, for winch he was made D.D. 
 by Seeker lord Hcrvey's, and Dr. Middle- 
 ton's letters on the Roman ftnate dialogue 
 on the teft a& observations on the tithe 
 bill, &c. 
 
 Knowlton', Thomas, an Englifh botanift, 
 id the fervice of Dr. Sherrard, and afterwards 
 of lord Burlington, at Lanefborough, York- 
 ihire, died 1782, aged 90. His observations 
 on the iimation of die ancient Delgovicia, and 
 on two men of extraordinary fize, &c. appeared 
 in the philosophical tranfactions, in letters to 
 Mr. Catelby. 
 
 Knox, John, the famous reformer of Scot- 
 land, was born 1505, at GifFard, Eaft Lothian, 
 and educated at St. Andrew's. He ftudied 
 divinity, but the converfation of Wifhart, the 
 Englifh commiffioner in Scotland, and the writ- 
 ings of Jerome and Auftin, opened his mind 
 to the grofs impofitions of popery. He em- 
 braced the tenets of the proteftants, and then 
 v ired from perfecutiou, into Germany, but 
 fome time after returned to St. Andrew's. 
 Here he boldly preached againft the pope, and 
 afterwards parted over to England, where he 
 became cliaplain to Edward VI. and might 
 have obtained a bifhopric, had he not been an 
 enemy to the liturgy and to epifcopa'v. At 
 the acceflion of Mary, he went over to Geneva, 
 and profiting by the counfels of Calvin, he 
 determined to return to Scotland, 1555. The 
 reformation was already gaining ground, and 
 Knox, by his manly appeals, hjgrcafed. th 
 
 number of his converts. In 15 56 he 
 viiitcd Geneva, but in his abfence his ene- 
 mies accufed him of herefy, pronounced 
 fentence of death agaiijft him, and burnt him 
 in effigy at Edinburgh. He heard of it, and 
 wrote from Geneva " an appellation aj 
 the unjuft fentence pronounced againft him," 
 ike. and alfo the " firft blaft of the trump t 
 againft the monflrous regiment of women," 
 directed againft the tyrannical meai'ures of 
 Mary of England, and of Mary of Lorraine, 
 queen-regent of Scotland. In 1559 he again 
 returned to Scotland, and began effectually 
 to eftablifh the reformation. The kingdom 
 was divided into 12 diftricts, and Edinburgh, 
 as the moil important, wasentrufted to Knox. 
 Rcgardlefs of the queen, he declared from 
 the pulpit, that the mafs eflabliihed in her 
 chapel was more frightful than 1 0,000 ene- 
 mies, and when honored with a conference with 
 his royal miftrefs, he offended her with the 
 boldnefsof his addrefs, and violently inveighed 
 againft her marrying the popifh earl of Darn- 
 ley. Nottvithftanding this, Knox was refpc&ed 
 in his perfon, and in 1567 he preached the 
 fermon at. the coronation of James VI. He 
 met, however, with fome oppofition from his 
 followers, who wifhed to eftablifh a fort of 
 epifcopaey, very repugnant to his feelings, and 
 rejected with great indignation. He died 15j'_>, 
 not a little afflicted at the intelligence of the 
 bloody maffacres at Paris. His "funeral was 
 attended by many nobles, particularly Morton, 
 the regent. His publications are not numer- 
 ous. It is to be lamented, that he appeared 
 as the defender of the murder of cardinal Bea- 
 ton, once his perfecutor. His hiftory of the 
 reformation in Scotland was publiihed after 
 his death, and the fourth edition of it in folio, 
 1732, contains all his other pieces. 
 
 Knox, John, a London bookfeller, the plan- 
 ner of a herring fifhery, and of a fettlement on 
 the north-eafl coaft of Scotland. He pub- 
 lifhed a fyflematic view of Scotland, and died 
 1790. 
 
 Knupper, Niiholas, a painter of Lcipfic, 
 who died 1660, aged 57. His battles and coal 
 verfations poffefTed peculiar merit. 
 
 Knuzen, Matthias, a celebrated atheiftj 
 born at Ilolllein. He was verv zealous in mak- 
 ing profelytes, and his followers were called com 
 feienciaries, as they regarded eonfeience, learn- 
 ing, and reafon, as the only guides of man. 
 They maintained that there was no god, no 
 after-life, and they rejected religion, prieAfj 
 and magiflrates as impofitions on the world. 
 He died at the end of the 1 7th century. 
 
 Knuzrn, Martin, a native of Konigfberft 
 profeifor of pbilofophy. He wrote defence of 
 the chriftian religion,, ike. and died 17 51, 
 aged 38. 
 
 Kkygiiton, Hair;/, author of a chronicled] 
 the Engliih hiftory, from 950 to 1395, and of 
 a hiftory of the depofition of Richard U. wasij 
 canon regular of Leicefter. 
 
 KoEBliHOER, Wmcejlaus, a native of An- 
 twerp, 
 
KON 
 
 KOU 
 
 f*erp, eminent as a painter. His martyrdom of 
 St. St-baftian is his beft piece, ftiil preferved at 
 Antwerp. He died 1604, aged 70. 
 
 Koemffer, Engell-ert, a German phyfician, 
 born at Lemgow, in Weftphalia, 1651. After 
 ftiidying at Dantzic, Thorn, Cracow, and 
 Konigfberg, he vifited Upfal, and recommended 
 himfelf to the notice of Charles XL of Swe- 
 den, and was made fecretary to the embafly fent 
 in 168a to the fophi of Perfia. During tins 
 employment, he vifited the curiofities natural 
 and artificial of Ruffia and Georgia, and on the 
 banks of the Cafpian fea. For two years he 
 was at Ifpahan, but when the ambafiador pre- 
 pared to return, he obtained permiffion to go 
 further into the eaft, and he engaged himfelf as 
 furgeon to the Dutch Eait India fleet. He 
 examined the ruins of Pcrfepolis, and after- 
 wards vifited Gamron, Arabia Felix, Malabar, 
 Ceylon, Bengal, and ]3atavia. In 1690 he 
 went with the Dutch embafly to Japan, and 
 alter flaying two years in that diltant country, 
 he returned to Europe, and reached Am flerdam 
 in October, 169.3. In 1694 he took the de- 
 gree of M. D. at Leyden, but his popularity 
 as phvfician prevented the arrangement of his 
 papers and obfervations on fubjecfts of natural 
 hiltory, botany, and mineralogy. Whilft pro- 
 mifing himfelf length of life, he found his con- 
 ftitution mattered by fatigues in diftant cli- 
 mates, and fome family ditficulties haflened his 
 dilfolution. He died '17 16. His MSS. and 
 drawings were purchafed by fir Hans Sloane, 
 and his hiftorv of Japan appeared in London, 
 2 vols, fob 1727, and his amuenitates exotica:, 
 1712. 
 
 Koenig, Daniel, a Swifs, who tranflated into 
 Latin Arbuthnot's tables of ancient coins, 
 publilhedat Utrecht, by profeffor lleitz, 1756. 
 He died at Rotterdam, from ill treatment from 
 the mob at Franeker, who miltook him for a 
 (py, becaufe he fpoke French. He was only 22. 
 
 KoENIG Sumac/, brother to the preceding, 
 was profeffor of philofophy and natural law at 
 Franeker, and afterwards librarian to the prince 
 of Orange. He was engaged in a quarrel with 
 Maupcrtuis, and his " appeal," written on the 
 fubject, enlarged his reputation. He wrote va- 
 rious works, and died 1757. 
 
 KoERTEN, Joanna, a native of Amfterdam, 
 whole refined taite in embroidery, in drawing, 
 in water colors, in wax models, inartificial orna- 
 ments, &c. was univerfally admired, and drew 
 ftrangers to commend the effects of her Angular 
 genins, and among others, Peter the Great of 
 Kuflia. The figures which fhe cut with fciffars, 
 our of paper, were much celebrated, and the fine 
 exhibition of groupes of trees, arms, eagles, &e. 
 whirh {he prefented to the confort of Leopold, 
 was liberally rewarded with 4000 guilders. She 
 died 1715, aged 65. 
 
 Koets, Roetqf, a painter of Zwoll. Wil- 
 liam III. of England psiid him particular atten- 
 tion. His portraits amounted to 5000, and all 
 in avm fuperior ftyle. He <lied 1725, aged 70. 
 
 Konigj George Matthias, a, karocd Gcrnwu, 
 
 born at Altdorf, in Franconia, where he * 
 profeffor of poetry, and of Greek. He was 
 author of a biographical dictionary, called bir 
 bliotheca vettu & nova, 4to. 1678, and died 
 1699, aged 83. 
 
 Konig, Emanuel, a phyfician of Bafil, where 
 he died 17 31, aged 73. He publiihed various 
 works on medicines. 
 
 Kornmann, Henry, a German lawyer in the 
 17th century, author of fome treatifes, de mi- 
 raculis vivorum de miraculis mortuorum de 
 virginitatis jure. 
 
 Kortholt, Chriftian, profeffor of divinity 
 at Kcil, was born 1633 at Burg, in the,iuand 
 of Femeren. He was in 1662 made Greek 
 profeffor at Roflock, and in 1665 removed to 
 Keil, patronized by the duke of Holflein. He 
 died 1694. He wrote various works, de vera- 
 citate, &c.- -de natura philofoph'ue, ike. and a 
 valuable work on Chrift, as God and man. 
 
 Kortholt, Chrijiian, grandlbn of the pre- 
 ceding, was profeffor of theology at Gottingen, 
 and died in the flower of his age, 1751. He 
 publiihed " Leibnitz's Latin letters," 4 vols. 
 
 Kotter, Chriiiopher, a fanatic who lived at 
 Sprottow. In 1616 he began his career, and 
 threatened the princes and nations of Europe 
 with terrible judgments, according to the direc- 
 tions, as he laid, of an angel. He was pilloried 
 and afterwards bauilhed, and hfe then retired to 
 Lufatia, where he died 1647, aged 62. Hi* 
 reveries were publiihed, called lux in tenebris. 
 
 Kouck, Peter, a Dutch painter, who fettled 
 at Antwerp, and became principal painter to 
 Charles V. and died 15 50, aged 50. His 
 views of Conftantinople, &c. are valuable. 
 
 Kouli Khan, Thamas, or Nadir, a cele- 
 brated warrior, born 16S7, in the province of 
 Cherafan, in Perfia. He was the fon of a 
 fhepherd, but by felling fome of his father's 
 fheep, he collected a number of defperate fol- 
 lowers, who fharcd his dangers and his booties 
 in plundering caravans. By degrees he faw 
 himfelf at the head of 6000 brave adherents > 
 and his affiflance was folieited by the Sehaht 
 Thamas, whofe throne was ufurped by Efchref, 
 the chief of the Aghwans. With impetuous 
 valor, Kouli attacked and routed the enemy, 
 and then feated his mailer on the throne of his 
 anrreftors at Ifpahan. He purfued the flying 
 Aghwans to Candahar, and after carrying defo- 
 lation before him, he returned to Ifpahan. In- 
 ftead, however, of finding Thamas engaged in 
 a Turkifh war, as he had recommended, he faw 
 him lulled into effeminate fecurity, and dii- 
 pleafed with his conduct, he feized his perfoiij 
 and proclaiming his fon, an infant, fophi of 
 Perfia, he declared himfelf regent. He next 
 made war againft the Turks, with the moft ai- 
 tonifhing fuccefs, and on the death of the young 
 king, 1737, hefignified his intention of refign- 
 ing his honors; but the nobles, excited by his 
 private intrigues, invelled him with the fovereign 
 power. Now elevated to the height of his am- 
 bition, he wifely faw that war was the only fup- 
 port of his greatnefs, and therefore with a nu- 
 [ G 2 J meroua 
 
KUH 
 
 KYN 
 
 Hi erous army Vic marched againft India. The 
 Mogul empire was rapidly conquered, -200,000 
 feen were pin to the iwcrd, and a booty of 145 
 millions rewarded the victor at the taking of 
 Delhi. To the polfeflion of die Mogul domi- 
 nions, were adder! the conque.ft of the Ufbee 
 Tartars, and the capture of Buchara, and OB ail 
 fides, wherever lie turned his arms, he found no 
 power able tt> withltand his attacks. Such af- 
 tonifhing fuceelfcs required wifdom and deci- 
 fion to cement them, but unfoitunately, when 
 his abilities were wanted to give inability to his 
 immenfe dominions; Kouli became capricious, 
 proud, and tyrannical. With injudicious vio- 
 lence lie attempted to introduce the religion of 
 Omar among his fubjects, and to render his de- 
 crees more terrible, he put to a cruel death the 
 priefts whooppofed him, and evenj^crifieed his 
 own fon to his ferocious meafures. This con- 
 duct revolted the attachment of the Periians, 
 and the nobles, who forefaw in the cruelty of 
 their mafter, their own deftructiojo, eonfplred 
 againft. him, -and affaflinated him 17 47, after 
 lie had reigned 20 years over one of the molt 
 extenfive and powerful empires of the world. 
 
 Krachenixnikow, Stephen, a Ruffian na- 
 turalift, educated at Feterfburg. He was 10 
 years in making obfervations on the natural pro- 
 ductions of Kamfchatka, and on his return, in 
 1"43, he was affociate of the academy, and in 
 1753 profelfor of botany and natural hiftory. 
 His travels, Sec. were publifhcd in Chappe 
 d'Auteroche's Siberia. He died 1 7 5 5 , aged 42. 
 
 Krantz, Albert, a famous hiftorian and di- 
 vine, born at Hamburgh. He was profeffor of 
 philofophy and divinity at Roftock, and in 1498 
 was made dean of the chapter of Hamburgh, 
 where he died 15 17. His works are chronica 
 regnorum, &c Saxonia Vandalia, &c. 
 
 Krause, Francis, a native of Augiburg, 
 eminent as an hiftorieal painter. Tliough his 
 pieces poflcfl'cd merit, he died poor in France, 
 l 1 ? 54, aged 4 8. 
 
 Kresa, Father, a native of Moravia, con- 
 feffor to the king and queen of Bohemia, 
 where he died' 1715, aged 67. He was well 
 acquainted with Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, 
 Italian, Spanifli, and Portuguefe, and wrote 
 analyfis trigonometrise fphericae, &c. 
 
 Krugeu, John ChryHaji, author of poems 
 and comedies, and tranflator of Marivaux's 
 theatre into German, acquired fome reputation 
 as an actor, and died at Hamburgh, 1750, 
 aged 28. 
 
 Kuhlman', Quirinvs, a famous fanatic of 
 Breflaw, 1651 . He was attacked at the age of 
 1 8 by a violent illnefs, from which he recovered 
 with difficulty, but with returning health, he 
 difplayed the wildeft manners, and pretending 
 to have held converle with departed fpirits and 
 aerial beings, he fet up for a prophet. He went 
 to Holland, where Behmen's works increafed 
 the extravagance of his rwrcrics. Tliough de- 
 voted to fpiritual affairs, he had fome refpect 
 ibr the world, he kept concubines, and extorted 
 / from the credulous, by threatening ter- 
 
 rible vengeance if they did not fatisfyhis wants* 
 After wandering over England, France, and the 
 Eaft, he was at laft ftopjwd at Molcow, and 
 burnt, 1 089, on account of fome prophecies 
 which were interpreted as feditious. He pub- 
 lifhed prodromus mirabilis, 16/4, &C. 
 
 KUHNIUS, Joachim, a learned native of 
 Gripfwalde, Pomerania, who became principal 
 of the co'lege of Octingen, in Swabia, and 
 three years after, in 16/6, was elected Greek 
 profeffor at Straibtirg. He was next profelfor 
 of Hebrew, and acquired celebrity by his pu- 
 pils. He died 1697> aged 50. He publiihcd 
 excellent editions with notes, of /Elian, Dio- 
 genes, Pauianias, belides other works. 
 
 Kuster, Ludolf, a learned critic, born at 
 Blomberg, in Weftphalia, 1670. He was tu- 
 tor to the foufi of the Pruffian prime minifter, 
 and he was rewarded by the promife of a pro- 
 fefforfhip at Berlin. In the mean time he tra- 
 velled over Holland, Germany, France, and 
 England, where he produced his edition of 
 Suidas, in 3 vols, folio, at Cambridge. He was 
 complimented with the degree of doctor, and 
 advantageous offers were made to him to fettle 
 there, but he declined them to take his Berlin 
 profefforfhip, which he foon after left with ca- 
 pricious indifference, and went to Amfterdam, 
 where he publifhed his Ariftophancs, in 17 10, 
 and an edition of Mills' Greek teftament. He 
 next went to Rotterdam, and then to Antwerp, 
 where he renounced the protectant tenets for the 
 catholic faith, in 1713 . This, or his fen ices 
 to literature, recommended him to the French 
 king, who granted him a pennon of 2000 livres, 
 and appointed him affociate of the academy of 
 inferiptions. He died 17 16 of an abfeefs in the 
 pancreas, aged only 46.' His other works, 
 were an edition of Jamblicus's life of Pytha- 
 goras hiftoria critica Homeri bibliotheca 110- 
 vorum librorum ab 1697, ufque 1699, 5 vols 
 de vero ufu verb. med. apud Gnecos, a valuable 
 book, &c. 
 
 Kuyp, Jacob, a landfcape painter of emi* 
 nence, founder of the academy of painting at 
 Dordt, 1643. His fon Albert excelled him in 
 the delicacy of his coloring, and the variety ef 
 his pieces. 
 
 Kyd, Thomas, a writer in the age of Eliza-* 
 beth. He publifhed Poir.pey the Great, a play, 
 tranflated from the French of Garnier. 
 
 Kydermynster, Richard, abbot and hifto- 
 rian of the benedidtine convent of Winch- 
 combe, Gloueefterfhire, was born at Won 
 Befides the hiftory of his convent in 5 
 he wrote pieces againft the reformation, &u 
 and died 1531. 
 
 Kynaston, John, an EngluTi divine, born at 
 Chcfter, 1728, and educated at Brazen 1 
 Oxford. He gained reputation by his 1 
 " de impietateC.Corn. Tacito, falfo objectata," 
 on the foundation of fir Francis Bridgrni 
 livered in the chapel of his college, 1761, and 
 publifhed. IJe wrote fome other things, and 
 died in confeqoence of breaking his left arm 
 near die fhoulder, 1783. 
 
 KyNWELMARSU; 
 
KYR 
 
 KYR 
 
 Kynwelmarsh, Francis, a native of Effex, 
 who itu*lied at Gray's Inn, and affifted Gai- 
 roigr.e in his tranflation of Euripides' Jocafia. 
 He wrote poetry of confiderahle merit, which, 
 together with the poetical trifles of his brother 
 Anthony, are preferved in the paradife of dainty 
 devices. 
 
 Kyrle, John, the celebrated man of Rofs, 
 immortalized by Pope, and more by his own 
 
 actions. With an eftate of only 5001. a-year, 
 he was the bleffmg of his native county of 
 Hereford ; he built a church, endowed hofpi- 
 tals, and had the good fortune to be feeonded 
 in his charitable works by his opulent neigh- 
 bours. He died l/24> aged 90, but " no 
 monument, infeription, ftone," as the poet 
 obferves, mark his remains. 
 
 
 L. 
 
 LAB 
 
 LAB 
 
 LABADIE, John, a famous enthufiaft, 
 born If) 10, at Bourg in Gulenne. He 
 was educated amongft the jefuits of Bour- 
 .deaux, but quitted their fociety, though it is 
 faid that he was expelled for his irregulari- 
 ties. He came to Paris, and was prefented by 
 the biihop of Amiens to a canonry. At 
 Amiens his doctrines foon collected a number 
 of devotees, but his intrigues with the nuns 
 produced difgrace, and he retired to Touloufe. 
 There his opinions had fuch efieel: upon the 
 nuns that they fiftened to his ipiritual ha- 
 Ungues, flark naked, while in thus imitating 
 Adam and Eve, thev aipired to fuperior men- 
 tal purity ; but this was no fooner mentioned 
 to the archhifhop 1 han Labadie was dii'miffed. 
 He next paffed to Montauban, and then to 
 
 , and next to Geneva and Middleburg, 
 where his followers became very numerous. 
 He next retired to Erfurt, and then to Akona 
 in Holftein, where a violent colic carried him 
 off in 16"4, in Lit 64th year. In his manners 
 Labadie was auftere, with a mixture of candor 
 and hypocrify, and he had the art of irninuat- 
 ing hii principles with fuch efficacy, that the 
 moii: virtuous became converts to his wild 
 opinions. Among his warmeft admirers were 
 Jnademoifelle Schurman, mad. Bourignon, 
 Elizabeth princefs palatine, and others. With 
 n air of affec?ted fan6tity, he impofed upon the 
 
 % of his pupils, and after beginning with 
 ghofllv advice, and exhortations to mental inno- 
 cence and bodily purity, he often ended with 
 the grofTeftfcnfualities. Hismyftical opinions, 
 pnee very prevalent, are no longer regarded. 
 In his tenets he maintained that God might 
 deceive, that the holy feriptures were not 
 neccflary to falvation, that the old teftament 
 was carnal, and that the new, regarding only 
 the ftate of the fpirit, made all men free ; 
 that the obfervation of the fabbath was unne- 
 ceffary; that the church was divided into two 
 parts, the degenerate, and the regenerate, or 
 his followers, and that felf-denial and the morti- 
 fccauyo of the fenfes, ch,erUhe<l and, improved 
 
 by mental prayer, would raife man to the pof- 
 feifion of God, and to a familiar converia- 
 tion with him. 
 
 Labat, John Baptiji, profeffbr of philofophy 
 at Nancy, went in 169-3 as miffionary to Ame- 
 rica, and returned in 1705 to France. He 
 was forfome time at Boulogne, and died 173 8. 
 He publifhed, nouveau voyage aux ides de 
 l'Amerique, 6 vols. 8vo. voyages en Efpagne 
 & Italic, 8 vols. 12mo. nouvelle relation de 
 1'Afrique occidentale, 5 vols. 12mo. com- 
 piled from others, &c. 
 
 Labbe, Philip, ajefuit of Bourges, of great 
 learning, and indefatigable application. He 
 died at Paris 1667, aged 60, refpedted as an 
 able critic, and an excellent private character. 
 His works are de Byzantinae hiftorise fcripto- 
 ribus, folio bibliotheca biblicarum, fob 
 concordia chronologica, 5 vols, fob coneor- 
 dia facraj et profanae chronologiae, &c. 12mo. 
 notitia dignitatum imperii Rom. 12mo. de 
 fcriptoribus ecclef. diflertatio, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 concilionxm eollec/tio maxima, 17 vols, fob- 
 lives of learned jefuits, ike. and fome valuable 
 works on grammar and Greek poetry.. 
 
 Labbe, Louija, a poetefs, called the fair 
 rope maker, becaufe fhe married a rich rope 
 maker of Lyons, who left her his property. 
 For iome time fhe afpircd to diftin&ion in 
 arms, at the fiege of Perpigpan, in men's 
 cloaths. Whilft as a courtezan fhe extorted a 
 high premium, fhe was more condefcending 
 to men of letters, and admitted them to her 
 favors gratis. Her works, in profe and verfe, 
 were printed at Lyons, l2mo. and are con- 
 fidered as pofTeffing merit. She died 1566, 
 aged 40. 
 
 Laboureur, John le, a native of Montmo- 
 rency, who, from a gentleman's fervant, be- 
 came an abbe, prior of Juvigne, and almoner to 
 the king, and commander of the order of St. 
 Michael. He died 1675, aged 52. He 
 publifhed the collection of monuments of 
 iliuflrious perfons in the celeftines' church at 
 Pariij 4tt>.- the hifVory of marfM Guebriant, 
 
 [ G a J witli 
 
LAD 
 
 L2EV 
 
 with the genealogy of Budos, and other fa- 
 milies the memoirs of Michael Caiielnau, 
 and other works. 
 
 Lacarry, Giles, a French jefuit, who died 
 1 664, aged 79. He wrote fome ufeful works, 
 hiitoria Calliarum fub prefect is pnetoris Gallia- 
 rum, 4to. hiftoria eoloniarum a Gallis mif- 
 iarum, lto. de regibus Franciae&lcge falica 
 hiitoria Romana, 4to notitia provinciarum 
 imperii utriufque befides editions of Veil. 
 I'aterculus & Tacitus de Germ. 
 
 La Colonie, John Martin de, a native of Pe- 
 rigord, who died at Bourdeaux 1759, aged 
 85. He wrote military memoirs, 2 vols. 
 lCrao. and alio an hiitory of Bourdeaux, 3 
 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Laco.mbe, James, a French hiftorian, born 
 at Paris 1724. He is author of fome popular 
 works, abrege" chronologique de l'hiiioire an- 
 ciennc de l'hiiioire du nord revolutions de 
 la Ruffle hiftoire de Chriftine, de Suede, &c. 
 
 La combe de Prezel, Honore, brother to 
 ihc preceding, was born at Paris 1725. He is 
 author of feveral dictionaries de jurifprudence 
 - du eitoyen de portraits et d'anecdotes des 
 hommes celebres, &c. 
 
 Lacy, John, an actor in the reign of Charles 
 II. with whom he was a great favorite. He 
 wrote the dumb lady the old troop, or mon- 
 sieur Ragou fir Hercules Buffoon, three tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Ladjsxaus J. fon of Bela I. fucceeded to 
 the Hungarian throne after his brother Geifa 
 1077. He was an able politician, and defeated 
 the Bohemians, Ruffians, Tartars and Bulga- 
 rians, and then driving away the Huns from 
 Hungary, he marched againft Dalmatia and 
 Croatia, where his filter was cruelly treated 
 by her hufband Zuonimir, and he added thofe 
 provinces to his empire. He died 30th July 
 4005. 
 
 Ladislaus III. king of Hungary after his 
 fathor Stephen V. was cruel and licentious. 
 He fo offended his fubjccls by his oppreflion 
 and immoral conduct^ that he was aflaffinated 
 1290, in the 18th year of his reign. 
 
 Ladislaus IV. grand duke of Lithuania, 
 and king of Poland fince 1434, was made 
 iing of Hungary in 1440. He made war 
 agauifi the Turks and defeated their fultan 
 Amurath II. but afterwards fell in battle 1444. 
 
 Ladislaus V. fon of Albert of Auftria, 
 led Ladiftaus IV. It is faid that he 
 was poifoned by the Huffites. 
 
 Ladislaus VI. fon of Calimir king of Poland, 
 
 was king of Hungary after Matthias C'orvinus, 
 
 ;!e died a,;icr a very turbulent reign 
 
 L^DiSMy*, D| Launxii.ot, the lib* ral and 
 
 count of Provence, and fucceeded 
 
 Duns, as king of Naples 
 
 In 1403 he fei/.ed the crown of Hun- 
 
 nment of king Sigcf- 
 
 rnurid, wlio icon after obliged him to retire, into 
 
 He died fudderfly at Naples, 1414, 
 
 aged 3 3. I: ,\ bi Ittiftrefcj tilt- 
 
 daughter of a phyfieian, hat! been prevailed 
 upon by the Florentines to adminifter poifon tu 
 him, fo that he expired in the greatelt ago- 
 nies. 
 
 Ladislaus I. king of Poland, fon of Ca- 
 fimir I. fucceeded 1081. He was fond of 
 peace, but yet brave in war. He died 1 102. 
 
 Ladislaus II. king of Poland, after his fa- 
 ther Bolcflaus III. 1139, made war againft his 
 brothers, and was at kit banifhed from his 
 throne. He died at Oldenburg 1 1 59. 
 
 Ladislaus III. king of Poland in 1296, 
 proved fo oppreffive in his conduct towards the 
 clergy and people, that his fubjecls revolted and 
 placed Wencellaus on the throne. He died 
 1333. 
 
 Ladislaus V. furnamed Jagellon, grand 
 duke of Lithuania, obtained the crown of Po- 
 land 1386, by his marriage with Hedwige, 
 daughter of Lewis king of Hungary. He died 
 1434, aged 80, univerfally and defervedly re- 
 fpecled for his probity, his integrity, and all 
 thofe virtues which fhould grace a throne. 
 
 Ladislaus VI. king of Poland, fon of 
 Ladiflaus V. was duke of Lithuania, and king 
 of Hungary. 
 
 Ladislaus, SSgifmund, VII. king of Po- 
 land and Sweden after the death of his father 
 Sigifmund III. 1632, govt med with grear mo- 
 deration, but without forgetting the interest 
 of his people, as he attacked the Ruffians whp 
 threatened him, and obliged them to make 
 peace. He died 1648, aged 52. 
 
 L'Advocat, John Buptiji, a jefuit, Hebrew 
 profefibr and doctor of the Sorbonne, was born 
 1709. He died at Paris 1765. He wrote a 
 geographical dictionary, 8vo. an hiftorfcal 
 dictionary, 2 vol. Syo. abridged from Moreri, 
 but fince much enlarged an Hebrew gram* 
 mar, &c. 
 
 L'Advocat, Louis Francis, author of a rrea- 
 tife on a new fyllem of morals and phytic, died] 
 at Paris 1735, aged 91. 
 
 Laer, Peter, a Dutch painter, furnamed, 
 from his deformity, Bamboche. Some of his 
 pieces were elegant, but on trifling fubjecls. 
 He was an amiable and facetious man, and died 
 
 mis. 
 
 Lalt, John de, a native, of Antwerp, direc- 
 tor of the Dutch Eaft India company. He 
 died at Antwerp 164 0, ami was author of fome 
 ufet'ul works hiitoria naturahs BrafiTuc, folio 
 uovus orbi:-;, foho, 1633 de regis Hifparuse 
 regnis & opibus, 8vo. refpublica Belgirum, 
 &e. 
 
 Ljevinus, Torrcntnins, commonly called 
 Vander Beken, or Torrentin, was a nal 
 Ghent, and lludied at Louvain. lie went ^. 
 ambaifador to Philip II. of Spain, who r 
 ed his fervices by making him bifhop of An- 
 twerp. From Antwerp he was tranfla 
 Mechlin, where he died 1595. He : 
 the college of jefuits at Louvain, and by the 
 elegance of his Latin poetry defervt . 
 
 called the prince of Lync 
 dated Suetojmw with wy, 
 
 pects. 
 
 He 
 
 Lafitai' 
 
 
LAI 
 
 LAM 
 
 LafiTAW, Jofeph Francis, a French jefuit, 
 oniffioaarv among the Iroquois. lie pub- 
 liihcd a companion of the manners of the 
 Americans, with thofe of ancient times, 2 vols. 
 4 to. the diicoveries of the Portuguefc in the 
 New World, 4 vols. 4 to. and died 1755. 
 
 Lafitau, Peter Francis, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born atBourdeaux. He was made 
 by pope Clement IX. biihop of Sifteron. He 
 died 1/64, aged 79. He was author of hiftory 
 of the conftitution unigenitus, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 fermons, 4 vols. fpiritual letters, &:c. 
 
 Lagalla, Julius Ccefar, a native of Pa- 
 diilla, in Naples. When only 1 8 he was made 
 phyfician to the pope, and profeflbr of logic at 
 Rome, where he died 1623, aged 47. He 
 was a very learned man, and wrote difputatio 
 de ccelo animato, &c. 
 
 Lageuloof, Peter, profeflbr of eloquence at 
 Upfal, was employed by the king of Sweden 
 to write the hiitories of northern Europe. His 
 Latin is confidered as very correct and elegant. 
 He died 1 3 9 9, aged 51 . 
 
 Lagny, Thomus Fantetfieur de, a native of 
 Lyons, brought up to the bar, which he relin- 
 quiihed for mathematics and philofophy. By 
 thefupport of the duke dc Noailles he ftudied 
 at Paris, and was made member of the acade- 
 my of fciences. After a refidence of 16 years 
 as hydrographer to the king at Rochfort, he 
 went to Paris, and was librarian to Lewis XIV. 
 with a liberal pennon. He was author of new 
 methods for the extraction and approximation 
 of roots, 4to. la cubature de la fphere ele- 
 ments of arithmetic and algebra, 1 2mo. &c. 
 
 L\HAtE, William Nicholas de, a French en- 
 graver of great merit, born 1725. More than 
 1200 of his maps, charts, &c. are mentioned. 
 
 Lainbz, Alexander, a French poet, born 
 lo. >o at Chimay, and educated at Rheims. 
 He i ravelled over the countries round the Me- 
 diterranean, but on his return he found him- 
 felf reduced to poverty. Fanltrier afterwards 
 protected him, and he fettled at Paris, in pof- 
 fe.Tion of a comfortable competence. Here 
 he was the foul of company, courted by the 
 learned, the gay, and the opulent, but though 
 given much to the plealures of the table, yet 
 fond of learning. He died 1 7 10 at Paris. His 
 poetical pieces, which poffefs great vivacity 
 and elegance, are all lhort, as the effufious of 
 the moment. 
 
 Lainez, James, a Spaniard, the fuceeflbr of 
 IiOyola, as general of the jeluits, in 1558, was 
 at tbe council of Trent. For his Services pope 
 Paul IV. granted him the power of altering 
 and modifying the laws of his fuciety, and of 
 making contracts without their knowledge, 
 ; prifons independent of the fccular power. 
 Though ambitious he refufed a cardinal's 
 hat, and died 1565, aged 50, 
 
 Lairesse, Gerard, a Flemilh painter, born 
 at Liege 1640. He fludicd under his lather, 
 vho wasalfo a painter ; but he foon furpafi'ed 
 him ,:i execution. His gallantries reduced him 
 tp indigence ; but one of his pictures falling 
 
 into the hands of a Dutch merchant, lie was 
 perfuaded to fettle at Amfterdam, where hie 
 merits were foon rewarded. His pictures 
 were fo highly nnlfhed, that the Hollanders 
 called him their fecond Raphael. In his old 
 age he loft his light, and died at Amfterdam 
 1711, aged 71. His belt piece is faid to be 
 a Mofes, when a cltiid, trampling on Pha- 
 raoh's crown. 
 
 Lake, Arthur,- a native of Southampton, 
 educated at YVinchefter, and New college, Ox- 
 ford. He was dean of Worceuer, and in 161 6 
 raifed to the fee of Bath and Wells. He died 
 1626. A folio volume of his fennons appear- 
 ed after his death. 
 
 Lai.axde, Michael Richard de, a mufician, 
 born at Paris 1657. The pleafmg powers of 
 voice which he poffefled, when chorifter of the 
 church of St. G ermain 1' Auxerre, were unfortu- 
 nately loft when he reached to manhood. Un- 
 der the patronage of Noailles he ftudied the 
 organ, and became compofer to Lewis XIV. 
 and matter of his chapel. His compoiitionr, 
 appeared in 2 vols, folio, defervedly admired* 
 He died at Versailles 172*6. 
 
 Lalli, John Baptiji, an Italian poet, born 
 at Orfia. He was employed under the pope, 
 and the duke of Parma, and died 1637, aged 
 64. He wrote il mat Francefe befides the 
 deftructionof Jerufalem the iEneid traveftied, 
 and other mifcellaneous poems. 
 
 Lali.y, Thomas Arthur, covnt, an Irifh- 
 man in the fervice qf France, whole family had 
 followed James II. He was at the battle of 
 Fontenoy ; and in 1756 went as governor- 
 general to the French poffelfions in the Eaft 
 Indies. After taking Gondalore and Fort St. 
 David, he was defeated before Madras, and 
 retreated to Pondicherry, which he Surrendered, 
 after an obftlnate Siege, to the Englifh 17 61. 
 On his return to Europe, he was accufed of fell- 
 ing Pondicherry to the Englilh, and was con- 
 demned to lofe his head. This fentence was 
 executed in 17 66, but his fon, Lally de Tol- 
 lendal, obtained, In 1783, a reverfion of the 
 cruel Sentence, and was reftored to his father's 
 honors. 
 
 Lambau.e, Marie TlierefeLouifr, prin-cefs of 
 was born at Jmrin 1749, and married the duke 
 of Bourbon Penthievre, by whom Ihe was left a 
 widow, young, beautiful, and amiable. When 
 placed in the royal houfehold of Marie Antoi- 
 nette, (he gained the confidence of her miftrefs, 
 and on the flight to Varennes, fhe, by another 
 road, quitted France, and came to England, 
 where flic might have lived happy ; but lite 
 no Sooner heard of the rmprifonment of her 
 royal friend, than She haftened back to Soothe 
 her miSeries in the temple. This attachment 
 was too noble to efcape the notice of her 
 tyrants. She wea dragged to the piifon of la 
 Force, and on the fatal 3d of Sept. 1792, fhe 
 was Summoned to appear before a bloody tri- 
 bunal. When queftioned about the queen, fhe 
 anSwered with dignity ; but when Some Seemed 
 to exprefs pity for her misfortunes, the others 
 [ G 4 J (tabbed. 
 
LAM 
 
 LA NT 
 
 ftabbcd her with their fabres, and after cutting 
 off the head and the breaits, they tore out her 
 full palpitating heart. Not fatisfied with this, 
 the monfters went in procelfion with the bleed- 
 ing head and the heart, at the top of a pike, 
 to expofe them to the view of the unfortunate 
 queen, and her wretched family ; while the 
 mangled body was dragged through the ftreets. 
 This illuftrious female was one or the moll in- 
 nocent victims of the revolution ; her name 
 was never attacked with libellous invectives ; 
 and though her tyrants cut her off by horrid 
 afiaffination, they never dared to afperfe her 
 character. 
 
 Lambecius, Peter, a learned German, born 
 at Hamburgh 1628. At 1 9 he obtaiaed great re- 
 putation by his elTay on Aulus Gellius, and in 
 1652 he was appointed hiftory profeffor of 
 Hamburgh, and in 1660 rector of the univer- 
 fity. Here he found himfelf expofed to great 
 vexation from the cenfures of critics, and from 
 the difobedience of his fludents. His marriage 
 with an old but rich woman increafed his dif- 
 ficulties, for bis wife's temper was fo intolerable, 
 that within a fortnight of his nuptials, he left 
 Hamburgh, determined never to return to it. 
 He repaired to Rome, where he profeffed the 
 catholic faith, and afterwards returned to 
 Vienna, where he was appointed librarian to 
 the emperor. He died of a dropfy at Vienna 
 1 680. He wrote origines Hamburgenfes, from 
 SOS to 1292, 2 vols. 4to. a catalogue of the 
 MSS. of the Vienna library, 8 vols, folio. 
 
 Lambert, Anne. Therefe, marquije de, an in- 
 genious lady, born at Paris 1647. She mar- 
 ried Henry Lambert in 1666, and he died 
 2.0 years after. Her houfe became the general 
 rendezvous of the learned and the polite. She 
 died 173-3, aged 86. Her works difplay an 
 elegant tafte, great fenfe, and the effuiions of 
 a virtuous heart. Her advice of a mother to a 
 fon and daughter reflections on women 
 treatife on old age and the female hermits, are 
 much admired. 
 
 Lambert, John, a lawyer, who, during the 
 civil wars, diftinguifhed himfelf at Nal'eby and 
 Fife, and was made a major-general. He fa- 
 vored the elevation of Cromwell, but oppofed 
 his affuming the title jof king. At the reitera- 
 tion he was excluded from the indemnity act, 
 and was therefore condemned to death. He 
 was reprieved, and died in exile at Guernfey. 
 
 Lambert, Claude Francis, a French eccle- 
 fiaflic, who became a writer for the bookfellers, 
 and died 1765 at Paris. He was author of 
 new Teleruachus, 3 vols. memoirs of a wo- 
 man of quality, 3 vols. hiftory of all nations,, 
 14T0lf, &c. 
 
 Lambert, George, a landfcape painter, 
 who died 1765. He imitated VVooton, and 
 afterwards Gafpar, and executed fome admired 
 fcenes for the play-ho.ufes, and fome large 
 pi&ures for the Fall India company. 
 
 Lambert, George Henry, a mathematician, 
 born at Mulhaufen 1728. His treatifes on 
 the orbits of the comets 00 the properties of 
 
 light, on perfpective, &c. were much admired. 
 He died 1 7 7 7 . 
 
 Lambert ofSchawemburg, a German bene- 
 dictine, who went to Jerufalem in 1058, and 
 publiihed on his return a dry chronicle from 
 Adam to the year 1077- The work is little 
 elfe but a compendious hiftory of Germany. 
 
 Lambin, DenySy profeffor of belles lettres 
 at Paris, wrote valuable commentaries on Plan- 
 tus, Lucretius, Cicero, and Horace, and I.a- 
 t in tranuations of Ariftotle's morals and politics, 
 and fome of the orations of Demofthenes and 
 iEfchines. He died 1772, of grief for the 
 death of his friend Ramus, who had been mur* 
 dered at the maffacreof Bartholomew. 
 
 Lambrun, Margaret, a Scotch heroine. 
 The fate of Mary fo affected her hufband, who 
 was in her confidential fervice, that he died of 
 a broken heart ; and Margaret determined to 
 avenge, by one fatal blow, her beloved mif- 
 trefi, and her affectionate hufband. She af- 
 fumed a man's drefs, and appeared in the pre- 
 sence of Elizabeth. Her eagernefs to reach the 
 queen made her drop one of her piftols, aud 
 this circumftance immediately occafioned her 
 arreft. When brought before the queen, fhe 
 undaunted declared herfelf not to be a man but 
 a woman, and that fhe was determined to 
 avenge the deaths of her miftrefs, who had been 
 fo iniquitoufly murdered, and of her hufband, 
 who had fallen a facrifice to his forrow. Eliza- 
 beth replied, " you then perfuade yourfelf 
 that in affaffinating me you have done your 
 duty in Satisfying your love for your miftrefs 
 and your hufband ; what think yon now to be 
 my duty ?" On her afking whether fhe had 
 made this queftion as a judge, or as a queen, 
 Elizabeth replied, as a queen, then, rejoined 
 Margaret, you ought to grant me a pardon. 
 What affurance have I, anfwered Elizabeth, 
 you will not repeat the attempt ? Madam, re-. 
 plied Margaret, afavorgranted under reftraints is 
 no longer a favor. *f he addrefs and the firm- 
 nefs of the affaffin, had due weight with the 
 queen. Margaret received an unconditional 
 pardon, and was conducted out of the king" 
 dom. 
 
 Lami,, Bernard, a philofopher of Mons, 
 fo warm an admirer of Dcfcartes, that he was 
 in confequence expofed tp perfecution, and de- 
 prived of his profefforfhip at Sautnur. He died 
 at Rouen 1/15. Plis writings were elements 
 of geometry, &c. 2 vols. 12mo difcourfes on 
 the Sciences, &c. treatife on perfpeetive 
 demon flration of the holinefs and truth of 
 christian morality, 5 vols. 12mo. the art of 
 fpeaking, with reflections on poetry, ike. ISmO. 
 
 Lami, Dom Francis, a writer, born at 
 Montyreau. From a foldier he became an ec- 
 clefiaftic, diftinguifhed againft Spinofa. He 
 died at St. Denys l/ll, aged 75. His book 
 on felf knowledge, 6 vols. 12mo. r. 
 efteemed. He wrote befides, philofophical 
 letters - a tre atife on the effects of thunder 
 and other pieces. 
 
 Lami, John, ecclefi&ftical profeffor at Flo- 
 
LAtf 
 
 LAN 
 
 *ncc, was the careful editor of the works of 
 Meurlius, in 12 vols, folio. His book on the 
 Trinity was eenfured by the jefuits, and defend- 
 ed by himfelf. He was a very facetious and 
 agreeable, companion, and died at Florence 
 17 7-1. 
 
 Lamoignon, Chriftian Francis de, an able 
 lawyer, born at Paris 1644. His learning, and 
 great powers of oratory, recommended him 
 to Lewis XIV. and he became advocate-general 
 and prefident of the parliament of Paris. He 
 died 1709, refpected not only by the court, 
 but by the people, by whom his virtues and 
 abilities were defervedly admired. He was au- 
 thor of le plaidoyer a letter on the death of 
 Bourdaloue, ikd 
 
 L.'UfPE, Frederic Adolphus, profeflbr of 
 theology, and rector of the univerfity of Bre- 
 men, died there 1/29, aged 46. He wrote 
 an admired treatife, de cymbalis veterum, 12mo. 
 befides hiftory, facred and eccienaiiical, 4to. 
 &c. 
 
 Lampiatgh, Thomas, a native of Yorkfhire, 
 educated at Queen's college, Oxford. He fol- 
 lowed the torrent during the civil wars, but at 
 the reftoration conformed, and was made head 
 of Alban hall, and redtor of St. Martin in the 
 fields. In 1672 he was made dean of Ro- 
 chefter, and four years after bifhop of Exeter. 
 On William's landing, he exhorted the people 
 to adhere to James, but foon after he recon- 
 ciled himfelf to the conqueror, on whofe head 
 he placed the crown, and by whom he was 
 made archbifhop of York. He died 1691, 
 aged 76. 
 
 Lampridius, Benedicl, a Latin poet of 
 Cremona, who taught Greek and Latin at home 
 under Leo X. His Greek and Latin epigrams, 
 and his lyric verfes are elegant, but far inferior 
 to the ftyle of Pindar, which he imitated. He 
 died 1540. 
 
 Lana, Francis dc, a jefuit, born at Erefcia 
 J 63 7. From his magiflerium natunc & artis, 
 3 vols, folio, it appears, that he had nrft an idea 
 of aero/ration, and in fupport of his prior 
 claim, before Montgolfier, the inventor of air 
 balloons, a work called navis volans, extracted 
 from his works, was publifhed 17 84. 
 
 Lancaster, James, an Englifh navigator. 
 He went in 1591 to the Eaft Indies, where he 
 vifited Ceylon and Sumatra, and after deftroy- 
 ing fome of the enemy's fhips, not v ithout 
 lei's, he failed back to England. While on 
 mere on the African eoaft, his crew cut the 
 cables and left him on an ifland, from which 
 he cfcaped by means of a French fhip, and 
 landed at Rye 1594. In another expedition 
 he coafted along the Brazils and took Fernam- 
 buco, and returned 1595, loaded with im- 
 menfe booty. He was afterwards fent to the 
 Eaft Indies, and obtained advantageous fettle- 
 meiU3 at Achen, and at Bantam from the na- 
 tive princes, and foon after returned, and he 
 fpent the remainder of life in eafe aud inde- 
 pendence. He died about 1620. 
 
 Lancaster, Natha,uel } D. D. a native of 
 
 Chefhire, patronized by lord Cho1mon3e!ey. 
 He was rector of Stamford Rivers, near On- 
 gar, EvTex, and died 1775, aged 7 5. His 
 evfav on delicacy was much admired. He wrote 
 alfo, public virtue, a fermon the old' fer- 
 pent, or methodii'm triumphant, a long poem, 
 &c. 
 
 Lancelot, Claude, a native of Paris, tu- 
 tor to the prince of Conti. He was baniiliexl 
 from St. Cyran's abbey in confequence of ibme 
 private quarrels, and died 1 695,' aged 79. 
 He was the able author of nouvelle methode 
 pour apprendrc la iangue Latine, 1644 & le 
 Gree, 165 6, tranflated into Englifh by Nu- 
 gent, under the title of Port -royal grammars. 
 He publifhed alfo, delectus epigrammatum, 
 2 vols. 12 mo. 
 
 Lancjean, Remi, the moll eminent of 
 Vandyck's pupils, was a native of BrurTels. 
 His fubjedts are religious, and finiflied in a 
 very fuperior ftyle. He died 1 671. 
 
 Lancisi, John Marca, a phyfician, born 
 at Rome, 1654. He was phyfician to the 
 popes, and gained reputation by his writino-s, 
 and the excellence of his private character. 
 He died 1720. He gave in his lifetime his 
 noble library, of more than 20,000 volumesi 
 to the hofpital of the Holy Ghoft, for the 
 Undents, &c. He wrote fevtral books on his 
 profeftion. 
 
 Lanchet, Nicholas, a French painter. He 
 imitated, but not with fuccefs, the manner of 
 Watteau : his pieces, however, arc a-Teeable. 
 He died at Paris 174-3, aged 53. 
 
 Lancbinck, Pro/per Hairicus, a German 
 painter, born at Antwerp al>out 162S. He 
 came over into England, where he was liber- 
 ally patronized; but unfortunately the rrioft 
 finifhed of his pictures were burnt iq the houfe 
 of his friend, fir William Williams. He fell a 
 facrifice to his intemperance, and died 1692. 
 
 Land en, John, a ielf-taught mathematician 
 of Northamptonfhire. He was patronized by 
 lord Fit/. -William, to whom he was agent; 
 and in 17 66 he was chofen fellow of thc^royaj 
 fociety. He died 1790, aged 71. Befides 
 papers in the phrlofophical tranfaftions, he 
 publifhed mathematical lucubrations memoirs, 
 in 2 vols, very abftrufe, but very curious. 
 
 Landini, Chriflophcr, a learned Venetian 
 of the 15th century, author of a tranflation of 
 Pliny's natural hiftory into Italian of notes on 
 Dante and of commentaries on Horace. 
 
 Laxdo, Hortenfio, a phyfician of the 16th 
 ccntr.ry, born at Milan. - lie is author of fe- 
 veral works under fictitious names. He wrote 
 Philoetetes, a dialogue, reflecting on Eraf- 
 
 musand two others, called Cicero relegatus 
 
 and Cicero revocatu3. 
 
 L4KDRI, bifhop of Paris, and founder of the 
 hotel de Dieu, was known for his great benevo- 
 lence during the famine of Paris. 
 
 Lane, Jane, an Engliih woman, to whofe 
 great heroifm Charles II. was indebted for 
 ipe. The royal fugitive,' after his con- 
 cealment in Bofcobel tree, rode before her as 
 3 her 
 
LAN 
 
 LAW 
 
 her fervant from Bentley-hall, StuiTordihire, 
 to the houi'c of Mr. Norton, near Briliol, from 
 whence he proceeded to Brighton, and eleaped 
 to Frauce. At the rcftoration fhe was amply 
 rewarded, and married lir Clement Lifler, bart. 
 ot'Wanuckfiure. 
 
 LumANC, archbifhop of Canterbury, was 
 a native of Pavia. From Bologna he came to 
 teach at Avrauches, from whence he came to 
 Bee abbey, where he was made prior 10-14. 
 He aitenvaxds was made abbot of St. Stephen 
 at Caen, by William of Normandy, and when 
 thai wince had conquered England, he raifed 
 him to the fee of Canterbury, vacant by the 
 Jepoiition of Stigand. The new primate re- 
 paired to Rome to obtain the pall from the pope, 
 who treated him with great refpect ; but he 
 Jhowed throughout a firm oppoiition againft the 
 encroachments of the holy fee. He died 1098. 
 He rebuilt the cathedral of Canterbury, and re- 
 paired fcveral churches and religious houfes. 
 In his character he was eftcemed as an 
 uble politician. His writings, including his 
 piece agaiuit Berenger, were publifhcd in 
 I64H. 
 
 Lantranc, John, an Italian painter, born 
 at Parma 1581. As he rfus poor, he was 
 placed in the fervice of count Horatio Scotti, 
 nho, obferving his various drawings in coal on 
 the walls, placed h'nn under Auguitus Caracci. 
 He- afterwards ftudied under Annibalc, and he 
 aififlcd in the adorning of St. Peter's chinch at 
 Home with fuch tafte and fuccefs, that Ur- 
 ban VIII. 4cnigh ted bum. He was a great imi- 
 tator of Correggio, but fuehjwas the impetuolity 
 of his geniuf, that he frequently forgot the 
 rules of his art, and fubftituted boldnefs for 
 correctnefs. He chiefly excelled in painting 
 domes, and in drawing figures above the natu- 
 ral proportion. He died at Rome 1647, aged 
 66. 
 
 L A Nm A nc , a phyfician of M il an . H is f uc- - 
 cefs in reftoriug furgery to a refpeilable fjftcm, 
 procured him enemies, and he removed to 
 France, where he died 1300. He wrote chi- 
 rurgia magna & parva. 
 
 Lawoaliere, Philip de Gentils, marquis de, 
 f.rft baron of Saintongc, diltinguifhed himfelf 
 in the fervice of France dhring 20 years, and 
 in 32 campaigns, but was difgraced by the 
 intrigues of Chamillar the minifter. He after- 
 wards ferved the emperor and the king of Po- 
 land, but being fufpecled of intrigues with the 
 lurks, he was arrefted as he was going to 
 Hamburgh. He died of a broken heart in 
 prifon at Vienna 1717, aged 66. The French 
 memoirs, under his name in &vo. are ficti- 
 tious. 
 
 Lavgbaixe, Gerard, an Englifh writer, 
 born at Barfmkirker Wcftmoreland, educated 
 at Blencow fcho.<l, and Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford. He acquired celebrity by his edition of 
 Ijonginus, and other publications, and was 
 1 keeper of the archives in 1644, and 
 n year pcovoft of his eollcge. He died 
 :t>.S7-fc. Purine die civil wars he remained 
 
 unmolefied in his college, in familiar corro 
 fpondence with Ufhcr, Scldcn, and other 
 learned men. 
 
 Langbaine, Gerard, Con of the preceding, 
 was born at Oxford, 1656. In his younger 
 years he was extravagant, but afterwards applied 
 himfelf to dramatic compoiitioiis. He was 
 elected fenior beadle of the univcrfity, and pub- 
 lished, about 1690, an appendix to a catalogue 
 of all the graduates of the univcrfity. He died 
 1692. He is alfo author of a new catalogue of 
 Englifh plays an account of Englifh dramatic 
 poets. 
 
 Langdale, Marmaduke, an Englifhman. In 
 the civil wars he raifed a troop, defeated Fairfax, 
 and fei/.cd Berwick and Carlifle. On the final 
 triumph of the republicans, he retired to Flan- 
 ders, and was created a baron by Charles II. 
 He died 16S1. 
 
 Langelande, Rol-crt, an old Engliih poet, 
 one of the firft difciples of Wickliffe. He is the 
 author of " the vifions of Pierce Plowman," 
 a poem in 20 parts, replete with humor, and 
 feverely fatirical, particularly againft the clergy. 
 To the obfeurity of an obfolcte ityle in this 
 once admired poem, is to be added an ungrate- 
 ful alliteration, harraffing to the ear of the 
 reader, and inimical to the freedom of the 
 poet. 
 
 Langiiam, Simon, an Englifh bilhop, and 
 a cardinal, fucceifively abbot of Weftminiter, 
 b'.fliop of Ely, and in 1366, archbifhop of 
 Canterbury. He was treafurer of England 
 and cardinal legate to Frban VIII. He died at 
 Avignon, 1376. 
 
 Langhoune, John, D. D. an Englifh poet 
 and divine, born at Kirby Stephen, Weit- 
 inoyelaivl. He became tutor to the fohs of 
 Mr. Cracroft, of Lincolnfhire, whofe daugh- 
 ter he married, and whofe early death he la- 
 mented with his friend,, Mr. Cartwright, in 
 his poem called Conftantia. Befidcs the living 
 of Blagden, Somerfetfhire, he was prebendary 
 of Wells. He died 1779. He wrote fermons, 
 3 vols. Plutarch's lives tranflated poems, 
 2 vols l2mo. letters of Theodofius and Con- 
 ftantia, 2 vols. 12ni0. Solyman and Almena, 
 a tale Frederic and Pharavnond eifufions of 
 fancy, 2 vols. fables of Flora, in verfe, &.c. 
 
 Laxgius, John, of Laweuburgh, in Si- 
 Iefia, took his degrees at Pifa, and afterwards 
 pracTifed at Heidelberg, and was phyiieian to 
 four fueceffive electors palatine. He died at 
 Heidelberg, 1565, aged BO. lie publifhwl 
 medical epillles, a curious work. 
 
 Langlano, John, a native of Henley, 
 Oxon, educated at Magdalen college. He 
 fucceffively was principal of Magdalen hall, 
 dean of Salifbury, canon of Windfor, bilhop 
 of Lincoln, and in 1532 chancellor of Ox- 
 ford. He was a benevolent man, and favored 
 firongly the king's divorce from Catharine of 
 Arragon. He died 1547, and had his body 
 buried at Eton college, his heart at Lincoln, 
 and his bowels at WobuTtt. His works were 
 publiihcJ in folio, 
 
 Lan6le. 
 
LAN 
 
 LAP 
 
 Lakgle, John Maximilian, a native of 
 Evreux, for 2.5 years m'tnillcr of the reformed 
 church of Rouen. He wrote a defence of 
 Charles I. of England 2 vols, of fermons 
 the whole duty of man, from the Englifh, 
 and died 16"4, aged 84. 
 
 Laxgle, Samuel de, fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born in London, but carried to 
 France when only one year old. From Rouen 
 reformed church he removed to Charcnton ; 
 but on the revocation of the edict of Nantes, 
 he came over to England, where he obtained 
 a Wtilminiler prebend, and the degree of 
 D. D. at Oxford. He died 1699. His letter 
 on the differences between the church of tug- 
 land and the diffenters, was publilhed by Stil- 
 h'ngfleet. 
 
 Langeey, Batty, an Englifh architect, 
 author of fome ufeful books on the prices of 
 work, and of materials, as the builder's 
 jewel and builder's price book, and treatifes 
 for bricklayers, mafons, carpenters, &c. He 
 died 1751.' 
 
 Langtox, Stephen, an Englifliman, edu- 
 cated at Paris. He became chancellor of 
 Paris, a cardinal, and afterwards was made 
 arehbiihop of Canterbury, by the pope, who 
 refufedto admit the candidate nominated by the 
 monks. King John refilled this appointment ; 
 but the pope put the monarcli and his people 
 under an interdict, and the timid monarch, 
 alarmed by the preparations of France, received 
 Langton, and accepted absolution from his 
 hands. Langton afterwards became obnoxious 
 to the pope, for refitting the extenfion of his 
 power in England, and for refufing to ex- 
 communicate tbe rebellious barons ; but was 
 reconciled to the holy lee, and died 1228, 
 after being 22 years at the head of the church. 
 He was a man of great abilities as a writer, and 
 as a politician. 
 
 Languet, Hubert, a learned Frenchman, 
 born at Viteaux, 1518. He was miniiler of 
 Rate to the elector of Saxony, and from a 
 catholic became a ftrong proteftant, by reading 
 the works of Melanclhon. He was employed 
 as envoy to France by Augultus of Saxony, 
 1565, and was afterwards engaged in negocia- 
 tions at Heidelberg, Cologne, Spin's, and 
 Stettin, and in his fecond embafiy to France 
 he was nearly facrificed in the maffacres of 
 St. Bartholomew, though he had the good 
 fortune to fave the life of de Mornay, and of 
 Wechrlius, in whofe houfe he lodged. In 
 157 1 he was envoy at Vienna ; but in the con- 
 troverfy between the Lutherans and the Zuin- 
 glians, about the eucharift, he was violently 
 fufpe&ed of favoring the latter, upon which he 
 retired from the court to Prague, where he en- 
 tered into the fervlcc of John Cafimir, count 
 palatine. He died at Antwerp, 1581. He 
 was a man of great political knowledge, and 
 defervedly cfleemed by the moll eminent men 
 of his age. Mornay fays of him, with 
 feeling and truth, In fuit quaiis rnulti videri 
 v^lunt, is vixit uualis optimi mori cupiunt. 
 
 7 
 
 Languet, John Baptift Jofeph, a relation 
 of the above, born at Dijon, I07.7. He 
 ftudicd at Paris, and became a doctor of die Sor- 
 bonne, and vicar of St. Sulpice. -*, He re- 
 built his church, and rendered it one of the 
 finefl in the world for architecture and orna- 
 ments. He began the work with little money, 
 but the emulation which he excited among. 
 his parifhicners, whofe number amounted to 
 150,000, furmounted every obilacle, and the 
 confecration in 1745 was attended with fuch 
 iplendor, that the king of Prufiia thanked the 
 public-fpirited vicar for the fuccefs of his 
 great exertions. He alfo founded the houfe 
 of the infant Jefus, divided into two parts, 
 one of which was for the fupport of 35 poor 
 ladies, and the other of more than 400 po:>r 
 women, ufefully employed in fpinning, and 
 in the working of cloths and linens. This 
 noble inflitution, in 1741, contained more than 
 1400 women and girls engaged in induftrious 
 labors, and encouraged in habits of virtue. 
 The whole life of this truly great man was 
 fpent in deeds of humanity, fo that he ex- 
 pended annually little lefs that a million of 
 livres in charity. He refufed all the high ecclefi- ' 
 aflical promotions and bifhopries, to which 
 cardinal Fleury, the duke of Orleans, Lewis 
 XIV. and XV. wifhed to raife him. He died 
 1750, aged 75. 
 
 Lanier, a painter whom Charles I. em- 
 ployed abroad to make a collection of pictures. 
 The pieces he brought over were diflinguifhed x 
 by a particular mark, which now points thern 
 out to the curious. 
 
 Lanxoy, or Launoy, Charles de, a ge- 
 neral in the fervice of the emperor Charles V. 
 He took Francis I. prifoner at the battle of 
 Pavia, and conducted himfelf with great hu- 
 manity towards the captive monarcli. When 
 Francis was reflored to liberty, Lannoy, 
 by deiire of the emperor, conducted him 
 back to his dominions. He died at Gazette, 
 1527. 
 
 Lansberghe, Philip, a learned mathema- 
 tician, born at Ghent, 1561. He died at 
 Middleburg, 1632, leaving behind him, 
 facred chronology, published 1626 eifays on 
 aflronomy, on geometrical triangles, on mea- 
 furing the heavens, on the motion of the 
 arth, &c. His fon JameTw&s alfo an able 
 mathematician, and defended his father 
 againfl Fromond of Louvain, who pretended 
 that the earth flood frill. He died 1 6.5 7 . 
 
 Lanzano, Andrea, a painter of Milan, 
 the pupil of Carlo Maratti. He excelled for the 
 correct nefs of his figures, and the beauty of 
 his coloring. He died 1712. 
 
 Lanzoni, Jofeph, a native of Ferrara, 
 who reflored the academy there, of which 
 he became Secretary and medical profeffor. 
 He publilhed various works collected inta 
 a vols. Ifo. in Latin, and died 17-30, a^ed 67. 
 Lai'arueli, Frauds, a native of Coitona, 
 eminent as an architect, a mechanic, and an 
 engineer. lie was noticed bv Col'mo I. duk^ 
 
 of 
 
LAR 
 
 LAS 
 
 of Tiifeany, and employed by Pius IV. in 
 the fortifications of Civita Vecchia. He was 
 in 1563 employer! at Malta, again ft Solyman 
 and his Turkifh army, and under his judicious 
 rye the city of Valetie was planned. He 
 il'tenvards was in the femee of the Venetians, 
 ami died of the plague while before Candia 
 1570, aged 49. He affifted Michael Angelo 
 in the completion of his defigns for the erection 
 of St. Peter's. 
 
 Lafo, drnvlphvs di, a native of Florence, 
 who reftored the genuine art of architecture, 
 and in his edifices difplaved tafte, ejeganeej 
 and iblidity. The cathedral of Florence, and 
 other building*, are monuments of his genius. 
 He died 1300, aged 68. 
 
 Lardner, Nathaniel', a diflenting mi- 
 nifter, horn at Hawkhurft, in Kent, 1684. 
 From London be went to Utrecht, and after- 
 wards to Leyden. In 1713 he was tutor to 
 the younger fon of lady Trcby, widow of the 
 chief juftice of common pleas, with whom he 
 travelled over France, Holland, and the Ne- 
 therlands. In 1723 be was employed in a 
 courfe of lectures at the Old Bailey ; but he 
 did not obtain a fettlemcnt among the diflen- 
 ter. till the 45th year of his age, he became 
 afliftant minifter at Crutehed Friars. The 
 college of Aberdeen conferred on him the 
 degree of I). D. He died at Hawkhurft. 
 where he had a fmall eftate, in 1768, of a 
 decline. The heft known of his works are 
 his " credibility of the gofpel hiftory," in five 
 volumes, completed in 1743, a work of fuch 
 great merit, that it was tranflated into Dutch 
 and Latin letters on the Logos a vindica- 
 tion of three of our Saviour's miracles, againft 
 Woolfton fupplement to the credibility, &c; 
 
 Largillif.et-, Nicholas de, a French paint- 
 er, bom at Paris 16 56. He came to Eng- 
 land, where he was noticed by Lely, and pa- 
 tronized by Charles II. He returned to 
 Paris, and was made hiftorical painter to the 
 French academy. On the acceffion of 
 James II. he again vifited England, and painted 
 that monarch and his queen ; but he foon 
 ef'ter returned to France, where he was made 
 director* of the academy. He died 1705. 
 His beft piece is the crucifixion of Chrift. 
 
 Laroon, Marcdhis, a painter, born at 
 the Hague, 1653. He came to England, and 
 was employed by Kneller in finifhing the 
 drapery of his pictures. He copied with great 
 fuccefs, and aftoniihing correctnefs, the 
 pieces of the firft. mailers. He died 1705, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Larrey, Ifaac de, a calvinift, born at 
 Lintot. At the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes he fled to Holland, and was hiftorio- 
 graphcr to the States. He died 1719. His 
 are a hiftorv of England, 4 vols, folio, 
 valuable for its intrinfic merit, as well as its 
 t portraits hiftory of Lewis XIV. 
 8 vols. 4to. a hiftory of Auguftus, 8vo. 
 
 LaRBOQ.BE] Mv French pro- 
 
 teitaiit, born at LcLrac. in Genuuny, 1619. 
 
 After being 17 years minifter of Vitr^ in 
 Britany, he whs invited by the churches of 
 Montauban, Bourdeatix, and Pouen, and 
 in confequence of the honorable teftimoniea 
 accepted the offers of the latt. He died at 
 Rouen 1684. His works are, a hiftory of the 
 cuehariit, 4to. an anfwer to Bofluet, bifhop 
 of Meaux, on the communion of two kinds, 
 12mo, &e. 
 
 Larrooue, Daniel de, fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born at Win', and on the revoca- 
 tion of the edict of Nantes came to England, 
 and afterwards vifited Copenhagen and Amfter- 
 dam. He came to Paris, determined to be- 
 come a catholic ; but- the fatire which he wrote 
 on Lewis XIV. on account of the famine of 
 1693, threw him into the prifon of the Cha- 
 telct for five years. At his releafe he obtained 
 a penfion from the miniftry , and died 1731. 
 He wrote the life of Mezeray and tranflated 
 Echard's Roman hiftory and Prideaux's life 
 of Mahomet, &c. 
 
 Lascaris, Conjlantme, a learned Greek, 
 who on the facking of Conftantinople by the 
 Turks fled to Italy. He taught Greek and 
 polite literature at Milan, and afterwards at 
 MelTma, where his great abilities drew crowds 
 of refpeclful dHcrpfes. He died at Meflina, 
 when .very old, at the clofe of the 15th cen- 
 tury, and left his library to the. fenate. He 
 publifhed a Greek grammar at Milan, 1476, 
 4 to, and oilier things. 
 
 Lascaris, John, of the imperial family, 
 was employed by Laurence de Medicis to make 
 a ^olleftion of books in Greece, and he was 
 i'o fortunate as to be permitted by the grand 
 fignior to examine all the libraries of Conftan- 
 tinople and Greece, In confequence of which 
 he greatly enriched Italy. He was afterwards 
 ambaffador from Lewis XII. of France to Ve- 
 nice, and on the election of Leo X. he went 
 to Rome, where he became director of the 
 Greek college. He brought again into ufe the 
 capital letters of the Greek alphabet, and 
 wrote fome epigrams and moral fentences in 
 that language. He died 1535. 
 
 Lasci, or Lasko, John de, a learned Pole, 
 made provoft of Grefna, and bifhop of Vef- 
 prim in Hungary. He fhowcd fuch partiality 
 for Zuinglius, that he boldly declared in favor 
 of the reformation ; in confequence of which 
 he was difmifled from his bifhoprie, and retired, 
 in 1542, to Eaft Friefland. He afterwards 
 came to England, and was held in great efteem 
 by the clergy, but in the reign of Mary he 
 was obliged to fly from the country. He 
 afterwards was reconciled to Sigifmund, king 
 of Poland, and employed in affairs of truit 
 and importance. He died 1560, He wrote 
 fome controyerfal tracts, &.c. 
 
 LaSena, or Lascena, Peter, a learned Ita- 
 lian, born at Naples, 1 59Q. He fettled at Rome, 
 protected by Barberini, and other learned men. 
 His application proved at lallfatal to him, he 
 fell into a fever, of which he died H>;i6. He 
 wj;ot nepemliM Humeri, feu de abokndo luc- 
 
 ttt 
 
LAIT 
 
 LAU 
 
 ta a tract on the fports, fhows, &c. of Na- 
 ples, &c. 
 
 Lassels, Richard, a native of Yorkfhire, 
 educated at Oxford and at Douay, where lie 
 embraced the catholic religion. He wrote tra- 
 vels in Italy, 2 vols. 8vo. and died at Montpel- 
 lier, 1768, aged 6.5. 
 
 Latimer, Hugh, an illuftrious prelate, born 
 at Thurcafton, in Leicefterfhire 1470. I J is 
 father, who was rather an indufhious than rich 
 farmer, educated him at a grammar fchool, and 
 fent him to Cambridge. Young Latimer, ad- 
 mitted into the church, was a warm fupporter 
 of the eftablifhed religion aga'mft Luther and 
 Melancthon; but by degrees his prejudices dis- 
 appeared in the couverfation of his friend Bii- 
 ney, a man of pious character, who even laid 
 down his life in the fupport of the reformation. 
 With his ufual warmth the new convert zea- 
 loufly devoted himfelf to propagate thofe tenets 
 which lately he had cenfured as heretical, and 
 fo powerful was his eloquence, that he was re- 
 garded as the head of his party. He was no- 
 ticed by lord Cromwell, and Henry VIII. during 
 the time of his intended divorce ; and in re- 
 ward for his ferviccs he was nominated to the 
 fee of Worcefter. In the convocation of 1536 
 he ably oppofed the popiih party, Bnd recom- 
 mended the Englifh tranfiation of the bible to 
 general perufal. He found however the influ- 
 ence of Gardiner too powerful ; and the enact- 
 ment of the famous act, called the fix articles, 
 in the parliament of 153 9, proved fo difagree- 
 able to him, that he refufed any longer to hold 
 iii, bifhopric, but preferred a life of retirement. 
 Not fatisfiedto fee him fhipped of his honors, 
 his enemies procured his imprifonment in the 
 Tower. The acceffion of Edward VI. reftored 
 him to favor; but while his friends folicited 
 him to refume his epifcopal functions, he re- 
 fufed, and retired to Lambeth palace, where he 
 lived on the bounty of Cranmer. Here he af- 
 filed his learned friend in the compofition of 
 the homilies, and frequently preached before 
 the king, and ihewed that ftrong vein' of hu- 
 mor which the manners of the time allowed in 
 the pulpit. Under Mary he was marked for 
 deflruction by the fanguinary Gardiner. He 
 was feized and fent to Oxford, where he with 
 Cranmer and Ridley were appointed to hold a 
 diipule with fome popiih divines. This dif- 
 putation was intended to expofe thefe cham- 
 pions of the reformation to the fevereft punifh- 
 ments of a prejudiced tribunal, and therefore 
 when Latimer and his affociates rejected all the 
 popifli doctrines, except they refted on the au- 
 thority of fcripture, fentence of death was 
 pafl'ed upon them. Latimer and Ridley were 
 confequtntly burned at Oxford 1 5 5 4 , and as 
 they recommended their fouls to God, while 
 the fatal femes fpread around them, the ve- 
 nerable Latimer comforted his fellow fufferer, 
 k exclaiming, We (hall this day, my lord, light 
 fuch a candle in England as {hall never be cx- 
 tinguilhed. 
 Laud, William t archbtfhop of Canterbury, 
 
 was bom 157-3, at Reading, where his father 
 was a clothier. He was educated at the free 
 fchool Reading, and in 15 89, removed to .St. 
 John's college Oxford, of which he became' 
 fellow in 159-3. His chapel exereifes aixainft 
 the puritans, whofe doctrines he cenfured, 
 draw upon him the difpleaiure of Abbot the 
 primate, then chancellor of the univerfitv. 
 Though attacked by the puritan party in the 
 univerfitv, his abilities procured him friends ; 
 he in 160 7 obtained the vicarage of Stanford, 
 Noithamptonfhire, and the next year, North 
 Kilworth, Leicefterfhire. In 1608 he took 
 the degree of D. D. and became chaplain to 
 hifliop Neile. In 16 10 he fucceeded to the 
 living of Cuckftone, Kent, and rcfigned his 
 Oxford fellowship; but the next year he was 
 elected pielident of his college. He was next 
 appointed chaplain to the king, and in 1616 
 made dean of Oloucefter, and the next year h 
 accompanied the king to Scotland, to endea- 
 vour to perfuade the Scotch clergy to conform 1 
 with the liturgy of the Englifh church. In 
 16 17 he was made rector of Ibftock, in 16-21 
 prebendary of Weftminfter, and foon after 
 raifed to the fee of St. David's. In 1622 he 
 held a conference with Fiflier, thejefuit, in the 
 preferice of the duke of Buckingham and Ids 
 mother, who were wavering in the protefiant 
 faith, and he had the good fortune not only to 
 fix his opinions, but to obtain his friendfnip. 
 He officiated as dean of Wefiminfter in 1626, 
 at the coronation of the firft Charles, and the 
 fame year he was tranflated to Bath and Wells, 
 and two years after to London. In 1630 ha 
 was elected chancellor of Oxford, and contri- 
 buted raoft liberally, during the whole of life, 
 to adorn and improve his favorite univerfitv. 
 He not only built the inner quadrangle of Ids 
 college, but he raifed the convocation houfe, 
 and the library above, and enriched the public 
 collection by the munificent prefent of 1300 
 valuable MSS. in Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, 
 Egyptian, and other languages, at great ex- 
 pence. The death of Buckingham raifed him 
 to the fituation of prime minifter, and in 163J 
 he fucceeded Abbot as primate. Laboring to 
 reprefs the fanatical fpirit of the times, his at- 
 tempts to produce uniformity between the 
 churches of England and Scotland, proved un- 
 availing. Hii attention to the Irifh clergy was 
 highly commendable, as he obtained from the' 
 king, in their favor, a grant of all the impro- 
 priations remaining in the crown. But the 
 pureft of his motives were mifreprefeuted, be- 
 caufe he was connected with the court, and had 
 a fhare in the profecutions of the ftar chamber. 
 He was branded with the name of incendiarv, 
 becaufe he wifhed to raife an army aga'mft the 
 Scots, and when the parliament of 1630 was 
 abruptly diffolved, all the odium of the meafure 
 was heaped upon him, and his palace at Lam- 
 beth was attacked by a mob of above 5000 
 rioters. Thus unpopular, and fufpectcd by the" 
 commons, he was particularly attacked in the 
 next parliament. The fate of Stafford was the 
 forerunner 
 
LAU 
 
 LAU 
 
 forerunner of his own, and on the aceufation of 
 fir Heurv Vane, he was feizcd and conveyed to 
 the Tower, lft March, 16-10-1. During three 
 years he was expofed to every indignity, his re- 
 venues were eonnlcated, he was fined 20*0001. 
 and every article of comfort which might cheer 
 his iblitude was removed, and even the papers 
 prepared for his defence were rudely feized, and 
 never retained. His trial began March 12th, 
 and fmifhed July 29th, 1644 ; hut though 
 nothing trcafonable could he proved, fuch was 
 the virulence of the commons, that a b'ril of 
 attainder was paffed againft him, and the peers 
 in the next January, forced hy the mob, pro- 
 nounced againft him. His defence, eloquent, 
 undaunted, and pathetic, could not prevail be- 
 fore a prejudiced tribunal, and he was fentenced 
 to he beheaded. He fuflc-red on Tower hill, 
 10th dan. aged 71, maintaining to the laftthe 
 compofure of innocence, and the refignation of 
 piety. His body was depofited in All-Hallows 
 church, Barking, and in 1 663 removed to St. 
 John's college. In his character, Laud was a 
 man of integrity, zealoufly attached to the rites 
 of the church, fmcere and ardent, but too 
 often indifercct, and eager to facrifice his fame 
 and the interefts of his mafter even for the fake 
 of trifles. Though unhappily tinctured with 
 too high notions of divine right, and of unli- 
 mited prerogative, for times of civil diffention, 
 it does not appear that he was inclined to favor 
 the tenets of the church of Rome, though they 
 might more powerfully have fupported the 
 meafures of an arbitrary court. He was a man 
 of extenfive knowledge, and as Clarendon ob- 
 ferves, his learning, piety, and virtue, have 
 been attained by very few, and the greateit of 
 his infirmities are common to all, even the bell 
 of men. He wrote " feven fermons" on feve- 
 ral occafions annotations on the death of king 
 James anfwer to the remonftrance of the 
 houfe of commons diary publifhed by Whar- 
 ton, with othes pieces, &c. 
 
 Lauder, William, a native of Scotland, who 
 publifhed in 1739 an edition of Johnfton's 
 pfalms, and in 1742 was appointed mafter of 
 Dundee fehool. He afterwards came to Lon- 
 don, and 1747 began to publifh in the gentle- 
 man's magazine, his forgeries on Milton, 
 which in 1751 he collected together under the 
 name of an elfay on Milton's ufe and imitation 
 of the moderns in his paradife loft, 8vo. His 
 quotations, though for fome time fuppofed to 
 be genuine, were proved to be forgeries from 
 Grotius and others, by Dr. Douglas, and the 
 wretched plagiarift, overwhelmed with eonfu- 
 fion, iublcribed a confettion of his offence, dic- 
 tated by Dr. Johnfon, and acknowledged the 
 bafenefs of his conduct. Thus loft in (he pub- 
 lic opinion he went to Barbadoes, where he 
 kept a fehool, but with little reputation, and 
 died 1771. 
 
 Lacdohn, or Lot don, Gideon Emejl, a 
 celebrated Auftrian general, defcended from a 
 Scotch family, and born at Tootzan, 1716. He 
 paifed trorn the Ruffian fervice iuto the Auitriua 
 
 army. His genius and abilities difplayted in the 
 feven years' war againft the brilliant evolutions 
 of the great Frederic, called him to the highefl 
 honors. He was made major-general and a 
 knight of the military order of Maria Therefa 
 in 1 7 ."> 7 , and the confidence pUvul in his valor 
 was foon evinced in the great victory of Hoch- 
 kerchen, and that of Kunnerfdorff. The 
 Pruflians were afterwards defeated at Landfhut, 
 and the gates of Glatz opened to the victorious 
 general. At the peace of 1763 he was msdc 
 a baron, and three years after he was appointed 
 member of the Aulic council, and in 1778 mad? 
 field marfhal of the empire. In the war between 
 Turkey and Auftria, he routed the Turks and 
 took Belgrade 1789. He died 1 7 90 . 
 
 Launoi, John de, a learned French writer, 
 who ably defended the Galilean church againft 
 the encroachments of Rome. He was alfo a 
 violent enemy againft legends, traditions, and 
 faints, and fhowed himfelf fo difinten-fted, tlmt 
 he refufed benefices. He died at Paris 16? 84 
 aged 75. His writings are verv numerous. 
 
 Laur, Philippo, an eminent painter, born at 
 Rome 1623. His large pictures for churches 
 were admired, but particularly his hiftorical 
 fubjects, with excellent landfcapes in the back 
 ground. His chiefpiec.es were metamorphofes 
 and bacchanals. He was of a cheerful difpo- 
 fition, and died at Rome 1694, aged 7 1 . 
 
 Laura, the miftrefs of Petrarch, was the 
 wife of Hugo de Sades. She died of the 
 plague in 1348, aged 38. Vid. Petrarch. 
 
 Laurati, Peter, a native of Sienna, cele- 
 brated as a painter in the 1 5th century. He 
 particularly excelled in his draperies, which 
 were finifhed in fuch exquifite tafte that the 
 delicate proportions of the human limbs be- 
 came vifible through them. 
 
 Laurent, Peter Jqfeph, a native of Flanders. 
 When only eight years old he couf trucked a 
 hydraulic machine of great ingenuity, and at 
 the age of 2 1 , he was appointed fuperintendant 
 of various public wojks, and of the canals of 
 the Low Countries and of Hainault. The 
 junction of the Scheldt with the Somme, 
 though prefenting great difficulties, was effect - 
 ed by his perfevering genius, by the means of 
 a iubterraneous canal of three leagues extent ; 
 and other works were effected in Flanders, 
 which, by removing the obftaeles of nature, 
 enfured communication to the inhabitants of 
 Valenciennes, Lille, &.e. He died 1775, 
 refpected in private life. 
 
 Lauhrntio, Nicolas, a remarkable charac- 
 ter in the hiftory of modern Rome. Though 
 but the fon of a vintner and a laundrefs, he 
 rofe by his intrigues to notice, and prevailed 
 upon the populace to expel the nobles, and 
 entruft the fovereign power into his hands. 
 His ufurpation was the eaufe of war, and at 
 lull he was defeated ; but a fecond time he 
 rofe to the fupreme authority, and might have 
 long- continued abfolute, had he not been COM I 
 in his punifhments. The populace irritated 
 agaiuft him, let his palace on fire, and in his 
 
 attempts 
 
LAV 
 
 LAW 
 
 Ittf mpt* to ek-ape, he was Stabbed by a thou- 
 sand wounds. His body hung by the heels in 
 public derifion, was at lail taken down and 
 buried by the .lews. 
 
 Lavatf.r, Leicis, an eceldiattic, known as 
 a controversialist in favor of the proteltants. 
 He wrote commentaries homilies, &c. and 
 a treatise de fpeciris, a curious work. He died 
 canon of Zurich, 1586, aged 50. 
 
 Lavater, John Gqfpar CkrijHan, a cele- 
 brated writer, born at Zurich 1741. He was 
 pallor of the church of St. Peter's at Zurich, 
 and acquired reputation by his eloquent dif- 
 courfes, and his exemplary life. He was 
 wounded by a French Soldier when Zurich 
 was taken by ftorm under Maffena in 1799, 
 and died there in confequence of it 1 801 . He 
 is celebrated as a phyfiognomiSt, and his writ- 
 ings on the f abject, pollening great merit, in- 
 genious remarks, and truly original ideas, have 
 been translated into all the languages of Europe. 
 His works are poems Solomon Jefus Mef- 
 Cah, 4 vols. Nathaniel, Svo. letters pater- 
 nclles treatife on phvfiognomv letters fup- 
 pofed to be written by Paul before his conver- 
 sion, &c. 
 
 La vinton, George, a native of Heavitree, 
 Devonshire, educated at Exeter college. He 
 obtained a prebend at Worcefter, a canon refi- 
 dentiary ihip at St. Paul's, and the lee of Exe- 
 rer. He wrote the enthufiafm of methodiSis 
 and papifrs compared, a curkms work ft tract 
 on the Moravians Single fermons, &c. and 
 died 176-2, aged 79. 
 
 Lavoisier, Antony Laurence, a celebrated 
 chernilt, born at Paris, 174;3. At the age of 
 2-1 he obtained from the academy of Sciences a 
 golden medal for a memoir on the beft method 
 of lighting the Sheets with economy and effi- 
 cacy. His new fyfiem of chemiftry was well 
 received in France and over the continent, 
 though it militated againSt the prevalent doc- 
 trine of phlogifton Supported by Dr. PrieSfley. 
 He was treafurer of the academy after Buffon 
 and Tillet, and fueceSfively was appointed far- 
 mer-general, register of powder and Saltpetre, 
 and commifiary of the national treafury, and 
 labored afiuluoufly to advance the interefts of 
 the nation and to promote the improvement of 
 Science and natural hiStory. At the revolution 
 his abilities and virtues were too confpicuous to 
 efcape the notice of the Sanguinary tyrants of 
 France. He was dragged before the revolu- 
 tionary tribunal, but when he demanded the 
 fulppnfion of his fentence for 14 days, that he 
 might finilh Some experiments ferviceable to the 
 public, the blood thiifiy judge replied that 
 Fiance was not in want either of learned men 
 or chemifls, and immediately Lavoifier walked 
 with compofure to the fatal Spot, and was guil- 
 lotined, 6th April, 1794. He wrote chemical 
 and physical works, 2 vols. 8vo. 1 7 7 .*3 nou- 
 velles recherehes fur le fluide elaftique, a valu- 
 able work, 1775 report on animal magnet- 
 ifin, 8vo. tntthode de nomenclature che- 
 mique elementary ueat'oe on chemiftry, 2 vols, 
 
 Svo. 1/89 inftructions on the making of Salt- 
 petre, txc. 8vo. 
 
 Law, John, a celebrated profeclor, born at 
 Edinburgh 1 6 7 1 . He early Studied arithmetic, 
 geography, mathematics, and algebra, but his 
 profpecfts were clouded by his unfortunate con- 
 duel. He debauched the daughter of a gen- 
 tleman in London, and killed her brother, who 
 interfered in vindication of her character, and 
 in confequence of this he was condemned to be 
 hanged, but efcaped and fled to Holland, and. 
 then to Italy. He returned to his country in 
 1700 under the protection of the duke of .Ax- 
 gyle, and propofed to the parliament various 
 plans of finance, which were difapproved, in 
 confequence of which he fought encouragement 
 abroad. He viSitcd BrulTels, Venice, and Ge- 
 noa, and at laft he gained the confidence oftht; 
 regent of France, and fettled at Paris. He 
 there established a bank in 1716, and foon it 
 became the general bank of the kingdom, to 
 which were united the interests of the IV'ISf- 
 fiflippi company. The hopes of immenfe gain, 
 gradually brought all the fpecie of the kingdom 
 under his control, and his paper rofe to full 
 twenty times its original value, and in 1719 
 was calculated as worth more than 80 times the 
 circulating coin of the nation. Thus while 
 France confidered itfelf as rapidly rifing into 
 opulence, and while the infatuated projector 
 purchafed Vaft polTeflions, and united in his 
 perfon the offices of comptroller and financier, 
 the real refourees of the kingdom were gradu- 
 ally diminishing. At laft the bank was found 
 incapable of anfwering the demands made upon 
 it, and of paying for its paper, and though the 
 decrees of the regent for a while Supported its 
 tottering credit, the eyes of the nation were 
 opened, and individuals difcovered that in part- 
 ing with their gold and Silver, they had receive i 
 in return only paper of no value. The diflatis- 
 faction became general, the people without 
 bread and without money, befieged in vain the 
 avenues of the bank, and afterwards carryiag 
 before the gates of the regent the bodies of 
 three men who had unhappily been trampled to 
 death in the tumultuous crowd, they exclaimed, 
 behold the fruit of your fyStem. Law now be- 
 came odious in the eyes of fuffering France, 
 fled in difgrace, and after wandering over Ger- 
 many, he fettled at Venice, where he diel 
 1729. He wrote a fmall treatife on monev 
 and paper credit. He was in his perfon well 
 proportioned, of a dignified and commanding 
 afpeft, but in his conduct he was fo immoder- 
 ately attached to play, that he did not hefitate 
 to venture his all on the chance of a die. 
 
 Law, Edmund, a native of WeSlmoreland, 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 He was afterwards fellow of Christ's college, 
 and was one of that fociety, in the univerfuv, 
 for a time celebrated under the name of Zodiac. 
 In 17 ; 39 he obtained the living of Grayftoek, 
 and in 1755 was made head of Peterhoufe. 
 In 1767 he obtained a prebendal Stall at Dur- 
 ham, apd two years after rofe to the fee of Car- 
 lisle, 
 
LEA 
 
 XEA 
 
 Me, over which he prefided with dignity, and 
 with tridy paftoral care. He was author erf the 
 tl>eory of religion, 8vo. archbifliop King's 
 origin ot' evil, whh notes, 8vo. a view of die 
 coiitroverfy concerning an intermediate ftate, 
 12mo. fermons, &c. and he died 1787, 
 aged 84. 
 
 Law, JVMicm, an able divine, born at 
 King's Cliff, Northamptonfhire, 1686. He was 
 educated at Oxford, but did not enter into or- 
 ders, as he had ibme fcniples, and thus could 
 not obtain fotne valuable preferment which was 
 intended tor him. , He wrote a fenous call to a 
 devout and holy life a treatife on chriitian 
 perfecuon beiides fome trails againft bifhop 
 Hoadly, and the works of Jacob Behmen, 
 whole extravagant opinions he adopted in the 
 latter part of life. He died 1 7 6 1 . As a preach- 
 er among the diffenters he poffeffed influence, 
 and his doctrines were powerfully enforced by 
 the meeknefs of liis life. 
 
 Lawks, Henry, an Engliih mufician, born 
 at Salisbury about 1600. He was in the fer- 
 vice of Charles I. and in 165.3 publifned his 
 " ayres and dialogues," in folio, with com- 
 mendatory verfes by the poets Milton, Phillips, 
 Waller, &c. He fet to mufic the conius of 
 Milton, and performed in it when it was repre- 
 prefented at Ludlow eaftle, 16-34. He died 
 1662. 
 
 Lawes, JVilUam, brother to the preceding, 
 was alio an excellent mufician. 
 
 Lawson, fir John, a native of j Hull, who, 
 from an obicure origin, became captain of a 
 fhip under the parliament. Though a repub- 
 lican, he joined Monk in effecting the reftora- 
 tion, and was thanked by parliament. He 
 ferved as rear-adriiiral under the duke of York, 
 and in a battle againft the Dutch, 1665, he 
 was wounded by a rmrfket fuot in the knee, of 
 which he died . 
 
 Layard, Charles Peicr, an Englifli divine, 
 fon of a phyfician of Greenwich, was educated 
 at Weftminfter fchool, and St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. He obtained in 1773 and 1775 
 the Seatonian prize, and was promoted in 1800 
 to the deanery of Brifiol, and died 1 803. 
 
 Lazarsixi, John Francis, a native of Ga- 
 hio, author of fonnets, odes, and fatirical 
 t>oems of merit. He died 1694, aged 80. 
 
 Leake, Richard, rnafter gunner of England, 
 was born at Harwich 1629. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf in various engagements, efpecialiy 
 againft Van Tromp 1 67 ;5 , when the ihip in 
 which he was, after the lofs of her mails, and 
 of 400 of her crew killed and wounded* was at- 
 tacked by a man of war and two fire-lhips.. The 
 Engliih admiral Ilooke made a fignal for the 
 (hip to ftrike her colors, but Leake animating 
 Ids companions, declared the ihip mould never 
 be given up while he lived, and feconded by 
 his two fons and an obedient crew, he brought 
 off the (hip fide to Chatham. He was made 
 inaftcr guruier of all England, and lWe-keeper 
 of Woolwich ordnance. He firft contrived to 
 foe off a mortar by the blaft of a piece, a me- 
 
 thod dill ufed, and h* difplayed great Inge* 
 unity in the compofition of fire-works. Ho 
 died 1606. 
 
 Leake, fir John, fon of the above, was 
 born at Rothevhithe, 1656- He was educat- 
 ed under his father, and was with him at the 
 memorable fight of 167.3. He was afterwards 
 in the merchants' fervice, but at laft prefer- 
 red advancement in the navy. He was 
 made mailer gunner of the Neptune, till 
 1688, when he was appointed to the Drake 
 fire ihip. He afterwards joined the prii 
 Orange, and was very ferviceable in refcuinc 
 Londonderry from the power of James 11. In 
 1 692 he. was one of the heroes of the battle off 
 Cape la Hogue, and in 1702 he was fent on 
 the Newfoundland ftation, and drove the 
 French totally from the place. On his return 
 he was made rear-admiral of the blue, and fooa 
 after knighted, and he then alfifted fir George 
 Rooke in the reduction of Gibraltar, and af- 
 terwards relieved that fortrefs twice in 1705, 
 In 1706 he appeared before Barcelona, and re- 
 lieved it fo effectually, that king Philip aban- 
 doned the fiege, rendered memorable at tho 
 moment by a total eclipfe of the fun, which 
 ipread confternation among the enemy, whofe 
 device was a fun. From Barcelona he proceed- 
 ed to the reduction of Alicant and Ivica, and 
 the ifland of Majorca. On Shovel's death he 
 was made admiral of the white, and commander 
 of the fleet, and convoyed the new queen of 
 Spain to her confort Charles, and then redu- 
 ced Sardinia and Minorca to the obedience of 
 the allied monarchs. In 17O8 he was elected 
 member for Rochefter, and the next year was 
 one of the lords of the admiralty, but refufed, 
 on the refignation of lord Orford, to accept 
 the place, of firft lord. In 17 12 he was at the 
 head of the expedition to take Dunkirk, and 
 his various Cervices were acknowledged by his 
 being appointed a fifth time admiral of the 
 fleet. On the acceffion of George I. he re- 
 tired to his feat between Greenwich and Bed- 
 dington. He had an only fon, whofe ill con- 
 duct in the firft part of his life embittered 
 his moments, and whofe death, in March 
 1719, affiic/ted him fo fevevely that his fenfes 
 were clouded at intervals. He died 1720, aged 
 65, leaving his property to his wife's filler's 
 hufband, captain Martyn. 
 
 Leake, Stephen Martyn, fon of captain 
 Martyn, rofe in the herald's college to the of- 
 fice of garter. His work on' Englifli coins, 
 called " nummi Britannici hiftoria," 8vo. was 
 twice edited, and is valuable. In 1750 ha 
 publifhed the life of admiral fir John Leake, 
 who had bellowed his eitates upon him, 
 as being the fon of lady Leake's filler. Of this 
 work only 50 copies were printed, and alfo 50 
 of the ftatues of the order of the garter, 4to. 
 He died 17 7'. 
 
 Leake, John, founder of the Weftminfter 
 lving-in hofpital, was a phyfician of reputation. 
 He wrote various tra6ts on female difeafes, 
 midwifery, &c. and died 1/92, 
 
 LfiAPOR, 
 
LEE 
 
 LEI 
 
 LfiAPOR, Mary, an ingenious woman, ob- 
 fcuicly born, and educated as the daughter Of a 
 gardener, in the horde of judge Blencowe. In 
 her 24th year fhe was feized with the mealies, 
 and after a fliort life of unaffected modefty, and 
 practical piety, fhe fell a victim to the difeafe, 
 1/33. On her death-bed fhe gave her father 
 fome papers, publiflied in 2 vols. 8vo. contain- 
 ing original poems of great merit, efpecially the 
 temple of love, a dream, ar;d the unhappy fa- 
 ther, a tragedy. 
 
 Lr.BiD, an Arabian poet, whofe abilities were 
 employed by Mahomet, to an fiver the works 
 written againft him. He died at the age of 
 140. His poems were affixed on the gates of 
 the temple of Mecca. 
 
 Le Blanc, Marcel, one of the 14 jefuits 
 
 feat to Siam. He was taken by the Englilh as 
 
 he vi as going to China, and died in 1693 
 
 at Mofambique, at the age of 40. He is au- 
 
 ' thorofa valuable hiftory of the revolutions of 
 
 \ Siam, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Leclair, John, a native of Lyons, who 
 excelled as a player on the violin. His compo- 
 fitions, confuting of lbnatas, duets, trios, con- 
 certos, &c. are highly efteemed. He was af- 
 faifinated in the night at Paris, 1/64, aged 
 67- 
 
 Lectius, James, a learned Genevefe, edi- 
 tor of " poette Graeci veteres," 2 vols, folio. 
 He was alio a poet and critic, and died 1611, 
 aged 53. 
 
 Ledyard, John, an American, who went 
 round the world with captain Cook. He after- 
 wards, with a bold fpirit of adventure, travelled 
 over the whole of the north of Europe and 
 Afia on foot, as far as Bearing's ftreights and 
 Hudfon's bay. He next let out to vifit Africa, 
 but was cut off by difeafe at Cairo 1 7 86. The 
 particulars of his travels are curious and in- 
 ter efting. 
 
 Lee, Samuel, a native of London, educat- 
 ed at/-Wadham college, Oxford. He was eject- 
 ed from his living of Biihopfgate, London, for 
 non-cenformity, and in 16S6 embarked for 
 North America. The revolution roufed him 
 with a with to return to England, but in his 
 pafTage he was taken by a French fliip, and 
 died in prifon, aged 64. He wrote a defcrip- 
 tion of Solomon's temple, fol. difcourfe on the 
 ; ten tribes Ifrael redux, &c. 
 
 Lee, Nathaniel, an Englilh dramatift, fon 
 of a clergyman. He was educated at Wett- 
 minfter fchool, under Bufby, and went to 
 Trinity college, Cambridge, where he failed in 
 his applications for a fellowfhip. Upon quitting 
 the univerfity, he came to London, and in 
 hibited himfelf as Duncan, in the tra- 
 gedy of Macbeth, but without fuccef;;, and 
 e had recourfe to his pen for fupport. 
 ragedy was "Nero, emperor of Rome," 
 in I675, received with fuch approbation, that 
 :. year, till 1681, produced a tragedy. 
 , at laft, and the wild enthufi- 
 allic turn of his imagination, deprived him-of 
 bii reafon iu 1684, and for four years he was 
 
 confined in Bedlam. Afterwards his femes re- 
 covered, fo that he wrote two plays, the prin- 
 eefs of Cleves, ] 689, and the maffacre of Paris, 
 I690. His whole income was now only 10 
 (hillings a-week from the theatre. He was 
 found dead one night in the ftreet, after a drun- 
 ken frolic. His plays are 1 J in number, and 
 though the languaf e is frequently bombaitic, 
 yet they poffefs iirength, fire, and pathos ,- 
 and he was, as Addifon has obierved, the firft 
 of modern tragedians, if he had known how to 
 check the impetuofity of his genius. His rival 
 queens, and Theodoftus, are itiil favorites on 
 the ftnge. 
 
 Leech. man, William, D. D. principal of 
 Glafgow univerfity, was author of 2 vols, of 
 fcrmons, and an efTay on prayer, died 1785, 
 aged 7 8. 
 
 Leefe, John Anthony Vender, a painter of 
 Bruges. His landfcapes, iea-views, &c. were 
 greatly admired. He died 17 20, aged 56. 
 
 Leeuro, Gabriel Fan tier, a native of 
 Dordt, who excelled in the painting of ani- 
 mals, of herds of oxen, &c. He died 1688, 
 aged 45. 
 
 Legge, George, lord Dartmouth, an able 
 naval officer, brought up under Spragge. At 
 the age of 2 1 he was made, by Charles II. 
 captain of a fhlp. In 1672 he diftinguiffied 
 himfelf againft the Dutch, and the next year 
 was appointed governor of Portimouth, matter 
 of the borfe, and gentleman to the duke of 
 York. In 1682 he was raifed to the peerage, 
 and the next year was fent to Africa, as governor 
 of Tangier, to deftroy the works of that for- 
 trefs, and bring off the Englifh garrifon. He 
 fuccefsfully effected this, and was rewarded 
 with ten thoufand pounds. On James's aceef- 
 fion, he was matter of the horfe, general of 
 the ordnance, and conftable of the Tower, and 
 when die prince of Orange meditated the in- 
 vafion of the country, he failed againft him, 
 but the failure of the wind prevented the meet- 
 ing of the two fquadrons. As he was ftrongly 
 attached to James, he was fent a prifoner 
 to the Tower, where he died IfiQl, aged 44. 
 
 Leguano, Stephana Maria, an hiftorical 
 painter. His pieces are maflerly, and iu the 
 judicious diffufion of light and ttade, and in 
 the difplay of a correct tafte, he is particularly 
 eminent. He was born near Bologna, and died 
 1715, aged 55. 
 
 Leibnitz, William Godfrey, baron of, a 
 celebrated philofopher, born 1646, at Leipfic, 
 where his father was profeffor of moral philofo- 
 phy. Though he loft his father at the early age 
 of fix, his education was not neglected ; at the 
 age of 20 he took his degree of matter of arts, 
 and not only at Leipfic and Jena, his ftudies 
 were directed to the acquifuion of mathematics 
 and literature, from learned profeffors, but ths 
 contents of his father's library were perttfed with 
 avidity and fuecefs. When refufed the degree 
 of doctor in law at Leipfic, becaufe he fpoke 
 with difrefpect of the principles of Arifiotle, he 
 r&paired to Altorf, where his thelis de cafibus 
 [ H } perplexis, 
 
LEI 
 
 LEI 
 
 perplexis,' on Cured him not only the academical J 
 he Solicited, hut the applaufes of the 
 . and the offer of a profeffor's chair, j 
 - offer, he went to Nuremberg, j 
 nto the fcrvice of the elector of | 
 his attachment to his new 
 i), he wrote 
 
 mion to t^te \a:;mt throne of 1'oiand. i 
 ,-nvarcls went to Park W 1672, ftnd in 
 iormin . a nnexion with the raofl 
 
 ,>, he applied himfclf more parti- 
 cularly to mathematical knowledge. In 107a 
 ited London, and there received from 
 John Collins, the fecretary of the royal foeie- 
 tv, forne hints about the invention of fluxions, 
 by Newton,, to which he afterwards laid claim, 
 but on very doubtful grounds. The death of 
 the eleclor left bum in narrow circumftanees, , 
 but he found in the duke of Brunfwick Lunen- 
 burg a new friend, who favored his views in 
 literary purfuits, and fettled a penlion on him, 
 Vith the appointment of counsellor. The next 
 duke, afterwards George I. proved an equally 
 favorable patron, and prevailed upon him to 
 write the hiftory of the houfe of Brunfwick. 
 In 1700 he was elected member of the aca- 
 demy of feienecs at Paris, and on the erection 
 of the Berlin academy that year, he was nomi- 
 nated by the king of Pruffia perpetual prcfident, 
 though not refident there, and he largely con- 
 tributed to enrich the memoirs of that learned 
 body. He about this time devoted his attention to 
 invent " an universal language," which might 
 become the common language of the whole 
 world. The plan had once been undertaken by 
 d'Algarme, and by Wilkius, but not on fo 
 broad a foundation. Leibnitz propofed charac- 
 ters which, like thofe in algebra, might be 
 not only fimple but expreffive, and enable men 
 of all nations to converie together, but though 
 above 13 years were employed in this defign, 
 die death of t the philofopher prevented its 
 completion. In 1711 Leibnitz was made au- 
 iic counfellor to the emperor, and privy coun- 
 sellor to the Pruftian court, with a falary ; but 
 his engagements prevented him from firufhing 
 his hiftory of Hanover. ' He was employed by 
 Caroline, afterwards queen of England, to un- 
 dertake a controvcrfy againft Dr. Clarke, on 
 the fubjeclof free will, the reafity of fpace, 
 and other philofophicai fubje^ts. He propofed 
 the erection of a learned academy at Vienna, 
 under the emperor, but death prevented the 
 completion of his plans. He died l-ith Nov. 
 17 16, of thofe complicated diforders, the 
 gout and the flone, aged 70. In His temper, 
 Leibnitz was paffionate, he pofiefled gr< at 
 ftrength of mind, a mod retentive memory, 
 and ftrong eagemefs after knowledge. He was 
 in his chara&er avaricious, and at his death 
 fuch a quantity of money was found in his 
 houfe, hoarded in facks, (hat the wife of his 
 ew, who inherited ht property, died with 
 excemvejoy at the fight of i'o une>pcc"t< d afum. 
 He liad in his life the felicity of being efteemed 
 as tlie greateft and rnoft learned man in Eu- 
 7 
 
 rope, and he did not bely the public 0] 
 He was in his principles a Ilri6t. lutl 
 His works are, fcriptores rerum Brunfw. 
 fob dejure fuprematus et legationis 
 pum German, under the fictitious name of 
 Furftener codex gentium diplomaticus, 2 
 vols, fob mifct llanea Berolinenf. notii 
 
 1 motae eifays of Theodicia, on the 
 \ of God and liberty of man, 
 I 2mo. - in 'taphyfieal tracts -queftions 1 
 
 and mathematics theoria motus ab- 
 i motus con creti acceffiones hill 
 1 vols. 4to. pcems, Latin, French, &c. Hi? 
 mathematical works have been publifl 
 Dutens, 6 vols 4to. 17^7. 
 
 Leigh, Jir Edward, a learned Englifi 
 born at Shawell, Leicefterihire, and edi 
 at Masrdalen hall, Oxford. He 
 of the long parliament, and alfo a parhan 
 general. He was imprifoned in 1648, as being 
 a violent prefbytcrian; and afterwards employ] 
 cd hindelf in literary purfuits. He c ied i 
 Staffordfhire, 1671. He wrote critica fa era j 
 annotations on the new tefiamem ol)fi 
 on the 1 2 Canars treaiifes of religion, ^c. 
 
 Leigh, Charles, an a'Je naturalift 
 ] 8th century, born at Grange, I>an< 
 ble practifed phyfic, and was author of " the 
 natural hiftory of Lancafhire, Chefhire, 
 hyfhire hiftory of Virginia -treaiifes on r.l- 
 neral .vaters, ike." 
 
 Leightov, -Alexander, a native of Ediw 
 burgh. In 1613 he came to Lond< 
 for his two books, called " Zion's pie 
 the " looking glafs of the holy war," 
 the government, he was (Sentenced bj 11 
 chamber to have his nofe ffit, and his ears cua 
 and to be whipt from Newgate to Aldgai 
 then to Tyburn. The fentence was e? 
 with barbarity, but after 1 1 years of confine* 
 ment he was fit at liberty by the parli; 
 lGlO, and made kee]>er of Lambeth palaei 
 as a itate prifon. He died infane, 16441 
 aged 57. 1 
 
 Leightgn, Robert, a Scotch divine, fofl 
 of the preceding. Though offenfive to the 
 violent partizans of his times, his a 
 character was admired by the nvagiftn 
 Edinburgh, who unauimoufiy appoint! 
 to prefide over their college, where for 
 he difplayed trie abihtira pf a popular , 
 tor. Hie was afterward* biihop of Dun 
 but finding himfelf unable to ftem the 
 of perfecuting prefbyterianifm, he ca 
 Loudon to refign his holy office. [1 
 however, of accepting his abdication, 
 provailed upon him to become archbifj 
 Glafgow. But tiie viruli in 
 deeply rooted, that Leighton, about 
 after, refignr-d the r 
 could not fupport with comfort to Mm 
 advantage to lus fiwereign. He retire. i 
 fix, where he died fuddenlv, 1 66 I. bb 
 a commentary oti St. !Viir' epiftles, be&M| 
 fermons and divinity tracts. 
 
 Leisma.v, John Anthony, a German p^B 
 
LEL 
 
 LEM 
 
 two of whofe pieces are particularly admir- 
 
 a landfcape, with rough mountains and 
 y woods, with robbers darting attack 
 :llers and a fea-port, with elegant build- 
 
 and antiquities, &c. He died 1698, 
 I 94. 
 
 eland, John, defervedly named the father 
 ntiquarit s, was born in Leland, and educat- 
 it St. Paul's, undtr Lilly. He was of 
 ift's college, Cambridge, from which he re- 
 ed to All-Soul's, Oxford. He afterwards 
 ied at Paris, and became the moft accom- 
 ied writer of the age. His zeal for anti- 
 ian refearch was patronized by the king, 
 he was empowered, in 15? 3, to perafe thi 
 rds of -11 libraries, and collections private 
 public, in the kingdom. Six years were 
 laboriuufly employed in travelling through 
 land and Wales, and to make his income 
 :ctabie he was prefented to the living of 
 :lin<r, near Calais, and afterwards made, in 
 I, rector of Hafely, Oxfordfliire, canon 
 !hri(t-church, and prebendary of Sarum. 
 154.5 lie had digefted four books, as 
 beginning of his labors, which he pre- 
 >d to the king, under the title of a new 
 s gift. To complete his further works he 
 sd to his houfe in London ; but fuch is 
 uncertainty of human hopes, after fix 
 i* ftudy he was fuddenly deprived of his 
 in, probably in confequence of his in- 
 application ; and never recovered. He 
 
 two years after, 1552. As to his cha- 
 ir, England, fays one of his contempo- 
 s, never faw, and perhaps never will fee 
 i, a man equally fkilled in the antiquities 
 is country. His itinerary, and collecla- 
 
 were publifhed by Hcarne, and fo ex- 
 ve are his refources, that he is, as it were, 
 common fpring from which his fuccefibrs 
 
 imitators, the Bayles, the Camdens, 
 Burtons, the Dugdales, the Gibfons, and 
 rs, have copioufly drawn. 
 ELaxd, John, a native of -Wigan, in 
 aflure. At the age of fix he was deprived 
 [he powers of his underftanding by the 
 l-pox, and for 12 mofiihs continued in 
 j deplorable fituation. His recollection 
 idually recovered, and when his 
 Ms removed to Dublin, he there applied 
 elf to literary purfuits. In 17 16 he 
 ne afliftant to Mr. Nathanael Weld, in a 
 iting congregation; and. acquired popu- 
 
 as a writer. His view of the dciftical 
 rs, that have appeared in England, 2 vols. 
 an: I his advantage and ncceffity of the 
 ian revelation, 2 vols. 4to. are the works 
 inc, by the moft folid and con- 
 sents, employing his powers to 
 fe athrifm and infidelity. He wrote befides, 
 Jence of 'the chriltian religion againft Tin 6 
 I 8vo. a volume of family devotions, 
 L and died 1766. 
 
 Thowas, D. D. fenior fellow of 
 
 (, Dublin, died 1785, aged 8-3. 
 as a man of learning, and ftronj powers 
 
 of mind, and wrote a hiftory of Ireland, 
 4to. the life oF Philip of Macedon prin- 
 ciples of human eloquence, attacked by War- 
 burton, &c. 
 
 Le Long, James, author of the " hifto- 
 rical library of France," a curious work, was 
 of the oratory^ and died at Paris, 1721, aged 
 66. 
 
 Lely, fir Peter, an eminent painter, bom 
 in Weftp'halia, 161 7. He ftudied at the 
 Hague, and in 1641 came to England, where 
 his landfcapes and hiftorical compositions were 
 much noticed. He, however, difcoverect 
 that portrait painting was a more lucrative em- 
 ployment, and therefore all his powers were 
 directed to that branch of the art. Though 
 unable to travel to Italy, he procured the heft 
 pieces of that famous fchool, and uniting their 
 "beauties to the fuggeftions of his own genius* 
 he became a pattern of excellence to all other 
 artifts. In the graceful air of his heads, the 
 variety and intereft of his poftures, and the 
 eafy management of his draperies, he was 
 laid to be inimitable. He was a favorite with 
 Charles I., and Charles II. knighted him. He 
 married an Engliih lady, and died of an apo- 
 plexy at London, 1680. 
 
 Lemens, Ballhafar Fan, a native of An- 
 twerp, eminent as an hiftorical painter. He 
 fettled in London, and died there 1704, aged 
 67- 
 
 Lemery, Nicholas, a French chemift, bora 
 1645 at Rouen, and placed there as apprentice 
 to an apothecary. He vifited Paris and Mont- 
 pellier, where he acquired reputation, and be- 
 came an able lecturer on chemiftry. In 1672 
 he returned to Paris, and began to diffipate 
 thofe clouds of ignorance which enveloped the 
 fcience of chemiftry : he provided himfelf a 
 laboratory, and his lectures were attended by 
 numerous elaffcs. As a proteftant, his religion 
 expofed him to peifecution : therefore he pafled 
 over to England in 1683. He foon after 
 return-d to France, and became a Roman 
 citholic, that he might purfue his chemical 
 ftudies without fear of perfecution. On the 
 revival of the academy of feiences 1699, he 
 was made alfociate chemift, and became a 
 penfionary. He died of an apoplexy, 1715, 
 aged 70. His works are, a courfe of che- 
 miftry, often edited an univerfal pharmaco- 
 poeia an univerfal treatife of drugs. 
 
 Lf.mery, Lewis, fon of the above, was 
 born at Paris 1677, and became phyfician to 
 the king. He wrote ttvatifes on fbocl, 2 vols. 
 on the worms of the human body befidjes 
 papers in the memoirs of the academy, and 
 die! 1743. 
 
 Lemoine, Francis, a French painter, born 
 at Paris. He deftroyed himfelf in a fit of 
 melancholy, 1737, aged 49. His chief 
 works are, the nativity at St. Roche the 
 flight into Egypt a transfiguration die con- 
 verfipn of St. Paul the apotheofis of Her- 
 cules at. Verfailles, the faloon, of which he 
 took four years in painting. 
 
 (H2; Lento*, 
 
LEN 
 
 LEO 
 
 Lemon", Cfearge HI! Ham, author of an 
 etymological Engliih dictionary, a work of 
 merit, was a clergvman, and died 1797, aged 
 71. 
 
 Le MoNNTSR, Peter Charles, a native of 
 Paris, who went to meafure a degree of the 
 meridian towards the north pole. He wrote, 
 aftronomical inftitutions tables of the fun * 
 corrections for thofe of the moon lunar nau- 
 tical afironomv, &c. He died 1799. 
 
 Le Monmer, Leivis ff'illiajii, brother 
 to the preceding, diflinguiihed himfclf as an 
 able phyfician, and experimental philofopher, 
 and he contributed feveral valuable articles to 
 the French encyclopedic, efpecially on electri- 
 city, &c. He died 1799. 
 
 Lenct.os, Ninon de, a celebrated beauty, 
 born 1615, at Paris, of a refpectable family. 
 Her mother wiihed to devote her to the feclullon 
 of a convent, but her father, who was a man 
 of gallantry, prevented it ; and the daughter, 
 lofing both her parents at the age of 15, 
 foon devoted herfelf to the pleafures of the 
 world. Courted for her underftanding, and 
 her wit, but more for her beauty, lhe rejected 
 the honorable offers of matrimony ; and as 
 fhe poffeffed opulence, fhe determined to 
 enjoy her liberty, and therefore yielded her 
 perfon to thofe, who for grcatnefs of talents, 
 of birth, or of rank, were moft pleafing to 
 her licentious imagination. Yet (lie affected 
 to preferve the manners of a woman of vir- 
 tue, and fo dignified was her perfonal deport- 
 ment, that ladies of character became her 
 friends and affociates. Senfible of the charms 
 of virtue, and well fkilled in the works of 
 Montaigne and Charron, fhe talked as a phi- 
 lofopher; but while fhe reafoned like Socrates, 
 fhe acted the part of Lais. Long flattered 
 by the gay, and the opulent, fhe preferved her 
 beauty almoft tp the laft, and died 17 06, 
 aged 90. One of her fons, ignorant of her 
 relationfhip, became enamoured of her; and 
 when Hie declared herfelf to be his mother, 
 the unfortunate youth, in defpair, {tabbed 
 himfelf in her prefence. 
 
 LENrANT, James, a protectant divine, 
 born 1661, minilter of the French church at 
 Heidelberg. When the palatinate was invaded 
 by the French, he retired to Berlin, where 
 he died of a paHy 1728, aged 67. He was 
 author of three capital works, the hiftory of 
 the council of Conftance of Bafil of Pifa, 
 each 2 vols. 4to. He wrote befldes, the 
 hiftory of pope Joan -Poggcana fermons, &c. 
 Lekglet, Nicolas du Frejhoy, a French 
 writer, born at Beauvais 1674. He was en- 
 gaged in embattles, full as fecrctary to the 
 French miuifter at Cologne. After reaching 
 his 82d year, he fell afleep while readiag by 
 the fire, and then dropped into it, fo that his 
 head was nearly burnt off before he was difco- 
 v'n-vl, 1756. His " methode pour etudier 
 1'hiftoire," has been tranflatcd into Englifh. 
 He was a voluminous but incorrect writer. 
 Lennabd, Samp/ony a irien.il of fir Philip 
 
 w c ';dncy, diflinguilhed at the battle of Zntph 
 He died about 1630, eminent as 
 of fomc works from the Latin and 
 
 LENNOX, Charlotte, a n;;ti\. 
 York, author of Shakcfpeare illuitrated, .3 
 12 mo. containing an account of the h 
 from which the bard is fuppofed to have d 
 his plays the female Quixote, a novt 
 merit memoirs of Harriet Stuart am 
 countefs Berci Henrietta, a novel 
 lander, a dramatic paftoral Sophia Eu 
 mia, novels filler old city manners, 
 comedies translations of Burmoy's Greek 
 atre and of Sully's memoir,, tec. SI 
 intimate with Johnfon, Richardfon, and 
 men of learning, and died poor is 04. 
 
 Lens, Bernard, a miniature painter, 
 meller to George II. He died 17 41. 
 
 Lentual, Jl'illkun, fpeaker of the 
 parliament, was born at Henley on 
 Oxfordfhire, 1-391, and educated at 
 hall, Oxford. He afterwards removed to 
 coin'; inn, and was elected in 16.3 9 
 for Woodftock, and the next year, wh 
 government were not popular enough to 
 Gardiner, the recorder of London, fj 
 the commons, Lenthal, whom Cla: 
 prefents as fcarce equal to trie high 
 feated in the char. In this fituation 
 confulted his intereft, by fiding with the 
 Hearts, and while he affecti-d refpect 
 Charles when he feated himfelf in the 
 the houfe, and inquired for the mcml 
 had offended him, his meafures fecured 
 tachment of the commons. Though d 
 by Cromwell in 1653, he was 
 fpeaker the next year, and continued 
 in the rump parliament. His dubi 
 racter, and his partiality for the ufl 
 e\empted him, at the refloration-, 
 bill of indemnity ; but he obtained 
 from the king. The fupport, however, 
 he had given to the civil war, arid his 
 prevent the rcflitution of royaltv, ei 
 it is faid, his moments of reflection 
 his death in 1663, he cxprefled fine 
 trition for his conduct. 
 
 Lr.o I. or ancient, fuccceded 
 the throne of Conftantinople, -\. ".7. 
 4 7J, praifed by fome hiftorians, but 
 cenfured by others. 
 
 Leo II. or younger, fon of Zcno 
 Ifaurian, and Ariadne, daughter of 
 fucceeded his grand-father, 471, and 
 foon after, aged 16. 
 
 Leo J II. or Jfaurian, was the fon 1 
 coblor. He fcrved in the army, and was I 
 by Juftinian II. one of his body guards, 
 in 717 he became emperor. He liy 
 himfelf againft the Saracens, and died 
 detefted as a tyrant. * 
 
 Leo IV. fucceeded, in 775, his fa 
 Conftantine Copronymus. He was fuc 
 againft the Saracens in Afia, and died 
 after, 7 SO, aged 30. 
 
 Leo V. the Armenian, became a & 
 
LEO 
 
 LEO 
 
 s valor in the Roman armies, arid then 
 ilcd on his troops to proclaim him em- 
 , s 1=3. He was aiTiaffinated, S20. 
 ,0 VI. or the philosopher, fueeeeded his 
 r, Bafil, the Macedonian, S86. He 
 WW againft. the Bulgarians, Hungarians, 
 d Saracens, and died of a dyfentery, 911, in 
 e 2 oili year of his reign. He vvas far- 
 med the wife, from the protection which 
 : extended to men of letters. 
 Leo I. pope, furnamed the great, was em- 
 :>veri in affairs of moment hy (Jeiefiinus I. 
 d Sixtus III. the laft of whom he fueeeeded 
 440. He purfued vigorous meafures to 
 mek herefy. Though his eloquence prevailed 
 ton Attila to make peace, and to march hack 
 s forces acrois the Rhine, he was 4 years 
 Ver lefs fuccefsftil againft Genferic, who 
 itered the capital of Italy, 45 5, and for 14 
 i_vs abandoned it to the pillage and lull of his 
 Idiers. After an ufeful reign, Leo died, 
 61. 
 
 Lf.o II. a native of Sicily, who fueeeeded 
 gatlto 6S2. He was a refohtte pontiff, and 
 rft eflablilhed the kifs of peace at the mafs, 
 ad alfo the ufe of holy water. He died 16S->. 
 Leo III. a Roman, who fueeeeded Adrian I. 
 95. In 799 a eonfpiraev was formed againft 
 im by the nephews of Ins predeceffor, hut 
 hough imprifoned he was reftored b- Char- 
 :magne, who efpoufed his caufe, and received 
 ae imperial crown from ids hands. He died 
 16. He was an eloquent and popular pon- 
 tY, refpected abroad, and beloved by his fub- 
 
 m. 
 
 Leo IV. a Roman, pope after Sergius II. 
 4/, was wife and courageous, ?nd when the 
 araeens approached Rome, he boldly marched 
 ut to meet them, and giving them battle, 
 Heated* them with great ilaughter, and after- 
 arris employed the captiv?s to adorn and for- 
 y the city. He died 8 5 5 . 
 
 Leo V. a native of Andrea, pope after Be- 
 edicl IV. 903. He was loon after exiled and 
 ied of grief. 
 
 Leo VI. pope after John X. 938, died 
 bout feven months after. 
 
 Leo VII. pope in 936, after John XL, died 
 39. 
 
 Lf.o VIII. pope on the depofition of John 
 LI I. 963, is called an antipope by Baronius 
 Mothers. He was a pontiff of great merit 
 nd refpectability, and died 96"5. 
 
 Leo IX. Brunon, pope, 1048, deferved* 
 tie name of Saint, in the Romiih calendar. 
 ie exerted all his authority to rcprefs the de- 
 auchcries of the clergy, and to check the 
 faience of herefy. lie vifited Germany in 
 053, to folicit the emperor againft the Nor- 
 uns, but in his attack upon thefe invaders, 
 e was defeated and taken prifoncr. He was 
 onducted in triumph to Rome by the con- 
 uerrs, and died there, 1054. 
 
 Leo X. John de Medicis, fon of Lorenzo 
 e Medicis, was born 1475 at Florence, and 
 t the age of 1 1 was made au archbifliop by 
 
 Lewis XL of France, and cardinal at 14. hy 
 Innocent VIII. He was at the battle of Ra- 
 venna, where the French obtained the victory, 
 1512; but though taken prifoner, he was 
 treated with great refpect by the foldiers, as 
 the representative of the holy pontiff. ,On 
 the death of Julius, by artifice and intrigue, 
 he fecured his elevation to the papal chair, 
 1513, and his coronation was conducted with 
 unufual magnificence. Allied to a family dear 
 to literature, he evinced his refpect. for learn- 
 ing, by his liberal patronage. Though at- 
 tached to pomp, and fond of plcafure, he 
 did not neglect the duties of his odice, or the 
 interefts of the church. He put an end to 
 the differences of the holy fee with France, 
 and concluded the protracted council of La- 
 teral! , in 1517. The affairs of the church 
 were eutrufted to Bembo, and other enlight- 
 ened men ; but Leo, though he patronized ge- 
 nius and literary talents, found enemies about 
 his perfon. Two of his cardinals prevailed 
 upon his furgeon to poifon a wound which he 
 was to cure, but the eonfpiraev was difcovereel, 
 and the accomplices punifhed. Ambitious 
 to diftinguilh himfelf, Leo formed two projects 
 of great importance ; he meditated the union 
 of aii the chriftian princes, ibr the expulfion 
 of the Turks from Europe, and he wilhed to 
 complete the ftupendous building of St. 
 Peter's church, begun by his predeceffor. To 
 effect this, he in 1518, publilhed the 
 granting of indigencies, by which the pur- 
 chafers might free themfelves from their (Ins. 
 This produced a fchifin between the Domini- 
 can and Auguftine monks in Germany, and at 
 laft excited Martin Luther to preach againft 
 the corruptions of the Roman church. The 
 oppofition of Luther drew down the thunders 
 of the Vatican, but fecure in his popularity, 
 he prevailed againft the pope, and levered the 
 faireft part of the north from the dominion of 
 Rome. In the war between Charles V. and 
 Francis I. Leo, in pretending to oblige both, 
 fought only his own aggrandizement. It is 
 faid, that he died of a flight fever, caufed bv 
 his exceffive rejoicing at the misfortunes of 
 France, though others attribute his death to 
 the effect's of fome flow poifon. He died 
 1521. Befules his protection of poets and 
 of learned men, he Ihowed his attention to 
 literature, by enriching the public libraries 
 with collections' of curiofities, and with va- 
 luable MSS. 
 
 Leo, John, a native of Grenada, eminent 
 as a geographer. After the ruin of his coun- 
 try, 1492, he went, to Africa. He renounced 
 the religion of Mahomet, and was eftecmed 
 by Leo X. He was author of the lives of Ara- 
 bian philofophers a defcription of Africa, in 
 Arabic, and died about 1526. 
 
 Leone, Arto, or Conaria, an hiftorical 
 painter. He died *1 564, aged 66. 
 
 Leoni, Giacmno, a Venetian architecT:, 
 who fettled in England, aud publiihed a fine 
 edition of Balladio^ 1742. He died 1746. 
 
 [H 3] Ljeonicenus, 
 
LEO 
 
 LKS 
 
 LtoyicENUs, Nicolas, profeffor of phy- 
 tic at Ferrara, firft tranflated Galen's works, 
 with commentaries. He alio tranflated the 
 uphorifras of Hippocrates, and befides Lu- 
 clan and Dio Cafiius. He died 1 524 , aged 96. 
 " Leopold I. fecond fon of the emperor 
 Ferdinand III. and Mary Anne of Spain, 
 was made kiwj of Hungary 1655, and elected 
 emperor 1658. He waged war againft the 
 Turks, and though fuccefsful by the valor 
 of his general Montecueuli, he made a dis- 
 advantageous peace. Afterwards, when en- 
 gaged againft his nobles in Hungary, he was 
 attacked by the Turks, who laid fiege to Vienna. 
 While panic prevailed, and the emperor fled 
 to PafTau, the celebrated Sobiefki coming to 
 aflift his ally, raifed the fiege of Vienna, 
 and defeated the Turks. Leopold was alfo 
 engaged in war with Lewis XIV. and loft Al- 
 face, but his arms were well fnpjtorted by 
 his generals, efpecially Eugene, of Savoy. 
 The nobles of Hungary were fo diffatisfied 
 with the feverity of his meafures, that in an 
 affembly they refifted him, and declared the 
 kingdom hereditary ; but the death of the 
 emperor prevented the fatal confequences of 
 civil difcord. He died 1705. 
 
 Leopold II. Peter Jofeph, fon of Fran- 
 cis I. and Maria Therefa, was born 17 47. 
 He was, for 25 years, grand duke of Tuf- 
 cany, and though perhaps too much attached 
 to trifling forms, he governed with wifdom. 
 On the death of his brother Jofeph II. in 
 1790, he was elected emperor of Ger- 
 many. By his influence, a rccont illation 
 took place between the Turks and Ruffians, 
 a treaty was made with Pruflia, and the con- 
 nection with England was cemented by even* 
 liberal mark of found policy. The encroach- 
 ments of France had already irritated him, 
 and he prepared to declare war, but death car- 
 ried him off in the midft of his preparations, 
 1792. His death, ofcafioned by a violent 
 diarrhea, was fo fudden, that it was attri- 
 buted, by fome, to poifon, but without 
 truth. 
 
 Leopold, duke of Lorraine, fon of 
 Charles, the fifth duke, and of Eleanora of 
 Auftria, was celebrated for his military valor. 
 At the peace of Rvfwick he recovered I^or- 
 raine, of which a war with France had dif- 
 poffeircd his father. He was a liberal pa- 
 tron of arts, and founded the univerfity of 
 Luneville, where he invited, proi'eflors of 
 merit and diftin&ion. He died at Luneville, 
 1729, aged 50. 
 
 LEoroiD, William, archduke of Auftria, 
 bifhop of Paffau, iScc. headed the imperial cr- 
 imes in the 30 years' war againft the Swede* 
 and the French. He died at Vienna, 1662. 
 
 Leotaud, Vincent, a French mathemati- 
 cian, author of " examen quadrature," in 
 which he proves the impoffibility of fquaring 
 the cirr-le. He died 1672. 
 
 urn, or Lfovitius, a 
 coble Bohemian, oorn 1521. His ** ephe- I 
 
 mc rides" was a collection of aftrological pro* j 
 dutflions, by which he terrified the fuperfti- 
 tious. His prophecy, that the world would j 
 beat an end in 1584, for awhile drew the j 
 attention of his countrymen to acts of dM 
 votion. He held a conference with Tycho j 
 Brahein 1569, and died 1574. 
 
 Lepacte, John Andrew, a French clock 
 and watch-maker, who made ionic valuable in*. 1 
 provements in the mechanical parts of his 
 profeflion, and died 1802. He wrote a trea- j 
 tife on clock making. 
 
 Lepicier, Bernard, a French engraver, | 
 feeretary and hiftorian to the royal academy M \ 
 painting at Paris. He died 1755, aged 5 W | 
 He publifhed in 2 vols. 4to. a catali 
 the French king's pictures. 
 
 Leprince, John, a French mufician anH 
 painter, who, in his way to Peterfburg,fi^H 
 taken by an Englifh privateer and plunderef^H 
 all his property, except his violin. The mui I 
 fician, truiiing to his powers, ftized the |^^H 
 pifed inftrument, and played upon it with fucllfl 
 effect, that the aftonifhed failors reftored h^H 
 all his property. At Peterfburg, he was em- J 
 ployed in adorning the public buildings, b^H 
 on Catherine's acceffion he returned to Franc^H 
 where he died 17 SI, aged 48. His piecejfl 
 finiflied in the flyle of Teniers and Wouvej^B 
 mans, are much admired. 
 
 Le Quien, Michael, a learned PominM&| 
 can, wrote againft Courayer, on the validity' | 
 of ordination by Englifh bifhops. He d^H 
 1/03, aged 42. 
 
 Lescaille, Catherine, a native of HoJH 
 land, for the fweetnefs of her poetry called thjH 
 Dutch Sappho, and the tenth mufe. Hem] 
 poems difplay great genius, and confift of trawl 
 gedies, publifhed 1728. She died 1 7 1 1, agecR: 
 02. 
 
 Lesley, John, bifhop of Rofs, in ScofrM 
 land; was born 1527. He was educated at; 
 Aberdeen, and afterwards ftudied at Toloule,*! 
 Poicticrs, and Paris, and in 1554 was rejB 
 called home and made vicar-general of Aber* I 
 de-en. Lefley, who was a zealous papift, wajM 
 commiffioned to go and haften the recal of f 
 queen Mary, who had lately loft her hulband, .a 
 Francis II. and after meeting her at Vitri, hjM 
 returned with her, 1561. His fervie 
 the queen recommended him to the fee <>f 
 Rofs, and he laborioufly employed himfelrSLJ 
 with 15 (thers, to make a collection <;f alfc ij 
 the laws of the kingdom, publifhed at Eiiin- j 
 burgh, 1566, and called the black ; 
 parliament, becauie printed in black letter. 
 Upon Mary's flight to England, he a] 
 at York, 156B, and ab!v defended ho 
 afterwards went to London as her anibaffador. 1 
 His meafures to procure her liberty, 
 marriage with the duke of Norfolk, 1 
 offenfive to Elizabeth, who, regardlefs of his 9 
 rank, fent him a prifoncr to the ifle of Ely^v J 
 and then to the Tower. In 1573 he ob 
 his releafe, and retired to the Netherlands, | 
 foiiciting the interference of the kin 
 
LES 
 
 LES 
 
 and the 
 
 In and France, the princes of Germany, 
 
 pope, 
 
 the favor of his injured, and 
 
 captive miirrefs. In 1579 he was made fuf- 
 to the fee of Rouen, but in one of 
 his viiitations he was feized by the Hugue- 
 nots, but purchafcd his ranfom for iioOO 
 piftoles. Under tlie reign of Henry III. and 
 of his fucceffor in France, he was again 
 expofed to perfecution ; but in 1593 he was 
 nominated bifhop of Conftance. When he 
 found it importable to return to his diocefe of 
 Rofs, by the prevalence of the prmeftant re- 
 ligion, he retired to the monaftery of Guir- 
 teuburg, near BruiVels, where he died 1596. 
 His abilities were great, his integrity mod 
 exemplary, and his attachment to his unhappy 
 roiftrefs unfhaken. Befides feveral pieces in 
 favor of Wary, and other treatifes, he pub- 
 limed " de origine, moribus, and rebus 
 geftis Seo'lorum." 
 
 Leslie, John, a native of Scotland, educated 
 at Aberdeen and Oxford. He acquired fuch a 
 knowledge tr the French, Spanifh, Italian, 
 and Latin, that he fpoke thofe languages with 
 remarkable elegance. After 2-2 years' refidence 
 abroad, he came back to England, and was 
 made bifhop of Orkneys in Scotland, and in 
 1633 tranfkted to Raphoe in Ireland, where 
 he built a palace, fo ftrongly fortified, that he 
 was the laft who furrendered to Cromwell. At 
 the reftoration he returned to England, and 
 was translated to Clogher. He died 1671, 
 aged above 1 00, being the oldefi bifhop in the 
 wand. 
 
 Leslie, C7wr/rs, fecond ion of the preceding, 
 was born in Ireland, and educated at Dublin. 
 He afterwards ftudied at the Temple, London, 
 which he relinquished for divinity. In 1687 he 
 was made cliancellor of the cathedral of Connor, 
 and afterwards rendered himfelf obnoxious to 
 the papifts of Ireland, by publicly entering the 
 lifts of theological difputation againft them. 
 He remained attached to the ling's govern- 
 ment ; and though lie oppofed tyranny, he was 
 zealous to fupport legal authority. In con- 
 fluence of his loyalty to James, he loft all his 
 Preferments at the revolution, and in 1689 
 he came over to England, and in his re- 
 Ipneineat employed the powers of his mind in 
 'n<r tiie errors of the enemies of the 
 gttarch, both Jews ar.ii dufts, focinians and 
 papiits, quakers and infidels. He was, how- 
 ' ever, fuipe&ed of tot) familiar an intereouvfe 
 with the abdicated monarch, and therefore 
 yas obliged to retire to Fiance. He exerted 
 himfelf by his writings in favor of that un- 
 happy familv, and when their fchemes of infur- 
 reetion, in 1 71."), filled, he attended them to 
 Italy; but finding his proteftant principles 
 difagreeablc to the pretender, he returned to 
 Ireland in 1721, and died in his own houfe at 
 Gludough, county of Monagh&n, 1722. As 
 a friend of the church of England, and as a 
 man of principle, virtue, and integrity, L'flie 
 was inferior to no man. His abilities as a wri- 
 ter were of a fuperior cult, and whatever he I 
 
 received with deference. 
 
 Lessing, Gotlhold Ephrahn, a German 
 poet. He went to Leipfic, where he learned 
 to excel in horfemaufhip, leaping, and fenc- 
 ing, and began to write for the ftage. The 
 liveliness of his temper, however, expofed him 
 to calumny, and gave uncafmefs to his father. 
 With his' friend Weiife he tranflated Mari- 
 vaux's tragedy of Annibal, and finifhed his 
 " young feholar," a comedy. Afterwards he 
 became acquainted with Voltaire, and pub- 
 liftied various thing*, often more in hafte tha&. 
 with judgment. During the feven years' war 
 he was, for a little time, fecretary to gene- 
 ral Tauenzien, and to other irregularities, 
 added gaming. With fuperior abilities he 
 wifhod to do fomething uieful, but often 
 promifed more than ho performed. His friend 
 Mendeliohn obferved of him after his death, 
 that he was advanced at leaft; a century before 
 the age in which he lived. 
 
 Lessius, Leonard, a jefuit, profeffor of 
 phiiofophy at Douay, and afterwards of divinity 
 at Louvain, where his proportions on fome 
 fcholaftic fubjee/b were expofed to ecclefiaftical 
 cenlure. He wrote de juftitia & jure, fol. de 
 poteftate fummi pontificis hygiafticon, feu 
 vera ratio valetudinis a treatife on the exift- 
 ence of a deity, and on the foul's immortality. 
 He died 16-23, aged 69. 
 
 L'Estuaxge, fir Roger, defcended from an 
 ancient family, was born 16 16 at Hunftanton 
 hall, Norfolk. He was educated at Cambridge, 
 and went with Charles to Scotland in 1639. 
 In 1646 he was betraved bv two villains, and 
 tried and condemned as a fpy by the parliamen- 
 tary rebels, but his execution was put off, and 
 heefcaped, in 16-18, into France. In 1653 
 Cromwell's indemnity bill brought him to Eng- 
 land, and on the reftoration he was for a while 
 neglected, till he was appointed licenfer of the 
 prefs. In 1 663 he publifhed the public intel- 
 ligencer, which was laid afide when the London 
 gazette, firft publifhed at Oxford, made its ap- 
 pearance 1665. He again in l679i'et up an- 
 other paper, called the obfervator, in defence of 
 the miniftrv, but while he ridiculed the popifh 
 plot, and oilier fecret machinations, he expofed 
 himfelf to the calumny of fome interefted per- 
 fous, who reprefentcd him as a dangerous man. 
 James II. knighted him, as he faid, in confe- 
 quence of his fervices to the crown. In I687 
 his obfervator ceafed, as he refufed, though a 
 loyal man, t9 efpoufe the caufe of toleration. 
 Some failed not .to accufe him of being a papift, 
 especially when his daughter became a convert 
 to that communion. At the revolution he was 
 neglected, and even treated with contempt by 
 the queen. He died 1704. His political traces 
 are very numerous, and befides thefe he tranf- 
 lated .Jofophtis, from d'Andilly's French Ci- 
 cero's offices Seneca's morals - /Efop's fa- 
 bles Erafmus's colloquies Quevedo's vifions 
 Bona's guide, &c. His language, however, 
 was, as Gordon obferves, coarlc and vulgar. 
 [ H 4 ] His 
 
LEV 
 
 LHU 
 
 His genlns tended to low wit and licentious 
 buffoonery, and even in his fables he has made 
 his beaftsjefters, and inftead of the language of 
 freedom) he infills in their dialogue, doctrines of 
 fervitude, an*! 
 
 LetiueullieRj Smart, efq. anEnglilh gen- 
 tleman, born in Elfex, from an ancient family, 
 which left France on the reformation. He was 
 of Trinity college Oxford, and made a valuable 
 collection of medals, books, MSS. and natural 
 curiofitics on the continent. He died 1760, 
 aged 59. Some of his curiofitics were con- 
 figned by his executors to the Britifh Mufeum, 
 and his library was fold by auction. 
 
 Leti, GregoriOj an Italian writer, born at 
 Milan, 1630, and educated among thejefuirs. 
 He embraced the proteftant religion at Lau- 
 fr.nne. and for 20 years lived at Geneva. He 
 afterwards came to London, and then fettled at 
 !;e died 1701. As an hif- 
 he v,::s elteemed, though often incorrect. 
 He wrote the hiflory or Lewis XIV. of Phi- 
 lip II. of Spain of (Charles V. of Queen 
 Elizabeth- of Oliver Cromwell of pope Six- 
 tos VI. 
 
 Lecnxlavius, John, a learned German, 
 born in Wtftphalia, 1533. He publiihed an 
 hiflory of the Ottoman empire from m 
 collected in Turkey. He alio tranflated Xeno- 
 phon, Zofimus, &c into Latin. He died 1593. 
 Leusden, John, eminent for biblical know- 
 ledge, was born at Utrecht, where he was pro- 
 feflor of Hebrew, and where he died 1: ', 
 aged /5. He was author of cnomafticon fa- 
 ctum, clavis Hebraica & philologica vet. tef- 
 tamenti novi teft. clavis Grseca compendium 
 biblic. vet. teftam. compendium Graecum novi 
 tefcam. notes on Jonah, Joel, Hofea, &c. 
 
 Leuweniioek, Anthony de, an eminent phy- 
 ftcian, born at Delft, in Holland, 1632. He 
 acquired great celebrity by his curious difco- 
 veries by the microfeope. His letters to the 
 royal foclety of London, of which he was mem- 
 ber, 4to. and his arcana naturae detecta, 4 vols. 
 4to. are valuable. He died 1723, aged 91. 
 
 Lever, fir AJh,Um, of Alkington, near 
 Mancheiler, was celebrated as a judicious eol- 
 le. 'lor of valuable curiofities. From Corpus 
 Chrifti college, Oxford, where hewas admired for 
 his fkill in horfemanihip, he employed hlmfelf 
 in collecting birds,, and forming the mod valuable 
 aviary in the kingdom. His collection, which 
 was formed at great expencc, was for fome time 
 exhibited in London, to the admiration of the 
 public, and in 1785 was difpofed of by way of 
 lottery, and fell to the (hare of Mr. Parkinfon, 
 though it did not repay the proprietor the 
 fourth part of his original expence*. This va- 
 luable mufeum has lately been fold in fmalife- 
 parate lots ; and it is to be lamented, that the 
 public purfc was not opened to purchafe the 
 whole, and thus liberally contribute to the en- 
 largement of tfaofe inftitutions which difplay, 
 ., the tafte, the genius, the 
 labor*, and the munificence of the Bnglifli na- 
 tion. He died in 1768, 
 
 .on of Jacob by Leah, was ho- 
 le tribes of Ifrael, and hi 
 the fervice of God. He died 
 ;."., li. C. 1612. 
 L.EVl$GST0i . James, a brave Scotchman, 
 diftinguifhed in the wars of Bohemia, Holland, 
 Sweden, and Germany. Charles I. created 
 him lord Levir.gflon, aud in 164 ) earl of Calen- 
 dar. At the beginning ot the civil wars he ftded 
 with the parliament, but was reconciled to the 
 king, whole forces he affifted in reducing York. 
 He alfo attempted to refcue his in 
 Ifle of Wight, and took ( re he 
 
 found a large iupply < 
 He died 1072. 
 
 , John, a native of Briiiol, educated 
 ai collegcj Oxford. He obtained from 
 
 and died at Margate, 17-16, aged 71. He 
 publiihed the US fe, 8vo. tjbel 
 
 Caxton. byo. the hiflory of Faverfham ab- 
 bey, 4to.- the an qi ities of the Hie of Tha- 
 net, 4\ ; of th various tranfla- 
 
 tions of the old and new teftament into Eng- 
 lifn, 8vo. 
 
 Lewis, kings of France, Vid. Louis. 
 
 hi v.jir James, of Jeffent, Wilts, was raifed 
 
 to be chief juftice in Ireland, and 
 
 rds in England, and created baron Ley, 
 
 and earl o:' Marlborough, and lord high trea- 
 
 furer, by James I. 
 
 Lr.YisOUKN, William, originally a painter, 
 became a mathematician of eminence, ami 
 he publiihed curfus mathomaticus folio. trea- 
 tifes on furveying, folio, on dialling, 4to. &c 
 About ]690. 
 Leydecker, Mekhior, profelTor of theology 
 at Utrecht, where he died 1721, aged 09, 
 was author of a curious treatife on the re- 
 public of the Hebrews, 2 vols, fol. hiflory 
 of janfenifm, &c. 
 
 Leyden, Lucas Fan, a Dutch painter, alfo 
 eminent as an engraver. He acquired cele- 
 brity by his painting of the hiflory of St. Hu- 
 bert, which he finifhed before the age of 15. 
 He died 1 533, aged 39. 
 
 Lf.yssens, N. a native of Antwerp. He 
 ftudied painting at Rome, and fettled at An- 
 twerp, where his pious attentions to an aged 
 parent were rewarded by the refpeet of his 
 neighbours, and great fuccefs in his profeffion. 
 He died 1720, aged 59. 
 
 Lhuyd, Edward, a learned Wclchman ? 
 born in Carmarthenfhire, and educated at.lefus 
 college, Oxford. He fucceeded Dr. Plot his 
 tutor at the Afhmolean mufeum. He travelled 
 with the obfervation of an active antiquarian, 
 over Wales, Cornwall, Scotland, Ireland, and 
 Brctagne, but before he had completed the 
 digeftlon of his valuable materials he unfor- 
 tunate!; died, 1709. He publiihed archtco- 
 logia Britannica, or an account of the lan- 
 guages, hiftories, and cuftoms of the ancient 
 Britons, &c. vol. 1. fol. 1707, and left in 
 MS, a Scottiih or lriih Englifti dictionary, 
 
 which 
 
LIG 
 
 LIL 
 
 which Malcolm a Scotch divine propofed to 
 publiih by fubfcription in 1732. 
 
 Lmwyd, or Lhuyo, Humphrey, an anti- 
 quarian, born at Denbigh. He ftudied phyfic 
 at Oxford, and after taking his degrees re- 
 moved to pra&ife phytic in his native town. 
 He died 1570, leaving behind him the cha- 
 racter of an excellent rhetorician, found philo- 
 fopher, and indefatigable and accurate antiqua- 
 rian- He p.ublimed an almanack, &c. 
 commentarioli Britannieae deferiptionis frag- 
 mentum, Svo. de Mona druidum infula, anti- 
 quitati fuae reftituta chronicon Walliae a rege 
 Cadwalladero ad A.D. 1294 the hiftory of 
 Cambria, edited by Dr. Powel. 
 
 Libavjus, Andrew, a native of Halle, who 
 died at Cobourg in Franconia 1(316. He was 
 an able phyfician, and wrote fyntagma felec- 
 torum alchemise arcanorum, 2 vols, fob be- 
 sides tra<5ls againft Parace'fus, &C, 
 
 Liberi, Peter, a native of Padua, eminent 
 as a painter. His pieces adorn the churches 
 of Italy, the beft known of which is Mofes 
 finking the rock. He died 1677, aged 7 7 
 
 JL:cxtus, Fortwiius, a phyfician of Rap- 
 pollo in Genoa, 1577, profeifor of philofophy 
 and phvfic at Padua, where he died 1655. He 
 is author of fome curious works on his pro- 
 femon, efpecially " de monftris." He was 
 himfelf born before the feventh month of his 
 mother's pregnancy, but by being wrapped up 
 in cotton his life was preferved. 
 
 Liciitenberg, George Chriftopher, pro- 
 feffor of philofophy at Gottingen, was an able 
 German writer, and died 1799. 
 
 Liddel, Duncan, a native of Aberdeen. 
 At the age of 18 he went to Frankfort, where ! 
 he applied to the mathematics, and then to | 
 Hehnltadt, where he took the degree of M. D. 
 159&, and became profefi'or of mathematics and 
 medicine. After travelling through Germany 
 and Italy he returned to his native country, 
 and founded fix fcholarfhips in Aberdeen uni- 
 verficv. He was author of difputationes medi- 
 cinales, Helmftadt, 1603, 4 to. ars medica, 
 fcvo. and he died 1613, aged 52. 
 
 Lievens, John, a native of Leyden, 1607, 
 eminent as a hiftorical and portrait painter. 
 He came to England, and painted the perfons 
 of the court of Charles I. and fevered of the 
 nobility. 
 
 Lieutaud, Jofcph, phyfician to Lewis XVI. 
 and member of the academy of feiences, was 
 born at Aix in Provence. His chiet works are 
 *' anatomical effays elements of phyfiology 
 fynopfis of the piaclicc of medicine hifioria 
 anatomico-medica, 2 vols. 4to. &c He died 
 1780. 
 
 Liger, Leicis, author of the Paris guide, 
 and fome works on gardening and agriculture, 
 . was born at Auxerre, and died 1717, aged 
 59. 
 
 Lightfoot, John, an eminent divine, horn 
 1602, at Stoke on Trent, StafFordfhiie. He 
 was educated at Morton Green fchool, Che- 
 ihire, and in K 17 entered at Chrift'e college, 
 
 Cambridge. After being aftiftant at "Repton 
 fchool, Derby {hire, he took orders, and from 
 the curacy of Norton, Sbropftnre, was admitted 
 as chaplain into the family of fir Rowland Cot- 
 ton, a great Hebraift. Under the patronage 
 of this hofpitable man he ftudied the oriental 
 languages, and in 1629 published his ** erub- 
 him, or mifcellanies chriftian and jvidaieal,'* 
 dedicated to his friend fir Rowland,, who two 
 years after gave him the rectory of Afhley, 
 Staffordfhire. Now in pofieffion of a com- 
 fortable independence lie devoted himfelf 
 totally to literary puriuits, till, in tlic trou- 
 bles of the times, his abilities made him known 
 to the ruling powers, and in 1642, he departed 
 for London, after resigning his living to his 
 younger brother. He was one of the affemblj 
 of divines for fettling the church, and difiin- 
 guifhed himfelf as an eloquent, manly, and 
 independent fpeaker. He was afterwards mi- 
 r.iiier of St. Bartholomew, behind the Royal 
 Exchange, and in 1653 was made mailer of 
 Catherine hall, Cambridge, and prciented to 
 the living of Much-Mundeu, Herts. He took 
 his degree of D.D. 1652, and in 1655 was 
 vice-thaneellov of Cambridge. At the reflora- 
 tion he offered to refign to his pir-deceifor 
 Spurftow, but as his compliance with the 
 meafures of the usurpation was considered more 
 as a matter of refig nation to authority, than of 
 diilovalty, he was permitted to retain his pro- 
 ferment. In 1661 he was one of the divines 
 who had a conference at the Savoy about the 
 liturgy ; but difgufted with the violence of his 
 afiocia'es he retired to his peaceful ftudies. He 
 died 1675. Lightfoot was one of the moft 
 eminent men in rabbinical learning this coun- 
 try ever produced, and his refeavehes and com- 
 mentaries were the grand ftore-houie of fue- 
 ceeding annotators. Upon his " harmony," 
 he bellowed great labor. His works were col- 
 lected together, 2 vols, folio, of which a fecond 
 edition appeared 16S6, to which a third volume 
 was added in a third edition by J. Leufden. 
 
 Ligxac, Jofiph Adrian dc, a prieft of the 
 Oratory, was author of letters to an American 
 on Button's natural hiftory, 2 vols. 12 mo. 
 and other works. He died I 
 
 Ligonier, John, earl of, an Englifh field- 
 marfhal, under the great. Marlbo; Ottgn, and in 
 fucceeding wars under Anne, died 1770, 
 aged 92. 
 
 Ligorio, Peter, a Neapolitan, > appointed 
 the architect of St. Peter's church, in which he 
 was foon after fuceeeded by Michael Angela. 
 His defigns after the antique compofe 00 vo- 
 lumes. He died 1580. 
 
 Lilburne, John, an Englifh enthufiafl, born 
 in 1618, in Durham . At the age of 1 2 he was 
 bound to a who!; IV clothier in London ; but 
 he paid more attention to puritanical books 
 than to bufinefs. In 16-36 he was fent by 
 Bail wick a jsrifoner of the ftar-chamber v to 
 H< Hand, to print hia " merry liturgy," a vio- 
 lent pamphlet againft the btfhops, and in con- 
 fequence of this, he was on his return taken np 
 
 while 
 
LIL 
 
 LIL 
 
 v-hile diftrihiuing that and other obnoxious 
 
 books, and for the offence he was whipt at the 
 
 tail, pilloried, fined SOOT, and impri- 
 
 foned. He underwent this with fuch firmnefs 
 
 that he wa9 called by his party the faint, but 
 at lalt the parliament interfered, though he 
 Lid beaded a mob, clamoring for juftio 
 Strafford. His fentence under the tlar-cham- 
 fcef was deemed tyrannical by the commons, 
 aotl 20001. were voted to him out oi the 
 ritates of the royal ills, which fnir. was after- 
 wards iisreafed, though he never received the 
 whole. In tlie civil wars he became a lieute- 
 nant-eolonel, and behaved with great bravery, 
 efpeckdly at the battles of Edge-hill, Brent- 
 ford, and Marilon-moor ; but his temper was 
 ib violent that lie quarrelled even with "his 
 friend lord IViancheller, for which he was 
 fent by the lords to the Tower. He peti- 
 tioned the commons, but finding them ilow in 
 liiiening to his complaints he vented his abufe 
 againft the houfe, and declared in his " p- 
 jweflftd man's oppreffion," that they were ty- 
 rants and ought to be pulled down. He pro- 
 cured his enlargement, by means of Cromwell, 
 tviunu he foon after abufed, and his language 
 and conduct were fueh at laft that the par- 
 liament ordered him to be fined "OOOl. and 
 Laniihed out of the kingdom. He efcaped to 
 Amfterdam, where he began to intrigue for 
 the rcftoration of the royal family, which he 
 promifed to effect for 10,0001. His offers, 
 however, were regarded as the meafures of 
 a difappoimed man, fo that at the diffolution 
 of the long parliament he returned to Eng- 
 land, and was acquitted by a jury. After this 
 he efcaped Cromwell's refentment, by re- 
 tiring to Eltham, and turned preacher among the 
 quakers. He died at Eltham, 1657, ag< id 
 49. His writings were numerous, but all 
 ahufive and political, now deferveuly forgotten. 
 Lillo, George, a dramatic writer born near 
 Moor-gate, Ixmdon, 1693. Though ajewcl- 
 ler by profeifion, he cultivated the mufes. 
 His fubjects were the common incidents of 
 private life, but they were delineated in fuch 
 pathetic characters as touched the heart more 
 forcibly than the misfortune of kings and 
 hemes. His " George Barnwell," fatal cu- 
 riofity, " and Arden of Feverinam," have long 
 teen the admiration of crowded audiences, 
 when the tears that are fhed by fympathiling 
 nature bear a ftronger teftimony to the merits 
 of the author than the mod pompous descrip- 
 tions of language. This worthy advocate of 
 virtue was a diffenter in his religious opinions. 
 lie died 17<39. He was lufly in his peffon, 
 not tall, and had the ufe of only one eye. 
 His works were edited, 2 vols. 12mo. 17/5 by 
 Th. Davies ; and Fielding, who knew him well, 
 ud, after his deceafe, that he had the fpirit 
 of an old Roman, with the innocence of a 
 primitive chriflian. 
 Lilly, John, a Tir"i<-" of Kent, ed 
 
 . Oxford. He afterwards ! 
 . 10 Caru'or.dgc, and became 
 
 Ktvontc at court. He was author of Euphnrs, 
 a miscellaneous description of charao7t( is, fol. 
 Endymion, Campafpe, Midas, played before 
 queen Elizabeth woman in tin 1 moon 
 maid's metamorphoiis, &c. He died 1600, 
 aged about 4 7 . 
 
 Lilly, I'l'iMam, an Englifh aftrologer, born 
 in Lefceflesflrire 1602. ' From Aihby- 
 Zouch fchool he came to London, 16-20, and 
 engaged himfjelf firlt. as fervatrt to a mautua* 
 maker, and lour years after as book-beeper to 
 a matter of the falters' rompanv, an 1 
 his death he married his widow with a fortune 
 J of lOOOl. Thus his own mafter he 1 
 I frequent puritanical meetings, and in 16;J2 
 itudied eftrology under Evans, a U'elchman of 
 Ked character. In this he acted wirh 
 ; great precaution, his predictions were gene- 
 : rally ambiguous, and if they failed, the decep- 
 j tion was afcribed to untoward circumftances 
 ! or falfe reprefentations. In 1 6.37 he fettled 
 J at Hotfbam v% ith a feeond wife, who, artlika 
 his (hit, was violent in her temper, but in 
 I 1641 he returned to London j where his pro- 
 ! fetlion was much rel'pefted by all parties. He 
 I was frequently confulted by the parliamentary 
 I gen- rals, and his affttrances of fuccefs produced 
 ! great animation in the foldiers. Though 
 : attached to the republicans, his fei vices were 
 I folicited alio for the king, and when he was 
 1 confined in Carifbrook caftle, he provided him 
 I with a faw and aquafortis, by which he might 
 ! effect his efcape. Thy parliament in the 
 1 mean time patronised him by a ft 
 I loot, a year, which he reiigned in two years, 
 ! and in 1648 he greatly improved his pro- 
 ' petty bv delivering lectures on his art. At the 
 I reltoratkm he was examined bv the commons 
 j about the beheading of Charles, which he 
 i declared was done by cornet Joyce. After 
 ! obtaining his pardon, he returned to Horfham, 
 j where he practi&d phvfie. He died of a palfy 
 at Horiham, 16*!, and was buried in Walton 
 church, where a marble was placed by Afhmole 
 j with a Latin inftri pcion, written by Smal- 
 I ridge, afterwards bifbop of Briftol. Lilly ac- 
 ! quired property by his publications, and efpe- 
 | ciallv by his almanacs, and in ]6:>9 was com- 
 plimented with a gold chain and medal bv the 
 king of Sweden, whofe name be had mentioned 
 with particular refpecL He adopted for his 
 fon Coiey a taylor, whom he called Merlin 
 junior, and to whom he gave the aim 
 which for ;)6 fucccffivc years he had printed ; 
 but he left his efVate at Horfham to the fon 
 of bis friend Buliirode Whitelock, and his 
 magical inftmmenrs to his afirological fuc- 
 ceffor, Dr. Cauiin. His chief works are chrif- 
 tian aftrology, 4to. 1647 a collection of 
 nativities obfervations on the fife, &c. of 
 Charles L &c. 
 
 Lily, Jl'illiam, an Englifh grammarian, 
 born at Odiham, llano., 1466. He was 
 educated at Magdalen college, Oxford, and 
 after taking his liril degree he went on a p;i- 
 to Jerusalem. Qn his return he flop- 
 ped 
 
LIM 
 
 LIN 
 
 ped at Rhodes, where he ftudied Greek, and 
 alio- at Rome, where he ftill more fully im- 
 proved himfelf. In 1510 he was in confe- 
 quence of his great reputation made firft maf- 
 ter of St. Paul's fchool, then founded by dean 
 Colet. For 12 years he prefided with high 
 celebrity over this foundation, and had among 
 his pupils many perfons afterwards diftinguifhed 
 in the ftate. He died of the plague in Lon- 
 don 1522, aged 54. He is the author of a 
 valuable grammar, in which it is faid he was 
 aififted by his friends, Erafmus, Colet, and 
 Wolfcy ; but though it has been recommended 
 by royal authority for general ufe, Roger 
 Afeham and fome others have ventured to cen- 
 iure it as very incorrect. 
 
 Lily, George, eldeft fon of the gramma- 
 rian, was born in London, and educated at 
 Magdalen!* college, Oxford, after which he 
 went to Rome, and was patronized by cardinal 
 Pile. On his return he was made canon of 
 St. Paul's, and prebendary of Canterbury. He 
 wrote fome hiftorical books, and was the firft 
 who publifhed a correct map of Britain. He 
 died 1559. 
 
 Lily, Peter, fecond fon of the grammarian, 
 was a dignitary of Canterbury. His fon Pe/er, 
 was fellow of Jefus college, Cambridge, D. D. 
 prebendary of St. Paul's, and archdeacon of 
 Taunton. He died 1614, and fome of his 
 fermons were publifhed by his widow. 
 
 Li.MBOKCH, Philip, a learned divine, born at 
 Amfterdam, 1 6-3-3. He embraced the tenets 
 of the remonftrant^^fnd firft appeared as a 
 public preacher at Haerlem, 1655. From 
 Haerkm he went to Gonda; and in 1667 he 
 was invited to Amfterdam, where he became 
 fueceffor to Pontanus, the divinity profeffor. 
 He acquired popularity alfo as the editor of the 
 letters of his uncle Epiicopius, which contained 
 the regular hiftory of arminiauifm. In 1686 
 he publiihed his popular work, theologia chrif- 
 tianaad praxim pici*uis, <<\c. in folio, which was 
 well .eeeived, and quickly pafled through four 
 editions. In 1686 he had a difpute with a 
 learned Jew, who had efcaped from the Spa- 
 nilh inquiution at Seville, and pract'rfed phyfic 
 at Amfterdam, and the refult of this contro- 
 vertV appeared under the title of, collatio aniica 
 de veritate chriftianas rtligionis cum erudito 
 Judieo. He was employed in 1694 to recover 
 from jodaifm a young lady of Amfterdam, of 
 the age of 2-2, who had, at the perfualion of 
 the Jews, embraced their religion, and he 
 fucceeded. This good, pious, and active man 
 was fei/ed with St. Authony's fire in the au- 
 tumn of 17)1, and died in confequence of it 
 the following April. His funeral oration was 
 fpoken by John Le Ciere, and be is defcribed 
 as a folid preaelu r, an able annotator, a can- 
 did lover of truth, and in his private character 
 amiable and benevolent. lie was greatly el- 
 teemed by Locke and Tillotfon. His liillory 
 of the icquifition, fob was tranilated into En- 
 ( handler, 2 vols. 4to. 173 1. He wrote 
 befifci other works. 
 
 Limn.t.us, John, a German lawyer of Jena, 
 author of various learned works. He died 
 1663, aged 71. 
 
 Linacue, Dr. Thomas, a learned phyfician, 
 defeended from a Derbyshire family, was born 
 at Canterbury 1460. He was elected fellow 
 of All Soul's Oxford, 1484, after which he 
 travelled on the continent, and improved him- 
 f'elfat Florence and at Rome, by the inftruc- 
 tion of Dernctr. Chalcondylas, Ang. Politian, 
 and Herm. Barbarus. On his return he took 
 his degree of M. I). and was made profeffor 
 of phytic at Oxford, and afterwards became 
 preceptor to prince Arthur, and phyfician, to 
 Henry VII. and afterwards to Henry VIII. 
 In 1500 he abandoned phyfic for divinity, 
 and obtained a prebend in Wells, and another 
 in York cathedral. He was alfo rector of 
 Wigan, Lancashire, and prebendarv of Weft- 
 minfter. He was not only the heft Grecian 
 and Latin ill of his age, but one of the moft 
 zealous promoters of the revival of learniiig in 
 the kingdom ; and by his means the college of 
 phyficians was founded. This good and worthy 
 man died of the fione, after fuffei " 
 
 nun; jrrear 
 
 pam, 
 
 1524, and was buried in St. Paul's cathedral, 
 where a Latin infeription, by Dr. Caius, re- 
 corded his meritorious fervices to literature 
 and to mankind. He publiihed a Latin tranf- 
 lation of Proclus' fphere, 1499 the rudiments 
 of grammar, de cmendata ftrr.etura. Latini 
 fermonis, libri fex, a valuable work, &c. 
 
 Linant, Michael, a French poet, the friend 
 of Voltaire. He three times obtained the 
 prize of the French academy, and publifhed 
 odes and other poems. He died 174 9, a^ed 
 41. 
 
 Lino, James, an Engliih phyfician author of 
 a treatii'e on the dii'eafes of feainen, fcvo. and 
 other works. He died 1794. 
 
 Lindenbruch, Frederic, the laborious editor 
 of Virgil, Terence, and other daffies, and the 
 author of " codex legum antiquarum," folio, 
 was a Fleming, and died 3 6;i8. 
 
 Lindsay, John, a learned divine, educated 
 at St. Mary-hall, Oxford. For fome years he 
 was minifier of a diflenting congregation in 
 Alderfgate flreet, and corrector of the prefs to 
 Mr. Bowyer. He died 1 768, aged 82. He 
 wrote, " the fhort. hiftory of the regal fuc- 
 ceffion" remarks on Whifton's fcripture poli- 
 tics, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Lindsay, Jir David, a Scotch poet, educated 
 at St. Andrew's. After the fatal day of Flod- 
 den-field, he went to France, and diftinguifhed 
 himfelf at the battle of Pavia ; and on his re- 
 turn was made by James V. mafter of the 
 herald's office. He was alfo employed in feve- 
 ral embafiies. His fatires on the "vices of the 
 clergy were much admired. He wrote alfo an 
 hiftory of Scotland. He died 1557, aged 61 . 
 
 Lindsay, David, a relation of the preced- 
 ing, was born in Fifefhire, 1527, and educated 
 at St. Andrew's, He fuppoued the reformed 
 religion againft queen Mary, and wrote the hif- 
 I tory of Scotland from 1437 to 15412, a curious 
 
 work, 
 
LIN 
 
 LIN 
 
 work, hut often injudicious, and wickedly par- 
 tial . He di '.'d 1 5 9 3 , aged 6 6 . 
 
 Lindwood, William, divinity profeflbr at 
 
 i . . wu ambafTa- 
 
 dor in Spain 11^2, and made hllfcop of St. Da- 
 ! Ee wide the confutations of the 
 nrchbii! iterbury from Langton to 
 
 Chichely, and died 1446, 
 
 ;.!.c.\ck, John, a German painter, horn 
 at Frankfort on the Maine, 1625. His pictures 
 were adorned with ruins of antiquity, hie land- 
 fcapes were rich and beautiful, and his genius 
 
 fo fertile, that the fame fubjeets never 
 I mice in his pieces. 
 LiNOUET, Pinion Nicolas Henry, a French 
 writer, born 1736 at Rheims. He went into 
 the fuite of the French general againft Portu- 
 gal j and during his residence in Spain, he ap- 
 plied hirnfelf to the language, and tranflated 
 fome dramatic pieces into French. On his re- 
 turn to France, he by the brilliant powers of his 
 
 ce at the bar acquired great celebrity, 
 
 v in his raafterly defence of Aiguillon, 
 Morangieal His high reputation ex- 
 cited the jealoufyof rivals, and by an unmanly 
 combination they obtained a decree from tire 
 parliament that he lhould no longer be per- 
 
 to plead. Thus robbed of his honors, 
 he had recourie to his pen, and produced fe ve- 
 ra! political pamphlets, a periodical journal, 
 and his celebrated theory of the laws. The 
 freedom of his observations excited againft him 
 the perfeeution of Maurepa*, ' but he fled to 
 Switzerland, and then to Holland, and to Lon- 
 don. From England he p&fi'ed to Bfuffets, and 
 wrote a petition to Vergennes to be permitted 
 to return to France in fecurity. His requeft 
 was glinted ; but in 1779 fome political delin- 
 quency threw him into the Baftille, whence, 
 after two years, he was liberated on promife of 
 being moderate in his writings. He foon after 
 paffed to England, where he wrote his memoirs 
 on the Baftille, and then retired to Bruffels, 
 where he began his political annals. His ob- 
 fervations on the freedom of the navigation of 
 the Scheldt, were read with admiration by the 
 people of Brabant, and Jofeph II. permitted 
 him to come to Vienna, where he compli- 
 mented him with a prefect of 1000 ducats. 
 Regardlefs of this kindnefs, he fcrupled not to 
 defend the meaiures which Yandcrnoot and the 
 rebellious Brabanters were meditating againft 
 the authority of their monarch. Banifhed from 
 Germany, Linguet came to Paris to lhare in 
 the dangers of the revolution, and in 1791 he 
 d at the bar of the national affembly to 
 plead the caufe of the negroes of St. Domingo. 
 During the reign of terror, he fled from the 
 capital, but he was dil'covered, and dragged 
 from the country before that bloody tribunal 
 i age, to virtue, 
 res. He was condemned to death 
 tence of havi I his na- 
 
 ihe go- 
 
 iwtmmgp t au<i Jell 
 
 with the reflgnation of a good ehriflian. He 
 wrote various works, 35 in number, the beft 
 known of which, belidrs thofe already men- 
 tioned, are, the hiftory of the age of Alexan- 
 der the fanatic if m of philofophers the hif- 
 tory of the revolutions of the Roman empire, 
 2 vols. a critique on Voltaire Socrates, a 
 tragedy, &c. 
 
 Li m FRF., Francis, a French poet of great 
 literary merit, but of a diffipated character, and 
 an obilinate atheift. He died a profligate, 
 1704, aged 70. His verfes are faid to poffefs 
 great fwectnefs and elegance. 
 
 Linley, Thomas, an Englifh mufician and 
 compofer, who died 1 705. He was one of the 
 proprietors of Drury-lane theatre. 
 
 Linn.?'.us, Charles Von, or Linne, the father 
 of modern botany, fori of a Swedifli clergyman, 
 was born at Ptoefhult, hi the province of Sma- 
 land, Sweden, 1707 . He was educated at 
 Lund in Scania, and at Upfal, and he after- 
 wares ftudied at Leyden, where he took his de- 
 gree of M. D. in 1733. On his return to 
 Stockholm, he pracHfed phyfic with fueh fuc- 
 cefs, that at the age of 34 he was nominated 
 profeflbr of phyfic and botany at Upfal. He 
 was alio appointed phvfician to king Adolphus, 
 who in 1 753 created him a knight of the polar 
 fl ar, and in l " 5 7 raifed him to the honor of 
 nobility. The next monarch, in 1 7 7 6, doubled 
 his penfion, and fettled on him and his family 
 a large portion of land. Eager after know- 
 ledge, Linnaeus undertook to explore the inhof- 
 pitable defarts of Lapltrnd, and through 1 de- 
 grees of latitude he expofed himfelf, generally 
 on foot, to every fort of fatigue. He next, 
 vifited the mines of Sweden, and the natural 
 productions of Dalecarlia. In 1735 he was in 
 Denmark, Germany, and Holland, and the fol- 
 lowing year he came to England. He was re- 
 commended by a flattering letter from Boer* 
 haave ; but it has been faid that fir Hans Sloane, 
 to whom the introduction Was made, did not 
 pay him that refpect which his merits deferved, 
 and this probably prevented the intended fettle* 
 ment of this immortal philofopher here. The 
 return of Linnaeus to Stockholm was a glorious 
 era. He promoted the eftablifhment of the 
 royal academy of fciences, and became its fii-ft 
 president. This great man was feized in 1776 
 with an apoplexy, but it did not prove fatal, as 
 he furvived till 177s, when an ulceration of the 
 urinary bladder put an end to his exigence in 
 his 7lft year. To his fagacious difcernment, 
 fcience is indebted for the ufeful and familiar 
 divifion of plants, of animals, of herbs, &c. 
 into elafles. fo the moll extenfive knowledge 
 he united indefatigable induftry ; and before the 
 publication of his genera pluntarum, he moft 
 minutely examined the characters of more than 
 8000 plants. His works are, fyflema Daturas, 
 Often* trLi regna Datum, 1735, folio, and 
 2 vols. 8vo. 1756 bibliothcca botaniea, Svo. 
 cririca botaniea, 8vo. flora Laponica, 8vo. 
 genera pj rumque charadteres natur. 
 
 fevo, flora Suecica lamia. Suecica, 8vo 
 3 flora 
 
LIP 
 
 LIS 
 
 flora Zeylanica, 4to. hortusUpfalicnfis, 8vo. 
 amoenitates academicue, 5 vols. 8vo.---anima- 
 lijur, fpecierum in clafles, 8vo. ovatio de in- 
 crements telluris habitabUis, 8vo. plantae Su- 
 rinam^ d'es. His Ion Charles, the laft furvivor 
 of the family, died 17 S3, aged 45, profelfor of 
 medicine at Upfal. 
 
 Lixt, Peter Pan, a native of Antwerp, 
 1609, known as an hiftorical and portrait 
 painter. 
 
 Liotard, John Stephen, a crayon painter, 
 born at Geneva 1702. He ftudied at Paris 
 and at Rome, and for a fhort time vifited 
 England in the reign of George I. He then 
 made a journev to the Levant, and adopted 
 the manners and habits of the Eaft, which he 
 relinquished upon marrying. He was in Eng- 
 land in 177-2, where he difpofed of a large 
 collection of pictures by auction. He died 
 about 17*0. 
 
 Liotard, Peter, a French botanift, born at 
 Dauphiny. From an obfeure peai'ant he be- 
 came a foldier, but in confequonce of a wound 
 at the fiege of Mahon, he fettled with his 
 uncle, an herbalifl at Grenoble. In this place 
 tlKHigh 40 he applied himfelf with iuch zeal 
 to botany, that he was made director of the 
 public garden of Grenoble. He was the friend 
 of Rouifeau, and other learned men ; and was 
 fo partiJ to Linnneus, that he knew the whole 
 of his fyftem of plants by heart. He died 
 1796. 
 
 Lippi, Philip, a native of Florence, known 
 as a painter, and furnamed the Old. He was 
 a diifipated character, and died 1488, aged 67. 
 
 Li i'pi, Lawrence, a native of Florence. He 
 excelled as a painter in hiftorical pieces and 
 in portraits, and as a poet he poffeffed merit. 
 He died 1664, aged 38. 
 
 Lipsius, Jitftus, a learned critic, born at 
 Tfcanum, between Bmffelsand Louvain, 1547. 
 He ftudied at Louvain, and at the age of 1 8 
 he publifhed bis " variarum lectionum libri 
 tres," dedicated to the general patron of let- 
 ters, cardinal Granvcllan ; and therefore when 
 he vifited Rome in 1567, he was made fecre- 
 tary to that diftinguifhed ecclefiaftic. After 
 viewing the claffical remains of ancient Rome, 
 he in 1 569 returned to Louvain, and next went 
 to Vienna, and fettled at Jena, where he had 
 a profefTorfhip. From Jena he retired to foli- 
 tude and ftudy in his own feat of Ifcanum ; 
 but the tumults of war drove him away .again to 
 Louvain and Leyden, where he lived 1-1 years 
 till 1590. The remainder of life was fpent at 
 Louvain, notwithftanding the offers of patronage 
 which he received from the pope, and from the 
 kings of France and Spain, and there he died 
 I606, in his 59th year. Celebrated as a fcho- 
 lar, and refpected as a critic, Lipfius was, in 
 his converfation, his drefs, and his appearance, 
 far from prepoffeffing, but rather difagreeable 
 and mean. In bis religious opinions lie was 
 culpably inconfiftent, without faith, and without 
 honor. He was born a Roman catholic, but he 
 became a lutheran at Jena> again a catholic at 
 
 Brabant, a calvintft at Leyden, and again a 
 bigoted catholic at Louvain. His laft days in- 
 deed were clouded by uifeafe, and weaknefs of 
 underflanding, but fome parts of his conduct 
 were long before ridiculous, and it could be 
 fcarcelv credited, that the fame man was at one 
 time regardk-fs of religion, and at another, fo 
 anxious to obtain the protection of the Virgin 
 Mary J that he dedicated to her a filver pen, and 
 a favorite gown, lined with fur. His works 
 were publifhed at Antwerp, 6 vols, folio, 1637, 
 the raoft efteemed of which are a commentary 
 on Tacitus, much admired his orations, &c. 
 
 Lis, John Van der, a painter, born at 01- 
 denbargh. His pieces were generally on 
 fcriptural fubjects, and on moral fports. He 
 died 1629, aged 59. 
 
 Lisle, Claude de, a native of Vaucou- 
 leurs, in Lorraine, who excelled as a teacher 
 of geography. He wrote hiftorical relation 
 of Siam, 1 Strop. introduction to geography, 
 with a treatife on the fphere, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 an abridgment of univerfal hiftory, 7 vols. 
 12mo., and died 1720, aged 76. 
 
 Lisle, William de, a /French geographer, 
 fon of Claude, was born at Paris, 1675. His 
 map of the world, publifhed in 1699, re- 
 commended him to a feat in the academy of 
 fciences. He was afterwards geographer to 
 the king, and inftrucled Lewis XV. in geo- 
 graphy, and wrote feveral works for his ufe. 
 Scarce any refpeclable publication appeired 
 without his maps. He died of an apoplexy, 
 172, when preparing a map of Malta, for 
 Vertot's hiftory-. 
 
 Lisle, Jofeph Nicholas de, an able aftro- 
 nomer, brother to William, born at Paris. 
 He was in England 1724, and obtained the 
 friendfhip of Newton and Halley. In 1 725 
 he was invited to Poiffia, and there he contri- 
 buted to the advancement of aftronomy and 
 geography, at the head of the obfervatorv. 
 At the age of 18 he made observations on 'a 
 total eclipfe of tire fun, but his greateft work 
 is his memoirs of the hiftory of aftj-onomyj 
 2 vols. 4 to. He returned from Peterfb org iu 
 1747, and died at Paris, 1768, aged 80. 
 
 Lisle, fir George, fon of a London book- 
 feller, learnt the art of war in Flanders, and, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf in the civil wars. At 
 the lait battle of Newbury, when it grew 
 dark, he fought in his ftiirt, to render 
 his perfon more confpicuous to his men, 
 and for his valor he was knighted by the kino- 
 in the field. He defended Coicheftcr in 
 1648, and when the town furrendered he was 
 inhumanly ordered to be fliot by the repub- 
 licans. He fuffered with great intrepidity. 
 
 Lisola, Francis de, a native of Befancon, 
 ambaflador in England, from Ferdinand III. 
 and afterwards envoy extraordinary at Madrid. 
 His work, " bouclier d'etat fc de juftice" on 
 the ambitious views of Lewis XIV. was higWy 
 often five to the Frenefe. He died I677. 
 
 Lister, Matthew, president of the col- 
 lege of phyficians, was born at Thornton, 
 Yorklhlre, 
 
LIT 
 
 LIV 
 
 Yorkihire, and educated at Oxford, wucrr lie 
 became fellow of Oriel. He took his degree 
 of M. D. at feafil, and afterwards became phy- 
 ian to Aline, James's queen, and to 
 Diaries I. who knighted him. He was a great 
 doling die civil wars, and died 1657> 
 aged 92. 
 
 " Lister, Mini in, nephew of fir Matthew, 
 was born in Buckingharelhire about \W.iS, 
 and educated under his uncle, who fent him 
 to St. John's college, Cambridge. He iludied 
 phytic, and on hfs return from his travels he 
 ft tiled at York, where he" acquired great repu- 
 taiiooi He ftudied antiquities and natural 
 hiftory, and was elected fellow of the royal fo- 
 cietv.' In 1 684 he removed to London, and 
 in H59S attended the earl of Portland in an em- 
 bafiy to the court of France. He published an 
 account of his journey to Paris, which was ri- 
 diculed by Dr. King's journey to London. He 
 was made phyiician to Anne, 1709, and died 
 1712.' His other publications are about eight 
 in number, on natural hiftory, on ibclls, eke. 
 
 Lithgow, Ji'illiam, a Scotchman, who 
 travelled on foot over Europe, Afia, and 
 Africa, where he met various adventures, of 
 which he has given a marvellous relation. At 
 Malaga he was tortured by the inquifuion, and 
 on his return was prefemed to king James fo 
 mangled that he was carried on a leather bed 
 into the t :val prefence. He applied to I 
 nim ambaflador, and when" deceived by him, 
 he infulted him, and even ftruck him in the 
 king's chamber, for which he war. fent a pri- 
 foner for nine months to the marfhalfea. 
 His travels are now- fcarce. He informs his 
 reader, that he has walked on foot more 
 than .36,000 miles. 
 
 Little, U'riliam, an Englifh hiftcrian, 
 born at Bridlmgton, Yorkihire, il-36. His 
 hiftory of England, from the invafion of Wil- 
 liam, to 1197, in 5 books, is highly efteemed 
 for accuracy and judicious arrangement. There 
 is preferred in Chrift-church hofpital, Abing- 
 don, Berks, a MS. by John Little, which 
 records various interefting and curious particu- 
 lars, concerning the abbey, and the hiftory of 
 that town. 
 
 Littlebury, IJaac, an Englilh divirtc, 
 who publiihed a tranflation of Herodotus. The 
 work is well executed, but without notes. The 
 fecond edition in 2 vols, appeared in 17 20. 
 
 Littleton, or Lyttlkton, Thomas, an 
 Englilh judge, born at Frankley, Worccfter- 
 ihire. He entered at the Inner Temple, and 
 was appointed by Henry VI. Steward of the 
 court of the palace, king's ferjeant, and a 
 judge on the northern circuit. Edward IV. 
 continued him in his offices, and afterwards- 
 made him one of tire judges of the common 
 pleas. In 1475 he was created knight of the 
 bath , and died in a good old age, 14 81. He left 
 three funs, William, Richard, and Thomas. 
 The eldeft fon lived in fplendor at Frankley, 
 and died 1508. The fecond was a lawyer of 
 eminence, and it was for his inftrutfeiun, that 
 
 his father, in his old age, wrote his famou* 
 treatife on tenures and tides, printed 1477- 
 and often republished with Coke's commentary. 
 The third ion, Thomas, was knighted by 
 Henry VII. for apprehending Lambert Sim- 
 nel. 
 
 Littleton, John, a defcendant of the 
 Worcefterlhire Littletons, was known as an 
 active member of parliament, bui his attach- 
 ment to Efiex proved unfortunate. He was 
 fei/.cd when that favorite was ditcarded, and 
 being condemned as a cmfpirutor, he was 
 fovea with difficulty by lir Walter Ra- 
 leigh, to wbom he wrote an excellent letter. 
 He died in prifon, lGOO. 
 
 Littleton, Edward, a native of Shrop- 
 fhirc. He removed from Chrift-church, Ox- 
 ford, to the Inner Temple, and in 10-2 8, 
 was in parliament one of the members that ap- 
 pended before the lords with the bill of 
 rights. He was afterwards one of the mana- 
 gers againft Buckingham, but notwithstanding 
 his opposition to the court, he was made chief 
 jiiftice of the common pleas, lord keeper of 
 the great feal, and a peer by the tide of lord 
 Littleton. He died 1645. 
 
 Littleton, Adam, a learned divine, bom 
 at Hales Owen, Shropshire, 1627. He was 
 I under Bulby, and at Chrift-ehureh, 
 irom which he was ejected. He was ufher 
 at Weftminiter, and in 165S was eieeled 
 fecond mafter. In 1 670 he was honored with 
 the degree of D. D. by the univerfity, and 
 four years after was made reclor of Chetiea, 
 and obtained a grant from Charles II. to 
 fuceeed Dr. Bulby in Weftminfter fchool, 
 to which, however, he did not fuceeed. He 
 died 1694, aged 67- He was in his private 
 character a worthy and amiable man, and ai a 
 phi!ol<>gift and grammarian, he had few equals. 
 He publiihed *' a Latin dictionary" ele- 
 menta religionis, &c. fixty-one i'ermons 
 Seldeu's Jani Anglorum, &c. tranflated, and 
 other woiks. 
 
 Littleton, F.dirard, an able divine and 
 poet, educated at Eton. In l/l6hewentto 
 King's college, Cambridge, and in 1720 he 
 was aiiillant at Eton, and feven vears after was 
 elected one of the fellows of the college, and pre- 
 sented to Maple Durham, Oxfordshire. In 1730 
 he took the degree of LL. D. and became 
 chaplain to the king. He died 17 : M, leaving 
 a widow and three daughters. His " dif- 
 ecurfes," 2 vols, were publiihed for the benefit 
 of his family, and his poems have been printed 
 in mifcellanies, particularly in Dodfky's. His 
 poem on the lpider is much admired. . 
 
 Livingston, John, a Scotch prefbyter, 
 educated at Glafgow. He was baniShed, 1663, 
 from Scotland, becaufe he refuled to take tl>- 
 oath of allegiance, and he went to Hol- 
 land, where he officiated at the Scot's cha- 
 pel, Rotterdam. He died 1672, aged 69. 
 He wrote lettters from Leith to his parifhioners 
 and other works. 
 
 Livinius, or Livineus, John, Latin tranf- 
 
 lator 
 
LOB 
 
 LOC 
 
 fetor of feme of the works of Gregory Nazian- 
 zrn, of Chryfoflora, and other fathers, and 
 editor of panegyriei veteres, 8vo. 1599, was 
 a native of Dendermonde, and died 1 599- 
 
 Lloyd, Ji'iUiam, an Englilh prelate, born 
 16-27, at Tilehurft, Berks. He entered at 
 Oriel college, Oxford, and removed to a feho- 
 larihip at Jefus. He was tutor to the children 
 of fir John Baekhoufe, and at the restoration 
 was made prebendary of Rippon, Yorkshire. 
 In 1666 he was made king's chaplain, and 
 fuceeifively promoted to a prebend of Saliibury, 
 the vicarage of St. Mary's Reading, the arch- 
 deaconry of Merioneth, dr-anery of Bangor, 
 prebend of St. Paul's, and the vicarage of St. 
 Martin in the fields. In 1680 he wasraifed to 
 the fee of St. Afaph, and was one of the feven 
 bifhops Cent to the Tower, for refufing to 
 pubiifh the royal declaration for liberty of con- 
 science. He was a zealous promoter of the 
 revolution, and in 1692 was translated to 
 Lichfield and Coventry, and 1699 to Wor- 
 cester. He died 1/ 17 , aged 91. His pub- 
 lications confift of- traces again!! popery fer- 
 mons the hiftory of the government of the 
 church of Great Britain a dilfertation on 
 Daniel's 70 weeks a fySlem of chronology 
 a harmony of the gofpel and other theolo- 
 gical works. 
 
 Lloyd, Robert, an Englilh poet educated at 
 Weftmi niter fchool, where his father was fe- 
 cond matter, and from thence elected to Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He was for fome time 
 uSher of Weftmi nfter fchool, and during that 
 time publifhed " the actor" 1760, a poem of 
 merit. His irregularities obliged him to re- 
 fign his Situation in J he fchool, and he now de- 
 pended for S'ubfiStence on the exertions of his 
 pen. At laft his imprudence lodged him in the 
 Fleet prifon, where he lived fupported by the 
 bounty of his friend Churchill. The death of 
 this liberal benefactor overwhelmed him with 
 forrow, and in lefs than a month he followed 
 him to the grave. He died 1764. He was 
 the author of the " capricious lover," a comic 
 opera, Svo. and four other dramatic works. A 
 partial collection of his works appeared 2 vols. 
 8vo. 17/4. His imitation of Theocritus has 
 been much admired. 
 
 Lloyd, Nicholas, an En/lifh divine, 
 of an hiftorieal, ge:;: . poetical dic- 
 
 tionary, folio, a work i Hoffman, Mo- 
 
 reri, and .others are much indebted. This 
 acme fcholar died 1680, aged 49. 
 
 Llywklyn ap Grufydd, a Welfn prince, 
 who refitted the invafion of Edward I. of Bug- 
 land, but at lali fell under the power of his fu- 
 perior antagonist, 1-2H-2, after a reign of 28 
 years. The independence of his couutry pe- 
 rished with him. 
 
 Lone, Tlicophilus, a native of London, emi- 
 nent m a phvficiau. He wrote fome medical 
 and theological tracts, and died 176H, aged 87. 
 Lobel, Matthias, a native of LiSle, who 
 ftu iied at Montpellier. After travelling 
 tluou^h Sw'.tt-'ilaud, Germany, Italy, &c. he 
 
 came to England about 1570, and was nomi- 
 nated phyiieian and botanift to James I. He. 
 fuperintonded lord Zouch's botanical garden 
 at Hackney, aud he wrote ftirpium adverfaria, 
 London obfervationes, feu ftirpium hiftorke, 
 &c. fol . He died 1616, aged 7 8 . 
 
 Lobinf.au, Guy Alexis, a French benedic- 
 tine monk, born at Rennes 1667. He wrote 
 the hiftory of Britany, 2 vols, folio the con- 
 queft of Spain by the Moors, 12mo. a hif- 
 tory f Paris, 5 vol?, folio the faints of Bri,- 
 tanv, folio a translation of Polybius. He 
 died 1727. 
 
 Lobkowitz, Bo'ejlaus de Haffenftein, baron 
 de, a Bohemian nobleman, distinguished as a 
 negotiator and as a warrior. He died 1510. 
 His Latin poems poffefs merit. 
 
 Lobo, Jerome, a jeS'uit of Lisbon, who went 
 as a miSfionary to the haft. He wrote an ac- 
 count of his travels into Abyfiinia, in Portu- 
 guefe, tranilated ipto French, and from French 
 into Englilh by Dr. Johnfon. Lobo died 167 8, 
 aged 85. 
 
 Loao, Rodrigves Francis, a Portujniefe 
 poet, born in Eftremadura. His " Euphro- 
 fyne," a comedy, is very popular in Portugal. 
 He wrote befides other poems. 
 
 Lock art, Alexander, a lawyer born near 
 Edinburgh. He was a meml>er of the Scotch 
 parliament, and oppofed the union, and alio 
 the Hanoverian fuceefiion, after which he re- 
 tired to his country houfe and wrote his me- 
 moirs of Scotland. He fell in a duel 1732, 
 aged 57. 
 
 Locke, John, an ilhrftrious philofopher, 
 born 1632 at Wrington, near Briltol. He was 
 educated at Weftminfter fchool, and Chri it- 
 church, Oxford. He applied to phyfic, but 
 though he obtained flame reputation at Oxford, 
 he found his constitution inadequate to the fa- 
 tigues of the profeffton, and went as fecrctaiy to 
 fir William Swan,, envoy to the elector of 
 Brandenburg, 1664. -.Two years after he be- 
 came acquainted with lord Alhley, afterwards 
 earl of ShafteSbury, and not onlv by eurtBg 
 him of a dangerous abfeefs in the breaSt, bur 
 by the intelligence of his eonverfation, he ob- 
 tained his lasting friendship. He relinquished 
 medicine for politics, and civil and eccleliaftical 
 hiftory, ... ... drew uj ' the go- 
 
 vernment of Carolina, which ..... : ..!, now 
 chancellor .of the exchequer, and other lords, 
 had obtained from the crown. In lf>7*2 
 Shaftefbuiy, now lord chancellor, made him 
 Secretary of the prefentatious, but on the dis- 
 grace of his patron he loft his appointment, 
 though he Still continued Secretary to the board 
 of trade, and enjoyed it with a fiddly of 500l. 
 per year till the diiiblutiou of the commission in 
 1674. Soon after he went to Montpellur, as 
 he was apprehensive of a consumptive attack, 
 and devoted himfelf to medical purfuks, and 
 to the compofition of his effay on human un- 
 derstanding, till in 1679 his patron, now pre 
 dent of the council, recalled him home. The 
 earl in fix monthi was ajfgraced andimprifoned, 
 
 and 
 
LOC 
 
 LOG 
 
 and- in 169 efcapcdto Holland, where Locke, 
 equally faithful to him in adverfity as in pros- 
 perity, followed him. There, by his inter- 
 course with fome fnfpected perion after the 
 death uf his patron, the exiled philosopher drew 
 upon himfelf the refcntment of the govern- 
 ment ; he was not only removed from his ftu- 
 dcntflnp at Chri ft -church, which he had hitherto 
 kept as an honorable retreat, hut he was ac- 
 cused by the Englifh envoy before the ftates 
 general, and his perion claimed as guilty of trea- 
 sonable correspondence in favor of Monmouth's 
 invafion. Locke concealed himfelf for 12 
 months, devoted to literary labors, and two 
 years alter, when he returned to England in 
 confequence of the revolution, he publiihcd 
 his celebrated effay which had engaged him 
 nine years in the compofition. He was now 
 made commissioner of appeals, worth 2001. 
 a-year, and he was offered the honorable office 
 cf envoy to fome foreign courts, but this he 
 declined, pleafed with the retirement vvhicli he 
 found in the houfe of fir Francis and lady Ma- 
 ibam, at Oates. In 1695 he accepted the place 
 cf commissioner of trade and plantations, for 
 which he was So well qualified, but this he re- 
 figned five years after, on account of the deli- 
 cate State of his health, which did not permit 
 hhn with fafety to breathe the air of the capi- 
 tal. , 'file latter part of life was ufefully em- 
 ployed on political fubjee"ts, and alfo, in reading 
 and commenting on the holy fcriptures. With 
 nothing to diSturb the ferenity of his mind he 
 found himfelf happy in retirement, and in the 
 fociety of lady MaShain, a woman of Superior 
 virtue, and of contemplative habits of mind, 
 whoSe fon was educated and improved under the 
 eye, and in the principles of her illuftrious 
 friend. In this hofpitable manfion, as in his 
 own houfe, lie faw the gradual approach of 
 death with calmnefs. Seeing his legs fwell he 
 became fenfible that clhTolution was not diftant, 
 and after receiving the f>:rament with piety, he 
 told his Sorrowing friend, lady Mafham, that he 
 had lived long enough, that he thanked God for 
 having paff'ed his days fo happily, and that life 
 appeared to him mere vanity. He expired with 
 little pain, 2 8th Oct. 1704, in his 73d year, 
 and was buried in the church at Oates r where 
 an infeription, written by himfelf, marks the 
 fpot. His works are, befides the effay in 3 vols. 
 6vo. letters on toleration, 4 to. treatife on 
 civil government, 8vo. thoughts concerning 
 education, 12mo. confiderations on lowering 
 the intereft, and railing the value of money 
 reafonablenefs of chriftianity, 8vo. pofthu- 
 mous works, ike- paraphrafe on St. Paul's 
 epiftle3, 4to. letters, &c. all edited together, 
 8 vols, folio, and 9 vols. 8vo. On the cliarac- 
 ter of this great and good man little need be 
 laid. The virtues and the charities of human 
 nature he poflefied in the higheft degree, and 
 as a philosopher, a chriiiian, and a man, he 
 claims the firft rank in the admiration of pof- 
 terity. With judicious ^aite and becoming Sim- 
 plicity, queen Caroline erected in her pavilion 
 
 at Richmond, his buft with thofe of Bacor^ 
 Newton, and Clarke, as the four principal phi- 
 losophers of which England may boaft with 
 real Satisfaction when She enumerates her de- 
 parted heroes. 
 
 Locker, John, an Englifh gentleman, edu- 
 i cated at Merchant Taylors' and Merton col- 
 lege, Oxford, and at Gray's Inn. When called 
 to the bar he became a commiffioner of 
 baukrupts, and held other offices. He was a 
 perfect matter of the Greek, and alfo of the 
 modern Greek, which he acquired by the con- 
 verfation of a native of the Morea,' whom he 
 found by accident begging in the ftreeis of 
 London, and whom he and Dr. Mead liberally 
 patronifed. He was an enthufiaftic admirer of 
 lord Bacon, fome of whofe papers he eolleeled 
 for publication. He wrote a preface to Vol- 
 taire's Charles XII. and translated the two firft 
 books, and Dr. Jebb the reft. He died 1 760. 
 
 Lockma.v, John, author of Rofalinda, a mu- 
 fical drama, and of David's lamentations, an 
 oratorio, was one of the compilers of the ge- 
 neral dictionary. He died 1771. 
 
 Lockyer, Nicholas, a native of Somerfet- 
 fhire, chaplain to s Cromwell, and provoft of 
 Eton. As he was a nonjuror he was ejected 
 at the reftoration. He wrote theological trails, 
 and died 1684. 
 
 Lodbrog, Regner, a king of Denmark, at 
 the beginning of the 9th century. He was 
 a warrior, and poet, but his poems breathe 
 nothing but wild fanaticism. 
 
 Lodge, Thomas, a learned phyfician, educat- 
 ed at Oxford. He ftudied medicine at Avig- 
 non, where he took his doctor's degree, and 
 at his return was incorperatcd at Cambridge. 
 He acquired an extenfive practice in London, 
 efpecially among the catholics, of whofe per- 
 fuafion he was. He died 1625. He wrote 
 wounds of civil war, a tragedy, lookin 
 for London, and for England, a tragicomedy 
 1598. 
 
 Loewendal, Ulric Frederic WoHvnar, 
 count dc, a native of Hamburgh, in the fervico 
 of Poland, and afterwards of Denmark, againft 
 Sweden. He next was in the imperial army, 
 and at the battle of Petcrwaradin , and the fieges 
 of Temefwar and Belgrade. Auguftus, king 
 of Poland, made him field-marfhal, and infpee- 
 tor-general of the Saxon infantry, and he after- 
 wards obtained the c!>ief command of the Ruf- 
 fian forces. From Ruffia he pafled into the 
 French Service, and was at the battle of Fon- 
 tenoy, and at the taking of Bergen-op-Zoom , 
 hitherto regarded as impregnable. The French 
 king acknowledged his Services by making him 
 fieid-marfhal. He died 1755, aged 5 5 . 
 
 Logan, Frederic, baron de, a German poet, 
 whoSe epigrams and other pieces have been 
 edited by Leifing. He died 1655, aged 5 1 . 
 
 Locan, John, a native of Scotland, edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh, and made minifter of 
 South Leith, 1770. He was known as a wri- 
 ter, and as a poet, and died in London 1788, 
 aged about 40. Hi* works are the philofophy 
 
 of 
 
LOM 
 
 LON 
 
 of hhlory from lectures delivered at Edinburgh, 
 17 SI Runnamede, a tragedy, refufed a* Co- 
 vent-garden, on account of fome political 
 allufions to the times, but adlcd with great 
 applaufe at Edinburgh poems and review 
 of the principal charges againft Mr. Haftiugs. 
 LoGts, Mary Bruneau, a French lady of 
 the proteftant perfuafion. She was much 
 admired for her wit and genius, but though 
 called the tenth mufe, and a divinity on earth, 
 ihe left none of her poetical productions be- 
 hind her. 
 
 Lohenstein, Darnel Gafpard de, a learned 
 German, who wrote fome dramatic pieces 
 Arminius, a hiftorical romaucc, 2 vols. 4to. 
 &c. and died 1683, aged 45. 
 
 Loir, Nickdas, a painter, born at Paris 
 1624. He was difciple to Le Brun. He 
 painted landfcapes, figures, &c. and affifted 
 in the completion of the paintings of the 
 palace of the Thuilieries. 
 
 LoKMAN, an Ahyffinian prophet, did to 
 have been fold as a flare among the Ifraelites 
 in the reign of David and Solomon. His 
 wifdom, and the fti iking morality of his ta- 
 bles, are fo like thofe of /Efop, that he is con- 
 fidered by fome as the fame perfonage. He 
 was eftecmed as an extraordinary character, fo 
 ,that Mahomet has inferted a chapter ..in the 
 Kt>ran, with his name, where he introduces 
 God faying, we heretofore beftowed wifdom 
 on Lokman. He is faid to have lived 300 years. 
 Lollard, Walter, the founder of the feci: 
 of the Lollards, was according to fome an 
 Englishman. His opinions were firft diifemi- 
 nated in Germany, 1315, and afterwards - in 
 Piedmont, and in England. He was burnt 
 as a heretic at Cologne, 13 '2 2. The followers 
 of Lollard believed that mafs, baptifm, and 
 extreme unction, were fuperfluous, they re- 
 nounced obedience to all magiftrates, and per- 
 fuaded themfelves that God did not punifh 
 faults committed on the earth. 
 
 Lomazzo, John Paid, a native of Milan, 
 known as an ingenious landfcape and portrait 
 painter. He alfo wrote an Italian treatife on 
 painting, &c. and died 1 598, aged 40. 
 
 Lombard, Peter, called matter of the 
 Sentences, was born in Lombardy, and educated 
 at Pans. He was tutor to Philip fon of Lewis 
 le Gros, king of France, and on the death of 
 the archbifhop of Paris he was placed in his 
 room. He chedfour years after, 1164. His 
 work of the fentences is divided into four books, 
 and has been ably commented upon by fuc- 
 ceeding divines. He wrote alfo commentaries 
 on the pfalrns, Sec. 
 
 Lombard, John Lewis, a native of Straf- 
 burg, bred up to the law, but by nature formed 
 for military affairs. He became, in 1748, pro- 
 feffur of artillery at Metz, and afterwards in 
 1/59, at Auxonne, and died 1794, aged 71. 
 He wrote table du tir des cannons & des 
 obufiers, 8vo. memoire a l'ufage des officier3 
 d'artillerie de France, 2 vols. 8vo. traits 4u 
 mouvoment des projectiles, 8>o. &c. 
 
 Lombart, LtmLert, a native of Liege, who 
 ftuiied painting in Germany, France, and Italy, 
 and afterwards fettled in his native country, 
 where lyj died 1565, aged 59. He excelled 
 alfo as an architect. 
 
 Lomenie, Henry Lends, count de Brienne, 
 a French ftatefman. The lofs of his wife had 
 fuch effect upon his underftanding, that he 
 became a lunatic, and was confequerttly dif- 
 miifed from power and confined. During his 
 confinement and lucid intervals, he wrote me- 
 moirs of his own life, 3 vols, folio fatires and 
 odes : an account of his travels, and ether 
 things. He died 1G98, aged 56. 
 
 LoMENiE de Erienn'e, Stephen Charles 
 de, a French prelate of the fame fasaily, born 
 at Paris 1727. He was in 1760 made bifhop 
 I of Condom, archbiihop of Touloufe 1764, and 
 then removed to Setts. He became, by the 
 intrigues of Vermont, whom he had recom- 
 mended as confeifor to the queen, a cardinal, 
 and the prime minifter of Lewis XVI. Hs 
 caufed the drigra.ee of Calonne, but followed 
 his Iteps of government and politics, and his 
 impotent difputes with the parliament of Paris, 
 rapidly contributed to the French revolution. 
 He quitted, at laft, a ftation to which he was 
 unequal, and by feuding back his cardinal's 
 hat to the pope, at the beginning of the revo- 
 lution, he acquired a little popularity. He 
 died it Sens, 1798. 
 
 Lomonozof, a Ruffian poet of merit, bom 
 1711. He was fon of a fifhmonger, but de- 
 fpifing this humble occupation, and inflamed 
 with the love of literature by reading the fong 
 of Solomon, he fled from his father, to a mo- 
 naftery of Mofcow, where he ftudied the 
 learned languages. In 1736 he was fent, at th* 
 expence of the imperial academy of fciences, 
 to Marburg, in Helfe Cafiel, where for 
 four years he ftudied grammar, rhetoric, and 
 philofophy, and afterwards chemiftry, at Frey- t 
 berg. In 1741 he returned to Ruffia, and 
 became profeffor of chemiftry in the imperial 
 academy. In 1744 he was made counfehor of 
 ftate, but unfortunately died that year, aged 
 54. Asa writer, Lomonozof is defervedly 
 eftcemed by his countrymen, as the polifher 
 of their language. His poetical competitions 
 are valuable for their originality, fublimity of 
 fentiment, and their animated diction. As 
 the imitator of Pindar, he ranks very high, 
 and the appellation of father of Ruffian poetry 
 is becomingly beftowed upon him. His works 
 havs been puUHhed in 3 vols, containing 10 
 facred, and 19 panegyric ods, and other poeti- 
 cal pieces, idyls, tragedies, &.c. beficies paf- 
 feges translated from Lucian, Erafmu's, Homer, 
 Ovid, Virgil, &c. 
 
 Loxg, James le, a prieft of the oratory, born 
 at Paris, 1665. He was profeSTor in feveral 
 colleges, and librarian of St. Honore - , at Paris, 
 where he died 1721. He was well fkilled in 
 languages, and in mathematics and philofophy. 
 Hi3chief works are bibliotheca facra, 2 vcls. folio, 
 -bibliotheque hilloriquede la France, folio. &c. 
 [I] Long, 
 
LON 
 
 LOR 
 
 LoMG, Jtflfer, D. D. mafler of Pembroke 
 hall, Cambiidgc, and Lowndes' proiViTbr of 
 aftipnouiy, was a native of Norfolk. He pab- 
 liuied a " treatife on aftronomy," 
 
 '2 vols. 4 to. He wrote beiidcs, an anfwer to 
 ])r. Gaily on " Greek accents," and fomc 
 fcrraons. He alfo invented a curious machine, 
 which represented the zodiac, and the circles, 
 and all the conflellations and ftars vinhle at 
 on plates of iron. The machine 
 i^ in tin- form of a globe, 1 8 feet in diameter, 
 in which no perfous may conveniently fit, and 
 Is eafily turned by a winch. Dr. Long, equally 
 known as a pleafant and facetious companion, 
 died 1770, aged<91. 
 
 Long, Thomas, B. D. an able divine, born 
 at Exeter, and educated at Exeter college, 
 Oxford. He was author of an hiftory of Dona- 
 ttfts, 8vo. examination of Hale's treat ife on 
 fchifm, Svo. hiftory of popifh and fanatical 
 plots and confpiracie.-, 8vo. -life of Julian, 
 s v-). vindication of Charles's claim to be 
 the author of the eikon bafilice, &c. At the 
 ;o lie refufed to take the oaths to Wil- 
 Ham, and was ejected. He died 17 00, aged 
 about 7 r J. 
 
 Lo^'ohkard, Jf'ii'iam, a prleft of great abi- 
 lities. He affembled a large rhob in the reign 
 of Richard I. and by calling himfell the fa- 
 vour of the poor, he threatened the royal 
 authority with dcftrn&ion. He fled at laft 
 f*;r re St. Mary-Ie-bonne church, 
 
 where he was overpowered, and then, with 
 nine of bis affociates, torn to pieces by horfes, 
 and hung on a gallows, 110.6. 
 
 Longkpierre, Hilary Bernard de, a learned 
 Frenchman, who tranllated into verfe, Ana- 
 ercon, Theocritus, Sappho, Dion & Mofchus, 
 nd was author of fbme idyls, and of tragedies 
 after the Greek model, fuch as Medea, El^ctra 
 & Scfoftris. He died 17 -37. 
 
 LoNGLABFD, John, a native of Henley, Ox- 
 iordfliire, educated at Magdalen college, Ox- 
 ford. He was principal of Magdalen hall, in 
 l. r :i4 dean of Salifbury, and feven years after 
 biihop of Lincoln. It is laid that he recom- 
 menced the neceifity ol a divorce between Henry 
 VIII. and Catharine of Arragon. He died 1547. 
 Longcmontani-s, Chri/cian, fon of a poor 
 laborer, was an eminent aitronomcr, born in 
 Denmark, 1562. His genius was fettered by 
 the mimfter of his parifh, and after following 
 the plough, he went to Wiburg, at the age of 
 15, ami there maintained hirufelf by his 
 labor, that lie might enjoy more itrdependerrt- 
 ly tb.e opportunity of fiady. He was afterwards 
 at Copenhagen, and then became the compa- 
 nion, and the friend of Tycho I3rahe for eight 
 year*. In ICoo he left this beloved mailer, 
 and after vifn'mg the fpots where Copernicus 
 had made his obf' nations on the ftars, he came 
 to Copenhagen, and was in Ui05 nominated 
 profeflbr of mathematics, .and he died, 1G47. 
 He publiihed " aftronomia Danica," folic 
 lyilemamathernvicum, fcvo. problemata geo- 
 wetrica, 4 to. &r. 
 
 6. 
 
 LoNGUEIL, Gilbert de, a phyfloian of Ufrech?, 
 who wrote remarks on Plautus, Ovid, Nepoi- 
 Cteero, Valla, &.c. 4 vols. Svo. a Greek and 
 Latin lexicon a dialogue on birds, with their 
 Greek, Latin, and German names, &e. He 
 died 1543, aged 3 6. 
 
 Loxour,!?., Chrijlopher de, an able fcholar, 
 born atMalines, 1490. He was highly furr- 
 ed by Lewis XII. and by Leo X. who ei 
 him to write againft Luther. He wrote bi 
 Latin commentaries on Pliny's plants, 8ce. and 
 died at Padua, 1322, aged 34. 
 
 Lomjuerue, Lewis Zhifour de, a French. 
 abb?, born at Charleville, 1652. At the ager 
 of four he was admixed for his application by 
 Lewis XIV. as he puffed through Charleville. 
 ry learned and amiable man died 173 J, 
 aged 80. He wrote a Latin dilfertation or* 
 Tatian, Svo. 1700 an hiflorical defcriptron 
 of France, folio, 1719 annales Arfacidaruin, 
 Ito. 173-2 remarks on Wolfey's life, &.c. 
 
 Lom, Alexander, a native of Floreqce, 
 eminent as a painter. He imitated Carlo 
 Dolce, and died 1702, aged 47. 
 
 Lonicerus, Joint, a learned German, pro- 
 feflbr of languages at Marpurg, where he dieci 
 1569, aged 70. He compiled a Greek and 
 Latin lexicon, began by Melanci lion and Came? 
 rarins, and publilhed Diofcorides, &c. 
 
 Lonicerus, Adam, fon of the above, was 
 a fagacious phyucian, who died at Frankfort, 
 1586. He was author of methodus rei her- 
 barioe, 4to. hifioria naturalis plantarum, ani- 
 ma-ium & metallurum , 2 vols, folio, &c. 
 
 Loon, Theodore Fan, a native of Bruflels, 
 wliofe excellent paintings adorn the public 
 buildings of Rome and of Venice. He wa 
 born 1630. 
 
 Loreda:*o, John Francis, a fenator of Ve- 
 nice, author of a life of Adam hiftory of th* 
 kings of Cyprus fome comedies, Sec. col- 
 lected in 6 vols. 12mo. He was born 1606. 
 
 Lorenzetti, Amhrogio, of Siena, dif- 
 eiple to Giotto, was the firft who painted with 
 fuccefs rain, ftorms, and the eftecSl of winds- 
 He died 13 50, aged 83. 
 
 LoRENZim, Luwre.nce y z. native of Florence, 
 eminent as a mathematician. He was the 
 pupil of Viviani, and was in the fervice of 
 Ferdinand, fon of Cofmo III. ; but fon?'' un- 
 fortunate circumftance in his conduct pro- 
 cored his imprifonment in the tower of Voir] 
 terra. During his confinement of 20 year* 
 he devoted himfelf to his mathematical ftudiea, 
 aud wrote his 12 books on conical and cylindric- 
 al fections. He died 1 7 -21, aged 69. 
 
 Lorit, Henry, or Geareanus, from Claris 
 in Switzerland, where; he was born, ftudied at 
 Cologne, Bafll, and Paris. He was the friend 
 of Erafmus, and died 1563, aged 75. He 
 wrote various difiertations, notes, &c. on claf- 
 fical fubjccls, &c. 
 
 Lorme,- *Philibert de, mailer of the works to 
 the French king, was born at Lyons. He is 
 the architect of the Thuilleries, le Louvre, and 
 other public buildings. Though expofed to 
 
 thr 
 
LOT 
 
 LOU 
 
 he fstire of the poet Ron&rd, he long enjoyed 
 the patronage of the French court, and died 
 .1557. He wrote ten books of architeituie, 
 &c. 
 
 Lorme, John de, a French phyfician of 
 Moulins, 1^44. He ftudied at Montpellier, 
 and pradtifed ar Forez, and afterwards became 
 phyfician to Louifa of Lorraine, wife of Henry 
 III. and to Mary de Medicis. He was uni- 
 versally efteemed, and in his old age retired 
 to his native place, where he died, 1634, aged 
 90. 
 
 Lorme, Charles de, fon of the above, was 
 born 1587, and became phyfician to Lewis 
 XIII. In his experiments and researches he 
 acquired great celebrity, and died much re- 
 fpected, 1678, aged 91. He was the pro- 
 moter of a particular ptifan, called " red 
 brorii," which proved of great ferVice to thou- 
 sands. 
 
 Lorraine, Robert le, an eminent fculptor 
 of Paris, 1666. His chef d'ceuvrc, is his 
 Galatea, compofed when admitted into the 
 academy of Sculpture, 17 01. He died go- 
 vernor of the academy, 1743. He was the 
 friend of the learned of his time, and his fta- 
 tues adorned the gardens of Verfailles, Marli, 
 &c. 
 
 Lorraine, Charles of, cardinal and archbi- 
 fliop of Rheims, was born 1525. His great 
 abilities were proftituted to the worft of am- 
 bition, the love^of power and of money. His 
 influence in the reigns of Henry II. and of 
 Frauds II. was almoft unlimited, and to him 
 the war of Italy is to be attributed. He was 
 a man of great eloquence, which he difplayed 
 at the council of Trent, and at PohTy. He 
 died 1574. 
 
 Lorris, William de, author of the " ro- 
 mance of the rofe," in imitation of Ovid's art 
 of love, and other things, was a poet of confi- 
 derable merit. He died about 1 620. 
 
 Lorry, Anne Charles, a French phyfician, 
 well known for his Latin treatifes on melan- 
 choly, and -its affections, -2 vols. Svo. and on 
 the ufe of aliments. He wrote befides, a trea- 
 tife on cutaneous difeafes, 4to. &c. and died 
 3783, aged 58. 
 
 Losa, Ijal-ella, of Cordova, was fo illuftri- 
 ous for her knowledge of Greek, Latin, and 
 Hebrew, that (he was honored with the degree 
 of D. I). When She became a widow fhe took 
 the habit of St. Clair, and founded in Italy 
 the hofpital of Loretto, where fhe ended 
 her days in the bofom of devotion, 1546, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Lot, fon of Haran, the nephew of Abra- 
 .ham, fettled at Sodom, from whence lie was 
 carried away captive by the king of Edom, till 
 Abraham fet him at liberty, When Sodom 
 was tp be deftroyed, God, out of mercy to 
 Abraham, fpared Lot, and fent an angel to 
 .remove him from the city. Lot, with his 
 wife and twp daughters, left Sodom, but his 
 wife, by looking back, was changed into a 
 pillar of fait. His two daughter*, from an. 
 
 inceftuous intercourfe with him had the one. 
 Moab, and the other, Aramon, the progeni- 
 tors of thofe. two nations which protect fo ini- 
 mical to the Ifraelites. 
 
 Lot en, John, a Dutch painter, who lived 
 in England. His landscapes were much ad- 
 mired, efpecially where he reprefented ftorms 
 and mowers of rain, with trees turnup, and 
 cattle running for theher. He di st tu Lon- 
 don, 1681. 
 
 Lothaire I. fon of Lewis the debonnaire," 
 fhared the throne of Germany with his father, 
 81 7, and was king of Lombardy three years 
 after. His ingratitude to his father armed his 
 brothers againft him, but the bloody battle of 
 Fontenai, 841, in which 100,000 men are 
 laid to have perilhed, feemed indeeiiive, till 
 a truce was effected between the unnatural 
 brothers, and the treaty of Verdun, in 84-3, 
 fettled then* refpective rights. Lothaire 
 obtained the empire, Italy, &e. but 10 years 
 alter, dilfatisfied with the cares of government, 
 he abdicated the crown to retire to a monaflery 
 in Ardennes, where he died 885. 
 
 Lothaire II. duke of Saxony, was elected 
 king of Germany, 1125, after the death of 
 Henry IV. and crowned emperor at Rome, 
 1135. Ashe kiffed the feet ot Innocent 1L 
 who crowned him, the popes affumed a fo- 
 vereign right over the German empire. He 
 died 1137- 
 
 Lothaire, king of France, fon of Lewis 
 IV. fucceeded his father 954. He died at 
 Compiegne, 986, in confequence of poifon, 
 faid to be adminiftered by his wife Emma. 
 
 Lothaire, king of Lorraine, fon of the 
 emperor Lothaire I. abandoned his wife 
 Thietberga, to marry his miftrefs, Vaidrade. 
 Nicholas I. interfered in favor of the injured 
 queen, and compelled the obedient Lo- 
 thaire to quit his favorite miflrefs for his law*- 
 ful wife. Lothaire afterwards affifted his 
 brother Lewis I. and pope Adrian II. againft 
 the Saracens in Italy, but die was unfuccefsful. 
 He died at Placentia of a violent fever, 869. 
 
 Louis I. furnamed the debonnaire or 
 feeble, fon of Charlemagne, was proclaimed 
 king of France and emperor of the Weft, 814. 
 Inftead of Strengthening his power by union, 
 he weakened it by divifion, and by making his 
 fons kings of little ftates, he permitted 
 different interefts to prevail in his dominions. 
 His fons at laft, fenfible of his weaknefs, re- 
 belled againft him, and the deferted monarch 
 then threw himfelf into the power of his 
 unnatural children in the plains of Rotleub. 
 Inftead of compaffion, he met with indig- 
 nity; he was not only imprifoned but obliged 
 to perform public penance at Soiffons as a moft 
 atrocious delinquent. He died in an ifland 
 of the Rhine, above Mentz, 840, aged 62. 
 
 Louis II. the young, eldeft fon of Lo- 
 thaire I. was made king of Italy, 844, and in 
 855 fucceeded to the imperial throne. He 
 was a virtuous monarch, not foad of war, and 
 Qttly anxious to maintain the dignity of the 
 [ I 2 ] throne, 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 throne, mid the due execution of the laws. 
 He died 875. 
 
 Louis III. furnamed the blind, was fon of 
 Bofon king of Provence, and fucceeded to 
 the throne of his father, 890, at the age of 10. 
 He defeated Berenger, who difputed his fuc- 
 etflion, but foon after was furprized by his 
 rival at Verona, who cruelly put out his 
 eyes, an . lent him to Provence, where he 
 died, 934. 
 
 Louis IV. called the child, fucceeded 
 his father Arnold in 90o, though only feven 
 years old. His reign was a fcene of defola- 
 ticn. His dominions were invaded by the 
 Hungarians. He died at Ratifbon, 911. He 
 was the laft emperor of Germany of the Carlo- 
 vingian race, and the imperial crown after- 
 Wards became elective. 
 
 Louis V. called the fourth bv thofe who 
 exclude the fliort reign of the infant. Louis, 
 from the lilt of emperors, was fon of* Louis 
 of Bavaria, and was decked emperor at Frank- 
 fort, 1314. His elevation was difputed by 
 fotne of the electors, who declared for Frederie 
 the fair, and confecrated him at Cologne. 
 After various fkirmiihes Louis (.roved victo- 
 rious. He was killed by a fall from his horfe 
 in hunting, 1347. 
 
 Louis I. king of France, via. Louis I. the 
 debonnaire. 
 
 Louis II. the Hammerer, was fon of 
 Charles the bald, and fueceeded as king of 
 Aquitaine in 867, and as king of France 877- 
 He was a weak prince, and died at Compiegnc, 
 879, aged 85, 
 
 Louis III. fon of Louis II. lhared the 
 kingdom with his brother Carloman, with 
 whom he lived in perfect union. He died 88a. 
 Louis IV. furnamed tranfmarine, beeaufe 
 he refided 13 years in England, fucceeded as 
 king of France, 936. He was engaged in war 
 with Richard duke of Normandy, and was 
 taken prifoner, but reftored to liberty on con- 
 dition of leaving his antagonift in pofleffion 
 of Normandy. He died 954, aged 38. 
 
 Louis V. furnamed the la/.y, fucceeded 
 his father Lothaire 9S6. He feized upon 
 Rheims, and was preparing to march againft 
 the Saracens, when he was poifoncd by his 
 queen Blanche, 98;. 
 
 tiOUia VI. called the big, fon of Philip I. 
 fucceeded, 110S. His reign was difiurbed 
 by war, and he had much to dread from the 
 ambition of Ids nobles, who each wiihi-d to 
 eftablifh theml'elves into independent princes. 
 His quarrels with Henry I. of England were 
 ,-. about the poiTerfion us' Normandy. 
 I le died at Paris 1 1 -37 , l|p 
 
 Louis VII. tlie yourur, Ion and fuccelfor 
 of the preceding, engaged in a, quarrel with 
 ,', about the imeithure to bifhoprica, 
 for v.hich he whs excommunicated, and his 
 :i i-jid tinder an . il w&t 
 
 , and his de- 
 ftruction of Vitri, was n-prei'fcnted by St. Ber- 
 nard iu fueh odiou* colore th*t lie ;*s pcr- 
 
 fuaded to take up the crofs, and with an army 
 of SO, 000 men, he, accompanied by his I 
 wife Eleanor, marched into Paleftine. He 
 was defeated by the Saracens, and in 1147 
 obliged to raife the fiege of Damafcus, and 
 on his rettrrn to Europe he was feized by the 
 Greeks and delivered into the hands of Roger 
 of Sicily. His domeftic happinefs was after- 
 wards deftroyed by his queen, who, when 
 divorced from him, took for her hufband 
 Henry II. of England. Louis died at Paris', 
 1180, aged 60. 
 
 Louis VIII. furnamed the lion, fon of 
 Philip Auguftus and of Ifabella, fucceeded 
 his father, 1283. He waged fuccefsful war 
 againft the Englifh, from whom he conquered 
 Limoulin, Perigord, Aunis, &c. He died 
 foon after at Montpenfier in Auvergne, 1226, 
 aged 39. 
 
 Louis IX. called faint, fon of Louis VIII. 
 fucceeded in 1226. His minority was 
 protected by his mother Blanche, and when he 
 attained the age of manhood he purfued the 
 fame courfe of prudent government. He 
 made war againft Henry III. of Englaiwl, who 
 fupporled his revolted nobles. During an 
 illnefs in 1244, he made a vow that if he re- 
 covered he would undertake a crufade, and 
 after a preparation of four years he fet out on 
 this romantic expedition, leaving his mother 
 regent. He landed in Egypt, took Da- 
 mietta, and croJTed the Nile i*\ fight of the 
 Saracens, but though victorious, difeafe and 
 famine came to thin his ranks. As he at- 
 tempted to retreat to Damietta he was de- 
 feated, and fell into the hands of the enemy. 
 In his prifon he agreed to ranfom his army 
 with a large fum of money, and to give up 
 Damietta in exchange for his perfon, after 
 which he pafl'ed into Paleftine and remained 
 there four years. On his return he devoted 
 himfelf to the happinefs of his people, and 
 afterwards again embarked in 1-2/0 fur 
 another crufade, and laid liege to Tunis in 
 Africa, but the contagious diforder which 
 was lb fatal to his troops proved equally fatal 
 to himfelf. This great and good man died 
 in his camp, 1270. 
 
 Louis X. called Hutin, king of Navarre, 
 fucceeded his lather Philip the fair, 1314, ai 
 king of France. He recalled the Jews intw 
 his kingdom, and made war againft the count 
 of Flanders, but was unfuccefsful. He died 
 at Vincennes, 1316, aged 26. 
 
 Louw XL fon of Charles VII. and Mary 
 of Anjou, was bom at Bourges, 1423. He 
 ; the Enliih to retire from the fiege of 
 Dieppe, 14 43, but his conduct towards hi? ta- 
 irnifhed all his glory. He rebelled 
 :Jm, and the aged monarch, afraid of 
 being poifoned, ftarved himfelf, and Look, on 
 his death, aicended the throne in 1461. After 
 Tendering hknfelf odious to his family and to 
 his fubjects, this worthlefe monarch found the 
 laft period of life embittered by domeftic misfor- 
 tunes,- i*ad the reflexions of a persecuting cow 
 
 fcieuce. 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 iclpuce. At laft he was feized with a .deep 
 melancholy, and afraid of death, he retired to 
 the caftle of Pleffis-les-tours, where none was 
 permitted accefs to him. Death at laft deli- 
 vered him from the horrors of his terrified ima- 
 gination, 1483, in his 6oth year. Louis has 
 been defervedly called the Tiberius of France, 
 as in cruelty, malice, and perfidy, he equalled 
 the Roman tyrant. 
 
 Louis XII. furnamed the juit, fucceeded 
 Charles VIII. He took up arms during the 
 weak reign of Charles VIII., but in the battle 
 of St. Aubin, in 1488, he was made priioner. 
 The intreaties of his wife at laft procured his 
 deliverance, and, in 1498, he obtained the 
 crown, and with heroic magnanimity forgave all 
 the enemies of his former privacy. After wife 
 regulations at home, he fubdued the Milanefe, 
 .Genoa, and Naples, and made the king of 
 Naples priioner; but the fuceefles of Gonialvo 
 turned the tide of affairs and effected the expul- 
 fion of the French from Italy, 1503. Beloved 
 by his Subjects, and rev< red as a father, this be- 
 nevolent monarch died 1515, aged 5H. 
 
 Louis XIII. furnamed the juft, fon of 
 Henry IV. and Mary de Medicis, afcended the 
 throne 1610. He was governed by the coun- 
 fels of d'Anere, an ambitious favorite; but 
 after his death, he was reconciled to his mother, 
 who, however, took up arms againft him; 
 while on the other hand the Huguenots were 
 leagued againft the throne. Guided now by 
 Richelieu, ix>ms evinced vigor in his meafures, 
 and Rochelie, though relieved by the Englifh, 
 vielded, and ruined the hopes of the infurgents. 
 From Rochelie Louis marched to the amftance 
 of the duke of Mantua, and by a fuccefsful 
 campaign, eftablifhed him in the. pofleflion of 
 his dominions. On his return to France, Louis 
 found himfelf expofed to the intrigues of his 
 brother Gafton of Orleans; but the projects 
 of this powerful Subject were defeated at Caf- 
 teinaudari. He died 1640, aged 4-2. 
 
 Louis XIV. furnamed the great, was fon of 
 Ljuis XIII. by Anne of Auftria, and was born 
 5th September, 1G;38, after the fterility of the 
 queen for 22 years. When four years old he 
 fucceeded his father, and his minority was go- 
 verned by his mother, and her favorite Ma- 
 zarin. The war was continued againft the em- 
 peror, and the Spaniards, and I>xiis was vic- 
 torious at itocroy, in Catalonia, and againft the 
 imperialists. But though victorious abroad, 
 Loais was unpopular at home, in confequence 
 of the general odium excited againlt the queen- 
 mother and Mazarin, and he was obliged to fly 
 from the capital. The Spaniards profiting by 
 this duTention invaded Champagne, Loiraine, 
 and Catalonia, but fuccefs nevertheless attended 
 the French arm*. The death of Mazarin, in 
 1061, now chang'd the face of affairs; and 
 Louis, who had hitherto paid little attention to 
 lulinefs, took the reins into his nun hands. 
 A new order of tidings bes^an therefore to ap- 
 pear, ana Colbert, a man of vaft powers of 
 mind, was called to direct the deftintw of 
 
 France. Under his adminiftration commerce 
 began to florifh, the arts were patronized, in- 
 duftry every where was encouraged, and the 
 academies of painting, of fculpture, and of the 
 fcienccs, were erected to improve the tafte of 
 the nation. Colonies were planted in Mada- 
 gascar and at Cayenne; and while discipline 
 was reftored to the armies, and Subordination 
 in the marine, the extremities of the world 
 were vifited by men of talents in Search of 
 foienee; and the learned of foreign nations 
 found in Louis and in his virtuous xiiniiler a 
 patron and a friend. On the death of Philip 
 IV. father of his queen, Louis laid claim to 
 his dominions, and eipceially to the Low 
 Countries, which he invaded with an anny. 
 The peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1668, gave 
 to Spain Franche Comptc, but affured to 
 France her conquefts in the Low Countries. In 
 16J2, Louis attacked Holland, and after 
 taking above 40 places on the Rhine, he croffed 
 that river, and feized upon Gueldres and 
 Utrecht, but his conquefts were ltopped by the 
 inundation with which the terrified Dutch over- 
 whelmed their country. The ftates of Europe 
 too were indignant at his gigantic Schemes, and 
 united to arreft his progrel's; but the treaty of 
 Nimeguen checked the victories of Turenne, 
 and reftored peace to the continent. Proud of 
 his triumphs, and flattered by the title of 
 Great, Louis again directed his attention to the 
 improvement of his kingdom ; the canal of Lan- 
 guedoc was completed, the ports of Toulon, 
 Breft, Dunkirk, Havre-de-Grace, and Roche- 
 fort, were enlarged and beautified ; and by the 
 eitablifhment of cadets, the foundations of fu- 
 ture military glory were laid. Put thefe glo- 
 rious meaSu res were tainifhed by the cruelty of 
 the monarch, who in a thoughtlcfs hour re- 
 voked the edict of Nantes, by which Henry IV. 
 had granted toleration to proteftants ; and thus 
 by one Stroke of the pen, he banifbed 50.000 
 families from his kingdom into foreign coun- 
 tries, and with them the arts, the manufac- 
 tures, and the treafures of France. Some time 
 after the peace of Ryfwick, the death of Charles 
 II. of Spain without children, renewed hoflili- 
 ties; and when the duke of Anjou, grandfon of 
 the French monarch, aflumed the title of king, 
 agreeable to thewill of the Spanifh prince, under 
 the name of Philip V. the powers of Europe 
 rofe up to defend the claims of the archduke 
 Charles to the vacant throne. Eugene Spread his 
 conquefts in Italy, and in the north, Marl- 
 borough in 1"04, gained the giv.t battle of 
 Hochftet, and totally cut in pieces the trench 
 army under Tallard and Marchin. The next 
 campaigns were difaf irons to the French arms ; 
 the victory of Oudenarde was followed by the 
 fall of Tournay, and the battle of Malplaqm t ; 
 and Louis, disheartened by his misfortunes, 
 fued for peace, and even offered money to the 
 allies to enable them to dethrone his grandfon. 
 The pride of the allies continued the war, 
 but the treaty of Utrecht was at laft Signed, 
 1713, and proved more favorable to France than ' 
 \ -I 33 - flic 
 
LOU 
 
 LOtf 
 
 fh'e expettcd 5 ami the following year peace was 
 conciaded with the empire at Radftadt. Louis 
 died loon after, lft Sept. 17 15, aged 77, in 
 the 7i3<l of his reign; during which he had 
 feen four k'.nrrs in Sweden, four in Denmark, 
 five in Poland, live in Portugal, three in Spain, 
 ; England, three emperors, and nine 
 The character of this monarch is en- 
 tii''ci to praife. Though fond of military 
 ::nd too often awake to the voice of flat- 
 ten-, he yet had the fagacity to difcern merit, 
 and to patronize virtue. His reign is as illus- 
 trious for great names in literary purfuits and in 
 Icience, as for able characters in the field and 
 in the cabinet. Though unhappily too much 
 given, to ienfual plcafures in the midft of a vo- 
 luptuous court, yet Loins fought for friendfhip, 
 and the reciprocity of kindnefs; and in the laft 
 part of his life he became penitent, ferious, 
 and devout, by the influence of his miftrefs, 
 jnada:ne de Mr.'intenon, whom, it is ftiid, he 
 privately married. 
 
 JLoLis XV. fon of the duke of Burgundy, 
 in 1J15 fucceeded his great grandfather, Louis 
 XIV. as king of France. Philip, duke of Or- 
 leans, as guardian, labored earneftlv to reftore 
 the finances of the kingdom, but the fchemes 
 of Law, and the Mifliffippi projects, brought 
 delegation upon 100,000 families in France. 
 In 1723 the king was declared of age, and the 
 affairs of the kingdom, after pafiing into the 
 hands of Dubois, were entruftedto the duke of 
 Bourbon. In 1725 the king married Mary, 
 the daughter of StaniQaus of Poland, and 
 Fleurv fucceeded to the difgiaced Bourbon, in 
 the management of public affairs. In his wars 
 with the emperor, Louis met with difafters, 
 tho\i<;h fometimes victorious; while on the 
 ocean his commerce was ruined by the Englifh. 
 The treaty of Aix la-Chapelle in 1748, was 
 followed in 17 5 5 by a new war, which at laft 
 was terminated by the peace 01 1 7 6-3 . In 1 7 7 4 
 Louis was attacked a fecond time by the fmall- 
 pox, which proved fatal. He was then 65 
 years old, and had reigned upwards of 59. 
 Louis was a weak character, and though pof- 
 fefl'ed of fome good qualities of heart, he fuf- 
 fered himfelf too patiently to be governed by 
 his favorites and hi:> miftreffes. 
 
 Louis XVI. fon of the dauphin, and of 
 Mary Jofephine, of Saxony, the daughter of 
 Frederic Auguftus, king of Poland, was born 
 23 Auguft, 17 54, and in confequence of the 
 death of hjs father, 1765, he exchanged the 
 title of duke of Berry for that of dauphin, 
 and afcended the throne on the death of his 
 grandfatlier, 1774. His union with Marie 
 Antoinette of Auftria, in J 770, was attended 
 by the unfortunate rjcath of above 4000 per- 
 foris, who had aflesnbled .0 behold fl 
 tcju\> On the day of his eleva- 
 
 tion to tie crown, the young monarch, as if 
 
 him, ex- 
 claimed, " () my God, how Unfortunate for 
 ", to repair tbe m2condu6i 
 iii his f Ttdcce;Tors, aod to njcet the fkigeatici 
 
 of an exhaufted treafury, and the djfco 
 of a nation loaded with taxes, the new king 
 called around him minifters of credit and abi- 
 lity. Vergennes took the charge of 1 
 affairs, Turgot of the finances, Male ' 
 became counfellor of ftate, Sartine directed the 
 affairs of the marine, and Maurepas was made 
 prime minifter. The firft act of his reign en- 
 deared Louis to his people, and he nobly re- 
 mitted the tribute which was expected on the 
 aeceffion of a new monarch. Eager to humble 
 England by affifling her revolted colonies in 
 America, the minifters of Louis purfued a 
 clourfe which was to prove fatal to their m after 
 and to Europe. By fupporting the Americans, 
 and fcparating the colonies from the mother- 
 country, they increafed the debts of France, 
 and the miferies of her fubjects. To repair the 
 ruined finances proved too mighty a labor for 
 Calonne; and the cardinal de Brienne, wiihing 
 to gain by violence what his predeceffor fought 
 by perfuafion, laid fevere impofts, which the I 
 poverty of the people could not difcharge. 
 The parliament of Paris was exiled to Troyes, 
 for refuting to regifter thefe unpopular taxes. 
 At laft, obedient to the general voice of the 
 people, Louis convoked the ftates-general at 
 Verfailles, 5th May, 1789. But while the 
 three orders, the nobles, the clergy, and the 
 commons, difputed which fhould be exempted 
 from contributing to the burdens of the ftate, \ 
 diffention arofe between them, and each lif- 
 tened to the voice of the factious and the in- 
 triguing. The troops round Paris gave offence* 
 to the deputies* and at the voice of the hypo- 
 critical Mirahpau, the people of Paris arofe, 
 and on the 14th July, 1/89, they fei zed the 
 Baftillc, and alter the moft atrocious barbari- 
 ties, bid defiance to the government. Though 
 rhe mild character of tire monarch, and the 
 helitating meafures of his minifters, promifed 
 every conceflion, the factious leaders of the 
 populace 'determined to attempt new crimes. 
 On the 5th of October following, an aimed 
 multitude, with women of the moft abandoned 
 character, fet out from Paris for Verfailles. 
 The guards of the palace were murdered, the 
 doors of the apartments were broken open, and 
 the bed, from which the unhappy queen fcarcJ 
 could efcape, was pierced through with a thou-* 
 fand ftabs. The monarch, with difficulty 
 fpared, was immediately hurried to Paris, pre*, 
 ceded by an infulting cavalcade ; while around 
 his carriage were prefented on pikes, with the 
 groffeft exclamations, the hiads of his faithful 
 fervants who had been murdered in de 
 his perfon. Placed as a prifoner in the Thuiw 
 leries, he made every faerifice which could re- 
 ftore tranquillity ; and on the 14th February, 
 1790,' he gave his e.ffent to the new c 
 tion, which reduced his power to a m< 
 dow. Notwithflandii 
 murder and infurrec~tion ftill couti 
 
 . tired of a fituation which left him no 
 profpect of liberty, the monarch efcaped pri- 
 vaefy frcm Porie/cilft Jur.C; 1 7 91, and nearly j 
 
 reached \ 
 
LOU 
 
 LOU 
 
 i the frontiers. His perfort, however, 
 was recognized at Varennes, and he was 
 brought back to Paris. Though treated with 
 ig refpeft by the national aSiembly, on 
 the -20th of June, 1792, a ferocious mob 
 forced its way to the palace, and threatened his 
 deftrucldon. Louis, undifmayed, presented 
 LimSelf to thefe barbarians, and for two hours 
 difarmed them of their murderous fury, till 
 Petion, with hypocritical marks of refpecl:, 
 came to liberate him from his perilous Situation. 
 The events of this day warned Louis of his ap- 
 proaching fate, and it is Said that now he began 
 to write his will, and to prepare for death. 
 The declaration of war by the emperor and 
 Trnffia againft Fiance, and the threats and the 
 invafion of the duke of Brunfvvick, routed more 
 powerfully the refentmtnt of the mob, as they 
 were taught, by their flagitious leaders, that 
 thefe meafures were dictated by their imprifoned 
 monarch. In the midft of this, with a victo- 
 rious enemv approaching the capital, and an 
 ungovernable multitude, thirfting for blood, 
 the 10th of Auguft came; the tocfin was 
 founded, the Thuillcries attacked, and the 
 faithful Swifs guards murdered in every avenue 
 of the palace. Already the cannon was pointed 
 againft the apartments of the monarch, when 
 he was perfuaded to fly for fafety to the hall of 
 the affembiv, where he heard his name treated 
 with Studied indignity, his power fufpended, 
 and his fentence of imprisonment pronounced. 
 Confined in one of the towers of the Temple, 
 he for fome time was permitted to enjoy the 
 company of his family, but as his tyrants in- 
 creaied in power, they decreafed in companion. 
 The convention not only decreed the abolition 
 of royalty in France, but they proclaimed the 
 neceffity of trying their fallen monarch. De- 
 picted, in the Speeches of this vile affembly, as 
 a tyrant and a traitor, Louis had no mercy to 
 expect. Though deprived of pen and paper, 
 and of every means by* which he might have 
 prepared himfelf, he appeared with ufual fere- 
 nky before this murderous tribunal, and in his 
 anSwcrs to interrogatories, he maintained the 
 dignity of the monarch, and the firmnefs of the 
 Chriliian. Though infuked, yt t an apparent 
 {how of candor in the convention, permitted 
 his faithful minifiers, Malefhevbes, Tronchet, 
 and Defeze, to appear as his defenders; but 
 neither the tears nor the venerable appearance 
 of thefe illuflrious men, nor the prefent miS- 
 fortunes, the pall greatnefs, and the well 
 known innocence of Louis, could avail. On 
 the 17th January, 1793, he was condemned to 
 death, but only by a majority of five voices. 
 
 rd of his fate with compofure; but his 
 parting with the queen and with his family, 
 was arresting beyond the power of defcription. 
 On the 2lft he was conveyed to the fcaffold, 
 amended by M. Edgeworth, a catholic prieft, 
 and on the fatal fpot he attempted to addreSs 
 the multitude, but the beating of drums 
 dm.- ned his voice. As he placed himfelf on 
 the machine, has confeffor fervently exclaimed, 
 
 " O fjn of St. Louis afcend to heaven," and 
 that moment his head was fevered from his 
 body. His remains were conveyed to the 
 church-vard of St. Magdalen, and immediately 
 confumed in quicklime. Heleftafon, r.hoin 
 hiftory bears the name of Louis XVII. and as 
 if to offer new indignity to a throne that had 
 crumbled to the duft, this young prince, aged 
 eight, was entrufted to the care of Simon, a 
 Shoemaker, and died foon after from the rude 
 treatment he received, or as fome fuppofe, 
 Srom poiSon. His -'daughter, after Seeing the 
 murder of her parents, and of her aunt, was 
 exchanged with Auftria for the deptxties de- 
 tained by the imperialists, and She married her 
 coufin, the duke of Angouleme. Louis, re- 
 garded as a monarch, but not contemplated 
 with the misfortunes which clofed his life, 
 mutt be acknowledged to be a virtuous and ami- 
 able man. If," as a monarch, he had poffeffed 
 greater refolution, and more firm coniiiiency of 
 character, he might have averted the miferies 
 which awaited him ; and inftead of marching to 
 a fcaffold, he might have upheld the honor of 
 the throne, repreifed infurreftion, and rellored 
 the kingdom to tranquillity, happineSs, and 
 proSperity. 
 
 Louis I. called the pious, king of Germany, 
 was proclaimed king of Bavaria, 81 7, He 
 joined his brother Charles the bald,, and at 
 Fontenai defeated his half brother Ijothaire, 
 841. He died at Frankfort, 876, aged 70. 
 
 Louis II. fon of the preceding, and his 
 fucceffor in Germany, defeated his uncle, 
 Cliarles the bald, and died at Frankfort, 882. 
 
 Louis III. king of Germany, vicl. Louis 
 III. emperor. 
 
 Louis I. of Anjou, king of Hungary and 
 Poland, fucceeded Charles II. 1-342, and after 
 expelling the Jews from his kingdom, he made 
 war againft the TranSylvanians, and was elected 
 king of Poland, 1-370. He died at Tirnau, 
 1382, aged 57. 
 
 Louis II. was king of Hungary after his 
 father Ladiflaus, 1516. He was drowned in a 
 marfh as he fled from the battle of Mohatz, 
 1526, aged 22. 
 
 Louis, prince of Tarentum, nephe v of Ro- 
 bert, king of Sicily, was crowned king of 
 Naples, 1352. Hediedl362. 
 
 Louis I. duke of Anjou, fecond fon of 
 John, king of France, was regent of the king- 
 dom during the minority of Charles VI. He 
 died of a broken heart in eonfequenee of the 
 ill SucceSs of his meafurcs at Paris, 1384, 
 
 Louis, Antony , Secretary of the academy of 
 Surgeons at Paris, was one of the moft intelli- 
 gent anatomifts of Europe. He was born at 
 Metz, and died of a dropfy, 1792, aged 69. 
 He was a man of great integrity, as well as of 
 evtciifive knowledge in the medical profeffion. 
 He wrote a courfe of practical Surgery on gun- 
 {hot wounds, 4to. effay ou the nature of 
 the foul and its union with the body, 12rno. 
 observations on electricity, and its effects on 
 
 the auirn&l economy, 12 mo observations 
 
 [ I 4 ] - on 
 
LOU 
 
 LOW 
 
 on the effect* of the cancerous virus, i2mo. 
 refutations of Combalufier cfc partium ex- 
 tcrnarum generntionc in mulienbus, 4to. 
 elogwde Baffutl, &c. 
 
 Love, James, an actor, whofe real name 
 was Dance, the fon of Dance, the city fur- 
 vevor, and the architect of the London man- 
 fion houfe. He was educated at Welhninlter 
 fchool, and Cambridge. He expected patron- 
 age from Walpole, hut was. disappointed, and 
 at lift turned his thoughts to tht ltage. Ke 
 was on the Dublin and Edinburgh theatres, 
 and appeared at Drary-lane, 1/62. His Fal- 
 ftaff was much admired, till eelipfed by the 
 better acling of Henderfon. lie died 177-4. 
 He wrote Pamela, a comedy, 1742, and other 
 dramatic pieces. 
 
 Love, Chrifiopher, rector of St. Anne's, 
 Aldeiigate, and St. Laurence, Jewry, and 
 author of 3 vols, of ferm;;ns,"was accufed of 
 correspondence with the king againft Cromwell. 
 He was condemned, and 'oft his head, 1651, 
 though feveral parifhes and 54 miniflers inte- 
 refied themfelves in his behalf. 
 
 Lovelace, Richard, an Englifh poet, born 
 at Woolridge, in Kent, 1618, and educated 
 at the Charter-houfe, and Gloucefur hall, Ox- 
 ford. He embraced the caufe of the king 
 during the civil wars, and the perforations 
 which he endured, and the povcity to which 
 he was reduced, at laft brought on melancholy, 
 and produced a confumption. He died in a 
 very poor lodging, Gunpowder-p.lley, Shoe- 
 lane, 16.58. His poetry was ifeinr i'phiu'd and 
 elegant. He wrote two plays, the fcholar, a 
 eornciy, and the foldier, a tragedy, &c. 
 
 LovifiOND, Edic.ard, an Englifh poet, born 
 in Middlefex, and educated at Kingflon fchool. 
 Befides poems publifhed 17 85, he contributed 
 feveral papers to the periodical ncssdpaper called 
 the world; and he died near Hampton, 17/5. 
 
 LourciERE, John Charles de Rttlongve de la, 
 of the Arcadian academy at Rome, was born in 
 the diocefe qf Sens, and died 1784, aged 57. 
 He wrote a collection of poems, 2 vols. *vo. 
 which pofieis fpirit, eafe, and delicacy, be- 
 fides the fix firfl parts of the journal des 
 dames, 1761. 
 
 Lorn et, Ptter, a native of Reinville, maf- 
 ter of requefls to queen Margaret, died 1646. 
 He wrote the hiilory and antiquities of Beau- 
 vais, 1 vols. 8vo. nomcnclatura & chionolo- 
 gia rerum ecckfiafl. dioc. Bellovoe, 8vo. 
 remarqucs fur la nobleffe Beauvoifinc &. plu- 
 fieurs families de la France, Svo. in aflyle not 
 very elegant. 
 
 Lou vet de Couvray, John BapHji, a na- 
 tive of Poitou, author of a licentious work, the 
 amours of Faublas. During the pevolutjon he 
 v.;.;, member of the convention, and though 
 profcribed, he had the art to elcape the guil- 
 lotine. As the editor of the Sentinelle, he 
 acquired popularity, and foon had the boldnefs 
 to accufe Robefpierre, furrounded with his fa- 
 tellites, and by his fumnefs to overturn the 
 tyrant. He is praifed for the fteadhufs of his 
 
 principles; and madame Roland fays of him, 
 that he was courageous as a lion, and fimple at 
 a child. He died at Paris, 1797, ofanafthrna- 
 tic diforder, as he was going conful to Palermo. 
 Bclidcs his Faublaa, and his Sentinelle, he 
 wrote Paris julUfie, Svo. 1789 Emilic de 
 Varmont, ou le divorce ncceffaire, 3 vols. 
 12mo. 1794, &c. 
 
 Louville, Eugene d'AHonville, Chevalitr 
 de, a native of Beauce, in the fervice of Philip 
 V. of Spain. At the peace of Utrecht he de- 
 voted himfelf to mathematics and aftronomy, 
 and after making obfervations at Marfeilles, he 
 came to London, 1715, to fee with greater ef- 
 fect thetotal eclipfe of the fun. He fixed his re- 
 fidence near Orleans, devoted to aftronomieal 
 purfuits. He died there of a fever, at the end 
 of 1732, aged 61. He wrote various curious 
 differtations, &c. 
 
 Lowe, Peter, a Scotch furgcon, who for 
 22 years was in foreign fervice in Flanders and 
 France. He fettled at Glafgow in 1612, and 
 examined all perfons who wifhed to practife fur- 
 gery in the weftern parts of the kingdom. He 
 wrote fome books on his profeffion. 
 
 Lowen, John Frederic, a native of Klanfl- 
 hal, who wrote a collection of poems - ro- 
 mances, printed a valuable work, &c. He died 
 atBoftoefc, 3 773, aged 44. 
 
 Lower, Jir WMiam, a loyalift under Charles 
 I. When his mailer's affairs were ruined, he 
 retired to Holland, and formed the plan of the 
 four of the fix plays which he has written in the 
 manner of Corneille and Quinault, his favorite 
 authors. He died 1662. 
 
 Lower, Richard, fon to the above, was 
 educated at Weftminftcr fchool, and Chriit- 
 church, and inflmcted in medical and anatomi- 
 cal knowledge, by Dr. Willis. He fettled in 
 London, and practifed with great reputation. 
 His bocks " de corde" " et de motu & co- 
 lore fanguinis, & chvli in eum tranfitu," 
 are much admired, lie practifed the transfu- 
 sion of blood from one animal to another. He 
 died 3 691. 
 
 Lowman, Mqfes f for upwards of 40 yean 
 diffenting minider of a congregation at Ciap- 
 ham, Surrey, was well fkilied in jewifh hiftoiy 
 and antiquities. He died 1752, aged 72. He 
 wrote a valuable book on Revelations a tract, 
 no;v fcarce, proving mathematically the unity 
 and perfection of God a priori, &x\ 
 
 LovfTHj If <lUam, B. 1). a learned divine, 
 born in St. Martin's parifh, Ludgate, Londc::, 
 1661. He was firfl: educated under his grand- 
 father, the rector of Tflehurfl, Berks, and then 
 font to Merchant Tavlors' fchool, and at 14 
 he was elected to St. John's Oxford. Bifhop 
 Mew, of Winchefter, made him his chaplain, 
 and gave him a prebend in his cathedral, and 
 the rectory of Buritou. This worthy man died 
 1732, leaving three daughters and two font, 
 He is the author of commentaries on all the 
 prophets, firfl publifhed 4 to. affrwanls folio. 
 a vindication of the divine authority and in- 
 fpiratjon of the old and new teHuinciits, 
 
LOT 
 
 LUB 
 
 in anfwer to Le Clere directions for the pro- 
 fitable reeling of the fcriptures fermons, &c. 
 the character of an apollolical church, &c. 
 
 Lowth, Robert, a learned prelate, lbn of 
 the above, horn in the Clofe, Winchefler, 1/10. 
 He was educated at Winchelter fchool, and 
 New college, Oxford, where he foon difplayed 
 the native powers of his ardent mind. In 1741 
 he was elected Hebrew profeffor of poetry, and 
 there delivered his admirable lectures, " de 
 facra poefi Hebraecram," publifhed 4to. after- 
 wards in 8vo. and edited with additions, by 
 Michaelis, in Germany. The duke of Dcvon- 
 fhire ap])ointed him tutor to his fon, marquis 
 Hartington, and with him he made the tour of 
 Europe. In 1750 he was appointed archdea- 
 con of vVinchefter, by Hoadly, and in 1754 
 he was created by diploma, D. D. fcy the uni- 
 versity of Oxford. In 1755 he went as chap- 
 lain to his pupil, lord-lieutenant of Ireland, 
 and there obtained the bifhopric of Limerick, 
 which he afterwards exchanged for a prebend of 
 Durham. His " life of William of Wykeham," 
 appeared in 1758. In 1766 he was made bi- 
 fhop of St. David's, two months after trauflated 
 to Oxford, and in 1777 to London, On the 
 death of Comwallis 1/S3, he was offered the 
 archiepifcopal chair, which his infirmities 
 obliged him to decline. His domeftic peace 
 had been deeply wounded by the death of his 
 eldeft daughter, in 1/68, on whofe grave at 
 Cuddefdon, he inferibed thofe pathetic verfes, 
 beginning with " Cara, vale," &c. and his 
 other daughter died fuddenly, 1780, while pre- 
 fixing at his tea table. This truly amiable man 
 died 17S7, aged nearly 77. He publifhed be- 
 fides " Ifaiah," translated from the Hebrew, 
 a moft mafterly performance; an Englifh gram- 
 mar, univerfally efteemed a poem on the ge- 
 nealogy of Chrift fome controversial papers 
 with Warburton occafional fermons, &t\ 
 
 Lover, Peter le, a native of Anjou, author 
 of a hiftory of fpeclrcs, 4 to. Edom, or the 
 Idumaean colonies in Europe and Afia, 8vo. 
 and other works. He died at Angers, 1604, 
 Aged 84. 
 
 Loyola, Ignatius of, the founder of the 
 order of jefuits, was born at Loyola in Spain, 
 14Q1. The early part of his life was fpent in 
 the military fervicc, but when hh- leg was broken 
 by a cannon ball, at Painpehma, 1521, he made 
 a vow to renounce the world, to make a pil- 
 grimage to Jerufalem, and to devote himftlf to 
 the fervice of Ccd. He dedicated his arms to 
 the virgin at Montferrat, and began hb career 
 tit devotion by the moft fevere mortifications. 
 He emtarked at Barcelona, and proceeded to 
 Jeiiil'alem, and after many extraordinary vifiODS, 
 and miraculous adventures, he returned to Bar- 
 celona. In 1524, he, it is laid, began to ihuly 
 Jthe rudiments of Latin grammar, but the wife 
 rides of the enchiridion were foon laid afhle for 
 tin- reveries of Thomas a Kempis. Frojn Spain 
 he pulled to Paris, 1528, and there gained fome 
 ooverta, but the number of thofe who wifhed 
 fp iiiitd (htra&Ives to the auilaritks ofa new 
 
 mode of life, amounted only to feven, and af- 
 terwards to ten. Thefe at laft met one another 
 from various quarters, at Venice, 1507, and 
 bound themfelves by five rules, which incul- 
 cated the duties of felf-mortification, and of 
 j charity, and enforced the precepts and practice 
 | of virtue, and labored afliduoufly, without the 
 hope of reward, for the glory of God. They 
 called themfelves therefore the fociety of Jefus, 
 and Paul III. confirmed the order in 1540, on 
 condition that their numbers mould not exceed 
 60, and in 1543, without reftridtion. Loyola 
 was created general of this new order, and hjs 
 companions quickly fpread themfelves over the 
 world to convert infidels and heretics, and to 
 promote the caufe of virtue and piety. Hi* 
 order was again confirmed by Julius III. and he 
 then wifhed to refigu his office as general, but 
 was prevented by his followers. He died 1556, 
 aged 66, 35 years after his eonverfion, and 16 
 after the foundation of his fociety. Before his 
 death he had the fatisfa&lon to know that his 
 affociates, relpecled all over the world, gave 
 laws wherever they appeared. He was canonized 
 1609, and 1622 his name was inferted by Gre- 
 gory XV. among the faints, and greater honors 
 were decreed to him by Innocent X. and Cle- 
 ment IX. The jefuits, fo inconfiderable in 
 their origin, grew to an aftoniihing numbeT; at 
 the death of their founder they amounted to 
 10,581, and in 1679 to 17,655. The caufe* 
 which contributed to their increafe were, befide3 
 the patronage of Rome, the wifh to convert 
 the newly discovered territories of America to 
 the chriftian faith, and in Europe, to oppofe 
 the progrefs of lutheranifm, and no order for 
 zeal, for ability, for perfeverance, were more ca- 
 pable of the arduous tafk. After, however, 
 long giving fecret laws to the world, the jefuits 
 have fallen into difrepnte. They not only pro- 
 moted the caufe of religion, but they frequently 
 encouraged plots againft exifting governments, 
 and therefore in 17/3 Clement XIV. yielding 
 to the reprefentations of the houfe of Bour- 
 bon, iffued a bull for the fupprelfion of th 
 order. The jefuits of late years have again 
 been tolerated in Ruffia, and they maintain a 
 fecret influence in other countries. 
 
 Lubienetski, Tkeodore, a native of Cracow, 
 eminent as a painter in portraits, and in hiftory. 
 He died 17 16, aged 63. 
 
 LuBiENlETSW, Staiij/lcnis LuUieuiecius, a 
 focinian divine, born at Cracow, 1623. He 
 ftudied at Thorn, and afterwards vifited France 
 and Holland, as a travelling tutor, and in 164 8, 
 returned to Poland. He was favored by the 
 king of Sweden while in Poland, but he ex- 
 erted his influence in vain with that monarch, 
 that the unitarians might be included in the 
 general amnefty granted to thofe who diflented 
 from popery. He went to Copenhagen, 1660, 
 ana was there honorably received by the 
 Danifh icing, who granted him a petition. The 
 lutheran divines, hoxvever, faw with jealoufy, 
 his influence, and yielding to the general odium 
 he retired to Hamburgh, 1662, where he held a 
 conference 
 
LUC 
 
 LUt) 
 
 eonfrrrnre Vitli Chriftina. Tn 166* Tie re- 
 turned to I and afterwards at- 
 tempted again to find an afyhim at Hamburgh. 
 The raagiit rates here ordered him to leave the 
 city, hut before lie removed, the unfortunate 
 man was poifoned by his maid fen-ant, 1675. 
 His two daughters had fallen victims, two days 
 Wore, to the fame diabolical meafures, and his 
 wile with difficulty recovered. Of the boots 
 which he wrote, a few have been printed. He 
 is regarded by the focinians as a martyr to their 
 tenets. . Tbe'bcft known of his works is, " the- 
 atrum eometieum," 16(37, folio, 
 
 Lubix, Eiihard, a learned protefi ant, born in 
 Oldenburg, 1 556. He fhulied at Leipfic and 
 Cologne, and in 1595 was profeilbr of poetry 
 at Roitoek, and ten years after raifed to the di- 
 vinity chair. He died of a tertian ague, 1621 . 
 His publications are 13, containing notes on 
 Anaereon, Juvenal, and Perlius a tranflation 
 of the antlrologia elavis Grrecae linguae, &c. 
 befides a curious treatife called " phofphorus, 
 ike." in which he maintained two co-eternal 
 principles, God and nothing, of which he con- 
 sidered God as the good principle, and nothing 
 as the evil principle. He fuppofed that fin was 
 only a tendency towards nothing, and that fin 
 *as neccfiary to make known the nature of 
 good. 
 
 LuBlN, Aiigujlin, an AngufVme friar, geo- 
 grapher to the French king, was born at Paris, 
 1624. He applied himfelf to ecclcfiaitical hif- 
 tory, and wrote the geographical mercury ,pre- 
 fent ftate of abbies in France and in Italy a 
 defcriptiou of Lapland notes on Plutarch's 
 livt $-, &c. He died at Paris, 1 695. 
 
 Luca, John Baptiji, a native of Venofa, in 
 the Neapolitan territory, who died 16 So, gbd 
 66. The beft known of his works is an ana- 
 lyfis of the civil law, 4 vols. 4 to. a competition 
 of great merit, properly called the philofuphy of 
 jurifprudenee. 
 
 Lucas, Van Ley den, a painter and engraver, 
 horn in 1494. His works procured him cele- 
 brity, and Albert Durer vifited Holland merely 
 to fee him. ' The laft fix years of his life were 
 fpent in his bed, as he pretended that he. had been 
 poifoned, but his time was devoted to his pencil, 
 and he faid that his bed mould ftill be a bed of 
 honor. He died 1533. 
 
 Lucas, Richard, a learned divine, born in 
 Radnorfhire, 1648. He was educated at Jefus 
 college, Oxford, and was for fome time matter 
 of Abergavenny frce-fchool, but obtained the 
 vicarage of St. Stephen, Coleman-ttreet, and 
 the leciurefhip of St. Olave, Southwark, and 
 in 1696 was prebendary of Weftriiiriftet. He 
 died 1715, after being afflicted for fome years 
 with blindnefs. He was author of fome valu- 
 able competitions practical chriftianity an 
 inquiry after happineii, 2 rob. fcvo. 5 vtvls. 
 of fr rtnotis, 8vo. &C. 
 
 Lucas, Pmil, a, French traveller, born at 
 Rouen, 1664. He vifited the r^evant, Egypt, 
 
 a valuable collectiui of cwiufitiefe, prefcnWd to 
 
 the French kins;, who in 1714 appoint rd him 
 his antiquary. He travelled to Spain, and died 
 at Madrid, 1737- His travels, though not ac- 
 curate, are interesting, in 7 vols. i2mo. 
 
 Lucas, Charles, an Irithman, who from an 
 apothecary obtained a feat in the houfe of com- 
 mons, where he oppofed the meafures of go- 
 vernment. He died 1771? aged 58. He pub- 
 lifhed fome medical tracls, &c. 
 
 Lucchksini, John Vincent, an hifioviart 
 born at Lucca. He was educated at Sienna 
 and atPifa unlverfities, and became fecretary to 
 the pope, and canon of St. Peter's at Rome, 
 He died 1744 , aged g 4 . Befides a Lai in tranf- 
 lation of Demofthenes, 17 12, defervedly com- 
 mended by Rollin, he wrote hiftoria fui tcm- 
 poris, 3 vols. 4to. a work of merit. 
 
 Lucius I. pope and faint, was ele&ed 253, 
 and the next year fufiercd martyrdom. 
 
 Lucius II. Gerard deCctcianemici, a native 
 of Bologna, eleftcd pope 1144. He died the 
 next year in cenfequence of a blow from a ftone 
 in a popular commotion. 
 
 Lucius III. Hir,;baldo Allmeigoli, a native 
 of Lucca, fucceeded as pope 1181. He wr>$ 
 obliged in a popular tumult to fiy from Rome 
 to Verona, but he afterwards returned fuppovtet 
 by the princes of Italv. Another commotion 
 occafioned again his flight, and he died at Ve- 
 rona, 1185. H'e eftablifhed with the emperor 
 Frederic, eonftitutions for the punifhrnent of 
 herefies, which may be confidered as the origin 
 of the inqu'mtion. 
 
 Ludlow, Edmrmd, a republican chief in 
 the civil wars, born at Maiden Bradley, Wilts, 
 1620. He was educated at Trinity college, 
 Oxford, and then removed to the Temple to 
 ftudy the law, but on the breaking cut of the 
 civil war, by the advice of fits father, he be- 
 came a volunteer in lord Efiex's life 
 He'diftinguifhed himfelf at the battle of Edgc- 
 hill, in the fiege of Wardour caftle, of which 
 he was made governor, and afterwards he was 
 high fheriff of his native county. He was at 
 the fecond battle of Newbury, and in 1<J43 
 fucceeded, on his father's death, as re preventa- 
 tive for Wildhire, but while he oppofed Crom- 
 well, lie voted for the abolition of royalty. He 
 was one of the kind's judges, and concurred in 
 voting the houfe of peers ufelefs and danger- 
 ous. He was lieutenant-general of boric in 
 Ireland, and on Ireton's death he fucceeded in 
 the chief command of the ittand. The eleva- 
 tion of Cromwell to the protectorate was dif- 
 pl eating to him, but his attempts to oppofe it 
 rendered him fufpected to the tyrant, who at 
 laft infurcd his tranquillity, by feizing his per- 
 fon, and obliging him to give a fce.ur'uy not to 
 act againft the government. Thus bound to 
 Inactivity he lived in Ettcx till the death of the 
 ufurper, and then undet Richard appeared in 
 parliament, and was violent for the ldioration 
 of the rfimp parliament. By the influence of 
 the VVallingford houfe party he refurned the 
 chief command in Ireland, but o;. 
 England Coon alter he was accu ' 
 
 inii'dciut.uuors . 
 
LVD 
 
 leanors. Senfihle that .the nation, and 
 [ojik, had determined to reitore the king, he 
 left' the kingdom and retired to Dieppe. A re- 
 ward of 3001. was offered for his apprehenfion, 
 hut he efeaped to Geneva, and fettled at Vevay 
 in Switzerland. At the revolution he returned 
 to London, but though regarded as a proper 
 perfon to reduce Ireland from the power of the 
 papifts, iome of the eoAmons moved an ad- 
 drefs to William to feize him, in confequenee 
 of which he retired again to Vevay, where he 
 hed 169-3, aged 73. After his death appeared 
 his " memoirs" in 2 vols. 8vo. 1698, to which 
 another was added the following year. This 
 work is valuable, and exhibits the author as a 
 flern unfhaken republican, not like Cromwell, 
 turning every accident to his own views, but 
 regarding the democratical government, pure 
 ard uncorrupted, as the molt perfect fyftem of 
 political union. 
 
 Ludoli'H, Job, the well known Ethiopic hif- 
 torian, was born at Erfurt in Thuringia, 1624. 
 He devoted himfelf to ltudious purfuits, and at 
 the age of 20 was a perfect mailer of Hebrew, 
 Greek, and Latin, and then employed himfelf 
 in the ftudy of the Ethiopic language, of which 
 he wrote a grammar. He ftudied alfo the law, 
 and after travelling for fix years, and viiiting 
 France, Holland, Rome, and the refidenee of 
 Chriftina, he returned to Erfurt. After 18 
 years devoted to the public ferviee he returned 
 to Frankfort, and was placed by the elector pa- 
 latine at the head of his adminiftration, and 
 employed as negoctator in France. The laft 
 years, however, of his life, were fpent in the per- 
 fecting of his works. He died 1704, nearly 
 80 years old. It is faid that he was well 
 verfed in 2 5 languages. His character in pri- 
 vate life was as refpectable as his public fame 
 a a fcholar and a politician. He wrote hiftoria 
 Ethiopica, fol. commentaries in hilt. Ethiopic. 
 folio dhTertatio de locuftis, folio grammatica 
 Amhaiicye linguse, &c. fol. grammatica lin- 
 guae Ethiopic. folio, &e. 
 
 Ludolph, Henry If'Wiam, nephew to the 
 preceding, was born at Erfurt 1655. He was 
 fr cretary to the Danifh envoy in London, and to 
 George of Denmark. He was prefented to the 
 czar of Ruftia, who expreffed aftonimment at 
 his knowledge of mufic and of various lan- 
 guages, and in gratitude for the civilities, he 
 wrote a grammar of the Ruffian language, 
 printed at Oxford 1696. In 169S he travelled 
 into the Eaft to fee the ftate of the chriftian 
 church. He vifited Smyrna, Jaffa, Jcrufalem, 
 Cairo, Alexandria, and on his return wifhed the 
 eftiblifhment of a chriftian co.lcge at Jcrufa- 
 lem to diffeminate the knowlede of pur" rhrifii- 
 anity, for which he undertook the impreffion of 
 the new teftament into modern Greek, happily 
 completed by the atfiftanec of the blfhop of 
 Worcetfcr, and others. He died J 710, aged 
 5 1. His ot!:er works are, meditations on re- 
 tirement from the world reflections n the pre- 
 lum ftate of the church, ^e. 
 
 JtrtTDvrro, John Pdcr, profeffor of law, chan- 
 
 LUL 
 
 cellor of Magdeburg, and privy counreTIor i 
 the king of Pruftia, died 1743, aged 73. He 
 wrote fcriptor. rerum Germanicara.n, 2~vols. 
 manufcrVpta omnis aevi, diplornata & monu- 
 ments inedita, 12 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Lugo, John, a Spanith jefuit, born at Ma- 
 drid, 1583. He ftudied at Pampeluna, &c. 
 and taught divinity at Valiadolid, He afterwards 
 filled the theological chair at Rome for 20 years, 
 andjwas in 1643 made a cardinal by Urban 
 VIII. He regarded the coach font on this oc- 
 cafion for him as his coffin, and conferred at 
 laft in fubmiffion to the pope's commands. 
 He died at Rome, 1660. He was the firft who 
 introduced bark into general ufe in France, in 
 1650. He was not only an able ^divine, but 
 an expert philofopher and mathematician. His 
 works are on theological fubjeets, 7 vols, folio. 
 
 Lugo, Francis, elder brother to the precede 
 ing, was born at Madrid, 1 580. He was mif- 
 fionary in the Indies, and was promoted to the 
 divinity chair at Mexico, and Santa Fe. He 
 was afterwards employed on ecclefiaftical affairs 
 at Rome, and made rector of two colleges in 
 Spain, and died 1652. He wrote commenta- 
 ries on Thomas Aquinas, 2 vols, folio. on the 
 facraments, &e. 
 
 Luisino, or Luisixi, Francis, an eminent 
 fcholar of Udino. He taught Greek and La- 
 tin at Reggio, and died 1568, aged 45. He 
 wrote illuftrations of obfcure paffages in an- 
 cient autliors, found alfo in G niter's fax ar- 
 tium a commentary on Horace's art of po- 
 etry, &c. 
 
 Luitprandus, a Lombard hiftorian, born at 
 Pavra. He was bred up at the court of the 
 Italian kings, and was in 948 lent by Berenga- 
 rius II. as ambaffador toCouftantine Porphyro- 
 genitus. He was afterwards difgraced, and fled 
 to Otho, who avenged his caufe by dethroning 
 Berengarius, and making him bilhop of Cre- 
 mona. In 968 he went as ambaffador to Con- 
 ftantinople from Otho, but was rudely trotted 
 by the emperor of tire Eaft, and thrown into 
 prifon. He wrote, in a hardi but vehement 
 ftyle, the hiftory of his own times, in fix books, 
 a valuable work. 
 
 Luke, St. the evahgelift, was a phyfician of 
 Antioch, converted by Paul, of whom he after- 
 wards became the affociate. Befides his gofpel 
 eompoied in very pure language, he wrote the 
 acts of the apoftles. He lived according to 
 Jerome to his Sid year. 
 
 Lulle, Raymond, a learned native of Ma- 
 jorca, called doctor illuramatus. He applied 
 himfelf to phytic and chemiilry, that he might 
 
 be enabled to cure the cancer of 
 
 young 
 
 man of whom he was enamoured. He r 
 went as mi!n.;nary to Mauritania, where the 
 barbarian natives ftoned him to death, 1315, 
 at the age of 80. His works on theology, hif- 
 tory, medicine, law, philofophy, were collected 
 together, but are very obfcure, and in a bar- 
 barous ftvle. 
 
 Lulu, John rSaptift, an eminent mufiehn, 
 Ijcrn at Florence, 16 -J 4. At the age of lobe 
 
JLUT 
 
 LUT 
 
 km made pri^e to mad. <le Montpenfier, niece 
 to I,ew'is XIV. but was removed to be under 
 fcuiliop in the kitchen. His fondnefs for mu- 
 fic, however, diflinguifbed him. he received in- 
 ftructions from a mafter, and was foon fo great 
 a proficient on the violin that the king made 
 him his fuperintemlant of mufic. On the re- 
 covery of Lewis from his indifpofition, he com- 
 pofed a te dcum, which in the performance 
 proved fatal to him, as ftriking the end of his 
 foot, he produced a gangrene, of which he died 
 1687. He is defervedly efteemed as the matter 
 who brought French mufic to perfection. His 
 operas, in five acts, fuch as Cadmus, Alcefte, 
 Thelcus, Plychc, &.c. are highly admired, as 
 well as his paftorals, ballets, &c. He compofed 
 alfo the mufic for Moliere's plays. 
 
 Lumley, Joanna lady, daughter of lord 
 _Anmdel, was very learned, and tranflated into 
 Latin, from the Greek, three of tire orations 
 of liberates. She alio tranflated into Euglifh 
 Euripides' Iphigenia, and died 1620 about 
 11 years after her hulband, lord Lumley. 
 
 Ll'neau pe Boisjermajn, Peter Jojeph 
 Francis, a voluminous French writer, who died 
 fuddenly at the end of 1802. He wrote a 
 courfe of hiftory and geography, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 true principles of reading and orthography, 
 4 vols. 8vo. courfe of the Englifh language, 
 2 vols. 8vo. Racine's works, edited 7 vols. 
 Svo. &c. 
 
 Lusignan, Guy, a celebrated French war- 
 rior, in the crufades. He efpoufed Sibylla, 
 daughter of Amaury king of Jerufalem, whom 
 he fucceeded in the kingdom. He afterwards 
 refigned to Richard I. of England, and affumed 
 the title of king of Cyprus. He died 1194. 
 
 Lussan, Margaret de, daughter of the 
 coachman of cardinal Fleury, was noticed by 
 biihop Huet, and in confequence excelled as 
 a writer of hiftory and of romances. She wrote 
 for her fupport, and though often in want, 
 her. character was charitable, virtuous, and be- 
 nevolent. She died 17 ;>S, aged 75. Of her 
 works the beit known are anecdotes of the 
 court of Philip Auguftus, 6 vols. 12mo. les 
 veiileesde la Theiialie, 4 vols. &c. 
 
 Li thlr, Martin, the celebrated reformer, 
 Wus born at lflehen in Saxony, 10th Nov. 
 1483. Though but the fon of a miner he 
 received a good education at Magdeburg, and 
 at Eyfenacb in Thurinaij., and at the univeriity 
 of Erfurt, where lie ftudied logic, philofophy, 
 and the daffies. His parents wiihed him to 
 devote himfelf to the bar, but an extraordinary 
 accident diverted his purpofe. As he walked 
 ene day in the field* with a fellow Undent he 
 caa iiruck down by lightning, and his com- 
 panion killed by his fide, and this had fuch 
 fffect- upon his mind that he retired from the 
 world, into the order of the Auguftines. In 
 this feemfioo he found by accident a Latin 
 hible, which he never before had feen, and 
 in perufing it be was alioniihed at the little 
 knowledge of fcripiurc, which the clergy then 
 imparted to the people, i/xoik Ecfurt lie re- 
 
 moved to Wittemberg univerfity, jufl found- 
 ed by Frederic of Saxony, and here he real 
 lectures on philofophy for three years. In 
 1512, he went to Rome, and on his return 
 he was* created D. D. As profeffor of divi- 
 nity he explained the pfalms and the cpitilea 
 to the Romans, and fupported his celebrity 
 by the molt exemplary conduct. The com- 
 pletion of St. Peters at Rome at this time 
 required extraordinary funis, and Leo X. pub- 
 liihed general indulgences for the forgivenefs 
 of fins to fuch as contributed to the pious 
 work. The Dominicans were entrufted with 
 the felling of thefe indulgences in Germany, 
 and in paying their money the friar Tetzel 
 informed the people that they might releafe 
 themfelves even from future fins. This im- 
 pofitioq, did not efeape Luther, he publifhed 
 in 1517 a thefts, containing 95 propofitions 
 on indulgences, and challenged oppofition. 
 But whilft Tetzel, with the voice of autho- 
 rity, called his opponent a damnable heretic, 
 and burnt the thefis with ignominy, Luther 
 aiTerted boldly the inefEcacy of indulgences, 
 and regarded penitence and works of chanty 
 alone capable of forming a reconciliation with 
 heaven. This trifling difpute between two 
 obrcure monks led to great events, and 
 created a revolution in the religious opini- 
 ons of mankind. Luther faw his fentiment* 
 embraced wi h eagernefs by the people ; and 
 when fummoned to appear at Rome to anfwer 
 for his conduct, he ret'ufed, though he at the 
 fame time exculpated himfelf, and depre- 
 cated the refentment of the fupreme pontiff. 
 Maximilian the emperor was anxious to fup- 
 port the caufe of Rome, but Luther happily 
 found a protector in the elector of Saxony, 
 and upon an afl'urance of peYfonal fafety he 
 appeared at Augfburg before the legate Ca- 
 jetan. Here, when exhorted in three propo- 
 fitions to retract his errors, he declared that 
 he was not guilty of any errors, and that 
 while he paid deference to the head of the 
 church, he yet afferted that he had advanced 
 nothing contrary to the fcriptures. The con- 
 ference thus ended by the refulal of Luther 
 to fubmit to the papal fee ; but when the pope 
 declared himfelf authorized to forgive iins by 
 indulgences, and that whofoever oppofed this 
 doctrine was excommunicated as a heretic, 
 the reformer publifhed an appeal from the 
 pontiff -to a general council. The pope, how- 
 ever, finding that violence could not deftroy 
 the ohftinacy of Luther, had recourfe to 
 milder means, and his agent Miltitius vifited 
 the reformer with terms of reconciliation. 
 Luther, infteadof making fubrr.iflon, was roufcA 
 to greater oppofition by the exbortations of 
 the Bohemians, and the fupport of Melanc- 
 thon, and other learned men. Though his 
 book agaiufr. indulgences was cenfured by the 
 divines of Lou vain and Cologne, Luther dif- 
 regarded their opinions, and appealed to the 
 new emperot Charles V. Though he had 
 written, at the fuggellibn of MilUuuSj a lUer 
 4 to 
 
LUT 
 
 LUX 
 
 10 the pope, in exculpation, he was in 1520 
 formally condemned by a bull from Rome, 
 which, after enumerating 41 of his heretical 
 opinions, denounces againft him the vengeance 
 of the church, if within fixty days he did 
 not make clue fubmiilion. Luther anfwered 
 this by " the captivity of Babylon," a book 
 in which he inveighed againft the abufes of 
 Rome, and calling the ftudents of Wittem- 
 berg together he flung into the fire the 
 decree which he called the execrable bull of 
 tntichr'.ft. Tn 1521 he appeared before the 
 diet of Worms, with a promife of protec- 
 tion, and though his friends told him that as 
 his opponents had burned his writings, fo 
 they would treat him, he declared with fear- 
 lefs voice, " If I knew there were as many 
 devils at Worms, as tiles on the houfes, I 
 would go". At Worms he was required to re- 
 trad his opinions, but he declared that ex- 
 cept what he advanced could be proved con- 
 trary to fcripture he neither could nor would 
 recant. His obftinacy proved offenfive to 
 the emperor, but as he had promifed him 
 his protection he permitted him to depart. 
 On his return to Wittemberg, however, the 
 reformer was attacked in a wood by a num- 
 ber of horfemen and violently taken away, and 
 what became of him remained unknown to* 
 the public. In the mean time Charles pub- 
 lifhed his edict againft him, and placed him 
 under the ban of the empire. Lather, how- 
 ever, remained fecure under the protection 
 . of the elector, who had thus effected his 
 deliverance, and in the cattle of Wittemberg, 
 which he called his Patmos, he co'mpofed 
 books in his defence. At the end of 10 
 months, he again appeared publicly at Wit- 
 temberg, and found, that inftcad of being 
 checked, his doctrines were univerfally em- 
 braced through Germany. He next attack- 
 ed Henry VIII. who had defended the feven 
 {acraments, and he treated his book with 
 fuch contempt, that the monarch complained 
 of it to the princes of Germany. In 152-2 
 he published a Latin translation of the New 
 Teftament, which was read ivith avidity by 
 the Germans. In 1524 he contended with 
 Erafmus. The fubject of their difpute was 
 free will, and it was attended with great 
 afperity of language, between men who re- 
 fpected and admired each other. In 1524 
 Luther threw afide the monadic habit, and 
 the next year married Catherine de Bore, a 
 nun who had efcaped from a convent, and 
 though he was ridiculed as incontinent for 
 taking a young wife of 26, when he him- 
 felf had reached his 4 2d year, he defended 
 his conduct by fcriptural texts. In 1525 the 
 emperor called a diet at Spires, and the next 
 year he propofed that the edict of Wonns 
 fhould be duly enforced, the catholic reli- 
 gion fupported, and here-tics puuifhed. The 
 new doctrines though thus openly attacked 
 by the head of the empire were ably de- 
 feuded by the elector* of Saxony and Bran- 
 
 denburg, and others ; and in another dirt at 
 Spires, thel'e diffentient princes protefted 
 againft the meafures of the empire, and were 
 confequently called proteftants. This cele- 
 brated union, publifhed 19th April, 152Q, 
 was joined by 14 cities, Strafburg, Ulm, Con- 
 ftance, Nuremberg, Retlingen, 8cc. In the 
 mean time a confeifion of faith was drawn up 
 by Melancthon, the mildeft of Luther's fol- 
 lowers, and as it was prefented to the emperor 
 at Augfburg, it has been called the Augf- 
 burg confeffion. Thus the oppofition railed 
 againft ipiritual Rome by an obfeure monk, 
 was fupported by intelligent princes and pow- 
 erful nations, and Luther regarded as the 
 champion of the faith through Germany, la- 
 bored earneftly to confirm what had been f 
 happily eftablifhed. His German tranflation 
 of the bible appeared in 1535, and was re- 
 ceived with grateful raptures by the Germans. 
 In 1537 he and Melancthon were prefent 
 at the affemblv of Sinalkald, and it was here 
 that he was attacked with a fevere difordcr 
 and a ftoppage of urine, which feemed for 
 1 1 days to threaten his life ; but by travel- 
 ling lie recovered. He was again attacked 
 in 1546, as he was vifiting his native coun- 
 try, and he did at Ifleben, 18th Feb. 1546, 
 aged 63, and his body, which his friendf 
 wifhed to depofit in his native town, was 
 conveyed by order of the elector of Saxony 
 to Wittemberg, and interred with great cere- 
 mony. This illuflrious man, engaged, a* 
 Atterbury has obferved, againft the united 
 forces of the papal world, flood the fhock 
 with bravery and fuccefs. He was a man of 
 high endowments of mincj, and great virtues, 
 he had a vaft underftanding, which raifed 
 him to a pitch of learning unknown in the 
 age in which he lived. His knowledge of 
 fcripture was admirable, his elocution manly, 
 and his way of reafoning was argumentative, 
 powerful and convincing. He had no ambi- 
 tion but in the fervice of God ; he was of 
 a temper averfe to covetoufnefs, or any bafe 
 fin, and charitable even to a fault. His works 
 collected after his de2th appeared at Wittem- 
 berg, in 7 vols. fol. By his wife who fur- 
 vived him till the 20th Dec. 1552, and was 
 buried at Torgati, he had three fons, whofe 
 dcl'cendants are ftill refpected in Germany. 
 
 Lutti, Benedetto, an Italian painter, born 
 at Florence 1666. He acquired fuch cele- 
 brity that the emperor knighted him- He 
 was flow in his work, but his touch was tender 
 and delicate. The beft of his paintings is 
 his miracle of St. Pio, in the Albani palace 
 at Rome. His Magdalen, at Naples, his 
 lfai'ah, and his Anthony of Padua, at Rome, 
 are alfo much admired. He died at Rom* 
 1724, aged 58. 
 
 Luxembourg, Frayicis Henry de Mont- 
 morency duke of, marlhal of France, was the 
 pofthumous fon of Montmorency. He was, 
 though but 15, at the battle of Rocroi, 1643, 
 under Condti whofe fortunes he followed, and 
 
LYN 
 
 LYT 
 
 ie.difih:gnhT:ed himfelf at the conqueft of 
 Franchc Comtek 1668, and in the Dutch cam- 
 paigns of 167-:, and completed the expedition 
 
 bv a \r.)\d retreat with 20,000 men, in face 
 of an army pf ; 0,000. In 16/3 he was mace 
 marihal, and rendered his name iliuftrious by 
 ittle of Fleurus, over prince Waldeck, 
 In 1691 he gained the baulcs of 
 Letrfen, Qteinkirk and Nerwiode. He per- 
 formed another famous retreat to Toumay, 
 1694, and died the next year, aged 67- 
 
 Lutken, John, a Dutch engraver, born at 
 Amitcrdam. His plates, illuhrative of the 
 feriptures, and a theatre of martyrs, are among 
 the heft of Ids works. He died 1712, aged 63. 
 
 Lydgate, John, an Auguftine monk of 
 St. Ldmund's-buvy, Suffolk, in the reign of 
 ih my VI., the difciple of Chancer. He tra- 
 velled abroad, and died 1410, aged 60. He 
 was alio a philofopher and divine ; but he is 
 chiefly kntfWn as a poet, and his eclogues, 
 piles, fatircs,. &c. are faid to poffefs merit, and 
 to have been written in fueh fmooth flyle that 
 his wit, as his contemporaries cbferved, was 
 faihioned by the mules. 
 
 Lydiat, Thomas, an Englifh chrouologer, 
 brrn at Okerton, Oxfordihire, 15/2, and edu- 
 cated at Winchefler fchool, and New college, 
 Oxford. He was eofmographer and chrouo- 
 loger to Henry, ibn of James I.; and, was 
 two years at the college of Dublin, under the 
 patronage of Uihcr. On his return, he ac- 
 cepted the rectory of Okerton, which fome 
 years before he had rcfufed in confeqm iice of 
 his difficulty of utterance. His engagement 
 to pay the debts of a near relation brought 
 him into difficulties, and he was imprifoued 
 at Oxford, and in the king's bench till libe- 
 rated by his friends. He petitioned in vain 
 tti travel into Turkev, Ethiopia, and Abyffinia, 
 in fearch of MSS. ; and in the civil wars, he 
 was a-fevere fuffefer for his loyalty. He died 
 very poor, 1616. He was an able fcholar, 
 and defervedly efleemed by Ufher, Newton, 
 Turner, &c. He wrote de variis annorum 
 formis, 1605, 8vo. which he afterwards de- 
 fended againft Scaliger and Clavius on the 
 origin of fountains, 8vo. &e. 
 
 Lye, Edward, a learned Iinguift, born at 
 Tctnefs, Devonshire, 1704, and educated 
 under his father, and afterwards at Hart-hall, 
 Oxford. He ftudicd antiquities, and pub- 
 Lihed the etymologicum Anglicanum of Fran- 
 cis Junius from the MS. in the Bodleian. 
 He afterwards compiled the Anglo Saxon and 
 Cotlic dictionary, which received the finifii- 
 ing hand of its author before his death ; but 
 was publifhcd in 1772, by Manning, 2 vols. 
 fblio, with a grammar of the two language*. 
 Hedicd 176-7. 
 
 Lynde, fir Humphrey, an Engliih writer, 
 born in Dorfetfhire 1579. He was educated 
 at Welminfter fchool, and Chrift-ehurch, 
 Oxford, and in 1613 knighted by James I. 
 lie was member of the commons in fevers! 
 faxliarocnu, and diad iG36. He wrote various 
 
 hooks againft popery, the beft known of whicll 
 is " via tuta," &c. 
 
 Lyonnet, Peter, a native of Maoflricht,, 
 born 1707. He was acquainted with nine lan- 
 guages, and well fKilled in malic, in painting! 
 in fculpture, and engraving. He qui 
 ftudy of divinity for the law, and was iecre- 
 tary to the Hates of Holland, and interpreter 
 for the French and Latin languages. 
 texwards examined the infects in the neighbour- 
 hood of the Hague, and made a 
 Curious (hells. After a Life devoted to telenet he 
 died at the 1 [ague 1 7 s 9 , aged 8 1 . He v. 1 
 fervations on infects theologie des infec" 
 
 Lyons, Jfrael, ion of a Poliih jew, who 
 was a filvcrfinith, and taught Hebrew at ('aia- 
 bridge, was bora at Cambridge 1739. He 
 diilinguiihed himfelf as a mathematician and 
 botauift, and in 1 7 58 he publiihed a trcatife 
 on fluxions, inferibed to his patron, Smith, 
 matter of Trinity college, and in 1763, ap- 
 peared his fafciculus plantarutn circa Cantab, 
 nafcent. 8vo. About 17 62 he read lectures on 
 botany, at Oxford, at the r^quelt of Mr. 
 Banks, and afterwards received a falary of 100l 
 per ami. for calculating the nautical almanack. 
 In 1773 he was fent by the board of longitude 
 with lord Mulgrave, to the north pole, and 
 died about 1775, of the meafles. His father 
 was the. author of a Hebrew grammar and of 
 observations and enquiries on various parts of 
 fcripture hiftory, 1 7 6 1 . 
 
 Lysekcs, Polycarp., an able theologian, 
 born at Winendeen, 15 52. He was minilter 
 of Wittemberg, and dir-< ! at D refden ,1601. He 
 is author of fevcral learned commentaries oa 
 the fcriptures, &c. 
 
 Lyserus, John, a proteftant divine of the 
 fame family as the preceding. He was a man 
 of great learning, but deformed in his perfon, 
 thin and pale. He wrote fome books under 
 fictitious names, and defended polygamy. He. 
 died at Paris, 1684. 
 
 Lysons, Danid, gentleman commoner 
 of Magdalen college, Oxford, became fellow 
 of All-Soul's, and afterwards ftttdied medicine 
 and took his doctor's degree 1764. He fet- 
 tled at Gloucefter, and afterwards at Bath, 
 where he acquired eminence, and died 1800. 
 He was author of an effay on the effects of cam- 
 phire and calomel in fevers, 8vo. practical eflays 
 on intermitting fevers, dropfies, difeafes of the 
 liver, &c. 
 
 Lyte, Henry, a native of Somerfetfhirc, 
 educated at Oxford. He travelled to improve 
 his knowledge ot botany. He was author of 
 a tranflation of Dodoen's herbage, Antwerp, 
 157 8, with additions and figures, and died 1 
 I607, ged 78. 
 
 Lyttelton, Eduard, keeper of the 
 great leal under Charles I. was the defcendanc 
 of judge Littleton, by a collateral blanch. Pim 
 Littleton. 
 
 L\aiF.LTOK, George lord, eldeft ion of 1 
 fir Thomas Lyttelton, of Hagley, Worceiter- 
 ihire, ww boru 1609. He was educated at 
 
 Etoai 
 
LYT 
 
 LYT 
 
 Eton an 3 Chrift-church, Oxford, and became 
 known as a polite fcholar, and a good poet. Id 
 i;-2b he travelled over Italy and France,' and 
 on his return obtained a feat in parliament, and 
 became the opponent of Walpole. In 1737 
 he was fecretary to the prince of Wales, who 
 extended his patronage to oppofition, and by 
 his means the heir apparent protected Pope, 
 . Thorn fon, and other learned men. In 
 I? 41 h.e married Lucy, filler of lord Fortefeue, 
 whom after a few years of felicity he loll in 
 childbed 1747. He lamented Iter lofs in a 
 pAthetic "monody," and in 1749 fought 
 the happinefs which he had lo J ~, but it 
 unfucceisfuliy, by marrying the -.laughter 
 or' fir Robert Rich. In 1744, on the fall 
 of Walpole, he was made one of the lords 
 of the treafury, in 1754 was appointed cofferer 
 and privy ccunfellor, and the next year chan- 
 cellor of the exchequer, for which his abilities 
 w-re not fully calculated. In 17 57, he was 
 raited to the peerage, aud thus retired from 
 political turbulence. In 1764, he publifhed 
 his elaborate hiftory of Henry II. which had 
 engaged his attention for '20 years. The 
 work came from the prefs with the character 
 of great accuracy, lb that the whole was 
 printed twice, fome cf the meets four or five 
 times, and for this correftnefs lu* lordfhip loll 
 above lOOCl. as the printer paid only for the 
 firft impreffion which, was deltroyed. The 
 work was begun 1755 ; 3 vols, appeared 1764, 
 a fecond edition 1767, a third next year, 
 and the conclufion 1771- Lyttelton in the 
 former part of life had been a fceptic, but his 
 mature age viewed with concern the dangerous 
 tenets of diffolute companions, and after a 
 ftudious application, he produced, in 1747, 
 
 observations on the converfion and apoftlefUp 
 of St. Paul, a valuable book, which infidelity 
 will never be able to aniwer. His father, 
 whom he fuceeeded in 1731, read the book, 
 and in the overflowings of a pious heart called 
 down for bleffings on his* head, thanking God 
 that he had given him fo good a fon. His 
 lordfhip died 1773, aged 64. On his death 
 bed he diiplayed all the refignation of a great 
 mind. This great and wonhy peer wrote 
 befides, " dialogues of the dead," Perfian 
 letters poems, &c. 
 
 Lyttelton, Thomas lord, fon of the 
 preceding, was remarkable for his diffipated 
 conduct. His death, which happened in 
 1779, when he was 35 years old, is laid to 
 have been, very extraordinary. He fuppofecl 
 that he faw in a dream a vifion of a young 
 woman dreffed in white, who told him that 
 his diffblution would take place in three days. 
 The third day arrived, and his lordfhip engaged 
 in a convivial party, obferved jocularly that 
 he thought he fheuld jockey the gh"oil, a 
 few minutes after which he was feized with 
 a fudden falntnefs, and being removed to his 
 bed, never rofe again. 
 
 Lyttelton, Charles, an Englifh prelate, 
 educated at Eton, and Univerfity college, and 
 afterwards at the Inner Temple, where he 
 became a barrifter. He, however, relinquished 
 law for divinity, and was collated to Alvechurch 
 rectory, Worceflerfhire, and in 17 47 became 
 king's chaplain, the next year dean of Exeter, 
 and in 1762 bifhop of Carlifle. In 1765 
 he fucceeded lord Willoughby of Parham as 
 prcfident of the antiquarian fociety, to whole 
 memoirs he made fome valuable contributions, 
 lie died 1768. 
 
 M. 
 
 MAB 
 
 MAB 
 
 MAAS, Dirk, a Dutch painter whofe 
 battles and landfcapes were much ad- 
 mired. He was of Haerlem, 1656. 
 
 Ma as, Arnold, a Dutch painter, happy in 
 the rep'refentation of converfations. 
 
 Maas, Nidiolas, a Dutch portrait painter 
 of eminence, died 1693, aged 61. 
 
 Mabillon, John, a learned Frenchman, 
 born 1632, on the frontiers of Champagne. 
 He was educated at Rheims, and took the 
 Benediine habit at St. Remi 1653. He for 
 one year fhowed to the public the tteafures and 
 
 the monuments of the king of France at St 
 Dennis, and afterwards affilled father d'Acheri, 
 in the completion of his " fpicilegLum." He 
 next was engaged in publilhing the works of 
 6t. Bernard, 2 vols, fob and 9, 8vo. and 
 afterwards he undertook an edition of* the 
 " acta fan&orum" of the Benedictine order, 
 9 vols, folio, with learned notes and valuable 
 difquifitions. In 1682 he was fent by Col- 
 bert, into Burgundy, and to Germany, to 
 make researches about the hiftory of the 
 ihurah, and of the French monarchy. Tri 
 
 1685 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 1685 he vifitcd Italy in the fame hiftorical 
 refearch, and enriched the king's library with 
 above .3000 rare books . printed and in MS. He 
 died 1707, of a fuppreffion of urine. His 
 other works were analecla, 4 vols. Svo. de 
 re diplomatics, 2 vofe. iblio. a valuable work 
 imtfBeum ItalicUm, 2 vols. <lto. 
 
 Mably, Bciniat dc, a French ec^leMaftie, 
 born 1709 at Grenoble. He lived at Paris 
 and died 17 8.5. He wrote a parallel between 
 the Romans and the French, 2 vols. l2mo. 
 the public rights of Europe, 2 vols. enter- 
 tainments of Phorion, &ic. 2 vols, a work 
 which obtained a prize at Berne obfervations 
 on the Greeks on the Romans on the 
 liulory of France, &c. 
 
 Maboul, James, a native rf Paris, diftin- 
 guifhed as an eloquent preacher, and raifed to 
 the fee of Acth, where he died 1723. His 
 oraifons funebres difplay his powers of oratory 
 to great advantage. 
 
 Mabuse, John, a Hungarian painter. He 
 travelled into Italy, and died 1562. Some of his 
 pictures are preferved at Amflerdam, the beft of 
 which is faid to be the decapitation of St. John. 
 Mac Ardei.l, James, an Englifh mezzo- 
 tinto engraver. His portraits exhibit groat 
 corredtnefs. He alio executed fome prints 
 after Rembrandt, and others, and died 17<65. 
 Macarius, St. the elder, a native of Alex- 
 andria, from a baker became a hermit, and 
 paffed fixty years of his life in a monaftery. 
 He died 391. Fifty of his homilies in Greek 
 were puMifhed I69S. 
 
 Macarius, St. the younger, a friend of 
 the former, born alto at Alexandria. He pre- 
 fided over 5000 monks, and died 394. He 
 was banifhed by the Arians to an ifland, whofe 
 inhabitants he converted to chriftianity. 
 
 Macartney, George, earl, only fon of 
 George Macartney, of Auchinteck, in Scot- 
 land, was born in Ireland, 1737- He was 
 educated at Trinity college, Dublin, and 
 afterwards attended the two fons 0/ lord Hol- 
 land, in their European travels. He went in 
 1764 as envoy extraordinary to Ruffia. In 
 1769 he was fecretary to lord Townfhend, in 
 Ireland, in 17 72 he was made knight of the 
 bath, and three years after governor of Gre- 
 nada and Tobago. On the capture of thofe 
 iilands by the French, in 1779, he was taken 
 prifoner, and conveyed to France ; and in 1 7 85, 
 he was declared governor general of Bengal, 
 which he modeftly declined,^ though he ac- 
 cepted from the company a pt-nfiou of 15001. 
 per annum, in reward fur pail fervices. In 
 1792 he was fent as arnbaifador to the emperor 
 of China, and this miffion was completed in 
 about three years, but brought little advantage 
 to the country. Sir George fat in the Englifh 
 and Irifh parliaments, and in 17/6 was created 
 an Irifh baron, and in 1/92 advanced to the 
 dignity of an earl. He died 1806. A11 in- 
 terfiling account of his embafly was publilhed 
 in 1797, in 3 vols. 4to. with plates, by fir 
 Gtorge Staunton. 
 
 Macaulay, Catherine, a female hiftorian'/ : 
 daughter of John Sawbridge, cfq. In 176d 
 fhe married Dr. Macanlay, a phyfician, and 
 aher his death lhe took for her fecond hufband 
 1778, the Rev. Mr. Graham, brother to the, i 
 empiric of that name. Her conduct wa 
 romantic, fo that in 1785 lhe palled over to 
 America, to become acquainted with Wafhing- | 
 ton, who continued one of her regular cor- j 
 refpondents. She died 1791. She pubi'lhed \ 
 the hiftory of England from James I. to the 
 Bmnfwick l'me, 8 vols Svo. once a popular 
 work, but now finking fait into oblivion. re- 
 marks on Hobbes' rudiments of government, 
 & c . 8vo. thoughts on the caufes of the pre- 
 fent difcontents, 1770. a modeft plea for the 
 property of copy-right, Svo. 17/4. hiftory 
 of England from the revolution, to the prefent 
 time, in a feries of letters to Dr. Wilfon, pre- 
 bendary of Weftminfter, 8vo. addrefs to the 
 people of England letters on education, Svo. 
 obfervations on Mr. Burke's pamphlet on the 
 French revolution, &c. Her friend Dr. Wil- 
 fon fo much admired her enthufiafm in favor 
 of liberty, that he fct up her ftatue in the 
 chancel of his parifh church of Walbrook, 
 which was properly removed by the next incum- 
 bent. 
 
 Macbeth, an ufurper of Scotland in the 
 11th century, who obtained the kingdom by 
 the murder of Duncan at Invernefs. Banquo 
 and Mac Gill fhared the fate of their fovereign. 
 Macbeth afterwards retired into the Highlands, 
 upon tiie invafion of the Englifh, headed by 
 Malcolm, fon of the murdered Duncan, and 
 at laft fell in battle. His hiftory is become 
 very interefting to Engliihmen by the fublime 
 delineations of Shakefpeare. 
 
 Macbride, David, a native of Ireland, de- 
 fended from an ancient Scotch family. He 
 ftudied medicine at Glafgow, and for fome 
 years was furgeon in the navy. He fettled in 
 1749, in Dublin, and turning his thoughts to 
 chemical and philolbphical fubje&s, he, re- 
 gardlefs of private emolument, nobly commu- 
 nicated to the public the refult of his discove- 
 ries. He publifhed a treatife on the fea 
 {curvy ; and a methodical introduction to the 
 theory and practice of medicine, a work of 
 fingular merit; and lie made fome improve- 
 ments in the mode of tanning leather. He 
 died 1/88, in his 62d year. 
 
 Maccaheks, feven brothers, jews, put to 
 death with their mother at Antioch, by Antio,- 
 chus Epiphades, B.C. 168. There were chief 
 men among the Jews of the fame name, who 
 bravely fupported the honor of their country. 
 Their names were Judas, Simon, Matdiias 
 Miccaboeus. 
 
 Mace, TJiomas, an Englifh mufic'ran, born 
 1613. He was one of the clerks of Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, and is known by his work, 
 celled " mufic's monument," printed 1676, 
 when he was 63. 
 
 Macedo, Francis, a jefuit of Portugal, 
 
 1596. He quitted his order for that of the 
 
 cordeliers. 
 
MAC 
 
 MAC 
 
 >rs, and went to Rome, .Where he 
 the friendfhip of Alexander VH. After- 
 e fell out with the pope and retired to 
 . and afterwards to Padua. By his in- 
 terference in the ftate affairs of Venice, he of- 
 fended the magiftrates, and was thrown into 
 . where he died 1681, aged 65. It is 
 {aid in the " bihliotheque Porttigaife," that 
 he pul)iifhed 109 different works,' now for- 
 gotten. He poffeffed abilities and a very great 
 memory, as he boafts that he had written or 
 pronounced 150,000 veri'es extemporaneouflv. 
 His brother Anthony was alfo ajefuit, to whom 
 Chriftina of Sweden entmfted her intentions 
 of renouncing the proteftant faith. He wrote 
 Lufitauia infulata 8c purpurata, 4to. 
 
 Macedonius, Ariatiy bifhop of Conftanti- 
 nople in 341, in oppofition to Paul, was de- 
 pofed by a council 359, after caufing great trou- 
 bles in his diocefe. In confequence of this, he 
 became the founder of a new fet, which fup- 
 ported that the Holy Ghoft was a mere creature, 
 little fuperior to the angels. 
 
 Macfarlane, Henry, a Scotch writer, edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh. He acquired celebrity in 
 London as an accurate reporter of parliament- 
 ary fpeeehes. He afterwards engaged in a 
 fchool at Walthamftow, and died 1S04. He 
 wrote a hiftory of the Teign of George III. in 
 4 vols. Svo. and alfo a translation of Ofuan 
 into Latin. 
 
 Macham, Robert, an Englifhman, in the 
 a^e of Edward III. It is faid that he eloped 
 with his miftrefs Anne Dorfet, and that the (hip j 
 in which they were, driven out by unfavorable | 
 winds, flopped at an illand called Madeira. ! 
 The crew efcaped to Morocco, where in a ftate j 
 of flavery they related their adventures to Mo- 
 rales, a Spaniard, and after his return to Eu- 
 rope, fhips were fent to the ifland, where the | 
 remains of the unfortunate Macham and his 
 miftrefs were found buried at the foot of a tree, i 
 Machiavel, Nicholas, a celebrated writer, j 
 born at Florence 1169. His firft efforts were 
 a comedv called Nicias, fo popular on account 
 of its fatire at Florence, that Leo X. fent for 
 the actors to exhibit it before him. Machiavel 
 acquired, however, greater fame by his politi- 
 cal writings. To recompence the fufferings 
 which lie endured on the rack, on fufpicion of 
 confpimcy againft Julius, afterwards Clement 
 VII. he was made fecretary and hifloriographer 
 
 republic of Florer.ce.- He died ii 
 < - medicine which he had taken by way of 
 prevention. The latter part of his life, it is 
 faid, was fpent in poverty, in the chara-fter of 
 .ne feoffer and atheift. He d 
 ', that he would rather be lent into hell, 
 leath, than to paradife, beeaul'e he 
 find nothing in heaven but '<, 
 ionics, henafts, and apoftles; but in hell 
 aid live with popes, cardinals, kings', and 
 'princes. Befidei Nieias, he wrote Mandragola 
 and Clitia, two plays the golden afs, in imi- 
 tation of Annie, an and Lucian a hiftory of j 
 .-. a dii'courfe on the firft decade ' 
 
 of Livy a treatife on the militdry art the 
 life of CafiruccioCafhacani a treatife on the 
 emigration of the northern nations bat of 
 all his works, his treatise called <* the prince," 
 is the moft famous. This bock, which de- 
 fcribes the arts of government, ris ufually exer- 
 cifed by wicked governors, is Hill a caufe of \ 
 difpute, and while fome fuppofi; that he merely 
 expofed tire v arfs of politicians tjb excite abhor- 
 rence of tyranny, and a love for liberty, others * 
 
 imagine that he prefcribed rules for governing, 
 and the only method by which mankind could, 
 be managed, fo that Machiavilifm and tyranny 
 are fynonymcus expreffions. Among thofe 
 who commend him, hehasFiacon, Clarendon, 
 and Harrington, who eonfidtr him as an enemy 
 to tyranny and injuftice, and as frankly warning 
 us againft what men do, that we may be the 
 better able to guard aga'jiit their infidious 
 conduct. 
 
 Mackenzie, fir George, a Scotch advocate 
 of eminence, born at Dundje, 1636, and edu- 
 cated at St. Andrew's and Aberdeen. He 
 afterwards ftudied at Bourses; and in 1656 
 was called to the bar. In 1 fjfil he wa<s repri- 
 manded by the court for fome unwary expref- 
 fions, while defending the or ufe of the marquis 
 of Argyle, impeached for 1 igh treafon; upon 
 which he fmartly replied, that " it was impof- 
 fible to plead Tor a iraitcr without fpeaking 
 tjreafcd. He was afterwards judge in the 
 criminal court, king's advocate, and one of the 
 lords of the privy council for Scotland. On the 
 abrogation of the penal laws by James II. fir 
 George refigned his office, but was foon after 
 reinftated by the king. At the revolution he 
 again quitted his fituation, and retired to Ox- 
 ford, 1689, where he propofedto end his days 
 in literary eafe. . He died in London, 1691. 
 As a Writer^ fir George was very refpectahle. 
 He wTOte Ai-etlno, a ferious romance reli- 
 gio ftoici moral effays, &c. a defence of the 
 antiquity of the royal race of Scotland Caelia's 
 country houfe and clofet, a poem fome piece* 
 on the laws of Scotland, &c f 
 
 Mackev, John, au Englifhman, who fol- 
 lowed the fortunes of James II. He proved un- 
 worthy of his mafter's confidence, as he be- 
 trayed all his fecrets to William III. He wrote 
 picture of the court of St. Germain, 1691-r 
 memoirs of the court of England in the reigns 
 of William and Anne, publifhed at the Hague, 
 1"33, works curious and interefting; and he 
 died at Iiofterdam, 1 726. 
 
 Macklin, Charles, a dramatic .writer and 
 comedian, born in the north of Ireland, 16 no. 
 ffe altered his name of Mac Laughlin toMack- 
 lin, and appeared on tTie Lincoln's-inn theatre, 
 1723, as -Alcander in CEdipus. Nature, it 
 feems, had been Unfriendly to the ator, as 
 Quin obferved, at the fight of his harfh fea- 
 tures, " if God writes a/legible hand, that fel- 
 low is' a villain." He was unfortunately en- 
 gaged in a quarrel with a fellow comedian, 
 whom he killed iii the heat of paffion, for 
 which he was found guilty of manflaughter. 
 [KJ Hu 
 
MAC 
 
 MAD 
 
 His chief ;hara&er was Shylock, which he per- 
 formed to fiich advantage, that Pope honored 
 his exertions with thefe two quaint lines : 
 This is the Jew 
 That Shakefpeare drew. 
 After retiring from the ttage he was again pre- 
 vailed upon to appear once more, for his be- 
 nefit, loth .'a y^ary, 1/90, at Covent- garden. 
 The character was his favorite Shylock, but the 
 efforts -required were too great for an exhaufted 
 eld man. Hit memory failed him, and unable 
 to fupport his wirt, he retired amid the plaudits 
 of a commifeiiting audience. He died in a 
 very great age, 11th July, 1797 He is au- 
 thor of two comedies, love a-la-mode and the 
 man of the world, ftill favorites with the 
 town, reflecting with feverity upon the conducl 
 of courtiers, an 1 particularly of Scotch fyco- 
 phants. 
 
 Maclaine, Archil-aid, an able divine, born 
 at Monaghan. He was fent to Glafgow univer- 
 fity, after which he went to Holland, as afliftant 
 minifter to his uncle Milling, the paftor of the 
 Englifh church at the Hague. He fucceeded 
 him, and continued the zealous and active paf- 
 tor of his church, till the troubles of 17 96, 
 when he came over to England, and retired to 
 Bath, where he died 1801. He is the intelli- 
 gent author of It tiers to Soame Jenyns, on his 
 view of the internal evidence of chriftianity. 
 He alfo published Come fermons, and a valuable 
 tranilation of Mcfheim's ecciefudlical hiftory. 
 
 Maclaurin, Colin, an able mathematician 
 and philofopher, born in Scotland, 1698. He 
 was educated at Glafgow, and in 1717 he 
 obtained the pvofefiorihip of mathematics- in the 
 Marifchal college of Aberdeen. In 1719 he 
 came to London, where he became acquainted 
 with the greateft literary characters of the age, 
 Hoadly, Newton, Clarke, &c. and in 1722 
 he went abroad, as tutor to the eldeft fon of 
 lord Polwarth. On the death of his pupil he 
 returned to his profcilbrihip at Aberdeen, and 
 was foon after elected ailiftant profeflbr of ma- 
 thematics in Edinburgh to James Gregory. 
 In 174 5 he was very active in fortifying Edin- 
 burgh againft the rebels, and this rendered 
 him, for fome time, unpopular, fo that he fled 
 to an honorable afylnm with Herring, archbilhop 
 of York. The fatigues and uneafineis which he 
 had endured, however, proved too ftrong for 
 his delicate confutation, and laid the founda- 
 tion of a dropfy in the abdomen, of which lu; 
 died 1746, aged 48. The beft known of his 
 wo.ks are, fyftem of fluxions, 2 vols. 4to. 
 1742 geometria organica, or the percuflion 
 of bodies, which ol/tained the prize of the 
 royal academy of fciences, 1724 a treatife 
 of algebra an account of fir Ifuac Newton's 
 philofophical difcoveries, 4 to. and 8vo. 
 
 Maci-heuson, James, a Scotch writer, born 
 in 17-18. He publiihed in 1762 fon* poems, 
 attributed to Oifian, the fon of Fingal, which, 
 though beautiful and defervedfy admired] foon 
 excited a .1'v ut conti .: their authen- 
 
 ticity. Dr. Johnfun, with forclbl* arguments, 
 
 attacked them, and when cenfured in cm ar>rf 
 and menacing letter by Macpherfon, he re- 
 turned the celebrated reply preferved by Bof- 
 wcll. The poems were ably defended by Dr. 
 Hugh Blair, and though it appeared rather a 
 national queffion, in favor of Scotland, Mr. 
 Whitakcr, among the Englifh writers, warmly 
 efpoufed the caufc of their authenticity. lr 
 17 7-3, Macpherfon publiihed a tranilation of 
 the Iliad, in heroic profe, no longer held in 
 eft com. His introduction to the hiftory of 
 Great Britain and Ireland appeared in 1771* 
 and his hiftory of Great Britain from the 10- 
 ftoration to the ncceifion of the houfe of Ha- 1 
 cover, was publiihed 1 7 7 *3 > in 2 vols. no. 
 In 1 7 7 .5- he fupported the meafures of lord 
 North, by his " rights of Great Britain over 
 her colonics averted," and was rewarded by 
 the minifter with a feat in the houfe of com- 
 mons in 1780, and the lucrative office of agent 
 to the nabob of Arcot. He diet! in Scotland, 
 1796. 
 
 Macquer, Philip, a French lawyer, 
 fcended from a Scotch family. He wrote a 
 abridgment of eccleftaftical hiftory, 8 vols. 
 8vo. Roman annals, Svo. abridgment of 
 the hiftory of Spain and Portugal, 2 vols. Svo. 
 after the manner of Henault. He died at Paris, 
 17 70, aged 5a. 
 
 Macquer, Peter Jojeph, brother to the 
 preceding, was born at Paris, 17 is, and was 
 profeffor of phyfic in the royal gardens, and 
 member of the academy of fciences. He pub- 
 liihed elements of chemiftry, theoretical and 
 practical, 3 vols. a dictionary of chemiftry, 
 
 2 vols. and other works, and died at Paris, 
 J784. 
 
 Macrf.t, Charles Francis Adrian, an en- 
 graver of Abbeville, whd died of a flow fever, 
 1783, aged 33, in confequence of the la- 
 mented death of an amiable wife. Mis engrav- 
 ings are highly efteemed. 
 
 Magrinus, John, a Latin poet, whofc real 
 name was Salmon. He died 1557 K at an ad- 
 vanced age, at Loudon, his native place. His 
 hymns, Naeniae, and other pieces, were much 
 admired; fo that he was alled the French 
 Horace. 
 
 Maivan, Martin, an eminent preacher, born 
 about 1726. He was brought up to the b^r, 
 but influenced by the methodifts, he took or- 
 ders. He had the care of the patients of the- 
 Lock hofpital, and by hi* ftrenuous exertions, 
 a chapel was built and opened in 1/61 , with a- : 
 iVrmon from him.. In 17 67 he expofed h' 
 1'elf to much obloquy by advifuig Mr. Haneis 
 to retain tire rectory of Aldwinckle, againft his 
 folenm engagements. He was, in his opinions, 
 a ftrong calvihift, and publiihed fome occa- 
 fional fermons a comment on the 39 article* 
 letters to Dr. Prieftley a tranilation of Juve- 
 nal and Perfius, 2 vols. 8vo. thoughts on- 
 execHtive jufhee. His work, however, iu 
 
 3 vols. 8vo. 1781, called thelyphthora, ex- 
 cited univerfal attention. In this book the au- 
 thor fupports polygamy; and confidering 
 
 
M.ES 
 
 MAG 
 
 firfl; cohabitation with a woman a virtual mar- 
 riage, he thus wifhes to remove or letlen the 
 caufes of leduction. He died after a fhort ill 
 nefs, 1790, aged 64. 
 
 Madden, Samuel, D. D. a name which, ac- 
 cording to Dr. Johnfon, u Ireland ought to 
 honor," was of French extraction, and was 
 educated at Dublin. In 1731 he offered pre- 
 miums for the promotion of learning in Dublin 
 college, and in 1740 he appropriated the yearly 
 fum of 1001. as a premium to fuch natives of 
 Ireland as improved arts and manufactures, or 
 excelled in painting and feulpture ; a noble ex- 
 ample, copied by the Englifh in the eftabliih- 
 ment of the fociety for the encouragement of 
 arts and fciences in London. This benevolent 
 man died 1765. He wrote memoirs of the 
 twentieth century, being original letters of ftate 
 under George VI. &c. 6 vols. 8vo. which it 
 appears were printed with great difpatch by three 
 printers, and four days after the publication, 
 of the 1000 copies iiTued out, 890 were re- 
 called and fuppreffed by the author. He pub- 
 lifhed alfo in 1743 or 4, a long poem, called 
 Boulter's monument. 
 
 Maddersteg, Michael, a native of Amfter- 
 dam, eminent as a painter. His fea pieces 
 were defervedly admiral. He died 1709, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Maddox, Jfaac, an Englifh prelate, born 
 in London, 1697. He loft both his parents 
 early, and was placed by an aunt with a paftry- 
 cook, who refilled to keep him beeaufe lie paid 
 more attention to his books than his bufinefs. 
 He afterwards was fent to a Scotch nniveriity, 
 but difliking their tenets he entered Queen's 
 college, Cambridge, and obtained a doctor's 
 degree at Lambeth. He was rector of St. Ve- 
 dafl, Fofter-lane, London, and in 1729 was 
 appointed clerk of the clofet to the queen, in 
 1733 dean of Wales, bifhop of St. Alaph 
 1736, and tranflated to Worcefter 1743. in 
 1/3-3 he publifhed a vindication of the church 
 of England, againft Neal's hiftory of the puri- 
 tans; and publifhed befides, 14 fingle fer- 
 mons. He died 1759. 
 
 Madox, Thomas, a famous antiquarian. 
 He was mofl indefatigable in the fludy of the 
 laws and conftitutions of the country, and in 
 1702, under the patronage of lord Somers, he 
 publifhed his " collection of antique charters 
 and inftruments of divers kincls, taken from the 
 originals, from the Norman conqueft to the 
 end of the reign of Henry VIII." In 17 11 he 
 piblifhed the hiftory and antiquities of the 
 exchequer from the Norman conqueft to the 
 end of the reign of Edward IL folio. His laft 
 work was firma burgi, or hiftorical effay con- 
 cerning the cities, towns, &c. of England. 
 Hi; collection of tranferipts in 94 folio and 
 Quarto volumes, the labor of 30 years, was 
 fbefented by his widow to theBritiih mufeum. 
 
 i.im:s, Michael, a German aftrono- 
 
 rncr, educated in Italy. He was profeffor of 
 
 .ttics at Tubingen, and had among his 
 
 ttapib Kepler. He publifhed feveral works in 
 
 aftronomy and mathematics, and deferved the 
 unreferved commendations of Tycho Brahe aud 
 Kepler. He died 1590, aged 48. 
 
 Maffei, Vegio, a Latin poet, bcrnatLodi, 
 1407. He was profeffor of law at Pavia, after 
 which he went to Rome, where he was chan- 
 cellor under Martin V. where he died 14 59. 
 His profc works are, dialogus de miferia & feli- 
 citate de educatione liberoiurn, 4to. difpu- 
 tatio inter folem, terrain, &c, de perfeveran- 
 tia reiigionis befides many admired poetical 
 pieces and epigrams, and the 13th book, or 
 continuation of the ^Eneid. 
 
 Maffei, Bernardin, author of a commen- 
 tary on Cicero's epiftles and a treatife on me- 
 dals and inferiptions, died at Rome 1558, 
 aged 40. 
 
 Maefei, John Peter, a jefuit of Bergamo, 
 1536. He wrote the life of Ignatius Loyola 
 hiftory of the Indies tranflation of feme let- 
 ters, &c. in Latin, and died at Tivcli, 1603. 
 
 Maffei, Francis Scitrio, marquis, an Ita- 
 lian nobleman, born at Verona, 1675. He 
 diftinguilhed himfelf at Verona, on a thefis 
 on love, where the umpires were ladies, and 
 afterwards difplayed great valor at the batde of 
 Donawert, 1704. He returned to literature; 
 wrote an able treatife " on duelling," and 
 then ' produced " Merope," a tragedy, and 
 " Ceremonia," a comedy, which were repre- 
 sented with applaufe, and by their delicacy, 
 and purified language, corrected the licentiouf- 
 nefs of the ftage. In 1732 he travelled through 
 France, and after vifiting England, Holland, 
 and Germany, and receiving every where the 
 refpect and attention's due to his merits, and 
 his virtues, he died 1755. He wrote, hiftory 
 of the diplomatic fciencc mufseuin Yertmeriie, 
 folio Verona illuftrata, folio a tranflation of 
 the firft book of the Iliad a Selection of Ita- 
 liap tragedies, 3 vols. Svo. and other works. 
 
 Magalotti, Lorenzo, count, a native of 
 Florence, of the academies of Crufca and Cimen- 
 to. He was an elegant poet, and poffeffed 
 merit as a curious naturalift. He died' 17 12, 
 aged 75. The beft known of his works is, 
 canzonette Anacreontiche, 8vo. 
 
 Maganza, John Baptif . an hiftorical pain- 
 ter of Vicenza, who died 1617, aged 40. 
 
 Magelhaens, John Hyacinth de, a Portu- 
 guefe ecclefiaftic, author of fome works in na- 
 tural and experimental philofophy. He died 
 1790, in London, where he had fettled for 
 many yrars. 
 
 Magellan, Ferdinand, a celebrated Por- 
 tuguefe navigator, who ferved under Albuquer- 
 que in the Indies. On his return home his 
 Services were neglected, and his active mind 
 therefore fought employment at the court of 
 Charles V. who feiithiin in 1519, with a fleet, 
 on a voyage of difcovery. Magellan patted 
 through thofe ftreights which ftill bear his 
 name, and advanced through the South leas to 
 the Ladrone iflands, of which he took pofTef- 
 fton in the name of\he Spanifh monarch. Here 
 he was flain in 1520, either by the natives, or^ 
 [K2J as 
 
MAG 
 
 MAH- 
 
 as fotne fay, by his own rebellious crew. One 
 of his (hips only, with 18 men, efcaped, and 
 after failing round the world, reacheit Seville, 
 1521. 
 
 Maggi, Charles Mario, an Italian poet, 
 horn at Milan, 1630. He was fecretary to the 
 iV>iate of his native town, and died there, 1699. 
 He ma; ne of the moll a<- 
 
 after the bor- 
 harifms of the fehool of Marini. His works 
 have been pnblifhed by Muratori, 4 vols, 12mo. 
 J700. 
 
 M iGfNDS, John Anthony, a native of Pa- 
 dua, mathematical profefibr at Bologna, and 
 author of afironomical fables ephemerides 
 and other works. He died I f 3 1 7 , and it is 
 faid, that He ascertained the time of his death 
 i j his aftfological calculations. 
 
 0,1 a'c, a native of Serra, 
 who died at Rome, 1802, aged 7.5* He was 
 well (killed 411 Hebrew, Greek, and|*tin, and 
 ices were rewarded by i*us VI. who 
 made him bifhop of Cyrene.' He puhlifhed a 
 Greek edition df Daniel, folio, 1772 and alfo 
 edited acta inartyruiri, &c. and Dionvlii Alex- 
 antlr. &e. 
 
 ^Macius, or Maggi, Jerome, a learned 
 Italian. He .vas fent by the Venetians as 
 judge-martial ^to Cyprus, where he diliinguifhcd 
 himfelf as an active engineer, in the defence of 
 Famagufta againft the Turks. When his ef- 
 forts failed, he was thrown into prifon, where he 
 wrote two treatifes upon bells, and upon the 
 wooden horfe. Thefe learned labors, however, 
 battened his md; fur nofoonerwas interference 
 made for the author's releafe, than the bafhaw 
 Mahomet ordered him to be itrangled in pri- 
 fon, 1572 or 3. Magius wrote befides, de 
 mundi exitio per exuftiooem, 1'ibri quinque, 
 1562, folio vitae iilultrium virorum, ypmilio 
 auelore, cum connnentariis mifcellanea, &.c. 
 
 Magius, Bartholomew, brother to the 
 above, was a phyfieian, and died at ] 
 15 52. He wrote a treat ife on gunfhot wounds, 
 4 to. 
 
 Magi.iadi.' cm, Antony, a leanied Italian, 
 born at Florence, ](5fil3. He was apprentice 
 to a goldfmkh at '!-"' <-! ice, but his fondnefs for 
 prevailed, ai * at the death pfhis mother, 
 he, as his own mafter, devoted himfelf to learn- 
 ing. He became known to Cofmo III. duke of 
 Florence, who appointed him his librarian. 
 He was fimple in lus 11 Miners, and remained 
 fatisfied with an humble habitation, containing 
 a firaw chair for his table, and another for his 
 bed, with an old cloak for a gown by day, and 
 i'or a covering by night. The liberal offers 
 made by the pope, and by the emperor, were 
 rejected with fimiiar indifference. He lived to 
 . ! at. his death left his 
 C the public ufe, with a de- 
 i.'i for its maintenance. Though he 
 puhlifhed no work himf< if, he encouraged the 
 publication of others, efpeciajjy the Latin 
 us of Benedict 
 Arctin, and other works. 
 
 MaoNI, Valerian, a native of Milan, em- 
 ployed by Urban VIII. as a miffionary in the 
 north of Europe. Thejefuits, with wb. 
 
 iged in controverfial difputes, prevented 
 his obtaining a cardinal's hat. He died at 
 Saltzburg, 166 J, aged 75. He wrote fome 
 contri vernal works. 
 
 "IN, J<>lui, a French poet. His j 
 were very indifferent; the belt, is Artasterxes, a 
 He framed the plan of writing an 
 encyclopedia, in verfe, but was prevented, as 
 
 murdered by thieves in the .lb 
 Paris, 1662. 
 
 Mujnus, John, arehbifhep of Upfal, WU 
 born at Lincoping, 1488. He oppofed the re- 
 formation in Sweden, and when expofed to per- 
 feeution in confequenee, he retired to Ro:;;e, 
 where lie died 1544. He wrote a hiftory of 
 Sweden in 24 books, folio a hiftory of the 
 archbifhops of Upfal to 1541, folio. 
 
 Magxls, Olaus, brother of the pre. 
 and his fuceeffor as archbifhop, was at die 
 council of Trent, and oppofed the protectants. 
 He died at Rom e. 1560. He is author of a 
 hiftory 6f the maimers, cultoms, and wars of 
 the people of the North. 
 
 M ah med, Aga, a noble Perfian, made 
 eunuch by Kouli-Khan, who had murdered his 
 father and his brothers. He became a warrior 
 of renown, and waged war againft the Ruffians. 
 He made himfelf mafter of the heft part of 
 Perfia, and prepared to feize Aftraean, when 
 death flopped his conquefts, 1788. 
 
 Mahomet, or Mohammed, the celebrated 
 impoftor, was horn 57 1 A. D. at Mecca, in 
 Arabia, and was of the tribe of the Korafhites, 
 the noblefl of the country. He loft his father 
 before he was two years old, and his mother 
 before he was eight; but their attention was 
 fupplied by the care of his uncle, Abu Taleb. 
 In his family he travelled with his camels be- 
 tween Mecca and Syria, till his twenty-fifth 
 year, when he entered into the fervice of Ca- 
 diga, a rich widow, whom, though 12 years 
 older than himfelf, he married three years after. 
 Thus raifed to affluence above his countrymen, 
 he formed the plan of obtaining for himfelf the 
 fovereign power. In his frequent journeys 
 through Arabia, he had obferved the various 
 feels which divided the opinions of the eaftenj 
 chriftians, and he confidered that nothing 
 could fo firmly feoure to him the refpect of 
 the world as laying the foundation of a new 
 religion. 7 he plan was bold, but it was pur- 
 fued with vigor, and executed with cautious 
 fleps. Withdrawing himfelf, therefor. . 
 the focicty of the diflipated, he aff tuned a 
 character of fuperior fanctity, and every morn- 
 ing retiring to a folitary cave near Mecca, he 
 devoted the clay to abftemioufneis, ai 
 meditation. Well tutored in the arts of hypo- 
 crisy, he, in his 40th year, affumed the title of 
 the apoftle of God, and gradually inereafed his_ 
 id his followers by the aid of pretended 
 viiions. Though his doctrines were embraced 
 i at firft only by his wifeCadiga, and eight other - 
 4 depend' 
 
MAH 
 
 MAH 
 
 d^prndants, yet in the fifth year of his miffion, 
 his followers increafeil to the number of 39. 
 Enemies, however, were not wanting to oppofe 
 Km, and wliile fonie heaped on him the odious 
 appellations of an impoftor and magician, 
 otlieis forefaw his rapid itrides to the fovereign 
 power. Mahomet, notwithftanding, overcame 
 all oppofition : in proclaiming himfelf the pro- 
 phet appointed by God, to propagate a new re- 
 ligion, he flattered the prejudices of his nation ; 
 and among a people whofe climate is expofed to 
 a fcorching fun, he allured the imagination by 
 painting rivers ot cooling waters, fhaded re- 
 treats, luxurious fruits, and all the fenfual de- 
 lights of the immaculate houris, for the happy 
 profelytes of his doctrine ; while he denounced 
 againft his enemies, not only dreadful vifitations 
 in the prefent life, and exclufion from paradife, 
 but a habitation in a continual fire, furrounded 
 With a black hot faltfmoke, without the ability 
 of breathing any but the moft noxious heated 
 a'r, and of drinking the molt naufeous water. 
 This was not announced as the figurative lan- 
 gun -t of an impoftor, but the prophet delivered 
 them as the command of God, and produced 
 occafionally various chapters, which had been 
 copied from the archives of heaven, brought 
 down by the angel Gabriel. Whatever difficu- 
 ties arofe, were quickly removed by the condc- 
 fcenfion of the angel, and a frefh revelation 
 came from heaven on eveiy trying occafion, to 
 fupport the character of Mahomet. When 
 the profelytes demanded miracles from a pro- 
 phet who called himfelf fuperior to Mofes and 
 to Clirift', the impoftor declared, that God liad 
 fent Mofes and Jefus with miracles, and vet 
 that men would not obey them, and that there- 
 fore he had fent Mahomet in the lait place, 
 without miracles, to force them by the power 
 of the fword to do his will. Thus commilTioued 
 by heaven he refined longer to anfwer queltions, 
 and when he found himfelf expofed to danger 
 at Mecca, he left the city, and retired to Me- 
 dina, where his doctrines round a more friend- 
 
 | 'lion. This event, which happened 
 about the 16th July, 622, forms the celebrated 
 era of the Mahometans, called the hegira, or 
 flight from Mecca. At Medina, the prophet 
 fererlt-d his ftandard ; and as For 13 years be- 
 ne he had endeavored to fpread his doctrines 
 by perfuafion, he now propagated them bv the 
 fword. The two firft years were employed in 
 predatory excurfions againft caravans? but 
 ^terminating feveral of the tribes of Ara- 
 bia, he at lafl n ..-.lied againft Mecca, and after 
 abauic,gratiteil a truce to his enemies, by which 
 1 iily confirmed his power us a prophet, 
 
 but affumed the title of fovereign over his na- 
 tion. He next turned his arm, againft Caibar, 
 
 r he had taken it by florin, he fixed his 
 abode in the houfe of one of the principal m?n 
 ot the place, whole daughter placed before 
 (ho a poifoned fhoulder of mutton. 'I i 
 fon was fo powerful, that Baiher, one of his 
 
 its died immediately; but the i 
 tor himfelf, though he only tailed the meat, 
 
 never fully recovered his ftrength, and pexifhci 
 three years after in confequence of the fatal 
 food. The accident might have fhaVxn the 
 faith of his followers, as the woman declared, 
 that if he were a prophet, he would have 
 known thai the meat was porfotted ; hut Ma- 
 homet enforced the tenets of predefiination in 
 his favor. His next expedition Mas againft 
 Mecca, which had broken the truce, and though 
 defeated in one battle, lie fecund the victory ; 
 and fo exerted his power oyer the neighbour- 
 ing tribes, that in the 10th year of the begi- 
 rt, ins empire and his religion had enflaved 
 the whole of Arabia. Ashe had recommended 
 to his followers a pilgrimage to Mecca, he 
 himfelf performed it, whuit his officers were 
 employed around in the deftruction of heathen 
 temples, and after infiruciing the various devo- 
 tees which flocked from all parts of Arabia, 
 he returned to Medina. It was his laft journey ; 
 he foon after fell fJc.k, the poifon which three 
 years before he had iaken, began to operate 
 more powerfully, and after a confinement of 
 13 days, the prophet died, A. D. <53S 
 62. He was buried in the fame place where 
 he died, in the chamber of the moll beloved 
 of his wives, at Medina, where his remains rue 
 ftill preferved, and not in an iron coffin fuf- 
 pended in the air, between two loadftones, as 
 vulgarly reported. By Cadiga, Mahomet had 
 fix children, one of whom only grew up, Fa- 
 tima, but furvived him only 60 days. After 
 the death of Cadiga, the prophet, who had 
 hitherto been fatisfied with one wife, married 
 feveral, and kept befides a great number of 
 concubines. By none of his wives, who, ac- 
 cording to fome, were 15$ and according to 
 others 21, he left no ifiue ; but of the ten 
 who formed him,Ayelha the daughter of Abu- 
 beker, his fucceffbr, was the moil beloved. So 
 great was the influence of this celebrated fe- 
 male, that fiie prevented Ali, the hulband of 
 Fatima, from iucceeding to the throne, becaufe 
 lie had revealed her incontinence to the pfr> 
 phct. Tlie fuccefs of Mahomet's impofture 
 during his life time, is net more aftonifhing 
 than the permanent eftabiifliment which his 
 docTrines have maintained over fo great a part 
 of the globe, during near ] 200 years. The 
 koren. in which are contained the tenets of 
 his religion, is a compound of i'ublime truths, 
 of incredible tales, and ludicrous events, deli- 
 vered in a pleating, elegant, and nervous ftyle. 
 That Mahomet, who was illiterate, fhoVdd 
 compofe a book, deservedly efteemed, a fiand- 
 ard of elegance, without divine atl'dlance, was 
 cjbnfidered as impoffible among his followers, 
 and therefore they believed it to be the work 
 of God. Mahomet, however, was aifdted in 
 the framing of his work by a PerCan, Jew , who 
 was well verfed in the learning of his country, 
 and the laws of Mofes $ and by a ehriltian 
 monk of the neftoriau fe&. To the labors 
 of thefe two men he was indebted for the Cqm- 
 pofition of the korah, and hence we trce 
 tire frequent allufions to the mofaical intti- 
 [ K 3 ] WtioM, 
 
MAH 
 
 MAI 
 
 tutions, and the hiftory of Chrift. Thus he 
 was enabled to impofe upon his followers, by 
 interpreting various Milages of the fcriptures 
 
 in his own favor, and by accufing the Jews and 
 chriftians of mutilation and interpolation, 
 where he thought he found his character 
 cbfeurely delineated. By calling himfellj the 
 comforter whom Chrift had promifed to his 
 difciples, he mightily prevailed with the cre- 
 dulous ; and every true Muflulman believes, 
 that feveral copies of the new teftament, 
 Hill contain an original text, which exprefsly 
 foretels the coming of a prophet of the narat 
 of Mahomet. As Mahomet was fubjecl: to 
 the falling ficknefs, he perfuaded his difciples, 
 that in thofe moments of fufpended animation, 
 he accompanied the angel Gabriel in various 
 j-.nirneys ; and that borne by the celeftial beait 
 Alborak, he afcended up into the higheft hea- 
 vens, where he converfed with the Almighty, 
 and received communications with refpecl: to 
 the laws and the religion with which he was 
 to blefs the earth. In thefc conferences, he 
 law the rnoft renowned prophets of old ,- he 
 fpoke to Elijah, Mofes, and Chrift, and was 
 honored by the Creator birrdelf, with privileges 
 above the reft of mankind. The korah has 
 been elegantly tranilated into Englifh, by Sale, 
 in 2 vols. 4to. and 2 vols.'Svo. 
 
 Mahomet I. emperor of the Ttuks, was 
 fon of Bajazet. I. and fucceeded 1413. He 
 was a brave and politic monarch. He reftor- 
 ed to its ancient glory the power of the Otto- 
 mans, and conquered Cappadoeia, Servia, 
 Wallachia, and other provinces. He was at 
 peace with Manuel Palaeoiogus, to whom he 
 reftpred fome of hi3 provinces, and died at 
 Adrianople, of a bloody flux, 1421 , aged -17 . 
 
 Mahomet II. emperor of the Turks, fuc- 
 ceeded his father Amurath, 1451. His reign 
 was begun with preparations for war, Confianti- 
 nople was befieged, and he conveyed over the 
 land fome of his gallies into the harbour, 
 which the Greeks had fhut up again ft the 
 invaders. Conftantinople yielded to the con- 
 queror, 143-3, and in her fall poured forth her 
 fugitive philofophers and learned men to re- 
 vive literature in the weftern world. Mahomet, 
 by his victories, deferved the name of great, 
 and the appellation of grand fignior, which he 
 Mfuined, ar.d which has defcended to his fuc- 
 ceiTurs. After fubduing two empires, 12 tri- 
 butary kingdoms, and 200 towns, he was pre- 
 paring the fubjugation of Italy, when a &>\\c 
 proved fatal to him, 1481, after a reign of 
 3 ) years. His death was the caufe of univerfal 
 rejc icing ever the chriitian world, whofe re- 
 ligion he had fworn to exterminate, for the 
 hornet. Though a warrior, Ma- 
 homet was cruel and tyrannical, and that he 
 B rac;e, his luft, and his ambi- 
 tion, neither rank, nor fex, nor age were fpaxed. 
 
 M.jioMv.T III. lngceeded his father- Amu- 
 rath III. 1593. He began his reign by order- 
 ing 19 of his brothers to be lirangled, and 
 10 of his father's wives to be drowned. He 
 
 made war againft Rodolphus II. and invaded 
 Hungary with an army of 200,000 men, but 
 his progrefs was checked by Maximilian, the 
 emperor's brother, who would have obtained 
 a decHive victory, liad not his troops abandoned 
 themfelves to pillage. Mahomet, obliged to 
 retire from Hungary, and the neighbourinfB 
 provinces, buried himfelf in the indolence of 
 his feraglio. He died of tlie plague, 100-;, 
 aged 39. 
 
 Mahomet IV. fucceeded 1649, on the death 
 of his father Ibrahim I. He purfued the war 
 with the Venetians, and after reducing Candia, 
 with thelofs of 200,000 men, he invaded Po- 
 land. His arms proved victorious, but the 
 difgrace was wiped off by the valor cf Sobie- 
 fki, who the next year routed his encsnes at the 
 battle of Choczim. Vienna would have fallen 
 in the next war, if Sobiefki had not haftcned 
 to its relief, and deftroyed the Turkifh army. 
 The blow was followed by the union of the 
 emperor, ihe king of Poland, and the Vene- 
 tians, and Mahomet every where defeated, was 
 depofed 1687, and fent to priibn. He died 
 in his confinement, 1691. 
 
 Mahomet V. fon of Muftapha II. fuc- 
 ceeded in 1730. His jannTaries expected from 
 him the recovery of the conquered provinces, 
 but he loft Georgia and Armenia, which were 
 conquered by Kouli-Khan. Mahomet died 
 in 1734. 
 
 Mahodel, Nicholas, a native of Langres, 
 monk of la Trappe, and author of an hifto- 
 tical differtation on the ancient Spanifh money 
 a letter on a medal of the city of Carthage, 
 &c. He pra&ifed phytic at Paris, but was 
 for fome time in the baflille, and died 1747, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Maier, Michael, a celebrated German alchy- 
 mift, and rofycrucian of the 17 th century, who 
 ruined his health and his fortune in the pur- 
 fttit of abfurdities. He wrote ten different 
 treatifes on his favorite purfuits. 
 
 Maignan, Emanuel, a philofopher and 
 eccleuaftic, born at Touloufe, 1601. He was 
 educated among the jefuits, and at the age of 
 18 took the habit of a minim. He oppoied 
 the doctrines of Ariitotle, and was called, in 
 5 636, to fill a proleilor's chair at Rome. In 
 l6.50he returned to Touloufe, and when the 
 king and Mazarin, admiring his lea 
 . deiired to draw him out of his obfeurity, he 
 | modeftly declined their offer. He died at Tou- 
 loufe, 1676. He publijhed " de perfpectwa 
 hororaria," a courie of philofophy, 4 vols. 
 kvo. 
 
 Maiorot, Charles, a doctor of the Sor- 
 bonne, fent as miffionary to China, where he 
 oppoied the Chinefe converts paying homage 
 before the fepulchres of their forefathers. He 
 wrote an examination of the Chinefe worfhip, 
 &c. and died at Rome, 1720. 
 
 Maij.i.a, Jojeph Anne Maria dc Mourn 1 
 de, ajefuit, fent as a miffionary to China in 
 1703. The emperor Kam-Hi efteemed him 
 fo much, that he employed him in th 
 
 flructioB 
 
MAI 
 
 MAI 
 
 >n of a map of" China, and of Chinefe 
 TTartary, which was engraved in Fiance, 1732. 
 He alio tranflated the great annals of China, 
 tranfmittcd to Europe, comprehended in 12 
 to. He died at Pekin, 1/48, after a 
 jjpfidence of 45 years. 
 
 Majlle, Urban de, marquis de Breze, gained 
 <he. battle of Avein, 10:35, and was afterwards 
 Hibaflador of France, to Sweden, and Hol- 
 land. He died l6SO, aged 53. His fon Ar- 
 vxnul was diftinguifhed as a naval officer in the 
 ftrviee of France. He defeated the Spanifh 
 Beet near Cadiz, 1640, and was killed by a 
 cannon fhot, 16 16, at the liege of Oibitello, 
 aged 87. 
 
 Maille, Fronds, a native of Provence, cele- 
 brated for his longevity, and his gallantries 
 in old age. He died 1700, aged 119. 
 
 Maillebois, John Baptift Defmarets, mar- 
 quis of, fon of the comptroller-general, was 
 diftinguifhed in the wars of the Spanifh fuc- 
 cclfion, and in Italy, and by the conqueft of 
 Corfica. He was defeated by count Brown, 
 at Placentia, 1746, and died 1762, aged 80. 
 His campaigns in Italy were publifhed, 3 vols. 
 4t0. 1775. 
 
 Maillet, Benedift de, a learned French- 
 man, born in Lorraine, 1659. He was fix- 
 teen vears eonful-general in Egypt. He re- 
 tired on a pennon in 17 16, and died at Mar- 
 feilles, 1738, aged 79. From his papers were 
 afterwards publifhed, a defcription of Egypt, in 
 4to. and alio in 2 vols. 12 mo. and a work on 
 the origin of the globe, in the form of a dia- 
 logue, 8vo. 
 
 Maimbourg, Leicis, a native of Nancy, 
 bom 1610. He became a jefuit, 162G, but 
 wa<, expelled for his oppofition to Rome in favor 
 of the Gallican church. The French king 
 granted him a pennon, and he retired to the 
 abbey of St. Victor at Pari*, where he died 
 1686. He was eminent as a preacher, but 
 Kite as a writer. He publifhed hiftories of 
 Arianifm, of the iconoclafts, of the crufades, 
 of thefchifm of the Well, of the fchifm of the 
 Greeks, of the decay of the empire, of the 
 league, of Lutheranifai, of CaTvinifm, of the 
 pontificate of St. Leo. 
 
 Maimomdes, MoJcs, a Jewifh rabbi, born 
 at Cordova, 1131. He opened a fchool in 
 Egypt, and as his (kill was very great, bis 
 fnftru<ftions were attended by numerous pu- 
 pils. Diftinguifhed as a fcholar, phyiician; 
 fine, fo as to be called inferior only 
 to tbc legiflai-or Mofesj he beheld with in- 
 difference the fables and traditions of bis 
 countrymt n , and applied all the powers' of his 
 mind in the caule of truth, virtue, and philo- 
 fophy. Some of his works were written in 
 Arabic, but are extant now in Hebrew only. 
 The mofi famous of thefe are his commentaries 
 en the mifna jad, a complete pandect of 
 the Jewifh law more nevochim, a valuable 
 vplaining the difficult pafiages, phrafes, 
 p.i ml i!<s, and allegories in fcripture, and feveral 
 other works. He died in Egypt at die aye of 
 
 70, and was buried with his nation in the lanA 
 of Upper Galilee. His death was monrnea 
 for three whole days by Jews and Egyptians, 
 and the year in which he died was called la- 
 lnentum lamentabik*. 
 
 Mainfroy, prince of Tarento, was natural 
 fon of the emperor Frederic II. He was in 
 1254 made guardian of the minority of Con- 
 radin ; but his ambition foon prompted him to 
 ale-end the throne, and he was crowned king 
 of Sicily, at Palermo. A quarrel with Inno- 
 cent IV. kindled a war, in which the papal 
 troops were defeated ; but the next fucceffor, 
 Urban IV. undifmayed, excommunicated Ids 
 enemy, and beftowed Naples and Sicily on 
 Charles of Anjou, the brother of Lewis of 
 France. The new king attacked the ufurper, 
 and in a battle rt Benevento, 1266, Mainfroy 
 was {lain, and his body caft indignantly into a 
 ditch. Though an ufurper, Mainfroy poiTefied 
 many virtues, lie patronized literature and the 
 arts, and was an able warrior. His * chafie 
 aux oifeaux," appeared 1696. 
 
 Maintenon, Frances d' Aabigne, madame 
 de, a famous French lady, born 1635, in the 
 prifon of Niort, where her father was confined 
 for fome ill conducT: againft Richelieu. The 
 father, after his enlargement, took all his familv, 
 16;) 9, to America, and fettled at Martinique, 
 where he ruined himfelf by gaming. On his 
 death, in 1646, the widow returned to France, 
 leaving her daughter as a pledge in the hands 
 of her creditors, but the child was foon after 
 fent after the mother, and taken under the 
 protection of her aunt, madame Villette, at 
 Poiclou. As, however, fhe had been brought 
 up a proteftant, fne was by artifice converted 
 to the Roman catholic religion. In 1651 
 fhe formed an union with the abbd Scarron, 
 who was old and deformed, but witty, and 
 the favorite of the court. On the deatli of 
 her hufband, in 1660, her diftreues returned, 
 and fhe folicited in vain for a fmall penfion 
 from the court. In 16J1, however, fhe was 
 appointed over the education of the young duke 
 de Maine, the king's fon, bv his miflrefs, 
 madame de Momelpan, and from this fttua- 
 tion arofe her greatnefs. The king faw her, 
 and was captivated with her manners and 
 perfon, and in 1679 'he pm chafed for her 
 the eftate of Matntcnon, from which lhe de- 
 rived her new title. In thio dangerous ele- 
 vation, madame Maintenon conducted hcr- 
 fclf with great propriety; fhe never interfered 
 with the politics of the court, her ible wifh. 
 was to pleafe the king, and in this fhe fo 
 happily fucceeded, that though llie was two 
 yeats older than himfelf, he married her pri- 
 vately, 1685. Now raifed from a miftrefs to 
 a wife, a fecret, however, which was Herat 
 revealed, {lie applied herfelf more frequently 
 to a&s of religion and of piety, and founded 
 an abbey fbr women of quality, afterwards 
 called St. Cvr, of which fhe called herfelf the 
 fuperl.r. She alfo prevailed upon Racine, 
 now become a courtier, to v/rite a tragedy upon 
 [ K 4 ] ' fame 
 
MAI 
 
 MAL 
 
 fofne ftriking fubjeft from the bible, and in 
 eonfequence of this he produced his Efther, 
 and alio his Athallah, which were originally 
 acted by the religious devotees of St. Cyr. 
 Upon the king's death, in 171-S fhe retired to 
 privacy at St. Cyr, and long fatigued with the 
 fplendur of greatnefs, the acknowledged the 
 emptinefs of human diftinction, and ended 
 her o^\s in penitence and devotion. She died 
 1719. Some have accufed her of caufing the 
 revocation of the edict of Nantes, but it is cer- 
 tain that fhe extended her protection to thofe 
 who were persecuted for their religion. The 
 happieft part of her lire was fpent, fays Vol- ! 
 taire, in the company of the buffoon Scar- | 
 ron, jd in a letter to a friend, fhe declares j 
 that iter grandeur was productive only of me- 
 lancholy, and that though courted, flattered, 
 and admired, (he felt in her mind a difmal 
 vacuity. Some of her letters have been pub- 
 lished. 
 
 Major, Jolm, a divine, born 1469, near ; 
 North Berwick. He ftudied at Oxford, and j 
 Cambridge, and alio at Paris, and on his re- \ 
 turn to Scotland, became divinity profeffor at 
 St. Andrew's, and provofl of the univeriity. 
 He died about 1550. He wrote in a barba- 
 rous ftyle, " de hiftoria gentis Seotorum," 4to. 
 commentarius in phyfica Ariftotelis, &c. 
 
 Major, John Daniel, a native of Breflaw, 
 medical profeffor at Kiel, where he founded a 
 botanical garden. He wrote lithologia curiofa 
 ftve de animal. & plantis in-lapidern converfis, 
 4to. hiftoria anatomise, fol. &e. and died at 
 Stockholm, 16 03, aged 59. 
 
 Mairan, John James d'Ortcns de, a French 
 philofopher, born at Eezicrs, 167s. He fuc- 
 ceeded, in 1741, Fontenelle, as fecretaryto the 
 academy of fciences, and died at Paris, 1771- 
 He wrote differtation on the caufe of phoiphc- 
 ric light on the aurora borealis on ice 
 letters concerning China, &c. 
 
 Maire, James le, a Dutch navigator. 
 With two veffels he failed, in 1615, from the 
 Texel, arid discovered, in 16] 6, the ftraits to 
 t\hich he gave his name, in South America, 
 and after touching at New Guinea, he reached 
 Batavia. Here he was feized as a fpy, as vio- 
 lating the rights of the Dutch Eaft India com- 
 pany, and his ihip was confifcated. He died 
 in his return to Europe, 161 7. Hia 
 is publiihed in a Latin colleclicn, 1622, folio. 
 
 Maire, A 7 , le, a furgeon of Lyons, 
 by his trcatifes on the i, and on 
 
 magneti (in . H e died at Lyons, 17 8 7- 
 
 Mai ret, John, a French pott, born at 
 Befancon, 1601. He was patronized by 
 Bichclieu, and la Valette, and Soitfons. He 
 died 1686, He wrote fome pot ma and miscel- 
 lanies, bdides twelve tragedies of no great merit. 
 Maistre, Lends Ifaac le, was born at 
 Paris, 161-3. He was, on fuipicion of janfen- 
 ifm, thrown into thebaitille, and duril 
 fincment of two Years, he compofed fe- 
 veral works, and tranilated the bible v.ith anno- 
 tations, in 02 vols. Svo, He traoflated b elides, 
 
 fome of Chryfoftom's homilies, three of Te- 
 rence's plays Kempis on the imitation of 
 Chrift an attack on the jefuits let; 
 piety, 2 vols. &.c. He died at Pompona, I 
 aged ;i. 
 
 Maitland, John, lord of Thyrleftane, was 
 born 1 j4 j. He was educated in Scotland, and 
 practifed with fuch fuccefs that James VI. 
 made him his Secretary of ftate, 1584, and the 
 next -v *>av lord chancellor of the kingdom. He 
 attended his mailer to Denmark in 1589, and 
 died 1 595. He wrote enigrammata Latina, &.c. 
 Maitland, William, a Scotch antiquarian, 
 born in Forlarfhire, 1693. From a hair mer- 
 chant he became a man of letters, and fettled 
 in lxrndon, where he publiihed his hiftory of 
 London, folio, 1739. In 1753 appeared his 
 hijftory of Edinburgh, folio, and in 17 57 his 
 htftcry and antiquities of Scotland, '3 vols, folio. 
 He died at Montrofe, aged 64. 
 
 MaiItairEj Michael, a learned writer, bflm 
 k>u> 1668, and educated at "VYeftminlter, 
 and Chriftchureh, Oxford. He was appointed 
 fecond mailer of Weftminfter fchool, 169.5, 
 and continued four years in that office. He 
 wrote two pamphlets againft Whifton, in 1 7 1 1 , 
 and publiihed Stephanorum hiftoria, &. 
 annales typographici, 5 vols. 1719-17 41 
 opera vetcruin poetarum, 2 vols, folio the 
 Greek teflament, edited, 2 vols. 1714 edi- 
 tions of Juftin, Lucretius, Pater cuius, Ca- 
 tullus, Terence, Virgil, Ovid, Martial, and 
 other Latin claff.es Crajeae linguce dia'ceTi, 
 Svo. Anacreon mifcellanea Gneeorum, &c. 
 He was Latin tutor to lord Cheftcrtteld ? s fa- 
 vorite fori, and died greatly refpe&ed, 1747- 
 His valuable library, the collection of 50 yea 
 
 as f 
 auai 
 
 Maius, John Henry, a Lutheran divine 
 born 1653. He was profeffor of orieut;'l Ian 
 guages in fevcral uuiverfities, and laitly a 
 Gicffen, where he died 1/19. He wrote hit 
 toria animalium fcripturae facra, 8vo.- 1 
 hannis Reuchlini, 8\6. hiftoria reformation! 
 ri, 4to, &c. 
 MALACHljtIte laft of the 12 minor pi 
 after Haggai and Zechariah, under Nebemiah 
 lie foretold chiefly the coming of John th< 
 baptiir. 
 
 Malagrioa, Gtdvriel, an Italian jefuit, ferj 
 into \\>\ tugal as a niiiTionary. He he-came (< 
 ambitious, that he joined the duke d'Aveiro ii 
 iris corn] 
 
 When the jefuits were bammed, he 
 ftill in the kingdom, and there b< 
 enthufiail, declaring himfelf the ambaiTado 
 and immediate prophet of God. His 
 gant conduct and bis writings were at laft no 
 ticed by the inquiiirion, and when he 
 that the king's death had been 1. 
 he was condemned by the arbi 
 and was burnt alive, 1761, aged fb, as a fall 
 prophet. / 
 
 Mat.aval, Francis, a native of Ma 
 who, though he loft his fight at the ag 
 
 jnomh: 
 
MAL 
 
 MAL 
 
 onths, acquired celebrity as a myilical writer 
 on quietifm. He publifhed ipiritual poetry 
 lives of faints. He died at Marfeiiles, 1719, 
 aged [)-2. 
 
 Malcolm IV. grandfon of David, king of . 
 Scotland, 1153, was a liberal prince, and 
 founded feveral monafleries, and died 11C5. 
 
 Maldoxat, John, a Spanifh jefuit, born in 
 Eftramadura, 1534. He was noticed as an 
 able fcholar at Salamanca and Rome, and be- 
 came profeflbr in 1 563 at Paris, and afterwards 
 at Poiftiers. He was aifo in the jefuit*' col- 
 lege at Bourges, and at Rome fuperintended 
 the publication of the feptuagint. He there 
 finifhed his commentary on the gofpeis, and 
 died 1583. He wrote befides, commentaries 
 on Jeremiah, Baruch, Ezekiel, and "Daniel 
 various treat ifes on original fin, &c. 
 
 MaliBRANCHE, Nicolas, a French philofo- 
 pher, born at Paris, 1638. He itudied at the 
 colleges of la Marehe, and Sorbonne, and ap- 
 plied himfelf to ecclcfiaftical hiftory, and after- 
 wards to rabbinical learning, till in the perufal 
 oV Deicartes' treatife upon man, he difcovexed 
 that philofophy was the fcience in which he was 
 deftiued to be iliuftrious. He now devoted 
 himfelf to ferious meditation, and even clofed 
 his windows not to be interrupted by the light. 
 His firft and greateil work is *' de la recherche 
 de la veritcy or iearch after truth, 1674, in 
 which he proves that our fenfes and paifions 
 lead us to error, and that truth can be discovered 
 only by thinking in God. Of human know- 
 ledge be fpeaks with contempt, but pays ado- 
 ration to that fublime light which proceeds 
 from the ideal world. In this, and in his other 
 1 works, he ihovvs himfelf, fays Locke, an inge- 
 nious author, abounding in fine thoughts, judi- 
 cious reafonings, and uncommon reflections. 
 His other works are all on the fame metaphy- 
 seal fubjecls. He died 1715, aged 55. 
 
 Maleguzzi-valeri, Veronica, a learned 
 born at Reggio. She fupported, in a very 
 ory manner, two thefes on the liberal 
 which have been publifhcd, befides inno- 
 cence recognized, a drama, and fhe died 16<)0. 
 Maleshbrbes, Chrijiian Hit Ham Lamoig- 
 celebrated Frenchman, born at Paris, 
 1 7 j 1 , and brought up to the bar. He for 25 
 was zen'oufly engaged in the fervice of 
 Btry, in fapportiiig and invigorating the 
 y of her inhabitants, as prelident of the 
 O urt of aides j and after he h.id retired to his 
 he was recalled in 1 7 7 5, by Louis XVI. 
 ome the minifter of the interior. The 
 prifons were now vifited, and no longer con- 
 any but criminals who had violated the 
 law ; various employments recommended habits 
 of indunry, and the apartments were rendered 
 more commodious for the unfortunate captives. 
 The retirement of Turgot was attended by that 
 of his friend Malefhcrbes, who now travelled 
 under an affumed name and in a plain, drefs 
 over France, Switzerland, and Holland, and 
 mining the various manufactures, curiofi- 
 $its ; and aits of each province, He lailcd'the 
 
 revolution as the forerunner of Ueffings, but 
 foon fawhis hopes vanilh; yet while others fled 
 he boldly appeared before the convention; and 
 a&uated by gratitude, lie no fooner faw his ' 
 fovcrcign dragged as a criminal before his fub- 
 jec"ts, than he demanded the privilege and die 
 'honor of being his defender. The heroic con- 
 dxiB. of this venerable man had no effeft on the 
 bloody convention. His appeals in fevor of 
 Louis were of no avail, and he was, the firft to 
 announce to the unfortunate monarch the ill 
 fuccefs of his defence. So much goodnefs 
 ought to have met refpecV among a civilized 
 nation, but otherwife. No fooner was his 
 daughter accufed of treafon and hurried to pri- 
 fon, than the a<;ed father requefted to accom- 
 pany his beloved child. The requeft was 
 granted, and in a few days, alas! he appeared 
 with her and her child before the revolutionary 
 tribunal, and with her and her child he afcended 
 the fcaffold, 1793. He was author of a trea- 
 tife on rural economy- thoughts and maxims 
 two memoirs on the civil flate of the pro- 
 teftants. 
 
 Malezieu, Nicolas de, a French author, 
 born at Paris, 1650. He was tutor to the duke* 
 of Maine and Burgundy, and the friend of 
 Bofiuet, and of Montaufier. He was dlfgraced 
 with the duke of Orleans, and died 1/27, 
 aged 77. He publilhed elements of gedgraphy, 
 8vo. feveral pieces in profc, &c. ( 
 
 Malfillastre, James Charles Lewis, a 
 French poet. He died at Paris 1767, aged 35. 
 His poem on Narciflus in the ille of Venus, ac- 
 quired him celebrity. He wrote befides, odes, 
 fonnets, &c and in the midft of that retire- 
 ment, which he preferred to public life, he 
 rendered , himfelf refpecfted by tha benevo- 
 lence of his heart, and the fimplicity of his 
 manners. 
 
 Malherbe, Francis de, a French poet, who, 
 according to Bayle and Boileau, formed the 
 tafle of his countrymen in matters of polite li- 
 terature, and introduced, with purity of lan- 
 guage, harmonious numbers, and a juft ca- 
 dence. He was born at Caen about 155 5, and 
 died at Paris, 1628. He was patronized by 
 Henry the Great and Mary de Medicis. Though 
 an elegant writer he compofed verfes with great 
 labor. His works, divided into fix books, con- 
 fift of paraplirafes on the pfalms, odes, fonnets, 
 aud epigrams. 
 
 Mai.ingre, Claude, a French ' hiftorian, 
 born at Sens. His heft work is faid to be the 
 hiftory of the honorary dignities of Fiance, 8vo. 
 He died 165 5. 
 
 Mallemans, Claude, a native of Beaune, 
 profelfor of philofophy at Paris, where he died 
 1723, aged 77- He is author of a new phi- 
 lofophical fyftem of the world ihe famous 
 problem of the quadrature of thr: citcle, &c. 
 
 Mai.uv.mans, John, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, took orders after being captain of 
 dragoons. Befides a translation of Virgil, he 
 wrote a luflory of religion, from the creation 
 to tlie reiga of JoviandiflVrtations on difficult 
 
 paflages 
 
MAL' 
 
 MAN 
 
 of feripture, &c. He dred 1740, 
 aged 
 'Maii.et, Davnt, or Mati.ocw, an Eng- 
 poet, born in Scotland about i"oo, and 
 educated at Edinburgh. He was tutor to the 
 foot of the duke of Montrofc. and after tra- 
 velling with his pupils, he fettled in London, 
 where h was jhe companion of the great, the 
 learned, and the witty. In 1724, he com- 
 menced author, and in 1738j paid his court 
 ta Pope in his "verbal eriticifm." In 1/40, 
 appeared his life of lord Bacon, difplaying 
 more knowledge of hifiory than of feiences, 
 asd foon after he undertook the life ol the 
 !akt of Marlborough, at the requeft of the 
 dtsehefs, but the work never appeared . Mallet 
 afterwards became fecretary to the prinCe of 
 Wales with a falary of 2001. a year, and 
 affifted Thornton in the compofition of his 
 mafque of Alfred, repeatedly acted before the 
 prince at Ciiefden, 1740, and alto at Drury 
 lane, 1751. The poet died 1765. His^ 
 works have been eollecled in 3 vols. 12mo. 
 but poffefs little poetical merit. 
 
 Mallet, Edmnnd, a French divine,- bom 
 at Melon 1713. He was profeflbr of divinity 
 in the college of Navarre at Paris, where he 
 died 17 o$. He was one of the writers of the 
 encyclopedia, on" the articles of divinity, and 
 belles lettres, and eompofed feveral works on 
 poetry and -eloquence eiTay on orators a 
 ft'dlory of the civil wars under Francis II. 
 Charles IX. &c. from the Italian of Davilla. 
 
 Mallet, Hf.nry, a writer of Geneva, au- 
 thor of a hifiory of Denmark, of northern an- 
 itiet, &c. 
 
 UfcT du Pak, James, a native of Ge- 
 iucated under the patronage of Vol- 
 taire, at Caffel where he was jtfofeifor of 
 lettres. Afterwards he continued the 
 f Linguet, and the mereure de France. 
 being 115 times denounced during the 
 revolution Wa- dangerous man, and finding no 
 late afyli m either in France, or in Switzer- 
 land, or at Geneva, he came to London, 
 where he conducted the mercurc Britannique. 
 In this periodical work, by wifning to pleafe 
 every party, he offended all. He poffefled great 
 powers of mind, independence of fentiment, 
 and integrity of character, and died at Richmond, 
 1800, in the houfe of his friend Lalli-Tollen- 
 dal, leaving a wife and five children, for whofe 
 
 nance a hand tome fubfeription v 
 cd. Ke wrote befides, the influence of phi- 
 lofophy on literature, 8vo. dii'courfe on elo- 
 quence and political fyftems, 12rno. confidcr- 
 attons on th'- French revolution, svo. &.-. 
 Maloijn, Paul James, a native of Caen, 
 : of medicine at Paris, and phyfician 
 He wrote a treatifc on chemdiry 
 and the chemical articles in the encyclope- 
 dic. He di*d at Paris 1777, aged 76. 
 Mmvkhii, Manrlln, an Italian phyfician, 
 Bologna, He lludied ana- 
 tomy an Bologna, and was appointed 
 &te of Bologna, but fooa 
 
 fettled at Pifa, where his curious expt 
 were a'fiilcd by hia friend Borelli. In 
 as the ail of Pifa did not agret with him, he 
 returned to Bologna. In 1662, be- wat pre- 
 vailed upon to go to Medina as profeflbr, ai.d 
 in 1691, Innocent XII. fent for him to 1 
 ami made him his phyfician. He die : 
 in confequence of a paralytic (broke. Bv bis 
 delicate difleclions he found out the lobult s 
 of the liver, and the nature of the formation 
 and mechanifra of the kidnies, and 
 reins, and of the heart. His works Here 
 printed, London, 1697> folio, &c. 
 
 Malvezzi, Firgilio, murqv/s of, an Ita- 
 lian writer, born at Bologna 1 599. He ftu- 
 died the law, but afterwards applied himfelf to 
 arms, and was employed by Philip IV. of 
 Spain, and admitted into his council of war. 
 He died at Bologna 1654. He wrote various 
 works in Spaniih and Italian, and a dii'courfe 
 on Tacitus' firlt book of annals tranflated into 
 Engliih. 
 
 Mamiuu-n, Peter, a French jefuit, bora 
 at Clermont, 1581. He has written tome 
 elegant Latin eclogues, and georgics in the 
 ftvle of Virgil, be fides a heroic poem in It 
 hooks, called Conftantinc, &c. He died 1 661 . 
 
 Man-, Corneliua dc, a native of Delft, 
 who ftudied painting in Italy and France nine 
 years, and acquired celebrity at home by his re- 
 prefentauon of hiflorical pieces, converfations, 
 &c. He died 1/06, *ged 85. 
 
 Ma nass eh, fueceeded his father Hezekiah, 
 at the age of 1-2. He was, 677 B. C, carried 
 by Efarbaddon, king of Aflyria, to Babylon, 
 Hi3 misfortunes produced repentance, and 
 when reftored to his kingdom he became an 
 exemplary monarch, and re-cllablifhed the 
 woribip of the God of his fathers. His ex- 
 cellent prayer is preferred in the apocrypha. 
 He died B.C. 643. 
 
 Manc inelli, Antonio, an Italian poet and 
 orator, born at Velitri 1452. He publiibed 
 a poem, tf filvavita- fuss; &C." and died 1506. 
 
 MaNCO-CaiAC, founder of the Peruvian 
 empire, declared himfelf the descendant of 
 the fun. After civilizing his fubjects, and 
 uniting them under one monarchy, he was wor- 
 fhipped as a deity after his death. 
 
 Mandkvjlle, fir John, an Engliih tra- 
 veller, boru at St. Albans 1300. ? : 
 England K332, atul during an al 
 years vifite.i the various countries of Scythia, 
 
 .., -Egvpt, Arabia, Perfia, CI 
 8cc. and made himfelf well acquainted with 
 their language and manners. At his return 
 he wrote/an " itinerary," in Englifh, French* 
 and Latin, interefling and curious, huft 
 abounding with the marvellous and the ficti- 
 tious. He died at Liege 1-173. 
 
 Maxdevili.e, Bernard d", M.D. a Dutch 
 phyfician, born 1670. He came over to 
 England in tl of the 18th cen- 
 
 tury, where he wrote feveral hooka, His 
 "virgin unmafked," a mofl licentious perform- 
 ance, was pubiiihtd 1709, and in 
 
 7 * treatifa 
 
MAN 
 
 MAN 
 
 treatife of the hypocondria and hyfteric 
 rations," a work of fome merit. In 1723, 
 Ik: publifhed his poem with notes, called " the 
 fables of the bees, or private vices made pub- 
 lic benefits," a work reprehended by the grand 
 jurv of Middlefex, and attacked from various 
 quarters. The author took no notice, of his 
 opponents till 17 28, when he publiihed ano- 
 ther volume, called the fecond part of the 
 fables of the bees. He in this improperly con- 
 founds fuperfhuties and faults, and by reure- 
 fenting human nature as low and vicicus, and 
 rnen as knaves and libertines, he deftroys all 
 the noble incentives to virtue. In 1720, he 
 publiihed <; free thoughts on religion," and 
 in 1739, an inquiry into the origin of honor, 
 &.C. He died 1733. 
 
 MandRillon, /. a native of Bourg-en- 
 Brefle, who travelled in America and Holland. 
 He fettled in Holland, but his oppofition to 
 the ftadtholder made him unpopular, and he 
 jeturned to Fiance, where Robefpierre or- 
 dered him to the guillotine, 1793. He wrote 
 the American fpectator, 8vo. a work of merit, 
 and other things. 
 
 Manes, the founder of the feet of the 
 Manichees. He began to propagate, about 
 277, his doctrines which indeed he had derived 
 from others. Mingling the pure doctrines of 
 chriftianity with paganifm, he taught that 
 there were two principles of all things, coeter- 
 Hal and coeval, that is, God and the devil, that 
 from the former all good, and from the latter 
 $11 evil proceeded. The good being he called 
 the author of the new teflament, the bad of 
 the old. God, he added, created the foul, the 
 devil the body. He pretended alio to work 
 miracles, and he was therefore fent for by 
 Sapor king of Pcrfia to cure his fon, but his 
 pretended power failed him, the child died in 
 his arms, and the difappointed father ordered 
 the prophet to be flead alive, and his fkin 
 fluffed with cliaff to be hung up at the gates 
 of the capital, where Epiphanius who refuted 
 his doctrines faw it. 
 
 Manetti, Giaiiozzo, a native of Florence, 
 one of thole to whom the revival of literature 
 may be attributed. He ftudied under Chryib- 
 loras, and read lectures at Florence, and after- 
 wards retired to Rome, where he became fe- 
 cretrny to pope Nicholas V. He next went 
 kito the fervicc of Alphonfo king of Naples, 
 Where he died 14. r >9, aged 63. Befides a 
 j rranflation of the Greek teflament, he 
 
 wife the lives of Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, 
 Nicholas V. a treatife againft^the Jews on 
 the works of Arifiotle, &c. 
 
 Manetti, Rutilio, a native of Siena, emi- 
 nent as a painter. His works adorn Florence 
 and Pifa. He died 1639, aged 68. 
 
 Manetti, Xavier, profelfor of botany and 
 medicine at Florence, was keeper of the im- 
 perial garden, and author of catalogus horti 
 gcadenriot Florent viridarium Florent. 8vo. 
 hrnithologiiE tomus quintus, &c. He died 
 i/b:- at Florence* 
 
 ManfrEDI, Eiijiackio, an Italian mathema- 
 tician, born 1674, at Bologna, where he was 
 mathematical profelfor. He died 1739. He 
 wrote ephemerides, 4 vols. 4to. de tranfltn 
 mercurii per folem, 1723 de annuls ftellarum 
 aberrat. and alio fonnets and canzonets. 
 
 Manfredi, Bartholomew, a, painter of 
 Mantua, 1574. He imitated his mailer Michael 
 Angelo, and in his reprefentation of foldiers, 
 lailors, peafauts, and drunken fcenes, &c. was 
 much admired. 
 
 Mangey, Thomas, fellow of St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, rector of St. Mildred's 
 Bread -fueet, vicar of Yeallng, and prebendarv 
 of London, publiihed an edition of Philo- 
 Judjeus, 2 vols, folio, remarks upon Nax*- 
 renus, againft Toland, 8vo.~ and practical 
 difcourfts on the Lord's prayer, &c. He died 
 1755. 
 
 Manley, Mary, an Englifh writer, bora 
 at Guernfey, where Iter father was governor. 
 She loft, when young, her parents, and was 
 enticed into a marriage with a relation of the 
 fame name, to whole care fhe had been en- 
 trufted. The new hufband, who had another 
 wife, took his bride to London, and cruelly 
 deferted her. She afterwards became ac- 
 quainted with the duchefs of Cleveland, but 
 upon being difmifled by her, fhe determined 
 to fpend the reft of her life in retirement. 
 Her " royal mifchief,"a tragedy, when repre- 
 sented at Lincoln's inn fields theatre, proved 
 fo popular that fhe was flattered by men of wit 
 and gallantly, and in an evil hour (he yielded 
 to temptation. Her " memoirs of the new 
 atalantis," in 4 vols, in which fhe described in 
 wanton language the amours of fome diftin- 
 guifhed characters, in feigned names, drew 
 upon her a profecution. Her printer and pub- 
 lisher were apprehended, but fhe nobly appeared 
 before the king's bench to take the blame upon 
 herfelf, and was at lft admitted to bail, and 
 finally liberated. She wrote in favor of queen 
 Anne's miniftry, and died 1724. She was 
 author of Lucius king of Britain, a tragedy, 
 loft lover, or the jealous hulband, befides 
 letters, &c. 
 
 Manners, John, marquis of Granhy, fon 
 of the duke of Rutland, diftinguifhed himfelf 
 it) the German wars, under Ferdinand of Biunf- 
 wick, as general of the Britifh forces at the 
 battles of Min'den, Warburg, Kirk-Denkern, 
 &c. He died 1770, aged 49. 
 
 Manningham, Thomas, D.D. a prelate, 
 educated at Weftminiler fchool, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford. He became rector of Eaft Ty- 
 ftead, Hants, preacher of the Rolls, rector of 
 St. Andrew's, Holborn, canon, and afterwards 
 dean of Windfor* and 1?09, bifhop of Chi- 
 cheftcr. He publiihed fome fermons, 'and 
 died 1722. 
 
 Mannori, Lewis, author of memoirs and 
 pleadings, in 18 vols. 12mo. a work curious 
 and interefting, was an advocate of the parlia- 
 ment of Paris, and died 1778, aged 82. He 
 was fatigued by Voltaire, 
 
 Mannozzi, 
 
MAN 
 
 MAP 
 
 Mannozzi, John, a paint ct, horn near 
 Florence. He was patronized by Lorenzo de Me- 
 <licis, whofe palace he adorned by the labors of 
 bis art. He was a man of capricious and iraf- 
 cible character, and he died 16.36, aged 46. 
 
 Mansard, Francis, a French architect, 
 born 1598. His genius was difplayed in the 
 erection of the gate of the church of the Feu- 
 illans, of the church of les Filles Ste. Marie, 
 the hotels de Bouillon, and other edifices in 
 Paris, and in the provinces. He was firft archi- 
 tect to the king, and was fiuceedcd by his ne- 
 phew; alio an ingenious man, who was honored 
 with the order of St. Michael. He died 1606, 
 and his nephew 1708, aged 69. 
 
 Mansfeld, Peler Erneft, count de, an able 
 R-atefman in Germany. He was made prifoner 
 at Ivoy, 1552, and when liberated, obtained 
 the government of Luxembourg, where his ad- 
 rciniilydtion was prudent and popular. He 
 died 1604, aged 67. 
 
 Mansfeld, Erne.fi de, natural fon, of count 
 Mansfeld, was legitimated by Rodolphus II. 
 He was refufed the fucceffion of his father's 
 honors and poffeffions, in confequence of 
 which he joined the proteftants in 1610, and 
 fhowed himfelf a vigorous enemy of Auttria. 
 lie died 16-26, aged 46. 
 
 Mansfield, earl of, 'Fid. Murray. 
 Manstein, Chrijlopher Herman de, a Ruf- 
 fian writer, born at Feteriburg, 1711- He was 
 diftinguifhed in the fervice of the Ruffian and 
 Praffian monarchs. He was (hot in the war of 
 1757. He wrote a valuable work, memoirs of 
 Ruffia, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Mantegna, Andrea,- an Italian painter, 
 born near Padua, 1451. He was originally a 
 fhepherd, but his rough drawings were feen 
 and admired; and he improved fo much, that 
 at the age of 1 7 he painted the altar-piece of 
 St. Sophia, in Padua. . He painted alfo another 
 calibrated piece for the duke of Mantua, the 
 triumphs of Julius Csefar, now in the collection 
 of Hampton court. He died at Mantua, 1517. 
 Manton, Thomas, D.D. a native of Law- 
 rence Lydiard, Somerfetfhire, educated at Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford. He was curate of Co- 
 lytdn, Devonfhire, and then fettled at Stoke 
 Newington, and became a popular preacher in 
 London, and bjefore the parliament. Fie loft 
 his preferment in 1662, for non-conformity, 
 and in 1671 vvas imprifoaed for officiating in a 
 conventicle. He died 16/7, "aged 57. His 
 works are, fermons, and other calviniftic tracts, 
 in 5 vols, folio. 
 
 Mantuan, Baptift, an Italian poet, born 
 at Mantua, 144 8, the natural fon of Spag- 
 nolo, a man of diftinctioh. He entered 
 among order he be- 
 
 came general, but he quitted them in difguft, 
 1515, and devoted himfelf to literature. He 
 died the next year. His works, which poffefs 
 not much animation, were in 3 vols, folio. 
 
 Manuel, Commenus, emperor of the Eaft, 
 after his father John, 1 1 . fide war 
 
 aga'mft Dahaatia, Hungary, and Egypt, which 
 
 he might have conquered, if not abandoned by] 
 Annuity , of Jerufalem. He died 1 180. 
 
 Manuel, PaUsologns, fon and i'ucceflbr of 
 John, at Conftantinople took the monaftic 
 habit, and died 14-25, aged 7 5. 
 
 Manutius, Aldus, "a celebrated printer, 
 born at Baffano. He was the firft who primed 
 Greek with elegance; and he introduced that 
 form of letters ilill in ufe, called italics. His' 
 editions of the claffios were held in high eftima- 
 tion. He died at Venice, where he had long 
 exercifed his profeffion with fuccefs, 151b. 
 One copy of his capital works was always on 
 vellum. 
 
 Manutius, Paul, fon of Aldus, was libra- 
 rian to Pius IV. and feconded his attempts to 
 print all the fathers in an elegant manner. He 
 acquired, by the frequent reading of Cicero, 
 fueh facility of competition, that Scaliger lays, 
 a Roman could not have written better. He 
 wrote epiftles very labored commentaries on 
 Cicero, 4 vols, folio- de legibus Romanorum> 
 &c. He died 1574. 
 
 Manutius, Aldus, the younger, fon of 
 Paul, was alfo a printer. He promifed greater 
 celebrity than his father and grandfather ; but 
 proved unfortunate. Negligence produced 
 diflrefs, and he became fo indigent, that he 
 fold the excellent library of 80,000 volumes, 
 collected by his anceftors, to maintain himfelf. 
 Pope Clement VIII. made him director of ;he 
 Vatican prefs. He died very poor 1597, at 
 Rome. He wrote commentaries on Cicero 
 a treatife on orthography notes on ancient 
 writers the lives of Cofmo de Medicis, and of 
 Caftruccio Caflricani, Sec. * 
 
 M anzo, John Baptijl, an Italian, who. after 
 ferving in the Spaniih army, devoted himfelf to 
 literature at Naples, where he affifled in the 
 foundation of the "Degli Otiofi academy. He 
 wrote a life of Talfo, 12mo. del amore dialogi, 
 8vo. &c. and died at Naples, 1645, aged 84. 
 
 Mafes, Waiter, a poet, chaplain to Henry 
 II. He was cation of S.a!iibury, precentor of 
 Lincoln, and archdeacon of Ox ord. He wrota 
 in Latin, in a fatirical flykvand fome of his 
 verfes are fi.il! read and admired. 
 
 Mafletokt, John M. I), an Englitb divine, 
 born 164J, at ge, in Huntingdon- 
 
 fnire, and educated at Weitminfter fchool, and 
 Trinity college, Cambridge. He travel'. . 
 the fons of the earl of Northumberland, and at 
 his return fettled as a phyfician in London. 
 Here he was diftinguifhed as the friend of ' 
 of Locke; of Tillotfon, and ether learned 
 and in l670,he went with lord EiTex to the 
 court of Denmark. In 1675 he was chofen 
 profeffor of phyfic of Grefhan college, and in 
 1C/6 attended" the ambaffador Montague to 
 France. He married in 167P, and then aban- 
 doning medicine, applied himfelf to divinity ; 
 and obtained the rectory of Braybrook, North - 
 amptonfhire, &.c. When Wiliam WW at CatB 
 
 ' (>so, he took his degree of D r D. and 
 in 1707 wis prcfident of WOO college;. lie 
 continued to preach in his church of St. Law- 
 rence, 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 fitce, Jewry, till he was turned of 80, and 
 :i, at Wellminfter, aged 91. He tranf- 
 rted Sydenham's medical obfervationsintc Latin, 
 nd wrote beiides, the principles and duties' of 
 I** cliriflian religion, Svo. and otherthings. 
 
 Marais, Marin, a celebrated muiician, 
 
 jcrn at Paris, 1656. He compoSed Some ad- 
 
 ieces for the theatres, ci'pecially Alcides 
 
 Semele and Alcvone, his belt performance. 
 
 :Ie died 17 2 8, aged 
 
 Maraldi, , .-, a mathematician, 
 
 >f Perinaido, near Nice, 1665. He was en- 
 
 aiTmi, in constructing the great 
 
 n line through France. He died 1729, 
 
 ' , leaving behind him a catalogue of the 
 
 fixeit {tars, and curious observations, &c. 
 
 Marana, Jo'tm Paul, author of the Turkilh 
 fpv, a work once read with avidity, and con- 
 fidered as authentic, but now regarded as half 
 fictitious, was born at Genoa. He refided at 
 Paris, and then returned to his own country, 
 where he died 16 93, aged 51. The Turkilh 
 Spy was firft pubiifhed in 6 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Marat* Jofm Paul, one of the atrocious 
 leaders of the French revolution, was born at 
 Beaudry, near Neufchatel, Switzerland, 1744. 
 He liudied medicine, and acquired public no- 
 tice by palling as an empiric, and by felling a 
 water which he pretended could cure all diS- 
 After viSiting England he returned to 
 Paris, at the revolution, and with the ardor of 
 a man who wilhes to profit by the miferies of 
 the public, he attacked the character of the 
 ministers, especially Neckfer, in his publicrfte 
 PariSien. To this vile, but popular publica- 
 tion, Succeeded 1'ami du peuple, in which he 
 recommended revolt, pillage, and murder; he 
 excited the foldiers to affafimate- their generals, 
 the poor to Seize the property of the rich, and 
 the profligate to cut off their enemies. Though 
 the affembly feized his papers, he continued 
 his labors, under the patronage of the jacobins. 
 Delighting in blood, he promoted the murders 
 of September, and by repeated accufations, 
 carried the moll virtuous of the citizens, and 
 the braveft of the generals, to the guillotine, 
 and declared with expiration, that the happi- 
 neis of France required for its consolidation the 
 Sacrifice of :ioo,000 more lives. This cxe- 
 craMe wretch might full have added to the 
 - number of his victims, but a heroine rid the 
 world of his tyranny. Charlotte Corday ob- 
 tained aecefs to him while in his bath, and 
 with a blow- of a dagger ihe laid the monfter 
 tt her feet, 179-3- His remains were 
 i with all the distinction due only to a 
 and were depolited in great pomp in the 
 m. But the public opinion foon changed, 
 mory was infulted, and his very body dug 
 tip, and thrown into a common fink. This 
 fs tyrant was, in his perfoa, difagree- 
 able and ferocious; he fyoke with animation, 
 but his looks betrayed tire black purpofes of his 
 heart. He wrote man, or the principles of 
 the influence of the foul on the body, and of 
 .'. } 177 5. 2 vols/ :. 
 
 work Severely crlticifed by Voltaire difeoveries 
 on fire, electricity, and light,, 8vo. 1 7 7 'J 
 difcovery on light, &c. 
 
 Maratti, Carlo, an Italian painter, brn 
 1625, in the march of Ancona. His fondneii 
 for painting was early discovered, and at Roma 
 red celebrity by the grace and beauty 
 of his figures. He was knighted, and appointed 
 painter in ordinary to Lewis XIV. He chiefly 
 excelled as the painter of female faints and ma- 
 donnas. He died at Rome, loaded with ho- 
 nors and opulence, 17 1 -3 , aged S 8 . 
 
 Marbacii, John, a proteStant of Lindau, 
 author of a curious book, called fides Jefu o 
 jeSuitarum, in which he compared the doctrines^ 
 of Jefus with thofe of the jefuits. He died 
 1581, aged 60. 
 
 Marca, Peter de, a French prelate, bom 
 1594, at Gar t, in Beam. He was prefident 
 of the parliament of Beam, and in 1609, 
 counfellor of State at Parjs. He pubiifhed in 
 1640 " the hiftory of Beam," which widely 
 eftablifhed his reputation as at) elegant writer, 
 and a good politician, and then engaged to de- 
 fend the Gallican church, which fome enemies 
 of Richelieu reprefented as defirous of Separating 
 from Rome. His book, " de concordia Sacer- 
 dotii & imperii," 1641, though written at the 
 command of the French king, gave Some 
 offence to the pope, and when the author was 
 nominated to the fee of Conferans, his eonfe- 
 cration was delayed till he had made his peace 
 with his ecclefmStical mailer, by the publication 
 of another trentife, de Singular! primatu Petri, 
 in which he afferted the Supremacy of the nope. 
 ; He went, in 1644, as vifitor general to Cata- 
 | Ionia, and executed his office with Such popu- 
 larity, that when ill, the public prayers of th 
 ! province were offered for him recovery. He was 
 j next raifed to the See of Touloufe, and in 
 ! 1658 was made minifter ofitate In 1660 he 
 ! was engaged on determining the boundaries of 
 ; the French and Spanifh territories in the Py- 
 renees, and he obtained in 1662 the dignity of 
 ; archhiShop of Paris, but died there in June, 
 on the lame day that the bulls arrived from 
 Rome to confirm his elevation. He was a man 
 of extraordinary talents. 
 
 Marcelli, Benedkl, the prince of mufic, 
 according to the flattery of the Italians, was a 
 Venetian, who excelle 1 alio in philofophy, and. 
 in poetry. His " rafhio:iable ftage," in Italian, 
 in which he ridicules modern operas, is his 
 bell profe com pofi lion, and his chief poetical 
 work is the comedy toi'canifmo, See. He died 
 17-39, aged 50. 
 
 MarCem inus, Succeeded Cains in the pope- 
 dom, '296, and died i u>er. 
 
 Marckllus I. pope after Marcellinus, 008, 
 died 3 10. 
 
 Marckiujs II. pope after Julius III. died 
 a few weeks after his elevation, 1 5 55. 
 
 March, Avjias, a poet of Valencia in the 
 1 5th century. He wrote amatory veVfcs in 
 praife of his fair countrywoman, Therefa Bon, 
 an Petrarch celebrated his Laura, and from the 
 
 Similarity 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 fcnHarity of their poetry they have been ac- 
 eufed of dealing one from the other. 
 
 Marcham), Projpzr, quitted France to 
 profefs the proteftant religion in Holland. He 
 published " the literary journal," and died 
 at a great ace, 17 56. He published befides, 
 " the hiftory of printing," diclionaire hifio- 
 rique, two fmail folio vols. &.c. 
 
 Marchetti, Alexander ; a phyfician ami 
 poet, born near Pifa, 1633. Ke was profelfor 
 of mathematics at Pifa, and preferred reafon 
 and experiment to authority, and to Ariftotle. 
 He died 17 14. He wrote poems in 4to. 
 an Italian tranilation of Lucretius, a transla- 
 tion of Anacreon, &c. 
 
 Marchin, Ferdinand count, of Liege, figna- 
 lized himfelf at Fleurus and N civ, hide, and 
 at the fiege of Charleroi. He was fent, in 
 3/01, as ambaffador from Lewis XV. to 
 Spain, and rciufed the rank of nobility from 
 the Spanifh court. He was afterwards in the 
 army in Germany, and commanded the retreat 
 at the fatal battle of Hochitct. He was 
 wounded at Turin, where they fought againft 
 his advice, 1706, and he died by the amputa- 
 tion of his thigh. 
 
 Marcilius, Theodore, a German critic 
 of Arnheim, in Gueldres, 1548. He was 
 educated under his father, and at Deventer 
 and Louvain. He taught belles lettres at 
 Paris, and in 1602 was made royal profeflbr 
 of the Latin tongue. He died 1617. Though 
 abufed by Scaliger, he was a learned man, and 
 publifhed Pythagoras' golden verfes, with 
 annotations, &c. 
 
 Marcion, a heretic of the fecond century. 
 Breaking his vows of continence, he was ex- 
 communicated by his fatber, and unable to be 
 reconciled to the church, he embraced the 
 heretical opinion of Cerdo, to which he added 
 the wild principles of Manes, with incoherent 
 doctrines of his own. 
 
 Mare, William, de la, a Latin poet of 
 Cotentin. D'rfgufted with the court, where 
 he was fecretary to the chancellor, he retired 
 to Caen, where he was rector of the univcrfity. 
 He wrote two pocrns, chimrera de tribus fu- 
 giendis, venere, ventre & pluma. 
 
 Marechae, George, of Calais, was very 
 fkilful in furgical operations. His attention to 
 Lewis XIV. when attacked by an abcel's in 
 the neck, 1696, was rewarded with the appoint- 
 ment of furgeon to the royal houfehold, &c. 
 He died at Bievre, I? 36, aged J 8. 
 
 Marechae, Peter Si/Ivan, of Paris, {bodied 
 the law, and afterwards wa i writer 
 
 at the revolution. He wrote nineteen different 
 things, force of which were very profane and 
 indecent, among which Were, a book efcaped 
 from the deluge the pantheon dictionary of 
 atheifts voyage of Pythagoras, 6 (rol 
 He died at Paris, 1803. 
 
 Markts, John des, a French writer, very 
 debauched in his youth. He afterwards be- 
 came a great faint, and prophefied, as from 
 divine revelation, that the French king would 
 
 deftfny the Turkifh empire, and the relirion 
 of Mahomet, after uniting all the princes of 
 Europe to fupport the tenets of the ice of 
 Rome. He wrote fome dramatic pieces, in 
 which are " les vifionaires," betides aparaphrafe 
 of David's pfalms the chriftian virtues, a 
 poem in eiht cantos Clovis, an epic poem, 
 in 26 books &c. He was a great enemy 
 of thejanfenifts, and died 1676, aged 81. 
 
 Ma rets, Samuel des, a proteftant divine of . 
 Pieardy, 1599. He ftudied at Paris, Saumur, 
 and Geneva. He was of fmall ftature, and 
 went by the name of the little preacher ; but 
 he grew up to his 25th year, and attained 
 nearly the full iize. He was m'mifier at LaOii, 
 &c. profelfor at Groningen. He was after- 
 wards invited to Laufanne, and toLeyden, but 
 as he prepared to remove to this place, lie died 
 at Groningen, 1663. He was engaged in con- 
 troverfies for 18 years, widi Boetius. Healfo 
 attacked Grotius, for his explanations about 
 Antiehrift, and alfo Comenius, Labadje, &c-> 
 His works were numerous, and ftowed afto- 
 niihing marks of knowledge and erudition. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of the king of Den- 
 mark, and wife of Haquin, king of Norway, 
 afcendcd,in 1387, the throne of Denmark, and 
 that of Norway, on the death of her fon, Olatts. 
 When the Swedes, diffatisfied with Albert, their 
 king, offered her the crown, fhe accepted the 
 conditions, and after a bloody war of feven years, 
 fhe placed the crown on her own head, 1394, 
 and deferved the furname of the Semiramis 
 of the north. Thus miftrefs of three king- 
 doms, fhe took mcafures to render their con- 
 nection indiffoluble by the law called the union 
 of Calmar, but unfortunately regarding little 
 the folemnity of agreements, fhe rendered 
 herfelf unpopular, and her government odious. 
 She died 1412, aged 59, after a reign of 26 
 years. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Robert, of Bur- 
 gundy, married Lewis Hutin, of France, 
 1 305. She poffeffed great perfonal charms, but 
 unfortunately difgraccd herfelf by the groileft 
 fenfuality. Her lover was condemned to be dead 
 alive, and fhe was ftrangled to death, 1315. 
 
 Margaret, daughter of Maximilian I. was 
 betrothed to the dauphin, afterwards Charles 
 VIII. but did not marry him. She was after- 
 wards married to the infant of Spain, and took 
 for her next hufband, Philibert, duke of Sa- 
 voy. She was governefs of the Netherlands, 
 and displayed her zeal againft the Lutherans. 
 i i:;iO, aged 50. 
 Margaret of Valois, fifter of Francis I. 
 married, 1509, the duke of Alencon, and 
 afttrwar-is, Henry d'Albret, king of Navarre, 
 by whom fhe bad Jane, mother of Henry IV. 
 She p-id particular attention to the encou- 
 '. of commerce, of agriculture, and 
 of the arts, among her fubje'ets. HeT par- 
 tiality for the proteftants was fo great, that . 
 fhe wrote the mirror of a fmful foul. She 
 cied 1549, aged '. ,", of a catarrh, whk'k 
 it is faid die caught in making obfervatior 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 on a comet. She wrote heptameron, after 
 the manner of Boccace, a work which, though 
 in a pleating ftyle, is dangerous, from its 
 licentious and indelicate expreffions. She 
 wrote alio poetical pieces, called les mar- 
 guerites de la marguerite des princefl'es, &c. 
 
 Margaret of France, daughter of Henry 
 II. married Henry IV. but unhappily dis- 
 graced herfelf by her licentioufnefs. She 
 was divorced, 1599, and devoted the reft 
 of her life to religious exereifes. Siie died 
 1613, aged 65. 
 
 Margaret of Anjou, daughter of Rene, 
 kin.'; - of Sicily, married Henry VI. of Eng- 
 land. SIh: was a woman of mafculine cha- 
 racter, but her hcroii'm was unhappily tainted 
 with cruelty. More calculated to govern 
 than to obey, ihe guided the couufcls of her 
 weak hufband during the wars of York and 
 Lancafter, and lhe levied an army to refcue 
 him from prifon and defeated her enemies. 
 In 1460 me was routed by Warwick, at 
 Northampton, and her hufband was taken ; 
 but undifmayed, ihe again gave battle to 
 her opponents at Wakefield, and left the 
 duke of York dead in the field. Warwick 
 was next defeated near St. Alban's, but ano- 
 ther battle at Santon, in Yorkihire, and 
 at Hexham, proved fatal to her caufe. Mar- 
 garet was taken prifoner in the field of bat- 
 tle, 1471, but recovered her liberty four 
 years after, by paying a ranfom of 50,000 
 crowns. After defending the caufe of her 
 buiband in 12 battles, ihe retired to France, 
 where me died 1482, aged 59- 
 
 Margaret of York, filter of Edward IV. 
 married Charles duke of Burgundy. She 
 oppol'ed the elevation of Henry VII. to the 
 throne of England. 
 
 Margaret, countefs of Richmond and 
 Derby, was born in Bedfordlhire, 1441. 
 She married Edmund, earl of Richmond, 
 half brother to Henry VI. and by him had 
 Henry VII. She next married fir Henry 
 Stafford, and for her third hufband, m 1482, 
 look Thomas Stanley, earl of Derby, who 
 died 1504. To all the virtues of private 
 life, ihe united great intelligence, and a 
 deep regard for learning. She rounded two 
 es at Cambridge, St. John's and 
 , and eftabliftied there, a:., at Ox- 
 ford, a theological profefibrfhip. She died 
 ftminfler, 1509, furviving only three 
 , her ion, the king. She is described 
 L\ 1 iiher, who preached her funeral fermon, 
 tu> allied to 30 kings and queens, &c. 
 
 Mahgaritone of Arezzo, eminent as a 
 
 inter, invented the mode of gilding with 
 
 ild on Armenian bole, and displayed 
 
 ifte in his representation of hiflorical 
 
 , in frefco and in diitemper. He died 
 
 ., aged 77. 
 
 >0N, William de, a French jour- 
 rvilift. born at Lun?uedoc. He publifhedtfuch 
 fevere refle&ioiis againft the janfenlfls, that 
 the court banifhed him to Lcrius, but 
 
 reftored him to liberty, 17 ID, provid 
 removed to the monastery of the bernardines, 
 where he died 1/60. He UTOte memoirs of 
 marihall Villars, 3 vols. memoirs of the 
 duke of Berwick, 2 vols. memoirs of Tour- 
 ville. 
 
 Margraap, Andrew Sigifmwid, of Berlin, 
 ftudied chemiftry, and acquired celebrity by 
 his ingenious experiments. He difeovered the 
 femi-metal, called manganefe, and hy hi? 
 labors, he rendered more eafy the chemical 
 fyftem. This indefatigable man died at Berlin, 
 director of the academy, 1782, aged 7a. 
 
 Margunio, Majjinio, eitablifhed in 1547 
 an office at Venice, for the printing of Greek 
 books. When his houfe was deftroyed by 
 an incendiary, he returned to Candia, and 
 became biihop of Cerigo. He died 1602, 
 aged 80. He wrote Greek anacreontic odes 
 poems, &.c. 
 
 Maria Theresa, emprefs, queen of Hun- 
 gary and Bohemia, daughter of Charles VI. 
 was born 17 17. i On the death of her brother 
 lhe was deftined by her father to fucceed to 
 all. his honors, according to the famous prag- 
 matic fancfion. In 1/36 lhe married Francis 
 Stephen of Lorraine, and in 1"40 fne was 
 railed to the throne. On her elevation, the 
 king of Pruffia feized Sileiia, and fubdued 
 Moravia, and Charles of Bavaria, fupported 
 by France, made rapid conquefts in the imperial 
 dominions, and was crowned king of Bohemia 
 at Prague, and emperor by the title of Charles 
 VII. 1743. Maria in the midft of thefe dif- 
 afters quitted Vienna, and throwing herfelf, 
 with her infant fon in her arms, in the midfc 
 of the afi'embled Hates of the Hungarian na- 
 tion, ihe thus addreffed them in Latin : 
 " Abandoned by my friends, perfecuted by 
 my enemies, attacked by my neareft relations, 
 I have no refouree. left but in vour fidelity, 
 courage, and conftancy : I entruft into your 
 hands the children of your kings, they depend 
 on you for life and fafety." The appeal was 
 received with applaufe. Let us die for our 
 queen Maria Therefa was the general reply, 
 and foon after, Maria, who had lately fierce 
 a town where to give birth in fecurity to her' 
 child, faw her faithful Hungarians advance 
 to her aid. Lintz, Paitau, Munich, opened 
 their gates to the conqueror, and by a treaty 
 with England, ihe obtained fuccours in money, 
 and in troops, and defeated the king of Sardi- 
 nia, and detached Pruifta from the general 
 alliance, by ceding the provinces ofSifefia and 
 ^f Giatz. Maria was crowned queen of Bohe 
 mia at Prague, 1743, and foon law the king 
 of England in perfon obtain in her caufe the 
 famous victory of Dettingeii. boon after, how- 
 ever, Prufiia was in arms, Bohemia, and the 
 Low Countries were invaded. The battles of 
 Fontenoy, Rocoux, and la Feldt, were foueht; 
 and ihe had the fatisfaction to place the impe- 
 rial crown on the bead of her hulband at Frank- 
 fort, 1745, and ihe again detached from her 
 enemies the king of rrttffia by Ute treaty of 
 
 Drefden. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Drefden. At Lift after a war of eight years 
 the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, 18th Oct. 174 8, 
 fettled the difienfions of the contim 
 Maria Therefa dev< repair the 
 
 ravages of war. Tlie ports of the Mediter- 
 ranean and of the north were open to com- 
 merce, the arts were munificently patronized, 
 her armies were well disciplined, and military 
 inftitutions encouraged with particular at ten- 
 were built in the molt 
 . and pbfervatories for the 
 encouragement of fcience and attronomy were 
 erected at Vienna, Graf/., and Tyrnau. Hof- 
 jiltals were opened for the reception of thofe 
 brave men who had hied for their country, and 
 the relations of the meritorious, foldicr were 
 1 with all the munificence which be- 
 came a patriotic and humane pri 
 
 ,;y 1 7&6, but at lad the 
 enemy retreated before Daurt, who relieved 
 Bohemia in fo mafterly a manner, that Maria 
 Therefa, commemorating the heroic exploit, 
 efrabliflied the military order of her name 
 3 7 . r . 7 . The battles of Hock-kireheii, K1M1- 
 nerfdorf, Maxtn > Landfhut, and Siplitz, were 
 favorable to the caufe of the e'mprefs, and 
 though her forces were defeated at Li (fa, and 
 Breflaw, me at the peace of Hubertibmg in 
 1763, kept poficllion of the fame territories 
 which fhe held before the war. In 1761 ihe 
 caaufed her foa Joieph to he crowned king 
 of the Roman* In 1772 fhe joined Pruffia 
 and Buflia in the difmemberment of Poland, 
 and time time after obtained a fmall portion 
 of the Bavarian dominions. After a long reign, 
 checkered by profperity and adverfity, Maria 
 Therefa died at Vienna, 17 SO, aged 63. She 
 had the fingular felicity, if it dei'erves the name 
 cf felicity, of feeing all her children, at her 
 deceafe, placed on thrones, or allied to crowned 
 heads. She deferred and received the appel- 
 lation cf mother of her country, and the pureft 
 Virtues of charity and benevolence profufely 
 exercifed, rendered her eileemed among her 
 fubjects. 
 
 Maria ANTOINETTE, queen of France, 
 daughter of Francis I. and of MariaThcrefa,was 
 born at Vienna 1755. In 1770 ihe married 
 the dauphin of France, afterwards Lewis XVI. 
 On that occafion, however, it was obferved, that 
 the two ftorms of thunder and rain which pre- 
 vailed, forebode her future misfortunes, and on 
 the feftivitfes of the city of Paris more than 
 1 200 perfons were crufhed to death by the fill - 
 ling of a temporary building, and numbers 
 perlfhed in the Seine by being precipitated frojn 
 the Pont royal. Thei'e melancholy accidents 
 aviated bv the humanity of the foreign 
 1, who Cent all her money to the lieute- 
 nant of police, for -the relief of the fufferers, 
 and every where conciliated the affection of the 
 people. Other acta of charity have been re- 
 corded to b.'i honor, and form fome of the molt 
 tployed the pencil of 
 of Lewis XV. when 
 . : ia contributed 
 
 for the girdle of the new queen, as it I 
 .Maria declined the compliment. In tli 
 froft of 1788 fhe contributed much to tl 
 of the poor, and her munificence 
 
 by the gratitude of the Parifians, win 
 I :: pyramid of fnow to her honor. Thefe 
 marks of refpe<t were nearly as tranfitory as the 
 fnowy pyramid; Antoinette, furrounded by flat- 
 terers, was reprefented as voluptuous and crimi 
 nal,and the celebrated trial concerning the neck- 
 lace, in fome degree raifed the indignation 
 the public againfi her conduct. The poverty 
 of the treafury vvas attributed to her extrava- 
 gance; but though liberal in her expencesJ 
 nothing criminal could be proved againtt her 
 As if forefce'mg the calamities of the ftate, (lie 
 oppofed the convocation of the ftates which 
 were to lead her and her hufband to the fcaf- 
 fold; but though calumniated, fhe made the hap- 
 p'mcfsof her hufband the firfi uilh of her heart. 
 The ferocious revolution brought on the 6 th of 
 October, when the cannibals of Paris ap] 
 at Verfailles. The doors of her apartment were 
 battered down, and the bed from which fhe had 
 jurt efcaped was pierced with a thoufand flubs; 
 yet Antoinette exhibited her ufual ferenity, and 
 preferring herfelf alone on the balcony, fhe 
 changed the fury of the populace into admira- 
 tion and fhouts of applaufe. Accompanying 
 the king to Paris, in a journey of fix hours, 
 while the heads of two of her murdered bod) 
 guards were raifed on pikes by the fide of her 
 carriage, and while blafphcmies every moment 
 rent the air, fhe preferved the fame undaunted 
 courage. After the flight to Varennes, her 
 magnanimity did not defert her, and when 
 queflioned, fhe replied with becoming dig- 
 nity. On the 20th June, and the 10th Au- 
 guft, 1792, fhe again law herfelf infulted and 
 with difficulty faved from affaflins. and in the 
 affembly fhe heard unmoved the decrees which 
 robbed the monarch of his throne. She no. 
 fooner heard of the condemnation of her huf- 
 band than fhe congratulated him on the ter- 
 mination of his fufferings, and after parting 
 from him in an agony of grief, her only requeft 
 to his murderers was to give her a' fuit of 
 mourning, which fhe wore till her own fate 
 was decided. That flic might not feel the 
 comforts of the afflicted in iharing her . 
 with }., family, fhe was torn 1 
 170:5, and a month after, an armed force en- 
 tered her cell in the night, and fore 
 from her bed of itraw to a damp dungeon. On 
 the 3d of October fhe was carried bel 
 revolutionary tribunal, and accufed of fqu 
 dering the public, and of holding a, tra 
 rou3 correfpondencc with the enemies of hejj 
 , but the crimination could not ba[ 
 proved, and her fufferings excited interefi in 
 her favor even among her prejudiced judg 
 It was then that the mifcreants char. 
 with attempts to corrupt the morals of her^ 
 own fon ; a fc-andalous imputation which rouffl 
 all her feelings; I appeal, exclaimed fhe itgj 
 a burft of indignation, I apptal to all mothe*^ 
 
 . 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 "whether an adYion fo odious is poffible. No- 
 thing could avail, '{he retired fatigued to her dun- 
 geon, after being detained 1 8 hours before her 
 cruel judges, and the following morning at eleven 
 fhe was fummoned to afcend the cart which was 
 to conduit her to the fcaffold. She obeyed with 
 dignity, and in profound filence, an.l after view- 
 ing, as {he paffed, the palace of the Thuilleries, 
 the former fcene of her greatnefs and of her plea- 
 fures, ihe mounted the fcaffold with precipita- 
 tion, and falling on her knees, prayed for for- 
 givenels on her murderers, and bidding adieu 
 to her abfent children, to whofe father {he was 
 again to be united, fhe laid down her head on 
 the fatal machine, and lifting up her eyes to 
 heaven, clofed them in death lGth October, 
 1793. She was then near 88, but it is re- 
 markable that her misfortunes had changed the 
 color of her hair to a filvery white; and her 
 countenance, which, with every feature of 
 beauty once beamed benignity and love, had 
 affumed an afpeel: of fettled melancholy, and 
 flie had nearly loft the ufe of one of her eyes 
 from the unwholefome air to which fhe was 
 cxpofed. Her body was thrown into the Mag- 
 dalen church-yard, and immediately confumed 
 with quick lime. In the powers of her mind 
 Antoinette had been carefully cultivated, fhe 
 fpoke French with purity, and the Italian as 
 her native tongue, and fhe was fo well ac- 
 quainted with Latin, that when twice addreffed 
 in that language, fhe made an immediate extem- 
 poraneous reply in the fame language, and with 
 elegance. She had four children, Maria The- 
 refa Charlotte, born 1778, who married her 
 coufin the duke of Angoulcme ; Louis, born 
 1781, who died 1789; Charles Louis, born 
 1785, who died 1793; and a daughter who 
 died an infant. Her life, by mad. Guenard, 
 3 vols. 12mo. is recommended by the French 
 biographers. 
 
 Mariana, John, a Spanifh hiftorian, horn 
 in Caftile, 1 3-37. He was of the focicty of 
 the j emits, and was profeffor of divinity four 
 years at Rome, two in Sicily, and five at Paris, 
 after which he fpent the remainder of his life at 
 Toledo. He made himfelf known by his tract, 
 \ l de rege & de r-"gis inftitutione," in which 
 he defended the affaiiination of Henry III. of 
 France, and fupported, that the authority of 
 the people was fuperior to that of the prince. 
 This work, which it is faid infphedRavaillar with 
 the fcheme of murdering Henry IV. was burnt 
 at Paris by order of the parliament, and drew 
 upr;n the author and the jefuits fevere cenfures. 
 His greateft performance is, the hiftory of 
 Spain, in 30 books, Originally written by him in 
 Latin, but alfo puhliihed in Spanifh. He 
 brought the hiliory to the end of Ferdinand's 
 reign, as he dreaded to treat about more mo- 
 dern times. He afterwards wrote a fupplement 
 to the year 1621, when Philip IV. fucceeded 
 to the crown; and the work was continued by 
 Salcedo, and after him by de Soto, to 166 'J. 
 This excel": ,-nt hiftory is commended by Rapi -. 
 and others, for the greatnefs of the defi^n, 
 
 and the noblenefs of the ftyle, every where 
 fublime and interefting. Mariana died at To- 
 ledo, 1624, aged 87- He wrote alio, a trea- 
 tife on weights and meafures notes on the old 
 teftament, a valuable work, &c. 
 
 Ma hi anus, ScottiSf a Scotch monk, related 
 to the venerable Bede, and author o''a chronicle, 
 from Jefos Chrift to 1083, continued to 1200. 
 He died 10S6, aged 5 8. 
 
 Marietts, Peter John, fon of a Paris 
 bookfeller, was fecrctary to the French king, 
 and chancery comptroller, and died 1774. He 
 wrote, traitel des pierrcs grave'es, 2 vols, folio 
 lettres fur la fontaine de la rue grenelle, &c. 
 
 Makign.'.n, John James, marquis de, of 
 Milan, favored for Ids valor by Francis Sforza, 
 duke of Milan. Sforza prevailed upon him and 
 upon another officer, to murder Vifconti, a 
 Milanefe noble, and after this horrid deed, took 
 meafurcs to deftrcy both of them, that the fuf- 
 picion might never attach to him. One fell, 
 but Marignan ei'caped, and was made governor 
 of Muffo, which he exchanged for the fervice 
 of the emperor, and the command of Marignan, 
 of which he affumed the title. He was fuc- 
 cefsful, in 15 54, againft the French troops 
 under Strozzi, whom he defeated, and he took 
 Sienna, where he permitted his troops to com- 
 mit horrid cruelties. He died 1555, aged 60. 
 
 Marigny, James Carpentier de, an eccle- 
 fiaftic, born at Marigny, near Nevers. He 
 was the friend of de Retz, and was ftvere againft 
 Mazarin. He died of an apoplexy, 1670, dif- 
 tinguifhed more for his wit than the purity of 
 his morals. He wrote fome poems, and, ac- 
 cording to fome, he is the author of" Alleyn's 
 book," in which the killing 1 of a tyrant, after 
 the example of Mofes, is defended as lawful. 
 
 Marikowsky, Martin, of Rofenau in Hun- 
 gary, was eminent as a phyfician. He exa- 
 mined the eaufes of the epidemic difeafes of 
 the Hungarian and Turkifh armies; in confe- 
 quence of which he publifhed his obfervatiotw 
 in the ephemerides Sirmienfes, 1763, He 
 tranflated Tiffot's advice on health into the 
 Hungarian language; and died 1772, aged 44. 
 Marillac, Louis de, a French officer, pa- 
 tronized by Henry IV. and raifed under Louis 
 XIII. to the rank of marfhal of Fiance. Though 
 favored by Richelieu, it is faid, that he cori- 
 fpirad with his brother Michael againft that 
 powerful minifter. The cardinal was informed 
 of their machinations, and the two brothers 
 were tried, and on pretence of being guilty of 
 extortion they were condemned. Louis was 
 beheaded at Paris, 1632, and the other died in 
 a dungeon. 
 
 Marin, Michael Angelo, a novel writer, 
 born at Marfeilles. He became an eeclefiaftic, 
 and publifhed tle a^s of martyrs, which he 
 did not finrfh. His romances are efteemed 
 as promoting virtue and religion-. He died of a 
 dropfy in the heart, 1767, in his 70th year. 
 
 Marin elt.a, Lvzrttia, a Venetian lady, 
 
 who in 1601 wrote a book, in which fhe af- 
 
 ferted the fuptjwsiuf f the female fex above 
 
 - [L] the 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 the male. She alfo publifhcd " la Columba 
 facra," &c. 
 
 M arini, John J:\h-ofe, of Genoa, is author 
 of il caloandrc fulfill', 1641, 8vo. a romance, 
 tranflated by Seuderi end Caylus into French 
 nuova gare de difperati, ten times edited, alfo 
 tranflated into French. Thefe romance! were po- 
 pular, and were the firfl to defcribc the man- 
 ners and heroic deeds of ancient chivalry. 
 
 Marino, John Baptift, an Italian port, 
 bom at Naples, 1569. His father intended 
 him for the law, but tie youth fold his books 
 to purchafe poetry. This fo cxafperatcd his 
 father, thai he turned him away from his pro- 
 tection, but the brilliancy of his genius pro- 
 cured him patrons. He vifitcd Turin, and 
 gained the friendfhip of the duke Charles Ema- 
 nuel; but excited the jealoufy of Murtola, the 
 duke's fecretary, who viewed him with envy. 
 From abufive language and fatirieal fonnets 
 little mifchief could be expefted, but Murtola 
 at lad discharged a piAol at his rival, and nearly 
 killed him. Marino next went to Paris, at the 
 invitation of Margaret, and found, after her 
 death, a liberal patronefs in Mary de Medicis. 
 He returned to Rome, and died at Naples of 
 a retention of urine, 1625. He wrote, ftrage 
 degli innoccnti, a poem, 1633 but the bell 
 of his works is, 4 Adonc," a heroic poem, 
 which ranks with the Aminto of Taffo, and the 
 paftor fido of Guarini. 
 
 Mario Nuzzi, or Mario de Fiori, a 
 pafntcr, whofe flowers and landfcapes were de- 
 fervedly admired. He died at Rome, 16" 3, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Mariotte, Edme, of Dijon, is known as an 
 able mathematician. He wrote a treatife on 
 the motion of waters on the movement of pen- 
 dulums on philofophy, &e. and died 1634. 
 
 Marivaux, Peter Cadet de Chamhlain dc, 
 a dramatic writer, born at Paris, 1688. He 
 was fuccefsful in his theatrical pieces, as well 
 as his romances; and as he conveyed an ufefwl 
 moral under the veil of w it and fentiment, he 
 wifhed, as he faid, to make men more juft and 
 more humane. He joined dc la Motte in the 
 .well known difpute about the fuperiority of the 
 ancients over the moderns. This ftreuuous ad- 
 vocate of religion and virtue died at Paris 
 ,1763, aged 75. His works are, pieces de 
 theatre, 5 vols. 12mo. the French fpedtator, 
 2 vols. 12mo. vie de Marianne, 4 vols. 12mo. 
 left unfinilhed, but one of the belt French ro- 
 mances le payfan parvenu, lQmo. a much- 
 admired compofition new don Quixote, &c. 
 
 Mark, St. an evangelift, the difciple of 
 Peter, by whofe directions he is fuppofed to 
 have written his gofpel for the ufe of the Roman 
 ehriftians, A. D. 72. 
 
 Makk, pope, after Silvefter I. 335, died 
 the fame year. 
 
 Markham, Gervofe, an author in the reigns 
 of James I. and Charles I. born at Gotham, 
 Nottinghammire. He was captain under 
 Charles, and diftinguifhed for his valor as well 
 aw learning. He wrote " Herod and Antipater," 
 
 a tragedy fome books on humane 
 horfemanlhip on military difeipline on d.e 
 art of fouling, &e. 
 
 Markland, Jeremiah, a learned 
 born 1693. He was educated at Chrifi 
 pital, London, and Peterhoufe, Caml 
 He was diftinguifhed by his cpiftola ( 
 1723, addreifed to Han;. He pubhfhi 
 Statins' Sylvae remarks, on the cpii 
 Cicero to Brutus, and of Brutus to Cicero 
 and a dilVcrtation on the four orations :' 
 to Cicero. In 1761 he published his < 
 little treatife de Graecorum quinta declin 
 &c qiuefiio grammatica, of which on 
 copies were printed ; but it appeared at 1 1 
 of Euripides' fupplices mulieres, 1 "63. 
 being an active tutor at Cambridge, Mi 
 retired to Twyford ; but refufed to take 
 and thus loft the preferment which his 
 bifhop Hare, intended for him. From the 
 year 1744 to 52, he refided at Uckfieldi 
 SufTex, and afterwards boarded in a farmhoufe 
 at Milton, near Dorking, in Surrey, where he ' 
 died of a fevere attack of the gout, attended 
 with fever, 17/6, in his S3d year. Some of 
 his learned notes on the two Iphigenise, were 
 printed by Dr. Heberden, 1 77 1. He wrote 
 fome other things, and liberally uihfted his 
 friends. 
 
 Marloe, Chrijiopher, a dramatic writer, 
 educated at Cambridge. He became a player, 
 and trod the flage with Shakefpeare. In his 
 opinions he was an atheift. It is faid by Wood, 
 that he was fond of fome vulgar female, but 
 that he found a rival in his footman, and when 
 full of jealoufy, he attempted to flab him, his 
 opponent wrefted the dagger from his hand, 
 and plunged it into his heart. He died of 
 the tvound, 1693. His plays were feven in 
 number. 
 
 Marlorat, Augvjiin, an Auguftine monk 
 of Lorraine, who embraced the tenets of the 
 proteflants. He was murdered at Rouen, when 
 the place was taken by the king, 1562. His 
 works are, thefaurus locoruni commun. S. 
 fcripturse commentaries on the bible, RcC*. 
 
 Marmion, Sliakerley, a dramatic writer, 
 born at Aynhoe, Northamptonfiiire, 1602. 
 He was educated at Thame fchool, and Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford. He fquandered his pro- 
 perty, which amounted, fays Wood, to 7001. 
 u-year; anil afterwards ferved in the army in 
 the Netherlands, and againfl Scotland under 
 Charles I. He died 1639. He wrote four 
 comedies, much efteemed in his time befidet 
 Cupid and Pfyche, an epic poem, Ike. 
 
 Marmontel, John Francis, a French wri- 
 ter, born at Bort, in Limoufin, in 17 10. 
 Though but the fon of a taylor, he was well 
 educated at Touloufe, where he obtained fom 
 poetical prizes, and afterwards, in 17 4 5, l. 
 came to Paris in the habit of an abl'. TdI 
 friendfhip of Voltaire and his own merits pro- 
 cured him the favor of the great; he ol 
 the place of hiftoriographer to the king's build* 
 ings, and conduced the periodical journal, 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 called Mercury. A fevere parody from one of 
 C inna's (cones, in which he fatirized a courtier 
 of influence, drew upon him the difpleafure of 
 the government, and he was fent to the baf- 
 tille. His lame was eftablilhed by his trage- 
 dies and his operas," but his comes moraux 
 procured him greater celebrity. In the revo- 
 lution he retired into obfeurity from the ob- 
 ftrvutions of the world ; and though reduced 
 to indigence, he bore his misfortunes with 
 eompofure. He was in J 797 elected mem- 
 ber of the council of ancients, and he mowed 
 himfelf firm, curree/t in his opinions, and the 
 friend of virtue and religion. He died of an 
 apoplexy, 1798, at Abbeville, near Gaillon, 
 .where he had retired. His other works are, 
 Belifarius, a romance the charms of ftudy 
 the literary obferver Lucan's 1'harfalia tranf- 
 latcd the hunts, or def fruition of Peru, 2 vols. 
 -poetiquc Francoife, 3 vols. 8vo. eflay on 
 the revolutions of malic, Svo. elements of lite- 
 rature, 6 vols. &c. His literary character 
 chiefly depends on his contes moraux, 3 vols. 
 12 mo. which have been tranflated into every 
 European language, and are known -to every 
 reader as lull of agreeable and plcafing delinea- 
 tions of character, but too often artfully faf- 
 cinating and immoral in their tendency. 
 
 Marnezia, IV. de Lezia, of Befangon, from 
 a foldier became a ftatefman during the revolu- 
 tion. Reprobating the violent meaiur.es of the 
 national aflembly, he retired in difguft to 
 America, and on his return in 1793, befell 
 under the difpleafure of the ruling tyrants, 
 and was fent to prifon; but though he furvived 
 the fall of Robefpierre, he never recovered his 
 health. He died 1797- He wrote, le bon- 
 heur dans les campagnes k nature champetre, 
 a poem plan of education for a young lady, &c. 
 MaroI4.es, Michael de, a French writer, 
 born 1600. He tranflated Terence, Plautus, 
 Lucretius, Horace, Virgi!, Juvenal, Perfius, 
 ike. but not always with fuccefs. He alfo col- 
 lected prints, one hundred thoufand of which 
 afterwards adorned the king's cabinet. He wrote 
 alfo memoirs of his own life, 3 vols. 12mo. be- 
 fides indifferent poetry. He died 1681. 
 
 Marot, John, a French poet, born near 
 Caen, 1463. He was noticed by Anne of 
 Bretagne, queen of France, and he attended 
 Lewis XII. to Genoa, and was in the fervice of 
 Francis I. He died 15-23. His poem*, are with 
 thofe of his fon Clement. 
 
 Marot, Clement, fon of the above, was 
 born at Cahors, 14 96, and became valet-de- 
 chambre to Francis I. 'He was wounded at the 
 battle of Pavia; and as he was a protcflaut, he 
 found his refidence in France unfafe, and retired 
 te Geneva, where it is faid by Cayet, that his 
 licentious conduct expofed him to danger, and 
 even drew upon him the punifhment of public 
 whipping in all the crofs ways of the city. From 
 Geneva, Marot went to Piedmont,' and died at 
 Turin, 1544, aged 49, very poor. His poeti- 
 cal powers were fo highly efteemed, that he 
 was called in France the poet of princes, and 
 
 the prince of poets. To his fertile invention 
 the French are indebted for the rondeau, and 
 alfo for the modern form of the fonnet, the 
 madrigal, &c. Though licentious in character 
 and opinions, Marot undertook to tranflate the 
 plalms of Davidi nto French verfe, dedicated to 
 Francis I. The verfion, though elegantly and 
 faithfully completed, met with much cenfure, 
 as the work of a libertine, but it was recom- 
 mended by a preface from Calvin himfelf. His 
 works, confuting of epigrams, ionnets, elegies, 
 and ballads, were publiihed with thofe of his 
 father, and thofe of his fon Michael, who was 
 alio a" poet, but of inferior merit. 
 
 Marquet, Francis Nicholas, of Nancy, 
 was a phyfician and botanift, and wrote an 
 account of plants in Lorraine, 1 vols. 8vo. 
 obfervations on the cure of feveral difeafes, 
 2 vols. 12 mo. method to learn the ftate of the 
 pulfe by the mufical notes, 12mo. He died 
 17 r >9, aged 72. 
 
 Marracci, Luiiii, a learned Italian, born 
 at Lucca, 1612. He was profeffor of rhetoric, 
 and confeffor to pope Innocent XL and died at 
 Rome, 1700. He edited the koran in Latin and 
 Arabic, 2 vols, folio, lr"98, with learned notes* 
 
 Marrier, jD. Martin, of Cluni, died at 
 Paris, his native town, 1644, aged 72. He 
 made a curious collection of ancient ecclefiafli- 
 cal writers, publiihed under the title of biblior 
 theca Cluniacenfis. 
 
 Marsais, Ccefar Chefneau da, a French 
 grammarian, born at Marfeilk s, 1 67 6. From an 
 advocate he became tutor in noble families, and 
 kept a fchool, till, after many adverfe accidents, 
 he received from the count de Lauragais, en. 
 annuity of 1000 livres. He was engaged in 
 the encyclopedic, and his articles on grammi r, 
 &c. are drawn up with great correctness and 
 judgment. He was at firft a fceptic, but in 
 the "latter part of life became flricfly reli- 
 gious. He died 1756, aged 80. He wrote 
 an explanation of the doctrines of the Gallican 
 church, with refj.vct to the pretences of the 
 court of Rome, 12mo. a rational method o 
 learning the Latin language, 12mq. the true 
 principles of grammar, 4to. logic, &c. 
 
 Marsh, Nar.cimcs, an Irifh prelate, born 
 at Hannington, Wiltfhire, 1638. He was 
 educated at Magdalen-hall, Oxford, and Exe- 
 ter, and in 1673 was made ' principal of St. 
 Alban's hall. The duke of Onhond appointe i 
 him provofl of Dublin college, and in 1682 
 he was made bifhop of Leighlin and Ferns; in 
 1690 tranflated to Cafhel, to Dublin 1699, 
 and in 1 7 03 to Armagh. The bifhop was very 
 charitable. He built a noble library at Dub- 
 lin, which he enriched with valuable books; 
 he repaired feveral churches and alms houfes in 
 his diocefes, and erected and endowed an alms- 
 houfe for 12 clergymen's widows, at Drogheua. 
 He died 1713, aged 75. He was a good 
 orientalifl, and a well informed philofopher. 
 He publifhed inftitutiones logicae in ufum 
 juventutis academics, Dublin, 1681 an in- 
 troduction to the doctrine of founds, &c. 
 
 [L2] Marshall, 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Marshall, WhlM\ an Englifh divine, J 
 educated at Wincheiierand New college. He 
 was ejected from his living at Hurflcy, Hants, 
 for noq-conformitv, 1662, and became a dif- 
 fenting minifter at Gofport, where he died 
 1690. He wrote the gofpel myftery of fancti- 
 ea'ion, 1692, 8vo. 
 
 Marshall, Thomas, D. D. an Englifh 
 ffiviric, bora at Birkly, Leicefterfhire, 162 1. 
 He was of Lincoln college, Oxford,' and bore 
 arms in defence of king Charles, but after- 
 sfards he went to Rotterdam, where he became 
 minifter to the merchants there and at Dordt. 
 He was in 166S cbofen fellow, and in 1672, 
 rector of his college. In 1681 he was made 
 dean of Gloucefter, and died at Lincoln col- 
 lege, 1685. He was well fkilled in the Saxon 
 and m the oriental languages. He publillied, 
 obfervationes in evangeliorum verfiones per an- 
 tiquos duas, fcilicet Gothicas & Anglo-Saxo- 
 cieas an explanation of the catechifm epif- 
 tle, prefixed to Dr. Hyde's translation into the 
 Malayan language, of the four gofpels, &c. 
 
 Marshall, Nathanael, D. D. an Englifh 
 divine, chaplain to George II. He held fome 
 preferment in London, and was canon of 
 Windfor. He publifhed the works of St. 
 Cyprian, folio, a defence of our conftitution 
 in church and fiate, 8vo. ferraons on feveral 
 occafions, 3 vols. 8vo. &c. inferibed to queen 
 CaroKne, by his widow. 
 
 Map.sham, Jir John, a learned author, born 
 1602,-- in London, and educated at Weft- 
 minfter fchool, and St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1625 he travelled on the continent, 
 and was, in 1629, at the fiege of Boifleduc. 
 He ftudied the law at the Middle Temple, and 
 in 16:38 was one of the fix clerks in chancery. 
 During the civil wars he followed the king to 
 Oxford, and was a great fafferet by the plunder of 
 the republicans; but in 1660, he was elected 
 member for Rochefter, and was knighted, and 
 made a baronet by Charles II. He died at Bufhy- 
 hall, Herts, 1685. He is known for his ex- 
 cellent work, called dialriba chronologica, or 
 a chronological differtation, wherein he exa- 
 mines the principal difficulties which occur in 
 the chronology of the old teftament, 4to. 
 1649. The work was afterwards altered in his 
 canon chronicus, iEgyptiac.us, &c difqui- 
 fitiones, London, folio, icprinted at Leipfic, 
 1676, and at Franeker, 16 96, 4to. 
 
 Maksigli, Lewis Ferdinand, an Italian 
 author, bom at Bologna, 165 8. He vifited 
 C'onftantinople, 16/9, with the eyes of a 
 philofopher and of a military man, and there 
 offered his ferviees to the emperor of Ger- 
 many againft the Turks. He was in 1683 
 taken by the Tartars, who fold him to the 
 Turks. The next year he obtained his 
 ranfom, and immediacy repaired to Vienna, 
 where the emperor made him a colonel, and 
 afterwards a marfhal. In tbe SpanSfc fiicceffion 
 war he was unfortunate. Brifac furrendered, 
 in 1703, after a fiege of 13 days, when 
 longer refinance was expected, and the go- 
 
 vernor was condemned to lofe his head, and 
 Marfigti, next in command, was {tripped of 
 bis honorf, and had his fword broke over 
 him. He attempted in vain to juftify himfelf, 
 but finding the tide of unpopularity agftinft him, 
 he returned to privacy. He retired to Bologna, 
 where he founded 1712, with the confent of 
 the fenate, as patrons, an academy of aits 
 and fciences, with a mufeum for the advance- 
 ment of knowledge, and of the arts. He alfo 
 erected a printing houfe. He died 1730. He 
 wrote a philofophical effay on the fea, tranflated 
 into French by le Clerc, fol. a defcription of 
 the Danube, 6 vols. fol. a Latin treatife oa 
 coffee, 12mo. on mufhrooms, folio, &.C. 
 
 Marsollier, Janus, a French hiftorian, 
 born at Paris, 1647. He was archdeacon 
 of Ufez, and died there, 1/24. His works 
 are ftill read with applaufe. He is author of 
 a hiftory of cardinal Ximenes, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 hiftory of Henry VII. of England, 2 vols. 
 12mo. hiftory of the inquifition, 12mo. &e. 
 
 Marston, John, an Englifh dramatic 
 author. He wrote eight plays, acted with 
 applaufe at the Black-friars theatre, befides 
 fatires, &c. He was of Corpus Chrifti 
 college, Oxford, and was the friend of Ben 
 Jonfon. He was living in 1633. 
 
 Marsy, Francis Marie de, a jefuit, born 
 at Paris. His " analyfs of Bayle," 4 vols. 
 12mo. was profcribed by the parliament of 
 Paris, and produced his confinement in the 
 Baftille. He died fuddenly, 1763. He is 
 author of the hiftory of Mary Stuart, 3 vols. 
 12mo. memoirs de Melville, from the Eng- 
 lifh, 3 vols. 12mo. abridged dictionary of 
 painting and architecture, 2 vols. 1 2mo. 
 
 Marteliere, Peter de la, an advocate 
 of the parliament of Paris, dift'mguifhed in 
 the celebrated trial between the umverfity of 
 Paris and the jefuits. His fpeech on the oc- 
 calion was publifhed, and much applauded. 
 He died 1631. 
 
 Martei.li, Lewis, an Italian, whofe 
 poems, ferious and groteique, and dramatic 
 pieces, were publifhed at Florence. He was 
 born at Florence, and died at Salerno, 1527, 
 aged -28. 
 
 Martjgnac, Stephen Algai, lord of, a 
 French writer, who publilhed the lives of 
 the bifhops of Paris, and tranflated into prcfe, 
 Horace, Terence, Juvenal, P rfms, Ovid, 
 Virgil, in 9 vols. 12mo. He died 1698, aged 
 70. 
 
 Martin I. pope after Theodore, 640. 
 caufed the doctrines of the monothelites to be 
 condemned in a fynod at Rome. He died 655. 
 
 Maktin II. pope after John VIII. 882, 
 died two years after, 884. 
 
 Martin III. a native of Rome, pope after 
 Stephen VIII. 942. He died 946. 
 
 MARTIN IV. a Frenchman, pope after Ni- 
 cholas III. 128J. He died at Peroufe, 1285. 
 
 Martin V. Otho Colo/ma, an illuftrioiiw 
 Roman, pope after Gregory XII. 1417- He 
 died of an apoplexy, 1431, aged 63. 
 
 Martin, 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 Martin', David, a proteftant divine, born 
 in Languedoc, 16U9. He left his country at 
 the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and 
 fettled at Utrecht, where he gave lectures, 
 and died of a violent fever, 17 21. He was 
 a moft amiable character. He publifhed 
 a hiltory of the old and new telianient, 
 2 vols, folio, with 424 plates eight fennons, 
 fc\o. a treatife on natural religion, &c. 
 
 Martin, Dom James, a Benedictine, born 
 in Upper Languedoc. He removed to Paris, 
 where he died a martyr to agonizing furferings 
 from the gout and gravel, 1751, in his 70th 
 year. He wrote a treatife on the religion of 
 the antient Gauls, 2 vols. a hiftory of the 
 Gauls, 2 vols. explication of difficult texts 
 of kripture, 2 vols. 4to. Sec. 
 
 Martin, Thomas, an antiquarian, born at 
 Thetford, 1697. He was with his brother, as 
 an attorney, but wilhed for a Cambridge edu- 
 cation, in which, however, he was not gra- 
 tified, as he in 1722 married at Thetford. By 
 his wife, who died 17=31, he had eight chil- 
 dren, and by the widow of Peter le Neve, 
 whom he foon after took for his fecOnd wife, 
 he had as many children, nine of all whom 
 
 S ached the years of manhood. He died 1 7 7 1 . 
 e wrote monumenta Anglicana the hiftory 
 pf his native town, 4to. &c. 
 
 Martin, Benjamin, an optician and globe 
 maker of Fleet-ftreer, at:d the publiiher of a 
 fcientific magazine, was orisrmaily a fchool- 
 mafter at Chichefter. He acquired fome re- 
 putation as a travelling lecturer in experimental 
 philofophy, and fettling in London, made fome 
 improvements in philosophical and mathema- 
 tical experiments. In his old age he wUs 
 afflicted with domefiic lofies in cenfequenoe of 
 trufting too much to falfe friends, and in a fit 
 of delpair attempted his life, and the wound, 
 though not mortal, haftened his end. He died 
 1 7 S2 , aged ; 8. His foffils and cuviofities were 
 fold for little after his death. He publifhed 
 a philofophical grammar young gentleman 
 and Lady's philofophy, 2 vols. Svo. philofophia 
 Britannica, 3 vols. bvo. &c. 
 
 Martin, Claude, a native Qf Lyons. At 
 the age of 20 he embraced the profeffion of 
 arms, and embarked for India, under Lally. 
 Ill treatment difgufted htm, and at the fiege 
 of Pondichcrry, he deferted to the Englifti, and 
 obtained the rank of colonel. He was employed 
 to make a map of the territories of the Nabob 
 of Oude, and there he introduced the arts and 
 commercial inftitutions of Europe, and opened 
 a bank, which proved highly productive. Af- 
 terwards fettling at Lucknow, he built a mag- 
 nificent tdifice for his refidence, and another 
 alio on the banks of the Ganges, and formed 
 in his mufeum a very curious and valuable 
 colle&ion. His garden was alfo enriched 
 with all the bcauuful varieties of the climate j 
 his obfervatory was provided with the bed huh - 
 raents, and he exhibited the firft balloon that 
 ever floated in the atmofphere of Ana. He 
 jlitdin 1799. 
 
 Martindaif, Adann, mafler of a mathema* 
 tical fchool at Warrington, and at Dunham, 
 was ejected from the living of Rofthorn, Che- 
 shire, for non-conformity, 16(52. He after- 
 wards lived as chaplain with lord Delaware, 
 and died 1700. He is author of the land 
 meter's vade meeum, 12mo. two country 
 almanacks 12 problems about intereft, Sec. 
 
 Martini, Murlin, a jci'uit, long refident 
 in China, where he wrote fome valuable books. 
 He returned to Europe in 1651, and again re- 
 vHited China, where he died, aged 74. lie pub- 
 liihed " Sink:* hiftorie decas prima a gentis 
 origine ad Chriitum natum, 4to. China illuf- 
 trata, folio. a Latin hiltory of the ware of the 
 Tartars againft China, Svo. &c. 
 
 Martinusius, George, a native of Croatia, 
 who from a lighter of ftoves became biihop 
 of Great Waradin, and the minifterof John 
 Zapol king of Hungary. At his death, 1540, 
 the king left him guardian of his fon, but a 
 quarrel with the queen's mother obliged Jura 
 to leave the kingdom, and he retired to the 
 court of Ferdinand I. He was afterwards fuf- 
 pected of plotting with the Turks agait.ft his 
 benefactor, and was meanly affaffinated at Vmts, 
 1551. 
 
 Martirelu, a landfcape painter of emi- 
 nence, born at Naples, where he died 17 20, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Martyn, John, an Englifh botanift, bora 
 in London 1699. By the friendfhip of Dr. 
 Sherard, his attention was directed to literary 
 and not to mercantile concerns. By pub.- 
 lifhing, in 1720, Tournefort s hiftory of the 
 plants in the neighbourhood of Paris, he 
 formed the plan of compcHng a catalogue of 
 thofe near London. The London fociety of 
 botanifts was eflabiifhed by him and Dillenus ; 
 but afterwards he left the metropolis, to fuc- 
 cccd as botanical profefibr of Cambridge. He 
 acquired fome reputation as a phyfician in 
 London and Chelfea, and then retired to 
 Streatham, in 17*2. He refigned, in 1761, 
 his Cambridge provflbrfhip, in which he was 
 fucceeded by his fon, and he died at Chelfea, 
 1768. His works are, tabulae fynoptioe plan- 
 tarum officinal, ad method. Ray. methodus 
 plantarum crca Cantabrig. nafcent. 12mo. 
 hiftoria plar-aruin rariorum, decad. 5, fob 
 firft lecture of a courfe of botany, introductory, 
 Svo. Virgil's bucolics and georgics tranflated. 
 with notes, 2 vols. 8vo. and 4to, a valuable 
 work difi'ertations on the /Eneid, 12mo. Sec. 
 
 Martyr, /star, a native of the Milanefe, 
 employed as negociator by Ferdinand V. of 
 Caftile, and alfo engaged in the education of 
 his children. He obtained fome eccleiiaftical 
 honors, and died 152 5, aged 70. He was ' 
 author of an hiftory of the difcovery of Ame- 
 ricfi, under the name of do navigatior.e ct 
 icris de novo repertis, 1517 letters re* 
 fpecting the hiftory of Spain, &c, 
 
 Martyr, Peter, an eminent divine, born 
 
 at Florence 1500. He becntne an Auguftine 
 
 monk at Fieioii, and afterwards iludied at Pa- 
 
 [ L 3 ] dua. 
 
MAR 
 
 MAR 
 
 dua. He diftinguifhed himfelf in the pulpit, 
 aiui as a profeffor of philofophy and ctiun'.ty 
 at Home, Venice, and other cities ; but the 
 writings of Zuinglius and of Bucer, and the 
 converfation of Valdes, (hook his faith ; and 
 after preaching the doctrines of the protcftants 
 in fecret, he removed to Zurich. He next 
 vifited Eafil, and then Strafburg, where he 
 married a nun. From Straiburg, Martyr was 
 invited by Cranmer to England, and appointed 
 divinity profeffor at Oxford in 1549- Though 
 ridiculed by the papifts, he continued his lec- 
 tures, and in approbation of his zeal the king 
 made him canon of Chrift-ehurch. At the 
 acccfiion of Mary he retired to Strafburg, 
 and to Zurich, where for feven years he was 
 a popular divinity profeffor. He had liberal 
 offers afterwards to fettle at Geneva, and his 
 friend Jewel folicited him to return to Eng- 
 land after Mary's death, but he continued at 
 Zurich, where hedied 1562, aged 63.0nMary'8 
 acceffion, fuch was the impotent virulence 
 of the papifts, that the bones of his wife, who 
 had died at Oxford, were dug up and buried in 
 a dunghill by cardinal Pole, till Elizabeth re- 
 ftored them to confecrated ground. Martyr, as 
 a writer, was learned and well informed, as a 
 difputant he was acute, fenfible, and penetrat- 
 ing, as much admired by the proteftants as he 
 was dreaded by the papifts. He was zealous 
 as a reformer, but fincere, and in his greateft 
 triumphs over fuperftition, wifely moderate and 
 humble. He wrote feveral books againft the 
 papifts, Sec. but his *' defence of the orthodox 
 dodlrine of the Lord's flipper," againft Gar- 
 diner, is particularly famous. He is accufed by 
 father Simon of making a vain and unncceffary 
 difplay of learning in his commentaries, though 
 it mull be confefled in the words of Jewel, that 
 he is a man never to be named without the 
 higheft refpeft and honor. 
 
 Marucelu, John Stephen, an Italian paint- 
 er, who died 1706, aged 60. One of his beft 
 pieces is Abraham entertaining the angels. 
 
 Marvell, Andreiv, an ingenious writer, 
 born 1620, at Kingfton upon Hull. At 13 he 
 was fent to Trinity college, Cambridge, but 
 here he fell into the hands of the jefuits, till 
 his father reftored him to the wholefome tenets 
 of the univerfity. He took his firll degree 
 1638, and about that time loft his father, who 
 was drowned in croffing the Humber, while 
 attending a female friend's daughter. The af- 
 flicted mother, now childlefs, bellowed all her 
 property on the fon of her deceafed friend, and 
 Marvell, thus enabled to travel, paffed through 
 Fiance, and extended his viftt to Conftantinople. 
 On his return he was made affiftant to Milton, 
 the Ijuin feeretary to Cromwell. He was eho- 
 fn member of parliament for his native town 
 fin 1060, and continued to reprefent it, and 
 with the honorable grant of a penfion from his 
 approving dehors, till his death, and though 
 Jie feldom funic- in the houfe, his opinion was 
 r C[ * '-1 ed our of df>ors. He wrote a IV- 
 Vfiaous attack on JUr, Pker, who wm ttfulcBt 
 
 in favor of arbitrary government, and another 
 pamphlet againft biftiop Croft's '< naked truth," 
 but his moll violent compolition was " an ac- 
 count of the growth of popery and arbitrary 
 government in England, &c." for the difcovery 
 of the author of which the miniftry offered a 
 reward. Thefe trails, written in a ft rain of 
 humor and farcafm, were very popular, and ex- 
 pofed to derifion thofe againft whom the fatire 
 was directed. Though an enemy to the minif- 
 try, Marvell was courted, and even the king 
 himfelf was pleafed with his converfation, and 
 endeavored by all means in his power to gain 
 him to the meafurcs of the court. After en- 
 joying the company of this facetious fubjeet, 
 Charles the next morning fent to him his- mi- 
 nilter Danby, who with difficulty found his ob- 
 fcure lodging, up two pair of flairs, in one of 
 the courts of the Strand. Marvell fuppofed 
 his vilitor had loft his way, but when informed 
 that Danby came from the king, who wifhed to 
 know what he could do to ferve him, he an- 
 fwered that it was not in his majefty's power. 
 When preffed farther to accept any office the 
 court could give, Marvell anfwered, that he 
 could not accept the offer, lince if he did, he 
 muft prove either ungrateful to the king in 
 voting againft him, or falfe to his country in 
 giving in to the meafures of the court. Danby 
 further declared that he was the bearer to him 
 of lOOCl. from the king as a mark of his re- 
 fpeeft, but this he rejected, though after the 
 courtier was gone he was obliged to borrow a 
 guinea of a friend. This great man died 1678, 
 aged 58, not without llrong fufpicions of being 
 poifoned. Some papers were afterwards im- 
 pofed upon the public as his, by a woman 
 with whom he lodged, and who impudently 
 afferted thofe papers to have been in the hand 
 writing of her late dear hufband. His poems 
 and letters were publifhed, London, 17 2 6, in 
 2 vols. 12mo. with an account of his life by 
 Cooke. 
 
 Marvielles, N. de, a French officer, 
 known as the author of fome poetical pieces 
 of merit, in Latin and in French. He died 
 about 1775. 
 
 Marullus Michael Tarchamfiis, a learned 
 Greek who left Conftantinople, when taken by 
 the Turks. He diftinguilhed himfelf as a foldier, 
 as well as a poet in Italv, but he was an 
 impious atheift. He was drowned on horfe- 
 back in the river Csecina near Volaterra 
 1500. His poems and epigrams both in 
 Greek and Latin were printed at Florence 
 1497, 4to. They are elegant, but very licen- 
 tious. He greatly admired Lucretius, and 
 faid that other poets were to be read, but 
 Lucretius and Virgil to be got by heart. 
 
 Mary, the mother of our bleffed Saviour, 
 was of the tribe of Judah, and of the royal 
 race of David. She was betrothed to Jofepfaj 
 and her miraculous conception was announced 
 to her by the angel Gabriel. From Bethlehem, 
 where the Saviour was born, U:e went to 
 Egypt, and afterward* returned to Nazareth, 
 
 e vhtrt 
 
MAR- 
 
 MAR' 
 
 ...icfefrie faw her fon grow up in flature and 
 in wii'dom. Little is mentioned of her in the 
 gofpels, but that ilie was prefent at the cruci- 
 fixion, when Jefus recommended her to his 
 favorite difciple John, who took her to his 
 frtrn houfe. 
 
 Mary, wife of Cleophas, is called in fcrip- 
 ture the filter of the virgin, and the mother 
 of James thelefs, Simon, and Jnde, and Jo- 
 feph. She early believed in the miracles, and 
 the miffiou of our Saviour, {he attended his 
 crucifixion, and the burial of his body, and 
 file was one of the women to whom his refur- 
 rec*tion was announced at the fepulchre by a 
 vifion of angels. 
 
 Mary, queen qf England, eldeft daughter 
 of Henry VIII. by Catharine of Arragon 
 Ms born at Greenwich, 1517. She was edu- 
 cated by Linacer and Vives, and flie acquired 
 fuch a knowledge of Latin that fhe tranilated 
 Erafmus's paraphrafe of St. John's gofpel, 
 which was finiihed by her chaplain, Mallet. 
 The treatment of her mother by her father 
 alienated her from filial , duties, and fo ex- 
 afperated was the monarch at her obftinate 
 conducl:, that he would have put her to death 
 had not the virtuous Cranmer interfered. She 
 refufed to join the protefiant communion, 
 and in confequence of this, the young king 
 fet her aiide, and appointed the lady Jane 
 Gray for his fuccefibr. Though Jane was 
 proclaimed, yet Mary's interelt prevailed, and 
 fhe entered London in triumph. Her partia- 
 lities for the popilh tenets now difplayed them- 
 felves, and, guided by the counfels of Gar- 
 diner, flie affented to thofe exceffes which have 
 fo defervedly fixed upon her the appellation of 
 the bloody Mary. The faggot and the flake 
 were the infiruments ufed to make converts 
 to the church of Rome, and not on'y lady 
 Jane and her hufband were facrif.ced, but the 
 great Cranmer who had faved her from de- 
 ftrucftion was condemned to the flames. In 
 1554 fhe married Philip of Spain, fon of 
 Charles V. but die happinefs which flie ex- 
 pected was deftroyed by the coldnefs of her 
 liufband, and the difgraeeful lofs of Calais fo 
 feyed upon her fpirks, that fhe fell a facrifice 
 to the attacks of a fever, 1558. In her cha- 
 racter Mary was violent, fuperftitious and bi- 
 goted, and from the influence of her advifers 
 fhe was often prevailed to commit what was 
 difhonorabk', flagitious, and oppreffive. 
 
 Mary, queen of England, wife of William 
 III. was daughter of the fecond James, bv 
 the dai larendoo. She married at 
 
 15 William prince of Grange, and at there- 
 volution, when her lather had abdicated, flic 
 accompanied her hufband, aikl was crowned 
 queen. Mary is represented as of a meek in- 
 ofVunfivc character, little vine-lined to meddle 
 with public affairs. , She died in 1694, at the 
 age of ;j-j, of the fmall-pox, leaving no iifue. 
 - in her character benevolent and hu- 
 <j\hibiting in her conduct great gravity 
 and little attachment to feminine tsiiks. 
 
 Mary, daughter of Henry VII. of Eng- 
 land, married Lewis XII. After his death fhe 
 took for her fecond hufband, Charles Brandon, 
 duke of Suffolk, by whom fhe had a daughter, 
 the mother of the unfortunate lady Jane Gray 
 She died 15-34, aged U7. 
 
 Mary de Medicis, daughter of Francis II. 
 duke of Tufcany, was bom 152 A, and mar*- 
 ried in 1GOO, Henry IV. of France. After 
 her hufband's death fhe was declared regent, 
 but her partiality for the worthlefs d'Anere, 
 excited againft her the public indication, and 
 the oppofition of her fon Lewis XII I. Though 
 a reconciliation was effected by the means of 
 Richelieu, fhe conceived fo great a Iiatred 
 agaiuft this her former favorite, that all her 
 powers were directed to feek revenge. Lewis 
 fupportcd the cardinal as the bew peans of 
 confolidating his government, and Mary was 
 banifhed, and her favorites fent out of the 
 kingdom, or confined in the bafiille. From 
 Compiognc, where fhe v. as exiled, fhe retired 
 to Bruhels, and died in poverty at Cologne, 
 164-2, aged Go. 
 
 Mary of Cleves, married Henry I. prince 
 of Cond<5. She was loved with fuch ar dor by 
 tire duke of Anjou, afterwards Henry III. that 
 when called to the throne of Poland, h wrote 
 to Iter with all the warmth of affection, and 
 figned his name with his blood. When 
 raifed to the French throne, he formed the 
 defign of annulling Mary's marriage with his 
 rival, but Catharine de Medicis oppofed it, 
 and the fudden death of Mary, 1574, at the 
 age of 18, as is fuppofed by poifon, left him 
 difconfolate and wretched. 
 
 Mary of Aufiria, daughter of Philip, king 
 of "Spain, married, 1521, Lewis king of Hun- 
 gary, who was flain five years after at die 
 battle of Mohatz. She was governefs of the 
 Netherlands, under her brother Charles V. , 
 and behaved with great courage, in oppef- 
 ing the arms of Henry II. of Fiance. She 
 was the friend of the proteffants, and a great 
 patronefs of literature. Her fondnefs for tin* 
 {ports of the field procured her the name of, 
 Diana, and from her military prowejk, fhei 
 was called by the Spaniards, the mother of the 
 camp. She died 155 8 in Spain. 
 
 Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, daughter 
 of James V. of Scotland and Mary of Lorraine, 
 was born 1 552, and eight days after her birth 
 inherited the throne by the death of her fa- 
 ther. Henry VIII. of England folicited her 
 hand for his fon Edward, and when refufed"he 
 invaded Scotland. Uninfluenced by the mo- 
 mentary fucceffes of the Englifh, the Scotch 
 betrothed their young queen in 1.356 to Fran- 
 cis the dauphin of France, and file was edu- 
 cated there, and inbibed thofe principles' of 
 footifh levity which afterwards embittered her 
 life. Two years after her marriage, the wi- 
 dowed queen left, with tears of regret, that 
 country where fomc of. the happiefl of her 
 lays had 'been palled. Returned to Scotland, 
 iht found her fubjeels agitated by party zeal 
 ' [L4' and 
 
MAR 
 
 MAS 
 
 nd She discovered a powerful rival in her 
 neighbour Elizabeth of England, whom fhe 
 had offended by affuming in France the empty 
 title of queen of England. By publicly cele- 
 brating the m?ls in her chapel, Mary otfended 
 the feelings of her Subjects, who were ri-id 
 prefbyterians, and who, in their zeal for the 
 reformation, hid Spared neither cathedrals, nor 
 abbeys, nor monuments which bore the marks 
 of popifh fvperftition. Thus txpofed to fana- 
 tical violence, Mary could purSue no better 
 imp than uo call to {hare her throne, a man 
 of Sagacity, firmnefs, and virtue. In this ihe 
 was unfortunate ; in marrying Henry lord 
 Darnley, a youth of engaging appearance, but 
 of weak intellects, and impetuous paffions, 
 fhe is accufed of confuting her licentious 
 defires. FomlneSs foon gave way to indif- 
 ference and diSguft. Darnley became diSa- 
 greeable to the queen, and their mutual dis- 
 contents were increafed by the arts of their 
 jrefpe&ite flatterers. As Mary had placed her 
 confide ie on Rizzio, an Italian mufician, 
 Parnley was perfuaded that her attachment 
 was criminal. Determined on revenge, he 
 abruptly entered her apartments with fome 
 aflaffina, and feizing the terrified favorite, 
 plung-id a dagger into his heart. Mary felt 
 the indignity offered to her perfon, and inflead 
 of reconciliation, fhe looked with horror on 
 the murderer, and on every oceafion mani- 
 feflc.l her abhorrence, Darnley defpifed at 
 court, retired to his country houfe near Edin- 
 burgh, where his life was terminated by a moll 
 fatal cataftrophe. The houfe was blown up 
 in the night by gunpowder, and the unfortu- 
 nate monarch's body was found in the garden 
 adjoining, but without any marks of violence 
 upon it. This foul deed was fixed, with fome 
 degree of truth, upon the ear! of Bothwell, 
 who had Succeeded Rizzio in the favor of the 
 queen, and Mary herfelf efcaped not the im- 
 putation of acceffary guilt. Bothwell was 
 tried and acquitted, but as if rejoicing in his 
 iniquity, he feized the queen, 1567, and pre- 
 vailed upon her at the caftle of Dunbar to 
 marry him. This proceeding, which fome 
 Jiiftorians affert to have been with the con- 
 sent of Mary, roufed the Scotch nobles, and 
 Bothwell, unable to ftem the torrrent of po- 
 pular fury, fled to Denmark, where he died 
 wretched and deflitute. Mary in the mean 
 time was compelled by Murray, the regent, 
 her greateft enemy, to refign the crown in 
 favor of her infant Son, James VI. To make 
 Mary odious, fhe was publicly acctifed of being 
 the murderer of her hufbanJ, and letters were 
 produced, which if true would have proved 
 moll fully her guilt. Time, however, has 
 ihown thefe to be forgeries. Mary a prifoner 
 in L<* ; i, under the care of Mur- 
 
 ray's mother, found means to efcape to Ha- 
 milton, where fhe declared the acis extorted 
 from her to be illegal. Though here joined 
 by above GOOO men, ihe found herfelf unable 
 to cope with the regent who dSpeded her 
 
 troops, and obliged her to fly. Unknowing 
 where to fly fhe came towards England, 1568, 
 and implored the protection of Elizabeth. 
 Elizabeth with hypocritical condolence wel- 
 comed her, but after drawing her to Cailifle, 
 flic refuted to fee her till fhe had cleared her- 
 felf of the imputations caft upon her cha 
 Mary, who expected to be reSpected as a ford 
 reign, found herfelf too late treated as a cri- ' 
 minal ; but after fubmitting to a trial which 
 investigated her innocence, and hearing 
 beth declare that nothing had appeared to im- I 
 peach the good character of her After, (he fill 
 felt that fhe was a prifoner. Her misfortunes 
 roufed the general feeliDgs of the nation tOT 
 wards her, but while ihe hoped for deliverance 
 from the offers of the duke of Norfolk to many 
 her, fhe found that Elizabeth not only oppofed 
 the union, but imprifoned and put to deatij 
 tier fuitor. Not Satisfied with her degra- 
 dation, Elizabeth had her arraigned on pretence 
 of conipiring againft her life. Forty-two mem- 
 bers of parliament and five judges were feat 
 to Fotheringay caftle, Northamptonfhire, where 
 the unhappy prineefs was immured, and though 
 ihe refufed to acknowledge their authority, and 
 afferted her innocence, the matter was removed 
 to vVeflminfter, where fhe was declared guihy. 
 Mary, who had lingered more than 18 years 
 in confinement, rejoiced at an event which 
 was to terminate her fufferings and her mif- 
 fortunes. Though fome foreign powers in- 
 terfered, and James with noble indignation 
 protefled againft the tyranny of Elizabeth, the 
 bloody Sentence was carried into execution. 
 Mary in her laft moments behaved with meat 
 dignity, fhe afferted her devotion to the church 
 in whofe tenets fhe had been educated. She 
 Suffered in Fotheringay caftle, 8th Feb. l. r >S7, 
 imploring forgivenefs on her murderers. Her 
 remains were interred in Peterborough ca- 
 thedral, but afterwards removed to Weflminiter 
 abbey. Mary, diftinguifhed by all thofe Supe- 
 rior charms of perfon which command admira- 
 tion, pofieffed high qualities of mind. She 
 was well acquainted with I^tin, French, and 
 Italian, and befides her letters, many of which 
 are ftill extant, fhe wrote Some poems not 
 devoid of merit. Her character, attacked by 
 various writer-, is ably vindicated by Whitaker 
 and others, who regard her more as unfortunate 
 than guilty, and moTe the victim of dangerous 
 times, than the licentious and profligate cul- 
 rit. 
 
 Ma8CAR0N, Julius, a French bifhop, born 
 at MarSeilles, 1 6,34. He, as preacher, dis- 
 played So much eloquence, that the court 
 gave him the bifhopric qf Tulle, 1671, from 
 which he was tranflat* d to Agen. He died in 
 his diocrfe of a dropSy in the cheft, 1703, 
 It is Sard, he converted 2S,000 out of ;iO 
 thoufand, of the Huguenots, whom be found 
 in his diocefe. His funeral orations on the 
 queen mother on Turennc Segu- 
 are admired. 
 
 Mas? hsroni, Laurent, of Bergamo, m 
 
MAS 
 
 MAS 
 
 eminent as a mathematician, and the well- 
 known author of geometria del compaffo, or 
 compafs geometry. He affiHed in the ex- 
 periments made by the academy of Bologna, 
 to ascertain the figure of the earth by the 
 defcent of bodies. He published abb, notes 
 on the calculus integer of Euler, and died at 
 Paris 1SOO, aged 50. 
 
 . Masclef, Francis, a French theologian, 
 made canon of Amiens, and removed from the 
 office when accufed of being a janfenift. He 
 died 172 8, aed 66. He wrote, a Hebrew 
 grammar, improved by de la Bletterie, 2 vols. 
 12mo. the catcchtfm of Amiens, &c. 
 
 Mascrier, John Eaptiji de, a French 
 writer. He was born at Caen, and died at 
 Paris, 1/60, aged 60. He wrote, a de- 
 fcription of Egypt from Mallet's memoirs, 
 4to. an idea of the ancient and modern go- 
 vernment of Egypt, 12mo. &c. 
 
 Masenius, James, a jefuit of Dalen, 
 profeffor of eloquence and poetry at Cologne. 
 He was author of Sareothea, a Latin poem, 
 on the fall of man, from which Lauder fup- 
 pofed 1 hat Milton had drawn the fubjeel of 
 his celebrated poem palaeftra eloquentiae 
 ligatae, 4 vols. 12mo. &c. He died 168 1, 
 aged 75. 
 
 Masham, lady Damaris, daughter of Cud- 
 worth, and fecond wife of fir Francis Ma- 
 fham, was a rcofl learned lady, born at Cam- 
 bridge, 1658. Her knowledge of hiflory, 
 .geography, and philofophy, was greatly en- 
 larged by the attention of Mr. Locke, who 
 lived feveral years in her family, and died in 
 her houfe at Gates. vShe wrote, a difcourfe 
 concerning the love of God, 8vo. occafional 
 thoughts in reference to a virtuous and chriftian 
 life, 8vo. and was defervedly refpecled not 
 only for learning, but for every virtue. She 
 died at Bath, 1708. 
 
 Maso, Thomas, a goldfmith of Florence, 
 faid to have invented, by accident, the art of 
 taking impreffions from engravings on copper. 
 He florifhedl480. 
 
 Mason, Francis, a native of Durham, edu- 
 cated at Oxford. In ]599, he obtained the 
 living of Orford, Suffolk, and was afterwards 
 chaplain to James I. and archdeacon of Nor- 
 wich. He died 1621, aged 55. His vindiciae 
 ecolefue Anglicanse is a work of great merit. 
 
 Mason, fir John, a ftatf fman of eminence. 
 Though but of obfeure origin he received a 
 1 good education under his uncle, who was one of 
 the monks of Abingdon abbey ; and after being 
 at All Soul's, Oxford, he roft: in the fervice of 
 Henry VIII. who employed him in feveral em- 
 baffles abroad. He maintained his influence 
 under Edward and Mary, and Elizabeth ap- 
 pointed him treasurer of her chamber. He 
 war. chancellor of the univerfity of Oxford, and 
 died 1566. His favorite maxim was, do, and 
 lay nothing. In gratitude for the education re- 
 ceived at Abingdon, he was a munificent bene- 
 factor to this his native town, and left a hand- 
 ful* eiUte for the cuucwujeat f an Uofpital, 
 
 which flill fhelters under its roof the Infirm, 
 the aged, and the indigent. 
 
 Mason, John, a diffenting minifter. He 
 was honored with the degree of M. A. from a. 
 Scotch univerfity, and died 1763. He wrot* 
 felf-knowledge, a valuable ethical work- effay 
 On elocution, Svo. fifty-two practical dif- 
 courfes for the ufe of families, 2 vols. 
 8vo. the power of poetical and profaic num- 
 bers, 8vc. tic. 
 
 Mas on, William, an Engl'dh poet. He was 
 fon of a Yorkfhire clergyman, and was edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and ia 
 1749, was elected fellow oft Pembroke halL 
 He became chaplain to the king, and obtained 
 the living of Alton, in Yorkfhire, and after- 
 wards the pre-centorfhip of York cathedral. 
 During the American war, his conduit as advo- 
 cate for public liberty, was fo offenfive to the 
 government, that his name was crafed from the 
 lift of king's chaplains. The ccufure was too 
 ievere ; Mafon was the friend of political free- 
 dom and rational government ; but that he was 
 the enemy of violent innovations, is abundantly 
 proved by the abhorrence which he expreifed 
 againft the wild theories of the French revolu- 
 tion. He died in 1797, in confequence of at 
 wound received in getting out of his carriage, 
 which, from being neglected, became gan- 
 grenous and fatal. The abilities of Mafon as a 
 poet, are highly refpeclable. He firft attracted 
 the public attention in 1748, by his Ills, a 
 poem, which the Oxonians eonfidered as an at- 
 tack on their alma mater, and which therefore 
 was anfwered in a very fpirited and beautiful 
 poem, by Thomas Warton, called the triumph* 
 of Ifis. His Elfiida, and Caraitacus, on the 
 model of the Greeks, porTefs great merit, for 
 boldnefs of conception, nervous language, and. 
 fublime description. He wrote befides, the 
 Englifh garden, a poem du Frefnoy's art of 
 painting, translated into Englifh verfe, with 
 learned notes from fir Jofhua Reynolds a book 
 on pfa'mody, &c. Mafon was one of the ex- 
 ecutors of his friend Gray, and he evinced his 
 refpeft for him by publishing his letters, with 
 his life, and by writing his epitaph in Weft- 
 minfter abbey. 
 
 Mason, George, an Englifh writer, author 
 of an effay on defigns in gardening, 1796, with 
 appendix a^fwer to T. Paine fupplemeut to 
 Johnfon's Englfh dictionary 4 to. life of lord 
 Howe, 1803, &c. He made a valuable co]- 
 leftion of Englifh and foreign literature, and 
 died at Aldenham lodge, Herts, of a fit of apo- 
 plexy, 1806, aged 71. 
 
 Masque de Fer, or Iron Mask, a per- 
 fon confined in the caftle of Pignerol, and af- 
 terwards in the iiles of St. Margaret, and al- 
 ways difguifed in a mafk with fteel fprings, 
 which concealed his features, without incom- 
 moding him in receiving his nourifbment. He 
 died in the Baftille, 1703. Though no perfon 
 ever eould difeover who he was/ it is certain 
 that he was a man of high birth, as he was 
 treated with fingulax refpeci by his keepers, and 
 
MAS 
 
 MAT 
 
 zs infinite pains were taken to prevent his hold- 
 ing communication with ether perfons. 
 
 Massisu, William, a French writer, both at 
 Caen, and educated by the jefuits. He was 
 tutor to de Saey's chikirer, and afterwards was 
 venfionary of the academy of inferiptions, pro- 
 fcifor royal of the Greek language, &c. He was 
 afflicted in the latter part of life w*ith two 
 cataracts, which deprived him of his fight, and 
 he died of a paralytic firoke, 1722. He pub- 
 liihcd an edition of the Greek icftament 
 hiftory of French poetrya tranflation of Pin- 
 dar a Latin poem on eo;fee. His lectures 
 on Pindar, Homer, Theocritus, and Demof- 
 thjncs, were much admired. 
 
 Massiixon, John Baptijie, a famous French 
 preacher, born at Hicres, 1660. He was of 
 the congregation of the oratory, and difiin- 
 guifhed himfelf fo much at Vienne, by his 
 oration en the archbifhop of that city, that he 
 was called to Paris, where his eloquence afto- 
 nifhed crowded audiences. His mode of 
 preaching was peculiarly his own ; Intereiting, 
 natural, and fimple, his appeals were directed to 
 the heart, and lucceeded far above the efforts 
 of all other competitors. The court heard 
 him with applaufe, and Lewis XIV. paid him 
 this fmcere compliment, " Father," faid he, 
 " when I hear other preachers, I go away 
 pkafed with them, but whenever I hear vou, I 
 go away difpleafed with myfelf." On one oct 
 e&fion, when difcourfing on the fmall number 
 of the elect, his eloquence was fo awfully 
 finking, that an involuntary murmur of ap- 
 plaufe arofe in the congregation, and affifted 
 the preacher more forcibly to convey his pa- 
 tlH-tic appeal. He was in 1717 appointed bi- 
 fhep of Clermont. He died 1742, aged 79, 
 and his name is almoft become proverbial as a 
 powerful matter of eloquence. His works were 
 pubhfhcd, 14 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Massjnger, Philip, a dramatic poet, born 
 at Salifbury, 1585. He entered at St. Alban's 
 hall, Oxford, and then came to London, where 
 he wrote for the ftage. He was courted by the 
 learned of the times, and was affifted in fome of 
 his plays by Fletcher, Middleton, Rowley, 
 Field, and Decker. He died fuddenly at his 
 honfe, Bankfide, Southwark, 1639. He wrote 
 14 plays of his own, befides thofe in which he 
 was affifted by his friends. His werks appeared 
 in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Masson des G ranges, Danid, author of 
 the modern philofopher, cr unbeliever con- 
 demned at the tribunal of reafon, was a French 
 eccTefiaftic, who died 1760, aged 60. 
 
 Masson, Paprrms, a French writer born at 
 For-ez, 1544. He was educated by the jefuits, 
 ar>d was advocate of parliament, though lie 
 never pleaded but one caufe, and that fuccefs- 
 fiilly. He died 1611. He wrote four books 
 -h momIs, from Pharumond to Henry 
 11. 15 9H, 4to. Sic. 
 
 Masson, Jahn , quitted France to enjoy 
 of opinion in England, and died in I'ol- 
 giut 17--0. He wrote, in French, a 
 
 critical hiftory of the republic of letters, IS 
 vols. 12rao. viue Horatii, Ovidii, & pliuii, 
 jun. 3 vols. 8vo. hiftory of Bayle, &e. 
 
 Masteleeta, John Andrew, a painter, I 
 born at Bologna, 1577. He is blamed for 'I 
 employing too much black in his paintings. He 
 died in a monaftery, where, under a fit of me-, J 
 lancholy, he had retired. 
 
 Mather, Increafe, D. D. of New England, ft 
 left his church at Gloucetter at the reformat } 
 tion, to retire to Jiis native country, where he |j 
 died 1723, aged 84. He wrote a brief hiflorj m\ 
 of the wars with the Indians in New England^ I 
 1676 divine right of infant baptifm dif- *\ 
 courfe on the perfon of Chrift, &.c. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, D. 2). fon of theprcced-j 
 ing, born at Bofton, America, 1663, difiin- i 
 guifhed himfelf by his learning, and became 
 miniller of Bofton, where he exerted all his 
 Influence in the moft benevolent plans. He 
 formed various focieties for fuppreffing- riots, ,} 
 for reforming manners, and for compofing 
 differences. The univerfity of Glafgow con- 
 ferred on him the degree of D. D. in 1710, 
 and he clofed an ufeful life, 172 8. He wrote, 
 it is faid, not lefs than 3 82 pieces, the beft 
 known of which are an eccleuaftical hiftory 
 of New England from 1620 to 1698, folio, 
 the chriftian plulofophef, 8vo. the wonders of 
 the invilible world, &.c. 
 
 Mathias, St. one of the 12 apoftles in the 
 room of the traitor Judas. He fuffered mar- 
 tyrdom. 
 
 Mathias, fon of Maximilian II. was em- 
 peror of Germany after Rodolphus II. 1612. 
 He made peace with the Turks, 1615, and died 
 at Vienna, 1616, aged 63. 
 
 Mathias Corvinus, king of Hungary and 
 Bohemia, was fecond fon of John Huniades, 
 and obtained the kingdom, 1458. He broke 
 the confpiracy of Hungarian lords, who invited 
 Frederic III. in oppofition to him, and he 
 bravely defeated the Turks, who had invaded 
 the kingdom. He obliged alfo his rival to 
 refign the confecrated crown of Stephen which 
 he had feized, and in a new War he penetrated 
 to Vienna, which he took. The emperor, ter- 
 rified, made peace agreeable .to the terms dic- 
 tated by the conqueror, 1487- After eila- 
 blifhing wife regulations, reforming abufes, and 
 checking duels and litigious quarrels, this great 
 man was feized \vith an apoplexy, which car- 
 ried him off 1490, at Vienna, as he was pre-, 
 paring war againftthe Turks. 
 
 Mathon de la Cour, James, a mathema- 
 tician, born at Lyons, and died there, 1770. 
 He wrote a memoir on the beft method of fup- 
 plying the action of wind on large veffels ele- 
 ments of dynamics an I mechanics, 3 vols. 
 12 mo. &c. 
 
 Matiion de i a Cour, Charles Jofeph , fon 
 of the preceding, was born at Lyons, 173 8. 
 DiilinguiOVd at Paris by his liter; ry labors, 
 i A univerfal cflcem at h me ! y the be- 
 nevolence of his character. After tl) 
 Lyou* in 1/93, he was condemned to dcatW 
 
 H 
 
MAT 
 
 MAT* 
 
 doody tribunal, and fhared with feverat 
 lets the fatal blow. Among his ingenious 
 sees tbefe rank high, diffcrtation on the 
 ufes which altered the laws of Lycurgus at 
 icechemon, a prize effay, 177 1 difcourfc on 
 e danger of reading books hoftile to religion, 
 prize competition tcitament de fortune Ri- 
 rd, 1781, long afcribed to Franklin Idylles 
 profe, &c. 
 
 Matilda, or Maud, daughter of Henry I. 
 ng of England, married Henry IV. of Ger- 
 anv, and was in 1135 publicly announced as 
 it father's fucceffor on the Englifh throne, 
 n her father's deceafe, Stephen, who was on 
 e fpot, feized the kingdom, and Matilda 
 3ming at laft to conquer her father's inherit- 
 iice, defeated Stephen and was acknowledged 
 ueen. Her pride offended the nobles, and 
 tephen conciliating the affection of all parties 
 y his courteous behaviour, was taken from his 
 ungeon to be r^ftored to the throne, and the 
 ueen fled from the kingdom. After Stephen's 
 eath, Henry II. the fon of Matilda, by 
 Jeoffrey Plantagenet, earl of Anjou, whom 
 be had married after her firft hufband's de.ath, 
 r as appointed king of England. Matilda died 
 167, aged 67. 
 
 Matsys, Quintin, a native of Antwerp, 
 rho from a blackfmith became an eminent 
 lainf-r. His works were chiefly portraits and 
 liftorical pieees, and in a very mailerly ftyle. 
 ["he belt of his pieces is a defcent from the 
 rofs, in Antwerp cathedral. He died 1529, 
 ged 69. 
 
 MLattei, Paolo da, of Naples, ftudied 
 Minting under Giordano, and excelled by the 
 orredtnefs of his pieces and the accuracy with 
 rhich he copied the ableft mafters. He died 
 1728, aged 67- 
 
 Matthew, or Levi, fon of Alpheus, a tax- 
 patherer, who was called by our Saviour to be- 
 me his difciple. He wrote his gofpcl about 
 >4, and fome imagine it was originally written 
 n Hebrew or Syriac, and afterwards tranflated 
 nto Greek. 
 
 Matthew Caxtacuzt.n'us, fon of John of 
 Donftantinoplc, was partner on the throne witb 
 iim, 10 54. On the father's abdication, 
 Matthew took for his afftsciate John Paloeolo- 
 rus. but the divided power produced quarrels, 
 ftluw being defeated, refigned the 
 crown to his opponent and retired to mount 
 where lie compofed commentaries on 
 Solomon's fong. 
 
 Matthew of Weftminfter, a Benedictine 
 
 of the abbey of Weftminfter, known as an hit'- 
 
 His work called " flores hiftoriarum," 
 
 ike. treats of English affairs from the beginning 
 
 the world to the year 1307, and was pub- 
 ied in London, 1567. The- work is divided 
 three books, the firft extends from the 
 on to the chriftian era, the fecond to 
 Norman conqueft, tlve third to the be- 
 ning of the fecend Edward's reijn, afwr- 
 continued to the death" of Edward I IT. 
 athof; Uicu-hcr.cdulou':; i 
 
 verfally refpecled as a faithful and candid 
 hiftorian. 
 
 Matthews, Tolias, an able Oxford divine 
 in the reign of James I. made bifhop of Dur- 
 ham, and in 1606 tranflated to York, where 
 he died, 1628, aged 82. A Latin fermon of 
 his againft Campian has been publifhed. His 
 fon Tobias, after receiving his education at 
 Chrift-church, Oxford, became a, jefuit, and 
 difgraced his name and abufed his talents by 
 being the fpy of the court of Rome in England. 
 He died 1655. 
 
 Matthews, Thomas, a native of Glamor- 
 ganshire, eminent as a naval commander. He 
 fought in the Mediterranean in 1744, a battle 
 off Toulon, but as he was not ably fupportcd 
 by his fecond in command, Leftock, inftead of 
 obtaining a glorious victory, he had only an in- 
 decifive action. Though he had done his duty, 
 he was difmiffed by a court martiM, and Leftock 
 was acquitted. He died in Glamorganfhire, 
 1751. 
 
 Matthieu, Peter, a French hiftorian. He 
 favored the Guifes, and afterwards became 
 hiftoriographer to Henry IV. and attended 
 Lewis XIII. at the fiege of Montauban. He 
 died atTouloufe, 1621, aged 58. He wrote a 
 hiftory of memorable events in the reign of 
 Henry the Great, 8vo. the hiftory of Henry's 
 death, folio.- the hiftory of St. Lewis, 8vo. 
 the hiftory of France from Francis I. to Lewis 
 XIII. 2 fob. folio. 
 
 Matthiolus, Peter Andrew, a phyfiekm., 
 born at Sienna. He publifhed commentaries in 
 Italian, on Diofcorides, 4to. &c. enriched with 
 the notes of Gafpard Bartholin. He died of 
 the plague at Trent, 1577,, aged about 7 7 
 
 Maturino of Florence, was eminent as a 
 painter. He affifted his maftcr Raphael in fe- 
 veral of his defigns, and afterwards offered his 
 fervices to Carravaggio, whofe works he rivalled 
 in corredtnefs and execution. He died 1527, 
 aged 37. 
 
 Maty, Matthew, a phyfician, born in Hol- 
 land, 17 18. He took his degrees at Leyden, 
 and in 1740 fetded in England. He intro- 
 duced himfelf to public notice 1759, by his 
 " journal Britannique," printed at the Hague, 
 and giving an account of Englifh publications. 
 In 1758 he was chofen fellow, and 1765, fe- 
 cretary of the royal fociety, and in 1772 he 
 became chief librarian of the Britifh mufeum. 
 He died 1776, after a life devoted to the 
 office-! of humanity, and the labors-of fcience. 
 He was a great advocate for the inoculation of 
 the fmall-pox, when it was confidcred as dan- 
 gerous. Ills memoirs of the earl of Chefter- 
 field, nearly finifhed before bis death, were pic- 
 fixed, by bis fon-in-law Juftamond, to the works 
 of that nobleman, 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Maty, Paid Henry, fon of the above, was 
 educated at Weftminfter fchool, and Trinity 
 college, Cambridge. He went abroad on a 
 travelling fellowfhip, and was chaplain to lord 
 Stormont at % the court of France. Some con- 
 ) . * fcruples about thofe artic.les.of faith 
 
MAU 
 
 \ 
 
 to which before he had fubfcribcd, prevented 
 his rife iii the church, and in 1 7 7 *> ' 
 withdrew {rom the duties of a miniiier of the 
 church of England. The reft of his life was 
 devoted to literary purfuits. He became affift- 
 ant librarian to the BritUh mufeum, and in 
 1778 Succeeded Dr. Horflcy as fecretary to the 
 yr.yal fociety. He began, January 1782, a 
 Hionthlv review of new publications, which 
 from ill health he difcontinued in 17S6. In 
 the cifputes in the royal fociety in 1784, about 
 the re-admiilion of Dr. Huttcn, he took a 
 warm part, and refigncd in difguft. A fe<k n- 
 tarv life weakened his conftitution, and he fell 
 a martyr to an aithmatic complaint, lj 87, 
 aged 42. He translated Riefbach's travels 
 through Germany, and after his death a vo- 
 lume of his fermons appeared. 
 
 Maucroix, Francis dtp a French translator, 
 born at Noycn, 1019. He died 1708. He 
 tranflatcd the Philippics of Demofthcnes the 
 Euthydemus, and the greater Hippias of Plato 
 1 fome orations of Cicero, &c. 
 
 Macduit, Michael, an eminent divine, 
 horn at Vire in Normandy, 1634. He died at 
 Paris 1709. He wrote fome ufeful works, a 
 treatife on religion againft atheifis, deifts, &c. 
 analyfes of fome of the books of the new tef- 
 tament, 8 vols. 1 2mo. &c. 
 
 Mauduit, Ifrael, a political writer, born 
 at Exeter, 1/08. He was educated for the 
 roiniftry among the diffenters, but foon quitted 
 Ids clerical employment to be partner with 
 his brother Jafper, a London merchant. In 
 1760 he wrote his " confiderations on the Ger- 
 man war," and he was afterwards appointed 
 agent for the province of Maffachufets, and 
 confequently became a warm partizan in the 
 difputes with the mother-country. In 1769, 
 he wrote his fhort view of the hiftory of the 
 New England colonies, and in 1774 he 
 efpoufed the caufe of the diffenters by his 
 pamphlet " on the cafe of the diffenting mi- 
 nisters," &c. He published other pamphlets, 
 and died 1767, aged 79. 
 
 Maupertuis, Peter Leuis Morcau de, an 
 able philofopher, born at St. Malo's, 1698, 
 He quitted a military life for the labors of 
 Science. He was member of the French aca- 
 demy, and when vifiting London, he was ho- 
 nored with the title of fellow of the royal fo- 
 ciety. In 17 ; *6, he was at the head cf the 
 academicians fent by the king of France to the 
 north to ascertain the figure of the earth. He 
 w-:s afterwards invited to Berlin to be prefident 
 of the learned fociety there, and with a fpirit 
 or adventu: t he accompanied the Fruffian prince 
 to the war againft the Germans. He was taken 
 prifener at the battle of Molwto, and conveyed 
 to Vienna, but foon fet al liberty, and per- 
 mitted to return to I^erlin. He returned to 
 Paris, but mftead of fettling in the puriuit of 
 Science and phi'ofephy, he went back to Ber- 
 lin, and engaged in feme literary quarrels with 
 ; o of phtfofoph} at Franeker, 
 
 knd with VoluLr 'Ike unftuled difcoiuion I 
 
 Uau 
 
 of Maupertuis was not calculated to c 
 eStcem, but Voltaire was fo Severer} 
 on him whom he had long called h 
 that even the king of Fruff.a interfered and j 
 refted the poet. Maupertuis went aft 
 on a vilit to the Bernoullis atBafil, aud died 
 their houfe, J 7-59. His worts are v< 1 . \ 
 luable, and di it, well-infon 
 
 penetrating mind. They have been 1 
 into 4 vols. 8vo, 17^6, confiftiug of tl 
 of the earth determined the meafun 1 
 a degree of the meridian difcourfe on f 
 figure of the Stars elements of ge<- 
 nautical afirouorny elements of a(h 
 phyfical diffeitation on a white negro - 
 cofmography reflections on the origin of la 
 guages effay on moral phdofophy, &c. 
 
 Maupkrtuy, John Baptiji Drouet dc, 
 Paris, Studied the law, and afterwards held 
 place under government. He wrote the hiftoi 
 of the holy church at Vienne the dai. 
 commerce between the two fexes. He die 
 17-36, aged 86. 
 
 Ma u pin, N. /fidigny, a finger at th 
 Paris opera. She polfc-fled great perft 
 courage, and on fome occaflons affumed a man 
 drefs to avenge on her opponents thofe inful 
 which her fex forbade her opeidy to refen 
 Her beft character was Medea in the opera 
 Medus, by la Grange. She died 1707 
 aged 33. 
 
 Maur, St. a difciple of St. Benedict, wr 
 died about 5 84. A congregation bearing h 
 name was formed in France in the feventeent 
 Century, which was approved by the pope, at 
 has produced fome learned men. 
 
 Maur, Don Charles de, an eminent math 
 mat'ician and engineer, employed in the Spi 
 nifh army, and in the construction of canals, 
 public roads, and other great national work 
 He wrote a treatife on dynamics and element^ 
 of mathematics, and died 1785. 
 
 Maurepas, John Frederic Phi!ippe< 
 count of, a French ftatefnian. In 1713 h 
 was made fecretary at court, and was afterward! 
 appointed fuperintendant of the king's houihold, 
 and of the marine, 1723, and minister of State,] 
 1738. Though he evinced Sagacity and ge- 
 nius, he was exiled by the intrigues of inadame. 
 Pompadour, and continued in difgrace. til! 
 Lewis XVI., in 1774, recalled him to dir 
 public affairs. His fpirited meafures, in favo* 
 of the Americans, were very imprudent, and 
 have fince produced the ruin of his mafler. He 
 died 17 81, aged SO. His correfpondeix e prc- 
 cife and correct, together with his memoirs, 
 negligently written, appeared at Paris, 1792, 
 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Mav rice of Naffau, prince of Orange 
 fncceeded, though only 18, on his father*! 
 murder, 1584, to the government of the Low 
 Countries. As captain-general of the Unitcc 
 States, he confirmed the newly efiabllihed re< 
 public, fupported its liberties, and enlarged iu 
 provinces by the conqucP- of Breda, Zutphcn* 
 JDeveuter, Nisaeguen, Gtrvvdcub*rg, &c- 
 
 Thc 
 
 
 
MAX 
 
 MAY 
 
 & archduke Albert was defeated in 1597, and 
 i Spaniards were forced to evacuate Holland , 
 1 though he raifed the fiege of Dunkirk in 
 00, Maurice avenged this trifling difafier by 
 > total defeat of Albert, near N icuport. The 
 lqueii of Rhinberg, &c. followed thefe gio- 
 us labors; but while Maurice aimed at the 
 ereignty of his country, his views were op- 
 fed by the unyielding integrity of Barncveldt, 
 .o, unhappily for the memory of his rival, 
 s faerinced iu an unguarded moment. Mau- 
 e, fenlible of his cruelty, and ftill more dif- 
 ?afed by the lofs of Breda, which after a 
 gc of fix months fell into the hands of the 
 >aniards, became the prey of fudden grief, 
 d died of a broken heart, 1635, aged 55. 
 Mauriceau, Francis, eminent in midwifery, 
 d in anextcnfive knowledge of female difeafes, 
 lie a treatife on the di (orders of pregnant 
 mien on midwifery difeafes of mothers and 
 w-born infants, a ufeful work, &c. and died 
 Paris, 1709. 
 
 Mal-ssac, Philip James, a counfellor in 
 e parliament of Touloufr, a molt elegant 
 reek fcholar, died 1050, aged 70. He 
 iblifhed notes on Harpocration remarks on 
 utarch's treatife on mountains and ri- 
 rs, &c. 
 
 Maximilian I. of Auftria, fon of Frederic 
 J. was born 1459- By his marriage with 
 'ary, daughter of Charles, laft duke of Bur- 
 indv, he rofe to confequence, and in I486 
 ! was elected king of the Romans, and in 
 193 emperor. He was fuccefsful againft 
 ance, but his forces were defeated in Italy 
 id Switzerland. He afterwards made an al- 
 mce with Henry VIII. againft France, and 
 en ferved as a private individual in the 
 ngli'h army on the continent. He was un- 
 ;adv in his attachments, and though poffefTed 
 good fenfe, little to be depended on in poli- 
 ;ai affairs. He died 1519, in confequence of 
 ting melons to excefs. He was author of 
 me poems, &.c. 
 
 Maximilian II. ion of Ferdinand I. was 
 fcd~ted king of the Romans, 1562, and fuc- 
 eded two years after as king of Hungary and 
 ijhemia, and emperor of Germany. He was 
 a peaceful difpofition, and therefore fuffered 
 ^m the inroads of the Turks. He died 1576, 
 ;ed 50. 
 
 Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, deferved the 
 ile of defender of Germany, and by his wif- 
 >m that of Solomon. He gained the battle 
 ) Prague, 1620, and for his fervices as a 
 urrior, and as the fupporter of the catholic 
 ith, he was made an elector of the German 
 npire. He died 1651, aged 70. 
 Maximilian, Emanuel, elector of Ba- 
 iria, was at the fiege of Neuheufel, in 1685, 
 Ken the Turks were defeated, and afterwards 
 : the fiege of Buda, and at the battle of 
 [ohatz. He in 1689 took from the Turks 
 ie city of Belgrade, and next commanded the 
 iperial troops at the fiege of Mentz, and on 
 ie banks of the Rhine. In 1692 he was go- 
 
 vernor of the Low Countries, but during the 
 war of the Spaniib fucceifion lie fided with 
 France, and expofed himfeif to the refentment 
 of the emperor, who deprived him of his 
 electoral honors, to which he was reftored at 
 the general peace. He died 1 726. 
 
 Maximilian, Leopold, eleclor of Bavark, 
 fon of Charles VII. fuccecded to the electorate 
 of Bavaria, 1/46. He died 1777, and as lie left 
 no iffue, the fucceffion to his dominions occa- 
 fioncd a war, terminated by the peace of Tefchen, 
 1779. 
 
 May, Thomas, an Englifh writer, born in 
 Suffex, 1594. He was of Sidney college, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards entered at Gray's- 
 inn. He was the friend of fir Kenelm Digby, 
 Ben Jonfon, fir John Suckling, and others, 
 and became the favorite of Charles I. and of his 
 queen. Under the funihine of royal patronage 
 he wrote " th" heir," a comedy, Cleopatra, 
 Antigone, and Agrippina, tragedies the old 
 couple, a comedy, &c. and alfo by the king's 
 command, " the reign of Henry II." a poem 
 in 7 books, and " the reign of Edward III." a 
 poem in 7 books. As a tranflator he acquired 
 fbrae reputation. Virgil 'sGeorgics appeared 1 622, 
 with notes, and his Lucan's Pharfalia, 1627- 
 This laft work is a very refpectable perform- 
 ance, and the poet increafed his fame by a con- 
 tinuation of the poem to the death of Julius 
 Ceefar, in verfes much admired, and which Dr. 
 Johnfon preferred to the Latin of Cowley or of 
 Milton. May, refpected as the friend of the 
 monarch, became defpicable iu the civil wars. 
 He embraced the party of the parliament, was 
 made their hifloricgrapher, and published the 
 " hiftory of the parliament of England," to the 
 firft battle of Newbury, 1643. He wrote alio 
 a " breviary of the hiftory of the parliament of 
 England," a few months after the publication 
 of which he died fuddenly, 1650, aged 55. 
 He was buried in Weftminfter-abbey, but at 
 the reftoration his body was dug up and depo- 
 fited in St. Margaret's church yard. 
 
 Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, duke of, 
 fon of Francis, duke of Guife, was born 1554. 
 He diftinguifhed himfeif at the ficges of Poic- 
 tiers and E-ochelie, and at the battle of Mon- 
 contour, and defeated the proteftants iu Gui- 
 enne, Dauphine*, and Saintonge. When his 
 brothers were affaffinated at Blois, he pro- 
 claimed himfeif chief of the league, and de- 
 clared Bourbon king, under the name of 
 Charles X. He oppofed, with an army of 
 30,000 men, Henry IV., but was defeated 
 at Arques, and again at Ivry, and after many 
 loffes he was at lad reconciled to his victorious 
 enemy, who made him his friend and governor 
 of the ifle of France. He died at Soiffons, 
 1611. 
 
 Mayer, John Frederic, a lutheran divine 
 of Leipfic, fuccefilvcly profeffor at Wittemberg, 
 Hamburgh, and Stettin, and fuperintendairt of 
 the churches of Pomciania. He died 1712, 
 He wrote a treatife on the method of ftudying 
 holy fcripture differtations on particular parts 
 3 of 
 
UAY 
 
 MAZ 
 
 **the bible, &.c. but his great work is bibllo- 
 theca biblica, 4to, 1 J i p . 
 
 MATER, Tobias, an eminent aflronomcr, 
 born at Mafpach. He was felf inflructcd, and 
 in the formation of machines and inflruments, 
 difplayed wonderful ingenuity. He was prp- 
 firflbr of mathematics in Gottingen univerflty, 
 and died 1762, aged 39, exhaufted by his un- 
 common application. He iludicd the nature 
 ox the moon, and its influence upon the earth 
 with fuch ability, and approached lb nearly the 
 jiroblem of longitude, that his widow obtained 
 a. reward of 30001. from the Britilh parlia- 
 ment. His diicoveries in aftronomy and geo- 
 metry were very great and important. He 
 publilhed tables of refractions theory of the 
 raoon aftronomieal tables a mathematical at- 
 las, &.C. Jt 
 
 Mayerne, fir Theodore, a phyfieian, born 
 at Geneva, 1573. He fludied at Heidelberg, 
 and Montpellier, and then went to Paris, 
 where he became phyiician to Henry IV. who 
 promiied him his patronage, and endeavoured, 
 by the means of cardinal Perron, to convert 
 him to the catholic faith. He in 1616 fettled 
 in England, and died at Chelfea, 1665. His 
 works were in one folio volume. 
 
 Maynard, fir John, an able Engliih law- 
 yer, celebrated for his eloquence, and his pub- 
 lic fpirit. He waited upon William with an 
 addrefs of congratulation after the abdication 
 of James, and when the new king, obferving 
 his age, told him he mult have outlived many 
 of the lawyers of the ftate, of his own {landing, 
 yes, replied fir John, and I Ihould have out- 
 lived the law too, if your majefty had not 
 come to the throne of this country. He died 
 1690, agedS8. 
 
 Maynard, Francis, a poet, one of the 
 40 of the French academy, born at Tou- 
 loufe, 1582. He was fecretary to queen Mar- 
 garet, and by his wit was the delight of the 
 court, who flattered him with compliments, 
 but fettled no favor on him. He retired in 
 eifguft, and died 1646. His odes, fongs, 
 epigrams, &c. were much admired. 
 
 Mayne, Jafper, an Engliih poet, born at 
 Hatherleigh, Devonfhire, 1604, and educated 
 at Weftminfter fchool, and Chrifl-church, Ox- 
 ford. He was prefented to the livings of 
 Car.mgton, and of Pyrton, near Watlington, 
 Oxfordftrire, and diftingmflfed himl'elf as au- 
 thor of the "city match," a comedy, and the 
 *' amoroujs work," a tragi-comedy. In 164 8 
 he was depriwd of his Oxford fludentfhip and 
 of his livings ; but at the reflor-ation lie 
 was made canon of Chrifl-church, archdeacon 
 of Chichefter, and chaplain to the king. He 
 died 1672. In his character he was cheerful, 
 and in thofe times of fanatical melancholy 
 very facetious. In his will he left to his fer- 
 vant, who had long lived with him, and was 
 too fond of drinking, a trunk, with fomething 
 in it which he (aid would make him drink. No 
 fooner was his maftcr dead, than the fervant 
 ran eagerly to the valuable trunk, but inilead 
 
 of a reafurc, he found a red hrrrihg. fl 
 wrote beiides, a pot'm an the naval victory of fl 
 duke of York over the Dutch fermons -La 
 cian's dialogue* uanflatcd, iL<\ 
 
 MaynwarivGj Arthur, a learned EoflH 
 man, born at Ightfield, Shropfhire, 
 He was educated at Shrcuibury fch< 
 Chrift-church, Oxford, and then in. 
 law in London. An acquaintance with DorM 
 Burlington, and Somcrfct, banilhed his pg| 
 judices againfl the revolution, and he bee 
 a commifiioner of the cufloms, and in 
 beginning of Anne's reign, auditor of 
 irapreft, worth 20001. per annum. He fat* 
 parliament for Prellon, and died at St. Alban 
 1/12. His executrix was Mrs. Olil. 
 ac~trcfs, by whom he had one fon, and wi 
 whom he lived nine years, againfl ti 
 fentations of his friends, lie wrote 
 pieces in profe and verfe, efpecially epi 
 ike. delivered with particular effect by bis 
 vorite actrefe. 
 
 Mayo, Richard, an Engliih divine, ejed 
 from his living of Kingflon, Surrey, for no 
 conformity, 1662. He wrote a life of D 
 Staunton two conferences between a Jew a 
 a papift, and between a proteilant and a Jew- 
 comment on the epiftle to the Rom:. 
 He died 1695. 
 
 Mayoyv, John, a phyflcian, born in Cor 
 wall, 1645. He was of Wadham colle 
 Oxford, And fellow of All-Souls, and practif 
 phyfic chiefly at Bath. He died 16/9. 
 works were collected and publilhed at Oxfor 
 1674. He was a mau of extenfive pow< 
 and well lkilled in chemiftry, according to 
 opinion of Dr. Beddoes, who, in a well writ 
 pamphlet in 1790, proved that the belt 
 of modern difcoveries with refpect to air, 
 known to this active experiinentalifl. 
 
 Mazard, Stephen, a native of Lyon 
 who improved the manufacture of hats 
 France. He was in England to make obfer 
 tions on the genius of the Engliih man) 
 facturers, and he carried back with him 
 able workmen. He died 1736, aged 76. 
 
 Mazarin, Julius, cardinal, and chief 
 niftcr of France, was born at Pifcina, in th 
 province of Abruzzo, 1 602 . He recom . 
 himfelf to the notice of the pope, and by ] 
 intrigues, was fuccci'sful in preventing a batt_ 
 between the French and Spaniards beio 
 Caffel, and he effected a reconciliation betwe 
 them. 1 his gained him the good opinion 
 Richelieu, and of Lewis XIII. and fip 
 keeper of the feals, and vice legate to Avi 
 non, he was in 1641, raifed to the dignity 
 cardinal. On the death of Richelieu, 
 became the prime mini Iter of Lewis XIII. a 
 continued in office during the minority 
 Lewis XIV. and the regency of Anne 
 Auflria. Though at firfl popular, the je 
 loufy bf the nobles, and the din-refits of 
 poor, raifed a clamor againfl him, and he 
 laft retired from the kingdom. But thou 
 a price was fet upon his head, the gevu 
 
MEA 
 
 Meg 
 
 fd fubjided, and by degrees his return to 
 rawer became the popular wifh. BLeftored to 
 #eathefs, he applied himfelf to confolidate 
 he happinefs ot* France 5 he effected a peace 
 nth Spain, and cemented the union or' the 
 wo monarchies by the marriage of his matter 
 nth the Spanifh infanta. Exeeffive application 
 t laft produced diforders which proved fata'. 
 le died at Vincennes, 1661', aged 59. He 
 ras buried in the college which he had found- 
 d. His letters, 103 in number, were pub- 
 iihed 1694. 
 
 Mazeas, John Mathurin, of Landernau, 
 n Brhany, died at Paris, 1802, aged 88. 
 Ie wrote elements of arithmetic, algebra, 
 geometry, with an introduction to conic fectious 
 inftitutiones philofophicue, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Mazeline, Peter, a fculptor of Rouen, 
 lied 1708, aged 76. His works were highly 
 ifteemed, and are ttill admired in the gardens 
 )f Verfailles, efpecially Europa, a Pythian 
 Ap ;';!.), &c. 
 
 Mazochi, Alexius Symmuchis, an Italian 
 mtiqur.ry, bom near Capua. He died at i\a- 
 )les, where he was divinity profeffor, 1771, 
 iged 87. His works on ancient medals and 
 nfcriptions were valuable. His heft pub- 
 ication is the antiquities of the campagna di 
 Roma. 
 
 Mazuier, Claude Lewis, a native of Bel- 
 evre, elected to the convention. His conduct 
 n this violent affemby was moderate, and he 
 jot only voted for the baniihment of the king, 
 )ut defended the meafure as the moft falutarv 
 or the happinefs of the nation. His boldnefs 
 n aecufing the public plunderers of the ftate 
 narked him for deftruction, and he was drag- 
 ged to the guillotine, 1794, aged 3 1. 
 
 Mazzuoli, Francefco, better known by 
 he name of Parmeggiano, or Pamiefan, was' 
 in eminent painter, born at Parma, 1604. 
 lis application was fo great, that when Rome 
 ?as facked by Charles V. ho remained en- 
 gaged with his pencil, like another Protoge- 
 les, nnconfeious of furrounding dangers. He 
 -xcelled alfo in etching, of which lie has, by 
 bme, been called the inventor. He died of a 
 iolent fever at the early age of 36, 1540. 
 ^or fweetnefs of manner, elegante, and 
 nace, li has been regarded as the rival of 
 -orregio, and in genius and invention he had 
 few equate. Another artift of the 16th cen- 
 ury, of the fame name, and related to him, 
 ixcelled chiefly in hiftorical painting. 
 
 Mead, Matthew, redfor of Great Brickhill, 
 3ucks, and afterward* of Stepney, near Lon- 
 lon, was ejected in 1662 for non-eonformity. 
 le was fufpecled during the Rye-houfe plot, but 
 iter appearing before the council, he was 
 lonorably difm'.ffed. He died 1699, at Step- 
 ley, where he preached to a congregation of 
 He was author of the almoft 
 hriftian tried and cart, 8vo. a work of fome 
 nerit fermonson Ezekiel's wheels, &c. 
 
 Mf.ad, Richard, a dittittguifhed phyfician, 
 6a. of the preceding, was Lora at Stepaejr, 
 
 1 673. He ftudied, in 1689, at Utracht, under 
 Grsevius, and then retrieved to Leyden, where lis 
 contracted a Strong intimacy with Boerhaav*. 
 He took his degree of M. D. at Padua, lGy.5, 
 and returning to England, the next year L 
 fettled in his native place. His " taechaiiicsjl 
 account of poifons," 1 702, was received by the 
 ptiblic with avi dity ; and lie, iu 170*4, was ad- 
 mitted into the royal fociety, in 17 07, chofba 
 one of the council, and hi 1717> appojnte/j 
 vicg-prefident. From Stepney he removed to 
 Crutched Friars, and feven years after, to 
 Auftin Friars.' In 17 07, he was honored with 
 the degree of M. D. by the univerfity of Ox- 
 ford 5 and he was one of the phyiicians who 
 attended queen Anne in her laft ilSnefs. He 
 was in 1719 coivfulted by government upora 
 the b'eft means of preventing the importatiou 
 of the plague, which raged at Marseilles, aivl 
 he publiihed, in confequence, his difcotidb 
 on peftilential contagion, which, in one year, 
 paffed through feven editions. In 1727, 
 he was phyfician to George II. and had ;> 
 fatisfactton of feeing, in the fame Situation, 
 his two Sons-in-law, l)rs. Wilmot and JNi- 
 cholls. He died 1754, and was buried 
 in the Temple church, near "his brother 
 Samuel, a eounfcllor; but though no fixme 
 is placed over his remains, there is a m> 
 nument creeled to his honor in WeflmiriLji- 
 abbey, by his fon, with an infeription by Dr. 
 Ward. By his firft wife he had ten children,- 
 three only of whom furvived him, a fon, and 
 the two daughters whofe hufbands we hare 
 mentioned ; and by his Second he had no fa- 
 mily. Dr. Mead attained high honors and 
 eelebritv in his profeifion, fo that in one voir 
 he made more than 70001. by his practice- 
 As a man of letters, he was refpe viable, and 
 as the patron of the learned, univenatty ad- 
 mired ; fo that no foreigner of eminence ever 
 came to London without foliciting, as an ho- 
 nor, an introduction to him. His collection 
 of books and prints was very valuable, and 
 fold for mora than it had coft him. With the 
 moft pleafmg manners, Dr. Mead, united 
 the greateft liberality ; he gave Ins advice to 
 the poor gratis, and he never would receive a. 
 fee from any clergyman except one, who dif- 
 putcd with him on the propriety of his pre- 
 fcriptions. His works were, a treatife de 3m- 
 perio fo!'i9 & lunae de morbis biblicis moni- 
 ta medica. All his medical works were pub- 
 liihed together in 1762, 1 vol. 4to, 
 
 Meadowcroft, Richard, born in Stafford- 
 fhire, was educated at Meiton college, Ox- 
 ford. In 1733 he was made canon of Wor- 
 cefter, where he died 1769. He publiihed in 
 1732, notes on Milton's paradife regained, 
 mentioned with commendation by bifhop New- 
 ton. He wrote alio Small tracts, 1 1 fermons, 
 &c. 
 
 Mechain, M. a native of Lyons, who 
 made obfervations on the eclipfe feen at Ver- 
 sailles, 1774. His work on the great comet of 
 lei ; whofe appliance was again expected in 
 
 1790, 
 
MED 
 
 MEHt 
 
 X7OO, procured him the prize of the academy 
 in i;^ ; aud he was emp'nyVd in 1792, to 
 mcalure a degree of the meridian between 
 Dunkirk and Barcelona, fie finiihed the work 
 Li I7'.)8, and propofed to extend it to the Ba- 
 leares, but he died before the completion of 
 bis labors ol a fever, on the coail of Valen- 
 cia, 1805. He edited the connoinance des 
 temp, and was much refpected for his general 
 information. 
 
 Medf., Jofeph, B. D. a native of Berden, 
 Effcx, educated at Chriii's college, Cambridge. 
 Jlr refufed preferm< nt from his friends, efpecially 
 U flier, who wifhed him to be provoft of Tri- 
 nity college, Dublin. His works, in 1 vol. 
 &1. are chiefly on divinity ; and in his com- 
 mentary on the apocalypfe, he has been fol- 
 lowed bv Newton, and other divines. He 
 died 1638, aged 52. 
 
 Mf.dk is, Co/nw, furnamed the elder, was 
 the founder of his illuftrious family. Success- 
 ful in commerce, his riches were fuperior to 
 thofe of the potentates of his times, and he 
 indulged the noble fentimenti of applying the 
 refources of his fortune to the patronage of 
 the fciences. He collected a valuable library, 
 which he enriched with curious manufcripts ; 
 but while he expected refpecTt he found that 
 bis conduct was viewed with jealoufy. \ ielding 
 to the inerratitude of his countrymen, he re- 
 tired in exile to Venice, where he was received 
 with the homage due to a Sovereign prince ; 
 but the Florentines became fenfible of their 
 cruelty; Cofmo was recalled, and made for 34 
 
 ?ears the arbiter of the deftines of his country, 
 le died 1464, aged 75, and his fellow-citizens 
 engraved on his tomb t'uefe glorious words, 
 "the father of his people, the deliverer of his 
 country." 
 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, furnamed the great, 
 and the father of letters, was born 1448. He 
 was fon of Peter, and the grandfon of Cofmo, 
 and was brother to Julian de Medic's. A dread- 
 ful confpiracy was formed aga'mft him and his 
 brother by the Piaz/.i, at the inftigation of Fer- 
 dinand cf Naples, and pope Sixtus IV. Julian 
 fell by the dagger of an affaffin, while celebrat- 
 ing mafs, 1478, but Lorenzo efcaped, though 
 wounded, with his life; and was conducted back 
 to his palace by the multitude, in the general ac- 
 clamations of condolence and of joy. Inherit- 
 ing the beneficent qualities of lus grandfather, 
 .he patronized literature, and was regarded as 
 the Mecaenas of the age. The Florentines 
 faw with pride their opulent countryman felling 
 in one hand the products of the Eaft, and 
 with the other guiding the public concerns of 
 the ftate ; at one time giving audience to arn- 
 baffadors, at another fplendidly entertaining 
 merchants, and now relieving the neceffities of 
 the poor, exhibiting public fhows to the mul- 
 titude, or adorning his native city with the moft 
 fplendid buildings, for purpofes of magnifi- 
 nd hofpttality. ThelV fcrvices were not 
 loft in the gratitude of the Florentines ; Lo- 
 renzo wa* turned chief of the republic, and 
 
 fo Aqmtabte was his government, that foreign' 
 princes fubmitted their diiputes to his impar- 
 tial decificn. Lorenzo was furrounded by the 
 learned and the brave, and to render Florence 1 ' 
 the emporium of whatever was rare in litera- 
 ture, John Lafcaris, a man of claflical taftejfl 
 was fent into the Eaft, to collect the choiceft 
 manufcripts to enrich his library. Lorenzo 
 himfelf wrote poetry with fuccefs, and hiat 
 fonnets, fongs, &.c. in Italian, have often* 
 been printed, and defervedly admired. Hel 
 died 1492, aged 11 ; but though fo u 
 fally refpe&ed, his glory was obf cured 
 paflion for the female fex, and his great indiffer*! 
 ence in religious duties. He left two 
 Peter, who fucceeded him at Florence, and 
 who was banifhed 1494, and died 150!. and 
 John, who filled the papal chair under thei 
 name of Leo X. His hiftory is become in- 
 terefting in the luminous pages of Mr. Rofcoe. 
 Medicis, John, furnamed the invincible,, 
 was fon of John, and learnt the art of war I 
 under Lorenzo, againft the duke of Urbino.l 
 He was in the fervice of the pope, and oil 
 Francis I. of France, and died at Mantua J 
 1526, aged 28, in confequence of a wound' 
 received in the knee, attheficgeof Governoio.> 
 Medicis, Lorenzo de, defeended from thei 
 brother of the gr^at Cofmo, caufed to be 
 affaffinated in 1507, Alexander de Medicis, 
 whom Charles V. had appointed duke of Flo-j 
 rence, and lie courted popularity by his patro- 
 nage of literature. 
 
 Medicis, Hippolyto de, natural fon of 
 Julian, was made cardinal by his coufm, Cle^i 
 ment VII. in 1529, and fent as legate to Ger- 
 many. When the pirate Barbaroffa threatened 
 the coaft of Italy with devaluation, Hippolytffl 
 was employed againft him, and obliged him to 
 retire. He contributed to the elevation 
 Paul III. to the papal chair, and afterward*} 
 formed a plan for the affalunation of Alexander 
 de Medicis, the governor of Florence, which 
 failed. He died fuddenly, as fome imagine, 
 in confequence of poifon, 15 35, aged 24. 
 
 Medicis, Silajlian de, of the fame illuf- 
 trious family, wrote, de venatione, pitca- 
 tione, & aucupio, 8vo. 'de fortuitis cafibuSji 
 &c. 
 
 Medicis, Peter de, a painter of Florence, 
 1586, of the fame illuftrious family. As an 
 hiftovical painter he poffeiTed celebrity from 
 the ftrong expreffion, as well as the grace of 
 his characters, and the correctnefs of his ftyle, 
 and his judicious coloring. 
 
 Medina, John Baptijle, a painter oi 
 Bmffels, who ftudied Rubens with fuch effeft* 
 that his own pieces poflefied all tlie beauties oi 
 ihat mafter. He was for fome years f< 
 England, and was the laft knight created ir 
 Scotland by the high commiffioner of to* 
 kingdom. He died 17 1 1, aged 51. 
 
 Mejiegan, William Alexander, a Fiend 
 hiftorian, of Irifh extraction, born at Salle, ii 
 the Cevennes, 1721. He v. as an 
 \\ riujr j and wrote the origin of the Guebrcs - J 
 
 euni 
 
 of 
 
MEL 
 
 MEL 
 
 ({Onfidcrations on the revolutions of art a pic- 
 ture of modern hiftory, the beit of his work*, 
 tranflate:! into Englrfh. He died 1766. 
 
 Mejbomius, Juhn Henry, profeifor of 
 phySic ai HelmStadt, was afterwards f.rft phyfi- 
 ciari at Lubeck. He wrote a Latin life of Me- 
 ca-nas de cerevifiis, 4to. traclatus de ufu 
 grorum in re mediea & venerea, and died 
 165.5, aged 65. 
 
 Meibomius, Henry, fen of John Henry, 
 was Lorn at Lubeck, and ftudied at Groningen, 
 Franeker, and Leyden. He married in 1664, 
 and died profefibr of medicine, hiftory, and 
 poetry, t at Helraftadt, 1700, aged 62. His 
 publications are, fcriptores rerum Germanica- 
 rum, 8 vols, folio. ad Saxoniae inferioris 
 hifioriam introductio, 4to, &c. 
 
 Meibomius, Marcus, a learned critic, of 
 the fame family. He publifhcd a tranflation of 
 Greek authors on mufic an edition of the 
 Greek mythologifis de fabrica triremium, 
 S.c. He was for fome time at the court of 
 Chriftina of Sweden, but left it in diSguSt. He 
 died 17U. 
 
 MEIBOMIUS, Henry, of HelmStadt, is 
 celebrated for his knowledge of medicine, as 
 well as for his great learning, His works are 
 valuable, preferved in the Germanicarum re- 
 rum fcriptores, 4to. He died 1625. 
 
 Meier, George Frederic, a German philo- 
 fophical writer, born in Saxony, 1713. His 
 belt works are, a representation of a critic 
 |ilftruc~licwis how any oue may become a modern 
 philosopher, &c. He died 17 7 7- 
 
 Meissonier, Jujlus Avrel. a native of 
 Turin, eminent as a painter, goldfmith, and 
 architect. The French king appointed him his 
 defigner and goldfmith, in which employment 
 he exhibited the molt beautiful Specimens of 
 his ingenuity and of his art. Ke died 1/50,. 
 aged 5 5. 
 
 Meianchthon, Philip, a celebrated re- 
 former, born 1 197, at Bretten, in the palati- 
 nate of the Rhine. His father's name was 
 Schwartfcrdt, which Signifies black earth; but 
 the word was changed, according to the affecta- 
 tion of the times, by his friend Reuchlin, into 
 the Greek Meianchthon, of Similar meaning. 
 He ftudied at Bretten, .Heidelberg, &c. and at 19 
 wrote a comedy of fome merit. He left Hei- 
 delberg in J 512, becaufe refufed a degree e-a 
 account of his youth, and then paffed to Tu- 
 bingen, where be save public lectures en Vir- 
 gil, Terence, and other dallies. In 1518, 
 by the recommendation of Reuchlin, he was 
 appointed Greek profeifor at Wittemberg ; and 
 here began that intimacy with Luther, which 
 contributed fo much to the progrefs of the re- 
 formation. "He was in 15 2/ appointed by the 
 duke of Saxony to viSit the churches of the 
 electorate, and afterwards prepared thoi'e ar- 
 ticles of faith which have received the i|inc of 
 the Auglburg confelfion, becaufe prefentcd to 
 the emperor at the diet of that city. In his 
 tontrovertial difputcs be difplayed great candor 
 pxd mildnefs, which his friend Luther attri- 
 
 buted more to timidity than to the meeknefs- of 
 the ehrifiian character. His moderation was fo 
 univerially acknowledged, that Francis I. in- 
 vited bun to come to France to fettle the diS- 
 putes of the proteftants; but the offer was de- 
 clined ; ' as likewiie a Similar invitation from 
 England. He was engaged in the various con- 
 ferences on religious Subjects at Frankfort, 
 Reinipurg, Worms, Spires, and RatiSbon; 
 and every where evinced the dcepcSt learning 
 and the molt peaceable temper. The times, 
 and not inclination, rendered him a controver- 
 fialiiv, and his anfwer to his mother difplayed 
 the great and the good man. When afked by 
 the aged woman, who repeated before him her 
 players in a Simple but pious manner, what {lie 
 mull believe in this great confufion of creeds, 
 he replied, " Go on mother to believe and pray 
 as you have done, and never tiouble yonrfelf 
 about controversies." He died at Wittemberg, 
 1560, and was buried by the Side oShis friend 
 Luther. Among the reafons which, en his 
 death-bed, he aifigned Sor considering diffolu- 
 tion as happiness, he Said, that it delivered 
 him from theological perfecutions. His works 
 were numerous, and as they were written in 
 controverSy, and eccleSiaftical avocations, they 
 were not always So correct in language as they 
 proved nfel'ul in advancing the reformation. A 
 chronological catalogue of thefe.was publifhed 
 in 1582, and they appeared altogether in 
 4 vols, folio, 1601. 
 
 Melchiskdeck, high pricfl of God, and 
 king of Salem, met Abraham after his defeat 
 of the king of Sodom, and gave him his blef- 
 fing. As he is rcprefented by St. Paul without 
 father and mother, fome heretics have imagined 
 that he was no other but Jefus Ghrift ; and 
 hence arofe the feet of the Melchifedecians. 
 
 Melctual, Arnold de, one of the founders 
 of Swifs liberty. His father was deprived of 
 Lis eyes by the order of Grifler, the Auftnan 
 governor; and the fon, irritated at the Suf- 
 ferings of his parent, united in 1307, with 
 StoufFackcr, Furft, and Tell, to break the 
 chains of their fervitude, and after defeating 
 20,000 men at the pafs of Morgarten, with 
 only 500 men j the liberty of Switzerland was 
 efbiblifhcd. 
 
 Mei.lan, Qaude, a French engraver, born 
 at Abbeville, 1601. He died at Paris, 1688. 
 Charles Ii. wiflud in vain to invite him to Settle 
 in England. His mode oS engraving was pe- 
 culiar to himfdf- His moft admired piece is 
 a head of our Saviour, formed of one fpiral 
 line, beginning at the top of the nofe. 
 
 MeLMOTH, William, a learned man, born 
 1C66. He was bencher of Lincoln's-inn, and 
 joined Peere Williams in Vernon's reports. He 
 is known for his trcatife of " the great, import- 
 ance of a religious life," a work of infinite me- 
 rit, and of the molt benevolent tendency, of 
 which, befides large editions, notlefs than 42,000 
 popieawfre publifhed in the 18 years preceding 
 1784. Melmoth died 174-'). 
 MuMopij William, foaof the preceding, 
 [ M I was 
 
MEN 
 
 MEN 
 
 was born 1/10. He diftinguifhcd himfelf ai 
 the tranflator of Pliny's and Cicero's epHlles, 
 in a very elegant ftyle, and publifhed befides, 
 tnemoirs of his lather fome poems in Dodf- 
 ley's collection and letters under the name of 
 fir Thomas Fit/ofborne. He died 1799. 
 
 Mf.lov, John Francis, a native of Tulle, 
 who fettled at Bounlraux, as fecretary to the 
 academy which, by his influence with la Force, 
 had been founded there. He wrote a political 
 effay on commerce, 1-2 mo. a work of merit 
 Mahoud, the Gafvenide, an allegorical hiftory 
 of the duke of Orleans' regency differtations, 
 &c. He died at Paris 1738. 
 
 Melot, John Baptiji, a French writer, of 
 Dijon, elieemed for his memoirs, and for an 
 edition of Joinviile's life of St. Lewis, with a 
 gloffary. He was librarian to the king, and 
 died at Paris, 1760, aged 63. 
 
 Melvil, fir James, third fon of lord Keith, 
 was page to Ma>y, queen of Scots, when 
 dauphinefs ef France, and was next in the fcr- 
 vice of Montmorency, prime minifter of France. 
 After travelling over Italy, Switzerland, and 
 Germany, he returned to Scotland to attend 
 his widowed miftrefs. He was made a privy 
 eounfellor, and entrufted with the raoft im- 
 portant affairs of the kingdom. He merited 
 this confidence by his loyalty to the queen, 
 whom he attended till her confinement at Loeh- 
 leven, and he held the fame rank of truft and 
 of honor in the cabinet of her fon. When 
 James fucceeded to the Englifh crown, Melvil, 
 too infirm to fhare in the affairs of fiate, came 
 to England to pay a fifit of refpecr. and duty 
 to his fovereign, and returned to Scotland, 
 where he wrote his memoirs for the information 
 and infiruclion of his fon. Thefe memoirs 
 contain a very intereiling detail of the (late 
 affairs of Scotland for feveral years. He died 
 at Halhill, 1606, aged 76. 
 
 Menage, Giles, a Frenchman, the Varro 
 of his time, was born at Angers, 1613. He be- 
 came an advocate and pleaded with great popu- 
 larity at Angers, Paris, and other places. But 
 difgufled with his laborious profeffion, he, 
 agair.ft his father's defire, took orders. On the 
 death of his father he converted all his property 
 to an annuity, that his literary engagements 
 might be lefs difturbed with family affairs. He 
 becanae the companion of the great and the 
 learned, and obtained fome preferment, but 
 the wit of his converfation, and the propenfity 
 of uttering a joke, even at the expence of a 
 friend, brought upon him enemies, and among 
 them Boileau, Cotin, Salo, Bouhours, Bail- 
 let and others. Mazarin too was jealous of 
 his influence, and a Latin elegy addre-ffed to 
 him by the poetical ecclefiaflic was confidered 
 as a fatire, not a compliment to the all-power- 
 ful minifter. Menage honored with a place 
 at the Florentine academy, was, when propofe.d 
 to the French academy, rejected. He, late in 
 life, put his thigh out of joint, by a fall, and 
 died I6y2, of a defluxion of the flomach, 
 aged 79. This ingenious and learned writer, 
 
 polVcffed a mod retentive memory, and fYorn 
 this great ftorehoufe, and the inexhauflible 
 of a polifked mind, could fuy, as 
 Baylc obf< rves, a thoufand good things in a 
 thoofand pleafing ways. Of his works the beft 
 known are, origines de la langue Francoil", 
 4to. mrfcellanca, or a collection of fome of 
 his poetical and profc pieces in Greek, Latin 
 and French U requete des diciionairer., an 
 ingenious fatire about the French academy's 
 dictionary poemata, 12mo. 1656. origini 
 della lingua Indiana, 4to. obfmationi fur 
 la langue Francoiie, a vols. 12mo. Ste,; 
 
 MenandriNo, Marftko, of Padua, a 
 lawyer of the 14th century, was rx- 
 oommunicated by the pope 1327, for writing 
 " defeJifor paeis," in favor of his matter the 
 emperor Lewis of Bavaria, in which he proved 
 the imperial power fupertor to that of the 
 pope, in temporal and rpiritual affairs, lie 
 wrote befides de tranflatione imperii, Sic. and 
 died 1328. 
 
 Menard, Claude, of Angers, was an emi- 
 nent antiquarian. He loft his wife in his old 
 age, and in confequence became an ecclcfiaftic. 
 He died 1652, aged 72. He publifhed Jcin- 
 ville's hiftory of St. Lewis, with learned notes 
 St. Aufrin's books agai nit Julian, Js.c. 
 
 Menasseh-Ben, Jf'rael, a Portuguefe rabbi, 
 of the fec~t of the Pharifees. He fucceeded 
 to the fynagogue of Amfterdam, and afterwards 
 went to Bafil, and attempted in London to ob- 
 tain from Cromwell a toleration of the Jews. 
 He died at Middleburg, 1660, aged 56. He 
 publifhed an edition of the Hebrew bible, with- 
 out points, 2 vols. 4to. the tahnud, with 
 not'js, 8vo. el eonciliador, 4 to, de refur- 
 rer-tione, 8vo. de fragilitatc humana, &c. 
 
 Mexcke, Otto, a learned German, born ar 
 Oldc/.burgh, Weflphalia, 1644. He became, 
 in 1658, profeficr of morality at Leipfic, was 
 five tinms rector of the univerfity, and feven 
 times dean of the faculty, and died there, 
 1707- He publifhed Marfhatn's canon ehro- 
 nicus, 4 to. Camden's annals cf Elizabeth 
 jus majeftatis circa venationem, 4to. &c. and 
 was the firil author of the " aela eruditorum" 
 ofLetpfic, a vakaule work, 1682, 4to. 
 
 Mkncke, John Bureau.! d, fon of Otto, was 
 born at Leipfic, 16/4. He fettled at I^eipfic 
 as. profcfTor of hiftory. Frederic Auguftus king 
 of Poland made him his hifloriographer and 
 aulic eounfellor, as a mark of his efleem. He- 
 died 1732. His works are numerous and 
 I. He wrote de eharlataneria eruditorum 
 declamattones (.hvi-., 8vo. fcriptores rerum 
 Gerinanicarum, 3 vols, folio. two Latin dif- 
 eourfes on the empirieifm of learned men, 
 12mo, a weak performance. He continued 
 alfo the '* acla eruditorum," &c. 
 
 Mendajoes, John Pelcr de, of Alais, in 
 LangiAklpcj was known as the author of aa 
 hiftory .of Gaul Narbonenfis, 12mo. Arlequin* 
 valet de deux maitres, &c. He died 1747> 
 sged 68. 
 
 MeN&WS Pinto, Ferdinand, a Portuguefe, 
 
MEN 
 
 MEN 
 
 (Mho, from a menial fervant, became celebrated 
 'equence of his adventures. He em- 
 for the Indies, 153/, and after 21 
 Vearj returned to Portugal. He published an 
 Account vi his adventures, in which he afferts 
 thai be was 13 times made a flave, and fold 
 16 times. The work is interefting for the 
 particulars of the hiftory of Japan, Brama, 
 Peri, Siam, Java, "Achem, &c. 
 
 Mendez, Alofes, an Engliih writer 'of 
 Jewiih extraction, known as a poet and dra- 
 matic writer. He was honored with the degree 
 of M.A. by the univerfity of Oxford, and he 
 dieci 1/58. He wrote alio fome poems pre- 
 serve I iu Dod (ley's collection. 
 
 Mendelsohn, Mofes, a Jew of Berlin. He 
 quitted commerce for literature, and died 1785, 
 aged 56. He" publiihed Jerufalem, 1755, 
 fupporting that the Jewifh religion isbutdeifm 
 Phaedon, Svo. in which he maintains the im- 
 materiality of the foul, in iuch fenfible lan- 
 guage, that he has been called the Socrates of 
 the Jews philosophical works, 2 vols 8to. 
 letter to La vater, Svo. tranuation of Genefis 
 commentary on Ecelefiaftes, &c. 
 
 Mendoza, Gonzales Peter le, archbiihop 
 of Seville and afterwards of Toledo, diftinguifhed 
 himfelf in literature, and by his fidelity in the 
 fervice of the king's of Cattile. He a!fo ably 
 Served Ferdinand and Ifabella, and after a life 
 of wifdom and moderation, died 1495. He 
 tranflaled in his youth, Sallult, Homer's Iliad, 
 Virgil, and part of Ovid. 
 
 Mendoza, JgHh Gonzales, an Auguftine 
 ftiar, of Caftile, fent by the king of Spain to 
 China, 1584. He wrote an hiftory of China, 
 1589, Svo. in Spanifh, translated into other 
 languages. His laft preferment was the bi- 
 ihoprick of Propajan in the Weft-Indies. 
 
 Meneses, Alexis de, a Portuguefe Auguf- 
 tine monk, fent to Goa as archbifhop. On his 
 return to Europe he was promoted to the fee 
 of Braga, and made viceroy of Portugal by 
 Philip II. of Spain. He compiled an hiftory 
 of his order in Portugal, and died 1617. 
 
 Menestrier, John Baptijt le, author of 
 medals, coins, and ancient monuments of the 
 Roman emperors", and of illuftrious medals of 
 emperors of Rome, was born at Dijon, and 
 died 1634, aged 70. 
 
 MjfcNESTMER, -CtflfKfe Francis, a jefuit, of 
 Lyons, ]f>-io. He wrote hiftory of Lewis XIV. i 
 by medals, emblems, &c. confular hiftory of ; 
 Ly ins the art of heraldry the pldkofophy of j 
 images, &c. He poffefled a very aftonifhing ; 
 memory, and it is faid, that to try him Chrif- i 
 tina of Sweden pronounced in his prelence 300 j 
 Unconnected words, which he immediately re- I 
 peaied in the fame order. He died 1705, aged 72. 
 Mekgs, Antony Raphael, a famous painter, 
 born at Auffig in Bohemia, 1726. His father, 
 who was a painter, encouraged his rifing abilities, ' 
 and after ftudying at Riune for four years, the 
 oung painter returned to Drefden. Charles 
 III. of Spain granted him a pennon with a 
 koufe and equipage; but though thus favored, I 
 
 he redded not in Spain but at Rome, wher*, 
 grief for his amiable wife and the ignorance ox 
 an empiric, put an end to his life, 1779. His 
 five daughters and two fons were honorably pro- 
 vided for by the king of Spain. The chief of 
 his paintings are preferred at Madrid and Rome, 
 and in them he fuccefslully united the graces 
 and the beauties of Raphael, Correggio, and 
 Titian. The altar-piece of All-fouls' chapel, 
 Oxford, is alfo one of his admired pieces. 
 His works, with notes by d'Azafa, appeared in 
 2 vols. 4to. containing reflexions on beauty 
 and taite in painting the life of Correggio 
 the principal pictures at Madrid, &c. 
 
 Meninski, Frandfcus a Mefgnien, a Ger- 
 man orientalift, born in Lorraine, 1623. He 
 iludied at Rome, and became ambaifador to 
 the Porte, and for his fervices was honored with 
 the addition ofjki to his name. He was after- 
 wards in the emperor's fervice, and in 1660 
 went to Jerufalem. He obtained the dignity of 
 counsellor of war to the emperor, and died at 
 Vienna, 1698. His great work " th-faurus 
 linguarum orientalium," appeared at Vienna, 
 1680, in 4 vols, folio, and in 1687 another 
 volume was added. This work was re-printed 
 I in 1780, at the expence of Maria Therefa, 
 who thus favored the wifhes of fir William, Jones,^ 
 t who had expreffed a defire to fee the fcarce 
 j volume re-publifhed. 
 
 Menno, Sirnonk, an ecclefiaftic of Frief- 
 land, who embraced the tenets of the anabap- 
 tifls, and after being again baptized, became a 
 powerful leader of his {e.$X. He denied that 
 Jefu3 Chrift received a human fhape from his- 
 mother, and while he maintained the neceffity 
 of again baptizing adults, he inve ; ned againft. 
 infant haptifm. He gained a grc X number of 
 followers in Weftphalia, Holla d, and Bra- 
 bant; but though a price was fet on his head, 
 he efcaped his perfecutors. He was, in bra 
 i opinions, more moderate than the reft of the; 
 ariabaptifts. His followers are ftill to be found 
 in the Low Countries, under the name of Meu- 
 nonites, divided into two fe&s. He died at 
 Oldeflo, between Lubec and Hamburgh, 1565. 
 Menociiius, James, a civilian of Pavia, 
 called the Baldus and Bartholus of his age. He 
 was profeffor of law ia Italy, and fettled at 
 Milan, where he was made president of the 
 council, and where he died, 1607, aged 75. 
 He wrote de recuperanda poffeffione, de adi- 
 pifcenda poffeffione, Svo. de praefumptionibus*, 
 2 vols, folio, &c. His fon John Stephen, was a 
 jefuit, well known for his learning and his vir- 
 tues. He died 1656, aged 80. He was au- 
 thor of political and economical inftitutions 
 a learned treatife on the republic of the He- 
 brews a commentary on the fcriptures, 2 vols, 
 folio, all in Latin, and works of merit. 
 
 Mentl, John, a printer of Strafourg, to 
 whom fome have attributed the invention of 
 printing. He was originally an illuminator of 
 mar.ufcripts, in the fervice of the bifhop of* 
 Stralburg, and he firft introduced the art o 
 printing there. His firft publication was a 
 [Ma] btf%, 
 
MER 
 
 MER 
 
 bible, 14oT), in 2 vols, folio, and Other works ' 
 followed. He obtained celebrity and opulence 
 
 Dy his proi'cilion, and was ennobled by Fre- 
 deric IV. He died at Str&Iburg, 14; s. 
 
 MiNTZti., Chrijikui, a native of Germany, 
 celebrated for his Knowledge of medicine and 
 botany. He wrote index nominum plantannu, 
 1690^ folio, improved "17 15 a chronology of 
 China, 4to. natural hifiory of Brazil, 4 vols. 
 folio, &c. He died 1 701, aged 7 9. 
 
 IKOFF, --Hi.tundcr, a Ruffian prince. 
 His father was poor peal'ant, and lie nun/elf 
 was apprentice to a paihy-eook, and carried 
 pies about tbe llreets, till czar Peter favv and 
 admired his wit and livclinefs. From this low 
 Situation, young Menzikoff became a favorite, 
 and was appointed governor of Ingria; and in 
 reward for bis Cervices, was raifed to the rank 
 of prince and of major-general. He diltin- 
 gu'uhed himfelf in Poland 1/Ob, but being ac- 
 cufed oi' peculation, he was difgraeed, till 
 his mailer again-reilored him to power, and 
 fent him ambafiador to Poland 17 22. He 
 alio gained the good graces of the emprefs 
 Catherine, and alter the death of Peter, the 
 imperial heir, afterwards Peter II. was declined 
 to marry the daughter of the favorite. At 
 the aceeffion of tbe young czar, Menzikoff 
 I of fecuring the marriage of his daughter, 
 behaved with haugntinefs, and even treated the 
 monarch with contempt, fo that his enemies 
 took advantage of his folly, and he was foo.n 
 baniilud from the court, and fent to end his 
 days in Siberia. He bore his misfortunes 
 with great refignation, anddied in his exile, 1 729. 
 MENZINJ, Benedict, an Italian poet bom at 
 Florence 1 C 16. His genius rofe fuperior to 
 hi- original poverty, and though unnoticed by 
 thofe to whom he dedicated the efforts of his 
 mufe, and obliged to maintain himfclf by dictat- 
 ing extempore fermons to ecclciiaftics, he 
 gained the patronage of Chvifiir.a of Sweden, 
 and was made canon of St. Angelo in Pifeina. 
 He died of a dropfy 1704, 
 poetry was much admired, and I 
 
 great fpirit. His w-< i'ng, ele- 
 
 gies, hymns, art of pot rr - . treatife on the 
 irregular conftnidYion of the Tufcan language, 
 &.C. are in 4 vols. I 
 
 Mi'.:uADo, Michael de, a native of Tuf- 
 cany, firlt phyf;c'mn to pope Clement VIII. 
 and his fucceflors ; and iofpfe&pf of the bota- 
 uical garden of the Vatican, where he formed 
 a cabinet of metals and foflils. Ferdinand 
 grand duke of Tufcany, raifed him to the ho- 
 nors of nobility. He wrote fore 
 tany, b: fides a learned treatife in Italian on 
 the obeliflos ul' Rn." i [e died 1 5&3, aged :>;* . 
 MERCATOR, Gerard, an eminent geogra- 
 pher, urenionde 15131, H 
 pofed a chronology geographical tables atlas, 
 and ftnaller hart liflarum, 
 4to. atri ttion, &c. andheen- 
 ; his own maps himfelf. He 
 B2. 
 M*- I . known mathe- 
 
 matician and aftronomer. He was horn in 
 Holilein, and fettled in England about the 
 cenoration, and became a fellow of the royal 
 fociety. lb publilhed cofmographia r: 
 mathematical. de emendatiune annua diatribas 
 dure, iU\---hypothefis aftronomica inliitu- 
 tionum afhronoiuic. &c. He was very credulous, ] 
 and fond of aflrology. He died about lOQO. 
 
 Mercieu, John, apbilologer, born in Lin- j 
 guedoe, where he died 1562. He was He- < 
 brew profcffor at Paris, 1547, after Vatablus. ] 
 He wrote lectures on genefis, and on the pro- J 
 phets, commentaries on .lob, proverbs, ec- j 
 ckiialles and canticles, 2 vols. fol. ike. His 
 fan Joftas publilhed notes on ancient authors, 
 &e. and died 1020. 
 
 Mercieu, Bartholomew, known as abbe" de I 
 St. Leger, was born at Lyons J7.J4. He was : 
 noticed in 1/04 by Lewis XV. and made abbot 
 of St. Leger in Soiflbns. He was a very learned I 
 and intelligent man, and wrote letters on the 
 bibliography of Debure, letter to Capercni' r ' 
 letters on the true author of Richelieu's poli- 
 tical teftament fupplement to Marchand's his- 
 tory of printing, 4to. letter on the maid of Or- 
 leans notice on the curious book called pedis 
 admiraudre letters on tbe letters attributed to 
 Ganganelli notice on the tombs of the dukes 
 of Burgundy library of romances from the 
 Greek, 12 vols. &C The revolution reduced 
 him from comfort and independence, to po- 
 verty. He died 1799. 
 
 Mkrcuhiai.is, Jerome, an Italian phyfician, 
 bom at Forli, 15^)0. He took his degrees at 
 Padua, and practiced at Forli, and was fent as 
 ambaffador by his countrymen to Pitss IV. 
 Courted and patronized by cardinal Farnefe, by ] 
 the emp-ror Maximilian, and by the Venetians, 
 and admitted as profeffor at Padua, Bologna, 
 and Pifa, he retired to Forli, where he died of 
 the ftone, 1606. His chief works are de arte 
 gymnaftica de morbis mulierum de morbis 
 puerorum coufultationes et refponfa medicin- 
 aiia, &.C, 
 
 Mercy, Francis dr, a native of Longwy, 
 general of iHe Bavarian army, and dillinguilhed 
 in various campaigns-. He took Rot well and 
 Friburg, 1,643, but loft the battle near Fri- 
 burg, and was mortally wounded at NordlingenJ 
 l()i. r ). His body was buried on the field of 
 battle, where thefe words marked the fpot ; 
 
 Sta ! \ iator, Hcroem calca*< 
 His graudfon Florintond, marihal of the eirn 
 pire, fell iorionlh at the battle of Carina, \~ -,\. 
 MfcRDDiK, fonoflVIervyn, aWelfhpoet,callel 
 with Merdyn Emris, and Taheffin, one of the a 
 great bards of Wales. He florifhed about 56 
 Mere, George Brojfin, Chevaiier de, a I'r< nch 
 s lraired for his learning. He wrote dii- 
 courfes of wit and couverfatiou the ele: 
 oi' difcourfe - treat ifei on politenel's, eloquence, 
 . h -letters, $tc. He died lci)o, at an-. 
 
 Maria Sibylla, a lady cflebratej 
 for her skill in drawing infects, flow< 
 
 daughter of an engraver, was bom at Fra 
 
 0*1 
 
MER 
 
 MES 
 
 OB the Maine, 1647, and married Graff, a 
 painter and architect at Nuremberg. In her 
 zeal for reputation flic went on a voyage to Su- 
 rinam, accompanied by her two daughters, to 
 delineate the infects, the reptiles, and natural 
 curiofities of that country, and after two years' 
 refidence fhe returned to Holland, and published 
 her differtatio de generations et demetamorpho. 
 infect. Surinam, folio, containing fixty plates, 
 to which her (laughters afterwards added 12. 
 She. wrote besides the origin of caterpillars, 8cc. 
 in Dutch, S vols. 4 to. She died at Amfter- 
 dam 1717, aged 70. 
 
 Merlin, Ambrofe, a Britifh writer about 
 4 80. Little but what is fabulous is known of 
 h'rm, though he is ftill regarded as a prophet 
 and magician. Superititious tales represent liim 
 as begotten by an incubus, and it is laid that he 
 did nor die but fell afleep, and after a certain 
 period he will again rife to life. Some fuppofe 
 that by magic he placed the fhipendous ftones 
 of Stonehenge in Salifburv plain from Ireland. 
 
 MerOVjEUS, king of France after Clodion 
 4 IS, defeated Attila 4. r >l , near Mery -fur-Seine, 
 and extended his kingdom from the Somme to 
 Treves. He died 4.36. He was the progenitor 
 of the Merovingian race. 
 
 Merret, Ckr/jiopker, a native of Winch- 
 eombe, Gloueefterlhire, educated at Oxford. 
 He pradtifed phylic in I^ondon, and wrote pinax 
 rcrura natural. Britannic, continens vegetabif. 
 anim. foflil. 8vo. lhort view of the frauds and 
 abufes pradtifed by apothecaries, 4to. collec- 
 tion of adls, charters, &e. belonging to the col- 
 lege of phvficians, 4to. Neri's art of coloring 
 glafs, tranflated, &c. He died I6?j. r >, aged SI. 
 
 Merrick', James, an Engl ifh poet, educated 
 at Trinity college, Oxford, where he became a 
 fellow, 1744. He publifhed a tranflation of 
 Tryphiodorus prayers, &c.- poems on facred 
 fubjedts, 8cc. annotations on John, 1, c. i. 
 1 4. &c. the pfalms tranflated and paraphrafed, 
 a moft excellent work, breathing piety in the 
 noblcft accents of poetry. He died at Read- 
 ing, where he had been educated, 1769. 
 
 Merry, Ratert, fon of a Ixmdon tradef- 
 man, was educated at Harrow and at Chrift- 
 cliureh, Oxford, after which he became an 
 officer in the guards, and a man of fafhion and 
 'gallantry. He wrote Lorenzo, a tragedy, and 
 various trifling poems in the newfpapers, under 
 the fignature of Delia Crufca. He married 
 Mifs Brunton the ac c trcfs, and went to Ame- 
 rica, where he died 1798. 
 
 Mersexno*, Marin, of the Minim*;, emi- 
 nent as a mathematician and divine, was bom 
 at Ovfe, 15SS. He iiudied at La Fleehe with 
 Defcartes, and afterwards at the Sorbonne, and 
 then taught philofiophy at Nevers. He fettled 
 at Paris 1620, and there gained great reputa- 
 tion by his learning, fo that Defcartes never 
 ventured to publifh any thing without his pre- 
 vious approbation. He is known for his difco- 
 very of the curve called a cycloid, to which he 
 gave, the name of Roulette, and which excited 
 much adrauaUQu among the learned of Europe, 
 
 He publifhed qnaeftiones in genefim, in foh 
 162.;, in which he mentions that there were in 
 his time 50,000 atheifts in Paris univerfaY 
 harmony, on the theory and practice of mufie, 
 2 vols, fob de fonorem natura recreations of 
 learning the fpherics of Mtmelaus impiety 
 ot deifts refuted, 9 vols. Svo. &c. He died of 
 an abcefs in his fide, 16 IS, aged about 60. 
 
 Merviele, Michael Guijol de, a French 
 journalifr. After travelling through Germany* 
 ltalv, Holland, and England, he fettled as book- 
 ieller at the Hague. He afterwards went to 
 Paris, where lie wrote for the ftago, but re- 
 turned to Switzerland, and in a fit of melan-* 
 choly drowned himfelf in the lake of Geneva, 
 176. r >. He wrote befules his journal, hiftoive 
 literaire, 6 vols. ] -2 mo. voyage hiftoriqute, 2 
 vols. 12mo. feveral comedies, fee*. 
 
 Mercea, George, an Italian, of Alexan- 
 dria in the duchy of Milan. He taught youth 
 at Venice and Milan for 40 years, and pub- 
 lilhedantiquitates vicceomitum Mediolan. fol. 
 defcription of Vcfuvius anil Montferrat com- 
 mentaries on Martial, Statius, Juvenal, Phu- 
 tus, Varro, Columella, &c. ejjifHes, Sec: 
 He died at Milan of a quinfey, 1494, aged 74. 
 
 Merut.a, Paul, a learned Hollander. After 
 travelling to France, Germany, Italy, and 
 England, he fettled at Dort as an advocate, 
 and was next profeffor of hiflory at Leyden after 
 Juftus Lipfius. He died 1 607 , from exceflive ap- 
 plication, aged 49. He publifhed Ennius tirbis 
 Romoe delincatio vita D. Erafmi cofmogra- 
 phia generalis, &c. 
 
 Mery, John, of Vatan in Berry, was fur- 
 gee:n in the hofpltal of invalids at Paris. He 
 was eminent in his profelTion, and wrote phy- 
 fical problems on the fretus obfervations on 
 the operation for the ftone, &c. He tlicd : 
 1700, aged 55. 
 
 Mesevguy, Francis Philip, a French ec- 
 clefiaftic, of Beauvais, for fome time profefTbr 
 of belles lettres at Beauvais, and at Paris. He 
 died at Paris 1 7 69. He wrote expoution of 
 the chriftian doctrine, 6 vols. 1 2mo. a work con- 
 demned at Rome 1761 abridgment of the hif- 
 toryoftheoldandnewteftament, 10 vols. 12mo. 
 the new teftament with notes, 3 vols. &c. 
 
 M esn aoer, Nicholas, a native of Rouen, 
 knight of the order of St. Michael, and ruifed 
 to the honor of nobility by Lewis XIV. by whom 
 he had been employed as a negotiator on Indian 
 affairs with Spain, and with Holland. He was 
 one of the plenipotentiaries that flgncd the 
 treaty of peace between England and France 
 in 171 li and he afterwards was with Potignac 
 at the conference! at Utrecht. He died at 
 Paris 1714, aged 56. 
 
 Mksn'aroiere, Hippoh/tus Julius Pilld de 
 la, a French poet, born at Loudun 1610. 
 He was patronized by Richelieu and became 
 maitre d'hotel to the king. He died 1669, 
 He wrote a treatife on mela* -holy poctique 
 .Alinde, et la pucelle d'Orleans, two indiffe- 
 rent tragedies Pliny's three firft books of 
 lotted U'OAiQatcd, &c. 
 
 [ M 3 ] Mkssenies, 
 
MET 
 
 MET 
 
 MtSSEMUS, John, a learned Swede, pro- 
 feffor of law in Upfal univerfity. His celebrity 
 excited the envy of his rivals, and he was at lafl 
 Cruelly aceufed of traitorous correspondence 
 with the enemies of his country. The aeeu- 
 fation was believed, he was thrown into 
 prifon 1615, and died there 21 years alter. 
 He is author of Scandia illullrata, 14 vols. fol. 
 a work of merit. His fon Arnold was hiflo- 
 riographer of Sweden, and wrote an hiftory 
 of the Swedifh nobility, fol. He wrote fome 
 fatires, reflecting on the royal family, for 
 which he was beheaded 1648. His fon, 
 though but 17, fuffered with him. 
 
 Meston, William, a Scotch poet, born at 
 ^Midmar, and educated at Aberdeen Marifchal 
 college, and made profeffor of philofophy 
 there. He was deprived of his prole fforfhip 
 in 1715, and after concealing himfelf efcaped 
 by the act of indemnity. He afterwards at- 
 tempted a fehool at Elgin, and in other places, 
 but? as he was too fond of conviviality, he did 
 not fucceed, and fubfifled upon the liberality 
 of his friends. He died of a languiihing disor- 
 der 1/45. His poetical pieces were fatirical, 
 and poffefs merit. 
 
 Metastasio, Pielro Bonavcntura, the moll 
 illuilrious poet of modern Italy, was born at 
 Home 1698. At the age of ten he often col- 
 lected little audiences in the flreets, who liifened 
 with admiration to the fweetr.efs of his extem- 
 porary verfes. The? celebrated Gravina ad- 
 mired his riling talents, he became his inflruc- 
 tcr and friend, but while he wifhed him to 
 follow the law, he found poetry his favorite pur- 
 suit. This propenlity was indulged, and Me- 
 tafiafioat 14 produced his tragedy of Giuftino. 
 lie accompanied his patron to Naples, and 
 again applied himfelf to the law, and then 
 affumed a clerical habit. The death of his 
 friend left him difeohfolate in 1718; he be- 
 wailed his misfortune in his elegy "la flrada 
 tlella gloria," and feund afterwards thai he was 
 the heir of his fortune, worth 15,000 crowns, 
 which in two years disappeared in the midft of 
 cheerful conviviality. Again dependent he 
 fludied the law, but poetry was more pleafing, 
 and when prevailed upon to write for the ftage, 
 he found himfelf admired, courted and flat- 
 tered. Uniting his eflablifkmcnt with thst of 
 his friend the finger Bulgarella and her bufband, 
 he lived with them in the acy, till 
 
 an invitation from the emperor in 1/29, re- 
 moved him to Vienna, as affiftant imperial !au- 
 reat, With Apoftolo Zeno. He fettled at Vien- 
 na, where lie divided with punctilious exactnefs 
 his hours of fiudy, of recreation, and of re* 
 pofe. In this honorable abode h was deferved- 
 ly refpected ; the city of Aflifi, where his fa- 
 mily had long lived, granted him the honor of 
 nobility, and he was liberally patronized by the 
 emperor Charles VI. and other princes. In 
 1734, his favor '.<e Bulgarella rjfed and left 
 him heir to all her property, which he im- 
 mediately bellowed on her hutband. If< died 
 after a ihort illucfs 1782. His death was foon 
 
 after followed by that of Farinelli the well 
 known finger, who about 172-J had begun his 
 J theatrical career with him, and on fuch friendly 
 terms, and fuch continued rorrefpondence that 
 they called each other Gemelli. His work* 
 confiftof 26 operas, eight oratorios or facred 
 dramas, befides mafques, fonnets, and OthtC 
 poetical mifccllanies. Of his operas he regarded 
 Atilio Regolo, as the bell, of the oratoii 
 talia liberata, and Artaferfe as the mofl 
 nate of his dramas. Metaftafio has found in 
 Dr. Burney an able hillorian, and it is evi- 
 dent that his character was moll amiable as a 
 man and as a writer. His abilities may in 
 degree be attributed to his patron and friend 
 Gravina; but for the fublhneit flights 
 mule, he was indebted to the powers of his 
 genius ; and the pictures of virtue and morality 
 I fo fweetly delineated Ln his tvriungs were drawn 
 ! from the goodnefs of his heart. It has been 
 ! quefiicned whether his regard for Bttlgarelhl 
 was purely pktonic ; but the ehaiaci 
 theatrical heroine, and the manners of Italy 
 forbid the fuppofition. 
 
 Meteeli, Aagn/iino, a painter born a* 
 Bologna 1609. H;s excellence was in the 
 perlpeclive, and In architecture ; and with Mi- 
 chael Angelo Colonna, he completed federal 
 magnificent buildinsrs, efpecially under the pa- 
 tronage of Philip IV. of Spain. He died 
 
 Meteren, Emanuel fan, a native of 
 Antwerp, who fled to England for a religious, 
 afylum, where he died 1612, aged 77. He 
 wrote the hillory of the Low Countries, from 
 1500, to 1612, in Latin, fol. a work of merit. 
 
 Metezea-u, Clement, a native of Drenxj 
 in the reign of Lewis XIII. He has imxuor-i 
 taliyed his name by the famous dyke wh 
 couflructed near Rochelle, 4SS2 fee; 
 which he completed in 1628. The 
 fcemed fo difficult that his fervices were acknow- 
 ledged in this elegant diftteh j 
 
 Dicitur Archimedes terrain potuiffe movcrc, 
 yEquora qui potuit iiilere non minor ell. 
 
 Meties, James, the inventor of tel< 
 about 160Q, was born at Alcmaer in 11 
 His brother Adrian was profeflbr of mathe- 
 matics at Franeker, where he died 1606, au- 
 doctrina fpliaeric. aftrononme univerfin 
 iniututio arithmet. et geometr. praclica da. 
 gemino ufu utriufque globi, &C. 
 
 Mettki;-., Julian Offi ay delta, a pli 
 of St. Muloet, who ftudied under Boerhaare. 
 His book, " the natural V.iitory of the foul," 
 in which he maintained the materiality 
 foul, was regarded as impious, and 
 euted he wrote againlt the medical profeilion in 
 a boo!.: called " Penelope, or the Macbii 
 medicine,*' 3 vols. l2mo. In confequ. 
 this he was obliged to leave France, and at 
 Leyden he publilhed " 1'homme machi 
 pernicious treatife of materialifm which was 
 publicly burnt, and drove die author to Berlin, 
 At Berlin he was patronifed by the monarch* 
 and he died there in confequence of his 
 fyitcnj of llcccling, 17M> a o ec ^ * 18 - 
 
 MetzU| 
 
MEZ 
 
 MIC 
 
 MeTZT, Galmel, a Dutch painter, born at 
 Leyden 1615. His women felling fifh, fowls, 
 and game, his patients and attending phyficians, 
 his chemifts, and their laboratories, his {hops, 
 &e. were much admired. He died in conie- 
 .quence of being cut for the {lone, 1658. 
 
 MeursIUS, John, a "learned Dutchman, born 
 near the Hague 1579. He was educated at 
 the Hague and Leyden, and at the age of 16 
 he wrote a commentary on Lycophron. He 
 was afterwards tutor to the children of Barne- 
 velt, and with the;n for 10 years travelled over 
 Europe. On his return in 1610, he was ap- 
 pointed profeffor of hiftory, and hiftoriogra- 
 pher to the Hates of Holland, but upon the 
 execution of Barnevelt he was accufed as a 
 partizan of that unfortunate remonftrant, and 
 his enemies endeavoured to expel him from the 
 profeiforial chair. He refigncd in 16-25, and 
 on the invitation of the king of Denmark ac- 
 cepted a profefforfhip at Sora. He was there 
 highly rel'pecTtcd, and died 1609. In the 
 knowledge of Greek and of antiquity Meurfius 
 noffeffcd fuperior merit, though J. Scaliger 
 has ftigmatifed him as an ignorant and pre- 
 fumptuous pedant. His works were printed 
 in 13 vols, folio, Florence, 1 74 1 . They con- 
 tain treatifes de populis Atticae archontes 
 Athenienfes fprtupa Attica de Atlienarum 
 origine de feftis Grceconim hiftoria Da- 
 nica archontes Athenienfes, &c. His fon, 
 who died in Denmark very young, publifhed 
 arborcntum facrum, five, de arborum conferva- 
 lione, &.c. 
 
 Meusnier, Philip, a French painter, born 
 at Paris 1655. He ftudied at Rome, and was 
 patronifed by Lewis XIV. and XV. Hi:; ar- 
 chitecture and views <>f perfpective are much 
 admired. He died at Paris 1784. 
 
 MeyeR, Felix, a German painter. He 
 ftudied in Italy and Switzerland, and in his land- 
 scapes of Alpine grandeur exhibited the nobleft 
 'ideas. He died in Germany, 17 13, aged 60. 
 
 Mezerai, Francis Fades de, a French hif- 
 torian, horn near Argertau, lower Normandy 
 1610. He was educated at Caen, and on 
 going to Paris he devoted himfelf to hiftory 
 and to politics. He was commiffary of war 
 in fomc campaigns, and then determined to 
 employ himfelf in ftudious retirement. Ilis 
 poverty was relieved by the publication of fome 
 'lev-re but popular fatircs againft the court, 
 and at the age of 26 he entered upon the 
 laborious character of hiftorian of France. He 
 was encouraged by Richelieu, and when his 
 hiftory appeared, the firft volume of which 
 was publifhed 1643, the fecond in 1646, and 
 the third in 1653, in folio, it was received with 
 applaufc, and rewarded with a handfome pen- 
 fion from the king. In 1 668, he publifhed 
 an abridgment of the hiftory of France, 
 9 vols. 4to. but as he had fpoken in fome parts 
 with more boldnefs than pleafed the court, 
 jDolbert retrenched his penfion, and at laft 
 totally withdrew it. He was in 1649, admitted 
 . of tiro French academy in the ruum, 
 
 of Voiture, He died 1683. He wrote befidet 
 a treatife on the origin of the French a con- 
 tinuation of the hiftory of the Turks hiftory 
 of a mother and fon, 2 vols. 12mo. a transla- 
 tion ef Grotius de veritate Chr. relig. As an 
 hiftorian Mezerai is defervedly efteemed, and 
 in integrity, candor and faithfulnefs he is infe- 
 rior to none. 
 
 Meziriac, Claude Gafpar Backet, ficur de, 
 known as a poet, in French, Latin, and Ita- 
 lian, as a good Greek fcholar, and able critic, 
 was born at Breffe. He was a jefuit, and 
 died at Bourg in Breffe 1638, aged 45. He 
 Mas univerfally efteemed, fo that at one time 
 it was in agitation to appoint him preceptor to 
 Lewis XIII. an honor from which he fhrunk 
 with diffidence. He wrote various poems iu 
 Italian, Latin and French, he alfo publifhed th 
 fix books of Diophantus, with notes a life 
 of iEfop, befides feveral works not printed, 
 and a tranflation of Plutarch's works, juft com- 
 pleted when he died. 
 
 Micah, the fixth of the minor prophets, 
 foretold the captivity of his nation, their de- 
 liverance, and the coming of the Melfiah, in 
 the reign of Jotham, &c. 
 
 Mical, N. able a celebrated French me- 
 chanic. He conftrucled two heads of brafs 
 which had the power of articulation, and by 
 means of fprings could repeat various paffages 
 from authors. Thefe curious but ufeleis labors 
 of human ingenuity were difregarded by the 
 government, and the artift in difappoint- 
 ment, broke them to pieces, and died hi indi- 
 gence, 1789. 
 
 Michael I. fucceeded Stauracius on the 
 throne of Conftantinople, 811. He was a 
 mild and virtuous monarch, but being fup* 
 planted by his general Leo, he in 813, retired 
 to a monaftery, where he ended his days. 
 
 Michael II. a Phrygian of obfeure origin, 
 raii'ed to confequence by Leo the Armenian. 
 He feated himfelf on the imperial throne, 82o, 
 and after giving himfelf up to every extravar 
 gance and licentious debauchery, he died 829. 
 
 Michael TIL furnamed the Drunkard, 
 fucceeded 842, though only fix years old. He 
 was aflaffinated, 867. 
 
 Michael IV. or the Paphlagonian, afcended 
 the imperial throne, 1034, by the favor of 
 Zoe, the emprefs, who having fallen in love 
 with him caufed her own huiband Romanus 
 Argyrus to be affaffinated, that fhe might 
 gratify her criminal defires. Stung by remorfe 
 of conscience, he in 1041 retired to a mo- 
 naftery, where he died foon after. 
 
 Michael V. furnamed Calafates, fucceeded 
 his uncle Michael IV. in 104 1 , by the intrigues 
 of Zoe. In a popular tumult his eyes were 
 put out, and he was in 1042 fent to a mouaf- 
 tcry, where he died. 
 
 Michael VI. or Warrior, was raifed to 
 the throne by the emprefs Theodora, and foon 
 after refigned the crown to Ifaac Commenus 
 1057. He retired to a mouailery, where he 
 died. 
 
 [M4J MICHAEL 
 
MIC 
 
 MID 
 
 Michael Vll. PaJceohgus, fen of Con- 
 ftantine Ducas and Eudoxia, was deprived of 
 his throne by his mother , who Soon after mar- 
 ried Romanus Diogenes, whom flic proclaimed 
 emperor. He in 107 8 fled to a monalteiy, 
 and died arcbhifhop of Ephefus, 
 
 MICHAEL VIII. PahroIugHS, regent of the 
 eaftern empire during the minority of John 
 Lalcaris, retook, in 1261, Conlluhtmcpie, after 
 it had been lor 5 8 years under the power 
 of the French. He died 12S2. 
 
 MlCHAtL PauEOLOGUS, fon of Andronicus 
 the elder, fhaied the fovereign power with his 
 father, and died 1220. 
 
 Michael Foeoerowitz, was elected czar of 
 RuTia, I6i0. He fhewed himfelf brave and 
 fagaciops, and after making peace with the 
 Pole' and the Swedes, he labored for the hap- 
 pinefs of his Subjects in the eftablifliment of 
 Salutary regulations. He died 1645. 
 
 Michael AngelO, of Battles, a Roman 
 painter, who exchanged his name of Cerquozzi, 
 For that of- Battles, as expreliive of t!ie Sub- 
 jects which employed his pencil. His. pieees 
 were much admired for boldncfs, fpirit, and cor- 
 reftnefs. He died at Rome, 1660, aged 58. 
 
 Michael Angelo Buaxarotti, Fid. Ax- 
 cfib. 
 
 Michael Angelo du Caravagio, J 'id. 
 Caravagio. 
 
 Michaelis, John David, a celebrated di- 
 vinity profeifor in (Sottingen univerfity, who 
 died 1791, aged 75. His worics are 49 in 
 cumber, and are valuable, as chiefly defigned 
 to explain and illuftrate the holy Scriptures. 
 The work moll known in Englaud, is his in- 
 troduclion to the new tefiaraent, publifhcd in 
 1750, and translated into Eng'.iih, 1761. The 
 work has lately been recommended to the pub- 
 lic in a tranflation , 3 vols. Svo. with valuable 
 notes, by th^Rc-r. Herbert Marfh, fellow of 
 St. John's college, Cambridge, for i'ome time 
 rcfiderrt at Lcipfic. The work exhibits great 
 learning and dftp refearch, but doubts and 
 fceptieifms are occafionally introduced, which 
 capric ioufly altering the text or fhe fenSc, un- 
 dttmine the authority of Scripture, and the 
 refpeft due to infpircd writings. 
 / Micheli, Peter Jnthony,*. botan'ff, born 
 at Florence. He was at firft an errand boy in 
 a bookseller's fliop, but fhowing great zeal in 
 obtaining a plant, which it is faid intoxicates 
 fifli, that he might angle with greater SucCefs, 
 he was noticed by the monks of Vallombrofa. 
 Under their care he improved and followed his 
 inclinations in botany. The grand duke of 
 Florence appointed him director with Tilly, of 
 the botanical gardens at Pifa and Florence. 
 Under -j of the duke he vifited 
 
 Egypt, Greece, and other parts of th< 
 in purfuit of botanical discoveries, and died 
 1737 , aged 53. Of his works, the be f: 
 are, nova pUmarum genera, 1729, Florence 
 It. hbrtl Ofar. Florent. fob Sec. 
 
 MiCiieii, Jamet Bartholomew, a GeneveSe 
 who Saved in the French army, but afterwards 
 
 retired to his native country, devoted to philo- 
 sophical and mathematical purfaits. Though 
 abfofbed in literary cares, he felt the ti 
 of civil diflention, and was for forne time im- 
 pril'oned ln r the Bernefe government. He died 
 1/66. Befides tracts on meteorology the 
 tides the temperature of the globe the co- 
 met of 16SO the deluge views of the glacii is 
 of Switzerland, &c. he conftru&ed ingenious 
 maps, and invented a new thermometer. 
 
 Mickle, William Julius, a poet, km 
 the tranflator of the Lufiad, was born at Lang* 
 holm in the county of Dumfries, 1734. !'e 
 was educated under his father, and alter his 
 death, in the high fehool of Edinburgh, whert 
 about the age of 13 he accidentally mel 
 fcr's Faery Quecne, and was enchanted with 
 the poetical imagery. He fettled at Edinburgh 
 as a brewer, firft for his aunt and then for 
 himfelf; but his induftry proved unfuct cfsful in 
 trade, and in 176 j he left Scotland for Loot 
 don. He was noticed by lord Lytlcloii. hut 
 was disappointed in his expectations c'.' 
 '/dil or Weft Indies in Some mei 
 occupation, and at laft became corrector 
 Clarendon prefect Oxford. In this empl 
 fo congenial to his tafle, he publUhed 
 things, and in 1/71, after acquiring a : 
 knowledge of the Portuguefe, he publiihed the 
 {"nil book of the Lufiad as a Specimen. The 
 work was applauded, and in 1775 was fa 
 received by the public, and again edited in 
 1 7 /B. Mickle afu-r-.ards went to Lilian as 
 fecretary to governor Johiiftone, and there 
 he wrote his Almada Hill, a poem, 4to. At 
 his return he 'married mifs Tomkins, 178?: 
 daughter of the perfon with whom he . 
 at Foreft Hill, after he had retired from Ox- 
 ford for the more peaceful completion of his 
 Lufiad, and fettled at Wheatley, near Oxford, 
 He here wrote fome few things, and mado 
 Several communications to the European ma- 
 gazine. He dibd at Wheatley, 1789, agi 
 leaving a fon, but with fcanty reiburccs. By 
 his Lufiad, an AbgaUt work, rivalled only by 
 (he Iliad of Pope, Mickle has obtained immor- 
 tal fame. His poems were publifhed 179-1, in 
 one vol. 4 to. and appear among the EnsUfh 
 poets of Dr. Anderfon. He wrote, befides a 
 letter to Dr. llarwood, on the Arian contro- 
 verfy, 1 7 69 Voltaire in the Shades, or dia-i 
 1 the deifiidal controverfy, 17 70, &c. 
 In his private character Mickle was very amiable; 
 he lived without reproach, and wrote nothin" 
 but what virtue approved. 
 
 MlcafeLlES, John, profeffor of divinity at 
 Stettin, was honorably noticed by Chrii 
 Sweden, and died 1658. His works ai 
 con philoff nhicum, 4to. fyritagma hie 
 muncli et ecclefiie, 8vo.~- traC;*ius de 
 vcrhonim, &e. 
 
 MmDT.KTON, Richard, a cordelier, 
 the profouriH, from his ext^nfive learning. He \ 
 was diftinguifbed at Oxford and Paris, and wrote 
 a commentary on Peter Lombard, and other 
 works, and died 1304. 
 
 MlBDLETO*, ' 
 
MID 
 
 MIE 
 
 riDDT.ETON', fir Hugh, a native of Don- 
 , who formed the project of fupjflymg 
 :lon with water. Though lie met with 
 /rous difficulties, he triumphed - over all 
 )fition, avA brought the united ftreams 
 vo rivulets in the pariihes of Ware and of 
 i. in Hertfordfhire, through a courfe of 
 miles to the capital. The work was begun 
 608, and on Michaelmas day, 16)3, water 
 night into the great ciftern at Iflington. 
 his utct'ul work was rewarded by James, who 
 id fupported the projector, and erected a 
 ompany of proprietors. He was knighted, 
 nd afterwards made a baronet, and under 
 Charles the moiety of the property which lie 
 lad given to the king's father for his affiftance, 
 s re-conveyed to him for an annual fum, and 
 s now a fource of princely fortune to the pro- 
 prietors. He died about 1636. 
 
 Middleton, William, a native of Denbigh- 
 hire, who ferved hi the army under Elizabeth, 
 ind afterwards commanded a fhip of war. He 
 ompofed a verfion of the pfahus into Welfh 
 verfe, 15 93, and alfo wrote a grammar and 
 artofpoetrv. 159-3, &c. 
 
 Middlkton, Thomas, a dramatic writer in 
 the reign cf James I. He joined Jonfon, 
 rir, and Firrchcr, in the composition of 
 feme pieces, and died 1630. 
 
 MiDOLETOX^ ConyerSy an eminent critic, 
 the fon of the rector of Hinderweli, near 
 Whitby, horn at York, 16S3. At 17 he was 
 |ent to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which 
 he became fellow. In 1709 he joined the fo- 
 ciety in oppofition to Dr. Beutky the mailer ; 
 but foon retired from college by marrying Mrs. 
 Drake, a widow of large property. In 1717, 
 he was created D. D. by royal mandamus, and 
 on this occafion refilled trie demand of Dr. 
 Bentley for extraordinary fees. This ei 
 much of the public attention, and was decided 
 againil Bentley, who behaved with great con- 
 tumacy towards the univerfity, for which he 
 was degraded. In this difpute M'uldleton pub- 
 liflied fome pamphlets, and when Bentley made 
 propofals for a new edition of tire Greek tcfta- 
 jtbeut, &c. he was treated fo feverely by his an- 
 tagonifl, in ** remarks, &c." that he aban- 
 doned the plan. In 1723 Middletori wis 
 eledled principal librarian at Cambridge, and 
 tlv following year, m confequence of his wife's 
 death, he vifiied the continent. In 1725 he 
 drew upon himfclf the rcfentment of the medi- 
 cal world by an attack on Dr. Mead, Spon, and 
 ethers, and in 1729 he Offended the catholics 
 "by publishing Ids letters from Home, (bowing 
 an exact conformity between popery and pa- 
 ganifm. In his letter to Dr. Waterland, who 
 had attacked Tindal's chriftianiiv as old as the 
 n, he fpoke with fueh freedom of reli- 
 gion, and with fhch contempt of his ant 
 that he was feverely ecu lured as an infidel in an 
 anfwer by bifhop Pearce; and when known to 
 : author of the obnoxious traA, he was 
 
 ?ery nearly dripped of his academical honors. 
 Jn 17 j i iie was appointed WoodwardiMi pro- 
 
 fefTor at Cambridge, but refigncd the place in 
 1734. In 1735 he published a diitertation 011 
 the origin of printing in England, and in 17-1 I 
 appeared his great work, the hiftory of the life 
 of M. Tullius Cicero, 2 vols. 4to. reprinted in 
 3 vols. Svo. This performance is of fuperiar 
 eminence, written in correct and elegant lan- 
 guage, and abounding in every thing which 
 can interell the heart, inform the underfland- 
 ing, and po!i(h the tafte; though it muft be 
 coufeffed he has drawn the character of the 
 orator with more glittering ornaments than be- 
 long to him, and in concealing his defects has 
 magnified his virtues. In 1743 he publifhed 
 Cicero's epifUes to Brutus, and thofe of Brutus 
 to Cicero, in Latin and Englifh, with a vindi- 
 cation of their authenticity in anfwer to Tun- 
 ftall's objections. In 1745 appeared his Ger- 
 nianse quae'dam antiquitateseraditae monuments, 
 &c. and in 1747 his treatife on the Roman 
 fenate. He alio publilhed the introduction of 
 his difcourfe on the miraculous powers fuppofed 
 to have eiifted in the chriftiah church from the 
 carlieft ages, &c. 4to, a work which excited in 
 the higheft degree the repreh.enfion of the 
 clergy. While preparing to anfwer his oppo- 
 nents, he made a petulant attack on Sherlock's 
 cRfeourfes, once his friend and companion, 
 1 7 50 ; but before his reply could be completed, 
 he was feized with a hectic fever, and a diibrder 
 in his liver, which proved fatal, 17 50, in Ids 
 67 th year, at Hildcrfham, Cambridgefhire. 
 His mifee'lancous works, not including the 
 life of Cicero, appeared together in 17 52, 
 with feveral new- pieces, in 4 vols. 4to. As a 
 writer he rar.ks high for elegance of language, 
 animated defcription, and all the graces of 
 'profound learning and extensive information. 
 Though attacked and reviled as an infidel, and 
 an enemy to chriftianity, k appears from his 
 letters to his friend and patron, lord Hervev, 
 that his opinions were not fully orthodox, and 
 thongfi he fpeaks with indifference of the pre- 
 ferment which was conferred on others not fo 
 tit! "d to it for learning' and abilities as 
 himfelf. yet it is plain, that his language is 
 the language of a difappointed man, who af- 
 fected to defpife what his intemperate wri tings 
 had tendered it imtKifuble for him to obtain. 
 
 Middleton, Erafmus, rector of Turvey, 
 Bedford (hire, and author of a dictionary of 
 arts and fciences, of little merit, offermonson 
 Jackfoh and Binns, and editor of biographia 
 evangelica, 4 vols. Rvo. died 1805. 
 
 Miel, Jim, a Flemifh painter, born 1599, 
 near Antwerp. He was patronized by the 
 duke of Savoy, and died at Turin,' 1664. He 
 excels in his hiitorical, hunting, and conver- 
 fation pieces, and his animals are particularly 
 admired for fpirit, and for all the graces of 
 nature. 
 
 Mir.Ris, Francis, called the older, was bora 
 at Leydcn, 1635. His pictures are very fcarce 
 and valuable. He died 1681. 
 
 Minus, Ifilliam, the younger fon of the 
 above, was alfo an eminent paiattr, and born 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 utTeyden, 1662. He alfo excelled in com- 
 pleting models of clay and wax, and deferred 
 the name of a good fculptor. He died 1747. 
 His fon Francis, called the young Francis, was 
 alfo a painter. 
 
 Mic.NARD, Nicolas, a French painter, born 
 at Troy es, 1609. His portraits and hiftorica! 
 pieces were much admired. He died 1 668. 
 
 Mjgnard, Peter, catted the Roman, beeanfe 
 for 20 years arefident at Rome, was the younger 
 Irother of Nicolas. He was much efteemed at 
 Jvomc and at Paris, where Lewis XIV. fat ten 
 tim.>s to him, ennobled him, and made him hi* 
 thief painter at the death of Le Brun. He 
 died 1695. 
 
 Mignon, Abraham, a painter of Frankfort. 
 His flowers and infects were much admired, 
 efpccially the drops of dew on fruit, which 
 displayed all the tranfpareney of real water. He 
 died 1679. 
 
 Milbocrne, Luke, M. A. an Englifh di- 
 vine, educated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, 
 became rector of St. Ethelburgh, and lecturer 
 of St. Leonard, Shoreditch. He publifhed a 
 poetical tranflation of the pfalms -notes on 
 jbryden's Virgil thirty-one finglc fennons, &c. 
 His name is frequently mentioned with that of 
 Blackmore, by Dryden, and has been intro- 
 duced by Pope in his art of criticifm, and in 
 the Dunciad. 
 
 Mildmay, fir Walter, Surveyor of the court 
 of augmentations under Henry VIII. and under 
 Elizabeth, was a man of great public and pri- 
 vate worth, and founded Emanuel college at 
 Cambridge. He died 1.5S9. 
 
 Mill, John, a learned Bnglifh divine, born 
 at Shap, in Weftmcreland, 164.3. Le was 
 fervitor at Queen's college, Oxford, and be- 
 came fellow. In 1661 he was appointed chap- 
 lain to Charics II., and in 1685 made principal 
 of Edmund hall. He publifhed fome fermons, 
 but the work for which he is celebrated is his 
 edition of the new teflament. This very valu- 
 able work, firft begun by the advice of Fell, 
 bifhep of Oxford, and partly printed at his 
 expencc, was the labor of 30 years of applica- 
 tion, and was published about a fortnight be- 
 fore his death, 1707. Dr. Whitby attacked 
 the notes, and the 30,000 various readings 
 which had been collected by the editor, were 
 confidered as likely to open the way for cavil 
 and fcepticifm among free-thinkers and wanton 
 polemics. Thefe arguments were refuted by 
 Bentley, and Dr. Mills' Greek reftarne::f is 
 now dtfervedly regarded a& a molt 
 book. 
 
 Mm., Henry, an eminent engineer, born 
 about 16S0. He was at one of the univerfities, 
 and his mechanical abilities, became fo ei 
 that he was, when very young, employed as an 
 engineer by the new-river company. His la- 
 bors fo much improved the concern, that the 
 original fhares of 100l. are now fold for up- 
 wards of 80001. He alfo fupplied the town of 
 Northampton with water, for which he was 
 presented with the freedom of the corporation, 
 
 and he likewife ornamented Houghton, the, 
 feat of fir Robert Wa'pole, with an excellent' 
 ttream. He was feized with a fit on Chrifimas- 
 7 70, and expired before the next 
 morning. 
 
 Millar, John, profeffor of law at Glafgow, 
 pra&ifed at the Scotch bar, and for 40 y-ars 
 maintained a high reputation. He was author 
 of an hiftorical view of the Englifh government, 
 4to. and on the origin of diftinction of raukf 
 i.n fociety, l.vol. Svo. He died 1801. 
 
 Miller, James, a dramatic poet, born in 
 Dorfet Shire, 170=3. He was ofWadham col- 
 lege, Oxford, where he began his famous 
 comedy, " the humors of Oxford," performed 
 1729. He wrote befides, comedies, occafiona! 
 pieces, and Mahomet the impoftor, a tragedy, 
 during the popular run of which the author 
 died. Miller, as a clergyman, publifhed fome 
 fermons, and a few weeks before his death he 
 was prefented to the living of Upcernc, Dor- 
 fctfliire, which his father had held. He 
 died 17-i4. 
 
 Miller, Philip, author of the gardener's 
 dictionary, was born 1691, in Scotland. He 
 Succeeded, in 172-2, his father as gardener of 
 the company of apothecaries' garden at Chelfea. 
 He was well acquainted with the plans of llav 
 and Tournefort, and adopted the fyftem of 
 Linnaeus, with whom he corresponded as a 
 fcieotific and experienced botan'ift. He wai 
 fellow of the royal fociety, member of the 
 Florence botanical fociety, and honored with, 
 the correspondence of feveral learned men in 
 Europe, who called him, with flattery but 
 truth, hortulanorum pririceps. Linnaeus faid 
 or his dictionary, non crit lexicon hortulano- 
 rum, fed botanicorum. He refigned through 
 infirmity his place at Chelfea, and died 3 7 7 1 > 
 aged 80. He publifhed his gardener's dic- 
 tionary! 731, folio, which has paffed through 
 various editions, and has been tranflated into 
 feveral languages the gardener's calendar, 
 Svo. a fhort introduction to botany figures 
 of plants, 1 vols, folio, with 300 plates, c. 
 
 MlLLER, lady, refided at Bath-caflon, near 
 Bath, and publifhed letters from Italy, 3 vols. 
 Svo. A collection of poems appeared in her 
 name. She died 1781. 
 
 Milles, Jeremiah, D. D. a native of High- 
 cleer, Hants, dean of Exeter, and prefident 
 of the antiquarian fociety. He was engaged in 
 the Chattertonim controverfy, aad warmly 
 Supported the authenticity of thofe ancient 
 poems, called the works of Rowley. He edited 
 the poems in 4to. with annotations, and died 
 17 34, aged 71. 
 
 Millf.tiere, Theophilus Bracket, Jieur de, 
 la, a proteftam, who ftudied law at Heidel- 
 berg, afterwards took orders, and wrote againft 
 Tilenus, and afferted that it was lawful for the 
 /.is to refift by arms the pcrfecutions. 
 rat fed againft them. He was in confequcncc 
 fufpected of dif loyalty to the. government, and 
 fent as prifoner to Touloufe, where he w 
 to tlie rack. When liberated he turu' 
 
 tholie. 
 
MIL 
 
 MIL 
 
 jfcollc, arid endeavored by his writings to re- 
 gjencile the Huguenots, and his new friends to 
 the fame faith. He died 1665, little re- 
 fpected. 
 
 Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, a French 
 hiftorian, bora at Befangon, 1726. He 
 quitted the jei'uits, and was profeifor of hiftory 
 ac Parma. He returned to France, and was 
 preceptor to the duke of Enghien, in which 
 ituation he died, 17S5. He was a very diffi- 
 dent man, though amiable and benevolent. 
 His works are valuable and written with fpirit, 
 and in an elegant ftyle. He publifhed ele- 
 ments of the hiftory of France, 3 vols. 12mo. 
 relemcnts of the hiftory of England, 3 vols. 
 ] elements of universal hiftory, 9 vols. hiftory 
 of the Troubadours, 3 vols. memoirs for the 
 hiftory of Lewis XIV. and XV. 6 vols. &c. 
 
 Milton, John, a celebrated Englifh poet, 
 bora December 9th, 1608, in Bread-ftreet, 
 where his father, a fcrivener, was fettled, and 
 after receiving inftruction from a private tutor 
 he went to Sc. Paul's fchool, and in 16-25 re- 
 moved to Chrift college, Cambridge. He was 
 intended for the church, but he expreffed an 
 averfion for the proiellion. When he left 
 Cambridge he returned to his father, who had 
 fettled at Horton, in Buckinghamiliire, and 
 there devoted himfelf for five years to reading 
 the Greek and Latin daffies. Here likewise he 
 produced his Comus l'allegro il penferofo 
 and Lycidas, poems of fuch merit as would 
 alone have tranfmitted his fame to the lateft 
 period of time. In 1638 he embarked for the 
 .continent, attended by one {errant. From Paris, 
 where he was introduced to the great Grotius, 
 he proceeded to Nice, and by fea to Genoa, 
 leghorn, Pifa, and then pafl'ed to Florence. 
 His next vifit was through Sienna to Rome, 
 where he was delighted with the vaft treafures 
 of the Vatican, and honored with the kindnefs 
 of cardinal Barberini and other learned men. 
 From Rome he went to Naples, and formed 
 the defign of vifiting Sicily ; but on the dif- 
 turb.-d ftate of affairs at home he determined to 
 haftcn back. PafEns through Rome, Bologna, 
 Ferrara, Venice, Verona, Milan, Geneva, 
 and Fiance, he reached England after an ab- 
 sence of 1 5 months. Inftead of returning to 
 Jive with his father, who had retired to Read- 
 ing, from Horton, he fettled in St. Bride's 
 church-yard, to educate his fitter's two fons, 
 Edward and John Phillips. Afterwards, in- 
 to take more pupils, he removed to a 
 houfe in Alderfgate-ftreet, and publifhed 
 his tractate of education, which proves how 
 well qualified he was to 'miiruct Others, though, 
 from a diflike of univerfity rules, he adopted a 
 mode of education totally the reverie of what 
 tifed in fchools. In 1641 he vented 
 his virulence againft the church in fome pamph- 
 lets, and fuppoited the republican principles. 
 In 1643 he married the daughter of Mr. 
 , ajuilice of peace in Oxfordfhire ; but 
 was a firm rovalift, this union proved 
 y, and after cohabiting with liim about 
 
 a month fhe left him. Difgufted with th 
 conduct, the poet thought that he might be 
 permitted to take another wife; and he not 
 only wrote tracts in favor of divorce, but paid 
 his addreffes to another lady, litis had due 
 effect, and his wife relenting, threw herfelf at 
 his feet, and obtained his forgivenefs in 1645, 
 From Alderfgate-ftreet he removed to Barbican, 
 and then to Holborn, where he rejoiced at the 
 profpe'etof the fall of the regal government. The 
 times gave full fcope for the exertion of he 
 abilities, and he defended the trial and execu- 
 tion of the king. He was appointed Latin fe- 
 cretary to the council of ftate, and in this office 
 he anfwered the icon Bafilice, by his icono- 
 claftes, 1649, and two years after publifhed 
 his celebrated work againft Salmafius, pro po- 
 pulo Anglicuno defenfio, which not only fpread 
 his fame through: Europe as an elegant Latinift, 
 but procured for him from the government a 
 pr'efent of lOOOl. About this tiaie he loft his 
 eye-fight, which had gradually decayed from 
 his fevere application, but he neverthelefs 
 continued active in the fupport of his prin- 
 ciples. In 1652 his wife died, and fome time 
 after he married a fecond. But though raifefl 
 to independence by Cromwell and Richard, 
 MUton law with terror the diffolution of his fa- 
 vorite republic approaching, and not all the 
 labors of his pen could uphold the crumbling 
 fabric. On the reftoratioti he concealed 
 himfelf in a friend's houfe in Bartholomew- 
 clofe ; but though his conduct had marked 
 him out at firft for deftruction, yet by the 
 interefl of his friends, who refpecled his 
 learning, while they detefted his principles, 
 he was included in the act of amnefty. Re- 
 moving from Petty France, Weftminfter, 
 where he had lived fince 1652, he took a houfe 
 in Holborn, and then removed to Jewin-ftreet, 
 where he took a third wife, and then fettled in a 
 houfe in the Artillery walk. In this place, 
 where he lived longer than in any other, lie waa 
 aceuftomed, as Phillips obferves, to fit at the 
 door in the fummer, in a grey coarfe cloth 
 coat, and while enjoying" the frefh air, perfons 
 of rank and of eminence have been kno\vn to 
 pay their refpects of admiration to the blind 
 but venerable bard. Though reduced in his 
 eircumftances he refufed to accept the Latin, 
 fecretaryfhip honorably offered him by Charles 
 II. and he devoted himfelf to the completion of 
 his great poem. He was affifted in his literary 
 purfuits by Eliwood, a quaker, who acted as an 
 amanuenfis. In 1665, during the plague, the 
 poet retired to Chalibnt, Buckinghamfhire, and, 
 while in this place, he was vifited by Eliwood, 
 into whole hands he put his paradife loft, now 
 fmifhed, and model! ly requefted his opinion. 
 Eliwood read the work with approbation, and in 
 returning it to the poet, told him that lie had 
 fatd much about paradife loft, but, added he, 
 what haft thou to fay of paradife found. The 
 hint was Opt loft ; paradife regained was begun, 
 and afterwards when vifited by Eliwood, Milton 
 presented him the poem which originated in his 
 

 
 MIL 
 
 onverfatTon. The pn^t returned to London 
 1 1>>>(), and the paradife Iofl was firft printed 
 the following year, in 10 bool< 
 fweiled to i\ and i lined in 1670, 
 
 in 4 books, to v%!iir-h was added, Samfon Ago- 
 niftea, a dramatic poem. Milton received tor 
 this groat work only 15l. paid by mil I 
 It is Angular that the poet confidered paradife 
 
 i as a fuperior performance to | 
 loir., but pofterity have decider! otherwife ; and 
 this matchleft poem, which long remained un- 
 known from prejudice, gradually rofe to notice, 
 to fame, and immortality. Dryden had recom- 
 mended its great merits 10 the public, in the 
 >x beautiful lines, " three poets in three dis- 
 tant ages born," &c. generally prefixed to the 
 work ; bur it was not till the days of Addifbfi, 
 that England became fenfible of *Ue greatnefa, 
 the beauties, and the fubiimity of her poet. 
 The critique of the Spectator opened the eyes of 
 the nation, and inbanifhine prejudice, liberally 
 proved, that however biailed Milton was in his re- 
 publican principles, and however blumeable in 
 feme parts of his political life, yet his merits 
 as a poet cannot be aflfec/ted ; he muit fhiue as 
 the greateft ornament of the Britiih ifles, and 
 in the ranks of immortality, be placed by the 
 fide of Homer, of Virgil, and of TaiTb. Mil- 
 ton died at his houfe near Bunhill-fields, in the 
 beginning of Nov. IG74, and was buried near 
 Ins father, in the chancel of St. Giles', (.'ripple- 
 gate, where a monument lias been lately erefted 
 to his memory, and another with greater pro- 
 priety, among the great departed dead of Weft- 
 ininftcr abbey, in 1737 by Mr. Benfon. It 
 is fuppofed that Milton drew his idea of his 
 great work from an Italian tragedv on the lofs 
 of paradife, on which he originally intended to 
 compofe a tragedy ; but as his matter en- 
 larged, his genius gave it the form of an 
 epic poem. His Samfon Agoniftes was written 
 fter the Greek model. The Com us was firft 
 acted for the benefit of his grand-daughter, 
 Mrs. Clarke, a widow in indigent circumftancc*, 
 and the public fupport wa 
 by a prologue from Dr. Johnfon. His po t- 
 ical works have been often and elegantly edit- 
 ed ; the lateft edition is that by Todd, 6 vols. 
 8vo. To the edition of Newton, a well 
 life Was prefixed, and ?vlr. Havley has a! ; 
 a poetical life of the author; but the critique 
 of Johnfon can never be fnrpafled. The 
 Smaller poems were edited by Thomas VVarton, 
 Bra with valuable notes. The ptofe works 
 of Milton are numerous and highly refpecTtable. 
 . he wrote an ftiftory 
 m to the eonqueft Areo- 
 pagitica, or th" liberty of unliemfed print- 
 
 -i<. r -, I'.ittory of Mnfcovy, &c. His 
 
 I vols, folio, 
 
 ro. The perfon o! Milton 
 
 
 
 his hair w 
 
 I 
 , well propnri 
 Lut hi* coniatuaon was 
 
 MIR 
 
 tender, and his health consequently weak. Tn 
 
 de of living he was ope. 
 ftemiou, and liquors. Though 
 
 he did not inherit much from his father, yet 
 
 v maintained him in a re'.i 
 tier, and at his death he left abo*t 15001. He 
 
 1 children except by the firft 
 K-ives. Three daughters furvived him, 
 and of t!u:fe the twoyoungeft were vvcllei I 
 
 by him to read ; and though they could readl 
 
 but Engliih, . 
 ufedto fay, that one tongue was enough for 
 woman. In his early years Milton favored 
 the puritans, afterwards he inclined to th 
 independents and anabaptifts, whofe liberty 
 of worihip he admired; but in the latter part 
 of life, he profcifed no attachment to an 
 and he neither frequented any public place 
 of worihip, nor obferved in his own houfe any 
 of the religious rites of the times, thou 
 was fully fenfible of the great truths of revela- 
 tion, and hoped for felvation through the me- 
 rits of a Redeemer, 
 
 M 1 n i:i.l r us, Jo h?i, a D u tch gramm ari an , 
 born at Rotterdam. The beft part of his life 
 v,:;'-. engaged in teaching the claffics, and he 
 publifhed editions of Virgil, Terence, Salluft, 
 Horace, Florus, and other' works, with notes. 
 He died l'G83. 
 
 MiNof, Lazcrence, an Englifh poet, whofe 
 works, difcovered by Tyre-hit in the CottOnian li- 
 brary, were prefentedto the public, 1795. He 
 died about 1352. 
 
 Mirabaud, John Baptift, perpetual fecre- 
 tary to the French academy, was born in Pro^ 
 venee 1674, and lived to the age of S'i. He 
 publiflied a tranflation of Talfo's Jerufalem 
 and alfo of Ariofto's Orlando Furiofo the fyf- 
 tem of nature, an atheiftlcal book, publiihcd 
 in 1/70, was falfely afcrihei to him. 
 
 MmvaE.ur, f'ictor Ritjuetti, marquis dr, one I 
 of the chief inftitutors of the political af- 
 fembly called ceconomifts, publifhed in 1735j 
 hommes, 3 vols. l-2mo. a 
 
 raining, with much crude - 
 matter, fine ideas on rural and political (eco- 
 nomy. His theorie de I'impot, in 12mo 
 proved fo offenfive to the government, on ac- 
 count of his opinions, that he was confined in 
 Kite. He wrote homines celebres, in 
 2 vols. 8vo. His work; were collected toge-* 
 ther in << vols. \1mn. He died at Paris 1790. 
 
 Mm ' Gabriel Riquettij cowil 
 
 die, fon of the preceding, and- deputy of Pro- 
 vence to the States \ born J 710. 
 After being in the army, (hiring the 
 
 a rich hcirefs of \ix, 
 but, diifipatton foon Squandered away his pro- 
 id he left hi 
 debts. After being- confined in the prifons of 
 h id an amour > il 
 i< prefident of Ri f 
 - awov to Holland. For tl 
 I to lofe bis bead. li- 
 feued in i?7 7, and confined at Vine 
 
MIR 
 
 MIR 
 
 and three years after, by the power of intereft, 
 xeftored to liberty. Undifmayed by reflections 
 on his conduit, he appeared at Aix, be- 
 fore the parliament, to demand his wife, who 
 indignantly refufed to live with him, and 
 he perfonaiiy pleaded his own eaufe unfuc- 
 tefsfully. The French revolution now ;ave 
 employment to this depraved man; and when 
 Hsjeed by the nobles of Provence, he, in 
 contempt of the order, opened a fhop, over 
 which he inferibed, Mirabeau, marchand de 
 draps. This probably recommended him to 
 Ai>:, whofe deputy he was ele<fted#to the third 
 Kate, and eonfequently called, with contempt, 
 the plebeian count. In the affemblv, by his 
 eloquence and his intrigues, he became a 
 fcading member ; but though he aimed at po- 
 pularity, he yet wifhed for power, and fecretly 
 planned the deftruftion of the monarchy. His 
 ambition difplayed itfelf in fpite of his hypo- 
 rrify, and when the unfortunate Louis ap- 
 peared in the a{Tcrnbly,.alI covered with dia- 
 monds, the afp'uring deputy cowld not help 
 exclaiming to one of his accomplices, behold 
 tlie victim. Capable of being apparent! v the 
 friend and the leader of all parties, he created 
 volcanoes for the pleasure of extinguishing their 
 flames, and flattered himfelf l'ecrctlv with the 
 hope of being one day, like another Cromwell, 
 the protestor of France. He accufed the 
 jacobins, and denounced vengeance againft 
 the factions; but his threats were the fignal 
 of his death. He was attacked by a fudden 
 Ipfeafe, which in a few hours proved fatal, 
 17 f M, and though the phyficians, who opened 
 liis body, attributed his death to a fever, the 
 public: believed that he .had been cut off by 
 poifon. His funeral was conduced with all 
 nap of republican pride, and his remains 
 pouted near thole of Des Cartes; but 
 tad obferved that near the capitol was 
 the Tarpeian rock, the fickle populace dif- 
 pcriVd, the following year, his afhes in the 
 air, with every mark of ignominy. Mirabeau 
 rote a comparison Ivetvveen the great Conde' 
 and Scipio Africanus hiftory of FnrfSa under 
 Fred, ric the Great, 8 vols. 4 to. collection of 
 his labors in the national affemblv, 5 vols. Svo. 
 original letters, containing an account of his 
 life and amours, A vols. 8vo. fecret hiftorv of 
 the court of Berlin, 2 vols. Svo. a work burnt 
 by the hands of the hangman, ike. 
 
 Mirabeau, Boniface Riquctti, vifcount de, 
 brother to the preceding, ferved in America, 
 and at the French revolution was elected de- 
 puty of the nobility of Limoufin to the ftates. 
 fed the union of the- three chambers, 
 and when the king (auctioned it, he, quitting 
 the room, broke his (Word, dccl.iring that the 
 monarchy was at an end. When he found 
 achment to tin throne became a crime, 
 he eiultrrated, and railed a regiment for the 
 prince of Conde"; He died at the end of 1792, 
 at friburg, in the BrUguvv. He was author 
 e fongs and other temporary fatires, 
 ai the beginning of the revolution. He was 
 
 addicted to drinking, and a rn: n of little cou- 
 rage. When he paid a vifit to his brother, 
 who had been wounded in a duel,' he was re- 
 ceived with great politenefs, and thanked for 
 his attention, becaufe, obferved, with keen 
 fatirc, the wounded man, I am afraid I (hall 
 never have the opportunity of returning your 
 vifit. 
 
 Mirandula, John Picas, earl of a cele- 
 brated Italian nobleman. He loft his father 
 earhr, but he found in his mother a moft at- 
 tentive guardian. To ftrong natural powers, 
 Mirandula united unceafmg application, and a 
 memory lb retentive, that nothing which he 
 heard or read was ever forgotten. After ftudy- 
 ing the; law at Bologna, he vifit ed the univer- 
 fities of France, and by conrerfation, and by 
 ftudv, enlarged the refources of his mind. At 
 his return to Rome, though only 23 y he pub- 
 lifihed 000 propofitions in logic, mathema- 
 tics, divinity, phyfics, &e. drawn from etaffi- 
 eal Jewifli and Arabian authors, and challen- 
 ged any philofoplier or divine to enter the 
 lilts with him in difputation. This public ex- 
 hibition f learning was anticipated with 
 aftonifhment and envy, and enemies arofe, who 
 perfuaded pope Innocent VII. that 13 of the 
 proportions were heretical ; and the difap- 
 pointed Mirandula, though lie explained in a> 
 fubmiffive "apology," was forbidden to read 
 or difpute upon thefe thefes. In 1491 Miran- 
 dula devoted himfelf to divinity. He declarej 
 war againft aftrologers, be-aufe, it is faid, 
 they had foretold his death at the end of his 
 33d year. The prophecy was too true ; this 
 amiable fcholar died at Florence, 1404, in hi* 
 3 2d year. Though he died fo young, he wrote 
 feveral works, printed together at Bologna, 
 1496, folio, and latterly at Bafil, 1661. 
 They are written in elegant Latin, and' have 
 been tfanflated into French and Italian, and dif- 
 plav profound learning, aeutcnefs, and vivacity. 
 Mirandui.a, John Francis; Picas, prince 
 of, fon of Galeoti Pieus, the eldeft brother 
 of John, juft mentioned, was born 1469. 
 He fucceeded in 1499 to his father, as the head 
 of his principality, but he met with oppofition 
 in his family, and by the affiftance of Maxi- 
 milian I. and of the duke of Ferrara, his two 
 brothers, Lewis and Frederic, obliged him to 
 fly from his country. Thus a fugitive for nine 
 years, he was at laft reinftated in 1511, by the 
 affiftance of Julius II. but the next year the 
 papal troops were defeated at Ravenna, and Mi- 
 randula again hanimed. The exprliion of the 
 French from Italy in 1518 reltored him to 
 power, and he continued in peaceful potfelfion' 
 of his principality till 1 533, when his nephew 
 Galeoti, the fon of Levis, {'imported bv 40 
 afi'affins, entered hiscaftlc-in the night* and 
 murdered him, with his eldeft fon. He was a 
 great lover of learning, and was a more volu- 
 minous writer than his uncle ; and though in- 
 ferior in wit, fprightrtneft, and information, he 
 was lus fuperior in folidity. His works have 
 been generally edited Hrjth. tlioi'e of his uncle. 
 
 Missox, 
 
MOI 
 
 MOL 
 
 Missok, Francis Maximilian, a lawyer. 
 At the revocation of the edict of Nantes he 
 came to England, and engaged as travelling 
 I an Kndnh nobleman, through Italy, 
 in 1688 and 9. He died at London, f731. 
 He publifhed, a new voyage to Italy, 3 vols. 
 IQino. Hague, a work commended by Addifon 
 ar.d tranflated into Englifh, &c. 
 
 Mitchell, Jojtph, a poet, born in Scot- 
 land about 1684. In London he was patro- 
 nized bv lord Stair, and by fir Robert YVal- 
 pole ; but the liberality of' his friends was 
 wafted away in licentiounicfs, antl he remained 
 involved in diiiicultics. He died 1738. He is 
 deferibed by Gibber as a poet of the. third rate, 
 whole verification was in a ityle of mediocrity, 
 and exhibited few marks of genius. He pvib- 
 tiihed the fatal extravagance, a tragedy, pro- 
 perly belonging to Aaron Hill the highland 
 fair, a ballad opera and poems, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Mo a vi A, general of the caliph Omar, 
 avenged his mailer's death, and feized his king- 
 dom, 643 A. D. After taking Rhodes, and 
 deflroying the coloflus, he attacked Sicily, and 
 ravried devaluation to the gates of Conftanti- 
 rrople. After beficging In vuin the capital 
 For feven years, he purehifed peace by an an- 
 nual tribute. He died 680. During this 
 fiege, the Greek fire is faid to have been in- 
 vented. 
 
 Mocenigo, Leu-is, a Venetian, raifed to 
 the dignity of doge, 1.370. He attacked the 
 lurks who had feized Cyprus, and defeated them 
 at the battle of Lepauto, 1371. The doge 
 died 1576. One of his family, Andreic, an 
 able negotiator, wrote two hiftorical works, de 
 bello Turcarum- -la guerra di Cambiwi. 
 
 Modrevius, Andreas Fricius, fecretary to 
 Sigifmund Auguftws, king of Poland, wrote 
 various works of which that " de republica, 
 emendenda," in 5 books, printed 1554, is 
 highly efteemed as an able performance. In his 
 religious opinions he (bowed hirafelf incon- 
 fiftcnt, and while he inclined to the lutherans, 
 he was fufpecled by the catholics, and ex- 
 pofed to the rofentment of Pius V. 
 
 Moebius, Godfrey, of Thyringia, medical 
 prcfeflbr at Jena, was author of philological 
 principles of medicine, 4to. abridgment of 
 the elements of medicine, fol. anatomy of 
 camphire, 4 to. and died at Halle 1964. 
 
 Moine, Peter le, a French poet, born at 
 Chaumon, 1602. He was a jefuit, and was 
 the firft of that fecicry -vho acquired reputation 
 as a French poet. His grcateft work is " St. 
 Lewi*,"' an epic poem in 18 books. His 
 works are not highly approved by Boileau. 
 He died at Paris 1672. 
 
 MblNE, Francis In, a French painter, born 
 at Paris 1688. His famous apotheofis of 
 Hercule* in the grand faloon of Verfailles, in 
 which he was engaged four years, was to much 
 ed by the French king that he made 
 him his firft painter, with a liberal pennon. In 
 a fit of lunacy, hi ftabbed himfelf with his 
 fword, and cLed 1737, ag<2i 49, 
 X 
 
 Moixe, Abraham le, a French divine w 
 left France on account of his religion, and I 
 came the minifter of a proteftant 
 in London, where he died 1 760. He tranflated 
 into French Gibf n's paftoral letters- Sher- 
 lock on the witneffes of the refurreclion, &c 
 with learned notes and differtations. 
 
 Moivhe, de, Fid. Demoivke. 
 
 Mol\, Pictro Francejco, a painter born in 
 Switzerland, 1609. He ftudied the works of 
 Titian, and acquired a peculiar ftvle of his own 
 which enfured him fuccefs and reputation, lit 
 died 1665. He chiefly excelled in hiftory, 
 and alfo in landfcape. 
 
 Moi,a, Giovanni Faffi/hi, the brother of 
 the preceding, was alfo an' eminent painter. 
 He ftudied under Vouet and was much admired 
 for his landfcapes, and the foliage of Ida 
 trees. He was born about 1020. 
 
 Molanus, or Verm ecu n, John, profcfTor 
 of theology at Louvain, was born at Lifle^ 
 and died 15 85, aged 52. He publifhed I i- 
 nard's martyrology, with notes and an appen- 
 dix, 8vo. nataies fan6torum Belgii, 12mo. &e. 
 
 Molanus, Gerard Walter, a lutheran di- 
 vine, the correfpondent of Boffuet, with re- 
 fpccl to an union between the catholics and pro-* 
 tefiants. He wrote theological works, and c ied 
 1722. 
 
 Molay, James de, was the laft grand mailer 
 of the templars. The riches of his order ex-* 
 cited the futpicion of Philip the fair, who 
 feized the property, and fummoned the mailer 1 
 to appear at Paris, to anfwer for his conduct. 
 Molay came, attended by 60 knights, but 
 they were no fooner in the power of their per- 
 secutors, than they were feized, and all burnt 
 alive. Molay fuffered 1314, and before the 
 fatal torch was lighted, declared his innocence, 
 and the innocence of his order. 
 
 Moles worth, Robert, vifcovnt, an abM 
 flatefman, born 1656, in Dublin, where his 
 father who died before his birth had fettled as a 
 merchant. He was educated at Dublin, and 
 difplaycd fo mucri zeal at the revolution, that 
 James' parliament fequeftered his pi 
 William rewarded his fidelity, made him one 
 of his privy counsellors, and fent him as his 
 ambaffader to Denmark. After a refidence of 
 three years Mohf worth offended the .Danifh 
 court, by not fufliciently refpecling the privi- 
 leges of the country, and left the place abruptly,- 
 and On his return to England publifhed "ail 
 account of Denmark." The book, though 
 well received and tranflated into fevera! lan- 
 guages, offended prince George of Dei. 
 by reprefenting the Danifh government as ty- 
 rannical, and a complaint was prefcnled to 
 William, and an anfwer prepared to it. Mo- 
 lefworth difregarded thefe meafures, fafe in' 
 the public approbation. He was member of 
 the commons in feveral parliaments, but ren- 
 dered himfelf obnoxious to the clergy, by pro- 
 fane infinuations that religion is a pious craft, 
 but far inferior to the principles which, at 
 Athens and Rome, incited the vouth to the love , 
 
 Of 
 
MOL 
 
 MOL 
 
 <et their country, and to -the practice of the 
 tonoral virtues. As he ftrongly Supported the 
 Hanoverian fucceffion^ he was made by 
 George I. a privy counfellor, and created a 
 peer of Ireland l/'iO. He died 1725, near 
 j)ub!in, leaving feven fons and fonr daughters. 
 He pubiifhed an addrefs to the houfe of com- 
 mons, aud tranflated Hottoman's " franco- 
 ga!ii;<." 
 
 Moliere, John Baplift Pocquelin de, a 
 celebrated French comic writer, born at Paris 
 16-20. Kb father, who was a tapeiftry maker to 
 the court, intended him for his own bufinefs. 
 The boy, however, going frequently with his 
 grandfather to the theatre, acquired fueh a 
 tafte for dramatic reprefentations, that his con- 
 tempt for tapeftry-makiiig prevailed, and he 
 was fent under the jefuits at the college of 
 Clermont. Five years completed his education, 
 and he next attended the lectures of Gaifendi. 
 He afterwards applied himfelf to the. law, 'but 
 after his father's death he renounced all em- 
 ployments for the ftage, aud uniting himfelf 
 with a theatrical party, patronized by Riche- 
 lieu, he quitted the name of Pocquelin for 
 Moliere. He joined la Bejart, an acTtrefs, and 
 with her went to Lyons, in L 6 53, where he 
 produced his firft play l'eiourdi, or the blunderer, 
 which was received with ap[;laufe. He per- 
 formed afterwards at Languedoc, at Grenoble, 
 arid then fettled at Rouen. At Paris he was 
 noticed by the duke of Conti, and at laft pa- 
 tronized by the king, before whom he exhibited 
 with fueh fuccefs that he received a pennon, 
 and continued from that time to entertain the 
 court by a rapid production of new plays, His 
 laft comedy was lc inaade imaginaire, or the 
 ihypocondriae, and on the fourth night of its 
 being acted, 167U, the author died. It has 
 
 c.d that he exerted himfelf much in the 
 chief character, and that as in a part of the 
 play the actor pretends to be dead, Moliere 
 |was discovered to be not only a theatrical, but 
 jreal corpfe. It is certain that during the 
 
 niatton the author had a fevere defluxion 
 Ion his lungs, and that after the conclusion of 
 the piece, he went to bed and expired half an 
 hour after, by the burftihg of a veflel in the 
 lungs through coughing. Though, the arch- 
 Bjfcop would not permit his body to be deposited 
 in confeerated ground, the Sentence was rf verfed 
 by the king's command. Moliere, by his " tar- 
 B0e" had drawn upon himfelf the indignation 
 
 clergy, and that of 'Other orders by the 
 
 with which he laflied tlieir follies. He 
 
 [was, fays Voltaire, the beft comic poet that 
 
 rer lived in any nation, and it mull be con- 
 
 Bbd that he retrieved comedy out of chaos, 
 
 leille had tragedy* He married the 
 
 ter of his fellow comedian, la Bejart, 
 who was 'fufpe&ed of being his own chdd, 
 
 ith her he led a very unhappy life, ever 
 haunted by jealoufy, and too fenfible of the 
 fair one's frailties. To his own experience 
 fome attribute the great fuccefs with which he 
 paints the broils of domeftic life, aud die 
 
 varying paffions which agitate the jealous 
 
 breaiL 
 
 Moi.tEKES, Jnfi'ph Prival de, a French pht- 
 lofopher, born at Tarafcon, and educated at 
 the oratory. As a man of great abilities, ho 
 was made philosophical profeffor of the royal 
 college. He wrote mathematical leffons to 
 underlland philofophy, l'2mo. leffons oi" phi- 
 lofophy, or elements of phyfics, &c. to ex- 
 plain and improve the fyftems of Defcartes and 
 Newton, 3 vols. 8vo. Sec. and died 1?42 # 
 aged 65. 
 
 Molina, Lncis, a jefuit of New Caftile. 
 He Studied at Coimhra, and for 20 years was 
 profeffor of divinity at Ebora. He died at 
 Madrid 1600, aged 65. He wrote hefides 
 commentaries on the fumma of Aquinas a 
 treatiie de jufiitia et jure de concordia gratiae. 
 et liberi arbitrii, 4to. &c. 
 
 MouKiEis, Carolus, or Charles du Mou- 
 UN, a French lawyer, born at Paris, 1500. 
 An impediment in his fpeech prevented hisr 
 displaying his abilities at the bar ; but he wrote 
 on jurisprudence with fueh fuccefs that he was 
 called the Papinian of France. In 1552, he 
 removed to Baiil and other places, and on his 
 return to Paris was confined in the eenciergeria 
 for fome reflections on the council of Trent, 
 but was reftored to liberty by the uttereeffion 
 of the queen of Navarre. In his old age he 
 conformed to the Roman catholic tenets, and 
 died 1566. His works were published 1681, 
 in 5 vols, folio. 
 
 Molinj.us, or du Moulin, Peter, a pro- 
 tectant mimfter, of the fame family, born in 
 theVexin, 1568. He ftudied at Sedan, and 
 afterwards at Chrift college, Cambridge, and. 
 was profeffor of philofophy at Leyden, where 
 he had among his pupils Grotius. In 1599 he 
 was miuiiler of Charenton, and chaplain of 
 Catherine of Bourbon, the filler of Henry IV. 
 whom he preferved in the protectant faith. In 
 L615 he was invited to England by James I. 
 who gave him a prebend of Canterbury. He 
 was afterwards deputy of the Galilean church at 
 Dordt, where the affairs of the reformed 
 churches were to lie difcuffed. He was offered in 
 1 6 1 8 the divinity chair of Leyden, but declined 
 it, though he fettled at Sedan as theological 
 profeffor. He died there, 1658, aged 90. 
 He wrote among other things a treatife on the 
 keys of the church the hiflory of the monks 
 a defence of the reformed churches, &c. 
 
 Molinos, Michael, a Spanifh ecclefiaftic f 
 Saragoffa, 1627. He was the caufe of great 
 controversies in the church by his " fpiritu 
 alguide," firft pubiifhed in Spanifh, and after- 
 wards in other languages. He inculcated in 
 this work, that man muft annihilate himfelf in 
 order to be nuited to the deity \ and this doc- 
 trine, called quietifm, had among its abettors 
 Fenelon and madame Guyon. The author fell 
 into the hands of the inquifition, and was forced 
 to abjure his errors, and fenteneed to perpetual 
 imprifonment, in which he died, 1 696. 
 
 MoLLtR, Daniel trtiliam, profeffor of- me - 
 taphyfics 
 
MOL, 
 
 MQN 
 
 taphyfics and hiflorv, and librarian in Altorf 
 univerfitv, was horn at frefburg, and died at 
 Altorf, 1712, aped 70. He wrote opufcula 
 ^;c. l'iiuo. Opufcula inedk o-hiltorieo- 
 pbilologica, ISmo, ice. 
 
 Mo: 1 s, an Englifh dramatic 
 
 writer, born at Dublin, and educated at the 
 college there. He was of the Middle Temple, 
 London, and engaged as the conductor of the 
 periodical paper " Fog's journal,'* and sfter- 
 . wards ui" ** cotc;non fenfe." ih> died 1767. 
 lie wrote the perplexed couple- . 
 haU'-pav officer, three comedies. 
 
 Molsa, Fiands Maria, an 
 fcorn at Modena He p> ..: 1 talents, 
 
 bm unfortunately his manners were licentious. 
 He died of a foul diieafc contracted by his in- 
 temperate pleaf tires, 1544. His poems, both 
 Latin and Italian, poflefs merit. 
 
 Molsa, Tartfubna, grand daughter of the 
 preceding, was celebrated for her learn',, 
 beauty, and her virtue'. She was highly 
 efteemed at the court of Alphpnfus, 6 
 fcrrara, and honored with the appellation of 
 fingular, by the Roman Senators, who bellowed 
 on h< r the rights of a citizen, ] Goo. Befides 
 trantlations from Greek and Latin authors, 
 ike wrote fome original pieces, and *vas equally 
 admired for herfupcrior knowledge ofmuiic. 
 
 MolyNeux, Tf'iliiam, a mathematician, 
 born 1656, at Dublin, and educated at Trinity 
 college there. He entered at the Middle Tem- 
 ple, and after three years' refidencc returned 
 to Ireland. He was the correspondent of 
 Flamftced , and other learned men; and to 
 Lis exertions Ireland was indebted for the efta- 
 blilhment of her philosophical lonely, of 
 which he was the firft. fecrctary. In 16s.">, he 
 was elected fellow of the royal fociety of Lon- 
 don, and then travelled to Flanders to improve 
 bimfelf in engineering, as he was fnrvevor 
 of the works, and chief engineer of Ireland. 
 In 1680 he fled from the difturbances of Ire- 
 land, and fettled at Chefler, where tie devoted 
 himfelf to literature. He returned to Dublin 
 in 1692, and was ehofen member fur the 
 city ; and in ] 695 lor the univeriity. In 1(308 
 he tinted the great John Locke ; but on his 
 return to Ireland he was attacked by a fevcre 
 fit of the ftdue, and during his agony broke 
 a blood vefi'el of which he died 1698. He 
 wrote a treatiie on dioptrics, fciothericum 
 telefeopicum, or a defcription of the tekicope 
 dial the cafe of Irehmd (tated, &e. 
 
 Mowneux, Samuel, only fon of the above, 
 was bom at CLcfter, 16b9. He became fe- 
 cretary to George II. when prince of Wales, 
 Mid devoted much of his tune to the fcienees 
 and to aitronomy, and brought to greater 
 . n the method of mating teleicopes. 
 \Vhcu appointed commiihonor of the admiralty, 
 
 {jublic affairs i'upe, I .-, u;;d 
 
 - his papers to Dr. Smith, aftronomy 
 prefeffor -it Cambridge, by whom they were 
 tied. 
 Molyneux, fir iruliumy was La, the fa-vice 
 
 of Henry VJII. at the battle of Hodden firld. 
 On his death-bed he gave this advice to his 
 fon, " let the underwood grow, ih< 
 are the fupport of a family, and the 1 
 
 ilrongthofa kingdom. Improve. 
 this fairly, but force not violently either your 
 bounds or rents above your forefathers.' 1 
 
 MonaI.i iF.scm, Jvhn, tlie equerry of Chrif- 
 cruellv put to 1' 
 , for writing an . 
 is iniflrefs. Tiie . 
 vindictive, and (hiillina was juftly b 
 for fucii violence in a country where I 
 but a gueit. 
 
 * Monamy, Peter, a painter of fea 
 born at Jeril-y. He learnt liril of a figu pa 
 Ixmdon-hiidge. He died at Weftminfier, 
 . , Ni kolas, a phyfician 
 were efteemed, efp 
 his trea . virtues of the An 
 
 diugs, tmnfkted into Englifh, Latin, a 
 lian. He died i :>', :, 
 
 RIoncbon*, iV. Fuvgerct dr., of Y< 
 is known for Ids virulence. He traveftied the 
 Hcnriadc of Voltaire, and wrote the cofmol 
 polite preservation againft Anglomania and 
 fome indelicate romances. He died little re- 
 fpe&ed, 1760. 
 
 M oycRiF, Francis Au^uftin Paradis de t 
 died 1770, aged 8-1, author of an effay on the 
 means of pleafing the friendly rivals, a ro- 
 mancethe Abderites, a comedy, befides 
 poems and fmaller pieces. 
 
 Mondonville, John Jofeph Cajfanca, a. 
 mufician of Narbonne. Befides fonatas, fym- 
 phonies, operas, he compoi'ed magnu 
 minus, the jubilate, dominus regnavit, and 
 other religious pieces, and died near Paris, 
 l/7a, aged 57. 
 
 Mojjgault, Nicolas Hubert, ftudied under 
 the fathers of the oratory, and at Mans, aril 
 oppofed the philefophy of Ariflotle by that Gflj 
 Defcartes. In 1710, he was appointed lift 
 Orleans preceptor to his fon, and for his ferj 
 vices received the abbey of Chartrenve, l"!^ 
 and fhat of Villeneuve, 17 19. He pt 
 Cicei oV, letters to Atticus, 6 vols. ]2mo and> 
 tranfiated Herodian, and wrote two learndB 
 diffcrtations, &c. He died ] 74 6, aged 72. 
 
 MoNK, George, duke of Albemarle, cele 
 brateii for rcftoriiig'Chail*s II. W ills thronfl 
 was born at PottiiiJge, Dovonfhire. At 
 younger ion he chol'e the profctfion of arn]H 
 and accompanied fir Richard Grenville in his 
 qtaantfb expedition, and the tol 
 tb.e expedition againH the il'le of llhd. Aftefi 
 fume campaigns in Flanders, he returned to 
 England at tlie breaking out f the civil u-afl 
 and obtained tlie rnnl oit-coioneir 
 
 the expedition againft the Scotch. In tfl 
 Jrilh ; .rijOVof lydH 
 
 lin by the lords juftices ; but afterwards givtfl 
 vith the rebels, he fS 
 under 1 itext entruftcd witlwll 
 
 Hcrafl 
 a,. :. -..-',... I I -.rilix, and fen; - pril 
 
 Hull, 
 
MON 
 
 Hu!'; hut In 1646 he fubfcribed to the cove- 
 nant, and was employed in the: Irifh Ration. 
 1 hough thus a friend to the parliament, it is 
 to be obferved that the king's power was now 
 fcbolifhed, and that in ferving his former ene- 
 mies he had no Other iource of promotion or 
 maintenance. As chief commander in the 
 north of Ireland, his treaty with O'Neal gave 
 offence to the parliament, but Cromwell, who 
 knew his abilities, reconciled him to his folia- 
 tion, and left him at the head of the army in 
 Scotland, after the fecond Charles's invafion. 
 In 1653 he was united with Blake and Dean 
 in the command of the fea forces, and he ob- 
 tained a victory over the Dutch fleet. Though 
 fufpected by Cromwell, lie was inverted with the 
 command of the north. His popularity gave 
 unc-afinefs to the protector," who is faid in one 
 of Ins letters to him to have added this poil- 
 fcript, " there be that tell me that there is a 
 Certain cunning fellow in Scotland, called 
 Monk, who is faid to lie in wait there 
 to introduce Charles Stuart, 1 pray you ufe 
 y.;ur diligence to ap'prenend nirn, and fend him 
 up to me.*' Monk, however, knew how to 
 lie, and when Charles wrote to him, he 
 lent the letter to the protector, and evinced 
 his devotion to him by promoting addtfitTes from 
 the army to him. After Cromwell's death he 
 Congratulated his fueceifor; but wheri Richard 
 dropped the reins from his hand, Monk con- 
 du .-ted himfelf with artful caution, and while 
 Idled him to i'eize the government , he paid 
 i I . ttention to thole who recprnmended the ef- 
 lent of a republic, or to thole who fighed 
 ibr the re do ration of royalty. Undecided, he 
 marched to London, and fec.ure of the affection 
 of his foldiers, and'feniible of the withes of the 
 nation, he called a free parliament, and enfured 
 the reftoration of the exiled monarch, with 
 whom he liad fecretly corresponded. Replaced 
 throne, Charles fhdwed his gratitude 
 who had fo prudently 
 lit. Monk was leaded with honors ; he 
 I knight of the gaiter, privy counfellor, 
 
 of the horfe, firft lord of the treafury, 
 ts created baron Monk, earl of Torring- 
 ! duke of Albemarle, with a grant of 
 7000l. to him and his poflerity. His elevation 
 |*ve 1 .leaf ure to the nation, and the commons 
 in full body attended the new peer to the houfe 
 i, where his unaffected behaviour was 
 Imiration of all. Defcrvedjy popular, 
 was consulted in every affair of im- 
 portance. He was at the head of the admi- 
 ralty, and afterwards with Rupert contributed 
 defeat of the Dutch fleet. During the 
 I the king, who retired to Oxford, en- 
 
 hiin with the care of London, and 
 the city was burnt in his abfence, in 
 die people, fond of their favorite hero, 
 led, that if he had been there the dread- 
 ful calamity would have been avoided. This 
 great man was attacked by a dropfy, which 
 proved fatal 3d January, 1609-70, in his 6-2d 
 gear, and his remains, after lying iu lute at 
 
 MON 
 
 Somerfet-houfe, were depofited in the royal 
 vault of the chapel of Henry VII. in Weit- 
 miniter. Monk, whp refuted to ftep 10 a throne 
 which was within his reach, was entitled to all 
 the honors paid to him. In his private cha- 
 racter he was amiable, and he polfefle 1 alio 
 fome learning, as is proved by his book, " ob- 
 fervations on military and political affairs," 
 &c. He married the daughter of a blackfmith, 
 who had been a milliner and his miftrefs, but 
 who enfured his affection and his gratitude by 
 her attendance upon him when confined in the 
 Tower. She was a woman of great intrigue, 
 and of fo violent a temper, that the general, 
 who never dreaded a cannon ihot, trembled at 
 the found of her voice: He had by her a fon, 
 wdio died governor of Jamaica, 1668, when 
 the family became extinct. 
 
 Mom, Nicholas, brother to the great 
 Monk, was educated at Wadham college, and 
 made rector of Kilkhampton, Cornwall. He 
 was made provoll of Eton, and bifhop of 
 Hereford. He died 1681. 
 
 Monk, the Hon. Mrs. daughter of lord 
 Molefworth, and wife of George Monk, was 
 well acquainted with the Latin, Spanith, and 
 Italian languages, and wrote poetry w'ith ele- 
 gance and ipirit. She died about 17 15, and 
 her works containing "Miranda, poems and trans- 
 lations on feveral oceafions," 8vo. appeared 1 7 1 6. 
 Monmouth, James duke of, natural fon 
 of Charles II. was born at Rotterdam 1649, 
 and educated among the Roman catholics. On 
 his reftoration Charles created him earl of 
 Orkney, knight of the garter, and .afterwards 
 duke of Monmouth. He had the care of an 
 expedition in Scotland, and afterwards ferved 
 in France, and obtained the rank of genera!. 
 Forgetting his duty he entered into a confpi- 
 racy to dethrone his father, but this ingratitude 
 was forgiven by Charles. Monmouth retired 
 into Holland, but no fooner heard that James 
 II. had afcended the throne, than he invaded the 
 kingdom. With a few followers he attacked 
 the king's forces, arid he was defeated at 
 Sedgemoor, In Somerfetfhire, and taken in 
 difguife in a field, with fome peas in his 
 pocket for his fuflenance. He made the moft 
 humiliating petitions to James ; but his death 
 was determined upon, and he was beheaded, 
 1685, in his laft moments mowing rellgnation 
 and fortitude. 
 
 Monnier, Peter le, profeffbr of philofophy 
 at Paris, was author of eurfus philofophicu3, 
 6 vols. IShao. and died at Paris, 1757, 
 aged 8-2. Jits fon Charles was profeffbr of 
 philofophy in the royal college, and was em- 
 ployed to meafure a degree of the meridian 
 near the pole. He died 1"99. 
 
 Monnoye, Bernard de la, a learned French- 
 man o 1 ' Dijon. He obtained in 1671 the firft 
 prize of poetry, offered by the French aca- 
 demy, on the iuppreifing of duelling. Befidea 
 his poetry in French, and alfo in Creek, 
 Latin, and Italian, in which he evinced the 
 greateft elegance united with fwcetuefs and fim- 
 [ N ] plicity, 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 pliclty, he wrote various profit compofitions. 
 I at Paris, 17 28, 8g! 
 
 Monnoyer, John Brqjii/t, a painter, born 
 ai Lifle, and educated at Antwerp. He came 
 land, where he was much Pattered and 
 approved. He died in Pail-mall, 1069. 
 
 Monro, Alexander, n phyfician, born in 
 Scotland, 1607. He ftudied at Paris and 
 Leyden, and in 1 7 19 returned to Edinburgh, 
 and began thole lectures in anatomy and on 
 chirurgical fuhjects which have rendered his 
 celebrated. He dieJ 1767- S His works 
 are, ofteology anatomy of the nrrves : 
 
 nd observations fuccefs of inoculation 
 In Scotland. 
 
 Monro, John, an able phyfician, bom 
 1 7 1 ;> , at Greenwich, in Kent, and educated 
 at Merchanc-taylors', and St. John's college, 
 Oxford. He was elected In 1 7 4 :3 to a tra- 
 velling fellowship, and went abroad and ftudied 
 under Boerhaave, at Leyden. He returned to 
 England, and in 1751 was elected joint phy- 
 fician with liis father to Bridewell and Bethk-m 
 hofpitals. He here devoted his attention to 
 cafes of infanity, and in J75S published re- 
 marks on Dr. Baltic's treatife on madnefs, in 
 which, in elegant language, he retorted the 
 cenfures thrown on his predeecflbrs, and at the 
 fame time paid an honorable and well merited 
 compliment to the memory of his father. The 
 death of his eldeft, fon, and icon after of his 
 daughter, had a powerful influence on him, 
 and brought en a paralytic itroke, 1783, in 
 eonfequence of which he gradually withdrew 
 himfeff from public bufine>, and retired to 
 Hadlcy, near Bamet, where he died, 17 91, 
 aged 77. 
 
 Monro, Alexander, D. D. a learned divine 
 ofRofsfhire, educated at King's college, Aber- 
 deen, where he became profeifor of philofophy. 
 In 1686 he was made principal of the nniver- 
 fity of Edinburgh, but unwilling to comply 
 with the revolution he was expelled arid became 
 an epifeopal preacher. He wrote an inquiry 
 into the new opinions, in which he attacked 
 theprefbyterians, and then fled from their refent- 
 ment. He returned afterwards to Edinburgh, 
 where he died, 1713, aged r, 5 . 
 
 Monsey, Mejjenger, a phyfician of exten- 
 sive practice, and of eccentric character. He 
 was for many years phyfician at Chelfea hof- 
 f>ital, and died t7&8, aged 96, ordering, as 
 he disapproved of interment in churches, that 
 his body ilioulu be anatomized, and the fkeieton 
 hung up in Chelfea hoipital for the benefit of 
 the ftudents. 
 
 Monscn, fr TVilliam., a brave admiral, 
 born at South Carlton, Lincolnshire, 1569. 
 He was for two years at Baliol college, Oxford, 
 but the love of adventure was more congenial 
 to his feelings, and therefore he cnlif 
 common foldiei. He wa; . the fea 
 
 fervice, and engaged in the expeditions againfl 
 tb worts, and at the taking ofFayal. His 
 fpirit ilrongly recommended him to 
 th, by whom he was knighted. Under 
 
 James I. he was appointed admiral of the 
 narrow feas, and diilinguilhed againfl the 
 Dutch and the French. Through the jeuluul'y 
 of the courtiers he was, in 1616, imprifoncd 
 in the Tower, but foon after discharged, lie 
 was confulted afterwards by the ininiftry on na- 
 val fuhjects, and he oppofed as impracticable- 
 the expeditions againlt. Algiers, 1617, and 
 againfl Cadiz, 1625, and Rlie*, in 16-28. In 
 163* he was employed againfl: the French and 
 the Dutch, and then retired to privacy. He 
 died at Kinnerfley, in Surrey, 1642-3, aged 
 7-i. He published " naval tracts," a valuable 
 performance* 
 
 Montague, Richard, an Englifh prelate, 
 born 3 377, at Dorney, Buckinghamfhire, 
 From Eton he went to King's college, Cam- 
 bridge, and was made chaplain to James L 
 ancl in 1616, dean of Hereford. In 16-21, he 
 diftinguifhed himfelf by his diatribe on the firit 
 part of Seider/s hiftory of tithes, which fo I 
 pleafed t he king that he engaged him to ivrite . 
 his analecta ecclefiaftic. exercitationum. In I 
 1624 tie attacked fome popifh and jefuit mif- I 
 fionanes who attempted to gain over his flock I 
 at Stanford-rivers, Effex, and in confequeuce i 
 of the controverfy, his enemies felected 
 paflages from his. writings, which they threat- 
 ened they would fubmit to the parliament as 
 heretical. He withftood their attacks, and 
 puhlifhed his appello Caefarem, 1625, which, 
 as being more objectionable, brought him be- 
 fore the firil houfe of commons of Charles I. 
 where he was cenfured, and obliged to give a 
 fecurity of 2000'. for his appearance. Though 
 ptofecuted by the commons, he found a patron 
 in the king, and he was, in 16-2 8, promoted to 
 the fee. of Chicheiter, and 10 years after to Nor- 
 wich, whece he died, 16-11. He wrote bcfides, 
 verfio et notte in Phoiii epiftolas, and avnfh-J 
 Savile in his edition of St. Chryfoftom's works. 
 
 Montague, Charles, earl of Halifax, warn 
 born at Horton, Northamptonshire, 1661 J 
 and from Weflminfrer fchool he went, in 
 16:-j2. to Trinity college, Cambridge. His 
 poem on the death of Charles II. in 1684, re- 
 commended him to the notice of Dorfet, and), 
 the afliffance which he gave to Prior in the 
 compofitkm of the country and city moufe, 
 l687j t* ridicule Dryden's hind and panther, 
 contributed flill more to his celebrity. On 
 James I.'s abdication, he was one of the mem- 
 bers of the convention, and on William's ar- 
 rival he was prefented to him by lord Dorfet, 
 and received a penfion of 50ol. in 1691, he 
 ed his powers in the houfe of commons, 
 and was made one of the lords of the trcaiury, 
 and three years after chancellor of the exche- 
 quer. In 1695 he began the recoining of 
 the current money of the kingdom, and in 
 1696 he projected the feheme of a general 
 fund, which lias proved fo effential to modern 
 financii rs under the name of the finking fund, 
 s he was firfi commiflioner^ of the. 
 treafury, the next year auditor of the exche- 
 quer, and in 17 00 wade baron Halifax. 
 
 Though 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 TI tough attacked by the commons in 1/01, as 
 guilty of high miiHemeanors, tlie accufation 
 vas difproved, and he gained in a flronger de- 
 gree the confidence of the monarch. His zeal 
 hi the Hanoverian fucceffion procured him the 
 favor of George I. by whom he was created 
 earl of Halifax, and made knight of the garter. 
 He died Suddenly, after an illuefsof four days, 
 1715. Halifax owed his elevation and his 
 honors to his merits. As a man of learning 
 he was refpectablc, and the patronage which 
 he extended to Addifoti, to Steele, Pope, 
 Swift, and the wits of the age, will extend his 
 fame to the lateft poiterity. His poems, 
 fpeeches, &e. and memoirs of his life, have 
 been collected among the works of Englifh 
 poQj. 
 
 Montague, Edward, earl of Sandwich, an 
 illuftrious character, who, though he fought 
 againft Charles I. and advifed Cromwell to af- 
 fume the crown, was zealous for the reftora- 
 tkm. Diftinguifhed as a general and as a 
 ftatefman, he was equally fo as an admiral, 
 and in the Dutch war he behaved with afto- 
 ni thing valor in the battle of South wold bay. 
 After extricating his fleet from imminent dan- 
 ger, his ihip caught fire from one of the fire 
 fhips of the enemy, and in the general confu- 
 iion he leaped over board arid was drowned, 
 I672. He was diftinguifhed as a writer of 
 letters to Secretary Thurloe letters during his 
 embaffy in Spain the art of metals, &c. tranf- 
 lated from the Spaniih, a book of merit, &c. 
 
 Montague, lady Mary IVorlley, eldefl 
 daughter of Evelyn Pierrepont, duke of King- 
 ftoti, was born at Thorefby, in Nottingham- 
 fhire, 1690. She was inftructed in the know- 
 ledge of the Greek and Latin daffies, and 
 married, in 1712, Edward Wortley Montague, 
 a gentleman of great political knowledge and 
 influence, dittinguilhed as an eloquent member 
 of parliament, and as- the friend of Addifon, 
 and in 17 16 ihe accompanied him in his em- 
 baffy to Conitantjnople. In this diflant re- 
 gion fne examined the manners and habits of 
 the natives, and communicated by letter her 
 obfervations to her friends in England. To 
 her discernment Europe is indebted for. the in- 
 troduction of the fmall-pox ; but it is to be 
 remarked tltat before fhc recommended it fhe 
 made the firft experiment upon her own fon, 
 and its fuccefs proved the means of diflemi- 
 nating the bleffngs and the continuation of 
 life to thousands. In 17 18 fhe returned to 
 England and fettled at Twickenham, where fhe 
 formed an intimacy with Pope. This proved 
 of fhort duration, the poet was irafcible, and 
 he vented the feverity of his fatire againft his 
 fair friend, and when charged with the fcur- 
 rility of his writings he had the meannefs to 
 deny them. In l"u9, lady Mary fettled at 
 Brefcia near Venice for the benefit of her 
 health, where fhc continued till 17-61, when 
 (he returned to England to fee her daughter, 
 who had married lord Bute. . She died the 
 knowing yew, . The letters of lady Monta- 
 
 gue were publithed in a Surreptitious edition, 
 iu 176;i, in 4 vols. 12mo. under the care of 
 Cleland. 'Ihey have made their appearance 
 in a more correct and perf'e t form under the 
 approbation of her gran.lfon, lord Bute, in 
 5 vols. 8vo. 1803. Thefe letters exhibit her 
 powers in a very pleafing view. The many 
 adventures which attended her in her travels 
 are prefented in interefting defcription, and 
 prove that with a romantic imagination fhe 
 poffeffed great talents, and inexbauftible powers 
 of language. Many paffages, however, efpe- 
 cially in her poetry, cannot be read whliout a 
 blulh by a perfon of delicacy, and it is to be 
 lamented, that fuch offenfive pages fhould be 
 prefented to the public eye, from the pen of 
 a lady of refpectable character, of elegant tafte 
 and folid judgment. 
 
 Montague, Edward Worthy, fon of the 
 above, born at Warncliffe lodge, Yorkfhica, 
 was remarkable for his eccentricities. He ran. 
 away from Weftminfter fchool, to become a 
 chimney fweeper, aud when reftored to his 
 parents he again left them to join a fifherman, 
 after which he embarked as a cabin boy for 
 Spain, and hired himfelf there to a muleteer. 
 Here he was difeovered and prevailed upon to 
 return to his friends, who placed him under 
 the care of a tutor, and with him he vifited the 
 Weft Indies, and other countries. On his 
 return he was member of parliament, and eon- 
 ducted himfelf with all the propriety becoming 
 his birth and fortune ; but icon his fondnefs 
 for novelty gained its ufuul afcendancy. At 
 Constantinople he adopted the manners of the 
 Turks; he kept a numerous feraglio, he fat 
 crofs-legged, wore a long beard, and behaved 
 with all the pomp of oriental coniequence. 
 In early life he had married a woman of mean 
 birth, with whom he had never cohabited, and 
 hearing, while at Conftantinople, of her death, 
 he determined, by a moft extraordinary plan, to 
 alienate his fortune from his relations. He 
 caufed, therefore, to be inferted in the news- 
 papers, an adverfifement for a young woman 
 as a wife, who was already advanced in her 
 pregnacy, and a proper perfon was aecordlnjdy 
 provided ; but before the romantic h'ro could, 
 return thus to impofe on the world his falfe 
 heir, death arretted his purpofes. He died 
 in Italy 1776, aged about 62. He was 
 author of an examination into the eaufes of 
 earthquakes and of obfervations on the rife 
 and fall of the Ftomau empire-w-account of 
 the mountains of Arabia, ike. 
 
 Montague, Elizabeth, daughter of Mat- 
 thew llobinfon of Horton, Kent, was a lady 
 of great accomplifhments, improved under the. 
 tuition of Conyers Middleton. About 1742, 
 ihe married Edward Montague, of Allerthorpe, 
 Yorkfhire, and foon became a widow with an 
 ample fortune, and numerous connections, 
 refpected by the great, the learned, and the 
 gay. She lhowed now greater attachment to> 
 literature than to the amufements of the fa- 
 fliiouable world, and ihe formed a literary club, 
 [N2] "which 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 which received the Angular appellation of the 
 btae Hocking clab, becaufe one of the mem* 
 tors, a gentleman, generaiK wore [tockinga of 
 that color. She wrote, cfliiy on the writings 
 and genius of Shakel'pear, 1/69, a va 
 vurk. .She was much courted by l<<rd Lyttel- 
 ton, whom it i-> laid ihe adificd in the compo- 
 fition of his dialogues of the dead. 8! 
 in 1 SCO, modi lamented by the chimney 
 (weepen in the metropolis, to whom the had 
 for many yeirs, with gffeat humanity, and with 
 fome (how of oiientatious vanity, given afplen- 
 did entertainment on Mtv-; lay. 
 
 VklOVBy Vicharl de, a celebrated French 
 writer, born at PerigOidjVi *4)3i He was edu- 
 cated under his father, and inftructcd to fpeak 
 Latin full ns his mother tongue. He was 
 intended for the law, but dtfregarding the pro- 
 feffion, he travelled for his improvement, by 
 obfervations-on men and manners,. At Rome 
 he was honored with the title of citizen, and 
 inl. r /Hl he was chofen in his abience mayor 
 of Bourdeaux. He was at th.e meeting ol the 
 ttitt r s of Blois, Id-^S, where his conduct me- 
 rited the approbation of his countrymen, and 
 of Charles IX. who inverted him with the order 
 of Sv. Michael. He died 1 59-2, at his feat of 
 Montaigne near Bourdeautc, where he had 
 retired to learned cafe and philofophical foeioty, 
 and his lalt moments evinced the ehara&er 
 of a good catholic. His effays have been re- 
 peatedly pubhihed. They are ainuling, and 
 convey much inliruction to the heart, though 
 they often abound with i'cepiicifm and obfca- 
 ritv. Du perron called them the breviary of 
 honeft men, and lord Halifax declares them 
 to be the book in the world with which he 
 was heft entertained. His travels were printed, 
 3 vols. 1-2 mo. 1/72. 
 
 Montau:m;jert, Mark Rem, a French ge- 
 neral , horn at Ar.goulf me. He ferved in the 
 French, Ruffian, and Swedtm armies, (Hid was* 
 diftingu'tfhed as a man of teaming* He was 
 author of perpendicular fortification, or the 
 detenfive fuperior to the otfeufive art, by a ncv 
 method of employing artillery, 1 1 vols. 4to. 
 1776 eorrefpondence with generals, &c. 3 
 vols. comedies and poems. He died 1799, 
 aged 85. 
 
 'amy Butter Franris d' Arrfais, lord 
 th>, a rfctive of Morrtamy in Normandy, he- 
 fides a trcatife on colors for painting on ena- 
 mel and on porcelaiue, 12ujO. tratiOafd Iron: 
 the German of Pott, Lithogeoghofie; 2 vols, 
 l'iino. and died r,'ti5. 
 
 Montanus, (bunder of a new herefy in the 
 fpfond century, pretended to be infpired with the 
 Holy Ghoii. lie denied the trinity, and included 
 all the three perfouJ into oneindivifible ; he 
 regarded fecund marriages as fornication, and 
 eftablilbecl his authority, by declaring himfeU 
 fent, like Mules and J e fire, to propagate new 
 doctrines, and to lead the world to falvation. 
 
 ted Spa- 
 niard, who travelled through Fiance, (*<r- 
 nany, Eugland, and die. Ixiw Countries, to 
 
 learu the living tongues, and at Hia rwmi wai 
 lb admired, that Philip II. employed hira 
 publication of a new polygiott bible. Tbti 
 
 lie completed with great labor and fucrefs, 
 
 1 11 1. Tin* work iv 
 
 but the Spauilh kirn.- offered the author a 
 
 b'dhoprie, which he refilled, pi 
 
 tirement to dignities. He died at 
 
 about 1600. 
 
 . v:s, J( ' Jan of 
 
 Verona, I4S8. lie tludied the law "at I 
 but preferred phytic;, id whi h he foon ac- 
 quired reputation. He retired to Padua, where 
 he obtained a profefl'or's chair. ; I 
 1551. He wrote medicina univerfa opufcu- 
 la viria medica do gradibus & facul 
 medieam. &e. 
 
 M0NT4U1.T', Phi&rpde, d 
 nouiued the proteitant faith by the ; 
 fion of Richelieu, and was in ] G f j y lent to he 
 relief of Candia, but failed in his al 
 thou>,h he retired covered with 
 died at Paris, 1684, aged o.'>. His memoirs 
 appeared in 1701, but are little rntereftinsf. 
 
 MoNTAUsir.R. Chi inte j'Juurr, 
 
 duke de, peer of France, knight of % various 
 orders^ was governor of the dauphin. Diirirtg- 
 the civil wars of the Fronde, he main 
 order at Saintonge and Angoomois, and when 
 appointed Over Normandy, he no fooner 
 that the plague infeited the country, than he 
 haftened fo the relief of the people. His family 
 expoftuktted, but he replie ? , that governors 
 were obliged to relu'e as well as bifhops and 
 if not on alhoccafion's, yet in the time of pub- 
 lic calamity. Jn his conduct towards the dan- 
 phin, he behaved like a man of virtue, and 
 integrity, and without flattery he wifhed to 
 lead him to the paths <A' duty. To infpi 
 with a due fenfe of what fovereigns owe to the 
 meaneft of their fubjects, he one day took 
 the prince to a Cottage, where he addreffed 
 him in thefe words : " behold lodged in' 
 this wretched habitation, the father, the 
 mother, and the whole family, who labor in- 
 ceffantly to provide gold, that your pats* 
 be adorned, and whoakneft peilm widi hunger, 
 that your tabic may be fpreu'd with du 
 exqniiite dainties." When his attendatu 
 completed, he told the prince, " if vou are a 
 man of probity and honor, vou will love me, 
 but/f yod are not, you will hate me, and I 
 ihai! comfort myfrlf ; through th 
 meut." He died 1*690, a- 
 
 Mont!!;u!.i..mm), UlnliL, de, an 
 
 eminent naturalift, born at Nanrnr, 1730, 
 He alfiited Bitifon, and wrote the htftorv of 
 birds, and < began that of infecls, but died 
 bei'ore its ebmpledon, J 7"85. 
 
 MoNicAi.vt, Lewis Jojeph d 
 maujiiis dr., of Cartdiac, diftinguiii 
 fell* by his valor, particularly at the battle of 
 Ptacenza in 1746. He role to the rank of 
 field marfhal, and in 3 7 r >M was placed over 
 Canada. Hei> he ably oppofed the 
 getieral Loudun, and defeated his fu 
 
 Abercioiiibie 
 
MON 
 
 WON 
 
 ::}/ e ; but the attack ef Wolfe proved 
 
 The Englifh general, determined on 
 
 (be conqbeft of Quebec, fell in the attempt, 
 
 ied in the, arms of victory ; and Montr 
 
 Oahn, who had oppofed moft valiantly this 
 
 us chief, alfo fhared his fate, 1759. 
 
 :C;iK;;s-rir.x de Vatf.yii.le, Anthony, 
 
 h poet. He was for fome time in Eng- 
 
 in confequence of his being- aecufed 
 
 t ler; but,, as tbe aeeufation feemed fidfe, 
 
 irned home. lie was afterwards fuipefted 
 
 of coining; and at laft, engaging in the civil 
 
 wars of France, he was killed near Falaife, 
 
 t.v a party who attempted to arreft him. The 
 
 ol' Dorcfrcnt ordered that his body 
 
 i.e torn to pieces and Imnit, 1651'. 
 
 ' ' rc fome tragedies befides a paftoral 
 
 Sufah, a poem. ike. 
 
 :V<:.- n.cixii.i, count Sebajhan, an Italian, 
 
 fnp-bearer to the fon of Francis L of France, 
 
 he is laid to have poifoncd at Valence. 
 
 When aecufed and tortured, J 536, he cou- 
 
 feffed that be had done it at the inftigation of 
 
 ttzens of Charles V. hut the- bloody 
 
 deed originated with Catherine de Medicis, the 
 
 Henry -II. the brother of the murdered 
 
 prince. 
 
 Wtecucolm, Raynaud de, a general, 
 horn at Modern, 1G08. His uncle Erneft 
 jn&de him pafs through ihe gradations of mili- 
 tary life, and eniified him firft as a common 
 fbldii v. He diftinguifhed himfelf againft the 
 S'.vifs, 10,000 of whom he defeated with -2000 
 men, thpugh he was afterwards taken prifoner 
 by Bannier. After two years' confinement, he 
 gained freih laurels againft the Swedes. In 
 ] 6S7 the, emperor feat him to the afliftance of 
 John Calimir, of Poland, againft the Swedes 
 and tlie Turks, and there he gained feveral vic- 
 tories. In Hi;.} he was employed against 
 Turenne, ' who fell in the battle, and after- 
 wards againft Gonde*, and maintained unfullicd 
 the glory which lie had acquired. He died at 
 Linrz lbsO. 
 
 Mont'esp'av, Aihenau Mbriitnar, madamc 
 Jc. '; i!e of manjuis de Montcfpan, is known 
 ais the miftrefs of Lewis XIV. Her huiband 
 Indignantly refilled the intrigue, but banifh- 
 fi ..i! the capital, and the fear 1 ofdjtf- 
 p-'tic power, reconciled him to his < 
 and 100,000 crowns purchased his wife, his 
 I filence, and his virtue.' From 106<) to 1675, 
 uilty woman extrcifod uhcontroied autho- 
 xi;y, by her wit and by hn beauty, over the 
 monarch, till fatiety, and tl* 1 love of d 
 de Maintenonj alienated the kind's regard. 
 She, for fome time, continued at court, 
 with refperr, but robbed of her in- 
 . and ft:e divided her time, which puffed 
 on heavily on her mind, in ac:s of devotion, 
 and in the drawing up memoiis of whatever 
 U court. The Lift years of her life were 
 I . a the court, on a penlion of 
 
 1000 louis d'or a-month. She died at Bour- 
 Von, 171/. She was rather afhamed of her 
 -,; i.ti biggyachar, than peuivent for 
 
 them ; half of her life was fpent in grandesr, 
 and the reft in contempt. r 
 
 Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, haron 
 of Brcde and of, a celebrated writer, born at 
 Brede, near Bourdeaux, J6H9. He firft dif* 
 played the ftrong powers ci' his mind in the 
 .publication of his Perflan letters, 1/21, in 
 which he ridiculed the follies and the vices of 
 the French nation. In 1/22 he made fome 
 eloquent remonflrances againft a tax whioh was 
 going to be impofed upon the people, and by 
 his appeal the tax was fuppreffed. He was in 
 172s admitted into the French academy, after 
 the opposition of Fieury, who was difpleafed 
 with the language of his Perfian letters, againft 
 religion and government, had been removed by 
 tlie influence of d'Eftrees. Engaged in the 
 completion of his great work, the fpirit of 
 laws, he vifited various countries for informa- 
 tion, and after pafling through Germany, Hun- 
 gary, Italy, Switzerland, and Holland, he 
 fixed his refidenee for two years in England. 
 Here he was honored with the attention of tlie 
 learned, and of the queen herfelf; and he 
 wifely obferved that England was the country 
 fehere t think, and France whereto live. On 
 his return home, he finifhed his work, on 
 the caufe of the grandeur and decline of tiie 
 Pa>nians,%nd in 1748 appeared his fpirit of 
 laws, 2 vols. 4to. This work, which better 
 deferves the name of the fpirit of nations, 
 acknowledges three forts of government, tlie 
 republican, the monarchical, and the defpotic ; 
 and in examining thefe divifions, the author 
 difplays aftonifiiing depth of thought, vigor 
 of imagination, and folidity of judgment, and 
 deferves the honorable appellation of the 
 legiffetor of the human race. While however 
 foueign nations admired this very philofophieal 
 performance* fome of the French critics pre- 
 tended to dif cover ftrong blemiihes in the corn- 
 pofitiou. He died at Paris, 1755, aged 66, 
 univcrfally lamented by the court, as well 
 as by the people. 
 
 Montkzuma, emperor of Mexico, dif- 
 played great powers of mind in oppofing the 
 Spaniards, whom au ignorant people regarded 
 as more than mortal, lie was at laft feized by 
 Cartas, in a (edition, and ignominiouflv loaded 
 with chains, and obliged to acknowledge him- 
 felf tlie vaifal of Spain. The Mexicans re- 
 lented the indignities, and Cortc , aprjrehen- 
 fiveof an infurre-j'iou. made his royal prifoner 
 appear before his fubjecls on the top of a 
 houfe, arrayed In his robes, to reprefs their 
 violence. His fight for a moment checked the 
 popular fury ; but tlie monarch, wounded by 
 .:>, and by the blow of a ftone, fell to 
 the ground, and refuting all aliment, and 
 rejecting every invitation 01 becoming a 
 ehrrftiaii convert, expired, to the great regie t 
 of tlie Spaniards, and of his fubjeds, 1520. 
 
 two font and three daughters, who' 
 became chriftians. The eideft fon w&s made 
 by Charles V. a count of Spain, where, his 
 pofterity full live in fp load or. He died 16U8. 
 
 [ N 9 1 Mont- 
 
MON 
 
 MOK 
 
 Mostfaucov, Bernard de, a learned 
 writer. I To was firft a foldier, but the death 
 of his parents affected him lb much, that he 
 renounced the world, and commenced bene- 
 dictinc 1675. Devoted to literature, he, 
 in 1698, travelled to Italy, to codTuit libraries 
 and learned men. He was treated with klnd- 
 nefs hy the Roman cardinals, and by Innocent 
 XII. " In 1701 he returned to Paris, and 
 published an account of his journey, called 
 diarium Italicum, 4to. The reft of his life 
 was dedicated to literature, for which he was 
 fo well qualified by his extenfive knowledge of 
 hiftory and antiquity. He died at the abbey of 
 St. Germain, 1741, aged 87. His works are, 
 Greca analccla, 4to. St. Athanafius' works, 
 Greek and Latin, with notes. vols, folio a 
 eollecTtion of ancient Greek fathers, 2 vols, 
 folio remains of Origen's hexapla, 2 vols. 
 .folio - Chryfoftom's works, Greek and Latin, 
 with notes, 13 vols, folio monumerrs de la 
 monarchic Francaife, 5 vols, folio bibliotheea^ 
 bihliothccarum, &c. 2 vols, folio and anti- 
 quitv explained, a moft valuable work in French 
 and Latin, illuftrated with figures engraved on 
 copper, 10 vols, folio, with a fupplement of 
 5 vols, more, &c. 
 
 Mcr:TFLEURY, Zachary Jacob, a native of 
 Anjou-, under the name of Montfleury, he 
 joined a ftrolling company in Burgundy, and 
 was one of the firft players engaged in the Cid. 
 He wrote the death of Afdrubal, a tragedy, and 
 became the inftruclor of Baron, who outfhone 
 him as a theatrical hero. . He died 1667- 
 
 Montfokt, Simon count de, a French go* 
 Tieial, whofe cruelty againft the Albigenfes, 
 2209, deeply tarnlfhed his character. In 
 1213 he defeated Peter of Arragon, and was 
 jellied in 1218, at theiiege of Touloufe, by a 
 woman who threw a ftone upon his head from 
 the ramparts. His younger brother was the 
 earl of Leieefter, fo celebrated in Englifh 
 hiftory. . ; 
 
 IVIoNTOAiu.ARD, Bernard de, a mendicant 
 friar, called the petit fueillant of the league. 
 He acquired fuch celebrity as a preacher, .that 
 the fcripture expreffion of " happy is the 
 womb that bare thee," was applied to him. 
 He proftituted his eloquence to the meanefl 
 purpofes of the league, and even excited de 
 Bougemont to aflaffinatfc Henry IV. He died 
 of a dropfju 1628. 
 
 Moni golfs en, James Stephen, a native of 
 . Annonai in France, eminent as a paper manu- 
 facturer, and as the firft who made vellum 
 paper, fo much admired for its beauty. A 
 higher degree of celebrity fitill ftw&hed him : 
 in 1 7 6 3 , Bf he was boiling-water in a coffee-pot, 
 the top of which was covered with paper, 
 folded in a fpherica) form, he ohferved that the 
 paper gradually fwelled, and rofe up in the air, 
 and from this incident, reflection proved to him, 
 light machine, filled with gas, not fo 
 Biofpheric air, might float in the 
 The experiment was exhibited 
 to Lurcpc, and by this invention, the acro- 
 
 naut prcfumed to commit himfelf to the airV 
 For this lingular fervice to fcrence, Montgol- 
 fier was made member of the academy of 
 fciences, created knight of the order of St. 
 Michael, and rewarded with a penfion of 2T>oO 
 livrrs. He died 1799. 
 
 Montgomery*, Gabriel <?,', count of, a 
 French nobleman of Scotch origin. In a tour- 
 nament siren by Henry II. of France, in 
 honor or his daughter's marriage witli the 
 king of Spain, the young knight entered the 
 lifts againft the monarch, and wounded him to 
 fever el v in the eye, that, he died 11 days after. 
 After this event, Montgomery retired to his 
 eftate in Normandy, and then travelled into 
 Itaiv, till the civil wars recalled him to fupport 
 the eatife of the proteftants. When Rouen 
 Surrendered after a brave defence, he efcaped 
 to Havre, and in 156o he flew to the affrftance 
 of Beam, which was attacked by the catholic 
 army. Here he was victorious, and puffuing 
 his enemy, he befieged Ortbez, which he took 
 by affault. He was at Paris during the general 
 maffacre, and he efcaped by the fwiftnefs of 
 his horfe. From France he paffed to Jerky 
 and took refuge in England, from which he 
 failed to the relief of Rochelle, but without 
 fuccefs. In 15/3 he again went to France, 
 and joined at St. Lo, the proteftants of Nor- 
 mandy. Here he was fuddenly befieged, but he 
 efcaped to Domfront, where he was purfued 
 and obliged to furrender. He was conducted 
 to Paris, and beheaded, 15 7 4. 
 
 Montgon, Charles Alexander, a French 
 eeclefiaftic. He was fpy to the duke of Pour-, 
 bon, near the perfon of Philip V. of Spain, 
 to whom he was confeffor ; and when flighted 
 by Fleury, his fucceffor, he publifhed " me- 
 moirs," 8 vols. 8vo. in which he reflected 
 upon the minifter's conduct. He died 1770, 
 aged SO. 
 
 IMonticelli, Andrew, a painter of Bo- 
 logna. His flowers, fruits, vafes, carpets, 
 &c. were painted in a very pleafing ftyle. He 
 died 1716, aged 7 5. 
 
 Mcntigni, Stephen Mignol de, a native of 
 Paris, eminent as a mechanic. He intro- 
 duced into France the manufacture of fome 
 fluffs from England, and he improved alfo 
 the method of printing cottons, of making 
 carpets, and of dying thread and fluffs. He 
 died 17 82, aged 68. 
 
 MonTluc, Blaife de, a brave Frenchman, 
 born 1500, near Condour. He rofe to tl : 
 ~ank of marfhal of France. He was at the 
 battle of Pavia, 1525, where he was take* 
 prifoner, and afterwards in the exped 
 Naples, and he afliftcd in the defence of Mai* 
 feilles againft Charles V. He took Bo 
 from the Erglifh in 1547, and in 1551 rarfoi 
 the fiege of Berne againft the Spaniards. 1 
 
 ;554 entrufted by Henry II. of ; 
 with the (M'enee of Sienna in Tufcany, and 
 for eight months he withftood the well-direr"! ed 
 attacks of Marignan, and furrendered at laft 
 en honorable terms, after, his troops had 
 
 the 
 
MON 
 
 MON 
 
 thr flefh of their cats and dogs. Tufeany, Pied- 
 mont, and Thionville afterwards witnefled his va- 
 l during tkc> religious wars of Guienne, he 
 biaintained his character, raid obtained a victory 
 at Ver, in 1562, over the calv'mifts. He was 
 wounded in the cheeks at llabaftens, and fo 
 disfigured, that lie afterwards wore a maik to 
 hide his deformity. He died 157 7, aged 77. 
 |fe was author of a memoir of his own life, 
 written when 75., Though bravo and fo fuc- 
 eeisful, that he never was defeated, he deferves 
 eenfnre for the cruelties which he exercifed 
 towards the proteltants. 
 
 Montmaur, Ptter de, Creek profefibr in 
 the royal college of Paris, was educated amons;; 
 ihe.jciuits. From a druggift he became an 
 advocate, and then turned poet, and was the 
 companion of the great and the opulent, whom 
 bcanaufed with his wit and jocularity. Though 
 favirical in his obfervations, he met. with ene- 
 mies, who wielded Ins own weapons againft 
 liim with vigor and effect. He was a polite 
 fcholar in Greek and Latin, and died 1648, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Mos'TMonEVCY, Matthew de, cor.ftable of 
 France, was of one of the raoft illuftrious fami- 
 ''..'> in Europe. He married a natural daugh- 
 ter of Henry I. of England, and for his fecond 
 wife, the widow of Lewis VI. of France. He 
 died 1160. His grandfon of the fame name, 
 den sired the title of great by his courage and 
 totudeoce. He dift'mguifhed himfelf at the 
 battle of Pont-a-Bouvines in 1214, and the 
 following year he fought -with bsavery againft 
 ih- Albigenfes in Langucdoc. He died l-2-)0. 
 His great gandfoa was in the fernce of Phi- 
 lip the bcM, and of Philip the fair, and died 
 lo04. 
 
 Montmorency, Anne de, of the fame fa- 
 
 difplayed great valor at the battle of 
 
 ian, and An 1521 ' bravely defended 
 
 M^ieres againft Charles V. and obliged his 
 
 general, count NafiTau, to raife the fiege. He 
 
 accompanied Francis I. into Italy, where, againft 
 
 l : s- advice, the battle, of Pavia was fought and 
 
 loft, 1525. He fharcd the captivity of his 
 
 nvAvr, but was afterwards difgraeed by the 
 
 conrt. Afterwards the intrigues of Catherine 
 
 peMedicis drove him from the court, till under 
 
 Charles IX. he was recalled to head the armies, 
 
 ter a reconciliation with the Cuifes, he 
 
 I the calvinifis, at Dreux in 1562. 
 
 lie again defeated the calv'mifts at the battle 
 
 of fist. Denis, but was himfelf flain, after 
 
 performing prodigies of valor, and receiving 
 
 feght dreadful wounds. When a cordelier 
 
 *xhorted him to prepare for his diffolution, he 
 
 i fiercely, " what, think you that after 
 
 early four fcore years in the field of 
 
 honor, I know not how to terminate the Ihort 
 
 qbmer of an hour which remains to me of 
 
 He died, aged 74. His eldeft fon, 
 
 ;, was ambaifador in England, and ho- 
 
 ith the garter by queen Elizabeth. He 
 
 plexy, 1 579, aged 4 9. 
 
 llmry ck; fecond fon of 
 
 Anne, diftinguifhed himfelf at the battle <;f 
 Dreux, and alfo at St. Denis. He died 1614. 
 His fon Henry, born 1595, was admiral of 
 fnuK-e, and he defeated the calvinifts in Lan- 
 guedoe, and obtained another viitory by fea 
 near tt hie of Rhe. He afterwards revolted 
 againft the government, and being taken pri- 
 soner, was condemned by the influence of Riche- 
 lieu, and was beheaded at Touloufe, aged 37. 
 His filler Charlotte Margaret, who married 
 Conde, is famous for her beautr, which cap- 
 tivated Henry IV. To avoid the importunities 
 of this aged but powerful lover, her huiband 
 removed her toBruffels, from which me re- 
 turned after Henry's death. She died 1650, 
 aged 5 7 Her fon was the great Condd. 
 
 Montpensier, Anne Marie Louifa d' Or- 
 leans duchefs de, daughter of Gallon, duke of 
 Orleans, inherited boldnefs, intrigue,, and im- 
 petuofity from her father, and during the civil 
 wars of la Fronde, (he not only embraced the 
 party of the duke of Conde', but made her 
 adherents fire the cannon of the bafiille on 
 the troops of Lewis XIV. This rath ftep 
 ruined her hopes, and after in vain afpir- 
 ing to the hand of an independent prince, 
 and among others of Charles II. of Eng- 
 land, ihe, in I669, married the count de 
 Lauzun. The king, who had permitted the 
 union, threw difficulties in the way of the 
 lovers ; but after the ccflion of Dombes and 
 of Eu, of which fhe was the fovereign, this 
 difappointed woman was allowed to fee her 
 huiband. But violent and jealous Ihe found 
 her huiband ungrateful and faithlefs ; and 
 ihe retired from the dreams of conjugal fe- 
 licity to the aufterities of a convent. She 
 died 169-3, aged 66. Her Inemoirs were pub- 
 liihed 8 vols. 12mo. and are curious. 
 
 Montper, Joffe, a painter of the Flemifh 
 fehool, about 1580. Though he affected a 
 ftudied negligence, and was too profufe of 
 yellow colors, his pieces are jnterefting, when 
 viewed at a diftance. 
 
 Mgntpetit, Arnold Vincent, of Macon, 
 left the law for painting and mechanics, and 
 in 1759 discovered the eludorie method of 
 painting, in which water colors were covered 
 with a coat of oil. Some of his horoio- 
 gical machines were eonftructcd with great 
 ingenuity, and he alfo contributed to the 
 ineteafe of the powers of ftcam engines, lie 
 io 1779 prefented a memoir to the academy 
 of feienoes, on iron bridges, and propofed to 
 the king of France the erection of one of 
 which the fingle arch Was to be of 400 feet 
 fpan. He died at Paris, 1800, aged 8". 
 
 Montpf.zat, Anlko.n/ de, a Frenchman, 
 taken prifoner at the battle of Pavia. His 
 attention to Francis I. in his captivity, rajfed 
 him to the rank of marfhal of France. He 
 died 1*44. 
 
 Montrose, James, marquh of, a celebrated 
 
 hero in the annals of Scotland, who, by his 
 
 genius, valor, and pcrfoveraiicc during the 
 
 civil wars, reduced the kingdom to the kin . 's 
 
 [ N 4 J obedience, 
 
MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 rMrrrrnent at Chclfea. Refuflng, in 1534, to 
 fake the oath of fnpremacy, he was arretted and 
 frnt a prifoner to til* Tower, but his friends 
 
 ftrpped forward, and among them Cranmer, 
 and by cvcrv argument of prudence nnd in- 
 
 hcy exhorted him to acknowledge the 
 
 acy. He refufed, thongh death 
 
 w-i* the confoqiumee, and therefore he fnffered 
 
 Irinrfelfte be tried and condemned as a traitor. 
 
 - femeneed to he hanged, drawn, and 
 pattered, and his head to he fixed on Lon- 
 ffOn- bridge; hut the punifhment was changed 
 by the king krtd beheading, and he futfered on 
 '.Power-hill, 1535^ ihouing, even in his laft 
 moments, rengnation and th.at innocent mirth 
 which had in happier ciavs adorned his conver- 
 fation. Sir Thorn-is was twice married, but 
 had children only by his firfl wire, three daugh- 
 ters and- a fon. The eldci'r daughter married 
 Mr. Roper of Kent, and wrote feme things 
 winch poflefted merit. She died 1544, and 
 was buried in St, Dtmitan's church, Canterbury, 
 with her father's head, which (he had procured 
 after its espofufc on London-bridge. The fon, 
 who was little better than an idiot, was im- 
 prisoned after his father's death, for reftrfing to 
 take the oaths of fupremacy; but afterwards li- 
 berated. JSefides the I-topia, a kind of ro- 
 mance, in which he gives an account of a 
 country, find to be difcovered by the compa- 
 nion? ot Americas, with an artful irrfertion of 
 his own political opinions, fir Thomas More 
 wrote in \:~xrt an hiftory of Richard III. Come 
 polemical works, and other things in Latin as 
 we!! as in Englifh. 
 
 More, Henry, an able divine, beam at 
 Grantham, Lincolnlhire, 1614. Rejecting the 
 calvinrft tenets in which he had been brought 
 up, he from Eton. - entered at Chrifti 
 
 ridge, and ftudicd Ariffotle and ph'lo- 
 Soon leaving philofopby for- Platonic 
 writers, he found in the " theohogia Germanica ** 
 of Taulerus, the information which formerly 
 hid proved fo agreeable to the celebrated 
 Luther. He afterwards became tutor to jkt- 
 fons of diftinction, and among them, to fir 
 John Finch, his lifter lady Conway, a woman 
 whofe powers of mind were of a lingular call, 
 and at hit brought her to quakerifm. By 
 means of thefe friends he obtained a prebend 
 at Gkncefter, which he foon after lefigned in 
 favor of his friend Dr. Fowler, and felbfied 
 with a fmall competence, he declines! high 
 prd'erment at home and in Ireland. He died 
 aged 73. His myfterv of goaiinefs 
 
 , of iniquity philofophical collections, 
 and other works, were at one time in high re- 
 ion. 
 More, Alexander, a proteftant divine, bom 
 in Ijanguedoe, where his fatb.tr, a t 
 
 '], was principal of the college. He 
 
 I at Geneva, and obtained there the 
 
 profeflbrfhip. As he was envied by his 
 
 anoriates at Geneva f<>r his eloquence, he in 
 
 1619 removed to Middleburg, and afterwards 
 
 to Amsterdam, and thence to Paris. He died 
 
 at Paris, if>;o. He has been accufed n 
 of irregularity in his morals, but of inconfrft- 
 ency in his faith. He publifhed ' 
 et libero arbitrio a reply to Mifton's 
 of England or*tu 
 poems in Latin, Ike'. 
 
 Mom;, fix Francis, a la^vyor, born 
 Ufley, Berks, and educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford, and at the Middle Temple. He 
 was at oic time member of parliament, and 
 djpd 16-21. He wrote cafe arid re- 
 
 ported, 1633, folio readings on 4 Jacob I. 
 &c. 
 
 Moke, John, a prelate, horn at Hat-bo- 
 rough, Lcieefterfhire, and educated at ( [are- 
 hall, Cambridge. He was patronized by lord 
 Nottingham, and was made bifhop of Norwich, 
 1691, and tranflated to Fly, 1707. He died 
 1714. His ferrqons were publifhed by his 
 chaplain, Dr. Clarke, and his library purchafed 
 for 6000 guineas, by George II. and prefented 
 to the univerfity of Cambridge. 
 
 More, St. AntMtio, of Utrecht, imitated 
 the works of Holbein with great fueeeis. He 
 was in the fervice of Philip II. king of Spain, 
 whofe portrait he painted, and alio thorn of 
 John III. of Portugal, of Mary, queen <: 
 land, &c. He died at Antwerp, 137:,, 
 56. 
 
 More, or Moortr, James, an I 
 writer, educated at Woreefler college, Oxford. 
 He wrote the " rival modes," a comedy, con- 
 demned in the acting. He was the friend Of 
 the duke of Wharton, and joined him in writing 
 1 a farcaftie periodical paper, called '* the inqu:- 
 fitor." For his quarrel with Pore, he w;ts 
 placed in the Durtciad. He was the companion 
 of the great, but imprudent in his conducl, 
 and too fond of being called a man of wit. He 
 died at Whifter, near Ifleworth, 1734. 
 
 Moke, Henry, of Devonihire, was 
 of a diffenting congregation at Lifkeard, 
 Cornwall, where he diedj 802. His poems iti 
 4 to. poffefs fome merit. 
 
 Moreau, Jacob Nicholas, hiftoriographer ol 
 France, wrote memoirs pour fervir a l'l 
 des Carouacas, 12 mo. memoirs pour fervir a 
 rhiftorie de notre terns, 2 vols. 1 2mo. prirt- 
 eipes de morale, de politique, & de droit pub- 
 lique, ou difcours fur I'hiftoire de FnrHce, -2 
 vols, 8vo. &c. He fuffercd on the fourfold, 
 1794, aged 77- 
 
 Morel, the name of fome learned and inge- 
 nious printers in France, in the 17th ce 
 
 Morel, shaken-, a native of Berne ii 
 zcrland, known as a curious collector of . 
 publifhed at Paris, in Svo. his " fpecirncn uni- 
 verfee reinummariae aritiquae," in which I 
 mifed to give an account of 20,000 m- 
 aclly defigned. He was in the cabinet of an- 
 tiques at Paris, but. for feme imprudent fpeech, 
 lent to the baftille, and alter three ye 
 difficulty liberated. He afterwards went to Arn- 
 ftadt, as antiquary at the court of Sch 
 Burg, and died there of an apoplexy, J703. 
 1 His " ih'.faurus Morelliar.us," &c. in which 
 
 1* 
 
-MOR 
 
 MOR 
 
 re gave an account of 3539 medals, was part 
 jfhis great work, in 2 vols, folio. 
 
 Morei.l, Thomas, D. D. a divine, known 
 is the editor of Ainfworth'a dictionary, and of 
 rlederitf's lexicon. He wrote alio annotations 
 jn Locke's eflay in the human underfmnding, 
 ind aififted Hogarth in completing his ana- 
 lytic of beauty, &c. He died 1784, aged 83. 
 Morely, lord, fon of iir Thomas Parker, 
 feu a favorite with Henry VIII. by whom he was 
 made a peer. He figncd the letter to the 
 pope, in favor of the divoKce of Catherine of 
 Arragon, and this more firmly fecured the 
 kindnefs of his mafter. He fpent the laft. part 
 of life in retirement, and was author of fome 
 Latin poems. He died 1547. 
 
 Moiieri, Lewis, D. D. author of the 
 great hiftorical dictionary, was born in Pro- 
 vence, 1643. He itudied at Draguignan, 
 tinder the jefuits, and at Lyons, and after pub- 
 lilhing fome inferior things, undertook his 
 great work, the iirfl edition of which appeared 
 at Lyons, 1674. This valuable book gained 
 him friends ; and he might have obtained dif- 
 tinguifhed preferment, had his health per- 
 mitted it. His great application, however, 
 ruined his conftitution, and he died 1680, 
 at the early age of 37. The fecond edition of 
 his dictionary appeared 1631, 2 vols, and few 
 alterations took place in the third, fourth, and 
 fifth. The fixth was improved by le Clerc, 
 and the eleventh, corrected by Bayle. The 
 13th, in 5 toIs. folio, was improved by du 
 Pin. The heft editions are thole of 17 49 and 
 1759, 10 vols, folio. 
 
 Mopes, Edward Roue, an able antiquary, 
 horn 1730, at Tunttall, in Kent. He was 
 educated at Merchant Taylors' fchool, and 
 Queen's college, Oxford, where he publifhed 
 an ancient fragment, called " nomina & in- 
 fignia geniilitia nobillum equitumque fub iul- 
 wardo primo rege miiitantium," and alfo a new 
 8vo. edition of Dionyfius' treatife, de claris 
 xhetoribits. He made collections relative to 
 the antiquities of Oxford, and efpecially of his 
 own college, All Souls, and alfo Godflow 
 nunnery. Though whimfical in his religious- 
 jiotions, he took deacon's orders ; but it was 
 faid. with the intention of efcaping civil 
 offices. He was lingular in the education of 
 his daughter, to whom he talked principally 
 in Latin. He was the original promoter of 
 the equitable fociety for alh; ranee on lives and 
 furvivortfilp, of which he was nominated per- 
 petual dire tor, with an annuity of lOOl. In 
 the latter part of life he funk into indolence 
 and diffipation, which at laft occaiioned a mor- 
 tification, of which he died 1778, in his 49th 
 Mar- The hiftory of the antiquities of Tun- 
 ftall, in Kent, with plates, was the only work 
 Jrhich he left completed for the prefs. 
 
 Morf.tt, goldfmith to Henry VIII. exe- 
 cuted curious works from the defigns of Holbein. 
 MoROAONi, John Baptift, an anatomift of 
 *Torli, in Italy, 1682. He ftudied at Bo- 
 i^na, and was profeffor at Padua of medicine. 
 
 He died J771. He publifhed adverfaria ana- 
 tomica nova inftitutionum medicarum idea 
 de fedibus & eaufis morborum per anato- 
 miam indigatis epiftols anatomicae, &c. 
 
 Morgan", IVUIiam, a native of Wales, 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge- 
 He was, in 1595, xaifed to the fee of LandafF, 
 and in 1601 tranflated to Su Afaph, where he 
 died 1604. He affiftcd in completing the 
 iranflation of the bible into Wei fh, l.v-8. 
 
 Morgan, George Cadognn, a native of 
 Bridgend, Ckmorganfhire, readier of a 
 dhTenting congregation at .Norwich, died 1798. 
 He wrote lectures on electricity obfervations 
 on the light of bodies in a Hate of combufuon, 
 &c. ''" '* 
 
 Morgues, Mattheiu de, preacher to Lewis 
 XIII. and almoner to Mary de Medicis, was 
 born in Languedoc, 1582. Upon the dif- 
 .grace of Mary de Medicis he efeaped, as he had 
 drawn upon himfelf the refentment of Riche- 
 lieu, by the feverity of his reflections on his 
 miniflry. After the cardinal's death he re- 
 turned to Paris, where he died 1670, aged 88. 
 He wrote an " hiftory of Lewis the juft," 
 befides a vindication of the queen-mother 
 againfl Richelieu. 
 
 Morhoff, Daniel George, a German, 
 born at Wifmar, 1639. He ftudied at Stettin 
 and Roftock, and vifited Holland and Oxford, 
 and in 1665 was made profeffor of poetry, --lo- 
 quence and hiftory, and librarian in the univer- 
 fity of Kiel. He died 1691. His principal 
 works are polyhiftor, five de notitia audto- 
 ram & rerum, 2 vols. 4to. differtationes, 
 4to. orationes befides princeps medicus, 4 to. 
 in which he fpoke of the pretenfions of the 
 kings of England and France to cure the 
 king's evil, See. 
 
 Mohice, fir William, a learned Englifh- 
 man, raifed through the influenee of Monk 
 to the office of fecretary of ftate, for which he 
 was not qualified. He held it, however, for 
 feven years, and reftgned in 1668. He died 
 1676. He wrote the "common right of the 
 Lord's fupper after ted. 
 
 Morin, John Baptift, a French phyfician, 
 born in Beaujolois, 1583. He ftudied' philo- 
 fophy at Aix, and phyfic at Avignon , and then 
 came to Paris. He applied himfelf to aftro- 
 logy, and lived in the retinue of feveral digni- 
 taries, where the accidental fulfilment of his 
 prophecies gave him great celebrity. In 1630 
 he was chofen profeffor royal of mathematics, 
 and was confulted by Richelieu and Mazarln, 
 and liberally rewarded for his calculation of the 
 influence of the liars. He was alfo confulted 
 for Lewis XIII. and as in examinining the 
 monarch's horofcope, he foretold that his ap- 
 proaching illncfs would be fevere, but not 
 fatal, he was very royally rewarded. The beft 
 known of his works are his treatife againil the 
 Pr;cadamites, and his aftrologia Gallica, the 
 labor of 30 years, &e. 
 
 Morin, John, a learned Frenchman, born 
 at Biojs, 1591, and converted from the pro- 
 
 teltant 
 
MOR. 
 
 MOR 
 
 Ifflmt Mr the rv.holk faith. He refidsd for 
 nine v^ars wt homr, and then wa$ recall' d by 
 Richelieu to France. He died of an apoplex] 
 3( ; .'t';. His works ; re excrcitations on tin- Sa- 
 maritan pematcuth-- an edition of the feptua- 
 gmt an hiftory of the deliverance of the 
 church by Confiantinc, &e. 
 
 Mok. . a fanatic, born near Au- 
 
 lle published, in 1.647. a foolifn book, 
 oiled " pert fees dt iSlorin dedfecs au roi," in 
 vbU-h he conceived himfelf to be Jefus 
 drift, the feeond MeiCah. This book 
 proved his ruin ; be was imprifoned, but after- 
 wards liberated, till one of his difciples, Def- 
 marets, tailed him the fon of God rifen again, 
 and thus revived a fanatical feet, which the 
 arm of tlie law immediately repreffed. Moriti 
 wo condemned to be burnt alive, and lie luf- 
 icTed 1663, 'and his accomplices were whipped 
 and branded, and lent to the gallies for life. 
 
 Morin, StepbtBy a prote.umt divine of 
 Caen. In 1664 he was made mhdfier of 
 Cjwa, and at the revocation of the edict of 
 ManttM in 1685, he retired to Amfterdam, 
 "where he became profefTor of oriental languages. 
 He died, 1700. His Latin difTertalions on 
 ibbjeets el cmicifm and antiquity were highly 
 
 Mom::, Peter, a learned eriric. He was 
 in the printing office of Paul Manutins, at 
 , and was afterwards employed by Gre- 
 gory XIII. and Sixtus V. to fuperlntend the 
 isptuagmt, and the vulgate. He wrote a 
 eoJIexSlion of genrral councils, andfeveral works 
 . He died 1603. 
 ,M(;r:son", Robert, a phyfician, horn at 
 Aberdeen, }63G. The civil wars difturbed his 
 ,',u!':'.iis, lud after difitinguiihing himfelf for 
 his loyalty, and in a battle on Ahi 
 
 he was wounded in the head, he re- 
 tired to France. At Paris lie applied himfelf 
 to botanv. and anatomy. At the restoration 
 be was ruadje flhyfiVian to the royal family, 
 pro&ifcr royal of botany, and afterwards bota- 
 nical profefTbr ai Oxford.^ He was uni'ortu- 
 natav bruifed by the pole of a coach, in crofting 
 v.2- Charing- crofs, and died the day after, 
 1683; aged 6-3. He publifiied JC69, pce- 
 hotanicum, -2 vols. Hvo, plai 
 -ravum dil-Tibutio, folio hiltoria plan- 
 t?r.itTi, Ebiio, a valuable work, left incomplete. 
 . Samuel, an eminent ftatefman, 
 hum in Lvikfhire. He was und< 
 
 . and he was employed bv Cromwell 
 
 r* emld!ies (o Geneva, and otb.er flares. In 
 
 waited on ' at Breda, and 
 
 i. He pubJHhed urim of 
 
 eorrfcience, Svo. 1-695, His ton was mafter 
 
 ies li. sud invented the 
 
 ijig lieavy an- 
 
 Ifumpet, a fire engine, an 
 
 M' ,;> ; eminent rainU-r, 
 
 London, i I |e artiii, 
 
 making draw- 
 
 !iiioi. TbeXij ad- 
 
 vantages, were aided by -firong powers 
 niu;t, but obfcHired by vicious habits, an. 
 conquerable propensity for low and dil 
 fociety. As his abilities expanded, his 
 incrcafed. While his pencil, in ; 
 briery and retirement, might have \>: 
 independence, the efforts of his geni . 
 never or feldom called forth but to e: 
 him from the grafp of perfecuting cr- 
 or the horrors of a prifon. Thus ever 
 and ever expofed to the filthy temptati 
 an alchoufe, Ire produced no hitb 
 truly fublime for grandeur of eoiKieption. 
 fcenes of rural and domeftic life, indeed, re-{, 
 ceived from his hand the moft n'nifiVd ai 
 tivating charms; and bis farms, horfes, 
 views, fhepherds, fiihermen, fmu 
 fea coaft, dogs; pigs, &c. were delii 
 with the moft {hiking effect. This i 
 genius, whofe pieces were the effect oJ 
 deur, and fell into the hands of thofi 
 induced him to work to profit by his 
 vagance, died of a brain fever "1 H04, aged ''.o h 
 leaving a wife, who furvived him but tvi 
 A curious account of his life and his 
 has been given by Iiaifel, and by G. Dawi 
 
 Mottt.KY, George,, a biOtop, 
 
 aeai 
 
 fide, London, 1397- He was edtaci 
 Wcflminfter fchool, and Chriftrehurph, 1M'>_ 
 He was afterwards chaplain to Chark 
 gave him a eanonry of Chrift-cbtivch, I ' : I . 
 He adhered firmly to his mafter, md 
 him at. the treaty of Newport, in the itie of 
 Wight. After being imprifoned fcuf toyaltW 
 he left England, 16-19, and officiated n< mi- 
 nifter to his fugitive countrymen in 1 I 
 At the reftoratioi\, he was reftored to his cm 
 nonry, 1660, made dean of Chrifl-chir, 
 bitb(>p of Worcdter the fame year, 
 if>62 tranHated to Winchefter. In ;< 
 flioprie lie i'pf-nt ?-sOO()h on the rejiairs of 
 Farnham caftle ; he purchafed with 
 Chelfea, for the refidence of his fuc< 
 and among other betuKictions, left fivi 
 larfbips of lOl. per annum, to the na1 
 
 and Guevnfey. He died l(>s;. i ',/. 
 wrote fome religious tradts, iu 1 vol. -J 
 moi;3, i<c. 
 
 Mobliere, James Avgvjlvs de k\ a natWf 
 of Grenoble, who acqaired eelebrity 
 romances, the heft of which is his ai 
 vols. 12mo. He wrote alio mil 
 vols, liimo. '"ke. :'e died at Paris 1785. 
 
 Mornav, Philip de y lord of Ptcfcs " 
 an illuttrious noblemau, bom at Buhi in 
 1549. He was educated 'v h 
 the proteftant faiih, and ferved in the 
 but foon quitted it for literary putfuil 
 paffed to Geneva, and then went to hV.iici- 
 herg, where he applied himfelf to the < 
 He afterwards vifited the moll 
 places oi' Italy, Germany, and Flaudei 
 alfo came to England, where E 
 
 him with cordiality. In 15/6 ' 
 to the court of the king of \av:.; 
 Henry IV. of France, by whom }:: was -. 
 

 MOR 
 
 r of (lute. He diftingmflsed himfelf 
 n the king's lervice ; but whea he faw him 
 Btlined to the carbolic tenets,' he withdrew 
 irom the court. He was deprived of the go- 
 it of Saurnur by Lewis XIII. and 
 [fed at his feat near Poiclou, 16-20. Du Plef- 
 is was an extraordinary character ; though the 
 ieir of rank, dignity, and opulence, he cul- 
 literature with tafie and fuccefs ; and 
 . ;e when religious opinions were guided 
 )y intereft, and altered by political connec- 
 Ma's, he remained a proteftant, firm and im- 
 in his pirnciples, virtuous in his eon- 
 . iini refpeeted even 'by his enemies. The 
 >wn ot his valuable works are a treat i lie 
 church, 15/8 upon the trath of the 
 11 religion, begun 1579 upon- the 
 r, 15<JS, a celebrated treat he, which 
 ! an interview between h-.m and du 
 Hsron, and winch obtained for him among 
 Ju- protefTaots, the title of protefiant pope 
 ry of iniquity, or the hiitory of the 
 1C-07 an exhortation to the Jew* 
 KcGrtiit'4 die Mel&ihj &c. 
 
 sons, Francis, a native of Venice, 
 by his valor againii the Turks, 
 i CYmdia. He maintained him- 
 >,000 mem, with hardly a fourth 
 the number; but though allured by 
 . the enemy, he ccntinued frnp 
 ' when the place fnrren- 
 be was treated with great humanity. 
 mtrymen, though for a moment dil- 
 ated him procurator of St. Mark, 
 -i;n again to attack the Turks, 
 i -.fed- near the -Dardanelles. He 
 lected doge, and died fix years 
 1 7. 
 Kis, Leicis, p. native of Anglefea, en- 
 tiio admiralty in 1 7 ;3 7 , to iurvey the 
 U pnbliihedin I7.18auac- 
 ibrvations. and died at Pcinbryn, 
 . 1 7 f j 5/ , arc*l (,,>,. Several of 
 I piece.- in Wellh have appean .!. 
 
 to the pfe- 
 
 i li rk ifi the navy pay-office, and 
 
 ' as a critic, and a.s a poet. He 
 
 4. His brother, William, was known 
 
 s a curious collector of Wellh MSS. He died 
 
 I Mortimer, John Hamilton, an Englifli 
 
 iurii ''){), at Kail Bourne, Suite*. 
 
 it Lis art under his ancle, but afterwards 
 
 ! under Himfou and Reynolds. He 
 
 the focitty for the encon- 
 
 ppment of art < arc' of Paul . 
 
 Ito the Britons, a valuable piece, preferved 
 
 I t'hipping-Wycombe church, Pucks. He 
 
 thout folichation, i i 
 
 idemician by like king, but died before 
 
 Rtt>u!d enjoy the honor, after an illnefs ot 
 
 I, 177 9. His magna charta, battle 
 
 i:ourt, &c. are eminent proofs of his 
 
 .(nins; but it is remarkable that while 
 
 : Deemed to lead him to the delineation 
 
 If lavage fcencs, and furfeiirg martyrdom, he 
 
 MOS 
 
 pofleiTed the moft benevolent heart, U 
 trbie often:i*'r fcnpreifious. 
 
 Morton, Ttataas, an JEngUfli bilhop, born 
 at York, J 564, and ^educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge; In lt>06 he was. rhanhua 
 to king James, the next Glosl- 
 
 ceifer, and then dean of V9 uicheiter. . In ] G 1 5 
 he was made hi (hop of CheSter, 1618 traniktad 
 to Lichfield and Coventry, ami in 16-32 tu 'Dur- 
 ham. Dining the civil wars, he was expofed to 
 much trouble from the parliament, and after 
 ftrffering inmrhc.iimcnt and perfecution, h 
 was permitted to retire to the houi'e of a friend 
 in jSiorlhamptoU'hire, where he died lc-59, 
 aged 95. He was the author of fouie prac- 
 tical books of divinity. 
 
 Morton, Maacs, earl nf) was feorii at Dal- 
 keith, 1530, and educated under Bucbnsan at 
 Paris. Returned to Scotland, he promoted the 
 reformation, but the miuvier of Darnley, in 
 which, he was called an accomplice., obliged 
 him to fly into England. On Ids return he 
 de chancellor of Scotland, and in J5"4, 
 fucceeded Mar as regent. Be was condemned 
 for hightrcafon, and loft his head, 1581, by 
 a machine called maiden, refembling the mo- 
 dern Preach guillotine, which ft is (aid he had 
 brought from Halifax, Yotl (hire, for the cxe- 
 ctuknoffome of his opponent* 
 
 Morton, William, a harrdter, who, in tb.c 
 civil wars, obtained die rank of lieutenant-co- 
 lonel of horiu. iLe was after the reiiora- 
 tion made king's ferjeattt, and in 1665 appoint- 
 ed juftice of the king's bench. 
 
 Morton, Jgrkrt, of Bsrehefh&r, rofe by Ins 
 abilities to places of cobdihuif-Jiee,; He was 
 privy counfellor, and from the fee of Ely he 
 was tranilated to Canterbury, and was alfo raifed 
 fey Henry VH. tovthe olfic.eof Jorci ebsmceilor., 
 and by the pope to the dignify of cardinal, lie 
 died 1500. 
 
 Mosci'oi'iT/js:, Kmr^Mil. a native of Crete,, 
 in the 14th century, author of a treatife .on 
 grammar, 1545.. 
 
 Moses, the great legiflator of the Jews, was 
 born in Egypt, 1571 B. C. He was corjv 
 miifioned by God at the burning buih lo deliver 
 the people of ifrael from their Egyptian bon- 
 dage, aud after he had tdkrehed through -.the 
 P-ed lea, he pronndgated his laws in the wil- 
 dernei's. He was not permitted to enter the 
 land of Canaan, but tjied, aged 120. 
 
 AiosnutAj, John Ltut.rcnce, an able Germ&i 
 divine, born tG','5 at Lubeck. Diftitigi:ifin.:d 
 in die German '.uiiveiiities, he was in 
 the king of Denmark and oiheV princes,. and 
 became divinity profeifor at HthVdiadt, atict 
 da chan( fcfloi of the uuiverfity of G ot- 
 tingen, where he died, 1755.. He wrote dif- 
 fcrtatioiK;s facra:, 4to. fermons Cuchvoi tii's 
 iutellc-; 1 t-..al i'yilem * of the uinverfe, trauflittafl 
 imo Latin, with notes, but, the beit known of 
 his works is an ccclefiaftical hillory, written iv 
 Latin, ar>d translated into Englifli by Mr. 
 
 Mbss, Robert, an Engliil) divine, born ex. 
 GillinghaIr', , Norfolk, 1GC6. He was broyght 
 
 up 
 
MOT 
 
 MOY 
 
 up at Norwich fchool, and Benet college, 
 Cambridge. He became chaplain to king 
 William and his two fuccen'ors, and wtt made, 
 1712, dean of Ely. He died 1 7 29. His fer- 
 mons have been publiihcd in 8 vols. 8vo. He 
 victe alio fome poetry, and fmall traeib. 
 
 Mothf. i.e Vayer', FVaacts de la, eounfcllor 
 cf Rate, and preceptor to the duke of Anjou, 
 vas born 1,588, at Paris. He enjoyed the 
 iriendflsip of Richelieu and Mazarin, and was 
 appointed to- places of honor. and diftinetion. 
 "l bough regular, and exemplary in his conduct, 
 it has been obferved that he was oocafionally 
 licentious, in Ids writings. The death of an 
 only ion at the age of ^5 afflicted him very 
 feverelv, but he, however, foon after, though 
 7.) years old, took a fecond wife. He died 
 1072. His works, collected by his lbn, and 
 dedicated to Mazarin, appeared in 1603. The 
 beft edition is that of I669, in 1 5 vols. 12mo. 
 No French writer, more than he, fays Bayle, 
 approaches nearer to Plutarch. Beautiful 
 thoughts, and folid arguments, are every where 
 interwoven hi his writings. 
 
 Motherby, George, an Englifh phvfician, 
 know by his medical dictionary, fol. He died 
 179-3, aged 62. 
 
 Motte, Anthony lioudurt de la, an inge- 
 nious Frenchman, born at Paris 1672, He 
 ftupicd the law, but quitted it for poetry and 
 literature, and at the age of 20 he produced 
 '* Ies originaux," a comedy, ill received, which 
 fo difgufted him, that he retired to the abbey 
 of la Trappe, intending to live in retirement 
 Other ideas, however, foon prevailed, and other 
 productions met with a more favorable treat- 
 ment. He had many friends, but more ene- 
 mies, and if he had not acquired celebrity by 
 his writings he would have obtained it from 
 the attacks of Racine, Boileau, Roufleau, and 
 others. His " difcours fur Homtre" is a maf- 
 terly performance, but it was attacked by ma- 
 dame Dacier, and with great fpint, but with 
 moderation defended by the author in his " re- 
 flections fur la critique." He became blind 
 in his old age, and died 1731. His works 
 conftft of epic poetry, tragedy, comedy, lyrics, 
 &c. befides critical and academical difcourfes, 
 end other profe compofuions, in 11 large vols. 
 8vo. 1754. He was, lays Voltaire, of a folid 
 and comprehenfive rather than of a fublime 
 gcnius. His profe poffi ffed delicacy, but his 
 poetry often is deflitute of fire and elegance. 
 
 Mottecx, Peter Antliony, a French writer, 
 born in Normandy, 1 660. At the revocation 
 of the edict of Nantes, lie came to England, 
 where he became a merchant ; and tranflated 
 tlon Quixote, and wrote alfo poems, and dra- 
 matic pieces. He was found dead in a dis- 
 orderly houfe in the parifh of St. Clement 
 Danes, 1/18, fuppofed to have been mur- 
 dered. 
 
 MorrrviT.tE, Frances Berirand, dame de, 
 a French lady, born in Normandy, 1615. 
 Though paticruzed by Anne of Auilria, fhe was 
 fcuiiilhcd from court by lliciielieu ; but after- 
 
 wards rt.Ttorcd to favor. She e.role the " me- 
 moirs" of her mii'trefs, b vols. l-2mo. bhe 
 died 1689. 
 
 Mottlky, John, an Engliih gentleman. 
 He was difappointed of fome places under gaftj 
 verranent, which, though promiied to hii 
 bestowed, through greater iuteroft, on 
 and in the midii of his want:;, lie ap; 
 his pen for fupport. He wrote five di 
 pieces, received with fome appkrufe, aud ajflm 
 the life of the czar Peter. He died 1750 
 
 Moufet, Thomas, firft introduced che- 
 mical medicines in England. lie li 
 at Cambridge, but took his doctor's deglflj 
 abroad, and fettled at Ipfwich. The Later . 
 part of his life was fpent at Bulbridgi 
 Wilton. He died about 1600. He i: 
 for his " theatrum infectorum," folio, 
 a work praifed by K.ay. 
 
 Mouhy, Charles dc Fienx, of Metz, wrote! 
 feveral romances of no great merit, bi 
 cite the public attention he gave to his worlmj 
 the title of fome celebrated composition 
 payfanne pai venue, 4 vols. 3 2mo. ^.'i 1 
 vaux's payfan parvenu- mille et une :. 
 8 vols, l-jmo. after mille et une nui 
 He died at Paris, 1/&4, aged. 89. 
 
 Mouein, Peter du, chaplain to Charles IM 
 and prebendary of Canterbury, died if)S4$j 
 aged 84. He was author of " the peace of ttjfl 
 foul," 12mo. clamor regii {anguinhs, alcritafl 
 by iViilion to Alexander Mw 
 
 Moulin, Lewis, brother to the preceding 
 wrote paraenefis ad tedificau>i' imperii, dedal 
 cated to Cromwell - patronus bonae fiflei, agairqB 
 the church of England. He died lf>89 
 aged 77. 
 
 Mountfort, William, of StaffordiTi 
 known as an actor and as a dramatic writtifl 
 He once difpkyed his comic powers before lolfl 
 J err' ies and the court of London aldermeB 
 by mimicking the gettures and delivery of tUG 
 great lawyers of the times. Cibbtr fpeafl 
 with approbation of his fuceefi in com- 
 well as in tragedy. He was bafcly murdered HH 
 captain Hill and lord Mohun in the Stranfl 
 in the winter of 1692. Hill immcdiatiB 
 efcaped, and Mohun was acquitted. MountiM 
 was author of fix dramatic pieces. 
 
 Moxon, Jofeph, of Wakrfi Id, YorkflllM 
 became hydrographer to the fecond CharUH 
 and died about 1700, aged 73. He wrqjjH 
 books on navigation, mathematics, aftrononjM 
 dc exercifes, or the doctrine of harJB 
 work, v^c. and taught mathematics in VV^H 
 wick-lane, London, where he conftruclB 
 globes, maps, kc. 
 
 Moyi.k, Waller, an ingenious writer, bcfM 
 in Cornwall, 1672. From Oxford he enterM 
 at the Temple, where be* fludied the law. IS 
 was in parliament, where b iiimfejHj 
 
 in a very independent manner, and fuppor^H 
 the bill for the encouragement of l'eamcn. UHB 
 tin-merit was more congenial to him than'jH 
 political life, and therefore he removed to NH 
 feat t Bake, m Cornwall, lie died 17*W 
 
MUN 
 
 MUR 
 
 aged 49. and in 1726 his works appeared in 
 8vo. A third volume wis added 17 27. 
 allele volumes contain chiefly political pamph- 
 lets dhTertations on Xenophon and Lucian 
 remarks on Fri i.-aux's connexion letters and 
 a treatifo on me miracles of the thundering le- 
 gion. &e. 
 
 Moyse, Henry, page to James I. was hern 
 aLanerk, in Scotland, 1573. As he was fo 
 near the royal perfon, he wrote a diary -of what 
 he faw and knew, which was "published 1753. 
 He lived iu retirement die latter part of life, 
 and died 1630. 
 
 Mozart, fpblfgeutg, a German mufician, 
 "born at Sa'tzburg. When a child he played 
 before the emperor, who, in approbation of his 
 great merits, called him the little ibrcerer. 
 He was in 1/63 in London, and was heard 
 v.ith equal approbation by the king and the 
 nobility, and in 1759 went to Italy, 
 where tine pope honored him with the order of 
 the golden fpur. In 1781 he fettled at 
 Ykun-i, where he died 1791, aged 35. 
 Among his works, ins fix fonatas for the harp- 
 fichord are particularly admired. 
 
 Mudge, John, an ingenious phyfician and 
 mechanic, fettled at Plymouth, where he died 
 17^3, author of a treatife on catarrhous coughs, 
 12mo. &c He abb improved the conftrucltion 
 of the reflecting telefcope. His brother Thomas 
 acquired celebrity as an ingenious watch and 
 maker, on which he wrote a treatife. 
 
 Mood, Hernandez, a Spanilh. painter. 
 Though deaf and dumb, he acquired eminence 
 in the fervice of Philip II. of Spain, who em- 
 ployed him in ornamenting the Efcurial. 
 
 MttET, Peter le, a French architect of 
 Dijon, employed in fortifying feveral of the 
 towns of Plcardy, and in the erection of the 
 church of Val de Grace, at Paris, under the 
 infpices of Anne of Auftria. He wrote fome 
 treatifos on architecture, and died 16.69, aged 
 78. 
 
 MuGGi-f.TOK, Lodovick, an Engllfh fanatic, 
 Originally a tailor. Pretending to be infpired by 
 inward light; he collected followers after him 
 pout ] (>5o, and made no feruple of damning all 
 who oppofed or differed from his tenets, 
 Hi-; books, replete with nonfenfe and impiety, 
 were burnt by the common hangman, and he 
 Kmfelf was pilloried and imprifoned, but not 
 ed. He died 169/, aged 90, and left 
 behind him a feci, which, from the fondnefs 
 of innovation and myfterious Angularity in the 
 vulgar, ltill fubfifts. 
 
 grave, Covftantine Phipps,lord, Fid. 
 Pmi'Ks. 
 
 Mincer, Tliorarts, a Saxon fanatic, born 
 In Mifnia. He was one of Xuther's difeiples, 
 but afterwards preached againft him, and be- 
 came the leader of the anabaptills. He with 
 ptorck deftroyed the images in the churches, 
 and being with his followers re-bapti/.cd naked, 
 m to regard all things in common. 
 by 40,000 enthuiialls, h" commanded 
 reign princes of Germany to icfign their. 
 
 authority to him, as armed with temporal forre, 
 and with directions from heaven. The land* 
 grave of Hefi'e took up arms, but Muneer, 
 with the title Oi king, met him in the fic'uf, 
 promiiiug his atfociates a complete victory, but 
 after loiuig 7000 of his followers he lied to 
 Franchaufen, where he was feized, and after- 
 wards executed at Mulbaufen, 1 525. 
 
 Muncker, Thomas, author of mythograplu 
 Latin:, of an edition Of Hyginus with uotes, 
 S.C died 1630. 
 
 Monday, Antony, a comic poet in the l6tli 
 century. He was meffenger of the queen's bed 
 chamber. His plays were faid to poffefs me- 
 rit, but none of them are extant. ., 
 
 Munich, Bur chard Chrijhpher, of New 
 Huntorf, in Oidenburgh, learned the art of 
 war under Marlborough and Eugene. He was 
 afterwards in the Poiilh and then in the Ruffian 
 fervice, but after acquiring glory in the wars 
 againft the Turks, he was difgraced by Eliza- 
 beth in 1741, and lent to Siberia. After 20 
 years' exile he was recalled by Peter" III. and 
 appeared at court in the fame lheep fkin diets 
 which he had worn in his captivity. Hl- lived 
 in retirement, and died 1 7 6/, at Riga. 
 
 Munster, Sebajiian, a Gorman divine, 
 who ftudied at Heidelberg and Bafil, and em- 
 braced the tenets of Luther. He publiihed a 
 " Chaldee grammar and lexicon -a. Talmudie 
 dictionary" -an univerfal cofmOgrapby, folio-p- 
 and a Latin verfion of the old teftament, -for 
 which two laft works he. was called the Strabo 
 and the Efdras of Germany. He wrote befides 
 other valuable works, and died of the plague at 
 Bafil, 1552, aged 63. 
 
 Muralt, Beau Lewis de, a native of Berne, 
 who died 17 60. He is author of letters upon 
 the French andEngliih, 2 vols. 12me. fables, 
 8vo. Sec. 
 
 Muratori, Lewis Antony, wx Italian writer, 
 born in the Bolognefe, 167 2. He was fi- 
 at Milan, and in 1700 was recalled to 
 Modena. In the enjoyment of eafe he devoted 
 himfelf to literature, but was accufed by his 
 enemies of herefy and atheifm before Benedict 
 XIV. who received ids apologies with huma- 
 nity, and wrotchira a letter of approbation. 
 He died 1750. His works have appeared in 
 46 vols, folio, and poffefs great merit. The 
 belt known are anecdota quae ex Ambrof. biblio- 
 thecac codici'ous nunc primum eruit no' is et 
 difyuifit. &.c.-^anecdota Graeca, quae ex HSS. 
 nunc primum emit reruni Itulicarum fcrip- 
 tores ab anno 500, ad J 500 antiquitatcs 
 Italics medii revi. novus thefaurus veterum 
 inferiptionum annali d'ltalia della perfctta 
 pocfiana Itapana Italian poems, &c, 
 
 Muretus, Mark Antony, a critic, born at 
 Murct, near Limoges, 1526. He read lec- 
 tures on Cicero and Terence at Auch, and 
 afterwards viiitcd Paris, Bourdeaux, &c. 
 where he taught Latin for his maintenance. 
 In 1552 he returned to Paris, where he was 
 accufed of an unnatural crime. He fled to 
 ToulQuie where he read lectures on civil law, 
 I but 
 
MUR 
 
 MUR 
 
 but here agr.in lie forgot l.vs character, and 
 
 denned in I tftera of* 
 
 . e, to b burnt In effigy with Merouoiui 
 
 Preiniot of Dijon, his aflbciaie, as being a 
 huguenot ami a ft iped to 
 
 Italy, and after indnieVmg youth at Paduaand 
 he was united, 15'JO, by Hrppolite 
 w'Lit to Rome. Here he v.as honored with 
 the title of citizen of Rome, by Gregory X11I. 
 Mid attended Ins pauon when legate to Paris. 
 At Paris he acquired celebrity by lus lectures 
 on Arhiotle's ethics, and on civil law. In 
 1576 he became an cccleiiaftic, and entered 
 into the fociety of the jeiuits. He died at 
 Paris, 1585. His works are numerous and 
 eonmt of valuable orations, various readings 
 and trauilations horn Greek authors, especially 
 Ariftotlc, poems, epiftles, gee. all written in 
 a pore, polithcd, and elegant ftyle, publiilicd 
 together at Verona, in 5 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Murilio, Bartholomew, a Spauilh painter. 
 
 His landt'capes and hiiiorical pieces were much 
 
 d, and obtained for him frorn the king 
 
 of Spain a patent of nobility. He died at 
 
 Madrid, 15S2, aged 72. 
 
 Murphy, Arthur, a dramatic writer of 
 eminence, born in Ireland, and educated at the 
 ichool at St. Omer's. He engaged in London 
 in commercial purfuhs, but bufmefs had no 
 attractions for htm, and he devoted hiinfelf to 
 literature. After trying his powers in Othello 
 and other characters, he resigned all preteniions 
 to eminence on the theatre ; but though he 
 ftudied the law at Lincoln's inn, the dramatic 
 mute engaged the whole of his attention. Of 
 the S3 pieces which he wrote, moft ol them 
 were received with flattering applaufe, and fe- 
 veral of them are iiill retained on the ftage with 
 increafirtg celebrity. He was intimate with die 
 wits of the times, with Poote, Garrick, John* 
 fon, Burke, and others. Of his dramatic 
 pieces the belt known are, the orphan of China 
 the Grecian daughter all in the wrong 
 the way to keep him know your own mind 
 three weeks after marriage the apprentice 
 the citizen, &c. which procured him with pub- 
 lic eftccin, both opulence and independence. 
 He wrote bolides the Cray's-inn journal, a 
 weekly paper the teft and the auditor, in 
 favor of government a reply to "Churchill's il- 
 liberal attack upon him; and he elegantly tranf- 
 lated Tacitus, in 4 vols. and made Latin ver- 
 lions of the temple of fame of Gray's elegy,' 
 &c. He wrote alio Garrick's life. The three 
 Iaft years of his life he received from govern- 
 ment a penfion of 2001. a-year, and he was 
 alfo a comniiiiioner of bankrupts. In his man- 
 ners he was affable and polite, and his urbanity 
 w?s Leafor.ed by an iuexhauftible fund of anec- 
 dote. He died 1805, aged 78. 
 
 M CUR ay, James, earl of, natural fon of 
 James V. of Scotland, was born in 1529. He 
 proved the ingratitude of his heart by his bar- 
 barous conduct towards the unhappy Mary, 
 againft whom he excited the noble* of the king- 
 On the difgrace of Mtry he was ap- 
 
 pointed regent during the minority of the yi tun* 
 kin::, 1 5o7, and he wasfhol four y< ,,rs after at 
 Linlithgow, by Hamilton, whole vine he had 
 feduced. 
 
 Murray, James, a native of Dunkeld, 
 educated at Aberdeen. He fettled in Lo 
 where he preached in Swallow-ilreet. ! 
 author of alethia, or fyftem of moral I 
 4 vol*. 12mo. and died 175S, aged j.">. 
 other dilfenting divine cf that name 
 hiiiory of the American war, 4 vols. Svo. 
 fermons to afi'es, 12mo. &.e. 3 vols, and died 
 1782. 
 
 Murray, William, earl of Mansfield, a 
 celebrated lawyer, fourth fon of David, vifeonnt 
 Stonnont, was born 1705, at Perth, in Scot- 
 land. He was educated at Wettminfter fchool, 
 and Ch rut- church, Oxford. On his return 
 from his travels he entered at Lincoln's inn, 
 and gradually role to eminence, diftinguiihed as 
 an eloquent orator, both at the 'oar and in the 
 houle of commons. He was in 1742, ap- 
 pointed folicitor-general, and during the 
 lord Lovat, he difplayed fo much candor and 
 liberality, that he received the thanks ol' the 
 accufed as well as of the prefident of the court. 
 In 1754 he was attorney-general, and t . 
 after was made chief juftice of the king's bench, 
 and then created baron Mansfield. Alter the 
 accelfion of George III. he was attacked by ma- 
 levolent infinuations, but the" virulence of party, 
 failed to influence his conduct. To this un- 
 worthy treatment he alluded in pathetic, but 
 firm language, on Wilkes' outlawry, and con- 
 cluded by obferving, that he honored the king, 
 refpected the people, but that many things ,ac- 
 quired by the favor of either were not worth his 
 ambition, and that he wifhed popularity, but 
 fuch popularity as followed not that which is run 
 after. He was three times offered the great feal, 
 which he declined, and, in 1776, he was cre- 
 ated an carl, with remainder to his nephews. 
 In 17 Ho, when London exhibited a fcene of 
 tumult and plunder, his houfe in Bloonrfbury* 
 fquare was burnt down by the mob; and with it a 
 very large collection of books and valuable ma- 
 nufcriprs. When offered an honorable 
 penlation by the commons, he refilled to aol 
 eept any thing, but devoted himfclf with in- 
 creafing affiduity to the labors of his high offu <. 
 After idling with unlhaken integrity this fitu A 
 tion for many years, the infirmities ol* a 
 came fo great that he refigned it in Jan. 
 and in. his honorable retirement was accon 
 with the refpect of the bar, and of th< 
 nation. He died at Cacnwood, 1793, 
 89th year of his age. The character 1 
 Mansfield {lane's high in the records ol 
 for integrity, wifdom, and fagacio\is 
 ment. Whilft he prefided in the king' 
 the court was remarkable for the regularity, the' 
 punctuality, and the difpatch which his ai 
 mind introduced. With fuel 1 impartialit; 
 his deciflons given, that ouly in two cafes, where 
 the opinions of the judges were very difo 
 the judgment of the court was revcrfed. 
 
 . Murtola/ 
 
MUS 
 
 MYT 
 
 Murtola, Gafpard, an Italian poet of 
 (jenoa. His poem on the creation of the world 
 expofed him to the eenfures of Marini ; but 
 After mutual abufe, Murtola at laft attacked 
 perfonally his antagonist, and nearly killed him. 
 He wrote befides, a Latin poem, nutriciarum li- 
 bri tres a poem on Janus, &c. and died 1 624. 
 
 Muschenbroeck, Peter de, born at Utrecht 
 160-2, was profeifor of phtloibphv and mathe- 
 matics in his native town, and afterwards at 
 Leyden, where he died. He wrote tentamina 
 experimentorum, 4to. iniiitutiones phyficae, 
 4to. compendium phyfiese experimentalis, 
 12mo. and a courfe of natural and experimental 
 philofophy very much eiteemed, tranuated into 
 n,!iih, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Musculus, Hblfgangus, a famous divine, 
 born in Lorraine 1497- He was taken out of 
 charity among the beneditines whom he for- 
 fook on embracing the tenets of Luther. He 
 retiredtoStrafburg, but hisnarrowciretimftances 
 obliged him to work for his bread, and while lie 
 preached on a Sundav, he laboured the reft of 
 the week in transcribing the works of Bucer, 
 who entertained hiin in his houfe. From Straf- 
 burg he went in 1534 to Augfburg, where his 
 eloquence was fo powerful that the magistrates 
 expelled their popilh minifters. In 1548, 
 Charles V. reftored the catholic rites at Augf- 
 burg, and Mufculus fled to Switzerland, where 
 the magiftrates of Berne made him divinity pro- 
 feffor. He died there 1563. He was a man 
 of great learning, though he was 32 years eld 
 before he became acquainted with -the Greek, 
 and 40 with Hebrew. He wrote commentaries 
 on the Scriptures, &c. 
 
 Musgravk, William, a phyfician and anti- 
 quary, born in Somerfetfhire, 1657. He was 
 educated at Winchefter, and New college, 
 Oxford. He was Secretary to the royal feciety, 
 and in 1691, he fettled at Exeter, where ne 
 praclifed with reputation, and died 1/21. His 
 works were de arthritide, &c. de leglonibus 
 epiftola de aquilisRomanis Geta Britannicus, 
 &c Belgium Britannicum, 8cc. His fon was 
 alfo a phyfician at Lxeter, and wrote fome cri- 
 . tical pieces. He brought himfelf into notice 
 by charging the miniftry with bribery, at the 
 peace of 1763, which he could not Substantiate 
 before the commons. He died 17/7. 
 
 Muss, Uornelras, bifhop of Bitonto, was 
 i fent by Paid IV. to affift at the council of Trent. 
 He was bora at Placentia 1511, and died at 
 Rome 1574. His Sermons are furious, and 
 contain quotations from- Homer, &c. as much 
 a* om the Scriptures. 
 
 Mustapha I. Succeeded Achmet as empe- 
 ror of Turkey 1617, and was Strangled 1623, 
 byhisjamffaries. 
 
 MusTArHA II. fon of the fourth Mahomet, 
 Succeeded Achmet II. 1695. He was an able 
 warrior, and after defeating the imperialifls at 
 Temei\var, he attacked the Venetians, Poles, 
 and Ruffians. He retired to Adrianople, where 
 he forgot himfelf in lafcivious pleafures, till a 
 revolt of his fubjects compelled hiin to defcend 
 from the throne 1 7 03 . He died of melancholy 
 fix months after. . 
 
 ' Mustapha III. fon of Achmet III. fucceeded 
 1757. He Spent his time in his Seraglio, and 
 left the government to his favorites. He died 
 774. 
 
 Musurus, Marcus, of Candia, taught 
 Greek in the univerfities of Venice, Padua, 
 and Rome, and contributed much to the revival 
 of letters. He was made bifhop of Malvazia, 
 in the Morea, by Leo X. and died of a dropfy 
 Soon after, 1517. He was the friend of Eraf- 
 mus, and to his critical knowledge the public 
 was indebted for the firft edition of Ariflophanes 
 and Athenaeus. He published alfo etymologl- 
 cum magnum Graecorum, &c. 
 
 Muy, Louis Nicolas Victor count de, of 
 Marfeilles, fignalized himfelf by his valor in 
 the battles of Fontenoy, of Haftenback, of 
 Crcvelt, and of Minden. He was marfhal of 
 France, and war minister, and died Soon after, 
 of the Stone, 1775, aged 64. 
 
 Muys, JVilliam, of Sleenvick, Over-yiTel, 
 was fucceffively promoted to the chairs of me- 
 dicine, chemiftry, and botany, at Franeker, 
 where he died 1744. He gave to the worki 
 befides orations, &c. elements of natural phi- 
 lofophy, 4to. inventio fabricse quae in parti- 
 bus mufculds component, extat, 4to. devir- 
 tutp feminali, 9tfi, 
 
 Mvdorge, Claude, of Paris. He ably de- 
 fended his friend Defcartes, againfi the jefujts, 
 and published four books on conic fections, &c 
 He died 1647, aged 62. 
 
 Myn, Hcrlert Vander, a painter of Am- 
 sterdam. His flowers, &e. as well as his por- 
 traits and historical pieces, were defervedly ad- 
 mired. He died 1741, aged 57. 
 
 Mytens, Martin; of Stockholm, 13 known 
 as a puimer. Though invited by Peter the 
 Great, vvhcie portrait he took, to fettle in 
 Raffia, he refuted it ; and after viftting various 
 pirts of EuropV he lived at Vienna, defervedly 
 refpe&ed by Chailes VI, He died there 1 7 !> 5, 
 axed 60. 
 
 m 
 
 NABI. 
 
N. 
 
 NAN 
 
 ^TAB1-^:^TENDI, a Turkifli poet wll ac- | 
 :aint< d with the clafiic writers of Greece 
 and Rome. He florifned in the i;th century. ' 
 oe of the minor prophets, pro- 
 phefied in the reign of Hczekiah, and din &ed 
 his predictions againil Niniveh. His language 
 is bold and anim 
 
 , aMarooite, profeffor of 
 oe, where he died 1711, aged so. 
 oplia fiuei <atholic;e, &c dc M- 
 , &c. He maintains that the 
 i'erved inviolate tbechviftian 
 fjith from the time of the apoftles, and that 
 lerive their name hofc-ftom Maro the Mo- 
 lite, v. ho died 707, but from St. Maro, 
 _ an anachoret f the fourth eentury. 
 
 ine, of Malton, Yoikfhire, 
 wasc ' . John's college, Cambridge, 
 
 and made prebendary of York, and ti 
 
 rote a volume of fer- 
 moos, ive. and died 17-24, aged 83. 
 
 James, minifter of St. Leonard's, 
 Tofter-lane, was concerned in Love's plot, and 
 tied to Holland. He-was ejected 1662, and 
 died ihe Best year of melancholy, author of 
 ibme ferraons. 
 
 1, John Baptijt, a Venetian, proctor of 
 St. Mark. He was admitted into the college 
 uf fenators, 1641, and went as urabailador to 
 France, a*d obtained from the French court, 
 idccoursin men and money to continue the war 
 ft the Turks in Candia. He was after- 
 wards ambafTa^o; to the emperor, and was rip- 
 pointcd, for lit Cervices, proctor of St. Mark, 
 and captain general of the marine. He died 
 1678. He was the author of an hiltory of Ve- 
 nice, undertaken at ih< reuueft of the fenate, 
 1 *ol. 4to. 
 
 \ Chazot de, author of 
 hiiroiical genealogies of kinirs, empeiors, and 
 other fovercigns of Europe, -\ vols. 4 to. 
 geographical tables, 19mo. genealogies in 
 lupplemeru to Moreri, l749.-*hittoriral 
 and genealogical tables, y vols, died at Paris, 
 I, aged 65. 
 NaXTtrtrL, Rulert, a French painter, boin 
 ^ Rheiins, 1630. He went to Paris in qiu.lt 
 of employment, and his portrait of Lc . 
 wa executed with fucfl elegat.ee, that the mo- 
 aarch rewarded ban v.ith 100 louis, and gave 
 him a penfion, with the appointment of de- 
 %oer and engraver to his cabinet. He toon 
 gamed a confidcrable fortune, and in the gra- 
 titude of his heart, fent for hit aged father to 
 Ufcrrluj hocon and his independence. He died 
 
 NAS 
 
 at Paris, 1678. His works conuft of about 
 240 prints. 
 
 Napier, or Nepkh, John, baron of Mer- 
 cfoifton, was born near Edinburgh, 1550, 11^ 
 ftudied at St. Andrew's, and a r ter making the 
 tour of France, Italy, and Germany, he re- 
 turned to mathematical purfuits in Scotland. 
 His abilities were of a fuperior. caft, and he has 
 I his name immortal by the difcovery of 
 logarithms, published 1614. This iVicnce was 
 afterwards further improved by himfelf, and 
 alio by Briggs, geometrical profeffcr of Gre- 
 fham college. Lord Napier publilhed a'.fo 
 ra'xlology and promptuary. His invention of 
 the five circular parts in trigonometry, and the 
 mode of calculation by rods, called Napier's 
 rods, or bones, were very ingenious contri- 
 vances. He is alio author of an " elfay on the 
 ajocalypfc." He died at Manchester, 161 7. 
 Narks, James, doctor of unriic, and 
 brother to judge Narcs, was born at Slanwcll, 
 1715. He was one of the chorifters of the 
 royal chapel, and in 1? ; 34 became OTganHI at 
 York. In 1 / bb he was organift and compofer 
 to the king, in the room of Dr. Green, and 
 the n % xt year he took his. mufical degree at 
 Cambridge, and in 17 57 was made matter of 
 the choriiters, which he refigned in 17 SO to his 
 pupil Dr. Ayrton. He died 1 7 S3. His works 
 are much admired, efpecially the royal paftoral, 
 an ode. 
 
 Nash, Thomas, born at Leoltoff, in Suffolk, 
 and educated at Cambridge. His poems, di- 
 rected againil the puritans, and efpecially his 
 " Pierce pcinwlefs," poflefs merit, but with 
 their latirc, breathe nothing but uifappointment 
 at the ingratitude of mankind. He died about 
 1600. 
 
 Nash, Richard, an extraordinary character 
 born in Glamorganfhire, 1674. From Car- 
 marthen fchool he went to Jefus college, Ox- 
 ford, where he became known more for hU 
 love of plcafure, than for his application. He 
 entered the army, and obtained a pair of 
 < . lors ; but foon rclinquHhcd this for a town 
 life, and the law at the Temple. Admired as a 
 jovial companion, he became the arbiter e!e- 
 gantferum of the fafbionable world, and whea 
 the Middle Temple, according to cuftotn, ex- 
 hibited an entertainment for king William, 
 Nalh managed the ceremony fo well, that die 
 monarch offered him the honor of knighthood, 
 which he declined. In 1704 Na(h went to 
 Bath, and being elected mafter of ceremonies, 
 he foon made that city the refort of the gay, 
 
 the 
 
NAV 
 
 NAY 
 
 the fafhionable, and the opulent. The greateft 
 regularity was made to prevail in the public 
 rooms, and Bath, lately known to few, became 
 the centre of attraction for perfons in the 
 higher rank of life. Nalh fupported his ex- 
 pcnccs chiefly from the gaming table ; but 
 with this vicious propeaiity, he was humane, 
 generous, and charitable, and though perfe- 
 cuted by creditors, he has often beftowed on 
 the cravings of indigence, what was due from 
 him to patient induftry. Flattered with the 
 appellation of the king of Bath, and called beau 
 Naffi, he continued his career of genteel diffi- 
 
 of Africa, and took pofleflion.of Oran, Tripoli, 
 and other places ; but part of his army was de- 
 feated by the Moorifh cavalry. His campaigns 
 in Italy afterwards were unfortunate, and he 
 was taken' at the battle of Ravenna, 1512. 
 The ill treatment of the Spaniih king determined 
 him to enter into the fervicc of Francis I. In his 
 attempt to relieve Genoa, he was taken by the 
 imperial troops, and for, three years languifhed 
 in the dungeons of (Euf, till the treaty of 
 Madrid fet him free. He was taken prifoner at 
 the retreat of Averfa, and again fent to the 
 dungeons of CEuf. . Here his life was fpared by 
 
 pation, though his income was precarious, and the duke of Orange, in compafiion for his mil 
 
 his refources depended on chance. In the de 
 cline of life, he became very poor, and the 
 prefents, formerly received from the par- 
 tiality of the great, were all difpofed of, to 
 fupport his ncceffities. His laft moments 
 brought with them unpleafing reflec/tions, and 
 he expired in great agitation of mind, 17'6l, 
 aged 8J. As he had contributed to the cele- 
 brity of Bath, and promoted the building of 
 an hofpital, the people of the city fhewed due 
 r-efpeel: to his remains there. 
 
 Nasini, JoJ'eph Nicholas, of Sienna, 
 ftudied painting under Ciro Ferri, and his abili- 
 ties were employed in hiftorical works, by the 
 fraud duke of Tufcany. He died 1?36, 
 aged 76. 
 
 Natalis, Michael, an engraver of Liege. 
 From the houfe of his father, who inftrucTted 
 him in the art of engraving, he went to Rome. 
 His engraved reprefentations of ftatues, after 
 Rubens, Titian, &c. from the Juftinian gallery, 
 were much admired. He died 16/0, aged 
 61. 
 
 Nathan, a prophet in the age of David. 
 The. pathetic parable of the poor man's lamb, 
 by which he reproved that monarch's cruel 
 murder of Uriah, and his adulterous intercourfe 
 with Bathfheba, his wife, is well known. 
 
 Nattier, John Mark le, a' French painter. 
 His defigns for the Luxemburg gallery have been 
 engraved and printed, folio, 171Q* He was 
 profeffor in the academy o painting, and was 
 patronized by Lewis, but he declined the liberal 
 invitations of the czar Peter to fettle in Ruffia. 
 He died 17 66. 
 
 - NAVAGF.no, Andrew, a Venetian, employed 
 as ainbaffador to Francis I. He died of a fever 
 at Blois, 1529, aged 44. He was engaged in 
 Writing the hiftory of Venice, but burnt the 
 wcrk in his laft illnels. His poems arc preferved 
 in the " carmina poetarum Italornm." 
 
 Navarre, Peter, a warrior in the 16th cen- 
 tury, born in Bifcay. After being a feaman, he 
 ntered into the fervice of cardinal Aragon as 
 valet, and next ferved in the army*of the Flo- 
 rentines, and then engaged in the fea fervicc-. 
 He was employed by Gonfalvo de Cordova in 
 the Neapolitan wars, as captain, and he contri- 
 buted much to the taking of Naples. Tlie em- 
 peror gave him the domains of Alveto, in Na- 
 ples, from which he affirmed the name of Na- 
 >jx;. He afterwards failed againft th Moors 
 
 fortunes and his valor. He died foon after, 
 though fome afiert that he was ftrangled in his 
 bed. 
 
 Navaretta, Ferdinand, a Spaniih domini- 
 can, of Old Caftile,, employed as a miflionarv in 
 China, .16.>9. He was well acquainted with 
 Chinefe, and on his return, 16/2, he went be- 
 fore the pope to account for his miffion. 1 He 
 was made archbifhop of St. Domingo, where he 
 died, 1689. He printed in Spaniih his treatife, 
 hiftorical, political, and moral, of China, folio, 
 but two other volumes were fuppreffed by the 
 inquiiition. 
 
 Naude, Gabriel, was born at Paris, 1600, 
 and improved himfelf at Padua, where he took 
 his degrees in phyfie. In 16-31 he was mad 
 librarian to cardinal Bagui, at Rome, and after- 
 wards patronized by Barberini. He was invited 
 to Paiis, and treated with great kindnefs by th 
 miniftry. He attended Chriftina at the court 
 of Sweden, but he did not remain long there ; 
 and the fatigues of his journey threw him into 
 a fever, of which he died at Abbeville, 1653. 
 He wrote, apology for great men who have been 
 accufed of magic, 12mo. addition to the life 
 of Lewis XL bibliographia politica fyn- 
 tagma de ftudio militari, &.c. 
 
 Naude, Philip, a mathematician of Metz, 
 1654. At the revocation of the edict ef Nantes, 
 he went to Berlin, where he became profeffor of> 
 mathematics. He died there^ 1729. He pub- 
 lifhed a " treatife on geometry," in German, 
 4 to. and was fucceeded as profeffor by his fon, 
 who died 1745. 
 
 Navier, Peter Toitffaint, of St. Dizier, died 
 at Chalons-fur-Marne, 1779. He is known 
 for his difcovery of nitrous ether, and the ctvui- 
 bination of mercury with iron, hitherto regarded 
 as impoiTibHities. In epidemical diforders his 
 prescription* were very fuccefsful ; and to the 
 tnieft meeknefs "and modefty, he united the 
 higheft humanity. He wrote, a differtation on 
 common difeafes obfervatiofis on the foften- 
 ing of the bones reflections on the danger 
 of hafty burials, and the abufes of interments 
 in churches antidotes againft arlehic, 2 vols. 
 l2mo. &c. 
 
 Nayl&r, James, a quaker, born at Arolflcy, 
 Yorkfhiie, 1616. He was in 1611 a private 
 in the parliamentary array, but quitted the 
 military life in 1649. The preaching of 
 George Fox convened him to quakerifm, 
 
 [O 2] 
 
 1651, 
 
NEC 
 
 NEE 
 
 1631, and he became an itinerant minifter of 
 
 his perfuafion. In 1656 he was imprisoned 
 
 .re his followers eddreffed bum as 
 
 the prince of peace ; and afterwards be went to 
 
 mpamed by b cavalcade, who fan* 
 
 'uim, holv, holy, lolv is the Lord 
 
 God < . ::ma"in the higheft. This 
 
 was noticed l>y the jarHainei.( ; Naylcr was 
 
 ccufi-d and condemned, as guilty of bfaf- 
 
 fed in the pillory, whipped, 
 
 and branded on the forehead, his tongue 
 
 was U.rtd through with a red-hot iron at 
 
 the Old Exchange, and he was then im- 
 
 prifoncd for life. After two years he was let 
 
 at liberty, and in 1 6f>0 he left London to return 
 
 to Wakefield, to his wife and family, but died 
 
 by the way. His writings have appeared in an 
 
 a lame. 1716. 
 
 Neai., Daniel, of London, was educated at a 
 diflenting academy, and then at Utrecht and 
 Levden. He was paftor of a congregation of 
 independents in Alderfgate-ftreet, and afterwards 
 in Jewin-ftreot, and died 1743, aged 65., He 
 urote an hiitory of the puritans, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 Liftorv of Now England, 2 vols. 8vo. fermons, 
 
 6.C. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar I. or Nebuchaoonosor, 
 king of Nineveh, is fuppofed to be the Na- 
 bopolaflar who founded the kingdom of Ni- 
 neveh. 
 
 NVjuchadnf.zzar II. king of Babylon, is 
 fuppofed to be the fyn of the preceding. He 
 invaded Judaea, and carried the inhabitants into 
 captivity. He afterwards was banifhed from the 
 tj of men, and herded among the beafts of 
 the field. After feven years he was reftored to 
 his dignity, and died about 562 B. C 
 
 Necho, or the Pharaoh Necho of fcrip- 
 ture, was king of Egypt. The expedition 
 which his (hips undertook from the Red fea 
 round the coaft of Africa to the entrance of the 
 Mediterranean, is fam< us, and was completed 
 in three years. He died about 600 B. C. 
 
 , John Fan, a painter of Naarden. 
 
 ked figures were particularly admired. 
 
 Il> befi piece is Simeon holding in his arms 
 
 the infant Saviour, at Amfterdain. He died 
 
 1714, aged 79. 
 
 Neckeh, Noel Jofeph, of Flanders, ob- 
 tained celebrity as a botanift. He wrote delieiat 
 Callo-Bclgicaj fylveftres, 2 vols.-i2mo. phy- 
 fiologia mufcortim, Hvo. mcthodus mufcorum, 
 W llfHJMllla botanica eclurciffeinens fur la 
 ion, &c. 8vo. He died at Manheim, 
 
 U, JameSf a native of Oneva, known 
 
 as a financier. He was member of the council 
 
 of 200 at (jeneva, and went as ambaifador to 
 
 where in 1763 be obtained the office 
 
 of fjridic U) the Baft India company, and in 
 
 1775 *%a ma treafuiv. 
 
 e waa twice prime minifter 
 
 revolution, to which his 
 
 ed hu -o- 
 
 ritzerland, where he 
 
 died at topet, 1S04, ajjed 7 i, lit is author ot 
 
 a work on the finances of France, 3 vols. 4 
 treat ile on the influence of religious opinions, 
 >Vv-. His wife, the daughter of h proleftant 
 divine, rendered herfclf known by her writings, 
 and the amiable virtues of her character. \S hen 
 her hufband was raifed to higheft offices of 
 France, the did not affuine the mamiers of 
 fuppreilious pride, But continued the friend of 
 the learned, and the proteclrd's of the poor. 
 She followed her hufband's difgrace to Copet, 
 where fhe died, 1795. Her works are a treatife 
 on hafty burials, 8vo. memoirs on the efta- 
 blifhment of hofpitals reflections on divorce, 
 &c. Her daughter married baron de Siaei 
 Holftein, the Swedilh ambaffador in France, and 
 (he has acquired fome celebrity by th.e int rigues 
 which (lie carried on during the revolution, and 
 by " delphine," a romance, full of indecent 
 and irreligious fentiments. 
 
 Neckham, Alexander, canon of Exeter, 
 was a learned man and a poet, and therefore 
 called miraculum ingenii. He wrote commen- 
 taries on the pfalms a treatife de nominibus 
 utenfilium, &c. and died 122/. 
 
 Neediiam, Marchamont, of Burford, Ox- 
 fordfhire, was educated at All-fouls' college, 
 and St. Mary's hall, Oxford. He was uflier in 
 Merchant-taylors' fchool, and at the breaking 
 out of the civil wars he engaged in the publi- 
 cation of a periodical paper, called Mercurius 
 Britannicus, in which he favored the republi- 
 cans ; but afterwards he was reconciled to the 
 royalifts, and began to ferve their eaufe by his 
 Mercurius pragmaticus. He was imprifoned 
 for this by the parliament, and then perfuaded 
 to embrace the caufe of the independents, 
 which he did in his new paper, called Mercu- 
 rius politicus. On the return of Charles II. 
 he obtained his pardon under the great feal, 
 and practifed as a pliyfician among the dif- 
 fdntcrs. He died 1678. He was a man of 
 great abilities, but his change of principles ac- 
 cording to party rendered him fufpecled and 
 defpicabie. Befides his Mercuries he wrote 
 various political pamphlets. 
 
 Needhami, John Tuberrille, a catholic, 
 born in London 17 1 3, and educated at Douai. 
 He was profeffor of philofophy in the Englifh 
 college at Lilbon, and afterwards travelled >vith 
 icveral Englifh and Irifh noblemen. He was 
 reclor of the academy of fcicnccs at Bruffels, 
 where he died 1781. He wrote inquiries on 
 microfebpical difcoveries, and organized bo- 
 dies obfu v ationson Spallation's difcoveries 
 inquiries on nature and religion, &.c. 
 
 N&EDLER, Benjamin, a native of Lalam, 
 educated at Merchant-taylors' and St. John's 
 college, Oxford. He was afterwards minifter 
 of Margaret Mofea, Friday-ftrcet, and was 
 ejected 1662. He then fettled at North Warn- 
 borough, Hants, where he died 1682. He 
 wrote au expolition of the firft five chapters of 
 Genefis. 
 
 N i.i i)i eh, Thomas, of the Navy office, 
 author of fome profe and poetical works, lie 
 died \?iti, ujed 2U. 
 
 N&Sfy 
 
NL 
 
 NEL 
 
 Neefs, Peter, a Flemifh painter. His 
 paintings in perfpecrive, and efpeeiaily ilie 
 infide of churches, are much adin'ued. 
 
 Nehemiah, a Jew, cup-bearer to Artaxerxes 
 Longimanus, by whom he was permitted to 
 return to Jerufaiem, to rebuild the city and 
 temple, 454 B. C. He died at Jerufaiem 
 430, after governing his nation with juitice 
 30 years. 
 
 Nelson, Robert, generally called the pious 
 Nelfon, was born in London, 1656. He was 
 ducat ed at St. Paul's i'ehool, and afterwards 
 at Saddingtoo, Glcueefterihire, and then fent 
 to Trinity college, Cambridge. In 1630 lie 
 was admitted fellow of- the royal fociety, ' and 
 began his travels with his friend Dr. Halley. 
 He vifited Paris, and proceeding to Rome, 
 he became acquainted with lady Theophila 
 J.uey, widow of fir Kingfmill Lucy, bait', whom 
 he married on his return to England. This 
 lady declared herfelf of the catholic perfuafion, 
 but though {he wrote in favor of her prin- 
 ciples, againft what her hulband publilhed, 
 thei* mutual affection was never embittered 
 by religions difagreements, Nelfon remained 
 attached to his creed, and to his fovereign, 
 and refuted to transfer his allegiance to Wil- 
 liam. He was ftill regarded by Tillotfon, 
 though they difagreed in political opinions, 
 and filch was their attachment, that the pre- 
 late was attended in his laft illnefs by his friend, 
 and died in h-s arms. In 1709, he returned 
 to the communion of the" church of England. 
 He was attacked by an afthma and dropfy in 
 the breaft, of which ho died at Kcnfngton, 
 1715. This great, learned, and amiable man 
 wrote various works, the beft known of which 
 are his companion for the fe Rivals and falls of 
 the chinch or England, 8vo. a ufcful work, 
 often reprinted. He wrote befides, the 
 practice of true devotion, 12mo. tranfub- 
 flantiation contrary to fcripture, 4 to. the 
 great duty of frequenting the chriftian facri- 
 fice, 8vo. the life of hifhop Bull, Svo. a 
 letter to Clarke on his doctrine of the trinity 
 addrefs to perfous of quality, &c. the whole 
 duty of a chriftian, in queiiion and anfwer, &c. 
 Nelson, Horatio vifcottnt, an illuflrious 
 Englilh fc-aman, fourth ion of the Rev. Edw. 
 Nelfon, born 17; 8, at Burnham Thorpe, 
 Norfolk. At the age of 12, when the nation 
 was threatened with war, about the Falkland 
 iflands, he entered on board the Raifonable 
 of 6 I guns, under his maternal uncle captain 
 Suckling. In 1773 he accompanied the ex- 
 pedition font under the command of captains 
 Phipps and Lutwidge ou a voyage of diicovery 
 to the North pole, and on hr> return he went to 
 the Welt Indies, on board the Sea-borfe under 
 captain Firmer. In 17 77> he was employed 
 as fecond of the Lowtftoffe, of 32 guns, on 
 the Jamaica ftation, from which he was re- 
 moteJ to the command of a fchjoner, and 
 thus was enabled to acquire a perfect know- 
 ledge of the intricate navigation of the feas 
 ntw tfifyaofola In June 17 7 9 h-: was made 
 
 pod captain, and when an attack was expe<ffei 
 in Jamaica from D'Eftaing, the youthful hero 
 was entruftcd with the care of the batteries of 
 Port Royal, and the defence of Kingfton and 
 Spanifh Town. In the attack upon Fort Juan, 
 in the gulf of Mexico, his perfeverance was of 
 infinite benefit to the publicfervice, and he^ con- 
 tinued on the American ftation till the peace. 
 In 1783 he vifited France, and the next year 
 he was appointed to the Boreas of 28 guns, at 
 the Leeward iflands, arid there married, 1787, 
 Frances Herbert Nc(bit, widow of Dr. Nelbit, 
 of Nevis, and daughter of W. Herbert, efq. 
 fenior judge" of that ifland. He returned to 
 England,- 1787, and retired to Burnham 
 Thorpe, till 1793, when the war with France 
 called upon him for the exertion of his great 
 talents.' He obtained the Agamemnon, of 64 
 guns, and joined lord Hood in the Mediterra- 
 nean, where he alufted at the taking of Tou- 
 lon, and a^thc fiege of Baftia, in which he 
 fuperintended the difemharkation of the troops. 
 He afterwards encountered five French fliips of 
 w.T, an.' then fupported the fiege. of Cam, 
 where he loft the fight of his light eye. 
 He continued to diftinguifh himfelf, parti- 
 cularly in the engagements with the French 
 fleet, March and July, 1/95, and in tht 
 blockade of Genoa. He next removed from 
 the Agamemnon to the Captain,- and foon 
 after obtained a commodore's pendant, and 
 was employed in the blockade of Leghorn, and 
 the taking of Porto Fervajo. On his palfage 
 to Gibraltar, in the Minerva frigate, he fell in 
 with two Spanifh frigate's, one of which, of 
 40 glint, he took, and failing to join admiral 
 Jervis, he was purfued by two fliips of the 
 Spanifh fleet, a circumftance quickly commu- 
 nicated to the commander in chief, and in a 
 few hours productive of a general aftion. In 
 this memorable fight, in which 15 Englifh 
 fliips defeated a Spanifh fleet of 27 ihips, and 
 took four three-deckers, he behaved with his 
 ufual gallantry. In the Captain, to whieh he 
 had fluffed his flag, he attacked the Santiffima 
 Trinidada, of 136 guns, and paffirfg to the 
 .St. Nicholas, of 80 guns, and then to the 
 San Joleph, of 112 guns, he daw both thefc 
 Ihips ftrike to his fuperior valor. For this gal- 
 lant conduft he was created knight of the 
 Bath, and made rear admiral of the blue, and 
 appointed to the command of the inner fqua- 
 dron in the blockade of Cadi/.. He was next 
 fent to take the town of Santa Cruz, in the 
 ifland of TenerifFe, but though he obtain d 
 pofleffion of the place for feven hours, he a is 
 unable to reduce the citadel. During this def- 
 perate attack he loft his right hand, whieh was 
 mattered by a fhot, but his lue was preferved 
 by his fon-in-law, captain Nelbit, who, during 
 the darknefs of the night, miffed him from 
 his fide, and returning, found him exhauftcd 
 on the ground, and carried him on his hack to 
 the fhore, where a boat conveyed him to Ids 
 fhip. In coufequence of his wound, he 
 received a peufion of 1 oool. and in the memorial 
 [0 3] which 
 
NEL 
 
 NEL 
 
 bfl prcfented to his majcfly on the oc- 
 eclaredwith truth, that in the fer- 
 i which lte had been employed, he had 
 , ' , rdsof 100 
 
 eived the freedom of the 
 box. II- was next 
 frrit up the Mediterranean to watch the mo- 
 Ihips, which were to con-* 
 m of Egypt. Not- 
 withfUnd ng his vigilance', the fleet efcaped, 
 1 pufflMit, and after returning from the 
 
 res to Sicily, aimoft in defpair, he 
 luflened to the mouth of the Nile; and 
 perceived the 
 moored in an ad\ urtageons nutation in 
 the bay of AbodAr. The ft tack immediately 
 and hv a hold manoeuvre part of his (hips 
 failed between the enemy an 1 the land, ex- 
 I . U> a doable fire. The a-tion continued 
 the night, and the fudden explofton of 
 [mind's ft/rp, the Orient, of 1-20 
 Iderl to the terrors of rhefceoe.. The 
 rifing day exhibited to the Britifh feamen the 
 plcafing light of difmafted and fubmiffive 
 (hips ; and of the whole fleet only two men 
 of war, arid two Trigntes efcaped. The fame 
 of this glorious victory, which thus captured 
 or A cflr Oyed eleven fall of the line, was 
 I mth general exultation. ' Europe 
 ed the praifes of the Britifh hero, and 
 peror of Germany was, in confequence, 
 ! upon to r; :iew the war, by breaking 
 rices of Radftadt, and 
 i open enemy agaihft 
 the unprincipled invaders of Egypt. 
 
 I a baron, by the 
 Nile, with the grant 
 of a penfien of 20001. more; the fultan ho-; 
 him with an aigrette, and pelifTe. aid 
 the king of ?i T ap 1 es conferred on him an cflate 
 'h the title of duke of Brume. 
 i ext expedition was to break that confe- 
 
 wiiieh the capricious polities of the 
 emperor of Rnftia had formed with Denmpik 
 and Sweden aga'mft this country. He'em- 
 a command, under fir Hyde 
 1 ailing through the Sound, 
 
 , he volunteered to 
 n, 2d April, 
 1801. After a lnoft vigorous defence, die 
 Taw ihcir ftnng batteries filenced, and 
 17 of their men of war either funk, bur.it, 
 ken. A conference with the crown 
 prince faeeeeded this glorious victory, and 
 after peace was reftored by the heroic adrahral, 
 between the two countries, the fleet failed to 
 attack the fqntdroha of Sweden and Rttflia ; 
 he fuddtti death of the emperor Paul 
 ed farther exertions unneceflhry. For 
 n was created a vif- 
 nade hereditary in his 
 fii Aug. 
 infucccfirfnl atjaek < 
 
 he was, 
 treat at 
 
 unand of theA 
 
 Mediteiranean. ^ Notwithstanding lib. 
 lance, the French efcaped from Toulon, and 
 >Vom the' Mediterranean, and after being 
 joined bv the Cadiz fquadron, they failed to th 
 Weft Indies, hut he puri'ued them with rapi- 
 dity. Such, however, was the terror of his 
 name, that they returned in confirmation 
 hack to Europe. Thus baffled in his attempts 
 to overtake the enemy, he returned to Eng- 
 land for the re-eftabliihment of his health, but 
 in a few weeks he again took the command of 
 the fleet with very unlimited. powers. On the 
 roth of October, 1S0.">, Villencuve, with 
 the French fleet, and Gravina with the Spa- 
 nifh, failed from Cadiz, and on the 21 ft, 
 about noon, the Englifh fquadron clofed with 
 them off cape Trafalgar. The mbftpre'ife orders 
 :n previously given by the enlightened 
 commander, fo that the fleet was not ditlracted 
 by fignals ; and mewing the firft example of 
 heroifm, the admiral ordered his fliip, the 
 Victory, to he carried along fide of his old 
 fiiend the Sanuflima Trinidada. The carnage 
 on both fides was dreadful, and the heroic 
 chief, unfortunately not covering the inlignia, 
 | which he wore on his perfon, became a marked 
 object to the marketeers in the tops of the 
 enemy's (hips. A mulket ball, from a rifle- 
 man of the Bucentaur, {truck him in tha 
 left breaft, and in about 'two horns after, he 
 expired in the arms of victory, rejoicing in the 
 glorious triumphs which his death enfujred to 
 his country. On his fall the chief command 
 devolved on admiral Collingwood, who im- 
 proved the advantages already obtained, and 
 paid an honorable tribute to the many fei vices 
 of the departed hero. Of the aa fhips of 
 the combined fleet, fixteen were deftroyed, 
 four weie earned to Gibraltar, fix efcaped into 
 Cadiz, mere wrecks, and four which retired 
 from the action, were '13 days after captured 
 by fir it. Strachan's fquadron. The remains 
 of the hero of Trafalgar were brought in 
 his own fhip to the mouth of the Thames, 
 ahB conveyed to Greenwich, and on the ninth 
 of the following January, they were depofited 
 in St. Paul's cathedral, with all the pimp and 
 foleronity which a grateful nation 'could pay to 
 a departed conqueror. His brother, the heir 
 of his honors, was raifed to an earldom, and a 
 fnm of money we* voted by parliament, for the 
 purchafe of an eflate to perpetuate the memory 
 of the conqueror. As a profcffional character, 
 lord Nelfon poffeffed a mighty genius, an ardent 
 fpirit, and a refohite mind; cool, prompt, and 
 discerning in the midft of dangers, he roofed 
 all his powerful energies into action, and the 
 flrong faculties of his foul were vigilantly 
 exerted in the midft of the fury of battle, to 
 make every accident contribute to the triumph 
 of his crew, and to the gory of his country. 
 His prefence was "a talifman to the courage of 
 his failors, who fought under him as fure of 
 victory, and regarded hi'; approbation as the 
 heft folate for their fa h< ir fufferiogfl. 
 
 la hii manners be wuo poltthed and gcntlej he 
 
 was 
 
NET 
 
 NEW 
 
 Granger to the mild charities of human 
 nature, and in his heart he felt all the emo- 
 tions of a devout and pious chviitian. Wis 
 difpatches from Aboukir, iu which he _ attri- 
 buted his fuecefs to Providence, excited ienti- 
 m-ents of refpecl through the nation, and it 
 was on that memorable occafion that his father 
 exclaimed, Oh, my great aiul good fan! 
 
 Nemours, Mary <T Orleans, daughter of the 
 3uke de LongueviHe. Her memoirs of die war of 
 the Fronde are valuable, as containing anecdotes 
 of the principal characters under the minority 
 of Lev. is XIV. They are printed with thole of 
 de Ret/, and Joli, and have been tranilated 
 into Engliih, in 8 vols. 12 mo. She died 
 1/07, aged 82. 
 
 Xei-er, John lord, Fid. Napier. 
 
 New, Philip de, an hiftorian, born at Flor- 
 ence, 14 85. He was one of the 48 magif- 
 trates called fenators, and after a life devoted to 
 public fervices, he died at Florence, 15.56. 
 His hiftory of Florentine affairs from 1214 to 
 1 5.37 > appeared 1 7 2 8 , in folio. 
 
 >t.m, St. Philip de, of Florence, founded 
 tle congregation of the oratory in Italy, whole 
 duties were to adminifter to the wants of the 
 poor, to attend the lick, and to relieve ftrangers 
 and dlftreffed pilgrims.. He died 1595, 
 .ag<d SO. 
 
 Nr.iu, Pcmpeic, a Florentine, law profeffbr 
 at Pita, diitinguiihed in llie affairs of Maria 
 Thereja, and of the duke of Lorraine. He 
 founded the botanical academy at Florence and 
 died there, 1770, aged 69. He was author 
 Of Obfcrvatioris On the Tufcan nobilitv on the 
 imports of Milan on the legal value of 
 coin, &c. 
 
 Nesbit, Thomas, fon oFthe lord president 
 .Nefbh, was well {killed in antiquities and he- 
 r.'ldry, and wrote a vindication of Scottifh an- . 
 , Ac. He died at Dirlton, 1/25. 
 
 Xi:s!.!., A', do, pfMeaux, is known by his 
 writings. His poem, called fanfonnet, in 
 Imitation of vert vert, is much admired. He 
 mote beftdes, the modern Ariftippus, &c. 
 He died in indigent circumftances at Paris, 
 1767, in an advanced age. # v 
 
 .., Chrijiophcr, a native of Yorkfhire, 
 .! at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 When ejected from his church at Leeds, in 
 1662, he opened a fchool for 10 years, and in 
 1675 came to London, where he preached to 
 a dilfcnting congregation. He wrote the 
 pir&ian's walk and work on earth, 8vo. 
 'ftiaii's crown and glory, 12mo, the 
 hiftory and mvfterv of the old and now tefta- 
 ment, 4 vols, folio, &c. He diod 1/05, 
 aged SI. 
 
 Nestor, a Ruffian author of a defcrip- 
 
 ti';ii of Ruliia, and of a chronicle from f>5S 
 to 111-3, in a fimpje ftyle. He died 1115, 
 aged 59. , ' , 
 
 Netscher, Gafpard, a portrait painter of 
 
 J6<16. He fettled at the Hague, 
 
 lie acquired reputation and opulence. 
 
 'lh<rj was fcarce a family iu Holland but what 
 
 rov.hl boaft of a miniature from his pencil. He 
 died 1684. 
 
 NeubaverJ Francis, of Bohemia, was odu- 
 catcd at Prague and Vienna. He was cele- 
 brated for his (kill in muiic. His competitions 
 were much admired, but he dilgraecd himfelf 
 by immoderate intoxication. He died 1795. 
 
 ' Neve, Timothy,, of Wottou, near Ludlow, 
 Shropshire, was educated at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge. He kept a fchool at Spalding, 
 and became fucceffively canon of Peterborough, 
 prebendary of Lincoln, archdeacon of Hunting- 
 don, and rector of Alwaltoa, Huntingdonfhire, 
 where he died about 1740. He communi- 
 cated, in 1727, to the Spalding fociety, of 
 which ne was the joint founder, an effay on tbe 
 invention of printing, and on our firft painters. 
 His fon Timothy was of Merton college, 
 Oxford, and Margaret proieflbr there. He died 
 
 1798, author of fome fermons. 
 
 'Nevers, Philip Julian Mazarine Mancini, 
 duke de, nephew of Mazarih, acquired fome 
 reputation by fupporting Pradpn againft Ra- 
 cine. He wrote fome fonnets, poetical pieces, 
 &c. admired as the compolitions of a duke, but 
 .poffefled little merit. He died 1707, aged 76, 
 
 Nevisan, John, an Italian lawyer of Afti. 
 He ftudicd at Padua, and taught at Turin. 
 His work fylvae nuptiales, &c. 8vo. in which 
 he afferts curious things, without order or con- 
 nection, was fo offenfive to the women of 
 Turin, becaufe he fpoke with difrefpect of 
 the fex, that they drove him in difgrace with 
 ftones from the city, and would not fuffer him 
 to return before he entreated pardon on his 
 knees. He died 1540. 
 
 Neuhoff, Theodore Baron, king of Corfica. 
 Fid. Theodore. 
 
 Newcomb, Thomas, fon of a clergyman in 
 Herefordfhire, was educated at Corpus Chrifti 
 college, Oxford, In 1734 he became rector 
 of Stopham, Suffex, and afterwards lived at 
 Hackney. He was author of various poems, 
 and turned Hervey's meditations into blank 
 verle, and alfo the death of Abel from the Ger- 
 man. The fchool which he eftabliihed at Hack- 
 ney has long enjoyed celebrity. 
 
 Newcoaie, William, a prelate, born at 
 Abingdon, Berkfhirc, where his father was 
 vicar. He was educated at the grammar fchool 
 of his native place, and elected to Pembroke 
 college, Oxford.' He was afterwards appointed 
 tutor to Mr. Fox at Hertford college, and to 
 this he was indebted for his elevation in the 
 church. He became fucceffively bifhop of 
 QfT on and Waierford, and was next tranilated 
 to Armagh, by lord Ft/.willium. This venerable 
 prelate was a man of amiable manners, and as 
 a Scholar eminent for his extenfive acquaintance 
 with bibli< al knowledge. He died iu Ireland, 
 
 1799, aged 70. His publications were very 
 resectable, atfd particularly a letter, to J)t. 
 Pri. liley, on the duration of our Lord's mi- 
 ni/try, h\>. -obfervations on pur Lord's con- 
 duel;. 4to. an improved verfion of the 12. 
 mriior prophets/ 4 to. another verfion of Lze- 
 
 [04] kid 
 
NEW 
 
 NEW 
 
 Vie-1 hi reriew of the chief difficult/res in the 
 gofpcl hiftorv relating to our Lord's refufrec- 
 von-sn hlftobcsi review of the Er.-hfh bibli- 
 oal imitations, &c. 
 
 .:Oiu\ a non-conforrmft 
 divine, educated at St. John's college, Cain- 
 bridge. As nemb* of the W< ilminfier af- 
 fembly of divines, lie iffiftod in the drawing 
 up of their catccliifm, and was one of the five 
 divines who attacked bifhop Hall's vindication 
 of epd'ecpacy. He was ejected from Dedham, 
 Effcx, in 1662, and retired to Leycien, 
 where he died 1660. 
 
 land. Peter, a Dutchman, fen of a 
 carpenter at Dimmermeer. At the age of 10 
 he wrote poetry with elegance, and could re- 
 folve fome of the moft difficult problems of 
 geometry. Thefe talents were happily encou- 
 raged by tl:e government : he was marie one of 
 the coinmiifieners of longitude, and afterwards 
 he filled the chairs of mathematics and philo- 
 sophy at Utrechc and Arafterdam. He wrote 
 poems in Dutch, on the means of enlightening 
 a people on the general utility of mathematics 
 on Lavoificr's fyftem on the rourfe of co- 
 mets, and the uncertainty of their return on 
 afctmming the longitude at fea a treatife on 
 navigation, &c. He died 1794, *ged 30. , 
 
 Newtox, John, an Englifh mathematician, 
 bom at Oundle, 1622. He entered at Ed- 
 mund hall, Oxford, where he applied to aftro- 
 nomy and mathematics. After the rcftoration 
 he was made chaplain to the king, and rector 
 ofRofs in Herefcrdfhire, where he died, 1678. 
 He wrote afironomia Britannica, in 3 parts, 
 4to* help to calculation, with tables of de- 
 clination, afcenfion, &c trigonometria Bri- 
 tannica, folio.. geometrical trigonometry ma- 
 thematical elements, &c. 
 
 Newton, fir Ifaac, a moft illuftrious philo- 
 fophcr, born 1642, of an ancient family, 
 fettled at Woolftrope, Lincolnfhire. He early 
 loft his father, but his mother, though fhe 
 took a fecond hufband, beftowed particular care 
 on his education. From Grantham fchool he 
 was removed at 18 to Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge^ as he preferred fiudious purfuits to the 
 management of his eftate. At Cambridge, 
 under Ii'aac Barrow, he applied to mathematics, 
 hut his mind fo eafily comprehended the ele- 
 ments of Euclid, that he quickly paffed to higher 
 purfuits, and paid attention to Defcartes' ana- 
 lytical method, then veiy popular. In 1664, 
 a new method of infinite i'crics 
 end fluxions, which he afterwards greatly im- 
 proved. His next purfuit was the grinding of 
 optical glaiTes in one of the figun i made 
 
 , for the improvement 
 
 le fc opes, but net farcecding as he cx- 
 
 1 a glad piifm, to make 
 
 ., lately 
 
 md the ici'ult o his 
 
 ew theory of 
 
 tVhilfl he reflected on this 
 
 difit^e y, be quitted in i6u.>, for 
 
 the jpla^ue, and retired to his houfe, where 
 
 ne-.v truths were to he opened to his aifths) 
 mind. Whilft fitting alone iu his garden, 
 the falling of fome apples from a tree led his 
 thoughts to the fubjeet of gravity, and Con* 
 fidering that this power is not fenfibly di- 
 minifhed, at the rtmoteft difhince from the 
 centre of the earth, even at the top of the 
 highefl mountains, lip thought that it mud 
 be extended much farther. Why not as hh;h 
 as the moon, was his next quefiion to himfi if, 
 therefore the moon may be influenced by this 
 power of gravity, and retained in her oibit, 
 and the whole planetary fyftem moving roi nd 
 the fun as their common centre may obey this 
 great principle, which, as he calculated, inuft 
 deerejrfe in ftrength in the duplicate proportion 
 of the hicreafe of difrance. The examination 
 of this fubjeet was deferred, as he returned to 
 Cambridge; and in 1667, being fellow of his 
 college, he devoted his attention to the eon- 
 ftruction of a reflecting telefcope. In 1669 he 
 fucceeded to the mathematical chair at Cam- 
 bridge, on the refignation of Dr. Barrow, and 
 he delivered lectures on his difcoveries in optics, 
 and communicated his theory of light and 
 colors to the royal fociety, of which he was 
 elected member in 16/2. While laboring on 
 the problems of his great fyftem, his attention 
 was attracted to the comet of 168D, and he 
 proved the truth of Kepler's fuppofition, about 
 the motion of the primaiy plaints, and after 
 eftabliihing his conclufions on infallible proofs, 
 he in 168/ pul/liftied, at the requeft of the 
 royal fociety, the jefult of his aftroncmical pur- 
 fuits, under the- title of philofophiau naturalis 
 principta mathematics.. This performance, 
 which fet his name above the philosophers of 
 ancient and modern times, met, however, with 
 opposition ; bin tliough its truths required 
 ftudy and labor to be comprehended, even by 
 the moft learned, it gained by flow but fure 
 degrees universal admiration. He was roembtt 
 of the convention parliament in 1668, and 
 when his friend the earl of Halifax planned the 
 rccoining of the money of the kingdom, he 
 made him, in 1696, warden of the mint. In 
 16^9 he was made mafter of the mint with an 
 ample falary, which he enjoyed till his death. 
 In confequence of this he refijmed the emolu- 
 ments <rf his proiefibrfhip to Whificn, his de- 
 puty, for whom he procured the appointment 
 in 1 703. In 1708 he was elected prefiden* of 
 the royal foeiety, and for 2.5 yea^ adorned the 
 chair of that learned, body till his death. He 
 alio v.ns honorary member of the academy of 
 fc'.cnces at Paris. When he publifhcd, in 
 1701, his theory of light, eflablifhcd, by re- 
 peated experiments, during 30 years; be made 
 mention of his dlfcoveiy of the nature of 
 fluxions, which fince 1672 had engaged l>is 
 attention, yet by mean fuggeltions Leibnitz 
 bid claim to the difcovcry. While the adla 
 eruditorum of Leij)iic attributed the boner to 
 th<> German, Keil! of Oxford defended his 
 friend, and proved hv the dean 
 that this fyftem originated firft in -*' 
 
 In 
 
NEW 
 
 NIC 
 
 
 Jn ifli Leibnitz proposed to the EngUfh phi- j 
 lofopher his famous problem of the trajectories, j 
 which was xefolved by Newton in a few hours, j 
 This great man, who had been in 1705 knighted \ 
 by queen Anne, became a favorite at the -court j 
 of George I. and the princeft of Wales, after- 
 wards queen Caroline, took infinite pleafure in j 
 ,his coirverlalion, and often find, fhe confidered I 
 feejrfelf happy in beiug born in an age when the 
 could enjoy the converfajion, and the irdtruc- i 
 tion of fo illufirious a philofophev. At the re- ; 
 queft of the princefs he drew up las abftract of 
 chronology. Having now nearly reached the 
 age of So, fir Ifaac,. after enjoying from tem- 
 perate habits all the bleffings of health, found 
 himfelf feized by an incontinence of urine, at- 
 tended with excruciating pains in the bladder. 
 For a few weks before his death his agonies 
 were very great, yet his meebnefs. fubdued 
 them, and though, from the ievere 'paroxyfms, 
 large drops of iweat ran down his cheeks, he 
 preferred his ufual fmile of cheerfulnefs and 
 ierenity. On the night of the J lth March, 
 17_>G-7, his intellects were vifibly affected, 
 and he continued inicnfible till he expired nine 
 days after, aged 85. Mis body lay in hate iu 
 the Jerufalem chamber, and on the 28th of 
 March was conveyed in becoming funeral pomp 
 to Weftminftcr-abbey, while the lord- chan- 
 cellor, the dukes of Montrofe and Roxburgh^ 
 jjie carls of Pembroke, Suffest, and Macclef- 
 field fupportcd the pall. He was interred 
 tvear the entrance of the choir, and a (lately 
 monument with a proper inscription has been 
 erected to his honor. Sir Ifaac had the hap- 
 pinefs of enjoving during life the fame and 
 the rewards which Seldom attend the learned 
 and the great, but which often are laviihed 
 with iafuhing profuiion on iheir remains or 
 pofterity. In his perfon he was 1 of a middle 
 ftature, his countenance was pleating and ve- 
 nerable, though It did not difplay that pene- 
 trating fagacity which are every where percep- 
 tible in his writings. He never ufed fpectacles, 
 and it is faid he loll only one tooth during the 
 whole of life. In his temper he was unafTum- 
 ing, and fo great a lover of peace thai he kept 
 fome of his publications from the public, that 
 he might not excite the envy of opponents or 
 rivals. With a comprehenfion which. embraced 
 at one view the meaning of every fubjedt to 
 which he directed his attention, and overleaped 
 all the difficulties which arretted the progrefs 
 I ifophers, he was enabled to ihed 
 
 luftre on the age in which he lived, and to 
 make fuch ftuperdcus difcoveries in fcienee, in 
 mathematics, and in aftronomy, as would each 
 of them individually havq bellowed immor- 
 tality. To other qualities he added the vir- 
 Ittes of pietv, and religious infidelity he marked 
 with abhorrence; no remark of levity on the 
 powers of the deity, or ou revelation ever was 
 made in his prcfencc without diawing from him 
 the fcv<'iL-iT cenfure; and while he made the 
 t>i his favorite ftody, he employed fome 
 portion of ids tbx.e iu proving the great truths 
 
 of the prophetical writers of fcripture. Ardent!? 
 attached to the tenets and the discipline of tbe 
 church of England, he bore with patience the 
 failings of others, and was at all times an enemy 
 to intolerant perfecution. His moil valuable 
 works have been publifhcd, together with an 
 excellent commentary, 1784, in 5 vols. 4 to. 
 by bifhop Horfley. 
 
 Newton, Richard, a divine, born in Noith- 
 amptonfliire, and educated at Wefuninfter, and 
 Chrill-church, Oxford. In 1710 he was made 
 principal of Hart-hall, and he obtained t!u? 
 rectory of Sudbury, Northamptonfhirc, awd i 
 175-3 was preferred to a canonry of Chviit- 
 church. In 1740 he obtained a cliarter t 
 erect Hart-hall into a college, and to feparate 
 it from the fuperintendence of Exeter college, 
 to which it belonged, and he was himfelf the 
 firft principal. He died at Lavendoa Grange, 
 1753. He wrote a book agaii ^i pluralities and 
 non-refidence on unlverfity education and 
 alfo edited Theophraftus, with notes in Englilh, 
 which work is faid to ltave brought hiia 
 lOOOl. which he applied in endowments caa 
 his college. 
 
 Newton, Thomas, a bifhop, born at Lich- 
 field, 170:3. From Lichfield fchool he en- 
 tered at Weftmmftcr, and in If 23 was elected 
 to Trmity college, Cambridge. He became 
 curate, afterwards affiflant preacher, at St* 
 George's, Hanover fquare, and afternoon- 
 preacher to Grofvenor chapel. In 1 744 he ob- 
 tained St. Mary-le-Bow rectory, Cheapfide- 
 He publifhed in 1749 his edition of Milton* 
 paradife lofc, with ufeful notes, and a well 
 written life. in 1756 he was made king's 
 chaplain, and prebendary of Weftminfter, and 
 precentor of York, and 1761 he was nominated 
 bifhop of Britlol, with the relidentiaryfhip of 
 St. Paul's, which he exchanged in 1768 for 
 the deanery. He died at the deanery 17S2, 
 aged 79. His differtations on the prophecies 
 in :3 vols. 8vo. is a work of great merit. He 
 alfo preached Boyle's lectures. 
 
 Newton, Thomas, a divine, born at Pref- 
 bury, Cheihire. He ftudied at Oxford, and 
 afterwards at Cambridge, and then obtained the 
 grammar fchool at Macclesfield. He paid 
 attention to medicine, and practiced with cre- 
 dit. He died at his living of Ilford, Effex, 
 I607. He was author of the hiftory of the 
 Saracens, 4to. approved medicines, and cor- 
 dial receipts, Svo. illuftrium aliquot Anglorun* 
 encomia, 4 to. directions for the heath of 
 magi Urates and fiudents, &e. 
 
 Nicajse, Claude, a French antiquary, bora 
 at Dijon. He publifhed a treatil'e de nwra.mo 
 paothco a difcourfe on the form and Gguue 
 of the Sirens a diflertation on two of Ra- 
 phael's pictures, and on the fchools of Athens and 
 Parnalfus. He died at V< lley, 1701, aged ~,h. 
 
 Nicf.phorus I. chancellor of toe feafh rn 
 empire, feized the throne 802. Though at- 
 tacked by his fubjeets, who railed Bardanea one 
 of hi general* to the throne, he overcame alt 
 oppofitiou. H fell in battle Rl 1 i 
 
 JilCfiFHORui 
 
NIC 
 
 NIC 
 
 Nicthtoiu'S II. Moras, a nobleman of 
 CotaltoMisopk, fo popular thai his virtues ele- 
 cted . He attacked 
 I latl was afiaf- 
 finated by John Zimifces, 9^9. 
 
 .':m:,is III. aKamtn general, railed 
 to the throne of Conftahtrnople by his army. 
 He wa% in 1081, depofed by Alexis Cbm- 
 menas, and died of sifeftri a monaflery. 
 
 Nk. ) a mathematician, 
 
 bom at P.jis 1613. He took the habit of the 
 minims, and devoted much of his time to 
 optics. He died at Aix in Provtp.ce, 1646, 
 bat though only 33 years of age, lie was author 
 of fome Tillable works, efpecially l'intcrpre- 
 tation des cLifires, is^c. thaumaturgus opti- 
 cus, &c. 
 
 Nicurov, John Peter, author of " memoirs 
 of meu Uruftrious in the republic of letters," 
 was born at Paris, 1685. He early took the 
 habit of a Baroabite jefuit, and ftudied at r.ion- 
 targes, Loehes, and Poitiers. He became a 
 popular preacher, and to fondnefs for laborious 
 ftudies, he brought an extenfivc knowledge of 
 ancient and modern languages., He died 1 7 .38. t 
 Befides his memoirs, a valuable work, of vdrich 
 the firft volume appeared in 172", and the 
 39th in 1 73 8, 'to which three more have been 
 added, be wrote a tranfiation of Hancock's book 
 on the virtues of common w;;ter, 2 vols. 12mo. 
 the conversion of England to chriltian- 
 Ht,&c. 
 
 Nic-tas, /Irhminates, a Creek hifWian, 
 fled from Coriilanlinopfe when taken by the 
 French 1204, and fettled at Nice in Bithynia, 
 where he died 1206. He wrote an hiflbryor 
 annals from 1118 to the death of Baldwin, 
 1205. 
 
 Nicholas, Abraham, an Englifh penman, 
 born in Bread-flreet, London. He is author 
 of examples of penmanfhip complete wnting 
 maftor, in 31 folio plates, &c. He kept a 
 fchool at Clap ham, and died about 1744, aged 
 52. 
 
 NjCBOLLS, Frank, a phyfician, born in Lon- 
 don 1699, and educated at Wcftminftcr, and 
 Chrifl-churoh, Oxford. His anatomical lec- 
 tures at Oxford were popular, but his remarks 
 on fubi^ts of anatomy tended to inculcate in- 
 fidelity in his pupils. He was phyfician to 
 George II. and published an account of his 
 death in the philofophical tranfa&ions. He 
 wrote befldes, a lra& dc anima mediea de 
 inotu cordis & fanguinis in homine, and died 
 in i;- 
 
 >is, fi'HUnni, a divine, born at Do- 
 i i, 1664. He was of Magdalen 
 hall, Oxford, afterward* of Wadham, and in 
 1684 was elected fellow of Merton. He was 
 His life was 
 devote.1 to Uudy, r. . pietj. He died 
 
 bout j;i2. His works were numer. 
 
 "lifer, nee with 
 i ' 
 
 Jica r 
 8vo. and , Jr> jjj e 
 
 liturgy of England, in Svo. and folio. 
 ufeful book, v^c. 
 
 NicopEMtis, a Jew, who vifited our Saviour 
 privately, and became his di'.eiple- and a; 
 crucifixion, he aflijled Jofeph of Arimathea in 
 preparing to pay honors to the remains of hi* 
 matter. 
 
 Nicolai, John, of PtTonza, near Verdun, 
 was adominican, and for 20 years profeffor of 
 theology at Paris, where" he died 167U 
 79. Befides an edition of Thomas Aquinas, 
 in 1 9 vols, folio, he publifhed fome diffjertatioos 
 on ecelefiaftieal discipline, &c. 
 
 Nicolas, a profelyte'of Antioch, one of 
 the feven firft deacons of the church of J cru- 
 falem. He is aecufed by fome author 
 founder of the nicolailes, a feci which admit- 
 ted a community of wives, &c. It is more 
 j>robable that this fe6t owed its origiu to another 
 perfon. 
 
 Nicolas I. furnamed the great, was elected 
 pope after Benedict III. 858. He pronounced 
 , an anathema againfl Photius, the patriarch of 
 Conflantinople, which proved the caufe of the 
 fchifm between the Greek and the Latin 
 churches. He died 867. 
 
 Nicolas II. Gerard of Burgundv, was in 
 1058 elected pope. He is the firll whofe 
 coronation is mentioned in hiftory. He was 
 oppofed by John, hilltop of Veletri, but he 
 foon deftroyed tJic power of his rival. He died 
 1061. 
 
 Nicolas III. John Gaetan, was elected 
 pope after John XXI. 1277. He lent mif- 
 lionaries into Tartary, but with little 1 
 and died of an apoplexy, 12 80. 
 
 Nicolas IV. iV.de Ruleis, a native of A 
 coli, railed to the popedom 1288, which he 
 accepted with much reluctance. He pub- 
 lifhed a Crofade for the recovery of Jerufalcrn, 
 but cied before the plan was brought to ma- 
 turity, 1292. 
 
 Nicolas V. Thomas dc Sarztmnc, a native 
 of I Ami, was elected pope 14! 7, on the 
 of Eugenius IV. He reftored peace to the 
 church, and gained univerfal refpect. by Iiis 
 wifdom and moderation. He celebrated this" 
 happy era by a jubilee in 1450, which d 
 Rome an irmnenfe multitude of people. The 
 taking of Confiantinop!e ; by the Turks, at 
 confequcnt calamities of the chriflian 
 faid to have fo afflicted him, that he died of 
 grief, 1455, aged 57. 
 
 . Nicolas of Cufa, fon of a fifhermaji, rofe 
 by his merit, and was employed by the ; 
 ambaffador at Confiantinople, in Germany and 
 Fiance. He died at Tocli, 1454, age 
 He wrote feveral works on theological ful 
 
 Nicolas of Munftcr, founder of a 
 called the family, or houfeof love, aboi:< 
 pretended to be infpiredby the Holy Spil 
 declared him felf greater than Chrift. H 
 many followers, and fupported ! 
 by various publications, fach as the land of 
 ]>cace the gofpcl of the kingdom, &c. 
 of his followers appeared in England 
 
NID 
 
 NIV 
 
 and prefented to James I. a pvofeition of their ' 
 fitith. | 
 
 Nicole, John, a French lawver, born at 
 Chartres, 1600. Ke acquired reputation as 
 it-bold harangucr, but he was a bad advocate. 
 ; He died 16/ 8, at Chartres. 
 
 Nicole, Claude, related to the above, was 
 born at Chartres, 1611, and became king's 
 countel. He died 1685. He was a good 
 lingu'.ft, and wrote poetry, though his compo- 
 sitions were rather licentious. 
 
 Nicole, Peter, a French divine, born at 
 Giavtres, 1625. He ftudied at Paris, 
 and was engaged in inftructing youth under- 
 the focicty of Port-royal. He affiled 
 Arnauld in the compofition of fome of 
 his pieces ; but his letter to Innocent XI. in 
 the defence of the bifhops of St. Pont and 
 Arras, expofed him to perfeeution. He died 
 at Chartres of an apopleclic fit, 1695. He was a 
 man -of great abilities, but little acquainted 
 with the world ; and his defence of the janfe- 
 Btb, and his fupport of Bofiuet againft the 
 quietifts, raifed him* enemies in France, and 
 caufed an unpopularity which his private virtues 
 did not deferve. His works are not lefs than 
 J 00 in number, chiefly on controveriial fub- 
 jects. 
 
 Nicole, Francis, of Paris, was diflinguifhed 
 for his extenfive knowledge of mathematics. 
 lie wrote effay fur la theorie des roulettes 
 traitc du calcul dcs differences finies and 
 traite* des lignes du troifieme ordre, ike. and 
 died 10th Jan. 1758, aged 75. 
 
 Nicolson, William, was born at Orton, 
 Cumberland, 1655. He was educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He was patronized 
 by the bifhop of Carlifle, who gave hiin a pre- 
 bend and archdeaconry, and in 17 02, he fuc- 
 ceeded his patron in the fee. He was tranflated 
 to IvOndonderry in Ireland, and in 1 726-7, to 
 Cal'i. 11, but died before he took pofTeffion of 
 his new dignity. He pu!)lijhcd fevcral things, 
 the beft known of which are his defections of 
 Poland, Denmark, ike. the Engliih hiftorical 
 library traits on the Bangorian controverfy, 
 &e. 
 
 Nicon, patriarch of the Ruffian empire, 
 
 was born about 1613. x He had a ftrong pre- 
 
 fadice in favor of a monaftic life, and on the 
 
 ! his children afl'umed the habit of a 
 
 Ijnonk, and fent his wife to a convent. His 
 auRcrities and learning, raifed him to public 
 confcqucnce ; and at-iafl: he was made arch- 
 of Novogorod, and patriarch of Rufiia. 
 iblication of the bible- in the Ruffian lan- 
 HlR raifed him enemies among tire Hergv, and 
 by intrigue he was obliged to abdicate his 
 dice 1658, and 10 be imprifoned ; but 
 IHpe emperor Feodor permitted him to retire to 
 j^H original cell. He died 1679, after enduring 
 much undeferved perfeeution. He is the 
 of a chronicle of Ruffian affairs, to the 
 if Alexiowhz, 2 vols. 4to. 
 sud, John Everard, a jefult of 
 IH^ftria. He accompanied tlic archduchefs 
 
 Mary when fhe married Philip IV. of Spain, 
 and became a great favorite. After the death 
 of Philip, lie was made inquifitor general, and 
 minilter ; but his abilities rwere not adequate to 
 the adminiftration of the kingdom. Flufhed 
 with the pride of power, he treated the nobles 
 with infolence. You ought to rerpecl me, 
 (kid he one day to the duke of Lerma,< for I 
 daily have your God in my hands and your 
 queen at my feet. He at lair, gave way to the 
 intrigues of his enemies, and retired to Rome, 
 and died 1631, aged 73. He wrote a dif- 
 courfe on. the Virgin, &c. 
 
 Nieuhoff, John de, a Dutchman, ambafia- 
 dor from the Dutch Eaft India company to 
 the emperor of China, in the middle of the 
 17 th century, of winch he wrote an iuterefting 
 account. 
 
 Nieuwentyt, Bernard, a Dutchman, bom 
 in North Holland. He became a great philo- 
 fopher and mathematician, and obtained repu- 
 tation as a phyfician, and as a magiftrate. He 
 died 1730. He wrote in Latin, confidera- 
 tions on the analyfis of quantities infinitely 
 fmall of curvf-s by the doctrine of infinites. 
 Niphus, Augvjlin, a philofopher, born in 
 Calabria. His works became fo popular, that 
 Leo X. created him count palatine, and per- 
 mitted him to blazon his arms with thofe of 
 the Medicis. He di*d about 1550. His 
 works in Latin contain commentaries on Ari- 
 ftotle and Averroes, 14 vols, folio treatifes 
 dc amore, &e. 
 
 Nislet, fcr John, lord advocate of Scotland 
 in the teign of Charles II. was one of the 
 commifuoners appointed about the union of the 
 two kingdoms. 
 
 Nivelle de la Chausse'e, Peter Claude, 
 a French poet, born at Paris, 1692. He pre- 
 ferred literature to all other diftincYions, and 
 acquired fome celebrity by his epiflle to Clio, 
 and his dramatical pieces. He died at Paris, 
 1754. His pieces poffefs merit and are much 
 effeemed in France. The -beft are the fchool 
 of mothers Melanides la gouvemante, conae- 
 dies Maximian George Barnwell, &c. tra- 
 gedies. 
 
 Nivernois, Lewis Julius Mancini duke bf t 
 minifler of ftate, well known as a poet, and a 
 writer, was born at Paris, 1'716. He left the 
 military profeff.on, and as ambaffador repre- 
 fented his fovereign at Rome, at Berlin, 
 and after" ards in London, where he negociated 
 the peace of 1763. On his return to Paris, he 
 withdrew from political life, and devoted him- 
 felf to the mufes. His poetical imitations of 
 Virgil, Horace, Ovid, Tihullus, Arioflo, and 
 Milton, poffefs great merit, and lingular 
 beauty, and his fohgs and fables were popular 
 productions. During the revolution he had 
 the good fortune to efcape, and he died at Fans 
 1798,v at the rreat age of 82. His other 
 works are dialogues o c the dead letters on the 
 ufe of the mind rcHeelions on the genius of 
 Horace, of Boileau, n f .!. B. Roulfean the 
 life of abbd Bar'thelcmi reflections on Alex- 
 ander 
 
NO A 
 
 NOL 
 
 pnin the Great, and Charles XII. tranflalion 
 <A i'.icims' life of Agrieoia Pope's cflay on 
 jx)rtrau of Frederic the 
 great of Pruilia, &c\ 
 
 Nuouu, Maii:*, an Italian grammri?n, 
 .blifhcd a dictionary of the words and 
 
 ffioM ot Cicero, i^c folio de vcris 
 pnnvipiis, &e. 1553. 
 
 i, fonof l>amcch, was horn 29/8 B.C. 
 and was faved from the deluge, by building 
 n ark. W Xfa him were fared his wife, his 
 three torn, and their three wives, hik! by them 
 tlxe earth was afterwards peopled. Noah died 
 
 . ii.( . 
 ;lles, Lavis Anlnny tic, cardinal and 
 rehbilhop of Paris, was bom 1651. Though 
 bv birth duke of St. Cloud, he preferred the 
 rcvleiiaitical ftate to political diftinftion, and 
 ro 16/9 was roa.le biihop of Cahora, and the 
 next year tmnflated io Chalons, and in 1695, 
 to Paris. He framed' excellent regulations for 
 the government or" his clergy, and zealoufly 
 opvofed the doctrines of quietifm, and of 
 janfenifm. In 1700 he was raifed to the 
 rank of cardinal, at the rcquefbof Lewis XIV. 
 who obferved to him, tliat he felt more plea- 
 fure in obtaining for him the hat, than he 
 would in receiving it. He fanftioned " the 
 moral reflections" of Pafquin Quefnel on the 
 new tefkment, and when the jchiits accufed the 
 author of hereiy and fedition, the archbifhop 
 iiiared in the cenfure, and after appeals to 
 pope Clement XI. there was iffued from Rome, 
 1713, the famous bull called " unigenitus," 
 winch condemned the moral reflections c-s impro- 
 per. The clamor of the jefuits iucreafed,- the 
 cardinal was exiled, but afterwards reftoied to 
 ftvor. He died at Paris, 1729. 
 
 Noaii.i.es, Adrian Maurice, duke de, fen 
 r: Aiine Juiiu* duke of Noallles, was born j 
 1678. He attended his father in the cam- ) 
 paigns of Catalonia in 1693, and 1694. He 
 wa afterwards employed under Vendome, and 
 fcrved in Flanders, and in 1700 he accompanied 
 the young king erf S]>ain to Madrid, and in 
 the war of the Spaniih iucceffion maintained 
 the honor of his nation. His intimacy with 
 madarne de Maintenon fecured his favor with 
 the monarch, and in 17 08, he was named 
 general of 'the French armies in Rouilillon, 
 wh^re he obtained feme advantages. He took 
 
 - in 1 7 1 0, and contributed to {he fub- 
 
 . of all Arragon, and for his forvicca he 
 
 as made a Spaniih grandee by Philip V. and 
 
 alio raifed to tire honor of duke and peej of 
 
 France. After the death of Lewis XIV. he 
 
 wa made prefident of the council of the 
 
 finance* but the elevation of du Bois to the 
 
 wj;nii\ry proved irs difgrace. He was recalled 
 
 death of du Bois, by the regent, and 
 
 . 1 in the campaign 
 
 
 
 fited binifcli' at Pfcttlipiburg, and 
 ** r'*arJcd with the rank ol 
 
 is from 
 d at the head 
 
 of the French army in Italy, where he 
 ed frefh laurels, but in the war of 17.41 btt-1 
 was lei's fucccfsful. He afterwards ferved his 
 country in aiiiftiog as a minifter at her coun- ! 
 fels, and died univerfally retpefted. 
 aged 88. 
 
 Noitle, Eujiachr de, a native of Troves, 
 procureur general of the parliament of Mttfffi 
 An accufation of being guilty of mal-prafticapj 
 all at once robbed him of his oificc, and afJMJ 
 being imprifoned in the Chatelet, he wa*] 
 banifned for nine years. He appealed again! I 
 this fentence, and was removed to the ( 1 
 
 where he became acquainted with GaJ 
 brieUe Perreatt, generally called la belle epj 
 ciere, a woman of great beauty, and main 
 mental aeeomplifhments. He efcaped from hflj 
 confinement, and was followed by his frail but 
 faithful mittrefs, by whom he had three chil- 
 dren, and at lafl he finiihed a life of adventures, 
 Wretchednefs, and poverty, 17 II, age:! 68. 
 He wrote feveral things divided into ferioaj 
 pieces, poetry, and romances, collected tof 
 gether in 19 vols. l2mo. The beft known of 
 thefe are the hiftory of the Dutch republic 
 2 vols. account of Genoa difiertation on triaj 
 year of Chrift's nativity fecret hiftory of the 
 confpiracy of the Fiazzi againft the Medicis - 
 tales and fables, ike. 
 
 Nogarola, lfoita,& lady of Verona, well aev 
 quainted with philofophy, theology,' and the- 
 learned languages. In a dialogue on the quef- j 
 tion whether Adam was a greater firmer thaaJ 
 Eve in eating the forbidden fruit, fhe ably der ; 
 fended the cauie of the mother of mankind, 
 againft Louis Fofcaro, who maintained a dif-J 
 ferent opinion. She died 1-1 68, aged 38,'j 
 Not lefs than 566 of her letters were prei'erved ' 
 in de Thou's library. 
 
 Nogauola, Lewis, a Venetian, well (killed .< 
 in the Greek language. He tranflated intd J 
 Latin various Greek authors, in a ftyle ele- 
 gant and con-eft. He tlied at Verona 15:9, 
 aged 50: 
 
 Noirt, John le, an eccleftafiic of Sees, per-* 
 fecutcd for his heretical opinions, and con-i 
 demned to perpetual imprisonment. He died] 
 at Nantes, 1692. His works, on fubj< 
 divinity and ecclefiaftical difeipline, poifefV 
 great merit. 
 
 Noldius, Chrifiian, a Danifh divine, dirii 
 nity ppofeffor at Copenhagen, 1626. He tra*t 
 veiled over Germany, Holland, and England^- 
 and was univorfally ref peeled for his learning! 
 and virtues. He wrote concordantia partic.a-i 
 larum Hebraeo-Chaldaicarum veteris teltamcnt^J 
 Ito. hilioria Idumsea. facrarum hiftoriaruftj 
 et antiquitalum fynopfis leges diftinguendi, j 
 K:c. and died at Copenhagen, 1673, aged 47- 
 
 Noun, John Baptijl, a geographer oi Pi- 
 ris, who "died 1762, aged 76. He b< 
 great attention in the execution of his maps. 
 
 Nollet, Dominic, an hiftorical painter of 
 Bruges. His battles arid landfeapes wen 
 admired. He died 1736, aged 96. 
 
 Noli.lt, John Anthony t a learned man, 
 
 atra 
 
NO ft 
 
 NO ft 
 
 Lorn in the diocefe of Noyon, 1700. He j 
 ftudied at Clermont, Beauvais, and Pans, 
 kith fuch fuccefs, that he became known to 
 ken of fcience and celebrity. Though an ec- 
 Elefiaftie, he devoted himftlf tophilofophica! pur- 
 [uits. He vificed England withDufay,Duhamel, 
 Lid Juflleu in 1 734, and on his return to Paris 
 be guve lectures on experimental philofophv, 
 frith illuftrations of chemiftry, anatomy, and 
 ketural hiftory, and with fuch efFedt, that in 
 L738 the miniftry at the requeft of Maurepas 
 tftablifhed a pro'leiTorial chair of experimental 
 Lhilofcphy purpofely for him. He was in- 
 ited by the king of Sardinia to the philofo- 
 ihical chair at Turin, but was recalled by the 
 tourtto inftrucr. the young dauphin in experi- 
 nental philofophv, and for his Cervices he was 
 ^pointed in 1 7 - r > ; 3 firft profeflor of experi- 
 ntntal philofophv in the college of Navarre, 
 (ttd in 1/57 philofophical inftrucTtor to the 
 oval family. Tliis able philofopher, who by 
 is experiments and difcoveries contributed fo 
 such to the advancement of fcience, died at 
 'aris 1770, age.d 70. Befides lectures in 6 
 Ms. 1 2010. he publifhed valuable treat ifes on 
 :iecrriciiv, 5 vols. on the art of making ex- 
 nments,* 3 vols. l2mo. &.c. 
 Nollikins, Jqfeph Fr.anas, a painter, born 
 Antwerp. He copied Watteau, and his 
 rieces of landfcapes, children's amufements, 
 were in high repute. He fettled at Lon- 
 ion, and died 1748. 
 
 Nonnius, Lewis, a phyfician of Antwerp, in 
 he 17th eentury, author of a curious treatife, 
 lied " dieteticon, five de re cibaria," &c. 
 Nonnius, Peter, or Nunes, a mathema- 
 kian, born in 1497 in Portugal. He taught 
 uathematics at Coimbra, and was preceptor to 
 "enry, fon of king Emanuel. He was author 
 if Latin treatifes, de arte navigandi de cre- 
 mfculis annotations in Ariftotelem and a 
 vorlc on algebra, much efteemed. He died 
 ;*77,aged 80. 
 
 t^oODT, Gerard, a civilian, born 1647 at 
 meguen. He dtflinguiihed himfelf fo much 
 a pleader, that he was elected to the law 
 )feiforfhip of Nimeguen, and in 167 9 to that 
 if lYanekr r. He afterwards accepted the invi- 
 itions of the magiftrates of Utrecht, and in 
 ,686 thofe of the curators of Leyden univer- 
 tty, of which he was chofen re&or in 1698. 
 Ic died of an apopkxy at Leyden, 1725. His 
 rc-rks are all on law fubjects, collected in one 
 at. 4to. 1713. 
 
 Noradin, fon of Sanguin, fultan of Aleppo 
 ad Nineveh,^ inherited with Seijf'eddin, -his 
 iftther, his father's dominions, when that 
 oonarch was flain by his eunuchs at the fiege 
 f Calgembar, 1145. He enlarged by his 
 ibr the kingdom of Aleppo, and died 1174, 
 epec"ted as a raa;i of generofitv, prudence, and 
 irtue. 
 
 ^ordberg^ I. A. chaplain of Charles XII. 
 
 his military adventures, wrotir an account of 
 is matter's life in Swedifh, li'.tle regardd by 
 Wuire. Hediad 1745. 
 
 Norden, Frederic Lewi*, a learned X^ane^ 
 born at Gluckltadt in Holftein, 17 08. He 
 was bred to the military fervicc, and excelled 
 in mathematics, and particularly in cor :**%& 
 drawing. He was employed by the king 2! 
 Denmark in travelling, and in examining the 
 conitxuetion of ihips, efpeciallv the gallics and 
 veffels of the Mediterranean. He vilked Hol- 
 land, Marfeilles, Leghorn, Florence, and Rome, 
 and every where was received with diftin&ion. 
 From Italy he patted to Egypt, arid on his re- 
 turn to Denmark, he publifhed an account of 
 his " travels in Egypt and Nubia," intereft- 
 ing, correct, and valuable. In the war between 
 England and Spain, Norden came to London, 
 where he was treated with great kindnefs. 
 When he found his health declining, he paffed 
 over to France/ but died at Paris 174,2, much 
 lamented. When in London he was elected 
 a member of the royal fociety, and in return 
 for the honor, he prefented the public with 
 drawings of fume ruins and coloffal ftatues at 
 Thebes in Egypt, 1744. His travels,x with 
 plates and drawings, are publifhed in 2 vols- 
 folio. 
 
 Norden, John, an able topographer, fur- 
 veyor to the king's lands under James L 
 He was the firft author of a pocket-companion. 
 Some of his books had curious titles, as 
 the finful man's folace contrariety between 
 the wicked and the godly fet forth in a 
 pair of gloves fit for every man to wear, 
 1517. He wrote alio, labyrinth of human 
 life, a poem, &c. He died about 1625. 
 
 Norden Feeickt, ChedeHg Charlotte de, 
 a native of Stockholm, celebrated for her 
 elegant poems. Befides an ingenious apo- 
 logy for women, a poem, fhe wrote the 
 paffage of *the Belts, two ftraits in the Bal- 
 tic, over which, when frozen, Charles Guf- 
 tavus marched his army 165 8. She died 
 179-3, aged 44. 
 
 Nordenschold, a Swede, known for hit 
 extenfive knowledge of political economy. 
 He died 1764. 
 
 Nores, Jafon de, of Nicofia in Cyprus, left 
 his country when ravaged by the Turks, and 
 came to Padua, where he taught moral philo- 
 fophv. He "wrote various works. His " inter- 
 pretatio" on Horace's art of poetry was 
 much efteemed. He died 1590. 
 
 Norgate, Edivard, an ingenious artift and 
 illuminator, who died 1649. ' 
 
 Noris, Henri;, an Auguftine monk, born 
 at Verona, 16UI. He was educated by his 
 father, a native of Ireland, and after ftudying 
 at Rimini, he came to Rome, where by a con- 
 ftant application of 14 hours every day, he ac- 
 quired extenfive knowledge and equal celebrity. 
 He was ecclefiafiical profeffor ftt Pifa, and ob- 
 tained great reputation by h;s hiftory of pcla- 
 glanifm. This work was attacked and even 'de- 
 nounced before the pope as heretical'; but 
 Innocent XII: frnfible of the merit of the au- 
 thor, appoint 1 h'rm fub-libzaiian of the Vatican, 
 and ,are aim a cardinal'! hat. In 1702 he was 
 
 named 
 
NOR 
 
 NOU 
 
 named amonjj others, to reform the calendar. 
 He died at ltome of a dropfy, 1704. His 
 arc elegantly written, and abound with 
 cruditiorT, forming 5 vols, folio. 
 
 Norris, John, an Englifh divine, born 
 1657, at Collingborne- Kington, Wilts, and 
 educated at Whichefter fchool, and Exeter 
 college, Oxford. In 1689 he fuccecded to 
 the n-c'torv of Newton St'. Loe, Somerietfhire, 
 and in 1691 was made reclor of Bemerton, 
 near Sarum, where he died a martyr to in- 
 tenfe ftudy, 1711, aged 54. Mild, humble, 
 and amiable in his manners, he was an enthu- 
 fiaft as a man, a myftic in theology, and in 
 pbilofophy an idealift. He attacked Locke's 
 effay on the human underftanding, and wrote 
 agVmft Dodwell on the immortality of the 
 His works are chiefly on moral and 
 'cal fubjc&s. 
 N orris, John, a native of Norfolk, edu- 
 cated at Eton,' and King's college, Cambridge. 
 Jie gave to his univerfity an eftate of 1901. 
 a year" for a theological profefforfhip, and for 
 annual pri7.es on divinity fubje&s. He died 
 1777, aged 43. * . 
 
 rii, Francis, lord keeper of the great 
 feal under Charles II. and James II. was 
 educated at Bury fchool, and St. John's col- 
 
 . Cambridge, and then' entered at the 
 Middle Temple. He, on the Norfolk circuit, 
 di'fiingullhcd himfelf as an able, acute, and 
 difcerning lawyer, and rofe through the offices 
 of folicitor and attorney-general to the place 
 of chief juftice of the common pleas. On 
 the death of Nottingham he fuccecded to the 
 fcals, and in 1683 was raifed to the peerage. 
 Me died at his houfe Wroxton, 1685. He 
 wrote an index of verbs neuter, fiuifhed while 
 at fchool, and printed with Lily's grammar 
 a paper on the gravitation of fluids, confidered 
 in the bladders of fifties an effay on mufic-^- 
 political papers, &e. 
 
 NoRTf!, Dt. John, brother to the preced- 
 
 iti educated at Bury fchool, and Jefus 
 
 . Cambridge. In I672 he was made 
 
 Greek profeflbr of the univerfity, prebendary 
 
 :Tminfler 16" 3, and in I677 he ftic- 
 
 crrded Dr. Barrow as mailer of Trinity 
 
 college. He completed the college library 
 
 begun by his prcdeccfior, and died 1683. 
 
 He dited Plato's SocratU apologia Crito 
 
 Piuplo, &c. 167 3. 
 
 North, George, of London, was educated 
 at St. Paul's, and at Bcnct college, Cambridge. 
 He was vicar of Codicote, Herts,. and died on 
 Mis Bring 1772. He wrote a table of Englifh 
 lijver coins from the eonqiwft to the common- 
 wealth -remarks on the money of Henry III. 
 and he began a hiftcry of die antiquarian 
 
 a, Frederic, earl of Guildford, better 
 
 known as lord North, the miniftcr under whofe 
 
 ft her American co- 
 
 Townumd as 
 
 chancellor of the exchequer; and in 1770 the 
 
 fciU cf Grafton, a* fak lord of the treafury, 
 
 and continued in office till the conclufiofl ofi 
 the war. As a public character, loi-l 
 was a flowing and perfuafive orator, well fkilled 
 in argumentation, and mafler of great pre- 
 fence and coolnefs of mind, and in private life 
 he was very amiable, cheerful and joeofe in 
 converfation, the friend of learned men, and 
 correct in his conduct. The laft years of his 
 life were afflicled with blindnels. He died 
 1792, aged 60. 
 
 Norton, Thomas, an Englifh writer, bora 
 at Sharpenhoe, Bedforfhire. He was a bar- 
 rift'er, and in his principles a ftrong calvlnift. 
 He affifted Sternhold and Hopkins in their 
 verfion of the pfalms; and to the 27 which 
 lie turned to metre, appear the initials of his 
 name. He alfo tranflated into Englifh fome 
 Latin poems Calvin's inftitutions and No- 
 well's large catechifm, and affifted Sackville> 
 in his play called fenex and porrex. He wrote 
 befides, an epiflle to the queen's poor deluded 
 fubjecTh, and other pieces againft popery, and 
 died about 1600. 
 
 Norton, John, author of " the fcholar's 
 vade mecum," in which he attempted to alter 
 the orthography of the Englifh language ; flo-, 
 rifhed in the age of Charles IL 
 
 Norton, lady Frances, wrote the applaufe 
 of virtue, 4 to. and memento mori, or medi- 
 tations on death. She was three times married, 
 and died 1720, aged about 70. 
 
 Nostrodamus, Michael, a French phy- 
 fician and aftrologer, born in Avignon, 1503. 
 He fludied at Avignon and Montpellier, and 
 praclifed for four years at Agen, and after- 
 wards went to Marfeilles, and then to Aix, 
 where he checked the progrefs of the plague, 
 by a powder of his own invention. After fome 
 time he quitted phyfic to be a prophet and 
 aftrologer, and in 1555 he publifhcd his pro- 
 phecies in verfe. He now palled as an ex- 
 traordinary man ; but while fome regarded him 
 as a foolifh vifionary, and others as an impious 
 afiociate of the devil, he was fent for to the 
 court of Henry II. and of Catherine of Medicis, 
 and loaded with prefents. He increafed his 
 work from 300 quatrains to a complete mil- 
 liade ; and when if "was difcovered, that on 
 the king's death he had foretold it in fome 
 enigmatical way, he was confulted not only- 
 by the vulgar, but by great men aud by 
 princes. He chiefly lived at Salon, where 
 Charles IX. vifited him, and where he died, 
 156C. 
 
 Nour, Francis de la, a native of Britany. 
 He ferved in Italy with diftinction, and on hi* 
 return embraced the party of the calvinifts. 
 He took Orleans in 1567, contributed to the 
 victory of Jarnac two years after, and then 
 took Foiitenai, Oleron, Marenires, Soubife, 
 and Bronages. At the f.e^e of Rochelle he 
 loft his left arm, and had one made of iron, j 
 in confequence of which he was called iron 
 arm. He at laft perifhed at the fiege of LaH>- 
 balle by a mufket ball, 1591, univerfally la- 
 mented, He wrote djfeourfes, military aod. 
 
 politic, ' 
 
NOY 
 
 NYE 
 
 politic, 4to. Ills fon' Odet ferved under 
 Henry IVt and died 1618. He is author of 
 chriitian poems, &c. 
 
 Note, Stani/laus Louis de la, of the fame 
 family, was born near^Chinon, 1729. He 
 ferved in the French army, in the campaigns 
 JBlE.1741 and 1 7 "> G , and at laft fell in the affair 
 of Saxenhaufen 1760. When Louis XV. 
 heard of his' death, he exclaimed, " then we 
 have loft the I-oudon of France." He wrote 
 new military conffitutions, printed at Frank- 
 fort, Svo. with plates. 
 
 Noue, John Sauve de la, of Meaux, ac- 
 quired celebrity as an actor. After playing at 
 Rouen and Lille, he came to Paris, and was 
 patronized by the court, and obtained a pen- 
 sion. Voltaire wrote the princefs of Navarre 
 on his account, that he might act the chief 
 Character of the piece. He died 17GI, aged 
 60. He wrote Mahomet II. a tragedy Ze- 
 lifca, a comedy the return of may the 
 corrected coquette, &c. 
 
 Noue, N. la, a famsus financier in France. 
 He was aecufed of mifmanagement and rapa- 
 city, 17 05, and condemned for nine years to 
 the gallics, and to be pilloried. 
 
 Newer., Alexander, an Englifh divine, 
 born in Lancashire, and educated at Brazen- 
 nofe, Oxford. He was mafter of Weftminfter 
 fchool, prebendary of Weftminfter, and dean 
 of St. Paul's, and in the reiga of Elizabeth he 
 wa3 elected member of parliament, but did 
 not fit in the houfe, as being a clergyman. 
 His ealcehii'm in Latin was much admired, 
 fo that it was tranflated, not only into Englifh, 
 but into Greek. He died 1602. His brother 
 Lawrence diedwleanof Lichfield, 1576, and 
 left in MS. a Saxon-Englifh dictionary, now 
 in the Bodleian. 
 
 Noy, William, a lawyer,' born in Cornwall, 
 and educated at Exeter college, from whence 
 lie entered at Lincoln's Inn. He was member 
 for Hellion and for St. Ives, and violently op- 
 pofed the meafures of the court. In 1631 he was 
 made attorney-general, and his abilities were 
 *xerted to fupport the king's attempts to levy 
 money without the parliament. To his ad- 
 vice tlie project for^ fliip money is attributed. 
 
 Though abided for his attachment to the tin*, 
 Nov is acknowledged to have been a good 
 lawyer, and a man of found and ftrong judg- 
 ment. He died 1634. He wrote a tieatife 
 on the grounds and maxims of the laws of 
 England, 4 \o. perfect conveyancer. Sec. 
 
 Nugent, Robert earl, of Weilmeaib, Ire- 
 land, abjured the Roman catholic "tenets for 
 the proteftant, ' and obtained a feat in. parlia- 
 ment in 1741. As the favorite of the court, 
 he held offices of truft and great . emolument, 
 and in '1766 was created a peer of Ireland. 
 He wrote an ode to mankind in 1741 verfes 
 addreffed to the queen, with a new year's gift 
 of Irifh manufacture verfes on the memory 
 of lady Townfend, befides odes, epiftles, &c. 
 which poffefs confiderable merit. He d'red 
 1798. 
 
 Nugent, Thomai, LL. D. an Irishman, 
 who acquired fome celebrity by his ufeful pub- 
 lications, efpecially his vocabulary of the 
 Greek primitives, 8vo. a pocket dictionary 
 of the French language, Sec. He alio tranf- 
 lated the Port Royal Greek and Latin gram- 
 mars, 4 vols. 8vo. and publifhed a tour in 
 Europe, 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Nye, Philip, a nonconform! ft, born in 
 Suffex about 1596. He entered at Brazen- 
 nofe college, Oxford, and removed to Mag- 
 dalen hall. Rejecting the doctrines of the 
 church of England, he retired to Holland, and 
 refided at Arnheim, in Guelderland. On the 
 decline of the royal power, he returned to 
 England, and was made minifter of ivimbolton, 
 Huiitingdonfhire, and afterwards was one of 
 the afi'embly of divines, and became a great 
 champion of the preibyterians. His fervices 
 were rewarded with the living of Acton, near 
 Ixmdon ; but he deferted to the independents. 
 He died 1672. He wrote feveral fermons, and 
 political tracts, and his hypocritical conduct 
 is humoroufly alluded to by Butler, who men- 
 tions in his Hudibras, Philip Nye's thaukfgiv- 
 ing beard. 
 
 Nyu, Nathaniel, a mathematician under 
 Charles II. mafter gunner of Woreefter, and 
 author of " art of gunnery," and a treatife on 
 artificial fire works* 
 
 o. 
 
 OAT 
 
 OAT 
 
 OATES, Titus, known for lus plots under 
 Charles II. was fon of an anabaptill, and 
 born about 1619. He was at full a conformift, 
 then a papift, and again a coDformift, but in 
 
 his conduct very vicious. He was chapkin to 
 a man of war, but difmitfed for unnatural 
 praaiccs; and when honeft refources failed,. 
 he contrived to difclofe a pretended plot agaiidt 
 
 the 
 
OCtf 
 
 OGI 
 
 tke tfofi in confequence of Wtricn fevcral 
 perfons were not oily accufed, but upon his 
 endVnce condemned. He was rewarded for 
 the difcoverv, with a pennon of 12001. a year, 
 and at. honorable ref.denee at Whitehall. 
 VndiT James JI. he was, upon die telitmony 
 of 60 witmffos, convicted of perjury, and 
 fa*NK6di to be whipped and pilloried. He 
 revolution (link into contenijJt, and died 
 1703. 
 
 Obadtah, the fourth of the leffer proohcts, 
 wis the fervant of Ahab, according to Jerome, 
 and the protector of Elijah, though fome ali- 
 tor* make him the contemporary of Hofea. 
 
 Obrecht, Ulric, a learned German, born 
 2646, at Strafburg. After finifhing his travels, 
 lie fettled at Strafburg, where he married the 
 daughter of Boeder, whom he fucceeth d in 
 the chairs of eloquence and hifiory. On the 
 cunqueft of Stralburg by Louis XIV., Obrecht 
 changed his religion from protectant to Roman 
 catholic, and was in confequence made, in 
 1685, prefident of the fenate of his native 
 town, with the title of praetor royal. He died 
 of a fever 1/01. He wrote prodromus rerum 
 Alfaticarum, 4 to. exeevpta hift?riea, de Da- 
 tura fucceffionis in monarch. Hifpan. 3 vols. 
 4to. Quintilian, with notes, 9 vols. 4to. 
 the life of Pythagoras, from Iamblicus - de 
 ?exillo imperii- -Diclys Cretenfis, &c. 
 
 Obsop.t.ls, John, a German, profeffor of 
 phyiic at Heidelberg. He died there, 1596. 
 He publiflied fome pieces of Hippocrates, 
 with remarks, &c. His brother Simon was 
 alio profeffor at Heidelberg, and died 1619, 
 aged 44. 
 
 Occam, orOccHAM, William, a divine of 
 tire fourteenth century the difciple of Puns 
 Scotus, fo renowned as to acquire the name 
 of the invincible doctor. As a Cordelier, he 
 was engaged by dc Cefena, the general of his 
 order, to attack the church of Rome, and pope 
 John XXII. and in confequence of this dif- 
 pute, which gave rife to the queftion about the 
 bread of the cordeliers, both Occam and his 
 friend were excommunicated by the pontiff. 
 Occam died 1374. His works" difplay both 
 wit and fubtility, in 2 vols. fol. * 
 
 Ochinls, BtrwudtH, an Itafisn. He was at 
 firft a cordelier, then ftudied pin nc, and again 
 returned to the church, and in 15.34 became a 
 fijidl capuchin, and rofe to be the vicar-gene- 
 ral of the order. Paul III. made him his con- 
 feflor ; but flill ineonnitcnt, he became a con- 
 vert to the tenets of Luther. Efcap; ng from 
 Italy, he after vifiting Geneva, Lucca, and 
 Augfburg, came to England with Peter Mar- 
 tyr, 1547, and was by Cranmer made pre- 
 bendary of Canterbury. On the death of Ed- 
 ward M. he retired to Strafburg, to avoid 
 pmccution, and then went to BaiiJ, and fet- 
 tled at Zurich. After prefiding eight years 
 over the Italian church in that city, he" was 
 Unifhedby the oagiftntet 1563, for publifli- 
 logwes in favor of polygamy. He fled 
 +* Maori* aud Poland, where he* joined the [ 
 
 focinians. He died of the plague at Slakflw> 
 f;>64, aged 77. He wasanthor of fome con* 
 troverfial works, and of fcrmons in Italian, 5 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Ocki.ky, Simon, a divine and orientalift, 
 born at Exeter, 1678. He was educated at 
 Queen's college, Cambridge, a:d in 1705 was 
 made vicar of Swavtfev, Cainbridgefliire, and 
 in 1711, Arabic profeflbr to the univerfiryS 
 He died 1720. He was well billed in oriental 
 literature. He published, 1/06, introducTtio 
 ad lin^uas orientales-.-- the hi'torv of the pre- 
 . fent Jews throughout the world, &e. 
 
 Odell, Thomas, of Buckinghamfhire, ruined 
 his eftates by fapporting the caufe of the 
 court, and afterwards obtained the permiffion 
 to erect a theatre in Goodman's-fiekis, 17'29. 
 He was in 1738 made deputy mafter of the 
 revels, and died 17 '19. He wrote four dra- 
 matic pieces, for a while favorably received. 
 
 Odo, Saint, fecoud abbot or' Clugni, was 
 horn at Tours, 879. The fanctity of Ids life 
 was fuch, that even kings and popes referred 
 their difputes to his unbiaffed judgment. lie 
 wrote fome religious books, and died 943. 
 
 Oecolampadius, John, a German divine, 
 born at Reinfperg, Franconia, 14 8-2. He 
 was made D. D. at Bafd, and upon embracing 
 the principles of Luther, was appointed divinity 
 profeffor and preacher there. He died 1531. 
 He engaged againft Luther in fupport of Zuin- 
 glius concerning the encharift. He tranflated 
 Chryfoftom's commentaries on Genefis, and 
 fome of the works of Nazianzen and other 
 fathers, <\e. 
 
 Offa, king of Mercia, 755, was fuccefsful 
 againft: the. kings of Kent, and Wcffex, and 
 perfidioufly murdered Ethelbert, king of the 
 Eaft Angles, and feized his kingdom. His 
 crimes induced him to pay his court to the 
 clergy for forgivenefs. He not only made a 
 pilgrimage \6 Rome, but was the firft who gave 
 the tenth of his goods to the church, and efia- 
 blifhed the Peter-pence tribute. He founded 
 the monaftery of St. Alban's, and died 794. 
 
 Ogden, Samuel, an Englifti divine, born 
 at Manchefter 1716, and educated at the 
 grammar fchool there, and at King's college, 
 Cambridge, and St. John's. In 1?44 he was 
 ele&ed mafter of Halifax fchool, which he 
 reiigned 17 53 to refule at Cambridge. In. 
 1764 he was made Woodwardian profeffor, 
 and in 1766 preferred to the rectory of Law- 
 ford, Effex, and a month after to Stansfield, 
 Suffolk. He died 1778. It is faid that his 
 manners were ruiiic, but his heart was raoft 
 amiable. His fermons have been publiflied in 
 2 vols, Svo. and defended by biihop Halifax 
 againft Main waring. They are popular dif- 
 courfes. 
 
 Oc;iLBY, John, a Scotch writer, born near 
 Edinburgh, 1600. He was a dancing-maiur, 
 and recommended himfelf to the duke of 
 Buckingham and other noblemen. In 
 he was in the family of lord Stafford, and 
 was appointed deputy mafter of the revels 
 
OLD 
 
 OLD 
 
 j in Ireland. He in confequence built a theatre 
 in Dublin; but at the breaking out* of the 
 Irifh rebellion 1641, he loft his property and 
 returned to England, poor. He then went to 
 \ Cambridge on foot, and applying himfelfto 
 the learned languages, he tranflated Virgil, 
 which produced both money and reputation. 
 He next gave the- world poetical translations of 
 Homer's Iliad, and Odyffey, and in 1660 pub- 
 lished a fine edition cf the Englifh bible, 
 with plates, which, he prefented to the king, 
 f! and alfo to the houfe of lords. In 1661 he 
 i| conducted the poetical part of the king's co- 
 ronation, and all the fpeeches, mottoes, &c. 
 were fubmitted to his infpe6tion, and of this 
 J he drew a finking relation in ten lhects folio, 
 I and afterwards publifhed it as a pattern for fu- 
 I ture fimilar folemnities. He obtained in 1662 
 I the place of maflcr of the revels in Ireland, 
 I gainft fir W. Davehant, and afterwards, 
 ] though ruined by the lire of London, he 
 I created another fortune as cofmographer and 
 I geographic printer to the king. He died after 
 I a life of great labor and chequered fortunes, 
 [ 1676. He publifhed befides, an account of 
 I Japan, folio an atlas, folio fables of iEfop 
 I in verfe, 2 vols. 8vo. a book of roads, fivo. 
 improved by Bowen, and lately by Patteribn, 
 and Cary, &C. 
 
 Oglethorpe, James, an Englifh general. 
 He, in 1732, fettled the colony in Georgia, 
 and founded the town of Savannah ; but his 
 attack on Auguftine in Florida proved unfuc- 
 cefsful. He was encra^ed againft the rebels 
 in 1745, and died 1785, aged 97 
 
 Okolskt, Simon, author of orbis Polonus, 
 or hiftory of Poland, 8 vols, folio, a valuable 
 work, was provincial of the jacobins in Poland, 
 164 9. 
 
 Okski, Stani/laus, ftudied divinity under 
 Luther and Melancthon, and preached with 
 fuch zeal the reformation, that he was called 
 the Polifh Demofthencs. He afterwards turned 
 
 I catholic and publifhed his profeffion of faith at 
 Warfaw, 1561. He wrote controversial tracls, 
 &c. 
 
 Oi.avides, N. txnmt de, of Spanifh Ame- 
 
 Hrica, was educated at Madrid. As fuperintend- 
 ant of Seville, he directed his attention to 
 fertilize the hitherto barren fpot called the 
 Black Mountain, or Sierra Morena, and by 
 offering liberal invitations to German colouifts, 
 he converted it into a populous diftricT:. Ac- 
 cufed falfeVy bv his enemies, he for three years 
 mourned the 'cruelty of his treatment in a dun- 
 geon. ,He efcapwl to Venice, where he died, 
 feed 65. The triumph of the gofpel, in 4 
 v'.!>. 4to. in Span'ifli, a work of merit, is at- 
 tributed to him. 
 
 OldcasTLE, fir John, lord Cobham, was 
 me firft nobleman who fuffcred martyrdom for 
 his religion. He was a general in the French 
 .nis, and obliged the duke of Orleans 
 I the fiege of Paris; but as a follwrer 
 
 of Wickliffe'a docl rines, and the fupporter of 
 itinerant preachers, he incurred the iiatred of 
 
 the Romifh clergy, and was accufed of herefv 
 to Henry V. Henry reaibned with him, but 
 when Cobham declared the pope antithritt, 
 the monarch fnocked at his impiety, delivered 
 him up to the archbilhop, who fent him to 
 the tower. He efcaped from confinement, 
 but after four years' concealment in Wales, he 
 was feized and dragged to London. As a he- 
 retic and traitor, he was hung upon a gallows 
 alive, and a fire lighted under him, fo that ho 
 was thus cruelly roafled alive, 141 7. He wrote 
 12 conclufions addreffed to the parliament of 
 England. 
 
 Oldenburg, Henry, a German, con fid for 
 his countrymen at London, under Cromwell's 
 ufurpation, and afterwards tutor to the lords 
 Obryan and Cavendifh. During his refidcr.ee 
 at Oxford, he was acquainted with the founders 
 of the royal fociety of which he was \ lec'ted 
 fellow, and affiflant fecretary with Dr. Wilkius, 
 He publifhed the 36 firft numbers of the philo- 
 lbphical tranfaclions, and had a moft exteniive, 
 correfpondc-nce with learned men. He wrote 
 befides tranflations, &c. and died 1678. 
 
 Olderman, John, Greek profeflor at 
 Helmftadt, died of a dropfy 1723, aged 37. 
 He was author of iome ingenious differtations, 
 de imperfect ioiie fermonis humani de Phraarte 
 fluvio, &c 
 
 Oldfield, Anne, a celebrated aclrefs. 
 The fweetneis of her voice, accidentally heard 
 and commended- by Farquhar, introduced her 
 to fir John Vanburgh, and to Rich, the paten- 
 tee of the king's theatre, where-fhe firft exhi- 
 bited herfelf. She fhone in Leonora, in fir 
 C. Nice, and lady Betty Modifh, in the carr- 
 lefs hufbaud ; but as virtue and continence art 
 feldom the inmates of a theatre, flie yielded 
 her reputation to the folicitations of Mr. A. 
 Mayn waring, and after his death was the mii- 
 trefs of general Churchill, by each of whom 
 fhc had a ion. She was otherwife humane and 
 benevolent, and was the patronefs of indigent 
 merit in Savage. She died 1730, and her body, 
 after lying in flate in the Jcrufalem chamber, 
 was buried in Weftminfter abbey with great 
 pomp. Her wit and vivacity were laid to 
 be very engaging, her figure delicate and 
 pleating, arid her manners fafcinatirig in the ex- 
 treme. 
 
 Oldham, John, ati Englifh poet; born 
 1653, at Shimon, Gloucefterifiire. He was 
 educated at Tetbury fchool, and Edmund hall, 
 Oxford. He was afterwards ufher of Croydon 
 fchool ; but the excellence of his poetry was 
 noticed by Rochciter and Dorfet,and pthfer w'tta 
 of the age, and he then engaged as tutor to the 
 fous of private gentlemen, and afterwards fet- 
 tled in London as a wit and a poet. Lord 
 Kingfton afterwards patronized him, and wifhed 
 him to be his chaplain ; but though he re- 
 futed, he continued in his houfe till his death, 
 occafioned by the imall-pox, 1683. His 
 writings were chiefly f>*!rieal, and though a man 
 of temperance and virtue, he is frequently 
 licentious in hi- peeta*, The whole confifts 
 
 in , of 
 
OLE 
 
 OLI 
 
 r 50 fieee*, the moft variable of which 
 wo ihe fo\ir Utircs 00 the jeiuits. 
 
 mi, // ilbam, joint writer in the 
 
 l) j... er, and author of a 
 triono/ the bi&Op of Kxrter, of Rate 
 
 ! tin- odo ami epodes of Horace 
 . dtetl 1734. 
 Ou.mixon, J-jlin, a political writer ot 
 party writer he was fevcrc 
 Me; he oppofed the Stuart 
 family, ami attacked the great writers of the 
 time with envy and ill nature. Pope gave 
 him a confpicuous place among the fons of 
 dullnrfs in hisDunciad. He obtained by his 
 etl a poll in the revenue at Bridgewater, 
 where he died 174-2, at an advanced age. 
 He wrote hiftory of tbe Stuarts, folio a vo- 
 lume of poems the life of A. Maynwaring, 
 efq. the life of queen Anne a tragedy an 
 opcia, \<_. 
 
 Ou , an Englilh writer, born 
 
 about lo.S". Few particulars of his life are 
 known, though it is too apparent that he was 
 intemperate, profligate, and licentious. He 
 v.'.s librarian to lord Oxford, and made a ca- 
 nlngnc of the collection, which Ofborne the 
 bookfellcr purchafed for 13,0001. He was 
 alio NoBBW king at arms, as being well ac- 
 quainted with h< raldry, and died at the herald's 
 . !7cl, aged 74. His chief works were 
 a life of flr Walter Raleigh various articles in 
 the general hiitorical dictionary lives marked 
 G. in the biographia Britannica introduction 
 to Hayward's Britiih mufe, &c. 
 
 UUM, Godfrey, a German, born at 
 Hai! in Saxony, 1 639, He Was profiflbr of 
 Greek ami divinity at Leipfic, and was 10 times 
 r r o that univerliry. He, died 1 7 1 3 . He 
 was a great contributor to the " Leipfic 
 a^ts," and wrote works on theology, philofo- 
 v\e. 
 Ollarius, Godfrey, fon of the preceding, 
 KM born at Leipfic, I67. He poflefled 
 bilities, and after yifiting Holland, ftudi- 
 Oxford, and became profeffor of Greek 
 a t'l Latin, and aft crwamds of divinity at Leipfic. 
 ed in the flower of life, 1715. Hepub'- 
 'nation on the worfhip of God, 
 hy J. C. a hifVory of Rome and Germany 
 a Latin tuuflation of Stanley's hiftory 
 ' ltt>. &c. 
 O: km, a German miter, fix 
 
 J to i/ir anbafiV, from the duke 
 . 16 Mufcovy, 'and Portia. He 
 01 of hi* journey, with maps 
 lolio, tr.;irilaied into French bv 
 'i'o.t. He Djfc publ'.tiVd an abridge- 
 i->ul llolftein, from 1448, 
 ;!. died 107 1, aged 6. 
 Arthur, of fork, was educated 
 refuted to 
 he v. as difmiffed hum be- 
 '-nent, and re- 
 in muling tip 
 !i;. aims during the Ame- 
 rican war, pi u c a) -_ 
 
 forwards came to London, and difplaycd s,r?j 
 abilities as a pulpit orator. He died 1501, 
 author of fonie political tra-its, Svo. fume ter- 
 moiis, &c. / 
 
 Oumpo, Balthafar, an Italian poet. His 
 pegafca in ftanfe amorofe, 1 .525, and his 1 
 del amore, 8vo. &c. have appeared in -2 vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 Oi.iva, Alexander, general of the Auguf- 
 tine monks, fludied at Rimini,- Bologna, 
 and Pcrufa, and when at Rome, as general of 
 his order, Pius II. created him a cardinal* 
 1 160, and made him biihop of Camerino. 
 He died at Tivoli 1463. His works are, de 
 Chrifti ortu fermones centum de coona cum 
 apoftolis fadta, de peccato in fpiritum fanc- 
 tum. 
 
 Oi.tvarf.s, Gafpar de Guzman, count de, 
 fucceeded Uzeda as prime minifter, and gained- 
 popularity by his wife and faliitary regulations. 
 His pride, however, created him many enemies; 
 ami occafioned not only the revolt of the Ca- 
 tatonias, but the feparation of the Portuguefe 
 from the Spanilh dominions. Olivares was 
 dilmiffed with difgrace, and died of a broken 
 heart at Toro, in 1643. 
 
 Oliver, lfaac, an Englilh painter. His 
 hiftorical pieces, and alfo his miniatures were 
 much admired as patterns of fuperior excellence. 
 He died 1617, aged nearly 60 years. 
 
 Oliver, Peter, eldell fon of the preceding, 
 was alfo eminent as a miniature painter, and 
 died 1661, aged 59. 
 
 Oliver, of Mahnfbury, a bcnedic?>ine 
 monk, was an able mechanic, but in attempting 
 to fly from a tower with wings which he had 
 made, he fell down and fractured his legs. 
 He died 1660. 
 
 Oliver, William, a phyfician of Bath, 
 author of treatifes on the Bath waters, and on 
 tar water. He pretended to be an atheift, but 
 died very penitent 1764. 
 
 Oliver, Claude Matthew, of Marfcilles, 
 contributed much to the eftablilhment of the 
 academy of Mavfeilles, and he was one of its \ 
 firft members. He poflefled a moft retentive 
 memory, fo that with little premeditation l*e 
 lupported the moft intricate caufes at the 
 bar, with the moft captivating eloquence, and 
 the moft convincing arguments. He died . 
 1736, aged 35. He wrote the hiltory of 
 Philip of Macedonia, the father of Alexander, 
 2 vols. l-2mo. a work of merit memoir pi 
 the afliftance given to the Romans by the 
 people of Marfcilles, during the fecond Punic 
 war, &e. 
 
 Olivet, Jqfeph, a jefuit of Salins, known 
 for his learned editions of Cicero's works printed 
 at Paris, and then at Geneva, 9 vols. 4to. He 
 publifhed betides, trantiVtions of fome of the 
 orations of DemoRhenes and Cicero, and of 
 Cicero's treatife de Nat. I), and other works. 
 He ws member of the French academy, and 
 died 1768. 
 
 Olivetan, Robert, a relation of the great 
 Calvin, printed 1535, fob a French iranftation 
 
ONU 
 
 ORK 
 
 of the bible, the firft executed from the Hebrew 
 and Greek texts. It was called the bible of 
 the fv.ord, becaufe the printer affirmed a 
 fword as his emblem. The work is now very 
 fcarce. Olivetan died the year after at Rome, 
 poifoned, it is faid, by the cathulics on account 
 of his publications. 
 
 Oliveyra, Chevalier Francis de, a Por- 
 tuguefe, employed in various embattles. Aban- 
 doning the popilh tenets, he retired to Holland, 
 and afterwards to England, where he lived in 
 learned eafe. He publifhed in French, " a 
 pathetic difcourfe, addreffed to his coi ntry- 
 men," in confequence of the earthquake of 
 Lifbon. He died 1783, aged 83. 
 
 Olo> t nois, John David, of Olonne, is fa- 
 mous for his bold adventures in the 17th cen- 
 tury. He paffed early into America, and 
 joined the Buccaneers in St. Domingo. After 
 fpreading devaluation on the coafts of the Spa- 
 nifh fettlements, he was at laft attacked by the 
 Indians, who cut his body to pieces and devour - 
 d it. 
 
 Olzoffski, Ai.dreiv, a Polifh divine. He 
 travelled to France and Italy, and after- 
 wards was in the fervice of the king of Poland, 
 and went ambaffador to Vienna. He was made 
 bifhop of Culm, and afterwards high chancel- 
 lor, and primate of the kingdom, and while 
 his wifdom and patriotifm regulated the affairs 
 of the kingdom, he fliowed himfelf fatisfied 
 with the honors of his country, and refufed the 
 dignity of a cardinal. He died in 1678, aged 
 CO. He publifhed in Latin fome political 
 tracts. 
 
 Omar I. fecqnd caliph after Mahomet, 
 began to reign 634. After defeating Alt, 
 whom Mahomet had appointed his fucceffbr, 
 he fpread his conquefts over Syria and Phoe- 
 nicia, and took Jerafalem after an obftinate 
 fiege. His generals extended his conquefts 
 over Perfia and Egypt, and increafed the wor- 
 fhippers of Mahomet. The fall of Alexandria 
 under his power, was marked by thedeftruction 
 of its celebrated library, but he reftored the 
 canal of communication between the Nile and 
 the Red fea. He was ftabbed at Jerufalem, 
 by a Perfian flave, 644^ in his 63d year. 
 During his reign the mahometans conquered 
 36,000 towns, deftroyed 4000 chriftian tem- 
 ples, and built 1400 mofques. Omar was 
 a great warrior, in his manners auftefe and vir- 
 tuous ; and regarding merit as the only title to 
 fupenority, he declared the crown e'eilWe, 
 and placed his fon in an inferior fituation. 
 
 Omar II. 13th caliph of the Ommiades, 
 fucceetled Solyman, 717. He laid fiege to 
 Conftantinople, but his attempts to take it fail- 
 ed ; and the deftructiou of his fleet by a terrible , 
 tempeft, oblige.! him to retire from tbe walls. 
 He was affaffmateu at Edeffa, 726, by his own 
 family. 
 
 Onuphrius, Pawinhis, an Auguftine monk 
 
 of Verona, who continued thf lives of the 
 
 abyPlatin*. He publifhed other 
 
 |orks, and was fo fkilled in hifiorical know- 
 
 ledge, that- he was called the father of hif- 
 tory. He died at Palermo, 1568, aged 39.. 
 
 Oost, James Van, a painter of Bruges, 
 who ftudied the manner of Annibal Caracci 
 with great fuccefs, fo that his hiftorical pieces, 
 landscapes, &c. were much admired. His 
 beft piece is a defcent from the crofs, in the 
 jefuits' church , Bruges. He died 1 67 1 . 
 
 Opitius, Henry, a lutberan divine, born 
 1642, in Mii'nia. He was profeflbr of oriental 
 languages at Kiel, where he died 17 12. He 
 wrote fome fanciful treatifqs on the fubject of 
 grammar. He edited alfo the bible in Hebrew, 
 2 vols. 4to. 
 
 Opitius, Martin, a poet, bora in Silefia, 
 1597. -He died of the plague at Dantzic 
 1639. His poems in Latin and in German 
 are much admired for their elegance and 
 fpirit. 
 
 OroRiNUs, John, a German printer of 
 Bafil,. 1507. He ftudied phyfic, but after- 
 wards applied to Greek and Latin, and then 
 began the bufinefs of printer. He died 1568. 
 He publifhed no book which he did not him- 
 felf correct. He wrote notes on Plutarch on 
 Cicero's Tufculan quxft. &c. 
 
 Oppede, John Meynier, baron <f , prefi- 
 dent of the parliament of Aix, rendered him- 
 felf odious by his cruelties againft the Vaudois. 
 Not only the 1 9 condemned to the ftake were 
 deftroyed, but 22 villages were devoted to the 
 flames, and above 4000 perfons perifhed by the 
 fword or by fire, during that horrible perfecu- 
 tion. He died 1558. 
 
 Oppian, a Cilician, known as a Greek poet 
 and grammarian in the i'econd century. His 
 poem on fiihing is ftill extant, &c. 
 
 Opsop.'eus, John, a German critic. He 
 became a phyfic ian and was profeffor of medi- 
 cine at Heidelberg. He edited fome of the 
 works of Hippocrates, with notes; but hi^ 
 beft known work is an edition of the Sibylline 
 oracles. He died 1596, aged 40. 
 
 OaE{XAN, Francis, a Spaniard, with 
 Pizario in the conqueft of Peru. He deferted 
 his companions, and penetrating into the 
 country, was the firft European who faw 
 the Amazon, the beft part of whofe courfe 
 he obferved, till he reached the Spanifh 
 fettlements of Cubagna, from which he de- 
 parted for Europe. In the relation of what he 
 had fecn, he united the marvellous and the 
 true; and by reporting that he had paffed 
 through a country peopled by Amazons, he 
 gave that name-to tbe great river which he had 
 difcovered. He perifhed in c.ndeavouring again 
 todifcover the mouth of it, about 1550. 
 . Ougana, Andrei?, a painter of .Florence, 
 diftinguiihed alfo as a failptor, architect, and 
 poet. His works are preferved at Pifa. In 
 his picture of the laft judgment, he represented 
 all his friends in paradife, and placed his ene- 
 mies in luSl. He died 13 89, aged 60. 
 
 Orkan, fon of Othoman, made himfelf em- 
 peror of Turkey 1^26, by the deftrucdon of 
 his elder brothers. He died 1360. 
 
 [ P 2 ] Oklandi, 
 
ORL 
 
 CRT 
 
 hony, anhor of 
 printing, from 1457; 
 writers, &c. 
 Italian booloeller, who died 17^0. 
 
 ' fon ot 
 
 ', and hafely nmr- 
 
 John, c!uU of Burgundy, 
 
 Tins ft \:l deed became the fourec of 
 
 en the houfes of Orleans and 
 
 m rtf Lewis of 
 
 I iken prisoner at the battle df 
 
 Agincourt, and after a captivity of 25 years 
 
 ;lantl, he returned to France, and un- 
 
 k the conqueft of Milan. He died at 
 
 Amboife I4<5j. 
 
 Orleans, Louis, duke of, prince of the 
 blood, was horn at Verfailles, 170.3. After 
 the death of his father, and that of his wife, 
 indoned tie world and its follies to de- 
 vote himfelf to a life of penitence, religion, and 
 literature. He fettled at the abbey of St. 
 Gene\ ' in works of charity and 
 
 benevolence till his death, I7. r r2. He was 
 not only (killed in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Sy- 
 riao, and Greek languages, but a perfect mat- 
 ter of botany, chemiftry, and painting. He 
 wrote tranflations, paraphrafes, and commen- 
 n feripturea literal trandation of the 
 plalms differtations againft the Jews a libe- 
 ral tnuillation of St. Paul's epiities treatife 
 againft plays, ike. 
 
 Orllans, Philip Louis Jqfeph, duke of, 
 was born at Sf. Cloud, 1 7 4 7 , and called duke 
 rires during his lather's life. From his 
 be devoted himfelf to low plea- 
 sures, but to acquire confutation in the fleet, 
 he entered in the navy, and obtained the com- 
 mand of the St. Efpirit, of 84 guns; in 1778, 
 under Orvilliers. The fight of the Englifh fleet, 
 id, terrified him, and during the action 
 ;nt with admiral Keppel, he concealed 
 himfelf in the hold of the (hip till the 
 was over. This conduct was ridiculed by the 
 wits of Paris, ana by the court, and the duke 
 felt the iatire fo deeply that he determined On 
 revenge. His fortune gave him every oppor- 
 tunity to create diffatisfairiOb. In I7f-V he 
 .:kt's title, and in the rc- 
 ti lie became one of the members of 
 the national aficmbly, and as if afliamed of 
 took the name of Egalitc. While 
 tious ufed his opulence- for iheir own 
 diabolu al -purpofes, he if ever/ 
 
 led'to overturn the throne, on 
 he hoped to feat himfelf. At the trial 
 us XVI. he for, death, a 
 
 \ which /hocked even the moft abandoned 
 .mined 
 <, and 
 I 
 I illcs, he was 
 ' back to Pari-,, and led ignominioufly 
 
 defended the cauie of 
 
 Henry IV. The virulence of his writings ; 
 caufed his apprehenfion ; but the mild monarch! 
 ordered him to be liberated from prilbn. 
 made a convert of the advocate, who b< 
 loud in the praii'e of his benefactor. He died 
 i<>-27> aged 87. He wrote a defence of the 
 united catholics againft thi 1 proleftants, i 
 
 to, the Englifh catholics commentaries 
 on Tacitus and Seneca, c^c. 
 
 Orleans, Peter Jofcph, ajefuitof Bon 
 profefTor of belles letlres, and afterwartls 
 preacher to his fociety. He died 1698. Pf 
 is author of an hiftory of the revolution-; of? 
 England, 3 vols. 4to. hiftory of the revolu- 
 tions of Portugal, ;> vols. i2roo. hifton of 
 the two Tartar conquerors, Chunchi and Canhi, 
 8vo. &c. 
 
 Oiotr., Robert, a writer, born at Bombay, 
 where Iris father was a fnrgeon. From Harrow 
 fehool he wont writer to India; and by the 
 friendlhip of lord Clive he was in 17,05 made 
 member of the Madras council, and commiffaty- 
 general, hut returned to European 1759, and 
 ne time after honorably appointed by 
 the Eaft India foihpany their hiftoriographer, 
 with a faiary of JOol. )<er annum. He was 
 author of the military tranfaclions of the Britifh 
 in India, -3 vols. He wrote bolides, hiftorical 
 fragments of the Mogul power, durin 
 reign ofAurengepeJ He died in 1801 , aged 7^. 
 Orobio, BalLhafar, a Spanifh Jew, born 
 at Seville. Educated fecretly as a Jew, he 
 outwardly profefled the Roman faith, and be- 
 came profefTor of raetaphyuYs at Salaflianea. 
 He afterwards ftudied phyfic, and pra&ifed it 
 at Seville; .but as he was fuf peeled of judaifm, 
 he Was feir.ed and treated with the greateft 
 cruelty to oblige him to confefs. After three 
 years* confinement, he efcaped to Touloufe, 
 where he was made profefforof phyfic. He after- 
 wards went to Amfterdam, and there openly 
 profeffed himfelf a Jew, and died 1G87. He 
 wrote againft Spinoza in his" certamen phi- 
 lofophieum," and his interview with Lin 
 on the fubject of .the ehriftian religion, occa- 
 fioned his writing a book in fupport of jti< 
 . &c 
 Orsato, Sertorin, an Italian writer, well 
 fkilled in antiquities. He was proitiTor of philo- 
 I'jphy at Padua and died of a fuppreftion of 
 urine, 1678, aged 61. He wrote lyric poems 
 in Italian, " the hiftory of Padua-," &c. 
 
 , John Jofeph, a plrilologer and poet 
 lie itudied every branch of po- 
 lite literature, and died 1733. " He wrole 1<>- 
 paftorals, and other poems in Italian 
 a defence of Italian poets, and ofTaffo, 8cC. 
 
 feph Avqi'jiin, a writer, ' 
 a Tufcany 169a, and railed to the purple 
 by Clement XIII. He is author of an " ec- 
 c bJftory" in Italian, '20> vols. 4to. Sec. ' 
 I "7 61 . 
 
 ! cV, governor of Bayonne, 
 n the ' 
 
 back in anfiver to 
 
 tliat 
 
OSM 
 
 OST 
 
 tliivt hr bad only good foldiers and good clti- 
 Ktps in bis garrifon, and no executioners. v 
 
 Orteuus, Abraham, a geogragher, born 
 at Antwerp, 1 5f7- He travelled over England, 
 Ireland, France, Italy, and Germany, and 
 was honorably called the Ptolemy of his age. 
 His " thcatrum orbis terrse," in folio, pas- 
 tured for him the place of geographer to 
 Philip II. of Spain. He died at Antwerp, 
 15 98. He publ lined befides, fynonyma geo- 
 graphia aureifeculi imago, &c. 
 
 Orton, Job, of Shrewibury, was educated 
 in his native town, and afterwards under Dr. 
 Doddridge. He took care of a diiicnting ccsv- 
 gregation at Kidderminfter, and then re- 
 moved to Shrewsbury, where he died 1783, 
 aged 66. He is author of an excellent life of 
 Dr. Doddridge -fermons to the aged, 12mo. 
 wcramental meditations, 12mo. -difcourfes on 
 chriltian worfiiip, l2mo.^5-difcourfes on prac- 
 tical fubjecls, 8vo. practical expofition of 
 the old teftament, 6 vols. Svo. 
 
 Orville, James Philip de, a Dutch critic, of 
 French parentage, born at Amfterdam, 1696. 
 He travelled overEngland, France, and Germany, 
 and as elected profeflbr of eloquence, hiftory, 
 and Greek at Amfterdam, which lie held 12 
 years, and refigned 1742. He died 1/51. 
 He continued with Biirnian, obfervatioues mif- 
 cellaneae, 10 vols, to which four more were 
 added after his death, containing a differtation' 
 on Delos, and remarks on the Greek romance 
 of Chariton. He wrote befides a fatire againft 
 Ds Pauw, &c. ' 
 
 * Osborne, Francis, an Englifh writer, born 
 at -Chickfand, Bedfordihire, 1568. In the 
 mil wars he fided with the parliament, and 
 obtained ibme offices under Cromwell. He 
 wrote, at Oxford, advice to a ion, which was 
 very popular, and inveighed againft Jjy the 
 puritans of the time, befides other things in 
 urbfe and verfe. 
 
 Osjander, Audrey, of Bavaria, fludied at 
 Wittcmlicrg and Nuremberg, and was one of 
 Luther's lirft difciples. He was miniller and 
 profeflbr of Konigfberg, and diitinguiilicd 
 hi'Tilelf by a new opinion'on juftification, which 
 rhe affeted to arife not from the imputation of 
 Chrift's juftice, but the union of God's juftice 
 with our fouls. He defended thefe fcrithnents 
 even againft Luther, and chiefly refted on tlie 
 words of lfaiah, the Lord is our righteoufnefs. 
 He died 1552, aged 54. He wasfo violent in 
 jiis temper, that he treated all his opponents in 
 the groffeft language of il liberality. His works 
 are, harmonia evangelica, fob epiltola ad Z win- 
 glium de cuchariflia differtationes du^e de lege 
 et evangelio et juftificatione, ike. His fun 
 Luke uasalfo a lutheran minifter, and died 
 at Tubingen, 1604. He was author of com- 
 'incntaries yu the bible inftitutious of the 
 chriiiian religion, &e. 
 
 Os.yun I. fun of Achmct I. fucceeded 
 I6is, on the Turkiih throne. His expedition, 
 in 1621, againft Poland, was unfortunate, and 
 itfer. the lofs yf bo.ooo men, and 1 00,000 
 
 horfes, he fubmitted to a difadvantageouj 
 peace. He was hurled from his throne, and 
 ttrangled by the rebellious fuldiery, 1622. 
 
 Osman II. emperor of Conftantinople, J 7 54, 
 died after a fhort reign, 17 r> 7? aged 59. He 
 renewed, under fevere penalties, the Mahomet- 
 an law, that his fubjefts fliould drink no wine. 
 
 Osmond, St. a Norman, made chancellor 
 of England and bifhop of Salisbury by the 
 conqueror. The liturgy which he introduced 
 in his' diocefe was univerfally adopted, and 
 catted the liturgy of Salifbury. He died 1099. 
 
 Osorio, Jerome, - a Portuguefe, born at 
 Lifbon, 1506. He ftudied at Salamanca, 
 Paris, and Bologna, and was profeffc* of divi- 
 nity at Coimbra, and made bifhop of Sylva, 
 by the queen regent. He went afterwards to 
 Rome, and in confequence of the difafters of 
 his country, he died, it is fakl, of a broken 
 heart, 1580. He wrote commentaries, para- 
 phrafes, &c. and deferred to be called the 
 Cicero of Portugal, 
 
 Ossat, Amaud d', a cardinal bom in AI- 
 magnac, 1536. Educated by the charity of a 
 neighbour, he ftudied at Bpurges, and ap- 
 plied to the law; and was called to the bar at 
 Paris. In 1580 he went to Rome, as fecie- 
 tary to the ambaiTador from France, and on 
 his death puffed into the fervice of cardinal 
 d'Efte, and then of cardinal de Joyeufe. 
 When Henry IV. of France quitted the re- 
 ligion of the protcftants, d'Offat, refident at 
 Rome, obtained the papal abfolution, and wa$ 
 made biftiop of Rennes. He died at Rome 
 1604, aged 68. He was a moft able, fkilful, 
 and fagacious negociator. His " letters" 
 have been frequently publifhed. 
 
 Ossian, fon of Fingal, an ancient Scotch 
 bard, who florifhed about the beginning of 
 the third century. He accompanied his father 
 in his wars, and in the latter part of life, which 
 was protracted to a good old age, be became 
 blind. In 1/58 fome poems appeared in a 
 poetical ftyle, faid to be tranflated from the 
 original Gaelic of Offian, by Mr. Macphcrfon ; 
 and as they excited the attention of the learn- 
 ed by their beauty, they produced an anir 
 mated controverfy about their authenticity. 
 
 Ostade, Adrian Fan, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Lubec, 1610. He was endued with 
 fuch powers by nature, that he equalled all 
 other painters in the representations of droll 
 apd vulgar fcenes. He perfectly underftood the 
 chiaro-obfeuro, anu his fmoaking rooms, ale- 
 houfes, kitchens, and ftables are particularly 
 admired. He died at Amfterdam, 1685, 
 much regretted. 
 
 Ostervald, John Frederick, a protertant 
 minifter, born at Neufchatel, 1663. He was 
 learned and pious, and from his fricjifhip with 
 Turretin and Wercnfels arofe the cxpreifion of 
 the triumvirate of Swifs theologians, ' He died 
 1747. He wrote a catethifm of the chriftian 
 religion, 8"0. arguments and refle&ons on 
 the books of the bible, 2 vols. bvo. jtreatifo 
 againft unclean nefs, 8vo. &c. 
 
 [P3] P^TtRWY, 
 
OTW 
 
 OVE 
 
 OrrtKWTi Maria Van, of Delft, ex- 
 celled as an elegant artift, and her flowers, 
 fruits, and fcenei of RiH life poffeffed particu- 
 lar beautv. She dSed l69, igd 63. 
 
 Oswald, king of Northumberland, fled to 
 Ireland to avoid the perforation of his uncle 
 Edwin, who ofttrped the throne. He returned, 
 became a chriflian, defeated and flew Cerdo- 
 walla, tom of the Britons, and was afterwards 
 killed in battle, 643. His virtues have been 
 recorded by monkifli writers, who declare that 
 miracles were wrought at his tomb. 
 
 Otho I. fumamed the great, was crowned 
 emperor of Germany at Aix-la-Chapelle 936. 
 He was an active prince, he defeated the Danes, 
 fubdued Bohemia, and carried his arms into 
 ltalv grinft Bercnger, who had afiumed the 
 title of emperor. He died 973, aged 6-2. 
 
 Otho II. fon and fuccelfor of the great 
 Otho, was fumamed the bloody. After routing 
 the Danes and the Bohemians, he invaded the 
 French territories with an army of 60,000 men ; 
 but peace was reftored in 980. The next year 
 he miffed the Alps, to reduce the Calahrians to 
 fuojection ; but he was defeated by the Sara- 
 cens. He died on his return to Rome, ac- 
 cording to fome, by poifon, 983. 
 
 Otho III. only fon of Oiho II. was crowned 
 emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, 983, though only 
 tliree years old. His elevation was oppofed by 
 the duke of Bavaria, but the energy of'his mi- 
 nifters defeated the meafures of his rivals. 
 When he took the reins of government, Otho 
 went into Italy, where he was crowned by the 
 hands of the pope. He died in the Campagna, 
 ) 002 , aged 2 2 ; after having enlarged the power 
 of die pope, and enabled him to difpute for 
 temporal fovereignty with his imperial fuc- 
 ceflbrs. 
 
 Otho IV. fumamed the proud, was elected 
 emperor 1197- After being confecratcd at 
 Rome he laid claim, againft his proniife, to the 
 territories of Ancona and Spolotto. In confe- 
 qaence of this he was excommunicated, and 
 Frederic, king of Sicily, elected emperor. 
 Otho unable to refill the power of his enemies, 
 retired in difgrace to Hantzburg, where he died 
 1218. 
 
 Othokotskiforis, Francis, a Hungarian, 
 who ftudied at Utrecht, and became a protefiant 
 minifter. He afterwards embraced the catholic 
 faith, and was profeflbr of law at Tirnau, where 
 he died 1718. He wrote origincs Hungaricae, 
 2 vols. 8vo. antiqua religio Hungoruni vere 
 chriftiana et catholica, 8vo. &e. 
 
 Ott, Henry, a Swifs divine, born at Zurich, 
 
 where he was profeflbr of eloquence, Hebrew, 
 
 I !.:fiafti< a] hiftory, and where be died 
 
 ">. As an oricntalifi, his abilities 
 
 were 
 
 Ottkk, John, author of travel, in Turkeyand 
 Perfia, &c. was born at Chriftianftadt, 1 ', 07 \ and 
 died 1748. 
 
 OTWAV,T/)o?rw.<r, a celebrated dramatic writer, 
 Trotting, Suflex/ 1051. He was edu- 
 cated at Wincheiler fchool and Chrift-church, 
 
 Oxford. By the friendfhip of lord Plymouth, 
 he obtained a cornetcy in the army, and em- 
 barked for Flanders, in 1677; but a military 
 life proved difagreeable to him, and he return- 
 ed to Ixmdon, poor, and necefhtatcd to write 
 for his fupport. He died 1685, in a manner, 
 fays Dr. Johnfon, which I am unwilling to men- 
 ti&ti. Having been compelled to contract debts, 
 and hunted by the terriers of the law, he retired 
 to a public houfe n Tower-hill, where he died 
 of want, or, as related by one of his biographers, 
 by {wallowing, after a long faft, a piece of 
 bread, which charity had fupplied. He went 
 out, almoft naked, in the rage of hunger, 
 and finding a gentleman in a neighbouring cof- 
 fee-houfe, afked him for a fhilling ; the gentle- 
 man gave him a guinea; and Otway, going 
 away, bought a roll, and was choaked with the 
 firft mouthful. As a writer he had extraordinary 
 powers, in touching the heart in his tragedies, 
 of which his orphan, and Venice preferred, are 
 noble inftances. Befides ten dramatic pieces, 
 he wrote miscellaneous poems and tranflations. 
 
 Oudin, Cajimir, a French monk of Me- 
 zieres. He became a reclufe in the abbey of 
 Boucilly, in Champagne, where Lewis XIV. ac- 
 cidentally faw him, and employed his abilities. 
 In 1690 he turned protefiant, and was made 
 under librarian atLeyden, where he died 17 17. 
 He wrote commentarius ' de fcriptoribus eccle- 
 fiaj antiqnis & eorum fcriptis, 3 vols, folio 
 veterum aliquot Galliee & Belgiae fcriptorum 
 opufcula facra, &c. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Oudin, Francis, of Vignori, in Champagn*, 
 was profeflbr of humanity and theology , andfettled 
 at Dijon, where he died of a dropfy in the cheft, 
 1752, aged 79. He was well verfed in the ec- 
 clefiaftical hiftory of the fathers. He publifhed 
 fomnia, an elegant Latin poem, odes, elegies, 
 &c. printed in his poemata didafealia, 3 vols. 
 l2mo. bibliotheca fcriptorum focietatis Jefu, 
 &c. 
 
 Oudinet, Mark Anthony, a French medal- 
 lift, of Rheims 1643. He quitted his profeflbr - 
 fhip of law to go to Paris. The order which he 
 introduced in the king's collection, obtained a 
 penfion from the king, and a feat in the aca- 
 demy of belles lettres. He died at Paris 17 1 2. 
 He wrote three diflertattons, of great merit, on 
 medals. 
 
 Oudri, John Baptiji, a French painter, who 
 acquired great celebrity in his correct; reprefent- 
 ation of animals. Some of his hunting pieces 
 adorn the palaces of France. His adoration of 
 the Magi is in high efteem. He died at Pa- 
 ris, 1755, aged 69. 
 
 Overall, John, an Englifh prelate, bom 
 1559. He was pf St. John's college, Cam- 
 bridge, and removed to Trinity. In 1696 he 
 was made regias profeflbr of divinity, D. D. and 
 nailer of Catherine hall, and in 1601 became 
 dean of St. Paul. In 1614 he was made biihop 
 of Lichfield and Coventry, and inl618tran- 
 flated to Norwich, where, he died 1619. He 
 was a learned divine, and wrote a ** convocation 
 book," and other works. 
 
 OvEKBEKE, 
 
OVI 
 
 OWE 
 
 .Overbeke, Banaventure Fan, of Amster- 
 dam, was eminentas a defignerand an antiquarian. 
 He went three times to Rome to take correct 
 copies of her ancient monuments, and he 
 made beautiful engravings of his pieces. The 
 description with his plates, written in Flemish, 
 was tranilated into Latin and French, 3 vo!s. 
 folio, and poffeffes great merit. He died 1/06. 
 . Ovkrbury, fir Thomas, an Engliih writer, 
 horn in 1581, at Compton-Scorfen , Warwick- 
 Shire. He was of Queen's college, Oxford, and 
 entered at the Middle Temple ; hut relinquished 
 the law for literature, and for the court. He 
 became the friend of Car, earl of SomerSet, but 
 he Stained his character in promoting the amours 
 of that profligate nobleman with the licentious 
 countefs of Elfex ; and as if af named of his con- 
 duel, he boldly attempted to diffuade him from 
 marking fo worthlefs a woman. Car revealed 
 the friendly advice, and the countefs meditated 
 revenge. By the means of Car, Overbury was 
 appointed ambaffador to RuSha, and then infi- 
 dioufly encouraged to refufe the oflice, in con- 
 fequence of which the king fent him to the 
 Tower as a difloyal man. In this place poifon 
 was administered to him, and he fell a Sacrifice 
 to the diabolical intrigues of his perfidious friend 
 and his guilty miftreSs, 1013. The murder 
 was hufhed by the power of the offender ; but 
 two years after it was fully difclofed ; the under- 
 ngents were tried, condemned, and executed, 
 Imt the earl and the countefs, after being found 
 guilty, were pardoned by the king. Sir Thomas, 
 who has been compared in his learning and his 
 melancholy fate, to Gcrmanicus Csefar, was the 
 author of Some works in profe and verle, of con- 
 siderable merit. 
 
 Oughtrsd, IfiLiiam, an English divine, born 
 1 "> 7 1 at Eton, and educated there and at King's 
 college, Cambridge. In 1603 he was prefent- 
 ed to the living of* Aldbury, near Guildford, 
 where he devoted himfelf to mathematical Stu- 
 dies. During the ufurpation he was frequently 
 molefted, though a peaceful refident in his pa- 
 rifh, and he was liberated only by the interfer- 
 ence of Whitelocke and other friends. He 
 died 1660, aged 86. On hearing the news of 
 Charles's restoration, he expired, it is faid, in a 
 Sudden extacy of joy. He publifhed in 1631 
 his " clavis," a moft valuable work, containing 
 many new theorem- in algebra and geometry, 
 which have been adopted by Newton, and other 
 learned philofophers. 
 
 Oviedo, John Gwfalvo de, a learned Spa- 
 niard. He was page to Ferdinand of Arragon 
 and ISabella, and was at Barcelona in 1493, on 
 the return of Columbus from the uew world. 
 The adventures of this extraordinary man raifed 
 his attention, and he became his friend and com- 
 panion in his next voyage. Ferdinand confi- 
 hira as the fitteft man to examine the 
 commerce and reSources of the new world ; and 
 on his return from the ifland of Hayti, he pub- 
 lifhed the refult of his inquiries, called (he ge- 
 neral and natural hiftory of the Weft Indies. 
 Jn this work he paid particular attention \u the i 
 
 venereal dH'eafe, lately become known in Europe, 
 and which fome thought was introduced from 
 America; and he ascertained that the ufe df 
 guiacum was vei 
 terrible diforder. 
 
 Ousel, Philip, of Dantzic, became proteftant 
 minifter at Leyden, and afterwards theological 
 profeffor at Frankfort on Oder, where he died 
 1724, aged 53. He was well Skilled in Hebrew 
 literature, and publiihed introduetio in aceen- 
 tuaiionem Hebrreorura metricam, 4to. in which 
 he Supports that the Hebrew points and accents 
 are as old as the bible de accentuatione lle- 
 brceorum profaica, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Owain, or Owen Tudor, married Cathe- 
 rine, the widow of Henry V. ia 14*26, and was 
 father by her of three Sons, the eldcll of whom 
 embraced the monattie life; the Second was 
 Edmund, earl of Richmond, father to Henry 
 VII. and the third Jafper, earl of Pembroke. 
 
 Owain- Glandwr, or Owen Glentdowk r, 
 laft of the Welch princes, was in the Service of 
 Richard II. but was difgraced by Henry IV. 
 In confequence he took up arms, burnt lluthyn, 
 and defeated lord Grey, who had obtained his 
 lands from the king ; but afterwards he restored 
 him to liberty for a large ranfom. He in 1402 
 routed Edward Mortimer in Radnorfl ira, and 
 caufed himSelf to be proclaimed fai ere'gn of 
 Wales. Though affifted by the Frmci, his 
 affairs became defperate, and unable to with- 
 stand the Engliih, he led a life of retirement, 
 and died in 1415, diSguiSed as a poor Shep- 
 herd. 
 
 Owen, Dr. John, an eminent divine among 
 the independents, of whom he is Sometimes 
 called the prince, the oracle, and the metropo- 
 litan. He was born 1616, -at Hadham, Ox- 
 fordshire, and was educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford, which he left in 1637, as unwilling 
 to Submit to the regulations introduced by 
 Laud. At the breaking out of the civil war 
 he embraced the party of the parliament with 
 Such warmth, that his uncle disinherited him, 
 His " difplay of arminianifm," publiihed ii 
 1642, rendered him very popular among the 
 nonconformists ; he was a frequent preacher 
 before the parliament, and obtained the friend- 
 ship of Cromwell, by whofe influence he was 
 made, in 1650, dean of Ch rift-church. In 
 1652 he was vice-chancellor, but on the pro- 
 testor's death he was removed from his office, and 
 at the rellorat ion he was deprived of his dean- 
 ery. He lived for fome time iu London, and 
 then at Kenfington, and died at Ealing, Mid- 
 diel'ex, 1683, aged t>7 . Though violent as the 
 friend of party he polfefled moderation, and 
 frequently exerted his influence in favor of the 
 royalifts. His works were numerous, amount- 
 ing to 7 vo^s. folio, 20 in 4to. and 30 in bvo. 
 the beft known of which are, an exposition of 
 the Hebrews, 4 vols, folio difcourSe on the 
 Holy Spirit, folio, &e. 
 
 OwBtf, John, an Eng'ifh rpigrammatiit, 
 
 born at Armen, Caernarvonshire, and educated 
 
 at Wuicheiter, and ISew college, Oxford. 
 
 [P43. He 
 
OXE 
 
 OZE 
 
 He tauiht fchool at Trylegh, near Mon- 
 mouth, and at Warwick, on the foundation of 
 HonrvVHL He had fuch a vein for fatirc 
 and epigram, thai he Oreo wrote in ridicule of 
 ,.:ieleon whom he demoded, in confe- 
 quencc of which he was excluded from his 
 will. Ha was afterwards fupportcd by Wil- 
 liams, bithop of Lincoln, and died poor 162-2. 
 ;Ti-anis have been often printed. They 
 Luin, and poffefs the elegante and hu- 
 ,i Mania's pieces, They have been 
 tranaaicd into Englifh, French, and Spanifh. 
 
 /, was born in Meriorieth- 
 
 fl ; ; r e, ! at Rutbyn fchool, and 
 
 Qege, Oxford. He ftndicd and prac- 
 
 tifed phylic, and then took orders and obtained 
 
 the livings of Edmonton, and St. Olave's, 
 
 beet, London. He died l" 95, aged 
 
 80., He was an able and pious divine, and 
 
 obfervations on the fcripture miracles 
 
 fa on the four gofpe.ls impiiry on the 
 
 1 Son fermons at Boyle's lecturer, 
 
 '2 vols. Svo. introduction to Hebrew criti- 
 
 cifm, ( 
 
 Owtv, Gtorge, a phyfician, born in 
 Worcefterfhirc, and educated at Merton col- 
 c<re, Oxf6rd. He was phyfician to Henry 
 MIL who kit him a legacy of lOOl. and af- 
 terwards to Edward VI. and to Mary, whom 
 he brought into the world by the ' Caefarean 
 operation. He died 15 5S. He published a 
 meet diet for the new ague. 
 
 Owxn, C'narUs, a dificnting divine, born 
 in Montgoineryih'ue, and* educated at Shrewf- 
 bury. He wa miniiier of a congregation at 
 lOrth, but removed to London from the 
 violence of party, till the toleration of James 
 II. permitted him to return. He afterwards 
 went to Eilefraere, and died 1712, aged 5 8. 
 He wrote fome eontroverfuu traces. 
 
 OwTRAM, Il'tiHam. prebendary of Weft- 
 
 minfter under Charles II. was eminent as a 
 
 preacher, and^ts a fcholar. He died 16'7H. 
 
 He publifhed a learned book, " de iacrificiis," 
 
 
 
 OxcysTir.nS:, shel, was errand chancellor 
 
 and prime miliiiur to Guftavus 
 
 Adolphus. After the battle of Lutzen, 1 632, in 
 
 Her loft his life, he was placed at 
 
 ' . d ihe confidence 
 
 of the nation by the mofl confummate wifdom," 
 and the ftritTiefl integrity. He died univerfally 
 refpeeted, 1654, aged 71. The fecond vo- 
 lume of the hiflory of Sweden in German is 
 attributed to him. Of his fons, John was 
 plenipotentiary at the peace of Munfter, Ga- 
 briel was marthal of Sweden, and Bcncdift, 
 grand chancellor, and prime minifler of the 
 kingdom, His grand nephew N. was diftin- 
 guiihtfd as a man of letters. He travelled over 
 the greater part of Europe, and published 
 thoughts on different fubjects, with moral re- 
 flections, 2 vols. l2mo. and died at an ad- 
 vanced age, 1 707. 
 
 Cvanham, James, a French mathemati- 
 cian. He ftudied divinity in compliance with 
 the wifhes of his father; but after his death 
 he applied to mathematics. He left his coun- 
 try, and taught mathematics at Lyons, and 
 afterwards at Paris. The Spanifh war reduced 
 his income by leifening his fcholars, and the 
 death of his wife, by whom he had 12 children, 
 embittered with furrow the laft years of life. 
 He died of an apoplexv, 1717, aged 77. 
 The belt known of his works are, a dictionary 
 of mathematics, 4to. a courfe of mathe- 
 matics, 5 vols. Svo. mathematical recreations, 
 4 vols. Svo. ufe of the eompafs of propor- 
 tion, l2mo. elements of algebra, 4to. &e. 
 
 Ozeix, John, an indefatigable writer, edu- 
 cated at Afhby-de-!a-Zouch fchool, and af- 
 terwards at Chrift's hofpital. Unwilling to 
 go to the univerfky, he qualified himfelf in 
 arithmetic for a public office, and obtained 
 the appointment of auditor-general of the city 
 and bridge accounts, and auditor of the ac- 
 counts of St. Paul's cathedral, and of St. 
 Thomas's hofpital. He died 1743. Though he 
 wrote nothing original, he yet fhow<'>i 
 judgment in his tranfktioas of foreign authors ; 
 and Molicre, by his labors, appears in an 
 Englifh drefs, elegant and interefting. In his 
 converfation and manners, Ozell was agreeable ; 
 he had a good Knowledge of modern languages, 
 and had improved himfelf by travelling. Pope 
 immortalized him in his Dunciad ; and in eori- 
 fequence of this, Ozell publifhed a felf-confe- 
 quential comparifon between himfelf and his 
 antagohift, more deferving ridicule tht 
 probation. 
 
 T'A; 
 
p. 
 
 PAC 
 
 PAG 
 
 1)AAS, Crifpin, of Cologne, was eminent as 
 ; an engraver. He was patronized by the 
 V'mg of Denmark, and died at Copenhagen 
 in the beginning of the 17 th century. His 
 engravings were highly finifhed, especially 
 ihofe of the bible, &c. His daughters, Mag- 
 dalen and Barba, alfo acquired celebrity as 
 engravers. 
 
 Pa aw, Peter, a native of Amsterdam, 
 known as a phyfician and botanift. He prac- 
 ticed at Leyden, where he died 161 7, aged 
 53. His works, once much admired, were a 
 commentary oji Vefalius, 4to. a treatife on 
 the plague, 4 to. hortus Lugduno-batavus, 
 8v0. and other works. 
 
 Pace, Richard, an Englishman, born 148-2. 
 He recommended himfelf by his abilities to 
 Henry VIII. who employed him in feveral ne- 
 gociations. He took orders, and was made 
 dean of St. Paul's, London, and alfo of Exeter. 
 He went to Rome to folicit the popedom for 
 Wolfey, and was next ambaffador at Venice. 
 Here he felt all the weight of Wolfey's jea- 
 loufy ; no directions were fent him for his 
 guidance, and no remittances made, and in 
 confcqucnce his Spirits were l'o affected that lie 
 became delirious. He returned home and re- 
 signed his deaneries fome time before his death, 
 and expired at Stepney, 1532, aged 50. He 
 was a man nmvcrlally beloved, and enjoyed the 
 friendship of Pole, fir Thomas More, Erafmiis, 
 &c. He wrote epiftles de fructu fcientia- 
 rum, 4to. de lapfu Hebraicorum interpretum, 
 &c. 
 
 Pacheco, John de, was brought up with 
 Henry IV. of Caftile, and became his favo- 
 rite. He was bribed by Lewis XI. of France, 
 and on the peace of 1443, lie conSented to 
 various articles which were prejudicial to the 
 honor of his mailer. The monarch expostu- 
 lated, but Pacheco full of refentment revolted 
 againft him, and placed Alphonfus on the 
 throne of his brother. ' Alphonfus, though 
 proclaimed king of Caftile, 1465, foon after 
 died, poifoned by the too powerful favorite 
 who was now reconciled to his lawful Sovereign, 
 and continued prime minihVr to the end of 
 life. He died of an abfceSs in the throat, 
 14 73, Sincerely lamented by Henry, who for- 
 got his perfidy in the vigor of ills meafures for 
 the welfare of the kingdom. 
 Paxuymeiu's, George, a Greek h'dlorian., 
 
 patronized by Michael Paheologus. He died 
 lolO. His hiitory of the Eaft is inferted 
 among the Byzantine hiftcrians. 
 
 Pacificus, Mcuchnus, bom at Afcoli 1400, 
 was an elegant Latin poet. His poems called 
 " hecataiegir.m," were printed at Florence, 
 14S9, 4to. and it is remarkable that in them 
 he makes mention of the venereal ddeafe, fup- 
 pofed not to have been known before Columbus 
 failed to America. 
 
 Pacius, Jidius, of Vicenza, travelled over 
 Switzerland, Germany, and Hungary, giving 
 lectures on jurisprudence. He was afterwards 
 at Montpeliier, Aix, &c. 'and was offered a 
 profeffor's chair at Leyden, at PiSa, and Pa- 
 dua. He fettled at Padua, and was honored 
 with the collar of St. Mark, and afterwards 
 went -to Valence, where he died 1635, a^ed 
 85. He'is author of a treatife on arithmetic, 
 written when only 13 years old de contracli- 
 bus, fol. de jure maris Adriatic!, Svo. 
 in decrctales libri quinque, 8vo. corpus juris 
 civilis, fol. &e. 
 
 Pa darn, a BritiSh biShop, to whofe honor 
 feveral of the churches of Wales are dedicated. 
 Paduan, Leiek Leo, fumamed the, of Pa- 
 dua, acquired celebrity as a painter and as an 
 engraver of medals. He died 1615, aged 75. 
 Padu amino, Francifco, an historical pain- 
 ter of Padua, who died 161 7, aged 65. His 
 beft piece is the deliverance of two malefactors 
 at the tarneft Solicitation of a Saint. 
 
 Padhxa, Mary de, a SpaniSh lady, the fa- 
 vorite of Peter the cruel, king of CaStile. 
 She poffefled fuch influence over him, that 
 three days after his marriage with Blanche, of 
 Bourbon, he abandoned his lawful wife for the 
 company of his guilty mifirefs. After his di- 
 vorce from Blanche, and his marriage with 
 Jane de Caftro, Peter Showed himfelf an equally , 
 capricious lover, and two days after he was 
 again at the feet of Padilla, who died foon af- 
 ter, and was buried with the magnificence due 
 to a crowned head. 
 
 Paez, Francis Alvarez, a Portugvefc divine, 
 of the order of the cordeliers. He died at 
 Seville, 1 532. He is author of a famous trea- " 
 tife de planetu eeclefiae, in which he boldly 
 [Supports the temporal powers of the fee oi~ 
 Rome a Summary of theology, &e. 
 
 Pagan, Blaijc Frauds, count de, a French 
 mathematician, born in Provence, rco-i. He 
 
 enjered 
 
PAL 
 
 PAM 
 
 Franco, was fan of the poll- matter of St. 
 'cited a itrong popeniity for 
 agriculture, he applied his attention to the im- 
 \rnl of this important branch Of national 
 fin . In the revolution he became a 
 member "of the national afiembly, and collected 
 rovement of agricul- 
 tural knowledge. He die J 1799, aged 57. 
 hare appeared in the me- 
 ofthe Paris academies. His obferva- 
 00 draining raarflies were univerfally ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Paima, James, the elder, a painter, born 
 in Italv. He was the pupil of Titian, whole 
 fiylehe adopted. His piciufes, though infe- 
 rior to thole of the great rfaafters, are yet ef- 
 tc:uncd. He died Ij^S, aged 40. 
 
 Pai.m." , James, the younger, was nephew 
 to the preceding, and was born at Venice. 
 intbret. The exprellion of 
 the boldndfs and delicacy of his 
 ri -much admired, and his drape- 
 ries difpk.y preat talte and judgment. He died 
 I M. 
 PjM ', a printer of London, 
 
 in whofe office Benjamin Franklin was em- 
 He wrote an hiflory of printing, Ito. 
 of feme merit, and died 1733. 
 
 PaImei^, Jof&t, fori of the door-keeper of 
 Drnry-lane theatre, quitted the occupation of 
 a fruiterer for a theatrical career at Norwich. 
 He rote to provincial eminence; but inftead 
 of fixing himfelf in forae refpectable company, 
 he preferred the uncertain profits of an itine- 
 ratrt. player and lecturer on heads. His erec- 
 tion of the Wefl-dofe fquare theatre ruined 
 rtune, as he Waa through oppoiition un- 
 able to obtain a licence from the lord chamber- 
 lain. Thus reduced to indigence, he again 
 engaged in provincial companies, and died 
 fuddenly' while performing on the Liverpool 
 in the fti anger, 1798, aged 57. The 
 laft remarkable words which he uttered when 
 he dropped down were engraved on his tomb, 
 '* there is another and a better world 1" 
 
 Pai.mii.hi, Matthew, of Florence, was. 
 
 liii.rd in the council of his country, 
 
 where he died 1475, aged 70. He wrote a 
 
 Creatife della vita civile, Svo. 15.39 citta di- 
 
 vina, a poem hi three books, hi which he 
 
 maintained that our fouls are tbofe angels ' 
 
 of Lucifer agair.lt God 
 
 ciiter, and that in puniihment for this 
 
 ire fcnt into the World, when; their good 
 
 to entitle rhem hereafter to 
 
 eternal hap] -.-. HewroteN 
 
 con*. Profuer s chronicle to 1449, 
 
 Cnglifh writer. He 
 tarda at Paris, 
 
 filter to ' . \in. was 
 
 lated her 
 
 Oxford. 
 
 . nd pub- 
 
 of riiat 
 
 language. He tranllated alfo into Engliih the 
 Latin comedy called acolaftus, and died after 
 1J40. 
 
 Pameljus, Jumps, a learned Fleming, 
 canon of Bruges, was nominated bifhop of St. 
 Omer's by Philip II. of Spain; but "tied at 
 Mens as he was going to take poffeffion of his 
 fee 15S7, aged 51. He wrote liturgica La- 
 tinorum, -2 vols. 4 to micrologus de ecclef. 
 obfervationibus catalogue eomtnentar. 
 
 Panagiotv, a Greek of Chios, interpreter 
 to the grand fignior. He- was a zealous oppo- 
 nent of Cyril Lucar, and wrote the orthodox 
 confeffion of the catholic and apoftolie eallcrn 
 church. He died 1 67^. 
 
 pANARD, Charles Francis, a French poet, 
 horn near Chartres, 1691. He was drawa 
 from obfeurity by le Grand, the player, ana 
 died at Paris of an apoplexy, 1/G.>. His 
 works, confitting of comedies, comic operas, 
 epigrams, fongs, anacreontic odes, &c. were 
 in 4 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Pancirollus, Guy, a famous lawyer, born 
 at Reggio, \b-l-). He was nominated by the 
 republic of Venice, in 15 i 7, fecond prufeffor 
 of institutes at Padua. lie fueeeeded to the 
 chair of Roman law, but at laft retired to 
 Turin, 1571, and was there profeflbr of tie: 
 Roman law. He was recalled by his country- 
 men, and in 15 82, was honorably replaced 
 in his ptofefforial chair at lV.ua. He died 
 1599. He wrote de rebus inventis et perditis, 
 in Italian, tranllated by 11. Salmuth into Latin i 
 commentarius in notitiam utriui'quc imperii, 
 &c. 
 
 PanOKOUCKE, Andrew Jofrph, a bookfeller 
 of Lille, who died at Paris, 1753, aged 53, The 
 heft known of his works are the belt ftudies for 
 young ladies, 2 vols. 12mo. chronological 
 epitome of the hiftory of the counts of Flan-* 
 ders, 8vo. ike. 
 
 Panckouc*ke, Charles Jqfeph, fon of the 
 preceding, was born .at Lifie, 1736. He fol- 
 lowed his father's profefhon, and acquired 
 celebrity at Paris, He wrote mathematical 
 memoirs tranflations from Lucretius, Tafib's 
 Jerufslem Orlando Furiofo, 8cc. 10 vols. 
 l2mo. &c. He died at Paris, 1799. 
 
 Panigaroi<a, /"' lilan, waa'bi- 
 
 lhop of Alti in Piedmont, and vent, 1.100, 
 into France, to fupport the interefts of the 
 league againft Henry IV. He encouraged the 
 Parifians to refdt their fovereiga, and to fub- 
 mit to all the horrors 'of famine and peftilcnre. 
 father than to yield'. Or. his return to Italv, 
 fo zealous in reforming the abufes of 
 his dioccie, that he was poifoned, as is generally 
 fnppofed. He died 1594, aged 46. Hi." 
 fejrmons appeared at Rome, in 4to. Of all 
 Iris Worka his il predieatore, or on the clo- 
 I the pulpit, in 4tn. is the heft. 
 
 inowitx, count tie, a Ruf- 
 fian ftatefman, was 1 11 igmally of 1 aicca . From 
 being a boric foldier, he became gentleman ox 
 the imperial chamber, and rofe gradually to 
 oi dignity, In 1/47 he wen' i 
 
 bafftdas 
 
PAP 
 
 PAR 
 
 r to Copenhagen, anu two years af- ' 
 trr to Stockholm, and on his return he was go- 
 vernor of the grand duke Paul, and became 
 the prime minifter of the great Catherine. 
 At Stockholm h * was fo warm an admirer f 
 the conftitution of the country, that he formed 
 the plan of introducing it into Iluffia, which 
 he had not the courage to effect. With great 
 powers of mind, he was indolent in buiinefs, 
 naughty in his conduct, and in his manners 
 luxurious and intemperate, lie died J 7 S -J ; 
 but though long at the head of afiairs, his pro- 
 perty was inadequate to pay his debts. " 
 
 Pannartz, Arnold, a German, who left 
 Mayence to eftablifh a printing office in Italy. 
 He firft publifhed Donatus, and then Lactan- 
 tius, 1465, and Auguftin 1467, and after- 
 ward the letters of Cicero, &c, 
 
 Pannonrs, James or John, a Hungarian 
 bilhop, author of fome elegant epigrams, ele- 
 gies, and poems. He died 1472, aged <J8. 
 
 Fanokmita, Anthony, fecreiary to Al- 
 phonfo, king of Naples, poffefTed great poet- 
 ical powers, and had fuch veneration for claf- 
 fical works, that he fold an cftate to purchafe 
 acopyofLivv. He died 147 L. 
 
 Pantin, If illiam, a phyfician of Bruges, 
 author of a commentary on Celfus' treatife 
 de re medica, fob &c. He died 1583. His 
 great nephew "Peter taught the learned lan- 
 guages at Louvain, Toledo, &c. and was dean 
 of the church at Bruffels, where he died 1611, 
 aged 56, He wrote a treatife de dignitatibus 
 et ofhciis regni, &c. 
 
 Panzachia, Maria Helena, a lady of Bo- 
 logna, 1668, poffefled abilities as a painter, 
 and her pieces on fubjecHs of hiftorv, andjn 
 landfcapes, are much and defervedly admired. 
 
 Paoli, Sd-ajUan, an ecclefiaflic of Lucca, 
 well (killed in antiquarian hiftory. He wrote 
 various differtations, full of learning, on fub- 
 jedls of phytic, hiitory, facred crjtieifm, and 
 a ttiquiiy. He died of a dropfy, 1751, aged 
 67. 
 
 Paoli, Hyacinth, a native of Corfica, ac- 
 quired great weight among his countrymen, 
 and was one of their chief magistrates, 17^5. 
 In confequenee of the civil diflerifions of his 
 country, he retired to Naples, where he died. 
 His fon Pafcal was diflinguiihed by his zeal in 
 the eaufe of Corfican freedom, but all his 
 ftruggles againit the Genoefe and the French 
 were unavailing, and when the ifland became 
 the conquer* of France, he retired, in 176y, 
 to England, where he gained an honorable 
 aftlum, and where he died in privacy. 
 
 Pai-ebroc.], DameJ, a jeftutof Antwerp, born 
 16.2 8. He aflifted Bollandns and Henfchemus 
 ki their collection of the afts of the faints. In 
 thefe labors he rejected the improbable legends 
 of former ag s, but drew upon him'iWfthe per- 
 secution of the Carmelites, becaufe he had 
 called Bert i.,I,i <.h lr firft genera!, and refufed 
 to afcribe the foundation of their order to the 
 prophet El jdi. The Spanilhinqutfit ion con- 
 demned 14 of th volumes of theafts of die 
 
 faints, in which he was concerned, but hf* con- 
 tinued his labors, and died 17 14, aged S6. 
 
 Paitas, a bifhop of Hierapolis, author of 
 the doctrine of the millennium, or the rCjign of 
 Chrift on earth, a thouiand years before the re- 
 furrection . Some fuppoie him to be the dif- 
 ciple of St. John the evangelift. 
 
 Paiin, fj'aac, a French divine, born at 
 Blois, 1657. He fludied at Geneva, and at 
 Saumur, under his uncle Pajon, whole opinion 
 he defended, concerning the doctrine of effica- 
 cious grace, in oppoiition to the reformed 
 church, and Jurieu. He came to England, 
 1 6s6, and was ordained according to the forms 
 of the Anglican church. He afterwards went 
 to Hamburgh, where the refentment of Jurieu 
 followed him, and from thence he was invited 
 to Dantzic. His refusal to fnbfcribe to the de- 
 crees of the Walloon churches iu Holland 
 brought on him frefh troubles, and in I690j 
 he embraced the Roman catholic tenets, for 
 which he was accufed, not only of inconfiltencv, 
 but of ail difregard for religion, lie died at 
 Paris, 1709. His theological works were 
 publifhed by his relation Pajon, of the oralorv, 
 1723, in 3 vols. 12 mo. 
 
 Papon, John Peter, of Pnjet, near Nice, 
 was a prieft of the oratory, and died at Paris, 
 1803, aged 65. He was a man of amiable 
 manners and concealed himfelf during the 
 ftormaof the revolution. He wrote an ode on 
 death the art of the poet and orator and an 
 effay on education, five times edited funeral 
 oration on Charles Emanuel, king of Sardinia, 
 8vo. hiftory of Provence, 4 vols. 4 to, na- 
 vels in Provence, 2 vols. 1 2rho. 
 
 Pakabosco, Gir'olamo, a comic writer, 
 born at Placentia, in the 1 6th century. . He 
 was author of fix comedies, which poffefs merit, 
 and he alfo wrote romances in the ftyle of Boc- 
 caeio and Bandelli, letters, &c. 
 
 Paracelsus, Aureolus Philippus Thcophra/- 
 ttis Bombajl (k Hohenheim, a celebrate;! phy- 
 fician, born at Einfidlen, near Zurich, 1+0:3. 
 Eager after fame, he travelled through Europe 
 in purfuit of knowledge, and carefVily treafured 
 up the medical information reflecting cures, 
 which he could collect from phyfieians, bar- 
 bers, old women, chemUitv, and conjurors. 
 On Ins return to Switzerland he was in 1527 
 made profeiTor of medicine at Baiil, and be* 
 came eminent by the number, refpectability, 
 and attachment' of his pupils 5 and by the many 
 extraordinary cures in the Icprofy, itch, dropfy", 
 and particularly the venereal difeafe, which l.e 
 performed by the prudent ufe of mercury and 
 pf opium, whole powers till thou were little. 
 known. In die midfl of his celebrity he was 
 called to the bed of a lick canon of Liechienfeh, 
 who had been given over, and who by taking 
 three pills of laudanum recovered ; but th 
 phyfician was refufed the 100 crowns which the 
 patient had promifed. Paracdfus brought his 
 eaufe before a court of judicature; but the 
 judge, regarding more the medicine given 
 than the fkill of the practitioner, awarded km 
 
 a fmdl 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 afmaTl grafnity. Indignant at the treatment, 
 fiH left tin: co\irt and the country, with 
 the higheri difdain, ami WON In \lfatia, where 
 an unlVttlcd life, accompanied by his 
 tr'wnd ami follower, Oporinus. While he 
 pretended to have difcovcred the philosopher's 
 ftpnc, and to have invented an elixir which 
 would prolong his days to the age' of 
 Ml ihllfrimn, he Sound himfelf poor, and fell 
 a Oritur to a feCf at a public inn at Saltf- 
 Bvi 1*41, a^cd 4S - The works 
 cf Paractllus have been frequently edited, 3 
 vols, fulk). The celebrity of Paracelfus is to 
 . be attributed as much to the ignorance of his 
 contemporaries, as to the fuccefcful cures which 
 nrtttsd. He pretended that there was 
 * regular agreement between the planets and 
 the various parts of the human body, and con- 
 fidcred the (even planets as equally correfpond- 
 ing with die feven metals, or ruiuerals. With 
 fuch chimerical opinions, the effeft of a heated 
 .ion, which depended more upon reve- 
 lations from departed ipirits, than the rcfuits 
 riment, he raifed himfelf to confe- 
 ruence, and obtained a reputation for a while 
 regarded as the fruit of fuperior intelligence, 
 a:ju '>}' a divine agency. 
 
 Parceli.es, John, ofLeyden, was eminent 
 as a painter,' born 1597. His lea pieces, his 
 florins, and fhipwreeks, poffeffed lingular 
 Berk. His ton Julius was alio eminent in the 
 fame walk of feience. 
 
 Parcielx, Anthony de, a French mathe- 
 matician. He acquired reputation by his 
 publications, as well as by his lectures, and 
 died univerfallv regretted, 17 68. His works 
 are a tr^atile of trigonometry, 4to. effays on 
 the probability of the duration of human life, 
 4to. &c. His nephew, of the fame name 
 as, in 1779, profeffor of experimental philo- 
 fcphy in the military college of Brienne, and 
 afterward* at the Lyceum at Paris. He was 
 author of Orozio, a tragedy, written when 
 . tnd an elementary book on geometrical 
 and auronomical calculations, ike'. He died 
 a: Paris, i;"s. 
 
 Pardif.s, lg.-wtius Go/ton, a jefuk,. born at 
 
 Paris, 1696. He quitted polite literature for 
 
 mathematics and philofophv, in which he 
 
 a diftinguimed profeffor. He died at 
 
 I ", in conltqueiite of a contagious 
 
 Attemper. Pre wrote horologium thaumati- 
 
 ;>!e\, 4tO. diiTertatio de motiv et v.\- 
 
 ecftram, Svo. difcourfe on local mo- 
 
 ^n, : - .. uis of geometry, 12 mo. 
 
 JLc. 
 
 Park', .Imhoji; an eminent furgeon, born 
 tt Laval. Though a proteftant b< 
 
 . . .en, and to bis fucceflors; 
 ami at the i St. Bartholomew, 
 
 j faed bis life by (hutting him up 
 
 in liiuv.,, . ,.,r. i. He ra ful dif- 
 
 ., and died 1 V o, at an 
 advanced age. His works were tranuatod into 
 
 Pare', Du Bt a <tvine,born 1548, 
 
 in Silefia. His ftep-mothcr placed him wit!* 
 an apothecary, and afterwards with a 
 maker; but his father recovering to a fi 
 his duty, permitted him to cultivate literature. 
 By the advice of his mafter lie exchanged his 
 name of Wangler for the Greek word 1 
 and he became theological profeffor at Heidel- 
 berg. The belt part of his life was < ; 
 in controverfy, in which he difplayed 1. 
 and moderation. He died Ki22, in his pa- 
 reanum, in the fuburbs of Heidelberg. Be- 
 fides fome traces againft the pope, and Bellar- 
 rnine, he publifhed a commentary on St. Paul's 
 epiflle to the Romans, which was condemned 
 by the univerfity of Oxford, and burnt pub- 
 licly by order of James I. 
 
 Pare', Philip, fon to the above, was a 
 grammarian, born at Hembach, 1576. He 
 was rector of the college of Neuftadt, and after- 
 wards of Hanau, and died 1650. He wrote 
 lexicon eriticum, Svo. lexicon Plautinum, or 
 a vocabulary of Plautus' comedies galligra- 
 phia Romana, 8vo. Sec. 
 
 Pare', Daniel, fon of Philip,, Was known as 
 a claffical fcholar. He was unfortunately kitted 
 by fome highwaymen in his father's life time. 
 He publiihed the Hero and Leander of Mufaeus, 
 with notes lexicon on Lucretius, &c. 
 
 Pareja, Juan de, a native of the Weft In- 
 dies, originally the flave of Diego Velafquez, 
 the painter. With ftrong natural genius, he co- 
 pied by ftealth the pieces of his mafter, and ac- 
 quired fuch fkill, that he ventured to fhow one 
 of his performances to Philip IV. of Spain, who 
 often vifited the houfe of Velafquez. The 
 monarch, pleafcd with the abilities of the flave, 
 obtained his liberty; but Pareja would not 
 abandon the fervice of his mafter, to whom he 
 owed his celebrity, and he died 16/0, aged 60. 
 His pieces are highly finifhed. 
 
 Parennix, Dominic, a jefuit of Lyons, 
 miffionary in China 16<)8. He was kindly 
 treated by the emperor Cam-Hi, for whom 
 he tranflatcd into Chinefe fome of the moft 
 interefting articles on geometry, anatomy, af- 
 tronomy, &c. from the French aeademy. He. 
 produced a reconciliation between the courts. 
 of Mbfcow and Pekin, and publiihed the chart 
 of the Chinefe empire, and wrote befides, fe- 
 veral curious letters on the Chinefe. He died. 
 at Pekin, 17-11, in a good old age. 
 
 Parent, Anthony, a French mathemati- 
 cian, born at Paris, 1666. His friends wifhed 
 him to purfue the law ; but though he went 
 through acourfe in that faculty, he returned 
 to his favorite Audi es, and foon afte 
 
 son mathematics and fortification. He 
 was cut off by the ftnati-pox, 1716, aged 50. 
 His works were mathematical and philosophical 
 researches, ;5 vols. 12 mo. theoretical and' 
 practical arithmetic, 8vo. elements of me- 
 chanics and natural phjlofophy, 12mo. &c. 
 
 Parf.mt, Francis, the hiltorian of the 
 French drama, was born at Paris, \(><r 
 died 175-?. He wrote general hiftory of ;'he 
 French theatre, 15 vols. 12;ao. hiiiory of. 
 
 the 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 I the ancient Italian theatre, 2 vols. theatrical 
 
 I dictionary, 7 vols. 12mo. &c. 
 
 Paris, Matthew, an Englifh hiftorian, 
 who was a benedictine of the order of Ciugny, 
 at St. Alban'a, in the 13th century. He was' 
 an unive.f.d i'cholar, and pofi'eifcd great and 
 aftonifhing erudition. He vifited and re- 
 formed the monafteries, and re-eftablifhed the 
 ancient discipline of the church, even againil 
 the influence of the pope. His great work 
 Was " hiltoria major," in two. parts, from the 
 creation of the world to William the con- 
 queror, and from the conqueror to the year 
 1250, afterwards continued to 1-259. The 
 work was afterwards brought down to 1273, 
 by Rifhanger. 
 
 ' Paris, Francis, a janfenift at Paris. He 
 renounced the honors in the law, which by 
 means of his family he might have obtained ; 
 and rejecting preferment offered by car- 
 dinal Noailles, he devoted himfelf to the auf- 
 terities of an ecclefiaftical life. He died 1 727, 
 aged 3". Thofe who had admired his faultily 
 vifited his tomb, and at lad pretended that their 
 <lifeafes were cured by the touch of his holy 
 monument. The report no fooner fpread, 
 than thoufands flocked to the Hallowed fpot, 
 till the government, apprehenfive of the en- 
 thufiaftic madnel's of the people, ordered the 
 church-yard to be fhut; and the miracles of 
 Paris ceafed. He wrote annotations 'on the 
 epiilles to the Romans, Galatians, and He- 
 brews. 
 
 Pariseau, N. of Par's, wrote f even plays, 
 received with great approbat ion by the public ; 
 but his popularity was unable to lave him from 
 the guillotine, 179-1. 
 
 Parker, Matthew, tire fecond proteftant 
 n-hbifhop of Canterbury, was born at Nor- 
 wich, 1504, and educated at Benet college, 
 or Corpus Chrifli, Cambridge. Eminent as 
 a fcholar and as a preacher," he was made chap- 
 lain to Anne Bpleyne, and to Henry VIII. and 
 Edward VI. He was mafter of Corpus college 
 and dean of Lincoln ; but under Mary he 
 was llripped of his ecclefiaftical honors, 
 on pretence that he was married. Elizabeth, 
 over whofe education he had prefided, recalled 
 him and made him archbifhop of Canterbury, 
 He behaved with great fpht and firm nets, and 
 zealoufly promoted the caufe of the reforma- 
 tion. He died 1575, ajed 7-2. He published 
 an edition of Matthew Paris, folio an hilio- 
 r.-:ii work on the antiquity of the Englim 
 church, befides other works. 
 
 Parker, Samuel, an Englifh prelate, born 
 at Northampton, 1640. His father, a practi- 
 tioner of the law, by his fervility to the republi- 
 cans obtained a place in the high court ofjuitice, 
 and was made one of the barons of the exche- 
 quer, and ferjeanr at law at the reftoration. The 
 fon was educated among the puritans, and in 
 16.-/9 w.is admitted at Wadhaai college, Oxford, 
 and became known in the univerfity as a ib ift 
 fiudent, more given to fading and prayer, t ! ian 
 to the amufements of the age. Soon alter, lie 
 
 became a zealous anti-puritan, was patronize! 
 by Sheldon, and continued a teinporifing fat- 
 lower of the court. Under James II. he was 
 made hi mop of Oxford, privy counfellor, and 
 prefident of Magdalen college againil the fta- 
 tutes of the fociety. Though devoted to tlie 
 papifts, in compliance with the times, it is faid 
 that he wrote a letter to James II. to perfuade 
 him to return to tlie' projeftant faith. He died 
 at Magdalen college, 16S7. He wrote various 
 things in favoi' of the papifts, befides an hif- 
 ti ry of his own times, which has appealed in la- 
 tin and Englifh. 
 
 Parker, George, earl of Macclesfield, fbn of 
 Parker the firft earl and lord chancellor of Eng- 
 land, is known for his knowledge of mathema- 
 tics, which he evinced in preparing the bill 
 to alter the ftyle in 1752, according to the Gre- 
 gorian calendar. His fpeech on the ccafion 
 was publifhed, and fhows him in a very refpect- 
 able light. He died 17 66. 
 
 Parker, JUcluirdy of Exeter, fcrved in the 
 navy as midfliipman, but was difmiffed for ill 
 conduct. He was afterwards a common failor 
 on board the fleet, and obtained univerfal influ- 
 ence over the failors during the unfortunate re- 
 bellion which difhonored the fleet at the 
 Noreinl797* His addrefs, and above all, 
 his deep diffimulation, marked him for a defpe- 
 rate leader; but after he had for fome days eK- 
 ercifed the fovereign power in the character of 
 admiral of the fleet, he was delivered up by his 
 penitent affociates. When tried by a court, 
 martial, he anfwered to his accufation with great 
 firmnefs, and when condemned, implored mercy 
 on his accomplices. He was hanged on board 
 the Sandwich, the fcene of his fhon glory, 
 1797. 
 
 Parkhurst, John, a divine, born in London, 
 and educated at Clarehall, Cambridge. He de- 
 voted himfelf to clalfical literature, efpecialfy 
 Greek and Hebrew, and publifhed an ex- 
 cellent Greek and Englijh lexicon, 4to. and 
 alfo a Hebrew and Englifh lexicon, 4t 
 reprinted in 8vo. He publifhed alfo a pamph- 
 let againil J. Wefley an anfwer to T}r, 
 Prieftley on the pre- exiflence of Chrift, &.e- 
 He fettled at Epfom, in Surrey, and died 1707., 
 
 Parkinson, Jo/m,bot:*>iiT, born 1567. He 
 was bred an apothecary in London, and 
 was appointed botanift to Charles I. He pub- 
 lifhed paradifus in fole, paradifus terreftris., a 
 valuable book, in which he defcribed nearly 
 1000 plants, and was the firft who gave figwej 
 of the fubjects of the flower garden.' By the 
 words paradifus in fole, he (juaintlv Latino*! 
 his own name, Park-iti-fun. Be publifhed be- 
 fides, theatmm botanic'um, defcrihiog ahoy* 
 3800 plants. He died about 16 15. 
 
 P.woir.NTiER, James, a Frenchman, omme-tvt 
 as an hiflorical and portrait painter. Hit! eamr 
 to England, where his abilities were exerted awi 
 liberally patronized. He died 1/30, a$ttf 72. 
 
 pARMSOTiER, Jean, or Jthan, o!' Dieppe, 
 i '< ' hi kted as a id<chaat. He firft fitted out 
 vefi'els to the lhatils, and was the iirit Ereiich- 
 
PAR 
 
 PAR 
 
 man who difcovered the Indies 
 itland o! Sumatra, where he died :.>-3U, aged 
 Hu knowledge of aftronomy was very 
 prat, and h & Baps with much 
 
 . Xfomos, an eminent poet, born in 
 educated at Dublin 
 univcriUv, and was ordained. He came to 
 England in 1700, and was introduced among 
 < hb, with Gay, Pope, Arbuthnot, 
 Swift, and Jems. He obtained a prebend in 
 F [-'ingiafs by thevre- 
 commendation of his friend Swift, and might 
 have rifen to higher dignities bad not the u:.\h 
 pfhb wife rendered the latter part of his life 
 melancholy. Helled tofociety for relief, but 
 acquired", fnftead of cordblation, habits of intein- 
 . whieh proved fatal. He died at Chefr 
 . his way to Ireland, 1717, in his 39th 
 year. His poetieal pieces were fele&eJ by 
 and publifhed 1721, *\o. to whieh a 
 was added at Dublin l^jy. As a 
 ma 11 his chara&er was benevolent, mild, and 
 l ; as a poet he polieiTecl not the higher 
 powers of the inufe, but elegance, delicacy, 
 and grace every where abound/ The moral 
 tendency of his poems cannot be fuffieiently ad- 
 mired ; and if lie had written only his hermit, 
 .vould have ranked among the moft pious 
 ful poets in the Englifh language. He 
 contributed abb to the fpeerajor, guardian, fyc, 
 8nd the life of Homer, prefixed to'Pope's verfion, 
 was written by him. 
 
 Parr, Catherine, fixth queen to Henry VIII. 
 was daughter of fir Thomas Parr, and widow 
 of lord i,aiiiricr. She whs well fkilled iu divini- 
 ty, upon which (he frequently convened with 
 the king. She labored much for the efta- 
 blifhuient of. the reformation;, and her inter- 
 ference proved at one time ft) diiugrceable to 
 the monarch, that lie permitted Gardiner to 
 draw articles of impeachment against her, But 
 her prudence nftored her to the affeelion of 
 the king. After Henry's death -{be married 
 fir Thomas Seymour, who treated her with 
 irlbnefr, i'o that fiie died the next year 
 in child-bed, not without fufpicibn of poiibn, 
 1^48. 
 
 Parr, TJiomas, a Deafant of Shropfhire, who 
 
 lived to the great age of 1 32 years and nine 
 
 months. He performed penance in his pariih 
 
 church at the age of 100, for a bafiard child, 
 
 and at ijp he married a fecond wife, by whom 
 
 !. He was in 16-33 brought to 
 
 London, and introduced to Charles I. but the 
 
 cliange. of fituation, and particularly drinking 
 
 wine, proced fatal to aconilitulion hitherto fup- 
 
 portcd bj m-.re temperate and abftcmious habits, 
 
 :icd the fame year. 
 
 Park;: isiCS, Jann t, an Italian grammarian, 
 
 born at ( ':>{ 11/a, 1470. He taught belles 
 
 toric at Milan, where he was 
 
 much admired for hi: graceful delivery. On a 
 
 'lis pupils, he 
 
 , and afterwards to 
 
 red bun incapable of 
 
 acting as profefibr, and upon his return hom$ 
 he fell into a fever, which proved fatal. II* 
 wrote fome fragments of antiquity comrnen* . 
 tarics on Horace's art of poetry Ovid's CUuu 
 dian, &C. 
 
 ParroCel, Jofephy of Brignoles in Pio- 
 vence, was eminent as a painter and engraver. 
 He ftudied under one of his brothers, and 
 under Bourgignon, and was admitted ,:.< mber 
 of the French academy of painting. His por- 
 traits, and alfo his hiftorical pieces, and his 
 battles were executed with great tafte and r r- 
 fedt. He died 1/04, aged .">(>. His fori 
 Charles was alfo an eminent artift, and died 
 ] 7.5-2, aged 0-3. His conqucfls of Louis XV. 
 poflefs merit. 
 
 Parky, Richard, re&or of Wichampton, 
 Dorfetfhire, and preacher at Market Harbo- 
 roxigli, Leieefterfhire, w;as a ftudent of Chriil- 
 cluuch, Oxford. He died at his cure, Lci- 
 ceirorfh'ne, 17 SO. He wiote fome fcrmor.s, 
 befides divinity traces a differtation on Da- 
 niel's feventy weeks remarks on Dr. Kenni- 
 eott, &c. ^ , 
 
 Parry, Rtchard, a divine, educated at 
 Oxford, and made matter of Ruthyn fchool, 
 Denbighmirc? after whieh he was raifed to 
 the fee of St. Afaph, 1G04. He reviled the 
 firft edition of the Welfh bible. 
 
 Parsons, Robert, cr Pehsoks, fon of a 
 blackfmith near Bridgewater, was born 1*40, 
 and educated at Baliol college, Oxford, at the 
 expence of the vicar of his parifli. He be- 
 came fellow and tutor of Ills college ; but 
 being accuied of incontinence, and of em- 
 bezzling the College money, he left the uni- 
 verfity, and retired to Antwerp, then to Lou- 
 vain and- Padua, and afterwards to Rome, 
 v. here he renounced the proteftant faith, and 
 entered among the jefuits. The pope per- 
 mitted him to eftabiim.an Englifh col 
 Rome, for the huira<ftion of miffiqnaries to 
 attempt the converGon of the Englifh nation. 
 He came himfclf in difguife to London ; but 
 his violent aack agiinft the religion of Eng- 
 land, and the doc/trine ttet Elizabeth might 
 lately be depofed, were too daring to be long 
 concealed from Burleish, yet he efca] 
 purfuers. On the preparations of Philip to 
 invade England, tho good father furred up 
 not only foreigners, hut natives, againft their 
 country ; and when the armada was dell 
 he endeavored to exeitc a rebellion in the 
 kingdom. This inudious, and intriguing jefnit, 
 died 1G 10. His writings were 33 trails, chiefly 
 on divinity and controverfial fubi 
 
 Parsons, James, aphyfician of Barnftapraj 
 Devon. His father, the youngeft of nine 
 fbns, wasfoon after bis birth appointed bar-; 
 
 after at Bolton in Ireland, and i 
 ing into that kingdom, his fon received iii-J 
 education at Dublin college. He ftudi 
 dieine, and after improving himfelf at 
 he took his degrees at Kheims, and returned 
 to London 17''36. Me became phyfi 
 the St. Giles' infirmary, and acquired d 
 
PAS 
 
 PAS 
 
 Imputation, efpecially in the cbftetrical art. He 
 was the friend of Douglas, fir Hans Sloane, 
 Mead, Sec. and the correfpondent of Buifon, 
 and other literary characters. He died in 
 London 17 7 0, and was huried at Hendon, 17 
 days after, as he had required that his remains 
 fliould not he intombed before a viiible altera- 
 tion took place in his corpfe. He was a man 
 of great erudition, as Maty,, his fucceffor as 
 fecretary to the royal fociety, has, in the lan- 
 guage of truth, obferved ; and he has obliged 
 the world with various publications, the beft 
 known of which is his " remains of Japhet, 
 or hiftorical inquiry into the affinity and origin 
 of European languages." 
 
 Parthenay, John de, of Soubife, was born 
 1512. While commanding the French in 
 Italy, he imbibed the principles of the pro- 
 teftauts, which he afterwards maintained with 
 much firmnefs and conftancy. He was go- 
 vernor of Lyons 1562, and bravely defended 
 it when befieged by the duke de Nevers. He 
 died 1566, aged 54. 
 
 Parthenay, Catherine, daughter of the 
 preceding, is eminent for her wit, her beauty, 
 and her writings. At the age of J4, me mar- 
 ried du Quellence, a man diltin^uiihed in the 
 wars of thofe times, but accufed of impo- 
 iency by the malice of his mother-in-law. 
 While the. fult was pending, the hufband was 
 flaughtered in the Bartholomew maffacre ; and 
 his widow, who paid great refpeel: to his me- 
 mory, took for her fecond huiband Renatus, 
 vifcount Rohan, who died 1586. She was 
 at Rochelle when the town was befieged, and 
 ihe lhared all the calamities of the fievre, and 
 refufing to be included in the capitulation, 
 fhe was, with her furviving daughter Anne, 
 conveyed a prifoner to Niort. She died 163 1 , 
 aged 77. She wrote fome pecms, printed 
 1 572, befides a tragedy, called Holofernes, 
 acted at Rochelle, and the precepts of Ifo- 
 erates, and other works. Her eldeft fon was 
 the famous duke de Rohan, who fupported the 
 proteftants with fuch intrepidity in the reign 
 of Lewis XII. Her daughter Catherine, who 
 married the duke of Deux-ponts, was the ce- 
 lebrated female who fo nobly met the addreffes 
 of Henry IV. in thefe words : " I am top poor, 
 lire, to be your wife, and too nobly born to 
 be your miftrefs." 
 
 Parthenay, Anne de, wife of Anthony 
 de Pons, count de Marennes, was the molt 
 diftinguifhed ornament of the court of 
 the duehefa of Ferrara. She was a pro- 
 teftant, and well {killed in Grecian and Roman 
 literature. 
 
 Paruta, Paul, a Veuetian, who ferved his 
 eoutry in various embalfies, and as governor 
 of Brefcia, and procurator of St. Mark. He 
 died 1598, aged 58. He was the author of 
 notes in Italian on Tacitus political difcourfes 
 a hiftory of Venice, from 1513 to 1572, 
 and other works. 
 
 Pas, Manajfes de, was born at Saumur, 
 after the death of his father who wis flaiu at 
 
 the battle of Ivry. He was taken prifoner at 
 the fiege of Rochelle, but liberated* after A 
 month's confinement. He went as ambaffadoi; 
 to Sweden and Germany, and was placed at 
 the head of the French army with the duke of 
 Saxe Weimar in 1635, and died,of his wounds 
 received at the fiege of Thionville, 1640. 
 The account of his rtegociations in Germany 
 was published in 5 vols. 12mo. 
 
 Pas, Anthony de, a French officer, whof 
 merits remained unknown till his 40th year. 
 He diftinguifhed himfelf in Germany, and af- 
 terwards in Italy. He was fo Uriel: a difcipli- 
 narian, that the wits faid of him he was the 
 boldeft man in Europe, fince he daily flept 
 in the midft of 100,000 enemies, meaning his 
 foldiers. He died 1711, aged 63. jtlis me- 
 moirs, containing the hiftory of the 'generals 
 of Lewis XIV. are confidered very intereft- 
 ing. 
 
 Pascal, Blaife, a French divine, bom 
 at Clermont in Auvergne, 1623. He was 
 educated by his father, who, while he fought! 
 for diftin<?tion as the friend of Defcartes, forbad 
 his fon the ufe of all books of geometry, that 
 his attention might not be diverted from belles 
 lettres, and elaffieal knowledge. Young Pafcal 
 difplayed extraordinary abilities; he inquired 
 into the reafons and caufes of every thing, and 
 never was fatisfied but with what appeared moll 
 rational. His father, who knew he had no op- 
 portunity of ftudying mathematics, accidentally 
 difcovered him furrounded with figures in char- 
 coal on the floor of his chamber, and found on 
 inquiry that he was engaged on the fubjeel: of 
 the 32d proposition of Euclid's firft book, which 
 the uuaififted powers of his genius, by a con- 
 nected feries of ideas, had pointed out to him. 
 At 16 he wrote his treatife of conic fecrions, 
 and fo ably that Defcartes attributed it to the 
 father and not to the fon. At 1 9 he contrived 
 an arithmetical machine, much admired for its 
 ingenuity, and at 23 he faw and improved the. 
 Toricellian experiment, and foon after folved 
 a problem propofed by Merfennus, which had 
 hitherto perplexed the ableft mathematictaBS. 
 But in the midft of increafing reputation, 
 Pafcal all at once renounced mathematical 
 purfuits for religion, and after being one of the 
 greateft of phiiofophers, he became the moft 
 penitent of devotees. Rejecting all the plea- 
 sures of life, he wore an iron girdle with {harp 
 points towards his fkin to mortify himfelf, 
 and to baniih the vain or profane thoughts 
 whichgnight intrude on his holy meditations. 
 Though, however, regardlefs of the world, he 
 embraced the caufe of the janfenifts againft 
 the jefuits, and in his " provincial letters,", 
 attacked them with all the lhalts of genuine 
 wit. Thefe letters, according to Voltaire, are 
 a model of eloquence and wit, equal to the 
 fineft comedies of Moliere, and poffeffed of the 
 fublimity of the fineft of BofTuet's orations. 
 Pafcal died at Paris 1662, aged only 39. He 
 was engaged in a work againft atheifts and in 
 hicls, left incomplete. After bis death ap- 
 [Q B] peared 
 
TAS 
 
 PAT 
 
 '^perdeee/' on religion and atherfub> 
 
 Mich admired, and alio the " equili- 
 brium ami the weight of H the 
 nWs of the air." 
 
 Paschal I. Succeeded Stephen IV. on the 
 : ; mmi' si 7. He crowned Lothairc em- 
 oe, and died 89 I. 
 
 P - iiai II. Reader, fnceeeded Urban II. 
 xo'i'K He excommunicated the amipope 
 Gilbert, and claimed the right of inveftiturcs, 
 which im oppofed bj Henry I. of England, 
 and awry IV. of Germany. The emperor 
 leveed the perfon of the pope when he refilled 
 to noun him, and though the Romans im- 
 mediately took up arms in defence of their 
 Sovereign he carried him away captive, and re- 
 ftorcd ban to liberty, only when he renounced 
 tenfipns to the difputed rights. The 
 pope died before 1113. 
 
 r, Moitfdas, of Herborae, ftudied at 
 Heidelberg ami Marpurg] but in confequence 
 of the war he left Germany and came to Eng- 
 Lud, 1624. He reiided at Exeter college, 
 and read lectures in oriental languages with 
 great reputation, but in 1629 he retired to 
 Grooingen, where he was made profeflbr. 
 He died 1658. He wrote fcveral things, but 
 never published them. 
 
 Pasquauno, an Italian painter, whofe con- 
 ventions, and groupes of common people 
 were particularly interefting. He died 1700, 
 aged .59. 
 
 Pascuieh, or Paqcier-, Stephen, an emi- 
 nent adroeate in the parliament at Paris. He 
 refigned to his eldeft fon Theodore, and died 
 |6l 3, aged 67- Of his poems the heft known 
 is his " puce," or flea, in confequence of a 
 flea which he faw on the breafl of the learned 
 Catherine de Roches, 1569. His other works 
 eonfill of epigrams, epitaphs, letters, researches, 
 portraits, K.c. 
 
 Passemakt, Claude Simeon, a native of 
 Paris, brought up to trade, which he quitted 
 to purfue the bent of his genius in the eonftruc- 
 tion of optical and mathematical inftruments. 
 He nude an aftronomical pendulum with a 
 moving celeilial fphere, for Lewis XV. a burn- 
 ing mirror, and fome globes. He wrote trea- 
 tises on the reflecting telefcope, and on the 
 ufe of 'Kcopes. He died fuddenly 1769, 
 aged 67. 
 
 Passerat, John, ftudied law at Bourges 
 under Cujaeius, and became profeflbr of elo- 
 quence upon tbeaflaffiuation oi? Ramus, i ;> 7 -2 . 
 He acquired great eminence, and died of the 
 palfy 160-2. His works are numerous, and his 
 
 fxtry is particularly admired : befldes fome 
 rench and Latin poems, he published com- 
 mentaries on Catullus, TlbuUns, and Proper- 
 tius Oratioi . & c . 
 
 Passeri, 6';*. Battijla, an, Italian antiquary, 
 born atCubio, 1694, lie (butted the law at 
 Borne, and collected Etrufcan antiquities ; 
 but in 1/38, the lofs of his wife had fnch in- 
 fluence on his feeling, that lie embraced 
 tieal ftate. lie became apaftolic 
 
 prothonotary, and vicar general of PefftM . 
 aud died 1780. He wrote lucenuc ficliles 
 mufci pafleris, vols. on the hiftory of 
 foflils pidlura Etrufcorum in vafualisin nnum 
 colleclie, diflertationibus Hluftratae, 3 vols. 1 
 thefaurus'gemmarum aftrii ferarum antiquarum; 
 torn. -2 and 3. in continuation of Gori's firfl vol. 
 ike. 
 
 Passion ci, Dominko, an Italian cardinal, 
 born at Foflbrabrone, 168-2. He made a I 
 valuable collection of books and manuferipu, 
 and in 1706 came to Paris, where he became 
 acquainted with Mabillon, Montfaucon, and 
 other learned men. He attended the congrefs 
 of Utrecht, 1 7 1 2, as the pope's fecret ageni , 
 and was afterwards employed in various nego- 
 tiations. He publiihed an account of his em- 
 baffv in Switzerland, with the title of u acta 
 legationis Helvetica," fob 17 '3 8. While 
 nuncio at Vienna, he pronounced the funeral 
 oration of prince Eugene, and was made arch- 
 biihop of Ephefus. He died 1761, aged 
 79- 
 
 Patel, a French painter, called by his 
 countrymen the French Claude, as he imitated 
 moft fuccefsfully that able mailer. His build- 
 ing's, feenery, and trees, are particularly ad- 
 mired. 
 
 Pater, Paid, of Menerfdorf in Hungary, was 
 exiled for his attachment to the proteftant faith. 
 He was librarian to the duke of VVolfenbuttfe, 
 mathematical profeflbr at Thorn, and after- 
 wards at Dantzic, where he died 172 4 
 68. He was an able mathematician, fo ar- 
 dent in the purfuit of knowledge that he ilept 
 only two hours in the fummer, and four in the 
 winter. He wrote labor fobs, Ave de eclipft 
 Chrifto patiente Hierofolym. vifa de aftrologia 
 PerucA de mari Cai'pio de coelo empyrio, 
 &c. 
 
 Pater, John Baptijl, a painter, excelled in 
 the coloring of his pieces, though his ;i eiignj 
 were often incorrect. He was more anxious alter 
 money than after fame, and therefore his land- 
 fcapos were often executed with inelegance. He 
 died at Paris 1736*, aged 41. 
 
 Paterson, Samuel, a native of London, 
 chiefly educated in France. He fettled as a 
 foreign bookfeller in the Strand, but did not 
 fucceed in bufinefs. His catalogue, called 
 bibliotheca univerfalis felec~h, was fo much 
 approved by the public that he acquired fome 
 celebrity as a bibliographer, and was employe! 
 by the London bookfellero in forming tin ir 
 catalogues, fcveral of which, efpecially of the 
 Beauclerk, Crofts, Pinelli, and other collections 
 he completed very fatisfactorily. ' He was au- 
 thor of curfory remarks on a journey through) 
 the Netherlands by Coriat, 3 vols. 12 mo. | 
 joiueriania, or fcraps, 2 vols. 8vo. the tem- 
 plar, a periodical paper, fee. He died 1 802, 
 aged 74. 
 
 Patiw, Gvy, a French phyfician, born in Pi- 
 cardy, 1602. His father Intended him for an 
 advocate, but he found medicine morecoi 
 to his feelings, aud he became profeflbr of 
 
 phytic 
 
PAT 
 
 PAV 
 
 phvfie at Paris, and diftinguifked himfelf by his 
 defence of the ancients againft the moderns. 
 He alio oppofed the ufe oi' antimony as a medi- 
 cine, and wrote a hook on it, called " martyr- 
 ology of antimony, &c." His " letters," 
 publifhed in;} vols, after- his death, acquired 
 him great celebrity ; they were reads fays Vol- 
 taire, with avidity, becaufe they contained 
 things which every body loves, and fatires liked 
 frill more. He. died 168-2. It is faid that his 
 features refcmbled thofe of Cicero. 
 
 Patin v , Charles, f^cond fon of the preced- 
 ing, was born at Paris 1633. At 14 he main- 
 tained for five hours a deputation in Greek and 
 Ijatin. He practifed as phyfician with great 
 niccefs, and read lectures to numerous audi- 
 out dreading perfecu lion he fuddeujy left 
 France, 1G6B. After >vifiting England and the 
 north of Europe he fixed at Baiil, and afterwards 
 removed to Padua, where he became proief- 
 for of phyfic. He died there 1693, of a po- 
 ly pus in the heart. His two daughters dif- 
 tinguifhed for their learning were, with their 
 mother, members of the the Ricovrati academy 
 at. Padua, and wrote fome reipectable books. 
 His chief works are itinerarium comitis Brienne 
 ^ familke Komanae ex antiquis numifmat. fol. 
 intrwduclion to hiftory by medals, l'imo. 
 imp -.ratorum Romanor. numifmata, fol. 
 travels in different parts of Europe, &c 
 
 Patkui., John Reginald de, a Livonian gen- 
 tleman, who, refenting the oppr<dfions of his 
 country by Sweden, appeared before Charles 
 XI. 16S9, at the head of fix other deputies, 
 to lay his grievances at the feet of the fove- 
 reign. " This was regarded as treafon, and he 
 d wiih dirriculty--hrto"TruTEa. Though 
 afterwards invefted with the facred office of 
 ambafikdor of Ruffia in Saxony, Charles XII. 
 refuted to make peace with Auguftus of Poland, 
 except Patkui was delivered into his hands, 
 and by this bafe treachery the unfortunate man 
 was fe'r/.cd, and broken on the wiwxl, and 
 Quartered, at Cafimir, 1707 . This meafure, 
 fo outrageous to humanity, has fixed an inde- 
 lible ftigma on the character of the otherwife 
 heroic Charles ofpwi 
 
 Patrick, Si. the apoftle and guardian 
 fa'mt of Ireland, was a native of Wales or of 
 Cornwall, who was feized by pirates and car- 
 ried to Ireland, where he converted the inha- 
 bitants to chriftianitv. He fixed his refidence 
 at Armagh, which is become the metropoli- 
 tan '.''<, and died about 460, aged 83. 
 
 iCK, Samuel, a learned divine, one 
 of the mafters of the charter houfe, known for 
 his edition of Hederic's Greek lexicon, fince 
 improved by Ernefti, Morell, and others, 
 
 Patrick, Simon, fon of a mercer at Gainf- 
 borough, was educated at Queen's college, 
 Cambridge, of which in 166) he was elected 
 m.i'tcr, againft Sparrow, appointed by royal 
 mandamus. His oppouent, fupported by power, 
 prevailed, whilft he himfelf retired from Cary- 
 atid became rector of St. Paul's, Co- 
 JCnt-gartjcu, whr* he continued during the 
 
 whole of the plague. In 1672 he was made 
 prebendary of YVeftminfter, and in 1679 dean 
 of Peterborough. During the reign of James 
 II. he fiiowed himfelf active for the proteftant 
 came, and though flattered by the king, was 
 fteady in his principles. In 16K9 he was made 
 bilhop of Chichefter, two years after tranflated 
 to Ely, where he died 1707, aged 80. He 
 wrote fermons wafts againft popery com- 
 mentaries on the fcr'.ptures, 3 vols, folio, 
 which, with Ixnvth on the prophets, Arnold 
 on the apocrypha, and Whitby on the new 
 tefcament, contain a regularly continued com- 
 mentary on the bible. 
 
 Patiux, Peter, a French poet, born at 
 C&en 1585. His poems are little above medio- 
 crity, but forhs are licentious, and gave much 
 farrow to the author in his old age. He died 
 at Paris 1 G 7 '2 , aged S8. 
 
 Pairu, Oliver, eminent for his knowledge 
 of literature, and as an advocate, was the firft, 
 fays Voltaire, who introduced correclnefs and 
 purity of language in pleadings. When ad- 
 mitted into the French academy in l64o, he 
 pronounced an animated fpeech, and from that 
 circumftanee the fame adulatory addrefs has 
 continued to be expected from every new mem- 
 ber. As a critic, Pairu was well informed, but 
 fo rigid, that he was called the Quintilian of 
 France. He died 1681. His mifcellaneoug 
 works were printed in 4to. 
 
 Pattlv, Thomas, of Corpus Chrifti, Ox- 
 ford, died l ; 90, rector of Childrcy, Berks. 
 He wrote the ehriftian apology, a fermon 
 St. Peter's ehriftian apology, a fermon againft. 
 the objections of Ralph Heatheote, 8vo. 
 the fufficiency of the external evidence of the 
 gofpcl againft Heatheote, &c. 
 
 Patt\son t , IJ'illimn, an Englifh poet, born 
 kt Peafrnarfh, Suifex, 1706. He was educated 
 at Appleby School, and Sidney college, Cam-" 
 bridge. He came to London, but without 
 fupport he foon experienced indigence and dif- 
 trefs. An acquaintance with the wits of the 
 time, and repeated iblicitati >ns for the tardy 
 patronage of the great, were little calculated to 
 difpel the miferies which poverty, intemper- 
 ance) and imprudence, gathered around him, 
 and therefore we find him defiutte of friends 
 and money, and pafnug hi* nights on a bench in 
 St. James' park. Curl at laft took him into 
 his houfe, but a month after, the finatl-pox 
 put an end to the futi'rings of a dejected and 
 broken heart. He died 1727, in his 21 ft 
 yaar. He pofleffed great genius, but without 
 the cheering patronage of a friend his blolfoms 
 withered under an unpvopitious Iky. His works 
 appeared, 2 ols. svo. l"-jS. 
 
 PaUCTOK, /lie ris, a French mathematician. 
 He, with fome difficulty, obtained patronage in 
 the military fehool of Paris. He died at Paris 
 1799, aged 67. He is author of theon of the 
 force of Archimedes, 12mo. metrology, or a 
 treatife on the weights, meafures, and monies 
 of all countries ancient and modern, eve. 
 Pavilion, Nicholas, a French ecuefiuftic, 
 [Q-K2] made 
 
PAU 
 
 PAU 
 
 ade by Richelieu bifhop of Alct. His con . 
 duct in nis diocefe was mifrcprefentcd at court, 
 and the king fent commiflioners to examine the 
 complaints preferred againft him. Though 
 acquitted, a frelh offence, and his unwilhng- 
 Tiefs to fubmit to the royal mandate incenfed the 
 monarch, and he was depofed from his fee 
 and died in exile, 1677, aged above 80. His 
 works are a ritual for his diocefe- fynodal fla- 
 tutes, and ordinances, &c. 
 
 Pavjllon', Stephen, a French poet, advo- 
 cate general in the parliament of Metz. He 
 was of both the academies, and received a 
 pennon from Lewis XIV. His poems, after 
 the manner of Voiture, poffefs merit, 2 vols. 
 12 mo. He wrote ulfo in profe, the portrait 
 of pure love, difinterefted counfels, &c. 
 
 Paul, Mark, or Marco Paulo, a Vene- 
 tian traveller. He penetrated, 127 2, as far as 
 the capital of Cublai Chan, of which he pub- 
 lished an interefting account. Some authors 
 imagine that Cembalus which he mentions is 
 the town of Pekin. He makes no mention of 
 the great wall of China. 
 
 Paul, St. originally called Saul, was a 
 native of Tarfus, and educated among thePha- 
 rifees under Gamaliel. He imbibed a moft 
 violent hatred againft the chriftians, and when 
 Stephen was ftoned, he kept the raiment of 
 ills murderers, and afterwards fet out for Da- 
 xnafcus to imprifon the difciples, but a fuper- 
 Tiatural vifion converted his rancor into zeal for 
 he faith. From Damafcus he went to Jeru- 
 salem, and preached the gofpel with fuch elo- 
 quence that he was called the apoftle of the 
 Gentiles. When accufed before Felix, whom 
 Sn his fpirited addrefs he made to tremble, he 
 appealed to the emperor and was conveyed to 
 Borne ; but after two years was liberated. He 
 was at laft put to death by Nero the emperor, 
 66. A magnificent church, ftill in exiftencc, 
 was built on the fpot where his remains were 
 ilcpofited. His 14 epiftles are nervous and 
 perfuafive. 
 
 I Paul I. pope after Stephen II. 757, died 
 10 years after. 
 
 : Paul II. Peter Barl-o, pope after Pius II. 
 1464, permitted the cardinals to wear a purple 
 habit, and the red cap of fllk, and the mitre 
 which hitherto had diftinguifhed the Sovereign 
 pontiff. He died 1471, aged 54. 
 
 Paul III. Alexander Farnefc, was pope after 
 Clement VII. 1534. In his time began the 
 famous council of Trent, whe-fe tirft fitting was 
 in 1 545. He made a treaty with the Venetians 
 and the emperor againft the Turks, and pur- 
 fued matures of feverity againft Henry V1H. 
 He was rcfpedtable in private life, and at all 
 times anxious to procure concord amosa"- the 
 chriftian princes. He died 1540, tg*d 82. 
 
 Paul IV. John Peter Caratfa, fuceeeded 
 Marcellus II. 1555, aged near 80. He be- 
 haved with great haughtineis, and threatened 
 With his fevereft difpleahne thanes V. be- 
 caufe he did not oppofe fufheiently vigorous 
 Pieafures agaiuft the proteftants; and when 
 
 Elizabeth announced to him her aceeffion, he 
 complained that fhe had afcended the throne 
 without the concurrence of the holy fee, on 
 which all the crowns of Europe were dependent. 
 He died unlamented, 1559. 
 
 Paul V. Camilius Borghefe, was pope after 
 Leo XL 1605. He was engaged in a difpute 
 with the Venetians, and deferved the gratitude 
 of the Romans for the various embellifhmcntg 
 which he introduced, the collections of paint- 
 ings, fculpture, K.c. which he made, and the 
 erection of public fountains and aqueducts. 
 He died 1621, aged 69. 
 
 Paul, Pdrowitz, emperor of Ruffia, foa 
 of the great Catherine, was born 1754. He 
 married 1774 the daughter of the landgrave of 
 Heffe Darmftadt, who died two years after, 
 and for his fecond wife he took a princefs of 
 Wirtembuvg, niece to the king of Pruffia. 
 He travelled in 1780, and during 14 months 
 vifited Poland, Auflria, Italy, trance, and 
 Holland. On the death of his mother in 1796, 
 he afcended the throne, and took an active 
 part in the general confederacy of Europe, 
 againft France. He fent Suwarrow into Italy, 
 where victory followed his fteps, and he at- 
 tacked the northern frontiers of France, in 
 conjunction with the Englifh ; but all at once 
 he was reconciled to his enemies, and feizing 
 the property of the Englifh, he banifhed their 
 unhappy faflors to Siberia. This extravagance 
 was flopped by fudden death. The unforiu- . 
 nate Paul was aflaffinated in April, 1801, by- 
 fome of his difcontented nobles. The eaufe 
 of his extraordinary change of politics has been 
 afcribed to the influence of a beautiful miftrefs, 
 who was fent by the cabinet of Paris to fecond 
 the labors of diplomatic intrigue. 
 
 Paul, a herefiarch of Samcfcta, a city on 
 the Euphrates. He was raifed to the fcfe of 
 Antioch in 260, and went to Zenobia, queen 
 of Palmyra, who could not comprehend the 
 myfteries of chriftianity. Paul reprefented to 
 the queen that the Trinity Coufifted not of 
 three real perfons, but only three attributes ; 
 and that the Saviour had appeared on earth not 
 as a god, but as a man endowed with fuperior 
 wifdom. This doctrine drew upon him the cen- 
 fures of the church. He wa3 depofed by a 
 fynod at Antioch, 2*0, and excommunicated. 
 His followers, called Paulinifts, did not en*' 
 creafe. 
 
 Paul, of Sancla Maria, a learned Jew of 
 JJurgos, converted to chriftianity by n 
 a work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He was pre- 
 ceptor to John II. king of Caftile, and wasi 
 bifhop of Carthage na, and then of Burgos, \ 
 where he died 1445, aged 82. He was a 
 learned prelate, and wrote fcrutinium fcripjrt 
 turarum, fol. 1474, &e. 
 
 Paul, deacon of Aquileia, was fecretary tfl 
 Didier, the laft king of Lombardy. He was 
 afterwards in the fervice of Charlemagne ; but 
 when accufed by his enemies, of confpirinjj 
 againft tlie life of his protector, he 
 nillied to the iiland of Tremiti, ui the Adriatic*. 
 
PAU 
 
 PAU 
 
 He left his exile for the court of the duke of 
 Benevento, after whofe death he retired to a 
 monafiery. He died 80 1. He is author of 
 an hiftory of the Lombards, in fix books, to 
 the death of Luitprand, 744 hiftory of the 
 fcifhops of Metz, and he contributed much to 
 the compofition of the hiftoria mifcellanea, in 
 continuation of the work of Kutropius. 
 
 Paul, an ecclefiaftic of Merida, in Eftra-f 
 madura, in the feventh century, author of an 
 hiftory of the Spanifh fathers, edited at An- 
 twerp, 1635, 4to. 
 
 Paul, a phyfician of /Egina, in the feventh 
 century, author of a treatife de re medica, an 
 cpitomeof Galen's works, and other G reck works. 
 
 Paula, St. a Roman lady, embraced chrif- 
 tianity, and when a widow, retired to Beth- 
 lehem where fhe built a monaftery. St. Je- 
 rome was the director of her charitable inlii- 
 tutions, and taught her to underftaud the 
 Hebrew fcriptures. She died 407, aged 60. 
 
 Paulet, JFilUum, marquis of Winchefler, 
 was one of the courtiers of Henry VIII. At 
 a time when religious opinions were liable to 
 perlecution, he retained his places, and when 
 aflced how he had fo fecurely weathered the 
 florin, he replied, by being a willow, and not 
 an qak. He died 1572, aged 97. 
 
 Pacli, Simon, author of treattfes on ma- 
 lignant fevers againft tobacco and tea 
 tlora Danica, 4to. and other medical works, 
 was profeifor of medicine at Copenhagen. He 
 died 1680, aged 77. 
 
 Paulian, Aimt Henry, a jefuit, born at 
 Nimes, 1722. He was a learned man, and 
 wrote forne valuable works, the beft known of 
 which aw diftionnaire dephyfique, 5 vols. 8vo. 
 fyfleme general de philofophie, 4 vols. 
 1 2 mo. di Jiionnaire philoibpho theoligique, 
 4to. &c. He died at the advanced age of 80. 
 
 Paulinus, St. a native of Bourdeaux, 
 whom his learning and virtue recommended to 
 the higheft offices of the ftate. He was made 
 conful iu 378, andfoon after married Theraf.a, 
 a Spanifh lady of .great opulence and high 
 birth. He fettled in Spain, and by the pcr- 
 luefkm of his wife became a convert to chrillia- 
 nity, and he applied his large rofources to cha- 
 ritable ufes, and the mofl benevolent muni- 
 ficence. To increafe the labors of his ehriftian 
 calling he took orders, 393, and foon after 
 coming to Italy, was chofen bifhop of jNola, 
 whore he died 431, agM 74. Some authors 
 afcribe to him the invention, of church bells. 
 Some of his Latin poe,ms, letters, and other 
 works are extant. There was another who 
 was bifhop of Treves', and the defender of 
 Athanafius. He died an exile in Phrvgia, 359. 
 Another was bifhop of Aquikia, and difiin- 
 guilhed hunfelf at the council of Frankfort, in 
 794. He was author of a treatife on the 
 Trinity a book of falutary inftrudtions, &c. 
 and died 804. 
 
 Faulmier de Gruntemesnii., Jidiri de, 
 & flench phyfician, educated under Fernel. 
 
 He was phyfician to Charles IX. whom he 
 fucceeded to reftore to health. He was after- 
 wards in the fervice of the duke of Anjou, and 
 died at Caen, 1588. Fie wrote treatifes de 
 vino et pomaceo de lue venerea. demorbis 
 contaglofis, &e. His fon James was alfo a 
 phyfician, but educated in the proteftantTaith. 
 He wrote obfervationes in optimos auctores 
 Gnecos, 4to. a Latin defcription of ancient 
 Greece, 4to. poems in Greek, Latin, Italian, 
 French, and Spanifh, not very valuable. He 
 died at Caen, I670, aged 83. . 
 
 Paulmv, Mark Anthony Ren/ dc~ Foyer, 
 marquis de, is known for his valuable library, 
 which he fold to the count of Artois, brother 
 to Lewis XVI. He was alio diftinguifhed as a 
 man of letters, and was raifed to the dignity of 
 minifter of ftate. He publifhed Melanges d'une 
 grande bibliotheque, 69 vols. 8vo. and alfo 
 efl'ays in the ftyle of Montaigne, 9 vols. 8vo. 
 and died 1787, aged 6 5 . 
 
 Paulze, N. of Montbriffoti, was one of the 
 farmers general of France. He was a man of 
 great intelligence and erudition, and he formed 
 a company for the improvement of Guyenne, 
 which was not however fully adopted. He. was 
 guillotined during the revolution, 1794. The 
 commercial details in Raynal's hiftory, are at- 
 tributed to his pen. 
 
 Pausanias, governor of the kingdom of 
 Sparta, during his nephew's minority, was 
 brave in war, and intriguing in the 
 After ferving againft the Perfians, hi 
 difcontented with his country, and nidd 
 cret treaty wtth the enemy. The meifcu 
 difcovered, and to efcape puuifhment he 
 refuge in a temple, where, on account of h 
 perfidy, his mother firft brought a ftone 'to 
 enfure his confinement. He ,was ftarved to 
 death, B. C. 474. 
 
 Pausakias, a celebrated Greek orator and 
 hiftorian, who fettled at Rome in the fecond 
 century. Of his account of Greece, the beft 
 edition is that of Kuhnius, 1696, folio. 
 
 Pausjas, a painter of Sicyon, about 852 
 B. C. He firft applied colors to wood and 
 ivory, by the power of tire, called ei cauftic 
 painting. His pictures were purchafed bj 
 Scaurus, and prcferved at Rome. 
 
 Pautue, Anthony lc, an architect of Paris, 
 who built tiie church of the nuns of the Port 
 Royal at Paiis. He: was member of the aca- 
 demy offculuture, 16; ] , and died a few years 
 after. His. works appeared at Paris, in folio, 
 with 60 engravings. One of his relations, John, 
 was eminent as a de'igner and engraver. He 
 was member of the academy of painting and 
 fculpture, and died 1682, aged 6.5. His works 
 appeared in 3 voir,, folio, with above 1 000 plates. 
 His fon Peter directed his attention to fculp- 
 ture, and was director of the academy of St. 
 Luke. His /Eneas and Anchifes, which adorns 
 the Thuil'eries, and his Lucrctla (tabbing her- 
 felf, are very able fpecimens of his genius. He 
 died at Paris, 1714. 
 
 Pauw, 
 
PEL 
 
 PEL 
 
 was invitee! in 1639 to fill up a profeflbr'a 
 ehalr at Aruiterdam, to which he luceeeded 
 
 In 164 6 he fettled at Breda as pro- 
 
 philofophy and mnhematics at the 
 
 requcli O* the prince of Orange, and in 1652 
 
 returned to his native country. In 1654 he 
 
 was fent bv Cromwell as Engliih refident to 
 
 ' md, and returned a little before the 
 
 Bath. I 1661 he was ordained 
 
 [&op of Lincoln, and obtained from 
 the crown the rectory of Fobbing in Eil'ex, to 
 which the bifljnp of Loudon afterwards added 
 the rcctorv of lavingdon in that county. 
 Though refoeeUble as a fcholar, and a man 
 of feience, Dr. Pell was unfortunately very in- 
 attentive to the Hate of his domcitic affairs, 
 and confcquently he became poor in his old age, 
 and was even confined in the king's bench as 
 a debtor. He died 1635, and was interred by 
 the charity of Bulb)', matter of Wcitminfttr 
 fchool, and Sharp, rector of St. Giles'. He 
 publiihed controverfia cum Longomontano de 
 vert circuli meufura, 4to. an idea of mathe- 
 matics, 12mo. -table of 10,000 fquarc num- 
 ber*, folio. demonftration of the lecond and 
 tenth book of Enclid defcription of the ufe 
 of the quadrant letter on logarithms aftro- 
 nomical hifiory of the heavenly motions and 
 appearances eelipticus prognoitica, &c. and 
 he left various MSS. which by means of Dr. 
 Birch, were obtained for the collection of die 
 royal fociety. 
 
 Pkllegrin', Simon Jqfeph, a French ec- 
 clefiaiUc of INlarfcillcs. He was of tlie fo- 
 cietv of the fervites, and obtained in 1704 the 
 prize of the French academy, for his poetical 
 * cpiftle to the king on the glorious fuccefs 
 of his arms." This made him known at court, 
 and bv means of madame de Maiutenon, he 
 was permitted to remove to the ecciefuftical 
 order of Clugny; but as he kept a fliop for 
 the fale of amorous odes and ballads, and 
 even wrote for the ftage, he drew upon him- 
 felf the animadversions of de Noailies, v. ho in- 
 filled upon his relinquishing either his theatri- 
 B jjloyments, or the orficiating at the 
 mals. He chofe the latter, and fubnfted af- 
 terwards by his pen. He died 1745, aged 82. 
 His works confift of dramas from the Old and 
 Xi^w teftament the pfalms of David beiides 
 a tranflation of Horace, 2 vols. &.c. 
 
 Pellegrini, Antonio, a native of Padua, 
 celebrated as an hiftorical painter. He vifited 
 England through the frieudihip of the duke 
 of Manchcftcr, and feveral fpecimens of his 
 excellent execution arc preferred in tills coun- 
 try. He died 1/41, aged 67 . 
 
 Pellegrino, Tituldi, or Pkllegrin of Bo- 
 logna, was eminent as an architect and pain- 
 hia abilities at Rome and 
 Pavia, and alfo at Milan, whero he built the 
 cathedral of St. Ambroie, and afterwards he 
 was Sm tin, to direct the paintings 
 
 and architecture of the efcurial. He was 
 Bberally rewarded by Philip II, who made 
 
 him a marquis, and fent him back loaded with 
 prefents. He died 1592, aged 70. 
 
 Pellegrino of Modena, a painter, borri 
 1511, was bred under Raphael, and employed 
 in adorning the Vatican. He died oi fome 
 wounds received in refcuing his fori, who had 
 unfortunately committed a murder in the ftreets 
 of Modena. 
 
 Pellerin, Jqfeph, eommifTary general and 
 chief clerk of the French marine, <fa famous 
 for his fine and valuable collection of medals, 
 which was purchafed by the king in 17 76. 
 He publiihed his intercfting obfervations on 
 medals, in 9 vols. 4to. with plates, a work 
 of great beauty. He died 1782, aged 99. 
 
 Pelletier, John le, a native of Rouen, 
 who fludied painting, which he afterwards 
 abandoned for literature. Blefied with ftiong 
 powers of mind, he made himfelf completely 
 acquainted with the learned languages, Italian, 
 Spanifh, mathematics, chemittry, aftronomy, 
 &c. without the affiftance of a mailer ; and 
 in the latter part of life, he devottd himfelf to 
 religious ftudies. He died 1711, aged 7S. 
 He wrote a diflertation on Noah's ark on St. 
 Benedict's hemina on the journal of Tre- 
 voux the life of Sixtus V. by Leti, tranflated 
 Xaunton's fragmenta regalia, or queen 
 Elizabeth's hiftory tranflated, &e. 
 
 Pelletier, Gafpard, phyfician and coun 
 fcllor of Middleburg in Zealand, acquired re- 
 putation in his profeffion, and died in his na- 
 tive town, 1659. He is author of plantarum 
 turn patriarum, turn exoticarum in Walla- 
 chia, Zealand, oafcentium fyuonyrua, 8vo. 
 1610. 
 
 PellktieR, Bertrand, of Bayonne, was dif- 
 ringuiihed for his knowledge of chemiftrj 
 and pharmacy. He fettled at Paris as an apo- 
 thecary, and deferred to be admitted mem- a 
 her of the academy of fciences, and after- 
 wards of the inftitute. He wrote various dif- 
 fcrtations in the memoirs of the French aca- 
 demies, and had a {hare in the journal of na- 
 tural hiftory, and wrote befjdes, obfervations 
 on arfenic. He died 1797> agedj36. 
 
 Pelletier, James, a French phyfician, 
 born at Mans, became principal of the col- , 
 leges of Bayeux and Mans at Paris, where 
 he died 1582, aged 65. He publiihed Latin I 
 commentaries on Euclid defcription of Sa- 
 voy treatife on the plague curious dialogue 
 on orthography poetic works a French art 
 of poetry, and other works. 
 
 Pellican, Conrad, of Rufac in A! face, 
 became 'a cordelier in 1494, and afterwards 
 prefided over the convent of Bafle. He em- 
 braced the tenets of Luther, and abandon- 
 ing the religious habit, in 1526, came to 
 Zurich, where he fettled and taught Hebrew, 
 and married. He died 1556, aged 78. 
 He was the friend of Erafmus, and publiihed 
 fome controverfial works, and commentaries 
 illuftrativc of fcripture, in 7 vols, folio, much 
 commended by Richard Siflaon 
 
 Pellison*. 
 
PEN 
 
 PEN 
 
 Pelusov-Fontanier, Paul, a French 
 writer, born at Beziers, 1624. He fettled at 
 Paris, where he became the correfpondent of 
 machine Scuderi, .-.nd in 1652 was made fe- 
 evetary to the king, and admitted into the 
 French academy, in coniequence of his ' : hif- 
 tory" of that fociety He was patronizedbv Fou 
 qu^t, but, upon chefallofthatminitier, he fhared 
 his difgrace, and was for four years in the Baftile. 
 His innocence lettered him to the favor of 
 Lewis XIV. whom he accompanied in his ex- 
 pedition to the United States., of which lie 
 wrote an interesting account. In 16 70 he re- 
 nounced the protectant religion, and died 
 at Verfaiiies, 169^. His works confift or" the 
 hiftory of Lewis XIV. the life of Anne of 
 Auitria hiftory of the conqueft of Franche 
 Comte poems historical letters, Sec. 
 
 Pelloutier, Simon, a proteltant divine, 
 and member of the Berlin academy, diftin- 
 guiihed himlelf alio as an able writer. His 
 hiftory of the Celts, particularly of the Gauls 
 and Germans, is a valuable work in 2 vols. 
 4to. He died 1757, aa;ed 63. 
 
 Pemberton, Httory,*n Englifli phyfician, 
 author of a treatife on chemiftrv, and a view 
 of fir Ilaac Newton's philofopby, in 4to. He 
 died in an advanced old age, 1771. 
 
 Pemble, William, an Engiilh ecclefiaftic 
 of merit. His works appeared in 1 vol. folio 
 He died 1623, aged 32. 
 
 Pembroke, Thomas, painted much for 
 die earl of Bath, and excelled chiefly in histo- 
 rical pieces and portraits. He died at Lon- 
 don 1730, aged 28. 
 
 Penincton, Ifar.c, fon of a lord mayor 
 of London, was born 16 17. By the conver- 
 sation and preaching of George Fox, he be- 
 came a zealous quaker. As a writer, and mi- 
 nifter, he fpread the tenets which he had em- 
 braced, and for his conduct was impriloncd 
 not lefs than fix times in the reign of Charles 
 II. -fter fuffering much perfecution, this 
 man of inoffenfive manners, and of a meek 
 and quiet fpirit, died at Goodneftone court, 
 Suifex, 1679. ^is publications are nume- 
 rous, moftly dated from Ayleibury, where he 
 chiefly lived, and collected into one folio vo- 
 lume, 1681. 
 
 Penn, William, of Briftrl, was known as 
 an able admiral. He commanded the fleet in 
 the reduction of Jamaica in 1655 by Venn- 
 bles, but the protector confined him in the 
 Tower for abfenting himftftf from his ftation 
 without leave. After tne restoration he ob- 
 tained a command under the duke of York, 
 and contributed to the defeat of the Dutch 
 fleet 166,. He was knighted, and died at 
 Wanltead, ElTex, 1670, aged 49. 
 
 Penn, William, a celebrated quaker, fon 
 f the above, was burn in London 1644. He 
 was gentleman commoner at Chrift-church 
 Oxford ; but as he withdrew from the national 
 forms of worfhip with thofe, who, like him- 
 felf, liftened to the preaching of Loe, a quaker 
 Gfemineoce I f-v non cob 
 
 and the next year, as he pertinacioinly ad- 
 hered to his opinions, he was expelled from 
 the college. His father coniidered his fmgu- 
 larly ferfous conduct as tending to impede his 
 elevation to the favors of the licentious court, and 
 therefore afterbeinahefays,whipped andbeat- 
 en he was turned out of doors 1662. After being 
 in France, and then a law ftudent at Lincoln's 
 Inn, he, in 1666, was lent to manage an eftate in 
 Ireland, ard there he renewed his acquaintance 
 with Loe, and fhowed fuch partiality to the 
 quakers, that he was imprifoned by the mayor 
 of Cork. His return to England produced a 
 violent altercation with his father, who wilhed 
 him 4o abandon thofe habits fo offenfive to de- 
 corum and eitablifhed forms, and when he re- 
 filled to appear uncovered before him and be- 
 fore the king, he a fecond time difmifled him 
 from his protection. In 1668, he firft ap- 
 peared as a preacher among the quakers, and 
 in coniequence of fome controverfial difpute 
 he was lent to the Tower, and remained in 
 confinement i'evoii months. The. palling of 
 the conventicle act again fent him so prifon, 
 from which he was releafed by his father, who 
 was now reconciled to him, and left him on 
 his deceafe fome time after a valuable eftate 
 of 1500I. per ann. In 1672, he married Ma- 
 ria Springett, a lady of principles fimilar to his 
 own, and fixed his refidence at Rickrnanf- 
 worth. In 1677, he went with Fox and 
 Barclay to the continent on a religious excur- 
 fion ; and after vifiting the chief towns of 
 Holland, they proceeded to the court of prin- 
 cefs Elizabeth, the grand-daughter of James L 
 at '-'erwerden, where they were received 
 with great kindnefs. On his return Charles 
 II. granted him in confideration of the fervi- 
 ces of his father, and for a debt due to him 
 from the crown, a province of North Ame- 
 rica, called the New Netherlands, but now 
 denominated ''ennfylvania. In coniequence of 
 this he invited l'ettlers from all parts of the 
 kingdom, and drew up in 24 articles the fun- 
 damental conftitution of his new province, ir> 
 which he held out a greater degree of religious 
 liberty, than exifted in the christian world. A 
 color. v ot people, chiefly of his perfuafioiijfooii 
 flocked to iliare his fortunes ; the lands were 
 cleared and a town built, which, on the prin- 
 ciple of b otherly love, received the name of 
 Philadelphia. In 1 682, Penn vifited the 
 province and confirmed the good underftand~ 
 ing with the natives, and aft?i two years' refi- 
 dence, and with the fatisfa^ion of promoting 
 the profperi-y of the colonitis, he renin 
 England. At the revolution he was fufpected 
 of irealbnable correfpondence with the exiled 
 prince, and therefore expofed to perfecution. 
 In 1694, he loft his wife, but though feverely 
 afflicted by the event, he in about two years 
 married again, and then travelled in Ireland 
 and England as a preacher. He vifited, ia 
 1699, his province with his wife aud family, 
 and raturned to England in 1701. In 1710, 
 h.3 removed to Rufhcomb near Twyford, 
 [S ] -JUcrks 
 
PEN 
 
 FER 
 
 Berks, where he fpent the reft of life, Three 
 ted attacks of an apoplexy at larl came to 
 r his faculties and his conltitutu ii, and 
 after realty lofing all recollection ot his for- 
 mer fii;nds, he expired 1 718. The charac 
 i 1 mi is truly amiable, his labors were 
 eicrted for the good of mankind, and with the 
 fcrieleftconfiftency of moral conduit and reli- 
 gious ojinion, he endured persecution and 
 malice i h refign.-tion, and guided by theap- 
 pxhaticn of a pure conlcience, he fhowed 
 him'elt indefatigable in what he confidered as 
 the law of God, and the clear demonftration of 
 the truth of the tofpel. He published various 
 woiks, widely diflcminated among the friends 
 of I, is perflation. The btft known of thefe 
 are no crofs no crewn to (how that the de 
 r.vin* offtlf at.d daily bearing the crofs of 
 Chi ift is tne only v ay to the kingdom of God 
 a brief accnint of the rile and progrefs of 
 the people called Quaktii primitive chrif- 
 tiawity revived innocency with her open 
 face, kc. 
 
 Pennant, Thomat, an able naturalist and 
 antiquary, born at Downing. Flintlhire, 1726. 
 and educated at Wrexham fchool, and Oxford. 
 After examining whatever was curious and 
 valuable in England, he travelled on the con- 
 tinent, and W3s introduced to the learned of 
 Europe, efpecially BufFon, Voltaire, Lin- 
 nanis, &c. On his return he commenced au- 
 thor, and from 1750, when his Britith zoo- 
 logy appeared, to the time of his death, he em- 
 ployed himfelf in elucidating the hiftory, geo- 
 graphy, and natural curiofities of his country. 
 He died at Downing, 1793. His works are 
 numerous, the belt known are tour in Scot- 
 land, 1 7 71, often edited tours in Wales, 
 from Chefler to London account of London 
 literary memoirs of himfelf a geographical 
 account of India, &c. 
 ^ Pknnicuik, Alexander, a Scotch phyfi 
 rian. He publifhed a topographical account 
 of Tweedale, fome poems, defcriptive of the 
 manners of his countrymen, &c. He died 
 1722, aged 70. It is faid that he communi- 
 cated to Allen Ramfay the incidents which 
 form the fubject of his gentle fhepherd. 
 
 Pennv, Thomas, an Englifh naturalift. 
 He travelled over England and other coun- 
 tries in fearch of botanical knowledge, and 
 brought from Majorca the curious plant called 
 hypericum Balearicum, which Clufius in ho- 
 nor of him names myrtociftus Pennjei. He 
 wrote letters on infects, &c. and was fellow of 
 the college of phyficians, London. 
 
 1\.nruddqck, John, v/as zealous in the 
 caufe of his fewejrein during the civd wars, 
 and obtained the rank of colonel in the army. 
 He was defeated by Croke, who, after he had 
 
 Eromifed him pardon, ceafed him to be be- 
 eaded in 1665. The letters which patled 
 between him and h ; s wife, after his condemna- 
 tion, have been publiflied bj Steele, and dif- 
 play him in the amiable light of the good 
 .1 And the loyal fubject. 
 
 pF.NRY, jfobr, or Apitknry, a native of 
 Brecknock, who ftjdied at Cambridge, and 
 afterwards at Oxford. He became an ana- 
 baptilt or Brownift, and not only preached, but 
 wrote againft the epifcopacy. His writings 
 under the afllimed name of Martin Mar- 
 Prelate, gave offence to the miniitry ; nnd in 
 confequencc of their feditious tendency he was 
 arrelted, and condemned and executed in 
 J 593- His publications are all on divinity 
 fubjedls. 
 
 Pepin, the Short, fon of Charles Martel, 
 was the firil monarch of the fecond French 
 dynafty, and was elected at SoifTons 752. 
 Though i'mall of ttature, he commanded the 
 rel'pe<3 of his people by his valor. 11 
 at St. Denys, 768, aged 54, and divided his 
 pofiefTions among his two tons Charlemagne 
 and CarJorflan. 
 
 Pepin, the Fat, mayor of the palace, go- 
 verned Auftrafia- Neuftria, and Burgundy, 
 and maintained his power by firmnefs, vigor, 
 and wifdom. He died 714, alter governing 
 more as a matter than as a ininifter 27 
 years. 
 
 Pepuscb, John Chrljlopher, a mufkian 
 born at Berlin 1667. At the age of 14 he 
 was employed at the Pruflian court ;;S a teacher 
 of mufic. In 1700, he came over to England, 
 and was engaged at Drury lane and in 171 J, 
 he was admitted doror of mufic at Oxford. 
 About 1725, he married de l'Epine, an Ita- 
 lian finger, of light character, but who had, by 
 her engagements on the Itage, amafied a fortune 
 of io,coo guineas. This woman, whole figure 
 and complexion entitled her to the appella- 
 tion of Hecate, by which h^r hutband diltin- 
 guifhed her, brought him one fon, who died 
 early. Pepufch died 1752, aged 85. 
 
 Pkpys, Samuel, an Englilhman, i'ecretsry 
 to the admiralty tinder Charles II. and his bro- 
 ther. He introduced regularity, and method 
 in his department, and devoted himfelf to the 
 collecting of memoirs of the navy, and other 
 valuable documents, preferred at Magdalen 
 college, Cambridge. To his judicious ar- 
 rangements Britain is much indebted for her 
 fuperiority in naval affairs, which the bega:*. t> 
 acquire after the civil wars. He died 1 703. 
 
 Percival, Thomas, a phyfician, born and 
 educated at Warrington, Laneafhire. He 
 ftudied at Edinburgh and took his degrees at 
 Leyden, 1765. He fettled in 1767, at Man- 
 chester, where he continued to practile with 
 increafing reputation till his death in 1804. 
 He was a moft amiable man, and to his zeal in 
 the caufe ofphilofophy Manchelter is chiefly 
 indebted for the eltablifhment of its litcn.iy 
 fociery, to whole memoirs he made many 
 contributions He publilhed befides, moral and 
 literary ditTertations medical ethics, &c. be- 
 fides a father's inftructions to his children, <S:c. 
 In his principles Dr. Percival was a diffenter, 
 and it is remarkable that one of -his tons, af- 
 ter receiving all the initruction which fo able 
 a father could comrnunjit*> becawe a convert 
 
 to 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 to the principles of the church of England, , 
 and one of its moil active ministers. 
 
 Pkrcy, William, one of the courtiers of 
 William the conqueror, rewarded for his ler- 
 vices by the grant of lands in the court^s of 
 York and Lincoln. The Percvs, diit'mguifh- 
 ed bfjheir loyalty, were raited in 1377, to 
 the rank, of earl of Northumberland by Ri- 
 chard II. The mod celebrated of the Percys 
 was Henry furnamed Hotipur, who after 
 fupporting the throne of Henry IV. took up 
 arms at? .unit him, and was at lad defeated at 
 Shrewiburyin 1403. His father who had in- 
 ftigated him to hostilities made peace with the 
 ror, but again abandoned his allegiance, 
 and three y ars after fell in the field of battle, 
 in Yorkihiie. 
 
 ,n:CE, Hariouin de Beaumont de, 
 author of an excellent hiftory of Henry IV. 
 of France, was pntronifed by Richelieu, and 
 pi 64 4 railed to the fee of Paris. He died 
 1670. He wrote befides inftitutio princi- 
 pis. 
 
 Pereira de Ftgueiredo, Anthony, 
 a Portuguese, who died at Lifbon 1797, aged 
 75. In the Jifpute between the courts of 
 Rome and Lilbon, he publilhed various tracts 
 to prove the independence of kings in eccle- 
 fiattical affairs. He wrote alio a new method 
 of Latin grammar, edited ten times a Por- 
 tuguese translation of the bible 23 vols. 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Perez, Anthony, a Spanim writer. When 
 difgraced in Spain, he retired to Paris, where 
 he died 161 1. He puJblifhed " letters," well 
 written and interesting. 
 
 Pergolesi, John Baptifl, an Italian mu- 
 fician, patronifed by prince Stigliano. He 
 died of a consumption at Naples, at the early 
 age of 33, 1737. In compliment to his abi- 
 lities as a writer of operas, he is called by the 
 Italians the Dominichino of mufic. Hii chief 
 works are " ftabat mater," " dixit et laudate," 
 E falve regina," la ferva padrona Orfeo and 
 Eurydice. 
 
 Peiungskioll, John, of Stregni in Stt- 
 dermania, was profelfor of antiquities at Upfalj 
 fecretary to the king, and counfellor. He 
 Wrote an hiftory of the kings of the north, 8vo. 
 of the kings of Norway, 2 vols. fol> hifto- 
 rical and chronolagical tables from Adam to 
 Chriit, and died 1720, aged 66. 
 
 Perizonius, James, of Dam in Holland, 
 ftudied at Deventer, and afterwards at Utrecht 
 and Leyden. He was afterwards rector of 
 the Latin fchool at Delft, and then profeiTor 
 of eloquence and hiftory at Franeker. He 
 went in 1693 to Leyden, to fill the chair of 
 eloquence, hiftory, and Greek, and died there 
 171 7. He publifhed vrarious works in Latin 
 on hiftory, claffical literature, and antiquities, 
 the chief of which are animadverfiones hifto- 
 rica, 8vo. difl'ertations on various points of 
 antiquity, Sec.- orations -rorigines Babylonicie 
 ft iEgyptiacae, avols. 8vo. an editien-ofcffilian, 
 
 2 vcls 8vo. an edition of Q. Curtius, 
 &c. 
 
 Perkins, William, of Marfton, War- 
 wickshire, was educated at Chritt- college, 
 Cambridge. I e was a ftrict Calvinift, and 
 his writings, when translated into Dutch, drew 
 upon him the attack of Arminius, which oc- 
 casioned the calling of the lynod of Dordt for 
 tha fettlementof theoiogical diiputes. He died 
 1602, aged 46. 
 
 Pernety, James, historiographer of Ly- 
 ons, was an able writer, and alTumed the pom- 
 pous title of miles ecclefue LugdunenSis. He 
 wrote hiltory of Cyrus, 3 vols. i2mo. coun- 
 sels of friendships letters on phyfiognomy, 3 
 vols. &c. He died 1777, aged 81. 
 
 Pernety, Anthony Jofeph, the relation 
 of the preceding, was librarian to the king of 
 Pruflia, and after refiding at Berlin, he re- 
 turned to France, where he died. He wrote 
 a dictionary of painting, Sculpture, and engra- 
 ving, 1 2 mo. diiTertation on America againft 
 Pauw, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Perou.SE> John Francis Galoup de la, an 
 illuftrious navigator, born at Albi 1 741. He 
 diftinguilhed himfelf by his fervices for 17 
 years in the Indian feas, and in 1778, was 
 employed in America under d'Eftaing. He 
 was preient at the taking of Grenada, and in 
 1782 he deitroyed the Englilh factories in 
 Hudfon's bay. At the peace he was Selected 
 by Lewis XVI. to command the Aftrolabe and 
 the Bouffble, on a voyage of diicovery, and 
 the monarch himfelf traced out the places 
 which he wished to be examined. After fol- 
 lowing the tract of Cook, vifiting the North 
 Weft of America, and advancing to Behring's 
 ftreights, Peroufe came down the eaftern coaft 
 of Aha along Japan, and, in Feb. 1788, vifited 
 Botany bay. After leaving Botany bay, no 
 intelligence whatever was received of him, but 
 it is imagined th^.t he perilhed on Some un- 
 known fhosls, or fell a Sacrifice to the fury of 
 the favages. In 1791, the national afftmbly 
 ordered two (Hips to go in purfuit of him ; but 
 after exploring thole Seas which he had vifircd, 
 they returned without being able to Satisfy the 
 friends of humanity with relpedt to the fate 
 ofthefe unhappy adventurers. His voyages, 
 as far as he fent a report of them to Europe, 
 were publiflied in 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Perraui.t, Claude, an eminent author of 
 Paris, 1613. He was bred up a phyfician, 
 but abandoned the profeftion for literature and 
 the fine arts. In architecture he was particu- 
 larly great, and the entrance into the Louvre, 
 as Voltaire obferves, is one of the nwlt au- 
 guft monuments of architecture in the world. 
 At the requeft of Colbert he tranflated Vitru- 
 vius, and adorned the work with plates. He 
 was unfortunately engaged in a quarrel with 
 Boilcau, again ft whom ho maintained the fu- 
 periority of the moderns againft the ancients; 
 but though the poet ridiculed th'e artift, and 
 was consequently abufed in his turn, they were 
 [ S % reconciled. 
 
PER 
 
 PER 
 
 reconciled. Perrauk died 1 682, aged 75. He 
 wrote abridgment ofVitruvius, i2mo.-dcf- 
 cription of machines of his own invention 
 memoirs fir a natural hirtory of animals, fol. 
 on the ancient columns of architecture and 
 their ornaments, &c. 
 
 Perraui r, Charles , brother of Claude, 
 was born at Paris, 1626. Colbert made him 
 clerk of the buildings, and comptroller gene- 
 ral of the finances He patronized learned 
 men, and encouraged the arts and fciences, and 
 to his influence the ellabliihmcnt of the acade- 
 mies of painting, fculpture, and architecture 
 was owing. 1 he death of Colbert, in 1683, 
 produced his difgrace, and he retired to a lite 
 of folitude and ftudy. He wrote various works 
 and his poem called la peinture, was received in 
 1 668 with great applaufe. Le fiecle de Lou- 
 is le grand, which appeared in 1688, was a 
 declaration of war ag ainlt the opinions offearn- 
 ed men, and by elevating the moderns above 
 the ancients in every compofition, he brought 
 on a controversy, in which he had to oppofc 
 the poweiful abilities of Boileau, Menage, and 
 other writers. 1 he oppofition of Boileau 
 was guided t-y intereft as well as pride, 
 and when Conti threatened to write on his 
 fcat in the academy, " tu dors, l-rutus," 
 thou fieepeft, Brutus, the p >et confidered 
 hiralelf ferioufly called upon to combat Per- 
 rault, which he did molt ably, in his work 
 annexed to critical reflections on Longinus. 
 Thefe antagonilhs were reconciled in 1699, and 
 Pemult fome time after publilhed his hifto- 
 rical eulogiums on the great men of the 17th 
 century, 2 vols. fol. Perrault died 1703, aged 
 77. He wrote befisles parallel of the ancients 
 and moderns the cabinet of the tine arts, 
 folio reflections on Longiruis, 8vo. poems 
 Faernus's fables, Sec. 
 
 Perrier, Francis, a painter, born at Ma- 
 ^oji, 1590. He was diflipated in his youth, 
 and ran away from his parents, and joined hira- 
 felf to a blind beggar, whom he accompanied 
 to Rome, and with whom, he fhared the alms 
 obtained on the road from the hands of cha- 
 rity. At Rome he applied himfelf to his pen- 
 cil, and was enabled to live independently. He 
 returned to France through Lyons, and after 
 a fecond refidence of 10 years in Italy, he 
 came again to Paris, in high favor with the 
 great. He painted the gallery of the hotel de 
 la Vrilliere, and died profejfor of trie academy 
 1650. 
 
 Perrier, Charles, a poet, nephew to the 
 preceding, born in Provence. As a Latin 
 poet, he poiTeflTed l'uch excellence, that Menage, 
 who had the fettlement of a political difpute 
 between him and Santeuil, honored him with 
 lyric poets. He obtained 
 the academy in French po- 
 etry. He died 1692. 
 
 tXON, James Davy du, a cardinal ce- 
 *d for his learning ard pclitUal know- 
 He was born j<j6, ami educated in 
 
 the protectant faith ; and he was early dW- 
 tinguiihed as a fcholar, and in 1576 introduced 
 to Henry III. at Blois, as a prodigy of great 
 learning. As a theological difputant he ac- 
 quired celebrity at Paris; but foon after 
 abjured the tenets of the proteftants, and la- 
 bored to convert others to the catholic faith. 
 Henry IV. was in the number of thofe on 
 whom his eloquence prevailed. He was made 
 by the grateful monarch, at firic bifhop of 
 Evreux, and afterward* grand almoner of 
 France, archbifhop of Sens, and at laft a car- 
 dinal, 1604. His abilities as a negociator wen 
 employed at Rome ; but the lait years of life 
 were devoted to retirement and the revifion 
 of his works. He died at Paris 16 1 8, aged 
 63. Du Perron was a man of deep erudition, 
 well veiled in profane and ecclefialtical hifto- 
 ry, artful and penetrating, capable of painting 
 his plans as plaufiblc and reafonable, and U 
 powerful and argumentative in difpute s, that 
 the nbleit fcholars were afraid of him, and even 
 1 u Pleflis Mornay, himfelf fo celebrated, ap- 
 peared againft him in the prefence of Henry 
 with almoft inferior abilities. He wrote a trea- 
 tife on the eucharilt another againft king 
 James I. of England letters diflertations 
 a&s of conference with Du Pleflis Mornay, Sec. 
 
 Perron, Anquetil du, undertook a voyage 
 to the Eaft, and became acquainted wit 
 original works of Zoroafter, and alio the Ian- , 
 guage of the ancient Perfians. He re1 
 to Europe, loaded with the literary r. 
 India, depofited in the king's library at Paris. 
 An account of this journey, fo intern. 
 fcience, was publifhed in 1771, 3 vols. 4to.< 
 but it is to be lamented, that he fpeak 
 virulence of the Englim, from whom he had', 
 received every mark of attention. He died at 
 Paris, 1805, aged 73. 
 
 Perronet, "John Rodolpbus, rofe I 
 merit to the office of director general of bridges .' 
 and roads in France. He was for his fervices 
 rewarded with the order of St. Michael, and 
 became infpector, and afterwards director of 
 the ichool of engineers at Paris. The bridges 
 of Neuilly, Nantes, Orleans, &c. were 
 conftruted under his direction, and the pubj 
 lie roads of the kingdom were improved by his 
 plans. He died 1794, aged 86. He publifhed 
 a defcription of the bridges which he had erec- 
 ted, 2 vols folio memoirs on the method of 
 conftructing grand arches of ftone from 200 to 
 500 feet, over vallies, 4to. &c 
 
 PERROTj^fr John, of a Pembroke!)] ire fa- 
 mily, was one of the favorites of Edward VI. 
 and was made a knight of the Bath at his co- 
 ronation. UnderMary he was difgraced for pro- 
 tecting fome fufpected proteftants ; but in the 
 next reign he was recalled to court, and lent 
 in 1572, as prefident of Munfter, to quell a 
 rebellion in Ireland. He was admiral of the 
 fleet, againft the meditated invafion of Ireland 
 by the Spaniards; but when lord lieutenant 
 kingdom, ia 1583, he rendered him- 
 felf 
 
PES 
 
 PET 
 
 iielf very unpopular. His enemies procured 
 his recal, and in 1588 he returntd to Eng- 
 land, and was lent to the Tower, and four 
 years after tried for high treafon. Elizabeth 
 acknowledged his innocence, and refpited him. 
 He died the fame year in his confinement. 
 
 Per rot, JN kolas, a learned Frenchman, 
 who abandoned the law with the protectant 
 faith, and devoted himfelf to literature. His 
 preface to the " honnete femme," 01 du Bole 
 procured him high reputation, and fooa after 
 he was reconciled ro the protilant tenets, anl 
 vifited Holland and England, till the damor, 
 excited by h;s religious inconfiitency had been 
 hulhed. He fpent hislait years in retirement, 
 and died of the gravel, 16.4, aged 58. He 
 tranllated into French Tacitus, Minutius Fe ix, 
 Lucian, Ccetar, Arrian Thucydides, and 
 others, he wrote befides, a difcourfe on the 
 immortality of the foul, and an hiftory of 
 Africa, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Perry. "John, an Englifhman, and cap- 
 tain in the navy, employed by Peter the great, 
 of Ruflia, to form a communication between 
 the Woiga and the Don, and in making the 
 Veroniie navigable. Though ufeful to the 
 kingdom, and laborioufly engaged in impro- 
 ving the Ruffian navy, he was unhandlomely 
 treated by the government, and when unable 
 to obtain any remuae ation he quitted the 
 place, 1712, under the protection of the Eng- 
 liih envoy Mr. "Whitworth. Me was enga- 
 ged, in 1 7 21 , in (topping the breach atDagenharr. , 
 in EfTex, of which he publifhed an account. He 
 wrote alfo the ltate of Ruffia, 1716, 8vo. and 
 died 1733. 
 
 Perucino, P'uiro, a painter born 1446, 
 at Perugia. He chiefly excelled in the natural 
 and elegant exprefhon of his female figures. 
 He was the matter of Raphael, and was pa- 
 troniied by Sixtus IV. for whofe chapel at 
 Rome he painted fome beautiful pieces. The 
 lols-of his treafure, which he always carried 
 about him, and of which he was robbed, caufed 
 his death, 1324, in his 78th year. 
 
 Pe&UZZI, Baltb.ifar, eminent as a painter 
 and architect, was born 1481. He wn*s pa- 
 tronifed by the popes, and finimed fome de- 
 figns and models for the ornamenting of St. 
 Peter's. He was taken prifoner when Rome 
 wasfacked by Charles V. but he was reftored 
 to liberty by painting a portrait of Bourbon. 
 His execution of the perfpective, and of the 
 chiaro jbfeuro was fo perfect as to excite the 
 iftonjfhment of Titian. He died poor, 
 
 < Pejselier, Chades Stephen, born at Pa- 
 ris 1 712, united withTallemand in the ma- 
 nagement of the finances of France-, and his 
 plans were applauded by the miniftry. His 
 extreme application to financial affairs proved 
 too powerful for his conltitution, and he fe-1 a 
 victim to exceffive mental fatigue 1763. He 
 wrote cole du tempr, Efope au Parnafle, co- 
 la raafearade ou Parnafle,a comedy in 
 
 one ail, letters on education, 2 vols. lAmo. 
 general idea of the finances, folio, &c. 
 
 Petavius, Dhnyftus, or Denis Pktau, 
 a French jei'uitborn at Orleans, 1583. He was 
 at the age of 19 made profeffor of philofophy 
 at Bourges, and was admitted among the je- 
 fuies in 1605. He defended the catholic re- 
 : ligion againft the proteltants, and his criticifms 
 ' were particularly directed againft Scaliger, and 
 even againlt his friend Cafaubon. He died af- 
 ter a life fpent in the lervice of literature, 
 1652 He was according to GaTendus the 
 mot con&mmate fcholar the jeluits ever had. 
 ; As a chronologic he was particularly eminent, 
 and his Latin is elegant and refined. He wrote 
 I de doctnna temporum, 2 vols. fol. uranologia, 
 j 3 vols. rationarium temporum, fol. and Ley- 
 , den, 2 vols. 8vo. a valuable work abridged by 
 j Le Clerc dogmata theologica, 5 vols. fcl. 
 the pfalms tranllated into Greek verfe, nmo. 
 de ecclefia hierarchy, folio, bef>Aes cohtro- 
 verfial pamphlets. 
 
 Petuion de vili.eneuve, Jerome, of 
 Chartres, quitted the law to become a raen> 
 ber of the constituent aflemhry. His conduit 
 as a legirtator was violent and fadtious, and he 
 contributed much in extinguishing the iplender 
 which furrounded the monarch. Railed to the 
 office of mayor of Paris, he on the 20th of 
 June proved how little he refpedred the unr 
 happy Lewis. His hatred againft the king 
 haitened the horrors of the 10th of Augnit, 
 and of the firft days of Se-tember ; but when 
 he, as firit magistrate, might have checked the 
 30 a/Tiffins who murdered in cold blood the 
 molt innocent victims, he affected to permit 
 the people to" puniih their enemies. The abo- 
 lition of royalty and the fall of Louis comple- 
 ted the gratification of his ambition, but while 
 he wi'hed to guide the deltinies of a republic, 
 he found a rival in Robefpierre, and fell in the 
 Struggle. Outlawed by his opponents, he fled 
 in difgutte, and was fome time after found 
 lifeL-ls in a corn field near St. Emilion in the 
 Gironde, a victim to hunger and mifery, and 
 with his corpfe disfigured and partly devoured 
 by birds of prey, 1793. His friends repre- 
 fented him as a man of obliging manners, and 
 of undeviatmg integrity ; but polterity views 
 him as an ambitious hypocrite, whofe aim was 
 to afcend to the ibvereignty on the ruins of the 
 throne. His political tracts, Ipeeches, Reap- 
 peared in 4 vols. 8vo. 1703. . 
 
 Peter, chief of the apofiles, was fori of 
 John and brother of Andrew. He was fifhing 
 when called by Chrift to become an noodle 
 and he not only obeyed the invitation, but 
 ever after mowed his ftvoiaj attachment to his 
 maiter. He was one of the three apoftles 
 prcfent at the transfiguration, and it was to 
 him particularly that the Saviour recommen- 
 ded the care of his fheep. When Jefus was 
 betrayed Peter dilplayed courage, and cut off 
 the ear of the high prieffs fervant ; but when 
 he law his raalter detained as a malefactor, he- 
 [ S3 ] fcllowe* 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 followed with pufillan'trous curioflty, and 
 
 when queflioned who he w.s$, denied tLree 
 
 . is bleffed maiter. After the afcenficn 
 
 lufs in the caulV of the 
 
 . and by bis pi etching he made many 
 
 a laith. Ui der the perftcutions 
 
 s feized and put to death at 
 
 cified with his head down- 
 
 A. D. 66. He wrote twp epiilles among 
 
 hooks, but the goi'pel, the acls, 
 
 &c. laid toliave been writ en by him are for- 
 
 Peter III, king of Arragcn, succeeded 
 hi* father 1276. As he had married Con 
 fiance daughter of Mainfroy kin? of Sicily, he 
 formed the plan offering the kingdom againit 
 Charles of Anjou, and determined toafTnilinate 
 at one blow all the French in theifland. 'J'tns 
 horrid maflae-re perpetrated on Sailer day, 
 1282, and called Sicili.ni Vefpers, made him 
 eafily mailer of the kingdom. He died at 
 Villefranche, 1285. 
 
 Peter, the Cruel, king of Cailile, fuc- 
 ceeded a: the age of 16, 1350. He was wan- 
 ton and tyrannical, and three days after he 
 had married * lnnche, daughter of the duke 
 of Bourbon, hf repur'. .ted her to renew his 
 infamous connection with Maria de Pradilla 
 his miitrefs. Another queen was treated with 
 equal indignity, and Peter at laft faw his fuft- 
 jeets in rebeiiion ag:jnii him. Though ior a 
 while afliitc-d by the Engliih, he was defeated 
 and fiain, 1369. 
 
 Peter Alexjowitz I. furnamed the 
 i'ueceeded to the throne of Mulcovy, 
 on the death of his brother Theodore, to the 
 exduiion of his elder brother I wan, vvhpfe in- 
 tellects were too feeble to fupport the fatigues 
 ot government. ; "his gave offence to Sophie, 
 his h..lf filler, who roufed into rebellion the 
 Stielitzes a formidable body of militia, but 
 Peter, too wife to foment a civil war. commented 
 to (hare the throne with his brother Iwan. 
 Without educatitn, yet with the irofcgeft 
 powers of nature, Peter felt that much wasriiil 
 to be acquired before he could realize the vail 
 projects of his mind. To counteract the 
 Strelitzes, who were devoted to the intriguing 
 Sophia, and mere inclined to difpute than to 
 obey his commands, he became the favorite 
 of the army, and enlifting as a private foldier 
 in a company dreiTed and diJ'ciplined in the 
 German manner he gradually rote to com- 
 mand by hi* fervices, and by feeing the toils 
 aud privations of a military life, t y the death 
 of his brother in 1696, he became fole 
 emperor, and then conquered Azoph from the 
 Turks. Feeling his inferiority as a naval 
 Power. (6p8 an embafly to Hol- 
 
 land, and went in a dil'guifed character in the 
 ambp.fiador's fuite; and that he might per- 
 ibnJly be acquainted with the procefs of Ihip- 
 buildine, he enrolled himfelf at Amileidam 
 -enters, and worked under 
 the name of mailer Peter. The next year he 
 - )ver to England, where he acquired, the 
 
 complete knowledge of (hip building, and 
 receiving every mark of refpect from Wil- 
 liam III. he left this country, accompanied by 
 feveral Eng'lifh Ibip builders, ami artii 
 From England he went to Vienna ; 1 
 intelligence that Sophia had ru.ied the 
 litzes to rebellion, hallened his return to 
 cow. 'I he ringleaders were punilhed ; but I 
 the princefs, who was the molt guilty, was on- 
 ly confined in a monastery. Improved by the 
 view of foreign countries, and the knowledge 
 of their commercial reiburccs, Peter now dis- 
 played to the world the enlightened plans of 
 his capricious mind. He liberally invited the 
 molt le irned among diftant nations to feek an 
 honorable rcfidence in Ruflia, and to inflruct 
 his uncivilized lubjects in the various arts of 
 life. Rullia was therefore vifited by failors, 
 artifis, mechanics, mathematicians, and adven- 
 turers of eery degree and prcfeliion, and 
 though his fub jeers viewed thefe new li.ttlers 
 with jeaAoufy, Peter lb on mingled and united 
 them by the ftrong ties of mutual depen- 
 dence and focial union. In 1 700 he declared 
 war againit Charles XII. of Sweden, and though 
 defeated by hi.^ enemy, he pejrfevered v\ith 
 undaunted courage, obferving," though 1 
 I mull be overcome for a great while, my ar- 
 mies will at Lift be taught to conquer." In 
 the midlt of his diallers in Poland, ho formed 
 the project 01" erecting a new metropolis on the 
 Baltic lea, and after he had added to his domi- 
 nions the beft part of Livonia and Ingria, he 
 in 1703 laid the foundations of Peterfburg. 
 At lult the battle of Pultowa, in 1709, crown- 
 ed his earneit willies, and he law the long vic^ 
 torious Swedes conquered, and their heroic 
 leader ( harles obliged to fly. Peter uied this 
 victory like a wife man ; the Swedifh prifoners 
 were induced to fettle among their conquerors, 
 and not lef> than 3000 officers were prevailed 
 upon to fix their refidence and fpread civiliza- 
 tion, improvement, and the arts of polilhed 
 life, in various parts of his extenfive empire. 
 In coniequence of the victory of Pultowa, 
 Peter lecured the pofleflion of Livonia and In- 
 gria, to which he added part of Pomerania and 
 Finland ; but the intrigues of Charles XII, at 
 the Tuikifh court, at lait prevailed upon the 
 Ottomans to break the truce, and in 1712 
 Peter was fuddenlv furrounded on tlie banks 
 of the Pruth, and his army devoted to de- 
 ftrucrion. While he gonfidered every thing 
 as loft, his wife Catherine, offering a large 
 bribe to tlie grand vizier, laved her hufband's 
 honor, and his army, and in coniequence of 
 this the grateful czar eflabliihed the order of 
 St. Catherine, into which only women are ad- 
 mitted. After the treaty of peace with Charles. 
 XII. Peter vifited again foreign countries. In 
 I7l6bewas in Denmark, and after vifiting 
 the fchools, public places, and curiofities, he 
 paffed to Hamburgh, Hanover, Wolfenbuttle, 
 and Holland, and the next year proceeded to, 
 Paris. In the capital of France he was re- 
 ceived with great ceremony 5 but defpifing the 
 % pomp 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 pomp and pageantry of greatnefs, he prefer- 
 red the conversation of the learned, and return- 
 ed home better pleaied with the information 
 which he had received, than with the unmean- 
 ing marks of homage paid to his imperial rank. 
 When at Paris he vifited the tomb of Riche- 
 lieu, exclaiming, great minuter, would it 
 might have happened you had lived in my age, 
 I would have granted you half of my domini- 
 ons to learn from you how to govern the reft." 
 Returned to Rutiia, Peter labored to reform 
 -and improve the character of his country. Af- 
 ter breaking gr dually to pieces the dangerous 
 eftablhhment of the Strelitzes, he appointed 
 a regular body of 100,000 troops ; he built a 
 navy of 40 (hips of the line ; he eflabli.hed col- 
 leges and fchools of medicine, botany, belles 
 lettres, &c. in the chief cities of his dominions, 
 a.id by purchasing pictures of celebrity from 
 Italy, he introduced a tafte for painting and 
 the fine arts among his lubjects ; and made the 
 largeft poilible collections of books and manu- 
 scripts in various languages, wifely distributed 
 where they could prove mod uleful. Reli- 
 gion, pure and uncorrupt, was made, as far as 
 his zealous endeavours could, to fuperfede fu- 
 perltition and ignorance ; the patriarchate 
 once formidable: even to the Sovereign, 
 was abolifhed, and the people were inftructed 
 in their own, and not in a foreign language. 
 The laws \\\ re rendered more (imple, decifions 
 were to be announced before the expiration 
 of 11 days ; and in ihort every meafure which 
 could tend to meliorate the fituation of the 
 people, ro increafe their knowledge, and to 
 contribute to their comfort, was, with the 
 moft liberal pol ; cy, adopted and enforced. This 
 truly great and worthy prince died of a ftran- 
 gury, caufed by an impofthume in the neck 
 of his bladder, 28th Jan. 1725, in his 53d 
 year. Peter had a ion, Alexis, who lived to 
 the age of manhood ; but engaged ina confpiracy 
 in 1 71 7, agajnft his father, and was condemned 
 to die ; and though the Sentence was fufpended, 
 he died Some lhort time after, not without SuSpi- 
 cion of being cut off privately by the czar, as 
 Several of his accomplices fuffered the feverelt 
 puniihment of the law. At his death, Peter 
 appointed for his fucceflbr his widow Cathe- 
 rine, whom, from a foldier's wife, he had 
 raifed, in confequence of her heroic character, 
 to (hare his bed and his throne. Peter wrote 
 Several pieces on naval affairs. 
 
 Peter II emperor of Ruflia, Son of Alexis 
 Petrowitz, fucceeded the emprefs Catherine, 
 at the age of 13, in 1727. The prominent 
 feature of his reign is the banifhment into Si- 
 beria, of the great favorite Menzikoff. The 
 emperor died of the Small- pox, 1730, aged 
 
 Peter III. emperor of Ruflia, fon of Anne 
 the eldeft daughter of Peter the Great, was 
 born 1728, and afcended the throne after 
 the emprefs Elizabeth, 1761. The beginning 
 of his reign was aufpicious ; he admired the 
 character of the heroic king of Pruffia, but 
 
 I unfortunrtely wanted the vigor and decUioa 
 which marked that great man. His attempts 
 therefore to reform his people proved abortive, 
 and rendered him contemptibl ;fo that hi; wife 
 Catherine taking advantage of nis timidity, de- 
 throned him, 6th July, 1762, and aiTimtd 
 the reins of government under the nam ; of 
 Catherine II. Peter died feven days after; 
 but though his death is attributed to an he- 
 morrhoidal flux, it is too evident that violence 
 terminated his exillence. 
 
 Peter, of Cluni, or the Venerable, was 
 born in Auvergne, and was made in 11*1, 
 general of the order of Cluni. He received at 
 his abbey pope Innocent II. in 1130, and af- 
 terwards granted a kind afylum to the unfor- 
 tunate Abelard. He died 1156, aged 6.5. 
 He wrote treatifes on the divinity of Chnit 
 againft the Jews on infant baptifm the au- 
 thority of the church, &c. 
 
 Peter, an eccleliaftic of Blois, preceptor 
 and Secretary to William II. king of Sicily. 
 He was invited by Henry II. to England, 
 where he obtained the archdeaconry of Bath, 
 and afterwards that of London, he died in 
 England 1 200. Of his writings, 183 letters, 
 65 Sermons, &c. have been preferved, &c. 
 
 Peter, the Hermit, a gentleman of 
 Amiens, who quitted the nsilitary profeftton 
 to become a pilgrim. Under the expectation 
 of the immediate diflblution of the world, he, 
 with many other deluded men,haftened to the 
 Holy Land in 1093, that ha might terminate 
 his days in a fpot where the Saviour was born. 
 On his return hefpoke in fo affecting a manner 
 of the cruel treatment which the Chriftians ex- 
 perienced in Palestine, that Urban II. Sent him 
 over Europe to preach a general crufade to 
 deliver the Holy Land from the infidels The 
 eloquence of Peter, and the Spirit of the times 
 prevailed ; a numerous concourfe of people 
 flocked together, and the holy hermit began 
 his march at the head of above 40,000 men. 
 In crofting Hungary this religious army 
 committed the moit horrid exceifes, and 
 fo provoked the inhabitants that in (kir- 
 mifhes with them and with the Turks, 
 many loft their lives and only 3000 reach- 
 ed the gates of Conitantinople. In advan- 
 cing through Ada the (lege of Antiocli de- 
 layed their progrefs, and Peter would have 
 abandoned the enterprise had he not been 
 bound by an oath by 1 ancred to fhare 
 the dangers of the crufade. At the con- 
 queft of the Holy Land, and in the (lege 
 of Jerufalem 1099, Peter behaved with 
 valor, and for his fervices was appointed vi- 
 car-general of Palelline. He afterwards re- 
 turned to Europe, and died at the abbey 
 of New-Montier, which he had founded. 
 
 Peter the wild boy, a youth found in a 
 favage date in the woods in nnover, 1726, 
 where he had lived for fome time on berries 
 and roots. He was about 12 years old, but it 
 is unknown how long he had been in that wild 
 ftate ; though from the remains f <t Ihkt cel- 
 [2>4] la* 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 lar i\uind about his neck, it is probable he had 
 not been many years expofed. He Carrie to 
 Kncbnd in 17x7, and was placed at a rartn- 
 houfe at North Church, Herts; but neither 
 care ncr imitation could ever make Htm art!- 
 . and he died in 1725, a melin- 
 choly lpectacle of favage idiotifm, and uftciyj- 
 nature. He was in his conduct very 
 tradable. The government handfomely al- 
 lowed a perrfion of 35L a-yea for his fupport. 
 
 Peter Lombard, Vid. Lombard. 
 
 Pet ci Martyr, Vid. Martyr. 
 
 Peter d'Osma, nn ecclefiaftic of the 
 15th century, at Salamanca. He preached 
 nd wrote ag.iinft the doctrines and the infall- 
 bility of the church of Rome, fo that the 
 archbiihop of Toledo ordered his writings to 
 be burnt. 
 
 Peters, Bona-jcnture, of Antwerp, emi- 
 nent as a painter. His fea ftorms, and other 
 jnarine piece*, are highly admired. He died 
 2652, aged 38. 
 
 Peters, Hugh, of Fowey in Cornwall, 
 was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 from which he was expelled for irregularity. 
 He next was an actor on the ftage, and ac- 
 quired celebrity in buffoon characters, and af- 
 terwards was ordained and obtained the lecture- 
 ship of St. Sepulchre's, London. An intrigue 
 with a married woman drove him from Eng 
 land, and after joining the independents at 
 Rotterdam, he palled to North America; but 
 on the breaking out of the civil wars, he re- 
 turned to Engbnd. He engaged in the caufe 
 of the parliament, whofe interefts he pro- 
 meted in the pulpit. He was fo instrumental 
 to the king's condemnation, that, at the re- 
 iteration, he was excepted from the act. of 
 pardon, and therefore was hanged and quar- 
 tered 1660 He' was then 61. 
 
 Peters, Hugh, *x\ English jefuit, known 
 inhiftory as the cenfeflbr of James II. His 
 advice contributed much to the raih nieafures 
 which rendered the monarch fo unpopular, 
 and which at laft haftened his ruin. 
 
 Petit, Join Leiits, a fur /eon, born at 
 Paris, 1674. In 1736 he was invited to Po- 
 lind. ta-cure the king, and he was equally 
 :'ul in his attendance, in 1734, on For 
 dinand, afterwards king of Spain. Though 
 folicitcd to fettle abroad, he preferred his na- 
 tive country, where he was honored with a 
 feat in the academy of fciences, and with the 
 rank of recVr of the royal fchool of forgery. 
 He died at Paris 1 750, aged 77. He invented 
 fome valuable fuigical ir.ilruments, and wrote 
 al.o ; furgery, puhlifhed in 3 vols. 8vo. hy 
 I.efne, 1774 uentife on the difeafes of the 
 bones, 2 vol?, nmo. &c. 
 
 Petit, Anthony, a phyfician of Orleans, 
 who wrote chit urgic.-l anr.tr, my, 1 vols. num. 
 difcourfe on furgery, &c. and died 1794, 
 72. 
 
 PETIT, Samuel, of Nifmes, became prc- 
 
 of Greek and Hebrew at 
 
 Geneva, where he dkd 1645, 3 S<^ Ji. He 
 
 wrote mifcellanea eclogas chronologies?, 410. 
 leges Atticce, folio, a valuable work, &c. 
 
 Petit, Peter, a French mathematician, 
 employed as engineer by Richelieu, to vifit 
 the fea ports, and fuggdt improvements. He 
 died 1677. He was author of traatifes on 
 the compafsof proportion on the construction 
 and ufe of the calibre of artillery on co- 
 mets, &c. 
 
 Petit, Peter, a learned Frenchman, horrt 
 at Paris 1617. He Studied medicine, hut 
 neglected the profefTion, and died 1687. 
 His works ate various. He wrote a treatifg 
 on the motion of animals Homeri nepenthes, 
 gvo. a Latin treatife on the Amazons, 8vo. 
 and in French, 2 vols. 8vo. Sec. 
 
 Petitot, John, a painter born at Ge- 
 neva 1607. With Border his friend, after- 
 wards his brother-in-law, he travelled into 
 Italy, and by Studying chemistry obtained a 
 perfect knowledge of the preparation and ma- 
 nagement of colors They afterwards came 
 to England, and Petitot had the honor to 
 take portraits of Charles I., and of his family. 
 The death of his patron obliged him to fly to 
 Paris, where he was treated with kindnefs by 
 the fecond Charles, and noticed oy Lewis 
 XIV. who granted him a penfion. The re- 
 vocation of the edict of Nantes terrified the 
 painter, who was a zealous proteftant, and af- 
 ter 36 years of refidence he quitted France 
 for Geneva. He died at Vevay in Berne 
 1 69 1, aged 84. In his private character he 
 was very amiable, and of the meekeSt difpofi- 
 tion. He lived in the greatest harmony with 
 his brother-in law for 50 years, and Separated 
 from him only when their refpective families 
 became too numerous for the comforts and 
 privacy of one houfe. In the completion of 
 his pictures he painted the heads and hands 
 with aftoniihing effect of coloring, and Bordier 
 painted the hair, the draperies and the ground. j 
 He is defervedly regarded as the inventor of 
 painting in enamel, in which he greatly ex- 
 celled. 
 
 Petiver, James, an English botanift, apo- 
 thecary to the Charter houfe. Sir Hans 
 Sloane offered him 4000I. for his valuable 
 mufeum, and he afterwards obtained it when 
 dilpofed of after his death. He died 171 8. 
 He published mufasi Petiverinni centurkc de- 
 cern, folio a catalogue of the plants on the 
 mountains near Geneva pterigraphia Ameri- 
 cana, folio plantac rariores ChinenSes, &c. 
 
 Petrarch, Francis, a celebrated Italian 
 poet, defervedly called the father f modern 
 poetry. His father driven from Florei 
 the party of the Ncri, lotived to Arezzd, 
 where the poet was born. 1304. Afterwards 
 the father fettled at Avignon, and lent his ion 
 to the fchool of Carpentras ; and there, and 
 at Montpellicr and Bologna he comph 
 education. The future bard w;is intended for 
 the law, but poetry, eloquence, and hiliorj 
 had greater charms for him. Lofing his mo- 
 ther in 1324, and his father the next year, he 
 
 fixes 
 
PET 
 
 PET 
 
 fixed his refidence at Vauclufe, five miles from 
 Avignon, where he devoted himfelf to literary 
 ptirluits. This fpot became t-ndrared to him 
 from his love for the beautiful Laura de No- 
 ves, whom he firlt law and pafhonately ad- 
 mired in 1627 ; but though the feelings of his 
 heart were conveyed in the rapturous lan- 
 guage of elegant poetry, he could, it is faid, 
 make no impreflion on the unkind fair. To 
 divert his affections, he travelled, and after vi- 
 fiting Paris, Flanders, Germany, and Rome, he 
 wa- perfuaded to enter into the fervice of 
 John XXII. The love of Vauclufe and of 
 Laura, however, prevailed over the tempta- 
 tions of greatneis ; and Petrarch, once more 
 reitored to his favorite feat, again devote* his 
 hours to ftudious purfuits, and to the praiies of 
 his beloved miftrefs. The fweetnefs of his 
 poetry, and the graces of his mufe, fpread his 
 celebrity beyond the confines of Avignon, and 
 at the fame moment he was folicited by the 
 fenate of Rome, by the univerfify of Paris, 
 and by the king of Naples, to come and receive 
 the poetical crown. he offers of Rome, once 
 the miftrefs of the world, and the cradle of 
 poets, hiftorians, and orators, were too flatter- 
 ing to be withftood, and the modeft bard ap- 
 peared in the capitol, where the poetic crown 
 was fixed on his head with the moil folemn 
 ceremony on Eavter-day, 1 3 41, and he was 
 declared a citizen of Rome. In 1343 he was 
 drawn from his favorite Vauclufe by Cle- 
 men t VI. who fent him to compliment Joan 
 on her acceffion to the Neapolitan crown. 
 While at Verona, he was informed of the 
 death of Laura, a melancholy event which 
 deeply affected him, and which he immorta- 
 lized by all the powers of poetry. In 135a he 
 bid adieu for ever to Vauclufe, which the 
 death of Laura had converted from a fcene of 
 pleafure to melancholy reflection ; and enter- 
 ing in the fervice of the Vifconti, he engaged 
 in negociations. Though informed that his 
 patrimony was reftored by the Florentines, he 
 preferred to thefe new honors the peaceful 
 retreat of Arqua, near Padua, given him 
 by his friend de Carrara, and there he 
 died July 1374, aged 70. Petrarch was an 
 ecclefiaflic, Chough he never took prieft's or- 
 ders. He was in private life a very amiable 
 character, and was guided by moderation, 
 though flattered by the great, and honored by 
 the powerful. Hrs palHon for Laura was of 
 the pureft kind, though fomc have ventured 
 to affert, that it was not unmixed with the mitt 
 licentious concelions. Petrarch as n poet is 
 defervedly celebrated as one of the rellonrs of 
 claflical learning) and he difplayed all the 
 powers of genius and poetic il infpiration. not 
 only in his own native language, but in La- 
 tin. His fonnets are efteemed as the lweeteft, 
 the mo!t elegant, and mod highly fiuifhed { 
 verfes ever written in Italian, and his fongs 
 poflefs equal beauty and grace. His Latin 
 poems are not entitled to fimilar praife. His 
 Africa, or the Punic war, is cenfured as ' 
 
 faulty and unclaffical. His other works are 
 de remediis utriulque fortunae, 4to. tranflated 
 into French de otio rehgiolbrum de veri 
 fapientifi- de vita folitaria- de contemptu 
 mundi rerum memorabilium lihri lex- de 
 republica optime adminiitranda, _&c. 
 
 Pet re fir William, of Exeter, was edu- 
 cated at F.xeter college, Oxford, and became 
 fellow of All-fouls He was appointed princi- 
 pal of Peckwater !nn, and recommended to 
 lord Cromwell, who employed him in vifiting 
 thf monafteries, and in the plunder of eccle- 
 fiafticl property he received a confiderable 
 lhare. He continued in power under Henry 
 Vill. Edward VI and Mary, though their 
 politics were very difHmilar ; and under Eli- 
 zabeth he was fecretary of flate. He died 1571. 
 
 PETTus,y/>- Jfjbn, of Suffolk, was deputy 
 governor of the royal mines, and member of 
 parliament in the reign of Charle* II. He 
 wrote the hiifory, laws, and places of the chief 
 mines and mineral works in England and 
 Wales, fol. volatiles from the hiitory of 
 Adam and Eve, 8vo. England's indepen- 
 dency of the papal power, 4to. Seta minor, 
 or the laws of art and nature in knowing, &x. 
 of metals, fol. &c. He died 1690. 
 
 Petty, ftr William, an eminent writer,, 
 born 1623, at Rumfev-Hants, where his fa- 
 ther was a clothier. From the grammar 
 fchool of his native town, where he acquired 
 a competent knowledge of Latin, Greek, and 
 French, befides arithmetic, geometry, dialling 
 and navigation, he at the age of 15 went to 
 the univerfny of Caen. At the age of ao, 
 being matter, as he fays himfelf, of three 
 (core pounds he determined to travel abroad to 
 augment his flock of knowledge. He vifited 
 Leyden, Utrecht, Amfterdam, and Paris, 
 where he ftudied medicine. In 1647 he ob- 
 tained from the parliament a patent for his 
 invention of a machine for double writing; 
 but though he did not fucceed, it recommended 
 him to the learned, and he became afh'ftant 
 to the anatomical profeffor at Oxford. He 
 obtained a fellowfhip at Brazen-nofe 1649, 
 and two years after was made profeffor of ana- 
 tomy, andjbon after nunc profeffor at Greflum 
 college. In 1652 he went as phylician to the 
 army in Ireland, and in 1654 began to meafure 
 the various eftates of the ifland, fo that by his 
 perievennce there was no eftate worth 60I. 
 per annum, but was accurately marked. Ho 
 was about this time acculed of lbme mifde- 
 meanors, and though he could have vindicated 
 his innocence, and proved the malice of his 
 enemies, he was difmifTed from his employ- 
 ments. At the reltoration he was treated, 
 with great attention by the king, and knighted, 
 and cieated furvevor general of Ireland. 
 About 1663 he invented his double bottomed 
 .hip, which could fail againft wind and tide. 
 Sir William, vvhofe mind was perpetuallv en- 
 gaged in ufeful projects and ingenious inven- 
 tions, paid particular attention to his own in- 
 teiciis, and acquired opulence by being con- 
 cerned 
 
PEY 
 
 PFE 
 
 in irrm works, in a pilchard finery, in 
 
 ud in the timber trade. Though 
 
 rer by the fire of London, in 1666, he 
 
 I iluc of 
 
 I 6 per cent. 
 
 . He died of a gangrene in his foot, 
 occriicncd by the gout, in WeftmimUr 1687. 
 
 1 was created lord Shelburne, by king 
 
 :. Mr William tfas a molt correct and 
 
 ent writer, and his various pamphlets 
 
 .cis of political economy, national and 
 o mmerci..l purfuits, and financial affairs, 
 minting to nearly 30, diiplay his abilities 
 as a man of fuperior knowledge, extenfive in- 
 
 M, and the moil confummate judg- 
 ment. 
 
 Pi -. of Skipton, Yorkshire, 
 
 ftudied the law, and was bencher and trea- 
 
 ! the Inner 'temple, and keepei of the 
 records in IBt Tower, ttt wrote the undent 
 rights of 'he OMttnfaM alfertcd. 8vo. a fum- 
 rcary review of the kings and government of 
 
 d,and of tiie jus parlumcnurium, folio. 
 Me dud i"0-. 
 
 Peucer, Gafpn (L, of Bautzen, in Lufatia, 
 I -fcllbr of medicine at Wittembere, a::d 
 married la daughter, whofe works 
 
 heediud 5 vols folio. He was for 10 years 
 imprkbr.ed for his opinions, and during that 
 rime he committed his thoughts on the mar- 
 gins of old hooks by means of ink; which lie 
 made with burnt cruits of bread infu&d in 
 wine. He died 160:. He wrote de pneci- 
 puis dirinatiunum generibus methodus. cu- 
 randi morbos internos de febrihua the 
 names of monies, weights and meajures, &c. 
 Feutemax, Peter, a painter of Rotter- 
 dam. It is laid' that he was roufed by an 
 earthquake from fleep, in the OtflecTirig 1:00m 
 of an anatomical fchool, which he had entered 
 to become more familiarized with the appear- 
 ances of dead bodies, in the reprefentatbn of 
 sbuM frenes in which he was engaged; and 
 when he faw, during the concufhon, the ikele- 
 lU in motion from the ceiling, and the 
 ikulls rolling aroand him, he fled with terror 
 and precipitation, and nawsr recovered from 
 the ihock, but died foon after, 1692, aged 42. 
 PkBTlNGEK, Conrad, of Augfburg, was 
 fecretary to the "feriate of his city. He was 
 alio an able negociator in fome of the Eu- 
 ropean courts. He died 1547. He pub- 
 liuSed conrivial diicourf s, 8vo. de inoina- 
 tione Romani imperii 6c gentium comrnigra- 
 rionibus de rebus Gothorum, fol Romance 
 *etuftatis fragments in Augulta Vindelicorum, 
 fol. 
 
 Petkr, 'John Conrad, of Schaffhaufch,' in 
 the 17th century, is famous for giving firlt an 
 account of the intelVmal glands, and of the 
 fluid which lubricate* the inteftines. He pub- 
 tio r.natomico-medica, &c. 
 rRE, Ijaac, a protectant of Bow*, 
 deaux. He was impriloned at Brut* Is for 
 publifhm 1 br,ok to prove that Adam v as not 
 
 t man; and when let at liberty, he 
 
 'rent to Rome where he abjured his opinions 
 and Calvinifm. He died 1676, aged 84. 
 He wrote a relation of Greenland. 8vo. of 
 Iceland, 3\o. &c. 
 
 PuYROUSE, yU pEROUSK. 
 
 Ply 3. -on n el, Chui.Us, of MarfeiHes, .vent 
 as fecretary to Vdleneuve the ambalfador to 
 Constantinople, and travelled over Afia Mi- 
 nor, and accurately marked the fituation of 
 ibme of the molt famous cities of ancient times, 
 and mad* a valuable collection of medal*, 
 coins, and curiofities. He was afterwards 
 conful at Smyrna He wrote befides an 
 eulogy on maidial Viilars a diilertation on 
 coral, and other pieces on commerce, &c. 
 He died T 7 5 7 , aged 69. * is Ion alfo, conful 
 at Smyrna, was a man of fcience and general 
 information. He wrote historical obfervations 
 on the barbarians on the (borea of the Euxine 
 and the Danube, 4to. obfervations on baron 
 do Tott's memoirs. 8vo k-s numeroa, 4 vols. 
 X2mo. often edited treadle on the commerce 
 of the Black Sea, 2 vols.'ivo. political fituarion 
 of Fiance, 2 vols. 8vo. Stc. He died 1790, 
 at the age of 80 
 
 PeZAY, Majfon, Marquis of, captain of 
 dragoons, inftructed Lewis XVI in military 
 tactics, and was made inlpetlor general of 
 the coafts. In confluence of complaints 
 made againlt him he was banifhed to his ef- 
 tate, where he died 1778. ' e wrote poetry 
 with great iuccels. His Zelis au bain, in DJC 
 cantos les foirees hdvetienues, &c. and the 
 Campaign* of Maillebois, 3 vols, are admired. 
 
 PegENAJ, Efprit, a jel'uit, born at Avig- 
 non, where be alio died 1776, aged 84. He 
 was profefloi of phiiolbphy and hydography at 
 MarfeiHes. He wrote a tr^atile on pilotage, 
 8vb. theory of gauging, 8vo. memoirs of 
 mathematics and phiiolbphy, &c, befides 
 translations of Machunn's ajgebsa and fluxions 
 Delagulier's experimental phiiolbphy 
 Wards young mathematician's guide Baker 
 on the microlcope Smith's optics, &c. 
 
 Pezuox, Paul, a frenchman of Bretagne, 
 who employed much time in tracing the origin 
 of the language of the Goths, and fet up a 
 new lyitem of chronology, in which he fup- 
 pofed that the world was far more ancient 
 than 4000 years ; but nearer 6000 before 
 the birth of Chrift. He died 1 706. Hi;, 
 works were 1'antiquite des temps retablie, 4to. 
 in which he defends the chronology of the 
 feptuagint againft that of the Hebrew text 1 
 a vindication of that work, &c. evangelical 
 hiitory confirmed by Jewifh and Roman Hif- 
 tories, kc. 
 
 Planner, Tohias, called the living ar- 
 chives of the houle of Saxony, was iecre-. 
 tary of the archives to the duke of Saxe 
 Gotha. He was born at Auglburg, and died 
 at Gotha 17 1 7, aged 76. He wrote the hii- 
 tory' of the peace of Weftphalia, 8vo the 
 hiitory of the affembiies of 1652-4. &c. 
 
 Pi effercorn, John, z converted Jew, 
 who wifhed to perfuade the emperor Maxi- 
 
 miliaR 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 milian to burn all Hebrew books except the < 
 b.bic, becaufe they contained magic blalphe- , 
 mie-s. This would have been adopted, had not ! 
 Caprin and Ulric de Hutten exerted them- 
 Iblvea fuccefsfully agaiaft it. He wrote nar- 
 ratio de ratione ctlebrandi Pafcha apud Ju- 
 jlwx d abolendis Jiukeorum fcriptis, &c. 
 and died about 15 20. 
 
 PFtiKFKR, LeivJs, of Lucerne, was dif 
 Ciftguithed in the fervice of Charles !X. of 
 France. At the retreat of Meaux, he pre- 
 tbat monarch's life againft the manoeu- 
 vres of Coodc, and contributed to the victory 
 of Mont:ontour in C569. He influenced the 
 .Swifs to favor the duke of Guife, and after- 
 wards retired to his native country, where he 
 died 1504, aged 64. 
 
 Ph.XDK.U3, Thomas profeffor of ehxiuence 
 at Rome, and keeper of rhe Vatican library in 
 the 1 6th century, obtained that n me in con- 
 fequence of performing Phcedra in Seneca's 
 Hippulytus. He prepared fome learned works 
 for tile prei's; but was run over by a cart, 
 and though not wounded died of the fright. 
 
 Phai:r, Thomas a phyfician educated at 
 Oxford He pubiifhed various works chiefly 
 compiled from me French, and trauilated the 
 nine fhlt bocks, and part of the 10th of Vir- 
 gil's vEneid, in Alexandrines of L'evcn feet. 
 He died loon after, 1560. 
 
 Phakamiixd, tirft king of France, and au- 
 thor of the famous fhlique law, which forbad the 
 fuccellion of females, reigned at Treves about 
 420. 
 
 Philei.phus, Francis, a learned Italian, 
 born in the march of Ancona, 1398. He 
 was profelfor of eloquence at Venice, and 
 went as fecretary to an enibaify to Coultanti- 
 nople, where he married the daughter of 
 ChryiVtloras, 1419. He afterwards taught % at 
 Venice, and other Italian univerfities; but he 
 was lo fenfible of his eminence in literature 
 that he wilhed to tyrannize over the reft of 
 the Lu-ned, and therefore he quarrelled with 
 literary men, and with Cofmo de Medicis his 
 patron. He died at Florence 1481, aged 83. 
 He wrote treatifes de morali dilcinlina de 
 exilio de jocis 8c fern's conviviorum dia- 
 logues, ^des, and peems, &c. 
 
 Phiudor, N. a French mufician of great 
 eminence. He wrote popular operas for the 
 Parifian theatres, and fet to mitfic the carmen 
 ieculare of Horace, much admired both at Pa- 
 ris and in London. As a chefs player he was 
 iuperior to every other living pert'ow, lb that a 
 little before his death he, though blind, and 
 aged 80, laid a wager againlt two fkilful 
 players, and beat, them both at the fame time. 
 He died in London 179J. 
 
 Philip, Si. of Bethfudn, was the firlt 
 whom Jefus called to be his difciple. He was 
 a filherman. He preached the goipel in 
 Phrygia, and died at hierapolis, though fome 
 fuppofe that he fuffered martyrdom. The 
 peribn who converted Candace's eunuch was 
 alio of that name. 
 
 Philip!, king of France, fucceeded 1060, 
 at the age of eight. His minority was under 
 the care of Baldwin V. count of Flanders. He 
 was defeated by the Flemings, and oppofed 
 with fueceis by William the conqueror of 
 England ; but he forgot his misfortunes in vo- 
 luptuous pleafures. Diffaristied with his queen 
 Bertha, he carried away Bertrade the wife of 
 the count of Anjou, and married her, for 
 which he was excommunicated. He was after- 
 wards reconciled to the, church, and his mar- 
 rfage with Bertrade declared valid. He died 
 1 108. 
 
 Philip II. king of France, furnamed Au- 
 Ijuihis, i'ucceeded-lus father Lewis VII. 1180, 
 when I > years old. The king of England in- 
 vaded his dominions; but Philip obliged him 
 to renounce his pretenfions, and to renew the 
 treaties between the two kingdoms. In peace 
 he devoted hhnfelf wifely to improve the cha- 
 racter of his fubjedls. Public robberies were 
 repreffed, the ftreets of Pari* were paved, and 
 the whole city was fortified' with battlements. 
 He afterwards accompanied the crufaders to 
 the Holy Land, and with Richara I. of Eng- 
 land he laid liege to Acre, at the head of 
 300,000 men ; but though victorious, he re- 
 turned to Europe with little glory, and with 
 no folid advantage. Though Philip had lworn 
 on the goipels, not to make any attempt againffc 
 Richard's dominions, in his abfence, he in- 
 vaded Normandy, and took Evreux, and other 
 places. In 11 90 Philip fupported the preten- 
 tions of Arthur to the crown f England 
 againft his uncle John, and on the murder of 
 the prince, the guilty monarch was fummoned 
 before the peers of France, and deprived of his 
 dominions on the continent. The French 
 monarch was empowered belides by Innocent II. 
 to feize England , but during the preparations 
 John refigned his dominions to the holy fee, 
 and Philip was required to defid from attempts 
 againft the fief of the church. Afterwards 
 Philip prevailed upon the Englifh barons, who 
 offered him the crown, to call to their afiillance 
 his ion Lewis, who, confecjuently, invaded the 
 Britifh dominions, and W2S crowned king at 
 London. The death of John, however, frus- 
 trated the plans of Phihp; and Lewis returned 
 a private man to France. Philip died foon 
 after at Nantes 1223, aged 59. He was a 
 wife and politic prince, intrepid as a warrior, 
 enlightened as a legiflator, and impartial as a 
 judge. 
 
 PhIlip III. or the Hardy, was proclaimed 
 king 1270, in Africa, on the death of his fa- 
 ther Lewis IX. whom he accompanied againft 
 the infidels. After defeating the Saracens, 
 anu making a truce for 10 years with the king 
 of Tunis, he returned to France. The mur- 
 der of the French at the Sicilian velpcrs, 
 roofed his indignation, and he attacked Peter 
 of Arragon, the caufe of the calamity, and 
 took thq towns of Elna and of Cironne, 
 and might have enlarged his conquelts, had 
 he not been feized by a violent fever, which 
 
 proved 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 r-rrwed fatal at Perpignan 12S5, in his 41ft 
 year. 
 
 Ph:iip Ife or the Fair, fncceeded his fa- 
 ther Philip III. II thy v- of T7. He engaged 
 in a quarrel with Edward I. of England, but 
 he proved ftori us in Guienne and at Fumes, 
 H96, though fix years after he loft the battle 
 of Courtrai, in which the count of Artois and 
 XO.OOO of the cholen troops of France loft 
 their lives. He disputed with Boniface VIII. 
 and oppofed the claims of the holy fee, in the 
 eollation of benefice;,, for whieh he was ex- 
 communicated ; but undifmayed, he ordered 
 the pope's bull to be burned with every mark 
 f indignity. A reconciliation was afterwards 
 effected with the pope's fucceffors. Philip 
 died by a fall from his horfe 13 14, aged 46. 
 
 Philip V. furnamed the Long, fucceeded 
 after his brother Lewis Hutin, 13 16, to the 
 exclufion of his niece, agreeable to the Salique 
 law. He formed the plan of equalizing weights 
 and meafures ov*r his dominions, but could 
 never effect it. During his reign leprofy was 
 very prevalent, and as those afflicted with that 
 dubrder were exonerated from taxes, and en- 
 joyed peculiar immunities ; inftead of being 
 lefTened, the etil increafed till the general in- 
 dignation was excited, and the wretched iuf- 
 ferers, accufed of flagitious crimes, were either 
 put to death, or confined in prifons. The 
 king died 153 1, aged a8. 
 
 Philip de V.u.ois, firft king of France, 
 of the branch of the Valois, attended the 
 throne on the death of Charles the Fair, 1328. 
 His elevation was difputed by Edward III. of 
 England, and a terrible war was kindled be- 
 tween the two nations. Edward invaded the 
 country, and victory marked his fteps. His 
 fleet defeated the French fliips in 1340, and 
 in 1346 the battle of Creffy was fought, in 
 which France loft nearly 30,000 men. The 
 lofs of Calais, and other important places, were 
 the rewards of this fignal victory. Philip died 
 I350. aged 57. 
 
 Philip I. fon of the emperor Maximilian, 
 obtained the Spanifh crown. He was of mo- 
 derate abilities, but regarded as the faireft man 
 of his age. He died at Burgos ijo6, iged 
 
 Philip II. fon of Charles V. was king of 
 
 and Sicily, in 1554, on his father's 
 
 abdication, and king of England by marriage 
 
 with queen Mary, and two years after he 
 
 alrended the Spaniih throne by the refignation 
 
 of his father. He obtained the famous victory 
 
 of St. Quintin m 1557, during which, it is 
 
 Co terrified, that he made two 
 
 vows; the one, never again to appear in a 
 
 fight, and the next, to er< c\ a muiiaftery to 
 
 " ' " 1 rfiil influence he 
 
 I'.cels of his m$. This victory, 
 
 whuh iade him matter of France, 
 
 ' C capture of only 
 
 lieaiing 
 it Raris, 
 
 back with contempt on the meffenger. San- 
 guinary in his conduct, and violent in his 
 meafures, Philip alienated the affections of the 
 Flemings, vvho, harafled by his oppretfions, 
 threw oft' the yoke. In vain Alva, by valor 
 and feverity, attempted to reltore fubordina- 
 tion; feven provinces were fevered from the ss 
 Spaniih yoke, and under the name of United 
 Provinces, eftablifhed their independence. I 
 Philip fubdued Portugal to his power, and 
 formed plans for the 1 abjection of England, 
 which the death of Mary had placed under 
 the adminiftration of Elizabeth. In 1558 the 
 invincible armada failed from Lifbon, for the 
 conqueft of England ; but the ftorms and the 
 valor of the Englilh were enemies which the 
 ambitious monarch was not prepared to en- 
 counter. The fleet was difperfed and cut to 
 pieces, and when Philip heard of the lofs of 
 his 100 fhips, and of 20,000 of his men, he 
 replied with great refignation, I had fent my 
 fleet againft the Englifh, and not againft the 
 winds; the Lord's will be done. He died 
 1598, aged 72. Though repreiented by fome, 
 ferocious and unprincipled as '1 iberius, and by 
 others, wife and difcreet as Solomon, Philip 
 may be confidered as a man of great abilities, 
 too much, indeed, guided by fuperftition, and 
 too Itrengly attached to family pride, and the 
 love of univerfal dominion, yet, endowed with 
 fagacity, able and eager to diftinguifn merit, 
 and during a long reign, if not the firft man, 
 yet the chief perionage in Europe. 
 
 Philip III. fon of Philip II. fucceeded on 
 the Spar.ifh throne at the age of 23. He 
 made himfelf mafter of Oitend by his general 
 Spinola, after a (lege of three years, and the 
 lofs of 80,900 me.-. ; but by m-king peace 
 with his enemies, he eftablifhed the houfe of 
 Naflau in the poffeflion of the rebellious pro- 
 vinces of Holland. Philip iffued a decree for 
 the banifhment of hi:. Mooriih fubjects in 3a 
 days, and thus robbed his kinsdom of the arts, 
 the knowledge, and the laborious fervices of 
 above a million of men. He died loon after, 
 a victim to court etiquette. While in the 
 council, he complained of the difagreeable 
 fmell of the brazier which warmed the room; 
 but as the officer who took care of the fire 
 was abfent, no one ventured to remove the 
 offenfive utenfil, and in confequence the king 
 was taken ill, and foon after died, .1621, aged 
 
 43- 
 
 Philip IV. fon of Philip III. was king of 
 Spain, 162 1. The war with Holland was, 
 renewed, and in 16^ Philip increafed the 
 rtumber of his enemies by declaring againft 
 France; but though at firft victorious, his 
 troops were defeated. The Catalonians alfo 
 rebelled, under the patronage of France, and 
 Portugal fhook off the yoke, and re- eftablifhed 
 her monarch under the aufpicious government 
 of the houfe of Braganza, 1640. r I hefe lofi'es, 
 occasioned by the negligence of his minirter 
 Olivares, inftead of rouiing the nation, were, 
 received with indifference. Olivares was in- 
 deed 
 1% 
 
PHI 
 
 PHI 
 
 deed difgraced ; but the war was concluded by 
 a dishonorable treaty, which feparated Rou- 
 fiilon, Artois, and Alface, from the Spanifh 
 crown, 1659, and ibon after Philip acknow- 
 ledged the independence of Portugal. He died 
 1665, aged 60. 
 
 Philip V. duke of Anjou, afcended the 
 Spanilli throne 1700, agreeable to the will of 
 the laft monarch Charles II. Though well 
 received at Madrid, his elevation was oppofed 
 by Charles of Auitria, fupported by the em- 
 peror, by England, Holland, Savoy, Prutlia, 
 and Portugal. The new king loft Arragon, 
 Gibraltar, the Beleares, Sardinia, and Naples, 
 and quitted his capital: but while he thought 
 of flying to America, he received affiftance 
 from France, under the duke of Vendome, 
 and in the battle of Villa Viciofa, in 17 10, he 
 recovered his loffes, and was firmly fixed on 
 his throne by the treaty of Utrecht, in 171.}. 
 Under the administration of Alberoni, Philip 
 by degrees made himfelf mailer of Majorca, 
 Minorca, Sardinia, and Palermo, but in 171 7 
 his fleet was defeated in the Mediterranean by 
 Byng. Philip ibon after became a prey to 
 fuperftkious fears, and reiigned his crown, in 
 1724, in favor of his fon Louis, and retired to 
 a monaftery. The fudden death of the new 
 monarch, a few months after, of the lrn all- 
 pox, left the kingdom without a matter, and 
 Philip again relumed the reins of government. 
 In 1733 he joined France, againit the empe- 
 ror, and favv his ion Don Carlos, with an 
 army of 30,000 men, conquer Sicily and Na- 
 ples, and eltablilh himielf en the throne. He 
 died 1746, aged 63, after a reign of 45 years. 
 
 Philip, duke of Svvabia, was elected em- 
 peror no8 ; but a more powerful party placed 
 the crown on the head of Otho of Saxony. 
 Philip was bafely affaffinated at Bamberg, 
 J2C&, after a reign of ri years. 
 
 Philip, the Bold, fourth fon of John of 
 France, is celebrated for his valor at the battle 
 of Poitiers againft the Englilh, though only 
 16 years old. He was created duke of Bur- 
 gundy, and during the confufion under his 
 nephew Charles VI. he was called upon by 
 the general voice of the nation to iupport the 
 tottering power of the government. This 
 virtuous prince unfortunately was profufe in 
 his liberality beyond example, fo that at his 
 death his body was leized by his creditors. He 
 died in Hainault 1 404, aged 63. 
 
 Philips, Thomas, of Ickford, Bucks, was 
 educated at St. Orner's, among the jefuits, 
 whole order he quitted. He was promoted to 
 a prebend in Tongres cathedral, and died at 
 Liege, 1774, aged 66. He publiihed a letter 
 to a fti.dent in divinity, 8vo. a performance of 
 merit the life of cardinal Pole, a vols. 4to. a 
 work of celebrity. 
 
 Philips, Fabian, a learned antiquary, born 
 at Preftbury, GlpucefteruYue, l6oi. He ftu- 
 died in the inns of court in London, and fup- 
 ported the king's prerogative, as fJazer of the 
 records of London,- Middlefex, &c. He pro- 
 
 tected againft the beheading of Charles I. and 
 potted up his fentiments in the mod public 
 places of the city. He wrote various pamph- 
 lets, and died 1690. 
 
 Piiii.W'S, Catherine, daughter of Mr. Fow- 
 ler, a London merchant, married, at the age 
 of 16, James Philips of Cardigan, efq. and 
 died of the imall-pox 1664, aged ^^. She 
 translated Corneille's Pompey and alfo the 
 four firft acts of his Horace, beiides various 
 poems under the name of Orinda. Her poe- 
 tical talents were celebrated by the learned 
 men of her age, by lords Orrery, Rofcom* 
 inon, and by Cowley and others. 
 
 Philips, John, nn Englilh poet, born at 
 Btmpton, Oxfordihiie. He was educated at 
 Winchefter fchool, and Chrift -church, Oxford. 
 His firft poem was the " fplendid (hilling," an 
 excellent compofifcion, which dei'cribes .the molt 
 trivial tilings in the lofty language of Milton. 
 " Blenheim" was the next effufion of his mute, 
 and the " cyder," a happy imitation of Vir- 
 gil's Georgics, appeared 1 705. He wrote 
 befides a Latin " ode" to his patron St. John, 
 and it has been remarked* that fuch was his 
 addiction to tobacco, that he has introduced 
 the praiies of it in all his pieces except Blen- 
 heim. This excellent poet whofe character 
 in private life was amiable, died of a confump* 
 tion and afthma at Hereford, 15th Feb. 1708,. 
 aged 32. 
 
 Philips, Amhrofe, an Englilh poet, edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Cambridge. While 
 at college he wrote his " paftorals," a fpecies 
 of poetry in which he is laid to have excelled, 
 though Pope ridiculed them, #nd to render 
 his iatire more poignant, introduced into the 
 Guardian a paper which in a delicate ftrain of 
 irony compared the paftorals of the two rivals, 
 and gave in an affected manner the fuperioiity 
 to Philips. Philips relented the attack, and 
 unablt to revenge hunfelf by his pen, he {tuck 
 up a rod at Button's coffee-houfe, and threat- 
 ened to chaftife his antagouift wherever he 
 faw him. In his circumftances he was very 
 independent, and as the friend of the Hano- 
 verian fucceflion he was made a juftice of the 
 peace, and in 1717 appointed one cf the lot- 
 tery commiilioners. He" was in 1734 regiilrar 
 of Dublin prerogative court, and he fat in the 
 parliament of Ireland for Armagh. He re- 
 turned in 1748 to England to live on an 
 annuity of 400I. but a ftroke of the paliV 
 carried him off", iSth.Junc, 1749, aged 78. 
 He wrote three dramatic pieces of fome merit, 
 the dilti efled mother the Briton and Hum 
 phrey, duke of Gloucefter bolides the life cf 
 archlifhoy Williams, and a little poem called 
 * a winter piece," wHch Pope condefcended 
 to commend, though he ridiculed all his other 
 works. Dr. Johnfon fays he was eminent 
 for bravery, and in couverfation folemn ani 
 pompous. 
 
 Philtot, John, of Hampshire, was edu- 
 cated at Winchefter and New college. He 
 wai a ftrcr>$ friend <*f the refonrutioc, and 
 
 made 
 
PIA 
 
 PIC 
 
 made archdeacon of Winchester, but tinder 
 
 he w.is convicted of herefy, and burnt 
 in .Smithfield, 155;. 
 
 Puineas, fan of Eleazar, was commended 
 for his zed for killing the Ifraelite, and the 
 Midianitiih woniiin, B. C. 145 S- 
 
 Pmvps, Cnf.vitne, lord Mulrravt, em- 
 braced the naval profeflion, and was made pott 
 iptain in 1765. His abilities were employed 
 in a voyage of observation and diicovery to- 
 wards the north pole in 1773, and he fet fail 
 with captain Lutwidee in two (hips, and at his 
 return puhlilhed an interciling narrative of his 
 remarks and obfervations in 4to. He was 
 alfo autht-r of a letter of a member of parlia- 
 ment on the proceedings of the commons in 
 the Weitminfter election. He l'ncceeded to 
 the Irifh honors of his father in 1775, and in 
 1790 was created an Englifh peer, and died 
 1792. 
 
 Puranza, George, matter of the wardrobe 
 to the emperor of Conftantinople, fled when 
 the city was lacked by the Turks to Corfu, 
 where he wrote an hiftory or chronicle of his 
 own times, to 1461. 
 
 Piireas, or Freas, "John, an Englifh 
 writer, educated at Oxford. He fettled at 
 Briftol, but afterwards travelled to Italy, and 
 meeting with his countryman Tiptoft, he de- 
 dicated to him fome of bis performances. He 
 tranflated into Latin, Diodorus Siculus, and 
 Synefius, ike. He was preiented by Paul II., 
 to whom he dedicated his Diodorus, to the fee 
 of Bath, but furvived the appointment only 
 one month, being poifoned, it is faid, by a 
 competitor. It is faid he acquired fome for- 
 tune by praetifing phyfic in Italy. He died 
 about 1466. 
 
 Pia, Philip N;:-boL::, an eminent chemift, 
 of Paris, born 1 7 2 1'. He was chief furceon of 
 the hofpital at Strafbiug, and was fheiiff of Pa- 
 ris in 1770. Here he exerted himfelf to e'^ab- 
 lifh a fociety for the recovery of drowned or 
 fufTocated perfoas. He furnifhed the eftabliih- 
 rnent with ths neceflary apparatus, and the 
 firft year not lefs than 24 perfons were faved 
 from the waters of the Seine ; but the revo- 
 lution unfortunately, reduced him to extreme 
 poverty. He died 1799 ^ e wrote an ac- 
 count of his humane projects in feveral vols. 
 8vo. 
 
 PlAZZI, J drome Bartholomew, an Italian, 
 born at Alexandria. He turned proteftant 
 from Dominican hut, and came to England, 
 where he publifhed an account of the inquifi- 
 Vicn in It-.ly, with which he was well ac- 
 quainted, as due of its delegate judges. He 
 taught French and Italian at Cambridge, and 
 died there 1745. 
 
 Piazetta, Jo'n Baptijl, a painter of Ve- 
 nice, whole pieces pefRfs gicat merit in the 
 elegance, exprefiion ? and grace of his figures. 
 In the midft of his great abilities he was in- 
 te and prodigal, and died fo poor that 
 hh. body was conveyed to the grave at the 
 tpeweof his friends. He died 1754, aged 72. 
 
 Picaud, John, a French eeclefiaftie, who 
 vifited, in 1671, Uraniburg, and afliited Tycho 
 in his celeftial obfervations, and af- 
 ter his return was employed with Cufiini in 
 meafuring an arc of the meridian in France. 
 He died 1683. He wrote treaties on level- 
 ling -on meaf tires on dioptrics on the 
 
 meafnrement of the earth an account of hia 
 obfervations at Uraniburg. &c. 
 
 Picart, Bernard, an engraver, of Paris. 
 As a proteftant he fettled in Hoi and, and 
 died at Amtterdam, 1733, I2 years after his 
 father, who was then 90. His engravings 
 were published 1784. His belt performance 
 is m illuftration of the various religions cere- 
 : all nations. 
 
 Picart, Michael, of Nuremberg, was 
 profeflbr of philofophy and poetry at Altorf, 
 where he died 1620, aged 46. He was the 
 friend of Ifaac Cai'aubon, and publiihcd com- 
 mentaries on fome of Ariftotle's works dif- 
 
 putes harangues critical eflays a Latin 
 
 translation of Appian, 1604, &c 
 
 Piccini, Nicholas, a mufician, of Naples. 
 He was intended for the church, but his n;nd- 
 nefsfor mufic prevailed. In 1754 he difplayed 
 his great abilities, and acquired the higheil 
 reputation in Italy. From Italy he came to 
 Paris, but the climate was too fevere for his 
 conftitution. On his return he was treated as 
 a revolutionift, and accufed as a jacobin, mif- 
 chievous and violent. Without the poflibihty 
 of vindicating himfelf, he efcaped to France, 
 and died at PafTy, overpowered by ago and 
 misfortunes, l8co, aged 72. In private life 
 he was an amiable man. His opens which 
 he compofed in Italy, are above 100 is num- 
 ber, befides thoi'e performed in France, the 
 heft known of which are, Roland Atys 
 Iphigenia in Tauiis Dido, &c. 
 
 Piccolomini, James, an Italian ecclefiaf- 
 tic, fuccefli vely bithop of Mafia, and of Frefca: i . 
 He exchanged his name of Ammati for that 
 of Piccolomini, out of refpect for Pius II. his 
 patron and he died I479> a S ec * 57> ^ an * n " 
 digeftion. Piccolomim wrote commentaries, 
 or hiftory of his own times, from 1464 to 
 1469 befides letters. &c. 
 
 Piccolomini. Alexander, author of feve- 
 ral dramatic pieces, was born at Sienna, where 
 he was coadjutc and alio archbiihop of P&tttt. 
 He died at Sienna 1578. He was the firft 
 who ufed the Italian language in philofophicai 
 fubjeds. Of his works the bell known are a 
 treatife on the fphere moral inftitutes a 
 theory of the planets the morality of nobles, 
 &C. 
 
 Piccolomini, FratuU, of the fame family, 
 taught for 22 years philofophy in the Italian 
 univerfities. He died at Sienna 1604, aged 
 84, mourned by the v. hole city. He wrote 
 
 commentaries on Aridotle, 4to. umverfo 
 
 philoibphia de moribus, fol. 
 
 Pjcuecru, Charles, a French general, born 
 at Arbois in Franche Comte, 1761. Thongs 
 of ohfeure, birth, he received a good education, 
 
PIE 
 
 PIG 
 
 d in the army rofe from tha ranks to com- ( fequence of which he was expelled from his 
 ind, and at the revolution was made general, meeting. He published Vindication of his 
 ; the victory at Hagenau over the combined conduct, and of his principles, in a pamphlet 
 ces, he was named Commander in chief f called wedern inquifition, which occdioned s 
 
 the army of the north. The relief of Landau, 
 the diicomflture of the Audrians, and the 
 rapid mauceuvres by which he conquered Hol- 
 land, recommended him to the national grati- 
 tude, and he was elected in 1797 a member of 
 the legislature. Fur his oppofition to the di- 
 rectory, he wasaccufed of intentions to deitroy 
 the republic and reltore royalty, and therefore 
 fent with every mark of- ignominy prifoi.er to 
 Cayenne. He'efcaped to England, where he 
 remained an honorable exile till 1S04, when 
 he ventured to vifit Paris in difjuife. He wa- 
 there feized on fulpicion of machinations a- 
 gaind the fafety of the country, and immured 
 in the Temple. A little time after, 6th 
 April, 1804, he was difcbvwted in his apart- 
 ment, ftrangled by means of a handkerchief, 
 twitted round his neck with a ihort ltick, taken 
 from the faggot which was to light his fire. 
 The pofition of ids body was iuch that no 
 ftruggie leemed to have been made in the 
 agonies of expiring nature ; but though it 
 could eafiiy be concluded that he could not 
 poffibly have been himfelf the caufe of his 
 own fufFocation, the corpfe was examined by 
 n.edical men, and a report was drawn up to 
 prove that he had dettioyed himfelf. This 
 improbable imputation could not be believed 
 even h, the ftreets of Paris. 
 
 Pichon, "John, a jefuit, of Lyons, employ- 
 ed in Lorraine by king Staniilaus. His book 
 called the fpirit of Jefus Chrift and of the 
 church, &c. was condemned at Rome, and 
 received afterwards the fevere cenfures of the 
 author himfelf. He died 175 1, aged 68. 
 
 Pictet, Benedict, of flieneva, after tra- 
 velling over Holland, England, and other parts 
 of the continent, filled the divinity chair of 
 his native town with great ability. He died at 
 Geneva 1724, aged 69. He was a molt pious 
 and vigilant pallor. He was author , of chriftian 
 theology, 3 vols. 4to. in Latin chridian mo- 
 rality, 8 vols i2mo. treatife. againd religious 
 
 indifference fermons letters and other 
 
 religious tract?. 
 
 PlCUS, Fid. MlRANDULA. 
 
 PlDOU, Francis, lord of $t. Oloti, of Tou- 
 raine, was fent by Lewis XIV. ambaflador to 
 Madrid, Genoa, and Morocco. He was made 
 for his fervices knight of St. Lazarus, and died 
 at Paris 1720, aged 80. He wrote the pie- 
 lent ftate of Morocco, 1694, nmo. the 
 
 irnH remarkable events in the reign of Lewis 
 XIV. nmo. 
 
 Pierce, Edward, an Englifh painter, who 
 excelled in drawings of architecture, perfpec- 
 tlve, altar pieces, &c. The bell part of his 
 works was de(t roved in the fire of London. 
 He died in London about 1715. 
 
 Pierce, James, a prefbyterian divine, of 
 Exeter. In 1725 his preaching in favor of 
 Arunifm produced a violent diipute, in con- 
 
 tedious paper war. He wrote alio a commen- 
 tary on St. Paul's epiftles, 4to fermons a 
 vindication of the protectant difTentcrs, &c. end 
 died 1730. 
 
 PtKRixo, or PntlNO del Vaga, a nntiva ' 
 of Tufcany, nurled by a (lie goat* He was 
 taught painting by Vaga, and exchanged the 
 name of Buonacorfi for that of his teacher! 
 He was engaged by Raphael in the comple- 
 tion of his deflgn* in the Vatic.m, and after- 
 wards embellilhed Doria"s palace at G 
 and other cities of Italy. His paffage of the 
 Jordan, the fail of the walls of Jericho, the 
 fun (landing 'dill at jofhua's command, are 
 among his bed pieces. He died of an a >- 
 plexy 1547, in his 47th year. 
 
 Pierquin, Jokb, Ion of a lawyer at Char- 
 leville, was for 40 years miniiler in the dioceie 
 of Rheims, and died 1742, aged 70. He 
 
 wrote on the color of negroes on railing 
 
 fnirits on the fabbath of witches, &c. 
 
 Pietro of. la Frakcisca, of Florer?-^-, 
 waS dktiriguifhed as a painter, ?.ml as a poimtar 
 writer OH arithmetic and geometry. He was 
 patronized by Nicolas V. aivl died 1443* 
 
 Pigalle, John Baptifi, a fculptor, of 
 Paris. He ftudied the works of the bed mat- 
 ters in Italy, and on his return to France war. 
 patronized by the king. His bed works are a 
 Mercury and Venus, for the king, and pre- 
 fented by him to the king of Pruilia Saxe's 
 monument the datue of Lewis XV. Vol- 
 taire a boy holding a cage a girl extracting; 
 a thorn from her foot, &c. He died at Paris 
 
 I785- 
 
 PifflAN'ioL de la Force, John Aymar dr. 
 of Auvergne, acquired eminence as a writer 
 on geography and hiitory. He is author of 
 a defcription, hidorical and geographical, of 
 France, 15 vols. nmo. a work of merit a 
 defcription of Paris, 10 vols. I2mo. abridged 
 in 2 vols. nmo. defcription of Vei failles and 
 Marly, a vols. nmo. voyage dc France, % 
 vols. &c. He died at Paris 1753, aged 80. 
 
 Pighius, Albert, of Kampen in OveryfTel, 
 dudied at Cologne and Louvaiu, and was pro- 
 vod of St. John's church at Utrecht, where 
 he died 1542, aged 52. He was author of 
 affertio hierarchies ecclefiadicx, fol. and con- 
 troverfial works againd Luther, Melanclhon, 
 Jrt. 
 
 Pighius, Stephen Vlnand, a learned Ger- 
 man, nephew to Albert, born at Kampen in 
 OveryfTel 1520. He was patronized by de 
 Granvelle, and by the prince of Juliers and 
 Cleves, to whofe fon he was tutor. He died 
 at Santen, in his 85th year. He publifhed an 
 edition of Valerius Maxim ns Latin annals of 
 Rome, 3 vols, fol Hercules Prodicus, &c. 
 
 PlGNORlUS, Laurent: '::s, of Padua, was 
 canon of Trevifo, and died of the plague 1631, 
 aged 60. He wrote menu Iliaca, to illuf- 
 
 ttate 
 
PIL 
 
 PIN 
 
 trate the Egyptian antiquities poems- a 
 treatiic de fervis & eorum a pud vetcres minit- 
 teiiis origini de adoua, &c. 
 
 Pigray, Peter, a furgeon in the armies of 
 Henry IV. and Le is XIII. He was the 
 friend of Ambrofe Pare, and publifhed ohin-r- 
 gica cum alits medians? partita*, Sec epi- 
 tome praxeptorum medicinal, Sec. He died 
 
 rfij 
 
 I'ilate, Pontius, a Roman, governor of 
 Judea. It was before him that our Saviour 
 was brought, and contemned to death, though 
 he aflerted himl'el: his innocence. Pilate was 
 removed from Judxa by Tiherius for his cruel- 
 ty, and fent an exile to Gaul, where he hanged 
 hWelf, A D. 37. he letter faid to be 
 written "by him to iherius, giving an account 
 of our Saviour and his mil ..cles, is ipurious. 
 
 PlLATRE DU ROSIER, Francis, a native 
 of Met/., who eftabli.Ved a muieum at Paris, 
 and (ludied chemiitry. On the diicovery of 
 balloons by Montgolfier, he firft ventured to 
 afcend the air in thofe frail vehicles After 
 various experiments, he formed the bold plan 
 ef palling over to Englaud. He came to Bou- 
 logne, and on the 1.5th June, 1785, he, ac- 
 companied by his friend Romain, rofe in a 
 beautiful balloon before thoufands of fpecta- 
 tors, with the hopes of eroding the channel. 
 Half an hour after, however, the machine 
 caught fire, and the two unfortunate aeronauts 
 were precipitated from a height of above IjCO 
 feet to the ground., and dafhed to pieces. 
 They were buried in the village of Wimille, 
 where a monument records their nvsfortunc. 
 
 Piles, feger de, an ingenious painter, born 
 at Clamecy, 1635. He vifited ieveral Euro- 
 pean courts, in the fuite of the French am- 
 baflTador, and in 1692 went to Holland as a 
 fecret negotiator, in the character of a picture 
 virtuof* His intrigues were difcovered, and 
 he was thrown into pfiion, from which the 
 peace of Ryiwick liberated him. In his con- 
 finement he wrote the li.es of painters, and on 
 'his return to France received ? penficn He 
 died 1709, aged 74. He publifhed befides a 
 tranflation of Dufrtihoy an abridgment of 
 auatomy accommodated to painting and fculp- 
 tv.rc dtiTcrtations on the works of famous 
 painters, Sec. 
 
 PV-Kin-otov, Latitia, a lady of literary 
 celebrity, daughter oi Dr. Van Lewen, born 
 in Dublin 1712. Out of her many admirers 
 <ho feleded the Rev. Matt. Pilkington, author 
 of fome mii'cellanics, for her huiband; but 
 her uni;n was attended with unhappinefs. 
 The hufoand grew jealous, and the wife ren- 
 dered the quarrel inveterate by her levity. 
 They feparated, but afterwards Qie followed 
 her hufband to London, and lived with him ; 
 but at hit, the apprehenfion of a perlon in her 
 bed-room, at two o'clock in the morning, 
 rendered the breach between them incurable. 
 She attempted to vindicate herlelf by faying, 
 that -his nocturnal intruder was waiting for 
 lux wading a took, which he re&fed to lend ; 
 
 but the apology is indelicate. She afterwardr 
 lived on the generofity of the givat, elpacially 
 of Cibber, and at one time let up with a ftock 
 of five guineas, a fun 11 IV op for books, in St, 
 Jnmes's-ilreet. She died at Dublin 1750, 
 aged 39. She wrote the Turkish court, or 
 London apprentice, a comedy the Roman 
 father, a tragedy memoirs of herfelf, See. 
 befides light poems of confiderable merit. 
 
 Pilon, Germain, of Maine, is known as 
 a fculptor and architect, at Paris. He died 
 1590. 
 
 Pilon, Frederic, of Cork in Ireland, ftu- 
 died medicine at Edinburgh, but quitted it for 
 the flage. Unfuccelsful, he next commenced 
 author, by the publication of an efTay on the 
 character of Hamlet, as performed by Hen- 
 derfon He afterwards wrote the invafion. or 
 a trip to Brighton, well received in 17/8. He 
 wrote befides the humors of an election, a 
 farce, 1780 he would be a foldier, a comedy. 
 He died of intemperance, 1788 aged 38. 
 
 Pilpay, an ancient Bramin fabulrit, whofe 
 fables, written above 2000 years ago, were 
 tranfluted into French from the Greek or 
 Perfian, by Galland, 1755. It is fuppofed 
 that he was governor of Indoitan, and coun- 
 fellor to an Indian king. 
 
 Pinjeus, Se-vcrinus, or Pineau, of Char- 
 tres, was furgeon to the king, and acquired 
 reputation in cutting for the ftone, an opera- 
 tion then little under flood. He publifhed a 
 Latin treatife on the marks of virginity, much 
 read, befides a French account of ftones from 
 the bladder. He died at Paris, 1619, aged 
 69. 
 
 Pinas, John, of Haerlem, 1596, ftudied 
 painting in Italy. His beauties, and particu- 
 larly his mode of coloring, were imitated with 
 great fuccefs by Rembrandt. 
 
 Pineau, Gabriel du, of Angers, was called 
 to the bar, and became fo reipeftable, that he 
 was confidently confulted in all affairs of mo- 
 ment, and was made mafter of requefts by 
 Mary de Medicis, and by her fon Lewis XIII. 
 mayor and captain general of the town of 
 Angers. He acquired the appellation of father 
 of the people. He died 1644, aged 71. He 
 was author of Latin notes on the canon law in 
 oppofition to Du Moulin commentaries, eh- 
 fervafions, &c. on cuflom and law, with dif- 
 i'errations, &c. 2 vols. fol. 
 
 Pineda, John, a jefuit, of Seville, fkilled 
 in oriental literature. He died 1637. He 
 wrote commentaries on Job, 2 vols. fol. and 
 alfo on eeclefiaftes a learned work de rebus ' 
 Solomonis, fol. an univerfal history of the 
 church, in Spanifh, 4 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 PlNELLI, John Vincent, fon of a noble 
 Genoele, was born at Naples, I ZZ- Hc 
 fettled at Padua, where he held a learned 
 correfpondence with the molt fcientific men of 
 Europe, and made a noble collection of books. 
 He died 1601, and his library enriched with 
 valuable MSS. and curious fpecimens of anti- 
 quity, medal, and botany, was removed from 
 
 Pidua 
 
PIP 
 
 PIS 
 
 , Padua to Naples, where his defcendahts pre- 
 I ferved it. In 1785, oa the death Of Mapharus, 
 1 his descendant, who had been a printer at 
 I Vei-ice, this noble collection patted into the 
 t hanch of an Engfcfh bookleller, and was ibid 
 in London by public auction in 179*3. 
 
 Pinkt, Anthony du, of Belancen, in the 
 16th century, translated Pliny's intural hif- 
 tory into French, 2 vols. fol. a work of great 
 merit. 
 
 Pi net, N. a merchant of Paris, to whofe 
 intrigues the fcarcity of grain, during the year 
 1789, was attributed. He was iummoned to 
 Marly, to difcover to the king's minifters, the 
 caule of this luppoieel monopoly ; but a few 
 days after he was found murdered in a wood 
 near Pafiy. 
 
 Pivgkron, /. C. of Lyons, author of fome 
 Works, of merit, on commercial and political 
 iubiects, died at Verfaiiles, 1795, aged 60. 
 Pin ore, Alexander Guy, librarian of St. 
 
 
 was fent by the French govern- 
 
 ment, in 1760, to the South teas, to obferve 
 the paflage of Venus over the fun's difc. He 
 rds went to Holland, to afcertain the 
 accuracy of the fea-time pieces of Le Roy, 
 :d then embarked as hiftorian on board of 
 the Ifis and Flora, on a vsyage of difcovery. 
 He was made marine aftronomer, and admit- 
 ted member of the academy of fciences, Sec. 
 He dL-d at Paris 1796, aged 84. His works 
 are ftate of the heavens from 1755 to 1 757 
 memoir on the difcovencs in the South 
 feas, 4to. an hiftorical and theoretical treatife 
 on comets, 2 vols 4to. a tranfiation of Ma- 
 nillas' aftronomy, Svo. hiftory of aftronomy 
 in the 17th century, &c. 
 
 Pinon, James, of Paris, was diftinguHhed 
 lit the bar,, and was alio a good Latin poet, 
 and wrote de anno Romano, a poem, dedi- 
 cate.! to Lewis XIII. &c. He died 1641. 
 
 Pin son, Richard, of Normandv, was in 
 the fervice of Caxton, and, like his matter, 
 xcelled. as a printer, as was honored by the 
 atronage of Henry VII. and VIII. He 
 rinted the magna charta, and various books, 
 now very fcarce. He died 1530. 
 
 Pinto r, Peter, of Valentia, was phyfician 
 
 Alexander VI. He died at Rome, 1503, 
 
 ed 83. His works, now fcarce, are aggre- 
 
 tor fententiarum do&orum de curat, pefti- 
 
 HltB fol- de morbo fuedo & ccculto, &<:. 
 
 that the venereal di- 
 
 Europe before 1496. 
 
 Bernardino, an kalian pain- 
 
 patroriized by Innocent VIII. and Alex- 
 
 r VI. Flis hiftorical pieces and portraits 
 
 much admired. He died 1513, aged 
 
 lentue, fol. de morbo 
 
 tLto. in which he afTerts 
 
 safe was known in Eun 
 
 .RICCIO, Berna 
 
 I Piper, Francis le, an Englifh painter, de- 
 j from a Walloon famly, fettled in 
 PK> He was fo happy in delineating the 
 Features, that he could draw from memory, fo 
 was laid to ileal a face, and every per- 
 Mn either deformed, or averfe to be exhibited 
 pn canvat, was afraid, in .his company. His 
 
 fortune was independent, therefore he never 
 took any thing for what he drew ; fo that by 
 frequenting the Mitre tavern, in Stock's mar- 
 ket, he contributed to the celebrity of the 
 houfe, by his vivacity, and to its ornament by 
 givinr it many of his pieces. He brought oa 
 a fever upon himfelf by free living, and upon 
 being bled, the furgeoh unfortunately pricked 
 an artery, which proved mortal, 1740. 
 
 Piper, count, firft minifter to Charles XII. 
 of Sweden, was taken priibner by the Ruffians, 
 at the battle of Pultowa. His captivity was 
 rendered more dreadful, as the czar Peter 
 fufpected him to be the caufe of the war which 
 Charles had undertaken againft Ruffia. He 
 died 1 716, aged 70. 
 
 Piranesi, John Baptifl, an architect: and 
 engraver, of Venice, who fettled at Rome, 
 His ftyle of etching was fo free that he gene- 
 rally drew all at once upon the plate without 
 a previous Iketch. His engravings have been 
 collected in feveral vols. fol. He was intimate 
 with fome of the Englim artifts, efpecially 
 Mylne, the architect of Blackfiiar's bridge. 
 He. died about 1778. His daughter Laura, 
 was alto famous as an engraver after the man- 
 ner of her father, and died 1785. 
 
 Piromalli, Paul, a Dominican, of Cala- 
 bria. During his refidence in Armenia he 
 converted feveral heretics, and after vifiting 
 Perfia and Georgia he returned to Europe to 
 reprefent Urban VIII. in Poland. On his 
 return to Italy, he was carried by pirates to 
 Tunis, and when fet at liberty he was received 
 by the pope with every mark of kindnefs. 
 After reviling an Armenian bible, he was 
 again fent into the Eaft, and after nine years 
 he returned to Italy, and died three years 
 after, at Bifignano, 1667. He was a learned 
 ecclefiaftic. He was author of controvert 
 and theological tracts two dictionaries, the 
 one Latin-Perfian, and the other Armenian- 
 Latin an Armenian grammar and a direc- 
 tory. 
 
 Piron, Alexis, author of metromanie, a 
 comedy, and of other works, plays, poem*, 
 tales, &c. collected hi 7 vols. 8vo. was born at 
 Dijon 1689, and died 1778. His comedies 
 are far fuperior to his tragedies. 
 
 Pisan, Thomas, an aftrologer, of Bologna, 
 who fettled in Paris, and died there 1380, 
 the very day it is kid which he had foretold. 
 
 Pisa.n, Chrijlina, dt t daughter of the above, 
 went with her father to Paris, where at the 
 age of 15 her beauty procured an excellent 
 hufband, whom ihe loft 10 years after. She 
 was patfonifed by Charles V. whole hiftory 
 (he wrote. She died about 1420, aged 57. 
 She wrote befides, an hundred ltories of Troy 
 in rhyme a collection of poems treafure of 
 the city of ladies. 
 
 Pisani, Vic~ior, a Venetian general, diftin- 
 guiihed againft the Genoefe and the Dal- 
 matians. Unfortunate in an expedition, he 
 was condemned, but death was changed into 
 imprisonment for five years. The failors of 
 [ T ] Venice 
 
PIT 
 
 PIT 
 
 Venice loudly demanded him to conduct them 
 the Genoele, who threatened their 
 country, and he was received with acclama- 
 tions, and led his countrymen to victory. He 
 died in the midft of his u:rcefles, 1^80. 
 
 Piscatok, Teft* Fifcbcr, profeilbr of theo- 
 logy M Strafburg, fled to Herborn, on em- 
 bracing the tenets of the Calviniils. He was 
 author of valuable commentaries on the old 
 and new teftamcnts, &c. and died IJ46. 
 
 P 1 s > 1 . u: u , . inne de. fid. E 1 A M PES. 
 
 Pistorius, Join, a native of Nidda, who 
 ftudied medicine and the law, and became 
 counsellor to the margrave of Baden Uour- 
 Tach. He was author of treatifes againlt the 
 Lutherans art is cabalifticx icriptores, a cu- 
 rious colle&ion icriptores return Polonicarnm 
 fcriptores de rebus Germanic's, 3 vols. fol. 
 a valuable collection, &c. He died 1608, 
 aged 52. 
 
 Pitcairne, Archibald, a phytician, born 
 at Edinburgh, 1652. After ftudying divinity 
 and civil law, he chofe phvfic and mathematics 
 as his profeflion. He was for lbme time at 
 Paris, and on his return excited the public 
 attention by a fmall publication, in which he 
 difputed the right of Harvey to the difcovery 
 of the circulation of the blood, which he af- 
 leited was fully known to Hippocrates. In 
 1692 he accepted the chair of profeilbr of 
 medicine at Leyden ; but the next year re- 
 turned to ScotLnd. He acquired here greater 
 reputation by his pen than by his profeflion. 
 His diflertationes medics, appeared 1701, and 
 were again edited 1713. He wrote befidcs, 
 fome obfcure Latin iatirical poems, chiefly 
 levelled againlt the friends of the revolution, 
 which he by no means approved. He died 
 I7I3- 
 
 PiTiiou, Peter, a Frenchman, born at 
 Troyes 1539. He ftudied under Turnebus 
 and Cujacius, and became diftinguilhed at the 
 bar as an eloquent civilian. He eicaped with 
 difficulty .the tlaughter ol St. Bartholomew, 
 and immediately embraced the Romifh faith. 
 He vifited England with Montmorency, and 
 fo great was his character that the duke of 
 Tufcany referred feme intricate points to his 
 impartial decifion, and the third and fourth 
 Henries employed his abilities, not onlv to 
 oppofe the league, but to lupport the Gal'lican 
 church againlt the Roman pontiff. Pithou 
 died on his birth day 1596. He publifhed 
 fome valuable works on law, hiflory, and chl- 
 fical literature, and to his induftry we are 
 indebted for the dii'covery of Phardrus, <<fthe 
 novella of Jnltinian, and other books buried 
 in oblcurity. The belt known of his works 
 are treatile on the liberties of the Gall'ican 
 church, 4 vols, fol.- notes on authors, &c. 
 
 P'Tnou, Francis, brother of Peter, was 
 procureur general of the chamber of jultice 
 Henry IV. againlt the financiers, and 
 afierwards was admitted into the king's coun- 
 cil. He difcovercd the fables of Phardrus, 
 he published with his brother. He 
 
 publifhed of his own a comparifon of the laws 
 of the Romans with thole of Moles, l2mo. 
 an edition of the Salique law with notes 
 treatile on the greatnefs and the rights of the 
 French monarchy, 8vo.~ an edition of comes 
 
 theologns oblervationes ad codicem, fol 
 
 antiqui rhetores Latini, Rutulius Lupus, A- 
 quila Romanus, &c. He died 162 1. 
 
 PiTibCL-s, Samuel, of Zutphen, 1637, 
 ftudied at Deventer and Gro.ningen, and was 
 elected matter of the fchool at Zutphen, and 
 afterwards obtained the direction of the col- 
 lege of Jerome at Utrecht, where he died 
 171 7. He was author of ieveral learned 
 works, lexicon Latino Belgicum, 4to. lexicon 
 
 antiquitatum Romanarum, fol. befides aa . 
 
 edition of Rufinus' Rom. antiquities editions 
 of Suetonius, Q> Curtius, Aurelius Victor, etc 
 
 Pitiscu3, Bartholomew, author of thefau- 
 rua mathematicus, fol. and of a treatife on 
 trigonometry, died 1613. 
 
 Pitot, Henry, a French mathematician, 
 who died 1771, at Aramont, aged 76. He 
 was felf-taught in mariiematical knowledge, 
 and was in 1740 'appointed by the ftntts of 
 Languedoc their chief engineer, and he em r 
 belliihed the province with various monuments 
 of his genius and abilities. He alio conveyed ' 
 water to Montpellier, from a distance of nine 
 miles, by canals, which muft ever excite the 
 admiration of travellers. He was, in 1 754, 
 honored with the order ol St. Michael, and 
 he had been lone -before elected member of 
 the London Royat fociety, for his treatile on 
 the theory of the management of veffels, 
 1 73 1, tranllated into Englilh, and much ap* 
 plauded. 
 
 Pits or Pitseus, John, an Englifh bio- 
 grapher, born at Alton, 1560, and educated 
 at Winchefter and New college, Oxford. He 
 went to Douay, Rheims, and to Rome, where 
 he ftudied leven years, and became a prieft. 
 By the patronage of cardinal Lorraine he ob- ! 
 tained a canonry at Verdun, and afterwards 
 was confeftor to the duehefs of Cleves for 1% I 
 years. He next was made dean of Verdun, 1 
 where he died 161 6. He wroite an ulefnl j 
 work collected from Englilh hiltory, contain- ; 
 ing the lives of the kings- bifhops, apoltolical j 
 men, and writers of England, in 4 large vols, 
 but of thele ofcly part was publiiried under the 
 title of " de illuitribus Anglia: lcriptoribus," 
 &c. 
 
 Pitt, Chrippher, an Englilh poet, born , 
 at Blandford 1699, and educated at Winches- 
 ter fchool. When chofen to college he pre- 
 fented to his elector* a poetical translation of 
 Lucan's Pharfalia, which unfortunately is not 
 now extant. In 1722 he obtained the living 
 of Pimpern Dorfetfhire, and doled a life of 
 benevolence and virtue x 748, and was buried ; 
 at Blandford, where a ltone records the candor 
 and fnnplicity of his manners, and afierti that , 
 he lived Innocent and died beloved. He 
 chiefly known as the author of an eloquent , 
 tranllation of the JSLmvl, whiah rivals Dry- 
 
 de\ 
 
PIT 
 
 left's, but of which it may be faid, that while 
 Pitt pleafes the critic, Dryden charms the 
 people, and that Pitt is quoted while Dryden 
 is read. He alfo translated Vida's art of 
 poetry, and wrote fome poems, &c. 
 
 PlTT, William, earl of Chatham, an illuf- 
 trious ftateiman, born 15th Nov. 1708. His 
 grand-father was the governor of Madras, who 
 purchased for 20,400!. a celebrated diamond, 
 weighing 127 carats, which received the name 
 of Regent, becaufe fold to the regent of 
 France for 135,0001. The young ftateiman 
 was educated at Eton, and in 1726 he entered 
 at Trinity college, Oxford, which he left for 
 the military profedion. In 1735 he was 
 elected into parliament for Old Sarum, and 
 enlifted early in the ranks of oppofition againft 
 Walpole, and in his fpeeches againft the Spa- 
 nifti convention, and againft the bill for regil- 
 tering l'earaen, difplayed fuch acutenefs, vehe- 
 mence, and depth of argumentation, as af- 
 toniihed the houle, and marked him as worthy 
 of the higheft offices of .the ftate. The duchci's 
 of Marlborough, applauding the patriotism of 
 the young orator, left him in her will a legacy 
 of io.oool. for defending, as*me laid, the laws 
 of his country. In 1746, in the adminiftra- 
 tion which had fucceeded Walpole, he became 
 joint vice-treafurer of Ireland, and foon after 
 rrealurer and pay-mafter of the army, and privy 
 counfellor. In 1755 he refigned; but though 
 the next year he received the leals of fecretary 
 of itate, he did not continue long in office ; but 
 the public voice accompanied him in his retire- 
 ment, and in June, 1757, he was reinftated 
 in his office. His reltoration to power was 
 a new era of fplendid conquefts, and of na- 
 tional glory. England proved every where 
 fuccelsful in conlequence of his judicious plans. 
 Quebec was conquered, and the French were 
 defeated in Africa, and in the Eaft. The 
 death of George II. and the acceifion of 
 George III. was loon followed by the refigna- 
 tion of the minifter, who refufed to co-operate 
 with an adminiftration, which by the influence 
 of lord Bute, as it is fuppofed, thwarted hi* 
 vigorous meafures. His retirement was at- 
 tended by the grant of a peerage to his lady, 
 and a penfion of 300CI. Ke cenl'ured the 
 peace of 1763, declaring that England from 
 the extent of her victories was entitled to 
 more folid advantages. He afterwards re- 
 mained filent till the queftion of general war- 
 rants, in 1764, called forth all his eloquence, 
 and the keennefs of his fatire againit thole 
 unpopular engines of arbitrary power. In 
 1766 he accepted the privy feal, and an earl- 
 dom ; but he refigned the office Nov. 1768. 
 His health now declined, and a hereditary 
 gout undermined his conltitution, without, 
 however, diminiihing the energetic powers of 
 his mind, hi the American war he burft 
 forth from his retirement, and, in the houle 
 of lords, deprecated fevere tnealuxes againft 
 the coloniils. On one of thefe occafions, after 
 Che duke of Richmond had replied :o him, the 
 
 PIT 
 
 venerable peer rofe up to anfwer the fpeech, 
 but his debilitated conftitution funk under the 
 attempt, and he fell in a tit into the arms ot 
 thole who were near him. This event, which 
 exhibited a favorite ftatefman breathing his laft, 
 whilft he uttered the moft animated lentiments 
 for the glory, and the independence of his 
 country, happened 8th April, 1778, and he 
 died on the enfuing nth May. All parties 
 now united to pay due relped to his memory. 
 A public funeral and a monument in Weft- 
 minfter abbey, at the expence of the nation, 
 were immediately voted by parliament, as a 
 teftimony, as the inlcription records, to the; 
 virtues and abilities of a man, during whofe 
 adminiftration divine providence had exalted 
 Great Britain, to a height of profperity and 
 glory unknown to any former age. As a 
 ftateiman, fays his biographer, lord Chatham 
 was born with all the graces of the orator, and 
 poflefied every requifite to befpeak reipedt 
 and even awe. A manly figure and penetra- 
 ting look fixed attention and commanded re- 
 verence, and the keen lightening of his eye- 
 fpoke the high fpirit of hie foul, even before 
 the lips had begun utterance. The moft 
 fluent and ready orators have fhrunk back 
 appalled from his all-powerful eloquence. He 
 had not indeed the correctnefs of language f6 
 ftriking in the great Roman orator, but he 
 had the verba ardentia, the bold glowing 
 words, which darted with fuch irrefiftible effi- 
 cacy, that Walpole, furrounded with power 
 and the unlhaken fupport of a decided majo- 
 rity, never heard his voice in the houle of 
 commons without being alarmed and thunder- 
 ftruck. 
 
 Pitt, W"AUam y a celebrated ftatefman, 
 fecond ion of the preceding, wa9 born at 
 Hayes, 28th May, 1759. From his earlieft 
 years he was inftrudted by his father, who 
 forelaw his future greatnefs, and taught him 
 to argue with logical precifion, and to ipeak 
 with elegance and force. Under the tuition 
 of the Rev. Mr. Willbn-, and at Pembroke 
 hall, Cambridge, under Dr. Turner and Dr. 
 Pretyman, he matured his knowledge of claf- 
 (ical literature, and of mathematics, and he 
 left the univerfity with the degree of M. A. 
 and a high character for application and for 
 abilities. He then entered at LincolnVinn, 
 and went once or twice on the weftern circuit, 
 where he was occafionally employed as junior 
 counfel. At the general election he was pro 
 pofed for Cambridge univerfity, but few fe- 
 conded his pretenfions, and the next year he 
 obtained a feat for Appleby. He enlifted 
 againft lord North and the American war ; 
 and his firft fpeech in fupport of Mr. Birke's. 
 bill, difplayed that commanding eloquence 
 which many of the members had before fo 
 warmly applauded in his father. His firft; 
 motion was for the more equal reprelent uiou 
 of the people in parliament; and though it 
 was loft by a fmail majority, it rendered h/un, 
 a popular member in the commons. On the 
 [Taj death 
 
PIT 
 
 PIU 
 
 of lord Rockingham, he accepted, at 
 
 of 22, the office of chancellor of the 
 uer , and under this administration the 
 
 s concluded. Though he 
 fended his colleague** the peace was 
 !< d by the majority of the nation as un- 
 r, and the miniftry was diffolved. Re- 
 hored to privacy, Mr. Pitt parted feme months 
 on the continent ; and on the diimifial of the 
 m administration, he was felected for 
 : ce of firit lord of the treafury, and 
 chancellor of the exchequer, 18th December, 
 i;8j. Thus, at the head of affairs, he bent 
 the great power. s of his mind to the framing 
 of a bill for the regulation of India affairs, left 
 ob>cti<>nab'e than that of Mr. Fox. His at- 
 tempts were at firft unavailing, as his prede- 
 ceffbrs retained their influence in the com- 
 mons; and in confequence of this ftruggle 
 between the houfe and the king's prerogative, 
 
 al was made to a new parliament. The 
 rliament not only approved of his India 
 
 bill, but adopted his fyftem for the reduction 
 of the national debt by a finking fund, and 
 cemented his commercial treaty with France. 
 During the king's unfortunate illnefs, in 1 7 88, 
 Mr. Pitt boldly refilled the right of the prince 
 < :" Wales to aftume the government, which 
 Mr. Fox, with more warmth than conftitu- 
 tional knowledge, had haftily afferted. The 
 murder of the French king, and the ambitious 
 Views of the rulers of France, were productive 
 of difputes with England, and war was declared 
 in 1793. During hoftilities for eight years, in 
 fituations where all precedents were unavail- 
 ing, and all the political principles of former 
 times difregarded, the premier conducted the 
 affairs of the nations with that manly energy 
 which future hiftorians will celebrate to his 
 honor. His mighty mind planned, in 1800, 
 the union with Ireland, which, though at firft 
 crppofed, promifes to add ftrength, folidity, and 
 effect to the power of the fifter iflands. He 
 foon after retired from the hdad of affairs, in 
 confequence of difputes with refpecr to the 
 catholic emancipation ; but more probably to 
 make room for an adminiftmtion which might, 
 with greater probability of iuccefs, negoeiate a 
 peace with France. The infidious peace of 
 Amiens, under the adminiftration of Mr. 
 Addington, met with the approbation of Mr. 
 Pitt, as the moft advantageous which the fitua- 
 tion of the continent, and the gigantic rover 
 of France could allow, and in 1804 he -a as 
 again replaced at the head of affairs. Difficul- 
 ties, however, furrounded him on all fides; 
 many of his old colleagues had joined the 
 ranks of oppofition, and not a few condemned 
 the method by which he had regained hisrf- 
 cendanry in the king'? council'; Unappalled 
 by the dangers which threatened his country, 
 he formed that powerful confederacy with 
 Rufiia a;.d Auftria, which, had it been better 
 the generals of the belligerent 
 -. might have checked, if not crulhcd, 
 the cotofial influence of France. In the wean 
 
 time, while public affairs afifumed the moft 
 threatening alpect, a hereditary gout weaken- 
 ed the delicate conititution of the mi 
 and the feeds of the illnefs under wh 
 labored, in 1802, and which had new 
 completely eradicated, produced the moll a- 
 larming debility in the nervous fyftem. 
 cefiive anxiety, application to buiuieis, and 
 befides, a conftant privation of reft, contributed 
 to the general breaking up of his court; 
 and the intelligence of the difaften at A 
 lit*, and the failure of his favorite plan for the 
 deliverance of Europe from French tyi 
 harkned his end. He expired at his h< 
 Putney, Surrey, on the 23d Jan. 1806, and 
 the lift words which quivered on the dying 
 lips of this moft extraordinary man, were, 
 Oh, my country ! By a vote of the com- 
 mons, in which it is painful to obierve the 
 names of feveral of his former friends 
 the 89 who oppofed the dignified motion c 
 Mr. Lafcelles, his remains were buried in 
 Weftminfter abbey, at the public expence, and 
 the heart of every lover of patriotii'm affents 
 to the truth of the emphatical words which 
 the herald pronounced after the corpfe had 
 defcended-to the tomb; non fi'bi fed patri.e 
 vixit. By the fame vote of the commons. bJs 
 debts were difcharged -by the public, and it is 
 not a fmall proof of his great difintereftedneis, 
 that, during a long admin iftrist ion of above 20 
 years, he not only did not accumulate 
 but died infolvent. To appieciate th 
 racier of lb mighty a mind is no eafy tafk. 
 His hiftory is the niftory of civilized nations;' 
 as his counfels directed or influenced every 
 meafure which was carried into execution in 
 every corner of the habitable globe. To h'm 
 particularly belonged conftancy and fteadinej 
 of purpofe and principle, a pride of fuperiorityj 
 arifing from the confeioufnefs of great turns, 
 and firm integrity ; and when, therefore, he 
 had fixed upou an end, he maintained his opi- 
 nion againft all obftacles. His eloqu 
 it did not poffefs the vehemence of r 
 the brilliant fp'endor of Burke, was 
 correct, powerful, and convincing ; he 
 perfect command of language, and in the ar- 
 rangement of his matter, he was natural and 
 luminous, without art, without affe 
 He was noble, elevated, magnanimous 
 plans ; his object was England, his ai 
 was fame; an ambition that would have r iled 
 his country above all the world, and ! 
 along with her glory. The penetration of his 
 mind was fagacious, was infinite, and hisfchemgj 
 of government and policy were formed to af- 
 fect not only his country, not the prefent art' 
 only, but Europe and the world, and to tr-.nl- 
 mit the fruits of his administration, the \abb#ki 
 of his mighty genius, to the admiration of diC 
 tant pofterity. 
 
 Pius I. St. fucceeded as pope 142, and 
 fuffered martyrdom 157. 
 
 Prus II. JEncas Sylvius Fic(9j.i*nir.% t Vii* 
 MxtA* Syiviuj, 
 
 Pjv* HI.1 
 
 
FIU 
 
 PIZ 
 
 PlU3 III. Francis ThoJtfcb'tn't,ioi\ of a lifter 
 ef Pius II. fucceeded Alexander VI. in the 
 papal chair ; bur was fuddenly thatched away, 
 21 days after his election, 1503. 
 
 PlUS IV. John Angela, cardinal de M:dic;s, 
 ef Milan, was employed by Clement VII. 
 in feveral embailies, and fucceeded to the 
 popedom, 1559. He re-eftablilhed the coun- 
 cil of Trent, and affirmed its decrees by a bull. 
 He died 1565, aged 66. 
 
 Pins V. Michael Chijleri, of Bofeo, em- 
 braced the Dominican order. Pie was elected 
 pope after Pius IV. 1566; but though lie at- 
 tempted to reform the morals of his church, 
 zr.d to correct abufes, his meafures frequently 
 degenerated into feverity. His publication of 
 the bull called In Car.a Domini y by which he 
 attempted to enforce the fuperior jurifdiction 
 of the papal fee in temporal affairs, railed him 
 many enemies. He joined the Spaniards and 
 Venetians againft the Turks* and under his 
 aufpices the famous battle of I^epanto was 
 fought, 1571. He died of the ftone 1572, 
 aged 68, and was regarded as fo formidable 
 that Selim noticed his death by three days of 
 public rejoicings. 
 
 Pius VI. Joan Angclo Brafchi, was born 
 at Celena, 1 71 7. He was made treasurer of 
 the apoftolical" chamber, aud railed to the rank 
 of cardinal by Ganganelli, whom he fucceeded 
 as pope 177J. His reign was one of the long- 
 eft, and likewile one of the moit unfortunate 
 in the Roman hiftory, and fome affert, that 
 in his pontificate was fully verified the Latin 
 adage : 
 
 Semper fub Sextis perdita Roma fuit. 
 His government was marked by popular mea- 
 fures ; he reprefied abufes, and completed the 
 noble mufcum of the Vatican, begun by his 
 predeceffor, by the collection of vales, medals, 
 itatues, and monuments. Of this treafure a 
 magnificent account, with engravings, has ap- 
 peared in 6 vols. fol. The port of Ancona 
 xvas alfo repaired and embellilhed, and the 
 Pontine marfhes were drained of their pefti- 
 lcntial waters. Canals were constructed to 
 drain the mzrfties, the Appian way was re- 
 paired, or rather a new road was built 40 miles 
 in length, with rows of poplars, and houles 
 were eredted for the convenience of travellers. 
 In his character Pius was mild, and in his 
 conduct hofpirable, and Jofeph II of Germany, 
 Paul of Ruffia, and other princes, were wit- 
 Befles of his kindnefs and of his virtues. As 
 the head of the church, Pius naturally dis- 
 approved of the French revolution, which 
 feized with impious hand all ecclefiaftical eftab- 
 bfhments, and he embraced the caufic of the 
 allies. He received with kindnefs the banifhed 
 priefts, and this drew upon him the vengeance 
 of the French rulers. Bonaparte was directed 
 to attack the Roman ftates, and after taking 
 Urbino, Bologna, Ancona, &c. he offered 
 ' ) the fovereign pontiff, on condition of 
 his paying a large fum of money, and of fend- 
 ing to Paris the choiceft pieces in painting and 
 
 fculpture at Rome. A reconciliation thus 
 tyrannically effected proved not of long dura- 
 tion. The French ambaifador was inlulted 
 and murdered by the populace, and in confc- 
 quence the ecclefiaftical territories were in- 
 vaded. Rome was taken by the orders of 
 Bonaparte, and the captive pope a prifofiejt in 
 his palace, was conveyed amidlt the infults of 
 the French foldiery, frit to Sienna, and after- 
 wards acrofs the Alps into France. At Brian- 
 con he converted the ferocity of his oppreffors 
 into admiration "and reverence, and when he 
 expected to be' murdered by them, he law the 
 enraged multitude fuddenly moved with com- 
 paifion and fall down at his feet. From Brian - 
 Con he palTed on to Valence, where he was 
 permitted to reft. Here his fufferings were 
 completed, after an ilhiels of n days from 
 fatigue and old age, he died 29th Aug. 1798, 
 aged 82. Kis remains were buried at Valence 
 by order of Bonaparte ; but afterwards they 
 were removed to Rome in 1802, with great 
 funeral pomp. This prelate, fo well known 
 by his misfortunes, was poflefied of many vir- 
 tues, and the humility and meeknefs with 
 which he endured the indignities of his per- 
 fecutors entitled him to univerl'al veneration. 
 
 Pivati, John Francis, a Venetian lawyer, 
 known for his general dictionary of arts and 
 fciences, in 10 vols. fol. 1746. 
 
 Pix, Malty, of Netdebed, Oxfordfbire, 
 married Mr. Pix, and wrote 10 plays, which 
 poftefs little merit She died about 1720. 
 
 Pizarro, Francis, the conqueror of Peru, 
 was the illegitimate Ion of a gentleman by a 
 woman of low condition, and born at Truxillo. 
 Though obliged to keep hogs for his fuppprtj 
 he pofieffed an undaunted courage, and em- 
 barked for America. In 1524, fired with the 
 love of glory, he united with Almagro and 
 Lucque to go in queft of new undifcovercd 
 countries. After incredible hardlhips, he pe- 
 netrated into Peru, 1531, where he feized 
 the monarch Atahualpa, aud afterwards cruelly 
 put him to death. The poffefiion of an opu- 
 lent kingdom, and the lubmiiiion of the inha- 
 bitants, did not infpire the Spaniards with the 
 love of eafe, but produced quarrels, and Alma- 
 gro and Pizarro met in arms 1538. Almagro 
 was defeated and put to death ; but the Ion 
 and the friends of the fallen chief united a- 
 gainft their oppreflnr, and Pizarro was aftafti- 
 nated, after making an obllinate refiftance, 26th 
 June, 1541. This bold adventurer, who knew 
 not even how to read, was fully formed for 
 command. ,He laid the foundations of Lima, 
 and might deferve the name of a liero, were 
 not perfidy and cruelty indelible ftains on his 
 character. 
 
 Pizzi, Joachim, of Rome, was in 1 759 
 director of the academy of Arcades. He pcf- 
 felfed genius 3s a poet, and vigor and corredl - 
 nefs as a writer. His works are the vifiou of 
 Fden, a poem in 4 cantos the triumph of 
 poetry, a poem differtation on an antique 
 cameo, &c, He died 1790, aged "4. 
 
 [ T 3 ] PiACClUS 
 
PL 9 
 
 PLU 
 
 Placcitjs, Vincent ,, a philologer, of Ham- 
 burgh, 164;. profeflcc of eloquence and mo 
 rals in his native city, where he died 1699. 
 He publifhed theatrum anonymorum, et pt'eu- 
 norura, 2 vols. fol. liber de juris con- 
 writo, Svo. &c 
 
 Place, Fran-Uy a Yorkshire gentleman, 
 eminent as a painter and engraver. As he 
 worked only for his amufement, his p'&ces are 
 fcarce. His etchings and his mezzotinto prints 
 were in great estimation. He died 1728. 
 
 PLACENTiNUs,/V/,r, a .Dominican, author 
 of " pu^na porcorum," a poem of 360 verfes, 
 in which every word begins with a p. 1530. 
 He wrote alfo a Latin hiStory of the bifhops of 
 TongresandLiege,anddiedatMaeitricht,i548. 
 
 Placette, John de la, a proteftant minis- 
 ter, who, at the revocation of the edjet of 
 Nantes, retired to Denmark, and then to Hol- 
 land, and fettled at Utrecht, where he died 
 1718. He wrote moral eSfays, 6 vol?. 121110. 
 on confeience, translated into Englith by 
 Bafil Kennett chriilian reflections, Sec. and 
 a treatife aeainft Bayle on the origin of evil, 
 and the trinity. 
 
 Plantin, Chrijlopher , an eminent printer, 
 of Tours, who fettled at Antwerp, and pub- 
 lished elegant editions of various authors. He 
 acquired riches and fame by his profeffion, 
 and was extremely liberal. He died 1589, 
 aged 65. His chief work is faid to be a Poly- 
 glott bible. 
 
 Pla nudes, Maximus, a monk of Con- 
 stantinople, in the 4th century, who wrote a 
 curious, but improbable life of iEibp, and alfo 
 a Greek anthologia. 
 
 Platina, Bartholomew Sacchl, a learned 
 Italian, born near Cremona, 1421. He aban- 
 doned the military life for the church, and 
 was appointed apoflolical abbreviator at Rome. 
 He was deprived of this office by Paul II. but 
 when he complained of the treatment, as he 
 had purchafed the place, he was indignantly 
 rejected, and even imprifoned and put to the 
 rack. The next pope Sixtus IV. appointed 
 him librarian to the Vatican. He died of the 
 plague 1481. He wrote the livee of the popes, 
 printed firSt at Venice, 1479, fol. history' of 
 Mantua, &c. 
 
 Playiord, John, a Stationer and feller of 
 mufic books, Sec. in Fleet-Street, London. He 
 published an introdudion to the Skill of mufic, 
 *(>55t and contributed much to the improve- 
 ment of the printing of mufic. He alfo edited 
 the pSalms and hymns in metre, with tunes, 
 airs, and fongs for the bafs-viol, &c. He died 
 J 693 aged 80. 
 
 Plempius, Vopifcus Fortunatus, of Am- 
 sterdam, was profeSfor of medicine at Louvain, 
 where he died 167 1, aged 70. He was author 
 of ophthalmographia, or de oculi fabrica, 410. 
 ~ de togatorum valetudine tuenda de affecti- 
 bus capillorum et unguium natura tractatus 
 de prSte, &c. 
 
 -is Richtueu, Vid. Richelieu. 
 
 PtoT, Robert , an English philofopher, born 
 
 at Sutton Barn, Kent, 1641, and educated at 
 Wye School, and Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 whence he removed to Univerfity college. 
 He was member of the Royal fociety,, and 
 appointed one of its fecretaries, and as fuch 
 published the philolbphical traniadions from 
 No. 14 3 to 166, inclusive. In 1683, he was 
 nominated by Afhmole firlt keeper to his 
 newly- ereted mufa;um, and made alfo pro- 
 feflbr of chemistry, and in 168S hiitoriogra- 
 pher to the king. He died of the It one 1696, 
 at Borden. He publifhed the natural hi'lories 
 of Oxfordshire and Staffordshire, both in fol. 
 as effays towards a natural hiftory of England 
 de origine fontium, Sec: an account of 
 Elden Hole, Sec. and left behind him Several 
 MSS. for the histories of Kent, Middlesex, 
 nnd London, which he intended to publish. 
 
 Plowden, Edmund, a lawyer, born in 
 Shropshire, 1517, and educated at Cam- 
 bridge, whence he removed to Oxford, where 
 he practised as a phyfician. He foon after 
 abandoned phyfic for the Middle Temple, and 
 was made a ferjeant. As he was a Roman 
 catholic his preferments ceafed on the acces- 
 sion of Elizabeth. He died 1584. His " re- 
 ports" are held in great efteem. 
 
 Pluche, Antor.y, a writer, bom at Rheims, 
 1 66 8. He gave leclurae on history and geo- 
 graphy at Paris, and was prefented in 1749 
 to the abbey of Valence St. Maur, and died 
 of an apoplexy, 1761. His works are Specta- 
 cle de la nature, 7 vols. nmo. an excellent 
 work, twice translated into English hiltoire 
 du ciel, 2 vols, nmo, containing a mytholo- 
 gical hiStory of the heaver.s-r-la mechanique 
 des langues, nmo, &c. 
 
 Plijkenet, Leonard, an English botaniSt, 
 born 1642. In his old age he was appointed 
 by the queen fuperintendant of Hampton- 
 court garden, with the title of royail profeflbr 
 of botany. His great work is his " phyto- 
 graphia," to the completion of which he de- 
 voted much of his time. He had correspond- 
 ents for his botanical refearches all over the 
 world ; but though he aftiSted Ray, he differed 
 much from Sloane and Petiver, and cenlured 
 their labors with Some afperity. He died 
 about 1705. His phytographia appeared in 
 four parts 1691-1696, containing 328 plates, 
 4to. He published befides almageltum bota- 
 nicum, 4to. 1696, containing 6000 fpecies 
 almageSti botanici mantiSTa, 4to. with 25 new 
 plates ramaltheum botanicum, 4to. &c. His 
 herbarium contained 8000 plants, and is now 
 in the British muleum. His works were, re- 
 printed 1769, 4 vols, and in 1779. 
 
 Plumier, Charles, a French botaniSt, of 
 Marseilles. He ftudied mathematics at Tou- 
 loufe, but afterwards applied to botany and 
 natural hiStory. Lewis XIV. fent him to the 
 WeSt Indies in fearch of curious and medicinal 
 plants. He performed three voyages, and 
 explored not only St. Domingo, but the 
 neighbouring iflands, and part of the continent. 
 While meditating a fourth voyage, he was 
 
 attacked 
 
POC 
 
 POG 
 
 If attacked by a pleuriiy, as he waited for the 
 ij fliip near Cadiz, and died there 1706. His 
 H works are valuable, nova plantarum Ameri- 
 |. cannrum genera, 4to. defcription of the 
 II plants of America, fol. treadle on American 
 I terns, fol the art of turning, fol. with plates 
 H dhTertations on cochineal, in the journal des 
 I fcavans. Befides thefe he left 1400 drawings, 
 I which might make 10 vols. more. 
 
 Pluquet, Francis Andrew, of Bayeux, 
 m was an able lecturer on hiitory at Paris, and 
 died of an apoplexy 1790, aged 74. He 
 wiote an examination of fatalifm, 3 vols. iamo. 
 a dictionary of herefies, 2 vols. 8vo. the 
 claiiical books of the Chuiefe, 7 vols. nmo. 
 treatife on luxury, % vols. l2mo. a treatiie 
 on lbciability, a vols, in which he eftablifhes 
 the natural propenfity of man to religion, 
 againft ! obbes. 
 
 Pocockk, F.!ivard,z celebrated orientalilt, 
 born at Oxford, 1604. He was educated at 
 '1 name fchool, and Magdalen hall, Oxford, 
 from which he removed to a fcholarfhip at 
 Coruus. Diltinguithed by his knowledge of 
 claffical and oriental literature, he, by the in- 
 terest of Selden, obtained the place of chaplain 
 to the Englilh factory at Aleppo. Pie was in 
 111 1631 employed by Laud to make a collec- 
 tion of luch valuable M>S. and coins as might 
 enrich an univerfity library ; and in 1636 he 
 vras informed by that liberal patron that he 
 was nominated to fill his newly founded Ara- 
 bic profefforfhip in Oxford He returned in 
 conlequence from Aleppo, but afterwards went 
 to Constantinople with Greaves, who was 
 going to explore the antiquities of Egypt. He 
 was invited by Laud in 1640 to return, and 
 in his way through Paris, he became acquaint- 
 ed with Grotius, to whom he communicated 
 his intention of tranflating his book, de veritate 
 chrift. religionis, into Arabic, which the pious 
 author approved. In 1643 ne was prelented 
 by his college to the rectory of Childrey, 
 Berkshire, where he retired ; but he was de- 
 prived of his profefibrfhip by the republicans. 
 He was in 1647 reftored to his lalary, and the 
 next year nominated by the king, then a pri- 
 foner, profelfbr of Hebrew and canon of Chrift 
 church, an appointment approved by the par- 
 liament, but relcitided when he refilled to 
 fubfcribe to the engagement. Though de- 
 prived of his canonry, he read lectures, and in 
 1652 afiifted in preparing the edition of the 
 Polyglott bible. The restoration reinftated 
 him in all his offices, but he was neglected 
 among thofe who had by their fervices con- 
 tributed moft to the advancement of religion 
 and learning in the kingdom. He died at 
 Oxford, 1691, aged 87, and was buried in the 
 cathedral. As a fcholar and orientalift his 
 abilities were great. His fole ambition was 
 the advancement of oriental literature, to 
 which he devoted himfclf with afliduous care. 
 His works are fpecimen hiftorise Arabum, 
 1648, much commended by Prideaux, Ock- 
 ley, o'iiden, Reland, and others porta Mofis, 
 
 or fix prefatory dil'courfes of Mofes Mairno- 
 nides Futychius' annals Abul Feraji hiftoria 
 dynaftarum, 4to. commentaries on Micah, 
 Malachi, Hofea, and Joel, fol. St. Peter's 
 fecond epiitle, the fecond and third of John, 
 and that of Jude, tranflated into Syriac let- 
 ters with leveral learned men, pubiithed by 
 Twells. % vols. fol. 1740. H's eldeft fon 
 EJivard, rector of Minal, Wilts, publimed an 
 Arabic work, called philofophus autodida6his, 
 live epiftola Jaafar Ebn Tophail, &c. 
 
 Pococke, Richard, a divine, related dif- 
 tantly to the celebrated orientalift. He was 
 born 1704, at Southampton, where his father 
 was mafter of the free fchool, and he was 
 educated at Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. He tra- 
 velled into the Eaft in 1737, and returned in 
 174a, and in 1744 was made precentor of 
 Waterford. He accompanied as chaplain lord 
 Chefterfield to Ireland, and was appointed by 
 him archdeacon of Dublin, and under another 
 viceroy made buhop of Oflbry, 1736. In 
 1765 he was tranflr.ted to Elphin and Mcath, 
 and died the September oi that fame year, of 
 a fit of apoplexy- Pie publilhcd a valuable 
 account of his travels, under the title of " ob- 
 fervations on Egypt, Paleltine, the Holy Land, 
 Syria, Mefopotamia, Cyprus," &c. 3 vols. fol. 
 He enriched alfo the Britifh muieum by the 
 gift of various volumes of MSS. 
 
 PoGGlo Br.\CCIOL1NI, John Frartcisyhom 
 at Terranuova in Florence, 1380, itudied at 
 Florence, where he learnt Latin and Greek, 
 and applied alfo to the Hebrew. He was for 
 fome time at Rome, where he held the place 
 of writer of the apoftolic letters for 10 years, 
 and afterwards became fecretary to the pope. 
 In 1 41 4 he attended the council of Conftance, 
 and directed his attention to the recovery of 
 claffical authors ; and to his refearches pofte- 
 rity is indebted for the preservation of Quin- 
 tilian, Silitts Itnliuis. Ammian Marcellinus, 
 Lucretius, Tertullian, and other works. He 
 next extended his refearches to England, and 
 then parTed through Germany and Hungary. 
 After continuing apoftolic fecretary under 
 feven popes, during 40 years, he, in 1453, 
 became fecretary to the republic of Florence, 
 and died in the neighbourhood, at an elegant 
 villa, which he had built for his dimmer re- 
 treat, 1459, a S e( l 79 leaving a widow and fix 
 children. The works of Poggio were a Latin 
 hiitory of Florence, from 1350 to 1455, 4to. 
 epiftles de varietate fortune funeral ora- 
 tions facetia?, or witticifms, certainly un- 
 worthy of the author a tranflation of Dio- 
 dorus Siculus of Xenophon's Cyropyedia, &c. 
 Poggio not only cultivated letters himfelf, but 
 promoted their advancement. Eraimus has 
 cenfured his private character, which certainly 
 was not always free from blame; but Ma- 
 chiavel and others fpeak in the highelt praife 
 of his learning, and the difintereftednefs of his 
 conduct ; and his unavailing interference in 
 favor of the unfortunate Jerome of Prajue at 
 Conftance, nuift be recorded with every mark 
 [T 4] of 
 
POI 
 
 POL 
 
 rf approbation. His fon James, translated his 
 
 i. to Italian, and alio Xeno- 
 
 phon's Cyrus; and after being worthy of his 
 
 death, in the confpiracy of 
 
 M78. 
 
 Pojket, Peter, a myflic enthufiaft, horn 
 
 t Mctz, 1646, and educated at Bafil. He 
 
 was ir.in.ter at Heidelberg and Anwell, and 
 
 I to Holland, ;md died at 
 
 Rein!l;c;j 1:19. He wrote the divbe ceco- 
 
 nomw 7 voU. Svo. tranflated into En-lilh 
 
 cojrutiones rationales de Deo, anima & malo 
 
 . s of chriftian religion peace of 
 
 geood fouls, iamo. life of madame Bourig- 
 
 non, kc 
 
 Foirjer, Germain, of Par;s, was of the 
 order of the Benedictines of St Maur, which 
 he quitted in 1769. He was coadjutor in the 
 art of verifying dates; and continued with 
 Prccieux the nth volume of the hiftorians of 
 Gaul and France, begun by Bouquet. He died 
 at the beginning of 1 803, aged 8a. 
 
 .son, Nicholas Jofepb, a prieft of the 
 oratory, Superior of the abbey of Vendome. 
 He died at Lyons 1710, very old. He was 
 riead of Defcartes, and eminent as a phi- 
 lcfopher. He wrote deleftus au&orum ec- 
 clefix univerfalis, feu gemma concihorum, 
 a vok. folio remarks on Defcartes' difcourfes 
 en method, mechanics, and mufic account of 
 his travels in Italy, &c. 
 
 Voissos, Aaymond, fon of a mathematician 
 at Paris, was patronized by the duke of Cre- 
 qui ; but quitted the profeffion of a courtier 
 for the ftage. He was afterwards noticed by 
 Lewis XIV. and died at Paris 1690. He 
 wrote the baron de la Crafle the s;ood lol- 
 ciicr, comedies of one ad Lubin the fool of 
 quality, &c. 
 
 son, Paul, fon of the preceding, was 
 
 eminent alfo as a comedian. He died at St. 
 
 n-en-Laie, 1735, aged 77. His fon 
 
 vas likewife a comedian of celebrity, 
 
 who died at Paris 1743, aged 60. He was 
 
 author of fix comedies, 2 vols. nmo. 
 
 bonnier, Peter lfaac, a phyfician of 
 the firft who read chemical lec- 
 It Paris. He was fent by the court, at 
 ftm of Elizabeth, emprefs of Ruflia, 
 who wilhed for the advice of an eminent phy- 
 fician, and on his return he was made firft phy- 
 fician to the army, &c. and obtained a penfion 
 QOO livres. The revolution fent him 
 family into confinement ; but he 
 *" reftored to liberty after the fall of Robef- 
 and died 1797, aged 79. He wrote 
 on the means of rendering fea water 
 on the fevers of St. Domingo on 
 1MB, 2 vols. 8vo. abridg- 
 : anatomy, 2 vols. nmo. 
 Poitiers, Diana de, was born 1500. 
 ther, count St Vallier, was con- 
 'rin^ the ef- 
 iftable Bourbon, Diana obtained 
 wing herfelf st the feet of 
 Fiaacu C After the death of her hulla:.d de 
 
 Brere, grand fenefchal of Normandy, fhe wa* 
 admired by Henry II. and though aged 40, 
 flie fo captivated the heart of the young mo- 
 narch, who was only 18, that till his death in 
 1559, (he remained lble mi'.trefs of his affec- 
 tions, and of the kingdom. She died m retire- 
 ment, 1566, aged 66. To great perfonal 
 charrrs, lhe united unufual powers of mind. 
 
 Poivre, N. of Lyons, went as milfionary 
 to China. On his return to Europe, the Ihip, 
 in which he was embarked, was attacked by 
 Barnet, the Englifh admiral, and during the 
 fight he lolt his right arm, which was Ihot off 
 by a cannon ball. He was afterwards em- 
 ployed by the French Eaft India company in 
 1743, to open an intercourfe with Cochin- 
 China, and in 1766 he was fent to the illes of 
 France and Bourbon, to improve their com- 
 merce and agriculture. He there introduced 
 the cultivation of various trees, especially the. 
 bread-fruit tree, the mufcadine grape, the 
 clove, &c. He returned to France, and died 
 1786. He is author of the voyage of a philo- 
 fopher, i2io. on the dying of filks on the 
 hiftory and manners of China orations, Sec. 
 
 Po lan, A mand, of Oppaw in Silefia, was 
 profeiTor of theology at Bafil, where he died 
 1610, aged 49. He wrote commentaries on 
 Ezekiel and Daniel difTertations, &c. 
 
 Pole, Reginald, archbifhop of Canterbury, 
 was fon of lord Montague, the coufin of 
 Henry VII. by Margaret the daughter of 
 George dnke of Clarence, the brother of Ed- 
 ward IV. He was born at Stoverton caftle, 
 Worcefterfhire, 1500, and entered, at the age 
 of 12, at Magdalen college, Oxford, under Li- 
 nacre and Latimer. He was made prebendary 
 of Salifbury, and dean of Exeter, and by the 
 favor of his relation Henry VIII. he was, with, 
 a fplendid allowance, permitted to go to Italy 
 to finilh his education, in' the underlines of 
 Padua, Venice, and Rome. He returned in 
 1525 to England, aud was received with great 
 kindnefs by Henry; but the agitation of the' 
 divorce from Catherine difturbed the harmony 
 which fubfifted between him and the court. 
 Henry wifhed to add to the opinion of foreign 
 univeifities the affent of his kinl'man. Pole, 
 however, refufed to approve what his con- 
 lcience condemned, and after withdrawing from 
 the king, who at one time was lb enraged that 
 he feized his poinard to ftab him, he obtained 
 permidion to travel. To reconcile to the 
 feelings of the people his marriage with Ann 
 Boleyn, Henry fent to Pole a book written 
 in its favor by Sampfon, biihop of Chicefler, 
 for his approbation. Without immediately 
 anl'wer'mg the king's rcque't, Pole exprefTed 
 his lentiments in his pro unitate ecclelialtica, 
 which, in maintaining the papal Supremacy, 
 highly offended Henry, and procured the 
 withdrawing of all his penfions and the patting 
 of a bill of attainder againft him. Stripped of 
 his honors, Pole found favor at Rome; he was 
 created a cardinal, an i fent as legate to Fiance, 
 to Flanders, and to the council of Trent, On 
 
 the 
 
POL 
 
 POL 
 
 ibf death cf Paul III. 1549, Pole- was twice 
 elected to fucceed to St. Peter's chair, but he 
 rejected the proffered honor, and loon after 
 ittired to Verona, where he continued till the 
 de^th of Edward Vf. On the accetfion of 
 Mary, Pole was ftlected as the fitteft legate 
 to reconcile England to the holy fee ; and af- 
 ter he was informed that his bill of attainder 
 was repealed, he returned to his native coun- 
 try. He eafily prevailed upon the parliament 
 to be reconciled to Rome, after the ex.mple 
 of their queen ; and after he had granted 
 them abfolution, he mads his public entry 
 into London. Pole did not, however, afTent 
 at fir ft to thefe violent meafures of bigotry 
 Aliid by nature, he preferred perfuafion to 
 authority ; but his oppofition was at laft over- 
 powered, and fevere meafures were adopted 
 againft the protectants, which reflect difgruce 
 on the accommodating conduct of the legate. 
 His forbearance had been fuch that he was ac- 
 ceded to the pope as a heretic, and for a while 
 bis legatine- powers were withdrawn ; but the 
 good opinion of the queen prevailed at Rome, 
 and restored him to his office. On the death 
 of Gardiner, he was confirmed by the pope in 
 the fee of Canterbury, to which he had before, 
 en the expulfion of Cranmer, been elected ; 
 and to his other dignities was added that of 
 chancellor to both univerfities. Pie was at- 
 tacked by a quartan ague which proved fatal, 
 I558, 16 hours after the death of his royal 
 rr.iitrefs, whofe demife is laid to have haitened 
 his own. If his attachment to the fee of Rome 
 had not been fo bigoted, Pole might have 
 lhone a very perfect character, as in learning, 
 eloquence, humility, and all the amiable vir- 
 tues of privnte and of public life, no man was 
 Superior to him. Befides the tract already 
 mentioned, he wrote two defences of it, &c. 
 
 Polemberg, Cornelius, a Dutch painter, 
 born at Utrecht 1586. He went to Rome 
 where he itudied with great fuccefs the man- 
 ner of Raphael, and furpafled his contempora- 
 ries in the delicacy of his touches, and the ele- 
 gance of his figures. His landscapes were alfo 
 much elteemed. He was invited to England 
 by Charles I. and painted here foi.ie valuable 
 pieces. He died at Utrecht 1660, in great 
 affluence and reputation. 
 
 Pol km, Johji Marquis, of Padua, was 
 eminent as a profeflbr of aitrcnomy and ma- 
 thematics. His knowledge of hydraulics was 
 fuch, that he was confulted by feveral rlates, 
 and was furveyor of the water works of the 
 Venetian territories. He was alfo an able ar- 
 chitect, and was the friend and correlpondent 
 cf all the great men of Europe, of Newton, 
 Leibnitz, Calfini, the Bernoullis, &c. He 
 published a fupplement to the collections of 
 Grsevius and Gronovius, 5 vols. foL He died 
 1 761, aged 78. 
 
 : Poli, Martin, of Lucca, was profefTor of 
 chemiftry^ at Rome. It is faid that he difco- 
 vered lbme powerful agent of destructive e A t 
 ifl military affairs, which he communicated to 
 
 Lewis XIV. The monarch commended his 
 ingenuity, and rewarded him liberally 5 but in- 
 fifted that the fecret fhould die, "with him, ob- 
 ferving that the methods of deftroying life, 
 and increafing human miferies, are already 
 fufficiently numerous. He died at Paris of a 
 violent fever, 17 14, aged 5 Z. Pie publilhed 
 il triomfo degli acidi, aa apology for acids, &c. 
 1706. 
 
 Polidoro, Da Cara-vaggls, a painter fo 
 called from the village of Caravaggio near 
 Milan, where he was born 1495. He was a 
 day laborer to carry ftoives and mortar for the 
 mafens in the buildings of the Vatican ; but 
 while he fupplied materials for the frefco, h* 
 obferved with accuracy, and copied with fu*-i 
 cefs the figures defcribed upon it. Raphaeh 
 aftonifhed at his powers, encouraged bin: and 
 employed him in the decorations of the Vati- 
 can. When Rome was befieged by the Spa- 
 niards he fled to Naples, and afterwards to 
 Medina, where he was murdered by his Ser- 
 vant, who had obferved the great fums of money 
 which he had drawn from the bank, with the 
 intention of returning to Italy. He died 1543, 
 aged 48 The murderer was difcovered, and 
 torn to pieces between four horfes. 
 
 Polier, Charles de, of Laufanne, was lieu-, 
 tenant in a Swifs regiment in France, but left 
 the profefhon of arms for literature. He died 
 at lord Tyrone's ieat near Waterford, 178a, 
 aged 29. He made lbme ingenuous communi- 
 cations to the Manchelter fociety, Sec. 
 
 Poxtgnac, Melchivr de, a French cardinal, 
 born 166a. lie was well verfed in the phiio- 
 fophy of Ariltotle, and afterwards embraced 
 the doctrines of Defcartes. He accompanied 
 de Bouillon to Rome, and was lent by Lewis 
 XIV. as ambaffhdor extraordinary to procure 
 the fuccefiion to Poland in favor of the prince 
 de Conti, upon John Sobiefki's death. His ill 
 fuccefs produced his dilgrace at court ; but he 
 was reftored to favor, and in 1709 employed 
 as one of the plenipotentaries at G-mruy den- 
 berg; and rive years after he ailhted at the 
 fettling the peace of Utrecht. He refided at 
 Rome'under Lewis XV. as miniiter of France. 
 In 1716 he was railed to the fee of Auch, and 
 died at Paris 1741, aged 81. He wrote a La- 
 tin poem called Anti-Lucretius, feu de Deo & 
 tutura, in nine books, inculcating doctrines 
 contrary to thofe of Lucretius. 
 
 Por.iNiF.RE , Peter, of Coulonce near Vire, 
 ftudied at Paris, and was the firit who read 
 lectures in philolbphy, mathematics, and che- 
 miftrv, at Paris, whare he had the king fre- 
 quently among his auditors. He died Aid- 
 denly 1734, aged 63. Fie was little ac- 
 quainted with the world, and more fond of his 
 books than of public life. He wrote elements 
 of mathematics treatife on experimental phi-' 
 lofophy, 2 vols. i2mo. 1741- 
 
 PotlTl, Alexander, profefTor of eloquence 
 and Greek at Pifa, died there 1752, of an 
 apoplexy. He is known for his edition of 
 Euftathius's commentary on Homer, with a 
 
 Latin 
 
POM 
 
 tMin transition and notes, 5 ls - fol. the 
 Roman nartvrohvv. corrected in tol. &c 
 
 p , , fir, an ingenious Italian, 
 
 * I ntc Pulciano in Tufcany. 
 
 \ndronicus of 'I hcf 
 
 fctonka, and Uudied phiKophy under Ficinus, 
 
 He was noticed by the 
 
 :)d was for fome time prc- 
 
 > children, and afterwards 
 
 profr . md Latin at Florence. He 
 
 ww the intimate friend of the learned men of 
 
 d died 1494 as * e ty tVo,n 
 
 great grief for the misfortunes of the Me 
 
 -. who had been expelled from their coun- 
 A 1 .i poet his lines on the "tournament 
 of Julian tie Medicis are much admired. He 
 wTOte befides the hiftory of the Pazzi cont- 
 rary *n:<cellanes fome i<her poems, and a 
 l^tin rranflation of Herodian, fo elegant and 
 io fpiritcd, that it is doubted which is the more 
 valuable, the original or the verfion a treatife 
 on anger, *c. His works altogether were 
 printed in 15*0, 3 vols. 8vo. and 1553 folio 
 
 PoivDonr. Virgil, of Urbino, came to 
 England in the Ante of the papal legate. He 
 fo pleflfed Henry VIII. by his learning that he 
 gave him the archdeaconry of Veils, and pre- 
 vailed upon him to employ his talents in an hif- 
 tory of the country. He afterwards left Eng- 
 land in confequence of the conduit of Woli'ey, 
 who bad impriloned him for one }'ear, becaule 
 his patron Corneto had folicited the fee of 
 York, and he retired to Italy, where he died 
 1555. His works are the hiftory of England 
 to the end of the leventh Henry's reign, de- 
 dicated to Henry VIII. a work written in ele- 
 gant Latin, but not very accurate as an hiftory 
 de inventoribus rerum, 1 zmo. treatite on 
 prodigies, fol. corrections 011 Gildas, &c. 
 
 Pombal, Sebafian Jifeph Carvalho, mar- 
 quis /, a Portuguefe minifter, born near 
 Coimbra, 1699. He embraced a military life, 
 which he quitted for retirement and an union 
 with Dcuna Almada, a noble Spanifh lidy, 
 who died 1739. He was in 1745 fent ambai'- 
 fador to Vienna, where he married the countefs 
 of Daun, related to the marfhal of that name, 
 and by means of this lady who became a 
 hifh favorite with the queen of Portugal, he 
 role in the ftate. On the l'ucceiiion of Jofeph 
 to the throne, 1750, Pomba! was appointed 
 fwetary for foreign affairs, and by the wifdom 
 of his adminittration, introduced excellent re- 
 gulations for the promotion of the agriculture, 
 the finances, and the marine of the kingdom. 
 His conduct, however, difyleafed fome of the 
 nobles, and a confpirac.y was formed againft 
 him and the king; but the dilcovery of it 
 Woorht difgrace on the accomplices, and the 
 jefui-s, a concerned in the plot, were expelled 
 frora ' la the dreadful earth- 
 
 d Lifboii 1755, Pombal 
 owH great benevolence, and by his means 
 'r ru ; as, w.th'new fplen- 
 ph's denth 17-7. Pombal fell 
 i ':di 782, aged 8j. Though 
 
 POM 
 
 i" fed of avarice and pride, he pofToif- - 
 doubtedly great talents. His memoirs ap- 
 peared 1785, in 4 vols, izrno. 
 
 Pomet, Peter, a druggift at Paris, fuper. 
 intendant of the materia medica, in the king's 
 gardens. He acquired opulence ,md reputation 
 by his works, especially his general hiftory of 
 dru^s, folio. He died 1699, aged 41. 
 
 Pomky, Frauei:, a jefu it of Lyons, known 
 by his pantheum inylticum, tranfiated into 
 En^lilh by Andrew Tooke, as his own per- 
 formance. He wrote belides a French and 
 Latin dictionary, 4to. rlos Latinitatis Ii>>i 
 tina, on the funerals of the ancients novus 
 rhctoricae candidatus, and died 1673, aged .55. 
 
 PoMrRKT, John, an Englifh poet, born 
 about 1667, at Luton, Bedfordfhire. He 
 was educated at Cambridge, snd obtained the 
 living of Alaldon, in Bedfordfhire. In 1703 
 he came to London, for a larger living, but 
 found bifhop Comprpn ftrongfy prejudiced 
 againft him, for four lines in his poem called 
 choice, in which it was falfely faid, that he 
 preferred a miftrefs to a wife, and before the 
 prelate's fcruples could be removed, the unfor- 
 tunate candidate caught the fmall pox, and 
 died of it, aged 35. In his " cruelty and luft," 
 he has introduced the character of Kirk, with 
 great effect and pathos. No poem, fays John- 
 fon, has been oftener perilled, than his choice. 
 He pleaies many, and he who pleafes mult 
 have merit. 
 
 Pompadour, 'Jane Antoinette Po':ffon,mar- 
 thionefs of, the miftrefs of Lewis XV., was 
 daughter of a financier, and married d'Ktiole. 
 The licentious monarch firft faw her while he 
 Was hunting in the foreft of Senar, and from 
 that time he made her his favorite, and railed 
 her, in 1745, to the rank of a marchionefs. 
 She enjoyed great influence at court, till her 
 death, 1764, at the age of 44. The liberal 
 manner with which fhe patronized literature, 
 has in fome degree blunted the fhafts of criti- 
 cifrn againft the infamy of her life. Her me- 
 moirs have been publiftied, 2 vols. 8vo. and all 
 her letters, 3 vols. 
 
 PoMPIGNAN, John James le Franc, mar- 
 quis of, a French writer, born at Mont au ban, 
 1709. He cultivated the mufes, and his tra- 
 gedy of Dido raifed him to the rank of a poet, 
 little inferior to Racine. He became mem- 
 ber wf the French academy 1760, and pro- 
 nounced, at his admiflion, a difcourfe in favor 
 of chriftianity, by proving that the man of re- 
 ligion and virtue is the only true philofopher, 
 which drew upon him the ridicule of the pro- 
 fligate philofophers of the times; of Voltaire, 
 Helvetius, and their aftbeiates. Tliis drove 
 him from Paris to his eftate, where he ipent 
 the reft of his days employed in philofophy 
 and religion, and died there, of an apoplexy, 
 1784. His works confilt of dramatic pieces 
 moral difcourfes- facred odes an imitation 
 of the Georgics voyage de Languedoc, &c. 
 
 Pomimgnan, John George lc Franc de t 
 
 I to the preceding, was born at Mon- 
 
 uubtt 
 
PON 
 
 PON 
 
 tauban 1715. He was biihopof Pay, and af- j 
 terwards tranflated to the fee of Vienne. At ' 
 the revolution he was deputy from Dauphine j 
 to the conitituent afll-mbly, and became one of j 
 the miniftry. The pope called upon him to j 
 exert his authority to prevent all the meditated 
 innovations in the church- He died at Paris 
 1790. He was author of 16 different works, 
 the belt known of which are critical eiTay on 
 the prefent If ate of the republic of letters 
 on the fecular authority in matters of religion 
 fcepticifm convicted bv the prophecies let- 
 ters from a biihop, 2 vols. &c 
 
 Pomponatius, Peter, of Mantm, was of 
 a dwarfifh Mature, but pofTeffed great, genius, 
 and taught Philofophy at Padua and Bologna. 
 His book " de immortalitate animar," in 1516, 
 oecafioned a violent controverfy, but while he 
 maintained the immortality of the foul as a 
 matter of faith, he was branded with the name 
 of an atheift. His work, therefore, was pub- 
 licly burnt. He died 1525, aged 63. 
 
 Pomponius Lottos, Julius, an eminent 
 fcholar, born in Calabria, 1 ,25. He was well 
 acquainted w ; th Latin, though totally ignorant 
 of Greek, but rather inclined to heathenilm, 
 fince he dedicated altars to Romulus, and re- 
 fufed to read the bible, for tear of acquiring a 
 bad tafte. He was accufed-of confpirinj: againft 
 Paul If. and fled to Venice, but returned after 
 that pontiff's death. Before his death he be- 
 came a penitent chriftian. He died 1495. 
 He wrote abridgement of the lives of the Cx- 
 fars, fol. de Romanae urbis vetuftate. 4to 
 vita Statii & patris ejus editions of Salluft, 
 Pliny, and Cicero commentaries on Virgil, 
 Cjuintilian. Columella, &c. 
 
 Pona, John Baf/tiji, author of diatribe de 
 rebus philoiophicib l atin poems il 'i irreno, 
 a paftoral. &c. ; was of Verona, and died there 
 young, 1588. His brother John was an emi- 
 nent botanilt at Verona, and wrote plants 
 quae in Baldo monte reperiuntur, .;to. 
 
 Pona, Francis, a phyfician of Verona, 
 who died there, 1652, aged 58. He is au- 
 thor of medicina anima?, 4to. lucerna di eureta 
 mifofcolo, 4to. faturnalia, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Pons, John Francis de, a French ecclefiaf- 
 tic of Marly He fettled at Paris, and ably 
 defended la Mothe again fl mad. Dacier. He 
 was a learned man. deformed in his perfon, but 
 j of the beft character, and died at Chaumont, 
 I-32, aged 49. He was author of a lyftem 
 of education four differtations on languages, 
 &c. 
 
 PoNT DeVesle, Antony de Ferriol, count 
 ic, a comic writer, drawn into public life by 
 his uncle cardinal de Pencin He was made 
 governor of Pont de Vefle, and intendant gene- 
 ral of marine, and died at Paris 1774, aged 77. 
 He was author of the complaifant, a comedy 
 the coxcomb punifhed, a comedy fleep walker, 
 a farce fongs, and other fwgive pieces His 
 uncle Fcrriol, publifhed 100 engravings in folio, 
 171.5, explanatory of the drei's tiid maimers of 
 tht Eaftern nations, &c. 
 
 Po NT ANUS. Join Jovian, f Cerreto,*WM 
 preceptor, and fecretary to Alphonfo, kingjof 
 Arragon, whom he reconciled to his father 
 Ferdinand. Finding himfelf neglected, he in 
 veighed in his dialogue on ingratitude, againft 
 the prince, who nobly disregarded the fatirical 
 attack. He died 1503, aged 77. He wrote 
 " the hiftory of the wars of Ferdinand T. and 
 John, of Ar.jou," 4 vols. 8vp. 
 
 Pontanus, John Ifaac, an author, born 
 in Denmark, of Dutch parents. He was his- 
 toriographer to the king of Denmark, anci died 
 at Hardervvyck, where he taught medicine and 
 mathematics, 1640, aged 69. He was author 
 of hiftona urbis & rerum Am/telodam. fol 
 itinerarium Gallise Narbonenf. izmo. rerum 
 Danicarum hiitoria cum chorographicaregni ur- 
 biurrvque delcriptione, fol. a valuable work 
 diileptationes chorographicx* deRbeni divortik 
 & ofti'is, et accolis populis adverius P. Ciuve- 
 rum, 8vo. difcufllones hiftotica?, 8vo againft 
 Selden's treatife on the lea hiftorica Geldrica, 
 fol. origines Francics ; 4to. a learned book 
 hiftoria Ulrica, fol. &c. 
 
 PoNTCHASTEAU, Sebajlian Jrfeph du Cam~ 
 bout, baron de, a French author, related to 
 Richelieu. After travelling over Italy and 
 Germany, he bid adieu to the world, and after- 
 wards retired to Rome, and then to Orval, and 
 died at Paris 1699, aged 57. His acts of 
 charitv and devotion were very numerous ..i\i 
 lingular. He was author of treatil'es on the 
 cultivation of fruit trees, i2mo. on the mo- 
 ral practice of the Jefuits, &c. 
 
 Pontkdkra, Julian, of Pifa, was profef- 
 for of botany at Padua, and fuperintendant of 
 the botanic garden there, and died 1757, aged 
 69. He wrote compendium tabularum bota- 
 nic, in quo plantie ^272,in Italia nuper deted* 
 reeenientur, 4to. de florum natura, 4to. &c 
 
 Ponthiku, Adelaide, a French lady, whofe 
 adventures in the crufades under St. Louis, 
 have furnifhed a fubject to Vignancourt for a 
 romance, and to La Place for a tragedy, and 
 to St. Marc for an opera. 
 
 Pontoppidan, Eric, bifhop of Bergen in 
 Norway, was author of a valuable hiftory of 
 the reformation in Denmark, folio, and another 
 of Norway, tranflated into Englilh. He died 
 about 1750. His uncle of the fame nam*, 
 was biihop of Drontheim, where he died 1678, 
 aged 62 He wrote a Danifh grammar, and 
 other works. 
 
 PoN'TORMO, James, a painter of Flor-ence, 
 who died there 1556, aged 63 His early pieces 
 were admired by Raphael, and Michael /\n- 
 gelo ; but he afterwards abandoned the vigor 
 and chafte ffyle of his genius by imitating the 
 cold tafte of the German fchool. 
 
 Poole, Mattbeiv, a nonconform! ft, born 
 at York 1624. He was educated at Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge, and was made minifter of 
 St. Michael le Quern in London, from which 
 he was < jeded in 1662. He wrote againft the 
 papifts, and according to Titus Oates* depofition 
 in 1679, he was on the lift of thole who were 
 
 to 
 
POP 
 
 to be cut off. In ecmxquenGe of this he re- 
 
 t;cr ; and died at Amfterdnm, 
 
 real learning, and be- 
 
 c bible, com- 
 
 uh, 2 vols, fo'-io. he cpfn- 
 
 " l'vropfis criticorum 
 
 riptiue by va- 
 
 folio. 1669, &c. 
 
 Port, j'tr TBoma), of Deddington, Oxford- 
 
 ,:.,- J 'iJ it 1 *cn, and in Ij 
 
 f augmerrta- 
 
 us houfes, Sec. 
 
 nded Trinity college, Oxford, in 1554- 
 
 London four years after, aged 46, 
 
 in the crinpel of his col- 
 
 Porr, Alexander, an illuftrious Engl'rfh 
 horn 8th Ji.ce l6$8, in the Strand, 
 
 ooks, nnd at 
 : Taver- 
 ..:idtr whom ho learned Latin and Greek. 
 I he went to live with his parents at Bin- 
 iibr foreft, and rirlt difcovercd 
 be for poetry hy reading Ogilby's Virgil 
 and Sandys' Ovid ; but the writings of Spen- 
 fer, Waller, and pryden, now became his 
 ent. He early tried his 
 ftrength in poetry, and it is laid that at the 
 I 10 he converted ibme of the ftories of 
 Homer into a play, which his fchool-fcllows 
 f his maller'i garde- 
 .'no undertook Ajax, His ftrft regular 
 cornpontiou was his cfc on folitude ; hut his 
 un in 1704, introduced him lbon 
 rorrifing bard to the wits of the age, ei- 
 ' .AVycherley and Walfh. In 1704, he 
 wrote his firft part of vVindior Foreft : com- 
 pleted fix years after, and inferibed to lord 
 Lanfdown. The efTay on criticifm appeared 
 in 1708, and in this incomparable perfor- 
 mance, though not yet 20 years old, he evin- 
 ced all the genius and judgment of the moft 
 mature reflexion. The fame of the eitay was 
 foon furpaffed by the rape of the lock, in 1 71 2. 
 The poet chole for his fubject the conduct of 
 etre in cutting off a lock of Mrs. Fer- 
 J.air ; and he had the happi net's, by the 
 - effufions of his mule, to effect a re- 
 flation between the offended parties. 
 'I he temple of fame next appeared, and in 
 7713 he published propofals for a transition 
 of Homer's Iliad. This wis generouily fup- 
 ported, and the poet received from fubl'cribers 
 6000L befides 1 2C0l. from the bockfeller Lin- 
 tot for the copy. Thus raifed to indepen- 
 dence, Pope purchalcd a houfe at Twicken- 
 ham, where he removed his father and metier, 
 In 171 7 he publifhed a collection of 
 his poems ; but in his edition of Shakefpeare, 
 1, he confulted his private emolument 
 than his fame. lie attempted the0dy*ilcy 
 -oome and Fanton, Whofe labors he re- 
 I with 500). and he received the fame 
 rt, but only fool, from the 
 
 POP 
 
 
 feqokfeller. In 1725 he joined Swift and Ar- 
 buthnot in writing fome mifcellanies, and in 
 1727 he pubiiihed his dunciad, with notes 
 ft, under the name of Scrihlerus. This 
 lingular poem owed its origin to the illiberal 
 remarks to which the poet had been expofed 
 from the fciiblcrs of the day. Asa compe- 
 tition, (he duaclad is a work of great merit; 
 and (libber himfelf, tha l)ero of the piece, de- 
 clares that nothing was ever more perfect and 
 finillied in its kind. The principles, however, 
 of the poet mult he condemned ; if it was juf- 
 tice to retort abufe on thofe who had offended 
 him, it was the moft profligate conduct to 
 hang up to immortal ignominy men of genius, 
 talents, and refpectability, whqinftead of cen- 
 furing him had been loud in his praile. Lord 
 Bolingbroke in 1729 entreated him to turn 
 his thoughts to moral fubject s, and this produ- 
 ced his eil'ay on man, a work of acknowledged 
 merit, containing a i'yftcm of ethics. In his 
 ethic epiflles, it is fuppoled that he reflected, 
 in the character of '1 imon, on the duke of 
 Chandos ; and this propenfity was unfortunate- 
 ly indulged in his fatires, which he continued 
 till 17.39, and in which he cenfures, in the le- 
 vered language, perfons of the hignelt rank. 
 In 1742, the noet gave to the world a 
 fourth book of his dunciad, and prepared 
 a more perfect edition of his works ; but 
 death flopped his hand. His eonffitu 
 attack of the head-ach increafed by a drop- 
 i'y in the breait, baffled all relief, and he 
 expired 30th May 1744, aged 56. He 
 made, by his will, Mii's Blount heirei's to 
 his property during her life, and he be- 
 queathed all his works to his friend War- 
 burton, who accordingly, in 1751, publifhed 
 a complete edition of the whole, in 9 vols. 
 8vo. A very interefting efTay on his writings 
 nnd genius appeared in 1736, and in 1782 
 by Dr. "Warton, and it was again reprinted 
 with a new edi-ion of his works in 1797. 
 Though a catholic in religion, "'ope was 
 little more than a deift, as his efTay on man 
 fully justifies ; yet in the latter part of his 
 life he attended the Englifh church. In his 
 peribn he was little and fomewhat crooked ; 
 He WdS capricious in his friendihms.; and 
 though he was courted by men of rank and 
 fafhion, by lords Harcourt, Bolingbro....-, a 1 
 others, diitinguifhed for opulence, as v.. 
 celebrity and wit, yet he never forgot the 
 homage which mould be paid to the man of 
 poetical eminence. His manners as lord Or- 
 rery has obferved, were delicate, eafy, and 
 engaging; he treated his friends with a pojjte- 
 nei's that charmed, and a generality that was 
 much to his honor. Every gueit was made 
 happy within his doors; pleafure dwelt under 
 his roof, and elegance ureiided at his ta- 
 ble. 
 
 PoPHAM,.y/r John y an Eoglifls lawyer, 
 born at Huntworth, Somerfetlhire, 1531. 
 He was of Baliol college, Oxford, and of the 
 
 Middle 
 
POR 
 
 POS 
 
 Temple. He was folicitor and attor- 
 ney general, and in 1592 was made chief juf- 
 t'.ce of the King's Bench. He was considered 
 as a fevere judge againft robber s. he died 
 1 6c 7, aged 76. He published reports and 
 cal'es in Elizabeth's reign, folic resolutions 
 and judgments, &c. 4to. 
 
 PordaOe, "John, an English enthufiaft, for 
 fome time vicar of St. Laurence's, Reading, 
 and deprived by the Berkshire commhlioners 
 on an accufuioa of magic. He afterward ac- 
 quired celebrity as an aftrologer, well vexi'ed in 
 aithvmy. He was author of manifest inno- 
 cence, in anfwer to Fowler's daemonium meri- 
 dianum, and of Some- other mytiical treatiies 
 cf little merit. He died about 1670. 
 
 PoRDENONE, John Anthony Lictnio, a 
 painter, born near Udino, 1484. He de- 
 i'erved to be called the rival of the great Ti- 
 tian. He was for fome time at Genoa, under 
 Doria, and went to Venice, and to Ferrara, 
 where he died r 540, it is bid by the effects 
 of poilbn, adminiftered by fome painter; jea- 
 lous of his fame. 
 
 Poree, Charles, a French jefuit, profeffor 
 of belles lettres, rhetoric, and theology at Caen, 
 and afterwards in the college of Louis the 
 Great at Paris. He wrote comedies and tra- 
 gedies in Latin orations, 3 vels. poems, &c. 
 His brother Charles Gabriel, of the ibciety 
 of the oratory, died at his cure of Louvigny, 
 near Caen, 1770, aged %$. He was author 
 of la Mandarinade, 3 vols. i2mo. letters on 
 burying in churches, Sec. 
 
 Porta, Jofepb, of Cartel Nuovo, acquired 
 celebrity by 'his pieces in oil and in frei'co. He 
 wrote alio fome mathematical treatises, and 
 died at Venice 1585, aged so. 
 
 Porta, John Bafitijf, a Neapolitan, emi- 
 nent for his learning. As he admitted a fo- 
 ciety of learned friends into his houfe, he was 
 nccuS'ed of magic.nl incantations, and exrofed to 
 the cenfures of Rome. He died 1515, aged 
 70. He invented the camera obfeura, im- 
 proved afterwards by Gravefande, and formed 
 the p!a-< of an encyclopedia. He wrote a La- 
 tin treatife on natural magic, 8vo. another 
 on phyfiognomy, mixed with afhology, &c. 
 de occultis literarum notis phyfiognomica, 
 folio, Sec. 
 
 Porta, Simon, or Por'iius, a Neapoli- 
 tan, distinguished by his learning, and profef- 
 for of philofophy at Pita. He died at Naples 
 1554, aged 57. He is author of treatifes de 
 mente humana de voluptate & dolore de 
 coloribus oculorum, 4to. de rerum naturnlium 
 principiis libri duo opus phyfiologicum, 4to, 
 fcc 
 
 Porte, Jofeph de la, of Bcfort, died at 
 Puis, December 1779, aped 61. He quitted 
 the jeluitsfor a literary residence at Paris, and 
 published the antiquary, a comedy of no great 
 merit, and afterwards was engaged in a ptrio- 
 ('. e\ work, called " obfervations on modern 
 re," which ended in the ninth volume. 
 lie *ni engaged in the publication of the i'thool 
 
 of literature, % vols, nmo, dramatic anec- 
 dotes, 3 vols. &vo. literary history of French 
 ladies, 5 vols. 8vo. the French traveller, 24 
 vols. izmo.lxc. 
 
 Porter, Francis, of Meath, in Ireland, 
 was educated in France, and was divinity pro- 
 felfor in the convent of Iiidorus at Rome, 
 where James 11- gave him thje title of his histo- 
 riographer. He published fecuris evangelic:* 
 ad h^refis radices pcfita palinodia religion's 
 prartenfe reformatae compendium annaliura 
 eccleflafticorum regni Hiberniae, 4to. fyftewra 
 decretorum dogmatic. &c. He died at Rome 
 1702. 
 
 Portes, Philip cks, a French poet. H3 
 greatly improved the French language, and 
 Henry III. bellowed on him 10,000 crowns, 
 Charles IX. gave him 800 crowns of gold for a 
 poem, and admiral de Joyeule conferred on him 
 an abbey for a t'oimet. Though in high favor, 
 he refuted a biihopric He died 1606. He 
 wrote a translation of the pialms imitations oi' 
 ArJB&o christian poems fonnets elegies, 
 &c. 
 
 Portus, Francis, of Candia, was educated 
 at Ferrara, where he taught, and afterwards 
 at Geneva, the Greek language. He died 
 158 1, aged 70. He wrote additions to Coa- 
 Stantine's Greek lexicon, folio commentaries 
 on Pindar, Thucydides, Longinus, Xenophon, 
 and other Greek authors, His ion J&mili** 
 was alfo an aide Grecian, and pu'ohiV-.d 
 dietionarium lonicum &Doricum,Gra?co-Lrtin. 
 2 vols. cvo. a translation of Suidas, and other 
 learned works. He was profeffor of Greek at 
 Lauianne and Heidelberg. 
 
 Possevjn, Anthony, a jefuit, of Mantua, 
 distinguished as a preacher, and employed by 
 Gregory XIII. in embaffies to Poland, Sweden, 
 Germany, and other courts. He died at Fer- 
 rara 161 1, aged 78. He wrote bibliotheca 
 felecta de ratione ftudiorum, 1 vols, folio a 
 Latin description of Mufcovy, folio, &c. 
 
 qst, Francis, a painter, born at Haerlem, 
 where he aifo died 1680. He was in 1647 in 
 the Welt Indies, employed moft fuccefsfully hi 
 delineating the beauties and the fcenery of that 
 quarter of the globe. 
 
 Postel, William, a French vifieniry, Iwrn 
 in Normandy, 1510. At the age of eight he 
 lo(t both his parents by the plague, but, liy per- 
 levering aSliduity, he improved hi; mind, ?.nd 
 going to Paris he became the companion of fo^e 
 Students in the college of St. Barbe. His merits 
 became known to Francis I. who fent him to 
 the Ealt to collert curious MSS. At hij re- 
 turn he was made profeffor royal of mathema- 
 tics and languages ; but by the influence of the 
 queen of Navarre, he was deprived of his ho- 
 rrors, and hanifhed. At Rome he became a 
 jefuit, and afterwards retired to Venice. After- 
 wards he made his peace ivithhis French perfe- 
 cutrs, and was restore d to his chair, till an- 
 other fit of eccentricitv drove him away to dre 
 a penitent fanatic in a monastery, where he ex- 
 pired Ij8i, aged 71. Though extravagant hi 
 $ hi* 
 
POT 
 
 POT 
 
 lis condurl, he was a man of deep erudition. 
 
 At RoroehL- expoled lunik If to perfection, 
 
 fat all eating that general councils were lupe- 
 
 t he pope, and at Venice he formed a 
 
 nt to Joan, an old maid, in 
 
 led that the redemption of 
 
 imperfect, was now accom- 
 
 ;ks .ire 26 in nnmber, on 
 
 us and I' range fubjeds, the beSt known 
 
 ..onditorum a conltitutione mun- 
 
 of the Gauls delcription 
 
 | the hoi-, iuai.xo. 
 
 Pos n. 1 hwaytk, Malachi,3vxhor of the 
 commercial dictionary, 2 vols, folio, a 
 ..:, was a London merchant, and 
 died 1 
 
 Po rx, Jfefhy abookfeller, fettled at Eton, 
 ttherc he died 1 787. He published an hiitory 
 . iftle, and of its antiquities, and of 
 St. George's college and chapel, 4to. 
 
 Potkmkin, Gregory Airxandtr, a Ruffian 
 prime, delcended from a PoliSh family, and 
 born in 1756. He was an enfign in the horfe- 
 guards when his perfon firft attracted the no- 
 ; Catherine, and he rapidly rofe to the 
 fituation oi favorite, and of war minilter. By 
 his advice Cheribn was founded in 1778 on the 
 r, important for its maritime fituation, 
 and well proteded by a population of above 
 4 0,000 inhabitants. To obtain the ribband of 
 urge, bellowed only on victorious gene- 
 rals, he perfuaded his millrefs to declare war 
 ag>inlt the Turks 1787, and at the head of 
 XjOyCCO men, he laid Siege to Oczackow, which 
 he took by affault, alter Slaughtering 25,000 
 men. He was received by Catherine wkh 
 unufual pomp ; the molt fplendid prefents were 
 d upon him, and he was better enabled 
 ige that fondnefs lor debauched intem- 
 perance which covered his table with the 
 chowett dainties. He attended afterwards the 
 congrefs of Yarn" ; but his intemperance brought 
 on indifpofition, and as he wifhed to remove to 
 the more laborious air of Nicolaeff his diitem- 
 per grew lo violent that he alighted from his 
 carriage by the way and expired fuddenly under 
 a tree 1 701, aged 55. His remains were con- 
 veyed to Cheribn, and buried by the empreSs 
 under a magnirkeut maufoleum. Potemkin 
 ..inracter was violent and haughty ; not 
 rtien of Catherine felt the over- 
 fcr-rmg power of tliis guilty favorite, but even 
 ambalfaaors were treated with ftudied 
 Nut lutiiiicd with the title of chief of 
 the CofTacks, he afpirtd to the dignity of duke 
 daod, mm) to the throne of Poland, and 
 re not Some wanting who expedted that 
 at the head of the Rullian armies he would 
 jnAmti to dethrone his benefactrefs. 
 
 riNOCft, John, lLn of the matter of 
 
 ~rn 1647. He was 
 
 f Corpuv Chrifti, Oxford, and of the Temple. 
 
 He married the daughter of fir John Ernie, 
 
 I the exchequer, and died comp- 
 
 olkr 01 the pipe office. He died 1733. he 
 
 I paitoral reflection on death, a poem 
 
 14 
 
 the life ef Agricola, from Tacitus poems, 
 eptltlis, rlifcourfes, &c. 
 
 Hoi er, Paul, of Enckuyfen, in Holland, 
 was eminent as a painter. His landfcapes, 
 firms, cattle, Bfcc. are much admired, as he was 
 fuperior to all other artiits, in throwing, with 
 effect, the rays of the meridian fun upon the 
 various rural objects of his pieces. He died 
 1654, Iged 29. 
 
 Pott, Per rival, an aMe Surgeon, born in 
 Threadr.eedlt- Street, London, X713. Though 
 he had the profpect of church honors by means 
 of his ;.tron, bilhop Wilcox, he chole the pro- 
 fefiion of a Surgeon. In 1745 he was- elected 
 furgeon of Bartholomew hofpital, and in 1764 
 was made fellow of the royal fociety. After a 
 long life, devoted to the fervice of mankind, he 
 died 1788, in conlequence of a cold caught in 
 vifiting a country patient. This worthy man 
 advanced the (Hence of forgery, not only by 
 the refult of long experience, but by the inven- 
 tion of feveral Surgical inltruments, andhy fome 
 valuable treatiles. The chief of his works are, 
 a treat ife on the hernia on the wounds of the 
 head observations on the fiilula lacrymalis 
 remarks on the hydrocele on the cataract, &c. 
 
 Potter, Chrijlopher, an Englifh divine, 
 born in Weitmoreland, 1591 and educated at 
 (Queen's college, Oxford, where he fucceeded 
 his uncle 1626, as provoft. He was dean of 
 Worcetter 1635, and in 16^0 vice-chancellor 
 of Oxford. He Signalized himlelf by his loyalty 
 during the civil wars, and lent his plate to the 
 king, faying he wifhed rather to drink like 
 Diogenes in the palm of his hand, than that his 
 majefly lhould want. In 1646 he was nomi- 
 nated dean of Durham, but died before he was 
 initalled. He was a learned and exemplary 
 charact er. He wrote tracts on predeltination 
 againft the Calvinilts, &c. 
 
 Potter, John, primate of England, was 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkshire, 1674, and edu- 
 cated at Univerfity college, Oxford. He pub- 
 lished variantes lectiones ad Plutarchi librum 
 deaudiendis,&c. and was in 1694 chofen fel- 
 low of Lincoln college, where he became an 
 eminent teacher. He was in 1704 made 
 chaplain toTentlbn, and in 1708 was appointed 
 canon of Chrilt church, and regius divinity 
 profeiTor, and in 17 15 raifed to the lee of Ox- 
 ford. In 1737 he fucceeded Wake, at Can- 
 terbury, and died 1747. In his private charac- 
 ter it is laid that he was haughty, and that he 
 dilinherited his lbn for marrying below bis rank. 
 He published antiquities of Greece, 2 vols. 8 vo. 
 often edited Lycophron, folio, much valued 
 diicourie on church government edition of 
 Clemens Alexandrinus, &:c. 
 
 Potter, Francis, an Englifh divine, bom 
 in Wiltshire, and educated at Oxford. He 
 fucceeded his father as minilter of Kilmington 
 1637, and was member of the royal fociety in, 
 confequence of his prefentingacurioushydraulic 
 machine to that body. He was eminent as a 
 painter ; but his explication of the number 
 666, in the apocalypfe, 4to. Oxford, 1642, doe* 
 
 not 
 
POU 
 
 PRA 
 
 not reflect mnch on his fenfe as a commentator. , 
 He died blind, 1678. 
 
 Potter, Robert, an Englifh divine, known 
 for a fpirited tranflation of iEfchylus, Euripides, | 
 and Sophocles. He was of Emanuel college, i 
 Cambridge, and obtained the living of Lowef- 
 tofT in Suffolk. He vindicated the character j 
 of Gray, the poet, againlt Johnfon, and died | 
 1804. 
 
 Poullk, Leiuis, preacher to the king, died 
 at Avignon, his native place, 1781, aged 79. i 
 Befides eloquence, which he pofiefled in the ! 
 higheit degree, he was known as a poet, and j 
 obtained the poetical prize atToulouie in 1732 1 
 and 173.3. Mis fermons were popular, and it 
 is remarkable that he never committed them | 
 to paper, but retained them in his memory, j 
 and at laft, after the lapfe of 40 years, he was 
 prevailed upon by his friends to favor the pub- 
 lic with difcouries, which had charmed the molt 
 numerous audiences. 
 
 Pourbus, fitter and Francis, father and 
 fon, two eminent Flemiih painters. The 
 father died 1583, and the Ion at Paris 1622. 
 The landfcapes and animals of the father were 
 much admired ; but the ion was luperior in his 
 portraits and hiitorical pieces. 
 
 Pourchot, Edme, of Pouilly, near Aux- 
 erre, was profeflbr o philoibphy at Paris. He 
 was intimate with Racine, Delpreaux, Mabil- 
 I0T1, Montfuconand other learned men of his 
 time. He wrote inititutiones philoibphicse, 
 kc. and died at Paris I 734, aged 83. 
 
 Pourfour, Francis, a. phyiidan, who died 
 at Paris I74i,aged 67. He is author of three 
 letters on a new iyitem of the brain, 4to. 
 differtation on the new method of operating 
 for the cataract, i2mo. on ths difeafes of the 
 eyes, 410. &c. He died 1741, in his 77th 
 year. 
 
 Poussin, Nicholas, an eminent French 
 painter, born at Andely, in Normandy, 1.594. 
 He itudied at Paris, and in his 30th year paifc-d 
 t*> Rome; but fcaree able to maintain himlelf 
 till his genius burft through prejudice, and 
 eftablilhcd his character as a great and fublime 
 artift. He devoted much of his time to the 
 ontemplatton of the (culptured heroes of an- 
 cient Rome, and her various antiquities, and 
 thence arole that exacrnefs in the manners and 
 cuftoms, the times and places, which he every 
 where mingles with elegance of form, correct - 
 nefs and varietv of proportions, and interesting 
 air, and boldneis of feature. Lewis XIII. lent 
 him an invitation which he could not refufe ; 
 but though he was lodged in the Twuilleries, 
 hefighed for the clatiic retreats of Rome, and 
 at laft returned and died there, of a par /tic 
 ftroke, 1665. His chief works in France, 
 were the Lord's l'upper the labors of Her- 
 cules, for the Lcuvre, which he did not com- 
 plete. 
 
 Poussin, Gafpar, a painter. Flis red 
 name was Dughet, but he ailumed that of 
 Pouffin, when that celebrated artilt married 
 hu iiltcr. His landfcapes are much admired 
 
 and his land ftorms have particular expreflion j 
 but his figures are laid to want dignity. He is 
 mentioned by Mafon, as uniting in his pieces 
 the ftyle of his brother-in-law, and of Claude 
 Lorraine. He died about 1675. 
 
 Powei, David, born in Denbighfhire, 
 1 55 2, was educated at lefus college, Oxford. 
 He was vicar of Ruabon, Denbighmire, and 
 died 1590. He publilhed Caradoc's- hiitory 
 of Cambria, with annotations, 4to annota- 
 tiones in itinerarium Cambria? per Sylv. Ge- 
 raldum annotationes inCambriie defcript. per 
 Gerald. nde Britannica hiltoria redte intellig. 
 &c. 
 
 Powell, William Samuel, a divine, born 
 at Colchaiter, 171 7. He was educated at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge, of which he be- 
 came mafter 1765. He was alio archdeacon 
 of Colchefter, and rector of Frefh-water, in 
 the ille of "Wight, and died 1775. He pub- 
 lilhed a well known fermon on fubferibing the 
 39 articles and other difcourfes. 
 
 Powell, George, an actor, for fome time 
 the fuccefsful rival of Betterton, till his ir- 
 regularities ruined him in the public opinion. 
 Colley Cibbwr compares him to Wilks ; He 
 died 1714. tie wrote Alphonlb, a tragedy, 
 and ether dramatic pieces. 
 
 Powell, Fojlcr, a pedeftrian, who fre- 
 quently walked from London to York in a 
 fhort period of time. He died poor, in 1793, 
 aged 59, 
 
 Pownall, Thomas, an Englifh writer, 
 born in Lincolnfhire. He was governor of 
 New Jeriey, and afterwards of MaiTachufetts, 
 which he exchanged in 1760 for that of South. 
 Carolina. In the American war he returned 
 to England, and was comptroller general of the 
 expenditure &c.of the army in Germany. He 
 died at Bath much refpected 1795, aged 73. 
 He was a man of great information and well 
 fkilled in antiquities. He wrote memoirs on 
 drainage and navigation letter to Adam Smith 
 on his wealth of nations-treatife on antiqui- 
 ties memorials to the foffereigns of Europe- 
 memorial to the fovereigns of America the 
 right intereft, ice. of governmennt concerning 
 Eaft india affairs topographicd defcriptioa 
 of part of North America defeription of an- 
 tiquities in the provincia Romana of Gaul. 
 
 Poynings, fir Ediva>J,oi Kent, recom- 
 mended himielf to the favor of Henry VII. 
 by whom he was lent to Ireland. Here he 
 diiplayed courage, firmnefs, nnd wifdom, the 
 rebellions of Defmond and Kildare were over- 
 powered, andialutary laws were eniuiieth In 
 the next reign Poynings was made a privy 
 counsellor, and governor of Tourney in Flan . 
 ders. 
 
 Pradon, Nicolas, a French poet, therivai 
 of Racine. Through prejudice bis Hippoly- 
 tus and Phrcdra for a time balanced th# 
 popularity of that great poet, but hi: preiump- 
 tion has been leverely cenfured bv Boileau. 
 He died at Paris 1698. 
 
 Pratt, Ct>erla t arl of Camdtn, thir* 
 
 ion 
 
PRE 
 
 PRI 
 
 (ba of the chief juilice of the king'* bench, was 
 bora : and King'* l 
 
 I the Inner Temple. 
 }iis obfcurity, till called 
 
 (bith ' lu i), in T757, he 
 
 pbtai:; of attorney general. In 
 
 | to the dignity of chief 
 justice of the common pleas, and it was in this 
 office that he gained fiich popularity, when 
 after a patient hearing of arguments on both 
 Met he pronounced the detention of Mr. 
 Wilkcsdlegal. againfl the wifhes of governm ent. 
 Tbk procured for him the freedom of the city 
 of Louden in a ?<>!d box ; his pichire w.is pla- 
 ced in Guildhall, and various cities in the 
 kiBfdom re-echoed the fentiments of the ca- 
 pital. In 1765, he wasraifed to the peerage, 
 and in 1766 advanced to the l'eals ; but his 
 a on the Middlesex election was to op- 
 pofite to the views of the minifti y that he^ was 
 Gripped of his honors. In the American war 
 he opposed lord North, in 1 7^2 he was ap- 
 pointed prcfident of the council, and though 
 the next year he refigned for a little time, he 
 continued in office till his death, 1 794. 
 
 Premontyal, Peter le Gutty dt, member 
 
 of the academy of fciences at Beilm, wrote 
 
 Tnonogamia, or a tracl on Angle marriage, 3 
 
 vols. 8vo prefervative againft the corruption 
 
 of French language in Germany, 8vo, &c. He 
 
 inclined to the doctrines of Socinus and Epi- 
 
 He died at Berlin 1767. 
 
 Pre?ton, Tbonasy fellow of King's col- 
 
 ( ambridge, was mafter of Trinity hall 
 
 ibeth's reign. When the queen vifited 
 
 fhe univerfity 1564, he played with filch iuc- 
 
 cefs in the Latin tragedy of Dido, that her 
 
 majefty fettled a penfion of zcL en him. He 
 
 hamatic pieces. 
 
 Previli.e,^^ Leivis Bubut de, a French 
 
 ador. He was intended for the eccletiaftical 
 
 prcreflion ; but for fome mifconduft he left 
 
 hrs father's hovite, and after working with ma- 
 
 fons he joined a company of ftrolling players. 
 
 From Lyons he came to Paris, and he lb 
 
 much pleal'ed Lewis XV. that he was made 
 
 one of the comedians of the court. He with- 
 
 :om the Mage in 1785, but again re-ap 
 
 pearcdin 1 792, in (upport ofhis profeflion which 
 
 had fuffered by the revolution. He retired to 
 
 his daughter at Beauvais, where he died blind 
 
 in 1800. 
 
 pRrVOT d'F.XILEs, Antony Franas, a 
 French writer born 1697. He relinquished 
 iki for the army, and then reejfod 
 monf tines of St. Maur. The 
 
 re however prevailed upon him 
 ogam 00 violate his vows. He went to Hol- 
 land where he formed a connection with a wo- 
 man of fome merit, and with \vtx vifited Eng- 
 Lnd I7J3, and then returned to Pi 
 
 e of Com: he promifed 
 W ire ; hut 
 dept t.< days* On tl 
 
 m the 
 
 . f Chantilly, and a furtr^o 
 him dead, opened his body. The op< 
 I the fallen man to his fenles, i 
 late as the vital parts had been lacerated. He 
 translated Clariifa Harlowe, and fir Charles 
 Cirandifon into French, and wrote memoirs 
 of a man of quality, in 6 vols, a romance of 
 merit history of Cleveland, natural fin of 
 Cromwell, 6 vols. pro and con, a periodical 
 journal. 
 
 PricjEus or Price, Jebn, an Englishman, 
 relided in Paris, but returned to England in 
 1646. He fettled at Florence where he be- 
 came a Roman catholic, and was made keeper 
 of medals and Greek profeifor. He died at 
 Rome 1676, aged 76. He wrote notes on 
 the pi'alms on St. Matthew on the acts 
 on Apuleius, Sec. 
 
 Price, fir "Jchn, of Brecknockshire, 
 was employed in furveying the monaf- 
 teries doomed to diifblution at the refor- 
 mation. He wrote a defence of the Britifh 
 hiftory in anlwer to Polydore Virgil, and died 
 about 1553. 
 
 Price, Richard, a diflenting minister and 
 political writer, born about 1723, la Gla- 
 morganshire. He early preached at Newing- 
 ten, Middlefex, and afterwards removed to 
 Hackney. In 1764, he was elected fellow f 
 the royal fociety, and then obtained the de- 
 gree of D. D. from a Scotch univerfitv. In 
 1772, he wrote his appeal to the public cvi the 
 national debt, and in 1776 he published his 
 famous obfervations on the nature of civil go- 
 vernment. This work acquired popularity, and 
 procured him the thanks of the common council 
 of London that year. In a Sermon at the meeting 
 houfe in the Old Jewry, in 1789," on the love of 
 our country," he enlarged on the French re- 
 volution with party prejudices, and afferted 
 the right of the people to cafhier their gover- 
 nors for mil'conduct. His allufions to the fat 
 of the French monarch were commented upon 
 by Mr. Burke with the indignation of offend d 
 virtue ; but the pamphlets whieh appeared in 
 confequence of this controversy, though nume- 
 rous, deferve now little the notice of the world. 
 Dr. Price died 1 791. As a political writer he 
 carried his ideas of equality and liberty farther 
 than the paftions of men allow. As a calcu- 
 lator on political qucltions he was eminently 
 distinguished. His works are four difTertatiuns 
 on providence and prayer, on the evidences of 
 a future ftate, on the importance of chrittriin 
 ty a review of the pi incipal questions and 
 difficulties in morals, 8vo. obfervations on 
 reverfional payments, annuities, &c. 2 
 8vo. ditcufliori of the doctrines of nutorialhm 
 and neceffity, in a, correfpondence with Dr. 
 Piidl'ty, 8vo effay on the population of 
 England aud Wales, 8vo. a volume of fer- 
 mons. 
 
 Prichard, Rresy of Llanymodyfri, Car- 
 marthenshire, was educated at St. Johns 
 college, Oxford, He wrote fome pr- 
 
 1 
 
PRI 
 
 Pill 
 
 focal pieces, ftill rend. with fond p; rtia'ity by 
 fhsWelfh, and died 1644. 
 I Prideaux, John, a prelate, born at Stovv- 
 ford, Devonlhire. 1578. Difappointed ;,s 
 candidate tor the clerkfhip of Ughorough 
 church, near Harford, he travelled on toot to 
 Oxford, and from being helper in the kitchen 
 of Exeter college, he rofe to be one of irs moft 
 refpeCtable fellows, and in 16 1 2 was elected 
 rector of the fociety. In 1615 he was regius 
 profeffor of divinity, and canon of C riit 
 church, and afterwards ferved the office of 
 vice chancellor, and in 1641 was railed to the 
 fee of Worcefter. He died of a fever at the 
 houfe of his fon in law, Dr. H. unton, at 
 Bredon, Worceflerihire, 1650. He wrote 
 various works in Latin, befides orations, lec- 
 tures, and fafciculus controvert, theoiog. 
 
 Prideaux, Humphrey, an eminent divine, 
 born at Paditow, Cornwall, 1648. He was 
 educated under Bufby, and at Chrift church, 
 Oxford, 1668 ; and in 1676, he publifhed his 
 marmora Oxonienfia, &c. in .'olio, a work of 
 fome merit, which explained more fully than 
 Seidell's account, the Arundelian marbles. 
 Nottingham, the chancellor, gave him the li- 
 ving of St. Clement's in Oxford, and after- 
 wards added a prebend of Norwich, in 168 1. 
 He refuted, in 1691, the Hebrew prcfeffor- 
 Itipat Oxford, and in 1702 was promoted to 
 be dean of Norwich. He was afflicted with 
 the ftone, for which he was cut in 1712 : but 
 lb unfkilful was the operator, that he was af- 
 terwards obliged to void his urine through the 
 orifice by which the flone had been extracted. 
 This difagreeable accident difablcd him from 
 appearing in the pulpit ; but his hours were 
 devoted to the public fervice, and he then 
 wrote his connections of the old and. new tef- 
 tament, 2 vols. fol. and 4 vols. 8vo. a work of 
 great merit. He died 1724. He wrote be- 
 fides the right oftitnes directions for church- 
 wardens fome pamphlets iermons and a 
 life of Mahomet. 
 
 Prie, N. de Bertclot marchloncfs de, an in- 
 triguing female, who, returning from Turin, 
 where her hufband was ambaflador from France, 
 became the favorite of Bourbon the minifter. 
 After difpenfing the favors of the court in the 
 xnoft capricious manner, fhe was exiled by 
 Fleury ; and the difgrace had iuch effect 
 upon her, that fhe foon after died of a broken 
 heart 1727, agtd 29. 
 
 Priestley, Jofeph, an Englifh philofo- 
 pher and diffenting divine, born at Fieldhead, 
 Yorkfhire, 17.5J. He was educated at Da- 
 ventry for the miniftry among the difTenters, 
 and took care of a congregation at Needham 
 market, Suffolk, and afterwards at Nantwich, 
 Chefhire. He became in 1761, profeffor of 
 belles letters in Warrington academy, and 
 after feven years' reGaence removed to Leeds, 
 and two years after accepted the office of li- 
 brarian to lord Shelburne. In this retreat the 
 philofopher devoted bimfelf to metaphyfical 
 Jid theological ttudies, and publiflred variyus 
 
 works, and when at laS he fepnrated from his 
 patron he retired with an annual penfion df 
 
 1 <?ol. to fettle at Birmingham as paftor to an 
 unitarian congregation in 178c. While here 
 employed in advancing philofop hy, and too of- 
 ten engaged in theological difj utes, he became 
 the victim of popular fury, and the conduit 
 of feme of his neighbours in celebrating the 
 anniversary of the French revolution in T79i> 
 with moie intemperance than became loyal 
 lubjects, excited a dreadful riot. The meet- 
 ing houfes were deftroved on this melancholy 
 oceafion, and among others, Dr. Prieftley's 
 houfe, library, manufcripts, and philofophical 
 apparatus were totally confuted, and though 
 he recovered a compenfation from the county, 
 lie quitted the place. He left England in 
 1794, and fixed his refidence at Northumber- 
 land in Penniylvania, where he died in 1804. 
 .-.is writings were numerous. Had he' con- 
 fined his itudies to philofophical purfuits his 
 name would have descended to posterity with 
 greater Untie ; but he who attempts innova- 
 tions in government and religion, for Angula- 
 rity, mult be little entitled to th-; applaufes 
 of the world. His chief publications are, an 
 examination of Dr. Reid'a work on the human 
 mind, Dr. .'eattie's on truth, and Dr. Ofborne's 
 on common fenfe, dil'quifition on matter and 
 lpirit, in which he denied the foui's imma- 
 teriality, -experiments and obfervations on va- 
 rious kinds of air, 2 vols.8vo. &c letters to bi- 
 ihopNewcome on the duration ufChrift's minif- 
 try hiftory of the corruptions of chriftianity, 
 
 2 vpls. 8vo. a work of lingular character, which 
 brought on a controverfy with Dr. Horfley, 
 hittory of early opinions concerning the perfon 
 of hrift, Sec. He alio publifhed charts of 
 hiftory and biography hittory of electricity 
 hidory and prefe'nt ftate of difcoveries relating 
 to vifion,- light, and colors lectures on the 
 theory and hiftory of language, and on the 
 principles of oratory and criticifm. His difco- 
 veries and improvements in the knowledge of 
 chemiltry were very great and important ; 
 but he iived to fee the general explofionof the 
 doctrine of phlogifton, which he had fo zea- 
 loufly eftablifhed and defended 
 
 RIMER03E, Gilbert, a Scotch divine, mi- 
 nifter of the French church in London, chap- 
 lain to James I. and canon of Windfor. He 
 died 1642. He is author of Jacob's vow in 
 oppofition to the vows of monks and friars, in 
 French, 4 vols. 4to. the trumpet of Sion in 
 iSfermons, and other theological works. His 
 fon "James, a phyfician, for fome time prac- 
 tifed at Paris, and fettled in Yorkfhire. 
 He wrote feveral treatifes de mulierum mor- 
 bis, 4to. de circulatione fanguinis ars phar- 
 maceutica de vulgi erroribus in medicina, 
 8vo &c. 
 
 Prince de Beaumont, Mad. le, a 
 French lady, 1< ng engaged in education in 
 England.. By her various popular publications 
 fne rendered inftruction pleating to yer youth- . 
 Jul readers. Her pieces are le magafin des 
 [ U ] enfant 
 
PRI 
 
 PRY 
 
 enfons des adoldcentes l'tducation com- 
 plete and other works. She died 178c. 
 
 Prince, Jhn t of Axminlter, Devon, 
 was educated at Brazen Nol'e, Oxford, and 
 obtained St. Martin's, Exeter, the vicarage 
 of 1 otnets, and then Berry Pomeroy, where 
 he died 172a He is author of the worthies 
 of Devon, fol. a work of merit, now tcarce 
 humble defence of the Exeter bill, &c fer- 
 mons and tracts, ice. 
 
 PaiNGLr,^/ John, a phyfician, born in 
 Roxhurghihire 1707. He ftudied at Edin- 
 burgh, and afterwards completed his educa- 
 tion under Boerhaave at Leyden. He was in 
 1741, appointed phyfician to the army in 
 Flanders, and was at the battle of Culloden, 
 after which he feltled in London, and was 
 phyfician to the queen in 1761. His reputa- 
 tion fuch that he was created a baronet in 
 1 766, and ele&ed prefident of the royal lb- 
 . from 1772 to 1778, and phyfician to 
 the king. He died in London 1782, author 
 of oblervations on the dileafes of the army, 
 memoirs on feptic and anti-feptic fub- 
 ltances, fro. for which he received the gold 
 I oi the royal fociety observations on 
 fevets i:\ hofpitals and prifons anniverfary 
 difcourfes, &c. 
 
 Priolo, Benjamin, author of a good La- 
 tin hittory of France, from the death of Lew Is 
 Xlll. to X664, was born at Venice, 1602. 
 He wes patronife'd by the duke de Rohan, and 
 died of an apoplexy at Lyons, 1667, as 
 he was going on a fecret embaft'y to Ve- 
 nice. 
 
 Prior, Matthew, an Englilh poet of ce- 
 lebrity, bora 1664, in London where his fa- 
 ther was a joiner. After his faiher's death, 
 his uncle a vintner near L baring- crefs, lent 
 him to Wettminller fihool, to bring him up 
 bufiaefr He was fortunately called 
 upon to l'-ttle adifpmeon a pafiage in Horace, 
 by Tome company in his uncle's hcufe, and 
 oriel was lb well pleated with his abi- 
 lities, that he fent him to St. John's college, 
 Camt>ridi;e, of which he became fellow. 
 In 1686 he joined his friend Montague, after- 
 waids lord Halifax, in ridiculing the hind and 
 panther ofDryden, in the ftory of the coun- 
 try and city moufe, and at the revolution 
 when his poetical merits became publicly 
 known, he wi* introduced by lord Dorfet to 
 king William, and employed about the court. 
 In 1690 he was fecretary to the plenipotenti- 
 aries at the Hague, and the king, fenfible of 
 his merits, kept him about his peri'on as gen- 
 tleman of his bed chamber. He was after- 
 wards fecretary of the neyeciations at Ryf- 
 1097, and alio principal fecretary of 
 Irtbnd, and the ne:;t year he went 
 10 the embafiy in France. In 
 1700 he v.-a one of the lords commiflioncrs 
 U trade ud plantations, and obtaining a feat 
 hevnmdfor thoimpeach- 
 of the iords who had adviied the parti- 
 
 tion treaty. Though he celebrated the battle 
 of Blenheim, yet he was an advocate for peace, 
 and in 1 711 was fent by Anne to France, as 
 ambaffaclor plenipotentiary. He continued in 
 that character even after the acceflion of 
 George I. but he was acculed by tne parlia- 
 ment* and committed to cuftody ; yet though 
 exempted from the aft of grace palled in 171 7, 
 he was liberated. Retiring to his feat, Down- 
 hall, Effex, he employed himfelf on a hiitory 
 of his own time, but was fuddenly carried off 
 by a fever, 1 721, in his 58th year, at Wim- 
 ple, the feat of lord Oxford. He was buried 
 in W T eitminfter abbey, and a monument erec- 
 ted over him, with an elegant inscription by 
 Freind, the matter of Weftmintter fehool. 
 The' poems of Prior are chiefly on light fub- 
 je&s, but written with elegance, eaie, and 
 lpirit. His Solomon on the vanity of the 
 world, was inferibed to his early patron lord 
 Dorfet. He continued to his death fellow of 
 St. John's college, and when cenfured by his 
 friends for retaining lb irnall an income, when 
 he was the favorite of the court, he replied, 
 that what he had befides was precarious, but 
 that his fellowfhip would always be bread 
 and cheefe to him. When fhown the apart- 
 ments and curiofities of Versailles, in which 
 the victories of Lewis XIV. were delcribed, 
 and afked whether William's victories were fo 
 reprefented in his palaces, he nobly aniwered, 
 *' no, the monuments of my matter's actions 
 are to be feen every where but in his own 
 houfe.'' 1 
 
 Prqcaccinj, Camilla, a painter of Bo-." 
 logna. In his lait l'upper in Genoa cathedral, 
 the figures are reprefented larger than life, 
 and with the moft ltriking effect. He died 
 1626, aged 80. 
 
 Prynne, William, was born at Swanf- 
 wick, Somerfetfhire, 1600, and educated at 
 Bath grammar fehool, and Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford, and at Lincoln's inn.. His hiftriomaftix, 
 ordifcourfe on flage plays, in 1632, was no- 
 ticed by the court, as it was fuppofed to throw 
 reflections on the queen, and he was con- 
 demned by the liar chamber to be pilloried, to 
 pay a fine of food, and tolofe his ears. He/ 
 wrote next other books which fatirically re- 
 flected on Laud, and for this he was, in 1637, 
 again brought before the ftar chamber, and 
 condemned to be pilloried, fined jocol. to lofd 
 the remainder of his ears, to have S. L. fchifij 
 matical leveller, branded on both his cheeks, 
 and to be imprtlbned for life. He was there- 
 fore confined in the old cattle in Jerfey ; but 
 in 1640 was let at liberty by the commons, 
 and he returned to London in triumph. He was 
 member for Newport in Cornwall, in the 
 long parliament, and was one of the vifitors at 
 Oxford in 1647. He was a violent enemy to 
 Laud, and he attacked with equal violence the 
 independents, ad did not fpare their leader 
 Cromwell, by whom he was imprilbned. He 
 was reftored to his feat in parliament when the 
 
PUF 
 
 PUL 
 
 recall of Charles II. took place, and fat after- 
 wards for Bath. At the reltoration he was 
 made keeper of the records in the Tower, 
 with a falary of 500I. per annum, and died at 
 Lincoln's inn, 1669. He wrote a great num- 
 ber of books, chiefly on politics and religion, 
 the heft known of which are, his hiitory of 
 Laud, fol. the lives of John, &c. 
 
 Psalmanazar, George, an extraordinary 
 character, whofe real name and birth place 
 are unknown, though he is fuppofed to be a 
 native of France. Educated among the jeSuits, 
 he began early to impofe upon the world, Hrft 
 as a pilgrim, and afterwards as a native of 
 Formofa. He travelled from Germany to 
 Liege, pretending to be a JapaneSe converted 
 to chriftianity ; but afterwards he profefl'ed 
 himfelf to be a heathen, and by the zeal of 
 the chaplain of Lauder's regiment, at Sluvs, 
 he was converted to chriftianity, and baptized. 
 This procured him an eafy introduction to 
 Compton, bifhop of London, who took him 
 into hishoufe. He was prevailed on to trans- 
 late the church catechilm into the 'Formofan 
 language, and he alio compofed a grammar of 
 that language ; and though Some iufpected the 
 impofition, he was generally coniidered by the 
 learned as a man of Superior abilities. He 
 afterwards publifhed his hiftorv of Formofa, 
 which quickly palled through two editions ; 
 and to obtain greater confidence, he accuftom 
 ed himfelf to feed on raw fiefh, roo's, and 
 herbs. Some abSurdities, however, were dif- 
 covered in his hiftory, and at lalt, after living 
 long on the credulity of the public, he con- 
 feffed himfelf an impoftor. Thus abandoned 
 by his former patrons, he yet found fufficient 
 means to Subfilt by his pen ; and undertook a 
 Share in the univerfal hiltory. He died 1763, 
 Sorry for his vile impofition. 
 
 Psellus, Michael ConJJ-.intinus, a Greek 
 writer, about 1105, tutor to Michael, Ion of 
 the emperor Conitantine Dumas. He wrote 
 comments on 24 of Menander's plays extant 
 in his time. He wrote befides, de quatuor 
 mathematicis fcientiis, 8vo. de lapidum vir- 
 rutibus, 8vo. de operatione dasmonum, 8vo. 
 de viclus ratione, 8vo. fynopfis legum, &c. 
 Pucci, Francis, a Florentine, who travelled 
 through Poland, and embraced the proteftnnt 
 faith, which he had before rejedted, and for 
 "this he was feized and hurried to Rome, and 
 hurnt as a heretic, 1600. In a book inferibed 
 to pope Clement VIII. 159a, he Supported 
 the opinion that Chritt by his death had made 
 Sufficient atonement for the tins of mankind. 
 
 Puffendorf, Samuel de, a famous civi- 
 lian and hiftorian, bom 1631, near Chemnit?., 
 jn Upper Saxony. He ftudied at Grim and 
 Leipfic, and Jena, and being adviied by his 
 brother to feek for preferment out of his 
 country, he accepted the place of tutor to the 
 Son of M. Coyet, the Swedilh ambafTador in 
 Denmark. War between the two countries, 
 Jwwever, obfeured his prolp ec~ts j he was Seized 
 
 with the retinue of the ambafTador, and im 
 prifoned, and during his confinement for eight 
 long months, he digeited in his mind obferva- 
 tions on what he had read in Grotius' book, de 
 jure belli & pacis, and Hobbes' work, and 
 afterwards .publifhed it at the Hague, 1660, 
 by the title of elementorum jurilprudentiae 
 univerfalis libri duo, and this gave rife to his 
 excellent treatife de jure naturas and gentium. 
 He was next made profefibr of the law of 
 nature and of nations at Heidelberg, and in 
 1670 he was invited by Charles XI. of Swe- 
 den, to be profefibr at Lunden. His fame 
 increafed as a writer, and as a profefTor, and 
 he was nominated hiftoriographer and coun- 
 sellor to the king, and railed to the dignity of 
 a Swedilh baron. He was afterwards in 1688 
 invited to Berlin, with the diftinction of his- 
 toriographer and counsellor, to write the life 
 of the elector William the Great, and he died 
 there 1694, of a mortification in one of his 
 toes, in conlequence of cutting the nail. This 
 enlightened philofopher wrote various works, 
 the molt known of which are hiftory of Swe- 
 den, from 1628 to 1654 hiftory of Charles 
 Guftavus, a vols. fol. hiltory of the elector 
 William, 2 vols. fol. an hiftorical and political 
 defcription of the papal ftate introduction to 
 the hiftory of the principal European ftates, 
 8vo. .treatife on the law of nature and na- 
 tions, 1 vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Pugatscheff, Yemelka, a CofTack, who 
 after Serving againft the Pruflians and the 
 Turks, deferted from the army, and after 
 Spending Some time among Some Polifh her- 
 mits, appeared in Ruffia, and laid claim to the 
 crown as the real Peter III. At firft fuccefs- 
 ful, he might have feized Mofcow ; but the 
 cruelties which he exercifed revolted even his 
 own followers againft him, and he was deli- 
 vered up to Catherine. He was conveyed in 
 an iron cage to Mofcow, where he was be- 
 headed, 1775, and in Ins laft moments he 
 fhowed as much weaknefs as he had difplayed 
 vigor, at the head of his adherents. 
 
 Puget, Peter, a French painter, known as 
 a Sculptor, and an architect. His Milo of 
 Crotona, and PerSeus and Andromeda, in the 
 park at Verfailles, are pleafing proofs of the 
 power of his chifel. He died 1694. 
 
 Pulci, Lewis, an Italian poet of merit. 
 His chief work is Morgante Maggiore, an 
 epic romance, which, though compared by 
 Some, to the compofitions of Taflb and Ariofto, 
 has been rightly considered by others as a 
 vulgar and profane work, uniting the mod 
 Solemn Subjects with the burlelque and comic. 
 He wrote befides a poem on a tournament i% 
 Florence, and died about 1487. 
 
 Pulmannus, Theodore, a Dutch commeno 
 tator, who, from a fuller, became a Scholar, 
 and an able critic, and at the prefs of Plantin 
 fuperintended valuable editions of Virgil, Lu- 
 can, Horace, Juvenal, Terence, and other au- 
 thors. He died at Salamanca about 1580. 
 
 [UZ] Pui,TENEt 
 
PUR 
 
 PYN 
 
 PrLTtNET, William, earl of Bath, wns 
 .kern l68a. He was an eloquent oppofer ci 
 the minillry in Anne's reign, and it the nc- 
 ceffioQ of George !. he was made fecreury at 
 . irs of co-operation 
 i d with him in his 
 tttMlures for advancing the interctfs cf Ha- 
 nover at the expence of England. Difference 
 cf opinion produced hatred, l*o that Walpole's 
 meafures were oppofed with perfonal virulence, 
 tnd the king at Uft itruck off Pulteney from 
 the hit of privy counfellors. This increafed 
 the pojiularity of Pulteney, and his farcafms 
 were pointed with the moll powerful effect 
 agtinft the minifter, who often declared 
 e dreaded his tongue more than another 
 man's iVord. Walpole wasdil'graced in 1741, 
 and Pulteney icfe in his feat, and m as made 
 earl of Bath ; hut when he got into place, he 
 loft his popularity. He died 1:64. He was 
 concerned iu the craftfman," and wrote 
 (bme political pamphlets. 
 
 Plltenet, Richard, of Loughborough, 
 Leicelierthire, after pracYifir.g as an apothecary 
 at Leice;ter, took his medical degrees at Edin- 
 burgh, 1764. He fettled at Blandford, where 
 jir*d reputation. He was fellow of the 
 Royal lotiety, and died 1801, aged 71. He 
 is author of a general view of the life and 
 writings of Lin^arus, 1781 hiftorical and bio- 
 graphical ikttches 0$ the progrels cf botany iu 
 England, 2 vols. gvo. and he made valuable 
 unications to the hiltory of Leiceder- 
 f tire by Mr. Kichols, and to that of Dorfet- 
 fliire by Hutchir*. He alio contributed to 
 the gentleman's magazine by various diflerta- 
 tions on antiquities, and efpeciaily on hif- 
 tory. 
 
 Pua bach, George, a German, eminent as 
 a divine ' and philoibpher. He made ieveral 
 aflr'nomical obl'ervations, for the improvement 
 .it he invented (bme instruments, and 
 calcuUtd ufeful tables. He translated Pto- 
 lemy's afaMagcft, and died at Vienna 146a, 
 aj-ed 39. 
 
 Foic ei.l, Henry, a celebrated mufical com- 
 in 1658. At 18 be was organift 
 of W'eilminfier, and in 1682 was made one 
 of the ofpnifti of the chapel royaL He pub- 
 lished feme fonitas and anthems, and divided 
 his fervices between the church and the thea- 
 tre. Dr den, lome of whole poetry he fet to 
 tnufic. has hi rented his powers. 
 
 i of a confumptive diibrder, 1695. Hjs 
 *orks were published by fubfeription, under 
 ('rpheusBritannicus, 1698. His 
 1 Daniel, a famous punfter, was organ- 
 Macdalen college, Oxford, and of St. 
 i, olbom. 
 PUECMAS, Samuel, was born at Thaxdcad, 
 I577i and educated at Cambridge. He 
 oJbtaioed iu 1604 the vicarage of Eattwood, 
 r\d afterwards St. Martin's, Ludgate, 
 Ixwdoiv He died about 1628. His great 
 * wk v 1 image, or relations of the 
 
 world, and the religions obferved in all ages, 
 &c." 5 vols. fol. 
 
 Purver, Antony, an "extraordinary cha- 
 racter, born of quakers, at Up-Hurfborn, 
 Hants, 1702. He was well verted in the 
 molt difficult parts of arithmetic, and had fuch 
 a retentive memory, that, when young, in 12 
 hours he could repeat 12 of the longed and 
 mod difficult chapters in the bible. He was 
 apprenticed to a fhoe-maker, but turned his 
 thoughts to learning, and to maintain himfelf 
 kept fchool at his native village, and at Tren- 
 chay, Gloucefterihire, where he married, and 
 afterwards fettled at Andover, where h- com- 
 pleted, in 1764, his tranflation of the old 
 and new teftament, a mod laborious work, the 
 fruit of 30 years' application. It appeared in 
 2 vols. fol. by the generofity of his friend Dr. 
 Fothergill, who gave him iocol. towards his 
 expenccs. He died at Andover, 1777. 
 
 Puteanus, Erycius, properly Vande- 
 putte, was born at Venlo, Guelderland, 
 1.574, and dudied at Dort, Cologne, Louvain, 
 and afterwards at Padua, and in 1601 was 
 chol'en profeffor of eloquence at Milan'. The 
 king of Spain appointed him his hidoriogra- 
 pher, and in 1601 he was appointed toiucceed 
 Julius Lipfius, in the profeffor's chair at Lou- 
 vain. He died at Louvain 1646. He wrote 
 feveral works on literary and political fubjects, 
 the belt known cf which is his datera belli & 
 pacis, 1633. 
 
 Puy, Peter de, a Frenchman, author of 
 fome political works, on the Salique law, and 
 other fubjects. He was born at Paris, and 
 died 1652, aged 69. 
 
 Puy Segur, James de Chaflenet, lord 0/ \ 
 a cslebrated general, born 1600. He fened 
 his country 43 years, and though prefent at 
 120 fieges, and 30 battles, in which he be- 
 haved with activity, he was never wounded. 
 He died 1682. His memoirs, from 5.617 to 
 1658, have appeared in 2 vols. iimo. 
 
 Fyle, Tkomas, M. A. was born near 
 Holt, Norfolk, 1674, and educated at Caius 
 college, Cambridge. He was minider of 
 King's Lynn, and engaged warmly in the 
 Bangorian controveri'y, and for his fervices 
 was made prebendary of Salifbury, by Dr. 
 Hoadly, and two of his fons alfo were pre- 
 i'ented to prebends in the church of Winchef- 
 ter. His paraphrafe on the ats, and sll the 
 epidles, is an excellent work. He publithed 
 befides 3 vols, of fermons, and died 1.757. 
 
 Pym, Job*, a celebrated republican, mem- 
 ber for Taviitoek. He didinguifhed himfelf 
 againd the unfortunate Charles, and acquired 
 fuch influence among his partisans, that lie 
 was called king Pym. He died 1643, ? ar * 
 impodhume in his bowels. 
 
 PyNAKER,^i/tfw, a landfcapc painter, bom 
 near Delft in Holland, 1621. He improved 
 himfelf at Rome, and acquired great celebrity 
 by the excellence and corredlnefs of his pieces, 
 efpeciaily his cabinet pictures. He.died 1673. 
 
 QUADRIO, 
 
Q. 
 
 QUE 
 
 QUADRIO, Francis Xavler, a jefuit, hor.i 
 in the Vtlteline. He was of a melan- 
 choly turn of mind, and retired to Zurich? 
 and died at Milan, 1 756, aged 61. He is 
 author of a treatife on Italian poetry hiftory 
 of poetry, 2 vols. hiftoricnl difTertatifOns on 
 Rhaetia and the Valteline, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Quarles, Francis, an linglim poet, born 
 at Rumford, Effex, 1592, and educated at 
 Chritt college, Cambridge, and Lincoln's inn. 
 He was fecretary to Ufher, and tuffcred much 
 in the Irifh rebellion. He did not meet tint 
 friendly reception in England which his loyalty 
 deferved, and it is laid that the lois of his ' 
 
 QUE 
 
 MSS. preyed deeply upon his mind, and haf- j a g*d 80. 
 tened his death, 1644. He was eminent as a 
 poet. He wrote fome theatrical pieces, but 
 the bed known of his works are his emblems, 
 
 n )ve 1 collection hiftorique editions of Lu- 
 cretius, with notes, of Ph^drus of Ana- 
 creon, &c. 
 
 Querno, C.imlllo, an Italian poet, born at 
 Monopolis, in Naples. He carried his poem, 
 called Alexiada, containing 20,000 lines, to 
 Leo X. who made him his buffoon, 1514. 
 After the taking of Rime, he retired to Na- 
 ples, and died in the holpital there, ;?bout 
 1528. 
 
 Quesnay, Francis, became firft phyfician 
 to the king of France, member of the academy 
 of fciences at Paris, and was a leading man in 
 the fociety of economics He died 1774, 
 
 meditations, and hieroglyphics. He was father 
 of 18 children by his firft wife, and one of his 
 fons yohn, became known as a poet, and par- 
 ticularly as ai\ active royalift in the king's 
 army. He died of the plague in London, 
 1665, aged 41. 
 
 Quatromani, Sertorlo, of C fenza, in 
 Naples, obtained admillion into theVatican, and 
 devoted himfelf with indefatigable diligence to 
 the ftudy of Greek literature. He was pa- 
 tronized by the duke de Nocera, and prince 
 Stigliano, and died 1606, aged 65. He was 
 in his temper capricious and haughty, but 
 pofTeiTed learning, and his tranflation of the 
 JErxi'iA. into Italian vsrie is held in eftimation. 
 Quenstedt, John Andrew, a Lutheran 
 divine, author of a Latin account of learned 
 men from Adam to 1600, 4to. fculptura ve- 
 terum, 8vo. his beft work. He was born at 
 Quedlimburg, and died 1688, aged 71. 
 
 Quental, Bartholomew du, a native of 
 the Azores, coxfeffor to the king of Portugal. 
 He refufed a bifhopric, and died 1698, aged 
 72. He wrote meditations, &c. fermons in 
 Portuguefe, &c. 
 
 CjUERtNGHi, Antony, an Italian poet, born 
 at Padua, 1546. He was in the fervice of the 
 po;ies, and died at Rome 1633. His Latin 
 poems, and fome Italian poetry, were publiihed 
 at Rome, 1616. 
 
 QuERLON, Anne Gabriel Meufnier de, of 
 Nantes, for 22 years published a periodical 
 paper for Britany, and other prints, and had 
 alfo lome fhare in the journal encyclopedique. 
 He died 1780, aged 78. His chief works are 
 let impoftures innocentes, a little entertaining 
 
 works are obfervations on 
 bleeding, r.2mo. efTay on animal economy, 3 
 vols. i2mo. the art of healing by bleeding 
 treatife on continued fevers, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 on gamrene, izmo. &c. 
 
 Quesne, Abraham, marquis du, of Nor- 
 mandy, diitinguifhed himfelf, in 1637, at the 
 attack of the ifles of St. Mnrgaret, and the 
 next year contributed to the defeat of the 
 Spanilh fleet at Cattan. He afterwards fig- 
 nalized his valor before Tarragona, Barcelona, 
 and before Cadiz, and in 1644 in the fervice 
 of Sweden, and was particularly initrumental 
 in the defeat of the Danifh fleet. He was, in 
 1647, intrufted with a fquadron in the Medi- 
 terranean, and he obliged Bourdeaux, which 
 had revolted, to furrender, and in 1676, in 
 three engagements, defeated the combined 
 fleets of Holland and Spain, under Ruyter, 
 near Sicily. It was on this occafion that the 
 following verfes were written, alluding to the 
 defeat, and the death of the great Ruyter, in 
 the fecond engagement : 
 Terrui in oceano jam folo nomine clafles, 
 
 Ter nunc in Siculo territus ipfe rui. 
 Si vera inverlum quondam d^dit omina nomen, 
 
 Nunc Rui ter nomen veiius omen habet. 
 This gallant officer died at Paris, 1688, aged 
 78, leaving four fons. 
 
 Quesneu, Pafquicr, of the Soibonne, pub- 
 limed, at Paris, the works of St. Leo, 2 vols. 
 4to 1675. As his notes defended the ancient 
 G il.ican church, againft the Roman pontiffs, 
 the work v.-s condemned at Rome, and the 
 author, in 1685, retired, throuph fear of per- 
 fection, to BrufTels. He pubbfhed, in 1687, 
 his morjl reflections on the new teftnment ; 
 but though he ftrongly favored the Janfenifls, 
 the work was well received, and even ccm- 
 mended by Clement XI. It was foon r fter 
 [ U 3 ] attacked 
 
QUI 
 
 Hacked hy the jefuits, and coudemned, for 
 reafons of ftate, even by the pope himfelf, 
 who hTued againft it his famous bull, called 
 Unigenitu*. Quefnel was Seized and impri- 
 foned ; but, by means of a Spamlh gentleman, 
 who fecretly efpoufed his caule, he eScaped to 
 Amfttrdam, where he died 1719- He w " 
 author of various works, chiefly on polemical 
 
 fubjea. ; 
 
 Quisnoy. Francis, of BrufTels, was emi- 
 nent as a Sculptor. His works, chiefly bas- 
 reliefs in bronze, ivory, marble, or wax, poi- 
 fefs great elegance, representing children, 
 bacchanals, &c. He died at Leghorn, 1644, 
 aged 42. 
 
 QutVtDO DE Villegas, Frar.cifco de, a 
 Spanilh author, of Madrid. He poU'eft'ed great 
 powers of writing in verie ai well as prole, on 
 fubje&s of wit, of morality, and of Science. 
 His works were published by Gonzales de 
 Salas, under the title of Parnaflb ESpagnol, in 
 3 vol*. 410. His Satire was lb keen, and fo 
 imprudently ufed, that he rendered d'Olivares, 
 the prime minifter, his enemy, and in confe- 
 quence was imprifoned. He died about 1645. 
 Quien de la Neufville, James le, an 
 author, of Paris, fucceffively an officer in the 
 French guards, an advocate at the bar, and 
 laftly a literary character. His general bif- 
 tory of Portugal, % vols. 4to. procured his 
 admifhon into the academy of inscriptions. 
 He afterwards published a treatife on the ufe 
 of pofts among the ancients and moderns, 
 iamo. which was well received. In 1713 he 
 went with the French ambafiador to Portugal, 
 and was rewarded with a penfion. Out of 
 gratitude to the monarch, he determined to 
 continue his hiftory of Portugal, which had 
 concluded in 1531, at the death of Emam el I.; 
 but exceflive application brought on difeafe. 
 He died at Liibon 1728, aged 81, leaving 
 two fons. 
 
 Quiev, Michael de, a French Dominican, 
 f.iblimed panoplia contra fchilma Gracorum, 
 4to. nullity of the Enghm ordinations againft 
 Courayer oriens chriftianus in quatuor pa- 
 triarchatus digeftus, &c. 3 vols, fol defence 
 of the Hebrew text againft Perron, &c. 2 vols 
 foL He died at Paris 1733. 
 
 Quii.let, Claudius, a French writer, born 
 in Tourraine, 1602. He practifed phyfic for 
 ibme years; but his views were changed by 
 his interference with the affair of the nuns of 
 Loudun, who were faid to be poUl-fled of the 
 devfl. He ridiculed the meaSures purfued 
 there by the intrigues of Richelieu; and in 
 coofequence fled to Rome, for fear of perse- 
 cution. He became, at Rome, Secretarv to 
 d'Etrces, the French ambafTador ; and there 
 he wrote his famous poem called " Callipadia," 
 on the art of having fine children, in which he 
 reflected, with Satirical Severity, on Mazarin. 
 The cardinal, inttead of persecuting the au- 
 thor, made him his friend, ar.d gave him an 
 ahbejjr, and Quillet, in gratitude, when he 
 'a Second edition^ erazed the offcnfwe 
 
 QUI 
 
 parts, and dedicated it to his noble patron. 
 This well-known poetn is divided into four 
 books, and is written in elegant poetry, and 
 contains many beautiful pailages, though it 
 abounds in descriptions both indelicate and 
 licentious. The Callipaedia has been tranflated 
 into Englifh by Rowe. He wrote befides two 
 other Short Latin poems. He died 1661, 
 aged 59. 
 
 Quin, James, a celebrated actor, born in 
 King-ftreet, Covent garden, 24th Feb. 1693. 
 He was intended for the bar ; but in confe- 
 quence oS law Suits, on his father's death, he 
 had little left to depend upon ; and turned his 
 thoughts to the ftage. After performing in 
 Dublin, he came to London, and engaged at 
 Drury-lane, and two years after, 1717, re- 
 moved to Rich's theatre, Lincoln's inn fields. 
 The following year he had a diSpute with 
 Bowen, a fellow actor, at a tavern, and in 
 confequence they fought, and Bowen died of 
 his wounds. Quin was tried, and found guilty 
 of man-flaughter, but it does not appear that 
 his conduct was blameable, as Bowen was the 
 aggrefTor. In 1732 Quin removed, with the 
 Lincoln's inn fields' company, to Covent-gar- 
 den, which was opened on the 7th Dec. for 
 their reception ; but two years after, he quit- 
 ted it for Drury-lane. In this theatre he 
 continued a favorite actor till 1742, when he 
 returned again to his friend Rich, at Covent- 
 garden. At this time he had to Struggle 
 againft Garrick, of whom he Said Sarcaftically, 
 that he was a new religion, and that, as Whit- 
 field, he was followed for a time, but that 
 people would all come to church again. In 
 this, however, he was disappointed ; Garrick, 
 contrary to his expectations, roSe to high re- 
 putation ; but the two rival heroes, who now- 
 divided the applauies of the town, were pre- 
 vailed upon to act together in the Fair Peni- 
 tent. Their appearance on the ftage together 
 was received with reiterated plaudits, and each 
 performed with admirable SucceSs. In 1 751 
 Quin retired from the ftage to Bath, though, 
 in a Sew inftances, he aSterwards appeared in 
 the character of FalftafT, for the benefit of his 
 theatrical friends ; and the 19th March, 1753, 
 was the laft time of his acting, when, in com- 
 pliment to Jhis abilities, the price of the pit and 
 boxes was raifed to five Shillings. He died at 
 Bath, of a fever, 21ft Jan. 1766, aged 73. 
 His greateft characters were Cato, Othello, 
 Richard III. &c. He was patronized by Fre- 
 deric, prince of Wales, and taught his children 
 a correct mode of pronunciation. When he 
 was informed of the graceful manner in which 
 the preSc-nt king pronounced his firft fpeech 
 in parliament, the veteran performer exclaim- 
 ed with eager exultation, " It was I who taught 
 the boy." In his character, Quin was a man 
 of ftrong SenSe; his wit was pointed, often 
 coarte, and in his temper he was occasionally 
 violent, but not devoid of the nobleft feelings 
 of human nature. When ThomSon was ar- 
 refted, Quin, who knew him only by character/ 
 
 Stepped 
 
 
QUI 
 
 QUI 
 
 flapped forth, and liberated the poet from the 
 fpunging-houfe, by paying the debt and the 
 cofts. He was fond of the bottle, and fome 
 pleafant (lories are related of his character, as 
 an epicure. 
 
 Quinault, Philip, a French poet, born 
 at Paris, 1635. His firll theatricil piece 
 called " les fceurs rivales," a comedy, appeared 
 when he was only 18, and his future years 
 were, with equal diligence, devoted to the 
 mufes. His marriage, with a rich widow, let 
 him above dependence. Though fatirized by 
 Boileau, Voltaire has obferved of him, that 
 artlei's and inimitable ftrokes of nature fre- 
 quently appear with interefling charms in his 
 writings His works coufift of 16 dramatic 
 pieces, befides operas, fet to mufic by the fa- 
 mous Lully. His works were publifhed at 
 Paris, in 5 vols. i2mo. 1778. 
 
 Quincy, John, author of a dictionary of 
 phyfic, 8vo. an univerfal difpenfatory, 8vo. 
 chemical pharmacopoeia, 4to. befides a tranf- 
 lation of San&orius' aphorifms, Sec. was a 
 phyfician of reputation in London, who died 
 there, 17 23. 
 
 Quintinie, Jjbn de la, a French gar- 
 dener, of Poitiers, 1676. He ftudied ph'.lofo- 
 phy and the law, and after practifing with 
 reputation, he devoted himfelf to agricultural 
 purfuits, and travelled into Italy and England. 
 He received liheral offers from Charles II. to 
 frttle in England ; but he preferred the fer- 
 
 vice of his king, by whom he was appointed 
 direcfor-general of his gardens. He died at 
 Paris, after 1700. He publifhed, in a vols. 
 4to. " directions for the management of fruit 
 and kitchen gardens," Sec. 
 
 Quirini, Angela Maria, a Venetian enr- 
 dinal. He was .of the Benediciines at Flo- 
 rence, and he travelled over Germany, Hol- 
 land, England, and France ; and every where 
 received diftinguiihing marks of refpeft and 
 efteem. Honored by the friendfhip of Baf- 
 nage, Gronovius, Kufter, Bentley, Newton, 
 Burnet, Cave, Potter, Fenelon, Montfaucon, 
 and other learned charadters, he returned to 
 Italy, and was made cardinal and archbifhop, 
 by Benedict Xllf. He died 1755, of an apo- 
 plexy. Of his works the bed known are 
 primordia Corcyras, ex antiquifs. monument, 
 illuflr. 4to veterum Brixiaj epifcoporum vitas 
 fpecimen variae literaturae quas in Brixia, 
 ejufque ditione, typographies in cunabula fiore- 
 bat, 4to. &c. 
 
 Quiros, Ferdinand de, a Spanifh navigator, 
 who difcovered the Society iflands, and other 
 places in the great Pacific ocean, in 1605. 
 
 Quistorp, John, wrote commentaries on 
 St. Paul's epiftles -articuli formulas concordis 
 illuftrati, &c. He was the friend of Grotiu% 
 and attended him during his laft illnefs, and 
 died at Rqftock, his native place, 1646, aged 
 62. 
 
 R. 
 
 RAB 
 
 RABAN-MAUR, M.ivnentius, a native 
 of fulda, made archbilhop of Mayence, 
 in 847. He engaged in a controverfy with 
 Gotefcaic, whofe doctrines he condemned, and 
 whofe perfon he delivered up to Hincrnar, 
 archbifhop of Rheims. He died 856, aged 68. 
 His works are on theological lubjects, pub- 
 liil' i at Cologne, 1627, 6 vols. fol. 
 
 Rabaud St. Etienne, "John Paul, a 
 proteftant minifter, born at Nil'mes. In the 
 conftituent affembly, he fhowed eloquence 
 and addrefs ; and though deluded by the fac- 
 tious fpirit of the times, he refumed his mo- 
 deration in the convention, and Ipoke with 
 boldnefs againft the punifhment of Lesvis 
 XVI. Thefe fentiments marked him for 
 death, and though he efcaped to Bourdeaux, 
 he was feized and brought to Paris, where he 
 was guillotined, 1793, aged 50. He pub- 
 lifhed a letter on the life and writings of 
 Gebelin, 8vo, letters on the primitive hvftory 
 
 RAB 
 
 of Greece, 8vo. confi derations on the int 
 rell of the tiers etat -pieces on the revolu- 
 tion, &c. 
 
 Rabelais, Francis, a celebrated wit, bom 
 1483, in Touraine, where his father was an 
 apothecary. He was of the Francifcan order, 
 at Poictou ; but he excited the envy of the 
 fraternity, becaufe he ftudied literature, efpe- 
 cially Greek, then regarded as a barbarous 
 language. He efcaped, at laft, from perfec- 
 tion, and was permitted by Clement VII. to 
 renounce the order of Francifcans, and to 
 enter into the fociety of the Benedictines. He 
 next fettled at Montpellier, and became a 
 popular profeffor of medicine. When du 
 Prat, the chancellor, abolifhed the privileges 
 of Montpellier univerfity, that learned body 
 deputed their profeffor to go to Paris, and Ins 
 eloquence proved lb powerful, that the decree 
 was reverted, and Rabelais' interference was 
 ever after confmemorated by inverting, in the 
 [ U 4 ] robe 
 
RAC 
 
 RAD 
 
 '.e (for* all fatiue candidates for 
 
 inical honors. He quitted Montpellter 
 
 : . S ; but in ijMi followed 
 
 <Ju L hi$ phyficiarr. and (ix 
 
 e, and obtained 
 
 .i layman, of holding 
 
 ices. In conference of 
 
 o'Sr. Maur, near 
 
 3. his chief work is the 
 
 ntna and Pumarruel," a 
 
 I riefts, popes, fools, 
 
 and h , tl ough prail'ed by fome as 
 
 1 nu.. ' learning, and leience, may 
 
 be eotifidned as a bold, unintelligible rhap- 
 
 pro'ane allufions, coarfe 
 
 .! vulgar jells. He wrote 
 
 1] wrks, and other trad*, 
 
 publif . -vo. Rabelais wis uni- 
 
 I man who pofTefled 
 
 great brilluncy of wit, and fmartnefs of re- 
 
 partee. 
 
 Rabutin, FmL Bus it. 
 
 RaCAN, Hf*mrt dc Ihie'tl, marquis of, a 
 French poet, born in Touraine, 1589. He 
 wrote paitdrals, facrcd odes, Liters, and me- 
 moirs of his friend Malherbe, of whom he 
 learnt the art of poetry, and themgh not a firft- 
 tate poet, hedeferved to be commended by Boi- 
 leau and by Menage. He died 1670. 
 
 Racine, John, a French poet, born at 
 Fertc-Milon, 16,19. He was educated at 
 Royal, where he made a rapid progrefs 
 in Greek and Latin, and (bowed great fond- 
 ness for the fublime compofitions of Euripides 
 and Sophocles. He afterwards went to Paris, 
 where he celebrated the king's marriage ; and 
 ft) popular was his nymphe de la Seine, on 
 this occafion, that the courtiers were full of 
 his praifes, and the monarch fettled on him a 
 penfion*. He, in 1666, produced his Alexan- 
 dria, and about this tine was engaged in a 
 controverfy with Nicole, of the Port Royal. 
 In 1668 he produced his " Plaideurs," a co- 
 medy, and Andromache, a tragedy ; and in 
 1670 appeared Britannicus, Berenice in 16 71, 
 Bajazet in 1672, Mithridates in 1673, Iphi- 
 genia in 1675, and Phredra in 1677. Thefe 
 were reprefented with increafed applaufe; but 
 a cabal was railed againft the poet, and Pradou, 
 a writer of little capacity, was prevailed upon 
 to produce a Phsdra to oppofe the noble com- 
 petition of Racine. This hurt the feelings of 
 the poet, and ftrongly alive to the violence of 
 perfecution, he formed a defign of becoming a 
 r. He had formerly worn the 
 ectlefiavical habit at/the Port Royal, but his 
 ' r expoitulated with him, and p: 
 
 ry, and thus inftead of bid- 
 lieti to the world, to become one of its 
 met uiVful members. He thus became fa- 
 ther 0/ seven children ; but fuperftitioufly 
 credulous, he determined never to write for 
 <tre, and he was reconciled to the 
 ind all thofe whom fatire or 
 ntim'flt In fpite, 
 *****< iutions, lie was prevailed 
 
 upon by mad. Maintenon to write a fatreJ 
 tragedy for her young ladies at St. Cyr, and 
 this produced Either, and afterwards Athene. 
 He was, in 1673, admitted member of the 
 French academy, and in 1677 he was em- 
 ployed with Boileau to write the hiitory of 
 Lewis XIV.; but the work was never com- 
 pleated. Racine afterwards drew up the hii- 
 tory of the Port Royal, % vols nmo. His 
 exceffive fenfibrlity at laft proved the caufe of 
 his death. He wrote a memorial on the 
 mil'eriee wf the poor, which he lent to mad. 
 Maintenon, but it fell accidentally into the 
 haqds of the king, who exprefied his difTatis- 
 factio.n. Racine heard of the royal difplenfure> 
 and was fo terrified that he fell into a fever, 
 and the dilbrder at laft proved fatal. He died 
 1699. A penfion was honorably fettled by 
 the king on his family. He wrote betide?, 
 canticles or hymns, for the ufe of St. Cyr 
 letters and epigrams, &c. He has often been 
 compared to Corueille, and Perrault obierves, 
 that if Cornei'le furpafled Racine in heroic 
 fentiments, and the grand character of his 
 perfonages, he was inferior to him in moving 
 the paflions, and in purity of laNguage. 
 
 Racine, Leivis, ton of the poet, received 
 a civil appointment, by Fleury. He died 
 1763, aged 71. Fie was himielf a poet of 
 confiderable merit, and befides poems, wrote 
 reflections on poetry the life of his father, 2 
 vols. a profe tranflation of Milton's paradife 
 lolt, and other works. 
 
 Rack, Edmund, of Ellingham, Norfolk, 
 from a lpinning boy, became the menial i'er- 
 vant, and afterwards the apprentice of a wool- 
 len draper. In 1758 he fettled at Bradford, 
 Effex, in bufinefj, for himfelf, and afterwards 
 retired to Bath, mailer of an honorable com- 
 petency. He here eftablifhed the agricultural 
 fociety, to which he became fecretary, though 
 a" quaker. He wrote the ruins of an ancient 
 
 cathedral, a poem a volume of poems 
 
 Mentor's letters poems and effays, 1781, 
 Sec. and died 1787, aged 52. 
 
 Racle, Leonard, an architect, born at 
 Dijon. Fie joined the Reyffouze to the 
 Saone, built the harbour of Verfoix, and in 
 1786 obtained the prize of the Touloufe 
 academy, by his memoir on the erection of 
 an iron bridge pf a hngle arch of 400 feet 
 fpan. He was the friend af Voltaire, and" 
 built his houfo at Ferney. He declined the 
 liberal offers of Catharine of Ruffia, and died 
 at Pont-de-Vaux, 1792. He wrote befides, 
 memoirs on the property of the cycloid on 
 regulating the courfe of the Rhone and the 
 Aiu, Sec. 
 
 Radcuffe, Alexander, an officer of the 
 army, known as a poet. He traveftied Ovid's 
 epiltles, and wrote other works of low ! umor, 
 fuch as news from hell the fword's faiewell, 
 &c. He died at London about 1700. 
 
 Radcliffe, John, a .celebrated phyficiaa, 
 
 born at Wakefield, Yorkfhire, 1650. From 
 
 the fchool of his native town lie came to 
 
 Univerfifv 
 
RAD 
 
 RAL 
 
 x KJniverfity college, Oxford ; but not finding a 
 vacant fellowship, he removed to Lincoln. In 
 1675, he took the degree of M. B. and began 
 to practise with increafing reputation. In 
 1677 he refigned his Lincoln fellowihip, in 
 confequence of a quarrel with the rector of 
 the college, upon whom he had been Severe in 
 the criticifms of his gayer hours, and in 1682 
 he took his degree of M. D. and two years 
 after removed to London. Here he became 
 the moft popular practitioner of the town, and 
 was made phyfician to the princefs Anne of 
 Denmark. In 1693, his marriage with the 
 daughter of a rich citizen was prevented by 
 the diicovery of the incontinence of the fair 
 one, and this fo irritated him, that he ever 
 after fpoke with even contempt of the fex. 
 When called in 1699, to attend king William, 
 h-is rough addrefs proved off'enfive to the court. 
 Tne king (bowing him his fwollen ancles, 
 
 afk-ed his opinion ; I would not, anfwereJ the 
 blunt phyfician, have your majefly's two legs 
 for your three kingdoms. His popularity 
 created enemies, and while his opinion was 
 coniulted above that of others, his medical 
 opponents cenfured him as an empiric, whom 
 iuccefs and. not merit had railed to eminence. 
 On the lalt illnefs of queen Anne, it is laid that 
 he refuted to vifit her, though requeued by 
 the privy council; but it feems, by his own 
 ftatement, that he was never Solicited to at- 
 tend, and that this unpopularity, and the 
 attempts to centure him in the commons, 
 were totally unmerited. He died 1714, aged 
 64, three months after the queen ; gnd it is 
 faid that the public odium heaped on him in 
 confequence of the charge of difrelpect to- 
 wards his lbvereign, haftened his death. He 
 was buried in St. Mary's church, Oxford, with 
 great folemnity. In his character Radclirfe 
 was vwlent, fickle, and avaricious. His maxim 
 to make a fortune was to ufe all mankind ill; 
 but though he practifed in fome degree what 
 he taught, it has been obferved, that Mead 
 who followed a contrary rule obtained much 
 greater opulence. ' > he vaft bulk of his for- 
 tune was left to chaiitable purpofes ; befides 
 creating two travelling fellowships in Univer- 
 sity college, Oxford, he left provifion for the 
 erecting of an infirmary, and of a. fplendid 
 library in his favorite city, which bear his 
 name. The library, in the erection of which 
 above 40000I. were expended, was finifhed in 
 1747, and opened 12th of April, 1749. with 
 great academical pomp. Dr. Radcliffe was 
 member of parliament for Buckingham the 
 year before his death. 
 
 Radeconde, St. daughter of Bertarius, 
 king of Thuringia, renounced, at the age of 
 10, paganifm, by the direction of Clotaire, 
 who afterwards married he* She united to 
 perfonal charms the moil amiable virtues; but 
 fuch was her attachment to religious duties, 
 that She obtained from her huiband, fix years 
 p&tl her marriage, the permillion of retiring 
 
 from the world to the feclufion of a monaftery. 
 She died 587, aged 68. 
 
 Ragotski, Francis Leopold,- prince of 
 Tranlylvania, was impriioned at Neuftadt in 
 1 701, on luipicion of attempts to make the 
 Hungarians revolt. He efcaped, and fount 
 Poland repaired to Hungary, where he was 
 declared chief of the infurgents. Succefs em- 
 boldened him, and when degraded by the 
 imperial court, and condemned to lofe his 
 head, he caul'ed himSelf to be proclaimed pro- 
 testor of Hungary and prince of Tranlylvania. 
 In 1713 he retired to France^ and from thence 
 to Constantinople. He died at RodoSto on 
 the fea of Marmora, 1735, a S ec ^ 5\ -His 
 memoirs on the revolutions of Hungary, in % 
 vols. 4to. or 6 in i2mo. are interesting. 
 
 Raguenet, Francis, an eccleSiaftic, of 
 Rouen, who obtained the prize of eloquence 
 in the French academy, 1689, on the dignity 
 and merit of martyrdom. His parallel of the 
 Italian and French mullc and operas, in which 
 he allows the Superiority to the Italians, occa- 
 sioned a paper war between him and Frenufe. 
 He died 1722. He wrote befides the monu- 
 ments of Rome, or a description of the rineSt 
 works of painting, lculpture, &c. of Rome, 
 with obfervations, 1 21110. hiliory of Oliver 
 Cromwell, 4to. &c. 
 
 Rainaud, Thcophilus, of Sofpello in Nice, 
 taught belles lettres and theology among the 
 jefuits, and died at Lyons 1663, aged 80. 
 Though learned, he was capricious in his con- 
 duct, and his writings are often* tminterefting. 
 His works appeared 1665, in 20 vols. foL 
 
 Rainolds, *john, an EngHSh divine, born 
 at Pinto, 'Devonshire, 1549. He was of Mer- 
 ton college, Oxford, and afterwards removed 
 to Corpus t hrifti. In 1598 he was dean of 
 Lincoln, but the next year exchanged it fojr 
 the presidentship of his college. He was of- 
 fered a bifhopric by Elizabeth, but refufed it. 
 He died 1607. He was one of the. divines 
 employed in the translation of the bible under 
 James I. He wrote cenlura librorum apo- 
 cryphorum vet. teltamenti. apologia, thefium 
 de Sacra feript. et ecclef. &e. 
 
 Raleigh fir Walter, an illuftnous Eng- 
 lishman, born at Hayes, Devon hire, 1552. 
 He was for Some time at Oriel college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1569 he accompanied the volun- 
 teers whom Elizabeth Sent to France to Sup- 
 port the proceftants. Though afterwards he 
 refided in the Middle Temple he paid no at- 
 tention to the liw; but in 1578, embarked for 
 the Netherlands again ft the Spaniards, and the 
 next year he went with bis half brothel fir 
 Humphrey Gilbert, on An expedition .0 dii"- 
 cover North A nerica. In J.50O, he engaged 
 in the wars or" Ireland, and was one Of' the 
 commifiioncrs for the government of MunSter. 
 On his return to England he became a favorite 
 of the court by his polite attention to the 
 queen. Walking among her attendants, he 
 extricated her from a dirty part of the road 
 
 which 
 
RAL 
 
 which (he was afraid to crofs, by fpreading his 
 new plufti cloak on the ground, over which the 
 gently irod and parted clean. This courtefy 
 gained him the queen's favor, and he gradually 
 me to places of dutinction. In 1583, he failed 
 again with his brother Gilbert in an expedition 
 to Newfoundland, and foon after he obtained 
 > patent, and failed to America, where he 
 difcovered Wigandacoa, which was called Vir- 
 ginia, in honor of his virgin miftrefs, and in 
 thtt country he afterwards in a fecond and third 
 voyage fettled floriihing colonies. He had been 
 chofen into parliament for Devonfhire in 1584, 
 and knighted, and he was now appointed 
 fenefrhal of Cornwall, and warden of the 
 Stannaries. A fourth and a fifth expedition 
 were fitted out to Virginia ; and if he had 
 done no other fervice tothe nation, his recom- 
 mendation of tobacco, which he firft introduced 
 bto the country from Virginia, would in a 
 commercial point of view have procured him 
 high diltinclion. In 1588, hi;, courage was 
 difplayed againft the Spanifh armada, to the 
 deftruetion of which he ably contributed, and 
 the following year he was employed in the 
 refioration of Antonio tne expelled king of 
 Portugal In 1592, he was in the expedition 
 lent to attack the Spaniards at Panama, and 
 on his return he became an active fpeaker in 
 the houfe of commons ; but he incurred the 
 difpleafure of the clergy, by accepting the 
 grant of the manor of Sherborne, which for- 
 merly belonged to the fee of Salifbury. Though 
 called an athe:f , it appears, however, that he 
 was a zealous ali'ertor of Gcd and of his provi- 
 dence. In 1593, he offended the queen by 
 an amour with one of her maids of honor, 
 daughter of fir Nicolas Throgmorton ; but af- 
 ter being imprifoned for feveral months, he 
 made due reparation for his violation of deco- 
 rum, by marrying the lady. He engaged in 
 1595, in the conqueft of Guiana in South 
 America, and after ftorming the city of St. 
 Jofeph, and taking the Spanifh governor pri- 
 foner, he returned to England. He went af- 
 terwards againft Cadiz, and then oppofed Ef- 
 fex, and contributed to the defeat of his trea- 
 fonablc deigns ; but on the death of the queen 
 his happinefs was at an end. On the acceffion 
 of James, he was dripped of his honors, and 
 tried and condemned for high treafon, on 
 charge* not only frivolous, but arbitrary. 
 Though reprieved he rem wined feveral years a 
 prifoner in the Tower, while his eftates were 
 lavithed on Car, the royal favorite. During 
 his long captivity, which was foothed by the at- 
 tention! of his wife, he wrote fome valuable 
 works,amoDg which is his hiilory of the world. 
 In 1616, after a confinement of nearly 13 
 yean, he was permitted to leave his prifoii, 
 and James, M if pretending firft to difcover his 
 merits, tent him to explore the golden mines 
 of Guiana. ;.oved unfortunate, 
 
 fir Walter loft his elicit for, who Was killed 
 by the Spaniards, and rfrer deftroying the 
 town he rc: t. melt the moll 
 
 RAM 
 
 cruel treatment. Incenfed at his conduct, 
 the Spaniards complained by Gundomar, their 
 ambaffador, and James ordered Raleigh to be 
 feized. Though no blame could attach to his 
 conduct, the king ordered his execution on his 
 former attainder. In vain the unfortunate 
 man pleaded in his defence, and afferted that 
 his life could not be taken away in conlequence 
 of a fentence paffed ij years before, and which 
 had been revoked, fince in his late expedition 
 the king had granted him power of life and 
 death over his crew. Nothing, however, 
 availed, the pufillinimous James either to 
 pleafe the Spaniard?, or to gratify his own 
 enmity, difgracefully afTented to his death. 
 He was beheaded in old palace yard, 29th Oct. 
 1618, "and iuffered with magnanimity. Hi3 
 body was interred in St. Margaret's Weftmin- 
 lter, but his head was preferved for feveral 
 years in his family. Sir Walter mult be pro- 
 nounced one of the greateft characters of thefe 
 times. His perfeverance in making difcoveries 
 firft infpired the nation with that ardor after 
 maritime distinction, which has fince not only 
 increafed its commerce and profperity. but 
 raifed its glory to the mod exalted rank. He 
 was diftinguiihed not only as bold navigator 
 and a valiant leader, but as an able negociator; 
 and as a man of letters his works, competed in 
 the oblcurity of a dungeon, on iubje&s of hif- 
 tory, politics, geography, and philofophy, as 
 well as fome relpectable poetical pieces, will 
 tranfinit his name with honor to the molt 
 did ant posterity. His fen Cmw, who was 
 born in the Tower, was author of fome fon- 
 nets, of a defence of his father, &c. He was 
 governor of Jeriey in 1659, and died 1666. 
 
 Ralph, "James, a mifcellaneous writer, 
 originally afchoolmafter at Philadelphia. He 
 came to London in the beginning of the fe- 
 cond George's reign. His " night," a poem, 
 and fome theatrical pieces, were received 
 with applaufe. His hiftory of England poillfles 
 merit, and fome of his political pamphlets for a 
 time enjoyed popularity. He died of the 
 gout 1762 at Chifwick. He was one of the 
 heroes of the Dunciad. 
 
 RaMazzini, 'Bernardin, an Italian phyfi- 
 cian, born ne;ir iVodena, 1633. He fiudied at 
 Parma, and fettled at Modena, where he be- 
 came medical profeflbr. In 1700 he removed 
 to Padua, and though blind, difcharged the du- 
 ties of profeffor with great applaufe. He died 
 1714, aged 81. 
 
 Rameau, John Philip, a mufician, born 
 at Dijon 1683. He at firft travelled with a 
 ftrolling company, and afterwards was organift 
 of Clermont cathedral in Auvergne. He, ftu- 
 dy'mg the principles of his art, produced his 
 treatife on harmony, and his new fyftem of 
 mufic. Jn 1750 he publifhed his famous 
 " demembration of the principles of har- 
 mony," in which he makes the whole depend 
 on a fingle nnd clear principle, the fundamental 
 bafe, and for this excellent work he has been 
 deiuvedly called the Ncwtou of that fcience. 
 
 He 
 
RAM 
 
 RAN 
 
 He was manager of the opera at Paris, and 
 compofer to Lewis XV. who railed him to the 
 rank of nobility. He died at Paris 1764. 
 He was a man of exemplary character, a good 
 hulband, and a benevolent neighbour. As a 
 theorift he is defervedly admired by Handel. 
 
 Ramsay, Andrew Michael, was born at 
 Ayr, 1686. He ftudied at Edinburgh, and 
 was tutor to lord Wemys's ion at St. An- 
 drew's, and afterwards travelled to Leyden, 
 where the converfation of the myftic Poiret 
 Diook his religious principles. In 1710, he 
 rifited Fenelon at Cambray, and became a con- 
 vert to the catholic faith. He was afterwards 
 at Rome engaged in the education of, the 
 children of the pretender called there James 
 III. but returned to Scotland, where he was-fa- 
 vorably received. In 1730, he was honored 
 by the univerfity of Oxford with a doctor's 
 degree, and afterwards returned to France, and 
 died in the fervice of his patron, the duke of 
 Turenne, 1743. He wrote diicourfe fur la 
 poefie epique la vie de Fenelon efTay fur le 
 gouvernement civil les voyages de Cyrus, the 
 belt of his works hiltoire de M. de Turenne 
 la pfychometre, or reflections on lord Shaf- 
 tefbury's charadteriftics, befides a plan of edu- 
 cation, &c. 
 
 Ramsay, Charles Lewis, a Scotchman, 
 author of a treatife on fhort-hand writing, de- 
 dicated to Lewis XIV. tranflated into French. 
 
 Ramsay, Allan, a Scotch poet, born at 
 Peebles 1696. He was originally a barber at 
 Edinburgh ; but poflefling a ftrong genius, he 
 devoted himfelf to the mufes. Of his poems 
 the moll defervedly known is his " gentle 
 fhepherd," a paftoral comedy, firft acted at 
 Edinburgh 1719, which for merit, fimplicity, 
 and elegance is univerfally admired. For 
 fome time he kept a bookfeller's fhop^ 
 but retired in his old aee, and died a private 
 man 1763, aged 67. His poems form a vols. 
 4to. and his-fongs 4 vols. 
 
 Rams dent, Jejfe, of Halifax, Yorkshire, 
 wasfonofa clothier. In 1751, he came to 
 London to be an engraver, and then applied 
 himfelf to the making of mathematical inftru- 
 ments. His improvements in the theodolite, 
 the barometer, hi alley's quadrant, and other 
 mathematical and optical inftruments were 
 very important to fcience, and he acquired no 
 little celebrity from his agronomical apparatus 
 and quadrants. 
 
 Ramus, Peter, a learned Frenchman, born 
 in Picardy 1515. He attended the college of 
 Navarre at Paris in the character of a fervant, 
 but he rofe by merit. When he took his maf 
 ler's degree, he boldly attacked the prejudices 
 of the times, by attaining for his thefis, that all 
 that Ariftotle had written was falfe. This 
 kindled a difturbance in the univerfity where 
 Ariftotle's works were regarded as more than 
 human, and the young profeflbr was accufed 
 of intentions of lapping religion, and forbidden 
 to teach philofophy; and that his difgrace 
 might be more public, the fentuice was pub- 
 
 limed in every ftreet in Paris, and his perfon 
 ridiculed on the ftage. He, however, was re- 
 llored to public favor, was made royal profeflbr 
 of philofophy and eloquence, but when he at- 
 tempted an innovation' in the pronunciation of 
 Latin, by pronouncing quifquis with the found 
 of the q, and not k'rjkis as in the old way, he 
 was expofed to great virulence, till the matter 
 being referred to a court of juftice, was dif- 
 mifled ; and every perfon allowed to pronounce 
 as he pleafed. When Ramus deferted the ca- 
 tholics for the proteftant faith, he was driven 
 from his profetfbrfhip ; and at laft fell by the 
 hands of the afiaflins an the maflacre of St. 
 Bartholomew 157a. His body after being, 
 it is faid, thrown out of a window, having the 
 bowels dilperfed about the ftreets, was dragged 
 with every fpecies of ignominy, and thrown 
 into the Seine. Of his works, the belt known 
 are treatifes on arithmetic and geometry de 
 militia Caefaris de moribus veterum Gallo- 
 rum grammars in Latin, French, and Greek, 
 &c. His followers, called Ramifts, for a while 
 became very numerous in England and Scot- 
 land, and particularly in Germany. 
 
 Ramusio, John Baptijl, fecretary of the 
 council of 10 at Venice, died at Padua 1557, 
 aged 72. He was author of a treatife de Nili 
 incremento a collection of maritime voyages, 
 in 3 vols. fol. in Italian. 
 
 Ranch, Artnand John le Boutillier de, a 
 French ecclefiaftic, of Paris, 1626. He was 
 fo well {killed in Greek, that at 1 3 he publiflied 
 an edition of Anacreon with notes, but though 
 in orders he became an abandoned fenfualift. 
 Returning once from a diftant voyage, he en- 
 tered privately the apartments of his miftrefs, 
 but initead of finding the ufual careflTes of af- 
 fection, he faw her head in a platter, cut off 
 becaufe a fmall leaden coffin could not contain 
 the length of her dead body. This fhocking 
 fight operated io powerfully that he retired to. 
 a monaftery, and devoted the reft f life to re- 
 form the monks of la Trappe. He died there 
 in the midft of hisfociety 1703, much and de- 
 fervedly refpected. He publifhed a tranflation 
 of the works of Dorothee, 8vo. instructions 
 and maxims moral . reflections on the four 
 gofpels, in 4 vols. &c. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas, of Kent, was edu- 
 cated at Chrift-church, and was mafter of 
 Broadgate hall, Oxford, 1 549. He was dif- 
 graced by Mary, but was employed by Eliza- 
 beth to negociate in France, Ruflia, and Scot- . 
 land, and he was knighted and made chamber- 
 lain of the exchequer and mafter f the poftj. 
 He died 1590, aged 6a He wrote an account 
 of his embafly in Ruflia, 1568 letters, in- 
 ftructions, &c. 
 
 Randolph, Thomas, an Englifh poet, born 
 at Newnham, Northamptonlhire, 1605. He 
 was educated at Weftminfter fchool, and Tri- 
 nity college,- Cambridge. He poflefled ge- 
 nius, but his fondnefs for pleafure fhortened 
 his life. He was the friend of Ben Johnfon, 
 who often called him his fon, and in his poems 
 
 be 
 
RAT 
 
 he dXplayed all the vivacity of a genuine wit. 
 He d:ed i6u-hen not yet 30. Hw worke, 
 monr which is the raufe's looking glafs, a 
 riedv. and three other dramatic 
 feces, were collected by his brother Robert* 
 who h.mM: v. a pMC, of Chrid-church, 
 Oxford, and reclor of Donwngton, Lincoln- 
 Aire, where he died 167 1, aged^o. 
 
 Rann '. in- ffn engineer, of Liege, 
 
 X648. known for the machine of Marly which 
 
 . Mter to the top of a nil! 502 feet above 
 
 I -1, with Inch power that not lels than 
 
 158 tons are forced up every 24 hours. He 
 
 died 1:08. * ,. . 
 
 Rans, Batr.-.nUe, of Rhesms, after living 
 as t hermit in the forefis of Parthenay and 
 Tournay, impolcd himfelf in 1226 upon the 
 credulity of the people ti the emperor Bald- 
 win I. of Conftaminople : who about 20 years 
 before had been defeated by the Bulgarians, 
 end put to death. Though the daughter of 
 Baldwin discovered his artifice, the impoftnre 
 prevailed, and Rans was acknowledged hy the 
 Fiemifh as lawful lovertkn At laft the ufur- 
 per was le'tzed, and, confefling his guilt, was 
 hanced at Lifle. 
 
 R.\nT2an, Jofias, of Holftein, left the 
 h fervice for the French, and was made 
 marfhal by Lewis XIII. He loft an eye 1636 
 st Dolw, and afterwards an arm. a leg, and one 
 of his ears. In 1645 he became a protellant, 
 and died live years after in prifon. He is 
 known ?s the otthre inltrument by whom the 
 was eftablifhed in Denmark. 
 Rafhakl, Sanzio, an illuftrious painter, 
 H Urbino 1483. His father was a 
 er, and under him and Perugino he cul- 
 tivated his talents, after which he vifited Siena 
 lorenct, to fee the works of Leonardo da 
 Vine;, and Michael Angelo. By liudying the 
 <\eCt millers, he rcfe to eminence, and me- 
 rited the appellation of the divine. He alio 
 tSoDtd as an architect, and was emoloyed by 
 Leo X. in the building of St. Peter's at Rome, 
 and he enjoyed alio the eileem of Francis I. of 
 France, and of other princes. He unfortu- 
 nately was too much given to licentious plea- 
 fares, which at lair hurried him to an un- 
 tim-ly grave 1520. He was. buried in the Ro- 
 tund* at Rome. He furpafled, fa ye a con- 
 noiflcur, all modern painters, becaufe he pof- 
 feflld more of the excellent parts of painting 
 and above all he pofTeffed the graces in in ad- 
 vantageous a manner, that he lias never lince 
 been equalled by any other. 
 
 RArur.i r.snius, Francis, a learned Fie 
 ming, whoftudied oriental languages at Paris, 
 and was Greek profeflbr at Cambridge. He 
 was next concerned in the publication of the 
 Hebrew bible, 1^571, and 
 than profeffor of Hebrew and Arabic at Ley- 
 den,, and died there 1597. His works befides 
 are, a Hebrew gramma* an Arabic lexicon 
 . , Sec. 
 Rapin, Nii-oLj, a French poet, born at 
 tie favorite of 
 
 RAN 
 
 Henry III. by whom he was made proroft of 
 Paris, from which he was expelled by the 
 league. His works were elegantly written, 
 confiiling of od-es, epigrams, and elegies. He 
 attempted to bani!h rhyme from the French 
 poetry, and to write after the Greek and La- 
 tin metre. He died 1609. 
 
 Rai'I.v. Rtnatus, a learned jefuit, born it 
 Touts, 162T. He wrote Latin with giaat 
 elegance, am! his poem on gardens, in four 
 books, has been tranfiated into Englifh by 
 Evelyn, and alio by Gardiner. His treatiies 
 on polite literature were tranfiated froai the 
 Fench into Englifh, by B Kennet, 2. vols. 
 8vo. They contain well written companions 
 between Demofthenes and Cicero on elo- 
 quence, between Homer and Virgil, and are 
 intended to reitore good talle, in France. He 
 died at Paris 1687. 
 
 Rapin de Thoyras, Paul tie, a French- 
 man, known as an eminent h'utorian, born at 
 Caftres, Languedoc, 1661. He ftudied at 
 Puylaurens and Saumur, and applied himfelf 
 to the law, which he abandoned for the pro- 
 fellion of arms, but on the revocation of the 
 edict of Nantes, he left France, for England 
 in 1686. After a lhort flay in London, he 
 went to Holland, where he enlilled in a com- 
 pany of French volunteers. He accompanied 
 William III. into England, and i'erved in the 
 army in Ireland, at the battle of the Boyne, 
 and the fiege of Limerick, where he was 
 wounded. In 1693, he was tutor to lord i'orr- 
 land's fon, with a penfion of 100!. from the 
 king f and the promile of greater patronage, 
 which he never received. In 1 707 he retired 
 to Wezel in the duchy of Cleves, devoted for 
 17 years to the completion of his hiilory of 
 England. His health fuffered by iiis applica- 
 tion, and the attack of a fever carried him to 
 his grave after a week's illnefs, 1725. He 
 publithed before his death 8 vols. 4to. of his 
 hiilory, to the death of Charles I. and two 
 more were added in 1724. This hiilory has 
 been tranfiated by Tindal, with a continuntion 
 to 1760, and notes, and alio by J. Kelly, in 
 2 vols. fol. As an hillorian, Rapin has his 
 admirers and detradlors, and while admired 
 by fome for moderation, he is charged by 
 others with tedioufnels and oblcurity. Vol- 
 taire has laid of him, that he was the author 
 of the beft hiilory of England that had hither- 
 to appeared. 
 
 Rastal, John, a printer, born in Lon- 
 don, was educated at Oxford. He wrote a 
 defcription of Europe, Aiia, and .Africa, in. 
 the form of a drama, with cuts and alio ca- 
 nones aftrologici dialogues concerning pur- 
 gatory-rules of a good life* Anglorum regum 
 chronicum apology ogainft Joh 1 Fyrth, &c. 
 He died 1536. His Ion IVittian was one 
 of the juilices of the king's bench under Ma- 
 ry, and publifh'-d a chronological table from 
 the conqueror the chartuary 15 &o terms 
 of the Englifh law, &c. 
 
 Rater, Anthony, an architect of Lyons, 
 ' 6 who 
 
RAW 
 
 RAY 
 
 who beautified and added to the convenience". 
 of his native city He died at Miribel, near 
 Lyons, 1794, agedoj. 
 
 Ratramnus, a monk of Corbie in the 
 ninth century, published two books on predes- 
 tination againit Hiiunnar , archbhhop of Rheims. 
 
 Ravaillac, Francis, of Angouleme, took 
 the habit o< the Feuiltans, a fociety from which 
 he was expe lied for irregularity. The fanatical 
 difcourfes of the advocates of theleague fo derang- 
 ed his underftanding, that he formed a moft in- 
 veterate hatred againit Henry IV. and deter- 
 mined to cut hit* off. Full of melancholy fu- 
 ry he came to Paris, and for fome days fol- 
 lowed the monarch to commit his horrid pur- 
 pofe. On the fatal 14th of May, 16 10, when 
 the royal carriage was (topped in the itreet by 
 ibme waggons, the murderer raifed himfelf 
 upon the wheels, and with two blows itabbed 
 the monarch to the heart. He was feized by 
 the duke of Epernon, and condemned to be 
 torn to pieces by four hories. The dreadful 
 ientence was executed the following 27th 
 May and he declared to the laft, that he had 
 no accomplices. 
 
 Ravius, Chijlian, of Berlin, travelled in- 
 to the Eaft, where he learned the Perfian, 
 Turkifh, and Arabian languages, and collec- 
 ted valuable MSS. On his return, he became 
 profeflbr of oriental languages at Utrecht, af- 
 terwards at Kiel, and at Frankfort on the 
 Maine, where he died 1677, aged 64. He 
 wrote a plan of Hebrew orthography and ety- 
 mology a grammar, Hebrew, Chaldaic, Sy- 
 riac, Arabic, Samaritan, and Englifh, Lon- 
 don, 8vo, &c. His fon John was librarian 
 to the elector of Brandenburg, and author of 
 a commentary on Cornel. Nepos of military 
 aphorifms and other works. 
 
 Raulim, Jofph, phyfician to the French 
 king, died at Pari?, 1784, aged 76. He 
 published treatifes on difeafes occafioned by va- 
 riations of the atroofphere on the vapors in 
 females on the fluor albus on difeafes in 
 lying-*n-women, &c 
 
 Raw-let, John, B. D. lecturer ofNew- 
 caftle-upon-Tyne, which he refufed to quit 
 for the living of Colefhill, Warwickshire, 
 wrote the Chriitian monitor, an excellent 
 book, and a treatife on facramental covenant- 
 ing, and died 1686, aged 44. 
 
 Raw ley William, D. D. chnplnn to 
 Charles I. and II. and alfo to the great Bacon, 
 and the editor of his works, was born at Nor- 
 wich 1588. He was educated at Benet's col- 
 lege, Cambridge, and in 1616 obtained the 
 rectory of Landbeach, near Cambridge, from 
 which he was expelled during the rebellion, 
 but replaced at the reltoration. He died 
 1667. 
 
 Rawlins Thomas, engraver of the mint 
 under the fecond Charles, was author of 
 three dramatic pieces, rebellion Tom Effence 
 and Tunbridge Wells, and died 1670. 
 
 Rawlinson, Thomas, knt. was born at 
 London, 1647. He was in 170.4 lord mayor 
 
 of the city, and he rendered his name memo- 
 rable by repairing the Guildhall. He died 
 
 Rawlinson, Thomas, a judicious collec- 
 tor of books. While in Gray's inn, he had 
 four chambers filled with his valuable collec- 
 ! tions, and he removed to London-houfe, AI- 
 derig.ite-dreet, which, though once the pa- 
 lace of a bifhop, could fcarce contain the num- 
 ber of his books. He died there, 1725, aged 
 44. His library was difpo.'ed of by auction 
 after his death, and his MSS. took 16 days in 
 the fale. Addifon alludes to hi nin the 1 soth, 
 number of the tatler, under the character of 
 Tom Folio.. 
 
 Rawlinson, Richard, fourth fon of fir 
 Thomas, was educated at St Joan's college, 
 Oxford. He made a collection for the en- 
 largement of A. Woods hiftoria and anti ,ui- 
 tates Oxon. and for the continuation of the 
 Athens Oxonienfes, and hiitory of Oxford. He 
 publilhed a tranilation of Frelhoy's new me- 
 thod of Undying hiitory, Sec. % vols 8vo. md 
 the Englifh typographer, &c 8vo. He .dfo 
 founded in 1750 an Anglo-Saxon profeflbr :hip 
 at Oxford, and bequeathed to the unuerfitf 
 all his books, papers, MSS. feals, &c. He 
 died at Iflington, 1755. He was alfo a be- 
 nefactor to Hertford college, and particular- 
 ly to St. John's, college, to which he left 
 an eftate worth 700I per annum. His 
 heart according to his direction was placed in 
 at) urn againit the wall of St. John's cha- 
 pel, and his body in a vault in St. Giles's 
 church, Oxford. In his right hand was 
 placed the head of counfellor Layer, which, 
 he had purchafed for a large fura, when it 
 had been blown off from Temple Bar, 
 where, after his execution for treafon, it 
 had been placed 172a. 
 
 Rawlinson, Cbnjlopher, was born at^ 
 Springfield, ElTex, 1677. He was educated 
 at Queen's college, Oxford, and publilhed 
 *n edition of Alfred's Saxon tranilation of 
 Boethius de confoiatione philofophiae, 8vo, 
 He left a valuable collection of MSS. re- 
 fpecling the counties of Westmoreland and 
 Cumberland, and died 1732-3 aged $5. 
 
 Rawwolf, Leonard, of Auglburg, tra- 
 velled in purfuit of botanical knowledge, 
 into Syria, Juda?a, and other eaftern coun- 
 tries. On hfc return 1576, he removed 
 to Lints, and was made pliyficwn to the 
 archdukes of Auftria. He died 1606. His 
 travels were publilhed at Frankfort, 1582, 
 in 4to. tranflated into Englifh by Sta- 
 phrolt, and by Mr. Ray. 
 
 Ray or Wray, John, an Englifh na- 
 turalilr, born at Black Notley, near Brain- 
 tree, Effex, 1628. Though the fon of ( ablack- 
 fmit , he was well educated at Brain- 
 tree fchool, and in 1644 he entered at 
 Catherine-hall Cambridge, and two years after 
 he removed to Trinity college, where he 
 obtained a fellowfhip. He was in 1651 
 Greek ledturer of his college, and two years 
 
 after 
 
RAY 
 
 REA 
 
 a* er mathematical reader, and in 1665 huma- 
 nhy reader. He devoted himfelf particu- 
 larly to botany and the umverlal hiftory 
 of nature, and in 1660 published a cata- 
 logue of the Cambridge plants. To enlarge 
 his knowledge of plants he travelled over 
 England, Vales, and Scotland, accompanied 
 by his pupil Mr. Willoughby, and fir Phi- 
 lip Skipton, and Mr. P. Courthope. At 
 the rettoration he took orders, but two 
 veats after he refigned as he refufed to 
 fWcribe. In 1663, he fpent three years 
 on the continent, with his pupil, of which 
 he published an account in 1673. In 167a 
 he loft his friend Willoughby, and the fol- 
 lowing year he married the daughter of 
 Mr. Oakiey' of Launton Oxon, though 
 nearly 24 years younger than himfelf. 
 After fuperintending for fome time the 
 education of his friend Mr. Willoughby 's 
 children at Middleton hall, he removed to 
 Satton Cclfield, and then to Falborne trail, 
 Ellex, and in 1679 fettled in his native 
 place, where ho died 1705. As a bota- 
 nist Ray has acquired great celebrity, and 
 his writings are held in high eftimation. 
 To ltrong benevolence of heart he added 
 great humility of mind and modelty of 
 manners. The beft of his works are 
 the wifdom of God manifelled in the 
 works of the creation, 8vo. three dii- 
 courfes on the primitive chaos, the creation, 
 deluge, and sonflagration of the world 8vo. 
 . fynopfis methodica animalium, quadru- 
 pedum, avium, & pifcium Rawwolt's tra- 
 vels into the Eaft tranflated, 8vo. per- 
 fuafive to a holy life 8vo. collection of 
 EngliSh proverbs, often reprinted, 8vo. 
 catalogue of English plants nomenclator 
 clafiicus obfervations, topographical, mo- 
 ral, &c. in foreign countries difcourfe on 
 feeds, and the differences of plants me- 
 thodus plantarum nova hiftotia planta- 
 rum generalis fafciculus ftirpium Britanid- 
 rum fynopfis methodica, &c. He alfo af- 
 {ifted Mr. Willoughby in his hiftory of birds, 
 filhes, &c 
 
 Ray, Benjamin, was born at Spalding, 
 l.incolnfhire, and educated there and at St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. When in or- 
 ders he became curate of Surfleet, and of 
 Cowbitt, and wrote an account of a water 
 fpout, obferved in Deeping fen, &c. and died 
 a: Spalding, 1760. 
 
 Raymond, Robert, lord, was raifed to 
 the office of chief juitice of the king's 
 bench. He wrote reports, &c. and died 
 J733- 
 
 Raynal, WUKam Francis, a French 
 
 hiflorian, born at St. Genies, in Rouergu?, 
 
 1 718. He entered among the jefuits, but 
 
 '- of liberty was too great for the 
 
 ment of a doifter, and he left the 
 
 1748, and fettled at Paris. He 
 
 3 vols, and memoirs 
 
 of Kinon de fEadot, and was engaged in 
 
 the mereure de France; but as he had 
 greater partiality for commercial occupations, 
 he devoted hitnielf more clofely to the Subject, 
 and in 1770, publifhed his hiftory philofophi- 
 cai and political of the establishment, and of 
 the commerce of the Europeans in the Eaft and 
 Weftlndies. Thisworkwas receivedwith gene- 
 ral approbation; but whHe theltyle and the lan- 
 guage were admired, his Calculations were 
 discovered to be erroneous. To correct, 
 therefore, a composition which embraced fo 
 many concerns, he travelled over France, 
 Holland, and England, in purfuit of informa- 
 tion. His reputation was Such, that in Eng- 
 land, the fpeaker of the commons obfervir.g 
 him among the fpectators, Sufpended the bufi- 
 nefs of the houfe, till he had feen the historian 
 placed in a more commodious feat. On his 
 return he published a new edition of his work 
 at Geneva, in 10 vols. 8vo. ; but his fevere 
 language againft governments drew upon him 
 the cenfure of the parliament of Paris, and 
 not only his hiftory was burnt, but his perfon 
 was ordered to be Seized. He was, however, 
 allowed Sufficient time to efcape, and he went 
 into Germany, and received protection from 
 the king of Pruflia, and from the emprefs of 
 Ruilia, though he had Spoken of them with 
 larcallic indifference. In 1788 he returned 
 to Paris, and viewing the progrefs of the con- 
 stituent allembly, in the destruction of what- 
 ever was venerable in France, he, in 1791, 
 boldly addrelTed a letter to that body, and in 
 firm language cenfured their proceedings* 
 This appeal to the fenfe of the legislators was 
 ridiculed ; but it proved too prophetic of the 
 calamities which followed. Dilpleafed with 
 the capital, the philofopher retired to PaSTy, 
 where he expired, 1796, aged 84. Though 
 the favorite of great men, he died in poverty, 
 and the only property he left was an aSTignat 
 of 50 livres, worth not three pence in ready 
 money. His reputation, neveithelefs, will be 
 immortal, and though he is to be cenfured for 
 his opinions, often licentious and Sceptical, his 
 writings poSTeSs vigor, clearnefs, and elegance,, 
 and exhibit the nervous powers of an ardent; 
 imagination, and the Striking features of a 
 rapid invention. He publifhed befides, an 
 hiitoiy of the Stadtholderate, % vols. hiftory 
 cf the EngliSh parliament, 2 vols. T2mo. 
 historical anecdotes from the age of Charles V. 
 3 vols. iamo. hiftory of the divorce of Henry 
 VIII. historical memoirs of Europe history 
 of the revolutions of the EngliSh American 
 colonies, % vols. It is faid, that he had writ- 
 ten an hiftory of the revocation of the edict of 
 Nantes, which he partly destroyed during the 
 reign of Robelpierre. 
 
 Read, Alexander, a Scotch phyfician, who. 
 wrote fome valuable works on medical and 
 anatomical fubjects, and died 1680. 
 
 Real, Cafar Richard de St, born at Cham- 
 
 berri, came to France, and afterwards vifited 
 
 England. After living fome time at Pans, he 
 
 returned to Chamberri, and died there i6yz. 
 
 4 He 
 
REG 
 
 REI 
 
 He poflefled great abilities ; and wrote dii- 
 couries on hivtory Don Carlos, an hiftorical 
 novel account of the conspiracy of the Spa- 
 niards againft the Venetian republic the life 
 of our Saviour, &c. 
 
 Real, Gafpar de, author of a valuable 
 work on the lcience of government, in 8 vols. 
 4to. was born at Sifteron, and died at Paris, 
 *752j aged 7c. 
 
 Reaumur, Rene Jntbo/iy Ferchault Jieur 
 de, a Fien.h philofopher : of Rochelle. He 
 ftudied philofophy and the law ; but his incli- 
 nations led him to mathematics and phyfics, 
 and he removed to Paris His high reputa- 
 tion procured him a feat in the academy of 
 lciences, 1708. He died in 1757, aged 74, in 
 confcquence of a fall. His works were very 
 ingenious, and much admired. The belt is 
 his hiftory of infects, 6 vols. 4to. befides a 
 hiftory of the rivers of France, &c. 
 
 Reboulet, Simon, of Avignon, was 
 brought up among the jeftiits. He was author 
 of hiitoire des filles de l'enfance, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 memoires du chevalier de Forbin, 2 vols. 
 hiitoire de Louis XIV. 3 vols. 4to. &c. He 
 died at Paris, 1752, aged 65. 
 
 Recorpe, Robert, an Englifh mathemati- 
 cian, the firft Englifh writer on algebra. He 
 died in the king's bench prifon, 1558. 
 
 Rede, William, bifhop of Chichefter, in 
 1369, was eminent as a mathematician, and 
 built the firft library of Merton college, where 
 he had been brought up. 
 
 Redi, Francis, of Arezzo, ftudied at Flo- 
 rence, and was phyfician of Ferdinand U. duke 
 of Tufcany. He aflifted in the compilation of 
 the Crufca dictionary, and publifhed experi- 
 ments on the generation of animals, 4to. 
 obfervations on vipers experiments on natu- 
 ral curicfities brought from India, 4to. &c. He 
 was found dead in his bed, 1697. 
 
 Regiomontanus, an aftronomer, born at 
 Kf'iiigfberg, Franconia, 1436. He ftudied at 
 l.tipiic, and removed to Vienna, where he 
 was the pupil and fucceftbr of Purbachius. To 
 be able to read Ptolemy, he travelled in the 
 fuite of Beflarion to Italy, and learned Greek 
 under Beza. He was employed at Buda, to 
 make a library for Corvinus, king of Hun- 
 gary, and in 1471 he fettled at Nuremberg. 
 In 1474 he went to Rome, to aflift Sixtus IV. 
 in the reformation of the calendar, and was 
 named by him archbifhop of Ratifbon, but 
 died at Rome, 1476, of the plague, or, as 
 fome aflert, by poifon. As an aftronomer 
 and mathematician, in the dawning of that 
 lcience, lie was very refpectable. 
 
 Regis, Peter Sylvain, a philofopher, of 
 Ageuois, 1632. He ftudied at Cahors, but 
 the lectures ef Rohault determined him to 
 leave divinity for philofophy. At Touloufe 
 he acquired great reputation as a lecturer on 
 the new philofophy of Des Cartes, and in 
 1670 he removed to Paris, where the follow- 
 ers of the old doctrines prevailed upon the 
 arctbiihop of Paris to filence him. He died 
 
 1707. He wrote fyftem of philofophy, 3 
 vols. 4to. ufe of reafon and faith, 4to. -an 
 anfwer to Huet's Centura philofophiae Carte- 
 fiame, Sec. 
 
 Regius, Urban, of Langenargen, ftudied 
 at JLindaw, Friburg, Bafil, and Ingoldltadt, and 
 received from the emperor Maximilian, the 
 poetical and oratorical crown He was after- 
 wards made profeftbr of poetry and rhetoric ; 
 but being a convert to Luther's opinions, he 
 fettled at Augfburg, where he eltablilhed a 
 reformed church. He died fuddenly at Zell, 
 1541. His works are contained in 3 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Regnard, John Francis, next to Moliere, 
 the belt comic writer in France, was born at 
 Paris, 1647. He early travelled ; but in paf- 
 fing from Italy to Marfeilles,, the Ihip in 
 which he was, was taken by pirates, and car- 
 ried to Algiers. Now doomed to flavery, he 
 gained the good graces of his mafter in making 
 ragouts ; but an amour brought on new diffi- 
 culties. Difcovered, he had no choice, but 
 either to turn Mahometan, or to be burnt 
 alive. The French conful extricated him from 
 his utuation, by ranfom, and fent him back to 
 his country. In 1681 he relumed his travels, 
 and vifited Flanders, Flolland, Sweden, and 
 Lapland, as far as the Icy fea. He returned 
 through Poland and Vienna, and after three 
 years' abfence, fettled at Paris. He was made. 
 dreafiurer of France, and lieutenant of waters 
 and for efts, and led the life of a voluptuary. 
 .He died at Dourdan, near Paris, it is faid, of 
 chagrin, 1709. His dramatic pieces have been 
 publiihed in 5 vols. l2mo. 
 
 Regnier, Mathurin, a French poet, born 
 at Chartres, 1573. He held fome benefices, 
 befides a penfion from Henry IV. ; but he 
 greatly difgraced himfelf by his debaucheries, 
 and died at Rouen, 1613. He was the firft 
 French latirift, and in his own way, was equal 
 to Boileau- Juvenal and Perfius were his 
 models, but he painted vice, fometimes in lan- 
 guage ofFenfive to modefty. The belt edition 
 of his fatires is that of London, 1729, 4to. 
 and that of Paris, 1746, nmo. 
 
 Regnier des Marets, Seraphin, a 
 French writer, of Paris. He was, in 1662, 
 fecretary to his patron, de Crequi, ambaftador 
 at Rome, and for fome elegant Italian fonnets, 
 obtained a feat in the Crufca academy. In 
 1684 he became fecretary to the French aca- 
 demy, in the room of Mezeray, and died 
 1713, prior of Grammont. He publifhed a 
 
 French grammar an Italian tranflation of 
 
 Anacreon poems in French. Latin, Spanifh, 
 and Italian hiftory of the difputes of France 
 with Rome, &c. befides a tranflation of 
 Homer's battle of the frogs and mice. Vol- 
 taire fays, that he did great fervice to the 
 French language. 
 
 Reid, Thomas, a divine, educated at GlaU 
 gow. He took his doctor's degree there, and 
 was profeflor of moral philofophy. He wrote 
 enquiry into the human mind and eflays on 
 
 the 
 
re;L 
 
 uWfcnr aclive powers of man, works 
 of jrct merit, but abftrule. Ha died 1796, 
 
 Riighing, James, of Augfburg, violently 
 apiwled the her, but Rt fall 
 
 m, and obtained the chair ci 
 
 [ubingen. lie died 
 
 aged 48- His works are all contro- 
 
 Reinbecic, Jtln Gnfavus, a proteftnnt 
 tad Viil-.iu uvc, and after- 
 wards of Cologne, and eonfeflbr to the queen 
 U rrudia. He was bora at Zell, and died 
 at Berlin, 1741, ag<-'d 5%- He was author of 
 1 on redemption on marriage con- 
 fiderations on the Augfburg confelftou fer- 
 mons ia leveral vols. &c. 
 
 i nas, of Gotha, in' Thti- 
 . ltudied medicine, and j ractiled at Al 
 .;. He retired to Lciptic, where he 
 died 1667, aged 80. He publifhed befides 
 medical Deatrfts, viriarum leciionum libri 
 ires, -'to fyntagma inferiptionum antiq. 2 
 roi. ful. Ibir.e letters and lectures, &c. 
 
 Reinuoi.o, Erajmus, an aftronomer and 
 mathematiiian, born at Salfelit, Thuringia, 
 1511. He was profeffor at Wirtemberg, and 
 died \*<2,. He publifhed an edition of Pin- 
 
 / theoii* planotarinn Ptolemy's al- 
 
 reageil, and other works. His lbn was 
 eminent as a mathematician. 
 
 Reisk, John, author of treatifes on the 
 hornsof Ammon on the oracles of the Sibyls 
 on the Ahafuerus of Either on Job's ma- 
 ladyon the images of J. C. &c. was reclor 
 f the college of WolfFenbuttel, and died 1 701, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Reiskt, John James, an eminent critic 
 born in the duchy of Anhalt, 1706. He 
 ft ldied itt Leiplic, and went to Leyden, where 
 led eight years, till the feverity of his 
 remarks on Burman's Petronius excited a 
 cabal againit him. In 17^58 he was appointed 
 rector of the academy of Leipfic, and his 
 claflical reputation was increafed by his mar- 
 riage, in 1764, with Erneltina Chrittina Mul- 
 ler, a lady of great talents, well qualified to 
 aflift and cheer his literary labors. He died 
 1774. He publifhed animadverfiones in auc- 
 tore Graces, 5 vols, a valuable work an 
 edition of the Greek orators, 12 vols. 8vo. 
 completed by his widow Dionyfius of Hali- 
 carnaiibs, 7 vols Plutarch's works, in 9 vols, 
 nrritus, &c. 
 
 Relano, Hadrian, a learned orient alifl, 
 born at Ryp, North Holland. 1676. He 
 made fuch progrefs in the Hebrew, Syiiac, 
 ' lee, and Arabic, fcc. that, at the age of 
 I waj offered a profeflbrfhip at Linden, 
 which, however, his father would not permit 
 accept. In 1699 he . ccepted the 
 profefTorilup of phi rderwick, and 
 
 two years after removed to t trecht. He 
 died of the faiall-pox at Utrecht, 1718. fiis 
 ehitrf works are Pabxftina monumentis vet. 
 Wuftr. lions ou the 
 
 REN 
 
 medals of the antient Hebrews, 3 vols. i2mo, 
 introduction to Hebrew grammar ami- 
 quit ates facrse veterum Hebrse^rum de reli- 
 gione , Mahomediea, 8vo. de fpoliis temp li 
 ierolblymit. Epi&etus ciffcrtationcs trc- 
 decim, in elexaat Latin. 
 
 Rembrandt, Van Rein, a Flemifh pain- 
 ter, lbn of a miller, born near Leyden, 1606. 
 His education was neglected, and he lcarce 
 knew how to read, but nature fupplied ail 
 deficiencies, and gave him a genius, which 
 foared to afiluence and immortality. His 
 manner was entirely his own, and his know- 
 ledge of the chiaro obfeuro was particularly 
 correct His chief aim was to imitate living 
 nature, and he fucceeded to an admirable de- 
 gree. Ke was fingular in his conduct, he was 
 fond of lov company, and in his appearaace 
 flovenly. He died at Amfterdam.about 1668. 
 When once told that his grounds were dark, 
 he replied, that he was a painter, not a dyer, 
 e engraved fome pieces after his own deligns 
 with great judgment. 
 
 Remj or Remioivs, St. archbishop of 
 Rheims, is known for converting Clovis to 
 chriftianity. He died before 535. The let- 
 ters published under his name are fpurious. 
 
 Ran, Jo/efi Hon re, of Remirenont, 
 was advocate in the parliament of Paris. He 
 loft his rye fight at the age of eight by the 
 fraall-pox, but recovered it fix years after. He 
 
 was author of Cofmopolifrna days, a hur- 
 
 lefque, in oppofition to Young's night thoughts 
 la code des Francois, 2 vols. i2mo. eloge 
 on de l'Hopital, a valuable work crowned by 
 the French academy, though cenfured by the 
 Sorbonne eloges on Moliere, Colbert, Fe- 
 nelon, &c. 
 
 Renau. d'Elisagaray, Bernard, a ma- 
 thematician of Beam. He was employed by 
 Lewis XIV. in improving the confirmation of 
 vefTels, for which he was rewarded with a 
 penfion. He advifed the bombarding of Al- 
 giers,- which fucceeded agaiull the opinion of 
 other engineers, and afterwards he conducted 
 the fieges of Philipfburg, Manheim, &c. He 
 was made counsellor of marines, and grand 
 crofs of the order of St. Louis, and enjoyed 
 the rank and privileges of a captain of the 
 navy. He died 17 19, aged 67. He wrote 
 the theory of the management of (hips, 1689, 
 8vo. letters in anfwer to the objections of 
 Huvgens and Bernouilli againft his opinions, 
 &c.' 
 
 Renaudot, Theophrajlus, known as the 
 firfi editor of gazettes in France, 163 1, was 
 born at Loudun, and died at Paris, 1653, aged 
 70. He publifhed an abridgment of the prince 
 de Condc's life, 4to. marfhal Gaffion's life 
 cardinal Michael Mazarin's life, 4to. &c. 
 
 Renaudot, Eufebius, grandibn of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris, 1646, He was 
 educated by the jefuits, and in 17CO went with 
 Noailjes to Rome. He was admitted member 
 of the (.'rulia academy. Some of his difTerta- 
 tious are publifhed in (he, m.e.moir.s of the aca.r 
 
 demy 
 
REV 
 
 REY 
 
 (iemy of infcripttons. He died at Paris 1720. J 
 He prevented, fays Voltaire, the publication 
 of Bayle's dictionary in France. His works 1 
 are, a continuation of Nicole's book on the 
 perpetuity of faith, 1 vols. 4*0.- hiiloria pa- 
 triarcharum Alexand. &c. 4to. relations on 
 the Indies and China, from the Arabic, &c. 
 
 Rennell, Thomas, of Chudleigh, Devon, 
 acquired fome reputation as a limner. He 
 was educated at Exeter, and after Studying 
 painting in London, he fettled in his native 
 county, and died at Dartmouth 1788, aged 
 70. He wrote fome poetical pieces of merit. 
 
 Resenius, Peter John., profeSfor of moral 
 philofophy at Copenhagen, was born there 
 1625. He travelled over France, Spain, and 
 Italy, and was made counfellor at Padua. He 
 died 1688. He published jus aulicum Norve- 
 gicum, 4to. an Icelandic dictionary, 4to. 
 an edition of Edda ifiandorum, Danice & 
 Latine, 4to. 
 
 Ressius, Rutger, a Greek profeSTor of 
 Louvain, commended by Erafmus. He was 
 born near Liege, and died 1545. He edited 
 the aphorifms of Hippocrates ahe laws of 
 Plato, &c. 
 
 Restaut, Peter, of Beauvais, became ad- 
 vocate in the king's council, and died at Paris 
 1 764, aged 70. He published principesgene- 
 raux et raifonnes de la grammaire Francoile, 
 a valuable work, Sec. 
 
 Restout, John, of Rouen, became 
 painter to the king, member and president of 
 the academy of painting, and died 1768, aged 
 76. His beft pieces are, Alpheus faved in the 
 arms of Diana, the triumph of Bacchus, for 
 the king of Pruffia, and the destruction of the 
 palace of Armida. His fon "John Bernard 
 became alfo known as a painter. He died 1797. 
 His beft pieces are Anacreon wich a cup in his 
 hand, Jupiter and Mercury entertained by 
 Philemon and Baucis, &c. 
 
 Retz, "John Francis Paul de Gondy, cardi- 
 nal de, Vid. Gondy. 
 
 Reuchun, 'John, a German, whocontri- 
 buted to the revival of literature, born at 
 Pforzheim 1455. He Studied at Paris and 
 Baffl, and acquired great reputation as profeffor 
 of Greek and Latin. At Rome he was per- 
 suaded by the learned of that place to alter his 
 German name, which fignifies Smoke, into the 
 more dignified corresponding Greek word 
 Capnion. He was fent by the court of Wir 
 temburg as ambafTador to the emperor Frederic 
 III. After the death of his patron, he retired 
 to Worms, till again employed at Rome by 
 the elector Palatine. He died at Ingoldftadt 
 . 1522, refpected as the firft fcholar who intro- 
 duced the ftudy of the Hebrew among modern 
 p hriftfant . He wrote de arte cabalittica, folio, 
 151 7, and the celebrated " epiftoke obfeuro- 
 rum virorum," according to fome. 
 
 Revet, Ed-uard, in the reign of Charles 
 
 II. was author of " town fhifts," a comedy of 
 
 1 ad to have been written in a fortnight. 
 
 ':y, an Eojlifh architect, 
 
 who ftudied under fir .William Chambers. H$ 
 was with the Athenian Stuart in Greece, and, 
 edited his works on the antiquities and hiftory 
 of that country. The new church of South- 
 ampton is a fpecimen of hi$ architectural (kill. 
 He died 1799. . 
 
 Reuven, Peter, a Ddtch painter, employ,. 
 ed in decorating the palace of Hoo in Holland. 
 He died 1718, aged 68. 
 
 Rey, William, a native of Guillctiere 
 near Lyons, Wrote dhTertaiOQ$ on delirium 
 en the .plague on a white negro, &c. and 
 died 1756, agtd 69. 
 
 Reyher, Samuel, of Schleufingen in Hen- 
 neberg, profefTor of mathematics and jurif- 
 prudence at Kiel, wrote mathefis biblica a 
 diSFertation on the infeription on the crofs of 
 J . C and on the hour of his crucifixion and 
 tranflated EucLd into German. He died at 
 Kiel 1 71 4, aged 79. 
 
 Reylof, Oliver, of Ghent, was eminent 
 as a Latin poet, and wrote poerriaturri libri. 3. 
 et diifenationes de pifcibus opera poetka, 
 &c. and died 1742, aged 72. 
 
 Reyn, John de,u \ ainrer, of Dunkirk. He 
 ftudied under Vandyke, aad followed him into 
 England, where his pieces procured him cele- 
 brity. He died 16^0, aged \o. 
 
 Rr.YNKAU, Charles Rene, of BriffaC in 
 Anjou, taught philofophy, at Pezenas and 
 Toulon, and in 1683 was promoted to the 
 mathematical chair at Angers. He publifhed 
 analyfis demonftrated, 2 vols. ^to. a popular 
 work, in which he reduced to a body ths 
 theories of Newton, Defcartes, Leibnitz, Sic. 
 He publifhed " fcience du calcul des gran- 
 deurs," 2 vols. 4to. and. a tract on logic, lime. 
 and died 1728, aged 78. 
 
 Reyner, Edivard, author of precepts of 
 chriftian practice vindication of human learn- 
 ing and universities, was a native of Yorkfhire, 
 and educated at Cambridge. He fettled at 
 Lincoln 1627, but was ejected for noncon- 
 formity at the restoration, and died foon af- 
 ter. His fon John was fellow of Emanuel 
 college, Cambridge. He took orders, but 
 was deprived for nonconformity, after which 
 he ftudied phytic, and practifed at Notting- 
 ham, where he died young. He wrote fome 
 things of considerable merit. 
 
 Reynolds, Edward, of Southampton, 
 was educated at Merton college, Oxford, and 
 appointed rector of Braynton, Northampton- 
 Shire, and preacher of Lincoln's Inn. He wa$ 
 a member of the Weftminfter atfembly, and 
 one of the ministers at the Savoy conference, 
 yet he became bifliop of Norwich, to 'the great 
 offence of his difTenting bretheren. He died 
 1676, aged 81. ' He was a Strong calvinift. 
 His works are on theological fubjedls. 
 
 Reynolds, fir Jcjhua, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born 16th July, 1723, at Plympton, De- 
 vonshire, where lis father, a clergyman, W3S 
 mailer of the grammar feb p'endedL 
 
 for the church he was fent to Oxford, but no- 
 (fring {Qiin.id iv congenial to his tafVe as "ahr- 
 i X 1 ** 
 
RHE 
 
 RIC 
 
 UK, mt his father, indulging him, placed him 
 st London, under Hudlon, after which he 
 d into Italy. Here he continued two 
 tears, nd after improving himfelf in the Ita- 
 lian fchjrl, he returned to England. His pro- 
 ms loon attracted public notice, and 
 ranked him imong the greateft nrtifts of the 
 age. But though portrait paiming was the fa- 
 (hjon of the times, the yowng artiit did not 
 neglect hiilorical fukjec'is. On the eftablilh- 
 rf the academy of painting-, fculpture, 
 and architecture, in 1769, none feemed more 
 er.ntkd to the honorable office of prefident 
 Reynolds, and he accordingly was appoint- 
 L krrighttd. He was alio an active 
 :er of the literary club, eftoblilhed in 
 1764, which had among its members Jchn- 
 fcn, Burke, Garrick, D#uglas, Goldfmith, the 
 huDtam, Ctc. He furniftied va- 
 .mnotations to his friend Mafon, when 
 iHUhed, in 1782, a tranflation of Dufref- 
 irt cf painting, and he alio contributed 
 to the illutlrations of Shakefpear's text 
 by his original remarks. In his academic lec- 
 fQres fir Jolhua difplayed great tafte, with a 
 perfect acquaintance with his profeflion, and 
 ftrong powers of language, found judgment, an 
 and luminous order. The laft 
 lit which he painted was that of Mr. 
 Fox, which dilplayed to the laft period of life 
 the ftrong powers of his elegant tafte. He 
 ed the chair of prefident of the Royal 
 try, and died 25th Feb. 1 792, aged 69. 
 His remains were decoded in St. Paul's ca- 
 thedral, and while his obleqirics were graced 
 the attendance of men of rank aud learn- 
 . fhopa through tiie ftreets were lhut 
 up, to that the funeral of a private man for a 
 while fuipended the bufy concerns of the firft 
 igemtnerchl city in the world. As fir Jolhua 
 left no children, he bequeathed the beft of his 
 property to his niece mil's Palmer. 
 
 Reykac, Francis Philip de Laurens de> 
 eraj born at Longueville, Limoufin, 1734, and 
 died at Orleans, 1782, aged 49. He wrote an 
 hymn to the fun, in poetic prole idylls alio in 
 -lacrcd poems, 8vo. manuale clerico- 
 mm, &c 
 
 Rkts, Antony dot, author of Latin poem3 
 life of Ferdinand de Menaza, in. Latin 
 introduction to a collection of Portnguele 
 poets and an edition of a corpus illuftrium 
 Jkjetirum Lufiranorum qui Lntine fcriplerunt, 
 7 vols. 4to. W3$ a native of Peres, and died at 
 I.ilbnn, 17;^, aged 48. 
 
 Khenanus, Seat us, author cf an hiltory 
 
 of (icrmany,4to..>Mlyrici provinciarum utriuue 
 
 : Romano turn Conftantinopoli- 
 
 :riptio, 8vo. an edition of 
 
 ^ :, and other dallies, was a 
 
 *tivc _ : ;it Strafburg, 
 
 . tged 62. 
 
 r., J,lm David, of Aoglefea, was 
 
 educated at Chrift-church, and took, in 1555, 
 
 1 Italy. He was fo converfant 
 
 ,-s appointee 
 
 moderator of the fchool of Piftoia. On hi* 
 return he pratlifed phyfic at Brecknock, and 
 died there 1609, aged 75. He wrote de Ita- 
 lics linguas pronunciatione Cambro-Britan- 
 nicce, &c. 
 
 Rheticus, George 'Joachim, a German? 
 afhonomer, mathematical profelTor at Wit- 
 temberg. He aftlfted the great Copernicus in 
 his calculations, and was next profellbr in Po- 
 land, and at Caflaria in Hungary, where h* 
 died 1576, aged 62. Fie publilhed narratio 
 de Kbris revolutione Copernici, &c. 
 
 R.HODIUS, Ambrofe, profelTor of phyfic and 
 mathematics at Anflo in Norway, was a na- 
 tive of Wittemhergi During the civil' dhTeii- 
 fions in Norway he was lent to priloa, where 
 he died 1633, aged 1 56. He was author of a 
 treatife on the tranftnigration of the lbu!> and 
 other works. 
 
 Rhodoman, Lnursntius, author of hrf- 
 toriae facra:, 410. of a Latin tranflation of 
 Diodorus Siculus of Quintus- Calaber, &c. 
 died hiftorigal profellbr at Wittemberg, 1606, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Rhqtenamer, John, a painter, born at 
 Munich, 1564. His beft piece was the ban- 
 quet of the gods and nymphs dancing. 
 
 Ribadeneira, Peter, a jefuit, of Toledo, 
 profelTor of rhetoric at Palermo. He died at 
 Madrid 1611, aged 84. He was author of 
 lives of faints, fot. 2616, of Ignatius Loyola, 
 of Francis Borgia, of Larnez, and Salmeron, 
 &c. a treatife on the lchilm of England the 
 prince the library of the jefuits, 8vo. &c. 
 
 RlBERA, AnctJIoftus Pantaleon de, the 
 Scarroo of Spain, was born at Madrid, and 
 became a great favorite at the court of Philip 
 IV. His poems were all on ludicrous fub- 
 jeets, and appeared at Madrid 1648. A jefuit 
 of that name died profelTor at Salamanca 
 1591. He wrote commentaries on the minor 
 prophets, fol. on St. John's gofpel, &c. 
 
 RiCARo, Dominic, of Touloule, fettled at 
 Paris. He transited the works of Plutarch 
 in 17 vols. i2mo. in a manner elegant, cor- 
 rect, and faithful, and he wrote the fphere, a 
 poem, in eight cantos, with learned notes. He 
 died at Paris 1803, aged 63. 
 
 Ricaut or KrcAvr,Jtr Paul, an Englini 
 writer, travelled 9ver Europe, Alia, and Afri- 
 ca, and in 1661 accompanied lord Winchelfea 
 at the Ottoman court, asfecretary, and while- 
 there, he wrote " the prefent ftate of the Ot- 
 toman Porte in three books." He was after- 
 wards conful at Smyrna for II years, and dur- 
 ing his refidence there wrote the ftate of tho 
 Greek and Armenian churches, publilhed | 
 1679. 1" z ^5 Re went w ^ l r( * Clarendon, 
 the viceroy of Ireland, as fecretary for the pro- 
 vinces of Leinfter and Connaught, and he was, 
 in 1688, knighted by James II. and made 
 judge of the Irilh court of admiralty. He went 
 afterwards as refidentin the Hanl'e towns, and 
 after ten years' abfence returned to England in 
 1700, and died that fame year. He wrote a 
 continuation of Ka*llei' hiitory of the Turks, 
 
 fL 
 
RIG 
 
 RIC 
 
 fol. a continuation of Platina's live*; of the 
 popes, fol, Vega's commentaries of Peru 
 translated, foL &c 
 
 RICCATI, Vincent, a jefuit, profetTor of 
 mathematics at Bologna till the fuppreffion of 
 his order. He died 1775, aged 63. Of his 
 mathematical works the beft known is his 
 treatiie on the integral calculus, 3 vols. 4to. 
 fee. 
 
 Ricci, Matthew, a jefuit, born at Mace- 
 rata, 155a. He went to India as miffionary to 
 China. With difficulty he reached Pekin, 
 where his mathematical knowledge recom- 
 mended him to the emperor, for whom he 
 formed a geographical map, in which out of 
 Battery he placed China in the middle of the 
 earth. He obtained leave to build a church at 
 Pekin, and died there 1610, aged 58. He 
 wrote lettres edifiantes memoirs of China ,&c. 
 
 Ricci, La-vrcnce, of Florence, -embraced 
 the order of the jefuits. He was imprifoned 
 by Clement XIV. and obliged to write a cir- 
 cular letter to hisord-er to announce their final 
 luppreffion. He died in his confinement 1775, 
 aged 72. He wrote a memoir which appeared 
 after his death, in which he protefted againft 
 the violence offered to the jefuits. 
 
 Riccioli, Joha Baptijla, an aftronomer, 
 born at Ferrara, and educated among the jefu- 
 its. He taught rhetoric, philofophy, &c. at 
 Parma and Bononia, but chiefly devoted hitn- 
 felf to mathematics and aftronomy, and died 
 1671, aged 73. His beft works are, geo- 
 jraphis and hydrographue, lib. 12. 1672 
 :hronologia reformatajfol. altronomia vetus, 
 I vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Riccoboni, Lewis, oi Modena, came in 
 1716 to France with his wife and his fori, 
 where he acquired theatrical celebrity. Ba 
 jbandoned theftage in 1729, in conlequer.ee of 
 religious fcruples, and died 1753, a g e( l 79 
 He wrote feveral comedies of merit thought* 
 dii declamation difcourfe on the reformation 
 jf the theatre, iarao obfervatiens on come- 
 ly, and on Moliere's genius hiftory of the 
 Italian theatre, 8vo. reflections on the thea- 
 tres of Europe, 8vo. His fecond wife Mary 
 Laboras de Mezieres was a native of Paris, 
 who acquired reputation as an adirefs in the Ita- 
 lian theatre, which fhe quitted 1761. She wrote 
 icveral romances, befides letters and other mif- 
 :ellanies. She died in great diftrefs 1792, aged 
 58. His fon Antony Francis, by his lirft \vife,was 
 iorn at Mantua. He was cm the ftage in the 
 Italian theatre at Paris, from 1726 to T750, 
 md played with fucceis. He~ wrote fome 
 pieces l'ome of which are ftill in MS. but his 
 irt du theatre pofTefles great merit. He died 
 1772, aged 65. 
 
 'Richard I. king of England,, furnnmed 
 Cetur de Lion, fucceeded his father Henry 
 
 I9. The beginning of his reign - 
 graced by the mafTacre of the Jews. In IT 90, 
 Richard fet fail wich Philip Ann; 
 for the Holy Land. Though difienflon 
 tofeatod the puryofe of tlie figgterprae, and 
 
 ended the return of Philip to France, Richard 
 defeated Saladin at Cafarea, and then conclud- 
 ing a truce with him, embarked for Eu- 
 rope. In his return he was fhipwrecked on 
 the Venetian ihores, and as he puffed through 
 Germany, he wis feized by Leopold duke of 
 Auftria, and delivered to Henry VI. and 
 doomed to captivity. His retreat was difco- 
 vered bv his friend Blondel, and for a large 
 ranfom he was reftored to liberty, and landed 
 at Sandwich 1 194. To give greater dignity to 
 his return, he was crowned a fecond time, and 
 foon after marched againft Phiiip Auguftus, 
 who had feized part of his dominions in Nor-- 
 mandy. Though a peace was made in 1 196, 
 P.ichard renewed the war, and while befieging 
 Chalus in the Limoufin, he received a mortal 
 wound from an arrow. He died 1199, aged 
 At- 
 
 Richard II. fucceeded his grand-fathet 
 Edward III. 1377. The feverity of fome 
 taxes difTatisfied the people, and an armed 
 multitude, headed by Wat Tyler, appeared in 
 Smithfield in defiance of the government. 
 Richard, though but 15, rode up to meet th# 
 infurgents, and when the lord mayor, Wal- 
 worth, had with his mace ftruck dead the chief 
 of the rebels, the young king called out to tha 
 multitude, who prepared to avenge the death 
 of their leader, " What, my lieges, will you 
 kill your king, follow me, I will be your 
 leader." The appeal was fuccefsful, and tha 
 people returned to their duty. Afterwards 
 Richard made war againft France and Scotland* 
 hut his adminiftration revolted the nobles, and 
 at laft Henry his coulin took up arms againft 
 him. The king threw himfelf on the mercy 
 of his enemy, and was afterwards depofed by 
 the parliament, and on the breaking out of an 
 iniurrection, eight murderers entered his 
 apartments, determined to take away his life. 
 The unhappy man Wrefted a battle axe from 
 one of the ana finis, and after living four dead 
 at his feet, perifhed by the repeated blows of 
 the others, 1400. 
 
 Richard III. duke of Gloucefier, brother 
 of Edward IV. caufed Ins nephew*, Edward 
 V. and Richard duke of York, to be murdered, 
 and then procured his own nomination to the 
 crown 1483. Succefsful againft Buckingham, 
 who had fupportrd him in his crimes, he was 
 lefs fortunate againft Henry earl of Richmond, 
 who had invaded the kingdom. The rival ar- 
 mies met in Bofworth fkld, and Richard fell, 
 coYered with wounds, 148.5. This worthlefs 
 monarch was faid to have been deformed from, 
 ..', but fome deny the facT. Though, 
 a tyrant and a hypocrite, he pofTefTed great 
 courage, and for firmneis of mind had fevr 
 equals. 
 
 Richard I. the Fearlefs, fucceeded his 
 father William as duke' of Normandy 94a. 
 His territories were invaded by Lewis IV. of 
 France, but he was defended by his fuhjecTs, 
 and the king of Denmark. He died 996, 
 
 [Xl] RjCHAR 
 
RTC 
 
 RIC 
 
 Richard II. the Good, fucceedcd his 
 ,.d I. as duke of Normandy. He 
 was much engaged in war, and died 1027. 
 
 Rkuard, Martin, of Antwerp, was born 
 wth. -. Though helplels by na- 
 
 ture, he became a painter of eminence. He 
 died 1636. fgd AS. 
 
 r u . f Dundalk in Ireland, ftu- 
 
 died at Oxford, and became archbifhop of 
 Armagh 1347. He died 1359. He wrote 
 fermons, bdides tracts, &c . 
 
 Richard, Nathaniel, a dramatic writer in 
 the reign of Charles I., educated at Cains 
 college, Cambridge. His poems, facred and 
 fetirical, including Mef&Hra, a tragedy, &c. 
 appeared 1645. 
 
 Richardson, Jobtt, of Chefhire, was 
 educated at Oxford, and afterwards incorpo- 
 rated at Dublin. He became bifhop of Ar- 
 magh in Ireland, but during the rebellion came 
 to London. He died 1654. He is author of 
 blervations on Ezekiel, &c. fol. 
 
 Richardson, Jonathan, a portrait painter. 
 He was apprenticed to a lcrivener, but after- 
 wards became the pupil of Riley, whole niece 
 he married. He acquired reputation, though 
 fome fpeak of him with indifference, and died 
 1745, aged 80. He publilhed, in 1719, m 
 ffay on the whole art of criticiirn, as it relates 
 to painting, and an account of fome ftatues, 
 bas reliefs, &c. He afterwards with his fon 
 produced notes and remarks on Milton's 
 paradife loft. As the father had obferved, 
 that in clalfical literature, he had looked at it 
 through his l'on.the lportive pencil of Hogarth 
 reprefented him as peeping at a Virgil on a 
 thelf, through a telel'cope, with which his Ion 
 was perforated. 
 
 Ricjiardson, Jofeph, of Hexham, Nor- 
 thumberland, entered at St. John's college, 
 Cambridge, in 1774, and afterwards ftudied at 
 the Middle Temple. He wrote criticifms on 
 the Rolliad, and probationary odes for the 
 laureatfhip, in which he cenfured with broad 
 fatire the great public characters of the times 
 -the fugitive, a comedy, performed with fome 
 applaufe, &c. He was for fome time in par- 
 liament, but did not diftinguifh himl'elf as an 
 orator. He died 1803. 
 
 Richardson, Samuel, an eminent novel 
 writer, fon or a farmer in Derbyshire, born 
 1689. Though he imbibed in his youth no 
 knowledge of the learned languages, his good 
 -nd refle&ion fupplied the deficiencies of 
 att. In 1706 he was bound apprentice to Mr. 
 Wilde, of Stationers' hall, and afterwards 
 worked as competitor, and correaor of the 
 prefi; then he hired a houfe in one of the 
 vourti of Fleet ftreet, from which he removed 
 to Sahfbury fquare. He was in 1723 engaged 
 with the duke of Wharton in the publication 
 of the true Briton; but as the work was 
 Uvere arainft the government, he flopped at 
 number. He next was concerned 
 -, and afterwards with the 
 Iy 8fcttecr, and at left, by the friendship of 
 
 Onflow, the fpeaker, he obtained the lucrative 
 office of printer of the journals of the com- 
 mons. In 1760 he purchafed a moiety of the 
 patent of law printer to the king, which he 
 conducted with Mils Lintot, afterwards the-" 
 wife of fir H. Fletcher. In 1740 he publifhed 
 Pamela, or virtue rewarded, a novel,' imper- 
 ially read, and univerfally approved; and after-' 
 wards he produced Clar'nTa Harlowe, and fir 
 ( harles Grandifon. Of thefe two Lift per- 
 formances, the former is regarded by critics as 
 fuperior to the other ; but in all his works the 
 author has preientedtohis reader a molt inte- 
 rcfting and accurate picture of human nature. 
 Mis wifh was to benefit mankind, and with all 
 the trcafurcs of a benevolent heart, he drew 
 fcenes which gave virtue the nobleft of her at- 
 tractions, and vice the molt difgufting of its 
 deformities. By the creative faculties of his- 
 mind, Richardlbn thus railed himl'elf to cele- 
 brity and opulence; but his elevation was ftill 
 adorned by all the humble virtues which re- 
 joice in the opportunity of doing good. He 
 generally retired from his town houfe on the 
 Saturday, to his villa at North End, Hammcr- 
 lmith, and afterwards toParfons' Green, where 
 he refided till the Monday, and was vifited by 
 perfons of rank, literary fame, and lplendid 
 talents. Sedulous in hufinefs, he acquired in- 
 dependence ; but in the midft of wealth, and 
 the flattery of admiring friends, he was tha 
 kind mafter, and the hofpitable friend, and 
 never forgot to add exemplary conduct to reli- 
 gious appearances. He was afflicted in th 
 laft part of his life with a paralytic diforder, 
 which proved fatal, 4th July, 1761, in his 72d 
 year. He was twice married ; by his firft wife 
 he had five fons and one daughter, who all died' 
 young, and by the fecond, who furvived him, 
 daughter of Mr. Leake, bookieller of Bath, he 
 had a fon and five daughters, of whom only 
 four (laughters furvived him. Befides his ex- 
 cellent novels, he publilhed a volume of familiar 
 letters, for the ufe of young people , 
 fables, with reflections a paper, No. 1 
 the rambler negociation of fir Thomas Roe, 
 ambafiador to the Porte, &c. A well written 
 account of his life has appeared in 1804, by 
 Mrs. Barbauld, prefixed to an edition of his 
 correfpondence with eminent perfons. 
 
 Richelet, Cafar Peter, of Cheminon, va 
 Champagne, was the author of an ufeful dic- 
 tionary of the French language, full offatirical 
 r.flc6tions and obfeenities, in 4to, Geneva,; 
 afterwards enlarged to 1 vols. fol. 1721, Lyon4 
 and again, 3 vols. fol. Lyons, 1755. He alfo 
 tranflated Vega's conquefl of Florida, and 
 wrote a dictionary of rhimes, and other works,; 
 and died i6y8. 
 
 Richelieu, ArmanJ du Plejjis de, a cele* 
 bratcd ftatefman in France, born at the caftle' 
 of Richelieu 1585. He ftudied at the Sor-i 
 bonne, and at Rome, and in 1607 was made 
 bifhop of Lucon. He became the favorite of* 
 Mary de Mcdicis, to whom he was almoner, 
 and he was made fec[c;ary of fiate. The 
 ' de** 
 
RIC 
 
 RID 
 
 death of marfhal d'Ancre checked his ambi- 
 tion, and he retired with the queen mother to 
 Blois, foon to be reftored to favor. By in- 
 trigue he effected a reconciliation between the 
 queen and her ion Lewis XIII. and in 1624 
 he was made prime milliliter of France, and 
 afterwards fu perintendant of navigation and 
 commerce. Naturally fond of war, he deter- 
 mined to reduce Rochelle, vvhofe protection 
 f thfe proteftants was offenlive to the nation. 
 After a vigorous liege, during a year, Rochtlle 
 opened her gates to the conqueror 1628, and 
 the. minuter advanced to the fubjugation of 
 the proteftants in other parts of the kingdom. 
 He attacked Savoy, and after taking Pignerol 
 and Cafal, he returned to Paris to conquer his 
 enemies, and to reiiore himfelf to the undil- 
 puted favor of the king. Gallon, the kind's 
 brother, was baniflied, and Mary de Medicis, 
 the queen, to whom he owed his elevation, 
 was fent to end her life in exile at Cologne, 
 and while France fubmifiively obeyed his nod, 
 the neighbouring kingdoms were, by his in- 
 trigues, torn by diffenfions. He did not how- 
 ever forget to confolidate the profperity of the 
 people ; and while he perfecuted lus enemies 
 and his rivals, he did not neglect the glory of 
 France. He erected the French academy, 
 rebuilt the Sorbonne, founded the royal print- 
 ing houle, and eftabiilbed the botanical gar- 
 den, with a munificence werthy a great king- 
 dom. He v/as liberal in his patronage to men 
 pf letters; but as he had a poetical turn, he 
 was jealous of the celebrity of the Cid of Cor- 
 neille, asd employed fome of the literary 
 hirelings of the court to depreciate the merits 
 of the bard. He died 4th December 164a, 
 agsd58. In his character Richelieu united ajl 
 the abilities, and the ambition of a great man, 
 but littU of the virtues of a good man ; and 
 while he patronized the arts and fciences, it 
 proceeded not from the motives of a generous 
 mind, but the oftentatious wiih of being fur- 
 rounded by men whole works and gratitude 
 can confer immortality. Betides the dignity of 
 cardinal, he was duke and peer of France, and 
 enjoyed all the favors which the partiality of 
 the king, and the adulation of the nation could 
 bellow on him. He wrote political teftament, 
 2 vols. 8vo. methods of controverlies con- 
 cerning points of faith defence of the catholic 
 faith chriltian inltruction perfection of a 
 chriitia-, a curious journal-* letters, relations, 
 
 Richer. Edmund, of Chaource, in Lan- 
 gres, embraced with unufual ardor the party 
 of the League, whole conduct he ably defend- 
 ed with his pen. He in 1611 wrote againft 
 the Dominicans, and alTcrted the fu periority 
 of general councils over the pope. This drew 
 upon him the cerrfures of the pope's legate, 
 though he was defended by the parliament of 
 Paris, and at lalt he was difmiflld from the 
 pffice of fyndic in the univerfity, and after- 
 wards imprjfonedtill he made a public recanta- 
 i hefe proceedings hailcucd his death, 
 
 which happened 163 1, aged 72. His other 
 works are vindicia? doctrinae majorum de auc- 
 toritate ecclelia: in rebus fidei & morum, 4to. 
 de poteltate ecdefiie in rebus temporalibus, 
 4to hiitory of general councils, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Richer, 2V. a French philolbpher, who 
 firft obl'erved the fhortening of the pendulum 
 at Cayenne 1672. This lingular difcovery, in 
 the hands of Newton and Huygens, led to 
 aitonilhing truths. 
 
 Rictus, a converted Jew, profefTor of phi* 
 lolophy at Pavia. He was phyfician to Maxi- 
 milian, and was efteemed by EralYnus. He 
 had a controverfy with Eccius, and iypported 
 that the celeftial bodies are animated. His 
 works are, de ccel^fti agricultural faL talmu- 
 dica commentariola, 4to. &c. 
 
 Ricoboni, Antony, of R.ovigo, was pro- 
 felTor of eloquence at Padua, and died there 
 1599, aged 58. He wrot* in elegant Latin, 
 hiltorical commentaries hillory of Padua 
 univerfity commentaries on Ariftotle's and 
 Cicero's works, &c. 
 
 Rider, William, author of a hiftory of 
 England a commentary on the bible and 
 other works, was lecturer of. St. Vedaft, 
 Folterlane, and for ieveral years under- mailer 
 of St. Paul's fchool. He died 1785. 
 
 Ridgely, Th'.tnas, a difTenting divine, 
 born in London 1670. He was miniller of a 
 congregation near Blackfriars , and afterwards 
 kept an academy near Aldermanbury. He 
 died in Moorfields 1737. He wrote a com- 
 mentary on the alfenibly's larger catcchifm, % 
 vols, folio. 
 
 Ridley, Nicholas, an eminent Hfhop and 
 martyr, born 1500, and educated at New- 
 caftle upon Tyne, and Pembroke hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He was invited to Univerfity college, 
 Oxford, but declining the offer, went for three 
 years on the Continent. On his return to 
 Cambridge he diltinguiihed himfelf by his zeal 
 in favor of the r?formation. He obwiined th 
 vicarage of Heme in Kent, and was chofen 
 mailer of Pembroke hall, and made chaplain 
 to the king. During the royal vifitation in 
 the north of the kingdom, he attended the 
 vifitors and preached to the people, and ex- 
 plained with ability the true principles of re- 
 ligion. In 1547 he was appointed bilhop of 
 Rochelle r, and three years alter he was trans- 
 lated to London, where he behaved with affec- 
 tionate attention to the mother and relatives 
 of his predeceffor, Bonner. He was very in- 
 ftrumental in fettling the articles of religion, 
 the liturgy, and the homilies, and by his influ- 
 ence with the king, he procured the eitablhh- 
 mentofthofe noble foundations, Chrjit'shof- 
 pital, St. Thomas', Southwark, St. Bartholo- 
 mew's, and Bridewell. He was marked as an 
 object of hatred under Mary, particularly for 
 the ze-al with which he embraced the cay'fe of 
 Jane Grey. He was ordered to dilpute on. 
 theological Subjects at Oxford with foinepopifh 
 bifhops; and when he refufed to recant his 
 pvinuipJes, he was fentenced to the ftake. II? 
 [ X 3 ] fuftre* 
 
RIE 
 
 RIN 
 
 fuflered with great resignation, and was burnt 
 near the corner of Baliol college, with his 
 frienu . He was author of a 
 
 treat ife againit traniubftaiuiation, and of let- 
 ters and Termors. 
 
 Ridley, Thomas, of Ely, of the fame fa- 
 mily is tke preceding, received his education 
 t Eton, and King'* college, Cambridge. He 
 was- knighted, made matter in chancery, and 
 afterwards vicar general to the archbifhop of 
 Canterbury, He was author of a view of the 
 civil and ecclefiaftical law, and died ibz6. 
 
 Ridlet, Glo/kr, an eminent divine, born 
 at fea in 1-02, in the Gloilcr Indiaman, from 
 which circumftance he received his chriftian 
 name. He was educated at Winchefterfchool, 
 and New college, Oxford. He had a great 
 partiality for the ftage in his younger years, 
 and wrote, with fome friends, a tragedy, in four 
 acts, and to this may be attributed the grace- 
 ful delivery which he difplayed in the pulpit. 
 He obtained the living of Weftow, Norfolk, 
 and the donative of Poplar in Middlefex ; and 
 in 1768 he was prefented to a golden prebend 
 in Salilbury. He died 1774, and had his vir- 
 tues recorded in an epitaph by the learned Dr. 
 Lowth. He publilhed the life of bifhop Rid- 
 ley, from whom he was defcended fermons 
 at lady Mover's lectures Melampus, a poem 
 two tragedies, never printed review of 
 Philips's life of cardinal Pole Plyche, a poem, 
 ttc. Hisfon yames w,-<s author of the tales of 
 the genii, 2 vols, a book much admired James 
 Lovegrove,a novel, &c. 
 
 Rid>ath, Gtorge, of Stirlingfhire, was 
 educated at Edinburgh. Oppofing the fecond 
 James in his religious innovations, he was 
 obliged to fly from Scotland, but returned^ 
 the revolution. He died 171 7, aged 54. He 
 tranflaxed Craig's Scotland's ibvereignty. 
 
 RlEDESEl., John Herman, baron de, author 
 of travels in Greece, was in the fervice of the 
 Pruflian court, as ambafTador at Vienna, where 
 he died 1785, aged 45. 
 
 Rieley, Henry, author of the "anatomy 
 of the brain, &c." publilhed 1695, was of the 
 college of phyficians. 
 
 Riknzi, Nicholas Gabrinide, a remarkable 
 character in the 14th century, who, though 
 but the ton of a miller, or a common vintner 
 at Rome, raifed himfelf to the. fovereign 
 power. By education and labor he polilhed a 
 tnind naturally ftrong, fervent, and ambitious, 
 and in reading the hiitorians of Rome, he flat- 
 tered himfelf that he mould one day reftore 
 the glories of his country. By his demeanor 
 he became fo popular, that he was one of the 
 deputies font to Avignon to folicit Clement 
 VI. to fix his refidence at Rome; and though 
 the embafly did not fuccecd, Rienzi gained the 
 pontifFs favor. He returned to Rome as 
 poftolic notary, and by degrees gained to his 
 party the common people of Rome, and many 
 of the nobles. Inveighing with bittcrnel's 
 ie great, and 
 painting in th rg colors, the ancient 
 
 glories and the prefent decay of Rome, he per- 
 fuaded his followers that he was able to reitore 
 their country to its former dignity. He 
 alcended the capitol, and after haranguing the 
 people, he railed up the enfigns of liberty, and 
 promifed to the Romans that he would reward 
 their obedience to the laws by the grandeur of 
 their forefathers. Declared fovereign of Rome, 
 he obtained the pope's approbation to his 
 meafure: ; but though he for a while com- 
 manded the refpeci of the Romans, enemies 
 arofe determined to efFet his downfall. While 
 he reprobated the conduct of the nobles, he 
 himfelf was guilty of excefTes, and the obfeure 
 plebeian, raifed to fovereignty, not only feaft- 
 ed with all the luxury of the monarch, but 
 acted frequently in an oppreffive manner. After 
 enjoying abfolute power for fix months, under 
 the title of tribune of Rome, he was forced to 
 fly by the nobles, and beirg feized was fent to 
 the pope at Avignon, and thrown into a duni 
 geon. Innocent VI. the fuccelTor of Clement, 
 knowing the influence of his prifoner, drew 
 him from his confinement, where he had pined 
 away three years, and fent him to Roma with 
 the title of governor and fenator, hoping that 
 by his gratitude he might defeat the fchemes 
 of thol'e petty tyrants who diftnicled the ftate. 
 Rienzi again raifed himfelf to power ; hut four 
 months after his elevation, during a tumult, a 
 dagger was aimed at his heart, which deprived 
 him of life, 8th October 1354. Such was his 
 tragical end. For. a while he had reitored 
 plenty, jullice, and liberty to the degenerate 
 Romans, and not only filled all Europe with 
 the fame of his vvifdom and exploits, but com- 
 manded the refpect and fubmiflion of foreign 
 potentates. Petrarch, who witneffed his eleva- 
 tion, (peaks with raptures of his conduct, and 
 recalling to mind the fplendid atchievements of 
 Rome, compares him to the immortal Brutus. 
 
 Rigaltius, Nicholas, of Paris, was 
 brought up by the jeluits, and applied to the 
 law, which he relinquished for polite literature. 
 He was appointed king's librarian after the 
 departure of Ifaac Cafaubon to refide in Eng- 
 land, and was alio procureur-general of the 
 court of Nancy, and counfellor of the p:rlia- : 
 ment of Meiz. He died 1654. His wortaj; 
 are, excellent editions of Cyprian, Tertullian, 
 and Minutius Felix, with valuable notes \\ 
 continuation ofThuanus' hiftory de verbis in 
 novellis cenftitut. port Juflinian. GlofT. 4to 
 diatribe de Juvenalis fatira de modo fecnori 
 propofito, &c. 
 
 Rigaud, Hyacinth, a painter of Perpignan, 
 called the French Vandyke. He was ennobled 
 and made director of the academy of painting. 
 His draperies were much admired. He died 
 1743. aged 80. 
 
 Rilky, John, a London painter, who, 
 after the death of fir Peter Lely, acquired high; 
 reputation for his portraits. He died i6)l t 
 aged 45. 
 
 Rikv cam t Oc?av!o, a poet, born at Flo- 
 rence, He went to France in the retinue of 
 
 Mary; 
 
KIT 
 
 RIV 
 
 Mary de Medicis, and was fald to be the in- 
 ventor of the opera, which, however, tome 
 attribute to Emilio del Cavabero of Rome. 
 His poetry as well as his operas are highly ad- 
 mired. He died 1621, at Plorence. 
 
 Rio lan, John, of Paris, defended the doc- 
 trine of Hippocrates againft the modern che- 
 mifts, and wrote feveral works on anatomy and 
 medicine, printed together, Paris, 16 10, folio. 
 He died 1605. His ion John was alto a phy- 
 llcian of eminence, and wrote compratio ve- 
 neris medicinas cum nova, i2mo. fchola ana- 
 tomica, 8vo. reprinted in folio with additions, 
 &c. 
 
 Ripley, George, an Englifh mathematician, 
 author of compound of alchymy, &c. aurum 
 potabile, or the univerfal medicine. He died 
 1490. 
 
 RlPTERDA, yofjn William, baron de, of 
 Groningen, after ierving the States General as 
 colonel of infantry, was lent as ambaffador to 
 Spain. His conduct, was fo pleafing to Philip 
 V. that he fettled at Madrid, and was created 
 a duke and peer of the kingdom, .and entrufted 
 with the department of marine, war - , and finance. 
 Thele offices were too high for his abilities, 
 and he was difgraced, and lent to the prifon of 
 Segovia ; but he eicaped to Portugal, and after 
 patting through England, he landed in Holland, 
 where he was peri'naded by the ambaffador of 
 Morocco to go and fettle in Africa. At Mo- 
 rocco he became a great favorite with the em- 
 peror, and profeffed the religion of Mahomet. 
 To render himfelf fiill more popular, he pre- 
 tended to eftablifh a religion which embraced 
 all the tenets of the Chriftian, Judaic, and 
 Mahometan docf rines ; but thefe meafures at 
 lad created him enemies, and he fled from 
 Morocco to Tetuan, where he died 1747. 
 His two fons were drowned in coming from 
 Spain to England. 
 
 Risbeck, Gafpard, a German writer. An 
 ardent imagination and the love of independ- 
 ence hurried him into extravagance, and at 
 laft, while he defpifed all political and civil em- 
 ployments, he entered into the fervice of a 
 bookleller, and then fettled at Zurich, and 
 next at Arau, where he died 1786, aged 36, 
 a victim to melancholy and affected milan- 
 thropy. He wrote travel* through Germany 
 and an hiftory of Germany. 
 
 Risdon, Trijlram, author of an hiftory of 
 Devonfhire, published in a mutilated form, 
 1714, 1 vols. vo. wjs 1 native of Winlcot, 
 Devon, and was educated at Oxford. He died 
 at Winlcot 1640, aged 60. 
 
 Rislev, Thomas, a puritan divine, of War- 
 rington, LaAcafhire, fellow of Pembroke col- 
 lege* Oxford. In 1662 he was ejected for 
 ri on -conformity. He" then became preacher to 
 a diflentiflg congregation, nd died 1716, 
 aged &6. He wrote a treatifc on family reli- 
 gion, 8vo. &c. 
 
 RiTSON, Jofeph, of Stockton on Tees, 
 became a conveyancer in Grajfo inn, and then 
 Durchafed the otfi.ee of high foiMpf the Savoy 
 
 in 17.85 . He publifhed obfervations ofl 
 Shakefpeare's editions by Johnfon and Stevens 
 criticifms on Malone's edition- -defcent of 
 the Englifh crown-*-obfervations on Wartor/s 
 hiftory of Enjjlifh poetry Englifli anthology 
 collection of Englifh fongs, 3 vols. and of 
 Scotch fongs, a vols. bibliographia poetica 
 metrical romances, 3 vols. treatife on abftj- 
 nence from animal food, &c He adopted a 
 molt capricious form of orthography, and in 
 his temper was violent and overbearing. He 
 died 1803, aged 51. 
 
 Rittenhotjse, David, of Philadelphia, 
 from a clock-maker, became an eminent aftro- 
 nomer. He purfued his aftronomical ftudies 
 while engaged in the bufinefs of his farm, and 
 fucceeded Franklin as prefident of the Ameri- 
 can philosophical fociety. He made obferva- 
 tions on the traufit of Venus over the fun's, 
 difc in 1769, at the requeft of the American 
 philofephers, and died 1796, aged 64. 
 
 Rittershusius, Conradus, a civilian, 
 born at Brunfwick 1560. He became prop 
 feffor of law at Altorf, where he continued to 
 refide till his death 1613, though he had libe- 
 ral invitations from German and Dutch unj- 
 verfilies. He edited Oppian's cynegeticon, 
 and other works. His ion George wrote the 
 life of his father, and his fon ffitUdat was 
 afterwards profeffor of law at Altorf, and 
 published genealog'ue imperat. regum, ducum, 
 comitum, &c. 7 vols, folio. He died 1670. 
 
 Rivalz, Anthony, of Touloufe, ftudied 
 painting wider his father, and afterwards im- 
 proved himfelf at Rome. His portraits and 
 hiftorical' pieces were much admired. He 
 died 1735, aged 68. 
 
 Rivard, Francis, of Neufchateau m Lor- 
 raine, was mathematical profeffor at Beau- 
 vais, and publifhed feveral valuable treatifes or* 
 geometry, &c. and died at Paris 1 7 78, aged 
 81. Another of his name?, Denis, was very 
 Ikilful in cutting for the ftone. He died 
 1746. 
 
 RivaRtOL, Anikony de, a French writer, 
 born at Bagnols in Languedoc 1757. He 
 became the friend of Voltaire, d'Alembert, 
 and BufTon. He married early an Englifh 
 woman, hut this union was unfortunate. On 
 the breaking out of the revolution he retired 
 to Germany, and lived at Hamburgh and at 
 Berlin, where he died 1801. He publithed 
 the unjverfality of the French language, which* 
 obtained the prize of the Berlin academy, 
 1784 hell, tranflated from Dante-r-letters ort 
 religion and morality^-a little almanack of 
 great men, a fatire- letters to the French no- 
 bility, 1792, 8vo. La Fayette's political life 
 1 protpedhis of a new dictionary of the French 
 language, &c. 
 
 Rivikre, Her.ry Francis de la, of Paris, 
 embraced the profeffion of arms, and privately- 
 married tlie daughter of Bufti-Rabutin, widow 
 of the marquis of Coligni. This union was 
 difpleafing to her father, and produced not 
 ciav ; paper war, but a law-fuit: but though 
 [X4] ft* 
 
ROB 
 
 ROB 
 
 fetjUhts of the htiflnnd were eftablifhed, the 
 Ca live with him. In confe- 
 quence of this he retired to a monaftic lift at 
 Paris, where he died 1 74.1, need 94. He was 
 author of letters, a vols. izmo. &c. His wile 
 wrote aHb fome letters, &c. poffeiiing elegance 
 f diction and intcreft. 
 
 Rivjm'5, Andretv, of Halle, in Saxony, 
 
 ws a phyfician, and profefibr of poetry and 
 
 \ fopfcj at Leipfic, and died 1656, aged 56. 
 
 oiks are. remarks on ancient chriftian 
 
 poeu-j-diflertatioii on literary fubjects, 4to^ 
 
 .hi fcriptorum de roedicina collec.tanea, 
 
 Sva nviteri.1 medico phyfica, i2mo. &c. 
 
 R' im>, Augvfius Q:irinus, profeflbr of 
 
 be at Leijfic, died there 172a, aged 
 
 70. He wrote introductio in rem herbariam, 
 
 folio, with plates ordo plantarum quas funt 
 
 iorc irregubri monopetalo, tefrapetalo, penta- 
 
 petalo, folio, with figures cenfura medica- 
 
 rum officinal. 4to. diflertationes me- 
 
 di.-se, 4to. &c. 
 
 Rjzzio, David, orRizzi, an Italian mufi- 
 <ian, born at Turin. Hecime in the retinue 
 of the Piedmpntele ambaffador to Scotland, 
 and as he was a good finger, Mary placed 
 him near her perlbn, and made him her fecre- 
 tary for foreign languages. His influence, as 
 well as his religion, proved ofFenfive to the 
 nobles, efpecially Darnley, her hufband, who 
 headed aconfpiracy againft him, and difpatched 
 him with 56 wounds in the queen's prefence, 
 1566. It is faid that Rizzio refined the 
 Scotch airs, and infuled into them that fweet- 
 tiefs fo much admired. 
 
 Robert de Courtenay, French empe- 
 ror of the Eaft after his father Peter, 1218, 
 v.is a weak prince, under whom the empires of 
 Trebirond and Thetfalonica were eltablifhed. 
 He died of grief 1228, becaufe his wife had 
 been mutilated by a gentleman of Burgundy 
 to whom Ihe hnd been formerly betrothed. 
 
 Robert, elector palatine, was emperor, 
 T400. He alienated the German princes from 
 his government by his attachment to the anti- 
 pope Gregory XII. and died 1410, aged 58. 
 Robert, kiag of France, furnamed the 
 Wife or the Devout, fucceeded his father 
 Hugh Capet, 996. He married Bertha of 
 Burgundy; but as fhe was his coufin, this 
 union was annulled by Gregory V. and the 
 monarch afterwards took for his lecond wife 
 Conftance of Aries and Provence. He reful'ed 
 the crown of the empire and of Italy, better 
 fatisfied to reign over his native dominions. 
 He died 103 1, aged 60. 
 
 Robert, of France, count d'Artois, re- 
 
 fufed the empire of Germany, and accomnani- 
 
 d his brother St. Lewis to the Holy Land. 
 
 He behaved with valor at the battle of Maflbu- 
 
 - 50 ; but beinr. too eager in the pur- 
 
 .scked with ftor.es, and perifhed. 
 
 Robert, fon of the preceding, was called 
 
 A. He dlftinguimed himfelf in the 
 
 I2f0 $ againft the Arngo- | 
 
 mm in Sicily go, againft the Englifh near I 
 
 Bayonne, and the Flemings at Furnes. Ho 
 was killed in battle near Courtrai 1302. 
 
 Robert, fucceeded his father, Charles tho 
 Lame, on the throne of Naples, 1309. He 
 lupported the pope againft the emperors, and 
 died 1343, aged 64. 
 
 Robert the Magnificent, duke of Nor- 
 m.mdy, fucceeded his brother Richard 1028. 
 In 1035 he undertook a pilgrimage to the Holy 
 Land, and on his return was poifoned in 
 Bithjnia. He was fucceeded by his natural 
 fon William, better known as the Conqueror. 
 Robert, Short Shanks, was fon of Wil- 
 liam the Conqueror, and obtained the duke- 
 dom of Normandy. He was in the holy wars, 
 but on his return he found himfelf ftripped of 
 the throne of England, and afterwards he loft 
 Normandy, and being made prifoner by his 
 brother Henry, remained in cruel captivity till 
 his death in 1134. 
 
 Robert Bruce, a Scotch nobleman, who 
 difputed the crown with John Baliol. The 
 influence of Edward I. of England, prevailed in 
 favor of his rival; but after his depofition, he 
 elcaped from retirement, and wasunanimoufly 
 elected king. He defeated the Englifti at the 
 famous battle of Bannockburn, 1314. Peace 
 was afterwards re-efiablilhed, and Robert ad- 
 vanced the happinefs and the profperity of his 
 fubjects. He died 1329, and defired that his 
 heart might be burkd in the holy fepulchre of 
 Jerufalem. He was fucceeded by David II, 
 
 Robert, Nicholas, of Langres, was emi- 
 nent as a painter. His birds and plants, paint- 
 ed chiefly on vellum, were delervedly admired. 
 He died 1684, aged 74. 
 
 PvObert de Vaugondy, JV. a French geo- 
 grapher of Paris. His atlas, in 108 maps, is 
 vvell known. He wrote abridgement of the 
 different fyftems of the world-r- introduction, 
 to geography,&c. and died at Paris 1766, aged 
 78. 
 
 Robfrtello, Francis, author of commen- 
 taries on the Greek and Latin poets, &c. was 
 profeflbr of rhetoric at Pr.dua, where he died 
 1567- 
 
 Robertson, William, a divine, born in 
 Dublin 1705. He went to Giafgow univerfi- 
 ty, where he defended the rights of the ftudents 
 to elect their rector, in which, after much 
 trouble, he at laft fucceeded. His conduct 
 recommended him to the notice of lord King, 
 bifhop Hoadly, and others, and he afterwards 
 fettled in Ireland as rector of Ravilly in the 
 county of Carlow. Other preferments fol- 
 lowed, and he acquired fome diftinction 
 among the clergy by freeing his parifhioners 
 from tithes. Thus popular 1 , and in the way of* 
 higher honors, he happened to read " free 
 and candid difquifitions," which totally changed 
 his ideas with refpect to his profefiion, and 
 induced him in 1764 to refign his preferments. 
 About 1766 he returned ;o London, and was 
 complimented in confequence of his a apology 
 of his fbith a?d conduct," by his alma mater of 
 Giafgow, wjth the degree of D.D. In ljfo 
 
ROB 
 
 ROB 
 
 he was appointed by the company of merchant 
 taylors, mailer of Woolf erhampton free fchool. 
 He died there 1783. 
 
 Robertson, George, a landfcape painter, 
 born in Loncon, He travelled over Italy, and 
 afterwards went to Jamaica, of which ifland he 
 publiihed fix beautiful views, and on his re- 
 turn to London taught young ladies for his 
 fubfiftence. His trees, and particularly his 
 leaves, are much admired. He died 1788. 
 
 Robertson, Jofeph, of Knipe, Weftmore 
 land, was educated at Appleby fchool, and 
 Queen's college, Oxford. He obtained Herriard 
 vicarage, Hants, and in 1770 was prefented to 
 Sutton rectory in Effex, and nine years after 
 to Horncaftle vicarage in Lincoln'.hire. He 
 from 1764 to 1785 iupported by his able cri- 
 ticifms the character of the critical review. 
 He was alio author of a fmall volume called 
 " introduction to the ftudy of polite literature," 
 1782, and in 1785 he publiihed his valuable 
 efTay on punctuation, and three years after his 
 differtation on the Parian chronicle, which 
 excited lbme controverfy. His tranflation of 
 'Telemachus appeared in 1795, and in 1798 
 an efTay on the education of young ladies. 
 His efTay on the nature of Englifh verfe was 
 publifhed 1799, and he died 1802; 
 
 Robertson, Williatn, 3 o lebrated hifto- 
 rian born in Scotiand 1721. He was edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh univerfity, and from his 
 earlieft years evinced the moft laudaMe appli- 
 cation. His firft and greateft work, the 
 hiftory of Charles V. was followed by the 
 hiftory of Scotland, in which he vindicated 
 the character of the unfortunate Mary. His 
 next work was the hiflory of America, which 
 is unfinifhed, aud afterwards he publifhed a 
 difquifition concerning India. Thele compofi- 
 tions did not pafs unrewarded, The author 
 was made principal of the univerfity of Edin- 
 burgh, hiftoriographer to the king for Scotland, 
 and one of the minifters of the Old Grey-friars 
 church, Edinburgh, and he might have rifen 
 to higher honors, if he had been willing to 
 remove into the Englifh church. His learning 
 and abilities have conferred immortal honor, 
 riot only on the univerfity over which he pre- 
 fidod with fuch dignity, but on the whole 
 kingdom ; and the hiftory of Charles V. will 
 be read to the lateft times with increafing 
 approbation. He left two fons and three 
 daughters, and died defervedly eiteemed at 
 Grange-houfe, Edinburgh, June, x 793. 
 
 Roberval, Gille's Perfonnejteur de, author 
 of a treatiie on mechanics, inferted in the 
 harmony of father Merlennus,andof an edition 
 of Ariitarchus Samius, was a native of Rober- 
 val in Beauvais. He was profeflbr of mathe- 
 matics at Paris, and died 1675$ aged 73. 
 
 Robespierre, Maximilian Ijidore, a fan- 
 guinary demagogue during the French revo- 
 lution. He was born at Arras of poor pa- 
 rents, I759> ai )^ educated at the expence of 
 the bifhop of the djocefe. After ftudyihg at 
 XVis he applied iiimfelf to the law, and in 
 
 1784 obtained the prize of the academy at 
 Metz, by his difcourie on the difgrace which 
 attends the relations of criminals. At the 
 meeting of the conftituent affombly he obtain- 
 ed a feat, diftinguifhed more by the originality 
 of his obfervations, than his eloquence; 
 Though not vifibly engaged in the atrocious 
 fcenes of the 20th of June, of the 10th of 
 Auguft, and of September, he was anxious to 
 reap the fruit of thofe bloody tranfaclions, and 
 when admitted into the convention, he em- 
 ployed the darkelt intrigues to lead his oppo- 
 nents to the icaffold Wilhing to be declared 
 dictator he haftened the death of the unfor- 
 tunate Louis and his family, and after making 
 Dantoo, Hebert, and others, the guilty mi- 
 niiters of his atrocious deed's, he lent them to 
 the guillotine. France was now filled with de- 
 nunciations, in every province, and in every 
 town tribunals were erected, which condemned 
 alike the innocent and the guilty, and no maa 
 could with fafety intruft his fecrets, or his 
 life into the hands of his parent or his friend- 
 Sufpicious, timid, and irrefolute, the tyrant 
 yet had fufficient art to interpret the machina- 
 tions againft his power as treafon againft the 
 republic, and to facrifice his perfonal enemies, 
 as the moft perfidious citizens of France. Pro- 
 icription followed proicription, and every day 
 Paris exhibited the melancholy proceffio,i of 
 wretched victims drngcred to the Icaffold, on 
 the acculation of perlbns whom they had never 
 known, and for crimes which thy had never 
 meditated. If he had known how to lpare, 
 Robefpierre might have longer continued to 
 govern France ; but his cowardly conduit ia 
 facrificing thofe who were ready to be his al- 
 locates in the vileft deeds, at laft routed the 
 courage of a few, who fufpected that they 
 were next marked for deftruction. The ty- 
 rant and his two accomplices Couthon, and 
 St. Juft, were impeached in the convention* 
 and " down with the tyrant,** were the only 
 exclamations heard on all fides when thefe 
 bloody afiftlims attempted to afcend the tribune 
 to defend themlelves In vain the commune 
 of Paris took up arms to protect its accufed 
 leaders, Robefpierre was conducted as a cri- 
 minal, fearful and fuppliant, to the Hotel de 
 Ville, where a gen d'arme discovering him in 
 the midft of the uproar, conceaLed in an ob- 
 fcure corner, fired a piitol at him, and broke 
 to pieces his lower jaw. Extended on a table, 
 in the fevereft agonies, yet without uttering 
 a groan, the tyrant viewed in filence the pre- 
 parations made for his punifhment. On the 
 morrow, 28th July, 1794, at four in tbs 
 evening he was carried with 22 of his accom- 
 plices, amidft the groans, the hiffings, and the 
 rejoicings of the populace, to that icaffold 
 where he had made to bleed fo many thou- 
 fand innocent victims. Such was the influence 
 of this monlter, that France forgot her reli- 
 gion and her honor at his command ; but af- 
 ter he had feen the akhis infulted, the chur- 
 ches thrown d^wn, and public worfhip abo- 
 
 hihed, 
 
ROB 
 
 ROB 
 
 Iliad, he claimed the merit of restoring to the 
 Supreme Being fome (hare in the government 
 of the univerte, and he appeared in the name 
 l" the convention, as the pried of a new re- 
 ligion, and decreed with great folemnity that 
 * god exiited in \he world. 
 
 Roiin-uood, the leader of a band of rob- 
 ber*, who ifTued out from Sherwood foreft, 
 Nottinghamfhire, and fpread terror over the 
 kingdom. Th^fe depredators over whom pre- 
 fided Little John, as fecond in command, con- 
 tinued their plundering life with little oppo- 
 fition from 1189 to 1247. Some authors af- 
 fert that Robin Hood was no other but Ro- 
 bert earl of Huntingdon, whom the malice of 
 his enemies banifhed from the favor of the 
 irft Richard. 
 
 Robjns, Benjamin, a mathematician, born 
 at Bath, 1707. His parents were quakers ; 
 yet he received fome inftru&ion, which appli- 
 cation improved. Recommended to Dr. 
 Pemberton, he went to live in London, as 
 mathematical teacher. Here, befides his pro- 
 feflional engagements, he devoted much time 
 in perufing the works of the mod celebrated 
 mathematicians in ancient and modern times ; 
 andhe publiihed in the philofophical tranfactions, 
 1727, a demonftration of the laft propofition 
 of Newton's treatife on quadratures. The next 
 year he attacKed Bernouihi's differtation in 
 fupport of Leibnitz's opinion of the force of 
 bodies in motion. After heftowing much at- 
 tention on gunnery, and vifiring fome of the 
 pelt fortified places in Flanders, he engaged in 
 a controverfy againft Berkeley's analyft on the 
 fluxionary method, and publiihed, in 1735, a 
 difcourfe concerning the nature and certainty 
 of fir I. Newton's method of fluxions, and of 
 prime and ultimate ratios. He afterwards de- 
 fended fir Ifaac againft Baxter, and printed 
 remarks on Euler's trentife of motion, &c. 
 In 1 739 he publiihed three political pamphlets, 
 which attracted much of the public attention, 
 and, in 1742, appeared hie new principles of 
 gunnery, a work of merit. In 1748, lord 
 Anfon's voyage round the world was publiihed, 
 and though it " appeared under the name of 
 Walter, the whole work was written by Ro- 
 kins from the materials furnifhed by the jour- 
 nals, and other obfervatkms. He afterwards 
 wrote an apology for the affair ofPrefton-, 
 pans, in favor of fir John Cope, and he was 
 employed in fuperintending the improvements 
 made in -Greenwich obfervatory. He was of- 
 fered to go to Parij as commirfioner,to fettle the 
 boundaries of Acadia, or to proceed to the 
 Eaft Indies a ge.neral engineer of the com- 
 pany, and he accepted this laft appointment. 
 He reached Ind.a in 1750, and immediately 
 plans for the improvement of the forts 
 of Madras and of St. David ; but unfortunatc- 
 carried into execu- 
 tion.^ 'J"he climate proved unfavorable to kis 
 oonftitution, and a gradual coni'umption pro- 
 <, 17 5 1> Ht left the publication of 
 
 his works to his friends, Follies, and Wilton, 
 and they appeared 2 vols. 8vo. 1761. 
 
 Robinson, 'Robert, of Swaffham Norfolk, 
 was educated at the grammar fchool of his na- 
 tive town ; and then apprenticed to a hair 
 drefTer. Inftead of (having, and of combing 
 wigs, he paid more attention to books, and by 
 the preaching of Whitfield, he became a con- 
 vert to methodifm. He embraced the tenets 
 of Calvin, which he foon exchanged for thofe 
 of the '.Kiptifts, and fettled at Cambridge, where 
 his plea of the divinity of Chrift was well re- 
 ceived. He was in 1785, invited to preach t 
 the baptiils in London ; but after fome trials, 
 he preferred his farm at Chefterton, near Cam- 
 bridge, to the uncertain profits of a refidence 
 in the metropolis. He died in the fummer of 
 1790, at Birmingham, aged $$. He pub- 
 liihed a tranilaticn of Saurin's fermons, 4 vols. 
 8vo. an effay on the compofition of a fermon 
 a hiftory of baptifm, &c. In the latter part 
 of life he was a Socinian. 
 
 Robinson, Tancred, fellow of the Roval 
 fociety and of the college of phyficians, was ah 
 able phyucan. He wrote ingenious papers on 
 natural hiftory, and alio medical books, and 
 died 1748. 
 
 Robinson, Mary, known for her genius 
 and misfortunes, was born at Briftol where her 
 father an American, was captain of a fhip, and 
 at the age of 15 fhe married a Mr. Robinfon, 
 an attorney, which proved the fource of much 
 mifery. Her hufband was unfortunate and 
 extravagant, and after accompanying him to 
 a jail, fhe turned her thoughts to the ftage. 
 As her perfon was pleafing, and her abilities 
 refpeftable, fhe appeared with credit in the 
 characters of Juliet, Ophelia, Rcfalind, Imo- 
 gen, Viola, &c. Whilit rifing in the public 
 eftimation, under Garrick, fhe unfortunately 
 attracted, in the character of" Perdita, the at- 
 tention of the prince of W. and thole who 
 ought to have defended his virtue, became the 
 criminal encouragers of a licentious amour, 
 which this frail woman had not the prudence 
 to withstand. She left the ftage for the guilty 
 protection of her Florizel ; but foon became 
 indifferent in the eyes of the once enraptured 
 prince. Thus cut off from the protection of 
 her hiifband, and loft to virtue and to honor, 
 lhe became the degraded miftrefs of profligate 
 men. She died at the end of 1800, aged 42, 
 and was buried in Old Wiudfor church-yard, 
 where fome elegant lines, from the pen of Mr. 
 Pratt, mark her untimely tomb. She wrote 
 a number of poetical trifles under the name of 
 Laura Maria Vancen/.a, a romance 
 poerns, 2 vols. 8vo. Nobody, an unfuccefsful 
 farce and memoirs of her life have appeared 
 by her dauji:. 
 
 Robinson, Riehari, of Yorkfhire, was 
 educated at Weltminfter fchool, and Chriit 
 church, Oxford. He was prebendary of 
 York, and vicar of Aldborough, and in 1 75 1, 
 went as chaplain to the duke of Dorfet in Ire- 
 
ROC 
 
 ROD 
 
 .fend, -md obtained the bifhopric of Killala. In 
 1759, he was tranflated to Leighlin and Ferns, 
 two years after to'Kildare, and in 1765* to 
 the primacy of Armagh, and in 1777, he was 
 created baron Rokeby. He employed his pa- 
 tronage in the moft liberal manner, he built 
 an elegant palace at Armagh, with an obfer- 
 vatory, and founded a fchool, and built four 
 e\v churches. He died 1 794. 
 
 Robison, John, a Scotchman, director of 
 the marine cadet academy at Cronftadt in Ruf- 
 lia. On his return to Scotland, he was made 
 profefTor of chemiftry at Glaigow. He was 
 afterwards profefTor of natural philofophy at 
 Edinburgh. Befides elements of mechanical 
 philofophy, and articles in the enyclopzcdia 
 Britannica, he publifhed in 1797 proofs of 
 a confpiracy, a work which together with that 
 of the abbe Earuel on the fame fubject, pro- 
 duced a great fenfation in Europe, and in.tra- 
 cing the various caufes of the French revolu- 
 tion, proved that it proceeded from a conipira- 
 cy among the iiluminati of France and Ger- 
 many, for the deftruction of morality and re- 
 ligion in the world. Dr. Robilon died at Edin- 
 burgh 1805. 
 
 Roche fort, William de, author of a 
 tranflation of Sophocles of a refutation of 
 M. Rabaud's lyftem of nature of Ulyffes, 
 Antigone, and Eleclra, three tragedies of a 
 Critical hiitory of the opinions of the ancients 
 on happinefs, &c. was of Lyons, and died 
 17S8. 
 
 RoCHEFOUCAULT, Francis, duhe of, a 
 French nobleman, born 161 3. He diftin- 
 guiihed himfelf in the wars of la Fronde, and 
 died 1680. He is author of memoirs of the 
 regency of Anne of Auflria, 2 vols. 12 mo. 
 and u maxims or fentences," which fays Vol- 
 taire, have contributed, more than any other 
 performance, to form the tafte of the French 
 nation. His memoirs, adds that author, are 
 read, but the maxims are learnt by heart. 
 
 Rochester, John Wilmut, earl of, a ce- 
 lebrated wit at the court of the fecond Charles, 
 born 1648. He was well educated at Bur- 
 furd fchool, and Wadham college, Oxford, 
 and afterwards travelled over France and Italy. 
 He was in 1665 at Bergen, at the attack made 
 'on the Dutch fleet that had taken fhclter there, 
 and alfo in another engagement, in both of 
 which he difplayed great intrepidity, though 
 his courage was afterwards called in queflion for 
 refufiugto fight a duel with lord Mulgrave. His 
 excellent qualities were, however, ruined by 
 the diilipation of the court, fo that he became 
 the greatefl libertine of tUe age, and was for 
 five years, as he confeffed to Dr. Burnet, in 
 a continual fbte of intoxication. This fen- 
 fuality, accompanied with coivempt for de- 
 nd for religion, was i'ometimes ehec- 
 quered by firs of ftudy and literature; but un- 
 fortunately tiie elegant powers of language and 
 of poetry which he pofTeffed were proftituted to 
 the, molt uii'gufting iubjecTs. Devoted to low 
 
 gratifications, the lamp of life was foon extin- 
 guifhed, and at the age of 31 he found all the 
 debilities of extreme old age. Sicknefs 
 brought on reflection, he fent for Dr. Bur- 
 net, to whom he opened his heart, and the 
 alarming Hate of his conference, and after Ji- 
 ving an atheift and a libertine, he prepared 
 to die a good Chriftian. He expired 1680. 
 The writings of this licentious nobleman have, 
 unfortunately for religion and morality, been 
 too much and too exteivfively difperfed, and 
 not perhaps with the antidote which his con- 
 trition and a death-bed repentance fhould con- 
 vey to n profligate mind. Befides his licentioiw 
 poems, he wrote a tragedy, called Valentini- 
 an r and a lpeech delivered in the character of 
 a mountebank, a profeflion which for fome 
 time he followed in Tower-ftreet. Kis wit 
 rendered him a cheerful companion, at the 
 court, where he was regarded as lively and 
 facetious, full of mirth and repartee. 
 
 ROCHON DE ChABANNES, Marh Antho- 
 ny James, a French dramatic writer, who 
 died at Pans, 1800, aged 70. Some of his 
 eras met with fuccefs on the French thea- 
 tre. Befides his plays, in 2 vols. 8vo., he wrote 
 la noble (Te oifive, and other works. 
 
 Rodney, George Bridges lord, an Englifh 
 admiral, born about 1718. He was in 1759 
 employed as admiral, to bombard Havre de 
 Grace.' In 1 761, he was fent againft Mar- 
 tinico, and for his ferviceswas made knight of 
 the bath. A difputed election at Northamp- 
 ton rendered his pecuniary refources very 
 fcanty, and he fled to France to efcape his 
 creditors. Very liberal offers were ;made to 
 him by the French court, to enter into their 
 fcrvice, which he rejected with becoming in- 
 dignation. This conduct was honorably men- 
 tioned by Sartine the French minifler to the 
 Englifh government, and Rodney, at the in- 
 vitation oflord Sandwich, returned te ferve 
 his country. Fie was placed at the head of a 
 fleet, and in 1780 captured a Spanifh con- 
 voy near Cadiz, and ? few weeks after de- 
 feated the fquadron of Langara, by the cap- 
 ture of five ftrips. of the line. In I78i,.he 
 took St. Euftathius from the Dutch, and on the 
 1 2th of April, 1782, he obtained a complete*. 
 triumph over de GranVs fleet in the Weft In- 
 dies, by the finking of one (hip, and the cap- 
 ture of five others. For thefe fervices he was 
 rstifea to the parage, and had a penfion of 
 2000I. a year, fettled upon him. He died 
 {792. 
 
 Rodolph, duke of Swabia, hufband to 
 Matilda, fifter of the emperor Henry IV. was 
 elected king of Germany 1077, by fome Ger- 
 man infurgents. After doubtful battles he 
 was defeated and perilhed jn the field. 
 
 Rodolph I. of FLpflmrg, furnamed the 
 Clement, was elected emperor 1273. Though 
 he refufed to go to Rome to be crowned by 
 the pope, he made 1 treaty of alliance with 
 him, and nuking war againft Bohemia, he ob- 
 tained 
 
ROG 
 
 .^theeefTcaof Au; '>! Car- 
 
 ala. He i u 9*> a o cJ 
 
 II. fon of Maximilian U. was 
 lomr. : no was made king of 
 
 jy 15 ; i, of Bohemia and ot the Ro- 
 aua, X57J, and the following year elected 
 tray* rat on his father's death. He was an 
 , uid when his brother 
 liMihus rjvo'.t^d from htm he yielded up 
 to him buhemia and Hungary. He died 
 1C1:, jed 60. 
 
 Rot, yi' Thomas, an eminent fbtefman, 
 Krn at ix>w Lay ton EfTex, 1380. He re- 
 fded for abuut two years at Magdalen college, 
 (JUoii. nd uu-n itudied at the inns ot" court. 
 He *&s knighted by James 1604, and 1614 
 irent as ambalh.dor to the court of the Great 
 Moji 1. In 1621, he was ambafiVor to the 
 . . Mgnior, till 1628. Duiing his xeR- 
 dcuce abroad, not only the commercial inte- 
 jpefts of his country were his chief concern, but 
 aha literature, and Y19 made a valuable collec- 
 tion of MSS. which he prefented to the Bod- 
 lean library. He brought alfo as a prelent 
 from Cyril, patriarch of Conltantinople, to 
 Charles I. the famous Alexandrian MS. of the 
 Greek bible, fince tranlcnbed by Dr. Grabe. 
 la 1629, he negotiated a peace between Swe- 
 den and Poland, and gained the confidence of 
 the great Guftavus Adolphus, whom he advi- 
 sed to make a defcent on Germany to reftore 
 the freedom of the empire. In 1640, he was 
 elected member for Oxford, and afterwards 
 went again at ambaffador to Ratifbsn. He 
 ed 1644. broken in heart, to fee the difaf- 
 trous affairs of the times. His curious ac- 
 count of his negociations, &c. at the Porte, 
 were published 1740. There are alfo pub- 
 Ikhed, of his ipeeches in parliament- a difcourfe 
 on the Spanim king's feizure of the Valteiine, 
 kc. 
 
 Roemm, Olcus, of Arhufen in Jutland, 
 was educated at Copenhagen. He accompa- 
 nied back Picard, who had been font by the 
 French king to make obfervations in the north, 
 and he was appointed to inftruct the dauphin. 
 After xo years' refidence at Paris he was, in 
 .1681, recalled back to Copenhagen, and made 
 profeffor of aftronomy there. He reformed 
 the coin of the kingdom, and meafured the 
 roads, and died at Copenhagen 1710, leaving 
 ao literary work behind him. Some of his ob. 
 fervations were publifhed by his pupil Horre- 
 kow in 1735. 
 
 Roentgen, N. a German artift of Neu- 
 wied. He was employed and rewarded by 
 rte emprefr Catharine of Ruffia, and the pa- 
 lace of PeterQmrg ftill exhibits the beautiful 
 monuments of hi* genius and workmanfhip. He 
 died it the end of the tSth century. 
 
 RoEsraAETEK, Peter, a painter of Hacr- 
 Ie*n 1698, wis very fuccefsful in his reprelenta- 
 . ft* tnufical initruments, of vares, fhells, 
 allies, Ice. 
 
 Roots, irfl kin- ot* Sicily, conquered Apu- 
 
 R.OH 
 
 ha, Calabria, and Naples, and afterward* 
 ,r againft the Eaftern empire, and af- 
 ter plundering Athens, fcc. and advancing to 
 the gates of Conftantinople, he returned load- 
 ded with booty. He died 115 4, aged 58. 
 
 Roger, of Hexham, was.about 1138, au- 
 thor of an hiftory of the campaign of the Scotch 
 army, under David, when the battle of the 
 ttandard was fought 
 
 Rogers, Woods, au EnglHh navigator, 
 known for his expedition againft: the Spanith 
 i'ettlements in the South feas, in a Hup of war 
 from Brillol. He returned 1711, after iur- 
 rounding the globe, and -publifhed an account 
 of his voyage. He died 1732. His works 
 have appeared in French, 3 vols. iimo. 
 
 Rogers, John, a divine, educated at 
 Cambridge. He was chaplain to the Englifh 
 factory at Antwerp, and on the fucceffion of 
 Edward VI. he returned and obtained a pre- 
 bend of St. Paul's. In Mary's reign, he was 
 the firft who fuffered martyrdom at the ftake 
 in Smithfield, 155 v He 'had afiifted Cover- 
 dale and Tindal in tranilating the bible into 
 Englifh. 
 
 Rogers, John, a divine, born 1679, at 
 Emham.Oxfordihire. He was educated at 
 New college ichool, and Corpus Chrifti, and 
 in 1 71 2 went to London as lecturer of St. 
 Clement Danes. He obtained in 1716, the 
 rectory of Wrington, Somerfetihire, and en- 
 gaged in 1 719, in the Bangorian controverfy, 
 and acquired on that occafion lb much credit 
 by his difcourfe on the vifijle and invifible 
 church of Chrift, that the univerlity of Ox- 
 ford conferred upon him the degree of D. D. 
 in 1721. He obtained a canonry, and the of- 
 fice of fubdean, in the cathedral of Wells, and 
 in 1728, was promoted to the living of St. 
 Giles', Cripplegate, London. He died 1729. 
 After his death were publifhed 4 vk- of his 
 fermous a perfuafive to conformity, addref- 
 fed to diffenters, Sec. He wrote befides, a 
 defence of Christianity againft Collins' lcheme 
 of literal prophecy, &c. 
 
 Rohan, Henry, duke of, a peer of France, 
 born 1579. He gained the friendfhip of Hen- 
 ry IV. by his bravery at the fiege of Amiens, 
 and diftinguifhed himfelf at the head of the 
 Huguenots, for whom he obtained a very ad- 
 vantageous peace with Lewis XIII. After be- 
 ing in the iervice of Venice, he was recalled 
 by Lewis XIII. and employed in negotiation, 
 as well as in war, but the je<doufy of Richer 
 lieu drove him to Geneva. He joined his 
 friend the duke of Saxe Weimar againft tin* 
 imperialifts, and w^s fatally wounded in batr 
 tie, and died fix weeks after, 1638. His me- 
 moirs of the political affairs of France, &c 
 from 1610101629 in 2 vols. l2mo. arc much; 
 admired. He wrote befides the intereft of 
 princes, printed Cologne, 1666, i2mo. ofj 
 the government of the 13 cantons - an 
 abridgment of Ca;far's commentaries, &c. 
 
 Roiiault, James, of Amiens 1620, was 
 well verfed in thg philolbphy of the ancients, 
 
K.OL 
 
 ROL 
 
 feut attached to the doctrines of Des Cartes, 
 of which he wrote an account under the title 
 of " Phyfics." This work, was tranflated in- 
 to Latin by Dr. Samuel Clarke, and adapted 
 to the fyfltem of Newton's philoibphy, and it 
 has alio appeared in Englifh, 1 vols. 8vo. He 
 wrote befides, elements of mathematics 
 rreatiie of mechanics, See. and died 1675, aged 
 
 SS- 
 
 Roland de la Platjere, J. M. of 
 Villefranche near Lyons, was the youngeft 
 of rive brothers. Left an orphan, he quitted his 
 native town in queft bf his fortune, and at 
 the age of 19, not to enter into the ecclefiaf- 
 tical profeffion, he travelled on foot to Nantes. 
 JHere he was diffuaded from going to the Eaft 
 Indies on account of the bad Itate of his health, 
 and therefore he removed to Rouen, where 
 he was appointed infpe&or general at Amiens, 
 and afterwards at Lyons. His travels in 
 Switzerland, Italy, and other countries, en- 
 larged his understanding, and rendered him 
 known as a well informed writer. His me- 
 moirs on the rearing of cattle, and the pre- 
 paring of wool, 4to. his art on the printing 
 of woolen and cotton (tuffs and his letters 
 from Sicily, Switzerland, Malta, and Italy, 
 were read with intereft, and at the revolution 
 he was deputy from Lyons He became one 
 f the minifters of Lewis XVI. whole feelings 
 he offended by his coarfe affected manners, and 
 the Angularity of his drefs. Though driven 
 from the miniftry by the monarch, he was 
 reflored by the voice of the people ; but whilft 
 he labored for the eltablifhment of liberty, he 
 permitted thofe exceffes which proved fo fa- 
 tal to France. He refifted, indeed, the vio- 
 lence of faction, and wi.vied to reprefs the 
 maflacres of September, but in vain. The 
 popular fury was too ftrong to permit him to 
 continue long in power, and when the fall of 
 Briffot and of the Girondists was determined, 
 Roland faw his fate decreed in theirs, and he 
 ^leaped from Paris, when his perfon was go- 
 ing to be feized. He retired to Rouen, where 
 ke might have concealed his misfortunes ; but 
 when he heard that his wife had perilhed on 
 the fcaffold, he refolved not to furvive her, 
 and going about four leagues from Rouen on 
 the Paris road he (tabbed himlelf to the heart, 
 1793. He wrote befides, a dictionary of 
 manufactures and the arts depending upon 
 them, 3 vols. Ato. Sec. 
 
 Roland, Mary Jane Philipon, wife of 
 the preceding, was born at Paris 1 754. Ear- 
 ly devoted to books, (he acquired a very ex- 
 tenfive knowledge of the arts, and became 
 known for her wit and learning. At the age 
 of 25 (he married Roland though much older 
 than herfelf, and when he was railed to con- 
 fequence in the revolution, (he lent all the 
 refources of her mind to affift him, and often 
 wrote tile difpatches arid letters which were 
 to iffue from his hands. Her houfe was the 
 receptacle of the learned, the powerful, and 
 &e inuring, and the foul of the party, flie 
 
 guided many of the meafures propefed in the 
 convention. Her influence elcaped not, how- 
 ever, without envy, and when accufed (he ap- 
 peared before the convention, and cleared her- 
 felf with all the graceful* energy of innocence. 
 When her huiband was proicribed, (he hoped 
 to remain fecure at Paris ; but (he was foon 
 after feized and fent to prifon, and after five 
 months' confinement dragged to the fcaffold. 
 She was guillotined 8th Nov. 1793, aged 41, 
 and as (lie expired (he exclaimed, O liberty, 
 what crimes are are committed in thy name 
 Her works confiit of tracts on melancholy, 
 morality, friendship, Socrates, &c. befides me- 
 moirs, written during her captivity, in which, 
 fhe gave an interefting hiftory, or appeal to 
 posterity, about her hulhand, his conduct, his 
 miniftry, and their private life. She alio pub- 
 lished an account of her travels in England anil 
 Switzerland, two places where (he imbibed 
 true principles of liberty and government. In 
 her character (lie was an amiable woman, but 
 unfortunately her partiality for republican li- 
 berty tinctured her conduit with an affecta- 
 tion of Roman virtues and ancient forms. 
 
 Roland d'Erceville, B. G. prefident of 
 the parliament of Paris, was a learned cha- 
 racter. He was guillotined 1794, aged 64. 
 He wrote a letter on the authority of the 
 ftates of France, izmo difcourie on the je- 
 fuits-V-plan of education, &c. 
 
 Rolle Alichael, a French mathematician. 
 He for fome time wrote for an attorney ; but 
 by attending mathematical lectures became 
 himlelf a popular lecturer, and wrote a trea- 
 tife on algebra methods of refolving unde- 
 termined queftions in algebra, Sec. and died 
 1719, aged 67. 
 
 Rollin, Charles, a French writer, born at 
 Paris 1 66 1. He ftudied in the college of 
 Pleflis, where he procured the appellation of 
 the Divine. He fuccc-eded his beWed maf- 
 ter, Herfan, in 1687, as profeflbr of rhetoric 
 and eloquence and in 1694, he was appoin- 
 ted reitor of the univerfity. He distinguished 
 himlelf by his zeal for the improvement of his 
 pupils and the honor of learning, and by his 
 attention the Greek language was cultivated 
 with great attention. In 1699, he was coad- 
 jutor to the college of Beauvais, which his re- 
 putation loon rendered popular and florilhing 
 but in 1 7 12, the dilputes between the jefuits 
 and janienitts proved fatal to his repofe. By 
 the influence of Tellier the king's confeffbr, 
 he was driven from his appointments to pri- 
 vacy. In 1720, he was c-hofen again rector 
 by the univerfity of Paris but two months 
 after the election was difannulled by a lettre 
 de cachet, and from that time Rollin devoted 
 himfelf in retirement to the compofivion of his 
 excellent works. His publications are, an 
 edition of Quintilian, 1 vols. treatife on Undy- 
 ing and teaching the belles lettres, 4 vols 
 ancient hiftory of the Egyptians, Carthagini- 
 ans, Babylonians, Sec. 13 vols. the Roman 
 hiftory from the foundation of the city to the 
 
 battle 
 
ROM 
 
 bank oFAcYum, completed to the time of 
 Conftantine I Cmier, and pub- 
 
 li.teo in 16 w'.s. i:mo>- nvfcellancous dii- 
 courfcs, lectures, &c. He was fo 
 jefpected among his ^countrymen, that the 
 poet Roufllau ventured from his banifhment 
 Mtkgutfe to P-iris to fee and comerfe with 
 the venerable profefibr. Voltaire has defer- 
 vcdly paflcd high enloglums on his merits as 
 aa biAorian, and called his ancient hiftory the 
 :i in any language corrett, elo- 
 quent, and pleafing. He died 1741. 
 
 Rollivs, Rtinlold Henry, a German phi- 
 lolcgiii, author of two Latin works containing 
 the lives of pliilolbphers, poets, hiltorians,ora- 
 1709. 
 
 Rollo, a Norwegian chieftain, driven 
 from his country. He landed in Normandy, 
 ;i the fovereignty by the 
 pexmiHkv.i of Charles the Simple, 912, who 
 . im Ins daughter Gil'eTle in marriage. 
 He became a convert to chriitianky, and took 
 the title of duke of Normandy. He was the 
 anccftor of William the conqueror, and died 
 
 Rollock, R?birt, of Stirlingfhire, was 
 educated at St* Leonard's college, St. An- 
 drew';. On the foundation of Edinburgh uni- 
 vcrfity, in 1587, he was appointed firft prin- 
 cipal and divinity profelfor, though not more 
 than 28 years of age. His great applica- 
 tion brought ou the ltone and gravel, of which 
 he died i6ci, aged 41. His commentaries on 
 the Ephefians the revelations rSt. Jdhn's 
 gofpel and Daniel, in Latin, have been much 
 aJmircd. He wrote ibme fermons befidas. 
 
 Ro Maine, William, an Englifh divine, 
 born at Hartlepool, Durham, 17 14. He en- 
 tered at Hertford college, Oxford, and re- 
 moved to Chrift-church. For fome years he 
 vrus a popular preacher in the univerfity ; but 
 a propenfity to the dodtrines of Calvin pre- 
 vailed upon him to leek for diftinction among 
 a London audience. He was elected lecturer 
 of St. Dunftan in the .Weft 1749, to which 
 was afterwards added the offices of morning 
 preacher at St. George's Hanover fquare, and 
 of aftroHumical profelfor of Grefham college, 
 which he foou resigned. He was in 1764 rec- 
 tor of St. Ann's, Black -friars, and continued 
 to collect thofc numerous congregntions which 
 admired the addreffes of a vociferous preacher. 
 He publilhed fermons and tracts, in 8 vols. 
 8vo. and he alio edited in 1 749 Calalio's con- 
 cordance to the Hebrew bible, 4 vols, folio, 
 in which he made fome unpardonable altera- 
 tions in favor of the then prevalent doctrine of 
 iiutchinibii. He di<_*d 1795. 
 
 ^ [ofjn Francis, a painter of 
 
 >. Hisabiliti ired by Ma- 
 
 uin, and recommended to the French king, 
 
 a refidence in his native 
 
 ;ed 45. His 
 
 admired. His fon 
 
 -r, and died 
 
 i68z, H 
 
 ROM 
 
 Romano, Julio, a painter, born nt Rome, 
 1492. He was the pupil and the friend of 
 I, and was his heir. He was patro- 
 nized by Leo X. and by Clement VII. and 
 afterwatds met with great encouragement at 
 Mantua, under Gonzaga. He died 154$. 
 He was diftingoifhed in architecture ?.s well 
 as painting. His learning gave him great ad- 
 vantage over contemporary artifts, and he de- 
 rived, from the ftudy of the ancients, that 
 judgment and tafte which he difplayed in the 
 ancient edifices, porticoes, veltibules, and 
 theatres introduced into his pieces. The beft 
 of his pieces are the fall' of the giants, and the 
 battles of Conftantine. 
 
 Romany* I. emperor of the Eaft, fur- 
 named Lecapenus, was a native of Armenia, 
 and was railed to distinction from a common 
 ibldic-r, by laving the life of Bafil in a battle 
 againft the Saracens. By marrying his daugh- 
 ter, Conftantine, railed him as his affociate on 
 the throne, 919. He defeated the Mufcovites 
 and the Turks, but when he wifhed to reftore 
 greater powers in the empire to his lbn-iu-law 
 Conitantine, he was driven by the jealoufy of 
 his own fon Stephen into a monaftery, where 
 he died 948. 
 
 Romanus II. the Younger, was fon of 
 Conftantine Porphyrogenitus, whom he fuc- 
 ceeded 959. He was an effeminate and worth- 
 less prince, and deftroyed himfelf by his de- 
 bauchery, 963. 
 
 Romanus III. obtained the crown by mar- 
 rying Zoe, the daughter of Conftantine the 
 Younger, 1028. The fuccels of the Saracens, 
 who feized upon Syria, offended his fubjecls, 
 and his wife, having fallen in love with Michael, 
 the treafurer of the empire, determined to 
 depofe her hufb.ind, and raile her favorite to 
 the throne in his ftead. Romanus was there- 
 fore poilbned 1034. 
 
 Romanus IV. furnamed Diogenes, by 
 marrying Eudoxia, the widow of Conftantine 
 Ducas, al'cended the throne. He in 10 71 was 
 taken prifoner by Afan, who, inftead of intuit- 
 ing his misfortunes, let him at liberty. On 
 his return he found his throne ufurped by- 
 Michael, the fon of his predecefTor, and in a 
 fubfequent battle he was defeated by his rival, 
 who ordered his eyes to be put out. Romanus 
 died of the operation 1071. 
 
 Romanzoff, N. mar-foal dt, a Ruffian 
 general, who defeated the Turks 1770, at the 
 battle of the Pruth, and at Kagoul, where 
 100,000 of the enemy were left on the field. 
 He thus contributed to the enlargement of the 
 Ruffian dominions, and to the free navigation 
 of the Black fea, and of the Dardanelles. Ho 
 received with modefty the prefents heaped 
 upon him, and afterwards went with Paul, the 
 grand duke, to Betlin, where Frederic the 
 Great received him with every mark of re- 
 fpect. In 1787, he refufed to (hare the com- 
 mand with Potemkin, and retired from the 
 ferv ce, and died foon after. 
 
 Rombouts, TLcodore, a painter of Ant-* 
 
 werp, 
 
RON 
 
 ROS 
 
 verp, very fucoefsful in hiftorical fubjects, but 
 particularly in the reprefentation oflowfcenes, 
 ale-houfes, markets, mufichns, &c. He op- 
 pofed his productions to his contemporary 
 Rubens, and in fome degree robbed his 
 pieces of the merit which they, uncompared 
 with others, poflefled. He died 1637, aged 
 40. 
 
 Royin.%.r f Jo!>n,a clockimker of Geneva. He 
 preiented to Lewis XV. a watch which went a 
 whole year without winding. He died at Paris 
 1796, aged 82. He wrote all the articles on 
 clock-making in the encyclopedic, and pub- 
 lifhed a letter againft the-poflibility of perpe- 
 tual motion. He alio eftabliihed the journal 
 de Paris, 1777. His fon John Edme, was a 
 Calviniftic minifter at Geneva and London, 
 and published 3 volumes of dil'courfes. He 
 was the friend of d'Alembert, Voltaire, and 
 J. J.RoinTeau, and died 1779. 
 
 Romney, George, a painter, born in Lan- 
 cafhire. He improved himfelf under the care 
 of an itinerant painter. When he firft came 
 to Londsn, he prefented his death of general 
 Wolfe to the public, and it obtained the fecond 
 prize of the exhibition, and inlured him public 
 notice. He vifited Italy by means of the little 
 property laved by his pencil, and on his return 
 was received with the dirtindtion due to an in- 
 genious artift. His portraits were much ad- 
 mired, and his hiiiorical pieces alfo poflefled 
 great merit. He died at Kendal in 1802. 
 
 Rondelet, William, of Montpellier, ac- 
 quired celebrity as a phyfician. He wrote a 
 jLatin treatife on fifties, 2 vols, folio and vari- 
 ces trails on medicine. He died at Realmont 
 1566, aged 59, in conference of eating figs 
 to excels. 
 
 Ron sard, Peter de, a French poet, born 
 at Vendomois, 1,524. He became page to the 
 duke of Orleans, and afterwards was for two 
 years in the fervice of James V. of Scotland. 
 On his return to France, he was engaged in 
 uegociations, and at the fame time devoted 
 himfelf to literature and poetry. He was the 
 fa*orite of Henry II. of France, and his four 
 fucceffors, and though a layman, obtained fome 
 ecclefiaftical dignities, efpecially St. Cofmas 
 priory, where he died 1585. His poetry was 
 much admired, fothat he obtained the honor- 
 able appellation of the poet of France. His 
 genius was great, and his conceptions fublime, 
 yet he was deficient in judgment. His works 
 confift of hymns, odes, elegies, fonnets, &c. 
 but ia his amorous poetry he does not always 
 adhere to that delicacy which virtue approves. 
 
 ItoNSiN, Charles Philip, a native of Soiflbns. 
 The French revolution opened a fcene for the 
 diiplay of the bold defigns of his character, and 
 by the influence of Danton and Marat, he was 
 promoted to the office of war miniller, and to 
 the command of the revolutionary army. In 
 La Vendee, and at Meux his Iteps were traced 
 by all the horrors of murder and aflaflination ; 
 but on his return he was marked for deftruc- 
 tfon when' he attempted to rails the power of 
 
 the communes above the convention. Fe w 
 guillotined I794> a g e ^ 4^. He-was the author 
 of fome tragedies, Lewis XIII. Areanphile, 
 &c. which, though acted, pofleis not much 
 merit. 
 
 Rooke,^;/- George, an admiral. He waa 
 educated for a learned profefljon, but his fa- 
 ther yielded at laft to his wifh to ferve in the 
 navy. His moft glorious exploits were in fay- 
 ing the Smyrna fleet from a French fquadron, 
 in taking the almoit impregnable fortrefs of 
 Gibraltar, 1703, in deftroying the French 
 fliij-s ofTla Hogue, in the affair of Malaga, and 
 at the action before Vigo. Flis iervrces, though 
 acknowledged by William, were difregarded 
 by the whig party in Anne's reign, and he 
 retired, neglected, to his feat in Kent, where 
 he died 1709. His fortune was moderate, 
 .md he truly laid, in making his will, " the 
 little I leave was honeftly gotten, never coft 4 
 failor a tear, or the nation a farthing." 
 
 Rooke, Laurence, an aftronomer and gco- 
 metrician, born at Deptford in Kent 1623, 
 educatedat Eton and King's college, Cambridge, 
 from which he removed to Wadham college. 
 Oxford. In 1652 he was chofen aftronomical 
 profeflbr at Gvefham college, which he ex- 
 changed three years after for the chair of geo- 
 metry. He was one of the firft members of 
 the royal fociety, and died at Grefham college, 
 1662. His works are obfervarions on comets 
 methods of obfeiVing eclipfes of the moon - 
 obfervations on the ecfipfes of Jupiter's fatel- 
 lites directions to feamen going to die Indies. 
 Roome, Edward, folicitor to the treafury, 
 1729, wrote fome fatirical papers called Paf- 
 quin, in which he abufed Pope, and the poet 
 in return gave him a conlpicuous place in his 
 Dunciad. He died 17Z9, and after his death 
 appeared " the jovial crew," a play, adted 
 with fome degree of fuccels. 
 
 Roo/je, "John de la, wrote a voyage into 
 Arabia Felix, i2mo. into PalefHne into 
 Syria and mount Libanus, and aflifted his brc - 
 ther Anthony in the compofition of the Mer- 
 cure de France. He died at Paris 1745, aged 
 84. 
 
 Rosa, Alha Carter a, a Venetian lady, ce- 
 lebrated for her talents in crayon painting and 
 miniatures. She died 1755, aged' 85. 
 
 Rosa, Salvator t a painter, Vid. Salva- 
 
 TOR. 
 
 Rosamond, daughter of Walter de Clif- 
 ford, lord Hereford, is celebrated as the mif- 
 trefs of the fecond Henry. To conceal thif 
 amour from his queen, Henry removed the 
 frail beauty to a labyrinth in Woodftock park, 
 where, however, his wife uifcovered her, and 
 obliged her to take poifon. Some authors 
 declare that the fair Rofamond died at Godftoy/ 
 nunnery, near Oxford, and that (he was bu- 
 ried there. She had two fons by Henry, 
 William, furnaned I,ongfword, and Jifferp, 
 afterwards archbrftiop of York. 
 
 Ro 5 C O M M O N , Wenlivorth Dillon , earl of t 
 
 an Englifli poet, born ia Ireland 1633. He 
 
 ran 
 
JLOS 
 
 brcught up in England, but the commo- 
 tlmes, and the impeachment of his 
 .afford, drove him to Caen, where 
 "ed his education under Bochart. At 
 n he came to England, where he 
 was made by Charles II. captain of the band of 
 ,-rs. He nearly ruined himfelf by 
 , and bv the vicious indulgences preva- 
 lent it corrupted court ; but when mailer of 
 to the duchefs of York, he married 
 Frances, daughter of lord Burlington, and de- 
 eraturc and poetry, and 
 tanned with Dryden a defi^n to fix and refine 
 language. He died of the gout, 
 jatedbya Trench empiric, 1684. 
 Pis pixms 2rc few, and of thole the bed are, 
 nisetfiy mi tranflated verte and his tranfla- 
 ' Horace's art of poetry. Though per- 
 haps not a fublime poet, he certainly is a cor- 
 rtd one, ami he has the fingular merit of be- 
 ing the only moral writer in Charles's days. 
 
 Rosewkll, Thomas, of Somersetshire, 
 was educated at Oxford, and ejected in 1662 
 for nonconformity. He became eminent 
 among the diffenters ; but iu 1684 he was ac- 
 tuled of hL'h treafon, becaule, in a difcourfe at 
 Rotherhithe, he had lpoken with contempt of 
 the king's pretenfions to cure fcrophulous dif- 
 orders. He was tried and condemned, but 
 pardoned by Charles II. He died 1691, aged 61. 
 Rosinus, John, born at Eifenac, Thurin- 
 |ia, 1550, was educated at Jena, and in 1592 
 became preacher of the cathedral of Naumburg 
 in Saxony, where he died of the plajue, 1626. 
 Tbe beftofhis works is, Romananjm antiqui- 
 tatum Iibri decern, a valuable composition, 
 1701, 4to. He wrote befides, de prifcis Ro- 
 mania gentibus, &c. 
 
 Roso.l, Barnaby Firmindu, a writer, born 
 at Paris 1745. f-e wrote dramatic pieces, 
 acted with applaufe, but pofleffing little merit. 
 He was alfo author of a romance the annals 
 of Touloufe, Sec. but though a voluminous 
 writer, he continued poor. At the revolution 
 he wrote in favor of the unfortunate monarch 
 his gazette, called "Tami duroi," and in con- 
 fluence of his principles, he was marked for 
 In his laft moments he wished to 
 benefit mankind by foliciting that his blood 
 might be extracted from his veins, and tranl- 
 ;to the body of an old man, which was 
 rejected. He was executed 1792. 
 
 Ross, Alexander, 3 prelate, born at Aber- 
 deen, 1640, and educated at St. Andrew's, 
 -in 1686 bilhop of Edinburgh; but the 
 don put an end to the epifcopal autho- 
 rity in Scotland. He died at Edinburgh 1720, 
 aged 80. He was author of lbme tracts little 
 known. 
 
 <;, Alexander, author of Virgilius evan- 
 > a lingular canto on the life of Chrift, 
 ed all from Virgil of view of all reli- 
 gion, in 8vo. and other tracts, was cf Aber- 
 deen, and became mafter of Southampton 
 fchool, and duphin to the firit Charles. He 
 4, aged 64. 
 
 rot* 
 
 RoBs, John, of Herefordshire, was educated 
 at St. John's college, Cambridge. He obtain- 
 ed Frome vicarage, Somerfetlhire, and ia 
 j 778 was preferred to the fee of Exater. He 
 wrote a defence of Dr. Middleton againtt Mr. 
 Markl.md, 1746, and in 1749 edited Cicero's 
 epittles ad familiares, in 2 vols, 8vo. He pub- 
 lished befides, fingle fermons, and died 1792. 
 
 Rossi, Bernard Marie de, of Forly, was* 
 educated at Florence, and became theological 
 profeffbr to the Dominicans of Venice. He 
 wrote norks on historical and antiquarian fub- 
 jects, the beSt known of which are, his account 
 of the church of Aqaileia. He died 775, 
 aged 88 
 
 RosSLYN, Alexander Wcdderburn, earl of \ 
 an able iavvyer, born in Scotland 173.3. He 
 was educated at Edinburgh univerfity, and 
 called to the Scotch bar 1752, and entered 
 the next year at the Inner Temple. In par- 
 liament, as member for Richmond, he diltin- 
 guifhed himfelf as a well informed orator in 
 lupport of Mr. George Grenville's administra- 
 tion, and he efpoufed the caufe of the mother 
 country in the American war. He was ap- 
 pointed folicitor-general in 1771, attorney- 
 general in 1778, and created 1780 baron 
 Loughborough, and made chief juStice of the 
 common pleas. He fupported the coalition mi- 
 niftry,and wasini783 commiifionerfor keeping 
 the great feal ; but was difmifTed with lord 
 North and Mr. Fox, whofe oppofitiou to the 
 new miniftry he ably feconded in parliament. 
 In 1793 he accepted the feals, and was in 
 1801 created earl Rofslyn, and Soon after re- 
 tired to privacy. He died fuddenly 1805, at 
 Baylis, near Salt-hill. He was author of a 
 pamphlet, called " observations on the State of 
 the English prilbns, and the means of improv- 
 ing them," a work of merit. 
 
 Rosso, le, of Florence, by Studying the 
 works of Michael Angelo and Parmeian, ac- 
 quired celebrity, even without the affiltance of 
 a maSter. Francis I. appointed him fuperin- 
 tendant of works at Fontainebleau, and re- 
 warded his Services by a canonry of the holy 
 chapeL He was fo much affected by the tor- 
 tines inflicted on his friend Pellegrin, whim 
 he had accufed falfely of robbing him of a 
 fum of money, that, in a njelancholy moment 
 of reflection, he took poifon, and died, 1541, 
 aged 45. His heads of old men, and his fe- 
 male figures, were much admired. 
 
 Rotari, Peter, of Verona, acquired cele- 
 brity as a portrait and hiftorical painter. He 
 was, in 1756, at Petersburg, where he took 
 the portraits of the imperial family, atjd of 
 the nobility, and he afterwards returned tfl 
 Italy. 
 
 Rotgans, Lule, of Amsterdam, engaged 
 in the wars of Holland in 1672, but after two 
 years' fervice, retired to devote himfelf VJ 
 poetry. His epic poem, in eight books, on 
 the life of William III., is held in high esti- 
 mation by the Dutch. He wrote alfo other 
 poems, and Shades with Vondel and Antonides 
 
 ehi 
 
ROU 
 
 Roy 
 
 the honor "of being at the head of the bards of 
 Holland. He died of the fmall-pox, 1710, 
 aged 66. 
 
 Rothenamer, John, of Munich, is emi- 
 nent as a painter, liberally patronized by the 
 emperor Rodolph II. He died 1604, aged 
 40. 
 
 Rotheram, John, M. D. of Yorkthire, 
 published a phiiolbphical enquiry into the na- 
 ture and properties of water, and other medical 
 works, and died 1787. 
 
 Rotheram, John, author of an apology 
 for the Athanafian creed effay on the truth 
 of chriftianity dhcourfe on faith, and its con- 
 nection with good works, 8vo. and other reli- 
 gious tracts, was rector of Houghton le-Spring, 
 and died 1788. 
 
 Rotkom, John dc, of Dreux, dktinguifhed 
 as a poet, and as a magistrate. While an epi- 
 demic diforder raged in Dreux, and all fled for 
 fafety, Rotron remained to adminifter to the 
 neceilities of the poor, and, in anfwer to his 
 brother, who earneilly folicited his departure, 
 he laid, " the bells are tolling for the 22d 
 perfon who has died this day, and how foon 
 ibever they may announce my departure, I 
 know not, but I will not defert my poft." 
 Soon after the contagion carried him off, 1650, 
 in his 41ft year. He was patronized by Riche- 
 lieu, but never would condefcend to pleal'e his 
 patron, to attack the cid of Co; neille, a poet 
 whom he reverenced. He wrote 37 plays, 
 tragedies, and comedies, with vigor and fuc- 
 cels, of which the bed known are Choiroes, 
 Antigone, and Wenceflaus, tragedies. 
 
 Rousillac, Francis, of Switzerland, is 
 eminent for his beautiful ftatuary. He rinilh- 
 ed feme of the mod fplendid of the monu- 
 ments in Weihniniier abbey, and died 1762. 
 
 Roue her, J. A. of Montpellier, is diftin- 
 guifhed as a poet. He hailed the French 
 revolution as an era which vvns to blefs the 
 earth ; but when he behek* its atrocities, he 
 fpoke with freedom againft the tyrants. His 
 obfervations drew down upon him the refent- 
 ment of the revolutionary tribunal, and be was 
 guillotined i/94, and he met death with great 
 compoiure, after feeing 37 heads ftruck off 
 before he iuffered. His chief work is the 
 months, a poem in 12 cantos, which, though 
 Occafionally tedious, contains animated defcrip- 
 tions. He alio tranllated Adam Smith's 
 wealth of nations, Sec. 
 
 RoUELLE, William Francis, of Matthieu, 
 near Caen, practifed as an apothecary at Paris, 
 and gave lectures in chemiftry, and contri- 
 buted fome things to the memoirs of the aca- 
 demy of fciences. He died at Paris, 1770, 
 aged 67. His brother* Hilary- Marin, fuc- 
 ceeded him as lecturer in chemiury, and died 
 
 1779. 
 
 Rouille, Peter Julian, a jefuit, of Tours, 
 profeflor of theology and philofophy. He en- 
 gaged with Catrou in the Roman hiftory, in 
 ,11 vols. 4to., and afiilted in reviling the re- 
 volutions of Spun byd'Orleaiw. The journal 
 
 de Trevoux, was conducted by him from ij^ 
 to 1737. He died 1740, aged 57. 
 
 Rous, Francis, one of the fanatics of ths 
 commonwealth. He reprefented Truro iii 
 the long parliament, and became fpeaker of 
 Barebone's parliament. His violent fpeech3 
 againft the bifhops, and againft Arminianifm, 
 rendered him a favorite, and he was made 
 provolt of Eton, though a lay-man. His 
 works, breathing the fame fpirit of enthufiafm, 
 appeared fol. 1657. He died 1659. He was 
 called in ridicule, the illiterate Jew of Eton. 
 
 Rouse, J hn, author of theantiqjities.of 
 Warwick a chronicle of the kings of Eng- 
 land a hiftory of the two univerfities, died 
 
 149 1- 
 
 Rousseau, John Baptijf, a French. poet, 
 born at Paris 1669. Though his father was a 
 fhoe-maker, he received a decent education. 
 In 1688, he went as page in the embaffy to 
 Denmark, and from thence paffed with Tal- 
 lard, as Secretary to the Englifh court. Dis- 
 tinction in literature was his chief aim, and 
 therefore he refuted fome appointment which 
 would have fet him above dependence. About 
 this time fome fatirical verfes, grofsly abufive, 
 were produced as his. own, and though he 
 declared his innocence, and pronounced them 
 forgeries invented by his enemies, he was 
 tried and bankhed. The fentence was harm, 
 as even Voltaire his enemy admits, and he 
 ever after protefted that the treatment wast 
 unjuft and illiberal. From France he came to 
 Switzerland, and afterwards went to Baden, 
 where he was noticed by Eugene^ and with 
 him vifited Vienna. In 1721 he camef to 
 London, where he published a collection of 
 his poems , 2 vols. 4to. He returned to Paris 
 incognito 1739, anc ^ hftened to promised offers 
 of reconciliation from his friends ; but foon 
 after died of a fit of apoplexy, at Brufftls, 
 1741. His poems, confilting of odes, epigrams, 
 epiftles, comedies In verfe, &c. have been pub- 
 lished in 3 vols. 4to. and 4 vols i2mo. 1743. 
 His poetry, particularly his odes, in Voltaire's 
 opinion, are beautiful, diverfmed, and abound 
 with images. 
 
 Rousseau, James, a French painter, born 
 at Paris, 1630. He was patronized by Lewis 
 XIV. but as he was a protectant, he left his 
 country to avoid uerfecution. Fie went to 
 Holland, and afterwards to England. His land- 
 scapes and architectural re'prefent.-ttions are 
 much admired. He died in London 1693. 
 
 Rousseau, John James, a celebrated phi- 
 lofopher, born 28th June, 1712, at Gen va, 
 where his father was a watch-maker. His 
 mother died in bringing him into the world, 
 and his birth, as he obferves, was the firft of 
 his misfortunes. Though of a weakly conSti- 
 tution, his mind was Strong, and the reading of 
 Plutarch and Tacitus opened his ideas, and 
 infpired him with courage. Upon fame juve- 
 .:_!; he quitted his father's hcufe, and 
 changed his religion for bread. The bilhop of 
 Aimed, in ivhofc houfe he folicited au aiylum, 
 
 Y] 
 
 placed 
 
"ROtJ 
 
 ROW 
 
 t'ueVrf Mm with mad. de Warens, a lady who 
 had lately abandoned the proteftant for the 
 t'ens, and devtted part of her for- 
 ty. Roufleau foon alter 
 le roof, and began to teach 
 :. In I74li he came to 
 Pans, and two ym after went a? fecretary 
 viththe RtnihnahMer to Venice; but 
 .!e($ fpirit could not long bear Servitude, 
 n conlequence of a quarrel with his em- 
 . he returned to Paris. Here he was 
 i by Di'.p'm, the farmer general, who 
 give him an oltice in his department, and at 
 n 17.50, he began hisjiterary career, and 
 obtained the prize of the academy of Dijon, 
 on the fubjeft, whether the re-eftablifhment 
 of the arts and Sciences has been conducive to 
 -the purit; of morals? He adopted, by the 
 - of Diderot, the negative pofition, and 
 defended it with fuch eloquence, that he ex- 
 cited a number of literary antagonifts. He 
 rext attracted public attention by his difcourfe 
 on the caufes of inequality among men, and 
 on the origin of Society, a work of Singular 
 character, which unites the bolcleft flights of 
 imagination with the mod incoherent ideas, 
 and elevates Savage nature above the comforts 
 of domeftic and Social life. This composition, 
 dedicated to the republic of Geneva, reftored 
 him to the favor of his native country, and to 
 the rroteftant faith. After returning for a 
 while to Paris, he retired to folitude. His 
 letter to d'Alembert, on the Subjecf of eftab- 
 lifhlng a theatre at Geneva, drew opon him 
 the cenfures of Voltaire, and it was remarked 
 thr 1 1 lis bold advocate for the purity of morals 
 aga a t the contagion of theatrical reprefenta- 
 tion had himSelf written a comedy, and a paf- 
 toral, which had been exhibited on the Paris 
 ftage. His next work was the dictionary of 
 which contains many valuable articles, 
 w Heloife appeared in 1761, in 6 vols. 
 Ilmo. and, notwithitanding its many defects, 
 and immorality, excited much of the public 
 attention, for its bold delineation of character, 
 its interefting details, and its fafcinating lan- 
 guage, Heloife was followed in 1762 by 
 Emilius, in 4 vols. i2tno. a moral romance 
 ftill of greater celebrity. In this work the 
 .pher vvifhes to leave in education everv 
 thii g to nature, and whiift he inveighs againft 
 ..uries, and the prejudices of the Qge he 
 fpeaks truths w< rthy of Plato and of Tacitus. 
 r, much to be lamented, that in 
 tracing out the education of a young man, and 
 in drawing a molt affecting picture of the be- 
 of chriitianity, and of the Sublime 
 I, he attacks the miracles 
 n which that divine reve- 
 I , and builJs his fyftem of Salvation 
 
 i. The book, 
 lar, was er-, xnfures 
 
 bam ot -,f l*r, ar ; d the author 
 haftened out of Fiance. H n afylum 
 
 at Geu'-va, but the sates of the city were 
 imt a^aiaft him, am* h* retired to NcufcUtel 
 
 m Switzerland, where he began to write a 
 defence of his principles. Here the populacs 
 was roufed to violence, by the pulpit diScourSes 
 of the minifters of the neighbourhood, and 
 fearing greater infults than the pelting of his 
 windows, he fled from Neufehatel. Berne 
 was also fliut againft him, and he haftened to 
 Strafburg, where de Contades relieved his ne- 
 ceflities, and enabled him to proceed to Paris, 
 where he expected the protection of David 
 Hume. With the Englifh philosopher he tra- 
 velled to London; but whiift he fled from 
 perfecution the citizen of Geneva ftill longed 
 for celebrity. In England he was a common 
 man, and not the favorite of the people, ad- 
 mired and applauded, and therefore he foon 
 quarrelled with Hume, and left the kingdom 
 in difguft. He returned to Paris, where he 
 was permitted to remain, provided he wrote 
 nothing offeiifive againft the government. ReS> 
 lets and fufpicious he now appeared in the 
 Armenian drefs, and when flattered by thole 
 who reverenced- his abilities, he declared him- 
 felf infulted, and interpreted the approbation 
 of the world as a regular fyftem of perfecut ion 
 from men of letters. The laft years of life 
 were fpent in the company of a few friends. 
 He died of an apoplexy at Ermencnville, the 
 eftate of M. de- Girardin, 30 miles from Paris, 
 2d July, 1778, aged 66; and in the ille of 
 Poplars, in this beautiful retreat, are inferibed 
 thefe words : " Ici repofe l'homme de la na- 
 ture & de la veritc ! Vitam impendere vero." 
 Rouffeau, the Diogenes of modern 
 married in 1769, at Bourgoin in Dauphine, 1 
 woman of the name of le Vafleur, who, with- 
 out elegance of -manners, and without mental 
 attainments, exercifed over him the moft a!<- 
 lblute dominion. She gave him in return all 
 the attentions of a nurle and of a friend, and 
 accompanied him in all his wanderings. Hi* 
 works have been collected in 33 vols. 8vo. 
 and nmo. His coofefllons were publifhcd 
 after his death. 
 
 Roussel, William, a Benedictine of Con- 
 ches in Normandy, who died at Argenteuil, 
 1717, aged 59. He tranfwted St. Jerome's 
 letters, 3 vols. Svo. and began a literary hil- 
 tory of France, finifhed by Rivet. 
 
 Roussel, Peter, of Ax in Pamiers, pub- 
 lifhed fyfteme phyfique & moral de la femme, 
 i:mo. a work of great merit, and began a 
 work on the . fame Subject, on man. He died 
 at Chateaudun, 1803, aged 60. 
 
 Rot'x, Avvuflin, of Gufcony, published a' 
 treatife on purifying liquors memoirs of che- 
 
 miftry typographical annals new portable 
 
 encyclopedic, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. He died 1776, 
 aged 50. 
 
 Rowe, Nicholas, an Englifh poet, born at 
 Little Beckford, Bedforclfhire, 1673. From 
 High?ate fchool he went toWeftminfter, and at 
 16 removed to the Inner Temple. Though his 
 abilities might have raifed him to eminence in 
 the law, he preferred litcraiure, and at th* 
 age of zj produced his fixft tragedy " the 
 ambitiouJ 
 
fcOW 
 
 ROY 
 
 ambitious ftepmother," received with univer- 
 fal applauie. Tamerlane the fair penitent 
 Ulyf'es the royal convert Jane Shore 
 and ljdy Jane Grey, Succeeded with equal 
 approbation ; but the poet was inadequate to 
 the eafe and fprightlineis of comedy, and his 
 * biter," was fo little popular that it is not even 
 inferred in his work.. His fame made him 
 known to the gieat, the duke of Oueenlberry 
 made him hi: ; u'ulic Secretary of itate, and on 
 the Hanoverian fucoe^on he was appointed 
 poetlauieat; and land Surveyor of the cuftoms 
 of the por: of London, &c. He died 6th Dec. 
 1718, aged 45. i-'e tranflated into verfe 
 Lucan's Pharlaiia, add Quillet's Callipa-dia, 
 an I edited Shak-r.peare's plays. Rowe is itill 
 a popular poe: on the iiage, and his Jane 
 Shore as Johnfon Says, is always feen and 
 heard with pity. Though he does not often 
 excite terror, yet he elevates the lentiments, 
 and though he feldom pierces the breaft, he 
 always delights the ear, and often improves the 
 uncierflanding. 
 
 Rowe, Elizabeth, an Englifh lady, known 
 for her genius and virtues, was born at II- 
 chefter 1674. In her 2 2d year, Some of her 
 poems appeared under the title of poems on 
 Several occafions by Philomela. Her talents 
 rendered her a favorite, and among her re- 
 fpectable fuitors the had the poet Prior ; but 
 ftie in 1710 gave her hand to Mr. i homas 
 Rowe, a gentleman already known for literary 
 acquirements. After his death 17 15, which 
 fhe recorded in one of her beft elegies, (he 
 lived in retirement at Frome. She died of an 
 apoplexy 1737. After her death her devotions 
 were publifhed by Dr. Watts, under the tide 
 of devout exercifes of the heart, &c. and in 
 1 739 appeared her miscellaneous works in proie 
 and verfe, 2 vols. 8vo. Thele woiks contain 
 the hiftory of Jofeph, a poem friend lhip in 
 death letters, moral, &c. 
 
 Rowe, Thomas, the hufband of the pre- 
 ceding, was fon of a diffenting minilter. He 
 was educated at the Charter houfe and at 
 Leyden univerfity- He died of a lingering 
 illnefs, May 1718 in ins 28th yer.r.* Among 
 other things he wrote an ode to his wife, Some 
 time after his marriage, under the title of De- 
 lia, a proof of his love, and of her many vir- 
 tues. He alio undertook a tranllation of Plu- 
 tarch's lives, but finifhed only eight. 
 
 Rowe, Tbomds, of Petherwin, Devonfhire, 
 was educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and 
 became minifter of Litchet, orfetfhire, but 
 was ejected in 1662, and afterwards took the 
 care of a dilTenting congregation at Wimborn, 
 where he died 1698. He was author of the 
 Chriftian's work, &c. 
 
 Rowe, John, of Crediton, Devonfhire, 
 was educated at New Inn hall Oxford. He 
 was a popular minilifr :.t Witney, Oxford- 
 shire, and then removed to Tiverton, and in 
 X654, fettled as preacher in Weitnvnlter ab- 
 bey, from which he was ejected 1662. He 
 tod 1677, His love of Cbriit," in 30 Ser- 
 
 mons, are a much efteemed publication. He 
 wrote fome practical treatifes. 
 
 Rowland, Henry, of Anglefey, is known 
 for a valuable hiftory of his native ifland, cal- 
 led Mona reftaurata, in 4to. He died 1722. 
 
 Rowley, a monk of Briftul, laid to have 
 florifhed in the 15th century. Some particu- 
 lars of his writings real orlictitious are men- 
 tioned under Chatterton. 
 
 Rowley, William, a dramatic writer, in 
 the reign of the firlt Charles, educated at 
 Cambridge. Ke left five plays, in one of 
 which he was aflifted by Shakofpeare. 
 
 Rowley, Samuel, a dramatic writer in 
 Charles the firft's reign, of no great cele- 
 brity. Two hiftorical plays by him are men- 
 lion td. 
 
 Rowley, William, a phyllcian, born in 
 London, 1743. He Served in the army and 
 was at the fiege of Belleifle, and at the taking 
 of theHavannah, and afterwards was employ- 
 ed by the miniftry to make profeflional vifits 
 to Cuba, and all the Leeward iflands, foe 
 which he was honorably rewarded. He fet- 
 tled in London, and acquired an extenfive 
 practice, but though he received a doctor's 
 degree from St. Andrew's, and had been ad- 
 mitted bachelor of medicine from St. Alban's 
 hall, Oxford ; fome-obje6tions were made in 
 that univerlity to his obtaining -the next degree, 
 and he never took it. His publications were> 
 reipectable on raedical Subjects. Though ai 
 man of great obfervation, it is remarkable that, 
 either from Angularity or. prejudice, he op- 
 pofed the vaccine inoculation, and thus im- 
 peded the adoption of a fyftem which bids fair 
 to extirpate one of the greateft Scourges of the 
 human race. He died x 806. 
 
 RoyvNiNG, 'John, a mathematician, fellow 
 <f Magdalen college, Cambridge, and rector 
 of Anderby, Lincolnihire. He died in Carey 
 ltreet, London, 1771, aged 7.2. Hi; com- 
 pendious fyfterta of natural philoibphy, 2 vols. 
 8vo. is a popular work, once a Handing claSs- 
 book at Cambridge. 
 
 Roy, 'Julian Is, of Tours, came to Paris 
 at the age of 18, and fo excelled in his profef- 
 fion, that his watches acquired the fame cele- 
 brity in France, as thole of Graham in Eng- 
 land. He died ac Paris 1 759, aged 74, leav- 
 ing four fon*. Peter the ekleft was watch- 
 maker to the king, and publithed memoirs for 
 the clock makers of Paris, 4to etrennes. 
 chronometriques- treatife on the labors of 
 Harrifon and le Roy for the difcovery of longi- 
 tude at lea, 4to. letter to M. de Marivet?. 
 He died 1785. Julian Daniel, another fon, 
 was member of the national inttitute, and pro- 
 fefTor of architecture. He travelled over 
 Greece and other countries, and publiibed 
 ruins of the fineit monuments of Greece, fol. 
 a work of merit hiftory of the conftruction of 
 Chriithn temples, 8vo observations on the 
 edifices of die ancients on the marine, fhips, 
 fails, &c. of the antients. He died of an apo- 
 plexy 1803, a^ed 75. 
 
 fYa] Roirss, 
 
RUB 
 
 RUG 
 
 RoTSK, Gnrge, D. D. bom at M.irtock, 
 Somerfetihire, 1655, and educated at Edmund 
 Oxford, became fellow of Oriel college, 
 and wis afterwards chaplain to king William, 
 and to TiUotfon, who gave him Newington 
 r*h>ry, Oxfordmirc. He was elected pro- 
 roft of Oriel 1690, and afterwards dean of 
 Briitol, and died 1 708. 
 
 RoTSS, Job*, A. M. a preacher under 
 Cromwell, educated at Pembroke hall, Cam- 
 bridge. He was ejected in 1662, and died 
 the next year. His " Spirit's touch ftone," is 
 admired. 
 
 Rozt't, N. of Leyden, excelled in the 
 ufe of the pencil, but in the finiming of her 
 pictures me applied, inftead of colors, filk 
 :i the ground, which fhe difpofed with 
 thehijheit effect. Her landfcapes, portraits, 
 and hirtorical pieces, are much admired. She 
 died 1682, aged 50. 
 
 Rozjkr, Francis, an agriculturift, born at 
 Lyons, 1 734. Though he embraced the ec- 
 defiaftical profeffion, he devoted himfelf to 
 the fludy of his favorite fcience, and to bo- 
 tany, ehemiftry and natural hitlory. He 
 fought for retirement at Bezieres, where he 
 compofed his valuable courfe of agriculture in 
 10 vols. 4to. During the revolution he mowed 
 himfelf firm and moderate, but when .Lyons 
 was befieged, a bomb fell on his bed while he 
 was afleep, and buried his mattered limbs 
 among the ruins of the houfe 1 793. He wrote 
 befides memoirs on miking wine on mills 
 and preffes, and other works on agricultural 
 and commercial fubjects. 
 
 RuBrN-s, fir Peter Paul, a celebrated 
 painter, born at Cologne, 1577. He ftudied 
 at Antwerp, from which the civil wars had 
 driven his family ; but while he applied to the 
 belles leitres, he difplayed a ftrong partiality 
 for the art of defigning. After receiving in- 
 ftruclion from the beft Flemifh matters he 
 went to Italy, where he ftudied accurately the 
 coloring of Titian, and all the ftriking beauties 
 of Julio Romano, of Raphael, and other il- 
 lufbious painters. After an abfence of feven 
 years, he* returned to Antwerp, where he 
 took a wife, whom four years after he loft, 
 tirwards took a fecond wife of great 
 beauty, whofe perfonal charms it is faid, he 
 'ed into his paintings. The fnme of 
 ::ts was foon fpread over Europe. He- 
 was invited to Paris by Mary de Medicis to 
 paint the Luxemburg gallery, and he became 
 iuch a favorite with the infanta Itabeila of 
 Spain, that (he lent hirn as her ambaffador to 
 England to negociate a peace in 1630. In 
 England he painted the Banqueting houfe, and 
 was m.id. noticed by Buckingham, and alio 
 lighted him. On his re- 
 Spain he was honorably received by 
 IV. and made fecrctary of ftate in 
 He died 1640, leaving an immenle 
 fortune behind him. Mis eldeil ion Albert 
 led nim as 1'ccrctarv in Flanders. Ru- 
 ben* wai dcfervndly held in n^h efteem, 
 
 and it is faid, that few perfons pafTed througs 
 Flanders without feeing a man of whofe talents 
 and great reputation they had heard fo much. 
 Of his pupils Vandyke acquired the greatcit 
 celebrity. 
 
 Rubens, Albert, ion of the above, was 
 born at Antwerp, 1614, and was efteemed 
 by the archduke Leopold William. He wrote 
 de re veftiaria veterum, prxcipue de lato clavo 
 diatribae de gemma Tiberiana, Auguittea, &c. 
 regum & imperatorum Roman, numiimata, fol. 
 He died 1657. 
 
 Ruccellai,' John, of Florence, was 
 fent by Leo X. as ambaffador to Francis I. 
 but the death of that pope cut off his hopes 
 of obtaining the purple, though the next 
 pontiff, Clement VII. appointed him go- 
 vernor of St. Angelo. He died in obicurity 
 about 1526, aged 50. He wrote Rofamonde, 
 and Oreftes, tragedies, and the bees, a poem 
 of merit in blank verie. 
 
 Ruccellai, Bernard, of Florence in the 
 15th century, was author of bellum Italicum, 
 printed London, 1733, in 4to. &c. 
 
 Rudbeck, Olaus, profeffor of medicine at 
 Upfal, wrote exercitatio anatomica, 4to. at- 
 lantica. five Manheim vera Japheti pofterorum 
 fedes ac patera, 3 vols. fol. with an atlas le- 
 ges Weft-Gothicae, fol. collection of plants on 
 plates, 2 vols. fol. Laponia illuftrata, 4to. 
 differtation on the Selai of the bible, &c. He 
 died 1702, aged 73. His fon was alio an 
 eminent phyfician, and publifhed differtatio de 
 hedera a catalogue of the plants of Lapland 
 fpecimen lingua: Gothics, 4to. 
 
 Ruddiman, Thomas, a Scotchman, born 
 in Aberdeenihire, 1684, and educated at 
 Aberdeen. He was overfeer of the king's 
 printing houfe, Edinburgh, and for near 50 
 years keeper of the advocates* library there, 
 and diftm^uiihed for the valuable books which 
 he edited. He was ihongly attached to the 
 Stuart ^family, and oppoied the revolution. 
 His diplomats et numiimata Scotia?, are ad- 
 mired, but particularly his excellent Latin 
 grammar, with valuable notes. He died at 
 Edinburgh I757> aged 84. 
 
 Rue, Claries de la, a French orator and 
 poet, born at Paris 1643, and educated among 
 the jefuits,.and diftinguiihed as a profeffor of 
 belles lettres and rhetoric. He publifhed in 
 1667, the conquefts of Lewis XIV. a Latin 
 poem, which Corncille trarvflated into French. 
 He was among the editors of the Dauphin, 
 dailies, and publifhed Virgil. He wrote alio 
 tragedies in Latin and French, befides 3 vols, 
 oflermon-s, and died 1725, aged 82. 
 
 Ruffhead, Owen, an Englifh writer, 
 publifhed the life of Pope a collection of fta/- 
 tutes at large, &c. and died 1769. 
 
 Ruffi, Anthony de, of Marfeilles, was 
 author of an hiitory of Marfeilles, 2 vols. fol. 
 continued by his fon Louis Anthony. He wrote 
 befides, the hiftory of the generals of the gal- 
 lies, &c. He died 1689, aged 82. 
 
 Ru genua s, Gttrfu Philip of Augfburg, 
 paint* ' 
 
RUP 
 
 RUS 
 
 painted with his left hand. Ke excelled in 
 the repreientation of battles, fieges, and in 
 hiftorical pieces, and died 174a, aged 76. 
 
 Ruggle, George, fellow of Clare hall, 
 Cambridge, wrote Ignoramus, a Latin comedy 
 of merit, performed before James I. 1614. He 
 died about 1640. 
 
 Ruhnke nius, David, of Stolp in Pome- 
 rania, became profeffor of belles lettres and 
 hiftory, and librarian in Leyden univerfity. 
 He died 1798, aged 75. He wrote epiftohe 
 criticas in Hefiodi & Homeri hymnos de vita 
 et icriptis Longini Timaei fophifta? lexicon 
 hiftoria critica oratorum Gracorum, % vols, 
 8s'o. editions of V. Paterculus, Rutilius Lu- 
 pus, &c. His life has been publilhed by Wyt- 
 tenbach. 
 
 Ruinart, Thierry, a BenedicYme monk, 
 of Rheims, 1657. He was author of the 
 acls of the martyrs of the four firft centuries, 
 4to. hiftory of the perlecution of the Van- 
 dals, 4to. the life of Mabillon the life of 
 Urban V. &c. He died 1709. 
 
 Rule, Gilbert, of Elgin, was educated at 
 Aberdeen, where he was profefibr of philofo- 
 phy. He was in 1659 principal of his college ; 
 but was ejected for non-conformity, after 
 which he went to Leyden, and took his de- 
 grees in medicine. At the revolution he was 
 principal of the univerfity of Edinburgh, and 
 died there 1 705, aged 77. He wrote fome 
 pieces in defence of non-conformity, and againft 
 epifcopacy, of little merit. 
 
 Ruliiieres, A r . de, fecretary to the 
 French ambajfador l'Hopital in Ruffia, when 
 Peter III. was hurled from his throne, pub- 
 liflied a fhort but interefting account of this 
 event, and afterwards gave an hiftory of the 
 revolution in Poland. He was preparing an 
 account of the French revolution, when he 
 died fuddenly 1791. He wrote a pamphlet of 
 great merit on the proteftants of France, and 
 two poems on diiputes the jeux des mains, 
 Ire 
 
 Rumphtus, George Everard, conful at Am. 
 boyna, paid there particular attention to bota- 
 nical puriuits. Though he loll his fight at the 
 age of 43, he followed his favorite ftudies, 
 and by his tafhe and fmell he ftill diftinguifhed 
 all the varieties of plants. His works appeared 
 in 1755, in 6 vols.fol. 
 
 Rundle, Thomas, a prelate, educated at 
 Exeter college, Oxford. By the friendship of 
 lord Talbot, to whom he was chaplain, he be- 
 came archdeacon of Wilts, treafurer of Sarum, 
 rector of Sedgefield, and prebendary of Dur- 
 ham, which he exchanged in 1735 for the 
 fee of Derry. A volume of his fetters has 
 been prinfed. He died 1743- 
 
 Rutert, Prince, foil of Frederic of Bohe- 
 mia, and Elizabeth daughter of James I. vifited 
 Ingland at the beginning of the civil wars, and 
 v as entrufted by Charles with the command 
 of fome of his armies. Under the fecond 
 Charles he was placed at the head of the navy, 
 and defeated the Dutcji fleet ia 1673, He 
 
 paid particular attention to the arts and fcien- 
 ces, was fond of chemiftry, and from the acci- 
 dental obfervation of a foldier fcraping his 
 rufty gun he invented mezzotinto printing, of 
 which he himfelf executed the firft ipecimen, 
 ftill to be teen in Evelyn's iculptura, firft edition. 
 He died 1682. 
 
 Ruremonde, John William de, a French 
 fanatic. He believed himfelf to be infpired in 
 1580, and commifiioned by heaven to reftore 
 the anabaptiiis of Munlter, and for a while he 
 collected adherents by encouraging them to 
 pillage the rich, and by permitting polygamy. 
 He was at laft feized, and condemned to be 
 burnt by a flow fire. He fuftered with afto- 
 niihing fortitude, and two of his wives imitat- 
 ing his example fhared his fate. 
 
 Ruscelli, Je rome^oi Viterbo, was emi- 
 nent for his learning, and publifhed i<.imario, 
 or a dictionary of rhymes illuitrioas coats of 
 arms, See. and died at Rome 1565. 
 
 RubuwoRTH, John, was born in Nor- 
 thumberland 1607, and educated at Oxford, 
 and Lincoln's Inn. He was expert as a lhort- 
 hand writer, and employed to minute down 
 the particulars of the moil important debates 
 in parliament and in the courts of juftice. He 
 was in 1640 joint clerk to the houfe of com- 
 mons, and afterwards attended his relation 
 Fairfax as his fecretary. In 1658 he was 
 member for Berwick, and alio in 1660 and 
 1678, and he recommended himfelf to the 
 king's favor, by prefenting to him fome valu- 
 able records of the privy council, preferved 
 during the civil wars. Either through extra- 
 vagance, or careleffnefs, he was imprifoned in 
 the king's bench, and died there after fi^. 
 years' confinement, iath May, 1690. His 
 hiftorical collections of private paflages inflate, 
 &c. appeared at various times in 7 vols. fol. 
 The work is confidered as too favorable to the 
 republican party, and thence he was accufed 
 of untruths. 
 
 RussEt., Alexander, phyfician to the 
 Englifti factory at Aleppo, was born and edu- 
 cated at Edinburgh. During his refidence in 
 Turkey, he gained celebrity by his medical 
 abilities, which procured him the friendlhip of 
 the pacha of Aleppo. He returned to Europe 
 in 1759, anc * vvas elected phyfician of St. Tho- 
 mas's hofpital, London. His hiftory of Alep- 
 po is a valuable performance. He died in 
 London 1770. 
 
 Russel, Richard, a phyfician, author of a 
 popular treatife on the virtues of fea water, 
 died 1768. 
 
 Russel, lord William, third fon of the 
 firft duke of Bedford, obtained a feat in the 
 commons under Charles II. and diflinguifhed 
 himfelf as a violent oppo'fer of the fucceflion of 
 the duke of York. He vvas arrefted as guilty 
 of treafonable practices, with the duke of 
 Monmouth, and condemned to death. He 
 was beheaded in Lincoln's-inn-fields, 1683. 
 After the revolution his fentence was revifed. 
 lie married Rachel, fecond daughter ofWrio- 
 [ Y 3 1 ^tefley, 
 
RTJY 
 
 car! of Southampton, widow of lord 
 in, a woman of great merit and piety,, | 
 (he heard of his condemnaiion, flie i 
 tniew 1 hut Cbarlea 
 
 wa* inexoiable, and (he immediately went to . 
 the tower, aud employed all the powers of j 
 n and eloquence in exhorting her hui- ; 
 bind to die with heroic refutation. She parted | 
 from him on the day of his execution, and he, 
 turning from her, exclaimed, " the bitternefs 
 of death is now part." She continued a widow 
 till her death 1723, at the age of 87. The 
 pafled between her and her huf 
 band dilplay, in the ftrongeft features, the 
 ight integrity, and 
 oft woman of the molt generous heart, and 
 the moft affectionate fentlments. 
 
 Elizabeth, I'"iy> widow of fir 
 
 , bey, married lord John Rirfftl. 
 
 -.d hufband fhe had cne fon and 
 
 tugbters, Anne and Elizabeth, the lsft of 
 
 whom was buried in Weftminfter 
 
 wrhere a ftatue on her monument feems to 
 
 indicate that fhe died in confequence of 
 
 tig her finger with a needle. Lady Ruf- 
 
 fel was a woman of a wrfl cultivated mind, and 
 
 translated from the French a religious book on 
 
 the facrament. She died about 1600, aged 
 
 Rust, Getr^e, of Chnft college, Cambridge, 
 by the friendfhip of Jeremy Taylor became 
 dean of Connor, and afterwards was raifed tn 
 the fee ol Dromore. He died 1670, author of 
 a difcourfe on truth a fermon, &c. 
 
 Ruth, of Moab, married Mahalon, and 
 afterwards Boaz, by whom fhe had Obed, the 
 f JtiTe,and thus (be became the proge- 
 nitor t f the royal race of David. Her hi ft Or y 
 is Ur.pofed to be written by Samuel in a 
 pleafing, chafte, and interefting ltyle, and 
 forms a connection between the books of 
 Judges, and the firft of Samuel. 
 
 Ruthkrforth, Thomas, of Papworth- 
 Ivercrd, Cambridgefhire, was educated at St 
 John's, Cambridge He was proftfior of di- 
 vinity, reclorof Shenfield, Eflex, and Barley, 
 and archdeacon of EfTex. He wrote a 
 fyftcm of natural philofophy, 2 vols. 4to. 
 infiifutes of natural law, 2 vols. 8vo. fofne 
 fermens charges. &c. befides an explanation 
 of Plutarch's defcription of the inurnment 
 ufedto renew theveftal fire, communicated to 
 the Spalding fo iety, &c. and died 1771. 
 
 rsCH, Frederic, an anatomift, of the 
 
 Hague. ' efturiied nt Leyden and Franekcr. 
 
 and fettled at the Hague, which he left to be 
 
 anatomical profeflbr at Araftfcrdam. He made 
 
 v . ' natural curiofities, 
 
 which to prefent, for 
 
 I, tn the Czar Peter, when he 
 
 niam. His anatomical works are 
 
 ,in 4 vols. 4to. He died 1731, 
 
 Red r, Heniy', who died before 
 
 . (ale omnium 
 
 roKa 
 
 ; r - painter of 
 
 RYL 
 
 FTaerlem. . His banks of rivers, cafcades, hilly 
 grounds, woods, and groves, difplay great cor- 
 rectnefs. Pedied 1681. His brother So'omm 
 was equally known. He died 1670. 
 
 RuvThR, Michael Adrian, a Dutch ad- 
 miral, born at Flufhingin Zealand, 1607. At 
 the age of n he began his military career, 
 and after various fervices, after going eight 
 times to the Weft Indies, and twice to the 
 Brails, he was made admiral in 1641. He 
 affifted the Portuguese againft the Spaniards, 
 and afterwards on the Barbary pOaft,he defeated 
 a fupertor force of Algerrne cor' airs. In 1653 
 he was fecond in command to Van Tromp in 
 the three battles fought againft the Ene'.ifh, 
 and two years after he attacked the Tmks in 
 the Mediterranean. His fervices to Denmark 
 againft the Swedes, in 1659, procured him a 
 liberal penfion and the honors of nobility. His 
 next expedition was againft the combined fleets 
 of England and France in 1672, and the next 
 year he was engaged with them again in three 
 battles. He was in 1676 in the Mediteira- 
 nean, and in an engagement- with the French 
 fleet before Sicily, he received a wound which 
 proved fatal a few days after. His death was 
 much lamented, and even Levis XIV. ex- 
 preffed his forroW at the fare of a man who 
 had carried perl'onal bravery and cool pieience 
 of mind to fo high a pitch. 
 
 Ryan, Lacy, a dramatic writer, born at 
 Weftminfter.' The ftage had greater attrac- 
 tions fJr him than the law, and he firft per- 
 formed the character of Marcus in Adciitbn's 
 Cato, though only (8 years o''d. 1 hough a 
 refpecfable acloi he never was coni.dered as 
 a firft rate performer, as the cadence of his 
 voice < as unfortunately too fhrill to pfeafe the 
 ear. He died 1760 aged 68, at Bath, where 
 he had resided for his health. 
 
 Rycquius, Jufluti of Ghent, travelled 
 into Italy, and was called citizen of 1 ome in 
 confequence of his writings. I e was piofeffbr 
 of eloquence at Bologna, where he died 1627. 
 His work de capitolio Romano, 4to. is <* valu- 
 able competition. 
 
 Kyer, Peter ifu, a dramatic writer, of 
 Paris. He was m 162^) fecretary to Lewis 
 XIII but in confequence of an im. rudent 
 marriage fold the place. f e was afterward* 
 feeretVry to the duke of Vmdome. He 
 wjpite 19 dramatic pieces,' and tranllated 13, 
 which, according to Voltaire, were popular on 
 the ftage. he died 1638, aged 53. 
 
 Ryland, John, author of the chriftian 
 ftudent and paftor the preceptor elements 
 of mechanics fermons and lbme controver- 
 fial tracts, was a baptift preacher at Nor- 
 thampton. He kept for fome years an acade- 
 my, and died at Enfield 1792. 
 
 Ryland, William Wynne, fon of a Lon- 
 don copperplate printer learnt engraving un- 
 der Ravenat, and afterwards vifited Italy and 
 France. His copper plates were fo popular, 
 that he obtained the place of engraver to the 
 -ith a penfion ef^ool. per annum. His 
 connection 
 
RYV 
 
 connection with a printfeller of Cornhill, af- 
 terwards embaraffed his affairs, and produced 
 a bankruptcy, and in an evil hour he commit- 
 ted a forgery on the Eaft India company, for 
 which ho was executed 1783. 
 
 Ryme?., Thomas, of Yorkshire, was edu- 
 cated at Northallerton fchool, and Cambridge. 
 He entered at Gray's inn, and in 1692 be- 
 came historiographer to William III. He de- 
 voted fomeofhis time to poetry, but his tra- 
 gedy of Edgar psfTefTes little merit, and his 
 " view of the tragedies of the lail age," dis- 
 plays his abilities as a critic in a very unfavor- 
 able light. His bed work is his foedera, in 20 
 vols, folio, a valuable collection, containing 
 public acts, conventions, treaties, State papers, 
 letters, foreign correspondence. 
 
 Rysbrac, John Michael, an eminent fta- 
 tuary, who died in London I770,aged 73, 
 
 Rysbraeck, Peter, of Antwerp, 1 65 7, 
 acquired reputation as a landfcape painter, and 
 particularly excelled in the Strong and Spirited 
 representation of trees, and the other beauties 
 pf rural Scenery. 
 
 Ry v p s , fir Thomas > of Dorietfhire, was l 
 
 RYV 
 
 educated at Winchester, and New cdfiege 5 
 Oxford. He was made mailer in chancery, 
 king's advocate, and knighted by Charles I. 
 whom he ferved in the cabinet and in the held. 
 He died in i6jt. He was a learned man, and 
 wrote the vicar's plea >hittoria navalis antiqua 
 hiftoria navalis media, &c. 
 
 Ryvks, Bruno, was chaplain to Charles T. 
 and for his attachment to his matter was ex- 
 pofed to perfecution and plunder. At the re- 
 Itoration he W3S made dean of Windfor, and 
 Secretary to the gaiter. He died 1677. He 
 was author of " Mercurius raiticus," a political 
 paper querela Cantabrigienfis, &c. a cata- 
 logue of thole lords, perSons of quality, &c. 
 flatn or executed during the civil wars Some 
 Sermons, &c. 
 
 Ryves, Eliza, an IriSh lady,known for her 
 literary abilities. A law-fuit devoured her 
 little propertv, and (he found fubfiftence by her 
 pen. She wrote the hermit of Snowdon, a 
 novel befides Some popular translations from 
 the French, and a liberal contribution to the 
 annual registers. She died in London 1797. 
 
 s. 
 
 SAA 
 
 SA, or Saa, Emanuel, a jefuit, public pfo- 
 SefTor of theology at Coimbra and Rome. 
 He was employed by Pius V. to complete a 
 pew edition of the bible, and wrote Scholia in 
 quatuorevangelia notntiones in totam Sacram 
 fcripturam aphoriSmi confefTar., and died 
 1596, aged 66. 
 
 Sa de Miranda, Francis, of Coimbra, 
 was profeflbr of jurisprudence there. He 
 quitted the profeffion, and 'preferred a life of 
 eafe and retirement to the intrigues of the 
 court. He died 1558, aged 65, Si is works 
 are, Satires comedies and pnftorals. 
 
 Saas, John, of Franqueville, died of an 
 apoplexy 1774, aged 72. He 'wrote an ac- 
 count of the MSS. of the cathedral of Rouen 
 an abridgement of the French hiltoricai dic- 
 tionary, 4 vols. criticifms on the Supplement 
 to Moreri on the encyclopedic, &c. 
 
 Saavedra, Michael de Cervantes, a cele- 
 brated writer, author of Don Quixote, born at 
 Madrid 1549. He was from his very youth 
 fond of reading novels, and curious advsntures, 
 and thus laid the foundation for thole comic 
 and Striking incidents which prove So amufing 
 in his hero. He quitted Spai for Italy, and 
 wa* chamberlain to Aquaviva at Rome. He 
 was alfo a Soldier under Colonna, and was at 
 the batUe of Lepamo 157 1, in which he loft 
 
 SAA 
 
 his left hand. In 1574 he was taken by a 
 Barbary corfair, and carried to Algiers, where, 
 he ttaid five years and a half, till ranibmed by 
 the religious Society of redemption. On his 
 return he began to write comedies and trage- 
 dies ; hut though his pieces were acted with 
 applauSe at Madrid, he pined in poverty, and 
 at Lit found . himfclS in a priSon. In his con- 
 finement he began his Don Quixote, of which 
 the firtt part appeared in 1605, and the Second 
 part ten years aSter. This immortal work was 
 a pleaSant Satire on the books oS knight erran- 
 try, then So fafhionnble in Spain, and it met 
 with univerSal approbation ; and though writ- 
 ten to ridicule the Sullies of a particular age, it 
 continues Still to be admired in every known 
 language. Though defervedly popular, Cer- 
 vantes, Such is too often the fate of literary 
 men, was little noticed by the great ; the book 
 was rend, but the author was neglected. In 
 the mi d(t of his wretchednefs, he preServed his 
 Serenity and.plcafantnefs, and in his laft mo- 
 ments displayed that unconcern and jocularity 
 which , vould have become 3 happier period of 
 life. He received extreme unction at Ma- 
 drid 1 61 6, and died foon after. Befides 
 Don Quixote, and dramatic pie.es, he wrote 
 the troubles of Perfiles ani SigiSmunda, a novel 
 Galatea, a novel in Six books, 
 
 [ Y 4 i ; -SABAa. 
 
SAB 
 
 SAC 
 
 Sabas, an hercfiarch, founder of the Mef- 
 
 . Interpreting the gol'pel literally, he 
 
 i an eunuch, and diltributed all 
 
 Js to the poor. This i'cct, which pre- 
 
 : defla about 31c, wasfoon exiincl. 
 
 Sabatci-Seyi, of Snv.rna, with great 
 
 patur- 11 cultivated, formed {he 
 
 of impoling upon the Jews as their 
 
 j le was jeceived at Jerufnlem as an 
 
 extraordinary character. In the madnefs of 
 
 .bit ion, Sevi declared himfelf king of 
 
 Icings, and amufed his followers with pretend- 
 
 I with the divinity, and a 
 
 that the holy temple would defcend, 
 
 illy ados ned, from heaven, and that on 
 
 it to the end of the world, would be offered the 
 
 v -n of all the nations of the earth. 
 
 ilgar forgot their employments in 
 
 of the promifed happinefs, the impoftor 
 
 . d towards Conftnnlinople, where he 
 
 ! iflion. He was, however, feized; 
 
 h was the enthufiafm of his followers, 
 
 - keeppr was enriched by preicnts to 
 
 I the multitude to ki'.'s the feet of his 
 
 r. When brought before Mahomet, 
 
 I fufed to perform miracles to prove his 
 
 minion, and preferred embracing Ma- 
 
 l.ometanifm to being expofed as invulnerable 
 
 to the arrows of ikilfV.l archers. The fultan 
 
 detained him in prifon, and there he died 
 
 1676, aged $0. 
 
 Sabuatiiier, Pder, of Poitiers, was for 
 years engaged in making a collection 
 of the JUatiu verfions of the bible, publilhed in 
 1743, under the title of hibliorum lacrorum 
 1.3tin2 verfiones antique, 3 vols, folio. Ke 
 died at Rheims 1742, aged 60. 
 
 m.licus, Mark Anthony Co;ceius, of 
 Vicovaro, was profeflbr of belles lettres at 
 Udina, and librarian to St. Mark's at Venice. 
 He began an uniyerfal hiftory, of which one 
 vol. appeared, befides an h'ritoiy of the Vene- 
 tuu republic, folio, &c. He died 1506, aged 
 
 Sabeo, RiuBut t of BrefTe, was diftinguiih- 
 ed.as a poet. His edition of Arnobius, Rome, 
 in foho, is much valued. He was honored 
 w:th a gold chain from the emperor Henry II. 
 to whom he dedicated his epigrams, 15.56. 
 H- died about ijjg, aged 8c. 
 
 Sabisus, George, a modern Latin poet, 
 
 a the electorate of Brandenburg, 1708. 
 
 He truri;ed In r,;;,6 Melantfhon's eldeft 
 
 slaughter, after whole death at Konigfberg 
 
 ne fettled at Frankfort on the Oder 
 
 . ^ profefror, he acquired celebrity. He 
 
 was pitronized by the elector of Brandenburg, 
 
 and employed m negociations by Charles V. 
 
 He d,d 1.560. His res gefl* Cafarum Ro- 
 
 > and other poems, are well known. 
 
 , i,A I Bbliflwd varices forieufes 
 
 eflaifur leslan- 
 
 from Goldoni, 
 
 "X78j, aged 
 
 . , uilUtdela. a 
 
 Old hi* 
 
 ,is, admired for their Simplicity and de- 
 licate fentiments, wore publiflied by his fon. 
 His wife, HcJJ'tlin, was the friend of the learn- 
 ed, and particularly oi Fontaine, who has re- 
 paid her kindnefs, and the honorable afylum 
 which for many years flic gave him in her fa- 
 mily, by immortalizing her name in his 
 poems. / 
 
 Sacciii, Andrta, a painter of Rome, flu- 
 died with great afliduity, the labors of his pre- 
 deceffors, and the antique marbles ; and by 
 the directions of Albani, and his own exer- 
 tions, he ibon acquired celebrity. He was 
 ambitious to be correct, and therefore did little, 
 and but llowly; and as he laid, he never did 
 any thing but what he propofed fliould be feen 
 by Raphael and Hannibal. He was patronized 
 by Urban Vill. whole pidture he drew, in 
 filch correct ftyle as to be equal to the belt 
 efforts of ancient or modern times. He died 
 1661. 
 
 Sacch\^1, Anioine Marie Go f par, a mufi- 
 cian of Naples, whole greaj: powers of con^o- 
 lition and harmony procured him applaufe in 
 Germany, Holland, England, and Paris. He 
 died at Paris 1786. His operas were much 
 admired. 
 
 Sacheverell, Henry, a divine of cele- 
 brated notoriety. Kc was fon of a poor cler- 
 gyman at Marlborough, and was educated by 
 His godfather, and placed at Magdalen college, 
 Oxford, {.is regularity and polite manners 
 rendered him a favorite tutor in the college, 
 and his Latin poems, fome of which appeared 
 in the muise Anglicans-, proved him an ele- 
 gant lcholar. He was at Oxford the contem- 
 porary of Add ifon, who inlcribed his farewell 
 poem to the mufes, to him, as his deareft 
 friend. His firit preferment was Cannock, 
 Staffordfhire, to which, in 1705, was added the 
 preacherfhip of St. Saviour's, Southwark. His 
 two famous fermons were delivered at Dei by, 
 14th Auguft 1709, and at St. Paul's, Nov. 
 oth, before the lord mayor, and as in one of 
 them he was fuppofed to allude, under the 
 name of Volppne, to lord Godolphin, they 
 drew upon him the refentment of parliament. 
 Ris trial before the peers began 27th Febru- 
 ary 1709-10, and ended the 23d March ; but 
 though he was fuipended for three ye^ars, and 
 his fermons were burnt by the hands of the 
 executioner, (0 violent was the party fpirit of 
 the times, that this completely overturned the 
 mini'.try. The queen law with pleafure the 
 propagation of fentiments which enforced the 
 divine rights of monarchs, and fubmiffive obe- 
 dience, and when his punifhment was expired, 
 he was preferred to the living of St.' Andrew's, 
 Holborn, and received with fuch enthufiafm, 
 th-rt of the firft fermon which he preached, 
 and which he fold for iool. 40,000 copies were 
 immediately bought. Thus, for a while re- 
 as the champion of the church, Sache- 
 verell enjoyed popularity, till at laft he funk 
 into obi'curity. He died 1724, and by his 
 will, left jooL to bifliop Atlerbury, who is 
 fuppoied. 
 
SAC 
 
 SAD 
 
 fuppofed to have written his defence before 
 the peers, and to have compofed the elegant 
 'Latin intension for the filver bafon gilt, 
 which he prelented to his counfel fir Simon 
 Harcourt. He is defcribed by the duchefs of 
 Marlborough, who, no doubt, was difpleafed 
 at his popularity, as an ignorant impudent in- 
 cendiary, the fcom even of thofe who made 
 life of him as a tool ; and Burnet, with equal 
 contempt, obferves of him, that he poffefled 
 little of religion, virtue, learning- or good 
 fenfe, but forced himfelf to preferment by 
 railing at duTenters and low churchmen. 
 
 Sackville, Thomas i firft lord Buckhurft, 
 was born at Buckhurft, Suffer, 1536. From 
 Oxford he removed to Cambridge, and after- 
 wards to the Inner Temple. He acquired 
 celebrity by his " induction, or introduction 
 to the myrror of magittrates," a feries of 
 poems, and by his " Gorboduc," a tragedy. 
 When diftinguifhed as a writer, he became a 
 ftateftnan, was made a peer, and ferved Eliza- 
 beth, to whom he was related by her mother's 
 fide, in various negociations. In 1590 he was 
 knight of the garter, and the next year chan- 
 cellor of Oxford, and in 1598 treasurer. 
 Though one of the commiffioners who tried 
 Mary of Scots, he was noticed by James on 
 his acceffion, and was created, 1604, earl of 
 Dorfet. He died iuddenly, in confequence of 
 a dropfy in the brain, 1608. 
 
 ' Sackvijlle, EihvarJ, grandfon of the 
 above, was lent in 1620 to adrift Frederic of 
 Bohemia, and wa& at the battle of Prague, 
 and in 1621 went asambaffador to the French 
 court. After his brother's death, to whole 
 title he fucceeded 1624, he was made knight 
 of the garter, prefident of the council, and 
 lord privy feal. He died 1652, and was fuc- 
 ceeded by his ton Richard, who died 167'. 
 There is in the 129th paper of the guardian, 
 an account of a duel which he fought in Zea- 
 land with lord Bruce, in 1613, and in which 
 he killed his antagonift. 
 
 Sackville, Charles, earl of Dorfet and 
 Midd'efex, Jdefcended from lord Buckhurft, 
 was born 1637. After travelling through 
 France and Italy, he returned a little before 
 jthe restoration. He fat as member for Fa ft 
 /Grinftead ; but he was too fond of gallantry to 
 apply to political affairs. He ferved as volun- 
 teer in the Dutch war in 1665, under the 
 duke of York, and the night previous to the 
 engagement, compofed a celebrated fong, ftill 
 regarded as the beft of his poetical pieces. He 
 was afterwards employed in embanies by the 
 king, and in 1674 fucceeded to the eftates of 
 his uncle, earl of Middlefex, and to his father 
 two years after. He warmly elpouled the 
 caufe of the prince of Orange, and accompa- 
 nied Anne in her flight to Northampton, and 
 was made chamberlain of the houfhold, a privy 
 councilor, and knight of the garter. He 
 died at Bath 1705-6, and wan fucceeded by 
 Lionel his fon, who, hi 1720, was railed to the 
 4'gnity of a duke. Dorfet was not only a poet, 
 4 
 
 but alfo the friend of learned men, and he has 
 been commended in the higheft ftrains of pa- 
 negyric by Drvden, Congreve, Addifon, and 
 efpecially by Prior, whole dedication of his 
 work to his ion is confidered as a compofition 
 of fuperior merit. His poems are few, but 
 poffeis great beauty. 
 
 Sackville, George, tiif count, third fon of 
 rhe firft duke of Dorfet, was born 171 6, 
 From Weftminfter fchool he went to Ireland, 
 where, his father was viceroy, and he received 
 his education in Trinity college, Dublin. He 
 was at the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy, 
 and diilinguifhed him'.elf under the duke of 
 Cumberland againft the Scotch rebels. In 
 1758 he went with Marlborough in the expe- 
 dition againft St. Malo's. At the battle of 
 Minden, where he commanded the Englrfh. 
 and Hanoverian cavalry, his conduct was cen- 
 fured, becaule during the action he did not 
 bring up his troops with celerity. Whether 
 the delay originated in the orders or in the 
 timidity of the general, is unknown ; but a 
 court martial difmiffed him, and his name was 
 ftruck off from the lift of privy counlellors. 
 In the next reign he was reftored to the lavor 
 of his fovereign. In 1769 he affumed the 
 name of Germaine, according to the will of 
 lady Elizabeth Germaine, to whole property 
 he fucceeded, and the next year he fought a 
 duel with governor Johnfione, who in the 
 houfe of commons had reflected on his conduct 
 with more afperity than good manners permit- 
 ted. He was in 1775 iecretary of ftate for 
 the colonial department, and firft lord of the 
 board of trade ; but on the change of miniftry, 
 he gave up, and in 1782 was created a vif- 
 count. He died 1785. 
 
 Sacy, Leivis </*, an advocate for the par- 
 liament of Paris, published an excellent French 
 ti anilation of Pliny's letters, and panegyric on 
 Trajan, 3 vols. nmo. treatifes on friendfhip 
 and on glory and other pieces, a vols. 
 4to. He died at Paris 1727, aged 73. 
 
 Sadder, or Saaiidi, a Perfian poet, born 
 at Schiraz, 1 193. The invafion of Perfia by 
 the Turks, drove him into Paleftine, where 
 he fell into the hands of the Franks, and was 
 treated as a (lave till ranlbmed by an Aleppo 
 merchant, whofe daughter he married. This 
 union proved not the fource of hapninefs, and 
 the poet complained bitterly of the temper and 
 manners of his wife. He died, it is faid, at the 
 advanced age of 116. His poems have been 
 much admired. They confift ofGuliftan, or 
 the garden of flowers Boftan, or the garden 
 of fruits, &c. 
 
 Sal,t.lek, f John, of Bruffels, eminent as a 
 defigner or engraver, was patronized by the 
 duke of Bavaria. He died at Venice. His 
 brother and pupil Raphael, was alio an excel- 
 lent artift. Their nephew Giles, was fuperior 
 to his uncles in tafte, and in the neatnefs and 
 elegance of his engravings. Fie was patronized 
 by Rodolphus II. and his lucceffois, and died 
 at Prague 1629, aged 59. His veftiges of 
 
 the 
 
SAG 
 
 SAI 
 
 tfce unriquities of Rome, folio, 1660, are de- 
 j'. admired. 
 ^AD^Em,/r Ralph, of Hackney in Mid- 
 ler Cromwell earl of 
 1 to Henry VIU.,who 
 svcraJ political affair*, and 
 made him fecretary of ftatc. He was at the 
 k*:tic of Muifclburgh in Scotland, and made 
 a knight banueret. He died at Standon, 
 5", 1587, aged 80. 
 Sadllr, Jtbn, ol Shroplhire, was educat- 
 ed at Emanuel college, Cambridge, a 
 coin's uin, sr.d waj in 1644 m>de mailer in 
 a clerk of London. 
 He wa* in favor with Cromwel, who offeied 
 ;e of chief juitict of Muniler in 
 icb he declined. At the reftora- 
 tiouhe Jo.l all hi* places, becaufe he r .-:' 
 
 ,t which declared it unlaw? 
 der anv pretence whatever, to 
 arms 3giinft the king. To this was added the 
 Ws of iome of his houies by the fire of Lon- 
 . > died at Warmwell, Dorfetfhire, 1674, 
 aged 59. He wrote rights of the kingdom, or 
 cultoms of our anceftors, &c. much elteeioed 
 and Olbia, or the new ifland djfeovered, 
 
 Sadler, Anthony, of Chilton, Wilts, edu- 
 cated at Edmund hall, Oxford, was chaplain 
 to Charles II. and publilhed a divine malque, 
 ed to General Monk feveral traces 
 fermons,&c. and died 1680. 
 
 Saooc, fappofed founder of the Sadducees, 
 Jived two centuries before the birth of Chviit. 
 His tenets were, that virtue, for its own fake, 
 it to be loved, as there are neither rewards nor 
 punilhments after this life. Thefe opinions 
 ry pievalent. 
 Sadoiet, Jama, of Modena, received 
 an excellent education under his father, who 
 v is profeliur at Ferrata. He was with Bem- 
 buj Secretary to Leo X. and the pontjflf niade 
 liim againfl. his will bithopof Carpentras, near 
 ml He died 1547, not without fufpi- 
 cion,fotne Gr?, of poifon, becaufe he maintained 
 100 cor.lidtHtial a correfpondence with the 
 proteliants. His works confitt of epifties, dif- 
 Gtionc of the pfalms, and St. Paul's 
 .poems, fee. 3 vols. 4to. Thefe conu- 
 sant and truly Cice- 
 ; ..am. 
 Sack, Alain Ren: le ,was horn at Ruys in 
 . 1667. His compofitiuns difplay not 
 dgment, but elegance and neatnefs. 
 . indebted for the plan of \\\< romances 
 . , yet he pofTefTed peculiar 
 t his own. His works are Gil Bias 
 --befides the bachelor de 
 'he new Don Quixote, and other 
 e, and the letters of Aii. 
 Greek. His Gil Bias is, and 
 popular J erformance, and muil 
 Voltaire has obferved, he 
 
 nature. He died near Paris 
 
 follies of le Sage, containing epigrams, fat 
 fonnets, e ind died about 1650. 
 
 Sage, John, of plfefbire, was after t 
 revolution bifoog of Edinburgh. He publi: 
 a fenfible defence of epilcopacy againil the 
 prefbyterians, called the principles of the Cy- 
 r:h:;:c age, v r :c. and died 1 71 r , aged 59. 
 Sagittarius, Gafyard, of Lunenburgh. 
 ofeflbr of hillory at Hall, and hi 
 to the duke of Saxony. lie publilhed differ^ 
 tations on the oracles the fucceflion of the 
 princes of Orange, to William III.-r-hiftory of 
 the city of Hardewyck life of St. Norbert 
 hiftoria antiqua Norbcrgia; genealogy of the 
 dukes of Bruni"\ Lk hhicry of Lubeck, &c. 
 He died 1694, aged 5:. 
 
 Sagredo, "John, a Venetian, in 1675 
 eie&ed doge, and afterwards ambafTador to 
 various courts. He wrote the hiitory of the 
 Ottoman empire, in Italian, 4to. a work valu- 
 able, candid, and elegant, and delervedly com- 
 pared to Tacitus. 
 
 Saulant, N. du, at the beginning of the 
 revolution railed around him near Mende an 
 army of nearly 20,000 men, like 'himfclf, 
 zealous for the defence of the monarchy. 
 While, however, he hoped to perfuade thefe 
 adherents to march againft Paris, he found 
 their loyalty grow faint, and foon faw them 
 defert from his rank. He was at laft furround- 
 ed with the few brave men who determined to 
 (hare his fortunes, and conducted to Vans 
 where he was maftacred. 
 
 Saint-Amand, Mark Antony Gerard de, 
 of Rouen, fpent the hell part of life in travel- 
 ling, and jn 'writing poetry. He might have 
 obtained a fettiemenj near the queen of Po- 
 land, but refuted it, and died poor 1660, aged 
 67, and of grief, becaufe Lewis XIV. cenfured 
 bis poem on the moon. His beft piece is an 
 ode on folitude. 
 
 Sain t -A ndre', Nathani-l, of Switzerland, 
 became eminent in this country as a reader 
 on anatomy, and as a furgeon. He died at 
 Southampton 1776. 
 
 Saint-Aul^irk, F ranch Jofepb de Bcati- 
 poil, marquis du, a French poet, of Limofin. 
 He wrote ihort and light pieces in the manner 
 of Anacreqn, and what is remarkable, his belt 
 compositions, were thofe of his old age, when 
 he had reached his 90th year. He was ad- 
 mitted into the French academy, though 
 Boijeau exclaimed againft it, becaufe he was an 
 immoral poet. He was for 40 years the fa- 
 vorite of the court of the ducheis of Maine, 
 and died at Paris 1742, aged near 100. 
 
 SaINT-Cyr, Tanneqttil de Bouchil, a Cal- 
 vinii't under Charles IX. He was chief of the 
 confpiracy of Amhoife, and governor of Or- 
 leans, after the battle of Dreux. He was 
 killed bravely fighting at Moncontour, 1569, 
 aged 85. 
 
 Saint-Cyran, John du Verger, de Hon- 
 ranne, abbot of, of Bayonne, was educated 
 
 was ecutcaten in 
 divinity at Louvain, where he gained the 
 Sage, David le, of Mcntpeilier, wrote die fiieudfhip of l.infi; s, and he was patronized by 
 
 th$ 
 
 
Sx\I 
 
 SAI 
 
 he biftiop of Poitiers, whorefigned tohim the j 
 ibhey of St. Cyran. He wrote various books, 
 and became celebrated for maintaining what j 
 /was called two extraordinary paradoxes, that 
 a perfon under certain circumftances may kill 
 himfelf, and that bifhops may take up arms. 
 He was perfecuted by Richelieu, and he was 
 one ofthofe who difapprbved of the council ox 
 Trent, and confidered it as a political affembly. 
 He died of an apoplexy at Paris 1643. 
 
 Saint-Evremond, Vid. Evrf.mond. 
 
 Saint-Foix, German Francis Paul lain de, 
 a French writer born at Rennes, 1*03. After 
 fen-ing in the army he fettled at Pair. He 
 was appointed historiographer of the order of 
 the Holy Glioft, and died 1776. His works 
 are Turkifh letters, a romance of merit, yet 
 inferior to Montefquieu's in the fame ftylfl 
 hiftorica! efTays on Paris, 7 vols nrao. hif- 
 eory ofthe order of the Holy Ghoft, 3 vols. 
 IZmo. comedies, 3 vols. l2mo. &c. 
 
 Saint Gei.ais, OFtetvian d: y of Cognac, 
 "was bhhop of Angouleme. He died 1502, 
 aged 36, author of ibme poetical pieces, the 
 life of Lewis XII. tranflacion of Terence 
 Ovid's Heroides, &c. 
 
 Saint Gelais, Melin dc, the natural fon 
 of the preceding, deferved the name of the 
 French Ovid. He was educated at Poitiers, 
 and Padua, and embraced the ecclefinflical 
 profeffion. He oppofed Ronfard at the court 
 of Henry II.. but this jeafoufy ended in the 
 cloieit friendthip. He died at Paris, 1559, 
 aged 67 His works are in Latin and in 
 French, and confift of elegies, epiftles, fonnets, 
 epigrams, longs, &c. 
 
 Saint-Genniez, John de, of Avignon, 
 became canon of Orange, and died there 1663, 
 aged 56 He wrte fatires, elegies, idyls, and 
 ether pieces of great merit. 
 
 Saint-Germain, Robert, count of. diftin- 
 guifhed himielf in Hungary, and againft the 
 Turks, and afterwards in the French fervice. 
 Difpleafed with the treatment of the French 
 court, he went into the fervice of Denmark, 
 where he was made field marfhal. The death 
 of Struenfee, and the com ion whirh took 
 place on the occalion, rendered him difTatisfied 
 with the Danilh court, and he retired to 
 Hamburgh, where lie loft nearly the whole of 
 his property by the failure of his banker. He 
 withdrew in conference to a fmafl eltate near 
 Lautcrbach in Altace, but was called away l.y 
 Lewis XVI. who knew his merit, to prefide 
 over the war department, and after reforming 
 feveral abufes, he died 1 7 78, aged 7q. He 
 Wrote memoirs, 1 vol. 8vo. 1779. 
 
 Saint -Germain, N. aunt de, an impof- 
 tor, who pretended to have lived 2COO years, 
 and to have fat by the fide of our Saviour at 
 the marriage of Cana. He died at Slefwick, 
 X784. 
 
 Saint-Hyactxthe, Tbenifcul de, of Or- 
 leans, taught Italian for his f import, and after 
 travelling over part of Europe, he fettled at 
 Breda, where he died 1746. He forced him- 
 
 felf much upon the public notice by his qu.ir. 
 rel with Voltaire. He wrote le chef d'eeuvre 
 d'un inconnu, 2 vols. 8vo. Mathanafiana, % 
 vols. 8vo. fome romances of little merit, 
 Sec. 
 
 Saint-Jo Htf t Henry, vifcaunt Bolinghr oke, 
 a great politician, born 1672, at Batterfea. 
 He was educated at Eton and Chrifl- church, 
 Oxford.- and though his earlier years were 
 difgraced by an immoderate love of pleafure, 
 he laid the foundation of that eminence which 
 afterwards diltinguifhed him as an orator, and 
 as a ftatefman. He married the daughter of 
 fir Henry Winchcomhe, and obtain d a feat 
 in parliament for Wotton-Baffet, 17CO. In 
 1704 he was made fecretary at war, but re- 
 signed when his friend Huley was diuniiTed 
 from the feals in 1707. Three years after ha 
 again fhared the honors of Harley, and be- 
 came fecretary of ftate ; but the part which 
 he fupported in framing the peace of Utrecht 
 has expofed him to much cenfure. In 1712 
 he was created lord St. John, vifeonnt Bo- 
 l'mgbrcke, and made lord lieutenant of Effex ? 
 but difTatisfied hecaufe he was not railed to the 
 rank of an earl, he meditated a feparation 
 from Hurley, and in the attempt he ruined 
 his own fortunes, and thole of his former af- 
 fociate. On the acce n *on of George I. in 
 
 1714, the feds were taken from him, though 
 he had Ihown himfelf a friend to the Hano- 
 verian fuccefiion. Finding it dangerous to 
 continue in the country, he retired to prance, 
 
 1 715, but refolurely rejected the overtures 
 made to him by the pretender. I he pea fe- 
 cution, however, of his enemies at home, 
 changed his fenthnents, and he accepted at laft 
 the office of fecretary of ftate to the preten- 
 der, and prepared for the invafion of England, 
 This was no fooner known than he was im- 
 peached by Walpole ; but while difnaced at 
 home, his new matter accufed him of trea- 
 chery, incapacity, and neglect. By means of 
 lord Stair, ambaffad or in France, he obtained 
 a promife of pardon from the king, 1716, 
 which was fully granted in 1 723, and reftored 
 to his country, he fettled near Uxbridge, 
 and devoted himfelf to literary and rural em- 
 ployments, and to the converfation of Swift, 
 Pope, and other learned friends. But (till 
 excluded from a feat in the houle of lords, he 
 vented bis difappointment aeainft Walpole, and 
 attacked his meafures in the Craftfman, and 
 in fome pamphlets. For ten years lie (bowed 
 liis opposition againft the minister, and then 
 laid afide his pen, and retired in 1735 to 
 France. He afterwards returned and fettled 
 at Batterfea, where the laft part of his life was 
 fpent is the otran) cum dignitate. He died 
 there 1 75 1, on the verge of 80. His manu- 
 fcripts were left to Mallet, who publifhed 
 them with the reft of his works, in e vols. 4to, 
 1754. His works may be divided into po! : - 
 tical and philofophical, the former confuting 
 of letter! upon hiftory letter to Wyndham, 
 n putriotiiin papers in the Craftfman, nuh- 
 
 lifhed. 
 
SAI 
 
 SAX 
 
 Efhed fepantcly, in 3 vols. 8vo. and the lat- 
 ter, fubftance of letters written to de Pouiily 
 Fetter on cne of Tillotfon's fermons letters 
 and efTavs, addrefTed to Pope. As a writer 
 Bolingbroke was nervous, elegant, and argu- 
 mentative, and in him were united, as a pane- 
 gyric has ohl'erved, the wifdom of Socrates, 
 the dignity and cafe of Pliny, and the wk of 
 e. It is, however, to be lamented, that 
 in his writings he often disregards or ridicules 
 the great truths of revelation, and of chrif- 
 tianity. As the friend of poets, and of wits, 
 he has acquired reputation ; and Pope, who 
 efteemed him to adoration, has immortalized 
 himfelf and his friend, in the efTay on man, 
 which he beg.in and finifhed by his perfuafion. 
 He married, in 1 7 16, for his fecond wife, a 
 niece of madame de Maintenon, widow of 
 Villette ; but as he died without uTue, his 
 titles were inherited by his nephew. 
 
 Saint-Just, Louis Leon de, was born at 
 Blerancourt, near Noyon, 1 768. Ke obtained 
 a feat in the national convention, and gained 
 the friendship of Robefpierre. His eafy elo- 
 quence, his bold effrontery, and unappalled 
 conduct, rendered him a fit partner for all the 
 atrocities of that dreadful period, and by his 
 influence the property of the emigrants was 
 expoted to fale, the Girondilts were conducted 
 to the fcaffold, and the effects of foreigners 
 confifcated. The reign of Louis XVI. w.:s 
 (Jefcribed by this artful orator as a fcene of 
 tyranny; while the government of Robef- 
 pierre exhibited nothing but benevolence. Af- 
 ter he had infulted the feelings of human 
 nature, interpreted pity into crimes, and con- 
 demned to death thofe who preiumed to weep 
 for the lofs of their friends, this worthlefs 
 tyrant was conducted to the fcaffold with 
 Robefpierre, in 1 794, and fuffered death with 
 more courage than could have been expected 
 from him. He wrote efprit de la revolution, 
 fcc. 8vo. 1 791. 
 
 Saint- Lambert, Charles Francis de, 
 member of the French academy, was born at 
 Nanci, 17 17, and died at the age of 85. He 
 was the friend of Voltaire, and his genius 
 gained him the efteem of the learned. He 
 wrote les fetes de Tamour, a comedy effay 
 on luxury the four parts of the dav the 
 feafons, a poem, which Voltaire prefers, but 
 with injudicious partiality, to the feafons of 
 Thomfon oriental fables', &c. 
 
 Saint-Mark, Charles Huvh le Fever de, 
 >, quitted the military" profeffion for 
 literature. He died at Pari*, X769. He 
 edited the memoirs of marquis de Feuquieres 
 Rapin's hi:tory of Fngland Defpreaux's 
 -the life of Hecquet, &c. 
 Saint-Martin, JV. of Amboife, after 
 Bl years in the amy, retired to pri- 
 vacy and literature. The retirement which 
 he loved, and the rweetnefs of his manners, 
 tived him during the revolution, and he died 
 Auna., in the houfe of a friend, ] 634, aged 
 to. lie is author of an excellent book on 
 
 error and truth, 8vo. often edited a picture 
 of natural order, 8V0. 
 
 SAINT-N< de Richard de, au- 
 
 thor of Julia, a comedy, and of a voyage pic- 
 torefque to N les and Sicilv, 5 vols. foil, with 
 417 plates, died at Paris, 1791, aged 64. 
 
 Saint-Pavin Denys Sanguin de, an ec- 
 clcfinitic, who preferred literatiue and pltv.lure 
 to tl 1 ', aufterities of a 1 mattic life, and ;:iter 
 ipending much of his ti.i.e in frivolous, often 
 profane purfuits, died very penitent, 1670, in 
 an advanced old age. He was attacked by 
 Boileau, and he retorted the cenfure. His 
 poems confiit of epigrams, lbnnets, epiilles, 
 &c 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Euftacbe de, of Calais, is 
 celebrated for his patrjotifm. When Edward 
 III. in 1347, difplealed with the obitinate 
 refiftance of Calais, demanded fix of the chief 
 men, Saint- Pierre in the midft of the hefita- 
 tion of his countrymen offered himfelf, and 
 walked with five others, who followed his ex- 
 ample to the conqueror, with halters about 
 their necks The Englifh queen, by her in- 
 treaties, obtained the pardon of thefe devoted 
 men. 
 
 Saint-Pierre, Charles Ir emeus Cajlel de> 
 a French ecclefiaftic, bom in Normandy, 
 16,58. He accompanied de Polignac to the 
 conferences of Utrecht, and died at Paris, 
 x 743) aged 86. He was author of a project 
 for univeri'al peace among the European pow- 
 ers, 3 vols. i2mo project for reforming the 
 orthography of the European languages, &c. 
 
 Saint-Preuil, Francis dc Jujfac d'Em- 
 blcville de, was diftinguifhed at the battle of 
 Caftelnaudari, in which he took Montmorenci 
 priibner, and at the fiege of Corbia, againft the 
 Spaniards. Fie was afterwards governor of 
 Arras, and was condemned to be beheaded by 
 his enemies, for having attacked by miltake a 
 body of men who had furrendered prifoners of 
 war. He fuffered at Amiens, 1641, aged 40. 
 
 Saint-Simon, Louis de Ronvroi, duke c/", 
 of Paris, became ambaffador in Spain, 1721 ; 
 but without fharing the guilt of the meafures 
 of the government of the regent Orleans, he 
 retired to his country feat, where he compofed 
 his memoirs. He is accufed of Janieniim. 
 His works are in 13 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Saint-Yves, Charles, an oculift, of Vi- 
 ette near Rocroi. He died 1736, aged 69. 
 His treadle on the disorders of the eyes, 4W. 
 is much admired. 
 
 Saintl-Ai.degondf, Philip de Marnix x 
 lord du Mont, a itateiman, bom at Biuffels, 
 1538. He fignalized himfelf by a perfect 
 knowledge of the claflics, of civil law, politics, 
 and divinity ; but when the Spaniards invaded 
 his country, he withdrew into Germany. At 
 Fleidelberg lie was made counfellor in eccle- 
 fiaftical aflairs ; but the niiferies of his country 
 at but recalled him home in 1572. He w;is 
 fent as deputy to folicit the protection of 
 Elizabeth, and afterwards to the diet of 
 Wtfrms, and here his eloquence painted in 
 
 frightful 
 
SAL 
 
 SAL 
 
 rightful colors the tyranny of Alva, and called 
 loud for the afiittance of the Germans. In 
 580, he again went ambafiador to France, 
 md offered the fovereignty to the duke of 
 \lencon, whom he the next year accompanied 
 o England. He was, in 1584, conilil of An- 
 wcrp, when that city was befieged by the 
 luke of Parma, and he died atLeyden, 1598, 
 ged 60. For wifdom, fagacity, and decifion, 
 le isdefervedly reflected as one of the greatefl 
 >oliticians of his age. He publifhed, in Dutch, 
 1571, Alvear. Roman, a ludicrous work, 
 vhich was received with great applaufe, as it 
 idiculed with well directed lathe the church 
 >f Rome. His tableau des differens de la re- 
 igion, in French, publifhed after his death, 
 vas equally popular. He wrote befides other 
 hings, and particularly a famous fong in praife 
 >f William of Nailau, which, like the mule 
 >f Tyrtasus, animated his countrymen to refill 
 Iieir opprefTors. 
 
 Sainte-Beuve, James de, a learned ec- 
 :lefiaftic, divinity profeiTor at the Sorbonne, 
 "rom which lie was expelled for not fubfcribing 
 :o the cenl'ure on Arnauld. He died 1677, 
 iged 64. His decifions are 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Sain'TE-Marthe, Gaucher de, an active 
 :haracter under Henry III. and Henry IV. 
 f-Iis conduct was very layal in the ftatosof 
 Blois, 1588, and he reconciled Poitiers to the 
 nterefls of his mailer, whom he again ferved 
 it Rouen. He died at Loudun, 1623, a g ec * 
 ij, honored with the title of father of his 
 rountry. He wrote Gallorum doctrina illuf- 
 :rium, Sec. elogia, befides poetical pieces of 
 nerit in Latin epigrams, Sec. 
 
 Sainte-Marthe, Abel de, eldeil fon of 
 :he preceding, was counfellor of (late, and li- 
 brarian at Fontainebleau. He wrote the lau- 
 rel the falic law elegies, odes, epigrams, &c. 
 He died 1652, aged 82. 
 
 Sai.mte-Marthe, Gaucher de, or Scavola, 
 ind Louis de, twin brothers, born at Loudun, 
 1571. They refembled each other in fea- 
 tures, as well as in the qualities of their mind, 
 and they both were appointed hiftoriographers 
 of France, and wrote together lbme works. 
 The elder died at Paris, 1650, and Louis 
 1656. Their works are genealogical hiilory 
 of die royal family of France, 2 vols. fol. &c. 
 
 Sainte-Palaye, John Baptijl de la Curne 
 4e, of Auxerre, devoted himfelf to antiquities, 
 and wrote fome valuable works, efpecially on 
 ancient chivalry) 3 vols. i2mo. He alio form- 
 ed the plan of an univerfal French glofTary, in 
 40 vols. fol. He died at Paris, 1781, aged 
 84. 
 
 Saladin or SALAiiEDDi>J,fultar! of Egypt 
 and Syria, was celebrated for his valor during 
 the crui'ides. After conquering Syria, Ara 
 bia, Perfia, and Mesopotamia, he marched to 
 the attack of Jerufalcm, and with an army of 
 50,000 men he defeated the chriftians. This 
 victory opened the gates of Jerufalcm to his 
 forces; but while all expected death, Saladin 
 behaved with humanity to the conquered. 
 
 Thefe conquests alarmed Europe, and the kings 
 of England and France marched to the relief 
 of the opprefTed chriltians of Paleftine, but 
 difcord defeated their fuccefles. Though Acre, 
 Casfarea, and Jaffa, yielded to the arms of the 
 Europeans, Richard, king of England, found 
 his forces lb weak by defertion and difcord,. 
 that he concluded a truce with the fultan for 
 three years and three months, 1192. Saladin 
 died the next year at Damafcus, aged 57, 
 leaving 17 fons, who divided his extenfive do- 
 minions. He was a man of high character, 
 who viewed with the eyes of a chriftian the 
 vanity of human grandeur. In his laft illnets 
 he ordered to be unfurled before his army the 
 winding meet which was to encircle his re- 
 mains, while a herald proclaimed aloud, this is 
 all which Saladin, the vanquisher of the Eaft, 
 can retain of all his conquelts. 
 
 Salcen, William, of Utrecht, became mi- 
 nifter'to the Hague church, where he died 
 1694. He wrote otia theologica, 4ta. con- , 
 cionator facer, i2mo. de libris variorumque 
 eorum ufu, &c. 
 
 Salf. George., contributed to the comple- 
 tion of the univerfal hiftory,but his chief work 
 is a tranfiation of the koran, with notes, with 
 a valuable preliminary difcourfe. He died in 
 Lo.idon, 1736. 
 
 Salerne, Francis, of Orleans, publifhed 
 with Arnault, the animal kingdom the natu- 
 ral hiilory of animals, &c. He alfo tranflated 
 Ray's fynopfis avium. He died 1760. 
 
 Salesbury, William, author of a Welfh 
 dictionary of fome poems of a treatife on 
 rhetoric and othsr works, florifhed in Wales 
 at the beginning of the 17th century. He 
 affiiled bilhop Davies in the tranfiation of the 
 new teftament into Welfh. 
 
 Salimbent, Venura, of Sienna, was a dif- 
 tinguifhed painter. His hiltorical pieces were 
 much admired. He died 1613, aged 56. His 
 delcent of the holy ghoft is ftill admired. 
 
 Salinas, Francis de, of Burgos, though 
 he loll his fight at the age of 10, acquired a 
 moil perfect knowledge of Greek and Latin, 
 and of mathematics and mufic. He died 1590. 
 He was author of an excellent treatile -on 
 mufic, fol. and he tranflated into Spaniih verfe 
 lbme of Martial's epigrams. 
 
 Salis, Ulyjfes de, a Swifs, who difiin- 
 guifhed himfelf at the fiege of Rochelle under 
 Lewis XIII. and afterwards affifted his native 
 country againfl the Auflrians. In 1635, he, 
 at the head of a French army, defeated the 
 Spanifh troops at Mont-Francifco. He died 
 1674, aged 79. 
 
 Salisbury, John, in Stephen's reign, 
 wrote on fubje6ts of antiquity and criticifm. 
 
 Sams bury, Robert Cecil, earl of, an able 
 ftatelhun, was educated at St. John's college, 
 Can badge, and introduced by his father lord 
 Burleigh into the bufinefs of political life. He 
 was .tint Secretary to lord Derby, ambafiador 
 in France, and in 1596 under fecretary to fir 
 Frauds Walfingham, -after whole d?ath he- 
 
 iuc- 
 
SAL 
 
 lucf-edec! to the flace of rJrincipal ecretary 
 
 I ch.uicellor of Lancriler 
 J his father as prime mi- 
 '1 he influence which he polTefled un- 
 til, was retained in the next reign, 
 od James was lb pleated with him, that he 
 edhta .. rl of Salifhury in 1605. On 
 leath of Doriet, ha fucceeded to the 
 office - fturer, and applied his talents 
 
 ..nets of the kingdom to a 
 in ore improving ttate. He died of i com- 
 ylitated attacks of the dro;Ty and t'curvy 1612. 
 f is opposition to Elfex, who at laft ended his 
 it expoled to reprehenfion ; 
 but his enmity to Raleigh, continued with in- 
 creaflng alperity, renders his character on that 
 lubject peculiarly odious and criminal. 
 
 . ; encre, Albert Hatty de, cf the 
 Hague, was educated at Lev den, and became 
 commiiTjry of the finances cf the Rates gene- 
 ral ; but Ins further advancement was ftopped 
 by the imall-pox, which carried him off 172.3, 
 aged 30. He was author of memoirs of lite- 
 rature, 2 vols. hiilory of Montmaur, 1 vols. 
 I2mo. novus thefaurus antiquitatum Roma- 
 narum, 3 vols, rbl.~ <flay on the hiilory of the 
 United Provinces, 4to. part of a larger work 
 not completed. 
 
 Sallo, Dennis de, a French writer, born 
 at Paris 1626. Though dull in his youth, he 
 became an acute clailical fcholar, and in 1632 
 rasadmiited counl'ellor of the parliament of 
 Paris. He was the firft who, in 1664, formed 
 the projeft of a " journal des fcavans." So 
 fevere were his cenfures en his contemporaries, 
 that a croud of enemies role up againll him, 
 and he dropped in difmay his critical remarks. 
 The pirn was adopted by the learned of Eu- 
 rope after his example, but with more mode- 
 ration, and confequently greater fuccefs. He 
 669, and though an author of ability, he 
 K remembered now only as the inventor of a 
 fcheme of periodical criticiim, which has proved 
 fo entertaining to the world. 
 
 Salmanazar, king of Aflyria, invaded 
 Samaria and put aa end to the kingdom of 
 Ifratl, by carrying the people into captivity. 
 He died about 714 B. C. after a reigrJ of 14 
 years. 
 
 Salmasius, Claudius, or Sauma'se, a 
 
 learned writer, bom at Saumur, 1388. He 
 
 wai educated under his rather, a member of 
 
 the parliament of Burgundy, and afterwards at 
 
 Pans, and Heidelberg, where he publicly pro- 
 
 he protcllant religion, which he had 
 
 1 from his mother. In this place he 
 
 imfelfwhat his friend, liaac Cai'aubon, 
 
 had defcribed him, " ad miraculum dodtus." 
 
 His literary reputation was fach that he re- 
 
 ceive(t " itiohs from Venice, from 
 
 from the pope ; but thefe 
 
 nd llttlcd in 1632, in Holland, 
 
 (caliper as profefTor at Leyden. 
 
 In 1640 he received the ftrongeft felicitations 
 
 : the offer of a penfion of 
 
 ttte in France j bur 
 
 SAL 
 
 this he rejected. In 1630 he vifited Chriftina 
 queen of Sweden, who received bin 
 great rei'pecl. His reputation fufTeicd in thd 
 controverfy which he had with Milton ; for 
 while he defended the conduct of Charles f. 
 his antagonill brought againil him, if not more 
 learning, yet more wit, more fancy, and more 
 poignancy of thought, To that the labors of 
 the Englilhman were read with more appl-ufd 
 than the duller compofition of the defender of 
 royalty, he began, indeed, to anlwer Mit 
 ton, but with flovvnefs and a heavy heart, and: 
 it was la"' that he died of chagrin, at tire fu- 
 perior powers of his opponent, (t is mere 
 probable that his death was occafioned by drink- 
 ing improperly the Spa waters. He died$ 
 1653. His anlwer to Milton was publifhed) 
 by his fon. Salmafius was univer tally ac- 
 knowledged to be the moil learned man 
 time. He was well acquainted with all the 
 languages of Europe, and in Greek, Latin, 
 Hebrew, and the other oriental tongues, he 
 was a moil perfect mailer; but thefe qualities 
 were tarnilhed by felf love, by a failidious dif- v 
 regard of others, and the moil inveterate 
 odium againft fuch as differed from his opt-' 
 nions. His works are numerous, the belt 
 known are his " notae in hiiloria? Augufta*/ 
 fcriptores and exercitationes Plinianae in So- 
 iinum," hefides good editions of Tertullian| 
 Horns, Polyhiftor, Simplicius on Epictetus 
 and treatiles de medo uiurarum, &c. 
 
 Salmeron, Alphonfos, of Toledo, was 
 one of the moil zealous followers of Ignatius 
 Loyola, the founder of the jefuits. He was 
 very aftive in the eilablifhment of the jefuits] 
 college at Naples, where he died 1585, aged 
 69. He wrote commentaries on the fcrip- 
 tures, and other works, 8 vols. fcl. 
 
 Salmon, William, author of the completer 
 phyfician, or druggift's (hop opened, 8vo. a 
 large herbal, 2 vols. fol. polygraphice, or the 
 art of painting, a work of merit treatife on 
 -ailrology, &c. florifhed about 1685. 
 
 Salmon, Nathanad, of Mepfall, Bedford- 
 fhire, was educated' at Benet college, Cam- 
 bridge. Refufing to take the oaths to Anr.e, 
 he was driven from the church, and applied to 
 phyfic, which he pra&iied at St. Ives, Hunt- 
 ingdonfhire, and Biihop's Stortford, Herts. 
 He wrote a furvey of Roman flations in Bri- 
 tain, 8vo. a furvey of Roman antiquities in 
 the middle English counties, Svo. the hiilory 
 of Hertfordfliire, fol. &c. and died 1742. 
 
 Salmon, Thomas, brother to William, was 
 author of the preient ftate of all nations a 
 geographical grammar, 8vo. afterwards im- 
 proved by Guthrie the chronological hiilory 
 of England, 2 vols. 8vo. examination of Bur- 
 net's hiilory of his own times, befides valuable 
 ailiilance in the univerfal hiilory, &c. He 
 died fuddenly 1743. 
 
 Salter, Samuel, of Norwich, was educated 
 at the Charter-houfe,and Benet college, Cam- 
 bridge. He obtained from Herring the Lam* < 
 beth degree of V, D, *7Ji, aud by the luvor ; 
 
saM 
 
 SAN 
 
 fcf the Hardwicke family he was, in 1754, 
 appointed preacher at the Charter-houfe, and 
 in 1 761 maftcr, en the death of Dr. Bear- 
 croft. He was befides prebendary of Norwich , 
 and had fome livings. He died 1778. He 
 printed fome fiugle fermons, &c. an edition 
 of his maternal grandfather Dr. Jeflfery's 
 traces and fermons, 2 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Salvator, Rofa, an Italian painter, born 
 near Naples, 1615. His youth was diflipated, 
 and palled frequently in the abandoned com- 
 pany of banditti, in whofe rugged retreats he 
 imbibed that tafle for rough fcencry which he 
 defcribed on canvas with ib mafterly a hand. 
 Hi; human figures are much admired, but few 
 of his larger works are to be found in England, 
 though he was fo rapid in his execution, that 
 he often began awd finhhed a picture in one 
 day. His prints, of which he etched a great 
 number, are in general efteem. He diftin- 
 guifhed himfelf alio as a ptet, and was called 
 the Juvenal of Italy. His works were printed 
 in 8vo. He died at Rome, 167 J. 
 
 S a 1. vi ati, Francis % of Florence, was pa- 
 tronized by cardinal Salvia'.!, and in confe- 
 rence he exchanged his name of Boiii for 
 that of his benefactor. He was at Paris 1554, 
 but looked with envy upon the eminence of 
 rival painters, and afterwards returned to Italy. 
 He was much admired for the grace which he 
 gave to his naked figures, and the beauty and 
 eal'e of his draperies, He died 1563. 
 
 Sai.viati, Jofrph, a Venetian painter. 
 His defign and coloring were highly admired, 
 and his abilities were frequently employed by 
 the Venetians, with thoft of Tintoret and 
 Paul Veronefe. He died at Venice, 1585. 
 
 Salvini, Anthony M.rie, of Florence and 
 profeflbr of Greek there, was member of the 
 de la Crufca academy, and Contributed much 
 to the completion of their dictionary, in 6 vols, 
 fol. Befides poetical tranfiations into Italian 
 of the Ilisd and Odyifey, of Theocritus, He- 
 iici, Anacreon, and other Greek poets ; be- 
 fides Ovid's metamorphotes, Horace's fatires 
 and art of poetry, and other Latin works, and 
 Boileau's art of poetry, and Addifon's Cato, 
 &c. he wrote fome elegant founets, &c. He 
 died at Florence, 1729. 
 
 Sambucus, John, of Tirnau in Hungary, 
 ftudied medicine. He was patronized by 
 Maximilian II. and Rodolphus II. and was 
 counsellor of ftate and hiltoriographer of the 
 empire. He wrote lives of the Roman em- 
 perors hiltorv of Hungary emblemata 
 
 icones mecficorum, fol. translations in Latin 
 from Hefiod, Plato, 'Ihucydides, &c. He 
 died of an apoplexy at Vienna, 1584, aged 
 
 SAlfPIOK, William, anther of the vow 
 breaker, a tragedy, lived in the age of the firlt 
 Charles, affifted Markham in the compofition 
 of his tragedy of Herod and Antipater. 
 
 Sampson, Henry, M. A. a native of South 
 l.everton, Notts, educated at Pembroke hall, 
 Cambridge, obtaiued the -living of Framling- 
 
 ham, but was Ejected for non-conformity. He 
 ftudied phyfic at Leyden and Padua, and prac- 
 tiled in London. He died 1705. He pub- 
 limed an edition of Porter on divine grace, 
 and prepared materials for a hiitory of non- 
 conformifts, never publifhed. 
 
 Samson, fon cf Manoah, & celebrated ia 
 fcripture for his extraordinary ftren$th. He 
 was at laft betrayed by his miftrefs Delilah, to 
 the Philiftines, who put out his eyes, and 
 made him work in a mill. He avenged him- 
 felf on his enemies when they had aflernbled 
 to make fport of him, and while in the tempi* 
 of Dagon, he feized the pillars againft which 
 he refted, and throwing down the edifice, pe- 
 rifhed in the ruins, with 3000 of the Philif- 
 tines, B. C. 11 17. 
 
 Samuel, a Celebrated prophet of Ifrael. 
 He Was early devoted to the fervice of God ia 
 the temple as attendant upon Eli, and he 
 snointed Saul, and afterwards David, to be 
 kings. He died about 1057, aged 98. The 
 book of Judges and of Ruth are fuppofed to 
 be written by him. 
 
 Samweli., David, of Nantglyn, Denbigh- 
 fiiire, was furgeon of the Difcovery, when 
 Cook was murdered at Owhyhee. As he w.a$ 
 prefent he gave to the public a very cjreum- 
 ilaatial account of it. He alio published fome 
 poems in Welfh, and died 1799. 
 
 San a don, Noel Stephen, a jefuit, who 
 taught at Caen, and afterwards was profeffor 
 of rhetoric at Paris. He died 1733, author 
 of orations and poems, much admired, befides 
 n translation of Horace's works, accompanied 
 with learned notes, in 8 vols. 8vo. containing 
 Dacier'-S verfion and notes. 
 
 Sanchez, Antonio Nunes Rebciro, a phy 
 fic'san, born 1699, in Portugal. He ftudied at 
 Coimbra and Salamanca, and vifited London 
 J- and Leyden, where he improved his know- 
 ledge under Boerhaave. When in 1731, 
 Anne, emprels of Rullia, required of Boer- 
 haave three phyficians, Sanchez was nominated 
 one of the number. Here he was phyficiaa 
 to the army, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his 
 fuccefsful practice. The revolution of 174& 
 changed his proi'pecls, and in the midft of the 
 profcriptkms which he daily witneffed, he 
 retired to Paris, where he died, 1783. Ca- 
 tharine, when flic ai'cended the Ruffian throne, 
 rewarded his fervices with a penfion of ICOO 
 roubles. The works of Sanchev. are dilfli ca- 
 tions on the origin of the venereal difeafc 
 on earthquakes a method of Itudyiug medi- 
 cine, &c. 
 
 Sanchez, Thomas, a jefuit, born at Cor 
 duba, 1551. His reputation for chaft'tv and 
 mortification was very great. He died at 
 Grenada, 1610. His works on the der 
 on monaltic vows, See. in 4 vols. fol. dilplay 
 great genius. 
 
 Sancho II. king of Caflile, relented the 
 divifion made by his father of his dominion?, 
 and therefore, on his mother's death, he de- 
 throned his brothers, Garcus was banhlied 
 
 iiom 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 from Gallicia, and Alphonfus quitted the 
 
 throne of Leon, to end his days in a monaf- 
 
 SftKho afterwards ftripped his filters 
 
 of their patrimony, hut in befiegiug Zamora, 
 
 iflaflinated, 1072. 
 Sancuo, Ignatius, a negro of extraordinary 
 character, born 1719, t lea, on board a fhip 
 iffjje from Guinea to Spanilli America. 
 :.-.ed at Carthagena, by the name 
 of Ignatius, and when two years old was 
 brought to England, and given to three maiden 
 fifters near Greenwich, who contemptuoufly 
 beftowed on him the appellation of Don 
 Quixote's fquire. Though treated with harlh- 
 nefs, he found a friend in the duke of Mon- 
 tague, after whole death he lived with the 
 duchefs as butler, and at her deceafe received 
 an annuity of 30I. A habit of low debauchery, 
 however, and a fondnefs for gaming, ruined 
 his little fortune, till at laft reflection brought 
 him back to his fenfes, and as he was pirtial 
 to theatrical reprefentations, he presented 
 himfelf to pourtray the perfon of Othello and 
 Oroonoko. The attempt did not anfwer the 
 public expectation ; but though thus difap- 
 pointed, a marriage with a young woman, of 
 
 !:idia origin, dictated to him the necef- 
 fity of induftrious exertions. By the friend- 
 ship of the Montague family, he was placed 
 above want, and fettled in a fmall grocery 
 ftiop, where his good conduct enabled him to 
 provide a decent fubfiilence for himfelf and his 
 numerous family. He died 1780. He was au- 
 thor of feveral letters, which pofTefs great ori- 
 ginality, and difplay ftrong powers of intellect. 
 Sancroft, William, a prelate, born at 
 Frefingfield, Suffolk, 1616. He was educa- 
 ted at Bury fchool, and Emanuel college, Cam- 
 bridge. He was ejected from a fellowfhip 
 there in 1649 f r refuting to conform, and 
 then went over to the continent, till the re- 
 ftoration. He returned loon after Charles, 
 and. became chaplain to CVin biihop of Dur- 
 ham, who gave him the living of Houghton- 
 le-Spring, and a prebendal itall. In 1662, he 
 was elected mafter of Emanuel college, in 1664 
 made dean of York, and foon after promoted 
 to the deanery of St. Paul. When the cathe- 
 dral was deftroyed by the fire of London, he 
 gave 14001. towards rebuilding it. In 1677 
 he was raifed by Charles II. to the metropo- 
 litan fee of Canterbury, and added dignity to 
 that ftation by his exemplary conduct. He 
 attended his mafter in his lad moments, and 
 it is faid, ufed great freedom of exhortation. 
 Under his fucceflbr he evinced an attachment 
 to the eftablifhed church, and was one of the 
 feven b'rihops fent to the tower in 1 688. Though 
 zealous againft the papifts, and one of thofe 
 who declared for the prince of Orange, he 
 refufed to wait upon the new monarch, to 
 whofe elevation he had concurred, and for this 
 pufillanimous conduct he is defervedly cenfur- 
 d by Burnet and others. His rcfufal to take 
 the oath of allegiance rendered him unpopular, 
 and he w fufptnded, and Tillotibn in 1691 
 
 was appointed in his room. As he refused to' 
 leave Lambeth, he was cited before the court 
 of exchequer, and now, finding all remittance 
 vain, he retired to Frefingfield, where he lived 
 for two years in obfeurity, till an intermittent 
 fever carried him off, 169,3. Though a man 
 of learning, he publifhed little, which was a 
 Latin dialogue againft Calvinifm, called the 
 predeftinated thief modern politics, from 
 Machiavel, Borgia, &c. befides fermons fa- 
 miliar letters, &c. 
 
 Sanctorius, profeffor of medicine at 
 Padua, was born at Capo d'lftria 1561, and 
 died at Venice 1636. He is known for his 
 curious experiments on infenfible perforation, 
 which he made on himfelf in his ftatical chair, 
 afcertaining with incredible accuracy what he 
 gained by aliment, and what he loft by fecre- 
 tion and other difcharges. This ingenious 
 fyftem was ptefented to the world in his " nrs 
 de ftatica medicina," Venice, 1614, tranflated 
 into Fench 1712, and into Englifh by Dr. 
 Quincy. He publifhed befides, methodus 
 vitandorum errorum in arte medica, 4to. 
 commentaria in Galeni, &c. all together col- 
 lected in 4 vols. 4to. 
 
 Sandby, Thomas, of Nottingham, acquir- 
 ed celebrity as an architect, and was profeflbr of 
 that fcience in the royal academy, London. 
 He died 1798, aged 77. 
 
 Sandeman, Robert, of Perth, was edu- 
 cated at St. Andrew's. He became a linen 
 manufacturer, and afterwards turned preacher, 
 and in 1762 came to London, and then pal- 
 fed to America, where he had a meeting houl'e. 
 He died in New England 1772. His feet 
 ftill bears his name. He wrote an anfwer to 
 Harvey's Theron and Afpafio, ofFenfive to the 
 Calvinifts. 
 
 Sanders, Robert, was born near Brea- 
 dalbane, about 1727, and from a comb-maker 
 became a hackney writer in London, and was 
 amanuenfis to lord Lytteiton when he wrote 
 his hiltory of Henry II. He wrote the com- ' 
 plete Englifh traveller, folio the NewgaW 
 calendar Gaffer Greybeard, a novel, in 4 
 vols. urao. He projected a chronology of all 
 nations; but died before its completion, 1783. 
 
 Sanders, Nicholas, of Charlewood, Sur- 
 rey, was educated at Winchefter fchool, and 
 New college, Oxford. He was with cardinal 
 Hofius at the council of Trent, and afterwards 
 went to Poland, and was fent by Gregory 
 XIII. as his nuncio to Ireland, where he led 
 for fome time a wandering life in the 
 and mountains during the civil troubles, and at 
 laft died of want, 1581. He wrote againlt the 
 reformation. 
 
 Sanderson, Robert^ a prelate, born at 
 Rotherham, Yorkfhire, 1587, and educated 
 at Rotherham fchool, and Lincoln college, 
 Oxford. In 1618 he was prefented to the li- 
 ving of Wyberton near Bofton, and to Booth- 
 by Pagnel rectory, which he enjoyed for 40 
 years. He was recommended by Laud to the 
 king, and made his chaplain, and in 1642, was 
 
SAN 
 
 SAN 
 
 appointed regi'us profeffor of divinity, and ca- 
 hon of Lhrifl-church. He attended the king : 
 at Hampton court, and the lfle of Wight, 
 and adviied him, with refpecl to the propofal j 
 of the parliament, to aker, and even abolifh 
 epifropal government, and alio publithed his 
 fentiments under the title of epifccpacy, not 
 prejudicial to regal power. In 1 648 he was 
 ejected from his profefforfhip, but permitted 
 to retain his living ; and at the reftorati'on he 
 was re-initatrd and railed to the fee of Lin- 
 coln. He died 1662. As a divine and a lcho- 
 lar Sanderfon was well verfed in ecclefiaftical 
 and antiquarian biftory, and was confidered ^s 
 the ablelt caluift of the times. He uled to 
 lay that he read only three books, Ar ftotle's 
 rhetoric, Aquinas' fecunda fecunda*, and Cice- 
 ro's works, efpecin'.ly his offices, which he 
 could repeat without book. The chief of his 
 works are " logica artis compendium," 36 
 fermons, folio nine cafes ofconfeience re- 
 fo!ved de juramenti obligatione de obliga- 
 tione confrientise, tranflated into Englifh by 
 Charles, in the Jile of Wight, pax ecclefiae, 
 about predefiination, &c. difcourlVs concern- 
 ing the church, &c le&ures in the divinity 
 fchool, Oxford, &c. 
 
 Sandkrson, Robert efj. F.A.S. ufher of 
 the court of Chancery, and clerk of the Rolls' 
 chapel, continued Rymer's feeders, from the 
 16th to the 20th volume, and died 174T. 
 
 Sandrart, Joachim, a German painter cf 
 Frankfort, 1606. He ftudied at Prague, 
 Utrecht, London, Venice, and Rome. He 
 publifhed feme works on his art, the beft known 
 of which is the lives of painters, with their 
 effigies. He died at Nuremberg, 1683. 
 
 Sandys, Edivin, a prelate, born in 1519, 
 in Lancafhire. He was educated at St. John's 
 college, Cambridge, and in 1547 was elected 
 matter of Catherine hall. As an advocate for 
 the reformation, he feconded the views of Nor- 
 thumberland in proclaiming Jane Gray queen ; 
 but when two days after, the fame nobleman 
 yielding to the times, wifhed him to proclaim 
 Mary, he boldly refilled. For this contuma- 
 cy he was deprived of his honors, and lent to 
 the tower for feven months. His attachment 
 to the proteftant caufe was lb zealous, that 
 Gardiner meditated his ruin ; but he efcaped 
 to the continent. On his return to England 
 he was appointed one of the nine divines to 
 difpute againft nine catholics before the par- 
 liament, and he was one ofthe commiffioners 
 for the revnlon of the liturgy, and the refor- 
 mation ofthe church. He was railed to the 
 fee ofWorccller,and was employed in the tran- 
 slation of the bifhops* bible, in which he tran- 
 flated for his (hare, the books of kings and 
 chronicles. In 1570 he fucceeded Grindal in 
 the fee of London, and in 1576 was tranllated 
 to York. His feverity againtt the papifls, in 
 the caufe of the refrrmation, was lb great, 
 that he created himfalf many enemies. He 
 died 1588, his fcrmgm were publithed in 4to. 
 4c. 
 
 Sandys. fr Edwin, fecond fon ofthe 
 archbilhop, was born in Worcefterfhire, 1561, 
 and educated at Corpus Chrifti, Oxford. In 
 1581 he obtained a prebend of York, and af- 
 terwards travelled abroad, and publifhed an 
 account of his obfervations, under the title of 
 Europse fpeculum. He refigned his prebend 
 in 1602, and was knighted by king James, 
 and employed in affairs' of importance with 
 foreign ftates. He oppofed, in 1621, the mei- 
 lures of the court in parliament, for which 
 ha was imprifoned, but foon after fet at liberty. 
 He died 1629. He left 1500I. to the uni/er- 
 fity of Oxford, for the foundation of a me- 
 taphyseal lecture. Some facred hymns have 
 appeared under his name. 
 
 Sandys, George, brother to the prece- 
 ding, was the feventh and youngeft fon ofthe 
 aighbifhop and born at Bifhopsthorp, 1577. 
 He entered at St. Mary's hall, Oxford, and 
 afterwards removed to Corpus Chrifti, and in 
 1610 fet out on his travels, and during two 
 years vifited Europe, and the moil celebrated 
 places ofthe Ealt, the Holy Land, Egypt, 
 &c. He publifhed an account of his travels, 
 in folio, 16 15, with plates, which was very 
 popular. He was alio diitinguifhed as a poet, 
 and tranflated in 1632, Ovid's metamorphofes 
 into Englifh verfe, in folio befides the pfalms 
 of David paraphrafed ChrihYs paffion, a fa- 
 cred drama from Grotius, &c. He died at 
 Bexley, in Kent, 1643. Dryden called him 
 the beft verfifier of his age, and Pope declared 
 that Englifh poetry owed much of its beauty 
 to his tranfiations* 
 
 Sa*tnazarius, James, an Italian poet, 
 born at Naples, 1458. He was patronifed by 
 Frederic, of Naples, and accompanied that 
 prince into France. He afterwards returned 
 to Naples, and died 1530. His Latin poems 
 confift of elegies, eclogues, and epigrams. His 
 epic poem de partu virginis, in 3 books, is 
 confidered as an elegant and highly finifhed 
 performance, though th mixture of chrhfi- 
 anity and paganilm mull be regarded as offen- 
 five to truth and probability. 
 
 Sanson, Nicolas, a geographer of Abbe- 
 ville. He was fo indefatigable that he exe- 
 cuted not lefs than 300 large maps of places, 
 ancient and modern, in a correct manner. He 
 was engineer and geographer to the king, and 
 died at Paris, 1667. His atlas was publifhed 
 2 vols. fol. Paris. He wrote befides treatifes 
 on the four parts of the world a description 
 ofthe Roman empire, France, Spain, Italy, &c. 
 
 Sansovino, "James, of Florence, was 
 eminent as a fculptor and architect. The 
 mint, the library of St. Mark, and the palace 
 of Cornavo, at Venice, are beautiful fpeci- 
 mens of his Hull, which were fo highly ad- 
 mired, that in a public tax he and Titian were 
 exempted from the general contribution. He 
 died at Venice, 1570, aged 91. His fon 
 Erar.ris abandoned jurifprudence for polite li- 
 terature, and erected a printing houfe at Ve- 
 nice, whre he printed his owa works, and 
 [Z] thofe 
 
SAR 
 
 SAV 
 
 tkofe of others. He wrote a chronology of 
 
 ,h e N .. .1 uranflation of Plu- 
 
 npire defcrip- 
 
 vernment of Genoa, Lucca, and 
 
 R agll . n of 100 novels of illui- 
 
 n writers, &c. and died at Venice, 
 
 , Jcbn Bcptijl de, a Latin poet 
 :o. He was rewarded for his 
 merits with a penfion from Lewis XIV, and 
 died at Dijon, 1697. Kis Latin poems were 
 much admired, and appeared in 3 vols. i2mo. 
 btfides Latin hymns, in another volume. 
 
 Sara sin, John Francis, of Hermanville, 
 1 604, ftudied at Caen and Paris, 
 and though not learned, was eminent for his 
 vivacity and wit. He was fecretary to the 
 prince of Conti ; but was difmifTed from his 
 ferviee with ignominy, becaufe he had pre- 
 vailed upon him to marry cardinal Mazarin's 
 niece. This weighed heavily upon his fpirit, 
 and occafioned his death, 1654. His works 
 are in French, and confift of a difcourfe on 
 tragedy hiftory of the fiege of Dunkirk, 
 the funeral pomp of Voiture mifcellanea 
 befides poems, odes, eclogues, epigrams, &c. 
 
 Saravia, Adrian, of Hefdin, in Artois ; 
 profeilbr of divinity at Leyden, joined the 
 confpiracy for delivering up the city to Robert 
 de Leicefter. Upon the failure of this plan he 
 fled to England, where he became canon of Can- 
 terbury, and the friend of Hooker. His works 
 have been collected into one vol. folio. He died 
 161 1, aged 81. 
 
 Sarjsburv, John of, of Rochefter mo, 
 was the favorite of Henry II. and of Thomas 
 JBecktt, and for fome time was the Engliih 
 rafident at Rome. He was afterwards the 
 companion of Becket, and was with him when 
 he was affa'finated at Canterbury. He then 
 parTed to France, and was made bithopof Char- 
 1 i 79, but died foon after. He wrote a 
 Latin treatife called Policraticon, five de nugis 
 cumlium, &c. befides hi letters, a life of 
 Becket, &c. 
 
 Sarjeant, John, a fecnlar prieft, born 
 in Lincolnfhire, 162 1, and educated at St. 
 John's Cambridge. He became fecretary to 
 Morton, bifhop of Durham ; but afterwards 
 *cnt to Lifbon, and there changed his. reli- 
 gion. He returned to England, 1652, and 
 wrote fome tradts in favor of his new tenets, 
 againft Tillotlbn, Bramhall, Pierce, Ham- 
 mond, &c. He died about 1670. 
 
 Sa r pi, Peter Paul, commonly called fa- 
 ther Paul, was bom at Venice, 1552. At 
 theaje of 12, he entered among the Seryitet. 
 Well (killed ii 1 languages, he was 
 
 equally com, hilofophy, mathema- 
 
 and made fome progrefs in 
 my. He was made pro- 
 order, and honored with the 
 and princes. The quar- 
 mtt with Paul V. engnged the at- 
 i he fo ably defended the 
 flw fellow citizens, that the pope or- 
 
 dered him to came to Rome, and on his r<?* 
 filial excommunicated him. Undifmaj 
 did not ceafe to advocate the caufe of \ 
 in his fpeeches and in his writings ; but his 
 boldnefs proved almoft fatal to him. 1 I 
 attacked on the bridge of St. Mark ! 
 aflafiins, who, after itabhing him, efcap 
 ten oared barge, and though the republ 
 fered a high reward, the murderers were ne- ! 
 ver difcovered. The vvounds were not mor- 
 tal, but they hnftened the diffolution ol 
 whofe conftitution was very delicate. 1 1 
 1623, aged 71, and his laft words wen 
 perpetua, expreilive of his wifh for the im- 
 mortal glory of his country. He was fo lear- 
 ned that the Italians have not hefitated to af- 
 cribe to him the difcovery of the circulation of ' 
 the blood. He was author of the hiftory of 
 the council of Trent, a valuable work in Ita- 
 lian and Latin confiderations of the cenllires 
 of Paul V. againft the Venetians treatife on 
 the interdict. de jure afylorum treatife on 
 the inquifition, &c. 
 
 Sarto, Andrea de, a painter, born at Flo- 
 rence, I47I, the fon of a tailor, whence his 
 name. He was apprentice to a goldfmith ; but 
 by copying and imitating, at his leifure, the 
 pieces of the greateft matters, he acquired cor- 
 re&nefs and celebrity. He was invited by 
 Francis I. to France, but when permitted to 
 vifit Florence to colleft pictures to adorn the 
 king's palaces, he not pnly fhamefully" forgot 
 his promife, hut difhonorably embezzled the 
 money intrufted to his care. This rendered 
 him defpifed and poor ; but he forgot himfelf 
 for awhile in the intoxication of unlawful plea- 
 fures, and died of the plague, 1520, aged 42. 
 As an artift, he pofieffed fuperior powers, 
 though his pidtures are faid to be deficient in 
 boldnefs, in ftrength, and life. 
 - Savage, Richard, an Englifh poet, natu- 
 ral fon of Anne, countefs of Macclesfield, by 
 the earl of Rivers, was born 1698. Doomed 
 to mifery his infancy was entrufted to a poor 
 woman, by his unnatural mother, who wifhed 
 not, indeed, to conceal her (hame, but pu- 
 nifh her offspring. His father was prevented 
 from leaving him a l.gacy of 6000I. becaufe 
 the countefs declared that he was dead, and 
 then fhe endeavoured to fend him to the plan- 
 tations, and next placed him apprentice to a 
 fhoe-maker in Holborn. The death of the 
 nurfe altered his fituation, and in fearchinfl 
 the effects of a woman, whom he confidered as 
 his mother, Savage difcovered letters which' 
 informed him of his birth. Leaving in difdain 
 his humble profeihon, he addreffed himfelf to 
 his mother, but appeals were in vain upon her 
 obdurate heart, and therefore, as he had ac- 
 quired fome learning at St. Alban's fchool, he 
 commenced author. Though noticed by the 
 wits of the age, Savage often puffed his nights 
 in the open fields, or in the flreets, unable to 
 pay even for an ohfeure lodging. His tragedy 
 of fir Thomas Overbury, at laft raifed him to 
 the fhort independence which could be \ 
 
SAV 
 
 AV 
 
 from the profits of 2Col. ; but whilft he con- 
 gratulated himfelf on his fuccefs, he in a 
 drunken quarrel at a houfe of ill fame killed 
 one of his companions, a Mr. Sinclair. He was, 
 tried and found guilty, and his mother not 
 only rejoiced at his condemnation, but ufed 
 her influence tocaufe him to be executed, and 
 her wilhes would have been gratified, had not 
 the countefs of Hertford, reported to the 
 q een the extraordinary lufFerings of the cul- 
 prit, and procured his pardon. Incapable of 
 railing companion in the breaft of his mother 
 he thought he might extort money by the 
 powsrs of ridicule. Lord Tyrconnel received 
 himintohisfamilyandfriend!hip,andallowedhim 
 aool. ayear. But the manners of Savage were 
 licentious ; fickle in his temper, violent and iral- 
 eible, he eafily quarrelled with his patron, and 
 was difmifTed. His next effort was the pub- 
 lication of his " Baftard," a poem of great 
 beauty, and which grew fo popular, that his 
 mother, then at Bath, fled from the place, to 
 avoid hearing the lines, repeated on all fides, 
 to create in her fhame and confufion. His 
 " volunteer laureat," on the queen's birth 
 day, procured him from the royal purfe a pre- 
 fent of 50I. with a promife of the like annual 
 fum ; but the money was loon fquandered, and 
 the poet, without refources, quitted the houfe 
 of a friend, where his politenefs '-procured 
 him an invitation, to pafs the night in the fo- 
 ciety ofthemeaneft rabble, in the lummer on 
 heaps of rubbifh, and in the winter among the 
 aihes of a glafs houfe. 1 he death of the 
 queen, in 1738, brought on, wich the lofs of 
 his penfion, increafing poverty ; yet his friends 
 promifed to raife 50L a year for him, if he 
 would retire to Wales, and live there in pri- 
 vacy. He! accepted the offer, and departed 
 for his diftant refidence, but foon fighed for 
 the diilipation of London. On his return he 
 pafTed through Briitol, where his manners 
 and converfation procured him admittance to 
 the tables of the rich ; but foon his company 
 grew disagreeable from his late hours. Po- 
 verty increafed his miferies ; his clothes were 
 too fhabby for company, and he was arrefled 
 by the miftrefs of his coffee- houfe, for the 
 iVnall fum of 81. Six months he languiihed in 
 a jail, when a fever terminated his exiltence. 
 He died 1743, aged 46, and was buried at the 
 expence of the gaoler. This unhappy man, 
 whole character was fo chequered with vices 
 and good qualities, might have become, from 
 he ltrong and natural powers which he poi- 
 iefled, a molt relpeciable member of lbciety ; 
 but his mind was untutored, and the cruelty 
 of his mother made him quarrel with the 
 whole world, which he regarded with the con 
 fequence of perlecuted virtue, and injured in- 
 nocence. His works, which display the powers 
 of a wild bat original writer, have been col 
 ledted by T. Evans, in 2 vols. 8vo. with ins 
 life by Johnlbn, who often fhared his poverty, 
 and was a witnefs to his lufFerings, his follies, 
 and his imprudence. 
 
 Savage, John, D. D. prefident of tie 
 Royfton club, and lecturer of St. George's 
 Hanover fquare was rector of Clothall, Herts.. 
 He was educated at Weftminfter, and died 
 1747. Out or"r?'pect to him, the fcholars of 
 Weftnjiaiter inferibed a fmall tablet to his me- 
 morv, in the eatt cloifters of the abbey. 
 
 Savage, Samuel Mrton, a diflenting di- 
 vine, affiitant to Dr. Jennings, whom he quit- 
 ted in 1785. He died 1791, aged 70. He 
 publiihed fome fingle fermons of little me- 
 rit. 
 
 Savary, James, of Doue, in Anjou, was 
 employed in commercial purfuits, and af- 
 terwards admitted of the council for the refor- 
 mation of commerce. As his knowledge was 
 very extenllve, he digefted his ideas into a 
 volume, publiihed 1675, 4to. under the title 
 of the " parfait negociant,"a ufeful work, tran- 
 flated into every language of Europe. H* 
 publiihed a fupplementary. volume in 1688, 
 and died 1690. He had 1 7 children by one 
 wife and 11 furvived him. Two of thei'e fons, 
 James and Philemon, completed that ufeful 
 work, the univerfal dictionary of commerce, 
 publiihed, 2 vols, folio, 1 723, and again in 
 3 vols. fol. 1748. James died 1716, and 
 Philemon, 1 727. 
 
 Savary, JV. of Vitre, in Britanny, tra- 
 velled in 1776, into Etiypt, where he con- 
 tinued three years. On his return he vifited 
 the Archipelago, and in 1780, publiihed a 
 tranflation of the kcran, and afterwards pro- 
 duced his letters on Egypt, 2 vols. 8vo. a po- 
 pular work, tranflated into various languages. 
 He publiihed alfo letters on Greece. He 
 died 1788, at Paris. 
 
 Savile, Jir Henry, of "Bradley near Ha- 
 lifax, Yorkihire, was educated at Merton 
 college, Oxford. After travelling on the con- 
 tinent, he was tutor in the Greek language to 
 queen Elizabeth. In 1585 he was appointed 
 warden of Merton, over which he prelided 
 36 years, and in 1596 he was advanced to the 
 provoflfhip of Eton college. He was a favo- 
 rite with James as with Elizabeth j but he de- 
 clined all offers of oromotion, fatisfied with 
 the honor of knighthood conferred, 1604. 
 Upon the lofs of his fon, he devoted his pro- 
 perty and his time to the encouragement of 
 learning, and founded in 1619 two profefl'or- 
 fhi'ps at Oxford, one in aftronomy, and the 
 other in geometry, and beitowed various turns 
 for other benevolent purpofes. He died at 
 Eton college, 1622. His character has been 
 defervtdly applauded by If. Cafaubon, Jof. 
 Scali.j r, M^rcerus, Meibomius, Montagu, 
 &c. and the un verfity of Oxford, in a public 
 fpeech, paid alfo the hi^heft honors 10 this 
 their worthy benef dtor. His works are four 
 books of Tacitus' hiltory, and the life of 
 .Agricola in Englilh, fol. with note? commen- 
 taries concerning Roman .arfare a Latin 
 collection of ancient writers of Englilh hilto- 
 ry, a ith a chronological table from J Casfar to 
 William the conqueror St. Chryibftom's 
 [ Z 2] werks 
 
SAU 
 
 ariu in Greek, 8 vols. fofio, a valuable edi- 
 
 \[\ him Soocl. in the publication. 
 
 ides, Bradwardins de cauta 
 
 . 13 in Euclid, &c. His 
 
 fellow of Merton, diftin- 
 
 : ning, and his intimacy with 
 
 Cam,! ond*i 1592-3. 
 
 rrs, marquis of Halifax, 
 was bom 1630. He contributed to the refto- 
 ration, and was rev.v.-.dod with a peerage. In 
 l6?2 he Ml War to Holland to 
 
 with Frr.nce, with little 
 ; and in 1675 ne was removed for 
 ig the ted bills, and the declaration for 
 a toleration. He was Pa violent againft the 
 n bill, that the commons addreffed the 
 king to remove him from his council, to which 
 he had lately been redored, bi.t his firmnefs 
 A ; the parliament was diflblved, and 
 he was made an earl. In 1682 he was created 
 marquis, and made privy feal, and on James's 
 acceflion, he was appointed president of the 
 council ; but when he refufed to repeal the 
 teft act, he was difmiffed from his offices. 
 When J.imes abdicated, Halifax was mado- 
 prefident of the lords, and in the convention 
 parliament, he fupported the elevation of the 
 prh.e 01 Orange, and was nominated privy 
 feal. In 1689 he quitted the court, and ever 
 after displayed a ftrong oppofition to the mi- 
 r.i'.fry till his death 1695. He was a man of 
 great abilities as a datefman and a fpeakei, 
 but the founded arguments and the mod fcilid 
 truths were too often turned into contempt 
 by the force of ridicule, and a vicious propen- 
 fity to low and vulgar wit. Though reputed 
 an atheift, he conkffed to Burnet, in his laft 
 moments, his rirm belief in the goodnefs of 
 God. and the mediation of Chrid. Befides 
 his advice to a daughter, he publifhed the cha- 
 racter of a trimmer the anatomy of an equi- 
 a letter to a diffenter maxims of 
 -he character of king Chailcs If. &c. 
 Saul, fon of Kim, was anointed Mng of 
 Ifrael, 1095 B. C. He difobeyed God hy 
 1'paring the Amalekites, and Samuel told him 
 that the kingdom would be removed from his 
 l^mily. He was jealous of the popularity of 
 David, who had killed Goliath, and who was 
 to fucceed him. He killed himielf after an 
 unfortunate battle at Gilboah. 
 
 Saunders, Charles, a dramatic writer in 
 the age of the fecond Charles. At Weftmin- 
 fter fchool, he wrote the play of Tamerlane 
 the Grea* 
 
 SAVKDiKtfJtr Edmund^ from a common 
 
 rofe to eminence by the fnendfbip of 
 
 1 lawyer of Clement's inn, who patronized 
 
 admitting him r.mong his clerks. From 
 
 a clerk he became a counfel, and at laft was 
 
 appointed chief jufUce of the king's bench, 
 
 where he fupported the dignity of his office by 
 
 , and impartiality. He 
 
 died 1683. 
 
 Saunders, Richard, author of aftrol op teal 
 judgment and practice f phytic, 410. Ac.- 
 
 SAV 
 
 obtained celebrity in a fuperftitioui age, and 
 died 1680. 
 
 Saunpf.rson,- Nicolas, a mathematician, 
 bom at Thurlfton, York/hire, 1682. When 
 12 months old, he was deprived of his fight by 
 the lmaH-pox, and retained no idea whatever 
 of light and colors. At Pcnnefton grammar 
 fchool he acquired fuch knowledge of the daf- 
 fies, that he could mod perfectly underiiand 
 Euclid, Archimedes, and Diophantus, when 
 read in Greek. His fondnefs for mathema- 
 tics appeared when firft he was made acquain- 
 ted by his father with numbers, and foon by 
 the power of his memory, he formed intricate 
 calculations, and refdveil difficult problemr. 
 He was initiated into algebra and geometry, 
 and under Dr. Nettleton, he acquired all that 
 vad information which raifed him to celebrity. 
 He improved his knowledge of logic and me- 
 taphyflcs at a private fchool near Sheffield, and 
 ?X 25 appeared at Cambridge, as a refident in 
 Chrid's college, though not a member of the 
 fociety. His extraordinary powers, and the 
 difficulties of a narrow fortune procured him 
 friends, and Whifbn, the mathematical pro- 
 feflor, liberally permitted him to lecture he- 
 fore the univerfity. His lectures were on the 
 Newtonian philofophy, and were attended by 
 crowded audiences. On the removal of 
 Whrdon from his profeflbrftiip, the blind lec- 
 turer was honorably called upon, by the uni- 
 verfity, to fill up the I.ucafian chair, and a 
 degree of M. A. by royal mandate was ob- 
 tained 171 1, to qualify him for the office, and 
 his inauguration fpeech was delivered in ele- 
 gant Latin. He was attacked by a mortiSca- 
 tioti in his foot which carried him off, 1739-, 
 aged 57. The vivacity and wit of his conver- 
 lation were much admired ; but his judgment 
 yf perrons and things was often exprefTed with 
 fuch freedom, and fuch unconcern, that he 
 created himielf many enemies. This fingular 
 character had aftenifhing powers of feeling ; 
 when in a garden, where ohfervationa were 
 making on the fun, he could point out every 
 cloud that obfeured the iky, and he difcovered 
 fuch quicknefs in obferving the voice of per- 
 fons with whom he converted, that he reol- 
 lectci every one with the moft fingular ex- 
 aetnefs. He was a great proficient in playing 
 on the flute. His elements of algebra were 
 publifhed at Cambridge, by fubfeription, 1740, 
 2 vols. 4to. and a treatife on fluxions, 8vo, ap- 
 peared alio after his death. 
 
 Savonarola, Jer&m, an Italian monk. 
 His influence in the pulpit was lb great at 
 Florence, that for fome years he guided the 
 date as its fovereign ; but when lie inveighed 
 againft Rome, and the icandalons life of the 
 pontiff" Alexander VI. he drew down the ven- 
 geance of the holy fee, which neither his po- 
 pularity nor the purity of his morals could 
 avert. He was condemned to be hanged and 
 burned, and differed 1498 with great religna- 
 tion. He wrote the triumph of the crofs, and 
 various other thookogici] v. ?rks. 
 
 SavriH, 
 
SALT 
 
 SAX 
 
 Saujlin, James, was born at Nifmes, '677. 
 He left Trance on the revocation of the edict 
 *>f Narlies, and went to Geneva, and then 
 (erved as a cadet in lord Galloway's regiment 
 in die campaign of 1694. lie abandoned the 
 military lite for philofophy and divinity, and 
 pafTed, in 1700, into Holland and England. In 
 J.70.5 he fettled at the Hague, where his elo- 
 quence as a preacher was dilplayed with great 
 effect He died at the Hague, 1730. He wrote 
 a treatile on education, dedicated to the prin- 
 ces, fons of George I . He publhhed, be- 
 sides, his lermons, highly efleemcd, in 12 
 vols. 8vo. r ; is greater! work is difcourfes hif- 
 fcorical, critical, and moral, on the molt me- 
 morable events in the old and new teflament, 
 incomplete, afterwards continued in 6 vols, 
 folio. 
 
 Saurin, Jofrph, a French mathematician, 
 born at Courtulon, 1650. He was a protef- 
 tant, nut afterwards abjured his principles and 
 was admitted mem tier of the academy of fci- 
 *nces, and received a penfion from the king. 
 He devoted him (elf to geometrical purfuits, 
 and was engaged in a controverfy withRouiTeau, 
 who had rallely charged him with writing fome 
 libellous verfes agaiuit. perlbqs of diftin6tion. 
 He died at Paris 1737. 
 
 Saurin, Bernard "J'fph, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was advocate 01 the parliament of Pa- 
 ris. He became the friend of Voltaire, Mon- 
 tefquieu, andHelvetius.and wrote fome plays oi 
 mer>t and popularity, elpecially Spartacus, 
 Blanche and Richard, tragedies Attglomanie, a 
 comedy, the marriage of Julia mceurs du 
 terns, &c. He died at Paris, 1781. 
 
 Sa us sure, N.cnbs de, of Geneva, is au- 
 thor of efiays on the vine on the fcarcity of 
 wheat on dew on fire, &c. He died 1706 
 aged 81. 
 
 Sa us SURE, Horace Btnediil de, fon of the 
 above, was born at Geneva, 1 740. /it the 
 age of 21 he was elected philo!ophical profef 
 for at Geneva, and continued there with great 
 public advantage for 25 years. e rirft vifited 
 Paris in 1768, and next examined the diico 
 veries of Montgoifier at Lyons, and travelled 
 through iolland, Eetgium, E; gland, and Ita- 
 ly. He vifited the ifland of Elba, and with 
 fir William Hamilton, examined Veluvius. 
 and siterwards meafured the crater of ./Etna 
 He dilcovered fome valu. ble plants, and alio 
 invented various inftruments, in the opera- 
 tions of fcimce and of art. His next excur- 
 fioi;s were on the Alps, and <.fter croffing 
 them 14 times by eij'ht difFerent places, he 
 afcendedto the fummit of Mont Blanc, where 
 he could (carce breathe. He was made mem- 
 ber of the academy of fciences at Paris, Sec. 
 and the empetrr Jofeph, when at Geneva, 
 paid particular attention to the philolbphcr. 
 In the Frenih revolution, he was electi d on 
 the union 0! his country to France, to the na 
 tional afiemhly ; 1m: the diii rdersof the trrrii s 
 ruined his little fortune, arid Broke his 1, cut, 
 J799. He is author of an eulogy -on his 
 
 friend Bonnet, 8vo. differtatio phyfica de 
 igne inquiry on the bark of leaves, &c. dif- 
 fertatio phyfica de electricitate, 8vo. plan of 
 reform for the college of Geneva delcripticn 
 of the electrical effects of thunder- effay on 
 hygrometry, 4to. voyages in the Alps, 4 
 vols 4to. a valuable work, &c. 
 
 Sauvagks, Francis BoiJJier de, of Alais, 
 was profeflbr of botany and medicine at Mont- 
 peilier. He died at Montpellier, 1767, aged 
 61. lie wrote theoria febris nelblogia me- 
 thodica, 5 vols. 8vo. phyfiolog'ue mechanicse 
 clementa, i2mo. methodus foliar um, 8vo. 
 fcC, 
 
 Sauveur, Jofeph, of la Fleche, was dumb 
 till his ieventh year, and then his powers of 
 fpeech appeared very imperfect, fo that what 
 he uttered was with difficulty. He had a 
 ltiong propenfity for mechanical knowledge, 
 and difrc-garding claffical inftriu lion, he ap- 
 plied himfelf to mathematical luidies, againft 
 the wilhes of his friends. He began to teach 
 mathematics, and i'o great was his reputation 
 that at the age of 20 he had prince Eugene among 
 his pupils. He was efteemed by Conde, ho- 
 nored with the notice of the royal family, and 
 in 1686 was profeflbr of mathematics to the 
 royal college. He wrote a treatile on fortifi- 
 cation, and to enable himfelf to do if Kitnti- 
 rically, he attended the fiege of Mons. I e 
 wrote befides, a treatile on mufic. He died 
 1 716. 
 
 Sawyer, fir Robert, attorney-general, 
 from 1681 to 1687, was removed for refufmg 
 to lend his name to the arbitrary meafures of 
 James. He was a warm admirer of jufl ice 
 Hale, and died 1692. 
 
 Saxe, Maw'ue, count de, natural fon cf 
 Frederic Auguftus, of Saxony, king of Po- 
 land, by the counteis Konigi'maik, was born 
 at Dretden, 1696. ne ftowed ft&driefs for 
 war from his very infancy. His firlt cam- 
 paign was in Flanders, under Eugene and 
 Marlborough, where his valor was diipiayed 
 at the taking of Lille, Tournay, a:;d Mons, 
 and at the battle of Malplaquet. When the 
 king of Poland, in 1711, befieged Strali'und, 
 the young warrior encouraged the (bldiers by 
 his example, and crofTed the river in. the fight 
 ot the ent;my ; and in the battle of Guedl- 
 bufck, he had a horfe fliot under him, while 
 he rallied three times the retiring troops. In 
 1717 he was at the fiege of Belgrade, where 
 he defeated the Turks. After the tie .ties of 
 Utrecht and PafTarowitz, he went to Fiance, 
 where the duke of Orleans gained his iervices 
 by heftowing on him the brevet rank of field 
 marfhal. During the peace of the continent, 
 het'mployed himfelf in improving his mathe- 
 matical knowledge, and in introducing milita- 
 ry dil'cipline in his regiment. In 1726 he was 
 by the ftates of Courland elected their fove- 
 reign. Poland and RuiTia oppofed him but h 
 defended hhnfelfj and with a fmsll force re- 
 fitted thoufands of his invaders ; but at laft he 
 gave on the unequal conteft, and abandoning 
 L z 3 J the 
 
SCA 
 
 the fuprenie power which his valor defcrved, 
 he reared in i-:9, to privacy in France. 
 Here,duru>$ the attacks of"a fever, he comnofed 
 eries a work worthy of the 
 rlar or a Conde The death of 
 Poland, his father, 1753. rekin- 
 : urvpe, but Saxe declined 
 the command <Vihe S^xwn troops, offered him 
 ;, and preferred ierving in 
 irmiesonthe Rhine. . kith* war 
 . td the death of haries VI., Saxe 
 befieged Prague ia 1741. and took it by f- 
 fault, and foon after irinde himfelf mafter of 
 and < f the lines of l^auterburg. In 
 I744 he was made rr.arfhal of France, and 
 : ii, he immediately left Paris to open 
 the campaign of 1 "45 by the battle of Fon- 
 tenoy, which he gained, though carried a 
 round his ovnp in a litter. In the next c-m 
 paign the victory of Lawfcld; was followed by 
 the fall of I3ergen-op-Zoom, then of Mae-^ 
 flricht, when the terrors 4 of the Dutch awefted 
 the career of the conqueror, and peace was 
 concluded in 1748. After the peace Saxe vi- 
 Cted Berlin, and then he returned to 
 France, devoted to literature and the arts. 
 He died 1750, aged 54. His eloge, by 
 M.Thomas, obtained the prize of the French 
 academy in 1759. The b-ft edition of his re- 
 veries is in 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1 75 7. 
 
 Saxo, Grammaticus, a writer, laid to have 
 been a native of Zealand, au illnnd ofDenmark, 
 and to have florilhed in the 12th centurv. t -e 
 ftudied theology, and Ws employed in the ca- 
 thedral of Rofchild, and died about 1208, aged 
 upwards of 7c. By the encouragement of 
 Abi'alom biihop of Rofchild, Saxo undertook 
 the hiftory of Denmark and other northern 
 nations, and after ao years of labor completed 
 it. 
 
 Say, Samuel, a dilTenting minifter, fuc- 
 ceeded Dr. Calimy in 1734, at Weftrninfter, 
 where he died in St. James's ftreet, 12th of 
 April, 1743, a ged 68, of a mortification in 
 hit bowels. After his death appeared a thin 
 4to. volume of his poems with two prole ef- 
 fcys. 
 
 Scala, Bartholomew, an Italian ftatefman 
 born about 1424, and though but the fon of 
 a miller, he rofe to diflincrion, and was for his 
 fervices ennobled at Florence, and knighted 
 by the pope, and made fenator of Rome." He 
 di.d m I lorence 1497. He wrote the hiftory 
 o( Florence in 20 books a fpeech m.^de to 
 t V*I1I &c. 
 
 .''. xand'a, daughter of the above, 
 
 wai dklinguifhed tor her knowledge, as well 
 
 a* (or her beauty and her private virtues ; 
 
 .ViUai) and others. 
 
 ried her to perfect hinvfelf in 
 
 i^uage in her company. She 
 
 < Julius Ctfur y a writer, born 
 
 14*4 Ri|a in the territory of Verona. His 
 
 militai fervice <' Corvious 
 
 king of Hungary an d at iz th foq was ure- 
 
 SCA 
 
 fented to Maximilian, and continued as his 
 117 yens. During his attendance on 
 the emperor he was engaged in various expe- 
 ditions, and was at the battle of Ravenna 1512, 
 where he loft his father and brother. At 40 
 he abandoned the military life for medicine, 
 and fettled in 1526 at Agen, where though 45 
 he took for his wife a young woman fcarce 16, 
 with whom he !ved 29 years, and by whom 
 he had 15 cni'dren. In this retirement he 
 devoted himfelf to literature, and while he 
 piactit'ed phytic for his maintenance, he 
 acquired celebrity by his pen. He died of a 
 retention ot urine 1.558 at Agen. The abili- 
 ties ofScaliger were great, but though com- 
 mended as a benevolent and amiable charac- 
 ter, he was vain and petulant. The bell 
 known of his writings are. exercitationes contra 
 Cardan de fubtiiitate, 4to. de caufis lingua? 
 Latina?, 4to. poetices libri feptem, fol. 
 poemata eprftolse commentarii in Theo 
 phrafti libros, &c. 
 
 Scaliger, Jifcpb JuJIus, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Agen 1540. He ftudied at 
 Bourdeaux, and under his father, and after his 
 death at Paris. Eager to improve, he applied 
 himfelf without an inftrudtor to Greek, and 
 when a perfect mafter of the language he 
 tursed his attention to the Hebrew, and ba- 
 came well acquainted with 13 different lan- 
 guages. He was invited to the chair of belles 
 lettres at Leyden in 1603, and died there of a 
 dropfy 1609. He was defervedly called the 
 moft learned man of the age ; but thefe high 
 qualities were obfeured by a haughty deport- 
 ment, and a contemptuous difregard f the 
 merits of others, attended with abufive lan- 
 guage profuiely directed againft every oppo- 
 nent. The works of this extraordinary man 
 are well known, but the beft known is his 
 " opus de emendatione temporum," in which 
 he lays the foundation of regular and.fyile- 
 matic chronology, efpecially by the invention 
 of the Julian period, and deferves the name 
 which be has received, of the father of chro- 
 n. -logy. He wrote befides " th^aums tem- 
 porum, &c." in which he corredtexTiume of the 
 errors of his former work de tribus fectis 
 Juda-orum, 2 vols. 4to. Latin poems, 8vo. . 
 epiftoke, notes on Varro, anJ aim oft on all the 
 authors of ancient Greece aid Rome. 
 
 Scamozzi, Vincent, of Vicenza, was a ce- 
 lebrated architect. After travelling over 
 France, Germany, and Hungary, he fettled at 
 Venice. One of the moft remarkable of his 
 works is the citadel of Palma in the Fruili. 
 He wrote in" Italian, ideas on univerfal archi- 
 tecture, left mftinifhed, as he died 1616, aged 
 64. 
 
 ScANDERBEG, Or GEORGE CaSTRJOT, 
 
 king of Albania, was delivered up by his fa- 
 ther with three brothers, as^ioftages to Amu- 
 rath II. emperor of the Turks. The three 
 brothers were cut off by poilon, and George 
 w.is (pared on account of his youth. He was 
 cimuncifed rand took the, command of a body 
 
 
SCA 
 
 SCH 
 
 of troops under the title of fangiac ; but on 
 the death of his father I432, he determined 
 to recover his dominions. In the expedition 
 with which he was eta tr lifted againft Hungary 
 he formed a i'ecret correfpondence with Hu- 
 niades, the king of the country, and enabled 
 him to defeat the Turks, 30,000 of whom fell 
 in the field. After this he compelled the 
 fecretary of the fultan to write letters, lealed 
 with -the imperial fignet, demanding the deli- 
 . very of the capital of Albania. After the mef- 
 fengers were difpatched, he put to death thofe 
 who were wknefTes of his meafures, and then 
 haftening to Albania he was received by his 
 countrymen, and acknowledged king 1443- 
 In vain Amurath and his fucceffor Mahomet 
 made war againft him, their armies were de- 
 feated, and at laft in 1461 his independence 
 w,is confirmed. This heroic prince, who had 
 been prefent in 22 battles, and had killed 200c 
 Turks with his own hands, died at Liffa in the 
 Venetian territories, 1467, aged 63. His 
 death was univerfally lamented, and the 
 Turkiih emperor bore witnefs to his bravery 
 by dancing for joy at the intelligence. Though 
 occafionally fevere, he was a man of mild 
 manners, and he exhorted earneilly 'his fol- 
 diers to chaftity, obferving that nothing was 
 more prejudicial to their profeftion than fen- 
 fual pleafure?. 
 
 Scapula, John, a lexicographer, who ftu- 
 died at Laufanne, and was engaged in the prin- 
 ting houfe of Henry Stephens. He privately 
 abridged the great work which his matter was 
 preparing for the prefs, and by publishing it in 
 1580, under the title of a Greek lexicon, he 
 gained a confiderable fum, and dishonorably 
 ruined the laborious thefaurus of Stephens, 
 which found few purchafers. Stephens vented 
 his indignation in the " latinity of Lipfius," 
 but found no other redrefs. 
 
 Scarborough,^- Charles, phyfician to 
 Charles II. was fo eminent for his knowledge 
 of mathematics that he could repeat in order 
 all the proportions of Euclid, Archimedes, 
 and other ancient authors. He fucceeded Dr. 
 Harvey 'as lecturer on anatomy and furgery, 
 and was the firft who judicioufly applied ma- 
 thematics to medical fabje&t. He wrote 
 fyllabus mufculorum an elegy on Cowley, 
 &c. and died 1693. 
 
 Scarella, John Baptijf, of Brefcia, fup- 
 ported the principles of Newton's fyftem, and 
 wrote phyfica generalis, 3 vols. 4to. de rebus 
 ad fcientiam pertinent. 2 vols. 4to. de mag- 
 nete, 4to. hydrodynamica, 4to. elements of 
 logic, ontology, and natural theology, 4 vols.. 
 4tb. He died 1779, aged 70. 
 
 Scarron, Paul, a burlefque writer, born 
 at Paris 16 10. Thongh deformed and licen- 
 tious, he was intended for the church, and 
 a canonry at Mans was obtained for him. At 
 the age of 27 he loft the oft of all his limbs, 
 but in tin's helplefs fbte he indul ed his pro- 
 pen'.ity for humorous writing. Though his 
 &ih*r had dilpleuied Rich'.-iieu, yet the fon 
 
 recovered his efteem by prefentlng to him a 
 very humorous fupplication. He married in 
 1651, madmoiielle d'Aub'gne, a lady of 16, 
 afterwards lb celebrated by the name of 
 Main,tenon, who thus facrificed her beauty and 
 her perfon to the caprices of an invalid. Scar- 
 ron died 1660. The pleafantry which enli- 
 vened his converfation was transfufed into his 
 writings, which were Virgil's iEneid traveflied 
 the comical romance comedies a tragi- 
 comedy,^ all published in 10 vols. 'i2mo. 
 
 Scalken\ Godfrey, ofDort, chiefly excel- 
 led in painting candle light pieces. He was in 
 London and drew William III. by candlelight, 
 and humorously made his majefty hold the 
 candle. He was vulgar in his manners, and 
 died at the Hague 1706. 
 
 Schekle, Charles IVUllam, a chemift, bora 
 atStralfund 1743. He was firft engaged with 
 an apothecary who died much in debt ; hut the 
 induftry of the apprentice reftoredthe nrolperity 
 of the houfe, and the widow pleated with his 
 fidelity married him. Unhappily the day of 
 the marriage, 1786, proved the beginning of n 
 fever which hurried him quickly to the grave. 
 His treatife on air and fire has been tranf!s:.'jd 
 into French from the German, and is defer- 
 vedly known. 
 
 Scheffer, "John, a German, born at 
 Strafburg" 1621. When driven by war from 
 his country he went to Sweden at the invita- 
 tion of Chrillina, and obtained the chair of 
 eloquence and politics at Upfal. He died there 
 1679. He published de militia navali veterum 
 Upfalia antiqua Laponia, tranflatcd into' 
 Engliih Suecia literata de re vehicular! ve> 
 terum, befides notes on Pha:dros, &c. 
 
 Schkgkins, James,' of Schorndorft", was 
 profefTorof philofophy and medicine at Tubin- 
 gen. Though blind he purfued his favorite 
 Studies, and even refuted to fubmit to an ope- 
 ration for the restoration of fight, obferving, 
 that he wiihed to avoid fe'eing many dif fgrec* 
 able objects. He wrote a dialogue, de anima? 
 principatu a treatife de una perfona & diiabus 
 naturis in Chrifto, &<j. He died at Tubingen 
 I587- 
 
 Sciieiner, Cbr'JIopher, an aftronomer, 
 memorable for firft dil'covering the rpotS on 
 the fun's difc. He was born at Mecklenburg, 
 and entered among the jefuits, and afterwards 
 taught Hebrew and mathematics at Ingold- 
 ftadt,#Brifac, Rome, &c. He died rector of 
 the jefuits' college at Neiffe in Silefia, 1650. 
 His obfervation of the folar foots was at In- 
 goldftadt 1G11 \ but he was afraid to publish 
 the difcovery which Vellerus-, to whom he 
 communicated it, ynhandfomely did, and Gali- 
 leo himfelf- laid claim, but improperly, to the. 
 merit of being ,the firft obferver. 
 
 ScjHMTLtN, Sebaflan, of Wirtembunr, 
 firft ferved in Hungary, and was at the d ; fence 
 of Pavia. At the taking of Rome and Nuni, 
 and in the defence of Naples 1528, he diiolay- 
 ed fuch valor that feveral potentates folicitecl 
 his ferViees. He efpoufed the caul'e of the 
 [ * 4 ] I . 1 
 
SCH 
 
 SCH 
 
 Jgj^ueofSmalkaldeagabft the emperor, and 
 afterwards accompanied Henry U. of France 
 in his expedition to the Rhine and the Low 
 Countries. Charles V. reftored him his pro- 
 perty, which had been confifcated at Augfburg. 
 He died 1577. aged 82. , :- 
 
 SciituCHZEft, John James, of Zurich, 
 profefibr there of mathematics and medicine. 
 His reputation was fuch, that the Czar Peter 
 made him liberal offers to fettle in Ruflia ; but 
 the people of Zurich detained him. He died 
 ;n his native town 1733, aged 61. He pub 
 lifhcd natural hiftory of the bible in German, 
 4 large vols foJ. with 750 phtes itineraAlpina, 
 a vols. 4to. pifcium querela?, 410. herbari- 
 um diluvianum, fol. mul'aeum diluvianum, 
 8va homo diluvii teftis, 4to. hiflorise Hel- 
 vetica naturalis prolegomena fciagraphia 
 b'thologica, 4to. nova literaria Helvetica, &c . 
 I lis ton Joliu Gafpard tranflated into Englifh 
 Kzmpfex's hiftory of Japan, 2 vols, folio, and 
 died at London 1729- ' 
 
 Schiavone, Andrea, a Venetian painter, 
 born at Scbenico in Dalmatia 1522. Though 
 uneducated, he rofe by the powers of his ge- 
 nius to eminence. His defigns were not much 
 admired, while his coloring, and the elegance 
 of his draperies, were fuperior to the efforts of 
 his contemporaries. His pictures were efteem- 
 ed after his deceafc, though unfortunately for 
 him difregarded by his contemporaries. He 
 died poor 1582, aged 60, at Venice. 
 
 ScuititR, Frederic, a German dramatic 
 writer. He was born at Marbach in Wirtem- 
 brj/g, and educated at Stutgard, where he 
 produced bis firft dramatic piece called " the 
 robbers." The principles of this piece gave 
 fuch offence to bis fuperiors, that he fled to 
 Manhcim, and for fome time fupported htm- 
 felf i.i the capacity of a regimental furgeon. 
 An appointment in the theatre at Manhtim 
 proved more congenial to his feelings, and 
 enabled him to produce his confpiracy of Fi- 
 efco, his intrigue and love, his Rhenifh Thalia, 
 and other pieces. He went next to Mentz, 
 and afterwards to Drefden. and then to Leip- 
 fic, v/herc he completed his tragedy of Don 
 Carle*. For fome time he refided at Jena as 
 profefibr of hiftory, and then removed to 
 Weimar, where he died 1805. He wrore he- 
 fides, the hiftory of the revolt of the Nether- 
 lands from the Spanifh government the maid 
 of Orleans, and other dramatic pieces, much 
 admired for originality, fire, and elegance, 
 though occafionally immoral, and deficient in 
 unity. 
 
 Schilling, Drebold, of Soleure, in the 
 
 15th century, wrote in German an hiftory of 
 
 the wars of the Swifs againft Charles of fcur- 
 
 gundy. ihe work is accurate, as he was 
 
 t the fcenes which he defoihes. 
 
 Schmidt, George Frederic, of Berlin, was 
 eminent as an engraver, his engravings of 
 portraits were particularly admired. He died 
 at Berlin 177J, arcd 63. 
 
 DCttMIDT, JoLh Andre-u; of Wwrms. was 
 
 theological profefibr at Mariendal, and died 
 there 17 26, aged 74. He wrote compendium 
 hiftoi ia: ecclefiafticae, 8vo de hibliethecis, 4to. 
 lexicon eccleftafticurn minus, &c. 
 
 ScHOEPFLlN, join Daniel, a Lutheran di- 
 vine, of Sulzbourg in Baden Dourlach. He 
 ftudied at Eafil, and Strafburg, and was pro- 
 fefTor of eloquence and hiftory in this la it uni- 
 verfity. He received honorable invitations 
 from the emprefs of Ruflia, from Sweden, 
 from Leyden, and other learned bodies, but 
 he preferred the tranquillity of Strafburg. In 
 1726 he quitted his profefTorfhip, and travelled 
 at the public expence, and vifited Italy, Paris, 
 London, and other places, lie died at Straf- 
 burg of a flow fever, 1771, aged 77. His 
 works are hiftoria Zaringo-Badenfis Carllruhe, 
 7 vols. 4t0.-~.-Uf.itia diplomatica, 2 vols. foi. - 
 All'.itia Uluflrau.2vols.fol. Alfaticarumrerum 
 far ptores, fbl. vindici* typographies, 4to. 
 &c. 
 
 SchomBero, Henry de, was governor of 
 la Marche, av.$ ferved under Charles IX. and 
 his two iucceffcrs. He died fuddenly in 1599. 
 His fon of the fame name fucceeded at la 
 Marche, and diftinguiihed himfelf in Pied- 
 mont in 1617, under d'Efhees, and againft 
 the Huguenots, in 1622, for which he was 
 made marlhal of France. He contributed 
 much, in 1625, to the defeat oftheLnglilh at 
 the ifle of Rhe, and two ycjrj. after he foiced 
 the pafFage of Suza, where he was feverely 
 wounded- In 1 6;,o he made himfelf matter e 
 Piguerol, and relieved Cafal, and loon after 
 defeated the rebels in Languedoc, at Callel- 
 naudari, where Montmorenci was wounded 
 and taken prilbner. He died the next year of 
 an apoplexy, aged 49. Fe was ambaflador for 
 fome time in England and Germany, and he 
 wrote a relation of the war in Italy. His foa 
 Charles diftinguiihed himfelf alfo in the fervice 
 of France, and -was made marihal of France. 
 He conquered the Spaniards, and died at 
 Paris 1656, aged 56. 
 
 Schomberg, Frederic Aimand de, of a 
 different branch from the preceding, was early 
 engaged in the fervice of the prince of Orange. 
 He went in 1650 into the fervice of the French 
 king, and was governor of Gravelines and 
 Furnes, and in 1661 commanded the army in 
 Portugal, where he behaved with fuch pru- 
 dence that Spain was obliged to acknowledge 
 the family ot Eraganza as fovereigns of Portu- 
 gal. He was in 1675 made marfhal of Fiance. 
 On the revocation of the edkft of Nantes 
 168,5, he retired to Pruflia, where the elector 
 appointed him prime minifter and com- 
 mander in chief. He was afterwards in Por- 
 tugal and in Holland, and he accompanied 
 William of Orange into England, and for his 
 fervires he was created an Englifh duke, and, 
 made knight of the garter. In 1689 he went 
 to Ireland as commander in chief, and the fol- 
 lowing year he attended William at the battle 
 of the Bovne, and bravely crofted the river in 
 the luce of the enemy. Hu was woi ..ded by 
 
 one 
 
SCH 
 
 SCI 
 
 one of the foldiers of James K. and icon after 
 (hot dead by miltake, by o;:c of the French 
 refugees in hjsown regiment 1690, in his Szd 
 vear. 
 
 Schookius, 1,'IartLu ofUtrecht, was Cue* 
 .- proleflbr of languages and philofophy 
 at Utrecht, Groningen, and Frankfort on the 
 Oder. He was a man of erudition, though 
 1j%: icaL He is author of exercit;.tioncs varia; 
 de harengis, leu halecibus de fignsturis 
 fatus de ciconis de liatu reipublica: fcederati 
 Belgi: de icepticifmo, Sec. He died 1669, 
 aged s5- 
 
 Schoonj ants, Anthony, of Antwerp, is dif- 
 tinguiftied as a painter. He fettled at Vienna, 
 where he was patronized by the emperor. His 
 altar pieces for feveral German churches are 
 much admired. He died 17x6, aged 61. 
 
 Schorel, John, ofSchurel, a village near 
 Alcmaer in Holland, iludied under Albert 
 Purer, and then went with a friar to Jerufalem, 
 where he painted tome very F.tereiihig pieces. 
 On his return he paiTed through Venice and 
 Rome, and was made by pope Adrian VI. 
 fuperintendant of the Belvidere buildings. 
 After that pontiff's de^th he returned to his 
 country, where he died 1.562. 
 
 Schottus, A-idrc.is, ef Antwerp, was 
 1580 Greek profeffor at Toledo. He entered 
 among the jefuits in 1.586, and afterwards 
 taught rhetoric at Rome, and returned to 
 Antwerp, where he died 1629. He was author 
 of Hifpania jlluftrata, 14 vols. fol. the lives of 
 Francis Borgia, Nunez. Ciaconius, &c. befides 
 editions of Pomponius Mela, Cor. Nepos, Va- 
 lerius Flaccus, &c. 
 
 Schottus, GafparJ, a jefuit, born at 
 Wurtfburg, in Franconia, where he died 1666, 
 :;ged 58. Fie redded at Palermo in Sicily, 
 and at Rome, where he was intimate with 
 Kircher. He is author of phyfica curiofa, or 
 mirabilia nature & artis, 2 vols. 4to magia 
 naturalis & artificialis, 4 vols. 4to teclmica 
 curiofa, 4to.. mnchina hydraulico-pneumatica 
 1 pantometrum Kircherianum, feu inftrumen- 
 tum geometricum novum itinerarium ftati- 
 cum Kircher, Sec. 
 
 Schrkvelius, Cornelius, a critic, born at 
 1-1 aerie m 16 15. He publitbed editions of 
 Homer, Hefiod, and other dallies, laid to be 
 pt very correct. His bed known work is his 
 Greek lexicon, 8vo. in general ufe. He died 
 1667. 
 
 SCHULEMIIOURO, Matthias 'John, count of, 
 was firtt in the fervice of the king of Poland, 
 and with a fmall force he bravely withftood 
 five attacks of Charles XII. of Sweden. In 
 1708 he was placed at the herd of 9000 Poles, 
 in the fervice of the Dutch, and the next year 
 he was at the battle of Malplaquet, where 
 Eugene faw and admired his valor. In 1711 
 he went into the fervice of the Venetians, and 
 ably defended them agninit the 'i inks at Cor- 
 fu, where his conduct was lb intrepid, that a 
 larger penfion was bellowed upon him, and a 
 ftatue railed to his houor< In 1726 he vifited 
 5 
 
 his Cuter, the counters of Kendal n England, 
 and wal received with du'tinction I y George L 
 and he returned to Venice, where he died 
 
 1743- 
 
 Schurman, Anna Maria, a German 
 lady bom at Cologne 1607. i>he excelled in 
 mufic, painting, iculpture, <.nd engraving, and 
 in tile knowledge ol the learned languages, of 
 Greek, Hebfew, S\ riac, and Arabic, as well 
 as the modern tongues. When fix years old 
 fhe cut on paper all forts of figures without 
 model, and two years after dehgned flowers 
 in a maiterly manner. Thefe accomplifnmenta 
 were adorned by the molt model! and diffident 
 manners. She was vilited by Richelieu, and 
 other perfens of the higheit rank, and even 
 princcfies. Her devotion was laid to be equal 
 to her learning, but iu 1650 her attachment te* 
 Labadie ieiiened her fame, and after living 
 with that enthufiaft at Altona, and attending 
 bin in his but moments, lhe retired to Wei- 
 mar, where ihe died 1678. She wrote Latin 
 poems a defence of female ltudy Eukleria 
 in defence of her attachment to Labadie 
 Opufcula, in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. 
 
 Schuur, Theodore Kanier*, a painter, born 
 at the Hague. He was happy in his pieces, 
 which he enriched in the back grounds with 
 fine ancient ruins. He died 1 705, aged 7.7. 
 
 Sciiwaf,ti, Bcrtholet, the inventor of 
 gunpowder, was a Cordelier, born at Friburg 
 in the 13th centurj'. He was an able chemilr, 
 and it is laid, difcovered the fatal iecret of the 
 ingredients of gunpowder, when making ibmc 
 chemical experiments, on nitre. This diicovery 
 was firtt applied to fire arms at the battle of 
 Crefly 1346, or according to others as earlv 
 as 1300 by the Venetians. Roger Bacon is 
 coniidered by fome to have been acquainted 
 with the fatal Iecret, which he relufed to re- 
 veal. 
 
 Sciiwkri.v, Chrifojphcr, count t>f, and 
 field marlhal in the Pruffian fervice, rcfe by 
 merit to the higheit honors. He gained the 
 battle of Molwitz, in 174 1, when the Pruf- 
 fians thought that all was loft, and lie diltin- 
 guifhed hinifelf againft the Auftrians, till th^ 
 battle of Prague in 1757, in which he fell, 
 ftged 72. His memory was honored with a 
 lhitue by the king of Pruffia in Berlin, and I 
 monument by Jofeph II. in 1783, on the very 
 fpot where he expired. 
 
 Sciopi'ius, G a/par, of Neuwark, Upper 
 Palatinate, is well known for the virulence with 
 which he attacked every man of reputation. 
 He wrote, among other tilings, a commentary 
 on ** Priapeia," with obfeene quotations. In 
 1599 he turned Roman cathode, and then 
 abided the protectants and aH"o the jefuits, 
 againft whom be wrote not lefs than 30 diffe- 
 rent treati.es. Not only Jofeph tfcjrliger felt his 
 fatire.but Henry IV. of France, and James I. of 
 England, to whom he wrote a Latin pamphlet, 
 called " an eye-ialve for htf Britannic majefty.' 
 The lait part of his life he devoted to the expla- 
 nation of the prophecL-S'.f the holy lcr:ptures,aivi 
 far tie darby 
 
SCO 
 
 ^ rtici ; pfe, gild he pretend- 
 
 ed tohave'dJfcotered the very key which Peter 
 left on earth. He died 1649, aged 73. He 
 was a man of extraordinary learning, and h'.d 
 
 he paflelfcd ecpul moderation, his lame would 
 ba\ e been deservedly foperior to the reft of 
 rile world. His memory was inch, that it was 
 bid that he could have retlored the fcriptures 
 "toft, as he knew them all by heart. His 
 works were numerous, the beft of which are 
 eriunmium!libriquatuor,8vo. commentanus 
 Wc arte- critica, 8vo. clafflcum belli facri 
 BOtatioms in Phxdrum, &c. 
 
 . atk*, William, D. D. of Somerfet- 
 iiire, was educated at Brazen-note college, 
 Oxford. He died 1647* on his livin ? of 0t> 
 lerden, in Kent. He was author of elegies 
 and epitaphs, under the tide of Threnodia 
 ica. 4to Pafc-e- Albion, or hiftorv of 
 Britain to tbe wsigti of the firft Jtfme?, in 
 I^tin and Engliih verfe, fo!. pfalms, or fongs 
 i Sior Genethliacon,or lUmma JacA 
 jb Ada mo, folio. Another of that name was 
 alio D. D. fellow of King's college, Cambridge, 
 and vicar of Pitminfter, Scmcri'etfhire, where 
 he died 1626 ; author of a commentary on 
 the epirtles to mans and Romans, 
 
 1 . fo, a painter and engraver 
 
 of Vofcaegio. He excelled in animals, flowers 
 and landfcapes, and alfo in miniatures. He 
 was baniihed on the falfe accul'ation of being 
 Wagued with the duke of Savoy, aga'mft whom 
 his countrymen were at war. He was after- 
 wards recalled, and died at Genoa 1631, aged 
 
 41. 
 
 Scot, Meymldt, a writer, bom ne?r Smeeth 
 in Kent. He was of Hart hall, Oxford, but 
 left the univcrfity without a degree. He pub- 
 Efhed " a perfect platform of a hop garden,** 
 Jte. in 4to. the difcoverics of witchcraft, &c. 
 ifiourle upon d<". ils and fpirits, &c. 
 Thefe works txpoi ! bim to iftuch obloquy, 
 and he was cenfured not only by Merle Cafau- 
 hon and others, but by J*mes I. in his demo- 
 nologia. He died 1599. 
 
 Scott, Jcl.i, D. D. of Chippenham, 
 Wiks. Though for three years engaged in 
 trade, he prevailed upon his friends to fend 
 him to Oxford, where he became, doctor in 
 divinity in 1685. He was minifter of St. 
 Thomas's, Southwark, rector of St. Peter le 
 Tror, London, reefer of St. Giles* iu the 
 . prebendary of St. Paul, ar.:'. eanon of 
 "Windier, and Knifed a bMhopm. He died 
 1694: He was a warm oppofer of the ca holies, 
 and wrote the chriftian life, a vakiable and po- 
 pular work, ht folio, and 5 vols. 8vo. fer- 
 awe, Ac 
 
 Scott, Daniel, was educated at Tewkf- 
 
 toacoftnOdre, and Utiecht, where he 
 
 the degree of I.L.D ; but though he 
 
 ftndied divinity, he never entered into the 
 
 tidt. He puh- 
 
 
 
 . of St. 
 
 SCU 
 
 Matthew's gofpel, with notes appendix to H. 
 Stephens' Greek lexicon, % vols, folio, 1745, 
 &c. He died 1759 
 
 Scott, Thomas, brother of Daniel, was a 
 ing minifter at Hitchin, Herts, and then 
 at Norwich, where he died 1746. He is au- 
 thor of occasional fermons, &c. Hisfon "Jfftph 
 Nicol was pallor of a diflenting congregated 
 at Norwich, and then became Arian, and at 
 la!l prsctifed as phyOcian. He was author of a 
 vols, of iermons, and affifted in the revifion of 
 Bailey's folio dictionary. His brother 2 
 was alio a difTenting minifter, who died 1775. 
 He is author of fingle iermons of lyric p Denis 
 of a tranflation of Job into Englifh verfe, 
 with notes, &c. 
 
 Scott, Thomas, B. D. preacher to the 
 Engliih company at Utrecht, was bafely afTaf- 
 finated by a foldier, going to his church in 1626. 
 He is author of vox populi vox dei vox re- 
 gis the Belgic pifmire flinging the flothful 
 fleeper, 4to fymmachia, or true love's knot 
 between Great Britain and the United Pro- 
 vinces-, 4to. &c. 
 
 Scott, Samuel, an Englifh painter, who 
 died 177a. His fea pieces were much ad- 
 mired, 
 
 Scott, Michael, jof Balwiiie, rn Fifefhire, 
 conducted himfelf with fuch bravery at the 
 battle of Largo 1260, that Alexander 111. 
 knighted him. He was on the king's death 
 one of the regents of Scotland, and died 1 291. 
 He was much adclidted toaftrology. 
 
 Scott, David, a Scotchman, ftrongly at- 
 tached to the Stuart family. He refufed to 
 take the oaths to William III. for which he 
 was expofed to perfecution. He wrote a hif- 
 tory of Scotland, folio, and died 1742. 
 
 bcoTi, "John, a poet, of the perfuafion of 
 thequakers. His father, a London tradefman, 
 retired to Amwell, Hertfordfhire, a place 
 which our author has celebrated in hit elegant 
 poem of that name. He wrote befides, " digeft 
 of laws refpecting highways and turnpikes" 
 obfervations on the poor a trael on Rowley's 
 poems, &c. He died 1783. 
 
 Scougal, Henry, M. A. of Saltoun, Eaft 
 Lothian, was educated there, and at Aberdeen 
 univerfity, where he became profefTbr of moral 
 philofophy, and alio of theology. His exer- 
 tions brought on a confumption, cf which he 
 died 1678, aged 28. He wrote " life of 
 God in the foul of man," much admired, be- 
 fides iermons. 
 
 ScROGGS,y/r William, of Deddington, Ox- 
 fordihire, was in the army during the civil 
 wars. He afterwards entered at Gray's Inn, 
 and was knighted in 1669, made ferjeant ac 
 law, and in 1678 mad chief juflice of tiie 
 king's bench. Three years after he was re- 
 moved by an impeachment of the co;. 
 becaufe he was fuppofed to have acted v. 
 tblity on the trial of perfons concerned in the 
 popifli plots. He died 1683, 
 
 Scuddf.r, Henry, minifter of Collingbourne 
 JC k \ ..->.": : Uioroii'ieclrollw 1 id'l'/ 
 
SEC 
 
 SED 
 
 walk, 8vo. a popular work. He was a ftrong 
 prefbyterian, and died before the reftoration. 
 
 Scuderi, George de, of Havre de Grace, 
 paid his court to Richelieu by publishing levere 
 cenfures on the Cid of Corneille. He wrote 
 with fuch rapidity that, as Eoileau fays, he 
 could ench month bring forth a volume. His 
 works, therefore, are nw little known, he 
 died at Paris, 1665. 
 
 Scudeki, Madeleine de, fitter of the preced- 
 ing, was born 1607. She was eminent for 
 her wit, her vivacity, and her writings, and 
 was rewarded for her works by Mazarin, and 
 penfioned by Chriltiua of Sweden, and Lewis 
 XIV. Her houfe was the general refort of 
 the witty and the learned. She died 1 701, 
 aged 94, and two churches dilputed the honor 
 f pofTeffing her remains. Her works are 
 numerous, but (he is better known for ibme 
 elegant verfes, according to Voltaire, than for 
 her ponderous romances. She wrote Clelia, 
 10 vols. vols. Artamenes, or the grand Cy- 
 rus, 10 vols. &c. 
 
 Seaman, Lazarus, D. D. of Leicefter, was 
 educated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, and 
 made mailer of Peterhouf'e. He was after- 
 wards one of the divine? of the Weftminfter 
 aflembly, and died 167J. He published l'eve- 
 ral fermons. 
 
 Sebastian, pofthumous fon of the infant 
 John, fucceeded his grandfather John III. of 
 Portugal, 1557. He invaded in 1574. the 
 Moors in Africa, but without honor. In an 
 expedition againft Fez, a battle was fought near 
 Tangiers T578, and the greater! part of the 
 Portuguefe army was cut to pieces, and Sebai- 
 tian Ihared their fate. As his body could not 
 be found, ibme fuppofed that he efcaped from 
 the general (laughter, and in conlequence, 
 two impoftors arofe to claim the throne, and 
 after fome confuh'on, they were removed, the 
 one being executed, and the othe; lent to the 
 gallies. 
 
 Sebastiano, of Venice, ftudied under 
 Bellino and Giorgione, and was the friend of 
 Michael Angelo at Rome. His Lazarus raifed 
 from the dead is his bed piece, fcarce eclipfed 
 by the famous transfiguration of Raphael. He 
 invented the preparing of plafter walls for oil 
 painting, and died 1547. 
 
 Seckek, Thomas, was born at Sibthorpe 
 near Newark, Notts, 1693. As his father 
 was a dilTemer, he was inltructed in the princi- 
 ples .of thole lectaries, and in 17 16 he ftudied 
 medicine. In 17 19 he vifited Paris, where 
 he became acquainted with Talbot, fon of the 
 bilhop of Durham, who promifed him his fa- 
 ther's patronage, if he would enter into the 
 Englifh church. After mature deliberation 
 he accepted the propofal, and to obtain his de- 
 grees with greater facility he went toLeyden, 
 where, after a refidence of three months, he 
 proceeded M. D. On his return he entered 
 at Exeter college, Oxford, and when ordained 
 he obtained the rectory of Houghton-le- 
 Splng, Durham, exchanged for aprtl<*d, and 
 
 the living of Ryton near Newcaftje, 1727. In 
 1735 his abilities recommended him to the 
 bifhoprie of Briftol, and in 1737 he was trans- 
 lated to Oxford, and 1758 to Canterbury. He 
 was much afflicted with rheum;nic complaints, 
 and in July 1768 he broke his thigh bone, while 
 turning himfejf on his couch. A delirium fol- 
 lowed the fracture, and he expired on the 3d 
 Auguil following, aged 75. Seeker left the 
 beft part of his property to charitable ufes, and 
 with great munificence upheld the dignity of 
 his fee, and of his clergy. In his conduct asa 
 bifhop he was vigilant and attentive, eager to 
 reward merit, and at all times levere againft 
 vicious or difiipated members of the church. 
 The diiTenters hoped much from his elevation, 
 but he behaved with diitruft towards them, 
 and while he forgot the tenets in v> hich he 
 had been educated, he fhowed that his preient 
 opinions were formed upon msture and well 
 weighed conclufions. His fermons were de- 
 fervedly popular, and in his lectures on the 
 catechifm he difplays all the per'.picuity, elo- 
 quc-iice, and argumentation, v. hich cat? com- 
 mand not only" admiration but conviction, in 
 the pure and apoftolic doctrines of the church 
 of England, his works have been published 
 in 12 vols. 8vo. 1795. His life was publifhed 
 by Dr. Porteus, his chaplain and executor. 
 
 Secondat de Montesquieu, Johu 
 Baptijl, fon of the celebrated Montefquieu, 
 was counfellor in the pailiament of Bourdeaux, 
 and devoted himfelf to agriculture. He died 
 at Bourdeaux 1^96, aged 79. He wrote me- 
 moir on electricity, 8vo. againft Nollet obfer- 
 vations on the mineral waters of the Pyrenees, 
 nrao. confiderations on the marine of 
 France, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Secousse, Denys Francis, of Paris, was 
 one of Rollin's firit pupils, and afterwards kit 
 the bar for literature. He gradually became 
 blind in the laft period of life, and died 1754. 
 v He was author of / collection of royal ordon- 
 nances, from the fecond to the ninth vol. lately 
 continued by Villevaut memoirs for the 
 hiftory of Charles the bad, a vols. 4to. mar 
 moirs of Conde, edited with Lenglet, 6 vols. 
 4to. &c. 
 
 Secunuus, yobn, a Latin poet, born at 
 the Hague ijii. He was well (killed in paint- 
 ing and eagraving, and itudiud law under 
 Alciatus. His poems are excellent, and dis- 
 play great wit, elegance, invention, and delica 
 cy. They confift of elegies eoiftles, epigram*, 
 odes, and mifcuilanies, but the melt famous is 
 his Bafia, or kiff'es, a beautiful poem, tranfiated 
 into ' vernl Languages, He died at Utrecht 
 1536. 
 
 Secuius, jfo/jn,o( Wiltfliire, was educated 
 at New co'lege, Oxfo d He afterwards ftu- 
 died at Paris, and fett'ed at Salifbury, where 
 he i ractifed phytic, and died about 1570. He 
 wrote " prognoit icons," a fort of almanac, 
 bolides a compendium how to keep a moderate 
 diet, &c. 
 
 $%OAWt.jMkb/l John, a dramatic writer, 
 
 bora 
 
EG 
 
 SEL 
 
 bornatF-ri . I it the employment 
 
 ire.apd by frequent, 
 
 .,he imbibed fuch 
 sVatntjtic* pieces, that he directed the powers c4 
 to the compod'tion of a 
 
 . ..nd in 1754 Mouct, 
 r of the comic opera, by employing the 
 ta l eil , ; Jramnuit, commanded nu- 
 
 merous -ludieno <. Sedaine WIS a mild and 
 amiable man, and his abilities procured him a 
 feat h the academy of iiifcriptions. He died 
 1707. His comic opt') as ar numerous and va- 
 luable, and lbme of them, fuch as Richard cocur 
 de lion, aiid Bine Beaid, have made tJieir ap- 
 . _ on the Englifh ftage. 
 
 -., Ol.idub, of Mr.ilborough, was 
 
 % '9 college, Oxford. He was 
 
 ,. 1 to fir Horatio Vt re in the Low Coun- 
 
 .nJ during the civil wars he efpotried the 
 
 .-an principles and frequently preached 
 
 before the parliament. He published fermons 
 
 [raCis, and dkC in his native town 
 
 16.C/, ged 57. 
 
 : iv,Jir Clerks, of Ayk-sford in Kent, 
 wasofWadham college, Oxford, but left it 
 without a degree, and became oi;e of the wits 
 of the debauched court of Charles 11. Though 
 unprincipled, he was highly offended with, the 
 ;c which James II had with his daughter, 
 who was in confluence ennobled by the title 
 of counters of Dorchellcr. He efpoufed the 
 more warmly the revolution, obferving that he 
 did it from gratitude, " for fince his majefty," 
 laid he, M has made my daughter a countefs, I 
 I do all I can to make his daughter a 
 queen." Sedley's works were publifhed, 2 vols. 
 fcvo. 1 719, and confiit of plays, tranflations, 
 longs, epilogues, &c. but, though without much 
 tire, they poflefs the dangerous art of infinuat- 
 ing loofe and licentious principles. He died 
 
 1703- 
 
 Seed, Jtremiah, of Clifton, near Penrith, 
 in Cumberland, was educated at Lowther, and 
 Queen's college. Oxford. He was curate of 
 Twickenham, m,d in 1741 obtained from his 
 college the rccfory ofEnham, Hants, where 
 he died 1 747. This excellent divine, defer* 
 vealy efteemed for his private character, pub- 
 !i;l ed difcourfes on fevcral important fubjects, 
 1 vols. 8vo. and after his death appeared his 
 pofthurcous works, confining of fermons, let- 
 ters, &c. 
 
 See-ma Koano, a Chinefe philofopher in 
 the Iith century. He was fifteen years in 
 compofing an hiftory of China, which began at 
 the year 403 before Chrilt. He wrote life 
 fome moral pieces, &c. 
 
 StCARjJir William, garter king at arms, 
 
 thorof "honor civil and military," fol. 
 
 lied 1633 He was < nee impofed upon, 
 
 and granted to George Brandon, the common 
 
 hangman, the royal arms of Arragon; for 
 
 which he Has imprifoped, but again fet at tf- 
 
 en the particulars were Known. 
 
 . CetutJ, a painter, of Antwerp. 
 / in pieces of devotion, but alfo 
 
 excelled in representations of muficians and 
 low fcener. He died at Antwerp 1641. 
 49. His brother Daniel painted flowei 
 infects vvitii admirable art. His pieces fold at 
 a high price. Kedied at Antwerp i66c,aged 
 /O. 
 
 Secrais, John Renaud dt, a French poet, 
 born 1624, at Caen. He was educated among 
 the jefuits, but declined to enter into orders, 
 and afterwards diflinguiihed himielf by hi pen, 
 Madame de Montpenfier took nun into her 
 family ; but when he oppofed her marrying de 
 Lauzun, he found a new patronefs in madamtj 
 de la Fayette, in whofe home he w..s for feveq 
 years treated with kindnefs He afterwards 
 returned to his native country, and (pent the 
 relt of his life in the retirement of learned 
 cafe- He died at Caen of a dropfy 1 701. His 
 converfation was very fafcinatmg and witty, 
 and many of his anecdotes are recorded in the 
 M Segrafiana,' publifhed after his death. 'I he 
 bell known of his works are "poems, confining 
 of paftorals, befides tranflations of Virgil*! 
 Georgics and 7neid. 
 
 SEGtJi, Jofepb, of Rodez, obtained in 1733 
 the poetical prize of the French academy. He 
 was honored with a place at tire French aca- 
 demy, the abbey of Genlis, and a cunonry in 
 Meaux cathedral. He died at Meaux 1761, 
 aged 7a. He publifhed panegyrics 2 vols. 
 l2mo. fermons, 2 vols. academical dif- 
 courfes. His panegyric of St. Lewis was re- 
 ceived with great apphufe. 
 
 5 tER, John Francis, of Nifmes, ftudied 
 botany He improved his knowledge by 
 travelling with MafTei into France, England, 
 Holland, Germany, and Italy, and was honored 
 on his return with the place o' prefident ot the 
 academy of Nifmes. He alio paid att<n(ion 
 to medailic hiftory, and died at Nifmes 1-64, 
 aged 81 He wiote bibliotheca botanica, 4to 
 plantae Verofoenfes, 8vo. a tranflation of 
 Maffei's memoirs, 2 vols. nmo. 
 
 SXLnEN, Jchn, of Salvinton, Suflex, was 
 educated zx. Chiehefter l'chool, and -art hall, 
 Oxford, after which he entered at Clifford's 
 Inn, and two years after removed to the Inner 
 Temple, r-c diftmguifhed himielf as an anti- 
 quarian, and in 1610 publifhed jani Anglorum 
 facie? altera, & duello, or the origin of lingle 
 combat. He publifhed titles of honor, 1614, a 
 work of merit, and in 1618 appeared his hif- 
 tory of tithes, which, as it censured the igno- 
 rance of the clergy, gave offence to that body. 
 The work was attacked by feveral riters, 
 especially Montague afterwards bifhop of 
 Norwich, and the author at laft made lubmiC 
 fio.i before the lords of the privy council for 
 this publication. His opinion in favor of the 
 commons, and his oppofition to the court, 
 drew upon him in 1621 the difpleafure of 
 James, who committed him to the cullody of 
 the fhcriffof London, from which he was libe- 
 rated by bifhop Andrews. In 1623 he was 
 member for Lancalter, and two years after far 
 Great Bedwin, and diflinguiihed himielf hy art 
 
 attack 
 

 SEL 
 
 attack upoti Buckingham, and became one of 
 the managers of his impeachment. For the 
 freedom of his fentiments he was in 1629, ar- 
 retted with other members, and upon lefuf- 
 ing to make fubmiifion he was lent to the 
 king's bench prilbn. i-e was again lent intc 
 confinement the following year ; but his fuf- 
 feriugs were rewarded by the parliament of 
 1646, who voted him 5OC0I. In 16,14 he de- 
 fended; in his mare claufum, the privilege? of 
 the Englifb, and their rights in the herring 
 fill, cry, aga'mit Grotius's woik, calkd mare 
 liben.m. He was in 1640 member for Oxford 
 univtrfity, and in 1642 it was intended by the 
 king's mini ersto remove I.yttelton from the 
 feals, and to give them to him, as though he 
 oppofed the court, he was a fincere friend to 
 the Jul! prerogatives of the crown, but the 
 otfe: was not made, as his delicate conftitution 
 would have induced him to decline it In 
 1643 he was one of the lay members of the 
 Weitminiier aiTembly of divines, and he took 
 the covenant, and was made keeper of the 
 records of the tower. He was in 1^44 one 
 of the twelve commiflioners of the admiraltv, 
 and did not concur in the violent meafures of 
 the parliament, and when the Icon Bafilice 
 appeared, Cromwell in vain Tolicited him to 
 write again!! it. He died 1 654, at White 
 friars, at the houfe of the countels of Kent, 
 with whom he lived in habits of friendship, 
 and lbme report, of criminal intimacy. His 
 Valuable library was given by his executors to 
 the univerfitv of Oxford. As a fcholar Selden 
 ranks high, He was lkiiled in the Hebrew 
 and oriental languages, and acquainted with 
 all laws, divine and human, and in the (lores of 
 a molt retentive memory, he treifured up 
 whatever is valuable, interesting, and impor- 
 tant, in ancient and modern literature. He 
 was, as Grotius ltates him, the glory of the 
 Englilh nation, and as Whitelock fays, his 
 mind was as great as his learning, and he was 
 as hofpitahle and as generous as any man. He 
 was a perfon, as C larendon has ebl'erved, whom 
 no character can flatter, or tranfmit in any 
 exprelfions equal to his merit and virtue. His 
 works were collected by Dr. Wilkins, 3 vols, 
 fol. generally bound in 6, 1726. 
 
 Selim I. fecond fon of Bajazet II. defeated 
 his father in 151a, and after poifoning him, 
 alcended the throne of Turkey. In a bloody 
 battle near Aleppo, he killed Gaury, the 
 Egyptian monarch, and in another battle near 
 Cairo defeated the new king, and totally 
 crufhed the power of the Mamelukes, which 
 for 260 years had governed the country. He 
 was fuecefsful agtfflft the Perlians ; but whilit 
 he prepared war agninft the chriftians, he was 
 attacked by a violent dileafe, which proved 
 fatal. He died at Cluri in Throe I.S2Q, on 
 the very foot where he had caufed his father 
 to be poifoned. 
 
 Selim II. grandfon of the preceding, 
 
 . afcended the throne I.s66. He violated the- 
 
 treaty with the Venetians, and by a fudden 
 
 SEN 
 
 attack made hirnfelf matter of Cyprus, but the 
 next year he loft at the battle of Lepanto 
 above 35,000 men befideshis fleet Devoting 
 his time to the fenfual plcafures of his leraglio, 
 he died little refpected, 1574, aged 52. 
 
 Selis, Nicholas Jofepb. a poet, born at 
 Paris 1737- He left Amiens, where his ta- 
 lents were already admired, and' fettled at 
 Paris He is author of a translation of Perlius, 
 with notes, 8vo. epiftles in verie relation of 
 Voltaire's diibrdcr,confefiion and death letter 
 to de la Harpe on the college of France dif- 
 courfe on central lchools, &c. He died 
 1802. 
 
 Selkirk, Alexander, of Largo in Scotland, 
 obtained the command of a (hip and made fe- 
 veral voyages to the South feas In T7C5, 
 while, in the (hip of -captain Pradling, he had 3 
 quarrel with him, and in oonfequence of it was 
 cruelly, fent on Ihore, on the defert island ot 
 Juan de Fernandez, with only a fowling piece, 
 gunpowder, and Ihot, and few neceiTaries. In 
 this Situation he continued three years, com- 
 fortably fubfiiling on the goats of the illand, 
 and the fifli which he caught, till the arrival of 
 captain Wood Rogers in 1709 removed him. 
 This lingular adventure forms the balls of 
 Robinfon Crulbe, a romance embellished by 
 de Foe. 
 
 Seller, Abednego, cf Plymouth, was edu- 
 cated at Lincoln college, Oxford, and became 
 minister of Cornbeintinc head, Devonshire, 
 and of another living in London, which he loft 
 at the revolution. He wrote remarks relating 
 to the ltate of the church, in the three firfr 
 centuries, 8vo. the devout com numcant, &c. 
 and died about 1720, aged 73. 
 
 Sellius, Godfrey, of Dantzic, lived much 
 in France 8 and died at Charenton 1767. He 
 wrote geographical defcription of Dutch Bra- 
 brant, i2mo. voyage to Hudlbn's bay, ?,vo. 
 a natural hiftory of Ireland hiitory elf. the 
 United Provinces, 8 vols. 4to. &c. v 
 
 Ben AC, John, of Lombez, became phjtfl- 
 cian to the French king, and fupcrintendaW 
 of the mineral waters of the kingdom. He. 
 died 1770. He publilhed a tranllation of 
 Heifter's anatomy, with phyfical effays on tire 
 ufe of the parts of the human body a treatife 
 on the caufes and the cure of the plague on 
 the iirudture of the heart, 2 vols. 4to. Sec. 
 
 SENECAI, or Seneck', Anthony Bauder^n 
 de, a French poet, born at Macon 1643. He 
 left (he pr^felfion of the law for belles Irttres; 
 but an unfortunate duel drove him to Savoy. 
 Herf a quarrel with the brothers of a boy who 
 had ihown a partiality for him, rendered his 
 refidence difagreeable, and he retired to iV 
 drid, and then to France. He became vnlet 
 to Maria Therefa, the wife of Lewis XJV. 
 and died at Macon 1737- He v. rote epigrams 
 fatires poetical novels and fugitivepoems, 
 in a pleafing ftyle. 
 
 Sennacherib, a Syrian king, whole army 
 befieging Terulalem, was ft ruck by a reltilqnce, 
 and nearly deitroyed. He ofcaped with diffi- 
 culty 
 
SER 
 
 culrvfrom the difeafe, and was at lift fain by 
 
 B.C. 7i- 
 
 . nertus, Otmiei, a phyfkun, born at 
 
 Brefhw, ton of a (hoem.iker. He Itudied at 
 
 nherg, &c. and was profeffbr of phyfic at 
 
 ntroAiccdtbe ftody of che- 
 
 araong his pupils, and acquired great 
 
 iv ; but hisccnfure of the ancients, and 
 
 his opinions about the foul, drew upon him the 
 
 charge of impiety. He died of the plague at 
 
 Wirtemherg 1637. He wrote various things, 
 
 3 vols, folio. 
 
 SeruLVEDA, JJj'i Genes de, of Cordova*, 
 wa, historiographer to Chirks V. and is known 
 lor his profligate vindication of the cruelties of 
 the Spaniards againft the Indians, againft de la 
 Cam. He wrote fome other works, not much 
 efteemed, and died at Salamanca 1572, aged 
 
 Serarius, Nicholas, a jefuir, of Lorraine, 
 who taught philofophy at Wurtzburgh, &c. 
 and died 1610, aged 65. He wrote commen- 
 taries on the bible, folio opufcula theologica, 
 *c. all collected into 16 vols, folio. 
 
 Serranus, or de erres, John, a pro- 
 teftant who efcaped with difficulty the St. 
 Bartholomew maflacre, and fled to Laufanne. 
 He was afterwards minilter at Nifmes, and 
 enjoyed the favor of Henry IV. He publiihed 
 in 1 ^97 a book, called * de fide catholica," in 
 which he attempted to reconcile the protect- 
 ants and Roman catholics to the fame tenets, 
 which dii'pleafed hoth parties. It is fuppoled 
 th.it he was poifoned by the Calvinilts of Ge- 
 neva, as he died there fuddenly 1598, aged 
 about JO. He wrote a treatife on the immor- 
 tality of the foul, 8vo. inventory of the hil- 
 tory of France, 2 vols, folio memoirs of the 
 third civil war of France, 3 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Serres, Oliver de, a French agriculturist 
 He was prevailed upon by Henry IV. to come 
 to Paris, and as the monarch was pleafed with 
 his converfation, he made him fuperintendant 
 of his plantations. He first introduced the 
 white mulberry-tree into Fiance, and to his 
 labors agriculture was much indebted for its 
 rapid improvement. He died 1619, aged 80. 
 He wrote a treatife on the white mulberry-'ree, 
 and on filk,<ince reprinted the theatre of agri- 
 culture and the management of land, 4to. 
 
 Servanooni, John Nicholas, a Florentine 
 architect and painter, born 1695. He was en- 
 gaged at Paris at the play-houfes from 1728 to 
 J 746. He was in London 1749, and pre- 
 pared that beautiful edifice for the exhibition 
 of fire works on Tower h 11 in honor of the 
 treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. He died 1766. The 
 I '.'c known of his paintings are the" defcent 
 of JV.nezs into hell the triumph of conjugal 
 love Hero and Leander, &c. 
 
 Servetus, MiJjael, of Villanuova in 
 Arragon, fludied the law at Touloufe, but 
 afterwards applied to medicine at Paris. The 
 boldneft of his opinions created him enemies, 
 and after fettling at Lyons, he retired to 
 Chalieu. ,Ou the invitation of the aichbifhop 
 
 SET 
 
 ofVienne, he fixed his refidence there, and he 
 might have lived refpected, had he been iatis- 
 fied to feek celebrity in medical purfuits alone. 
 Eager to publifh his Arian opinions, he fent 
 three queftions to Calvin on the divinity of 
 Chrirt, on regeneration, and on the necessity 
 ofbapthm, and when anfwered with civility, 
 he reflected on his correipondent with harfh- 
 nefs. This produced a quarrel, and Calvin, 
 bent on revenge, obtained, by fecret means, 
 copies of a work in which his antagonift was 
 engaged, and caufed him to be accufed as 3 
 dangerous man. Servetus efcaped ; but on 
 his way to Italy, he imprudently pafTed in 
 diiguii'e through Geneva, where he was re- 
 cognized by Calvin, and immediately feized by 
 the magistrates. Forty heretical errors were 
 proved againft him by his accufers, but Serve- 
 tus refufed to renounce them, and the magi- 
 Itrates, yielding to the reprefentations of the 
 ministers of Bafil, Berne, and Zurich, and efpe- 
 cially of Calvin, who demanded the puniftu 
 ment of a profane heretic, ordered the unhap- 
 py man to be burnt. On the 17th October 
 1553, the wretched Servetus was conducted 
 to the flake, and as the wind prevented the 
 flames from reaching his body, two long hours 
 elapfed before he was freed from his miferies. 
 This cruel treatment defervedly called down 
 the general odium on the head of Calvin, who 
 ably defended his conduct and that of the 
 magistrates. Servetus publiihed various works 
 againft the trinity, burnt in diigrace at Gene- 
 va, and other plnces. As he faid in his chrifti- 
 anifmi reftitutio, that the whole mais of blood 
 paries through the lungs by means of the pul- 
 monic veins and arteries, fome have attributed 
 the difcovery of the circulation of the blood 
 to him. Th* history of the opinions and of 
 the misfortunes of.Servetus has been publiihed 
 by Mofheim, 1728, in 4to. and is an interest- 
 ing performance. Servetus wrote befides, fome 
 medical trads, &c. 
 
 Servius, Honoratus Maurus, a Latin 
 grammarian, author of a commentary on Vir- 
 gil in the fourth century. 
 
 Sessa, an Indian philofopher, faid to be 
 the inventor of the game of chefs. When he 
 prefented his invention to Scheram, king of 
 India, the monarch, pleafed with it, defired 
 him to demand whatever he pleafed. Sefla 
 afked only a grain of wheat to cover the firft 
 fquare of the chefs board, two for the fecond, 
 four for the third, and fo on progressively 
 through the 64 fquares. The king regarded 
 the requelt as unworthy of his merit ; but th* 
 philofopher persisted in his wifties, and when 
 the numeration began to be made, it foon ap- 
 peared how difficult it would be to grant it,- 
 since all the granaries of the kingdom contain- 
 ed not wheat enough to fatisfy the demand. 
 The king, (till more pleafed with the philofo- 
 pher, conferred on him the highest honors of 
 hi? kingdom. 
 
 Settle, Elkanah, an English post, born at 
 D unstable, Bedfordshire, 1648, and educated 
 
 U 
 
SEW 
 
 ro 
 
 at Trinity college, Oxford. He diffinguifhed . 
 himfelf in London by his writings, became the 
 city poet with a penfion, and compofed fome 
 dramatic pieces of merit, befides the medal re- 
 verted Azariah and Hufliai, againft Dryden, 
 in which he fhowed himfelf a very formidable 
 rival, " and left the palm of fuperiority," fays 
 Johnfon, " undecided." His Cambyfes, king 
 of Perfia fatal love emprefs of Morocco, 
 &c. are mentioned with applaufe. He alio 
 fupported the meafures of administration as a 
 weekly journalift. He died 1724. 
 
 Sevigne', Mary de Rabutin, marquife de, 
 a lady, eminent for her wit, and for her virtues, 
 daughter of de Rabutin, was born 1626. She, 
 when little more than a year old, loft her fa- 
 ther, and in 1644 (he married Sevigne, who 
 feven years after fell in a duel. Thus left a 
 widow with a fon and daughter, (he devoted 
 herfelf to their education. Her daughter mar- 
 ried, in 1669, de Grignan, governor of Pro- 
 vence, and it was at her houfe that (lie caught 
 a fever, and died 1696. She was a woman of 
 great mental po.vers, and her letters are con- 
 sidered as the beft models for epiftolary writ- 
 ings. The beft edition is in 8 vols. iamo. 
 Paris, 1754. In the celebrated difpute about 
 the ancients and the moderns, (he faid that the 
 ancients are the fineft, and we are the prettied. 
 A collection of anecdotes, moral fentiments, 
 and apophthegms, extracted from her letters, 
 and called Sevigniana, appeared at Paris 1 756. 
 Her fon was one of the admirers of Ninon de 
 FEnclos, and difputed with madame Dacier 
 about a pafTage in Horace. He died 1713. 
 
 Sevin, Francis, was born in the diocefe of 
 Sens, and died 1741. He went in 1728 with 
 Fourmont to Constantinople, in fearch of 
 MSS. and returned with 6c6, among which, 
 however, were none of the ancient Greek 
 authors. . His letters in this voyage contain 
 intarefting accounts about the Levant, Egypt, 
 &c. 
 
 Seward, Thomas, rector of Eyam, in 
 Deibyihire, and prebendary of Lichfield ca- 
 thedral, wrote poems, pieferved in Dodfley's 
 collection, and publiihed $ja edition of the 
 plays of Beaumont and Fletcher, &c. He died 
 1790, aged 82. He was father to Anne 
 Stivard^ whole poetical abilities are well 
 known. 
 
 Seward, William, of London, fon of a 
 brewer, was educated at the Charter-houfe, 
 and at Oxford. As he pofTefltd a comfortable 
 fortune, he devoted himfelf to literary eafe. 
 He was fellow of the rsyal and antiquarian 
 Societies, and was defervedly refpected for 
 urbanity of manners, and entertaining anec- 
 dotes, by thofe who had the pleafure Of his 
 acquaintance. He publiihed anecdotes ofdif- 
 tinguifhed perfons, from fcarce curtous books, 
 5 vols. 8vo. to which he added a fupplement, 
 in 2 vols, under the^title of Eiographiana. He 
 died 1799, aged 52. 
 
 Sewei l, William, a qmker, born at Am- 
 fterdam , of EngliQi parents, 1654. He prac- 
 
 tifed as a furgeon, and ciiftinguilhe'd himfelf by 
 his hiitory of quakers in low Dutch, 17 17, 
 tranflated into Englifh in folio. Fie wrote be- 
 sides, a dictionary of the Englifh and low Dutch 
 languages, 4to. a Dutch grammar a tranfla- 
 tion of Jofephus, &c. and died at Amfterdain, 
 1720. 
 
 Seweli., George, a poet and phyficiaa, 
 born at Windfor, and educated at Eton. He 
 ftudied medicine at Leyden, and fettled at 
 Hampftead, where- he meet with fuccefs, but 
 died 1726. He wrote ("even controverfiai 
 pamphlets the life of John Philips a vindi- 
 cation of the Englifh flag fir Walter Ra- 
 leigh, a tragedy. Richard the firft, left un- 
 fmiihed. 
 
 Seydi.itz, Frederic William, bfon de, 
 diftinguifhed himfelf in the war of Silefia, and 
 covered the retreat of the Pruffian army after 
 the fatal day of Kolin.' He was at the battle 
 of Rofbach, and defeated the Ruffians at Zora- 
 dorf. He died 1773, covered with glory. 
 
 Seymour, Edivard, guardian to Edward 
 VI. to whom he, as brother of Jane Seymour, 
 was uncle, was created duke of Somerfet. 
 Though he difcharged his truft of protector 
 with ability, and fupported the reformation, 
 he was oppofed by the earl of Warwick, and at 
 lait brought to the fcaffold as guilty of high 
 treafon, 1551. His brother Thomas, admiral 
 of England, had, by an unnatural influence, 
 differed on the fcaffold three years before, oa 
 a charge of high treafon. 
 
 Seymour, Anne, Margaret, and Jane, 
 daughters of Edward, duke of Somerfet, were 
 known for their.poetical talents. Their 104 
 Latin diilichs on the death of Margaret de 
 Valois of France, were tranflated into French, 
 Greek, and Italian, but poflefs little merit. 
 
 Seymour, lady Arabella, was daughter of 
 the earls of Lenox, the youngeft brother ef 
 Darnley. Her affinity to the royal family 
 proved her misfortune ; and the meafures 
 planned by the dilaffected for her elevation to 
 the throne, procured her imprifenment under 
 Elizabeth. After James's acceflion, (he pri- 
 vately married William Seymour, the fecond 
 fon of lord Hertford ; but as this was without 
 the permitlion of the king, (lie was (eized, and 
 with her hufband convev^d to the tower. 
 They efcaped after a year/ confinement ; but 
 though the hufband made good his fiVht on 
 board a veiled, lady Arabella was taken, and 
 in 16x5 died in prilbn. 
 
 Sfondrati, Francis, of Mi'an, was em- 
 ployed by Charles V. as ambaffador to Sienna, 
 but after his wife's death he took orders, and 
 fed to the bifhopric of Cremona. He 
 dud 1550, aged 56. He wrote the rape of 
 Helen, a poem. He left two tons, Paul and 
 Nicholas, who obtained fna tiara under the 
 name of Gregory XIV. 
 
 Sforza, James, a warrior, furnamed the 
 Great, born at Cotignola, 1639. He was the 
 fon of a laborer [ot (hoe-maker, and attracted 
 by the fame of a military life, he joined a party 
 
 ef 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 iTing through his village, nnd gra- 
 dually rpi'c to command. He was in the ier- 
 tice of Joan of Navarre, and wil ifterwarda 
 Rome, nd alio count of Co- 
 Hs abilities were difplayed in the 
 .\!:en beiiegcd by Alphun- 
 Arragon, whom he obliged to railc the 
 In his purfuii or the flying enemy, he 
 in the Pcfcara, 1424, after rcn- 
 me illuftrious. 
 
 . tit, nntur.il fon of the pre- 
 ceding, became eminent. He ferved under 
 er, and was prelent at his melancholy 
 death, a. d continued the war ag linfl Alphon- 
 fc. ) e afterwards ferved Joan of Naples, and 
 her fuCceftbf , and his reputation was inch that 
 he .>s ihoicn by the pope, the Venetians, and 
 tinea, the'ir general, againlt the duke of 
 . gh he had married hi daughter. 
 The death of the duke changed the face of 
 affairs. 1447, i>f r v '* s appointed genual of 
 the M'lanelc againft Venice, and turning his 
 arms againlt his employers, he obliged them to 
 name him duke of Milan, an honor which was 
 acknowledged by the French general, and to 
 h afterwards was added the Sovereignty cf 
 . he died 1466. 
 SforZA, Caieas-Matie, fucceeded his fa- 
 ther Francis at Milan ; hut his debaucheries 
 revolted the affecTion ofthe people, and he was 
 aflafiinated jo years after 1476. His fon John 
 Galus-Matie, was for a little time under the 
 guaniianfhip of his mother, but the govern- 
 ment was leized by his uncle Ludo-vic- Marie, 
 amonfter of iniquity, who by flow poilbn cu: 
 fcim off 1494. 
 
 SforZa, Catherine, natural daughter of 
 Galeas-Marie, acquired celebrity by her pre- 
 fence of mind. She married R'i3rio, prince of 
 Forli, fome time alter affivfTina'ed by Francis 
 Urfus.^ho had revolted again!} her huibrnd. 
 Falling with her children into the hands of the 
 enemy, Ihe foard means to efcape to Rimini, 
 ftill attached to her perfon, and (he defended 
 fuch bravery againlt her enemies, who 
 threatened to put to death her children if 
 fiie did not furrender, that at lad fhe reltored 
 herfelf to fovereign power. She afterwards 
 Bianied John de Medicis, and again in 15CO 
 defended Forli againd the duke of Valentmois. 
 When obliged to furrender, lhe was confined 
 in the calUe of St. Angelo, hut foon after fet 
 at liberty. She died foon after. 
 
 Shauwii.l, Thomas, an Englifh poet, born 
 at Stanton lull, Norfolk, 1640. He was of 
 Caius college, Cambridge, and ofthe Middltt 
 Temple, but after travelling abroad, he turned 
 all Lis attention to dramatic compofition. his 
 plays were 17 in number, befide* other poems, 
 lie Ar the revolution he was mr.de hhtorio- 
 graph*r to the king, and poet Ltureat in the 
 J Brydcn, who refemed the appoint- 
 ment by the fevered iutire in bis Mack Fleck - 
 Boe. He wrote with great oale and rapidity, 
 I his "I'ly.he"' m five 
 ,s u amiable man, and died 1692, it is 
 
 CaiJ, in confequence of a large dofe of opium, 
 taken by miltake. 'lhe belt known of his* 
 plays were his vtrtuofo the gentleman of 
 Ahace Epfom wells- 1 the mifanthrope the 
 Lancashire witches, &c. comedies. Charles 
 Shadwell, eithei h's fon or nephew, wrote the 
 " fair quakerof Deal," &c. and died 1726. 
 
 Suakespf.ar, William., the illultrious poet 
 of nature, was born of a reipectable family at 
 Stratford on Avon, April 1564. His father 
 was engaged in the wool trade, and of tea 
 children the poet was the elded. He wa: 
 early removed from the grammar fchool or 
 Stratford, as bufinefs was to form the employ- 
 ment of ills future life ; but after being 
 time in his father's trade, he married, al 
 age of 17, the daughter of Hathaway, a 
 neighbouring farmer. At this time unfortu- 
 nately, joining with feme; diffipated companions, 
 he in a thoughtiefs hour accompanied them in 
 deer dealing, in the park of fir Thomas Lucy, 
 of Charlecote. The offence was repeated and 4 
 profecution was conlequenrly begun, but the 
 poet, initead of conciliating the baronet by fub- 
 mi'.lion, wrote a ballad upon him with fatirical 
 bitternefs. Flying therefore to London to 
 efcape the law, he enrolled himfelf among (hi 
 players. For a while he maintained hirnlelfkl 
 the characterTif an inferior performer ; hut his 
 acquaintance with the llage was productive of 
 thi nobled confequences. Though his name 
 appears in the lilt of the actors of thole day?, 
 it is not afcertained that he role to eminence, 
 as Rowe aliens, that the ghod in his own 
 Hamlet was the higheft character which he 
 j ventured to perform. He was, however, born 
 not to act, but to delineate, not to play the 
 hero, but to create characters, and beings of 
 his own, and, with the pencil of nature, to 
 pourtray, in the molt glowing colors, the vari- 
 ous emotions of the heart. Without patron- 
 age, an exile from his native town, the poet 
 at lad burd to eminence and fame. His plays 
 became popular, feveral of them were per- 
 formed before the court, and Elizabeth was lb 
 pleated with his Falftaff, in the two parts of 
 Henry IV. that lhe wifhed to fee the valiant 
 knight in love, nnd the hint produced the ini- 
 mitable drama ofthe merry wives of Windfor. 
 Thel'e exertions for the entertainment ofthe 
 court, and of the public, no doubt railed pa- 
 trons to tl\e poet ; but little is known of them, 
 and the name of lord Southampton only is 
 mentioned, as diltinguhliing him with his 
 friendfhip. It is laid that in one inflance ill? 
 generous lord gave the poet one thouhSnd 
 pound?. For tome years Shakefpear, as allied] 
 with Ben Jonforv and the other wits ofthe 
 age, was manager of the play-houfe, and after 
 he had acquired a competent fortune, he re 
 tired to his native town, where he lived re- 
 fpedted and beloved. To the houfe which he 
 purchafed, he gave the name of New Place t 
 and he laved it from the flames in the dreadful 
 fire which nearly conl'umed the whole of thn 
 lown in 1614. The mulberry tree which he 
 
 pLntei. 
 
SHA 
 
 SHA 
 
 planted in his garden afterwards became an 
 ,ob;ec> of veneration, and when cut down by 
 an avaricious proprietor, the wood was fafhion- 
 ed into various utenfils, which ibid for a high 
 'price, and were preferved with more than 
 , common affection. Shakeipear made h"s will 
 in the beginning of 1616, and died the 2,3d of 
 April of the lame year, in the 53d year of his 
 age. He was buried in the tomb of his ancef- 
 tors, on the north fide of the chancel in Strat- 
 ford great church, where the following: La> ::i 
 dilHch is written on the monument againft the 
 wall, and the Engliih lines on the grave-irone 
 beneath: 
 
 Judicio Pyliura, genio Socratem, arte Ma- 
 ronem, 
 Terra tegit, populus moeret, Olympus 
 habet. 
 Good friend, for Jefus' fake forbear 
 To dig the duft inclofed here : 
 Bleftbe the man that fpares thefe (lories, 
 And curs'd be he that moves thefe bones. 
 In 1740 a monument was railed to his honor 
 in Weftminfter abbey, and that his fame, and 
 not charity, fhould contribute to the due ho- 
 mage, the collection was made from the admii- 
 fion to fee his Julius Caefiur acled at Drury- 
 lane, a8th April 1738. Shakeipear had three 
 daughters, the youngett of whom was executrix 
 to his will, and inherited the belt part of his 
 eftate. One of the daughters died young, 
 'Judith married Thomas Quincy,and Sufannah, 
 Dr. Hall, a phyfician. As an author, Jihake- 
 fpear deferves particular praife, as in originali- 
 ty, fublime conception, force and delineation, 
 he has furpaffed the poets of every age, and 
 every country. In the midft, however, of his 
 great beauties, there are many blemifhes, and 
 while he fcatters rofes with a liberal hand, he is 
 carelefs of the offenfive weeds which accom- 
 pany his exuherant profufion. His plays, of 
 which it is icarce poffible to trace the hiftory, 
 or to difcover the date, except from a few 
 frittered pafftges, have been often publifhed, 
 and by their own intrinfic merit, have given 
 celebrity even to thole who, as editors, have 
 bellowed ibme labor in the elucidation of 
 them. The firft collection of them was in 
 1623, in folio, by two of his fellow comedians, 
 Heminge and L'ondell, and afterwards they 
 engaged the atte uion of Rowe, in I/I4> of 
 Pope in 1741, of Theobald in 1726, of Han- 
 mer in 1744, in 6. vols. 4to. of Warburton in 
 I747, of Dr. Johnlbn in 1765, of Steevem in 
 1766, of Caoell in 1768, of Johnfon and Stee- 
 vens in 17 Jo, beiides more modern editions. 
 
 Sharp, James, a prelate, born in Banff- 
 fhire, 1618. He was educated at Aberdeen, 
 and ably oppofed the covenanters. He was in 
 England where he was noticed by Hammond, 
 Taylor, and others. He was the advocate of 
 a prefbyterinn party for Scotland before Crom- 
 we'l, and acquitted himfelf with great dexte- 
 rity, and when Monk was commander in the 
 north, he ufed the talents of Sharp 1 in his at- 
 tempts to fettle the ecclefiaftical affairs of the 
 
 kingdom. At the reftoration he became a 
 convert to the church of England, and was 
 made archbiihop of St. Andrew's; but this was 
 confidered as a dereliction of his friends, and 
 the covenanters determined to facrifice him. 
 His life was attempted in 1668, by a fanatic 
 preacher; but in 1679, nnie alfaffins barba- 
 roufly murdered him on Magafk-moor, near 
 St. Andrew's. He was then in his coach with, 
 his daughter, and notwithstanding her cries, he 
 fell, pierced with 22. wounds. 
 
 Sh akv, John, of Bradford, Yorkfhire, was 
 educated at Chrift college, Cambridge, and 
 became chaplain to fir eneage Finch, attor- 
 ney general. In 1672 he was archdeacon of 
 Berks, and in 1675 prebendary of Norwich, 
 and thsn rector of St. Bartholomew ne.sr the 
 Exchange, and afterwards of St. Giles' in the 
 fields. In 1681 he was made dean of Nor- 
 wich,' by the intereft of Finch, now lord chan- 
 cellor. In 1686 he was fufpended, for preach- 
 ing In favor of the Anglican church againft 
 popery; but though the bifhop of London, 
 who refufed to pronounce againft him, was 
 himfelf fufpended, the ftorm paffed away, and 
 he was, in 1689, made dean of Canterbury, 
 and next fucceeded to the fee of York. , He 
 died at Bath, 1713. His ftrmons are in 7 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Sharp, Thomas, D. D. younger fon of the 
 preceding, was born in Yorkfhire, and educated 
 at Trinity college, Cambridge. He obtained 
 the rectory of Rothbury, Northumberland, a 1 
 prebend of Durham, and the archdeaconry of 
 Northumberland, and died 1758, aged 65. He 
 is author of two differtations on the etymology 
 of the Hebrew words Elohim andBerith, 8vo. 
 befides difcourfes on the antiquity of the 
 Hebrew tongue and characters, &c. He was 
 father to Granville Sharp, known as an ele- 
 gant cladical fcholar. 
 
 SiiARrs, Gregory,' D. D. F. J? A. S. S. 
 of Yorkfhire, 1713, came from Hull fchool to 
 Weftminfter, and then went to Aberdeen. 
 He was minifter of Broadway chapel, St. 
 James', and chaplain to the king, and mailer 
 of the temple. He died 1771. He wrote a 
 review of the controverly about the demoniacs 
 of the new teftament, 8vo. two differtations 
 on the origin of language, and the power of 
 letters, with a Hebrew lexicon, 8vo. defence 
 of Dr. Clarke againft Leibnitz, 8vo. differta- 
 tion on the origin and ftruclure of the Latin 
 tongue, 8vo. Sec. 
 
 Siiarroch, Robert, of Adftock, Bucking- 
 hamfhire, was educated at Winchefter fchool, 
 and New college, Oxford. He was preben- 
 dary and archdeacon of Winchefter, and reclor 
 of Bifhop's Waltham, Hants, and of Horewood, 
 Bucks, and died 1684. He wrote the hiftory 
 of the propagation and improvement of vege- 
 tables, 8vo. hypothefis de ofnciis fecundum* 
 human, ration, dictata, &c. againft Habbes-r- 
 judicia, &c. 
 
 Shaw, Thomas, D. D. of Kendal, Weft- 
 
 ruoreland, was educated there, and at Queen's 
 
 [ A a j college, 
 
SHA 
 
 SHE 
 
 otfege, Oxford. He was chaplain to the 
 English factory of Algiers, and there made 
 various excursions to examine the antiquities 
 of the country. He was, In 1740, appointed 
 principal of Edmund hall, and vicar of Bram- 
 ley, Hams. He was afterwards regius pro- 
 feffor of Greek, and died 175X. His travels 
 were publifhed at Oxford, in 1738; containing 
 mi interelling account of Barbary and the .Le- 
 vant :ind particularly of Egypt, and were ably 
 vindicated by the author, againft Pococke. 
 
 Su aw, Cutbbert, fon of a fhoe-maker, at 
 Raventvvorth, Yorkshire, was brought up at 
 Scorton fchool, where he became affiftant, and 
 afterwards at Dariington grammar fchool. He 
 next engaged as actor in the Norwich com- 
 pany, and in 1760 performed fir George 
 Wealthy, in the Minor, under Foote, at the 
 Hay-market, and the next year he appeared at 
 Covent-garden, but with little encouragement. 
 After a life of chequered adventures and mi- 
 fery, he died I77i,in very indigent circum- 
 fiances. He was author of liberty," 410.-' 
 odes on the four feafons, 4to. the^four far- 
 thing candles, 4to. a poem which attacked and 
 ridiculed Lloyd, Churchill, Colman, and Shir- 
 leythe race, a fatirical poem a monody on 
 his wife, whom he loft 1768, loon after his 
 marriage, ike. 
 
 Shaw, jfobn, of Durham, was educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and Brazen-noie. 
 He was rector of Walton, Northumberland, 
 and at the restoration obtained St. John's cha- 
 pel, in Newcastle. He published, no reforma- 
 tion of the established religion, 8vo. tracts 
 againft popery, &c. and died 1689. 
 
 Shaw, Samuel, of Repton, Derbyfhire, was 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. He 
 was mafter of Tamvvorth grammar fchool, and 
 then removed to Mofeley, and afterwards to 
 Xong Wharton, Leicestershire. Though eject- 
 ed for nonconformity, he obtained, in 1 66 6, 
 the fchool of Afhby-de-la-Zouch. He died 
 1696, aged 61. He wrote the voice of one 
 crying in the wildernefs, 8vo. Emanuel, a 
 moral treatife, 8vo. the true christian's teft, 
 
 or meditations a Latin grammar words 
 
 made vifible, &c. 
 
 Shaw, Peter, author of the practice of 
 phyfic, a vols. 8vo. a courfe of chemiftry, 
 4to. &c. was a refpedtable practitioner, and 
 died 1763. 
 
 Shaw, Stubbing, of Stowe, Staffordshire, 
 was educated at Repton fchool, and Queen's 
 college, Cambridge. He travelled, in 1787, 
 through the highl^ds of Scotland, and the 
 next year vifited the weft of England, of which 
 two journies he publifhed an account, of no 
 great merit. In 1789 he was engaged in the 
 topographer, &c. dii'continued in 1791. The 
 firft volume of his hiftory of Staffordshire, a 
 work of considerable merit, appeared 1798, 
 foL and three years after, the firft part of the 
 fecood volume was publifhed. He, in 1709, 
 uccecded to the living of Hartfhorn, Derby- 
 
 shire, on his fatherV death, and died 1S0& 
 
 aged only 41. 
 
 . Shebbeare, 'John, of Bideford, DevonJ 
 
 an apothecary, and after being in bufinefs in 
 Briftol, he removed, in 174O, to London. 
 His politics were unfriendly to the govern- , 
 ment, and he went to Paris. On his return 
 he publifhed the marriage act and Lydia, or ] 
 filial piety, two fatirical novels of little merit ; 
 and in 1759, for his Seventh letter to the peo- 
 ple of England, he was pilloried. On the ac- 
 ceffion of George III. he obtained a penSion 
 from lord Bute, and defended the conduct of 
 government in feveral pamphlets. He wrote 
 alfo an hiSlory of Jerfey, % vols. 8vo. 177 1, in 
 which he . attacks the conduct of the chief 
 magistrate of the ifland hiitory of the Suma- 
 trans, a vols. chryfal, or the adventures of 
 a guinea, 4 vols. practice' of phyfic, 1 vols. 
 8vo. letters on the English nation, &c. He 
 died 1788, aged 79. 
 
 Sheffield, John, duke of Buckingham* 
 Jhirt, a poet and ftatefman, born 1650. After 
 travelling into France, he went as volunteer- 
 in the fecond Dutch war, and afterwards made 
 a campaign in the French fervice. he was 
 next entrusted with the defence of Tangier, I 
 which was threatened by the Moors. e 
 foon became a favorite at court, though his 
 partiality for Anne, afterwards queen, involved 
 him in temporary difgrace. Under James II, 
 he was privy counfellor, and lord chamberlain; 
 and though he did not at firft approve of the 
 revolution, he afterwards fupported the mea* I 
 lures for proclaiming William king, againft 
 thofe who wished to appoint Mary iole fove- I 
 reign. Under Anne, he was raifed to the 
 rank of duke of Normanby, and afterwards of 
 Buckinghamshire, and was made Steward of 
 the houfhold, aud prefident of the council. 
 On George's acceffion, he retired from the 
 court, and died 17 21. He was buried in ; 
 Weftminfter abbey, where the Latin inlcrip- 
 tiort on his monument, written by himfelf, 
 created fome controverfy, and drew upon him 
 the reproach of fcepticifm. His works were 
 elegantly published in 1729, in a vols. 8vo. 
 the firft of which contains his effay on. poetry, 
 his rehearfal, and other poems, written on fe- 
 veral occafions, and the lecond his profe works, 
 confuting of effays, fpeecbes, hiitorical me- I 
 moirs, dialogues, letters, &c. His learning 
 and abilities have been greatly praifed by his 
 contemporaries; but later writqjjs affect to. 
 ipeak with indifference of his compositions, 
 and confider the adulation of Prior, Dryden, 
 Addifon, Pope, &c. as paid raore to the no- 
 bleman than to the man of poetical merit. 
 
 Sheldon, Gilbert, of Stanton, Stafford- 
 Shire, was admitted at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, 1613, and in.i6aa was elected fellow of ; 
 All-fouls. He was prebendary of Glou- 
 and recommended by his patron, lord Coven- j 
 try, to Charles I. who gave him Hackney, &c jj 
 
 la 
 
8HE 
 
 SHE 
 
 fcn 1635 he was elected warden of his college, 
 and would have rifen to higher honors had not 
 the civil wars prevented it. For his attach- 
 ment to the king he was deprived of his pre- 
 ferment, imprifoned, and when fet at liberty, 
 forbidden to vilit hi- ivyal mafter at the ifle 
 of Wight Hi retired to Shelfton, Derby- 
 fhire, and at the restoration recovered his 
 ecclefia tical appointments, and was made maf- 
 ter or the Sav.y dean of ths chapel royal, and 
 fucceiTor to Juxon in the fee' of London. In 
 166$ he became primate, and in 1667 fuc- 
 ceeded ClaTendon as chancellor, of Oxford. 
 His freedom with the king, in advifing him to 
 put away his miitrefs, Barbara Villiers, proved 
 fo offenfive, that he retired from the court, 
 and died at Croydon, 1677, aged near ' 80. 
 His publication was a fermon, preached at 
 Whitehall. His munificence was very great, 
 he expended not leis than 66,oool. in charita- 
 ble purpofes, and of his donations, the theatre 
 at Oxford is a noble monument. 
 
 Shelley, George, writing -mafter at Chrift's 
 hotpital, died 1-36, aged about 70. He pub- 
 lilhed the penman's magazine, 32 plates, en- 
 graved by Nutting natural. writing, 26 plates 
 ^-moral fentences, &c. 
 
 Shenstone, Wlliam, a poet, born at 
 Hales-Owen, Shropshire, 1714. He was 
 taught to read by an old d.me, whole kind 
 fer vices he has tranimitted to pofterity in his 
 fchool miftreis. After being at Hales-Owen 
 (chool, and at Solihul, he removed in 1732 to 
 Pembroke college, Oxford, but took no aca 
 demical degree. After wandering about and 
 vifiting fometimes London, fometimes Bath, 
 yet without forgetting the mulls, he fettled, 
 1745, on his eftate. His object here was not 
 to increafe his income, but to improve the 
 beauties of his eftate ; and by degrees, through 
 injudicious expence, he brought on himfelf 
 pecuniary diftreis. He was a lamp, as his 
 biographer obferves, that fpent its r/\\ in bia- 
 sing. He was attacked by a putrid fever 
 which proved fatal, at the Leafovves, nth Feb. 
 1763. The tendernefs and generosity of hie 
 character are mentioned with deferved ;:p- 
 plaule. He was kind to all within his influ- 
 ence, but fo irafcible, that, if once offended, 
 he was not eafily appeafed. He was inatten- 
 tive to economy, and carelefs of his expences, 
 but his life was unftained by any crime. His 
 mind was not very comprehenfive, nor his 
 curiofit) active, and he efteemed light thofe 
 parts of learning which he had not cultivated. 
 His works have been publilhed in 3 vols. 8vo. 
 confiftiog of 2 > elegies, fongs, odes, ballets, 
 moral pieces, &c. written with eafe, elegance, 
 and limplicity. His epiftolary correlpondence 
 afterwards appeared in 2 vols. 8vo. and rac^d 
 lections of his life have been published by 
 Graves. 
 
 Shepreve, J hn, of Sugworth near Abing 
 don, Berks, was educated at Corpus Chniti, 
 Oxford. In 1538 he was univerfity profeffor 
 of Hebrew. He had a moft retentive memory, 
 
 and wrote verfe* with aftonifhing rapidity. He 
 died at Amerfham, in Buckinghamfhire, 154^ 
 He wrote lumma & fynopfis novi teftamemi 
 ducent. fexag. diftich. comprehenfa, 8vo. 
 Hippolytus Ovidiame Phsedras relpondens, &c. 
 
 Sherard or Sherwood, William^ of 
 Leicefterfhire, was educated at merchant tay- 
 lors' fchool, and St. John's college, Oxford. 
 As tutor to fome noblemen, he vifited Europe, 
 and was honored with the acquaintance of 
 Boerhaave, Tournefort, and other learned, 
 men. He was conful at Smyrna in 1702, and 
 during 16 years he formed a valuable collec- 
 tion of the plants of Afia Minor and Greece. 
 He afterwards afcended the Alps in fearch of 
 plants, where he nearly efcaped being fhot by 
 a peafant, who miftook him for a wolf, as he 
 was lying on the ground. He was attended 
 by Dillenius, to whom he gave an afylum at 
 his feat at Eltham, and whom he appointed 
 iirft profeffor in the botanical profefforfhip 
 which he founded at Oxford by the bequeft of 
 3000I. He died 1728. He publilhed Her- 
 man's paradifus Batavus, '4to. fchala botanica, 
 i2mo. &c. 
 
 Sherburne,/,- Edward, an Englifh wri- 
 ter, born at St. Giles', Cripplegate, 1618. He 
 travelled abroad, and, in 1641, fucceeded his 
 father as clerk of the ordnance, from which he 
 was ejected by the lords for adhering to the 
 king. He joined the king, and was at the 
 battle of Ediehill, and retired with Charles to> 
 Oxford, where he was made mafter of art.s. 
 When Oxford furrendered, he went to Lon- 
 don, and lived for fome time in the middle 
 temple. In 1652 he travelled abroad, and at 
 the reftoration was veinftated in his clerkihip, 
 and knighted by diaries II. On the abdica- 
 tion of James II. he was deprived of his offies, 
 and lived the reft of life in retirement, and 
 died 1702, aged 8?. He translated fome of 
 Seneca's tragedies into Englifh, befides the 
 fphere of Maniljus, Theocritus' 16th Idyilium, 
 poems, &c. 
 
 Sherebatof, Prince, a Ruffian noble- 
 man, author of a jourrlal of Peter the Great, 
 2 vols. 4to. i-the Ruffian hiftory, from 1114 
 to 1472 the life of Peter the Great hiftory 
 of Ru'fia, from the earlieft times, 4 vols. 4to. 
 &c. ' 
 
 Sheriuak, Thomas, a divine and poet, 
 born about 1684, in the county of Cavan, Ire- 
 land. After finiihing his education at Dublin 
 college, he kept a fchool in Dublin, and ob- 
 tained celebrity fey the number of his fcholars. 
 He was prefented by the friendfhip of Swift 
 to a living in the fouth of Ireland, worth about 
 1 50I. per ann. but h'.s fermon on thefe words, 
 " Sufficient for the day is the evil thereof," on 
 the anniverfary of the firft George's birth day, 
 feemed fo pointed, that he ruined all hopes of 
 further preferment. He exchanged his living 
 for that of.Dunboyne, and again exchanged 
 that for the free fchool of Cavan ; but diffatig- 
 fied with the air, or more properly with the 
 inhabitants^ he fold it for 400I. He died fome 
 [ A a % ] tim 
 
SHE 
 
 ffoie after in indigent ci re lim fiances 1 73**, | 
 aged K$. Lord Cofke describes him as better 
 
 ,ted with books than men, .s Oovenly, , 
 
 n.and chearfui, yet in the wud.t of his 
 ft ill a quibbler. > punftcr, a fic.dk r, j 
 and a wit, who never fuffered the day to paft | 
 without a ehus, an anagram, or a madrigal 
 
 Uilhfd .1 profe tranflation of Ferfius, 
 tcs, tamo. 1739' &c - 
 
 ,;iuas, Thcwas, fon of the preceding, 
 
 : n at Quilca in Ireland, and educated 
 a: Weltminfter fchool and Dublin univcrilty. 
 
 i ; a partiality for the ftage, he, in i;43' 
 when 22 years old', perfonated Richard III. in 
 the Smock alley theatre ; after which he ex- 
 hibited at Covent garden. In 1744 he under- 
 took the management of the Dublin ftage, but 
 met with fuch oppclition in his attempts to 
 abufes. that a conspiracy was formed 
 him. Driven from Dublin, he became 
 an itinerant lecturer on elocution, and acquir- 
 ed fuch celebrity, that not only his own uni- 
 verfity, but Cambridge honored him with the 
 defree of M % A. About 1760, he appeared 
 at Druiy-lane theatre, and had the intereft to 
 obtain a penfion from the government. In 
 1767 he engaged at the Hay market, and for a 
 vh*-le amufd the town with his attic evening, 
 an entertaining medley of firgirg, mufic, and 
 rep tition. He quitte'd the ftage in 1776, to 
 fuc;eed as manager of Dnry-lane, but he re- 
 iigned three years after., and had recourfe to 
 his lectures. He died at Margate^ 1788, aged 
 67. lie was author of ieveral works, the beft 
 known of which are a dictionary of the Englilh 
 language, 4to. and % vc!s nmo. britifh edu- 
 cation, or the fource of the diforders of Great 
 Britain, 8vo. lectures ort the art of reading^ 
 8vo. difTertation on the caufes and difficulties 
 of learning the Enjlifh tongue, 4to. courie of 
 
 H on elocution, &c. /jto. life of Swift, 
 &c. 
 
 Sheridan, Frances^ wife of the above, firft 
 diftingutfhed herfelf as author of a pamphlet 
 in the difpute which. Mr. Sheridan had with 
 refpect to his theatre. The little performance 
 excited the attention of the manager, and he 
 foon after married her. She proved a jnoft 
 amiable character, and joined the greateft be- 
 nevolence of heart to refpeciable literary ta- 
 lents. After fufFering much from a lingering 
 i!!nefs, fhe retired too late to the fouth of 
 France, and died at Blois, 1767. Her Sidney 
 Eiddulphand her Nourjahad are romances of 
 great merit. She wrote befides,two comedies, 
 the dtfeovery, and the dupe. 
 
 Sherlock, William, D. D. of Somhwark, 
 was educated at Eton, and Peter- houfe, Cam- 
 bridge. In 1669 he obtained the rectory of 
 St. George's. Eotolph-lane, London, and a 
 prebendary of St. Paul's, and foon after was 
 matter of the temple. He was an able 
 
 te for the church of England aeainft the 
 
 but at the revolution he refufed to 
 
 take the oaths of allegiance, though he after- 
 
 Mnplied. la 1691 he was^made dsaa 
 
 SHE 
 
 of St. Paul's, and died 1707, aged 66. He 
 had a controverfy with Dr. South about the 
 trinity, and alio published v.ir ous feimons, 
 and fome pamphlets on death and the Ialt 
 judgment. 
 
 Sherlock, Thomas, D. D. fon of the 
 preceding, was born 1678. He v. as 1 
 therine hall, Cambridge, of which he was 
 elected mailer. The wjfdom of his conduct 
 at the head of a houfe procured him from Dr. 
 Middleton the title of the principal champion 
 and ornament of the church and univcihty. 
 He Succeeded his father as mailer of the tern, 
 pie, and this appointment was held by father 
 and fon for more than 70 years. He diipLyed 
 great abilities in the vindication of the cor; 10- 
 ration aid teft acts againft bilhop Hoadly ; and 
 .alfo in the defence of the ufe and intent of 
 prophecy, in fix difcourfes, delivered at the 
 temple, in anfwer to Collins, and alio in an 
 able vindication of the miracle of Chrift's re- 
 furrection againft Woolfton. He wrote befides 
 other controversial works ; but his ferraous, in 
 4 vols. 8vo. are valuable, as compofitions of 
 elegance, ingenuity, and erudition. In 1728, 
 Dr Sherlock was made bifhop of Bangor, and 
 in 1734 was translated to Salifbury, but ia 
 1747, on the death of Potter, he refufed thdj 
 metropolitan fee, in confequehce of ilineis, 
 but the following year he accepted of London. 
 He died 1761, in his 84th year. His privajfc 
 character was adorned with the pureft virtues 
 of benevolence and humanity. He fent 2000 
 copies of his difcouifes to the colonies and 
 fettlements of America. 
 
 Sherlock, Richard, of Oxton in Werratt 
 Cheshire, was educated at Magdalen hall, Ox- 
 ford, from which he removed to Trinity col- 
 lege, Dublin. He obtained preferment in 
 Ireland, but during the civil wars returned to 
 England. He afterwards held the living of 
 Winwick, Lancashire, where he died 1689, 
 aged 76. He wrote the practical chriiiian, 
 8vo. to the 6th edition of which his life is j 
 prefixed by bifhop Wilfon confeffions, medi- 
 tations, and prayers, for the facrament, 8vo. 
 lee. 
 
 Sherrinciiam, Robert, after being ejected 
 from his fellowship of Gonvil and Caius col-' 
 lege, Cambridge, retired to Holland, but at 
 the reft oration recover sd his ecclefiaf'ical ho- 
 nors. He wrote de Anglorum gentis origine 
 difceptatio, 8vo. the king's fupreraacy aftert- 
 ed fermons, 4to. &c. 
 
 Sherwiv, John Keyfe, a wood-cutter, in 
 Suftex, whofe ikill as an engraver was acci- 
 dentally called forth. Viewing the pieces 
 which ibme of the family of Mr. Mitforf 
 were engaged in drawing, he was afked to ufe 
 the port-crayon, and his untutored hand pro* 
 duced fuch a drawing, that the fociety of arts 
 voted him the filver medal. Pie became the 
 pupil and the friend of Bartoloasi, and hi 
 engravings acquired deferved popularity. He 
 died j 790. The molt admired of his engra- 
 vings is, Mofci among the bulkufhes. 
 
 Shiple*; 
 
SHO 
 
 SHR 
 
 ShIPLKY, Jonathan, took his decrees at T gold mith, in Lombard-ftreet, is known as t\s 
 Chrift- church, and in 1743 was made pre- , mutrefs of Edward IV. To f ifcinat ng per- 
 
 bendary of Winchefter. After travelling, in 
 I745, with the duke of Cumb. riand, he was 
 promoted, b> 1749, to a canoary at (Jhriii- 
 church, became dean of Winchefter in 1760, 
 end in 1769 hiihop of St. Afaph. He was 
 author of lbme elegant veries on V\e death of 
 queen 1 nroline, and publifhed befides, lbme 
 poems and fermons and died 1 7 88. 
 
 Shirley, fr Antony, of Wifton, SufTex, 
 was educated at Oxford. I-e afterwards ac- 
 companied fir Philip Sidney to the Low C un- 
 tries and in 1596 he was fenc to America by 
 Elizabeth. He next attended Efllx, in Ire- 
 land, and was knighted there, after which he 
 went abroad, and became lb much refpected, 
 that the king of Spain created him a grandee 
 of the kingdom, and appointed him admiral 
 of his fleet. Jmies 1., jealous of thele honors, 
 recall d him home, but he refufed, and died 
 in Spain, 1640. aged 75. He was author of 
 a voyage to America, inferted in Hackluyt's 
 collection account of Muley Humet's eleva- 
 tion to the kingdom of Morocco, &c. 4to. 
 h'ulory of his travels into Perfia, 46%). voyage 
 over x\\i Calpian and through Ruffia, in Por- 
 ch a's pilgrims, &c. His brother Robert ac- 
 companied him into Perfia and fettled there, 
 and became fo great a favorite at court, that 
 the emperor not only employed him as am- 
 baffador to Poland and to England, but gave 
 Kim his own niece in marriage. He died, it 
 is laid, of a broken heart, on his return to 
 Perfia, 1627, aged 6~ becaufe he had been 
 trea'.ed as an importer at the EngHlh court by 
 the Perfiau ambaflador. His widow fixed her 
 refidence at Rome. 
 
 Shirley, Thomas, cf the fame family, was 
 born at Wefhmniter, and educated at Magda- 
 len coll -ge. Oxford. He took his medical de- 
 grees in France^, and became phyfician to 
 Charles H. and died 1678. He was author 
 of a p!ii: Vibphical elTay on the probable caui'es 
 whence Hones are produced in the greater 
 world, &c. 8vo. a curious performance. 
 
 Shirley, James, of St. Mary Wool- 
 church parih, London, was educated at mer- 
 chant-taylors', and at St. John's college, Ox- 
 ford, which he left for Cambridge, where he 
 took his degrees. He changed his religion f r 
 that of Rome, and then fettled at St. Alhan's, 
 where he kept a fchool, from which he re- 
 moved to London- There he devoted him- 
 felf to writing plays, and was patronized by 
 Charles's queen, but when the civil wars broke 
 out. -md nhys became unpopular, he kept a 
 fchool at White-friars. The fire of London, 
 which robbed him of his property, proved fo 
 terrific to him, that both himfrlf and his wife 
 died in confequence of fright within 24 hours 
 of each other, and were buried in the fame 
 grave, 1669. He wrote 37 plays, bc-iidts a 
 volume of poems. 
 
 Siiore, Jane % wife of Matthew hore, a 
 
 I foual charms lhe added fome o tn^ t eit qua- 
 lities of the heart, and though (he had not 
 virtue enough to with. land temptation, lhe 
 was benevolent. After the king's deatti lhe 
 lived with lord Hailings, and when he ftU 
 lhe was feized as an accomplice in his pre- 
 tended confptracy. /She was acculed of witch- 
 craft, ani did open penance for her adulteries, 
 and was alio plundered of her property by- 
 Richard. She lurvived her misfortunes, and 
 was leen by fir : homas More in the reign of 
 Henry VIII. poor, decrepid, and lhrivelled, 
 without the lead traces of that beauty which 
 once commanded the admiration of a court. 
 She'perh'hed of hunger in a diveb. called fmnv 
 her Shoieditch, though Stow relates, that that 
 Street bore the name before her rime. 
 
 Shove 1 , fr Claude fuy, an admiral, born 0/ 
 obflure parents about 1650. By application 
 and fteadinefs he rofe from a cabin boy to 
 confequence and command. He was at the 
 attack on Tripoli 1674, and by being fent en 
 fhore obferved the weak parts of the enemy's 
 fortifications and defence, and in coi.fequence 
 directed the blow which completely deftroved 
 all their (hips. Tins' procured him the com- 
 mand of a (hip; and, after other lervices, ef- 
 peci.dly in Bantry bay, he was knighted by 
 William at Portsmouth, and conveyed, in 
 i6-)0, that king and his army into Ireland. 
 He was one of the rear admirals at la Hogne, 
 and afterwards commanded before Vigo, and 
 in the Mediterranean. . In 1 705 he was fent 
 againft Spain, and after an unfuccefsful attack 
 upon Toulon, he returned home. 1 is fleet 
 unfo.tunately was wrecked on the Scilly if. 
 lands, and in his (hip periihed with him his 
 fons-in-law, and other perlons of diltinclion. 
 His body was next day call; on fhore, and rob- 
 bed of a ring by lbme filhermen, who buried 
 him in the land-. The ring difcovered his 
 quality, the filhermen pointed out where they 
 hid depofited the body, which wis brought to 
 Portfmouth. and conveyed to London, and 
 buried in Weftminller abbey. 
 
 Shower, John, a nonconformist, educated 
 at Iflington, where he Succeeded oohttle in 
 Ins fchool. He was minister of Jew-in Street 
 congregation 1687, and died a' Hoxton 1718, 
 aged 58. He wrote facramental lermo.;s 
 reflections on time and eternity, works of 
 merit. 
 
 S;iR::wsisvRy, Elizabeth, count efs of, of 
 Derbyshire, married, at the age of 14, JVIr. 
 Barley, and after a widowhood, of 12 years) 
 William CavendiSh of Chnthvorih. bhc had 
 three tons, one of whom was earl of Devon- 
 fliire, and the other f.ther to the duke of 
 Newcastle, and three daughters, one of whom 
 wns ancestor to the I ierrepoiurs, dukes of 
 Kingfton, and another \v<fe of Chafles duke 
 of Lenox, uncle to Jamei 1. Her third liuf- - 
 band was fir V/illiam St,. Lew, and Her fourth 
 [ A a 3 ] loi-4 
 
SID 
 
 lord Shrewftwry. She was for 17, years keeper 
 cf Mary queen of Scots, and died 1607, aged 
 
 SHOCKroRO, Samuel, rector of Shelton, 
 
 Ik, was author of an hiftory of the world, 
 
 facred and profane, introductory to Prideaux's 
 
 connections and the creation and the fall of 
 
 man, and died 1 7.54- 
 
 Shbti, Jofuu, archdeacon of Colchefter. 
 was author of a folio volume of Sermons 
 on the 16th chapter of Geneiis. He was a 
 mod eloquent preacher, and died 1643- 
 
 Suoter, Edward, an actor, lbn of a chair- 
 man. From a tapfter in a public houle, and 
 a marker at a billiard -table, he was encaged 
 bv Rich in the humbler offices of C ovent- 
 garden, from which he rofe to the greateft 
 popularity. Plis abilities, appeared Ml low CO- 
 medv and characreriflic humor, and his juftice 
 Clack, and his Midas, were long popular cha- 
 racters. He died 1776. 
 
 SiBBALD,y?r Robert, a phyfician, of FiSe- 
 fhire, educated at St. Andrew's. He travelled 
 into France, and on his return projected the 
 eftaMifhment of the college of phyficians, Edin- 
 burgh, and the plantation of the botanical 
 gardens. In 1686 he embraced the catholic 
 rel gion, but afterwards read his recantation. 
 He was th* firft profefTor of medicine at Edin- 
 burgh, and in conSequence of his reputation 
 was knight-.d by Charles II. Ke died 1720, 
 author of Scotia illuftrata, fol. phalainologu 
 nova, 4ta 4uftory of the iheriffdom of Fife 
 and Kinrofs miScellanea quasdam erudite 
 antiquitatis, &c. 
 
 Sibrecuts, John, a painter, of Antwerp. 
 He lived for fome tirr.e in London, where his 
 abilities were patronized, and died 1703, aged 
 78. His landscapes poflefTed peculiar beauty. 
 Sibthorpe, Robert, of Lincolnshire, was 
 educated at Oxford. He became rer.or of 
 Water Stratford, Buckinghamshire, and vicar 
 of Brackley, Northamptonshire, and by his 
 zeal for Charles I. he obtained a prebend in 
 Peterborough cathedral, and Burton Latimer's 
 rectory, Northamptonshire. Thefe prefer- 
 ments were taken from him after the deftruc- 
 tion of royalty. He died 1662,. 
 
 Sibtuorpe, Joo/i, of Lincolnfhire, was 
 
 d at Oxford, where he Succeeded his 
 
 Dr. Humphrey Sibthorpe, as profefTor 
 
 of botany. He travelled twice to Greece, and 
 
 l collection of curious plants,, which will 
 
 appear in a Splendid form under the title of 
 
 - Dr. Sibthorpe publifhed flora 
 
 Oxonier.' I 1796. 
 
 Sidney, Henry, an'Eiiglifh flateSman. He 
 
 was a (Indent -of New college, Oxford, 1513, 
 
 and afterwards became the favorite of Edward 
 
 I '.Kler Mary lie was collector of the 
 
 I in Ireland, and on Elizabeth's accef- 
 
 i>ecame lord prefident of the marches 
 
 f, and tafight of the garter, and in 
 
 1568 wa: Sent t^ Ireland as lord deputy. He 
 
 *as a rrun of great integrity. Ht died 1586- 
 
 SID 
 
 He promoterl the printing of the Iiiih ftntues* 
 Some of his letters to his Son have been pub- 
 lifhed. 
 
 Sidney, fir Philip, Son of tbe above, was. 
 born at Penftvurt 1554, and named alter Philip, 
 the hulband of q.ieen Mary. He was edu- 
 cated at Chrift-church, Oxford, and at the age 
 of 17 he began his travels. At Paris he ef- 
 caped the malfacre of St Bartholomew by 
 flying into the houle of the Englifh ambaffador, 
 and afterwards travelled to Germany, and re- 
 turned after an abfence of faur years. In 
 1576 he was Sent to Rcdolph. emperor of 
 Germany, and on his return -vifited Don John 
 of Anuria, and William prince of Orange. 
 In 1579 he oppoSed the queen's marriage with 
 the duke of Anjou, and Soon after, in conSe- 
 quence of a quarrel with Vere, earl of Oxford, 
 he ablented himfelf from the court, and in his 
 retirement wrote his famous romance, called 
 Arcadia. He was in 1582 knighted, and 
 three years after, while meditating an expedi- 
 tion to America with Drake, he was Sent to 
 take the government of Flufhing. The next 
 year he Surprised Axil, and behaved with Such 
 prudence and wifdom, that he was propofed as 
 a candidate for -the crown of Poland, <but 
 Elizabeth oppoSed it, observing, that Englan4 
 ought not to loSe the jewel oS the times. This 
 brave man received a mortal wound at the 
 battle of Zutphen, 22d Sept. 15 86, and ex- 
 pired the ifch Oct. following. As he lay 
 bleeding on the field, and was going to taite a, 
 bottle of wine which his attendants hnd pro- 
 cured to refrefh him, he Saw a wounded fo T .- 
 dier carried by, catting 'a longing look on the 
 liquor, upon which he ordered it to be given, 
 to him, adding, " poor fellow, thy neceffity is. 
 greater than mine I" His body was brought 
 home, and buried in great funeral pomp in St. 
 Paul's cathedral; but though no monument 
 was placed over him, his memory was em- 
 balmed by an epitaph written in his honor by 
 k;ng James, and by verles from the univeifitics 
 of Oxford and Cambridge. He was univer- 
 sally reSpe&ed as a ftatelman, foldier, and 
 Scholar, and the panegyrics palled on him in 
 hJ3 time have been re-echoed in Succeeding 
 ages. Befides his popular Arcadia, which 
 pafTed through eight editions before 1633, he 
 wrote an apology Sor poetry, 4to. Sonnets 
 Ourania, a poem, &c. , 
 
 Siney, Algernon, Second Son of Robert, 
 earl of Leicelk-r, eSpouSed in the civil war the 
 party of the parliament, and was one of the 
 king's judges, though he did not fit on the 
 tribunal. Like Brutus, whom he made his 
 model, he was the ardent friend of a pure 
 republic, and therefore was diSgufted with 
 CfomwelTs-uSurpation. He was in y i659 em " 
 ployed as ambalTador to Copenhagen, to me- 
 diate a peace between the kings of Denmark; 
 and Sweden, and continued abroad till 1677. 
 He obtained the king's pardon, on condition 
 of demeaning himSelf in an obedient manner, 
 8 He 
 
SIG 
 
 SIM 
 
 He was in 1683 accufed as being concerned in 
 the Rye-houfe plot, and was arraigned before 
 Jeffreys, and found guilty. He appealed to 
 the king, and complained of the partiality of 
 the judge, who had tried him with a packed- 
 *P J ur y> Dut h e was beheaded on Tower-hill, 
 7th Dec. 1683. His attainder was reverfed 
 as illegal in the firft year of William and 
 Mary. This ftrong republican was, as Burnet 
 obferves, a man of extraordinary courage, 
 Heady even to obftinacy, fincere, but of a 
 temper that could not bear contradiction, a 
 chrirtian in principle, but averle to all public 
 worfhip, and an enemy to every thing that 
 Jooked like monarchy. He left behind him 
 difcourfes upon government, publifhed 1698 
 and 1 704, a work of merit. 
 
 Sigebert, king of the Eaft Angles, is 
 praifed by Bede for his learning snd piety. 
 He founded feveral churches and monafteries, 
 and abdicated the throne to live in a cell at 
 Burgh caftle, Suffolk. He was afraffinated 
 642. 
 
 Sigebert, third fon of Clotaire I. inhe- 
 rited Auftrafia, and married Brunehaut. He 
 was fuccefsful againft the Huns, and againit 
 Chilperic, of SoifTons. He was affalTinated 
 575, by the intrigues of Fredegonde, the wife 
 of Chilperic. 
 
 Sjgismund, king of Burgundy, 516, ab 
 ured the Arian principles. He was engaged 
 h war with Clodomir, fon of Clovis, who 
 tlrew him into a well, to perifh, with his wife 
 aid family, 523. 
 
 Sigismund, fon of Charles IV. was king 
 o Hungary, 1386, and emperor of Germany, 
 itio. After re.-eftablilh.ing, by wife regula- 
 tims, the peace of the empire, he prevailed 
 won pope John XXIII. to call a council at 
 (onftance. He was preient at the delibera- 
 tons of the council in 1414, confuting of 
 8,000 ecclefiaftics, and 1 6,000 nobles. H 
 onducr, however, was treacherous in fufFer/ug 
 ohn Hufs, and Jerome of " Prague, to be 
 hrown into the flames, after he had folemnly 
 ' ;ranted them a iafe paflport. The Hoflites, 
 rritated at this conduct, and headed by Zifka, 
 )btained a victory over the emperor, 1419. 
 Sigifmund died 1437, aged 70. 
 
 Sigismund I. king of Poland, was elected 
 I507. After reftoring Poland to its ancient 
 'lorjr, he defeated the Mufcovites, and retook 
 from the Teutonic knights the cities which 
 :hey had feized, and in 153 1 cut to pieces an 
 irmy of Wallachians. He died 1548, uni- 
 ^erfaliy reipecled, aged 82. 
 
 Sigismund II. fon and fucceffor of ths 
 ^receding, was fin named Auguftus. He of- 
 fended his fubjedts by elevating to the throne 
 Barba Radzivil, his miftrefs, and he reconciled 
 :he nobles only by permitting them to fend 
 :heir fons to be educated in Germany, which, 
 >efore his reign, was not permitted. Hcire- 
 ical opinions were thus introduced into the 
 ingdom. He died 1.57a, and in him the, 
 agellons. became extinct. 
 
 Sigismund III. king of Sweden, afcendei 
 the Polifh throne 1587, to the exclufion or 
 Maximilian of Auftria, elected by fome of the 
 nobles. On his father's death, 1594, h 
 went to Sweden ; but as he was a catholic, 
 the Swedes who favored the proteftants, placed 
 in 1604, his uncle Charles on the throne* 
 Thefe diffenfions long diftracled the kingdom, 
 and Sigifmund was defeated ; though in Po- 
 land he obtained fome advantages over the 
 Mufcovites and Tartars. He died 163a, aged 
 66. 
 
 Sigonius, Carolus, of Modena, was prc- 
 feflbr of Greek at Venice, Padua, and Bo- 
 logna. He died 1584, aged 60. He w^te 
 de republica Hebraeorum de republics A*ien- 
 ienfium hiftoria de occidentis imperio, etc, 
 
 Silhouette, Stephen de, of Limojes, be- 
 came mafter of requefts to the duk^ of Or- 
 leans, and afterwards comptroller-g'" 61 ' 3 ! an d 
 prime minifter, 1759. His attfe^pts to in- 
 troduce economy in the governp^nt were ri- 
 diculed, and he retired nine rr- 5ntns a * ter to 
 private life. He died 1767, S ed 5%- He is 
 author of general ideas on thf Chinefe govern- 
 ment, 4to. political refle^ons on great prin-- 
 ces, from the Spanifh / Gracian, 4to. a 
 tranflation of Pope's efY on, man, i2mo. 
 mifcellanies, &c. from/ope treatife on hap- 
 pinefs, &c. / 
 
 Silya, John Bfli'fly of Bourdeax, aban- 
 doned the J ewi(* religion, and ftudied medi- 
 cine at Motprtlier and Paris. The emprefs 
 of Ruflia y<atfe him liberal offers to fettle in 
 her donjons, which he declined. He died 
 at Pari'. *744> a 2 e d 0I - He was author of 
 a tre/'fe on the ufe of bleeding, &c. 2 vols. 
 i2r?o. differtations and confultations of Chi- 
 rac and Silva, 3 vols. l2mo, &c. 
 
 Silvester I. pope 314, oppofed the Do- 
 nating at the councils of Aries and Nice, and 
 died 335. 
 
 Silvester II. Gerbert, was educated at 
 the monaftery of Aurillac ; but the ignorance 
 of his ecclefiaftical brothers drove him to 
 Spain, where his abilities were noticed. In; 
 Italy he was recommended to the emperor 
 Otho, and was afterwards in the fervice of the 
 archbimop of Rheims, and then prefideri over 
 the education of Rabert of France, and in re- 
 ward for his attention was, in 992, raifed to 
 the fee of Rheims. He was bv the interefl 
 of Otho, placed in the papal chair, 999, and 
 died 1003. 
 
 Silntester, Louis, a painter of Paris. Af- 
 ter diftinguifhing himielf at home, he was in- 
 vited by the king of Poland to Drefden, and 
 was honored with the rank of nobility. After 
 rending 24 years in Saxony, and adorning the 
 palaces of his patron with the noblefl works of 
 his pencil, he returned to Pari', and died 
 1760, aged 85. 
 
 Simson Stylites, of Cib'cia, in his 13th 
 
 year, left the employment of fhepherd, for a 
 
 monaftery. With romantic zeal, he became 
 
 [ A a 4 ] the 
 
SIM 
 
 SIM 
 
 the founder of a new feci, and exhriited him- 
 i on the top of a column 60 
 . n the mountains of Syria. He 
 died 461, aged 60, of which he had pafTed 47 
 on the top of hi> column expoied to the incle- 
 mencies of the air : ifons, and of- 
 ;\>rthig hirnfelf for hours and for days 
 on one foot. He had Several followers called 
 from the column, Stylkcs. 
 
 Simion Meiaphkastes, of Conftanti- 
 
 tiople, rS author of the lives of faints in the 
 
 IOfh century. He wrpte alfo verles, prefer- 
 
 :he corpus poetarum Grasc. 
 
 >N Maccausus, high prieft of the 
 
 43 B. C. fignalised his valor under his 
 
 - Judas and Jonathan, againSt the Ty- 
 
 d Sidonians. He was elected chief of 
 
 ' >n at Jerufalem, and immediately re- 
 
 te fortifications of the cities of Judaea. 
 
 ting the troops ofAntiochus Soter, 
 
 as ba%ly murder ed with his two fons 
 
 by Ptolemy, his foil -in-law, B. C. 135. 
 
 >i fuhdir.ed Zelotes, an apoille ef 
 
 Saviour, , n o preached the goipel in 
 
 .> -d Mauritania, and fuffered 
 
 i >m in Per; a , 
 
 Simon, called t* brother of Ch rift, was 
 
 bifhop of Jeruygm a1 - ter j ames . He 
 
 was crucified under Tr^ an ; a. D. 107. 
 
 lOW Magus, of ; 3ma , ia) wa s bantife . 
 
 Jin. Seeing the m rac ; es wrougnt by 
 
 ftles, he wifhsdto obtain the fame 
 
 by mOiiey, but Pete* veiected his 
 
 and panned a curie upon h'n. From 
 
 cumftance the appellation of Simoniac 
 
 is applied to thofe who fell or purchafe Ritual 
 
 Afterwards Simon maintained thai 
 
 the divinity had abandoned the governmeu- f 
 
 the world to certain fupernatural beings cah>d 
 
 He went to Rome, where" he ac 
 
 celebrity, and as fome writers affert iie 
 
 raifed hirnfelf, by his magical powers into the 
 
 air, when by by the prayer of St. Peter, he 
 
 was precipitated to the ground, and broke his 
 
 
 
 [OH, Claude Francis, a printer of Paris, 
 
 who died there 1767, aged 55. He was au- 
 
 tf the' knowledge of mythology, a work, 
 
 in the firft edition, licentious, and he wrote 
 
 besides Minos and reciprocal confidence, two 
 
 comedies memoirs of counteis Horneville, 
 
 a romance, &c. 
 
 Simon, Thomas, an engraver in the age of 
 
 Charles I. The great leal of Cromwell, and 
 
 the arms of the Commonwealth, were cut by 
 
 him in a very delicate manner. His brother 
 
 m, was in the Service of Christina of 
 
 1 pardl of Charles II. and 
 
 revolution 
 
 Simon, JtkbarJ, of Dieppe, quitted the 
 
 t Paris. He died at Dieppe, 
 
 are-critical hiftory of the 
 
 ' 8, fupprefled by -the iu- 
 
 : hiftory of the rife 
 
 Ileal revenues 2 vols. 
 
 tics de vari'.s per di- 
 
 verfa loca & tempora bibliorum edit. 
 hiftory of the new teftament, 4to. < 
 hiftory of the verfions of the new teft; 
 &c. 
 
 Simon, of Durham, a monk of Durham, 
 in the reign of Edward III. He wrote a chro- 
 nicle, publifhed at Oxford by Hearne. He 
 died about 1356. 
 
 Simon neau, Charles, of Orleans, ft u- 
 died the art of defigning under Coypel. He 
 acquired fern's celebrity as an engraver, and 
 died at Paris, 1728, aged 89. His medals 
 engraved for the mednllic hiftory of Lewis 
 XIV. were much admired. 
 
 Simpson, Edward, of Totenham, Mid- 
 dlesex, was educated at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. He died 1652, at his rectory of 
 Ealtling, Kent. He was author of univerfal 
 chronology, in Latin, &c. 
 
 Simpson, Chrijlophcr, author of a com- 
 pendium of pradtical mufic, 8vo. *a work of 
 merit, died 1662. 
 
 Simpson, Thomas, a mathematician, born 
 at Market-Bofworth, Leicestershire, 1 710. 
 As he was intended for the profeffion of his 
 father a fluff-weaver, he was taught only to 
 read, but the folar eclipfe of 1724 routed all 
 his attention to know how thefe extraordinary 
 phenomena could be predicted. An acquain- 
 tance with an itinerant pedlar, who pretrendec 
 to tell fortunes gave him opportunities of in> 
 proving hirnfelf, and-from the books which the 
 modern iage lent him, from Cocker'iarkhme- 
 tic, a book of Partridge's, &c. he derived mu:h 
 information. Leaving Leicestershire, he cane 
 to London, and worked in Spital-fieids, aid 
 by his induftry -was enabled not only to 
 maintain his family, but to purchafe books, aid 
 to advance his knowledge of mathematics, he 
 next taught mathematics, and publifhed prt- 
 pofals for a new treatife of fluxions, &c. whio. 
 appeared in 1737. He became fo well knowi, 
 tUt in 1743 be ,was appointed profeffor c 
 mathematics at Woolwich academy, and af 
 terwards member of the Royal Society. H 
 gained general eftcem by his miluiiefs a;?d tra 
 clear and d'nlindt manner of his inftrudtion 
 His health however was weak, and his appli 
 cation enfeebled it fo that he funk into grea 
 lowfiefs of Spirits. In this delicate ftate he trice 
 the air of his native town ; but on his arrivn 
 at Bofworth, he gradually grew worfe, and dic< 
 1 761. His widow received a penfion frorr 
 government, and handSome apartments nea 
 the academy of Woolwich. His other work 
 are, a treatife on the natu/e and laws o 
 chance, 4to. eSTays on curious Subjects ir 
 mathematics, 4to. the doctrine of annuifie 
 and reverfions, &c. with ufeful tables, &C.-4 
 rfiathemMical diSTertatioiis,&c. a treatife of al 
 gebra 'elements of geometry trigonometry 
 plain and Spherical the doctrine and applica 
 tion of fluxions milcellaneous traits, &c. 
 
 SlMPSOlJ, J'Jui, was born near Dumfries 
 and educated at Giafgow. In 1 716 he 1 
 profeflor of divinity; but denied the dodui* 
 
 
SIX 
 
 SKI 
 
 Of the trinity in unitv, which excited great 
 perfecution for 10 years, and at laft procured 
 his excommunication from the Scotch church. 
 Queen Caroline had fome concern for his luf- 
 ferings, and procured for him a penfion. He 
 died at Edinburgh, 1744, aged 65. 
 
 Simpson, Robert, a mathematician, horn 
 at Hamilton, 1 695, and educated at Glafgow 
 univerfity. He was appointed mathematical 
 profeffor at Glafgow, where he died 1765. 
 He publilhed a trearife on conic ledtions a 
 valuable edition of Euclid, &c. 
 
 Siries, Violante Beatrice, of Florence, ac- 
 quired celebrity and opulence by her portraits', 
 fpeti.illy thole of the grand duke and of the 
 impeial family/ at Florence. She died about 
 1760, aged 50. 
 
 Siriet, Flavins, an engraver, who died 
 at Rone, 1737. His performances as an 
 engraver are particularly admired, efpecially his 
 reprefentstion of the famous groupe of Lao- 
 toon, on an amethyft. 
 
 Sirmond, James, a French jefuit, horn 
 at 3.iom, 1559. He taught Greek and Latin 
 at Baris, and in 1590, removed to Rome by 
 ordei of the general of his fociety, Aquaviva, 
 and undertook the office of his fecretary, in 
 which he was employed for 16' years. At 
 Rome he became the friend of-^en of learn- 
 ing, and ftudied antiquities, and examined 
 MSS. In 1606 he returned to Paris, but 
 Urban VIII. fent for him to return to Rome, 
 which Lewis XIII. would not permit. In 
 1637 he was confefTorto the king of France, 
 after whole death he returned to the tranquil- 
 lity of an humble life. In 1645 he was at 
 Rome at the appointment of a general of his 
 order, and on his return to France, in confe- 
 rence of great exertions in the jei'uits' college, 
 hi heated himfelf too much, which brought 
 on a jaundice; of which he died I&51, aged 
 92. He wrote various pieces on theological 
 fubjeits, and edited the works of Marcellinus, 
 Iheodoret, and Hincmar, the councils of 
 France, &c. amounting to 15 vols folio. He 
 alio affifted Ba*onius in the compofkion of his 
 annals. 
 
 Sixtus I. pope 119, died 127. 
 
 Sixtus II. pope 267, fuffered martyrdom 
 under Valerian. 
 
 8ixtu3 III. pope 432, died about 440. 
 
 .SiXTUS IV. Francis Albecola, foil of n 
 fhherman, was railed to the rank of cardinal 
 by Paul II. after whole death he fucceeded to 
 the popedom, ,147 J. Ke attempted to make 
 a crufr.de againft the infidels, but without, fuc- 
 ceip. He was author of fome theological traits, 
 and a liberal patron of the loarned, and died 
 1482, aged 71. 
 
 Sixtus V: Felix Peretti, fon of a garde- 
 ner in the march of Ancona, kept the fheep 
 I and the fwine of a neighbouring farmer, and 
 was drawn from his obfeurily by a cordelier 
 I who had lofl his way, and whopleafed with his 
 fhrewdntfs took him and placed him in a mean 
 office in the lchool of his order. His improved 
 
 ment was here rapid, and he became diftm- 
 guifhed as a preacher at Rome, Genoa, and 
 other places. On the death of Gregory XIII. 
 the opinious of the conclave were divided, .and 
 as father Felix was regarded a? a mzn of a 
 weak conftitution, he was felected by the op- 
 pofite factions as a proper perfon, fit for a few 
 months to fettlc-the difpute. No fooner was 
 the tiara on his head than, to the aftonifhment 
 of all, his weakneffes hitherto feigned, difap- 
 peared ; he threw afide the ftick on which he- 
 leaned, and lifting himfelf up, he began <o 
 fing with the loudeft voice, a Te Deum. Kis 
 nrft care was to deltroy the public robbers 
 which infefted the ecclefiaflical ftates, and 
 every where juitice was administered with im- 
 partiality. Anxious to embellilh Rome, and 
 to immortalize his memory, he caufed an obe- 
 liik to be erecf ed which Caligula had brought 
 from Spain to Rome, and in four months, this 
 itupendous column, above 100 feet high, was 
 railed at the entrance of St. Peter's and con- 
 fecrated- to the holy crofs. He 'fixed, by a 
 bull, the number of cardinals to 70, and intro 
 duced various regulations in the church. He 
 labored much to improve the "Collection of the 
 Vatican library ; aYid died 1^90, aged 69, 
 univerially detefted for his pride and feve- 
 rity. 
 
 hKELTON, 'John, was born in Cun berlnnd, 
 and educated nt Oxford, where, in 1489, he 
 \yas inverted with a laurel, a fort of poetical 
 degree, conferred on the favorite of the mufes. 
 He became rector of Difs, in Norfolk; but 
 was fufpended for writing fatiric.il poems. His 
 attacks were directed againft Woliey, and he 
 fled to the faneluary of Weitminder, and the 
 protection of abbot Iflip. He died 1529. He 
 is called by fome, but on doubtful authority, 
 preceptor, and poet Lureat to K'emy VIII. 
 His poems confiii of fatires, fonnets, &c, and 
 alio an attack on Lilly the grammarian. His 
 genius according to Wartofty was fuited to the 
 low burlefque, and his poetry aboflnds not 
 only with obfeurity, but with coarfe fcur- 
 rility. 
 
 Skelton, Philip, a divine, born near 
 Lifburn, in 'Ireland, 1707. After an educa- 
 tion at Trinity college, Dublin, he became 
 curate of Monaghan, and in 1750, obtained 
 the living of Peltigo, in Donegal. Here in a 
 time of fcarcity, the charitable pallor even 
 fold his library to fupply his, indigent parffli- 
 ioners with bread. The hi (hop of Cloghtefc, in 
 1 759> Talented him to the living of Deocnilfc, 
 in Fermanagh, and in 1766, to that of Fin- 
 tona, in Tyrone, where his eloquence w^s lb 
 powerful, that he gained over to the church, 
 the diffontersof his dictricl. He died in Dub- 
 lin, 1*787. He publilhed three volumes o? 
 fermons, which poli'eis fuperior merit deiftiri 
 jrevealed, 2 vols. 8vo. an excellent perfor- 
 mance btfides tracts and fugitive pieces, all 
 Qf which have been collected in 7 vols 8vo. 
 
 Skinnkr, Stephen, an antiquary, born at 
 
 Loudon, i6az, and educated at Chrilt-chuich 
 
 * Oxford. 
 
SLO 
 
 SMA 
 
 Oxford. He ftudied in various univerfities of 
 JLurope, and after taking a doctor's degree in 
 medicine at Heidelberg, he returned to Eng- 
 land, and fettled at Lincoln, where he prac- 
 ticed aji<f died of a malignant^ fever, 1667. He 
 wrote prolegomena ctymulogica etymologi- 
 con lingux Anglican* etymologicon botani- 
 cum, Sec. 
 
 Sleidan, John, a German hiftorian, born 
 ttFleiden, 1506. He ftudied at home, and 
 at Paris and Orleans, and in 1*535, was re 
 commended to cardinal du Bellay, who fettled 
 a penfion on him. He was afterwards engaged 
 in negociations in France and England, and 
 affiled at the council of Trent. He died at 
 Stralburg, 1556. He was ftrongly attached 
 to the dodrines of Luther. The bell of his 
 compofitions are, de ftatu religion'is & rei pub- 
 lic* c,ommentarii, Carolo Quinto Casfare. in 25 
 looks, IS 55) a we '^ written book, tranflated 
 into varieus languages de quatuor fummis 
 imperiis libri rtes, a ufeful work, from which 
 Voltaire drew much information, &c. 
 
 S\.oANZ,f:r.Hans, a ptyfician and natu- 
 Talift, born at, Kihileagh, north of Ireland. 
 To improve h"xfclf he came to London, where, 
 tn attending lectures on anatomy, botany, 
 and chemtfhy, he enlarged his faculties and 
 laid the foundation of future eminence. Af- 
 ter tou/ years' refidence in London he went 
 to Pjris, and extended his inquiries to the 
 fouth of France. In 1684 ke returned, and 
 was particularly noticed by Sydenham. He 
 was about this time elected into the Royal fo- 
 ciety, and the college of phyficians, and ac- 
 companied asphyfician the duke of Albemarle, 
 governor of Jamaica. Though only 15 months 
 m the ifland, he made fuch a large collection 
 of plants, not lefs than 800, as aftonif Tied his 
 friend Ray. On his return he was made phy- 
 fician to Chrift's hofpital, and in 1693, fecre- 
 tary to the Royal fociety, whofe tranfadlions 
 be fuperintended. At the acceffion of George 
 I. he was created a baronet, r.nd president of 
 liege of phyficians, and fucceffbr to 
 Kewton, as prefidentof the Royal fociety. At 
 the age of 80, he retired from public life to 
 Chelfea. He died after a fhort illnefs of 
 three days, nth J..n. 175a, in his 91.fi: year. 
 The firft volume of his hiitory of Jamaica ap- 
 peared 1707, and the fecoud hot till 1725. 
 .Sir Hans was an active patron of the benevo- 
 lent institutions of the metropolis. He left 
 fevcral charitable legacies, and his cabinet of 
 its was bequeathed to the public for 
 school not half its original ccft, and is now 
 in the Britiih mufeum. * 
 
 Slodtz, Ren'e Mhbael, a fculptor of Pa- 
 li at the age of 21, went to Rome, to 
 i.'.rr.fvlf. On his returu he became 
 member of the French academy, and fculptor 
 king, and declined the invitations of the 
 king of Pruffia. He died at Paris, 1764, 
 aged 59. The mod admired of his works are, 
 it. liruno refuting the mitre at Rome the 
 
 tomb of marquis Capponi heads of Calchia 
 and Iphigenia, &c. 
 
 Smalbroke, Richard, of Magdalen col- , ; 
 lege, Oxford, was railed in 1723, to the fee 
 of St. David's, and in 1730, tranflated to 
 Lichfield and Coventry. He wrote a vindi- 
 cation of our Saviour's miracles, againft Wool- ; 
 fton, 8vo. a performance of merit, and died 1 
 1749- 
 
 Smalcius, Valentine, a Socinian of Thu- ' 
 ringia, author f a treatife in which he . 
 the divinity of Ch rift, a work ably refut 
 Cloppenburch, and others. He died at Q.V-- 
 cow, 1622. 
 
 -Mai-ridge, George, a prelate bor at 
 Lichfield, 1666, and educated at Weftmnfter 
 fchool and Chrift church. He began i3on to 
 diiplay his learning and his application by hrs 
 publication of animadverfions on a yiece of 
 Obadiah Walker, on church government, 
 1687, and 1689 appeared his Latin poem cal- 
 led auciio Daviiiana, &c. on the fale of the 
 books of Davis, the Oxford bookfeller. In: 
 1693, he wa.s made prebendary of Lichfield, 
 and afterwards canon of Chrift-church, then 
 dean of Carlifle, and in 1713, dean of Chrift- 
 church, and the next year bilTiop of 'riitol. 
 He died 17 19. He published befides, 12 fer- 
 mons, and after his death, 60 move vere pub- 
 lished, 
 
 Smart, Chrijlopljer, a poet, tern April, 
 1722, at Shipbowrne, Kent. Ke was edu- I 
 cated at Maidftone and Durham fchools, and 
 at 17 entered at Pembroke kail, Cambridge. 
 The death of his father left his affairs embjar- 
 raffed, but his fpirits were not weighed down 
 by family misfortunes, and while he was the 
 companion of the gay, he cultivated the mu- 
 fes, and was thanked for his elegant tranflation 
 of St. Cecilia's ode. by Pope, who recom- 
 mended his undertaking a fimilar translations 
 of the effay on ciiticifm. This work was fi- 
 nished with applaule, but brought no profit, 
 and alio a comedy, a trip to Cambridge, now 
 forgotten. Afterwards for four fucceffive 
 years he obtained the Seatonian prize. Though 
 the friend of the learned, of Johnfon, of Gar- 
 rick, of Hawkfworth, &c. his circumftances, 
 when he removed^ to London, became more 
 narrow, and totally depended upon the exer- 
 tions of his pen. His diftreffes at laft were 
 fuch that they produced occasional derange- 
 ment in a mind naturally ardent, and th.t could 
 ill refift the frowns of fortune and of the 
 world, and finally ended in melancholy infa- 
 nity. A diforder in his liver put an end to 
 his fufferings, 1771;. He left a widow and 
 two daughters, fettled as bookfeliers at 
 ing. His works coriift of fables, Sonnets, odesjj 
 prize poems, &c. printed at Reading, 2 vols^. 
 i2mo. 1791. He published befides Horace*', 
 tranflated into Englilh profe a new veifio'4 
 ofthepfalms Phasdrus, tranflated into verfel 
 - parables, in verfe old woman's magazine! 
 &c. As a poet he poffefled originality, an* 
 occaSonan 
 
SMI 
 
 SMI 
 
 occasional fublimity, and as a man, though 
 often intemperate, yet he had fuch a fenfe of 
 devotion, that in his facred poems, he wrote 
 feveralof the paflages on his kneees. 
 
 Smeaton, jcbn, a mechanic, born 1724, 
 at Aufthorpe near Leeds. His father, an at- 
 torney, wiihed to bring him up to his own bu- 
 finefs, but the law bad no charms for him. 
 Following his genius he, -in 1750, commenced 
 mathematical inftrument maker in Turnftile, 
 Holborn, and gained fo much applaufe by his 
 machine to mealure a {hip's way at fea, and 
 by his compafs, that in 1753, he was elected 
 fellow of the royal fociety. In 1759 he re- 
 ceived the gold medal, for his paper on the 
 experimental inquiries concerning the power 
 of wind and wat^r to turn mills, &c. When 
 the Edyftone light-houie was deftroyed, in 
 1752, Smeaton was regarded as the fitteft 
 peribn to repair the damage, and of this afto- 
 nilhing work, completed in 1759, he pubiifh- 
 ed a very interefting account in 1 791, in a 
 folio volume. In 1764 he was eledted one of 
 the re reivers of the Derwentwater eftate, 
 which he highly improved. He was employed 
 in the -reat canal of Scotland, in better fupplyim* 
 Greenwich ana Deptford with water,hi improving 
 and repairing Ramlgate harbour, and in other 
 public works. He alio made improvements in 
 the air pump, in mills, in the pyrometer, the 
 hydrometer, the fteam engine, &c. On the 
 16th s ept. 1792, he was attacked by a para- 
 lytic ftroke, at Aufthorpe, of which he died 
 38th October following. 
 
 Smellie, William, a Scotch phyfician of 
 eminence. He came to London, where he 
 had nearly a thoufand pupils, who affifted him 
 during his lectures in the delivery of 1150 
 poor women. He paid great attention to mid- 
 wifery, and was the firft writer who considered 
 the (hape and the fize of the female pelvis as 
 adapted to the head cf the foetus. He had in 
 the height of his celebrity, ieveral able op- 
 ponents ; but the judgment which he difplay- 
 ed, the improvements which he introduced 
 in the theory and practice of midwifery, and 
 the forceps, and other instruments which he 
 ufed, are proofs of a great mind happily exer- 
 ted in removing erroneous cuftoms and dan- 
 gerous fyftems. He retired, after a fuccefsful 
 practice, and died at an advanced age, at 
 Lanerk, in Scotland, .1763. He publifhed his 
 lectures, 8 vo. 175 % a volume of cafes, 1754 
 anatomical tables, with 36 plates, fol. and 
 five years after his death, a fecond volume of 
 his cafes appeared. A printer of the fame 
 name at Edinburgh publilhed the philofophy 
 of natural hiftory, 4to. and a tranflation of 
 Button's voluminous works. He died in 1795. 
 Smith, ft r Thomas, of Waldeu, Effex, was 
 educated at Queen's college, Cambridge. In 
 1539 he travelled and took the degree of doc- 
 tor of civil- law at Padua, and received the 
 fame honors at Cambridge. He was after- 
 wards profeflbr of civil law in jhe univerfity, 
 and on the acseffion of Edward VI. was ad- 
 
 mitted into the family of Somerfet, the pro- 
 tector, by whofe intereft he was made fteward 
 of the (tanneries, provoft of Eton, and dean 
 of Carlifle. In 1548 he tvas made fecretary 
 offtate, and knighted, and in 1551 fent am- 
 baflador to France. In Mary's reign he was 
 again diimifled from favor ; but under Eliza- 
 beth he was reftored to confidence. He went 
 to France 1562, as ambafiador, and was en- 
 gaged in affairs of ftate till his death, 1597. 
 While at Cambridge, and Greek lecturer in 
 his college, he united with Cheke to introduce 
 a new method of pronouncing the language ; 
 but though elpoufed by the beft lcholars of 
 the univerfity, it met with oppofition, and was 
 cenfured by the chancellor,- bilhop Gardiner. 
 
 Smith, Mites, of Hereford, was of Cor- 
 pus Chrifti college, Oxford, from which he 
 removed to Brazen-nofe. He obtained the 
 canon refidentiaryfhip of his native city, and 
 in 1612 was made bimop of Gloucefter. He 
 died 1I624. He was well fkilled in oriental 
 languages, and affifted in the tranflation of the 
 bible, and wrote the preface to it. His ler- 
 mo'ns appeared in one vol. fol. 1630. 
 
 Smith, John, of Achurch, near Oundle, 
 entered at Emanuel college, Cambridge, and 
 in 1644 was chofen fellow of Queen's. He 
 died 1652. He was a man of great learning, 
 and wrote ten ielect difcourfes on theological 
 fubjects, collected l6fio, in a 410. vol. 
 
 Smith, Thomas, D. D. was born in Lon 
 don, 1638, and educated at Queen's college, 
 Oxford. In 1663 he was appointed mafter of 
 Magdalen college fchool, and three years after 
 elected fellow of the college. In 1668 he 
 went as chaplain to Conftantinople, and re- 
 turned 167 1. He afterwards travelled in 
 France, and was promifed a Windfor canonry 
 for collating the Alexandrian manufcripts in 
 St. James's library, but this he did not exe- 
 cute. He was difappointed in his expectation 
 of preferment, and in 1688 he was deprived 
 of his fellowfhip, by Giffard, the catholic pre- 
 fident of Magdalen, but though reftored to it, 
 he was finally deprived, for refufing the oaths 
 to William and Mary. He died in London, 
 1710. He publiihed " remarks on the man- 
 ners, religion, &c. of the Turks," originally 
 written in Latin, in four letters de Grajcae 
 ecclefis hodierno ftatu epiftola a Latin life 
 of Camden -vitas quorundum erudithT. & il- 
 luftri. viorum, 1707, 4to. including Ufher, 
 Conns, Patrick, Young, Dee, Cambridge, 
 &c. fermons, &c. 
 
 Smith, John, of Lowther, Weftmore- 
 land, was intended for a Scotch univerfity, 
 but lent to St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 He was chaplain to lord Lanfdown, and was 
 afterwards patronized by Crew, who gave him 
 a prebend, and Bifhop's Wearmouth. He 
 died 1 715, at Cambridge, where he prepared 
 for the prefs an edition of the works of the 
 venerable Bede, which at lift appeared in 1712, 
 under the care of his fon George. He had alfo 
 begun the antiquities of Durham. 
 
 Smith, 
 
SMI 
 
 Smith, EJmvnd, fon of Mr. Ne?.!e, a 
 tterchaM, was brought up under the care of 
 Mr. Smith, who liad married his father's (li- 
 ter, and in gratitude ho a.Tjmed Ins name. 
 He was educated at Weftmi'tfcr and Chriit- 
 church. In 1707 his tragedy of Phasdra and 
 Hippolitus was acred at the theatre royal, re- 
 commended by a prologue from Addifon, and 
 an epilogue from Prior. He prepired betides 
 apian for a tragedy of lady Jane Grey, and 
 wrote a traiv.iaiiou of Longinus, with iK-tes 
 and obfervations, &c. In his conduct Smith 
 was verv irregular, and for the impropriety of 
 bis conduct, he was expelled from his college 
 170a He was fo negligent in his dre.s, that 
 he was called captain Rag, and he was fo care 
 lei's of his imereiis that alter dedicating his 
 tragedy to bid Halifax, he neglected to pre- 
 fent it to his pation who had provided for him 
 a place of 300I. a year. H e died 1 7 10. 
 
 Smith, John, an excellent mezzo* irter, 
 at the end of William's reign. He Studied un- 
 der Vaart, and woikcd in the houfe of fir 
 Godfrey Kneller, whole pieces he published. 
 Ms chief works are night pieces after Schul- 
 ken. 
 
 Smith, George^ a landfcape painter, horn 
 a; Chicheiier x 7 1 4. His abilities gained fome 
 prizes at the fociety of arts. He died 1776. 
 ht had two brothers William' awA Join. W'd- 
 Uaik the elded excelled as a portrait painter, 
 and in his fruit pieces, and died 1764, ana 
 whore landllapes were much admired, 
 died the tame 
 
 Smith, William, of Worcefter, was edu- 
 cated at Vinchefter and New college, ?nd be- 
 came r-.ctor of Trinity church, Chefter. He 
 was for one y par at the head Of Brentwood 
 fchool, EfTex, but religned in 1749, aiul in 
 vs made dean cf hefter, and in ir66, 
 of Handley. His life was fpent in the 
 ftrvice of literature, and of the church, -and 
 he publifhed an elegant transition ofThucy- 
 dides, and of Longinus, befid.s a volume of 
 fermons on the Beatitudes. H e died 1 7 8 7. 
 
 Smith, Ad 9 m, L.L.D. was born the 5th of 
 June, 1723, at Kirkaldy, where his father 
 who died a few months before his birth was 
 comptroller of the cuftoms. At the age of 
 three he was ftolen by fome vagrants and with 
 difficulty recovered. He was educated at Kirk- 
 d Gl.tfgow univeifity, but as bit friends 
 deitined him for the church of England he 
 removed in 174?, to Baliol college, Oxford. 
 Not wiihing, however, to embrace the ecclefi- 
 aftical profeflion, he left Oxford after leven 
 years* refidence, and returned to Scotland, and 
 in 1751 was elected profeflbr of legic in the 
 univcrfity of Glafgow, and the next year of 
 ;. iiilofophy. In 1759 he i.ublbr.. d his 
 theory of moral fentiments, and in 1763 he 
 quitted his piofefTorfhip to accompany the 
 uke of Bucclcugh in his travels. He vifited 
 during three years Touloufe, Geneva, and 
 thtfouth of 1 ranee, and became acquainted 
 ith the Aits and the learned men of the ca- 
 
 SM1 
 
 pital. He then retired to the domeftic fcclti- 
 fion of Kirkaldy with his mother lor 10 ye^rs. 
 Hume and his friends in vain expostulated 
 againft it, but in 1771 he convinced them that 
 his mind had been adt.vely employed, by the 
 publication of his celebrated work, an inquiry 
 into the nature and caul'es of the wealth of na- 
 tions, 2 vols. 4to. This excellent book often 
 repuMifhed in 3 vols. 8vo. procured him the 
 appointment of commifiioner of the cuftoms in 
 Scotland, and after being fome time in Lon- 
 don, he in 1778, retired to Edinburgh where 
 he enjoyed the reft of life in honorable inde- 
 pendence. He occafionally devoted him! elf 
 to ftudy, but not with tfcat zeal which might 
 have enabled him to add frefh celebrity to his 
 Lme ; and when infirmities came upon him, 
 he found it was too late to think of complex 
 ting the works which he had meditated. He 
 died July 1790, of a chronic obit met ion in his 
 bowels, and after his death feme effays and 
 other mifcellanics v.ftre publi.licd in 410.1795. 
 Of the powers of his mind, and of his compre- 
 henfive information, his works will be a halting 
 
 memorial to the lateft pc 
 
 uy. 
 
 He d'd not 
 
 however pofiefs that knowledge of th world 
 which might have adorned a more active iife, 
 and though admired fcr his talents, he was 
 carclefs and abfent to an extraordinary degree. 
 It is to be lamented that his great qu Ikies 
 were difgraced by notions of infidelity. V. n n 
 he publifhed the' life of David Hume, written 
 by hknfeff, he add^d remarks which conveyed 
 to the world how determined a foe he was to 
 chriitianity. - 
 
 Smith, Charlotte, daughter of Mr. Tur- 
 ner, a man of property in Surry and ^uffex, 
 when very young married Mr. itnith, whofe 
 father putrefied feme eftates in the Weft In- 
 dies. The affairs of her hutband not proving 
 profperous, fhe after various persecutions from 
 creditors, and after pairing fome time to the 
 glooifc of a prifon with her confort, retiied to 
 a chateau in Normandy. He e the chicanery 
 of the lawyers, and the ingratitude of her 
 friends, reduced her to indigence, yet the exer- 
 tion of her mind adminiitered to her wants. 
 She wrote feveral novels which gained her a 
 comfortable fubfiftence, and the romance of 
 real life, Emrneline, Ethelinda, Celeftiua, 
 Defmond, the old manor houfe, poems, fon- 
 nets, <S:c. procured her the public eftecm, and. 
 a ref'pecb.ble income. She died at Thetford, 
 near Farnham, J-urry, 1806. Her novels 
 dlfptay great powers of invention, and it is 
 remarkable that in all of them fhe has inter- 
 woven much of her own perlbnal misfortunes, 
 and painted every where, in fti ong colors, the 
 character of thofe rapacious lawyeis, to whofe 
 diflionelty fhe afcribed all her forrows. Her 
 t!-i'cii}:tiorjs are iuterefting, and her fty'e is 
 elegant. Her fonnets ppfllfs peculiar beauty, 
 and all her writings every where difplay the 
 powers of a fine imagination, correct talte, and 
 ftrong judgment. 
 
 Smitzs Carter a Dutch painter, whole 
 Magdalen 
 
SMO 
 
 SOC 
 
 Magdaiens were peculiarly admired. He died 
 at Dublin 1689. 
 
 Smollet r, Tobias , M. D. a celebrated au- 
 thor, born near Cameron on the banks of ihe 
 Leven, 1720. He was brought up for the 
 medic.il line, and feryed as a furgeon at the 
 bombardment of Carthagena ; but as he did 
 n( t meet encouragement he commenced au- 
 thor. After trying his fortune in plays and 
 poems, he published in 1748/ his Roderick 
 Random, 2 vols. nmo. which enfured fuccels 
 to his future publications. Peregrine Pickle 
 appeared in 1 751, 4 vols. i2mo. and became 
 popular from its own intrinfic merit, am; for 
 the adventures cf a lady of quality, lady Vane, 
 and for the entertainment 01 a republican doc- 
 tor, fuppoied to be Akenfide, pourtrayed with 
 all the fkiil of a moft facet':. >us fchoW. Fer- 
 dinand count Fathom, appeared in 1754, and 
 the next year the critical review was under- 
 taken, and conducted by him till 1763. In 
 this wcrk his cenuire on admiral Knowles' 
 pamphlet, on the Rochtfnrr expedition, brought 
 on a proi'ecution agrmii him. He v:.s in 
 confequence fined iocl. and imprifoned id 
 the king's bench three months, during 
 which confinement he wrote his fir Laun- 
 elot Greaves, 2 vols. i2mo. In 1762 he 
 defended lord Bute's adminiftration, and 
 pubhfhed the Briton, which was immediately 
 followed by the North Briton. In 1763 he 
 went abroad for his health, and returned after 
 two years' absence, and published an account 
 of hi travels, 2 vols. 8vo. a work which 
 Sterne ridicules under the name of S-nelfungus. 
 His Humphrey Clinker appeared in 17 71, and 
 foon after he left England for Italy. He died 
 in Italy, 21ft Oct. 1771, and an epitaph on 
 his monument, by hisfxiendArmitrong, marks 
 the fpot of his interment near Leghorn. Be- 
 fides thefe works SmolLtt nublifhed 1757, an 
 hiitory of England, -4 vols. 4to. edited alfo in 
 8vo. a work which produced him rreat profit, 
 though haftily written a tranflation of Gil 
 Bias and Don Quixote into Eng'.im a collec- 
 tion of voyages and travels the regicide 
 poems, &c. His life has been written by Dr. 
 Anderfon, 1796, and fince by Dr. Moore. 
 In his character Smollt-t was a man of ac- 
 knowledged virtue and probity, and his abi- 
 lities rank hum hi 6 h in the lilt of authors of 
 celebrity. His two left works are Roderick 
 Raudom and Peregrine Pickle, and in thefe 
 he introduces great diverfity of characters, in- 
 teresting defcriptions, and pkafing variety, 
 though it' is to be lamented that fo>ie parts 
 are more pcefittftUl than virtue can approve. 
 His other novels are inferior performances, 
 though they are not devoid of inturefting anec- 
 dotes. The mortifications and difappouit- 
 ments to which he was expofed by the fpirit 
 of faction, and the perfecution cf enemies, 
 wee increafed by the lofs of his daughter, an 
 only child ; and he mu. f t be added to the num- 
 ber of ihofe who, after coutribuuag to the 
 41 
 
 amufernent, the improvement, and the in* 
 telleciual pleafares of others, find vexation, 
 disquiet, and neglect, the reward for mental 
 exertions. 
 
 Snkll, Radolpbus, of Oudewater, profef- 
 for of Hebrew and mathematics at Leyd.n, 
 died 1613, aged 67. He is author of fome 
 mathematical and philosophical works. His fori, 
 JVilhirord tucceceded him in the chair of ma- 
 thematics, and he firft difcover?d the true 
 laws of the refraction of light, and he under- 
 took to tneafivce ihe earth in the mathod after- 
 wards adopted by Picardand Caflini. His beft 
 work is Eratodhenes Batavus. He died at 
 Leyden 1626, aged 35. 
 
 iiwoiiRO, Sturkfonius, of Iceland, was em- 
 ployed as the minuter of ftate to one king of 
 Sweden, and to three kings of Norway. He 
 retired in an inlurredYion to Iceland, where he 
 was governor, and was at laft put to death by 
 his enemy Gyffurus*- 1241. He wfcofce chro- 
 nicou regum Norwegorum Edda IP.andica. 
 
 Snvdeks, Francis, of Antwerp, vifited 
 Italy, and fettled at Bruffels, and was attached 
 to the houlehold of the Spaltiih court. His 
 hunting pieces, animals, fifh, kitchens, &c. 
 were much admired He died 1657. Healfo 
 engraved a book of animals of 16 leaves. 
 
 So kiii ski, John III. a celebrated warrior, 
 who by merit rofe to the throne. His father 
 was James Sobiefki governor of Poland. He 
 received his education at Paris in 1665, was 
 made grand marthal of the Polifh armies, and 
 afterwards palatine of Cracovia. He at laft 
 gained the famous battle of Choczin on the 
 Nielter in 1 673, in which the Turks loft 
 28,000 men, which raifed him to the thione 
 of Michael, and in 1683 he marched to the-* 
 relief of Vienna, befieged by the Turks. So 
 great was the terror of his name that the 
 Turks fled at his approach, and even lef| be- 
 hind the great ftandard of Mahomet, which 
 the conqueror fent to the pope ivith thefe 
 words, in imitation of Caefar, M I came, I faw, 
 God hath conquered." . This truly great mo- 
 narch died at War'aw 1696, univerfaily re- 
 gretted. He was acquainted with mod: of the 
 languages of Europe. His life has been writ- 
 ten by Coyer, 3 vols, nma 
 
 Socinus, Lallus-, the founder of the Soci- 
 nian feet, was born at Sienna in 1525, and 
 defigned for the civil law. To civil law he 
 united divinity, and acquired a knowledge of 
 Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic ; fcut when he dif- 
 .covered the fallacy of the Romifh church, he 
 fought a fafer afylnm out of Italy, and after 
 travelling through Germany, France, England, 
 the Netherlands, and Poland; he fettled at 
 Zurich, where he became the friend and aflb- 
 ciate of the reformers, of Calvin, Beza, Me- 
 laud'thon, and others; but a difference of opi- 
 nion with refpect to the trinity foon arofe. 
 Calvin reproved fharply the ftrange opinions of 
 his friend, and Soc'mus, in the midflcf theolo- 
 gical animofity, hid the good fenfe to keep hi* 
 fentwen.ts, 
 
SOL 
 
 SOL 
 
 fentrments, and further to dread the refent- 
 merit of his opponents when he faw Servttus 
 dragged to the Hake. H e afterwai ds travelled 
 into Poland, and after vifiting Venice, he re- 
 turned to Zurich, when he died 1562, aged 
 37. His tenets were afterwards more fully 
 fpread by his nephew. 
 
 Socinus, Faujlusy nephew to the above, 
 was born at Sienna 1539, aild educated under 
 his uncle, who expected from his riling abili- 
 ties a firm fupportcr of his opinions. He was 
 at Lyons when Lielius died, and though only 
 %0 years old, he immediately repaued to Zu- 
 rich to obtain poUeHion of his papers, which, 
 however, he for fome time diiregarded, while 
 for 12 years enjoying the favors of the court 
 of Florence. In 1574 he came to Germany, 
 and after ftudying divinity at Bafil, he, in 
 K79, went to Poland, where he began to 
 difleminate his uncle's doctrines with a few 
 alterations. He was violently oppofed by 
 ibme of the Unitarians, but found an aiylum 
 near Cracow, in the houfe of a Polifh lord, 
 whofe daughter he married. In 1^98 he was 
 expofed to frefh infults at Cracow, and he eft 
 caped with difficulty from their fury. He 
 fpent the remainder of his days about nine 
 miles from Cracow, in the houfe of a Polifh 
 gentleman, and died there 1604, aged 65. 
 His feet furvived their leader, and ftiil muft 
 exift, while opinions contrary to fcripture and 
 reafon are countenanced, and while religious 
 difputants endeavor to ovtdoeach other in viru- 
 lence and animoflty, and not in the mild vir- 
 tues of the golpel. The Socinians maintain 
 that Jefus did not exift before he was born of 
 the virgin Mary, that he was a mere man, that 
 the Holy Ghoft is no diftinct perfln, and that 
 the father alone is properly God. They ex- 
 plain away the doctrine of redemption, and 
 therefore deny theexifter.ee of original fin, of 
 grace, and of picdeftination. They affirm 
 that the foulfleeps in death with the body, and 
 that both will again rife together, either to 
 felicity or punifhment j but that whilft future 
 felicity is eternal, the p'unifhments of hell fire 
 are proportioned only induration to the cften- 
 ces of the finner. 
 
 Solander, Daniel Charles, a naturalift, the 
 pupil of LinnaJus, was born in the province of 
 Nordlandin Sweden 1756, and ftudied atUplal. 
 In l76ohevifited England, and was employed 
 to form a catalogue of the natural curiofities in 
 the Britifh mufarum, and in 1765 was ap- 
 pointed one of the afliftants there. In 1768 
 he accompanied Cook in his voyage round the 
 world without lofing his appointment at the 
 mufceum. By his indefatigable inquiries a 
 great addition was made to the plants and na- 
 tural curiofities then known to Europeans. In 
 1773 *e w made under-librarian in the mu- 
 Carum, and he died of an apoplexy 1782. He 
 Is author of a defcription of fome petrifactions 
 found in Harnpfhire, and alio of obfervations 
 on natural hiftory in Cook's voyages, &c 
 
 AC, Pettr Jofcpb de la Fimpk, 
 
 chevalier of , the fecretary of Staniftaus of Po- 
 land, author of a Polifh hiftory, in 5 vols. 
 xzTdo. died 1773, aged 86. He wrote be- 
 fides, an eloge on Staniflaus a piece on edu- 
 cation the amours of Horace, &c. 
 
 Solimene, Francis, an Italian painter, 
 born n?ar Naples 1657. He fettled at Naples, 
 and declined the molt liberal offers made to 
 him by the kings of France and Spain. He 
 was alio received with great diftindtion by the 
 pope and cardinals at Rome, and by Philip 
 I V. and he was knighted by the emperor 
 Charles VI. He died at Naples 1747, aged 
 ' almoft 90. His pieces are much admired. 
 
 >OLls, Antonio de, of Placenza in Old 
 
 I Caftile, ftudied law at Salamanca, but devoted 
 
 himfelf more fondly to literary purfuits. At 
 
 17 he wrote a comedy, and obtained the pa- 
 
 ' tronage of the viceroy of Navarre, and of the 
 
 j king of Spain. He was afterwards apj 
 
 : historiographer of the Indies, and in this officii 
 
 publilhed his hiftory of the conquett of Mexico, 
 
 a valuable eompofition, which he concludes 
 
 with the fubjugation of the Mexicans, that he 
 
 j may not record the cruelties of his countrymen: 1 
 
 ! In the latter part of life he devoted himfelf 
 
 ! more ferioufly to religious duties^ and took 
 
 orders at the age of 57. He died 1686. He 
 
 wrote befides ibme poems and dramatic pieces, 
 
 Solomon, fon of David and Bathfheba, 
 
 was king of Ifrael after his father. . He is ce- 
 
 j lebrated for his wifdom, and for the mngnifi- 
 
 I cent temple which he erected at Jerufalem, in 
 
 j honor of God. The latter part of his life 
 
 ! was unhappily, disgraced by intemperance, and 
 
 in keeping a great number of concubines he 
 
 tarnifhed that high character of fandtity which 
 
 had rendered his reign fo glorious. He died 
 
 975 B.C. aged 58. He wrote the books of 
 
 Proverbs and Ecelefiafties, and the Canticles, 
 
 to which fome add the book of Wifdom. 
 
 Solomon, Ben Job Jalla, an African, 
 born at Bonda. He was lent by his father, a 
 prince of the country, to fell flaves to captain 
 j Pyke, an Englffh trader, and not agreeing in 
 price, let out acrofs the Gambia, where he. 
 was taken prifoner, and fold himfelf as a 
 flave. , He was carried to Annapolis in Ame- 
 rica, and making himfelf known was ranfomed, 
 and came to England 1733. He was in Lon- 
 don employed by fir Hans Sloans in tranflating 
 fome Aiabic MSS. and dining his refidence of 
 14 months he was much noticed, and after 
 being introduced at court returned to his 
 country. He could repeat the Koran by heart 
 at 15, and he actually wrote the whole book 
 in England three times by recollection only. 
 Solyman I. was proclaimed emperor of 
 the Turks 1402. He dilplayed great valor, 
 but his glory was tarnifhed by his exceflive love 
 of pleafure. He was dethroned by his bro- 
 ther 1 410, and afiaffinated. 
 
 Solyman II. furnamed the Magnificent, 
 fueceeded 1520. His reign was fplendid, he 
 defeated the Mamelukes in Egypt, and made 
 peace with Iimael Sophi, after which he car- 
 ried 
 
SOM 
 
 SOR 
 
 rled his arms againft Europe, and took Bel- 
 grade. In 1522 he attacked Rhodes, and 'took 
 it, and then invaded Hungary and defeated the 
 Hungarians at Mohatz 1526. The conqueft 
 of Buda was followed by the fiege of Vienna, 
 but after zo unfuccefsful afiaults, Soiyman re- 
 treated with the lofs of 80.000 men. ' In 1534 
 he made war againft Tauris and Perfia, but fuf- 
 fered a defeat, and was difappointed in his at- 
 tack 'on Malta. He died 1566, aged 76. 
 
 Socman III. emperor of Turkey 1687, 
 was a very indolent prince. He died 1691. 
 
 S0MEREUIL, Francis Charles Virot de, a 
 French general, much attached to Lewis XVI. 
 He was imprifoned, and on the 2d September 
 1792, as he was going to be aiTaffinated, his 
 daughter, young and amiable, ruihed into the 
 midft of the bloody affembly, and obtained his 
 releafe. The next year he was condemned to 
 death by the revolutionary tribunal, on ibme 
 frivolous accufation, and was guilloined with 
 his- eldeft fon by Mis fide. His fecond fon 
 Charles efcaped, and after diftinguifhing him- 
 felf in the Pruffian armies and in Holland, he 
 palled to England, and in 1595 headed the 
 forces landed at Quiberon. He was taken pri- 
 foner by Hoche, and carried to l'Orient and 
 Vannes and (hot. In the preparations for 
 death he obtained permiffion to repair for 
 three days on board the Englilh fhips on the 
 coaft to fettle his affairs, and at the appointed 
 moment he returned to fave his honor and 
 to periih. 
 
 Somers, yobn, lord, chancellor of Eng- 
 land, was fon of an attorney, and born at 
 Worcefler 1652. He was educated at a pri- 
 vate fchooi, and then at Trinity college, Ox- 
 ford, and removed to the middle temple. 
 He in 1681 allifted in the publication of " a 
 juft and modeft vindication of the proceedings of 
 the two lafl parliaments," which Charles had dif- 
 folved with diftatisfadtion. He afterwards diftin- 
 guifhed himlelf as an eloquent pleader, and was, 
 in 1683, one of the eounfel for Pilkington and 
 others who had caufed a riot in London, and 
 in 1688 for the feven bifhops. In the con- 
 vention parliament of 1689, he was member 
 for Worcefter,and was one of the managers of 
 the commons at a conference with the lords 
 about the word " abdicated." He was foon 
 after made folicitor -general and attorney -gene- 
 ral In 1697 he was railed to the peerage, and 
 made lord chancellor ; but in 1700 he was 
 removed, and accufed of high crimes and mif- 
 demeanors, of which, upon trial, he was ac- 
 quitted. Abandoning political life for ftudi- 
 ous retirement, he was chofen president of 
 the royal fociety. He projected the union 
 between Scotland' and England, and in 1708 
 was prefident of the council, but was removed 
 by the change of mhiiftry. He died of an 
 apoplectic fit 1 7 16, after furviving for fome 
 time the powers of his mind. He wrote vari- 
 ous pieces; and tranflatcd Plutarch's life of 
 Alcibiades, in the lives by feveral hands, and 
 lfo Dido'* letter to ^Eneas from Ovid, &c. 
 
 His character is celebrated, not only as a mart 
 of learning, but as the patron of the learned ; 
 and in the midfl of political corruption, he i* 
 reprefented as a patient,' mild, and benevolent 
 magiftrate, uncorrupted as a ftatefman and 
 lawyer, as an orator eloquent, pofTefTed of a 
 molt refined tafle, and a moil upright patriot. 
 Somerville, William, a poet, born at 
 Edlton, Warwickshire, 1692. He was edu- 
 cated at Winchefler, and New college, Ox- 
 ford, and became known as a juilice of the 
 peace, as a poet, and as a country gentleman. 
 The latter part of his life was fpent in the 
 midil of diilrefs and poverty. He died 1743. 
 He wrote the " chace," a poem, defervedly 
 admired, and Ibme other pieces. He alio is 
 faid to bJave tranflated Voltaire's play of 
 Alzire. 
 
 SoiyiMERY, JV. FonUtte de, a lady , whofe: 
 parentage is unknown, as fhe was placed in a 
 convent by fome perfon who withdrew imme- 
 diately all connection with her. She pofTeffedt 
 great powers of mind, and was patronized by 
 the wife of BrifTac, and by her liberality ren- 
 dered independent. Her company was fought 
 by philofophers and men of learning, and her 
 conduct and converfarion deferve the refpedb 
 which fhe received. She died about 1792, im 
 an advanced age, univerfally efteemed. Her 
 " doutes fur les opinions recues dans la focieteV* 
 appeared in 2 vols. i2mo. 1784, and me pub- 
 lifhed befides " l'oreille," an Afiatic romance, 
 3 vols. I21T10. &c. 
 
 Somner, William, an antiquary, of Can- 
 terbury. After finifhing his education at Can- 
 terbury fchooi, he became affiflant to his fa- 
 ther, who was in the ecclefiaflical court of the 
 diocefe, but antiquities, and not law, were his 
 particular ftudy. In 1640 he publifhed " the 
 antiquities of Canterbury," a valuable perfor- 
 mance, and then devoted himfelf to the acqui* 
 fition of the old Gaelic, Irifh, Scotch, Dauifh, 
 Gothic,Saxon,and other northern dialecls,thathe 
 might with greater fuccefs develope the record* 
 of ancient times. He was confulted by the 
 learned, and vvhen the Anglicame hiftoria: 
 fcriptores decern, &c. were publifhed, he pre- 
 pared the gloflary for that work. He was in 
 1657 nominated to the vacant Saxon le&ure- 
 fhip at Cambridge, by Spelman the patron, 
 and in confequence of this appointment he 
 finifhed his Saxon dictionary, publifhed 1659. 
 Before the reftoration he was imprifoned for 
 petitioning for a free parliament,' but in 1660 
 he was made mafter of St. John's holpital, Can- 
 terbury. He publifhed in 1660, in 4to a 
 treatife of gavel Kind, &c. and died 1669. 
 His library was purchafed for the ufe of Can- 
 terbury church. 
 
 Sorbiere, Samuel, a French writer, born 
 in the diqcefe of Ufez, 1610 or 1615. He was 
 educated by hts maternal uncle Petit, and 
 vifiting Holland, wiihed to fettle at Leyden ; 
 but in 16.53 n e abandoned the proteftant rett* 
 gion for the popifh, and published a vindication 
 of his conduit, dedicated to Mazaiin. He 
 
 wa 
 
sou 
 
 sou 
 
 was at Rome, and then vifited England, and 
 lint of his voyage thither, 
 thoi^h he refided only three months in the 
 ountry ; but nil fcurrility was (o ofFenfive, 
 that even Voltaire is levere upon his work ; 
 and for this fat ideal cornpofition he was dil- 
 wifTed from the office of hiitoriographer of 
 France. He died of a dropfy at Bonne 1670. 
 He wrote various publications, about 20 in 
 number, thongh none of any importance. 
 
 SoKBON\fr v Robert de, founder of the col- 
 lege of that name af Paris, was born at Sorbon, 
 near Rheims, 1201. He acquired celebrity as 
 a preacher, and became chaplain to Lewis IX. 
 and when canon of Cambray, he laid the foun- 
 dation of his college 1253. He died 1274, 
 and left his property to the improvement of 
 his college, which lias produced many refpecl- 
 able members. He wrote ibme theological 
 tracts, Sec. 
 
 Sorel, Agnes, of Fromenteau, in Touraine, 
 was maid of honor to the queen of Charles 
 VII. of France, who at laft abandoned the 
 cares of government for her fociety. Agnes, 
 weak only in the pretence of her royal lover, 
 influenced him to deeds 'of glory, and roufed 
 him to attack the Englim forces, which depo- 
 pulated his kiugdom. She maintained her in- 
 fluence over Charles till her death 1450, in 
 her 40th year. From her beauty the was cal- 
 led by the poets of the age, the fair eft of the 
 fair, and in the powers of the mind, had (he 
 preferred her virtue, flie might have equalled 
 the mod celebrated of her fex. 
 
 Soto, Dominic, a Dominican, born 1494, 
 tt Segovia, where his father was a gardener. 
 He ftudied at Akala, and was confefibr to 
 Charles V. by whom he was i'ent in 1545 to 
 the council of Trent. Without ambition, he 
 refufed the biihoprie of Segovia, and refigned 
 the place of imperial confefTor. He died 1560. 
 He wrote a commentary on the epiftle to the 
 Romans treadles, de juttitia & jure de 
 pauperum caufa, &c. 
 
 Soubtse, John de Parthenai, lord of , one 
 of the leaders of the proteftants, came from 
 Ferrarato France, and was lent by Conde, his 
 new patron, to defend Lyons, and he behaved 
 there with fuch bravery, that the duke of Ne- 
 mours was obliged to raife the fiege. He was 
 much loved by the calvinilts,* and dreaded by 
 tbe cr.tholici, and died 1566, aged 5,4. 
 
 Sou BISK, Benjamin de Rohan, duke of, fon 
 of de Rohan, by the only daughter of the pre- 
 ceding, diftinguifhed himfelf on the fide of the 
 proteftants, and ably defended Rochelleagainft 
 the arms of France." In 1621 he long maintain- 
 ed the independence of St. John d'Aneeli 
 aga'mft Lewis XIII., and when he furrendered, 
 he obtained honorable terms. The next year 
 he took Oleron, and extended his conquefts 
 oyer Poitou ; but a reverie of fortune obliged 
 him to fly to England, where he died 1640. 
 
 SeuciKT, Stephen, a jefult, of Bourges, 
 who taught rhev>ric and divinity in his fociety, 
 tud died at Paris 1744. He wrote aftronomi- 
 
 cal obfervations in China and India, 3 vols. 4ta\ 
 ditTertadons againft Newton's chronology, 
 4to. &c. 
 
 Soufflot, fames Germain, an eminent 
 architect, near Auxerre, 1713. He was en- 
 gaged at Lyons, and afterwards at Firis be- 
 came comptroller of the buildings ofMaily 
 and the Thuilleries. His greater! work is the 
 church of Genevieve, but it is laid that the 
 oppofition raifed againft him, and the confe- 
 quent vexations, Ihortened his days. He died 
 1780, aged 67. 
 
 South, Robert, a divine, born at Hackney, 
 Middlesex, 1633. He was educated undef 
 Bulby, and in 1651 went to Chrift church* 
 Oxford. When Cromwell made peace with the 
 Dutch, he congratulated him in a Ladu poem, 
 and abuled the independents in the pulpit, 
 whiht he favored the caufeofthe prefbyteri- 
 ans; but when the reftoration approached, 
 he inveighed with the molt eloquent zeal 
 againft every denomination of duTenters. His 
 abilities were fo refpeclable, notwithstanding his 
 time-ferving character, that he was in 1660 
 elected public orator of the univerfity. In 
 1670 he was made canon of Cluift-tlnuxh, 
 and in 1676 attended Hyde ambanador to 
 Poland, and at his return published an account 
 of that kingdom. In 1678 he was made re&or 
 oflflip ; but though fome imagined that he 
 was diftatisfied, he lived in retirement at 
 Caverfnam, near Reading, and refufed not 
 only an. Englifli biihoprie, but an archbifhopric 
 in Ireland. He* 1 at the revolution took* the 
 oaths of allegiance. In 1693 he ha"d a con- 
 troverfy with Sherlock about the trinity 'which 
 was carried on with great acrimony, and 
 though Oxford declared in his favor, yet the 
 difpute was not allayed till the king forbade 
 the meddling with the iubjeel of the trinity. 
 This controverfy was finely ridiculed in the 
 " battle royal," a popular ballad, which ex- 
 poled the two difputants, and Dr. Burnet, of 
 the Charter-houfe. In Anne's reign South 
 did little, though he was a warm advocate of 
 Sacheverell. He died 1716, aged 83. Though 
 learned and eloquent, South was not an ami- 
 able character ; he was morofe, overbearing, 
 and haughty, and while his zeal for religion 
 rendered him popular, the violence of his man- 
 ners, fhovved him to be a diiagreeable man.. 
 His lermons have often appeared in 6 vols. 
 8vo. and poftefs great merit, with a ftrong 
 vein of fatirical morolenefs. His opera poit- 
 huma, &c. appeared 2 vols. 8vo. 1717. 
 
 Southern, Thomas, a dramatift, born at 
 Stratford on Avon, Warwicklhire, 1662. He 
 was fervttor at Pembroke college, Oxford, 
 and then fetded in London. He publifhcd 
 plays, and acquired a c ^mfortable fubfiftence. 
 The loyal brother, or Perfian prince, appear- 
 ed in 1680, to compliment the duke of York, 
 who when on the throne gave him a captain's 
 commilh'on. In 1721 he obtained for his 
 " Spartan dame" 150I. a high price at that time, 
 and he nrft extended the advantage of play- 
 
 writing 
 
SPA 
 
 SPE 
 
 writing to a fecond and third night. The 
 molt affecting of his plays, and perhaps of all 
 Englilh plays, is his "innocent adultery," 
 and the molt finilhed is " Oroonoko," or the 
 royal flave, borrowed from a true itory from 
 Mrs. Behn's novel. He wrote befides lia.'ella, 
 or the fatal marriage, and alio the difappoint- 
 ment, and the rambling lady, comedies. The 
 laft 10 years of his life he lived at Weftminfter, 
 and died 1746, aged 83. He has been blam- 
 ed for mixing tragedy and comedy toge- 
 ther, an impropriety, of which it is faid, 
 he was, in his latter days, fully fenfible. 
 
 Spagnoletto, "Jofeph Rlbsra, a painter, 
 born at Xativa, 1589. Though poor, his in- 
 duftry enabled him to travel into Italy ; and 
 after ftudying the bed mailers at Parma and 
 Rome, he fettled at Naples. His pencil 
 delighted in works of horror, and therefore 
 lcenes of torture, and of martyrdom, the tor- 
 ments of Ixion, and Prometheus, and Cato 
 gearing his own bowels, are painted by him 
 with fiich forcible expreflion as to terrify the 
 beholders. He died 1656. 
 
 Spagnoli, Baptrji, of Mantua, was gene- 
 ral of the Carmelites. He devoted himlelf to 
 ftudious purfiuts, and wrote verfes with great 
 facility . His works, containing eclogues and 
 other poems, and profe mifcellanies, Sec. were 
 edited 1499, 4to. He died 1516, aged 
 7*. 
 
 Spallanzani, Lazarus, a naturalift, 
 born at Scandiano near Reggio, 1729. Being 
 elected profeifor at Pavia lie devoted himlelf 
 to natural hiitory, and made various experi- 
 ments in phyfiology. In 1779 he began to travel, 
 and in 1786 vifited Constantinople, the plains 
 of Troas, and the iflands of Corfu and Cy- 
 thera. He afterwards came to Vienna, and in 
 1788, examined, with philofophical accuracy, 
 the productions of the Appenines. He died of 
 an apoplexy 1799, at Pavia. He published, 
 letters on the origin of fountains experiments 
 on the re-production of animals efTays on 
 animalcule in fluids microfcopical experi- 
 ments^ memoirs on the circulation of the 
 blood observations on the tranipiration of 
 plants travels in the two Sicilies and the 
 Appenines, 6 vols. &c. 
 
 Spanheim, Frederic, divinity prof eflbr at 
 Leyden, was born at Amberg, 1600. He re- 
 fufed a profe iforlhip at Laufanne, and in 1 631 
 fucceeded to a divinity chair at Geneva, which 
 he left in 164a to fettle at Leyden. Here he 
 was diltinguifhed as a profeifor. and as a 
 preacher, and died 1649. He wrote exercita- 
 tiones de gratia univerfali, 3 vols. 8v. dubia 
 evangehca, 2 vols,4to. &c. 
 
 Spanheim, Ezekiel, eldeft fon of the 
 preceding, was bjrn at Geneva, 1629. 
 At 16 he wrote a defence of Buxtorf 
 againlt Capellus, in favor of the Hebrew 
 characters, which his antagonist declared 
 had been loft by the Jews, but preierv- 
 ed by the Samaritans. This performance 
 he afterwards called unripe fruit, and can- 
 
 didly aflented to the opinion of Capel- 
 lus. On his father's death he left Levden for 
 Geneva, where he was made profeifor of 
 eloquence, and loon after tutor to the fon of the 
 elector palatine. He was employed by the 
 elector as envoy to the court of Rome, where 
 he was treated with great reipedt by Chriilina 
 of Sweden, and other great characters. 
 After being in feveral negociations in Holland, 
 at Mentz, at the" congrefs of Breda, and in 
 England, he entered into the fervice of the 
 elector of Brandenburg, and was his envoy 
 extraordinary at Paris', and in London. When 
 the elector of Brandenburg aifumed the title of 
 king, he created him his minilter, baron of the 
 Prufhan dominions, and again in 1702 em- 
 ployed him as his ambaifador in England. He 
 ipent there the remainder of his days, and 
 died 1710. He wrote much and with great 
 fnccets and ability. The beft known of his 
 works are, de prasftantia, & ufu numifmatum 
 antiquorum, 2 vols, folio letters and cTrffer* 
 tations on medals Julian's works edited with 
 notes, folio befides notes on claffica! authors, 
 &c. 
 
 Spanijeim, Frederic, brother to the pre* 
 ceding, was born at Geneva, 16*32. and car- 
 ried to Leyden by his father. After diltin- 
 guifhing himfelf as a preacher at Utretcht, he 
 was invited to the chair of divinity profeifor at 
 Heidelberg, 1665, and he removed in 1670 to 
 Leyden, where he fucceeded as profeifor of 
 divinity and facred hiilory.- He died 1701, 
 irr confequence of a pally . His writings are 
 very numerous, and were printed at Leyden, 
 3 vols; folio, chiefly on theological fubjedts. 
 The chief is his ecclefiaftical hiilory. 
 
 Sparrow, Anthony, of Depden, Suffolk, 
 was expelled from Queen's college, Cambridge, 
 for refilling to fubferibeto the covenant, 1643. 
 At the reltoration he was placed at the head 
 of his college, made archdeacon of Sudbury,, 
 and in 1667 raifed to the fee of Exeter, and 
 next tranilated to Norwich. He compiled a 
 collection of articles, injunctions, canons, &c. 
 and alfo rationale, or the book of common 
 prayer, 1657, 8vo. improved afterwards with 
 additions. He died 1685. 
 
 Speed, John, an hiftorian, born at Fa- 
 rington, Cheihire, 1555. Though originally 
 a tailor, he -abandoned the needle for the 
 pen, and in 1596, publiihed his theatre of 
 Great Britain," afterwards improved. His 
 hiilory of Great Britain under the conquefis of 
 the Romans, Saxons, Danes, and Normans, 
 appeared 1614. He publiihed alfo, 1616, the 
 cloud of witnefl'es, or genealogies of fcripture, 
 &c a valuable book of divinity. He died 
 1629. He had 12 fons and fix daughters by 
 his wife, who died the year before him, 
 after an union of 57 years. He was an able 
 antiquary, and had his education been equal 
 to the powers of his genius, as Nicolfon 
 obferves, he would greatly have outdone him- 
 felf. 
 
 Spf.lm an, fir Henry, an antiquarv, bom 
 [ B b ] ' at 
 
SPE 
 
 at Coneham. near Lvnn, Norfolf, *5$.X- j 
 He *a* 'o years at 'Trinity college, Cam- | 
 bridge, and the* entered at Lincoln's inn. He ; 
 was fheriff for Norfolk, 1604, and fent by 
 James three different times into Ireland on | 
 public bulinefs, and appointed at home one of 
 the coramifiioncrs to inquire into the fres ; 
 of the courts and offices of England. He re- 
 ceived a prefent of 3C0I for his fervices, and 
 was knighted hy the king. When 50 years j 
 old he fettled in London with his wile, and 
 devoted himfelf to literary purfuits. He 
 founded a S.ixon lefturefhip at Cambridge, 
 but the c'vil wars prevented the execution 
 of his wiibes in this relpect. He died in 
 London, 1641. He wrcte fevcral valuable 
 works, the- belt known of which are, "de non 
 temerandis ecckfiia," ngainft facrilcge gJoffa- 
 rium archarologicum, of which only the firft 
 part, to the letter L, was publifhed by him- 
 felf, 16 26 ; a fecond volume was collected 
 from his papers, and publifhed by Dug- 
 dale after the reftoration an edition of the 
 F.ncliih councils, 2 vols, folio, of which the 
 fecond volume was edited by fir William 
 Dujdale alio villain Anglicanum, folio re- 
 liquiae Spelmanise, folio, edited by Gibfon,&c. 
 His ion J!r Jobn, wrote, among other things, 
 two political tracts Alfred's life, &c. and died 
 -Cltment, the youngeft ton of fir Henry, 
 was alfo a learned man, and one of the judges 
 of the exchequer. He wrote a dtfeourfc on the 
 time of obferv inc; Ealter traces on aftrolcgy 
 rules for judging the weather, &c. and died 
 
 1679. 
 
 Spknce, 'J'fcphi was born in Northamp- 
 tonU'ire, and educated at Winchefter fchool, 
 and New cclleiv , Oxford. In 1727 he pub- 
 lished " an ellay on Pope's OdyfTey,"&c. which, 
 though coldly praifed by Jobnfan, is allowed 
 by Warton to poiTefs great merit. In 1728 
 he was elected profeffbr at Oxford, and in 
 1742 was made profefTbr of modern hiftory, 
 and obtained Great Horwood rectory in 
 Buckinghamfhire, where he never refided, and 
 in 1754 he was promoted to a ftall in Durham 
 cathedral On the 20th of Aug. 1768, he 
 was found drowned in a canal in his garden at 
 Byfleet, and though the particulars mull re- 
 main unknown, it is generally fuppofed that in 
 a fit he fell with his face downwards into the 
 water, and was thus fufTocated. He publifhed 
 in account of Stephen Duck, 1731 an ac- 
 count cf the life and writings of Blscklocfc 
 iome piece's preferved in Dodfiey's Mifccliany, 
 and other compofitions ; hut the work for 
 which he is defervedly admired, is his " l'oly- 
 or an inquiry on the agreement of 
 the Roman poets, and the remains of ancient 
 arttts, to illuflrate each other, folio, 1 747. 
 1 rhongh cenfured by Gray, has 
 been highly commended by Lowth, Johnfon, 
 and Wartui. He made feveral communica- 
 cations about Pope, whom he attended in his 
 kfl moments, to his friend Warton. 
 
 5>HNCEJt,^o,was born in Kent, 1 630, and 
 
 SPE 
 
 educated at Corpus Chrifti collage, Cambridge,, 
 of which he became in 1667 mailer, in 1677 he 
 was made dean of Ely, and died 1695. l 'e pub- 
 lifhed Ibme occafional lermcns ; but his work* 
 beft known are a difcourte concerning prodigies, 
 &c. a Latin difTertation concerning Unm and 
 Thummim, 1.688 and in 1685 his celebrated 
 \vorkdele & ibus Hebneorum ritualihus.&c. 
 
 Spencer, William ; fellow of Trinity col- 
 lege, Cambridge, publifhed, in l6j8, QngenV 
 eight books againft Celfus, &c. 
 
 Spkner, Philip Jaws, of Frankfort on 
 the Maine, became in 1680 founder of a new 
 feet, called Pietifls, which maintained that 
 only perfons infpired by the Holy Gholt 
 could underftand the fcriptures, which 
 produced many enthufiafts. He fettled at 
 Drefden, and afterwards at Berlin, where he 
 held lbme ecclefiailical dignities, and died 1 705, 
 aged 70. 
 
 Spknser, Edmvnd, a celebrated poet, born 
 at London, and educated at Pembroke hall, 
 Cambridge. He left Cambridge upon being an 
 unfuccefsful candidate for a fellowfhip at Pem- 
 broke, and for fome time refided in the North, 
 where he fell in love with his fair Rofalind, 
 whole beauties and cruelty he has labprioufly 
 panned. His firft publication was the fhep- 
 herd's calendar, dedicated to fir Philip Sidney. 
 By means of this patron, he was intro- 
 duced at cqu#, and appointed poet laureat, 
 with a I alary of 50 1. and his verfes pleafed 
 Elizabeth fo much, that fhe ordered Burleigh 
 to prefent him icol. to which the miuifter 
 objected as being too much for a fong. 
 " Then give him," replied the queen, " what 
 is reafon." The gratuity, however, was de- 
 layed, till the poet prefented to the queen the 
 following lines: 
 
 1 was promifed on a time, 
 To have reafon for my rhyme, 
 From that time until this feafon, 
 I received nor rhyme nor reafon. 
 which immediately obtained the promifed re- 
 ward. He was afterwards, with lord Grey de 
 Wilton, the lord lieutenant of Ireland, as 
 his fesretary, r.nd was rewarded with a grant of 
 3000 acres of land in the county of Cork, and 
 there he fpent fome time, and completed his 
 celebrated poem, " the faery queen." The 
 rebellion, however, difturbed his repofe ; he 
 was plundered and robbed of his eftate, and 
 broken in heart and fortune, he came to IjCU- 
 don, where he died. He was interred in 
 Weliminiter abbey, near Chaucer. A monu- 
 ment was erected to his memory by Robert 
 Devereux, carl ofEffex. Though he is laid 
 on his monument to have been fcorn 15 10, and 
 to have died 1596, thefe dates are felfe ac- 
 cording to Camden, who fixes his death in 
 1598. As a poet Spenfc-r is regarded as little 
 inferior either in invention or in judgment, 
 and Ln the true fire of tble mule, to any 
 author in ancient or modern times. But with 
 all his beauties, he was, fays Rymer, fanciful 
 a,nd chimerical, and without uniformity* 
 
 fo 
 
SPI 
 
 SPO 
 
 fc that his poem is truly fairy land. His lan- 
 guage unfortunately is becoming obfolete, and 
 his ftanzas are heavy and ill-judged ; but thoogh 
 his characters are generally all equal and not 
 drawn With Sufficient difcrimination ; and 
 though for every adventure a hero is railed 
 by th<> inventive powers of the poet, yet the 
 compofition is interefting, grand and fublime, 
 full of variety, and animated by the happy 
 efforts of a moft fertile imagination. The beft 
 edition is by Todd 6 vols. 8vo. 1805. 
 
 Sperling, Of to, of Hamburgh, fettled as 
 phyfician at Bergen in Norway. He afterwards 
 refided at Copenhagen, as phyfician to the 
 king ; but being involved in the dUgrace of 
 Ulfeld, he died in confinement, 1681. He 
 wrote a catalogue of the plants of Denmark, 
 164a, i2mo. &c. 
 
 Sperone, Sperxrn, of Padua, lived for 
 fome time at Rome, patronized by Pius IV. 
 who knighted him, and employed him in em- 
 bafiies to Venice, France, and Spain. He 
 died at Padua, 1588. His works, written 
 in excellentltalian, confift of orations, dialogues, 
 letters, difiert.uions, &c. 
 
 Spielman, J a nits RehiholJ, a ph y fici an of 
 Strafbnrg, where he was prjfeftbr of medi- 
 cine and chemiilry. I'j died 1782. He 
 publifhed elements chyrrtiae, 8vo. predromus 
 flora; Argentinenfis, 8vo. inltitutiones ma- 
 terire medicse, &c 
 
 Spigelius, Adrian, of BrmTels, profefibr 
 of furgery and anatomy at Padua, died at Bruf- 
 fels, 1625, aged 47. His works were publifhed 
 1645, in folio. The fmaller lobe of the liver 
 bears his name, as he is fuppofed to have vdif- 
 covered it. 
 
 Spilbf.rc, George, a Dutch admiral, who 
 defeated the Spanird in the ibuth leas, about 
 x6i6. 
 
 SPINCKES, NathanacJ, of Caftor, North- 
 amptonfhire, entered at Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, and though after his father's death, 
 pofTerTed of a refpeciaWe fortune, he applied 
 for a Ruftat fcholarfhip at Jefus, which he ob- 
 tained after i!ricf and prolonged examina- 
 tion. In 1685 he obtained the rectory of 
 Peakirk, Northamptonshire, and afterwards 
 was promoted to a ftall at Salifbury, and to 
 the rectory of St. Mary in that city. He loft 
 his preferment in 1690, for refufing to take 
 the oaths to William, and lived afterwards in 
 diftrefs,fupported by other nonjurors, of whom 
 he was elected one of the bifhops. He died 
 1727. He wrote various pious books and de- 
 votions the fick man vifited, Sec. 
 
 Spinello, Arctino, a -painter born at 
 Arezzo in Tufcany, 1328. His portraits, 
 madonnas, and historical pieces, were much 
 adm'red, and are highly finifhed. He died 
 1420. His fon Paris was alio an eminent 
 painter, and died 1422, aged 56. It is faid 
 that in a picture of the fallen angels he repre- 
 fentcd the devil in fo hideous a foTrn, that the 
 evil Spirit haunted him in his dreams, and de- 
 manded with threats what authority he had to 
 jive him fo horrible a delineation* 
 
 Spinola, AmLrofe, a general in the fer- 
 vice of Spain. , His abilities were difplayed 
 againft Maurice of Naffim, the greateft hero of 
 the age, whom he oppofed with Skill. After 
 the truce of t6c8, he lived in retirement, till 
 frefh. troubles called him again to take the field, 
 and to make Aix-la-Chapelle, "Wefel, and 
 Breda, fubmit to his arms. In 1629 he took 
 Cafal ; but the court of Spain difconcerted his 
 meafures, in conlequence of which he fell fick, 
 and died foon after, 1630, exclaiming they 
 have robbed me of my honor, 
 
 Spinoza, Benedict de t an atheiftical writer, 
 fon of a Portuguese Jew, born at Amsterdam, 
 1638. He ftudied medicine and theology, but 
 his religion was fo loofe, and his inquiries for 
 the reafon of every thiftg which he was to be- 
 lieve, became fo offenfive, that he was thruft. 
 out of the Synagogue. He became a Chris- 
 tian, and was baptized ; but his converfion was 
 infincere, and though he did not openly pro- 
 fefs himfelf an atheift, his pofthumous works: 
 plainly proved him fuch. He died of a con- 
 fumption at the Hague, 1677, aged 45. He 
 is the founder of a regular fyftem of atheifm, 
 and by his hypothefis he wifhed to eftabiilh 
 that there is but one fubftance in nature, en- 
 dowed with infinite attributes, with extenfiort 
 and thought ; that all fpirits are modifications 
 of that fubftance, and that God, the molt 
 perfect being, is the caufe of all things that 
 exift, but does not differ from them. Theie 
 monftrous doctrines were thus built into 
 a regular lyftem by this extraordinary- 
 man, who is faid in other reSpects to have 
 been of a good moral character in private life. 
 His conduct was marked by no irregularity ; 
 but he retired from Amfterdam to a more 
 peaceful refidence at the Hagtie, where cu- 
 riofity led princes and learned men to converfe 
 with him; His works were tractatus t^eolo- 
 gico-politicus, 4to. 1670 opera pofthuma,4to. 
 Few have ftudied the abftract and difficult 
 principles of Spinoza, and fewer have fol- 
 lowed them. Toland may be faid to approach 
 neareft, as a free-thinker, in his pantheifticon, 
 to his opinions. 
 
 Spon, Charles, of Lyons, ftudied at U!m, 
 Paris, and Montpellier. He took his degree 
 of M. P. there, and fettled at Lyons, where 
 be practised with fuccefs, and died 1684. He 
 had fuch facility of writing Latin voles, that 
 Bayle fays he had a copy of Some of his iam- 
 bics, on the deluge and laft conflagration, 
 which, though written at the age of 14 would 
 have done credit to eftabiifhed abilities. He 
 was particularly attached to Gaflendus, and to 
 hjs philofophy. He publifhed the prognostics 
 of Hippocrates, in hexameter verfes, feci 
 
 SpoV, James, fon of the preceding, was 
 born at Lyons, 1647, anc l admitted doctor of 
 medicine at Montpellier, 1667, and member 
 of the Lyons college of phyficiaus. In 1675 
 he travelled into Dalmatia, Greece, and the 
 Levant, with Wheeler, of which he publifhed 
 *n interesting account. He left France 168.5,, 
 [ E b 2 ] with 
 
!th the ittent km of retiring to Zurich, hut 
 
 the way at Vevay, on the lake Le- 
 inan, 1696. He was a moil rel'pectabhl cha- 
 
 I i ;ii the qualities < f a learned and 
 of an bonett man were hajpily united. He 
 mote various work*, the belt known oi which 
 are, rechvrches des antiquites de Lyons, gvc 
 iftx-tcrum nqueobfcuroium deorurn awe, 8vo. 
 hiiloire de la ville A: de 1'etat de Ge- 
 ls, lamo. x68c voyage de In 
 Grece .': du J evant, 3 vols. iamo. 1677 
 : hes curievl'es d*antiquite, 410. 1683, 
 
 SMNDANl'S, J'hn, OR de Sfokde, at 
 theagecf :c. began a commentary on Ho- 
 mer's il ad and odyffey, printed at Bafil, 1583, 
 folio, full of much audition. He abjured the 
 reformed religion, and, retiring to the moun- 
 tains of Bifcay, d:ed i$ty. He publilhed 
 Arittotle's logic in Greek and Latin, at Bafil, 
 res, 1383. 
 
 bPONDANis, Hcnrjy younger brother of 
 the preceding, became eminent for his know- 
 eek and Latin, and afterwards ftu- 
 dicd the civil and canon law. He abandoned 
 the prcteilant religion 1595, and died at'l'ou- 
 loule, 1643. He abridged Baronius' annales 
 facri a mundi cteatione, &c. 
 
 SrOTfWOOD, Jcbn, archbifhop of St. An- 
 ,. was educated at Glafgow, and atten- 
 ded as chaplain the duke of Lenox, in his em- 
 baflTy to France, and followed James I. when 
 he took pofftflion of the Englifh throne. That 
 year he was m?de bilhop of Glafgow, and pii- 
 ) counfellor of Scotland, and in 1615 was 
 tranflatcd to St Andrew's. In 1633, he 
 crowned Charles I. as king of Scotland at Ho- 
 lyrood-houfe, and in 1635 was made chancel- 
 lor of the kingdom. He retired to England, 
 where he funk under his infirmities, 1639. 
 He wrote an hiftory of the church of Scpt- 
 Lmd > begun at the command of James I. and it 
 -$ rcgarced as accurate. 
 
 Spzagg, Ed-ward, commanded in the firft 
 engagement with the Dutch fleet in -665, and 
 behaved with luch courage, tha the king 
 knighted him in his own fliip. The follow- 
 ing year he diftinguifhed himfelf under Al- 
 bennarle, in the four days' fight with the 
 Dutch, and in 1667 be contributed to the de- 
 feat of the fame enemy by burning fome of 
 their ftiips whtn they attempted to fail up the 
 Tuanve*. He (might in 167 1 aeainlt the Al- 
 , and ttcSErpyed fever* of their men of 
 ut two years after he was unfortunate- 
 ly drowsed in the dreadful engagement with 
 Van Tfomp, as he was palling from his fhip to 
 another. 
 
 Sjrangher, Bartholomew, a painter, born 
 
 1546. He was tatronifed by car- 
 
 dtn*l Farnefe, and by Pius V. for whom he 
 
 pointed the day of judgment, at Belvidere. 
 
 1 fo great a favorite with Rodolphus of 
 
 . t he was honored with a gold 
 ith a penfion, ar.d raifed to the 
 Miik of nouiiity. he died at Prague, 1623. 
 
 SQU 
 
 Sprat, Tbcmet^ a prelate, born at Tall*- 
 ton, Hcvcnfhire, 1636. and educated at Wad- 
 ham college.* He published in 1659 his poem 
 rn the death of Cromwell, dedicated t" Wil- 
 k:ns. He afterwards wrote the plague of 
 Athens, a poem, and .mother on the death of 
 Cowley After the restoration he was chap- 
 lain to Buckingham, and then to the king. 
 He promoted the eftablifh merit of the Royal 
 fociety, of which he was one of the rirtt mem- 
 bers, and of whole labors he publifhed the hif- 
 tory, 1667. He next wrote obfervations on 
 Sorbiere's voyage to England, and in 1668 edit- 
 ed his friend Cowley's poems. In 1668 he 
 became prebendary of Weftminfter, after- 
 wards miniiter of St. Margaret's church, ca- 
 non ofWindfor, and in 1683 dean of Weft- 
 minfter, and next year bifbop of Rochefter. 
 In 1685 he wrote th h'rflury of the Rye- 
 houfe plot, and as he had been noticed by 
 James II. and made dean of the chapel-royal, 
 he was appointed one of the commilTioners for 
 eccleliaitical affairs. In this he acted with 
 timidity, and then withdrew ; but when it 
 was debated whether the throne was vacant 
 by the flight of James, he boldly flood the 
 advocate of his mailer. He, however, fubmit- 
 ted to the revolution, and took the oaths; but 
 an attempt was made to involve him in trou- 
 ble by forging his name, and by introducing 
 into his houfe the plan of a pretended plot, 
 all which, however, proved his innocence. He 
 died 1 7 13. His character is delineated with 
 fome afperity by Eurnet ; but it fhould be re- 
 membered that they were enemies, and that 
 while Burnet preached before the commons, 
 he made the pulpit the vehicle of fedition,'snd 
 Sprat there difplayed his zeal and loyalty in 
 favor of the government. He wrote befides a 
 relation of the wicked confpiracy of Stephen 
 Blackhead and Robert Young, who united to 
 rob him of his honor and ol his life and allav 
 fermons, 8vo. poems, &c. 
 
 Spur stow, William., D. D. mailer of Ca- 
 therine hall, Cambridge, was expelled in 
 the civil wars, for refusing the engagement, 
 and was afterwards minifter of Hackney, of 
 which he was deprived for nonconformity. 
 Me was member of the Weftminfter aflembly 
 of divines, and was at the Savoy conference. He 
 was author of a treatife on the promises, 8vo 
 the fpiritual chemift, 8vo, the wiles of Satan, 
 and fermons, and died 1666. 
 
 SQUIRE, Samuel, >. D. a prelate, fon of 
 an apothecary at Warrhinfter, Wilts He M 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge, and 
 was fucceffively made archdeacon of Bath, 
 redlor of Topsficld, Effex, in 1730 rector of 
 St. Anne's Weftminfter, vicar of Greenwich, 
 and in 1760, dean of Briftol. The following 
 year he was railed to the fee of St. David's, and 
 died 1766. Pie wrote a defence of the an- 
 cient Greek chronology and an enquiry into 
 the origin of the Greek language, 8vo. an 
 enquiry into the nature of the Englifh conitU 
 tution, 8vo indifference to religion inexcu- 
 
 Oble, 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 fable, ttmo.- the principles of religion made 
 eaiy to young perl'ons, &c. 
 
 Staal, Madame ae, a French lady, dmigh 
 ter of a painter called de Launai. She was 
 in the fervice of the duchefs cf Maine, and 
 fhared her dilgrace, and afterwards (Vie mar- 
 ried de -taal, a:i x officer of the Swifs guards. 
 She died 1750, leaving her memoirs, publish- 
 ed afterwards in 3 vols. i2mo. to which a 
 fourth was afterwards added, containing two 
 comedies. She pofielfed great wit and viva- 
 city. 
 
 Stackhouse, Thomas, for fome years 
 curate of Finchley, was afterwards vicar of 
 Beenham, Berks, where he died 1752. *~e 
 wrote a hiltory of the bible, 2 vols, folio, a po- 
 pular work, a fyttem of practical divinity, 
 fol a trad: on the mil'eries of the mtesiur 
 clergy, 8vo. a review of the controveriy 
 concerning miracles, &c. a complete body of 
 divinity, &c. 
 
 Stafford, Anthony, was born in North- 
 amptonlhirev and educated at Oriel college, 
 Oxford. He died 1641. His worksnre Niobe 
 dhTolved into Nilus, or his age drowned in her 
 own tears, 121110 meditations aad reiblu- 
 tions, unu. life and death of Dogenes 
 the life of the virgin Mary or female glory 
 the pride of honor honor and virtue trium- 
 phant over the grave, &c. 
 
 Stahl, George Ernejl, a German chemift, 
 bsrn in Franconia, 1600. He ftudied medi- 
 cine, and waa, in I694, made piofeflbr of 
 that fcience at Halle. His reputation was lb 
 great, that he was invited to Berlin in 17 16, 
 and became there phyfician to the king. He 
 died 1734. As a chemiit, he obtained great 
 celebrity for nearly 50 years, and was the 
 author of the doctr ne of phlogifton As a 
 phyfician, he was fanciful, and maintained that 
 every mufcular action, \.hether from confei- 
 oufnel's or not, proceeded from the will of the 
 mind, which he afferted had at all time ablb 
 lute power over the body. Of his valuable 
 works thefe arc the bell known, experimenta 
 k oblervationes chemicae & phyficae, 8vo. 
 theo ia medica vera, 8vo a German treatife 
 on fulphur, i2mo. opufculum chymico-phy- 
 flco medicum, 410. fundamenta chymise dog- 
 matics & experimentalis, 3 vols 410. &c. 
 
 Stanhope, George, of Hartfhorn, Derby- 
 shire, was removed from Uppingham l'chool to 
 Eton, and was elected to King's college. He 
 obtained Tewing rectory, Hertfordfhire, and 
 afterwards Lewifbam in Kent, and foon after 
 he became chaplain to the king. In 1701 he 
 preached Boyle's lectures, and two years after 
 exchanged Tewing for Deptford, and next 
 was made dean of Canterbury. Thefe pre- 
 ferments wera due t> his integrity, learning, 
 and piety. This worthy man, whole private 
 life was as exemplary as his public conduct, 
 was ufeful, died 1728, aged 68 '1 he belt 
 kiv wn of hi* works are a tra.. nation of 'I ho- 
 mas a Kemnis de imjcatio-ie Chri.ti, 8vo.- a 
 tranflation of Charron on wifdom, 3 Toll . 8va 
 
 tranflation of M. Aurel. Antoninus' medi- 
 tations, 4to fermons on leveral occafions * 
 tranflati' n of Epictetus, with Simplicius' com- 
 mentary, 8vo paraphrafeon the ephtles and 
 golpeis, 4 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Stanhope, 'James, ezrlof, embraced the 
 military profeflion, and for his fervices at the 
 fiege of Namur, in 1695, kin^ William gave 
 him a company, and the rank of colonel. He 
 ferved under Peterborough in Spain, and dip 
 tinguilhed himlelf at Barcelona, and at Ai- 
 manza and Saragoifa ; but furrendered Bri- 
 heuga to Vendome, after a very brave refitk- 
 ance. I nder George I he "'as fecretary of 
 Itate, and in 1714 went as ambaffador to 
 Vienna, and in 1717 wa appointed firft lord 
 of the treafury, and chancellor of the exche- 
 quer. Theie fervices were rewarded with an 
 earldom. He died 1721 
 
 Stanhope, Philip Dormer, earl of Chef- 
 terfirld, was born in London 1694. After a 
 private education, he entered at 18, at 1 rinity 
 hall, Cambridge. He in 1714 began the tour of 
 Europe, and after rtc;iving lefTons of gaming at 
 the Hague, and poiifhing his manners undi'X 
 the dulipated belles of Paris, and vifiting Italy, 
 he returned home the next year. He became 
 gentleman of the bed-chamber to the prince 
 of Wales, and in the firlt parliament of George 
 I. was elected member for St. Germain's. He 
 proved himlelf an able lpeaker ; but, after 
 defending the feptennial bill, he followed the 
 prince of Wales in his oppofirion to the court. 
 The death of his father, in 1726, removed 
 him to the houle of lords, where he diitinguiuV 
 ed himfelf more than he had done in the com- 
 mons. Elegant and perfpLuous in his delivery, 
 with an inexhauftible command of language, 
 adorned by all the graceful arts of high bred 
 urbanity and fpoitive facetioufnels, he acquired 
 decifive fuperiority above all other orators. 
 When George the fecond was railed to the 
 throne, Chelterfield was placed in offices of 
 truft and honor. He went in 1728 ambaffa- 
 dor to H. Hand, and was rewarded with the 
 garter, and the office of high fteward of the 
 houfhold. He returned in '1732; but his 
 oppolition to Walpole Itripped him of his of- 
 fices During 12 years he attacked the mea- 
 fures of government ; but the coalition of 
 parties, in 1 744, reftored him to a feat in the 
 cabinet, and the following year he went in a 
 fhort embaffy in Holland. He haltened bacX 
 to take the office, of lord lieutenant of Ireland., 
 wheie the mildnefs of his government conci- 
 liated the affections of the Irifh nation. He \ 
 left Ireland in 1746, to be fecretary of ftate, 
 but refigned two years after. Though infir- 
 mities came rapidly upon him, yet he attended 
 his duty in the lords, and in the debates, for 
 the alteration of the ftyle, r-51, he dirtiiw 
 guilhed hirafelf by an eloquent lpeech. He 
 lived wi:h increafing infirmities to the 24th 
 March, 1773- As a public character, Chef* 
 terfield is highly efteemed, as from his rank, 
 hit influence, and his experience in political 
 [ Bb 3 ] mtiigues,, 
 
STA 
 
 STA 
 
 louiguw, he was for many years a diftin- 
 guilhed leader. He wifhed not only to appear 
 a man of letters, but to be the patron of learn- 
 ed men ; and his friendlhip with Pope, and 
 other wits, enfured him celebrity. His eon- 
 duct, however, to Johnfor, from whom he 
 ed an adulatory dedication of his dic- 
 \ .expofed him to the indignant contempt 
 of that unbending moralift. Chetterfield wrote 
 feme papers in the World, and fome poetical 
 piece* in periodical publications; but his fame 
 as an author relts on the letters fent to his 
 natural ion. Thefe letters are written in a 
 :'.nz, ft vie ; but in wifhing to form his 
 fen for the higher ranks of life, he has ihown 
 : the advocate of hypocrify, licentiouf- 
 jiefs, and infidelity. The apphufe of the 
 world was his governing principle; but it was 
 not by virtue alone that the pcliihed peer en- 
 deavoured to command popularity, but by 
 every art which can facrifice honor, religion, 
 and morality, to its favorite objects. The 
 publication of his letters prove him to be an 
 excellent fcholar ; but they difplay a ftudied 
 relaxation of principle, and, as Johnfon fays, 
 inculcate the morals of a ftrumpet with the 
 manners of a dancing- m after. His favorite 
 ll>n, to whofe education he had fo anxioufly 
 devoted hinifelf, died Nov. 1768, and left him 
 ite of deep and lafting defpondency. His 
 letters appeared tirit in z vols. 4to. 1774, and 
 ."cellaneous works alio, in 1 vols. 4to. 
 Stanislaus, Lazlnfhi, king of Poland, 
 was born at Leopold, 1677, ton of the grand 
 jrof the kingdom. To an elegant 
 : he joined an infinuating addrets, which 
 prevailed fo much with Charles XII. of i-we- 
 :) whom he was deputed in 1704, that 
 he determined to make him matter of the 
 kingdom. Stanifiaus was crowned at Warfaw, 
 1705, in the room of the depofed Augultus, 
 .ly to the will of the victorious Swede, 
 and he continued attached to his benefactor, 
 'ill ha defeat at Pultowa, when he was obliged 
 to fly from the kingdom. Augufius was re- 
 ftored, but on his death, in 173;,, Stanillaus, 
 though fapported. by Lewis XV. who had 
 '.ughter, W3s unable to re-afcend 
 the throne, and remained fatisfied with the 
 humbler title of duke of Lorraine and Bar. 
 He died 1766, in confequence of being burnt 
 by his night gown catching fire. Stanifiaus 
 was author cf ccuvres du philofophe bien- 
 Taifant," 4 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Stanislaus Aur;us 105 Pontatowsky, 
 Poland, was fon of a private gentleman 
 , by the princefs C^artorinlki, 
 and com 1732. He travelled to Paris but 
 his expences were fo e-.travagant, that he was 
 n prifon only by an aft of gene- 
 wife of a rich merchant. From 
 " London, and became ac- 
 
 ^ tu,IU ' illiam Hanbury, whom he 
 
 n his embafly to Rgflta, The 
 /*H* tt .l ) ^^ii of Poniatowfky captivated the 
 
 :rw4rd Catha- 
 
 rine II. wTiich gave fo much offence to the 
 emprefs Elizabeth, that the favorite was re- 
 called by order of Auguftus III. of Poland. 
 The death of Augufius, in 1763, interefted 
 Catharine in the fortunes of her favorite, and 
 by her influence he was elected king of Po- 
 land, 1764. He gained all hearts by his 
 moderation and prudence ; but religious dif- 
 putes diiturbed thj peace of the kingdom, the 
 difladents or proteitants who had been excluded 
 by the catholics laid claim to new indulgences, 
 and were fupported in their petition by Eng- 
 land, Pruftia, and Ruffia. Stanifiaus favored 
 their caufe, and thus rendered the catholics his 
 enemies, lb that they formed the plan of tak- 
 ing him priibner or deftroying him. Three 
 confpirators at the head of 40 dragoons dif- 
 guifed like peafants entered Warfaw, 3d Nov. 
 1771, and feized the king, and mounting him 
 on a horfe, rod^ away from the town, but 
 during the darknefs of the night thefe afTaffins 
 loft their road, and on the return of light, 
 Stanifiaus found himielf in the cuftody of only 
 dne of the confpirators, on whom he prevailed 
 to conduct him back to Warfaw. In 1 787 
 Stanifiaus, after an abfence of 23 years, had 
 an interview with Catharine, whom he ac- 
 companied in her tour through Tauris and 
 Caucafus. Though loaded 'with honors by 
 this ambitious princefs, the Polifh king foon 
 faw his dominions invaded by her armies, and 
 in 1792 all his efforts were unable to arreft 
 the career of her arms. Wilna and Warfaw 
 were taken, and Catharine, after having fre- 
 quently declared herielf the proteclrefs of 
 Poland,fhared its provinces with Germany and 
 Pruflia. In 1795, Repnin delivered a letter 
 to Stanillaus, which commanded him to de- 
 fcend from the throne, and his people from 
 the rank of nations. Stanifiaus retired to 
 Grodno, and forgot royalty in private life, and 
 afterwards, on the accellion of Paul to the 
 Ruffian throne, he was lent for to Peteriburg, 
 where he died 1798. This unfortunate man, 
 if he had pofTet r ed more deciiion, mijnt have 
 retarded, if not totally averted the dangers, 
 which ruined the monarchy ; but he was more 
 calculated to thine in private life than adorn a 
 throne. _ 
 
 Stanley, Thomas, was educated at Pem- 
 broke hall, Cambridge. He refided at Cum- 
 herlow-green, Herts, where he devoted himfelf 
 to literature. He wrote poems and other 
 things, but he is better known as the father 
 of the learned Thomas Stanley. 
 
 Stanley, Thomas, eff. fon of the above, 
 was born 1644. He was admitted at Pem- 
 broke hali, Cambridge, and after taking his 
 degrees, he travelled through France, Italy, 
 and Spain, and on his return entered at the 
 Middle Temple. Literature was his purfuit, 
 and he publilhed, in 1665, an edition of ./Elian's 
 hiftory, with notes. His next work was the 
 hittory of philoibphy, containing the lives, opi- 
 nion*, &c of philofophers of every feet, 4to. 
 dedicated to his uncle Marfham, a competition 
 
 of 
 
STA 
 
 STE 
 
 of great merit, which was translated into Lotin 
 for the ufe of the German literati and in 
 1664 appeared his " JEichylus," cum ver- 
 fione & commentario. '- e wrote hefides, 
 various remarks on Euripides, Sophocles, and 
 other autnors, hefides commentaries Vn iEl- 
 chylus, in 8 vols. fol. He died in 167a, when 
 fcarce 34. 
 
 Stanley, John, a mufician, born in Eon- 
 don 1 713. He loU his fight when two years 
 old, and at (even he devoted his attention to 
 mutic, under Green, and with i'uch effect that 
 he was chofen organic of All -Hallows church* 
 Bread-ftreet, in his nth year. In 1723 he 
 was orgamft of St. Andrew's, Holborn, in 
 j 734j he was elected organiSt of the Temple 
 church, and in 1779 he was nominated matter 
 of the king's band. His execution on the or- 
 gan was particularly admired, and his compo- 
 sitions dilplayed taSte and judgment. He died 
 1706. 
 
 Stanvhurst, Richard, of Dublin', f e>n of 
 the ipe;.ker of the irifh commons, was edu- 
 cated at Univerfity college, Oxford. After 
 Studying the law, he became a Rxmian catholic, 
 and went abroad, and was appointed chaplain 
 to Albert of Auitria, governor of the Nether- 
 lands. He died at Bruffels, 1618, aged about 
 72. He wrote various things, the belt known 
 of which are, de rebus in Hibernia geftis 
 harmonia, feu catena dialeltica in Porphyrium- 
 the four firft books of the JEueid, translated 
 into Englifh hexameters. Sec. 
 
 Stapledon, Walter, of Devonshire, was 
 educated at Oxford, and made biShop of Exe- 
 ter,, and treasurer of England. He founded 
 Exeter college, Oxford. His conduct in office 
 ' rendered him unpopular, and he was feized in 
 an infurrection in London, and beheaded at 
 Cheapfide crofs, 1326. 
 
 STAPLETON, Thomas, a controverfialiit, 
 born at Henfield, Suffex, 1585, and educated 
 at Canterbury and Winchefter fchools, and 
 New college, Oxford. In Mary's reign he 
 obtained a prebend of ChicheSter, but on 
 Elizabeth's acccftion he retired to Louvain, 
 where he was made regius profeiibr of divinity, 
 .and dean of Hilverbeck. He died 1598. He 
 was aa indefatigable writer in favdr of the 
 Roman catholic religion. His works were 
 pubiifhed in 4 vols. fbL 
 
 Stapylton, fir Robert, of Carleton, 
 Yorkshire, though educated at Douay, became 
 a proteilant, and was gentleman to the prince 
 of Waler,, afterwards the Second Chailes. He 
 l'erved with valor at the battle of Edgehill, and 
 Vas knighted. At the restoration he was re- 
 instated in his honors, and died 1669. He 
 was a very intelligent man, and a poet of fome 
 merit. He translated Juvenal, &c. 
 
 Stavelky, Thomas, rfq. of CuSIingtcn, 
 Leicestershire, was educated at Pcter-houfe, 
 Cambridge, and the Inner Temple. He Suc- 
 ceeded his father-in-law, Onebye, as Steward 
 of the records of Leicester, 1662, but the lat- 
 ter part of his life was clouded by melanduly. 
 
 He died 1683. He wrote the Romifh hort'e- 
 leech, or a difcovery of the enormous exactions 
 of the court of Rome, 8vo. the hiftory of 
 churches, &c. 
 
 Staunton, fir George Leonard, of Gal- 
 way, in Ireland, paired, after finishing his 
 education at home, into France, and Studied 
 medicine at Montpelher. In 1762 he went 
 to Grenada, and became fecretary to tru: 
 governor lord Macartney When Lis patron 
 went as governor to Madras, .he attended him 
 as Secretary, and fo important were his/ervices, 
 that on hjs return to Europe he wax raifed to 
 the dignity of baronet, and received a penSion 
 from the EaSt India company. In the emhaliy 
 of lord Macartney to China, Sir George ac- 
 companied him as fecretary of legation, and in 
 conlequence of the opportunities of informa- 
 tion which he had, he prefented to the world 
 an interesting account of that mighty and 
 populous empire, 2 vols. 4to. and three 8vo. 
 He published alio a tranflation cf the medical 
 effays of Dr. Storck, a-phySkian, of Vienna. 
 He died in London, 1801. 
 
 Stubbing, Henry, known for his attacks 
 on Hoadly in the Bangorian controversy, and 
 on Warburton on the publication of his divine 
 legation, died t 763, chancellor of the diocefe 
 of Salisbury. His other works are Sermons at 
 
 Boyle's lecture,8vo. collection of tracts, 8vo. 
 
 fermons on practical chriliianity, 2 vols. &c. 
 Stedman, John G.-rhriel, of Scotland, is 
 author of a narrativ-o an expedition againft 
 the revolted negroes -W Inn inam, with 80 
 plate*, 2 vols. 4to. He dlud lit Tiverton, 1797, 
 aged 52. 
 
 STE.ELB,v?r Rich aid, a celebrated writer, 
 born in Dublin, where his father, a counsellor, 
 was private fecretary to the duke of Ormond. 
 He came young to England, and was educated 
 at the Charter-houfe. In 1695, he wrote 
 " the proceflion," on queen Mary's funeral, 
 and afterwards obtaining an enfigncy in the 
 guards, he wrote " the christian hero," to 
 Strengthen his mind in habits of religion againft 
 the Seducing pleafures of a' military life. This 
 little work, valuable for the piety of its con- 
 tents, was dedicated to lord Cutts, who made 
 him his fecretary, and gave him a captain's 
 commiflion. his firft comedy, called the fu- 
 neral, or love-a la-mode, was acted with ap- 
 plaufe in i;02, and the next year the tender 
 huiband appeared, and in 1 "04 the lying lovers. 
 By the friendship of Addifon he was intro- 
 duced to lords Halifax and Sunderland, and 
 obtained the appointment of gazetteer, and in 
 1709, under the name of Ifaac BickerStaff, he 
 began the tatler, the firft number of which was 
 published 1 2th April, and the laft 2d Jan. 
 17 1 1. He next engaged with Addifon in the 
 Spectator, lit March, 1711, pd afterwards in 
 trie guardian, of which the tint, number ap- 
 peared 12th March, 17.13. He rtfigned, in 
 1713, the place of commillioner of the Stamp- 
 office, to fit in parliament for ijtockhridge, hut 
 his parliamentary career was lhort, as his pa- 
 
 [ r-b 4 ] p?" 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 pen in the Englishman and in the Criiis, were 
 voted by the houfe to he fcandalous libel*, and 
 he was therefore, after an able vindication of 
 himfelf,in a fpeech of three hours, expelled by 
 a majority of 145 againft 152. f 'e now de- 
 fended the rights of the houfe of Hanover, 
 and tor his loyalty he was on the accefilon of 
 
 e I. mide "furveyor of the royal ftables 
 at Hampton-court, and governor of the royal 
 company of comedians, and in 1715 knighted 
 by the king. He was next member for Bo- 
 roughbridge, and after the rebellion he was 
 Vade one of the commiflioners of the forfeited 
 eitates in Scotland. Though engaged in bufi- 
 nefs, Steele did not forget his character as a 
 writer, but occafionally produced political 
 pajr.phlets. His account of the Roman ca- 
 tholic religion appeared in 1715, and it was 
 followed by u a letter from the earl of Mar 
 to the king," a fecond volume of the Eng- 
 lifhman the fpinfter a letter to lord Oxford 
 on the peerage bill the crifis of property 
 the nation a family, on the South lea icheme. 
 During the publication of " the theatre," a 
 periodical paper, his patent of governor of the 
 comedians was withdrawn, 1720, but though 
 he exerted himfelf againft the lord chamber- 
 lain, he never could recover it, though he 
 computed the lofs little lei's than io.ocol. His 
 comedy of the confeious lovers, appeared in 
 1722, and was received with applaufe, and 
 procured to him a prefent of cool, from the 
 king. In the decline of life Steele became 
 paralytic, and retired to Llangunnor, near 
 Caermarthen, in Wales, where he died ill 
 Sept. 1729. He wat twice married. By his 
 firft wife, from whom he inherited a valuable 
 plantation in Barbadoes, he left no children, 
 and by the fecond, who brought him the 
 Welfti eftate, he had one fon and two daugh- 
 ters. As a writer, Steele is very eminent. 
 The verfatility of his talents, the extent of 
 
 urination, and his deep acquaintance 
 with polite literature, prove him to be an 
 author of no ordinary rank, who would per- 
 haps have ihone to greater advantage, if not 
 united with the elegant Addifon. Sir Richard 
 in his private character was very eccentric, 
 often expofed to difficulties, from which all 
 the iiitereft and the ingenuity of his friends 
 were required to extricate him. Among other 
 methods adopted to better his fortune was the 
 bringing fi(h alive to market, but though he 
 obtained a patent, and wrote to vindicate his 
 plan, he failed, and thus heavily narrowed his 
 mcome. 
 
 .Siren wick, Henry, a Flemifh painter, 
 
 - chiefly in the reprefentation of ar- 
 chitectural fubjects, and the infide of large 
 buildings. He died 1603, aged 53. 
 
 otkkvens, George, of London, was edu- 
 cated at Kingfton lchool, and King's college, 
 Cambridge. He, in 1766, published 20 of 
 Shakefpear's plays, with notes, in 4 vols. 8vo. 
 and Dr. Johnfon joined him in his edition, 
 ., with their united labors, appeared in 
 
 XO vols. 8*0. 1773. The text of Shakefpear 
 was particularly familiar to this able critic, 
 and he published another edition in 1793, in 
 15 vols. 8vo. and afterwards a 'lifted in cor- 
 recting Boydell's fplendid edition. He died 
 1800. 
 
 Steinbock, Magnus, an illuftrious Swede, 
 who followed the fortunes of Charles XII. 
 and contributed to the victories of Narva and 
 of Poland. During the abfence of his mafter, 
 he governed the kingdom with wifdom, and 
 defeated at Gadembufck the Danes. He af- 
 terwards advanced againft Altona. but was 
 taken at Tonningen, and died a prifoner, 
 Lf 17, aged 53. His memoirs have appeared 
 in 4 vols. 4to. 1765. 
 
 Stella, Jatnes, a painter, born at Lyons, 
 1596. He was much noticed by Cofmo de 
 Medicis at Florence> and afterwards went to 
 Rome, where he continued 11 years, and 
 then returned to Paris, where he was detained 
 by Lewis Xill. and he died there of a tedious 
 confumption, 1647. His pieces chiefly exhi- 
 bit paftoral fcenes, and the plays of children. 
 He died 1661. 
 
 Steno, Nicholas, an anatomift, born at 
 Copenhagen, 1638. He travelled over Ger- 
 many, Holland, France, and Italy, and ob- 
 tained a penfion from Ferdinand II. grand 
 duke of Tuicany, who appointed him tutor to 
 his fon. The pope m approbation of his con- 
 duit, appointed him apoftolical vicar for Ger- 
 many, and biihop of Titiopolis in Greece. He 
 died 1686. He was author of elementorum 
 myologiae fpecimen anatomical obiervations 
 and difcoveries, i2mo. 
 
 Stephen, St. firft chriftian martyr, was 
 one of the feven deacons, and had been a dil- 
 ciple of Gamaliel. He was in A. D. 33 
 ftoned on a charge of blafpheming God, and in 
 his death he exhibited the patient fufFerer, 
 who prayed for forgivenefs on his murde- 
 rers. 
 
 Stephen I. pope, 253, was engaged in a 
 controverfy with St. Cyprian and Firmilian, 
 about rebaptizing penitents, who had been 
 baptized before by heretics. He fuffered mar- 
 tyrdom 257. 
 
 Stephen II. fucceeded to the papal chair 
 75a. He was attacked by Aftolphus king of 
 Lombardy, who feized Ravenna, and threat- 
 ened Rome. Pepin of France, at his recjueft 
 marched into Italy, defeated Aftolphus, and 
 (tripping him of the exarchate of Ravenna, and 
 22 other towns, he bellowed them on the ho- 
 ly fee, and thus laid the foundation of the 
 temporal power of Rome. Stephen died 
 757- 
 
 Stephen III. pope 768, tore out the eyes 
 of Contantin, who had ufurped the chair be- 
 fore him, and died 772. 
 
 Stephen IV. elected pope 816, cnfecra- 
 ted Lpuis the debonair king of France, and 
 died 817. 
 
 Stephen V. pope 885, died after a weak 
 reign, 891. 
 
 Stephen 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 Stephen VI. in the room of the antipope 
 ' Boniface VI. 896, rendered himfelf lidicu- 
 ]qus by caufing the body of his prcdeceflbr 
 Formofus to be dug up, and to be tried in his 
 pontifical robes, and to have the head fevered 
 from the body becaufe he had been his ene- 
 my. The Romans role againit him, and at 
 laft Strangled him in prifon, 897. 
 
 Stephen VII. died 953, after fitting in the 
 papal chair two years. 
 
 Stephen VIII. pope 939, was infulted by 
 the rebellious Romans, and died 942. 
 
 Stephen IX. pope 1057, died the next 
 year. 
 
 Stephen I. St, king of Hungary after his 
 father Geifa 997, labored earnellly to reform 
 the manners of his people. After defeating 
 fome infurgents he introduced chriftianity in- 
 to the country, and divided the kingdom into 
 II bifhoprics He confirmed the meafures 
 which he had adopted by a wife code of laws 
 in 55 chapters, and died at Breda 1038. 
 
 Stephen, king of Poland, was third fon 
 of Stephen of Blois, by Adela the conqueror's 
 daughter. Re (eized the Englilh crown 1135, 
 and thus difpofieiTed the lawful fovereign Ma- 
 tilda, daughter of Henry I. This uiurpation 
 was foon relented, Matilda landed 1139, and 
 Stephen was defeated at the battle of Lincoln, 
 and taken prifoner. On his liberation he fo 
 managed his affairs, that Matikla unpopular 
 on account of her pride, left the kingdom 
 1 147. Stephen found a new competitor in 
 Henry, the fon of Matilda, till at laft an 
 agreement was made between the two rivals 
 1 153, by which it was ftipulated that Stephen 
 Should enjoy the crown during life, and that 
 at his death, it fhould defcend y> Henry. Ste- 
 phen died the following year. 
 
 Stephens, Henry, a- printer, the founder 
 of the family of that name, born at Paris. Of 
 the many books which he printed, the bell 
 known is a pfalter, in five columns, pub 
 liihed 1509. He died at Lyons, IJ2C, and 
 his widow married Cofiuaeus, a printer alfo of 
 reputation, who continued the bufinefs till 
 1547. -lis three fons were men of extraor- 
 dinary talents. 
 
 Stephens, Robert, fecoud fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Paris 1 <6$. After re- 
 ceiving a good education he was admitted into 
 the printing oific- of his father-in-law, Co- 
 linaeus, and in 1522 published a new Latin 
 teitsment, which proved Very ofFennve to the 
 Paris divines. He let up for himfelf imd mar- 
 ried foon after the daughter of Badius, the 
 printer, a woman well verfed in Latin, and 
 who could converfe with the learned correc- 
 tors of the prefs whom he kept in his hcufe. 
 His great Latin bible appeared in 1532. 
 Though protected by Francis I. who had ap- 
 pointed him his printer, he found the viru- 
 lence of his- enemies particularly pointed 
 agaihft him, and after the king's death in 
 1547, he retired to Geneva, carrying with him 
 it is faid, the types and moulds of the royal 
 
 prefs. He died at Geneva, 1559. In his 
 bufinefs he was molt exact and particular, he 
 undertook the printing of none but good book* 
 and lb folicitous was he of correctnefs, that 
 he expofed the Sheets to public view, and pro- 
 miied a reward to fuch as could difcover errors. 
 His mark was a tree branched, and a man 
 looking upon it, with the words noli alt um fa- 
 fere, to which he added Sometimes fed time. 
 His Hebrew bible, 8 vols i6mo. 1544, and 
 his Greek teflament, % vols. i6mo. 1546, 
 called mirifcam, from the firft word of the 
 preface, are much admired. He was the 
 friend of Calvin, Beza, and others, and his 
 thefaurus lingua? Latinse, 4 vols. fol. is an af- 
 tonifhing monument of his erudition. He 
 wrote alio an anfwer to the cenfures of the Sor- 
 bonne doctors to his bible. He had three 
 fons Henry, Robert, and Francis, and one 
 daughter. He had alfo two brothers Francis 
 and Charles ; Francis worked with Colinasus, 
 and died at Paris I550,and Charles, the young- 
 eft of the family, wrote feveral valuable books. 
 He went into Germany, with Lazarus de Baif,- 
 and was tutor to his fon. He afterwards ftu- 
 died medicine at Paris, but continued the pro- 
 fession of his family, and was appointed printer 
 to the king. He died at Paris 1564. He 
 wrote more than 30 works on various fubje&s, 
 of which were an historical, geographical^and 
 poetical dictionary de vafculis, 8vo. de re 
 ruftica, % vols. 8vo. 
 
 Stephens, Henry, fon of Robert, jult 
 mentioned, was born at Paris, 1528. He 
 was well educated, and confidered as the moil 
 learned of his learned family, and the beft 
 Grecian of his time. Before he applied to his 
 father's bufinefs he travelled into Italy, and 
 afterwards vifited Flanders and England. 
 Though his father left Paris for Geneva, he 
 ftill continued in France devoting himfelf to 
 the correct printing of the Greek claflics, and 
 other valuable authors. He was liberally pa- 
 tronized by Henry III. and Cent by him to 
 \witzerland, to collect manuscripts, but the 
 troubles of the laft years of that monarch's 
 reign extended to Stephens, who retired to 
 Geneva. Stephens expended large fums for 
 the completion of a Greek thefaurus, but 
 when he expected his labors to be rewarded, 
 he found that Scapula the printer, whom he 
 employed, had difhonorably taken a copy of 
 his papers, and offered to the world a Lexicon 
 under his. name, which was well received, and 
 robbed the real author of the merit of his per- 
 formance. This infamous conduit, though 
 it did not lelTen the reputation of Stephen:, 
 was the caule of his ruin, the money he had 
 fpent was loft, as the thefaurus did not fell, ani 
 the laft years of his life were paffed in pover- 
 ty. He died in an hofptal at Lyons l$<j%.\ 
 leaving a fon Paul, and two daughters, one 
 of whom had married Ifaac Cafaubon. Be- 
 fides the thefaurus, he wrote introduction 8c 
 V apologie pour Heredote, 3 vols. 8vo. a per- 
 formance feverely reflecting on the papists- 
 i veriion 
 
STE 
 
 STE 
 
 a veiflon of Anacreon in Latin verfei, 
 
 STEPHENS,/W,fon of Hcnry,though lear- 
 ned was inferior to his lather. He continued 
 h:s father*! buiinefs at Geneva, but did not 
 exhibit the fame correctnefs. He died at Ge- 
 neva, 1617, aged 60, leaving a fon Anthony. 
 the lall printer of the family. Anthony turned 
 Roman catholic, and left Geneva for Paris ; 
 but though he was for fome time printer to the 
 kin?, his prodigality proved his ruin, and he 
 ,apported for the lait years of life in an 
 hol'piul, where he aied 1674, aged 80. With 
 him expired the glory of a family which, for 
 five generations, had laborioufly contributed to 
 the advancement of literature. 
 
 Stephens, Robot, an antiquary, born at 
 Eaftington, Gloucefterfhire, and educated at 
 Wctton fchool, and Lincoln college, Oxford. 
 Hi Altered at the Middle Temple; but as 
 his fortune was esfy, he did not apply much to 
 theftudy of the law. He was for fome time 
 folicitcr of the eultems, mid afterwards hifto- 
 riogripher royal. He publifhed lord Bacon's 
 , with curie us notes, and prepared ma- 
 terulsfox an hiftory of James I. He died 1 732. 
 Stephens, Jcbn, an Englishman, educa- 
 ted at Douay. He efpouied the fortunes of 
 James II. and was captain in his invafioa of 
 Ireland. After an act of amnefty had palled, 
 he returned to London, and commenced wri- 
 ter. He rjublifhed a continuation of Dugdale's 
 monad icor; and a dictionary Englifh and 
 Spaniih, fclio, &c. He died about 1 726. 
 
 Stepnev, George, a poet and ftatefman, 
 born in London, 1063. He was educated at 
 Weftmhuter fchool, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge, where kis intimacy with Charjea Mo- 
 tague, afterwards lord Halifax, proved the 
 fierce of his future honors. He v. irmly em- 
 braced the principles of the i evolution, and 
 was envoy to various courts in Germany, and 
 though his abilities were not of a luperior caft, 
 he was luccefrful in his embaffies. He was 
 cae of the commiflioners of trade, and died 
 1707. he is ranked among the minor poets, 
 zr.d befides parts of Juvenal, he wrote fome 
 fhort pieces, where fays Johjafon, a happy line 
 may now and then perhaps be found, though 
 there is neither the grace of wit, nor the vi- 
 ror of nature. 
 
 Sterne, Laurence, defcended fromStenie 
 archbifhop of York, was born at Clomwell in 
 the fouth of Ireland 1713, where his father, an 
 in the army, was then Rationed ; and 
 *iter being nine years at fchool, at Halifax, 
 Yor/tflure, he entered at Jefus college, Cam- 
 bridge. He obtained the living of Sutton, and 
 afterward j a prebend in York cathedral, and 
 then Stilhngton. In 1760 he came to Lon- 
 don to commence author, and in 1762 he tra- 
 in France, and afterwards to Italy for 
 Ml ;bittaconfuraption 
 removed. He died 1768, in 
 trick, his friend, penu . 
 
 four elegant lines for his epitaph : 
 
 Shall pride a heap of fculptured marl'le 
 raife, 
 
 Some worthlefs, unmourned, titled fool to 
 praiie ; 
 
 And (hall we not y one poor grave-Hone 
 learn, 
 
 Where genius, wit, and humor, fieep with 
 Sterne ? 
 His works confift of the life and opinions of 
 Triftrain Shandy, a fentimental romance, re- 
 markable for its eccentricity a fentimentu 
 journey fermons letters, puhli.": cd Gnce his 
 death. He is accufed of plagiarifm by F;r- 
 riar, who difcovers feveral ltriking parallel 
 paflages in Burton's anatomy of melancholy, 
 biihop Hall's works, &c. 
 
 Stkrnhold, Thomas, a poet, born in 
 Hamplhire, and educated at Winchefter fchool 
 and Oxford. He was groom of the robes to 
 Henry VIII. and had XOO marks left him by 
 the king's will. He was a ri -id reformer, and 
 was io highly offended at the ebfeene longs 
 then in vogue, that he turned into Englifh me- 
 tre 51 of David's pfalms for the ufe of the 
 courtiers. '1 hefe were introduced into paro- 
 chial churches, and are ftill in repute, though 
 the more elegant verfion of Tate and Brady, 
 and that of Merrick, recommend themfelves 
 more powerfully to the mufical ear. Of the 
 reft of the pfalms, 38 were tranflated by Hop- 
 Ichts, a contemporary poet, and th; remainder 
 by Norton and other hands. He died 
 IJ49- 
 
 Stevens, George Alexander, of London, 
 was brought up to a mechanical profeffion, but 
 quitted it fortheftage. This did not produce 
 either popularity or fame, and next he tor fe- 
 veral years travelled over the kingdom, and 
 even went to America, lecturing on heads in 
 
 afty! 
 
 ilinsj and facetious, but often ver- 
 
 ging to licentioufnefs. Having rhus gained a 
 comfortable income, he difpoled of his lectures 
 and of his heads to Lee lewis. He died in a 
 mad houfe, 1784. He was author of Tom 
 Fool, a novel, 2 vols. 121110. fome farces > 
 Iqngs, &c. befides the dramatic hiltory of 
 mafter Edwards, in which he ridiculed his old 
 friend Shuter. 
 
 Stevens, Alexander, an architect of me- 
 rit, who died 1796, in a good old age. The 
 bridge overthe Liffey in Dublin, the aqueduct 
 over the Lune at Lancafter, and the locks in^ 
 the grand canal of Ireland, are among his 
 works. 
 
 Stevens, William JBa^/ha-w, of Abing- 
 don, was educated at the grammar fchool there, 
 and at Magdalen college, Oxford. He beeame 
 uflitr, and afterwards mailer, of Reptop fchool 
 Derby fhire, and vas prefected to the rectory - 
 of Seckindon, Warwickshire, and the vicarage 
 of Kingfbury. He died 1.800, aged 45. He 
 wrote retirement, a poem in blank verfe, 
 1782, 4to. Indian odes, 4to. idyls in the 
 topographer, &c. 
 
 4 Stevens, 
 
STI 
 
 STO 
 
 Stevens, PalameJes, a painter, born in . 
 London, died 1638, aged 31. His battles \ 
 and encampments poiTefs great boldnefs and | 
 beauty. 
 
 Stevin, SimoHy of Eruges, intruded 
 Maurice of Naflau in mathematics, and was I 
 made fuperintendant of the dykes of Holland. ' 
 It is laid that he invented the failing chariots 
 which were for fome time adopted by the 
 IXitch. He died 163^. He is autnor of a trea- 
 tife on ltatics geometrical problems mathe- 
 matical memoirs, &c. 
 
 Stewart, fir James, died 1789, aged 
 76, author of an apology of fir Ifaac Newton 
 on ancient chronology and a trcatiie en po- 
 litical oeconomy, a work of merit. 
 
 Stewart, Mattheiv, of Rothfay in the 
 ifle of Bute, went to Glafgow univeriity, to 
 devote himfelf to theology, and afterwards ftu- 
 died mathematics at Edinburgh, where he 
 iucceeded Maclaurin in the mathematical 
 chair. He died at Edinburgh 1785, aged 68. 
 He was author of tracts phyfical and mathe- 
 matical, on the theory oft e moon, the dif- 
 tancr; of the fun from the earth, &c. propo- 
 iittones more veterum demonftrata; general 
 theorems, &c. 
 
 SriFELius, Michael, a divine of Germa- 
 ny, who died at Jena 1567, aged 58. He 
 wrote in German, a treatife on algebra ano- 
 ther on the calendar, Sec. and foretold the end 
 of the world in 1553, but lived to witiiefs the 
 fallacy of his calculations. 
 
 Stillingfleet, Edivard, a prelate born 
 at Cranbourn, Dorfetihire, 1635. He was 
 educatec at St. John's college, Cambridge, 
 and obtained in 1657 the rectory of Sutton. 
 Ke in 1659 publifhed his irenicum, or wea- 
 pon-falve for the church's wounds, which 
 though written with great ability gave offence, 
 but-Jje added afterwards a difcourfe to .another 
 edition of it, to conciliate all parties. His 
 greateit work, origines facrae, or a rational ac- 
 count of natural and revealed religion appeared 
 in 1662, and though produced by a young 
 man only 27 years old, aftonifhed every reader 
 for its erudition, elegance, ftrength, and clear- 
 ness of argument. He was appointed preacher 
 of the Rolls' chapel, and in 1665 obtained tne 
 rectory of it. Andrew's Holborn. He next 
 was leefftrer to the Temple, chaplain to the 
 king, canon of St. Paul's prebendary of Can- 
 terbury,dean of St. Paul's, and in 1689 bifhop 
 of Worcefter. He died of the gout at his 
 houfe, Park-ftreet, Weftminfler, 1699. He 
 wrote befides fome controverfial books againft 
 the deifts, Socinians, papilts, and difTenters, 
 and he was engaged in the latter pr.rt of life 
 with Locke, fome part of tvhofe effay on hu- 
 man underftanding feemed to flrike at the 
 myfteries of revealed religion. His works, the 
 Compofition of an able lcholar, deep divine, 
 and a found argumentative phitofopher, were 
 collected together in 1710, in 6 vols, fo- 
 
 I Slitl.iSG7i.Z7T) Bsnjamttt, 2 na.uralift 
 
 and poet, grandfon of the bifhop. His father 
 Edivard difpleafed his father by marriage, 
 and the difpleafure of the bifhop proved inju- 
 rious to his pofterity. He died 1708, and 
 Btnjaviin^xxs only foil, was educated at Nor- 
 wich fchooi, and Trinity college, Cambridge, 
 but was dil'appointed of a fellowfhip, by the 
 interference of Bentley, the mafter, who 
 had been his father's friend, and his grandfa- 
 ther's chaplain. Thrown upon the world he vi* 
 fited Italy, and by the friendihip of lord Bar* 
 rington he obtained the place of barrack maf- 
 ter at Kenfington. He alio fucceeded to fome 
 property on the death of his frisnd Mr. Wynd- 
 lum of Norfolk, with whom he had travelled 
 abroad, and ftudied hiftpry and botany. Ke 
 died at a O.dler'sin Piccadilly 1771, aged 69. 
 His works are the calendar of Flora 1761 
 mifcellaneous travels, 8vo. the principles 
 and powers of harmony, 4to. effay on con- 
 verfation, a poem, and other poems, &c. 
 
 Stoffleu, 'John, of Juftingen, in Swa- 
 bia, taught mathematics at Tubingen, but loft 
 his fame of luperior knowledge, by , terrifying 
 Europe in the prediction of a dreadful deluge 
 which was to overwhelm the belt part of the 
 world 1524. He was autkor of various works 
 in mathematics and afhology, and died I5jl, 
 aged 79. He had foretold that he fhould die 
 by a fall, and in reaching for a book a large 
 Ihelf fell upon his head, and he died a few 
 days after. 
 
 Stofflet, JSFubo'as, of Luneville, for 
 fome years ferved in the army as a private 
 foldier. During the French revolution he 
 warmly efpoufed the cnufe of royalty, and, 
 feizing BrefTuire, maintained himfelf againft 
 the troops of the convention. Hoche prevail- 
 ed upon him at laft to lay down his arms, and to 
 be reconciled to the government. Stofflet 
 agreed to an armillice in 1795, but foon after 
 his conduct was interpreted as fubverfive of the 
 treaty, and as he w;:s defcncelefs, he waseafily 
 feized and dragged to Angers, -where, he was 
 Ihot 1796, in his 44th year. This active lea- 
 der, who thus fell a victim to the cruelty of 
 the convention, was during th fliort ipace 
 of two years, prefent at 150 battles, and he 
 ihowed in his laft moments the fame intre- 
 pidity which had marked his life. 
 
 Stone, John, a painter, bell known as an 
 able copier in the reign of the two Charles. 
 Hefpent 37 years to improve himfelf abroad, 
 and was wed (killed in feveral languages. He. 
 died 1653, ax. London. 
 
 Stone, Edmund, a felf-taught mathema- 
 tician, fon of the gardener of the duke 
 of Argyle. He acquired by the alfillance of 
 the duke's butler, and his own indullry, a moft 
 extenfive knowledge of arithmetic and mathe- 
 matics. The duke accidentally found him, 
 when 18 years old, reading Newtcn's principia, 
 and had the fenfe to encourage and transplant 
 hrm from obfeurity and manual labor to a 
 comfortable iitua ion, where he devoted him- 
 felf to ftudy, aid produced lbme valuable 
 
 work*. 
 
STO 
 
 work*. He died about 1 750. His works are 
 a mathematical dictionary a treatife on flex- 
 ions an edition of Euclid's elements, 2 vols. 
 8vo. 4c 
 
 Stone, Nicholas, a ftatuary, employ- 
 ed as chief architect in the building of 
 the banqueting houie, Whitehall. Among 
 other works, the gate and porch of St. 
 Mary's church, Oxford, aie beautiful fueci- 
 mens of his abilities. The beft known of 
 his rronuments is that eredted for the Bed- 
 fad family, for which he leceived nzol. 
 He died 1647, aged 61. 
 
 STONEHOUSE,y<V James, a phyfician and 
 divine of eminence. He was educated at 
 Winchefter fchool, and St. John's college, 
 Olford. He afterwards travelled abroad and 
 then fettled as phyfician at Coventry, from 
 which he removed to Northampton. Though 
 inclined to the principles of infidelity, in the 
 defence of which he even wrote a book againft 
 revealed religion, he gsve way to better 
 thoughts, and by reading the books of the 
 beft divines, he became a convert to the opi- 
 nions of the English church. ,In proof of his 
 fincerity, though in'extenfive practice, enfured 
 by an experience of twenty years, he took or- 
 ders, and obtained the livings of Great and 
 Little Cheverell, in Wiltflire. As a prea- 
 cher he was eloquent and impreffive, and his 
 difcourics always carried conviction to the 
 heart, and,difpofed the mind to more than the 
 utward profefilon of chriftianity. In 1791, 
 on the extinction of the elder branch of his fa- 
 mily, he fucceededto the title of baronet, and 
 died at Briftol, 1795. His works are nume- 
 rous and all on religious fubjetts, and ibme of 
 them have been recommended by the fociety, 
 for the promotion of chriftian knowledge. 
 His friendly advice to a patient has been fre- 
 quentl; edited. 
 
 Storace, Stephen, a mulician and com- 
 pofer of eminence. The public have paid de- 
 ferved approbation to his mufic for the haun- 
 ted tower, the liege of Belgrade, no fong no 
 l'upper, &c. He died of a fever 1796, aged 
 33. 
 
 Stop.ck, Nicholas, of Saxony, abandoned 
 the tenets of Luther to found the feet of the 
 anabaptifts with Muncer. By the mod extra- 
 vagant doctrines he gained adherents, and 
 when banifhed from i'axon/ he retired to Swa- 
 bia and Franconia. The military power was 
 at lad exerted to filence his preaching, and to 
 difperle his followers, and after being guilty 
 of the grofleft excefTes, he el'caped to Poland, 
 1527, and fettled at Munich, where his feet 
 again raifed its head, and (bread its influence 
 into Moravia. He died foon after in po- 
 verty. 
 
 StPDTFACHM, Werner, a native of 
 Sch-.vi:*, who in 1307. joined Furft, Melch- 
 tal, and Tell, in the destruction of Grifler. 
 7 his I'm..!! band of heroes lucceeded and over 
 tuned ihs Aoftrian government, andreftored 
 
 STR 
 
 their country to its independence. Their 
 names are ftill celebrated in the national fongs 
 of Switzerland, and will never fail to excite 
 their poileriry to deeds of heroil'm and 
 glory 
 
 Stow, 'John, an antiquary, born in Corn- 
 hiil, London, about 152". It is luppofed 
 that he was bred up to his father's bufinefs, 
 that of a taylor. In 15 60 he bejan to make a 
 collection for his chronicle, and whatever was 
 Uluftrative of the hiitory and antiquities of the 
 country was the objeel of his rel'earches.. 
 Th'efe ftudies were not productive of fame or 
 gain, and he would have abandoned them, had 
 not Parker, the primate, honorably contributed 
 to his encouragement. His rirft work was " a 
 i'ummary of the chronicles of England, from 
 the coming in of Brute to his own time," 1573- 
 Afterwards, in 1598, appeared his "furvey of 
 London," containing the original, antiquity, 
 Sec. of that city, 4to.and in 1600 he pubiilhed 
 his flores hiltoriraum, or annals of this king- 
 dom, from the times of the Britons to his 
 own, dedicated to Whitgift, the primates 
 This lad work was an enlargement of his 
 " i'ummary," but even in that date was little 
 lei's than an abridgment of a larger woik, 
 which he had prepared. In the latter part 
 of his life, Stow was reduced to indigent 
 circumftances ; he petitioned twice the cor- 
 poration of Loudon, whole hiitory he had elu- 
 cidated ; but the relief he received is un- 
 known. He alio obtained a brief from the 
 king, to collect the benevolent contribution} 
 of well difpofed people, and after thus devo- 
 ting himfelf for upwards of 40 years, to illuf- 
 trate the antiquities of his country, and l'uf- 
 fering the infirmities of old age, added to the 
 horrors of indigence, he fell a victim to the 
 ltone-cholic, 1605, aged about 8c. To the 
 merits of an able hillorian, and indefatigable 
 antiquarian, Stow united all the virtues of 
 private life. He wrote for the public, he 
 adhered to truth, and recorded nothing either 
 through fear, or envy, cr favor. He had 
 transcribed many valuable Mi>S. the oiiginals 
 of which h; could not obtain, and he travelled 
 afoot to various cathedrals, in fearch of authen- 
 tic papers. 
 
 Strada, Famianus, a jeiiuit of Rome. 
 He taught there rhetoric, and wrote feveraJ 
 treatifes on oratory and other fubje&s. Lis 
 proluiiones academics' and his hiltoria de 
 hello Belgico, have been much admired for 
 their corrcclnefs, the elegance of the language, 
 and the purity of the ltyle. He died 1649, 
 aged 77. 
 
 Siraeten, N. Vander, a Dutch painter, 
 born 1680. He travelled over Europe as a 
 pain e<, an.l as a man of pleafure, and ruined 
 liis pu fe and his co. ftitution 1 y inte u, er.uce 
 anc d baucnery, U which he f.ll an taily 
 viitim. 
 
 fcTRAFTORD. T'jtma* Weniionib, earl of % 
 Vid. WtMTWORTH, 
 
 Stkahan, 
 
 
STR 
 
 STR 
 
 Strahan, William, of Edinburgh, after . 
 ierving his time with a printer in his native j 
 fowu, came to London, and purchased iu 
 /770 a fhare of the patent place of king's 
 printer, and in 1775 fat in parliament. Thus 
 raifed by merit to diftinction, he became the 
 fiiend of the learned, and was ever ready to 
 contribute to the comfort of thofe whole men- 
 tal exertions had promoted his elevation. 
 Among his friends was Dr. Johnlon, whom he 
 attempted to introduce into the houfe of com- 
 mons, though lord North, to whom it was pro- 
 poied, did not finally accede to tne meafure. 
 He died 1 785, aged 70. 
 
 Straight, John, rector of Findon in 
 SulTex, was author of fome poems in Dodfiey's 
 collection, much in the ftyle of Prior. He 
 alio held a prebend in SahTbury cathedral, but 
 injured his property by turning farmer, and 
 died poor about 1 740. His lermons, in 2 vols. 
 8vo. were publi'.hed for the benefit of his fa- 
 mily. 
 
 STRANGE,/ri?fcrt, ,-n engraver, born at 
 Pomona in the Orkneys 1721. He ftudied 
 the law, but his genius pointed a different path 
 to eminence, and his fketches and drawings 
 Appeared fo highly finifhed, that he was placed 
 under the care of Mr. R. Cooper of Edin- 
 burgh, i-iis progrefs was arrefted by the re- 
 bellion % he joined the pretender, and after the 
 ruin of his affairs, he wandered a fugitive in 
 the Highlands, and at 1 alt returned ro Edin- 
 burgh, and then pafTed to London on his way 
 to Rome. Ke was at Rouen, and at Paris, 
 and had the rirlt knowledge of the dry needle-, 
 an inftrument which his genius afterwards fo 
 much improved. In 1751 he fettled in Lon- 
 don, diftinguifhed as an hiftorkal engraver, of 
 which art he may be laid to be the father in 
 England. In 1760 he vihted Italy, and was 
 elected member cf the learned fchools of 
 Rome, Florence, Bologna, &C. He was 
 knighted by thekinr in 1787, and died of an 
 afthma 1792. His works are greatly admired, 
 and about 50 capital plates are ftili preferved 
 by his family. 
 - Strauchius, Giles, of Wittemberg, was 
 profellor of divinity. He died 1682, aged JO. 
 He is author of breviarium chronologicum, 
 tranflated into Englifh by Salt breviarium 
 hiiloricum -geographia mathemat. &c. 
 
 SrRKATtR, Robert, an Englilh painter, 
 eminent for his pieces in hiftory, architecture, 
 and perfpective. At the reiteration he was 
 made Serjeant painter to -Charles II. and died 
 in f68p, in cor.fequence of being cut for the 
 ftone. aged j<3. Hs great works are in the 
 -tbcatre at Oxford ."Vlofes and Aaron in St. 
 Michael'*. church, Cornhiil, &c. 
 
 Btrksk, Jurian Van, a Flemilh painter, 
 happy in reprefenting death, and melancholy 
 fubjects. He died 1678, aged 46. 
 
 Mtrigelius, Vittcrius, of Kaufbier, in 
 Swabia, was one of the firit of Luther's difci- 
 ples. i c taught theology at Leipfic, but his 
 di'put? with Francovritz, and his oppofition to 
 
 fome of Luther's principles rendered him un- 
 popular. He was afterwards profefTor of mo- 
 rality at Heidelberg, where he died 1569, aged 
 45. He wrote notes on the ancient and new 
 teftament, and other works. 
 
 Strong, Jqfipb, an Englifh mufician, died 
 at Carlifle 1798. Though blind from his in- 
 fancy he became an able mechanic, and con- 
 ftrucled an organ. He made all his own gar-' 
 ments, and left a number of figures, &c. as 
 memorials of his great ingenuity. 
 
 Strozzi, Titus and Heresies, father and 
 foil, were Latin poets at Ferrara. Their 
 works confifl of elegies and fonnets, and polTefs 
 merit. The father died 1502, aged 80, and 
 the fon was killed by a rival 1508. 
 
 Strozzi, Cyriaco, a Florentine, who fup- 
 ported the doctrines of Ariftotle, to whofe 
 eight books on politics lie added a ninth, and 
 a tenth, in Greek and Latin, and in the moil 
 able manner. He was profefTor of Greek and 
 of philofophy at Florence, Bologna, and Piia, 
 and died 1565, aged 61. His filter Lauretia t 
 a nun, was well ikilled in the learned lan- 
 guages. 
 
 Strozzi, Julius, wrote Venetia ajdificata, 
 1624, fol. an admired poem, on the origin of 
 Venice, and alio another heroic poem. He 
 died 1636. 
 
 Strozzi, Nicholas, of Florence, wrote 
 fylvse of Parnaffus, idyls, and fonnets, in 
 Italian, much admired. He wrote two trage- 
 dies, befides David of Trebizond, and Conradin, 
 and died 1654, aged 64. ' 
 
 Struensee, Count, aphyfician, who by hi* 
 abilities recommended himfelf to the notice of 
 the king of Denmark. He became prime 
 minifter and maintained his power by great 
 talents in politics and in negotiation ; but his 
 attachment to the queen, Carolina Matilda, 
 proved fatal. The queen mother determined 
 to ruin this favorite, caufed by her intrigues 
 his arreftation, and that of his friend Brandt, 
 and -Struenfee, falfely accufed of an improper 
 intercourle with Matilda, but guilty of trea- 
 sonable practices, for the prefervation of his 
 power, was conducted to the fcaffold 1 772. 
 Matilda, hanhhed from the protection o^ her 
 hulband, was demanded back by her brother 
 the king of England, and retired to Zell in 
 Hanover, where lhe died of a broken heart, 
 1776. 
 
 Strutt, J'fipL, an antiquary, author of 
 a dictionary of engravers, 4to. an hiftorical 
 tre,:tife on the manners and cuftoms of antient 
 inhabitants of England, 2 vols. 4to. &c. He 
 died 1787. 
 
 ' Struvius, George Adam, profefTor of 
 jurifprudence at Jena, was born at Madge- 
 hourg, and died 1692, aged 73. He wrote 
 fyntagma juris feurialis, and fyntagma jurif 
 civilis, works of merit. 
 
 Struvius, Burcard Gotthelf, fon of the 
 preceding, fettled at Jena, where he engaged 
 in his father's profefTon, and was equally 
 efleemed. Fie died 1738, aged 67. He pub- 
 lished 
 
STU 
 
 antiquitatum Romannrum fyntagma,4to. 
 
 bibliotheca hiftor. feleAa, 8vo. fyntagma 
 
 juris publici, 4ta fyntagma hiltoriie Germa- 
 
 : vols. foL a hiitory of Germany, in 
 
 German, &c. 
 
 Struts, John, a Dutchman, who vifited 
 in throe different iournies, Madagafcar, Japan, 
 the Levant, the mores of the Mediterranean, 
 JMufcovy, and Perfia. He wrote an account 
 of his travels, and died about 1680. 
 
 Strvpe, Jolm y born in London, of German 
 parents, was educated at Catharine hall, Cam- 
 bridge, and in 1669 was prefented to the 
 living of Theydon-boys, ElTex, which he re- 
 filled for Low Leyton. He alfo was lecturer 
 of Hackney, where he died Jfcg7, at a great 
 nge. He publithed the lives of srchbilhops 
 Crammer, Grindal, Parker, and Whitgift, of 
 Aylmer, bifhop of London, of fir Thomas 
 Smith, of fir J. Cheke, and alio ecclefiaitical 
 memoirs, 3 vols. annals of the reformation, 
 4 vols, folio, &c. 
 
 Stuart, James., an architect, born in 
 London 1713. The death of his father left 
 him in very indigent circumftances, but his 
 genius (hone forth, and his abilities were fuc- 
 celsfully exerted tofiipport his father's orphan 
 family by painting fans. While thus engaged, 
 he directed his attention to the acquisition of 
 other branches of fcience, and obtained a per- 
 fect knowledge of anatomy, geometry, paint- 
 ing, tne mathematics, and architecture, to 
 which he joined Greek and Latin. After his 
 mother's death he' fettled his brother and 
 fitters in a comfortable fituation, and with 
 fcanty refources let out to vifit Rome and 
 Athens. He moflly travelled on foot, and 
 when he reached Italy, he formed an intimacy 
 with Mr. N. Revett, an able architect and 
 painter, with whom he continued his journey 
 to Athens, and there for five years, till 1755, 
 was employed in making drawings, and in 
 taking the meafures of the remarkabie places 
 of this venerable city. Their perfeverance 
 was encouraged by fir Jacob Bouverie and Mr. 
 Dawkius, then at Athens. The refuk of their 
 labors ^ appeared in 1 vol. folio, 1762, under 
 the title of the antiquities of Athens, meal'ured 
 and delineated by I. Stuart and N. Revett. 
 This publication recommended Stuart ; he was 
 noticed by Anion, Rockingham and others, 
 and appointed furvpyor of Greenwich hoipital. 
 This refpcdrable character died at his houl'e in 
 LeiceiUr-fquare, 1788, aged 76. Two mo/e 
 volumes have appeared fince his death, one in 
 I790P"Wiihed by Newton, the other in 1794 
 by Mr. Revel,. ' '* 
 
 Stuart, Cilieri, an hiflorian born in 
 1741, at Edinburgh. He was well educated 
 for the law, which his natural indolence made 
 him abandon for elegant literature. Before 
 ha I2d year, he publifncd his hiftorical diiTer- 
 tation concerning the antiquity of the Brififh 
 conftitution ; fo admired that the tw'iveility 
 ranted him the degree cf LL.D. He next 
 ed his view of fociety in Europe, in its 
 
 STU 
 
 : 
 
 progrefs from rudenefs to refinement; and 
 when difappointed in applying for a law pro 
 fefforfhip, he came to London- where, fro; 
 1768 to 1774, he wrote for the monthly* 
 review. In 1774 he returned to Edinburgh, 
 but his attempts to eftablifh there a review 
 failed, and in 1782 he again came to London, 
 and took a lhare in the political herald, and the 
 Englifh review. Intemperance brought on 
 complicated diforders, and when laboring un- 
 der the jaundice and the dropfy, he returned 
 to Scotland by lea, and died in his father's 
 houfe, 1786. He published befides, obferva- 
 tions concerning the public law, and conftitu- 
 tional hiftory of Scotland the history of the 
 reformation in Scotland the hiiiory of Scot- 
 land from the reformation to Mary's death, in 
 which he ably defends her character ai;ainft 
 Dr. Robertfon and other writers. Though 
 popular as an author, Stuart was entitled to 
 little praife for the laxity of his principles, and 
 the diflolutenefs of his morals ; for, as Chal- 
 mers cblerves, he eonfidered ingratitude as the 
 moil venial of fins. - 
 
 Stubbe", Hmry, born at Partney, Lincoln? 
 fliire, 16,31, was lent to Weftminfter fchool, 
 under Bufby. In 1649 he was ei"C*ed to 
 Chrilt church, and diftinguifhed himfelf by his 
 zeal and his learning. He ferved in the parlia- . 
 mentary army in Scotland, and in 1657 was 
 appointed under-librarian to the Bodleian. As 
 he refufed to conform he was ejected, and 
 retired to Stratford upon Avon to pracliitj 
 phyfic. In 1661 he went to Jamaica as king's 
 phyfician, butfoon returned in confequence of 
 the unfavorable climate. He afterwards fettled 
 at Warwick, and then at Bath. He was inti- 
 mate with Hobbes, whom hefupported ag.unit 
 Dr. Waiiis, and againft the royal fociety, and 
 in confequence of this controverfy, in which 
 he ably maintained the Ariftotelian philolbphy, 
 he made a fevere attack on GlanviU, and 
 charged him and other members of the focietv, 
 with the intention of undermining the uuiver- 
 fities, deftroying the eftablifhed religion, and 
 introducing popery. His enemies accufed him 
 of inconfiltency, as before the reftorati 
 had abufed monarchy, univerfities, churches, 
 and all ancient eftablifhments. After a li: 
 cliecquered with accidents, he was unfortu- 
 nately drowned 1676, while crofting the river 
 two miles from Bath. The bedv was taken 
 up the next morning, and when buried in the 
 great church, Bath, a funeral fermon was 
 preached over him, probably with little com- 
 mendation, by his antagonilt Ghnvill the rec- 
 tor. As a man of erudition, of exteufive in^ I 
 formation, an accomplished fchol.r, an able 
 and ready diiputant, Stubbe deferves the high- 
 eft praife. In other refpecls he was deficient :.i 
 common difecetion, wavering in his principles, 
 occafionally rafh and obftinate in his opinions, 
 and regSrdlels of that fobriety and decorum 
 which (hould accompany great powers of mind. 
 His writings are very numerous, but though 
 conveying information and deep refearch, 
 
 they 
 
STU 
 
 SUE 
 
 they are diftinguiihed for a^ufe, fatire, and 
 malevolence. 
 
 Stubss, George, reclor of Gunville, Dor- 
 fetihire, is known as the author of fome of the 
 belt papers of" the free thinker, with Ambrofe 
 Philips and others, 1718. He wrote alio the 
 * new adventure of Telemachus," 8vo. an ad- 
 mired performance, founded on principles of 
 liberty, in oppofitioa to Fenelon. He wrote 
 befides fome elegsmt verfes. 
 
 Stubbs, Geirge, ofLiverpool, diftinguiihed 
 as a painter and anatomift. At the age of 30 
 he vifited Rome, to improve himfelf, and 
 on his icturn labored in the completion of his 
 valuable work, the anatomy of the horfe, in- 
 cluding a particular defcription of the bones, 
 cartilages, &c. with molt valuable pLtes, pub- 
 lifhed 1766. In the delineation of animals he 
 particularly excelled, and his pieces (land very 
 high in the puhlic eftimation. He undertook 
 another elaborate work, a comparative anato- 
 mical expofition of 'lie ftrufture of the human 
 body, with that of a tyger and common fowl, 
 in 30 tables, of which were published only 
 three parts before his death. He died in Lon- 
 don 1806, aged 82. 
 
 Stuckius, John William, of Zurich, wrote 
 a trea''.:"e on the fesfts of the antients and 
 their facrifices, a learned work in fol. a com- 
 mentary on Adrian, &c. He died 1607. 
 
 Studly, John, a poet, educated at Weft- 
 minfter fchool, and Trinity college, Cam- 
 bridge. He ferved under Maurice at the 
 fjege of Breda, where he was killed 15S7. 
 He tranflated feveral of Seneca's tragedies, 
 
 Stukeley, William, an antiquary, born 
 and educated at Holbeck, Lincolnfhire- He 
 u-a", in 1703, admitted of Benet college, Cam- 
 bridge, where he ftuciied phyfic and botany, 
 and then fettled at Bofton, and in 1717 re- 
 moved to London, where he was foon after 
 elected fellow of the royal fociety, &c. He 
 lef' London in 1726 te fettle at Grantham, 
 but found himfelf fo. much airlifted with the 
 gout, that he determined to abandon his pro- 
 feffion for the church, and in 1730 he wr.s 
 presented to the living of AH faints, Stamford. 
 In 1739 ne obtained the living of Somerby 
 near Grantham, and in 1747 he relinquifhed 
 his country preferments, for the rectory of St. 
 George, Queen's fquare, London. He was 
 feized with a ftrukeof the pahy, the 2"th Feb. 
 1765, and died four days after in his 78th' 
 year. He was twice married. The beft of hi* 
 works are itinerarium curioium, or an account 
 of the curiofities and antiquities in Great Bri- 
 tain, folio, with copper plates pakeographia 
 facra, or difcourles on the m&numents of nnti 
 quity, that relate to facred hiftory, 4to. 
 pntaeozraphia Britanaica, 4to -an account of 
 Stonehenge and Abury, folio hiftory of Ca 
 raufi as, a vols. 4to. differtation on the fpleen, 
 fol. a treatife on th? gout, befides other va- 
 luable tra&s on antiquities, &c. His know- 
 ledge of druidical hiitory w;;j- fo fXteofive that 
 
 he was called by his friends the arch-druid of 
 
 his 
 
 ago. 
 
 Sturmiu.s, J\imes, ofStrafburg, was em- 
 ployed in feveral embaflies to the diets of the 
 empire, to England, &c He affifted Sleidan 
 in the compilation of the hiftory of the refor- 
 mation in Germany, and died 1553, aged 
 64. 
 
 Sturmius n , John, the Cicero of Germany, 
 was born at Sleidan near Cologne 1507. He 
 fct up a printing prefs, and began the printing 
 of the Grsek daffies. In 1529 he was at 
 Paris where he read lectures on Greek and 
 Latin writers, and logic, and then retired to 
 Straiburg in 1537, afraid of perlecution for 
 his proteftant principles. He was appointed 
 re&or of the univerfity there, and faw his 
 pupils numerous arid refpe&able. When pref- 
 ixed on account of his principles he declared 
 himfelf a calvinift, and was deprived of his 
 re&orlhip. He died 1589, aged about 80. He 
 publifhed valuable notes on Ariftotle's rhetoric, 
 and other authors, befides a tra& called linguse 
 Latinar refolvend^ rati, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Sturmius, John Cbrijlopher, profelTor of 
 philology and mathematics at Altorf, where 
 he died 1703, aged 68, publifhed a German 
 tranflation of the works of Archimedes col- 
 legium experimentale curiofum, 4to. phyfica 
 elecYiva & hypothetica, % vols. 4to. &c. 
 
 Suarez, Francis, a jefuit, profefforat Al- 
 cala, Salamanca, and Rome. He died at Lif- 
 bon 1617. He wrote on metaphyfics, morality, 
 and theology, and his works amounted to 23 
 vols. fol. and fo extraordinary was his memory, 
 that on quoting any paffage from his wrks, 
 he could continue the quotation to the end of 
 the page. His treatife " de legibus" was an 
 able performance. 
 
 SucKi.isiG,jr John, a poet, born at Wi- 
 tham, Effex, 1613. He could lpeak Latin at 
 five, and write it at nine. In his travels h? 
 ftudied the manners and character of foreign 
 nations, without imitating their vices. He at- 
 tended one of the campaigns of Guftavus Adol- 
 phus, and was prefent at three banles and 
 five ' : eges, and on his return, as a proof of his 
 patriotifm, he railed at his own expence of 
 above ia,ocol. a troop of horfe, for the king's- 
 fervice. ' his troop was more remarkable for 
 finery, than valor, fo that he took much to 
 heart their ill conduct a;rainft the Scots, and 
 fell a viclim to a fever in his 28th year, 1641. 
 He wrote befides, a few poems, and fome let- 
 tors an account of religion by reafon, 8cc. 
 
 s ue, John Jofeph, was profefTor of anato- 
 my at Paris, and died there 1792, aged 82. 
 His works are, an abridgement of anatomy, 2 
 ols. nmo. treatifes on bandages, i2mo. 
 laments of forgery, 8vo. Sec. 
 
 Sueur. Thomas lc, taught theology, philo- 
 fophy, and mathematics at Rome, and died 
 1 7 70. He was patronized by the pope, and 
 from his long intimacy with Jac piicr, arofe 
 the compofition of n learned commentary on 
 Nc.vtori's priuwipiu 3 treatife on the integral 
 
 calculus. 
 
SUL 
 
 rjlcuKu, vols. 4t<v mftitutiones philofopha, 
 
 :2mo . o 
 
 SweuR, Efacbe le, a painter, born at Far*. 
 
 Though never out of France, ho acquired cele- 
 brity, and carried his art to the hsgheft per- 
 i. on models of antiquity, and after the 
 beft Italian matters. He died at Paris 1655, 
 aged 38. His works are preferred at Paris. 
 
 SvrrREN, John, a jefuit, cinfeffor to 
 Miry de Medicis. During the diiputes be- 
 tween this princefs and her fon Lewis XIII. 
 he attempted to produce a reconciliation, hut 
 without effect, and was banifhed, and died at 
 Homing, 164 1, aged 70. He wrote Annee 
 Chrctieiine, 4 vols. 4*0- n Wk of merit. 
 SufTren who diftinguifhed himfelf in the Eait 
 Indies againft the EngKfh is fuppofed to be of 
 The frtM family. This gallant officer was 
 highly honored for his Cervices, and died 1789. 
 qrr, Abbey minifter under Lewis VII. 
 and Lewis the Gros, was abbot of St. Denis, 
 where be died 1152. He was of fuperior ta- 
 lents, -md of unfhaken integrity. 
 
 Si- 1. 1 van, fur Richard Jo/ef6, went early 
 M the Eaft Indies, and after' his return to 
 England, he puhlifhed an account of his tour 
 through various parts of the kingdom, 2 vols. 
 8vo. He afterwards publiihed a letter to the 
 F.aft India directors analyfis of the political 
 hiftory of India thoughts on martial law 
 philosophical rapfodie*, &c. In 1790 he ob- 
 tained a feat in parliament, 2nd continued 
 member of the houfe till his death, 1 806. 
 
 SOLLY, Maximilian de Betbune, baron of 
 Rafni, duke of, was born at Rofni 1559. At 
 It he was prefented to the queen of Navarre, 
 and educated with her fon, afterwards Henry 
 IV. of France. He accompanied him to 
 Paris, but mult have pcrifhed in the maffacre 
 of St. Bartholomew, if not concealed by the 
 principal of the college of Burgundy. At- 
 tached by affection to the young king, Sully 
 diftinguiflied himfelf in various campaigns at 
 Marmande,Cahors, Coutras, Foffeufe, Arques, 
 &c. but he was born to fhine alfo in the 
 cabinet. Before his matter afcended the 
 French throne, he was his envoy at Paris, and 
 by lis negotiations with the Swifs in 1586, he 
 obtained a tfuhfidy of 20,000 men. In 1599 ne 
 negotiated the marriage of Henry with Mary 
 tfe Medicis, and in his embaffy at the court of 
 Elizabeth :,nd of James he difplayed the mod 
 confummate prudence. Raifed to the office of 
 prime minifler, he exerted himfelf for the 
 p?ofp?rity of the kingdom. 7 he taxes were 
 collected without opprefiion, and all impofitions 
 were abolifhcd. '1 hough often thwarted in his 
 views, by the intrigues of the courtiers, and 
 of the mirtreffirs of the monarch, he remained 
 frm to his principles, diltinguifhed more as the 
 friend than as the minifter of Henry. He 
 roft every morning at 4, and after devoting 
 fomq time to bufinefs, he gave audience to 
 fuch as folicited anadmiffion to him, and never 
 reje&ed themtaneft petfon from his prefence. 
 He prevailed upon his mafter to change his 
 
 SUP 
 
 religion, and to became a catholic, but whe 
 folicited alio to abandon the protefhnt tenets, 
 he refafed, and replied to the pope, who flat- 
 tered him upon the greatnefs of his abilities, 
 ** I never (hall ceafe to pray for the converficn 
 of your holioefs." After the murder of Henry 
 he was diigraced, and when recalled by Lew:* 
 XiH. he recommended the banifhment of nil 
 the buffoons, and the flatterers of the court. 
 Sully died 1641, aged 82. The memoirs 
 which he competed in his retreat, and which 
 he called " ecotiomes royales," eontain a very 
 minute detail of the hiftory of the court. 
 
 Sui.ZER John George, of Winterthurn, in 
 the canton of Zurich, was the youngeft of 25 
 children. His abilities flowly unfolded them- 
 l'elves ; at 16 he had no tafte for ftudy, till the 
 perufal of Wolfe's metaphyfics roufed his at- 
 tention. He became an ecclefiaftic, and was 
 the friend of Maupertuis, F.uler, and Sack, 
 and in 1747 he was invited to fill the mathe- 
 matical chair at Berlin, where he died Feb. 
 1779, univerfally relpected. His works are 
 numerous, the beft known of which are, moral 
 contemplations on the works of nature trea- 
 tife on education univerfal theory of the 
 fine arts, 2 vo!s. 4to. &c. 
 
 Somoroko*', Alexander, the founder f 
 the Ruffian theatre, was born at Mufco- ; 1 727. 
 In the feminary for cadets at Peterfburg, he 
 ftudied with uncommon affiduity, and was re- 
 commended to the empreis Elizabeth, and at 
 the age of 29 he ftudied the plays of Racine, 
 and focn produced his firft piece, " Koref," 
 which was received with unbounded applaufe. 
 He fucceffively wrote Hamlet, Ariftona, 
 Sinaf and Truvor, Zemira, Dimila, and other 
 tragedies, befides comedies, and two operas, 
 fonnets, elegies, fables, fatires, odes,&c. except 
 epic poetry. Elizabeth raifed him to the rank 
 of brigadier, and made him director of the 
 Ruflian theatre, with a penfion of 400I. and 
 Catherine appointed him counsellor of ftate, 
 and knight of St. Anne. He died univerfally 
 refpecled 1777. Kis tragedies poftefs great 
 merit ; but there are fome blemilhes in them, 
 and in his comedies he difplayed much humor, 
 though he facrifices too much to vulgarity, 
 while he attempts to excite laughter. His 
 latires are the beft in the Ruffian language, 
 but arc very unequal. In his elegies he fnows 
 powers of tendernefs and animation, and in his 
 idyls, the molt pleating fimpiicity. He is de- 
 fcrvedly regarded with Romonozof as the ho- 
 nor of the nation; and while he difplayed all 
 the foftnefs, the graces, and the harmony of 
 J the poetry, his illuftrious countryman foarcd 
 ! to the regions of fublimity and majeftic 
 ltrength. 
 
 Supervim.e, Banid de, of Saumur. be- 
 came a protectant minifter at the Walloon 
 church of Rotterdam, and died 1728, aged 
 71. He wrote ihe duties of the afflicted 
 church, 8vo. fennons the truths and the 
 duties of religion, Sec. 
 
 SURV1LL| 
 
suw 
 
 g u w 
 
 SCRVILLE, Margaret Eleanor C.I- 
 a French poetefs, who celebrated the hefoic 
 deeds of her country, and died at a great age, 
 at the clofe of the ijth century. Her lan- 
 guage is almoft obiblete; but <he poffefled 
 great vigor of mind. Her poems wei e puti- 
 iilhed at Paris in 1803, prepared for the prefs 
 by one of her defendants, Jofcph Stephen de 
 Survflle, an pfficer who, after difthlguifhing 
 himfelfin Corfica and in America, fella victim 
 to the French revolution,! 799. 
 
 Sutcliffe, Matthttv, is known for his 
 treatife of ecclefialtical difcipline, 4to. 1591 
 de prefbyterio, 4*0. turco papifmo, or the rs- 
 fembiance between mahometanifm and popery, 
 4to. &c. He was dean of Exeter, and foun- 
 der of Chelfea college, and died about 
 X61G. 
 
 Sutton, Thomas, founder of the Charter- 
 houfe, was torn at Knaith in Lincolnshire, 
 1532. He was educated at Eton and Cam- 
 bridge, and fludied the law at Lincoln's Inn, 
 but as -he had no inclination for the profeffion, 
 h/travelled over Holland, France, Spain, and 
 
 irl ij&i to be colonel. After Gme" iinP 
 paigns in Poland, he went againft the Thrk's, 
 and behaved with fuch bravery that he killed 
 feveral of the JanuTaries, and preft-nted their 
 heads at the feet of his general He next 
 Cfbfled the Danube, and defeated *ke 40,000 
 men commanded by the Reis-ElTendi, and 
 took nil his artillery. In l jt$ He obliged the 
 Tartars to iubm it to Rufha, for which the em- 
 pro ft nominated him general in chief. In 
 1787 he defended Kinburn agamflthe Ottoman 
 fleet, and in 1 789, at the head of 10,000 men, 
 relieved the prince of Saxe Coburg, who was 
 furrounded by 100,000 Turks, and he obtain- 
 ed fo fignal a victory, that his fervices were re- 
 warded with the title of a count of the Roman 
 empire, under the name ofRiminiiki,from the 
 river Riminilk, near which the battle had been 
 fought. Soon after he was lent agaimt Ifmai- 
 low, which hsd refilled (W alTail.nnts for feven 
 months, and he was ordered to take it in three 
 days, and on the third day the town fubmitted, 
 after the dreadful (laughter of 40,000 Turks. 
 The treaty of YafTy put an end to the war, but 
 Italy. At his return he was fecretary to Suwarroff found in Poland a new field of glory. 
 
 Wai wick and Leicelter, and diitinguifhed hi 
 
 felt'in the fervice of Elizabeth. He purcbafed of.Warfaw, after cutting to pieces 20,0000 
 
 He attacked Prague, and made himfelf mailer 
 
 fome eftates in Durham, which were found to " 
 contain cool mines, and thus produced him an 
 immenfe income. His property was farther 
 increafed by marrying a rich widow, and by 
 engaging in commerce, and with fuch fuccefs 
 that he is faid to have had 30 agents abroad, 
 and to have prevented, for oi.e year, the ar- 
 mame.it of Philip againtt England, by draining 
 the bank of Genoa of the money intended for 
 that monarch's ufe. One of his (hips, called 
 Sutton, was diitinguifhed among the fleet 
 which defeated the armada. After living with 
 fplendor, he retired to private life, after the 
 death of his wife, 1602, and he determined to 
 render his name immortal by fome fpirited 
 foundation, though the court tempted him 
 with the honors of a peerage, to induce him 
 to make the duke of York his heir. In con- 
 fluence of this he bought the diffblved Char. 
 ter-houfe for t 3,000!. and founded there a 
 hofpitaland public fchool. He died 161 1, at 
 Hackney, aged 79, and his remains were de- 
 pofited in Chrilt church, London, till remov- 
 ed, in 1614, to a vault in his hofpital. His 
 property at his death wa: joccl. a year in land, 
 and above 6o,oool. in money. 
 
 Sutto n, Samuel, of Alfreton, Derbyfhire, 
 after fervmg under Marlborough, kept a 
 coffec-houfe in Alderfgate ftrcet. His plan, 
 in 1740, of clearing the foul air from the 
 wells of mips, by opening a communication 
 with the fire-places by means of pipes, was 
 fuper(ded by the more fimple invention of 
 ventilators. He died in 1752. 
 
 SiWARRorr, Alexander, a RufTian gene- 
 ral, born 1730. His father intended him 
 for the magiltracy, but he preferred the mili- 
 tary fervice, and in 1742 he entered into the 
 army as a common lbldier, and gradually role 
 
 the Poles, and for his conduct he was raited 
 to the rank of held mar ft ah In 1799 he was 
 Cent to command the Ruflian forces in Italy, 
 and to check the career of the French. After 
 a glorious campaign, in which he reitored the 
 fortunes of the allies, he was oppofed to Mo* 
 reau ; but notwithstanding the generallhip of 
 his enemy, he maintained his fuperiority, and 
 though obliged at Lilt to give way, his retreat 
 through Switzerland to Germany difplayed the 
 molt mafterly manoeuvres. Another cam- 
 paign would have brought freih victories, but 
 Paul changed his politics, and the geneivl re- 
 tired to Ruflia. Though honorably received, 
 and created prince Italiiky, he fell under the 
 dilpleafure of his ungrateful mailer, and died, 
 it is faid, of a broken heart, 1 800. In his 
 character, Suwarroff was as lingular as he was 
 bold and intrepid. ' He was the idol of his fol- 
 diery, and often on the field of battle, he ap- 
 pealed among them Gripped to his fhirt,>uid 
 with one leg booted, and the other with only a 
 fandal. His food was coarfe, like that of the 
 common lbldier, and he retted in the camp 
 like his inferior aflbciates, covered with a 
 fheep fkin. In his intercourfe with the world 
 he affected to he laconic. When he took 
 Toutou-Kai,in Bulgaria, he font the fe words 
 to Catherine," the town is taken, I am there," 
 and when Ifmailow fell into his hands, the 
 emprefs was informed of it by this (ho: t fen- 
 tence, " Madam, proud Ifmailow is at your 
 feet." In his religious opinions he affected 
 devotion, and he ordered his efficers every 
 evening to repeat a prayer in the pretence of 
 their foldiers. Though brave, foitunate, and 
 heroic, Suwarroff mult be condemned for his 
 inhumanity, for furely that general finks below 
 the name f man, who permits his ibldiers to 
 [ C c ] rava: 
 
SWI 
 
 SWI 
 
 ravage and to murder when the proftrate ene- 
 -lores formercv. 
 
 ..dam, John, a naturahft, of 
 He imbibed his firlt ideas of na- 
 tural h'ntory from the occupation of his father, 
 an apothecary, and early began to colled cu- 
 nofitu- I -ycd much time in catching 
 
 and examining the infedls of Holland, and im- 
 pi oved a tafte fo rtrongly marked for the exami- 
 nation of the works of nature in his ftudies at 
 Leyden. In 1667 he made his firft experi- 
 ment of injecting the uterine veffels of the 
 human body with ceraceous matter. In 1669 
 he publiflied a general hiftory of infects, a work 
 of merit, in 2 vols. fol. but though tempted by 
 liberal offers by the grand duke of Tufcanv, he 
 I to quit his native country. In 1673 
 he became acquainted with madam de Bourig- 
 non, and/or her myftkaf reveries he abandon- 
 ed natural biflory, 'wholly devoted, as he faid, 
 in. adoring and loving the fovereign good. He 
 continued thus lolt to himfelf and to the woild, 
 and died 1680, aged 43. His other works are, 
 a tre.uile on reparation, 4to. de fabrica uteri 
 is, 4to. His works in DuH? have ap- 
 in an Englifh tranflation in iolio, with 
 ,53 copper plates, 1758. 
 
 Mvehlxborg, E/Kanuel, a fanatic, born 
 at Stockholm 1688. His father was a biihop 
 of the Lutheran perfuafion. The fon travel- 
 led abroad, and on his return was elected afTef- 
 lorofthe metallic college, which he refigned 
 ifl 17-17 He was well acquainted with the 
 bufinefs of his profeffion, and wrote regnum 
 minerale, 3 vols. foL 1734, befides, a treatife 
 ou the tides, and another on the planets. 
 From philofophical objeefs he withdrew himfelf 
 to the contemplation of heavenly things, and 
 became the founder of a new feci:, which 
 not numerous during his life-time, has 
 fince increafed rapidly on the continent and in 
 London, under the title of New Jerufalem 
 conventicles. This Angular character, who, in 
 V.ical reveries, luppofed that he con- 
 i:h angels and the Supreme Being, pre- 
 tended that whatever happens in the world, 
 happened in the world of fpirits, 
 fituated between heaven and hell. According 
 tohisdechr?tion the final judgment took place 
 in j 7. 6, in this invifible world of fprrits, and 
 :. lit ot it was communicated to him by 
 the Redeemer himfelf. He published various 
 works, 'on the New Jerufalerr. 
 
 on- heaven and ht.il fpiritual influx the 
 white borfe of the revelations, &c. He died 
 on 1772, aged 85. 
 
 I r, 'Jonathan, was born 30th Novem- 
 
 ireland, defcended of an Englifh 
 
 father died before his birth, and 
 
 r and a daughter in 
 
 enmftances. At the age of fix he 
 
 ' ; htf years after 
 
 : .1! lin. At thVimiverfity 
 
 toll ;/ and poetry, 
 
 % lo that aft . 
 
 it firft degree | 
 
 for, infufrkiency, and at laft took it fpectaU 
 gratia, in terms of reproach. This roufed his 
 attention, and for the feven -next year;, 
 life, he regularly ftudied eight hours 
 In 1688, his uncle was attacked by an illnefs, 
 which deprived him of his lpsech, and having 
 thus loll a friend he palled into England to vifir. 
 his mother, who reiided at Leicefter. Here 
 he was introduced to fir William Temple, who 
 had married a relation of Mrs. Swift, and in 
 his company he continued about two years, and 
 had frequent opportunities of feeing king 
 William, who once offered to make him can- 
 t lin ofhorfe Swift's thoughts, however, were 
 bent to the church. He was admitted to his 
 matter's degree at Oxford, ad eundem, 1692, 
 and afterwards affifted his friend fir William i:i 
 revifing his works; but though he c n 
 his knowledge, he thought himfelf negiec'ted, 
 and in 1694 a reparation took place. Swift 
 fora after obtained from Capel the deputy of 
 Ireland, the prebend of Kilroot, in the dio- 
 cefe of Connor, worth icol a year, but foon 
 returned to fir William Temple, who v. i.lnd 
 fpr his conversation by any f'acritice whatever } 
 and for four years till his death, the greateft 
 harmony prevailed between them. On his 
 friend's death he inherited a legacy from him, 
 and the right of his poflhumous works, av hich 
 he dedicated to the king, in hopes of receiving 
 fome preferments, but he was difappointedj 
 and foon after followed as chaplain lord 
 Berkeley, one of the juftices of Ireland. Here. 
 again difjppointment followed him, he had 
 been promifed the deanery of Deny, but his 
 patron gave it to fome greater favorite, and 
 prefented him to the livings of Laracof and 
 Rathbeggin. At Laracor he was firft vifited 
 by the celebrated Stella, daughter of W. JohaJ 
 fon, fteward to fir William Temple, who inhe- 
 rited from him, for the Cervices of her father, a 
 legacy of 1000I. This lady, whom Swift had 
 feen at the houfe of his former patron, came 
 to Ireland at. his invitation, and as fhe was but 
 18 the was accompanied by Mrs. Dingley, 15 
 years older. Thcfe two ladies lived with Swift 
 on terms of intimacy, but without fcandal ; in 
 his abfience they refided at the parfonage, but 
 on his return they removed to their lod 
 and they never met but in the company of a 
 third perfon. In 1701 he took his doctor's!, 
 degree, and after the death of king William, 
 he came to England occafionally. He ! 
 acquainted with Harley, and the leading mem- 
 bers of the miniftry, and fo gained their con-' 
 fidence, that he was confidered as capable, not 
 only of defending, butalmoft of guidingthe pub- 
 lie meafures. Though thus courted, he did*; 
 not receive any preferment before 1713, when 
 he was made dean of St Patrick. A bifiiop- . 
 ric had been i ntended for him by the queen; 
 but on the reprefentation of Sharp, who de- 
 clared him to be a man whofe chriltianil 
 quefiionable, his name was patted by. 
 after he returned to England, to reconcile 
 Harley and St. John, whofe enmity .' 
 
SWI 
 
 SWI 
 
 to threaten deftruclion to the ministry, hut in 
 vain. After the death of Anne, he had little 
 connection with the leading men of England ; 
 but, though unpopular in Ireland, his patriot- 
 tilm reftored him to the public favor. When 
 Wood obtained a patent to coin i8o,oool. in 
 copper, for Ireland, which, in enriching the 
 projector, would have ruined the people, the 
 dean oppoied the plan, and by the publication 
 of his Drapier's letters, he prevailed upon the 
 public to reiect the money. Thus iuccelsful, 
 he became the oracle of Ireland, and nothing 
 was adopted either at Dublin or in the coun- 
 try, without previoufly knowing the fenti- 
 ments of the dean. The lalt period of his 
 life was fpent in retirement. In 1736 he loft 
 his memory, and as his temper was naturally 
 irafcible, he grew violent, fo that few of hi" 
 friends viSted him. In 1741 his infirmities 
 w&re fuch that he was unfit for converl'ation, 
 and the next year he became delirious, and at 
 times funk into fuch infenfibih'ty, that for a 
 whole year he never fpoke- After ihort in- 
 tervals of reafon, he gradually declined, and 
 at kit died atthe end of October 1745, aged 
 78, without the leait pang. Among the An- 
 gularities of this extraordinary character, his 
 conduct to Stella derives reprobation. After 
 an intimate friendship of more than 16 years, 
 he in 1716 married her, but itill no alteration 
 took pk.ee in their mode of living, and fee 
 never refided in his houfe except when fits of 
 gidd'mefs or deafnefs made her pretence ne- 
 celTary. He never acknowledged her as his 
 wife, though ihe always prefidei, at his table ; 
 and this cruel conduct at laft broke her heart. 
 Late in life he writhed her to be publicly ac- 
 knowledged as his wife, but hurt by hi? un- 
 kindnefs, the replied, " that it was too late, 
 and that they muft live as they had lived 
 before," and ihe gradually declined in "health, 
 and died 28th January 1727, in her 44th year. 
 But not only Stella' experienced the ooldnefs 
 and cruelty of his heart. In his excursions in 
 England, he became acquainted with Mrs. 
 Vanhomrigh. and her two daughters, witlrthe 
 cldeft of whom he converted frequently on 
 literary fubjects. From an occafional inftruc- 
 tor, he became in the eye of the lady an ob- 
 ject of admiration and of love, and (he at laft' 
 ventured to propofe marriage to him. He 
 aftedted to ridicule her on her choice, but 
 without a direct refufal, he indulged her hopes 
 by the frequency of his correlpondence. In 
 17x4, this lady, better known under the) name 
 of Vanc-fTa, pafTed into Ireland with her fi'fter, 
 and fixed her refidence in his neighbourhood, 
 - and at lafc in 1 7 1 7 (he folicited him not to trifle 
 with her afFettions, but to declare whether he 
 would accept or refute her for a wife. The 
 dean, who had hitherto ("ported with her feel 
 pigs, wrote an anlvver to her letter, probably 
 intimating his marriage, and delivered it with 
 hit own hands. VauefTa read it, and furvived 
 the lboek o;:iv a few weeks ; but before the 
 expired, the altered her will, and kft to the 
 
 bifhop of Cloya'e and ferjeant Marfhall, the 
 property which (he had defigned for her cruel 
 lover. Ihe works of Swift are very refpedt- 
 able. He wrote poems, which poffefs ele- 
 gance and beauty, but their humor is often 
 coarfe and licentious. His political writings 
 are in a forcible and argumentative ftyle, and 
 when publilhed they had a ftrong eftecV on the 
 public opinion, and drew on the author the 
 admiration and theapphufe of the great parlia- 
 mentary leaders of the time. His Gulliver's 
 travels, a fatirical romance, and his tale of a 
 tub, in which he ridiculed popery and puri- 
 tanifm, were very popular works, and are ftill 
 read with admiration. In his political princi- 
 ples he was a tory, and ably defended the 
 fucceffioi; of a proteftant monarch to the 
 throne. As the friend of Oxford, Pope, Ad- 
 difon, Corrgreve, Steele, Rowe, &c. he was 
 univerfally refpeeted for the importance which 
 his opinion acquired in the public efteem, and 
 wherever he appeared he was courted and re- 
 spected as a pleating companion, and a man of 
 information.* Though a great humoriit, and 
 an excellent punfter, he preferved delicacy in 
 his converfation, and w 7 as bed pleafed when 
 ladies were prefent, as -he obferved that 
 they would baniih whatever was indecorous, 
 profaW, or vulgar. As an ecclefiallic he was 
 punctually exact, and a. a man of the world 
 he regarded wealth as the proof of indepen- 
 dence, and often made his frugality fubler- 
 vient to his avarice. He left n,oool. for the 
 endowment of an hofpital for idiots and lunatics, 
 in the city of Dublin. His works have been 
 publilhed in 14 vols. 4to. alio in 25 vols. Svo^ 
 &c. 
 
 Swikt, Diane, a near relation of the dean 
 of St. Patrick, was called Deane, from the 
 name of one of his maternal ancefton. He 
 published in 1755 an elTay on the life, writ- 
 ings, and character of Dr. Swift; in 1765 an 
 eighth quarto volume of the dean's works, and 
 in 1768, 2 vols, of his letters. 
 
 Swinbuknk, Hcmy, of York, was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, and became proclor and 
 judge of the prerogative court of the arch- 
 biihop of York. He wrote brief treatife on 
 reihmems and laft wills, 4to. treatife of 
 fponfals, 4to. &c. and died at York 1620. 
 
 Swindkn, TJ>h'.s, was author of a curious 
 inquiry into the nature and place of hell, 
 which he places in the fun, 1714- He was 
 vicar of Cuxton in Kent, and died about 
 1720. 
 
 Svvinnock, George, of Maidftone, was 
 educated at Cambridge. He loft, in 1662, 
 his living of Great Kymbels, Bucks, for non- 
 conformity, and died at Maidftone, 1673. 
 He was author of heaven and hell epitomized, 
 4 to. the door, of falvation opened, 8vo, the 
 ch'riftian man's 'calling, 3 vols. 4W. a ufeful 
 work, and other tracts. 
 
 Sv.inton, Jobo. B. D. ofBexton, Che* 
 (hire, was originally fervkor of Wadham col- 
 lege, Oxford, where h<? was elected fellow. 
 [ C c 2 ] He 
 
SYL 
 
 SYN 
 
 J?c obtsined St. Petcr-le-Bailey in Oxford, 
 and then went as chaplain to the Englilh fac- 
 tory at Leghorn. H> returned home through 
 Venice, Prefburg, and Vienna, and died 1777- 
 He puhlilhed Tome learned works, the bell 
 I of which are an eflay on the words 
 &*tu.*r and Aaifitvtt*, &c. infciiptiones cri- 
 ticr.&c and other curious diftertations, &c. 
 
 StDtMiAM, Thomas, a phyfician, born at 
 Wirford Eagle, Dorfetihire,' 1624- He was 
 of Magdalen hall, Oxford. He fubferibed to 
 the authority of the parliamentary vifitors, and 
 m-s made fellow of All Souls, and fettled as a 
 .11 at Weftminfter. From 1660 to 1670 
 be enjoyed extenfive pradtice, but the gout 
 permitted him to go little abroad. He was, 
 however, coniulted -^t home, and h're writings 
 continued to enlighten the medical world. He 
 died in Pall Mall 1689. In his practice he 
 followed experience rather than theory, and 
 obferved the nature, properties, and fymptoms 
 ofdileafe with luch dilcrimination, that he has 
 been called the father of phyfic among the 
 modems. He was the firft who recommended 
 a coo! regimen in the lmall pox. His treatifes 
 on nervous dilbrders, and on conlimptive 
 fervers, are very valuable. His works were 
 written in Englifh, but tranflated into Latin by 
 his friends, and nniverfally efteemed. 
 
 Sydenham, Floyer, was born 1710, and 
 educated at Wadham college, Oxford. He 
 undertook the tranflation of Plato, and pub- 
 liflied feme parts ; but poverty clouded the 
 haprielt of his hours. He was at laft arretted 
 by a victualler, at whofe houfe he had often 
 had a fcanty dinner, and died in confinement 
 J 788. His amiable character, his unafluming 
 modefty, and well known abilities, as well as 
 bis melancholy fate, deeply interefted the 
 friends of humanity, and to that honorable 
 feeiing England owes the inflitution of the 
 literary fund, which tends to banifh indigence 
 a?d defpair from the humble abodes of the pro- 
 fefiional favorite of the mules, and to fhed a 
 beam of comfort on his declining years. 
 
 Sylburgius, Frenetic, of Marpurg, was 
 feb- rl-maftcr at Licha, and published learned 
 editions of Herodotus, Ariftotle, Dionyfius of 
 HalkarnafTus, Dion Caffius, Juftin Martyr. 
 kc. and wr< te fome Greek poems, and alib 
 aff fted Stephens in his Greek thefaurus. His 
 Gr*ek grammar, and etymologicon magnum, 
 **i *J94i are valued. He died 1596. 
 
 Sylvester, Matthcivy was educated at 
 Cambridge, and ejected from Gunnerbv, Lin- 
 col nfh ire, for non-conformity, 1 66a. He fet- 
 tled in London as pallor to a d'uTenting con- 
 gregation, and died there 1708. Betides fer- 
 mons, he publilhed Baxter's hiftory of his life 
 and times. 
 
 Sylvestfr, Jojbua, born 1563, was no- 
 ticed by Elizabeth and James I. He was 
 obliged to leave his country, for what caufe is 
 unknown, and died at Middleburg in Holland, 
 1618. He tranflated du Bartas' divine weeks, 
 and works, 4to. and wrote ibme poems of little 
 merit. 
 
 Sylvius, Francis, prof efibr of eloquence at 
 Paris, labored zealoufly to introduce the right 
 pronunciation of Latin, and to fupercede the 
 barbarous jargon of the lchools by the more 
 elegant diction of Cicero. Betides commen- 
 taries, he wrote progymnafmatum in artem 
 oratoriam, &c. and died 1530. 
 
 Slyvius Francis de la Boe, of Hanau in 
 Veteravia, was profeflbr of medicine at Ley- 
 den, where he demonflrated the truth of 
 Harvey's difcovery f the circulation of the 
 blood. He died 1672, aged 58. 
 
 Sylvius, James, or Dubois, a French 
 phyfician, of Amiens. He gave lectures on 
 the medical art at Paris, with fuch fuccefs that 
 other phyficians, jealous of his fame, exclaimed 
 againft him, as he had no degrge. He obtain- 
 ed this at Paris, and in 1548 was nominated 
 to the medical chair of the royal college. He 
 died 1555. His great learning was obfeured 
 by avarice. His works have often been print- 
 ed, called opera medica. 
 
 Synge, Ed-ward, fecond fon ofthebifhop 
 of (Jfcrk, was born at Inifhonane, where his 
 father was then vicar, 1659. He was educated 
 at Cork fchool, and Chrift church, Oxford, 
 and completed his ftudies at Dublin univerfity. 
 He diftinguifhed himfelf for above 20 years, as 
 an active parifh prielt in Ireland, and for his 
 veal in favor of the Hanoverian fucceflion was 
 made bifhop of Raphoe in 1714, and two 
 years after advanced to Tuam. He died at 
 Tuam 1741. His traces are written in a po- 
 pular ftyle in 4 vols, nmo! often reprinted, 
 efpeciaily by the fociety for promoting chriftian 
 knowledge. Dr. Synge was a bifhop, the fon, 
 and the nephew of a bifhop, and the father of 
 twobimops. 
 
 TAB0UW1 
 
T. 
 
 TAL 
 
 TABOUROT, Stephen, king's proftor at 
 Dijon, died 1590. His bigarrures, 
 &c. confifting of apophthegms, epitaphs, dia 
 logues, conundrums, &c. are not always on 
 the moft delicate lubjec~is. 
 
 Tacca, Peter James, of Carara, ftudied 
 fculpture, and travelled into Spain and France. 
 He died at Florence 1640. The bell of his 
 pieces is an equeftrian ftatue of Philip IV. at 
 Madrid. His ftatue of Henry IV. at Paris, 
 his Jane of Auftria, his Ferdinand IlI.ofTuf- 
 cany, and the four flaves in bronze, in the 
 harbour of Leghorn, are alio much admired. 
 
 Taciiard, Guy, s jefuit ; lent in 1686 as 
 millionary to Siam. He died at Bengal of a 
 contagious diforder, 1694. An account of his 
 voyages to Siam have appeared in 2 vols. i2mo. 
 but he is very credulous. 
 
 Ta con net, Toujfaint Gafpard, of Paris, 
 was for fome time a player, and then a poet, 
 and rendered himfelf ridiculous by his intem- 
 perance. He wrote leveral farces and plays, 
 of which the heroes are perfons of low birth. 
 He died 1774, aged 44. 
 
 Talbert, Francis Xavier, of Befancon, 
 abandoned the law, and embraced the ecclefi- 
 aftical profeffion. He was a popular preacher 
 at iAineville, Verfailles, and Paris, and in 
 1 791 he quitted France, and afterwards went 
 into Poland. He died at Lemberg in Gallicia, 
 '803, aged 78. He is author of a difcourle 
 on inequality among men panegyric on St. 
 Louis. &c. 
 
 Talbot, "John, earl of SbreivJ 'bury, was 
 diftinguifhed in the reduction of Ireland, of 
 which lie was made governor by Henry V. He 
 was afterwards in France, and took Alencon, 
 Pontoife, and Laval, but was repulled at 
 the (:ege of Orleans, by Joan of Arc. He 
 was taken priioner at the battle of Patay, and 
 next fignalized himfelf at the fiege of Beau- 
 mont-fur Oife, &c. He was defervedly named 
 the Achilles of England, and at laft fell in battle 
 near Caftillons a town of which he was attempt- 
 ing to raifc the fiege, 1/5.3. 
 
 Talbot, Peter, of Ireland, was almoner 
 to Cr.tlmine. wife of Charles II. He was 
 archbifhop of Dublin, and when feized by the 
 protellants, died in prilbn 1682. He wrote 
 de natura fidei & harefis, and other 
 works. 
 
 Talbot, Richard, earl of Tyrconnel, bro- 
 ther to the preceding, was viceroy of Ireland, 
 asdoppofed William III. He died 1692. 
 
 TAL 
 
 TAI.BOT, Charles, earl and duke of Shretuj* 
 bury, promoted the revolution, and was creatud 
 a dvtke. He was next lord chamberlain , and 
 went to Ireland as viceroy. He died 1 71 .7, 
 aged 57. 
 
 Talbot, William, of Lichfield, was edu- 
 cated at Oriel college, Oxford, and by the inte 
 reft of his relation the earl of Shrewfbury, he 
 became dean of Worcefter 1691, buhop of Ox- 
 ford, 1699, of Sarum 1715, and fix years 
 after was tranflated to Durham. He died 
 1730. He wrote iermons, publilhed in 1 vol. 
 8vo. 
 
 Talbot, Charles, lord, fon of the pre- 
 ceding, rofe by his merit to be lord chancellor. 
 He died 1737, aged 51. 
 
 Talhaiarn, a Welfh hard of the fixth 
 century. 
 
 TaliaCotius, Gafpar, a furgeon at Bo- 
 logna, where he died J553, aged 64. He 
 wrote a treatile " de curtorum chiuirgiS per 
 infitionem," known in England by the ludi- 
 crous allufion to it in Hudibras, " lb learned 
 Taliacotius from," &c. He pretended that he 
 could reftore the nofe, ears, &c. to their original 
 form and appearance in cafe of mutilation or 
 deformity. 
 
 Tallard, Camille d' Hofun, count de, early 
 diftinguifhed himfelf, and in 1672 was under 
 Lewis XIV. in Holland, and gained the 
 friendship of Turenne, by his conduit in the 
 battles of Mulhaufen and Turkheim. In 1697 
 he was fent as ambalTador to England, con-v 
 cerning the fucceflion to the Spanifh crown, 
 and in 1702 was placed at the head of the 
 armies on the Rhine, and made marihal of 
 France foon after. He defeated the Impe- 
 rialills under the prince of Heffe, before Lan- 
 dau, which he took after a fhort feige ; but his 
 pompous oftentation of announcing the victory 
 rendered him ridiculous. " I have," faid he, 
 " obtained more ftandards than your majefty 
 has loft foldiers." In 1704 he was oppofed 
 to Marlborough, and at Blenheim was taken 
 prifoner and brought to England, where he 
 continued feven years. He died 1728. 
 
 Tallin, Tbo.nas, an Englifh mufician in 
 the 16th century, orgamft in the chapel of 
 Henry VII. and of his three fucceifbrs. Under 
 Mary he was only, it is fuppofed, gentleman 
 of the chapel, and he received for his lalary, 
 7-|d. a day. He may be faid to be the father 
 of the cathedral ftyle, efpecially in England. 
 [ C c 3 ] H* 
 
TAN 
 
 TAR 
 
 He publilhed, a collection of hymns, &c. He 
 died 1585. 
 
 MERLi\NE, orTlMURBEG or TlMUR 
 
 the lame, from fome defect in Ms feet, ffu 
 born at Keich, in ancient So^diana, 131.5. 
 thdr the ion of a fhepherd, or defcended 
 from royal race, is unknown; but however, 
 his obfcurity was ibon forgotten in the glory 
 of his exploits. Dittinguilhed by his courage, 
 and unbounded ambition, he gained a num- 
 ber of faithful adherents, and feized the 
 city of Balk, the capital of Khorafan, and 
 fubdued Candahar, Perlia, and Bagdad, and 
 leconded by an enthufiaftic army, he pene- 
 trated to India, took Delhi, with the im 
 treafuresof the Mogul, and returned to 
 . puqifti Bagdad, that (hook off his yoke. The 
 offending city was^ given up to pillage, and 
 So.coo of her inhabitants put to the fwprd. 
 Now marLrof the fairer part of Afia, he in 
 ed, at the requeft of the Greeks, in the 
 affiurs of Bajazer., emperor of the 'lurks, and 
 commanded him to abandon the fiege of Con- 
 flmtinople. The meflage roufed the indigna- 
 tion of 'Bajazct ; he marched againit this new 
 enemy, and was defeated by Tamerlane in 
 i.i, after a battle of three days. Ba- 
 jetfell into the hands of the conqueror, and 
 1 irried about in mockery in an iron cage. 
 Some writers, however, affirm, that the con- 
 duel of Tamerlane towards the capture prince 
 was as humane as fallen greatnels merited. 
 To thele conquefts Tamerlane added Egypt, 
 and tiie treafures of Cairo, and then fixed'the 
 feat of his empire at Samarcand, where he re- 
 
 the homige of Manuel Pala-o'.ogus, em- 
 peror of Con.'lantinople, and of Henry 111. 
 king of Caftile, by their ambaffadors. Tamer- 
 hm was preparing frefh victories by the inva- 
 fon of China, when death flopped his career 
 1405, in the 36th year of his reign. 
 
 .'W-, h'rft commifTary of 
 
 toe tinances, died at Paris, 1773, aged 81. 
 
 He wrote Sethos, and Adam and Eve, two 
 
 ^s, befides fables, ffories, epiftles, fongs, 
 
 .'::ch were collected into 3 vols. i2mo. 
 
 IflSjS. f.jsityle is pure, eaiy, and flowng. 
 
 Ian.ner, T/jo.vw;, was born 1674, at 
 Market Lavington, Wilts, and educated at 
 Queen's college, Oxford, and became chap- 
 lam and fellow of All-Souls. In 1701 he 
 .ade chancellor of Norwich, and redor 
 
 rpe, and afterwards prebendary of Ely, 
 canon of Chrift-church, and in 173a, bifhop 
 of t.t. Afaph. He died 1735. He is known 
 
 ..uthorof notitia monaitica, or a ihort 
 luftory of all the religious houfes m England 
 
 jles, 8vo. 1695, republifhed in folio, 
 bibliotheca Biitaimico-Hibernica, the 
 
 rs, publifhed 1748, fc!io. 
 
 -.uli.o, Lv.igi, an Italian poet, born at 
 
 .520. The belt part of his life w;;s 
 
 fpent in the lervice of Toledo vicer >y of 
 
 and he was 1 r3j aud died 
 
 naed as a poet, but 
 
 tore, or the vintager, a poem, 
 
 - '..:-. cd io indelicate, that his writings" 
 
 I were put into the index expurgatorius of the 
 pope. He publihed befides other poems, and 
 reconciled himfelf to the fee of Rome, by his 
 u tears of St. Peter." His poems confilt of 
 fonnets, fongs, comedies, &c. 
 
 TANOCCI, Berntrd, marquis dt, chief mi- 
 nifler of Naples, was born of poor parents, 
 1698. He by his merit iofe to the chair of 
 jurifprudence, and on the fucceflion of Don 
 Carlos, the profeffof, who had been recom- 
 mended to' the new king, and who had de- 
 fended the legality of feizing a murderer 
 from" the afylum of a church, againft the opi- 
 nions of Rome, was raifed to the office of 
 minitler. For 50 years he continued in this 
 important office, and after contributing to the 
 profperity-ofthe kingdom, he refigned in 1777, 
 and died 1 7 83. To his zeal in the caufe 
 of fcience, antiquarians are indebted for the 
 valuable collections made in the fubterraneous 
 towns of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 
 
 Targe, /. B., author of a general hiftory 
 of Italy, from the fall of the Roman empire, 
 to modern times. 4 vols. l2mo. tranflated 
 Smollet's hiftory of England, 19 vols.' i2mo. 
 Barrow's travels, 12 vols. i2mo. and died at 
 Orleans, 1788. 
 
 Iarleton, Richard, of Condover in 
 Shropfhire, diftinguifhed himfelf as an a&or. 
 He performed the character of judge in a play 
 called Henry V. a&ed at the Bull, Bifhopfgate 
 lireet, London, before the Henry V. of 
 Shakefpeare was written. He was one of the 
 queen's players in 1583, and died 1589. The 
 feven deadly fins are mentioned as one of his 
 dramatic compofitions, and h;j jokes are flill 
 preferred in feveral collections. 
 
 Tarr akan off, N..princefs of, daughter 
 of Elizabeth the emprels of Ruflia, by her 
 fecret marriage with RozoumofFski, was car- 
 ried away at the age of 12 by Radzivill in 
 1767, and concealed at Rome. This was to 
 curb the views of Catharine, but they failed, 
 and Alexis OrlofF, pretending greater difcontent 
 againft' the emprefs, prevailed upon the prin- 
 ceis, in the abfence of Rad/.ivill, to marry him 
 and to exite a new infurreciion in Ruflia. The 
 unfuipecihig princefs no fooner yielded her 
 perfon to her feducer, than (he was feized in" 
 the bay of Leghorn, and conveyed to Peterf- , 
 burg. In Dec. 1777, a violent irjfing of the. 
 Neva forced the waters into her prifon, and 
 flic was drowned before any aflift.mce could ex- 
 tricate her. 
 
 Tartjni, Jfiph, a' muficinn, called the 
 admirable by Dr. Burney v was born April 
 1692, at Pirano in Iitria. He liudied the 
 law at Padua, but his powers were formed 
 for mufical eminence, and by practice and ap- 
 plication he became one of the heft performers 
 on the violin, and was made -matter of the 
 band in the church of St. Antony of Padua. 
 He died 26th Feb. 1 770, at Padua, univerfally 
 refpected and endeared to the inhabitants by 
 a refidence of 50 years. He wrote fonatas, a 
 treatife on mafic 1 7 4, and other tilings, and 
 was a great admirer of Coielli. 
 
 Tasker, 
 
TAS 
 
 TA'U 
 
 Tasker, William, of Devonfhire, wasedu- i 
 cated at Exeter college, Oxford, and obtained ; 
 the living of Iudefleigh, in Devonlhire, and ) 
 died there, 1800. He publifhed, odes of Pin- 
 dar and Horace, in Englifh verfe, 3 vols. 8vo. 
 * ode to the warlike genius of Britain letter 
 on phyfiognomy, S:c. 
 
 Tasman, N. failed from Batavia, 1642, 
 and difcovered New Holland and New Zea- 
 land, which were regarded as a fouthern con- 
 tinent, till Cook afcertained their infular fitua- 
 tion. He villted alio Gilolo, New Guinea, 
 and other iflands. 
 
 Tasso, Bernardo, is known as the father 
 of the illuftrious Taflo. The beft of his poems 
 is Amadis in 100 cantos, and his letters alio 
 are regarded as very valuable by the Italians 
 He died at Rome 1575. 
 
 Tasso, Torquato, a celebrated poet, fon 
 of the above. He was born at Sorrento in the 
 kingdom of Naples, nth March, 1544. His 
 father was fecretary to Severino, prince of 
 Salerno, and he fhared his honor and his dif- 
 grace. When the prince made a complaint to 
 Charles V. againft the viceroy of Naples, who 
 wiihed to introduce the inquifition into the 
 kingdom, he was condemned, and the fentence 
 was pronounced not only againft him, but 
 againft his fecretary, and alfo his fon only nine 
 years old. They fled to Ror/e, where the 
 young poet already wrote veries, and com- 
 pared his efcape to the adventures of Afcanius 
 and iEneas flying from Troy. From Rome he 
 was fent to Padua to ftudy the law, but poe- 
 try was his favorite purfait, and at 17 he pro- 
 duced his Rinaklo. In 1565, he placed him- 
 felf under the protection of Alphonfo of Fer- 
 rara, and accompanied his brother, the car- 
 dinal, in an embafTy from Gregory XIII. to 
 CharleslX. of France. On hisreturn toFerrara 
 he imprudently became enamoured of the fifter 
 ' of his patron, and this paffion .proved the ciufe 
 of that melancholy, which embittered his life 
 for 20 years. To fly from his mifery he re- 
 tired to his filler's houfe at Sorrento, but ab- 
 fence increafed his flame. He returned to 
 Ferrara, ar.d in the midft of a crowded affem- 
 bly, he imprudently embraced his favorite 
 Eleonora. The duke, who was prefent, with 
 great coolnefs, ordered his courtiers to remove 
 the poet, whom he pronounced infane, to a 
 place of confinement, and there in the hofpital 
 of St. Amje the lover mourned his misfortunes, 
 a prey to diieafe, and at intervals deprived of 
 his reafon. The interference of Gonzaga at 
 lad reftored him to liberty 1586, and he re- 
 tired to Naples. His great merits now eclipfed 
 the clouds which envy and malice had railed 
 around him, arid his poetical works began to 
 T>e regarded as the glory of Italy. Senfible of 
 his reputation, Clement VIII. determined to 
 encircle his brows with the laurel crewn, and 
 to honor him with a triumph. The poet was 
 'lent for from Naples, and the moil magnificent 
 preparations were made for the ceremony id 
 the capitol Vain, however, SUS to Jchcrr.u 
 
 of man, TafTo as if perfecuted by fortune 
 to the laft moment of his life, was taken ill, 
 and the preparations made for his coronation 
 ended in the melancholy proceffion of his 
 fumral, <"<s he died the evening before the in- 
 tended ceremony, 15th April, 1595, aged 51. 
 He derives his celebrity from his Jerufalem de- 
 livered, a poem well conducted throughout, 
 and abounding with all the pleafing defcription 
 offender fcenes, the animated reprefentatiort 
 of battles, and the majeltic ffow of language, 
 which fo much captivate and overpower the 
 reader in the pages of Homer and Virgil. 
 Hefides his Jerulalem, which is familiar to 
 the Englifh reader in the elegant tranflation of 
 Mr. Hoole and Mifs Watts, Taffo wrote 
 Jerufalem conquered Rinaldo Aminta, a 
 pailoral Torifmond, a tragedy, &c. 
 
 Tassoni, Alexander, of Modena, wr.s in 
 the fervice of cardinal Colonna, and of the 
 dukes of :-'avoy and Modena, and died 1635. 
 He wrote " fecchia rapita, or rape of the 
 bucket," a mock heroic poem, ''much admired 
 in Italy for its elegance and delicate humor. 
 He wrote btfides obfervations on Petrarch, &c. 
 
 Tate, Nahum, a native of Dublin, born 
 1652, and educated at the college there. He 
 was befriended by Dryden and Dotfet, and 
 lucceed3d i-: had well as poet laureat, with a 
 falary of icol. per annum and a butt, of canary. 
 He wrote nine dramatic pieces, and he is now- 
 known as the joint tranflator of the pfalms with 
 Brady. Of his mifcellaneous' poems, thai on 
 the death of queen Anne was moft adaiired. 
 He d:ed at the mint, where he refided to efcape 
 his creditors. 
 
 Tatischef, Vdjfdi, a Rulian engaged for 
 30 years in collecting materials for tile hiftory 
 of his country He died before his labors 
 were completed 1750. The work is rather 
 a feries of connected chronicles than a re- 
 gular hillory. 
 
 Tavanes, Gafpard de Saulx dr, x French 
 general, taken prsibner with Francis I. at tlfe 
 battle of Pavia. Called away from fcenes of 
 diffipation, he became an ornament to the mi- 
 litary profeffion. He prevailed upon the citi- 
 zens of Rochelle to return to their duty in 
 15 42, and two years after he contributed to 
 the victory of Cerifoles. He diftinguifhed 
 himfelf lb much at Renti in 1554, that the 
 king feeing him covered with duft and with 
 blood tore the order of St. Michael from his 
 own neck, to throw it around that of his 
 valiant general. His courage ""was again dil- 
 played at the fieges of Calais and Thionville;, 
 and at Jarnac and Moncontour, but he coun- 
 tenanced the bloody maffacre of St. Bartho- 
 lomew, though he faved from the horrors cf 
 that day the king of Navarre, and the pdnce 
 of Conde. He died at Sully, 1573. His fon 
 William was governor of Burgundy, and ef- 
 poufed the caufe of the league, but was after- 
 wards reconciled to Henry IV. and died 
 1633: 
 
 Taubman, Fred'rU, a German critic, 
 [C'c4] born 
 
TAY 
 
 bora at Wonfc'ifch in Fraconia, 1563. He be- 
 came the favorite of the prince of Saxony, and 
 i u t <o J obtained (he profeflorfliip of poetry ;;nd 
 befce lettres, till his death 16 j 3. He wrote 
 neattrin in Plautum, 1605, an alio in 
 
 an d lingua LrtW differtatio - 
 Latin poems, &c. , 
 
 TANtRN.KR, yoi 2?^/j/?, squired a 
 
 fondnefs fc travelling, in the conversation of 
 
 hfcftchejrwbo was a merchant, nnd after vi- 
 
 :>e belt part ^' Europe, before his 23d 
 
 be meditated more dlftant excur- 
 lions as a trader in Jewell In the fpace cf 
 40 years he is laid to have travelled fix times 
 ioto Turkey, Pcrfia, and the Eaft Indies, by 
 various routes, and after being ennobled by 
 Lewk XIV. be, in 1668, purchaied Aubomie 
 Detr Geneva, there to fpend the reit of his 
 davs. His affairs were afterwards thrown into 
 eiierder by the ill conduct of a nephew, and 
 10 repair liis lofles he began a feventh journey 
 into tbe Eaft He died on his way at Mot sow, 
 1689, aged 84. His travels, 6 vols. nrao. 
 were publifhcd in French, and they have been 
 
 :ed into Engliih. 
 Taylor, Jeremy, fon of absrber at Cam- 
 bridge, at the age of 13 was admitted at 
 Cains college. He removed to London, whore 
 he was introduced to Laud, who procured hint 
 afellowfhipat All fouls college, Oxford, 1636. 
 He was afterwards chaplain to his patron, who 
 bellowed upon him the rectory of Uppingham. 
 During the civil troubles he retired to Car- 
 ciacrthenfhirt, where he Caught fchool, till 
 the death of three tons in three months ren- 
 dered hi* retirement unpleaiant, and he re- 
 tired to London, and loon after fettled at 
 Portniore, jreland. At t!ie reltoration he 
 c*ne back, and in 1662 was nominated to the 
 bifhopric of Down and Connor, and to the 
 ackniniftration f Dromore, and was appointed 
 vice-chancel^r f Dublin. He died of a fe- 
 
 I Lifnegarvy 1667. His fucceflbr Ruft 
 r.prefents him a> a molt learned man, of folic! 
 judgment, keeu fagacity, and the moft lively 
 imagination, to which were united all the mild 
 
 - of private life. His writings are uni- 
 verially admired, the beft of which are, his life 
 and death of Jeius Chrift, folio holv living 
 snd dying, *>vo. ductor dubitantium cafes of 
 confeience, &c. 
 
 Taylor, ?, called the water poet, 
 was born in CMouceilerlhirc 1580. Ht was 
 bound apprentice to a waterman in London, 
 in: in Ue midlt of his vocation he often in- 
 dulged ia poetry. In 164a he came to Oxford,. 
 he kept victualling houfe, and afflfted" 
 the king's fervice by his facetious longs and bal- 
 lads. When Oxford furrendered, he went to 
 n, and kept a public houfs In Phumix al- 
 . . .: Le tilled the mourning 
 crown. The (ign difpleafed the gorernment, 
 
 indeed of it he hung up his own effigy 
 
 tbtfe lines under : 
 
 nrfanya head (lands for a (ign, 
 
 '1 hen, gentle reader, why not mine ? 
 He died' 16^4, jed ;.;, and his portrait was 
 6 
 
 TEK 
 
 given by liis nephew,- a painter to the picfrur* jj 
 gallery, Oxford. 
 
 Taylor, Join, adiffenting minifler, born 
 near Lancafter. He waj fettled 2; years at 
 Kirkftead, Lincolnfhrre, and then removed to I 
 Norwich, and afterwards- to Warrington, where 
 he fuperintended the academy. In this fitiv- 
 ation he foon found oppofition, and this 
 weighed fo much upon his- mind that it fhorters 
 ed his days. He died 176 s. He wrote a 
 treatife on original (in various theological 
 tracts, &e. but his moft valuable work is a 
 Hebrew and Engliih concordance, 2 vols, folio. 
 Taylor, John, a critic, born 1703, at. 
 Shrewsbury, where his father was a barber. 
 He was educated at the grammar fchool there, 
 and at St. John's college, Cambridge. He 
 was appointed by the univerfity librarian, and 
 afterwards registrar. He was of Doctors Com- 
 mons, and afterwards became known to lord 
 Carteret, who intrutied him with the educa- 
 tion of his ions. He obtained the rectory 
 of Lawford, Sffex, the archdeaconry of Bucks, 
 and the relidentiaryfhip of St. Paul's, and died 
 1766. Befides public orations and other tracts, 
 he published " elements of the civil law," 4to. 
 editions of Lyfias and Deirrofthenes a 
 Latin differtation on the maraior Sandvic. &c 
 Taylor, Brook, of Edmonton, was edu- 
 cated at home, and at St John's college, Cam- 
 bridge. He became known by his treatife on 
 the centre of ofcillatipn, and in 171a, was ad- 
 mitted into the royal fociety, and two years 
 after elected their fecretary. He vifited Paris 
 in 1717, and foon after his return refigned his 
 office or fecretary. He was twice married, 
 and loft both his wives foon after his union 
 with them, a tircumftance which in fome de- 
 gree battened his end. His firft wile died 
 1723, and the fecond died in childbed 1729, 
 and on the 29th Dec x 741, he himfelf fell 
 a victim to a confumptive diforder in his 46th 
 year. His works on mathematical fubjects are 
 very valuable, eipecially his new principles of 
 linear perfpective, often republifhed. He 
 wrote alio coiitemplatio philofophica, Sec. 
 
 Teissier, Anthony, of Montpellier, quitted 
 France at the revocation of the edict of Nantes 
 for Pruffia. He was made by the elector 
 hiftoriographer, and died at Berlin 1 715, aged 
 83. He is author of eloges of learned men, 
 from de Thou's hiftory, 8 yols. iamo. cata- 
 logusauctorum, &c. 
 
 Tekeli, Emm trie ^ count de, a noble Hun- 
 garian, who headed the malcontents, and 
 proved fuccefsful againft the forces of Auftria. 
 Affifted by the Turks, he wilhed to a (fume 
 the title of king. He joined in the fiege of 
 Vienna with the vizier Muftapha ; but though 
 the difafters were attributed to him by the 
 Turk, he haftened to Adriaudple to juftify 
 himfelf in the pretence of the grand fig- 
 nror who beftowed on him the principality of 
 f ranfylvania. This was but an empty title, 
 as the province \\&s in the hands of the Auf- 
 trians, and therefore, after a vain druggie, he 
 retired to live in privacy at Constantinople. 
 
 He 
 
1 iLij 
 
 TEM 
 
 Ke wfcs a man of great courage, but though cd- ( 
 mired for intrepidity, he wanted judgment. 
 He died 1705, aged 47. ' 
 
 Tell. William, a celebrated Swifs, one of 
 the heroes who reftored liberty to their op- 
 preifed country in 1307. The confpiracy which 
 he formed was iuipected, when the Auftrinn 
 governor Geiier, to afcertain the i'pirit of the 
 people, ordered a hat to be railed on a pole, 
 and homage to be paid to it as to himfelf. Tell 
 refuted, and when feized was directed to moot 
 an arrow at an apple placed on the head of his 
 own ion, or elfe to he dragged to death. He cleft 
 the apple in two without injuring his ion," nd de- 
 clared that the other arrow in his girdle was in- 
 tended for the heart of the governor if he had 
 hurt his child. This boldnefs occafioned his con- 
 finement, and the governor, afraid of a refcue, 
 carried him acrofs the, lake of Lucern ; but a 
 ftorm obliged Geiier to truft to him the helm 
 for his own prefervation. Tell, freed from 
 fetters, fleered the boat to a rock ftill called 
 by his name, and efcaped into the mountains. 
 The governor was afterwards fhot by Tell, 
 and the Swifs, roufed to arms by their hero, 
 drove away their Auftrian mailers, and efla- 
 hlilhed the independence of their country- 
 Tell, 47 years after this, loil his life in an in- 
 undation at Burgeln, 1354. His defendants 
 became extinct in the male line in 1684, and 
 in the female 1720. 
 
 Tellier, Michael le, a lawver, born at 
 Paris, 160.3. After rilling various law offices, 
 he gained the favor of Mazarin, who recom- 
 mended him to Lewis XIII. to be fecretary of 
 ftate. During the polkical difputes after the 
 death of Lew isXIII. he povTefTed the confidence 
 of the queen mother and of the cardinal, and 
 contributed much to the reftoration of con- 
 cord. Though ie refigned in 1666 his office 
 to his fon, he yet continued in the cabinet, 
 and in 1677 was made chancellor of the 
 kingdom. His Cervices were dilgraced by 
 a particular hatred againft the proteftants, 
 whom he represented as fulpicious fubjeets. 
 By his influence, the famous edict of Nantes 
 w.ir revoked, and the minifter triumphing in 
 the cruel meafures, exclaimed profanely," nunc 
 dimittis fervum tuum, Domine, quia viderv.nt 
 oculi mei falutare ^uum." He died a few days 
 after, 1685, aged 83. 
 
 TELLIER, Francit Michel le, narqrtis, de 
 Louvois, fon of the chancellor of Trance, was 
 born at Paris, 1641. At the age of 23 he was 
 made war minifter, in x666 fecretary of ftate, 
 and after the death of Colbert in 1683, ha was 
 placed by Lewis X!V. in the office of fuper- 
 intendant of buildings, arts, and manufactures. 
 His attention was likewife directed to military 
 affairs; but the confeicufnefsofhi; own abilities 
 rendered him proud and arrogant, and he even 
 fhewed fome marks of difrefpedt to his king. 
 Lewis, in confequence of this, treated him with 
 coldnefs.and the difappointed minifler, return- 
 ing home from the levee, died of vexation" and 
 gtisf, 1691. Though at lait unpopular in the 
 
 cfturtjTie was aftatefmanof moft fplendid talemt, 
 who united for the glory of France, prompti. 
 tude, fecrecy, i'pirit, and magnanimous conduc>. 
 Teli/ikk, Adian It, of Melun, was de- 
 puty to the national afiembly of Fiance, and 
 afterwards to the convention. He was, in 
 1795, ient to C'bsrtres, to encourage a more 
 free circulation of the corn, but the difaffectcd 
 railed a cry agaiirft him, and obliged him to 
 reduce bread to three fous the pound, and to * 
 proclaim it. in the pwblic fquare, mounted on 
 an afs. This indignity had fuch an effect on 
 his feelings that he fhot hhnielf, leaviag a 
 paper by which he declared the decree which 
 be had iigned void. 
 
 Tellier, N. k, a faithful ft. /ant of 
 Barthelemy. When this virtuous minifter was 
 condemned to be deported in 1797, the honelt 
 domeitic demanded to fhare his captivity, 
 and was conveyed to Guyenne, where his at- 
 tentions adminiftered to his relief under a 
 burning climate, and in the hands of cruel 
 opprefTors. When Barthelemy efcaped, Tellier 
 acompanied his flight, but this faithful friend 
 died on the pafTage. 
 
 TEMVX.E,y7/- William, fon of the mailer 
 of the Rolls in Ireland, was born in London. 
 1629. He was educated under his uncle 
 Dr. Hammond, and afterwards at Bifhop's 
 Strotford i'chool and Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge. He did not continue more 
 than one year at the univerfity, and then tra- 
 velled through France, Holland, Flanders, and 
 Germany, and returned 1654. He lived "m 
 Ireland during the ufurpatiou, devoted to flu-, 
 dious purfuits and philoibphy ; but at the re- 
 ftoration he became a member of the Irifli 
 parliament.. About 1663 he removed to Erie- 
 land, and was employed as an active negociator. 
 He was chiefly inltrumental in forming the 
 triple league in 1668 between England, Hol- 
 land, and Sweden, and the marriage of Marv 
 with thv prince of Orange. After fpending 
 twenty years in negociations with foreign na- 
 tions, he retired in J 680 from public life, and 
 employed his time in literary purfuits. But, 
 thougn withdrawn from the court, his advice 
 and opinion were frequently couiulted by the 
 leading men, and even king William himfelf. 
 .Sir William died at the end of 1700, at Moor- 
 park near Faiuham, and according to his di- 
 reclions his heart was buried in a lilver box, 
 under a fun dial in his garden. Though re. 
 fpecf ed as an able negociator, fir William is 
 cenfured, and witii juilice, by bilhop Burnet 
 not inly for his vanity, but for his irreligious 
 principles. His only fon John was a man of 
 abilities, and v/r.s made fectetary at wax under 
 king- Willi-.m; bur he h .d fcane been in, 
 office one week when he drowned himfelf at 
 London bridge, 1689. 'i be ceufe of this 
 event is laid to have originated in his recom. 
 mending to the king- too warmly, though inno-- 
 j cently, Hamilton, who, inftead of reducing 
 I Tyrcumiel, th* rebellious viceroy of Ireland* 
 . . ' .) in hi > defection. This mat 
 fortune 
 
TEN 
 
 TER 
 
 fortune was borne with compofure by the fa- 
 a hole athehlical opinion ir was (aid was, 
 wife man mav difpofe of J imi'elf as he 
 pUai'cs. The works of fir William contill of 
 memoirs of public affairs duiing his public cm- 
 ,ems, letters, mil. ellanies, obferva- 
 oh the united provinces, z vo's. folio, 
 
 Templeman, Peter,M. D. of Dorchefter, 
 Dorfetfhire, was educated at the Charter- 
 college, Cambridge. After 
 his firft degrees, he went to Leyden, 
 where he lludied medicine under Boerhanve, 
 and other profeffbrs. I hough he fettled in 
 London with the iniention to praclife, yet he 
 was too indolent to fucceed, and his fondnefs 
 for literature, and the company of men of 
 fcience and erudition,, left him little time to 
 purfue his original plan. In 1753 he wa* 
 keeper of the reading-room of the Eritifh 
 mul'eutn, which he refigned in 1760. He died 
 of an afthma 1769, aged 58. He was a man of 
 prcat erudition, and published a tyahflatien of 
 Nordeii's travels in Egypt- curious remarks 
 on phvfic, anatomy, &c. 
 
 Tl'.mpleman, Thomas, v a writing -mafter 
 Bury, Suffolk, who published tables, with cal- 
 culations of the number of fquare feet and po- 
 pulation of the kingdoms of the world, folio. 
 
 Iencin, Peter Guerin de, of Grenoble, 
 was educated at Paris, and became grand 
 vicar of Sens. He went in 1721 with de BUTy, 
 to Rome, and remained in that capital as the 
 envoy of France. In 1 739 he was railed to the 
 purple, and foon after made archbifhep of 
 . and prime minifier of France. Though 
 he might polTets the abilities or the intrigues 
 neceffiiry for an inferior ftation, he was devoid 
 of that firmnefs, that intelligence, and , that 
 Unfhaken integrity, which fheuld adorn the 
 prime minifter of a mighty empire. Tie retired 
 ibon after from the helm of affairs to privacy, 
 and died 1758, aged 80. 
 
 Tencin, Claudlne Alexandrine C::erji de, 
 fifler of cardinal Tencin, was born at Grenoble, 
 and took the religious habit at Montrleuri. 
 Tired of a religious life, fhe obtained the 
 permiTion to quit it, and at Paris Ihe launched 
 into all the extravagances of the gay world. 
 fequericd of the death of la Frel'naye, a 
 counfellorofftate, who was laid to be murder- 
 ed in her chamber, (he was tbtutt into the 
 Chaulet prii'on, and then into the baftile. She 
 died at Paris 1749. She wrote the fiegc of 
 Calais, a romance of merit memoirs of Com- 
 xr.inge^ ltsmalheurs del'amour, &c 
 
 n.:'. 5, DaviJ, a painter, born at Ant- 
 werp 1582. He learned his art under Rubens, 
 and then travelled to Rome, and afterwards 
 returned to Ancwerp, where ;^died 1649. Kis 
 h admired for their expreffiotf, 
 taken from 
 :.rrs, drinking parties, merry malting, 
 - &c. He \ Id Tuners to 
 
 diflingui.h him from his Ion David Young 
 lenieri <L J at Antwerp 1694, aged S4. His 
 
 pieces are highly efteemed. They confift of 
 lairs, drinking and fmoking parties, laboratories? 
 but are fuperior to thofe of his father in har- 
 mony, union, and correctnefs. He had a bro- 
 ther Abraham, alio a painter, who chiefly 
 excelled in the chiaro obfeuro. 
 
 Tenison, Thomas, of Cottenham, Cam- 
 bridgelhire, was educated at Norwich fchool, 
 and Corpus Chrifti college, Cambridge. In 
 the firft part of life, during the prevalence of 
 fanatictfna, he ftudied phyfic, but afterwards 
 applied to divinity He was prefented to the 
 rectory of I olyw ell, Huntingdonfhire, and in 
 1680 obtained the vicarage of St. Martin in 
 the fields, London. During the reign of 
 Charles II. and his lucceffor, he was an active 
 writer againft popery, and in confequence of 
 his fervices in favor of the revolution, he was 
 made archdeacon of Loudon, and in 1691 no- 
 minated to the fee of Lincoln, and on the death 
 of Tillotfon 1694, promoted to Canterbury. 
 Diftinguifhed as a parifh prieft by his benevo- 
 lence, he continued at the head of the church 
 the fame zeal, mingled with moderation, firm- 
 nefs, and exemplary piety. He died at Lam- 
 beth 1 7 15. He published fomefermons the 
 creed of Hobbes examined, &c. Baconians, 
 or remains of fir Francis Bacon, 8vo. tracts, 
 &c. 
 
 Tent'zeuus, William Ernefl, of Arn- 
 ftadt, Thuringia, devoted himfelf to literature., 
 and died 1707, aged 49. He wrote S: 
 numifmalica, 4 vols. 4to. fupplementum hii- 
 torix Gothanae, 3 vols. 4to. works of merit. 
 
 Terburgh, Gerard, a painter, born at 
 Zwol near Overyffel, 1608. He travelled 
 over Europe, and was much noticed in Spain, 
 where he was knighted. He fettled at Deven- 
 ter, where he became a m'agiftrate, and died 
 1681. His fubjects are chiefly converfa 
 perfons engaged in games, and other humorous 
 adventures. 
 
 Terrasson, "John, of Lyons, 1670, by 
 the friendship of Bignon procured a place in 
 the academy of fciences '1707, and' in 1721 
 was eledted profeffor of the college royal in 
 Greek, Latin, and phi'iofophy. He died 1 750. 
 He wrote a difierfation againft the Ilkd, % 
 vols. iamo. during the dilpute between la 
 Motte and madame Dncier about Homer, 
 Sethos, a learned political and moral ro- 
 mance, tranfiated into Englifh 'a tranflatioa 
 of Diodorus Siculus into French, with notes 
 and prefaces, an excellent work, in 7 vols. 
 1 2 mo. S:c. 
 
 Terrasson, Matthetv, a French lawyers 
 born at Lyons. Befides fome contributions to 
 the journal des favans, he wrote dilcourles, 
 pleadings, &c. publifhed together in 4to. He 
 died 1734, aged 6. 
 
 Terrasson, Anthony, fon of the preced- 
 ing, wrote at the requeft of AguefTeau, the 
 hiftory of Roman jurisprudence, publifhe, 
 folio, 1750, and for this ufeful vork he was 
 made cenlbr royal, counsellor to the affembly 
 of Dombes, and afterward? advocate to the 
 
 French 
 
TES 
 
 THE 
 
 French clergy, and profeffor to the royal col- Teftzel {aid might offer violence to the holy 
 lege. He wrote befides miicellanies in hiftory, virgin, and be forgiven by the power of the 
 literature, criticifm, &c. urao. &c. and died pope, whole arms were equal to the crofs of 
 178a, aged 77. Chrift. When he was reproached by Milti- 
 
 Terray, Jcfepb Marie, of Boen, was 1 tius as the caufe of the difafters of the church, 
 
 made comptroller general, minifter of date, 
 and director general of buildings ; and in times 
 of difficulty he maintained his character of 
 integrity and patriotil'm. He recommended to 
 the monarch, not the laying of frefh taxes but 
 to fupprefs abufes, to introduce reform and eco- 
 nomy. He retired in 1774, from public af- 
 fairs, relpected by the virtuous, and died at 
 Paris 1778, aged 63. His collection des comp- 
 tes rendus, from 1758 to 1787, has been pub- 
 lifhed. His nephew, who was intendant of 
 Lyons, was dragged. with his wife to the guil- 
 lotine, 1793, on the acculation that he had 
 fuffered his children to emigrate. 
 
 Tertre, John Bcjptiji, of Calais after 
 ferving his country in the military and the na- 
 val fervice, fet put as a million ary into Ame- 
 rica. He returned to Europe 16.58, and died 
 at Paris 1687. He wrote a general hiftory of 
 the Antilles belonging to the French, 4 vols. 
 4to. 1667, and 1671, a work accurate, though 
 not elegantly written. 
 
 Ter we sTNN T ,yf /////?/,>?, a painterborn at the 
 Hague. By his influence the academy of 
 painting was revived at the Hague, and that 
 of Berlin was eftablifhed. He died at Berlin 
 where he had been patronized 1711, aged 72. 
 His brothers Mattbeiv and Elias, were alio 
 eminent painters. The firft excelled in the 
 eprefentation of fruits and flowers, and the 
 latter was admired for his hiftorical pieces. 
 
 Testa, Peter, a painter and engraver, 
 bom at Lucca. He ftudied at Rome, and 
 was drowned in the Tiber 1648,, aged 39, 
 while endeavouring to recover his hat, which 
 had been blown iiito the. water, Whilil he was 
 engaged in taking a landlcape. 
 
 Testelin, Louis, a painter who diftin- 
 guilhed himfelf by his hiftorical pieces. His 
 reiteration of Tabitha to life, and the lcourg- 
 ing of Paul and Silas were the belt of his 
 competitions. He died at Paris, 1655, aged 
 40. His brother Henry alfo excelled as a 
 painter. 
 
 Tksti, Fufoio, a poet of Ferrara,why 
 became prime minifter to Francis duke of 
 Modena, but fell under his difpleafure, and 
 ended his days in confinement 1646. He 
 wrote odes and other poems, 2 vols. nmo. 
 
 Testzel, "John, of Pirn on the Elbe, be- 
 came a Dominican, and publifhed the indul- 
 gences granted by pope Leo X.for the torn- 
 etion of St. Peter's church at Rome. Plis 
 drew upon him the attacks of Luther, 
 at laft became the caufe of the re form a - 
 &ot only in the monafteries, but in 
 ems and even brothels, thefe indulgences 
 the remiflion of fins were to be bought, 
 whoever contributed to the filling of the 
 ! cf the holy fee might be permitted to 
 1 thi greatieft debauchery, and even as 
 
 he was lb afflicted with the imputation that 
 he died of a broken heart 15 19. 
 
 Thellusson, Peter, of Geneva, fettled 
 as a merchant in London, where he acquired 
 an enormous fortune. He died at Plaftow, 
 Kent, 1797, leaving 3 fons and 3 daughters. 
 From a defire of poft humous fame, he left 
 his property in an extraordinary manner. To 
 his wife and children he left about ioo,oOol. 
 and the reft amounting to upwards of 500,0001. 
 he leaves to truftees to accumulate till the 
 male children of his fons and grandfons are 
 dead. This may extend to 130 years, when 
 the property will amount to 140 millions, and 
 if he Ihould have no lineal defendants, the 
 whole is to go to the ufe of the finking fund. 
 This extraordinary will was difputed by his 
 family, but was affirmed by chancery, though 
 afterwards an aft was palled to prevent the 
 recurrence of fuch accumulation. 
 
 Theobald, Lj-wu, was born at Sitting- 
 bourne, Kent, and educated at Iflington. He 
 ftudied the law, which he relinquished for 
 poetry. He for fome time engaged in the 
 cenfor. Pope made him the hero of hie- dun- 
 ciad, but afterwards bellowed the honor on. 
 another. He, in 17 20, introduced on the 
 ftage the double fall'ehood as the production 
 of Shakefpeare, which was attacked by Pope 
 and others. He wrote, in 1726, Shakefpeare 
 reftored, and befides above 20 dramatic piec-js 
 of little merit. He is known as the editor of 
 Shakefpeare 's plays, 8 vols. He died 1742. 
 Theodore, king'' of Corfica, fon of An- 
 thony, baron de NewhofFj^was born 1696 at 
 Metz. He was for fome time in the fuite'of 
 baron Gortz, the Swedifh minifter, bat af- 
 ter his execution he left the Svvedilh for the 
 Spanilh fervice. He afterwards vifited France, 
 Holland, and England, and in 1736 landed in 
 Obrfica, while the inhabitants were hi a ftate 
 of rebellion againftthe Genoele. His charac- 
 ter for boldnefs and enterprife was fuch, that 
 as he had brought with him fupplies of arms 
 and money, he was foon regarded as the fu- 
 ture deliverer of the Corficans, and declared 
 king of the illand 1736. In tiiis capacity he 
 displayed great vigor, though denounced as a 
 traitor by the GenoelV, he collected an army 
 of 25,000 men, and laid liege to Baftia, which 
 he took. To render his power more united, 
 he eftablilhed an order called the order ef de- 
 liverance, but his popularity vanifhed, when 
 the promifed fuccours from France and Eng. 
 land did not arrive. His fubjects crew dil- 
 fafisfied, but Theodore not trufting to 3111- 
 baiTadors, determined in perfon to lblicit the 
 crowned heads of Furore for alfiftance, and 
 after appoint:. y of .',';, he left the 
 
 ifland. Whetf h: readied Paris, he was or- 
 dered to leave 'the khrgdxrtrV* and,.: 
 
 tniti2 
 
THE 
 
 THI 
 
 tiling to Amfterdam he embarked for the 
 Mid-terranean, bin was loon after feixed at 
 Naples, and imprrfuned at Cueta. His cir- 
 cumftaces were lb dtfperatc that when let nt 
 liberty, lie could not venture to vilit his fub- 
 jecls, but fled to England. His creditors pro- 
 fecuted him in England, and in his diitrelles, 
 though a cbarit.ible contribution was made for 
 his relief, he was thrown into the king's bench 
 priitMi, from which in 1756 he extricated him- 
 luf by an act of infolvency, after regiuering 
 his kingdom for tin; benefit of his creditors at 
 Cuildhall. He died loon after Dec. 11, 1756, 
 it the houfe of his taylor, and was buried in 
 the churchyaid of St. Anne's Weftminfter. 
 In 1757 a marble monument was erecled to his 
 memory, by Horace Walpole, with thefe con- 
 cluding lines : 
 
 'J he grave, great teacher to a level brings 
 Heroes and beggars, galley-ilaves and 
 
 kings. 
 But Theodore this moral learned ere"! 
 dead, j 
 
 Tate poured its lefTon on his living ' v 
 h,nd ; f 
 
 J3eftowed a kingdom, and denied him J 
 bread. J 
 
 Theodorjc, firrt; king of the Goths in 
 !uly, was natural fen of Thcodomir, king of 
 the Olirogoths. He became conful 484, and 
 was lent to Italy, againft Odoacer, whom he 
 cefcated and put to death. Thus become 
 mailer of all Italy, he ftrengthentd his power 
 by marrying, in 509, the lilier of Clovis king 
 of France, and by making a treaty of alliance 
 with Ahaftah'us, 'emperor of the eaft, and with 
 the Vandals of Africa. While he promoted 
 commerce, encouraged the arts, and patro- 
 nized literature, he grew fofpicious and cruel, 
 and he caufed to be put to death Symmachus 
 and Boethius, two of the moft illniftrious of his 
 fubjects. This, it is laid, preyed upon his 
 mind, and he died foon after under the fe- 
 verell tortures of confeience, 526. 
 
 Theopuanes, George, of Conftantincplc, 
 is known ?s an hiitoiian and ecclefiatiic at the 
 leventh general council. He w?.s banifhed into 
 Samothrace by the jealoufy of Leo the Arme- 
 nian, and died there 818. He it author of a 
 chronicle. 
 
 Tiii-oi'hanes, ProivfioviiJj, a Ruffian 
 hinoiLi., born at Kiof 1681. At Rome he 
 imbibed a tafte for the fine arts and works- of 
 fMMM, i e returned t Kiof, and iTumed 
 the monafiic habit, and became profeflcr of 
 philofophy. He was noticed by Ptter the 
 Great, and, under his direction, reformed the 
 clergy, and aholifhed the patriarchal dignity. 
 He w;ts made bin.op of Plel'cof, and metropo- 
 litr.iofallRi.ffid. He died 1736. Befides 
 M, dilijuilitions, and a treatiie on rheto- 
 ric, he wrote a life of Peter the Great, &c. 
 
 TliERMts, Paul de la Bartht, Ltd of, of 
 Conform, lerved under Francis I. and his 
 two fucceflbrs. The viclory of Cerifoles, in 
 X.J44. ** attributed to his valcr, and he at- j 
 
 quired frclh glory at Saluces and Ravel. H 
 afterwards pafTed into Scotland to invade th* 
 Fnglifh territories, and in 1551 was fent as 
 ambaflador to Rome, and headed the French 
 forces in Italy. His capture of Dunkirk, and 
 of St. Venox, was followed by his defeat at 
 Gravelines, in which he was taken prifoner. 
 He died at Paris 1562, aged 80. 
 
 T11 eve not, Mclchifedcc, librarian to tries 
 king of France, was actuated from his youth 
 with the ftrongeft defire of feeing foreign 
 countries. His account of an inftrument for 
 ascertaining the longitude and the declination 
 of the needle, is valuable. He was ambafTa- 
 dor of France, at Conilantinople, and alio 
 aififted at the conclave affembled after the 
 death of Innocent X. and died of a flow fever 
 1691. He was a curious collector of valuable 
 books and manufcripts, but the moft noble 
 part of his library, was the marbles prefented 
 to him by M. Nointel, with bas reliefs, and 
 infcriptior.s, two thouland years old. 
 
 Thevenot, Join, died 1667. It is faid 
 that be was the firft perfon who brought coffee 
 to Paris. He travelled into Afia, of which an 
 account was punlifhed, 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Thielin, John Philip, of Mechlin 1618, 
 though of noble birth, and a man of confider- 
 able fortune, ftudied painting, and produced 
 ibme beautiful pieces. His flowers were par- 
 ticularly admired, as painted with native deli- 
 cacy, and grouped with tafte. PL three 
 daughters were alio eminent artifts. 
 
 Thierry I. k ; ng of France, afcended the 
 throne of Neuflria and Burgundy 670. He I 
 died 691, aged 39. 
 
 Thierry II. fon of Dagohert III. was 
 taken from a cloifter to be king only in name, 
 as his minifter Charles Martel governed the 
 kingdom. He died 737, aged 25. 
 
 r J uierry I. obtained, as his fhare O" the 
 kingdom of France, the kingdom of Australia, . 
 of which he made Metz the capital, he died 
 534, aged about 51, after a reign of 23 
 years. 
 
 Thierry II. fecond fon o f Childebert was 
 king of Burgundy and Australia. Brunehaud 
 his mother in law, at whole mitigation he 
 had murdered his brother, caufed him to be- 
 poifoned, 613. 
 
 Thierry, Hcniy, a printer at Paris, in 
 the 15th century. His family became cele-3 
 brated in France for feveral generations :tt 
 printers. One of them was bookleller to Eoi- 
 leaui and was immortalized by the puet, in his 
 epilll'&to his veii\s. 
 
 7 iiirlby, Slyan, of Leicefter, was of Je- 
 fus college, Cambridge. His promising abili- 
 ties were clouded by great indolence of difpo- 
 fition, a quarrelfome temper, and a itrong 
 fondnefs for intemperate drinking. He ftu- 
 died phytic, and afterwards applied himlelf to 
 the civii law, and then the common law, and I 
 at lalt obtained a finecure place of about iocl. 
 a year ai king's waiter in London, by the in- 
 tcreft of fir Edward W-lj-ole, who had been, 
 
 iiis 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 his pupil. He refided in the houfe of his 
 friend, but rendered himfelt difagreeable by 
 keeping a journal of whatever he obferved or 
 heard incompatible with his unibcial ideas, and 
 he fpent the remainder of his life in private 
 lodgings, where he died 1753- He wrote 
 fome notes on Shakelpeare's plays, which ap- 
 pear in Johnfon's edition, but he is chiefly 
 known as the author of an able tract againtt 
 Whilton on the trinity, &c. 
 
 Thomas, St. iurnamed Didymus, was one 
 of the apoftles. When he difbelieved the ap- 
 pearance of his mafter, he was convinced of the 
 truth, and exprefTed his belief by the excla- 
 mation of, " my Lord, and my God P* After 
 the afcenfion he penetrated into the eaft as far 
 as India, where it is laid that he liiffered mar- 
 tyrdom. 
 
 Thomas, William, D. D. bifhop of 
 Worcefter, was born at Bristol 161.3. He was 
 educated at Caermarthen fchool, and St. John's 
 college, Oxford, from which he removed to 
 Jefus. He was chaplain to the earl of Nor- 
 thumberland, from whom he obtained the vi- 
 carage of Latigharn and Lanfedurnen rectory, 
 cf which he was deprived by the parliament. 
 The reltoration replaced him in his living. He 
 was afterwards chaplain to the duke of York, 
 and made dean of Worcefter 1665, and in 
 1677 nifed to the fee of St. David's. In 1683 
 he was translated to Worcefter, and in 1687 
 he entertained the king in his progrefs through 
 the country, grieved indeed at the fight of his 
 popish attendants, but hofpitably refpe6tful to 
 him as became a fubject. On William's ac- 
 ceffion he was unwilling to take the oaths, and 
 prepared to refign, but he died before the time 
 fixed, of a violent fit of the gout v 1689. He 
 wrote an apoJogy for the church of England, 
 1678-9. 8vo. letter to the clergy fome fer 
 mons Roman oracles filenced. 
 
 Thomas, William, grandfon of the bilhop, 
 was born 1670, and educated at Weltminfter 
 fchool, and Trinity college, Cambridge. He ob- 
 tained the living of Exal, Warwickihire, and 
 in 1 721 he removed to Worcefter for the bet- 
 ter education of his family. In 1723 he was 
 prefented to the rectory of St. Nicholas, Wor- 
 cefter, and died 1738. He published antiqui- 
 tates prioratus majoris Malverne Dugdale's 
 Warwickshire improved, a vols fol. 173 
 a furvey of Worcefter cathedral, and prepared 
 materials for a hiftory of Worcestershire. 
 
 Thomas, Elizabeth, better known by the 
 name of Corinna, was known as a writer, but 
 her misfortunes arofe in the death of Mr. 
 Gwynnet, to whom (he was to have been 
 married 1711. After this, ill health and afflic- 
 tion attended her, and Ihe funk into the grave 
 1730. She incurred the difpleafure of Hope, 
 becaufe (he i'uffered Curl the bookfeller to 
 publifh fome of the poet's betters with thofe of 
 Henry Cromwell, and for this fhe was placed 
 in the Dunciad. Her poems were published 
 after her de:;'.h, together wifh % vols, of let- 
 ter?. 
 
 Thomas, Anthony Leonard, of the Frencfc 
 academy, is diftinguifhed as a poet. He was 
 born at Clermont in Auvergne 1732, and 
 intended for the law, but a profeflbrfhip m 
 the college of Beauvais was more congenial 
 with his difpofition. He rofe by his merit, and 
 -*.is fecretary to the duke of Orleans. He 
 died of a fever 1785. Reipected as* man, he 
 was efteemed as a writer. In 1 756 he pub- 
 lished his reflections, hiftorical and literary, on 
 Voltaire's poem of natural religion. In 1759 
 his eloge of" Saxe was crowned by the academy, 
 and he deferved applaufe alio by his eloges on 
 d'Agueffeait, Du Guay Trouin, Des Cartes, 
 Sully, and M. Aurelius. He wrote alfo an 
 e-ffay on elogies, 2 vols. iamo. an effay on the 
 character, manners, and mind of females, 8vo. 
 and fome poems, &c. 
 
 Thom^sius, James, of Leipfic, became 
 profeflbr of eloquence, belles lettres, and phi- 
 lofophy. He was of mild manners and great 
 benevolence of heart, and died 1684, aged 62. 
 He wrote the origin of philoibphical and eccle- 
 fialtical hiftory feveral differtations, &c. it 
 vols. 8vo. His fon Cbrijlian published a Ger- 
 man journal, which drew upon him, in confe- 
 quence of the Severity of fome of his remarks, 
 the difpleafure of government, and he retired, 
 to Berlin, end was made firft profeflbr of laws 
 in the univerlity of Halle. He attracted much 
 of the public attention by aflerting in a thefis 
 that concubinage is not contrary to the laws of 
 God. He died 1728, aged 73. He wrote an 
 introduction to the philofophy of the court 
 hiftory of wifdom and folly, &c. 
 
 Thomson, Edward, of Hull iu Yorkshire, 
 early went to the Eaft Indies. He was after- 
 wards prelfed into the navy, and rofe, in 1757* 
 to the rank of lieutenant. At the conclusion 
 of the war he turned his thoughts to literary 
 purfuits. He published the meretriciad the 
 foldier the courtezan, and the demirep, 
 poems and tailors' letters. 2 vols. i2mo. His 
 Trinculo'strip to the jubilee, a ludicrous per- 
 formance, in which he gave an account of the 
 jubilee at Stratford on Avon, in honor of 
 Shakefpeare, appeared in 1769, and alfo his 
 court of Cupid, 2 vols which contained a col- 
 ledtion of the immoral pieces which he had 
 already obtruded upon the world. He altered 
 the " fair quaker " from Shadwell, with fome 
 effect, and he afterwards published Paul 
 Whitehead's works, and alfo Marvell's, 3 vols. 
 Ato. On the breaking out of the American 
 war he obtained the command of the Hydra, 
 and had the good fortune to capture a valuable 
 Trench Eaft India-man. He died in 1786 on 
 the coaft of Africa, on board his Ship the Gram- 
 pus. He published prcpofals for maritime ob- 
 fervations, collected from 1753 to 1763. 
 
 Thomson, James, a celebrated poet, fon 
 of a scotch minilter, and born at Ednam in 
 Roxburghshire, nth September 1700. He 
 was educated <t Jedburgh fchool, and Edin- 
 burgh univerfity. He distinguished himfeif 
 by the elegance and Spirit of his compoiitions, 
 
THO 
 
 THO 
 
 uia when he had been direct ed by the divinity 
 qn a pi aim, 
 if s and majefty of 
 was much admirc\5 f ; >r its 
 poetical be.uitu'S. He then ftudied divinity, 
 fcutfoo:. : it, and fought in London 
 
 the patronage which might be extended to me. r 
 rit, and the publication of his " winter," 1726, 
 loon introduced him to the great and learned. 
 By the fiiendihip of Dr. Rundle, he was re- 
 commended to lord chancellor Talbot, and j 
 attended his .lbn in his travels. The pcpula- 
 ' winter" produced Cummer in 172,7, J 
 1 728, and autumn in 1730; and other [ 
 pieces. The death of his noble pupil was foon ! 
 after followed by that of the chancellor, and 
 Thomlbn was thus reduced from a ftate cf | 
 comfort to a pjecariousfulfiltence. 1 he place 
 of lecretary of the briefs, which he had obtain- 
 ed from the chancellor, fell at his death ; but 
 by the recommendation of lord Lyttelton he 
 vas patronized by the prince of Wales, and lie 
 obtained in 1746 the office of fur veyor general 
 of the Leeward iflands-. He died of a fever 
 27th Augutt 1748, and was buried in Rich- 
 mond church, Surrey. Befides his lesions, 
 fon wrote a elegant poem to the me- 
 mory of fir ifaac Newton, 1727 Britannia, a 
 political poem, occafioned by the quarrels of 
 aniards with England, with refpect to 
 America liberty, a poem hi five books, con- 
 taining ancient and modern Italy compared, 
 Greece, Rome, Britain the profpect -the 
 of indolence, an allegorical poem, after 
 Spenfer's manner befides fome tragedies, 
 which were received on theftage with reiterat- 
 ed and defervedapptaufe Agamemnon, acted 
 1738 T-dward and Ekanora, a tragedy, not 
 atted in confequence of the diipute between 
 the prince qf Wales his patron and the king 
 the maique of Alfred, written jointly with 
 Mallet Tancred and Sigiihmhda, from Gil 
 cted 1745 anti Coriolanus, aclcd after 
 his death for the benefit of his fitters. Thom- 
 lbn in private life was an amiable and benevo- 
 lent character. As a poet he pofleffed powers 
 and perfections peculiarly his own. His fea- 
 fo;:s difplay the moil glowing and intcreftmg 
 defenptipus of nature, in language at onee 
 elegant, fimple, and dignified. They bring be- 
 f:e. us the who]^ magnificence of nature, 
 -r plcafing or dreadful. The gi 
 
 ffummer. the tranquillity 
 of autumn, and the horrors of winter, take- 
 each in turn the pofleilion of our minds. In 
 'ft of a florid and luxuriant flow of imrt- 
 <:ne exuberances perhaps may be found, 
 merits of the poet are built on too folid 
 a: ion to be lhaken, and while the de- 
 :, :es of the varied year convey 
 ire to the eye, lb long mult the veri'e of 
 the poet entertain the mind with the moll fe- 
 1 rs-ofwell managed description and 
 .'ere. 
 
 , Yqrkfhire, 
 fc-r the mi . , and in 
 
 8 
 
 confequence "was fent to Rotterdam to le 
 the Dutch and French languages. On 
 death of his father 1680, he fucce 
 
 - bat he paid at the lame time 
 attention to hiftory and antiquarian lvlearch 
 Though bred among the prefbyterians, he 
 induced by refleftwa to conform t the 
 of the church. He died 1725, aged 68. 
 was fellow of the royal lbciety, and wr 
 ducatus Leodtenfis, or the topography 
 Leeds, and the parts adjacent, with a catak 
 of the antiquities and curiofities, &c. He 
 tended to pubhfh a view of the ftate of tr 
 northern parts of the kingdom, in the times 
 the Romans and Britons, but ills age prevei 
 ed the completion. 
 
 'i horiu-s, Raphael, a.phyficia-n, admired; 
 the court of James T. He was a French 
 teftant, remarkable 'for his learning, but more 
 for his love of wine. He died of the plague 
 in London, 1629. He wrote a poem on to- 
 bacco, ike. 
 
 Tkokkgikk, Herbert, a divine, educ->ted 
 at Trinity college, Cambridge. He obtained 
 the malterfhij) of Sidney college 1643, *>ut 
 was difpoflefTed for his attachment to the 
 royal caufe. He was rewarded at the reftora- 
 tion by a prebend of Weitminfter. He wrote 
 epilogus, fol. in which he ably defends the 
 tenets of the church of England treatiles on 
 weights and meafiues, Sec. He died 1672. 
 
 Thornhill, fir 'James, a painter, borrt 
 1676. Though "of a refpecr.able family, his 
 circumftances were low through-the ill conduct 
 of his father. Fie travelled on the continent! 
 and made a valuable collection of fome of the 
 pieces of the belt matters. Anne intruded to 
 his care the beautifying the dome of St. Paul's 
 with the hiftory of that faint, which he execut- 
 ed in a grand ftyle on eight p.nnels; and he 
 worked alfe at Hampton-court, Greenwich 
 hofpital, and other places. He was made chief 
 hiltorical painter to the queen, and knighted 
 by George I. He died 1732, aged 56, and 
 left befides a foil, a daughter married to Ho- 
 garth. He was for fome time member of the 
 commons, and fellow of the royal lbciety. He 
 chiefly excelled in hiltorical and in allegorical 
 pieces. 
 
 Thornton, Bonnet, a poet, born in Mai- 
 den-lane, 1724. He was educated at Weit- 
 minfter fchool, and' Chrift church. He wifhed 
 to lludy medicine, but preferred a literary 
 life. His firft publication was the ftudent. or 
 Oxford and Cambridge mifcellany, in monthly 
 numbers, collected 2 vols. 8vo. 1748. In 
 1754 the " eonnoiffenr" was -undertaken with 
 Colman*, and continued for two years. In 
 1766, after the example, of Colman, who had 
 tranflated Terence, he publifhed 2 vols, of a 
 tranfiation. of Plant us, which, though admire* 
 i by Warburton for its pure and elegant ftyle, 
 has not been very popular. In 1767 he publifh-' 
 ed as an additional canto to Garth's difp 
 the. battle of the whigs, to ridicule the qi 
 j between the fellows and the licentiates of the 
 
THU 
 
 THU 
 
 eoltege of phyficians. He died 1768, aged 
 44, of the gout in his ftomach. He wrote 
 befides, the u Oxford barber," andfome peri- 
 odical e flays, &c 
 
 Thoynakd, Nicholas, of Oileans, was 
 well {killed in hiftory, and wrote a concordance 
 of the four evangeliits^ in Greek and Latin, 
 1707, with notes, and died at Paris 1706, aged 
 77- 
 
 Thuanus "jacobin Augujtus, or DE Thou. 
 a French hiflorian, born 1553. at Paris. His 
 infancy was pafied in debility and difeafe ; his 
 powers, however, ftione forth early with un- 
 ufual iplendor. e was at firft educated under 
 private tutors, and then ftudied the law at 
 Orleans, but -as deftined for the church, he 
 was placed near his uncle, bilhop of Chartres, 
 who refigned to him fome of his preferments. 
 In 1573 he vifited Italy, and ws employed in 
 various negotiations in the Low Countries and 
 in 1578 made couhfellor clerk to the parlia- 
 ment. On the death of his brother in re 79, he 
 gave up the ecclefiaftical profe'fion, and rcfe 
 to offices of honor. In 1581 he was lent to 
 adminifter juftice at Guyenne, and in 1584 
 was made mailer of the requefts. He attached 
 himlelf to Henry II. ar.id afterwards enjoyed 
 fae favor of Henry IV. who appointed him his 
 firfl librarian, 2nd entrufled him with the ne- 
 gotiations with Guife, and with.the proteftants. 
 Under Mary dc Medicis he was director of 
 the finances. After a life in the fervice of 
 literature, and of his country, he died 1617, 
 univerfally refpected, not only as an hiilorian, 
 hut as a man. He is diftinguifhed for his hif- 
 tory of his own times, from 1545 to i6c8, 
 written in pure and dafijeal Latin, and admi- 
 rable for its .fidelity, correetnefs, and accuracy. 
 If has been defervedly praifed by Grotius, Ca- 
 fiauhon, Pe.rr.ault, and others; but as it fpeaks 
 with freedom of men and of manner;, it never 
 appeared, but in a mutilated form, till Dr. 
 Mead undertook its publication, free from all 
 ornilfion, in 1733, in 7 vols, folio. He wrote 
 befides, fome poetical pieces, a pnraphrafe on 
 the book of Job on ecclefiaftcs the lamen- 
 tations of Jeremiah, &c. miscellanies, &c.'The 
 eldeitofhis fons, Francis Avgujlu^ was libra- 
 rian to the king ; but he unfortunately did not 
 reveal a conspiracy which he knew a^ainft 
 Richelieu; and the cardinal, .relenting the le- 
 vity in which he had been mentioned in the 
 pages of the hiltorian, inhumanly, facrifictd the 
 Jon to his revenge, and caufed him to be be- 
 headed at Lyons, 1642. 
 
 Thunbero, Charles Peter \ a Swedish bo- 
 tanift, the pupil and the friend of Linnanis. 
 He vifited France in 1770, and foon after he 
 wasfentbythe Dutch company to Japan, to 
 make obfervations and difcoveries in botany. 
 After a delay of three years at the Cape of 
 Good Hop.?, he, in 1775, ft Otft for Japan ; 
 but from the jealoufy of the inhabitants, he 
 made tew botanical ducoverie*. In 1776 he 
 quitted Japan for Ceylon, and after fome ob- 
 feivrition* iu this jilqud, he returned, and was 
 
 appointed profefibr of botany ?.t UpfiJ. He 
 died at the end of the laft century, leaving his 
 valuable cabinet of natural hiftory to the uuir 
 verfity. His flora Japonica appeared 1784, 
 b!vo with 39 plates, giving an account of above 
 300 unknown plants. 
 
 Thurloe, John, fecretary to the Crom- 
 wells, was born 1616, at Abbots-Roding, 
 - Lffex. He was educated for the law, and in 
 1645 was fecretary to the parliamentary conv 
 miffioners at the treaty of Uxbridge. Though 
 connected with republican leader.s he was not 
 acceffary to the king's death ; but he favored 
 with all his might the affairs of. the common-, 
 wealth, and in 1653 became fecretary of ftaie 
 to Cromwell. In 1656 he was member for 
 Ely, and on Cromwell's death he continued 
 in his office under Richard, over whom he had 
 great influence, and at the reftofa.tion he made 
 a tend.-r of his fervices, which, however, were 
 not accepted. H< was accufed foon after, of 
 high treafon, but relented, and then he retired 
 to Great Wilton, Oxfordshire. His knowledge 
 of political affairs was fuch, that Charles foli- 
 cited him in vain to take a (hare 1 in the admini- 
 ilration. He died fuddenly 1668, aged 51. In 
 his character he was very amiable, and re- 
 markable for his courtefy and miidnels to per- 
 fons of all parties. His iiate papers, in j .vols, 
 folio, are valuable 
 
 Thurlow, EJivarrf lord, was born ia 
 1735, at Afhfield, Norfolk, and after paffing 
 fome time at Cambridge, he came to London 
 to ftudy the law. He was called to the bar 
 1 75S, and railed himfelf to notice by his manly 
 oppofition to fir Fletcher Norton. In the 
 Douglas caufe he displayed fuch abilities, that, 
 the public attention was turned towards him, 
 as formed to fill the higheft itations in the law. 
 In 1770 he was appointed folicitor genera!, 
 and the next year was attorney general. In 
 June 1778 he was created a peer, and the day 
 following nominated lord high chancellor of 
 Great Britain. This office he refigned in 1 703, 
 but on the re-admifiion cf Mr. Pitt into the 
 cabinet, he again was promoted to the 4eals* 
 and kept them till 1793. Since that^time he 
 lived in retirement, and died after an illnefs of 
 two days at Brighthernftone, 12th Sept. 1C06. 
 His character as a lawyer is fixed on the firmefl 
 bafis of extenlive knowledge, quick penetra- 
 tion, cor; eel judgement, and-themoft undevi- 
 ating integrity. Though overbearing in his 
 manners, Ire was z aloufly attached to his par- 
 ty, and inflexible in his opinions, and loyal in 
 his conduct, As a patron of church prefer- 
 ment, he was the friend of perlevering iudufi. 
 try, and active merit, and though lax in his 
 private conduct, he was ever anxious to reward 
 virtue. In Miis -court, with a powerful mind 
 which quickly comprehended and diicufTed 
 with clciimefs the m oft intricate cafes, he pro- 
 nounce! hi judgment by the itricleft rules of 
 equity, alike anxious to protect the rights and 
 the privileges of the poor, as the immunities 
 of the great. lie was, as has been well ob- 
 
 ifcrveL 
 
TIE 
 
 TIL 
 
 femd, among lawvers and orators, in the fc- 
 ,, a.id in the courts, what his contemporary 
 Johnlon was among wits and authors, a mighty 
 I . proudly elevated above the littleneis of 
 common minds. 
 
 vjius, Anthony* a Dutch philologer, 
 wofeflbr of poetry and eloquence at Leyden, 
 and librarian to the imiverfity. He died there 
 1670, aged 67. He publiflied " Maria na- 
 wlis," a hitter)- of naval wars between the 
 Dutch and Spaniards, &c. hefides valuable 
 editions of Paterculus, Sallult, Valerius Maxi- 
 mvs, La&antius, Aulus Gellrus, &c. 
 
 TlAJttpi, Alexander, of Bologna, wasdil- 
 tiuguiuSed as a painter of portraits and Hilton 
 cal pieces. He fucceeded in happily ex- 
 prefSng the palficns. He died x668, aS ec * 
 91. 
 
 Tibaldi, JVJlgvww, of Bologna, became 
 eminent as a painter, fculptor and architect. 
 He died at Bologna 1592, aged 70. 
 
 Ticr.rn., Thcmas, a poet, born at Bride- 
 kirk, Cumberland, J 686, and educated at 
 '5 college, Oxford. He was early intro- 
 duced to the notice of Addifon, who employed 
 him in Ireland, and made him his tfnder-fecre- 
 In r7^4 he was fecretary to the lords 
 jurtkes of Ireland, and cewrinafed there till his 
 death 23d April 174O, at Bsth. As a writer 
 Tickell obtained lbme celebrity, and lie muft 
 rank high among the minor Jinglilh poets: his 
 44 profpect of peace" during the negociations 
 with the French government under queen 
 Anne, pa/Ted quickly through fix editions. lie 
 wrote " the royal progreJs " on the arrival of 
 George t and pubiifhed a tranflation of the 
 &i\\ book of the Iliad, in oppofition to Pope. 
 This work, which fane have regarded as the 
 labor of Addifoa, was not without merit ; but 
 while it was approved by the literati at But- 
 ton's, Pope boafted that 'he had the town in 
 his favor. " The letter 'to Avignon " is a 
 party poem of merit, and exprefies contempt 
 without vulgarity, and maintains its dignity 
 without intuiting arrogance. Tickell pubiifh- 
 ed the works of Addiibn after his death, and 
 wrote a!io a beautiful poem iu honor of his 
 memory. 
 
 TlCKKU, Richard, firft appeared before 
 the public 1778, in his " project," and loon 
 atter in his " wreath of fafhion," two poems 
 of merit. The molt admired of his perfor- 
 mances was the " anticipation," in which he 
 imitated with great humor the prinetps) fpeak- 
 ers in the parliament. He altered Ramfay's 
 gentle ihepherd for theflage, 1781, and wrote 
 alfo the " carnival of Venice," a comic opera. 
 He was killed 1793, by falling from the 
 vmdow of his apartment? in Hampton-court. 
 
 I m a N n t Dietric6 t oi Bremervorde, was 
 educated at Gottingen. By the recommen- 
 dation of heyne, he obtained in 1766 the 
 r(hip of Greek and Latin, at Cartel, 
 winch he quitted for the chair of phHofophy at 
 Marpurg. he wrote eflay on an explanation - 
 of the migin of language- fyltem of the ftoic 
 
 phHofophy investigation of man, &c. works 
 of great merit, and died 1803, aged 55. 
 
 Tignv, G. df, publilhed the natural hiftory 
 of infects, 10 vols. 8vo. a work of great merit. 
 His collection of infects was large and valuable. 
 He died 1803. 
 
 Tii.leMont, S eh apian de Nain de, a 
 French writer, educated in the fchool of 
 Port Royal, and dittinguiuVd as an accurate 
 author. He was of fuch humility that he re- 
 futed the bifhopric of Beauvais, and preferred 
 obicurity and literature to all dignities. He 
 died 1698, aged 61. His hiitoire des emrpe- 
 reurs, & hiftoire ecclefiaitique, sre two works, 
 valuable for accuracy, correctnefs, and ele- 
 gance. 
 
 Th-ikt, N". du, of Bourdeaux, devoted 
 himfelf to agricultural pu'rfuits, and publilhed 
 various works of merit for the rL'itruction of 
 infects in corn, &c. He died 1791, aged 6cx 
 
 Tll.fcl, John T-zerclacs count de, of BruiTels, 
 quitted the jcfuKs for the military profeflionj- 
 and niter ugnalizing hrcrd"Ctf agahrft the Turks, 
 in Hungary, he commanded the troops of 
 Maximilian of Bavaria, at the battle of Prague 1 , 
 1620. He contributed to the capture of Bre- 
 da, arid of Heidelberg, and defeated Mans- 
 field, and afterwards routed the forces of 
 d'Halberrbdt, at Stavelo, and took M'mden. 
 Iu 1626 he obtained a victory over the army 
 of Denmark, at Lutter, and three years after 
 went to Lubeck to fettle the articles' of peace 
 with the Danish ministers. He took next 
 Brandenburg, Magdeburgh, and Leipfic, but 
 was defeated by Guftavus Adolphus, and re- 
 ceived a mortal wound in defending the palTage 
 of the Lech 163 a, 
 
 I'iLLOTtON, John, was horn at Sowerby, 
 Yorklhire, 1630. Though his father was a 
 itricl calvimft,T:Hotlbn was educated at Clare- 
 hall, Cambridge. The perufal of Chilling- 
 worth's works, and the friendship of Cud- 
 worth, Wortliington, Wilkins, and other 
 learned divines, foon removed the principles of 
 puritanical inftro&ors, and fitted him for the 
 more active i'cenes of life. In 1656 he was 
 a private tutor, and curate to his friend Wil- 
 kins, at St. Lawrence, Jewry. After the re- 
 (loration, he was curate of Chefhunt, and in 
 1663 was promoted to the rectory ofKedding- 
 ton, Suffolk, which he refined for the preach- 
 erfliip of Lincoln's Inn ibciety. In 1664 ha 
 was chofen Tuefday lecturer at St. Lawrence, 
 Jewry, and afterwards was promoted to 
 a prebend id the church of Canterbury, 
 and alfo of St. Paul's, and in 167a made dean 
 of Canterbury. He attended lord Ruflel when 
 condemned to die in confequence of the Rye- 
 houl'e plot, and itrongly urged him to admit the 
 doctrine of non-refhtance, a meafure for which 
 he was renfured, and for which he cenfured 
 himfelf. At the revolution he was confulted 
 by Anne of Denmark, and for his loyalty, he 
 was held in efteem. In 1689 he was clerk of 
 the clofet. to William, and on the fufpenfion 
 of Sancroft, he was nominated to the fee of 
 Canterbury. 
 
TIN 
 
 TIP 
 
 Canterbury. His elevation gave diSpleaSure 
 to the non-jurors, who directed all their viru- 
 lence againft him, but he exhibited in his con- 
 duct the conscientious prelate, intent upon the 
 reformation of ail eccleliadical abufes. The 
 reproaches hurled againft him did not alter the 
 mildnefs of his manners ; and after his death 
 were found fome bundles of papers, full of in- 
 vective againft him, on which he wrote with 
 his own hand, " thele are libels, I pray God 
 forgive them, I do." The cares attendant upon 
 an elevated Situation were felt and recorded 
 by him with ail the resignation of a chriftian ; 
 and in his common place book, he inSertcd 
 fome itriking remarks, to remind the reader, 
 that what appears to a diftant Spectator realgran- 
 deur, istuo often experienced by the pofil-flbr a 
 Source of miSery and trouble. This good man 
 was attacked by a paify, which proved fatal, 
 and he died in the arms of his friend Nehbn, 
 24th October 1694. Burnet, bifh op of Salis- 
 bury, preacl.ed his funeral Sermon. He left 
 nothing to his widow but tiie copy of his poit- 
 humous Sermons, which Sold Sor 2,500 guineas, 
 to which the king added an annuity oS 400I. 
 in 1695, and in 169^ an addition of 2C0I. 
 more. His Sermons have been frequently 
 publifhed in 10 vols. 8vo. and in 3 Solio. 
 Thefe volumes have been tranflatci into vari- 
 ous languages. They are the composition of 
 an able divine, who dilplays throughout Sound 
 reaSoning Strong SenSe, and Solid piety, in a 
 clear, elegant, uaaftected ityle. 
 
 Timothy, the diSciple of St. Paul, labor- 
 ed earneftly in the propagation of the chriftian 
 faith, and was mr.de firft bifhop of Ephefus, 
 and received for the guide of his conduct the 
 two excellent epiftles iti * 1 preferred in the new 
 teitament. It is SuppoS. d that he was Stoned 
 to death, 97, for oppoiing an impious feftivalin 
 honor of Diana. 
 
 Tindai., Matthew, a deiftical writer, born 
 1657, at Beer-Sen es, Devonihire. He enter- 
 ed at Lincoln college, Oxford, 1672, and after- 
 wards removed to Exeter, ani thence was 
 elected fellow of All-Souls. Under James II. 
 he declared himfelf a paplft, but afterwards took 
 the oaths to Secure his fellowship. He died in 
 London 1733. He is known for two publica- 
 tions, the firft publifhed 1706, the rights of 
 the christian church aliened againtt the Romiih 
 and all other prielts, mc. 8vo. and the other, 
 publifhed 1730, in 8vo. chriftianity as old as 
 tiie creation, or the gofpel, a republication oi 
 the religion oi' nature. In the former of theSe, 
 k's mention was, in Subtle and insinuating lan- 
 guage,?? destroy the authority of the church; 
 and in the latter, his iefign, in the moit artful 
 manner, is to Set afide revealed religion, and to 
 eftablifh that there is no othter religion but that 
 of the law of nature imprinted Upon tiie heart of 
 man. Thefc works were defervedly cenSured, 
 and among the ableft opponents of his tenets, be 
 had Dr. bicke?, who had b<;en his tutor at 
 Lincoln, Dr. ( 'o'.ybeare, afterwards bifliop of 
 Bristol, Leland, Holier, and ethers. He wrote 
 
 fome trails befldes, on civil and religious liber- 
 ty, and he left at his death a Second volume 
 to his chriftianity as old as the creation. 
 
 Tindal, Nicholas, nephew to Matthew, 
 was educated at Exeter college, Oxford. He 
 was afterwards fellow of Trinity college, and 
 obtained the livings of Alverftoke, Hants, and 
 of Great Waltham, near Chelmsford, and af- 
 terwards fucceeded to Colbourne, in the ifleof 
 Wight. He died at Greenwich, where he 
 was chaplain to the hofpjtal, at an advanced 
 age 1774. He publifhed two quarto numbers 
 of an intended hiftory of ESTex, in 3 vols, 
 which, however, he relinquished for the trans- 
 lation of Rapin's hiitory of England, in which 
 he was affiited by Morant. This laft work 
 fucceeded So well that his boojtfellers hand- 
 lbmely gave him a preSent of 200 guineas. He 
 published befides Cantemir's hiitory of the 
 Ottoman empire, folio and Polyinetis abridg- 
 ed, Sec. 1 
 
 TiiNDALL, William, author of juvenile 
 excurlions in literature and criticiSm, i2mo. > 
 hiitory and antiquities of the abbey and bo- 
 rough of Evelham, &c. 4to evils and advan- 
 tages of genius contrasted, a poem, &c. was 
 educated at Trinity college, Oxford, and ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the tower, -where, in a itf 
 of melancholy, he Shot himfelf 1804, at the 
 age of 50. 
 
 Tintoretto, James, a painter, fo called, 
 as Son of RobuSto, a dyer at Venice, where he 
 was born 151 2. He Studied under Titian, 
 who obServed his rifing talents, and difmiSTed 
 him, as afraid of a rival. Tintoretto Studied 
 the works of his predeceSTors with judgment, 
 and deferved the furname of Furious, from the 
 boldnefs of his paintings, tiie rapidity of his 
 genius, and the vivacity of his Spirit. He died 
 1594, having been father to a Son and daughter, 
 who alfo inherited his genius. The daughter 
 married a German, and died 1,590, aged 30, 
 and the Son, eminent as an historical painter, 
 died 1637, aged 75. The pieces of Tintoretto 
 are defervedly admired, and though he is'cen- 
 Suredfor the incorrecineis of his outlines, and 
 other irregularities, his coloring, and the ex- 
 pression of his iigures are particularly Striking, 
 
 Tippoo Saib, fucceeded his father Hydei- 
 Ally as king of Myfore, During the Ameri- 
 can war he joined the French againft the 
 Englifh ; but aSter the breaking out of the 
 French revolution, he was alone expofed to 
 the Sortunes of the war. In 1 790 he was de- 
 feated at Travancore ; and yielding to the 
 Britifh arms, he consented, in 1792, to make 
 peace with lord Comwallis by delivering up 
 his two Sons as hoiiages, and paying, betiues 
 prut of his dominions, above three millions 
 fterling. His intrigues with the French, and 
 his machinations to dettroy the English power, 
 renewed the war in 1799. He was attacked 
 by the Britifh in his very Capital, and wis killed 
 whilst bravely defending himfelf on the ram* 
 parts. He was 5 2 years old. Tin ugh oppref- 
 live and capricious, he patronized ;he arts, and 
 [Dd] his 
 
TIT 
 
 TOL 
 
 nefs for literature was difplayed in the 
 colhclion of hooks found in his palace, confift- 
 jiious works in the Shanfcrit language 
 hi the icth century, transitions of the Koran, 
 of the hHtaryefthe Mogul victories, 
 and hiftorical memoirs of f-'indoftan, all which 
 on depofited in the library of Catcutta. 
 ABOSCHl, Jerome, jefuit of Berga- 
 mo, prtrfeflbr of rhetoric at Milan. He was 
 le librarian to the. duke of Mo- 
 dena, and 'iied 1794, aged 62. Ke wrote 
 memoirs on the ancient order of the Humilies, 
 5 vol* 4to catalogue of the writers of Mo- 
 dena, 6 voli. 4to. hiftory of Italian literature 
 from Auguftus, 13 vols. 4to. a work of me- 
 rit. 
 
 Tissot, S. A. D. a Swifl phyfician, a warm 
 advocate of inoculation, and of experimental 
 medicine. Ke died at Laufanne 1797, aged 
 70. Ms works are in 10 vols, r.rao. His 
 advice to men of letters, on iubjecls of health, 
 and other l'maller pieces, polfei's high me- 
 rit. 
 
 Titian, or Titiaxo, a celebrated pain- 
 ter, born atCadore in Friuli, 1477- Hewai 
 placed under Bellino ; but he improved him- 
 f-.lf more by the laudable emulation between 
 him and his fellow pupil Giorgione, than by 
 the inilruction of his mafier. His abilities 
 foon recommended him, he was patronized by 
 Charles V. who k-.vghted him, and bellowed 
 On him feveral handfome prefents as a mark 
 l.eem, and not for his pictures, which 
 he declared to be above any price. He died 
 at Vesica of the plague, 1576, aged 99. His 
 character rs a man 3S well as a painter was lb 
 univerfaily refpedted, *hnt he received the 
 flrongeft marks of friendfhip from the greateft 
 and myfc eminent perlbns in Europe. His 
 pieces are much admired for their coloring, 
 delicacy, and correcrnefs. The beft are a 
 laft (upper in the Efcurfal a Chrift crowned 
 with thorns at Milan and a portrait ofhim- 
 fclf, with his miftrefs combing her hair, in 
 the i aris collection. He left two for.s, one 
 of whom Horatio, was a painter, till alhired 
 by the hopes of discovering the philoiopher's 
 ftone, he applied to chemiftry, and died of the 
 plague with his father. Titian's brother Fran- 
 stfco, was alfo a painter, arid made cabinets of 
 ebony adorned with figures, &c. 
 
 Iii j-hy, Walter, was educated at Weft- 
 min^er and Trinity college, Cambridge, and 
 employed as envoy extraordinary to Copen- 
 hagen, where he died highly refpected, 1754. 
 . Dte an imitation of Horace^ and other 
 l-.-tin pieces. s 
 
 Tit on nu Tii.i.i-t, Evertrrd, of Paris, 
 
 I at the jefuits' college and fol- 
 
 ilitary profeflion. At the peace 
 
 ick, he purcbafed a place in the royal 
 
 nd a/terwrrds travelled into Italtt 
 
 I ned in 1708 the plan of erecting a bra- 
 
 wnParnaflu* in honor of Lewis XIV. and the 
 
 opleted in 1718. In this monu- 
 
 e monarch 1 ted as A polio 
 
 holding a lyre, while below the graces are per- 
 fonified by de la Suze, des Houlieres, and de 
 Scuderi, three learned ladies, and the nine 
 mules appear under the name of P. Corneille, 
 Moliere, Racan, Segrais, la Fontaine, Cha- 
 pelle, Racine, Defpreaux, and Lully. Me- 
 dallions are given to lei's known poets, and 
 others diftinguifhed for literature or the fine 
 arts. Titon publifhed in 1727 a defcription- 
 of this poetical monument, and as he conti- 
 nued additions to it, he added fupplements to 
 the accounts of his heroes up to 1760. He 
 died 1762, aged 86. 
 
 -'J 1 1 us, a Greek difciple of St. Paul, con- 
 verted from paganifm. He was the atten- 
 dant of his matter, and was appointed by hint 
 bilhop of Crete, where he died. 
 /Todd, ffugb, D. D. of Blencow, Cum- 
 berland, was educated at Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford. He was elected fellow of Univerfity, 
 1678, and became vicar of Stanwix, and died 
 about 1710. T he beft known of his works are 
 the description of Sweden, foL the life of 
 Phocion, Sec. He left in MS. an hiftory of 
 the diocefe of Carlifle, &c. 
 
 ToiRAS, John Cay'.ard de St. Bonnet, mar- 
 quis de, of St. Jean-de-Cardonnenques, ferved 
 under Henry IV. and Lewis Xlli. and dif- 
 tinguifhed hhnielf at the lieges of Montauban 
 and Montpefl'ier, and at the taking of Rhc, 
 &e. He was for his fervices made marfhal of 
 France ; but the attachment of his brothers to 
 Orleans, and the jealoufy of Richelieu brought 
 on h:s difgrnce, and he retired from France. 
 Ke afterwards became a general in the army 
 of the duke of Savoy, and was killed before 
 the fortrefs of Fontanetfe, 1636, aged 51. His 
 reputation was inch, that after he expired, the 
 fo'diers dipped their handkerchiefs in the blood 
 which ifilicd from his wound, exclaiming, that 
 lb long as they carried that with them, ib long 
 would they prove victorious. 
 
 To land, 'join, one of the founders of 
 modern deifm, was born 1669, in the north 
 of Ireland, and educated at Redcaltle fchoof, 
 from which he went to Glafgow, 1687, and 
 three years after toEdinburgh. Though 
 brought up as a papift, he renounced that re-, 
 ligion, and went to ftudy at Leyden, and then 
 returned to England and vifited Oxford, and 
 in 1696 publiihed his chriftianky not myfte- 
 rious, which excited great clamor. At this 
 time he went to Ireland, but here the fame of 
 his book was fpread, arid not only his company 
 was fhunned, but his work was ordered by 
 the parliament to be burnt by the hands of the 
 hangman. He returned to England, and was 
 engaged in various publications. His life of 
 Milton was publiihed in 1698, and fome other 
 works. He was abroad in 1703, at Berlin 
 and Hanover, where he was received v. ith 
 grer.t reCpecl, and on his return he was patro- 
 nized by Harley. In 1718, he publifhed his 
 Nazaremrs, or Jewith, Gentile, or Mahome- 
 tan chiiftianity, Sec. a viomit attack againfr- 
 revelation and in 1720 appeared his Tetra-s 
 
 dym! 
 
 
TOP 
 
 TOR 
 
 dymus, in four parts. He died at Putney, 
 1723. Toland pofielTed .vail erudition, and 
 great powers of mind, but unfortunately thele 
 were mifapplied in the fupport of atheftm. 
 The with of being known, and the ftrong puf- 
 fion of vanity, with which he was influenced, 
 led him to adopt opinions which probably fober 
 reflection difapproved ; and the ambition of 
 being lingular, hurried him to oppofe whatever 
 is held as moft facred amongft mankind. 
 
 Toli.et, Elizabeth, an Englifh lady, who 
 published fome poems, befides Sufannah, or 
 innocence preferved; a facred drama, and died 
 unmarried 1754, aged 60.. 
 
 Tollius, Jacobus, a phyfician, born at 
 Ingra. He was profeflbr of eloquence and 
 Gresk at Brandenburg, and died 1696. He 
 edited Aufonius in 8vo. and Longiniis, in 
 ' 4to. and wrote epiftoiat itinerant. 
 
 Tompion, Thomas, a celebrated mechanic. 
 His name is mentioned .with thofe of Graham 
 and others, as an able clock and watch maker. 
 He died 1696. 
 
 Tonstall, Cuthbert, of Tackford, Hert- 
 fordshire, ftudied at Oxford, Cambridge, and 
 Padua, and was employed in leveral emba'Iics 
 by Henry VIII. and for his fervices made bi- 
 fhop of London 1522, lord privy feal 1523, 
 and iii 1530, tranflated to Durham. He was 
 deprived of his honors by Elizabeth, for de- 
 nying her fupremacy, and he died in confine- 
 ment, 1559, a ec * 84. He was author of a 
 tieatife de arte fupputandi, 4to. on the pre- 
 sence of Chrift in the eucharift, 4to, Ac. 
 
 Tooke, Andrew, was born in London, 
 1673, and educated 3t the Charter houfe and 
 Clare-hall, Cambridge. In 1695 he was made 
 uiher of the Charter-houfe, and in 1704 pro- 
 felFor of geometry at Grefliam college, and 
 though he inherited much property from his 
 brother, the bookfeller in Fleer ftreet, he ac- 
 cepted the headfhip of the fchool, 1728. He 
 died of a dropfy, 1731, aged 58. He pub- 
 limed fynopfis Gnecas lingua: Ovid's fafti 
 the pantheon, or hiftory of the heathen gods 
 tranflated, without acknowledgment, from Po- 
 rn ey._ 
 
 Tooke, George, of Popes in Hertfordfhire, 
 was born 1595. He was captain of a band of 
 volunteers againft Cadiz in 1625, of which he 
 wrote a poetical account. He retired to his 
 feat, and devoted himfelf during the civil 
 wars to literary purfuits. He loll his wife 
 1642, and wrote various canzonets to herme- 
 ,mory. He d'.ed 1675, a g e( l 80. 
 
 Tooke, Thomas, was born ill Kent, and 
 educated at St. Paul's fchool, and Corpus 
 Chnfti college, Cambridge. He was appoin- 
 ted matter of the fchool at Bilhop Stortford, 
 and by his influence a new fchool was ereclred 
 by contribution;:, and raifed to celebrity. He 
 died 1 721, after 30 years ufefully employed 
 in the labors of his fchool. 
 
 Topham, Thomas, a publican of Iflington, 
 of whofe prodigious ftrength curious particu- 
 lars are related in Hutton's hiftory of Derby - 
 
 fhire. It is faid that he could fqueeze toge- 
 ther a pewter quart pot at arm's length ; lift 
 over his head with his little finger 3 weight of 
 20olbs. and with his teeth raiie an oak table 
 fix feet longj at the extremity., of which was 
 fuipended half a hundred weight. He ftab- 
 bed himfelf in 1749 in confequenee of a quar- 
 rel wiih his wife, and after wounding her in a 
 dangerous manner- 
 
 Toplady, Augvfius Montague, of Farn- 
 ham in Surrey, was educated at Weftminfter 
 fchool, and Dublin univerfity. He became in 
 1768 vicar of Broadhembury, Devon; but 
 finding the air of the place unfavorable, hi fet- 
 tled in London, and officiated in a chapel, 
 Orange-ftreet, Leicefter fields. He was au- 
 thor of hiltoric proofs of the dodtrinal calvi- 
 nifm of the church of England, and other 
 theological works. He died in London, 1778, 
 aged 41. 
 
 ToRFJEUS, Thormodus, of Mifnia, hifto- 
 riographer to the king of Denmark, is known 
 for his hiftory of the Orcades from 850 to 
 1206, publilhed 17 15, folio and his hiftory 
 of Norway, 4 vols, folio, 1 71 1, in Latin, pof- 
 feflGug great merit. He died 1720, ag*'d 
 81. 
 
 Torre, N. of the Milanefe, from low 
 beginnings, rofe to eminence as a chemift, and 
 an artiit in fire works. The friendship of 
 Reaumur, rendered him expert in the coii- 
 ftrudlion of barometers, and in the knowledge 
 of pneumatics. His artificial fire-works, ex- 
 hibited at Paris on the marriage of Levvis 
 XVI. were much admired, and in his experi- 
 ments in pyrotechny, it is fai I, that he dis- 
 covered the method of preparing an unex- 
 tinguilhable fire, which might confume an 
 enemy's fleet. This was revealed to the 
 French government, who refuted to practile 
 it againft the Englifh fleet, and the inventor 
 at laft fenfible of the terrible confequences of 
 this engine of deftru&ion, exprefled great .con- 
 trition for his difcovery. The fudden death 
 of his wife had fuch an effect upon him, that 
 he loon followed her to the grave, 1780- 
 
 3'orrentius, John, a painter.. <sf Arr 
 :lerdatn. H . -unfortunately was fo lafcivious 
 in his ideas, that he employed himfelf in de- 
 lineating naked and obicene figures, in the 
 molt licentious Imd dilgufting a'.titudes. He 
 alio became the founder of a iect of Adamites, 
 and for his heretical opinions was feized by the 
 magiftrates, and tortured. He expired under 
 the feverity of hb torments, 1640, and hij 
 offensive pieces were burnt by the hang- 
 man. 
 
 Torricelli, Evangelijie, a mathemati- 
 cian, born at Faenza, 1608. He learned 
 philosophy under Caftelii, who had been the 
 pupil of the great Galileo. His progref's was 
 fo great that he was recommended to Galileo, 
 and went to live with him, but the death of 
 that venerable philofopher three months after 
 left him to his own purfuits. He fettled at 
 Florence patronized by the duke Ferdinand IT, 
 [Dd2] and 
 
TOU 
 
 TOW 
 
 jnd he devoted himfeif to the conftriic'Von 
 and improvement of tclefcopts and microf -opes. 
 To his experiments we are indebted for the 
 dtfcovery of afceitaining the weight of the at- 
 - re by qukkfilver in the barometer or 
 Toricellian tube. He died 1647. aged 
 40. He published opera geometrica, 4 to. 
 
 .644- 1 
 
 TotT, Geotfry, of Boorges, fettled at Pa- 
 ris, as profeflbr of phlloibphy in the college of 
 Burgundy, and afterwards became printer. 
 He improved the art of printing, and puhlifh- 
 cd an ufeful book on the proportion and dis- 
 tance oi letters, called cbamp flenri, 4to. and 
 8vo. He alio tranilated the hieroglyphics of 
 US Apollo, 8vo., &c. He died 1550. 
 
 Tojcanki.la, Paul, an aftronoriier, who 
 erccftd in Florence cathedral a famous gnomon, 
 of which a dcfcription has been publi'.hed by 
 Ximer.es, in 410. 1737. Some fuppofe that 
 Tofcanelb formed an idea of the poflibility of 
 a pafTage to the Ealt by the Cape of Good 
 Hope, and iry mentioning the circumstance to 
 M.vtenz of Lifbon, the Portuguele, it is fa id, 
 were animated in making discoveries. He 
 died about 1490. 
 
 Tottik, John, canon of Chrift-church, 
 and archdeacon of Worccfter, was an able 
 preacher, much admired at St. Mary's Ox<- 
 fr.vd. His Sermons are defervedly eiteemed. 
 He died after 1775. 
 
 Tour, J'natban, a critic, born at St. Ives, 
 in Cornwall, 1-713. He was educated in the 
 fch'-ol of his native town, and at St. Merryn's 
 and Exeter college, Oxford. His mallei's de- 
 gree was taken at Cambridge 17.56. His 
 * emtrndationes in Suidam," in 1760, continu- 
 ed in another volume 1764, recommended 
 him to the notice of Warhurton, by whofe 
 weans bilhop Keppel bellowed on him a pre- 
 bend in Exeter cathedral, and the vicarage of 
 St. Martyu's. He puhliihed his appendiculum 
 not. in Suidam, 1775, and in 1778 his edition 
 cf Longim:s in 4to. and aftei wards in 8vo. He 
 died 1785, aged 72. 
 
 Tocrnkkort, Jnftfb Pittott de, a bota- 
 nift, born at Aix in Provence 1656. Though 
 ted to theological ynnuiits by his father, 
 he did not abandon botanical Studies, and when 
 his own mafter, he applied himl'elf to philoso- 
 phy and medicine. In 1678 he explored the 
 mountain? ot" Dauphine and Savoy in quell of 
 plants, and in 1679 p-rfecled himfeif in medi- 
 Montpellier. He 1681 he vited the 
 mountains of Catalonia and the Pyrenees, and 
 in 1683 he was appointed botanical profeflbr. 
 He afterwards travelled over Spain, Portugal, 
 !, and England, and in 1700 was Sent 
 by the king to examine the plants of Greece, 
 Afia, and Africa, and to make observations on 
 the manners and the natural hiftory of thefe 
 countries. Hf returned after three vears, 
 and brought with him 13-6 fpecies of plants. 
 after profelfor of phyfic in the 
 royal He received an injury from 
 fa 'art v. hid) ^aflbd by htm, and 
 
 neglecting the proper remedies, he was Seized 
 with a fpitting of blood, which carried him off, 
 1708. He publilhed elements of botany, 3 
 vols. 8vo. enlarged to 3 vols. 4to hi (lory of 
 plants near Paris, nmo enlarged to 2 vol*. < 
 voyage to the Levant, 2 vols. 4to. and three 
 in 8vo. a treatife on the materia medica, 2 
 vols. 2 vols. I2mo. &c. 
 
 Tour n el v, Honor e, was born at Antibes 
 l6r8. He role from the mean office of a 
 Swine-herd to be profefTor of theology at Dou- 
 ay, snd a popular preacher. He was much 
 engaged in the controverfy about the bull 
 Unigenitus, which he ably defended. He 
 died of an apoplexy 1729. The belt of his 
 works is a "courfe of theology in Latin, 16 
 vols. 8vo. 
 
 ToURRETTF, Mark Anth.Li.iu. Claret de 
 la, of Lyons, Studied in the jefirits' college, 
 and -becarse one of the magistrates of his na- 
 tive city. He formed a valuable collection of 
 infects and of herbs, and cultivated in his gar- 
 den not lefs than 3000 of rhe rareft plants. 
 He was attacked by an inflammation in his 
 lungs at the Siege of his native town in the au- 
 tumn of 1793, ' m d be Survived it but few 
 days. He died aged 64. He published de- 
 monstrations elementairesde botanique, 2 vols. 
 8vo. voyage au mont Pila, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Tourville, Anne Hilarion de Coficnt'm 
 de, a French admiral, born at Tourville, near 
 Coutanccs, 1642. He tirft distinguished him- 
 Self againft the Algerines, and afterwards at 
 Palermo, and againft the Spanifh fleet. He 
 deSeated in 1690 the fleets of England, and 
 Holland, but in the battle of la Hogne, two. 
 years after, he loft fourteen of his largeit Ships. 
 He died 1701, aged 59. 
 
 Toussaint Louvertore, a mulatto of 
 St Domingo, who by his abilities rofe to com- 
 mand in the French army under Rochambcau 
 in 1796. His influence among the blacks In- 
 duced him to aSpire to Sovereign power, and 
 the cruelties which the French exerciftd 
 againft the natives incrcafed the number^ 
 which flocked to his rebellious Standard. After 
 eftahlifhing a conftitution, arid being acknow- 
 ledged the head of all power civil and military, 
 he consolidated his authority by the wifeft re- 
 gulations ; but his confidence in the French, 
 who Still kept an army in the province, proved 
 fatal to him. He trufttd his perfoa among 
 them, and iufiead of being refpe&ed, he was 
 Seized as a criminal, and lent to France by 
 le Citric This ill-treated, but truly valiant 
 chieftain, died in his prifon 1803, either of 
 poifou or violence. 
 
 Toweks, yoft:ph, of Southwark, followed 
 the printing buSineSs at She: borne, and then 
 Settled as a bookfeller in London, and in 1774 
 became parlor of a prehSyteriari congregation sr 
 Highgate. Four years after he was with Dr. 
 Price, in Newington-green meeting, and in 
 1779 received the Edinburgh degree of LL. Di, 
 He wrote British biography, 7 vols. 8vo. 
 observations on Hume's hiftory of England 
 
 the 
 
TRA 
 
 TRE 
 
 the life and reign of Frederic III. of PrufTia, , 
 1 vols. 8vo. .1 vindication of Locke fer- 
 mons an anl'wer to Burke's famous pamphlet, 
 and other political tracts, fie died 1799, ( 
 aged 62. 
 
 Town lev, Charles, was born at Townley- j 
 hall, Lancashire. With genuine taite in the 
 knowledge of antiquities, and with an inde- 
 pendent fortune, he devoted his labors to the 
 formation of a noble collection, and his houi'e 
 in Park-ltreet became the depoikory of the j 
 bulky fragments of Egyptian architecture, and 
 the more beautiful Ipecimens cf the Grecian 
 and Roman models. His medals were alio i 
 numerous and valuable. The Etrufcan vales, 
 and other antiquities of his collection, were 
 illuftrated in 2 vols. 4to by d'Anc.wilie. 
 Mr. Townley, who was fellow of the antiqua- 
 rian and royal locieties, and one of the truitees 
 of the Britilh muicum, died at hit houi'e Park- 
 ltreet, 1805, aged 67. By his will he left 
 400CL for the building of a mufeum at Stan- 
 diih, tor his valuable antiquities, but as the 
 bcquelt has not been complied with, the whole 
 collection is, agreeable to his further direc- 
 tions, now depofited in the Britilh mufeum, 
 
 Townson, Thomas, D. D. was born in 
 Eflex 1 7 15. Prom Chrilt church, Oxford, he 
 removed to Magdalen college, and afterwards 
 was prefented fucccilively to Hatfield Peverel, 
 in ElTex, Blithfield, StatTordlhire, the lower 
 moiety of Malpas, Chefliire, and Richmond 
 archdeaconry, Yorklhire. He is known for 
 his valuable difcourfes on the four gofpels, and 
 thiee tracts in anl'wer to the confeliional, and 
 .iince his deitn in 1792, a difcourfe on the 
 evangelical hiitory has appeared. 
 
 Tozzetti, John Ttirgio/ii, a botanift, of 
 Florence. He was educated at Pifa, and luc- 
 ceeded his matter Micheli in the care of the 
 botanic garden of Florence. In 1737 he was 
 made profelfor of botany there. He was one 
 of the firit who introduced inoculation in Tuf- 
 cany. He died at Florence 1780, of an atro- 
 phy. Kis publications in Latin, as well as in 
 Italian, are relpectable. He publilhed a thefis 
 " de praeltantiti & ufu planum m in medicina," 
 fol. a work on the improvement of medicine 
 in Etruria, in 4 vols. 4to. &e. 
 
 Tradescant, Join, a Dutchman, who 
 travelled over Europe, Greece, Turkey, 
 Egypt, and Baxbary, w at la It fettled in 
 England as fuperinter.dant of the gardens of 
 Charles I. It is laid that he was the firlt who 
 formed in England a collection of medals and 
 objects of natural hiitory. His foil was alio a 
 great traveller. 1 hey had a large garden at 
 Lambeth, well (locked with various exotic 
 plants. An account of their valuable collec- 
 tion appeared under the name of mufeum Tra- 
 defcantium. The father died 1652. 
 
 Trai-p, Jofiphy was born 167a at Che- 
 fingtpn, GloucclterlVirc. He was educated 
 by his father and then entered at Wadham 
 college, Oxford. He was the firlt poetry pro 
 feflbr on the Birkhead foundation, and ho 
 
 publilhed his lectures, called pralecYiones 
 poeticje," a very elegant work. As he had 
 given excellent rules for the forming of a poet, 
 he afterwards attempted to act up to thole 
 rules in the trail flatten of the iEneid, hut in 
 this he failed. Virgil, as has been well ob- 
 ferved, viewed through the medium of Trapp, 
 appears an accurate writer, and the ./Eneid a 
 well conducted faMe ; but difcerned in Dry- 
 den's page, he glows as a fare from heaven. 
 Or. Trapp was rector of Darlington, Middle? 
 lex, of Chrilt-church, Newgate.-ftreet, and Sr. 
 Leonard's, Fofter-lane, and lecturer of St. 
 Lawrence, Jewry, and of St. Martin's in the 
 fields. He died 1747, and left behind him an 
 excellent character, as a critic, a fcholar, i 
 preacher, and as a man. He publilhed Mil- 
 ton's paradi'.'e loft, in Latin verle 4 vols, of 
 fermons Abramule, a tragedy a treatife on 
 being over righteous befides 2 vols, of his 
 pr^lectioncs, &c. 
 
 TrAviS, George, of Royton, Lancalhire, 
 was educated at Mancheiler fchool, and St. 
 John's college, Cambridge. He obtained 
 Ealtham vicarage, Handley rectory, Chefhire, 
 and the archdeaconry of Chefter, and a pre- 
 bend in that church. He ably attacked Gib- 
 bon's hiitory, and fhowed himfelf a ltrenuous 
 aflertor of the genuinenefs of the famous pa> 
 ftgfi in I John i',v. 7. againit Griefbach, Por- 
 fon, IVfarfh, nd Pappelbaum. He died 1797. 
 Trkmbley, Abraham, of Geneva, retired 
 to Holland, not to embrace the ecclefiaftical 
 profe'fion, as his father wiihed. After being 
 private tutor in Holland, he came to London, 
 and undertook the education of the duke of 
 Richmond. He returned to Geneva 1757, 
 and died there 1784, aged 74. His works .ire 
 memoirs Oil po'ypus, 4to. intlruotions front 
 a lather to his children, on natural religion, 2 
 vols. 8vo. inttructions on natural religion, 3 
 vols. 3vo. &c. 
 
 Tremoili.b or Trimouille, Louis <L- la, 
 iiifcount de Thouars, a French general, born 
 1460. At the age of 18 he was made general 
 of the French. forces, and at the battle of St. 
 Aubin-du-Cormier in 1488, he took pri Toner 
 Orleans, afterwards Lewis X 11. He potfe-ded 
 equal abilities as a negociator, and was employ- 
 ed as ambafTador in Britany, at Vienna and 
 Rome. Lewis XII., when railed to the throne, 
 forgot the injuries he had received ami 'Mi- 
 trulted him with his armies in Italy. Tre- 
 ir.oiile was . wounded at Novara, but bravely 
 defended Dijon again ft the Swiff, and protect- 
 ed Picardy and Provence. He fell gJoribufly 
 at the battle of Pavn 1525, aged 65. 
 
 Tkenchard, Johrty vvas bred to the law, 
 and was commiflioner of forfeited eftates in 
 Ireland. He diltinguifhed himfelf as a politi- 
 cal writer, and in 1720 began with Gordon to 
 publifhin the London, and the Britilh journal, 
 letters under the name of " Cato," which at- 
 tracted much attention. He was member of 
 parliament for Taunton, So ntri "t.l.ire, and 
 dieii 1723 of an ulcer in his kidneys. He 
 [ D d 3 ] pub- 
 
TRO 
 
 TRU 
 
 eoblbhed forne pamyhlets now forgotten. He 
 ibe \ by Goid.on as a man of extraordi- 
 nary taku:s, and great poHry. 
 
 TRENCK, FrgmtU, baton de, a Pruilian 
 nobleman, impriibmd for his imprudent con- 
 duit. He publiflied his memoirs, which con- 
 tain a curious account of his adventures, but 
 not always in the language of truth. He came 
 to France during the revolution, and wiihing 
 to acquire popularity, he was arretted us a 
 fulpected peifon, and guillotined I794> a Sed 
 
 ... 
 
 Trevisani, Francis, of Triefte, is emi- 
 nent as a painter. He fettled at Rome, uh.re 
 he acquired celebrity for his hhlorical pieces 
 nd Undfcapes. He died 1746, aged 90. 
 
 ?revisi, J?rome, of TrevJfi, came to 
 England, and was noticed by Henry VIII. to 
 whjm he was appointed painter and chief engi- 
 neer, he was killed at the liege of Boulogne, 
 
 Trissjno. John George, a poet, born at 
 
 . a .1478 He ftudied at Milan and at 
 
 Hone, ard devoted himfelf'to literary pur- 
 
 fuits. 1 he death of his wife, by whom he had 
 
 two fons, drew him into public life, and at 
 
 Rome he foothed thetorrbwrs of his domeftic 
 
 misfortunes by writing a tragedy, Sophonilba, 
 
 which was received with univerfal applaufe. 
 
 He was afterwards employed in fome emhaffies 
 
 by the pope. His fecond marriage 1526, and 
 
 his iondnefs for a fon, the fruit cf this marriage, 
 
 f roved the fource of ifery to him. His 
 
 elded Ion was jealous of his partiality for this 
 
 younger i ild, and fued his fa her for the 
 
 property of ids departed mother in which he 
 
 prevailed. This had iuch effect upon Triflino, 
 
 that he died of chagrin 1550. His works 
 
 yublhhed 2 vols. fol. Verona, 1720. 
 
 -lief poem is Italy delivered from the 
 
 by Belifarius, in Italian, a work which 
 
 1 genius and felicity of invention, though 
 
 not the flights or beauties of TaiTo. 
 
 Tmvulce, John James, of Milan, was 
 bar.ifhed for his attachment to the GueTs. He 
 entered into the fervice cf the king of Arra- 
 l J afterwaids of Charles VIII. of France, 
 and was marfhal cf the kingdom. He d.iilin- 
 guiflied himfelf at the battle of Aignadc-1 in 
 1509, but the deTea* of the French before 
 Ncvara was attributed to his negligence. lie 
 fhjrrardtdiftinguifh< i hjmfejf at the battle of 
 Marxian, end died at Arpajou 1518, aged 
 about 80. 
 
 Tro.mp, Martin Happertz, 6f BriHc, at 
 Wic r.ge of eight embarked for the Indies in the 
 nava] tervice of his country. H e diflinguifhed 
 - before Gibraltar 1607, and ro; 
 eft ftation fo be admiral of Holland. 
 He defeated a numerous SpanHh fleet in 
 (d his valor in 3a ether 
 ' as killed on the quarter 
 mmandii^ the fleet, which en,. 
 11 rAl 
 AufUfl lie was honored by his 
 
 vith a moft fplcn 
 
 This brave mm refufed all titles except that of 
 father of the l'ailors. 
 
 Tromp, Cornelius, fon of the above, dif- 
 tinguiihed, himielf alio againft the corfairsof 
 Barbary in 1650, and againft the Engliih in 
 1653 and 1665. He behaved with great valor 
 in the two naval battles fought with the Eng- 
 lilli in 1673, and three years after he fucce< ded 
 Ruyter as admiral of the United Provinces. 
 He died 169,1, aged 62. 
 
 Tuonciiin, Theodore, a phyfician, born at 
 Geneva 1704. He came to England with 
 lord Bolingbroke, and after ftudying at Cam. 
 bridge he went to Leyden. Pie fettled at 
 Amsterdam ps phyfician, but returr. ed to Ge- 
 neva in 1754, and two years after removed to 
 Paris, where he inoculated fome of the royal 
 family. H e was much refpected in that capital, 
 and died there 1781, deiervedly lamented. 
 He wrote de nympha, 8vo. de colica picto- 
 rum, 8vo. &c. 
 
 Troost, Cornelius, of Amfterdam, is dd*. 
 tinguifhed as an hiftorian and a painter. He 
 died 1750, aged 53. His chief piece is pre- 
 ferved \a the fchool of furgery at Amfterdam, 
 where he represents an anatomical profeflbr 
 directing a body before his attentive pupils. 
 
 Troy, Francis <fe K of Touloufe, became 
 profefibr, and afterwards director of the acade- 
 my of painting. Kis female figures were par- 
 ticularly pTeafing, fo that it was faid of him," 
 that he had ftolen the cetlus of Venus. He 
 died 1.730, aged 85. 
 
 Troy, John Francis, fon of the above, 
 died at Rome 1752, aged 76. He alio ex- 
 celled as a painter. His N pbe changed into 
 a rock, his Efther and his Jaibn, are admired, 
 pieces. 
 
 Trublet, Nicholas Charles Jifsph, of St 
 Malo, publifhed reflexions on Telcmachus, 
 which introduced him to la Mothe and Ion- 
 tenelle, and he enjoyed the patronage of car- 
 dinal de Tencin, but preferred retirement to 
 the honors f the court. His eflays on litera- 
 ture and morality, 4 vols. i2mo. poTefs great 
 merit. He wrote memoirs of la Mote and 
 Fontenelle, &c. and died 1770, aged 73. 
 
 Truchet, John, of Lyons, applied iiim- 
 felf to divinity, but mechanics proved his fa- 
 vorite purfuit. Under Colbert, he paid atten- 
 tion to geometry and hydarulics, and was 
 confulted in the conftruction of canals and 
 aqueducts. He alfo improved the mode of 
 bleaching, and iuvented various machines for 
 purpofes of commerce, bcc. He died 1729, 
 aged 72. 
 
 .Trumbull, William, LL.D. a ftatefman, 
 born in Berkfhire. He was of St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards fellow of All- 
 fouls. He was advocate in doctors' commons, 
 was knighted 1684, and the next year lent 
 envoy to France. He was member for Pair 
 Loo, and afterwards for Oxford univcrlity, 
 and in j 695 was fecret.ny of Mate, but refigh- 
 ed two years after. The time of his death is 
 d. He is defciibed by Burnet 
 as 
 
TUN 
 
 TUR 
 
 -as a moft able civilian, and a very virtuous 
 man. He is, however, chiefly known as the 
 friend of Pope. 
 
 Tucker, Ahraham-, author of " the light 
 .of nature purfued," 9 vols. 8vo. puhlifhed, un- 
 der the aflluned name of Search, died at his 
 feat, Betehworth caftle, near Dorking, Sur- 
 vey, 1775. 
 
 Tucker, jofiaB, an able divine, born "at 
 JLaugharn, Caermarthenfhire, and educated at 
 St. John's college, Oxford. He became r,etor 
 of St. Stephen's, then prebendary of the ca- 
 thedral, and in 1758 dean of Gloucester. 
 During the American war, he drew much of 
 the public attention upon himfelf by his pam- 
 'phlets, in which he ifferted the ntceffity of 
 granting independence to the colonies, rather 
 than to attempt to lubdue them by arms. As 
 a writer en fubjedts of government, of com 
 meice, and of politics, his opinion was highly 
 refpeci able. In his treatiie on civil govern- 
 ment lie oppoied Locke, and proved himfelf 
 no mean antagonift in the field of p ilofophy 
 and reafoi ling.-* He -publiflied feme fermons, 
 &c. and died at an advanced age, 1799. 
 
 TOLL, jeibro, \s ever to he eel hiated as 
 the Brft Engliftimari who beftbwed particular 
 attention to agriculture, and endeavoured to 
 reduce it to a regular fyflem. t.e is the in- 
 ventor of: he drill plough. He travelled into 
 France, und other parts of Europe, earneftly 
 attentive to the improvements made in agri- 
 culture in foreign countries. Though baffled 
 by the itupid.ty of his laborers and the me- 
 chanics whom he employed, he demonftrated 
 that by careful labor and due arrangement, the 
 ground would produce in the courfe of 13 
 years more plentiful crops than by the uiual 
 methods of manuring and of fallow. His 
 neighbours who obferved the rapid improve- 
 ments of his land, prevailed upon Jiim to 
 publifh his theory, which appeared in 1733. 
 His eflay on horfe-hoeing husbandry, fol. was 
 fo popular that it was t.-anflated into French 
 by du H.imel He publiflied other agricul- 
 tural tract^, and died 1740. 
 
 Tui.lv, Tbatxas, of Carliflel was educated 
 at Queen's college, Oxford. He was in 164* 
 elected matter of Tetbury grammar fchool, 
 and in 1 65 7 was made head of St. Edm.md 
 hall, and at the reftoration he became chap- 
 j !e was m:ide dean of Rip. 
 pon, 16*75, *na died the next year, aged 56. 
 He was author of logica apodcictica, 8vo. and 
 fome other theological tracts. 
 
 Tully, George, a relation of the preceding, 
 horn alio at Carlific, and educated at Queen's 
 college. He was author of a dfcouri'e on the 
 government of the thought*, 3vo. and pub- 
 lished a tranfbtitm of Plutarch's morals, &c. 
 He publiflied betides fome fermons and theo- 
 logical tracts. He obtained a prebend of 
 Rippon, and the rectory of Galcfide, near 
 Newcaftle, &c. He died 1695, aged 42. 
 
 Tun stall, J times, was born 17x0, and 
 educated at St. John's college, Cambridge. 
 
 He was prefented 1739 to Stunner reclo.ry, 
 EfTex, and in 1741 elected public orator of the 
 uniyerfity. He : ' was chaplain afterwards to 
 Potter, the primate, who gave 'him Grefct 
 Chart rectory in Kent. He died T-772. He 
 wrote epiitola^ad A'irum erudit. Conyers Mid- 
 dleton, &c academica, or difcourlbs on na- 
 tural and revealed religion, Src 
 
 TuRENXE, Henry dc la Tour a" 'Atmergne, 
 1-ifcoiint de, i'econd fon of the duke of bouil- 
 lon, was born at Sedan, 1611. From his 
 earlieft years he found particular delight in 
 reading Curtiu? on the exploits of Alexander 
 the Great. He learned the art of war under 
 his maternal uncle Maurice of NafTau, -and 
 rirft diitinguifhed himielf at the liege of la 
 Mothe in Lorraine, in 1634. In 1635 he 
 reduced with rapidity S dre in Hainault, with . 
 a garriibn of 2COO men, and the next year lb 
 fignalized himfelf at Brifach, that Richelieu 
 offered him his njece in marriage, which, as a 
 protellant, he declined. In 1642 he alibied 
 at the conqueft of Rouiiillon, and two years 
 after, in reward for his fervices during 17 
 years, he w?s made marfhal of France, and 
 commander in chief. He crofted the Rhine 
 . ith u fmall force, and though defeated at 
 Mariendal, 1645, he recovered, three months 
 after, at the victory of Northlingen, the honor 
 of his army. In 1645 he re-eltabliihed the 
 elector of Treves, and the following year he 
 formed an union with the Swedilh army under 
 Wrangel, after a march of 14c leagues, and 
 by this manoeuvre obliged the duke of Bavaria 
 to fue for peace.. When the duke ibon after 
 violated the peace, Turenr.e again attacked 
 him, and gained over him the famous battle of ' 
 Zumarthaufen. In the civil wars of France, 
 Turenne embrsieed the party of the rebellious 
 princes, and was defeated near Rhetch in 
 i6jo, but the following year he was reconciled 
 to the court. He checked the progress of 
 Conde. to whom he was oppoied, and after - 
 fome fkilful manoeuvres on the Loirge, the 
 Seine, and the Maine, he went in 1654 to 
 raife the fiege of Arras. In 1657 bc t0 k St. 
 Vc-naut, &c, and joined the forces of Crom- 
 well in taking Dunkirk, which was followed 
 by the fall of Oudenard, Ypres, and other 
 Flemifh towns. In 1667 he was placed at the 
 head of military operations, and instructed the 
 king his malter in the art of war. Ris fuccels 
 was fo rapid, that the Spaniards fued for peace 
 the next yenr, and about this time- the general 
 renounced the tenets of the proteftants tor the 
 catholic faith. In the war againfl Holland be- 
 took 40 Dutch towns in 22 days, in 1672 and 
 the following year, he purfued to the gates of 
 Berlin the elector of Brandenburg, and obliged 
 him to lue for peace. His conqueft of Francho 
 Comte, in 1074, occ.:fioncd a powerful league, 
 againft I.ewis XIV. but Turenne, ever active, 
 fuddeuly marched into the palatinate, *and de- 
 feated at Sintzein a German army, and lb laid 
 waite the country, that from the top of his 
 caftle at Msurheim the eledtor could lee two 
 [ 3J d 4 ] cities 
 
TUR 
 
 TUR 
 
 ckiea and %5 villages around him in fiV.raes. 
 After this campaign, Turenne retreated to 
 limine, and defeated the imperialists at 
 Mulhaufen, and agihi in a more terrible bat- 
 tle it Turkh.-im, Jhl compelled them to rc- 
 aois the Rhine. Theft difafen did not dif- 
 heirten the cabinet of Vienna, who < 
 Montecuculli to Turemic, and theft two il- 
 luftriout characters were going to decide the 
 valor of their troops near Sakzhach, when the 
 
 I hero, examining a fpQt to erect a bat- 
 tery, was unfortunately kiT'd by a cannon 
 ball, 1675, r.ged 64- Dafervedly reckoned as 
 the firft general of his a^e, he was honored 
 with a mot fplendid funeral by his mafter, 
 
 II bured among the French kings at St. 
 Deny* In 1 781 a fuperb trophy was erected 
 
 I very fpot where he fell at Saltzbach. 
 by cardinal do Rohin. In his private conduit 
 he was modelt and unaTuming, aud wh.ni at 
 the treaty of the Pyrenees, the kings of Spain 
 and France introduced to each other the chief 
 jKrfons of their court, Turenne was found 
 concealed among the crowd, Uid when pre- 
 sented to the Spaniih monarch, Philip obferved 
 %o his tiller, A*nr.e bf Aufiria, " that is the 
 pun .-ho has made me pals l'o many fieeplefs 
 pigntr." 
 
 'i L'RGOT, Michael Stephen, prefident of the 
 parliament at Paris, contributed to adorn .Pa- 
 d ttj promQte the comforts of its inha- 
 He died 1 75 1, aged 52. 
 
 Turcot, Anne Robert 'James, youngeft 
 fon of tiie preceding, was born 1727. He 
 ftudied divinity at the Sorbonne, and at the 
 age of 24 he began a tranflation of the Geor- 
 gtcs of Virgil. His abilities recommended 
 him to the court, and for 12 years he was in. 
 tend.'iu of I.imoges, where he promoted 
 commerce, and opened fources of opulence by 
 fhe making of new roads, and the digging of 
 cn.^., Lewis XVI. to the oihee 
 
 'of coti.ptroJicr-gereral of the finances, he im- 
 proved the refources of the kingdom, and lef- 
 .e burfteQf of the people. His plans 
 were grand, liberal, and ufeful ; but untonn- 
 pately he was cpnofed by thole who were 
 poffeiftd of power rather than of an enlighten- 
 ed mind, and he at laft retired from a Gtuatioh 
 which he had adorned by his talents and inte- 
 grity. His mitiilry was, indeed, fhort, but 
 very popular and ui'efuL He died of the gout, 
 1J 01, aged ag. Memoirs of his life and of 
 bit works were pubiifhed by Condorcet, 8vo. 
 
 Tom y.uvs, Adrian, was born IJI4, at 
 
 Andely in Normandy. He ftudied at Paris, 
 
 and tau.:ht polite literature at Touleufe, and 
 
 in 1547 became Greek profeflbr at Paris. In 
 
 be l'uperintendtd the royal prefs for 
 
 books, but refigned three years after, 
 
 and di d 156$. Not oniy his erudition, but 
 
 lanters, entitled him to the gene- 
 
 if bellowed upon his character. His 
 
 works chiefly confift of valuable notes on Ci- 
 
 Cwo, Vo, 'i'hucydide*, Pkuo, ic Latin 
 
 poems- tranflations from Ariftotlc, Theo- 
 phraitus, &c. 
 
 ' IV .t N k k , William, of Morpeth, Northum- 
 berland, was educated at Pembroke hall, Cain- 
 bridge. Embracing rhe tenet of the reforma- 
 tion, he preached to various congregations, till 
 Gardiner, jealous of him, impriibiicd him. 
 When liberated he went to the continent and 
 returned to England, on Edward's acceilion, 
 and was made dean of Wells, but he wet 
 into exile, under Mary, till under Elizabeth 
 he was reftored to his ecelefiaftical honors. 
 He wrote a treatift on the baths cfEn/nnd 
 and Germany a complete herbal, or hiftory 
 of plants, fol, and other botanical works, and 
 died 1568. 
 
 Turner, Thomas, was born at Reading, 
 Berks, and educated at St. John's college. He 
 was in i62v> made reildentiary of St- Paul's, 
 ?nd chaplain to Charles 1. whom he accom- 
 panied to Scotland, and in 164 1 was made 
 dean of Rocheiler, ana loon after of Canter- 
 bury. 1 heie dignities rendered him very fuf- 
 pecred to the parliament, and during the civil 
 wars, he was ffripped of his preferment, with 
 every mark of infult. He died 1672, aged 
 81. 
 
 Turner, Francis, fon of the above, was 
 educated at Wincheiler icho d, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford, and afterwards obtained a pre- 
 bend of St. Paul's, and the deanery 0/ Wii;d- 
 for He was, in 1683, mads; bifhop of Ro- 
 cheiler, and the next vear removed to Ely, 
 but his opposition to ihe king rendered hirn 
 unpopular, and iie was one of the feven bifhops 
 lent to the tower. At the revolution he re- 
 filled to take the oaths to William, and was 
 confequently deprived. He wrote ibme fer- 
 mons, befides religious poems, &c. and died 
 1700. 
 
 Turner, Robert, quitted the kingdom to 
 preferve his attachment to the Romifh church. 
 He wa-; in the fervice cf the duke of Bavaria, 
 and after waids became canon of Breflaw, and 
 died at Gratzj 1597. He wrote commentaries 
 on fcripture, &c. 
 
 Turpin, F.H. of Caen, became profeflbr 
 of belles lettres there, and afterwards at Paris.' 
 He publilhed the lives of the great Conde, and 
 of marftial Choiteul hiftory of the govern- 
 ment of ancient republics- life of Mahomet, 
 3 vois. 1 2mo. Huniverfal hil'lorv, 4 vols. 
 hiftory of the alccr:in, 2 vols. &c. He died 
 ^799 a ed yo. 
 
 T'urretin, Francis, of Geneva, was pre 
 feffbr of theology at Geneva, 1653, and wa 
 in 1661 envoy from the republic to Holland 
 He died 1687. He wrote inftitutio theologia 
 elenchtica;, 3 vols. 4to. thefts de fatisfattic 
 J. C. 410. &c 
 
 Turretin, John Alphcnfu:, fon of th 
 preceding, was born at Geneva, 1671. Aft 
 travelling over Holland, France, and England 
 much reipecVtcd by the learned and the great 
 he died at Geneva, 1737. He wrote differ- 
 
 tatior.i 
 
TYN 
 
 TZE 
 
 tations, 3 vols 4ro. fermons an abridgment 
 f ecclefiaftical niltory, &c. 
 
 Tusser, Thomas, of Raven hall, ElTex, 
 was educated at Eton and Cambridge. He 
 was introduced to the court of queen Eliza- 
 beth, but he preferred a rural life. His five 
 hundred points of good huibandry, 4to. is an 
 interesting picture of the agricultural progrets 
 of thole days. He died about 1580. 
 
 Twining, Thomas, a Greek icholar, well 
 jenown for his tram! atioii of the poetics of 
 Ariltotle, 4to.. He was a native or London, 
 and finilhed his education^ at Sidney college, 
 Cambridge. He was prefetited to the living 
 of St. Mary's, Chichelter, and died there in 
 1804. 
 
 Twiss, William, of Newbury, Berks, was 
 educated at Wmchefter fchool, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford. He defended the tenets ot' the 
 pre^byterians, and was prelident of the Weft- 
 naimler afTembly of divines, and rector of St. 
 Andrew's, Holborn. He wrote vindicia: gra- 
 tis pottftatis & provldentia? Dei, fol. four 
 differtations do fcientia medica, fol. &c. He 
 died 1645. 
 
 TrE, Ct-rrftopber, mufical preceptor to Ed- 
 ward VI. and organitt of the royal chapel un- 
 der Elizabeth, was born at Weftminicer and 
 educa ed at Cambridge. He fet to mufic the 
 acts of the apofltes, and other things. The 
 time of his deatn is not known. 
 
 Ty -;rs, TXeaw, the friend of Johnfon, and 
 the proprietor of Vauxhall gardens, was brought 
 up to the bar, but never pracriled. He died 
 1. 78 7. He wrote fome fonners, pallorals, be- 
 sides political tracts, &c. 8vo. 
 
 Tvmda[.l, William, an Englifh reformer, 
 born on the bonders of Wales, and educated 
 at Magdalen hall, Oxford, where he imbibed 
 the doctrines of Luther. He afterwards went 
 ' to Cambridge, and then to the continent, that 
 he might with greater fecurity print his trans- 
 lation of the new teitament into Englilb. His 
 irunfiution was well received in England, 
 though the catholics wifhed to fupprefs it. He 
 afterwards tranflated the live books of Moles, 
 but the papifts were lb enraged Bgamft him 
 that they employed a fpy to betray him, and 
 he was feized as an heretic at Antwerp, 
 Though the Englifh merchants in Antwerp 
 intereded themlelves in his favcr, and lord 
 Cromwell wrote for hisrtleafe, he was con - 
 ^mned to jlie. He was firft fir angled, then 
 
 burnt near Filford caflle, i3 miles from An 
 twerp, 15.36. 
 
 Tvrwhit r, TJjomas. was fent from Ken- 
 fiogton to liton, and then entered t 'Queen's 
 college, Oxford, from whence he was, m 1755, 
 elected fellow of Merton. He was, m 1756, 
 under Secretary at war to lord B rring ..,. and 
 in 1761 became principal clerk of the hoafe 
 of commons, which he religned, 6x years ai r 
 to Mr. Hatfell. In 1784 he was el ected cu- 
 rator of the Britiih mtueum, and died 1786, 
 univerully reflected, as well for learning, as. 
 for gentlebefs and anriablenefs of temper. 
 HU .vorks, 12 in number, difplay labor, as 
 well as tai'te and judgment. The bed known, 
 are obfervntions on fome pa(Tage3 in ,hakef- 
 peare poetical translations of Pope's Median, 
 of Philips' fplendjd Shilling, into Latin, and 
 Pindar's eighth Idhmian ode into Englilb 
 Chaucer's Canterbury tales, 5 vols. 8vo. Row- 
 ley's poems, vvtitten by Ciiattert on, with a 
 vindication agaioit Bryant, the clean ot'Exeter, 
 and others Ariltotle s poetics, &c. 
 
 I'v&on, Edvjard, of Briftol, was educated 
 at Magdalen hail, Oxford. He fettled in Lon- 
 don, and acquired a very extenfive practice. He 
 became phyfician to Bethlehem and Bridewell 
 hofpttali, and .died very fuddenly, 1708, aged 
 58. His works are phocjena,. or anatomy of 
 a porpoife, 4to. ephemeri vita, or the natural 
 htftory of the ephemeron, 4to. ourang outang, 
 or cemparifon of the anatomy of the pigmy, 
 the ape, the monkey, and man, &c. 4to. 
 
 T viler, William, was born at Edinburgh, 
 I7II. He publlfhed the poetical remains of 
 James I. of Scotland a difiertation of Scottilh 
 mufic -an enquiry into the evidence againft; 
 Mary queen of Scots, &c. an able woik, which 
 in reflecting on the conclufions of Robertfon 
 and Hume, endeavoured to turn away the 
 tide of unpopularity from tha- unfortunate 
 queen. He died 1792 advanced in life, an '. high- 
 ly refpected for his private and public character. 
 
 Tzetzes, John, a grammarian ot Con- 
 flantinople, about the 12th century, Hefhone 
 as a great fcholar, and it is laid that his me- 
 mory was Co retentive that lie could repeat all 
 the fu-intures by heart. He wrote valuable 
 commentaries 6n'the Alexandra of Lvcophron, 
 publiflied by Potter in his edition of that >et, 
 1697. He wrote alfo " :M\'< >des," an elabo- 
 te work .'cholia on Hefiod epigrams and 
 poems pieces on grammar, txc, 
 
 VAC- 
 
V. 
 
 VA1 
 
 VAL 
 
 \ JACQUERIE, John <Je la, firft prcfident 
 of the parliament of Paris, is celebrated 
 for the firm nets of his addrefs to Lewis XI. 
 when he uifhed to enforce fome unpopular 
 tiits hire, exclaimed he, at the head of the 
 neat, we refigri our offices into your 
 kinds, determined rather to endure the i'eve- 
 
 your difpleafure, than wound our con- 
 Icifuces. 
 
 I r.', J'ln J<-f<rj>b, a native of Ham, in 
 Picardy.who made amends for the irregularities 
 of his youth by the excellence cf his poetical 
 productions, he is the author of that kind of 
 which the French called Pciffard, Which 
 points in low, but natural characters, the occu- 
 of vulgar life. He was, among poets, 
 what Teniers is among painters, and his paro- 
 dies, fongs, bouquets, fables, epiitles,&c. poffefs 
 grest merit. His diffipated life fhortened his 
 dbys, and he died 1757, at the early age of 
 
 Vadian, Joachim, of St. Gal, in Switzer- 
 hrd, was honored with the laurel crown for 
 his literary merits, by the emperor of Ger- 
 many, and died X551, aged 66. He wrote 
 commentaries on Pomponius Mela, fol. a 
 trarife on poetry, and other works in Latin. 
 
 Vatmamt, John Fey, a French medallift, 
 born at Beauvais 163a. He ftudied jurispru- 
 dence, and afterwards medicine, but the fight 
 of a number of medals, which a peafant found 
 
 ing in a neighbouring field, fixed the 
 bent of his genius. On a vifit to Paris he was 
 introduced to Colbert, who engaged him to 
 tn*el over Italy, Sicily, and Greece, in queft 
 
 -!;)<. On a fecond voyage from Mar- 
 leilles, he was taken by pirates, and was 
 
 : as a flare, to Algiers ; but after five 
 
 I of llavery,hc returned to France for 
 1 is ranfom. At fca, the fight' of another 
 
 threatened frefh flavery ; but to preferve 
 th Medals which he had collected at Algiers 
 he fwallowtd them. He landed foon after at 
 the mouths of the Rhone, and nature dif- 
 charged the favorite medals. He undertook 
 another foyage, and vifited Egypt and Perfia, 
 a;d returned loaded with curiofities. His la- 
 bors were liberally rewarded by Lewis XIV. ; 
 he was made ailbciate of the academy of in- 
 fcriptioni i;ot,and died of an apoplexy X706, 
 aged A The heft known of his works are, 
 numitaiata impcratorum Roman, praftantiora 
 a J. CarLr. ad Pctthumum & tyranno", 4to. 
 
 enbrged to 3 vols. 4to. Seleu'cidnrum impe-, 
 rium, &c. 4to. a valuable work numifm.vta 
 serea' Augijftorurn & Cafar. in coloniis, &c. 
 1 vols, folio, nurhifmata imperatorum, &c 
 apus Grscos, folio, &c. His ion John 
 Francis was born at Rome, and educated at 
 Paris among the jefuits. He took his degrees 
 in medicine, but ftudied the fcience of medals. 
 He died 1 708, aged 44, of an abfeefs in the 
 head, ocrafioned by a fall. He is author of a 
 treatife on the nature and ufe of coffee, &c. 
 
 Vail j. a NT, Sebnjlian, a botanift, born near 
 Pontoife. From organift at a convent he be- 
 came fecretary to Fagon, the king's phyfician, 
 and was made director of the' royal gardens. 
 He enriched the garden by the addition of cu- 
 rious plants, and had a feat in the academy of 
 fciences. He publifhed remarks on Tourne- 
 fbrt's infJtutions of botany botamcon Farifi- 
 enfe, containing an account of the plants 
 which grow near Paris, with 300 plates, &c 
 He died of an SflUima, X3a, aged 53. 
 
 Vaissette, Dovjofeph, of Gaillac, quit- 
 ted the office of king's procureur in Alhigeois, 
 for the ecclefjaftical profeffion. He came to 
 Paris 1713, and with Claude de Vic, wrote an 
 hiftory of Languedoc, of which the firft volume 
 appeared in 1730, folio. After the death of 
 his coadjutor ho pubiifhed four other volumes. 
 He wrote befides, an abridgement of his great 
 work, 6 vols. iamo. uriiverfal geography, 4 
 vols. 4to. and i% vols:i2ino. He died 1756, 
 aged 71. 
 
 VAIAZE, Charles Eleanor e' Dufriche, of 
 Alencon, after being in the military profeffion, 
 was called to the bar, and fent as deputy to the 
 convention. He was violent in his reflections 
 againft the unhappy Lewis, but as attached to 
 the Girondifis, he was condemned 1793, at 
 the age of 42, but as the fentence was pro- 
 nounced, he flabhed himfelf to the heart. He 
 was intelligent on fubjeets of law, commerce, 
 and agriculture, and publifhed, lois penales, 
 8vo. 1784 le reve, conte philofophique, &c. 
 
 Vajldo, Peter, of Vaux, in Dauphine, be- 
 came in 1 1 80, the head of a feet called from 
 him Vaudois. lewis VII, endeavoured in vain 
 to convert them, and his fon Philip Augullus 
 confldering the fword as more powerful than 
 the tongue, deffroyed their houfJs, and put 
 above 70CX) to the fword. Difperfed through 
 Languedoc, Dauphiny, Bohemia, &c. they ftill 
 adhered to their principle!, 
 
 Valentin, 
 
VAL 
 
 VAL 
 
 Valentin, pope after Eugemus IT. died 
 40 days after hi election, 837. 
 
 Valentin, Bajii, an able chemift in the 
 x6th century, his works are in German, 
 and fo popular that they have been trauflated 
 into Latin and Enjlrfh. The belt known are 
 currus t-kimphalis a:timonii Amfterd. i2mo. 
 azoph of philofophers with the twelve keys 
 cf philofophy, 8vo. &o. 
 
 Valentin, Mi clad Bernard, of G i efTen , 
 ftudied botany, and became profefTbr of medi- 
 cine in his native town, fie died 1729, aged 
 72. He is ..uthor of hiitoria fimplicium re- 
 formata, with 23 plates 1723 amp"rnt:;e?.trum 
 zootomicum, in Gerrcan, 3 vols. fol. tranf- 
 kted into Latin by Becker medicina nova 
 antiqua, 4 to, &c. 
 
 Valentine, daughter of John Galens, of 
 Milan, married Lewis of Orleans, who was 
 bafely murdered by the duke of Burgundy. 
 Unable to avenge his death, fbe died <jf a 
 broken heart 1408, recommending to her 
 children the natural Ion of her hufband. 
 
 Valerianus. Pierius, of Beliuno in the 
 Venetian ft ates, ftudied under Valla and Laf- 
 cans, and was entrufted with the care of the 
 two nephews .f LeoX. He had the modefty 
 to refute two biihoprics, and remained farisfk-d 
 with the office of apoitckc notary. After t!:e 
 death of his pupils, he retired to literary eafe 
 at Padua, where he died 1558, aged S^. ^e 
 was author of various treaiifes on curious fub- 
 jedts, both in Italian and Latin. 
 
 Valesius Henricvs, or. Henry de 
 Valois, of Paris, after ftudying under the 
 jefuits at Verdun, and afterwards at Paris, 
 and at Bourges, embraced, to pleafe his father, 
 the profeffion of the law. Literature, however, 
 had greater charms for him, and he 'ftudied 
 hiftory and antiquities. He published the an- 
 cient ecckfiaftical hiftorjans, for which he re- 
 ceived the honorable reward of a penfion, and 
 in 1670 was appointed by the king hiftorio- 
 grarher of France for his publication of Eufe- 
 bios. He died 1676, aged 73. Eeiides his 
 ecckfiaftical hiftorians, 3 vols. fol. lie edited, 
 with valuable notes, Ammiauus Marcellinus, 
 &c. His brother Adrian diftinguifned himl'elf 
 alio ns a learned hiftorian, and died 1692, aged 
 85. HepubliuV-d gefta Francorum from 254 
 to 752, 3 vols. fol. a work of great labor.. He 
 ed betides, notitia Galliarum, fol. a 
 panezvricon the king,&c. 
 
 Valeite Parisot, John de la, grand 
 mafter of IWalta 1557, bravely defended the 
 iflaud againit Solyman II and an army of 
 8o.coc men. After a fiege of four months, 
 and the lols of 20,000 men, the Turks re- 
 treated, and the ?vlaltefe railed from its ruins 
 their city, to which they gave the name of 
 their heroic defender. He died 1568. 
 
 Valette, Join Ltivis de-Negarcf, dulc 
 d'Epernon, a French general, the friend of 
 Henry III. After his death, though attached 
 to the interefts of the enemies of Henry IV. 
 he was reconciled to him. He was Ipadi 
 
 honors, and maintained the /arae influence 
 with Lewis XIII. in fpite of the intrigues o! 
 Richelieu. His-attack upon the archhifhop of 
 IBcurdeaux, whom he ft; tick, expofed him to 
 the cenfures of the church, but his own fub- 
 miilion reftored him to favor. He died 1642, 
 aged 88. His brother Bernard fhvcei his ho- 
 nors, and was killed at the fiege of Roquebrunc, 
 near Frejus, 1592. 
 
 Valincour, John Baptijl Ihv.ry dft 
 Troujfet de, a French writer, fecretary of ma- 
 rine to admiral de'Touloufe at the battle cf 
 Malaga; in which he was wounded. He was 
 appointed by Lewis -XIV. his hiftorian, in ti 
 room of Racme. He died at Paris 1 730, 
 aged 77. He was author ,of a letter to la 
 marquife de . ... izmo. the life of Francis 
 de Lorraine, duke of Gnife critical obfesrva- 
 tiors on the cedipus of Sophocles, 4to. &c. 
 
 Valkenburgh, TLodore, of Amfk-rdam, 
 was eminent as a painter. Fie loft his proper- 
 ty in a voyage to the Weft Indies, and died 
 poqr in Holland, 1721, aged 46. Kis dead 
 game and fruit pieces are admired. 
 
 Valla, Laurentius, of Placentia, pofleijed 
 ?reat powers as a rr tic. Violent in his re- 
 marks, and contentious in his character* he 
 railed againit himfelf a hoft of enemies, and 
 without confining his reflections to literature, 
 he ventured to attack the traditions of the 
 church, and to declare, tint in his quiver he 
 had arrows even againit Cfcrift himfeli. He 
 was patronized by Alphonfus of Naples, who 
 at the age of 50 learned Latin of him ; and 
 when he was perfecuted for the boldneis of 
 his opinions, and condemned to be burned 
 alive, he was faved from the flames by bis 
 royal protector, and fubmittcd only to a pri- 
 vate correction in the convent of the Jaco- 
 bines. He was invited from Naples to Rome 
 by Nicholas V. who knew his literary merit. 
 He died at Rome 1465, aged 50. '] hough 
 cenfured by Poggius and others, Valla has 
 had among his defenders Erafmus, and if he 
 cannot he exculpated frors aipcrity of lan- 
 guage, he yet poireffes the merit ok indefati- 
 gable zeal in the caufe offcience, of correct 
 judgment, and acute difcernment. His works 
 are, 'elegances of die Latin language, a valu- 
 able work, folio and 4to. treatife againft the 
 fslfe donation of Conftantine hiftory of the 
 reign of Ferdinand of Arragon, 4to tranfla- 
 tions of Thucycfides, Herodotus, flomer's 
 Iliad, Sec not of much value notes on the- 
 Greek teftament fables, &e. 
 
 Valle, Peter ddLi, of Rome, was from 
 1614 to^l626 employed in vifiting Turkey, 
 Egypt, the Holy Land, PeriTa, India, and other 
 eaftern countries, of which he publiihed an 
 of 54 letters, lie died 
 1652, aged 66. 
 
 Vallk'e, Simon, a French engraver. His 
 Venus in her car from Troy the reliirrec- 
 tion of Lazarus, by Raphael Jefus bearing 
 his crofs, from Sacchi, are much admired. 
 Lewis XiV. grunted lam a penhon, but the 
 
 artift, 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 irrift, Ivinz on his death bed, declined it, ex- 
 
 . is too late," and expired. 
 
 lif.RK, Louifc Francoift^iuch^ dcla, 
 
 a French l.idv. was one of the maids of honor to 
 
 Henrietta of England, the wife of the duke 
 
 ofOrtMMJ and (he became mitlrefs to Lewis 
 
 by ffhoM the had a foo and a daughser. 
 
 M' len midarne de Montefpan alienated the 
 
 affWtionsoflur fickle iover, (he retired Co a 
 
 r, where for 35 years (he atoned by a&s 
 
 r he licentioufnefs of her youth. 
 
 She died 1710, aged 66. 
 
 Vallismeiu, Anthony, an Italian natu- 
 ralill, who ftudied under Malpighi, and was 
 appointtd by the Venetian republic profe'Ibr 
 o. medicine at Padua. He died 1730, aged 
 6) He wrote in Italian, dialogues on the 
 - of various infects, 8vo. experiments 
 0:1 the worms of the human body hiitoire de 
 D .ie Thonime and des animaux, 
 4to. &c. 
 
 \ .\ 1 sAi-VA, Anthony Marie, a phyfician of 
 Imola, who taught anatonv, at Bologna. Fie 
 died I'. 13, aged 57. His works are, anato- 
 mical di stations in latin, a vols. 4to. de 
 aure huma a, 41-1. tiie labor of 16 years. 
 
 Valvlrda, Jubn, a Spanifh phyfician, faid 
 to have introduced the knowledge of anatomy 
 into Spain., where he publifned the tables of 
 Vefalius with remarks, &c in Spanifh. Inde- 
 fatigable more than ing.nious his labors were 
 high*;, uiefuL \\t wrote a treatife on anato- 
 my, ice. 
 
 Vanaken, Jofcph, of Antwerp, is emi- 
 nent as a p.-iuter. His latins, velvet*, lace, 
 embroidery, &c. pofTefled peculiar beauty. He 
 fed 1749, aged jo. 
 
 VANM;tUGu,/r John, of Chefhire, was 
 
 .ilhed for his poetical talents, and his 
 knowledge of architecture. He was in the 
 army, and in 1697 produced his firft play, the 
 r.iapfe, or virtue la danger," received with 
 great applaufe, and the following year he again 
 
 1 the public approbation by his " pro- 
 voked wife." Soon after his j*Efop, a comedy 
 abounding with fatire, appeared, and in 1702 
 the u falfe friend." His character was now 
 become fo refpeclable, that he was knighted 
 by queen Anne, and appointed Clarencieux 
 ki : at arms, and afterwards he held fuccef- 
 
 '' e rjnces of furveyor of the works at 
 Greenwich hofpital, of comptroller-general of 
 
 j -fly's works, &c. Nothing^however, 
 could compenfate the want of economy, and 
 
 < t, fuffering under indigence, exerted 
 his genius toamufe the town, r e had under- 
 taken the building of the new theatre in the 
 Haymarket, but the plan did not fucceed, 
 though he rapidly produced the triumph of love 
 
 confederacy the cuckold in conceit 
 
 tod the miflake. Sir John 
 
 died of a quinfey X72^. Though ridiculed by 
 
 t acknowledged by the fa- 
 
 tinll to be a man of wit and of ^hor.or The 
 
 ijument of his nrchitedtu- 
 
 ...imhoule, which, though 
 
 admired as a perfect whole, mull be confidered 
 as a heavy pile, with fcarce an apartment of 
 magnitude fufficiently proportioned to the lize 
 of a fplendid manfion. The dramatic pieces 
 of Vanbrugh, from their wit, eafe, and vivaci- 
 ty, poffefs merit ; but they mull be condemn- 
 ed for that licentioufnefs, which, though pa!- , 
 liated by the indelicate tal'te of the rimes, are 
 yet unbecoming a man of virtue, of refined 
 fenfe, and of honorable principles. 
 
 Van Ceulen, Ludolpb, a mathematician 
 of Leyden,of great merit in the 17th century. 
 He publifhed fundamenta geometric, 4to. 
 de circulo S: adicriptif, 4to. The 36 cyphers 
 by which he expreffed the proportion of the 
 circumference and the diameter of a circle, 
 were engraved on his tomb in St. PetCi i 
 church, Levden. 
 
 Vancovveur, Grorge, a captain in the 
 navy, who made a voy?ge in the North Pacific 
 ocean, and round the globe m 1790-j, of 
 hich he publifhed an account in 4to He 
 died 1797. 
 
 Vandale, Anthony, a' Dutch phyfician. 
 He practiced with great reputation at Haer- 
 lem, where ha died 1708. He wrote differ- 
 tations on the heathen oracles, abridged and 
 improved by la Fontcnelle a treatife on the 
 origin and progrefs of idolatry, 4to. diilerca- 
 tions on important Subjects, 4to. &C. 
 
 Vanden-Velde, I fatah, a Flemifh pain- 
 ter, whofe battles and attacks of robbers are 
 highly admired. He died about 1640. His 
 biothcrs, John and IVlHiam, were alio emi- 
 nent. The former excelled as an engraver, 
 t and the latter for his representation of lea 
 views and fea fights, for which he was patro- 
 nized by Charles I. He died in London 
 1693. The fon of William, alfo called 
 William* poflTefied tbe genius of his family. 
 His water pieces are finifhed in the higheit 
 characters of grace, cbrrettnefs, and nature. 
 
 Vander-Does, Jacob, a Dutch painter, 
 who died 1673, a g e ^ 5- **' s anirna l s a "d 
 landfcapes were highly finifhed, and as his 
 temper was of gloomy caft, he hifufed the me- 
 lancholy feelings of his mind into his pieces. 
 
 VANniiR-' eydf.n, John, of Gorcum, 
 chiefly excelled in the reprefentation of ruins, 
 temples, diftant towers, &c. He was minute- 
 ly correel, and in an open bible, only four 
 inches high, introduced in one of his pieces, 
 the characters of the whole page were perfectly 
 legible. Hedied 1712, aged 75. 
 
 Vander Kabei., Adrian, a* painter and 
 engraver, of Ryfwick, near the Hague. He 
 excelled in fea views and in landfcapes, but his 
 coloring was bad. He was fond of low com- 
 pany, and died at Lyons 1695, aged 64. 
 
 Vandek-Linden, John Aidonides, was 
 profefTor of medicine at Leyden. ' His grand- 
 father Henry, who was mailer of the learned 
 languages, and who, in the Spanilh mafracre at 
 Naerden, loft feveral relations, was divinity 
 profefTor of Franekc, w/iere he died 1614, 
 aged 68 His Ion Anthony pra&ifed phyfic at 
 Amitcruam, 
 
VAN 
 
 VAN 
 
 Amfterdam, where he died 1633, leaving 
 Antonides. Antonides, who was born at Enck- 
 huyien 1609, finiihed his medical itudies at 
 Amsterdam under his father, and for 12 years 
 he filled the profeflbrial chair of medkine at 
 Franeker, and next removed 1651 to Ley- 
 den, where his reputation followed him. He 
 died at Leylen 1664. His works are, de 
 fcriptis medicis ; 8vo. fele&a medica, 4to. 
 editions of Hippocrates, Cellus, and Spigelius 
 
 Vander Mersch, general of the inSur- 
 gents of Brabant in 1789, diAirfguiihed him- 
 leif by his valor and prudence. When betray- 
 ed, he retired to Brulfels, and was impriibned 
 in the citadel of Antwerp. He was afterwards 
 rcllor^d to liberty, and died at Antwerp 
 179a. 
 
 \ ANDER-Meulen, Anthony Francis, a 
 painter of BriuTels. His pieces exhibit all the 
 graces, and delicacy of the mod admired per- 
 formances of Teniers. 1 he Subjects are 
 chiefly hunting parties, Sieges, battles, &c. He 
 attended Lewis XIV. in his military expedi- 
 tions, and gave r.n accurate representation of 
 the towns which he befieged, Sec. He died at 
 Paris 1690, aged 56. 
 
 Vander-Monde, Charles Augufiut, a 
 phvfician, born at Macao in China, of Euro- 
 pean parents. He became cenibr royal at 
 Bologna, and died at Paris 1762, aged 35. He 
 published a collection of observations on medi- 
 cine and Surgery, nmo. which were the origin 
 of the journal of medicine, &c. nmo. pocket 
 dictionary cf health, 2 vols. nmo. &c. 
 
 VandeR-Monde, N. a French mathe- 
 matician, who died at Paris, Jan. 1 796, aged 61. 
 He contributed much to the memoirs of the 
 academy of Sciences, in his observations en 
 equations, on mufic, &c. 
 
 Vander-Spiegel, a Dutch fi-ateSman, 
 whoSe Services from 1785 to 1795, tended 
 much to eflabliih order and regularity. He 
 left Holland in confequence of perfecution, 
 and died at Lingen in Weitphalia 1800. 
 
 Vaxdyck, Anthony, a painter, born at 
 Antwerp 1599. He was the pupil of Rubens, 
 and in Italy Studied the beauties of the Vene- 
 tian School. On his return the reputation of 
 his historical pieces procured him invitations 
 from the court of France, but he preferred 
 the patronage of Chnrles I. The monarch, 
 pleafed with his merits, knighted him, and 
 allowed him a psnfion, and the painter, flatter- 
 ed by the court, and grown rich by the exer- 
 tion oS his pencil, married the beautiful 
 daughter of earl Gowry, and Supported the 
 dignity of her rank by the orientations diSpla y 
 of a magnificent equipage snid a Splendid table. 
 He died in 164 1, aged 42. The molt cele- 
 brated of his piihires is a defcent from the 
 croSs, preServed at Antwerp. His pieces in 
 England are numerous but chiefly portraits, 
 and from them he derived a more Substantial 
 remuneration, than from historical Subjects. 
 Of all /he pupils of Rubens, he, according to 
 FreSnoy, belt comprehended the rules and 
 
 general maxims of his matter, and he even ex- 
 celled him in the delicacy of his coloring. His 
 pictures prefeive in high perfection the dreSs 
 and the coftume of the times. 
 
 Vandvck, Peter, a Dutch painter. His 
 portraits of the thautholder and his family are 
 much admired. He died at the Hague 1738, 
 aged 78. 
 
 Vane, ftr Henry, eldeft Son of the Secre- 
 tary of State to Charles I. was born 1612. 
 From Weftminiter School, he removed to 
 Magdalen hall, Oxford, and afteru ards viSited 
 Geneva. He displayed Sentiments So hoftile 
 to the church, that to avoid his father's diS- 
 pleaSure he went to New England 1635, but 
 came back to Europe two years after. By his 
 father's intereft he obtained the place oS trea- 
 surer oSthe navy, but a quarrel with the earl 
 of Strafford, who had ariiimed in a title the 
 name of their family Seat, engaged the Sather 
 and the Ion in oppoOtion to the government. 
 Eager to ruin his, political enemy, Vane united 
 with Pym and others, and during the civil 
 wars he ably promoted the views of the repub- 
 licans, and afiifted at the conferences at Ux- 
 bridge and in the hie of Wight. Though he 
 disapproved of the violence offered to the 
 king, he accepted of a feat at the council 
 board, but his oppofition to Cromwell was to 
 determined that he was Sent a priSoner to 
 Carifbrook caftle. At the reftoration, though 
 both houSes voted for his indemnity, his con- 
 duel: to Strafford, and his perfeverance in the 
 republican caule were not forgotten, and he 
 was, arraigned on pretence of having compaffed 
 the late king's fate, and beheaded on Tower- 
 hill, 1662. He is represented by Clarendon 
 as a man of deep diflimulation, of quick con^ 
 ception, and great understanding, but Burnet 
 Speaks of him as a fearful man, whofe head 
 was darkened in his notions of religion. From 
 his fanatical mode of preaching he and his 
 adherents were called Seekers, and in his 
 writings on moral and theological Subjects, he 
 clothed his thoughts in Such affected language 
 that his meaning were totally unintelligible. 
 
 Van-Everdinoun, Albert, a painter and 
 engraver, of Alkmaer. His landscapes and 
 water falls poflefled peculiar beauty, and espe- 
 cially his agitated Seas. He died 1675, aged 
 54. 
 
 Van-Huysum, John, a painter, ofAr~ 
 fterdam, 1682. rnitead oS Seeking reputation 
 in his profefiion, he applied his genius in the 
 delineation of flowers, fruit, and landscapes. 
 He was fo fuccefsful, that in the representation 
 of the down and bloom of fruit, and the varied 
 tints of flowers, no painter ever pofleffed great- 
 er delicacy, or more tavte in tracing the beau- 
 ties of nature. His pieces were fo much ad- 
 mired, that he fold them for a very high price, 
 and at lalt only princes and nobles could afford 
 to become purchasers. The violent temper 
 oS bis wife, and the ill conduct of his Son, 
 ruffled bis Spirits in the lait. part of life, and 
 produced habits of intemperance ar.d of me- 
 4 lancholy. 
 
VAN 
 
 VAR 
 
 laacholy. He died at Amfterda-m 1749. a S ed 
 
 ieur, James, a jefuit, horn at Caufles 
 
 heft known of his poems is his 
 
 w pav " in 16 cantos, a work 
 
 In imit.it ( n of VirjTs georgtcs, though not 
 
 It wrote befides, eclogues, 
 
 inns, &c. and a poetical 
 
 dictionary m Latin, in 4to. He died 1739, 
 
 I 
 
 V,\ an atheift, born at Tau 
 
 joun in orders he 
 
 foon d: '.resided divinity for ihe writings of 
 . rrots, Card;<n, and Po: inonatius. 
 ot thei'e philofophers itisfuppofed 
 his ii"ci : lcs of .it!: ei Cm, wnLh 
 .red fo earm-illy to dominate. After 
 tnany and the Low Countries, he 
 to Geneva, and pallid into England 
 irned to Italy and next to 
 Trance, where he !>":s opinions 
 
 4e* openlv, and fometimes asthelecret 
 rf truth and religion. Preferring the 
 n of a wandering life, he gained fome 
 eeUbr/v as a profeilbr of phyfic, philofophy 
 and divinity, at Touloufe. The impious tene>5, 
 howewr, which he taught, drew upon him 
 the public indignation, nnd he was tried before 
 the parliament and condemned to be burnt as 
 an irreligious athei^. 1 he fentence was exe- 
 cuted 1619. His works are amphitheatrum 
 arternx proviJeiuia;, 8vo. 1615 ;le adr.iirnn- 
 dis natura, reginsf, dexque mcrtalium arc^nis, 
 8vo. 1616, works which abound with impiety, 
 
 Vani.oo, J dm Baptijl, a painter of Aix. 
 He was patronized by fome of the princes of 
 Europe, butT he preferred a fettlement at 
 where ^his pencil was liiccefsfully em- 
 ployed on portraits and on historical pieces. 
 He died at Aix 1745, aged 61. His fons 
 Lewis M,:bael, and CbarUs Amadeus Phi'ip, 
 .. igr,od artifts. 
 Van too, Charles Anire-w, brother and 
 f the preceding, was born 1 705. After 
 I Italy he fettled at Paris, and became 
 painter to the king, and prcfeffor in the aca- 
 demy The belt of his pieces are 
 a lame man healed by St. Peter, Jefus waihing 
 his diiVipk-;' feet, the graces, the facrifice of 
 ia,&r. He died 1765, aged 61. 
 Van -Mender, Charles, of Courtray, is 
 I " I 1 1 E^tape -and historical painter. 
 he died i6c6, aged 58. His belt pieces are 
 Adam and Eve in piradilCj and the deluge. 
 
 VaN-Ostadz, Adrian, a printer of Lu- 
 beck. stables, fee. polled 
 
 merit. He died at Amfterdam 1689, a?ed 
 75' 
 
 Va: Gerard, a phyfician, born 
 
 at Leydcn 17CO, and educated under Boc'r- 
 
 Dcclining the liberal offers of patron- 
 
 od, he l'etti where 
 
 mc ftrft phyfician to Maria 'i 
 
 To an extcr. , e labors 
 
 cf a public ;.- I the inoft celebrated 
 
 practitioners of Vienna regard him (till as the 
 caufe of their eminence. His experiments, 
 and his fuccelsful mode of treating dileafes, 
 laid the foundation of that fuperioxity which 
 hisfchool has fojuitly acquired over other me- 
 dical init'tutions. Though called the tyrant of 
 the m id, and the affa iin of the body, by 
 thole extravagant philosophers of France, whole 
 works he ctn'ured, it is admitted that to en r 
 courage merit, and to patronize rifing talents, he 
 employed with alacrity his powerful influence. 
 He died 1772. His chief work is commen- 
 tates on Eoerhaave*s aphorifms de cognofc. et 
 curand. morbis, 5 vols. 4to. 
 
 Van-Uuen, Lucas, a painter, of Antwerp. 
 Hib landfcapes are worthy of admiration, 
 trees, his figures, and other objects, are . 
 lented with all the delicacy and corredtnefs of 
 nature. He died '66, aged 65. 
 
 Varchi, Bsncdicl of Fiefole, became pro- - 
 fefTor of morality at Padua. He preferred the 
 patronage of Cofmo de Medicis to the invita- 
 tion of Paul HI., and ftiowed himfelf fo correct 
 a fpeaker, that the Florentines faid, if Jupiter 
 wifhed to talk Italian, he would fpeak the 
 language of Varchi. Though admired, he was 
 not without enemies who cenfured him, per- 
 haps with juitice, for obftinacy of opinion, and 
 for debauchery of morals. He died at Florence 
 166&, aged 63. He wrote an hiftory of the pre- 
 fent events of his time in Florence andin Italy/cc. 
 VarDES, Francis Rene du Bee* marquis de, 
 a favorite at the court of Lewis XiV. As 
 acquainted with the debaucheries of his matter, 
 he revealed them to the queen in a letter fup- 
 pofed to come from her 1 mother the queen cf 
 Spa : n, but after procuring the difgrace cf 
 Noai'les by fixing the fufpicion upon him, he 
 was at laft dilcovered and fent to exile. He 
 died 1688. 
 
 Varenius, Aiigujlus, of Lunenburg, is 
 known for his deep acquaintance with He- 
 brew. It is faid that he could repeat the He- 
 brew bible by heart, and he fpoke the H 
 tongue with greater fluency than his own. He 
 wrote a commentary on Ilaiah, 4to. and died 
 1684, aged 64. 
 
 Va'renne de FenillE) P. C. of Brefcia, 
 published obfervations on the caufe why filhes 
 die in pools memoirs on forefts, &c. 1 vols, 
 nmo. He was guillotined at Lyons 1794* 
 
 Vargas, Francis, a Spanifh lawyer, em- 
 ployed by Charles V. and Philip II. in various 
 embaflies. Difgufted with the world, he retir- 
 ed to the monaftery of Ciffos, where he died 
 about 1560. He wrote on the jurisdiction cf 
 the pope and of bifhops, a work which gave 
 offence at Rome and memoirs of the council 
 ofTrent. 
 
 Vargas, Lewis de, a painter, born at Se- 
 ville. The belt of his pieces are, a Jefus bear- 
 ing his crofs, and Adam and Eve, Hill preferr- 
 ed at Seville. He died at Seville 1590, aged 
 62. 
 
 Vartgnom, Peter, of 'Caen, is known a* 
 
 an architect and mathematician. He was pro- 
 
 8 feflbr 
 
VAV 
 
 VAU 
 
 feflbf of mathematics in the college of Maza- 
 rin, and died Suddenly at Paris 172.2, aged 
 68. He wrote nouvelle mecanique, 2 vols. 
 4to. conjectures on gravity elements of 
 mathematics, 4to. &c. 
 
 Vasari, George, a painter of Arezzo, who 
 though he paid much attention to the nobleft 
 monuments of antiquity, was deficient in the 
 coloring of his pieces, thouqh his knowledge of 
 architecture was refpeetable. He was patro- 
 nized by the Medicis, and publifhed fome ule- 
 ful works. His memory was lb retentive that 
 at the age of nine he couldrepeat the whole of 
 the iEneid. He wrote the lives of the molt 
 illuftrious painters, fculptors, and architects, 
 3 vols. 4to. He died at Florence 1574, aged 
 62. 
 
 Vasconcellos, Michael., a Portuguese 
 ftateSman, devoted to the interests of the court 
 of Spain. When a conspiracy was formed to 
 place the duke of Braganza on the throne of 
 Portugal, he was the firil Sacrificed to the fafety 
 of the ftate, and his body was thrown into 
 the Street, 1640. 
 
 Vassor, Michael le, of Orleans, retired 
 to England where he embraced the protectant 
 tenets. He was patronized by the cuke of 
 Portland and by biihop Burnet, and died 1718, 
 aged 71. He publifhed an hiitory of Lewis 
 XIII. 20 vols. i2mo. and 7 vols. 4to. 1756, 
 &c. 
 
 Vatablus, Francis, of Gammache, in 
 Picardy, was Hebrew profefTor of the royal 
 college. His observations on the Scriptures 
 were ingenious, and they were preSented to 
 the public from the notes of Robert Stephens, 
 and though cenfured by the divines of Paris, 
 they were applauded by the univerfity of Sah- 
 manca. The moll correct edition of thefe 
 commentaries is that of 1729, in 2 vols. fol. 
 He died 1547. 
 
 Vattkl, N. of Neuchatel in Switzerland, 
 was author of fome valuable treatiSes on me- 
 taphyfics and jurisprudence. The belt of hi; 
 works is the " right of nations, or the princi- 
 ples of the natural law applied to the conduct 
 of nations and of Sovereigns," 1758, 2vo's.4to. 
 From this compofition, which abounds with 
 lingular iders, and treats religion u meiely a 
 political fyftem, the author has derived cele- 
 brity, and ranks with Grotiusand PuffendorfF, 
 among the mod intelligent writers on legifla- 
 tion and general policy. It is Said, that in 
 conSequence of the popularity of his work, he 
 applied in 765 to the Auftrian government 
 to introduce a reformation In the public admi- 
 nistration at BruSfels, but his Solicitations were 
 received not only with indifference but jeubu- 
 fy by Maria ThereSa. He died about 1770. 
 
 VavassEUR, Francis, a jeSuit, who came 
 to Paris, where during 36 years he read lec- 
 tures on the holy Scriptures, and cultivated 
 poetry and claffical literature. He di.d 1681. 
 He wrote de ludicra didtione, 1658, a work of 
 great merit, in which he averted Chat the 
 Greeks and Pvomans knew nothinc of the 
 
 burlefque Ityle de epigrammate, 1669, a 
 work cenfured by Rapin another jeSuit, who 
 declared that an epigram is the molt infipid of ' 
 all poetry, except it be admirable, and that 
 the composition is fo rare, that to make an 
 excellent one is Sufficient for the whole of a 
 man's life. He publifhed befides, Job, a heroic 
 poem, Sec. 
 
 Vauban, SdaJIitn h Prejlre, feignlur de, 
 a celebrated engineer, born 1633. He early 
 entered into the Spanifh army, under Conde, 
 and was taken prifoner by the French, and 
 prevailed upon by Mazarin to enter into the 
 Service of the French king, and he Soon distin- 
 guished himfelf at the Sieges of St. Menehould, 
 Stenai, Landrecies, Valenciennes, &c. His 
 Superior knowledge of fortifications, and of the 
 defence of towns, was employed in raffing im- 
 pregnable ramparts around the French mo- 
 narchy. He was appointed governor of Lifle, 
 which he had itrongly fortified, and his genius 
 next planned citadels for the defence of Ver- 
 ceil, Verue, Turin, &c. In the wars of l6;2, 
 and of 1683, he contributed much to the vic- 
 tories of Lewis XIV., and for his many Servi- 
 ces he was rewarded with the rank of marfhal 
 of France. During his laborious and ufeful 
 life he was engaged in 140 actions, conducted 
 53 Sieges, a.Tilted in repairing the fortifications 
 of 300 ancient citadels, and erected 33 new 
 ones. He died 1707, aged 74. Immortalized 
 as an engineer, he was remarkable for his at- 
 tachment to bis country, and for his heroiSm. 
 in danger, and in the midft'of victory he dif- 
 played the man of benevolence and humanity. 
 He collected 12 large MS. volumes oS obser- 
 vations, thoughts, &c. which he called his, 
 oilivetes. Pits works are, a treatiSe on fortifi- 
 cation, or the French engineer, 8vo. new 
 treatiSe on the attack and defence of places, 
 8vo. elTays on fortification, i2mo. &c. 
 
 Vaucansont, James de, of Grenoble, is 
 celebrated for his knowledge of mechanics. He 
 conftructed various automata, and improved- 
 and Simplified the machinery of Silk mills, and 
 made Several curious and ufeful inventions. 
 He died at Paris 1 782, aged 73. 
 
 VaugELAS, Claude Fa<fce lord de, of P.ov.rg 
 in BrelFe, was member of the Fretich acade- 
 my, and was engaged in their famous diction- 
 ary. In his ft vie he wasel--a:it and aceiytej 
 and his translation of Ou'mtus Curtius, 4to. in 
 which he was employed for 30 feitt, was re- 
 garded as the moil correct compofition in the 
 French language, fo that Balzac (aid that the 
 Alexander of I invincible, and that 
 
 of Vaugelas inimitable. lie > wrote befides, 
 remarks on the French lan^age* afterwards 
 enriched with the noi . of T. Corneille,"3 
 vols. i2mo, and died 1650, aged 65, in indi- 
 gent circumltances. 
 
 VA&auit 9 Jir John, an EvHifh lawyer, 
 author of " reports," publifhed by hi: Son '/.'./- 
 rjujrd. After the restoration Clarendon offer- 
 ed him his patronage, but he refuSed it, and 
 joined hi: c:u>m:es. Though a man of . Abilities, 
 
 ho 
 
VEG 
 
 VEN 
 
 he was haughf, and more admired for his 
 .han beloved for his courteous man- 
 ic died 1674. 
 
 When admitted into orders, Urban VIII. be- 
 flowed on him the degree of D. D , the crofa 
 of the order of Malta, and a lucrative office. 
 , Lute Chapter de, a I He died 1635, aged 72. His con.^o'itions 
 French writer, who died 1747, aged 35. He ! are numerous, and form upwards of 70 y.o- 
 loii in his v urh his eve light by the fmail-pox, j himes of profe and lyric pieces. His mule 
 and t'urxjrted the reft of liis life, in the mo.t was fo prolific, that he often wrote a play in 
 
 and I'upported 
 
 in refignation. His introduction to the 
 knowledge of the human mind, with reflections, 
 and maxims, nmo poffefTes merit. . 
 
 villikrs, Jo/>n Fra>.<is, profelTor of 
 Gmk for 20 years, ftriuj^led through the re- 
 ; at lafl, when profenbed, fled 
 from the country I e was invited by Paul I. 
 toRuflu, but the climate of Peterfburg proved 
 too rigorous for his conftiti.t >n, and he died 
 thrre 1800, aged 74. He puMilhed efTay on 
 Pindar, izmo. letters on Horace, i2mo. 
 
 Vaux. Nicholas lord of Hnrrowden, North- 
 am ptonil ire, djftingoifhed himfelf at the cat- 
 tle of Stoke, near Newark 1487, and was 
 
 the coutfe of one day, and Come of his come- 
 dies even in the fnort fpace of five hours, and 
 in a ffyle correct, elegant, and animated. His 
 dramatic pieces were 1 fo popular, 'irat he ac- 
 quired above 150,000 ducats His poetical 
 pieces are .laid to amount to the number of 
 i8ro. 
 
 Veil, Charles Marie de, foil of a Jew at 
 Metz, was converted tochriftiamty by BoiTbet, 
 and entered among the Augu tines He came 
 to England 16 \ here h< abjured the ca- 
 tholic faith, and after marrying the daughter 
 of an anabaptift, became a preacher of that per- 
 fuafion. He wrote^ commentaries on Mat- 
 thew and Mark, 4tc on the acts oftiie apof- 
 
 knightcd. He continued a favorite at the I ties, 8vo. on Joel, iamo. on the Com of 
 : Henry VIII , and attended his matter j Solomon, and the minor prophets. His bro- 
 in hi? interview with Francii I., andwasraifed ther Leteis was alio a proteitant, and became 
 
 to the rank of baron he wrote poems called 
 the paradife of dainty devices, and died in 
 Nonh.irnitonfhire Ij22. 
 
 .X, Ncel Jordan de, a French general, 
 who diftiuguifhed himfelf by his valor in the 
 battles of Parma and Guaftalla, of Fontenoy 
 and Rocroux, and at the fiegesof Prague, Ou- 
 denarde, and Bergen-op-Zoom, at which la ft 
 place he was wounded by the burfting of a 
 ftiell. In 1769 he was made governor of Cor- 
 (ica, and completed the conqueftof the ifland ; 
 but in hl< adniihifhation he was charged with 
 cruelty. He was in confequence o* his l'er- 
 vices made marshal of France, 1783, and ini788 
 he was lent toDauphmc to quell the troubles 
 of that province. He died the fame year, at 
 Grenoble, aged 83. He hid been pict'ent at 
 Iy fieues and 14 battles. 
 
 Ubaldim, Petruccio, an illuminator on vel- 
 lum. The book in which he wrote, and illu- 
 minated, in beautiful letters, various fenten- 
 ces from fcripture, at the requeft of Nicho- 
 :^on, has been long preferved at Gor- 
 Jumfiury. He died in the 16th century. 
 
 VrccLLi, Francis, of Gador, was brother 
 of Titian, uho law his genius, and dreading 
 in him a powerful rival, perluaded him to ap- 
 ply himftlf to ccmrr.cn u\ purfuits. His ne- 
 phew Horace, the Ion of Titian, was alio an 
 eminent attift. He* died young, of the plague, 
 lJ-6. 
 
 Veca, Lcfez Fdix de, a Spanilh poet, 
 born at Madiid 1562. He entered at the 
 univcrlity of Alcab, :.nd became fecretary 
 to the duke of Alva. He embarked in the 
 Armada to invade England, but efcaped, 
 hii biother per'.ihed in the expedition. 
 
 known as the author of catechifmus juda- 
 orum in difputatione & dialogo magiftri3c dil- 
 cipuli, &c. 
 
 Velasquez, T)on Diego de Sylva, a Spa- 
 nilh painter, was born at Seville, and died at 
 Madiid, 1060, aged 66. Philip IV. appointed 
 him his firit painter, knighted him, and be- 
 ftowed on him a liberal penfion, and honored 
 his remain:, with the mott magnificent obfe- 
 quies. His pieces are preferved in the churches 
 and palaces of Spain, and the molt celebrated 
 is the reprelentation i f a man returning fiorn 
 a well with bare breait, and giving water tu 
 drink to a little boy. 
 
 Veltheim, A. F. count, of Brunfwick, was 
 in confequence of his knowledge of minera- 
 logy,, fuperinttiidant of the mines of Hartz. 
 He wrote difTertations on the formation o* 
 hafaltes on the vales of the ancients on 
 Memnon's ftatue on the Barbuini vale, 
 &c. Hediedi8oi. 
 
 Vf.Nch, Henry Francis de, a French ec- 
 clefiallic, author of fome diifertations and ana- 
 lysis on the old teftament. He died at Nan- 
 cy 1749- 
 
 Vendome, Csfar, duke de, fonofHemy 
 IV. and Gabrielle d' Filrces, was governor 
 of Bretagne. He died 1665, leaving two fons 
 and a daughter. His grandfon Louis Jo/eft^ 
 alio duke of Vendome, who was bom 1654, 
 was diuinguifhed as a warrior, at the taking of 
 Luxemburg, Mons, and Namur. He was 
 lent into Cajtalonia, where he took Barcelona 
 1697, and in 1702 he in Italy fucceeded 
 Villeroy, who had been unfortunate, and his 
 pretence turned the tide of viftory in favor 
 of the French. The imperiaiilts were de- 
 
 : was in the fervice of Lcnv *, and j feated at St. Vittoria, and JLuzara, Mantua 
 
 unfortunate in the levities of his firft was relieved, Savoy was invaded, Eugene was 
 
 *'fc' ^ e t( ' * anothrr, whofe early death fo I defeated, and Turin was going to open its gates 
 
 afceted h.m, that he quitted tie world. ' to the conqueror, when he was recalled to 
 
 head 
 
V E N 
 
 ER 
 
 head the armies in Fhndcrs. From Flan- 
 ders he palled to Spain, and Philip V. favv 
 himielf fun uunded with loldiers at the call 
 of his generous defender, and replaced on his 
 throne at Madrid. The Engliih forces were 
 next purfued, and lord Stanhope, and 5000 
 menj'urrendered priibners of war, and on the 
 morrow, icth Dec. 1710, Stahremberg and 
 the imperialifts were defeated at Villaviciofa. 
 Thele fervices were rewarded by Philip, who 
 created him prince of the blood. Vendome 
 continued his fervices againft the imperialifts 
 in Spain, but died fuddenly of an indigeftion 
 1712, aged 58. 
 
 Vendome, Philip de, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born 1655. He diftinguilbed him- 
 felf under Lewis XIV. in the couqueft of Hol- 
 land, at the paflage of the Rhine, and at the 
 lieges of Maeitricht, Valenciennes, Cambray, 
 &c. He afterwards ferved under his brother 
 in Catalonia, but he fell under the difpleafure 
 of the French king, for not having joined the 
 army at the battle of Caflano. He retired to 
 Rome, and died at Paris, 1 727, aged 72. 
 
 Veneroni, John, of Verdun, in the 17th 
 century, altered his name of Vigneron to the 
 Italian word Veneroni. He taught Italian at 
 Paris, and contributed much to render the 
 Italian poets popular inFrance. He wrote a me- 
 thod to learn Italian, iamo. 17 70 a dictionary, 
 French and Italian, 4to. 1768 fables choifies, 
 &c. 
 
 VzuiEKOyDominic, aVenetian noble, known 
 as a poet. His puttana errante, in three can- 
 tos, is a compofition dishonorable to his cha- 
 racter as a moral man. His three brothers, 
 Jerome, Francis, and Lewis, wrote fome poe- 
 try and profe works. He died 1581. 
 
 Venius, or Veen, Otbo, a painter of Ley- 
 den, patronifed by the emperor. He fettled 
 at Antwerp, and afterwards retired to Bruf- 
 fels, where he died 1634, aged 78. He was 
 well acquainted with the claro obfcuro, and 
 very animated in his pieces, the beft of which 
 are his triumph of Bacchus, and the laft flip- 
 per, preferved in the cathedral of Antwerp. 
 He publifned bellum Batavicum ex Tacito, with 
 plates Horace, with plates, &c. 
 
 Venn, Henry, of Barnes in Surrey, was 
 educated at Jefus college, Cambridge. He 
 became fellow of Queen's, and in i^jgobtain- 
 the living of Huddersfield, Yorklhire, which 
 he exchanged in 1770 for Yelling, Hunting- 
 doufhire. He publifhed fermons on various 
 fubjefts, 8vo. the eomplete duty of man, 
 and other tracts. He died 1796, aged 71. 
 
 Venner, Tobias, author of via recta ad 
 longam vitam, a popular work of a treatife 
 on the Bath waters and of a cenfure on Bri- 
 tish water, was a native of Petherton near 
 Bridgewater. He ftudied medicine at St. 
 Alban's hall, Oxford, and fettled at Bridge- 
 water, and afterwards at Bath, where he died 
 1660, aged 83. 
 I Venner, a wine-cooper, who became a fana- 
 tical preacher, and perfuaded his followerc, who 
 
 1 were called fifth monarchy men, that all human 
 J government was foon to ceafe, to make room 
 for the coming of Chriit and his faints. After 
 representing Cromwell and Charles II. as ufur- . 
 pers, he headed a mob, and proclaimed the 
 kingdom of Jefus. This infurredtion called ^ 
 for the civil power, and Venner and ia fol- 
 lowers, ..who confldered themlelves as invul- 
 nerable, were executed 1660, exclaiming, 
 " that if they were deceived, the Lord himielf 
 was their deceiver." 
 
 Verdier, Cxfar, of Molieres, near Avig- 
 non, was an eminent anatomical profeiTor, 
 and died at Paris, 1 759. He wrote an abridge- 
 ment of anatomy, 2 vols. iamo. memoires 
 on the hernias of the bladder, &c. 
 
 Vere Edivard, eari of Oxford, received 
 hisjeducation at St. John's, Cambridge, and was 
 one of the judges in the trial of Mary of Scot- 
 land, 1588. He difplayed great valor in the 
 detlruction of the Spaniih armada, and was alio 
 admired for his poetical talents. Some of his 
 poems are preferved in Percy's reliques, and 
 in England's Psrnafilis. He died 1604. 
 
 Veue, y/r Francis, ferved under Leiccfter 
 in Holland, 1585, and was made governor of 
 Flufhing in 1596. He diftingudhed himfelf 
 at Bergen- op-Zoom, at the battle of Nieuport, 
 in the defence of Oitend, and againft the Spa- 
 niards. He died governor of Portfmouth, 
 1608, aged 54. His brother Horace, ferved 
 ,on the continent, and alio fhared his honors. 
 He was intrufled by James I. with the forces 
 fent to the affiftance of the duke palatine, and 
 his retreat from Spinola was regarded as a moll 
 glorious exploit. He was created baron Til- 
 bury by Chares I. in reward for his fervices, 
 and he died 1635. 
 
 Verelst, Simon, a Flemifh painter, who 
 excelled in the reprefentation of fruits and 
 flowers. He died 17 10. A woman of that 
 name was alfo eminent for her knowledge of 
 mufic and painting, and the facility with which 
 me fpoke the feveral languages of Europe. She 
 was born at Antwerp, 1680, and fhe fettled 
 in England. 
 
 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, count de, a 
 French ftatefmnn. He in 1755 was fent as 
 ambafTador from France to Conftantinople, 
 where his good conduit merited the thanks of 
 his raafter, and the appprobation of MariaThe- 
 refa, and of Catharine of Ruflia. He was in 
 1 7 71 ambafTador in Sweden, and promote' the 
 revolution which made Guftavus mafter of his 
 country, and on the acceftlon of Lewis XVI. 
 he was recalled to be minifler of foreign affairs. 
 Whilft he fpread the influence of, France- 
 through Eurove, he eagerly promoted general 
 tranquillity. In his politics towards the Eng- 
 liih he greatly erred, and by fupporting the 
 Americans laid the foundation of a fyflem 
 which hurled his mafter from his throne. His 
 treaty'of peace with England, in 1783, was 
 followed by rv commercial treaty, which proved 
 beneficial to both countries. He died 1787, 
 aged 68, and was magnificently buried by the 
 [ E e ] order 
 
VER 
 
 VER 
 
 order of Lewis XVI. who (lied tears of affec- 
 tion on the aihes of his favorite mimfter. 
 
 Vgik DB Haurane, John iu, abbe de 
 St. Cyran.an eminent ccclefiaftic,bornat bay-- 
 onoe Ij8r. He obtained in 1620 the abbey of 
 ran, and by reading the works of the 
 fathers, he formed a new fyftem of faith. At 
 Paris his manners, and his virtues procured 
 h-m adherents, and while he regarded confef- 
 Con as ufelcfs. except it was attended with 
 total reformation, he failed not to inculcate 
 that confirmation was a more powerful cere- 
 monvthan baptifm, or the facrament of the 
 brd's fupper. His maxims foon became po- 
 pular, and at laft drew upon him the jealoufy 
 of Richelitu who entiled him to be imprilbned 
 in 1638. The death of his perfecutor rcftored 
 him to libei ty, but he fcon after himfelf fell 
 fick, and died 1643, aged 62. His works 
 are la fomme des fautes, &c. de garefle, 3 vols. 
 4 to fpiritual letters, 2 vols. 410. &c. 
 
 Veroier, James, of Lyons, pofleffed 
 great poetical talents, and was parronifed by 
 Colbert. His fondnefs for licentious pleafures 
 ftocd in the way of his advancement. He was 
 (hot dead at Paris by fome robbers, 1720, aged 
 63. His works are ode3, fbnnets, madrigals, 
 epigrams, fables, parodies. 
 
 Vergniaud, Peter Picron'n, of Limoges 
 left his profeflion of advocate at Bourdeaux, to 
 attend the national affembly. With commanding 
 eloquence he ecommended the violent mea- 
 sures againft the emigrants, he propofed the iuf- 
 penfion of the monarch, and fuggefted the con- 
 voking of a national convention. By degrees, 
 however, his virulence abated, and in the 
 convention, he fhewed himfelf the friend of 
 order, but his views did not efcape Robef- 
 pierre, whofaw in him a powerful rival. He 
 was accufed, and fent to the fcaffold, 1793, 
 aged 35. 
 
 Verheyen, Philip, fon of a peafant at 
 Vcrrebrouck in Wr.es, was born 1648. After 
 working in the fields, he was drawn from tliis 
 occupation by the curate cf the parifh who 
 obferved his l'uperior powers, and he made a 
 rapid progrefs at the college of Louvain. He 
 publifhed treatife de corporis humanianatomia, 
 a vols. 4to, tranflated into German de febri- 
 bus, and other medical works. He died at 
 i/ouvain, 1 7 to, aged 62. 
 
 Vermkyev, John ComeiUs, a painter 
 horn near Haerlcm. He was lurnamed the 
 Bearded, becaufe he wore his beard fo long 
 that it touched the ground. He was patronifed 
 by Charles V, whom he accompanied in his 
 Tunis eipedition. He died 1559, agedj9. 
 
 Vernet, Jofefbyoi Avirnon, from a con> 
 mon cart painter became the firft marine ar- 
 tift in France. He vifited the different lea- 
 ports of France which he painted with aftonifh- 
 ing effect. He die*l 1780, aged 77. 
 
 VernEUII, Catherh'Henrietta de Balzac 
 
 Marquife dc, a French lady who lb captivated 
 
 IV. that he promii'ed to marry her. 
 
 the nv. nar h gave his hand to Mary de 
 
 , this l.aughty miftrefs wasfo offended 
 
 that fhc confpircd with the Spanuh. court t& 
 dethrone him, and to place the crown on the, 
 head of her own fon, by Henry Their in- 
 trigues were difcovcred. .She died in exile 
 1633, aged 54. 
 
 Vernon, v Edward, an Englifh admiral, 
 fent, 1 739, againft Porto Belli, which he took, 
 and with a fmall force, -is he had often boafted 
 in the Commons but he was unfuccefsful in 
 his attack on Carthagena. His name is beau- 
 tifully introduced in the molt pathetic lines 
 written by Tlromfon. He died i'uddenly 1757, 
 aged 73. 
 
 Verones-e, Paul Catiari, a painter born 
 at Verona 1532. He acquired fuch reputa- 
 tion as to rival Tintoret and the molt illulirious 
 artifts. The belt of his pieces are the mar- 
 riage of Cana, and the iltpper in the home of 
 Simon the leper From a ftrong imagination 
 he painted with all the truth of nature, his 
 characters were reprefented with dignity, his 
 female figures exhibited grace and elegance, 
 and in his draperies appeared lplendm - and mag- 
 nificence. In commendation of his abilities, 
 Guido faid that he wifhed to be what Veronefe 
 was, rather than acquire the celebrity of any 
 other artift, for, as he obferved, others difplay 
 their art, but he paints nature in all her real 
 charms. He died at Venice 15-88, aged 51. 
 
 Verrochio, Andreiv, of Florence, united 
 in his own per fon the various knowledge- 
 of the painter, the goldfmith, the geometri- 
 cian, the fculptor, the engraver, &c. He 
 firft introduced the art of taking cafts in plafter 
 of the faces of dead or living perfons. His 
 heads of Alexander, Darius, &c. in bronze are 
 much admired. He died 1488, aged 56. 
 
 Verscuurjnc, Henry, of Gorcum, ftu- 
 died painting under Bols, and in the Italian 
 fchools. He followed the Dutch army in 
 1672, and drew views of its various encamp- 
 ments, &c. He was drowned in a ftorm on 
 the coaft near Dordrecht 1690, aged 63. 
 
 Verstegan, Richard, was of London. 
 His parents were of Flemilh defcent, and after 
 ftudying at Oxford he fettled at Antwerp, 
 where he died 1625. He wrote a restitution- 
 of decayed intelligence in antiquities concern- 
 ing the noble and renowned Englifh nation, 4to. 
 a curions work the regal government of 
 Eneland, &c. 
 
 Vert, Bom Claude de, an ecclefiaftic of 
 the order of Cluni, who devoted himftlf to 
 enquiries on the ecclafiaftic;;!. ceremonies of 
 Rome. He died 1708, aged 63. He wrote 
 a iimple and hiftorical hiftory of the ceremo- 
 nies of the church, 4 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Vertot d'Auhoeuf, Rene Aubcrt dc, 
 of Bennctot in Normandy, quitted the capu- 
 chins in 1677, to be admitted among the ca- 
 nons of P/emontre. In 17OJ he abandoned 
 the monaftery for an ecclefiaftical life at Paris, 
 where he found great patrons. He became in 
 1 7 15, hiftoriographer to the order of Malta, 
 and was felected to be fub-preceptor to Lewia 
 XV. but the appointment never took place. 
 He iuffcred much from the infirmities of age, 
 
 and 
 
VIC 
 
 VIC 
 
 arid died 1735, aged 80. He wrote the hif- 
 tory of the revolutions of Portugal, iamo. 
 hiftory of the revolutions of Sweden, 2 vols. 
 I2mo. hiftory of the revolutions of Rome, 3 
 vols. nmo. his chief work hiftory of Malta, 
 4 vols. 4to. and 7, in nmo. hiftory of the 
 fettlement of the Britons in Gaul, 2 vols. 
 i2mo. origin of the greatnefs of thccourt of 
 Rome, nmo. Sec. 
 
 Vertue, George, of London, was appren- 
 tice to an engraver of arms, and afterwards 
 ftudied painting and engraving, and emerged 
 into reputation by the patronage of Kneller 
 and lord Somers. Ke made a collection of 
 materials for an hiftory of painting and painters, 
 which was bought of his widow and published 
 from hisMSS. by Horace Walpole, in 4 vols. 
 4to. 1762, &c He died 1757, aged 73. 
 
 Verwey, "John, a Dutchman, who prefided 
 with great reputation over the fchool of Goude, 
 and afterwards over that of the Hague, where 
 he died about 1690. He is author of a medulla 
 ariftarchi Voffiani and nova via docendi 
 Grace, 8vo. two grammars of rc.ei it. 
 
 Vesalius, Andreiv, an anatomift, horn 
 at Bruflels. After ftudying at Louvain, where 
 he difplayed the bent of his genius by direc- 
 ting dogs, cats, moles, &c. he came to Paris 
 and next vifited Pifa, Bologna, and the other 
 univerflties of Italy, and in 1537 was appointed 
 anatomical profeflbr at Padua. He was next 
 phyfician to Charles V. and acquired the moft 
 extenfive reputation. From this high popu- 
 larity, he however all at once formed the pro- 
 ject of going to the Holy Land, and wwhile 
 ibme attribute it to "the wifh of flying'from the 
 perfecution of his enemies, or to the trouble- 
 fome peeviflinefs of his wife, others afcribe the 
 caufe to a more extraordinary circumftance. 
 He obtained, it is faid, permiffion to open the 
 body of a young nobleman, whom during a fe- 
 vere iiinefs he had attended, but he no (boner 
 uncovered the heart than he perceived it ftill 
 palpitating with life. This fo irritated the 
 weeping family of the nobleman, that the 
 phyfician was fummoned before theinquifition, 
 but Charles V. interfered and laved him on 
 condition that he lhould undertake a pilgri- 
 mage to the Holy Land. On his return from 
 Cyprus and Jerufalem, which was haftened by 
 the invitations of the Venetians, who folicited 
 him to fill the medical chair of Padua, vacant 
 by the death of Fallopius, the wretched pil- 
 grim was thrown upon the barren fhorcs of 
 Zaute, where he foon after perifhed through 
 famine 1674, aged about 60. The chief of 
 his works is de humani corporis fabrica, Ley- 
 den, 2 vols. fol. 1722. Vefalius may be truly 
 confidered as the great reftorer of anatomy in 
 Europe, as before his time the ftudy of it was 
 impeded by the grofs fuperftitition and the 
 prejudices of the age. 
 
 Vesputius Americus, the difoverer of 
 the new continent, was of Florence. Fid. 
 Americus. 
 
 Vicars, Join, of London, was educated 
 
 at Chrift's hofpital and Queen's college, Ox- 
 ford, after which he W3s undermafter in 
 Chi ill's hofpital. He was author of God in 
 the mount, or England's remembrancer, a, 
 poem 4to. &c. He died 1652. 
 
 Vicar y, Thomas, a native of London, 
 ferjeant furgeon to Henry VIII. and his three 
 fucceflbrs, and furgeon to Bartholomew's hof- 
 pital, was the firft anatomical writer in the 
 Englilh language. His book a treafure for 
 Englishmen, or -the anatomy of a man's body, 
 izmo. and other medical tracts, are compiled 
 from Galen, &c. 
 
 Vicente, Gi/f j j, a dramatic poetofLif- 
 bon in the 16th century, whole works have 
 ferved as models to Lopez de Vega, and to 
 Quevedo. His pieces were fo popular, that 
 he was called the Plautus of Portugal. It is 
 faid that Erafmus Warned the Purtuguefe to 
 read his works. 
 
 Vicq d'Azir, Felix, of Valone, was like 
 his father eminent as a phyfician. He came 
 to Paris in 1765, and in 1775 wasfentby the 
 minifter Turgot to flop a contagious diftem- 
 per among the people of Languedoc, in which 
 ha. was fuccefsful. He was one of the foun- 
 ders of the fociety of medicine, and pronoun- 
 ced the eloges of Haller, Linne, Pringle, 
 and other illuftrious men. He died 1794, 
 aged 46. Befides his eloges he wrote me- 
 moirs anatomical obfervations, &c. 
 
 Victor I. pope 193, iuffered martyrdom 
 unaef Severus 202. 
 
 Victor II. Gcbchard, pope after Leo IX. 
 1055, died two years after. 
 " Victor, III. pope 1086, hurled a bull of 
 excommunication againft the anti-pope Gui- 
 bert, and died foon after 1087. 
 
 Victor, Amadeus, of Savoy, firft king of 
 Sardinia, was born 1666, and fucceeded his 
 father Charles Emanuel in 1675. By hit 
 marriage with the niece of Lewis XIV. heen- 
 fured the co-operation of France, but he foon 
 declared againft his new allies. He Was de- 
 feated by Catmat at Staffarde 1690, and loft 
 all Savoy \ but two years after he lei zed upon 
 Gap and Embrun. Another victory at Mar- 
 seilles, obtained over him by Catinat, robbed 
 him of all his dominions, but though he made 
 peace in 1696, he took up arms again in 1701, 
 encouraged by the promifes of the emperor. 
 His troops were defeated by Vendorrie, and 
 Turin his capical befieeed by la Feuillade, buc 
 the luccour of Eugene faved him from ruin. 
 Peace was reftorcd In 1713, and Victor, ac- 
 knowledged king of Sicily, foon after refigned 
 his title in favor oCthe emperor, who fupport- 
 ed his affumption of rhe name of king of Sar- 
 dinia. He in 1730,' after a reign of 55 years, 
 abdicated the throne in favor of his fon, but 
 the next year, with the fame inconfiftency, he 
 reclaim el the reg.d honors. The fon might 
 have complied, but when he faw that the crown 
 was claimed by the fuggeftions of an ambitious 
 miflrefs, he wifely refilled, and the fickle old 
 man foon after died 1732. 
 
 [ e % ] VicTo- 
 
VIG 
 
 VIL 
 
 VjCT*xri, or Veitorj, Peter, was 
 appointed by Cofroo dc Medicis, profeffor of 
 eloquence at Florence. He died 1585, aged 
 $7. He is regarded as one of the firft resto- 
 rers of learningm Italy. His works are criti- 
 cal not os on Cicero, Cato, Varro, and Colu- 
 mella commentaries on Ariftotle's rhetoric, 
 
 Vida, Mark Jerome, a modem poet, born 
 at Cremona 14 70. After ftudying at Padua 
 and Bologna, he entered among the canons of 
 St. Mark at Mantua, which he foon after ex- 
 changed for the order of St. John Lateran at 
 Rome. His poetical fame reached the ears 
 of Leo X. who rewarded him with the priory 
 of St. Silvefter at TivolL In this retreat he 
 devoted himfelf to the compofition of hisChrif- 
 tias, and though his labors w'ere interrupted 
 by the death of his patron, he received from 
 Clement VII. the rewards due to his talents, 
 and was made biuSop of Alba, 153a. He died 
 27th Sept. 1566, aged 96. The tributes of 
 pr.ufe paid to the genius of this great man, have 
 Men numerous, and among them the words 
 of Pope are particularly itriking. His works 
 coniiit of ais poetica, a valuable poem de 
 bombyce Iih-i duo, the moll correct of his 
 works fcacchia ludus hymni de rebus di- 
 vinis chriftiados libri fex bucolica, eclogs, 
 & carmina, &c dialogi de republicae digni- 
 tate, &c. 
 
 Yieta, Francis, mailer of r<?quefts to 
 queen Margaret, was born at Fontenay, 1540. 
 He was the tint who ufed in algebra the letters 
 of the alphabet to mark known quantities, and 
 he alio introduced important improvements in 
 geometry. He made afterwards fome alte- 
 rations in the Gregorian calendar, and fhewed 
 himfelf fo exact in deciphering the Spanilh go- 
 vernment's interceptad letters, that the di- 
 vulging of the contents, which were bfcurely 
 clothed in 500 different characters, was afcri- 
 bei to magic. He died 1603. He publifced 
 Apollonius of Perga, &c. 
 
 Vieossens, Raymond de, of Rouergue, 
 a as phyfician to the king of France, and his 
 work on internal diieafes, in 4 vols. 4to. was 
 pub&uSed by his grrndfon 1774. He died at 
 Montpellier 17 i.e. 
 
 Vicand, or Wigand, Join, a Lutheran 
 dr.ine, engaged in the publication of the cen- 
 turiea of Magdeburgh, 13 vols, fob 1^63. 
 He wrote feveral works in favor of the refor- 
 mation, and died 1587, aged 64. 
 
 Vigiuvs, W3j elevated to the papal throne, 
 537. by the intrigues of Theodora wife of 
 Juft'raian, to whom he promifed that he would 
 cancel all the decrees of the council of Conftan- 
 tinople againft the Eutychian bifhops. He 
 afterwards eppfed Theodora, for which he 
 waabaniilcd, and died at Syracufe 55 c. 
 
 Viones, Prttr de,, of Capua, role from 
 
 tjkurny to be chancellor of the German em- 
 
 d that he attempted to poifon 
 
 , tor which his eyes were 
 
 , bat othert attributed thia feme 
 
 treatment to the malice of his enemies. Dif- 
 gufted with the confinement of a prilbn he 
 dafhed his head againft the column to which 
 his galling chains were fattened, and thus ex- 
 pired 1249. Some of his works have been 
 printed. 
 
 Vignole, James Barozzio, an architect, 
 born at Vignole 1507. He was employed by 
 Francis I. in the conftrucVion of i'everal fplen- 
 did edifices, after which he returned to Italy 
 to finilh the palace of cardinal Farnefe. He 
 died 1573, aged 66. He wrote a treatife on 
 the rive orders of architecture in Italian, 3 
 vols. 4to. and another, fur la perfpe&ive 
 pratique. 
 
 Vignoles, Stephen de, better known by 
 the name of la Hire, was a general in the fer- 
 vice of Charles VII. and he obliged Bedford to 
 raife the fiege of Mont.argis, and aflifted Joan 
 of Arc in the relief of Or'eans. He died at 
 Montauban, 1447. 
 
 Vignoles, A'phohjo de, of Aubais in 
 Languedoc, left France on the revocation of 
 the edict of Nantes, and retired to Prulfia. 
 He was made director of the royal academy 
 offciences at Berlin, where he died I744 
 aged 95. He wrote the chronology of the 
 holy fcriptures, &c. % vols. 4to. epiftola chro- 
 nologica, &c. 
 
 Villa ret, Claude, of Paris, became 
 known by his romance of la belle alle- 
 mande. In confequence of fome domeftic 
 diftrefTes he quitted Paris, and to fupport him- 
 felf began the life of an actor at Rouen, Com- 
 piegne, Liege, &c. He again fettled at Pa- 
 ris, and obtained th8 place of firit commifTary of 
 the chamber of accounts. On the death of 
 Velly he was appointed his fuccejflor in the 
 completion of an hiftory of France, which he 
 ably continued from the 8th volume to the 
 17th volume. He wrote befides, confiderations 
 fur Tart du theatre, 8vo. &c. and died at 
 Paris, 1766, aged 61. 
 
 VjLLARS, Andrew de Brancas de, a gene- 
 ral, who efpoufed the intereits of the league 
 againlt Henry IV. He was afterwards gain- 
 ed over by Sully, and when taken prifoner at 
 Dourlens by the Spaniards 1595, he was bafe- 
 ly murdered. 
 
 Villars, Lout* HeSlor, marquis and dale 
 of, peer of France, was born at Moulins 
 1653. He diftinguiihed himfelf on the Rhine, 
 at the fiege of Maeltricht, at the battle of 
 Senef, and on various occafions. At the peace 
 ofRyfwick, he went ambaffador to Vienna, 
 and when afterwards placed at the head of the 
 French armies, he defeated the prince of Ba- 
 den, and gained the battle of Hochitet ; but 
 was at laft routed and dang^roufly wounded at 
 the battle of Malplaquet, 1 709. He after- 
 wards regained his reputation at Denay, and 
 by the fall of Douay, Quefnoy, Sc: and he 
 aflilted in the eftablifhment of peace at Rad- 
 lladt, 1 714. After the death of Lewis XIV. 
 he fupported the adminillration of Orleans, 
 and ia 1733, when a new war broke out, be 
 commanded 
 
VTL 
 
 VIN 
 
 commanded the French armies in Italy. He 
 took Pifighitone, but loon after was taken ill, 
 and died at Turin 1734, aged 8a. 
 
 Villena, marquis of, a Spanifln poet. 
 He preferred retirement and folitude to the 
 court, and tranflated at the requeft of his re- 
 lation John, king of Navarre, Virgil's iEneid 
 into Spanifh verfe. His gaya fciencia, a fyftem 
 of poetry, rhetoric, and oratory, defcribing 
 the ceremonies and public exhibitions ef the 
 Troubadours, is his moft celebrated perfor- 
 mance. He alfo tranflated Dante into profe, 
 and died of the gout 1434. 
 
 VlLLENEUVE, Gabr'ullc Sufanne Burbot 
 de, is diftinguifhed as an interefting novel wri- 
 ter. Her romances are numerous, the bed 
 known of which are, la jeUne Americaine, 
 jamo. le phenix conjugal, &c. She died 
 USB- 
 
 Villette, Charles marquis de, of Paris, 
 married Voltaire's niece, and was one of the 
 members of the convention. He died 1793. 
 His eloges of Charles V. Henry IV. poetical 
 pieces, Sec. were collected together 1784, 8vo. 
 
 Villi ERS, George, duke of Buckingham, 
 was born at Brookefby, Leicefterfhire, 1592, 
 and after receiving an indifferent education, 
 travelled into France, where he acquired all 
 the accomplifliments of the gentleman. He 
 was introduced to the notice of James I. at the 
 play reprefented by the ftudents of Cambridge, 
 and the monarch was fo captivated with his 
 perfon and his fine clothes, that he foon made 
 him his cup-bearer. He was knighted, and 
 rapidly rofe to the rank of a baron, an earl, a 
 marquis, and a duke, and was made mailer of 
 the horfe, warden of the cinque ports, and 
 obtained the difpofal of all the offices of honor 
 and emolument in the church and ftate. In 
 l6ao he married the earl of Rutland's daugh- 
 ter, the richeft heirefs in the kingdom, and 
 three years after he perfuaded the prince of 
 Wales to go to Spain, in difguife, to folicit the 
 hand of the infanta. On the death of James, 
 Villiers retained his influence with Charles, 
 but while the favorite of the court, he was re- 
 garded with odium by the people. His unpo- 
 pularity was encreafed by advifing his mafter 
 to diflolve the parliament and to raife fupplies 
 without the confent of the people. In the 
 war with France, the duke carried hoftilities 
 into the enemy's country, but inftead of land- 
 ing on the continent he made an imprudent 
 attack on the ifle of Rhe, in which he loft the 
 flower of his army. This difafter was to be 
 repaired by a more formidable armament for 
 the relief of Rochelle ; but before he failed 
 he was rtabbed at Portfmouth by Felton a 
 lieutenant of the army, who had vowed his 
 death. This happened %$d Aug. i6a8, in the 
 36th year of his age. In his difpofition Buck- 
 ingham was generous and humane, but in his 
 attachments he was violent and headftrong. 
 Immoderately ambitious, he viewed the cau- 
 tious meafures of the parliament with con- 
 tempt, and to carry into execution his favo- 
 
 rite meafures, he hefitated not to facrifice the 
 interefts of his mafter, and the happinefs of the 
 people. For his information on public affairs, 
 he was indebted to the monarch, who with ri- 
 diculous fondnefs for his perfon relblved to 
 make him a mafter-piece, and to mould him 
 platonically to his own ideas. 
 
 Villiers, George, duke of "Buckingham, 
 fon of the preceding, was born at Wallingford 
 houfe, London, 1627. After being at Cam- 
 bridge he went on his travels, and at his re- 
 turn he was prefented to the king at Oxford, 
 and he entered at Chrift church. He went 
 with prince Charles to Scotland, and lhared 
 his dangers at the battle of Worcefter, but on 
 his return to England he retrieved his fortunes 
 by marrying, in 1 65 7, the daughter of lord 
 Fairfax. Though connected with republicans, 
 he did not lofe the royal favor, but at the ref- 
 toration he was poflefled of an eftate of ao,oool. 
 a year, and was mafter of horfe to the king. 
 Though he joined a confpiracy againft the go- 
 vernment, fo forgiving was the king that he 
 was reftored on his fubmiffion, to his honors. 
 The attempt which he made with Blood on 
 the duke of Ormond, did not again expofe 
 him as he deferved to the royal difpleafure, 
 but he was made chancellor of Cambridge, and 
 fent ambaflador to Lewis XIV. He after- 
 wards favored the caufe of the nonconformifts, 
 and was fent to the tower for contempt by 
 the houfe of lords. He died at Kirkby Moor- 
 fide, Yorkfhire, 1688, after a fhort illnefs of 
 three days, of an ague in confequence of fitting 
 on the ground when fatigued with hunting. 
 Though a man of abilities, of great vivacity, 
 and of quicknefs of parts, he did not poflefs a 
 fingle virtue. His wit was malevolence, his 
 generofity was profufenefs, and fo debauched 
 was his character that the whole bafinefs of 
 life feemed to be the gratification of the moll 
 fenlual appetites. His charaiter has been 
 well delineated in Zimri in Dryden's Abfalom 
 and Achitophel, but though a debauchee he 
 has acquired celebrity a& a poet and a man of 
 letters. His poems though few in number are 
 great in merit. Befides the rehearfal a come- 
 dy of merit, in which he ridicules the drama- 
 tic writers of his age, he wrote the chances 
 from Hetcher the reftoration the battle of 
 Sedgemoor the militant couple an eflay on 
 reafon and religion on human reafon dif- 
 courfe on the reafonablencfs of a religion and 
 worfhip of God, &c. 
 
 Vincent, Thomas, author of God's ter- 
 rible voice in the city, by plague and fire, 8vo. 
 of an explanation of the catechilm, and 
 other religious trafts, was ejedted from the 
 living of St. Mary Magdalen in Milk-ftrect, 
 and died at Hoxton 16 71. 
 
 Vincent, Nathaniel, author of the con- 
 version of a (inner, and the day of grace, 8vo . 
 and other religious books, was of Magdalen, 
 college, Oxford, and was ejefted from Lang- 
 ley Marfh, Bucks. He died 1697. 
 
 Vinci, Leonard, a painter, bora in the 
 [fie 3] ca% 
 
VIN 
 
 VIV 
 
 esftle of Vinci near Florence 144* Hebe- 
 came a mod accomplished painter, well fkiUed 
 in the knowledge of anatomy, of optics, of 
 geometry, and of all the arts which could add 
 correcWfs, grace, arid delicacy to the efforts 
 of a great genius. He was patronized by Sjfbr- 
 xa, duke of Milan, and not only introduced 
 the Gmplicicy of the Greeks over the rude 
 Gothic, but he contributed much to ornament 
 .the city, and fupplicd it with water by a new 
 canal ado miles in length. The war's of Mi- 
 lan, and the captivity of the duke, influenced 
 tne deltinies of the painter, and Leonard 
 quitted the. city. He removed to Florence 
 where he found protection with the Medicis. 
 From Florence he went to Rome, and foon 
 after vifited France. The fatigues of the jour- 
 ney however were too much for his conftitu- 
 tion, he languifbed for fome months at Fon- 
 tainebleau, and during one of the vifits which 
 he frequently received from Francis, he railed 
 himfelf in his bed to fhew his gratitude, 
 and at that moment being feized with a faint- 
 ing fit, he expired in the arms of the monarch, 
 who had eagerly (looped to lupport him, in 
 IJ20. The belt of his pieces was our Savi- 
 our's laft fupper, painted in oil, on the wall of 
 a church of Milan, long fince defaced from 
 Mature and the ravages of time, though a 
 copy of it taken by order of Francis I. is pre- 
 ferved at St. Germain's. At Florence he was 
 engaged with Michael Angelo in painting the 
 council chamber of the city, but this union of 
 talents produced lafting jealoufy. According 
 to Rubens,* his chief excellence was in 
 giving every thing its proper character. 
 His pieces are moftly preferred at Florence 
 and in France. He wrote trcatifes on the 
 nature, equilibrium, and motion of water 
 on anatomy, on perspective on- painting, 
 &c. 
 
 Viner, fir Robert, a goldfmith of London, 
 much noticed by Charles II., to whom he lent 
 large fums of money. When he was lord 
 mayor of the city, the monarch honored him 
 with Ins preience at dinner. 
 
 Vines, RkharJ, of Blafton, Leieefter- 
 fcire, v.vjs educated at Magdalen college, 
 Cambridge, and became matter of Hinckley 
 khool, and obtained the living of Weddington, 
 Warwickshire. The civil wars drove him to 
 Coventry, but in 164^, he was one of the af- 
 iembly of divines, and proved himfelf an able 
 champion of the , republican caufe. From 
 London, where he obtained St. Clement 
 Danes, and St. Lawrence Jewry, he remo- 
 ved to Cambridge, where he was appointed 
 matter 01 Pen.hioke hall, which he resigned 
 as ho would not take the engagement. In 
 the conferences with the monarch as deputy 
 from the parliament, he conducted himfelf 
 with refpecTt towards his Sovereign, and on the 
 ng of his execution he offered him his 
 i>i/itual couiblation. He died 16^5. Though 
 * violent CaMntt, he was a benevolent man, 
 
 void of pride and flattery, and as a fcholsr - 
 finguifhed fqr his knowledge of Greek. He 
 often preached before the parliament, and of 
 thefermons which he compofed 32 have been 
 puhlilhed. 
 
 Vior, Marie Ann Henrietta Payan de % 
 VEJlang, of Drefden, was diftinguifhed for her 
 learning, her wit, and the versatility of her 
 genius. She married d'Antremont at ia, and 
 was a widow at 16, and afterwards fhe took 
 for her Second hulband de Boui die of Nifmes. 
 Her mental accomplishments recommended 
 her to the learned, fhe was honored with a 
 feat in the academy of Ni "mes, and read on 
 her tfdmifiioa an eloge on her favorite author 
 Montaigne. Among her competitions ara 
 ode to filence, the fummer fauvette, a ro- 
 mance, la foret de brama, an opera, &c. 
 She died of a fever 1802, aged 56. 
 
 Vitringa, Campegio, of Leewarde, in 
 Friefland, became profelibr at Franek<-)\ where 
 he died of an apoplexy 1722, aged 63. He 
 was author of a Latin commentary on Ifaiah, 
 2 vols. fol. apocalypfeoo anachrifis, 4to. ty 7 
 pus theologian pradticie, 8vo. fynagoga vet us, 
 &c. 
 
 Vivaldi, Antonio, a famous mufician. 
 His execution on the violin was particularly 
 admired, and his fymphonies, and four feafbns, 
 are fiill popular pieces. He died about 1743, 
 at Venice. 
 
 Vivares, Francis, an engraver of emi- 
 nence, who came to London in 1727 with the 
 intention of-following the bufineYs of his uncle, 
 a matter tailor, but his partiality to engraving 
 prevailed, and he acquired an extenfive repu- 
 tation. His landscapes and trees were parti- 
 cularly admired. He died 1780, aged 71. 
 
 Vivens, Frauds de, a phyfician, who died \ 
 at Clairac 1780, aged 80. He was i-uthor of 
 tracts on the flight of birds on the principles 
 of phyfics, &c. 
 
 Vives, John Lewis, of Valencia, in Spain, 
 taught belles lettres at Louvain, and came to 
 England, where he taught Latin to Mary the 
 daughter of Henry VIII. When he pre- 
 lum ed to fp< ak avid to write againft the divorce 
 of Catherine of Arragon, he was arretted, and 
 fenttto prifon. When he recovered his liber- 
 ty he returned to Spain, and died 1540, aged 
 48. He wrote commentaries on Augutfin's ; 
 civitas dei a treatile on the corruption, ar.d 
 decline of arts and fciences treatile on reli- 
 gion, &c. 
 
 Viviani, Vincent^ a mathematician, bom 
 at Florence, 1622. He acquired fuch repu- 
 tation that he received a penfion from Lewis 
 XIV., and was appointed firft mathematician 
 to the grand duke of 'I ufcany. He died 1 703. 
 He publifhed divination on Arifteas, a work 
 of merit, fol. de maximis & minimis geome- 
 triae divinatio, &c. fol. enodatio problema- 
 tum tmiverfis gcometris propofitorum, &c. 
 
 Vivien, Joftpb, a. painter f Lyons. His 
 pieces are much admired for correct nets of 
 
 deli- 
 
ULU 
 
 VOL 
 
 delineation, and- a happy manner which gave 
 to the. features the very feelings of the lbul. 
 He died at Bonn 1735, aged 78. 
 
 Ulfeld Cornifix, count de, fon of the 
 -Danifh minifter, w as patronized by Chriftian 
 IV. of Denmark, whole natural daughter he 
 married. His intrigues rendered him fufpec 
 ted to the .next, monarch Frederic Hi. and he 
 fled to Sweden, to Chrillina. After that 
 queen's death he returned to Copenhagen, but 
 was again obliged to fly abroad. He lived for 
 ibme time at Bafd, but being difcovered he 
 failed down the Rhine, and died of cold in the 
 veffclin which he had embarked, 1664, aged 
 60. 
 
 Ulloa v Pereira, Letvisdi, a Spaniih 
 poet, born at Toro in Leon. He gained the 
 protection of Philip IV. by his poetical pieces, 
 and obtained the government of Leon. He 
 died 1660. Though great in the comic and 
 the burlel'que, he was actually fuccefsful in the 
 j grave and the ferious. The beft of his poems 
 is Rachel, or the loves of Alphonlb VIII. 
 
 Ulloa, Dota Antonio, a Spnnilh mathe- 
 matician, fent to Peru, to meafure a degree of 
 the meridian. On his return he was taken by 
 the Englifh, and when releafed was again fent 
 to America, as governor of Louifiana. He 
 died 1795, aged 79. His hifiorical voyages in 
 South America, have appeared % vols. 4to. 
 
 Vlodomir, grand duke of Ru!lia, embra- 
 ced chriftianity in 989. His good intentions 
 were feconded by his daughter-in-law, the 
 daughter of Boleflaus, duke of Poland, who 
 brought in her retinue Reimbem, biihop of 
 Colberg. Vlodomir, by an old age of repen- 
 tance, made amends for the cruelties and the 
 debauchery of former years, and after death 
 was regarded as an apoiile and a faint. An 
 crier of merit was eitablilhed by the fecond 
 Catherine, which be&rs his name. 
 
 Ulric a, /<?o/wr, fecond daughter of Charles 
 XI. of Sweden, governed the kingdom during 
 the abfence of her brother Charles XI L and 
 after his death fhe was proclaimed queen, 1 719. 
 The following year fhe resigned the crown to 
 -her hufband Frederic of HefTe-Caffe! ; but 
 iuch was the afcendancy of the nobles, that 
 they obliged their lbvereigns to acknowledge 
 their right as the election of the peeple. Ul- 
 rica, by a wife adminiftratiou, contributed to 
 reitore profperity to the nation, and died 
 1 741. The wife of Charles XI. of Sweden, 
 and the mother of the preceding, alfo bore 
 the name of Ulrica, and died 1693. When 
 fhe fupplicated her hufband's cornpaffion 
 in favor of thofe whom his government 
 oppreifed, he fpurned hex from him, ohferving 
 tnat he had taken her to give him .children, 
 not advice. 
 
 Uluc-Bkig, a Perfian prince, celebrated 
 
 for his knowledge of aftronomy. His catalogue 
 
 ci h ed ftars, rectified for 1 434, was publifiad 
 
 by Hyde at Oxford in 16&5 in 4to. with lear- 
 
 cs. Ke was put to death by his own 
 
 foa I449> after reigning 40 years at Samar- 
 kand. 
 
 Voetius, GiJbert,oi Heufden, was profefTor 
 of theology, and of oriental languages at 
 Utrecht, where he continued an aiiive inttruc- 
 tor for 40 years, and died 1677, aged 87. 
 His accufetion of Defcartes, whom he charged 
 with atheiim, was believed by the magistrates 
 of Utrecht, and the two apologetiol letters 
 of the philofopher were condemned to igno- 
 miny. His followers were called Voetians. 
 He publiihed exercitia & bibliotheca ftudiofi. 
 theologi politica ecclefiaftica, 4 vols. 4to. 
 &c. His fon Paul was profeflbr of law at 
 Utrecht, and died 1667, a ged 48. He wrote 
 de ufu juris civilis & canonici, &c. de jure 
 militari, &c. 
 
 VoiSENoN, Charles Henry dc Fnfe'e de, of 
 Voifenon, quitted the ecclefiaftical profeffion 
 for the pleafures of the wot'd. He was au- 
 thor of various romances fugitive pieces of 
 poetry feveral comedies lyric potms hif- 
 torical fragments, &c. written in an eafy liyle. 
 He died 177?, aged 67. 
 
 Voi sin, Daniel Francis, counfellor of the 
 parliament of Paris, role to the higheft offices, 
 and in 17 14 was made chancellor of France. 
 His .integrity was eminently difplayed in a 
 conference with Lewis XIV. The monarch, 
 who had promt! ed pardon to fome worthlefs 
 culprit, directed his chancellor to affix the feals 
 to the pardon, and when he refufed, he took 
 the feals, and fealed the pardon himfelf. 
 When Lewis defired his minifter to take the 
 feals back, he declined it, faying, "they are con- 
 taminated, I wifh no longer to hold them." 
 Aitoniihed at this, the king, with admiration, 
 threw the pardon into the fire ; " now," 
 rejoined the chancellor, "I can properly refume 
 the feals, ae fire purifies every thing." He 
 died fnddenly, 1718, aged 62. 
 
 Voituke, Vincent, an eminent writer, 
 born at Amiens, 1598. His literary reputa- 
 tion recommended him to the court. He was 
 fent to Spain on political affairs, and during 
 his (lay he wrote verfes in vSpanifh with fuch 
 elegance that they were afcribed to Lopez de 
 Vega. He afterwards vifited Rome, where he 
 was courteoufly treated, and he was the bear- 
 er of the information of the birth of Lewis 
 XIV. to Florence. Though loaded with pen* 
 fions, he was, in confequeuce of his fondnefs 
 for gaming, always poor. He died 1648. 
 Though he wrote verfes with elegance in 
 French, Spaniih, and Italian, yet few of his 
 poetical pieces are preferred. H is letters form 
 nearly the whole of his works. They are 
 elegant, polite, and eafy, and have deferved 
 the higheit commendations of Boilcau, who 
 regards him not only as a polifher and refiner 
 jt the French language in a barbarous age, but 
 is a fenftble and graceful writer. Voltaire, 
 1 we\er, fpeaks differently of his merits, 
 
 Volkof, Feodor, the Garrick of Ruffia, 
 
 .;ib il.e ibn of a tradefmaji at Yaiojlaf, and 
 
 [E e 4] bora 
 
VOL 
 
 VOL 
 
 hort 1729. He was educated at Mofcow, 
 but inllead of devoting himlelf to the biifinefs 
 nufacturer of nlt petre and fulphur in 
 .le of his mother's lecond hufband, he 
 frequented the German theatre at Peterfburg, 
 and or. his return to Yaroflaf, he erected a 
 itage. His four brothers (hared his theatrical 
 Ubars, and by degrees acquired fuch reputa- 
 aat a rgular theatre was built. His 
 fame was no fooner reported at Peterfburg, 
 than the emprefs in 1752 fent for him, and 
 nobly allowed him a handfome penfion, and 
 enabled him to reprefent with magnificence 
 the finelt produ&ions of Sumorokof and of 
 Moliere. Not lefs than 22ccl. were annual- 
 ly granted for the falaries of the aftors, and 
 Volkof and his brother were ennobled, and 
 prefented with extenfive eftates. The laft 
 character which this eminent aclor performed 
 was in Zemira at Mofcow, and he died foon 
 after 1763, aged 35. 
 
 Volmar, Ifaacy a German ftatefman, who 
 alined at the conferences before the peace of 
 Weil halia. He wrote in Latin memoirs of 
 the trafa<3ions at Munfler and Ofnaburgh be- 
 tween the catholics and proteftants, and died 
 1662. 
 
 VoLTAIRK, Maris Francis Arouet de, a 
 French writer of celebrity, born at Paris, 
 20th Feb. 1694. He was fo feeble at his 
 birth, that it was long doubtful whether he 
 could be reared. From his earlieft years he 
 evinced fuperior powers, fo that he laid, he 
 wrote verfes before he left his cradle. He 
 was educated in the college of Lewis the 
 Great, where he msde fuch progrefs, that 
 Ninon de l'Enclos left him 2000 livres to buy 
 him a library. He was intended for the law ; 
 but the mules had greater charms, and amone 
 the courtiers of Lewis XIV. he acquired thofe 
 pees of delicate humor and eafy expreffion 
 by which he was fo much diftinguilhed. His 
 fondnefs for fatire procured his imprifonment 
 in the Baftille for one year, from which he 
 was liberated by Orleans, who was plcafed 
 with the reprcfentation of (Edipus, the firft 
 tragedy which he wrote 1 718. Some of his 
 plays were afterwards unfuccefsl'ul, and the 
 poet indignant at the cenfures of his country 
 men, left Paris, and came to England, where 
 he was noticed by George I. and queen Caro- 
 line, under whofe patronage he publiQied his 
 Henmde. Flattered with this and with the 
 handfome property which he had realized by 
 t..e liberality of his fubferibers, he in 1728 re- 
 turned to Paris, and while he labored by com- 
 merce to improve his income, he devoted the 
 en part of his time to literary purfuits. His 
 IfratiH, the mod nervous of his tragedies, ap- 
 peared in 1730, and was foon fucceeded by 
 Zara, the moft pathetic of his pieces. His 
 tees ph.lofophiques at this time gave fuch 
 enenc? for their indecent witticifms, that thev 
 wtre burnt by a decree of the parliament, and 
 Jraajthor withdrew to the feat of madame de 
 W*alec H Akirc, Mahomet, and Me- 
 
 rope, produced foon after, placed him at t!:^ 
 head of the dramatic poets of France, and >;; 
 troduced him to the court as the -favorite of 
 madame Pompadour. He was appointed gen- 
 tleman of the bed chamber to the king, and 
 historiographer of France, and in 1746 had 
 a feat in the academy of fciences. Though 
 thus popular, he yet found a hoft of rivals, 
 and to fly from them, he retired to Bsrlin. 
 The confidence of the Pruflian monarch, and 
 a liberal penlion of 22,000 livres, for a while 
 commanded his attachment, but a quarrel with 
 Maupertuis, who was at the head of the Ber- 
 lin academy, and that fpirit of independence 
 which always marked his conduct, foon after 
 brought on his difgrace, and after being dif- 
 pofTefled of a volume of royal verfes, which he 
 wifhed to carry away, he left the kingdom; 1 
 The publication of an obfeene poem at that 
 time rendered his return to Paris dangerous, 
 and therefore after flaying one year at Colwar, 
 he purchafed an eflate near Geneva, where 
 he fixed his refidence. This place he foon 
 abandoned for Ferney, on the herders of 
 France, where he eftabliihed a colony of in- 
 duftrious artifans, and received in progrefs of 
 time the homage and the refpeef of the learn- 
 ed of Europe. He received the adulation 
 of the great, and the liberal prefents of crown- 
 ed heads, efpecially of the king of Pruffia, 
 and of the emprefs Catherine, and continued 
 long to direct the tafte and the literature of 
 the world. At laft, in 1778, he ventured to 
 exchange the tranquillity of Ferney for the ca- 
 pital, and furrcunded with glory and with 
 wealth, he appeared at Paris, where he wag 
 received with unufual honors by all the learn- 
 ed bodies, and crowned with the poetic 
 wreath in the theatre, amidft applauding 
 thoufands. Thefe honors, and the compli- 
 mentary vifits of ceremony which they pro- 
 duced, were, however, too burdenfome for his 
 great age and change of regimen, and conti- 
 nued fatigue inflamed his blood and brought 
 on a hemorrhage. As if foreboding his end, 
 he declared when he reached Paris, that he 
 came to feek glory and death, and when pre- 
 fented by an artift with a picture of his triumph 
 he obferved, u a tomb would be fitter for me 
 than a triumph." When unable to enjoy his 
 ufual reft he took a large dole of opium, which 
 deprived him of his fenfes, and he died foon 
 after, 30th May, 17.78. He was buried at 
 Sellieres, between Nogent and Troyes, and 
 his remains were, during the revolution, re- 
 moved to the church of St. Genevieve, at 
 Paris, by a decree of the convention. Vol- 
 taire as the leader of a new fedl has caufed a 
 revolution in wit and morals, and whilft he 
 has often exerted his powerful talents to pro- 
 mote the caufe of reafon and of humanity, to 
 infpire princes with toleration, and with a hor-> 
 ror for war, he has too often exerted himi'clf 
 in extending principles of irreligion, anarchy, 
 and libertinifm. Ever inconltent he was th* 
 free thinker at London* the Cartef;an at Ver- 
 
 faii 
 
VOR 
 
 VOS 
 
 Cailles, the chriftian at Nancy, and the infidel 
 at Berlin. From the high character of the 
 mofalift, he frequently defcended into the 
 buffoon, from the philofopher he became an 
 enthufiaft, from mildnefs he patted to paflion, 
 from flattery to iatire,from the love of money 
 to the love of luxury, from the modefty of a 
 wife man to the vanity of an impious wit, and 
 from the faith of the humble chriftian to the 
 foul language of a blalphemous atheift. It 
 has been faid, that his phyfiognomy partook of 
 that of the eagle and of the ape, and his cha- 
 
 racter exhibited him 
 
 dly with fenfibi- 
 
 lity, but void of affection, voluptuous, but 
 without paffions, open without fincerity, and 
 liberal without generofity. As a man of let- 
 ters he muft ftand on very high ground for 
 verfatility of talent, for brilliancy of imagina- 
 tion, for aftonifhing eafe, for exquifite tafte, 
 and for vaft extent of knowledge. He wrote, 
 befides.feveral tragedies, the laft of which was 
 Irene feveral comedies, the beft of which are, 
 l'indifcret, l'enfant prodigue, and Nanine 
 operas fugitive pieces eflai fur l'hiftoire 
 generate les fiecles de Louis XIV. and Louis 
 XV. hiftory of Charles XII. of the czar 
 Peter melanges de literature dictionaire 
 philolbphique (hilofophie de l'hiftoire, and 
 other works of impious tendency theatre of 
 Peter and Th. Corneille, fee. The moft cor- 
 rect edition of his works is that of Geneva, in 
 30 vols. 4to. and the moft copious, that of 
 Bafil, in 71 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Von-del, Jujlus, or Jdfedu, a Dutch poet, 
 born 1587. His parents were anabaptifts, but 
 he quitted their left for the Roman catholic 
 tenets. With ftrong natural powers, he dif- 
 regarded the rules of art, and at 30 began to 
 learn Latin. He wrote various poems, col- 
 lected together in 9 vols. 4to. The beft known 
 trf thefe are, the taking of Amfterdam by 
 Florent V. of Holland, a work of merit the 
 destruction of Jerufalem, a tragedy Pala- 
 medes, or innocence opprefTed, a work which 
 defcribed the fate of Barnevcldt, and for which 
 She author was fined 300 iivres by Maurice 
 latires, bitterly fevere againft the minifters of 
 the reformed religion, &c. He lived regardlefs 
 of worldly affairs, and died poor 1679, aged 
 9t. 
 
 V'orstius, Conrad, of Cologne, fucceeded 
 Arminius in the divinity chair at Leyden, 
 16x1, an appointment which fo d-lpleafed the 
 calvinifts, that James I. not only caufed his 
 book de deo to be burnt publicly in London, 
 but prevailed upon the ftates of Holland to ba- 
 nifii him. He found protection in Holftein, 
 and died at Toningen 1622. His works :.re 
 chiefly on controverfial and theological fub- 
 jects. 
 
 Vortic^rv, a Britifh chief, king after the 
 departure of the Romans 445. To repel the 
 Picts and Scots, he called to his afliilance the 
 Saxcns, and when they landed under Hengift 
 and Horfa, he granted them Lirge domains. 
 He afterwards married Rowena, Kengift's 
 
 daughter, and granted him Kent, after which 
 he retired to Wales, and was it is faid burned 
 in his caftle about 484. 
 
 Vossius, Gerard John, a learned writer, 
 born near Heidelberg 1577. He ftudied at 
 Dort, and 1595 removed to Leyden, and ac- 
 quired fuch reputation that though young, he 
 was 1599 elected director of the college of 
 Dort. He was in 1614 appointed director of 
 the theological college of Leyden, and four 
 years after railed to the chair of eloquence 
 and chronology. Though he endeavoured to 
 avoid controverfy, he incurred the difplealure 
 of the Gomarifts in his- hiftory of Pelagianifm, 
 and was expelled from among the anti-remon- 
 ftrants. He found friends in England, and 
 obtained a prebend in Canterbury cathedral, 
 and the degree of doctor of laws at Oxford 
 1639. On the erection of the univerfity of 
 Amfterdam in 1630, Voflius was regarded as 
 moft proper to fupport by his learning the new 
 eftablithment, and he was called to fill the chair 
 ofhiilory. He died there 1649, aged 7a. 
 His works were published in 6 vols. fol. 1695. 
 The beft known of thefe are, etymologicon 
 lingua? Latins de origine & progreflu idolo- 
 latrke de hiftoricis Grzecis de hift. Latinis, 
 fee. 
 
 Vossitrs, Francis, brother of the preced- 
 ing, was author of a poem on a naval triumph 
 obtained by Tromp, and died 1645. 
 
 Vossius, Dionyfius, fon of Gerard John V. 
 wrote valuable notes on the work of Mofes 
 Maimonides, with a Latin tranflation, and 
 died 1633, aged 22. 
 
 Vossins, Gerard, third fon of Gerard 
 John V. edited, with notes, Velleius Patercu- 
 lus, 1639, in i6mo. and died 1640. . His 
 brother Matthew wrote a chronicle of Hol- 
 land and Zealand, and died 1646. 
 
 Vossius, Ifuac, youngeft of the children of 
 Gerard John V. was born at Leyden 16x8. 
 He was educated under his father, and acquired 
 l'uch celebrity thac he was invited to Sweden 
 to teach Chriilina Greek. He received in 
 1663 a prefent from Lewis XIV. with a flat- 
 tering letter from Colbert, and on his vifit to 
 England in 1670, he was courteoully received 
 by Charles II. made doctor of laws at Oxford, 
 and appointed canon of. Windier, with apart- 
 ments in the caftle, where he died 1688. The 
 valuable library which he left was regarded as 
 the beft in the world, and wns pUTchafecTCty 
 the univerfity of Leyden. Though learned, 
 Voflius was weak and credulous, and though 
 he wrote a book to prove the feptuagint to be 
 the work of infjured writers, he in private con- 
 verfation difpuud the truths of revelation, in 
 confequence of which Charles, weft acquainted 
 with his belief in fabulous ftories, exclaimed, 
 u there is nothing which Voflius refufei to be- 
 lieve, except the bible." His works aiv nu- 
 merous, but lei's valu.-.ble than thole of his 
 father. The character of thefe two men has 
 been drawn by thejuurnalifts of Trevoux, with 
 gront accuracy. Nothing, fay they, is more 
 
 different 
 
U-RB 
 
 URS 
 
 different than the make of their undertakings. 
 In the lather judgment prevails, imagination in 
 the Ton ; the father labors (lowly, the Ton goes 
 with cafe; the father diltrufts the heft founded 
 conjectures, the fon loves nothing but conjec- 
 tures; bold and daring, the father's aim was to 
 unhurt, the Ion's to parade and to make a 
 noilc; truth was the father's object, and no- 
 i-elty the fon's. The father was a man of pro- 
 bity and religion, and regular in his manners, 
 the fon was a hbertine in principle and prac- 
 tice, he made religion the object of his infults, 
 and only ftudied to lind the weak fides of it, 
 and as to his morality his obl'cene notes on 
 Catullus will too fully prove the licentiouiheis 
 of his heart. 
 
 Vosstus, Gerard, an ecclefiaftic, diftantly 
 related to the preceding. He died at Liege, 
 where he was born 1609. He enriched, with 
 Latin verfions and notes, the works of Gre- 
 gory Thaumaturgus, and fomc of the pieces of 
 Chryfoftom,'&c. 
 
 Vouet, Simon, a celebrated painter, born 
 at Paiis 158a. After itudying under his fa- 
 ther, he vifited Conftantinople, Venice, and 
 Italy, and was patronized by Urban VIII. and 
 made prince of the Roman academy of St. 
 Luke. He was recalled in 1627, after a re- 
 fidenceof 14 years at Rome, by Lewis XIII. 
 and was employed in adorning the Louvre, 
 Luxemburg, and ether places. Though he 
 had no genius for grand compofitions, and was 
 unacquainted with the rules of perfpecVrve, 
 he was a great mailer in coloring, and to him 
 France is indebted for banifhmg the infipid 
 manner which then prevailed. As the founder 
 of the French fchool he hud numerous pupils. 
 He died, worn more with labor than with years, 
 1641, aged 59. 
 
 Ur-TON, James, of Chefhire, was elected 
 from Eton to a fellowfhip at King's, Cambridge. 
 He obtained the headihip of Taunton gram- 
 mar fchool, Somerfetfhire, and died there 
 1749, aged 79. He publiihed an edition of 
 Arhtotle's art of poetry, and abb Afcham's 
 fthoolmafter, with notes, 8vo. His Ion James 
 s educated at Exeter college, Oxford, and 
 obtained Riffmgton rectory, Gloucefterfhire, 
 and a Rochefier prebend. Befides observations 
 on Shakefpeare, 8vo he publilhtd an edition 
 of E : -ictetus, 1 vols.^tn and Spenfer's fairy 
 queen, a vols. 410. and died 1760. 
 
 Ukzian I. pope 223, was beheaded feven 
 yesrs after. 
 
 Urban II. pope - after Victor III. 1088, 
 held the council of Clermont, where the cru- 
 ..inft the infidels was firft publiihed. 
 Ke died 1099. 
 
 Ubbax III. wase'efted pope aft or Lucius 
 III. 1 185, an ears after. 
 
 MM IV. ot 'J rafn, rofe from obfeurity, 
 i tlecied pope 1 %6x. He died 1264. 
 
 Q the Gevaudan, was 
 
 1362, after Innpcent VI. He 
 
 ' t jgnon, where the 
 
 W ^ co pdifime 1304, and 
 
 by fixing his abode at Rome he became popu- 
 lar. In 1370 he again retired to A> 
 and died there that year. He was a liberal 
 patron to learned and religions bodies, and 
 founded feveral churches and colleges. 
 
 URBAN VI. Bartholomew Prignano, of 
 Naples, was elected pope in a popular ledition 
 13781 The cardinals loon after choie Robert 
 de Geneva, who affirmed the name of Clement 
 VII. and this double election was thefource of 
 fchifm. ' Urban died 1389. 
 
 Urb,vn VII. John Baptijl Cajlagna, was 
 pope 1590, and died 12 days after. 
 
 Urba n VIII. Maffeo Barbet ini, of Florence, 
 was elected pope after Gregory XV. 1623. 
 He united the duchy of Urbino to the holy 
 lee, and publiihed a bullagainft the Jaruenifts. 
 He died 1644. He was an excellent poet, 
 and. fo good a Grecian that he was called tl e 
 Attic bee. His poems confift of paraphraftjJ 
 from the pfalms, odes, hymns, epigrams, &c. 
 
 VROON, Henry Cornelius, of Haerlem, in 
 a voyage to Spain was fbipwrccked on the 
 coaft of Portugal. As well ikilled in painting, 
 he drew a reprefentation of the ftorn. which 
 had nearly proved fatal to him. When the 
 earl of Nottingham whhed to have the' defeat 
 of the armada tranfmilted to poiterity on a 
 fuit of tapeftry, Vroon was feledted, and his 
 execution was equal to the celebrity of the 
 iubject. It remains ftill in the houfe of lords 
 a monument of ins genius, and of the glorious 
 victory of Elizabeth. 
 
 Ursins, Anne Mary d* la Tremouille, lady 
 of honor to the queen of Spain, was a woman 
 cf great powers of mind, and offuch influence 
 thst fhe guided the affairs of the nation. She 
 was banished 1712 on the marriage of Philip 
 V. with Elizabeth Farnefe, and after f 
 in vain an afylum at Paris, Genoa, and Avig- 
 non, fire at laft fettled at Rome, where fht 
 died 1722, aged 80. 
 
 Ursinus, Zacbary, of Brefiau in Silefia. 
 attended Melancthon at the conference of 
 Worms 1557. The next year he was ap- 
 pointed over the academy of Breflau, but 
 when he declared himielf a calvkift he with 
 difficulty found an afylum at Zurich. He was 
 in 1561 invited at HcideNierg to fill the chair 
 of theology, but on the death of his patron 
 Frederic, the elector, he abanfldned"his fitua- 
 tioB, and removed to Neuitadt, where he v.vs 
 appointed divinitv profefibr, and where iie died. 
 1583, aged 49. He was a man of great learn- 
 ing, but in his diipofition violent. His works 
 are m 3 vols. fol. 
 
 Ursinus, John Henry, a Lutheran divine, 
 eminent for his learning. Me was fuperra- 
 tendaot of the churches of Ratijbon, and died 
 1667, author of exercitatkmesde Zcroaftro^ 
 Hermete, &c.8vo. fylva* theologian fymbeficaj, 
 i2mo. de ecclefiarum German, origlne, &c. 
 His fon George Henry, was author of diatribe 
 de TaprobanS, Cerne, &c. difputatib de 
 Locuftis, &c. 
 
 s, Nicholas Ray mar ut, a Danifh nii- 
 thematkiao. 
 
USH 
 
 UXE 
 
 thomatirian. Though originally a fwiae-herd, 
 and unacquainted with the alphabet, before his 
 t 8th ye;ir he became a very eminent aftrono- 
 mer. lie taught mathematics at Stralburg, 
 and afterwards removed to Prague, where he 
 died about 1600. He published ibme mathe- 
 matical works, and made fome difcoveries in 
 aitronomy, &c. 
 
 Usher, James, was born in Dublin 1580, 
 and educated at Trinity college, Dublin. He 
 ftudied with fuch affiduity,that before his 16th 
 year he had completed a chronicle of the bible 
 as far as the book of Kings, which became the 
 foundation of his great work the M annals." 
 To be more perfectly acquainted with chriiti- 
 anity, he applied himfelf to the reading of the 
 fathers, and in 18 years, in his 38th year, 
 he completed this laborious undertaking. 
 Though his friends wiflied him to follow the 
 law, he preferred divinity, and after his father's 
 death, gave up the whole of his patrimony to 
 his brothers and fillers to avoid family quarrels. 
 He vifited England to purchafe books and 
 MSS. for Dublin college, and in 1607 was 
 appointed chancellor of St. Patrick's church, 
 and divinity profeifor. He was in 1610 una- 
 jsimoLifly elected provoft of Dublin college, but 
 he declined the honor. Though reprelented 
 as a puritan, he was, in 1620, nominated by 
 James I. to the fee of Meath. His reputation 
 was now fo great, that the king promoted him 
 to the fee of Armagh, and here he fhowed 
 himfelf vigilant againft the extravagant claims 
 of the catholics, and maintained the dignity of 
 the churchman, and the meeknefs of the 
 chriiiian. He viiited England in 1640; but 
 the breaking out of the rebellion prevented his 
 r.turn, as his palace was nearly destroyed, and 
 his property plundered. To compenfate his 
 IpiTes, the king granted him the bifhopric of 
 Carlifle ; but as the Scotch armies were quar- 
 tered there, he derived little or no benefit 
 from it. He retired in confequence of the 
 ruined ftate of the king's affairs to Cardiff, 
 #nd th*n to the caltle of it. Donate's, in Wales. 
 
 So great was his attachment to his unfortunate 
 mailer, that he was confulted by him in the 
 treaty of the i(le of Wight about the church, 
 but though his zeal was unihaken, he remained 
 unmolefted. During the ufurpation Crom- 
 well defired once to fee him, and treated him 
 with civility; but never fulfilled the promife9 
 which he had made to him in favor of the 
 church. He died 1656, at Ryegate, Surrey, 
 aged 80, and though he directed to be buried 
 privately, Cromwell ordered his remains to be 
 depofited in Weftminller abbey. His library, 
 confifting of iopoo volumes, printed and ma- 
 nufcript, though folicited by the king of Den- 
 mark, and by cardinal Mazarin, was, as he 
 wifhedf. beftowed on Dublin college. As a 
 fcholar, Ulher was highly reipectable, acute as 
 a critic^ well informed as a divine, and as a 
 prelate, meek but dignified, the friend of or- 
 der, religion, and morality. His reputation 
 was fo well eftablilhed, that during the civil 
 wars, he was folicited to accept a profeffor's 
 chair at Leyden, and in France. His works 
 are, annals of the old and new teftament, bell 
 edited at Geneva, 2 vols. fol. a body of di- 
 vinity, fulio the hiflory of Gotefchalc, in 
 Latin nntiquitates ecckfiarum Britan. folio 
 editions of" the letters of Ignatius, Barnabas, 
 and Poiycarp, with notes, a vols. 4to. fer- 
 mons, &c. 
 
 Utenhovtus, Charles, of Ghent, ftudied 
 } at Paris, and afterwards went to England, 
 where he defended the government of Eliza- 
 beth. He returned to Cologne, where he died 
 of an apojiiexy, 1600, aged 64. lie was the 
 friend ofTurnebus, and publifhed Latin poems 
 epiftoktrum centuria mythologia JEfopica, 
 &c. 
 
 UxELLF.5, N'/ckotas Cbahtts du Ble,marquu 
 d\ a French general, diftinguifhed for his de- 
 fence of Mayence for 56 days. He was after- 
 wards plenipotentiary at Gertruydenberg and 
 Utrecht, and continued long a favorite at the 
 court of Lewis XIV7,and at that of the re&ei}t, 
 and died 1730. 
 
 w. 
 
 WAD 
 
 WACE, Robert, of Jerfey, was clerk of 
 the chapel to Henry II. of England, 
 and canon of Bayeux, in the middle of the 
 1 2th ccnturY. He wrote khon, or the dukes 
 ot'Normandv, in French verfe. 
 
 Wading', P.-ter, of Waterford, in, Ireland, 
 entered among the jeluits, and was profeflbr of 
 
 WAD 
 
 theology at Prague, and afterward*; at Louvain. 
 He was alfo chancellor of the univorfities of 
 Prague and Gratz, in Stiria, and wrote poems, 
 and other works in Latin, and died at Gratz 
 1644, aged 581 
 
 Wads worth, Tbo*nas t of St. Saviour'';, 
 
 Southwaik, was educated at Chriir college, 
 
 Cambridge, 
 
WAK 
 
 WAL 
 
 Cambridge, and obtained Newington Butts. 
 At the restoration he was ejedted from the 
 living of St. Lawrence Pulteney. He after- 
 wards preached at Newington Theobald's, &c. 
 sad died of the ltone 1676, aged 46. His 
 works are the immortality of the foul, and on 
 theological fubjedts. 
 
 Waffer, Lionel, a furgeon of London who 
 made feveral voyages to the fouth feas, of 
 which he publilhed nn account 1699. 
 
 Wagf.nseil, John Chriftopber, of Nu- 
 remberg, travelled as tutor to fome perfons of 
 distinction, with whom he vifited Holland, 
 France, Spain, England, and Italy, and received 
 erery where thole marks of refpedt \vhich his 
 learning deferved. Louts XIV. treated him 
 with liberality, and the univerfity of Orleans 
 honored him with the title of dodtor of laws, 
 but he preferred literary diftindtion at home, 
 and after an abfence of fix years he was placed 
 in the chair of law and hittory at Altorf. He 
 died 1705, aged 72. He wrote a treatife de 
 urbe Noribergae, 4to. pera hbrorum juvenil. 
 1 2nao. tela ignea fatanas, 2 vol?. 4to. &c. 
 
 Wagstaffe, Thomas, of Warwickfhire, 
 was educated at the Charter-houfe, and New 
 Inn hall, Oxford. He obtained Martins- 
 thorp redtory in Rutlandshire, and in 1684 was 
 made chancellor of Lichfield, and rector of St. 
 Margaret Pattens, London. At the revolution 
 he was deprived of his preferment, and prac- 
 tifed phyfic for fome years. He was in 1693 
 coofecrated fuffiagan bifhop of Thetford, and 
 died 171 2, aged 67. He wrote feveral tracts 
 in defence of the constitution, according to the 
 tenets of the non jurors, and Supported the 
 title of Charles I. to be author of the Eikon . 
 Ejfilike. 
 
 VVaillv, Noel Francis de, of Amiens, 
 wrote a French grammar of merit principles 
 of the L.(tiu tongue on orthography tranf- 
 lations of Cafar's comment3ries,&c. He died 
 1801. 
 
 ,:e, Williim, was born at Blandford, 
 (hire, 1657. He was in 1672 admitted 
 at Chrift-church, and became preacher to 
 the Gray's Inn Society. He was next deputy 
 clerk to the clofet, and chaplain to William 
 and Mary, and loon after canon of Chrift- 
 church, rector of St. James's, Weitminfter, 
 dean of Exeter, bifhp of Lincoln 1705, and 
 tranflited to Canterbury 1716. He was en- 
 gaged in controverfy with Atteihury with 
 rel'pecl to the rights of convocation, but though 
 . of the clergy entered -the lilts on both 
 " the ft ate of the church and clergy 
 of England," &c. fol. by Dr. Wake, was the 
 molt luminous and ktisudtory performance I 
 oti the (ubje&. la other writings he aMv 
 vindicated the church againft the papiits, and 
 while he v.ilhcd to i",rm an union between the 
 churches of England and France, he eras inde- 
 fcmgablc in Supporting the rights of the prorelt- 
 ants. Hcdiedat Lambeth 1737. Eefides L'r 
 controversial work*, he published a ttan 
 
 Jfoaolkai bthtrs, 8vc 
 
 exposition of the church catechifm fermons 
 and charges, &c. 
 
 Ware, I/aas, pf Northamptonshire, was 
 educated at Merton college, Oxford. He was 
 public orator to the univerfity, and afterwards 
 ambaflador from England to Venice, Savoy, 
 and France. He was knighted, and died abroad 
 1632. He was author of rex Piatonicus 
 difcourfe on the thirteen Helvetic cantons on 
 the State of Italy, &c. 
 
 Wakefield, Robert, was born in the 
 north of England, and educated at Oxford. 
 He travelled abroad, and acquired fuch repu- 
 tation that the emperor appointed him, 1519, 
 profeSTor of Hebrew at Louvain. He left the 
 continent for the patronage of Henry VIII., 
 and became Hebrew profeSIbr at Oxford, 1530, 
 and canon of Chrift church. He was author 
 of feveral Latin pamphlets on the abufesofthe 
 papal power on the celibacy of the clergy, 
 &c. and died 1537. 
 
 Wakefield, Gilbert, of Nottingham, was 
 educated at Kingston on Thames, and Jefus 
 college, Cambridge. When in deacon's orders he 
 obtained Stockport curacy, Chefhire, and next 
 removed to Liverpool. He quitted the church 
 in 1779 to be tutor in the difTenting academy 
 at Warrington, and rn its difTolution he re- 
 moved to Hackney college. The French re- 
 volution gave rife to feveral political publica- 
 tions, and among others Mr. Wakefield ex- 
 cited the public attention by the animofity of 
 his observations on government. Thefe pub- 
 lications were disregarded by the ministry, but 
 his letter to the biShop of Landaff appeared fo 
 hoftile to the establishment, that he was profe- 
 cuted by the attorney-general, and immured 
 for two years in Dorchefter gaol. His impru 
 lonment expired May 1801, but a fever car- 
 ried him off the following September, in his 
 45th year. As a fcholar he is intitled to high 
 praife, and had his talents been always diredt- 
 ed in the paths of claifiaal literature, he might 
 have added much to his domeftic happinefs 
 from the refpedt of men of all parties, and of 
 every denomination. Unfortunately, however, 
 attached to levelling principles, he was reftlefs 
 and diSTatisfied under a government which 
 afforded him protection and Safety; and while 
 he wished to proltrate in the duft the nobleft 
 monuments of human wifdom in legislation and 
 in government, he boldly claimed the exercife 
 of an unlimited fw ay over the opinions, and 
 the attachment of his fellow fubjedls. The 
 belt of his publications arc a colledtion of Latin 
 poems, with notes on Homer, 1776 inquiry 
 into the opinions of the christian writers of the 
 three firft centuries concerning the perfon of 
 J. C. 4 vols. 8vo. fylva critica a pamphlet 
 agakifk public worfhip, anfwered chiefly by 
 dtflenter$ translation of the new teftament, 2 
 vols. 8vo. trarrediarum Gr.Tcarum deledtus, 
 % vols. i2mo. Lucretius edited, 3 vols. 4to. 
 Horace edited, &c 
 
 Waldeck, Cbrifian Auguflus, prince of, 
 v/as employed in IJ89 ru'ainit tbtTurl 
 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 in 1792 againft tfye French. He loft an arm at 
 the fiege of Thionville, and afterwards was 
 diftinguifhed in cairyingthe lines of Weifiem- 
 burg. He in 1798 pa(Ted into Portugal where 
 he was named commander in chief. He died 
 1798, aged 54, highly reipected. 
 
 Waido, Peter, a merchant of Lyons, in 
 the 1 2th century, the founder of the new feci 
 of the Waldenles. The ludden death of a 
 friend by his fide had fuch an effect upon him 
 that he made a vow of confecraring himfelf to 
 the fervice of God. He diftributed his goods 
 to the poor, and collected around him thou- 
 fands of followers in Dauphine, and other pro- 
 vinces of France, but notwithftanding the in- 
 offenfive morals of his fec"t, as he entertained 
 opinions contrary to the intereltsof Rome, he 
 was declared an enemy to the church. Though 
 thoufands fell in the bloody contelt, the left 
 fpread from France to Piedmont, and long 
 maintained itfelf. 
 
 Walks, William, a mathematician, who 
 accompanied Cook in his firlt voyage round the 
 world, as aftronomer, and was recommend- 
 ed to the place of mathematical mafter at 
 Chrilt's holpital. He was author of account 
 of aftronomical obfervations in the fouthern 
 hemilphere, 4to. remarks on Fofter's ac- 
 count of Cook's voyage enquiry into the po- 
 pulation of England and Wales Robertfon's 
 elements of navigation improved, &c. and died 
 1799. 
 
 Walker, Clement, of ClifFe, Dorfetfhire, 
 was educated at Chrift church, Oxford. He 
 was ufher to the exchequer, and member for 
 Welis. His oppofition to the republican go- 
 vernment was fo determined that Cromwell 
 fent him to the tower, where he died 1651. 
 He was author of the hiftory of independency, 
 4to. a curious work the high court of juftice, 
 or Cromwell's (laughter- houfe, 4to. &c. 
 
 Walker, Edivard, of Sornerfetlhirc, was 
 fecrefary of war 1639, an ^ affiled the king at 
 the battle of EdgehilL He was alio garter- 
 king at arms, and received from Charles I. 
 the honor of knighthood, and at the reftoration 
 was made clerk of the privy council. He was 
 author of historical difcourfes, folio order of 
 the ceremonies obferved at the celebration of 
 St. George's feaft at Wmdfor 1674, &c. and 
 died 1676. 
 
 Walker, Robert, chief painter to Crom- 
 well, died before the reftoration. \0:e of his 
 pictures of the protect or was ibid to the grand 
 duke of Tufcanv for joob 
 
 Walker, John, of Devonshire, was edu- 
 cated at Exeter college, and made rector of St. 
 Mary's, Exeter, where he died 1725. His 
 attempt towards recovering an account of the' 
 fufferings of the clergy in the rebellion, fol. 
 was fo honorable that Oxford complimented 
 him with the degree of D. D. 
 
 Walker, William, the mafter of fir Ifaac 
 Newton, was mafter of the grammar Ichools of 
 Lowth and of Grantham, and rector of Col- 
 fter.vorth, Lincolnfhire, where he died 1684, 
 
 aged 61. He was author of a treatife on Eng- 
 lifh particles, 8vo and other ufeful books ia 
 grammar, &c. 
 
 Walker, Samuel, an Englifh divine, born 
 at Exeter 1714. Heftudiedat Exeter college, 
 Oxford, and became in 1740 minifter of Lan- 
 li very, and in 1746 obtained the living of Truro 
 in Cornwall, where he died 1761. He was 
 author of 2 vols, of fermons, 8vo. and dif- 
 courfes on the catechifm, 2 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Walker, George, born of Englifh parents 
 in the county of Tyrone, is celebrated as the 
 governor of Londonderry, which he defended 
 againft James II. till relieved by the Englifh. 
 His valor was rewarded by king William, whom 
 he accompanied in his Irilh campaigns. He 
 was flsin at the battle of the Boyne, as he 
 crofted the water. 
 
 Walker, Obadiah, of Yrkfhire, was edu- 
 cated at Univerfity college. Though deprived 
 of his fellowfhip by the parliament in 1648, 
 he was made mafter of the college at the re- 
 formation, and turned papift to keep his place 
 under James II. He was difmifled at the re- 
 volution, and continued in the houfe of his 
 pupil Dr. Radcliffe till his death 1698. He 
 wrote a violent pamphlet againft Luther and 
 his opinions life of Chrift, &c. 
 
 Walker, John, author of " the pronounc- 
 ing dictionary of the Englifh language," and 
 other works of excellence, on grammar and 
 elocution, was for nearly 40 years teacher of 
 elocution. He had among his particular friends 
 Dr. Johjilbn, Edmund Burke, and other emi- 
 nent characters. He died 1807, in bis 76th 
 year. 
 
 Wall, Martin, M. D. of Powick, Wor- 
 cefterfhire, was educated at Worcefter fchool, 
 and Worcefter college, Oxford. He was in 
 1735 eleclcd fellow of Merton, and fettled at 
 Worcefter, and died at Bath 1776, aged 6$. 
 He had a ftrong genius for painting. Two of 
 the frontifpieces to Harvey's meditations 
 were by his pencil. He wrote a treatife on 
 the Malvern waters fome medical tracts, 
 Sec. 
 
 W all Acv.Jir William, a celebrated Scotch- 
 man. Feeling for his country, he determined 
 to frea it from Englifh flavery, and collecting 
 a fmall band, fell unexpectedly upon the ene- 
 my's troops amounting to 40,000 men, and 
 {lew their leader Warren. Thus regarded as 
 the faviour of his country, he was made re- 
 gent during the captivity of John Baliol, and 
 penetrating into England, laid wafte Durham 
 with fire and fword. Thefe victories recalled 
 Edward I. from Flanders, he hafteued to meet 
 the Scotch, and totally routed their forces, but 
 though defeated, Wallace retired to the faft- 
 nefles of the mountains, and defied the Eng- 
 lifh. Dilgufted witb, the jealoufy of the nobles, 
 Wallace abdicated his office?, and lived in pri- 
 vacy, but his valor was lo formidable that he 
 was meanly betrayed to the Englifh, and treat- 
 ed as a traitor , and after being executed in 
 * 1303, 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 : b four quarto* were hung in derifion 
 : owns of England. 
 
 Waller, FJwund, an Englifh poet, born 
 iCzs, at Colefriill, near Ameriham. He was i 
 educated at Eton, and King's college, Cam- 
 ,and was choien, when tcarce feventeen, 
 member for Ameriham, in the lalt parliament 
 of James 1. He became early known to the . 
 public by carrying off a rich heirefs agr.inft a 
 ?hofe pretentions were elpoufed by the 
 court, but his happinels was of fuch fhort j 
 ri that he was a widower at 2$. Though | 
 i and rl.mered on account of his wit and j 
 . he did not neglect, the mules, but j 
 imbibed a deep Uftc ft r the beauties of ancient 
 writers. In hi;, parliamentary conduit he op- 
 pofed the meafurcs ot the court, and in the 
 impeachment of judge Crawley, he fpoke with 
 fuch eloquence that 20,cco copies of his 
 fpeech were fold in one day. He was in 1642 
 one of the commiifioners from the parliament 
 to the king at Oxford, but the following year 
 he Was accufed of a confpiracy to reduce Lon- 
 dor, and the tower. In this he was aflifted 
 by fome members of parliament, and others ; 
 but though they were condemned to death, 
 only two were hanged, and Waller purchafed 
 his life, after one year's imprifonment, by a 
 heavy fine of io,cooL After this he retired 
 to France, and lived chiefly at Rouen, and on 
 his return he paid his court to the men in 
 power, and became a favorite with Cromwell. 
 b'o great was the verfatility of his talents, that 
 after being in confidence with the ufurper, he 
 became the favorite of the lecond Charles. He 
 continued alio in the good graces of James II., 
 and died of a dropfy at Beaconfield iff Oct. 
 1687. In his character Waller was agreeable, 
 his difcourfe was admired for its vivacity, and 
 in the houfe of commons his fpeeches were 
 beard with nmrfual attention, not only from 
 the elegance of his delivery, but the force of 
 Lis wit, i hough courted as a man of the 
 world, he was in other refpe&s, fays Claren- 
 don, of an abject temper, without courage to 
 fupport him in any virtuous undertaking, and 
 of the meft infinuating flattery. The virulence 
 which he mowed in joining the perfecution of 
 Clarendon is not free from cenfure, and though 
 he loft by his means the office, of prpvoft of 
 Eton, he ought to have fhrunk from the ap- 
 pearance of an accufer againft him.' A? a poet 
 Waller is entitled to the higher* praile. He 
 may be called the parent of Englifh verCe, and 
 the firft who fhowtd us that our language had 
 beauty and numbers. The Englifti tongue 
 came into his hands like a rough diamond^he 
 polifhed it firft, and to that degree, that all 
 fuccecd;: ? artii'.s h;,ve admixed the wcrkman- 
 ftiip, without pretending to mend it. 
 
 Wai.ljs, y^n, a mathematician, born at 
 Afhford in Kent, 1616. From Felited fcliool, 
 he removed in 16.U to Emanuel college, 
 Cambridge, and was elefted fellow of Queen's. 
 He became in 1644 lecretary to the Weft- 
 mwfter aflemblg of divines, and in 1649 was 
 
 appointed Savilian profefTor of geometry at 
 Oxford, and he removed thither from London 
 where he had long refided, and laborioufiy if* 
 lifted in laying the foundation of the learned 
 body, afterwards called the royal fociety. He 
 entered at Exeter college, and in 1654 waa 
 made D. D., and four years after appointed 
 keeper of the univerfity archives. At the re- 
 ftoration he was received with kindneis by 
 Charles II., and not only confirmed in his offi- 
 ces, but felec'ted to review the liturgy. He 
 died at Oxford 170,1, aged 88. Reipected as 
 a man of learning, Wallis was, during the tur- 
 bulent times in which he lived, univerfally 
 efteemed for the moderation of his principles, 
 and his mild demeanour. Whilft he regarded 
 only the advancement of religion, of virtue, 
 and of the public good, he lamented the mile- 
 ries which afflicled his country, and endeavor- 
 ed, in the enjoyment of privacy, to live ufeful 
 and not great. I is works are numerous ; but, 
 though what he wrote on divinity is reipeciable, 
 yet it is from his mathematical labors that he 
 claims celebrity. The belt of his works are, 
 animadverfions on lord Brooke's nature of 
 truth, &c. animadverfions on Baxter's apho- 
 rifms, &c. grammatica linguae Anglicanse, &c. 
 elenchus geometrise Flobbianae, Sec. ma- 
 thefis universalis, 4to. commercium epiftoli- 
 cum de quaeftionibus mathem. 410. de cv- 
 cloide, Sec. de asftu maris hypothecs , &c. 
 the works of Archimedes edited, &c. 
 
 Walpole, fir Robert^ earl of Orford, was 
 born at Houghton, Norfolk, 6th -September 
 1674. He was educated at Eton, and elected 
 to a fellowlhip at Iving's college, Cambridge ; 
 but he refigned it on the death of his elder 
 brother, to whole eftates he fucceeded. He 
 was elected into parliament in 1700, for King's 
 Lynn, and in 1705 became one of the coun- 
 iellors of George, prince of Denmark, and le- 
 cretary at war, and in 1 709 treafurer of the 
 navy. Fie loft his places the next year on the 
 change of the miniftry, and in 1711 he was 
 voted guilty of mifdemeanors as Secretary at 
 war; but though expelled from the houfe, and 
 confined in the tower, it is evident that lie 
 ewed this difgrace not to mifconduct,but to the 
 violence of his political opponents. Kis igno- 
 miny was regarded as the caule of the whigs, 
 he was returned for King's Lynn, ?nd though, 
 the elettion was declared void, his conftituer.ts 
 perfifted. in their choice. His attachment to 
 the Hanoverian intereft was rew-arded, he was 
 made paymafter-general of the forces, and a 
 privy counfellor, and foon after chancellor of 
 the exchequer, and fivft lord of the treafury. 
 His zeal in the impeachment of Oxford, Bo- 
 lingbroke,Ormond, and Strafford, had render- 
 ed him popular ; but after two years fir 
 Robert gave way to the more powerful influ- 
 ence of Stanhope. In opposition, he directed 
 his nervous eloquence againft the meafures of 
 the court, and even f.iared the honors of patri- 
 otifm with Wyndham and Shippen ; but by 
 degrees his acrimony foftcned, and the zealous 
 
 defender 
 
WAL 
 
 WAL 
 
 defender of public rights became a^ran the 
 courtier, and wasreftoredto the high fituation 
 of premier. Thus the favorite minifter of the 
 king, he continued at the head of affairs during 
 the reigns of the firft and of the fecond George, 
 till in 174Z oppofition prevailed, and fir Ro- 
 bert, unable to carry a majority in the com- 
 mons, retired and took fhelter behind the 
 throne. He was created earl of Orford, and 
 for his long fervices the king granted him a 
 penfion of 40001. This extraordinary charac- 
 ter, who ib long guided the deftinies of Eng- 
 land, and who, in the poffeiTion of minifterial 
 influence, boafted that he knew the price of 
 every man, was, in private life, amiable and 
 benevolent, and fully deierved the impartial 
 praiies of Pope's elegant mufe. The lail years 
 of his life were lpent in retirement on his 
 eftate in Norfolk, where he died r8th March 
 1745-6, aged 71. He was author of various 
 pamphlets on political fubjecfs, which have 
 now pa/Ted into oblivion. 
 
 Walpole, Horace., youngeft ("on of the 
 preceding, was born 171 7, and educated at 
 Eton, where his acquaintance with Gray com- 
 menced. In 1734 he went to King's college, 
 Cambridge, and diftinguifned himfelf by his 
 verfes in honor of Henry VI. Under his fa- 
 ther, he obtained in 1738 the office of infpec- 
 tor of exports and imports, which he exchanged 
 for that of ufher to the exchequer, with which 
 he held the place of comptroller of the pipe, 
 and of clerk of the efiheats in the exchequer 
 for. life of the annual value of nearly 5000I. 
 In 1739 he travelled on the continent, and 
 with Gray made the tour of France and Italy ; 
 but a difpute at Reggio unfortunately" fepa- 
 rated the two friends, vvhofe intimacv was 
 again renewed in 1744 to the honor of both. 
 On his return in 1741 he was elected into 
 parliament ; but though he was in the houfe 
 above 2< years, he was never diftinguilhed 
 as a lpeaker, except on one occafion, in defence 
 of his father in 1742. On giving up his feat 
 he retired to Strawberry-hill, near Twicken- 
 ham, which he had purchafed in 1747, and 
 taftefully adorned with all the features of Go- 
 thic times. In this charr-ung fpot he opened 
 in 1757 a printing prefs, where he publifhed 
 firft the two fublime odes of Gray, and after- 
 wards edited other works in an elegant ftyle. 
 On the death of his nephew in 1791, he luc- 
 ceeded to the title of Crford, but rank had no 
 charms for him. He never took his feat 
 among the lords, and with reluctance fubmit- 
 ted to the empty title, which he contemptu- 
 oufly called a new name for a fuperannuated 
 old man of 74. Refpeclable as a man of let- 
 ters, he was diftinguilhed for his extenfive in- 
 formation ; he was polite in his manners, face- 
 tious in his convention, and in hisfentiments, 
 lively, intelligent, and acute. If avarice and 
 vanity were, according to one of his bfegraph- 
 ers, his leading foibles, affability and a compa- 
 nionable temper were his moft diftinguifhing 
 virtues. He was of a charitable difpofltion ; 
 
 but it mull be conftffed, that no man ever 
 exifted who had lefs the character of a liberal 
 patron. He died 2d" March 1797, aged 80. 
 I he beft of his works are, a catalogue of royal 
 and noble authors* republished j vols. 8vo. 
 1 806 hiftoric doubts concerning Richard 
 III. anecdote* of painting enlarged from Ver- 
 tue the caltle of Otranto, an interesting ro- 
 mance, written in eight days effay on modern 
 gardening the myfterious mother, a tragedy, 
 &c. 
 
 Walsh, William, a poet, born at Abber- 
 ley, in Worcefterfhire, about 1663. He was 
 of Wadham college, Oxford ; but though he 
 left the univerfity without a degree, he ib ap- 
 plied himfelf to literature, at home, and in Lon- 
 don, that he became, in Dryden's opinion, the 
 beft critic of the nation. He was for feveral 
 years member of parliament, and gentleman 
 of the horfe to queen Anne ; but he derives 
 his greateft celebrity from the acquaintance of 
 Dryden and of Pope. He has been praiied 
 by Pope in his effay on criticifm, and though 
 he poffeifesnot the fame of a great poet, he is 
 to be admired for the correct nefs of his lan- 
 guage, and the fportive graces of his mufe. 
 The time of his death is not certain, though ic 
 happened about 1709. His works are, a dia- 
 logue concerning woman, being a defence of the 
 fex, 8vo letters and poems, amorous and 
 gallant, 8vo. effay on paftoral poetry de- 
 fence of Virgil elegies, epitaphs, odes, and 
 fongs. 
 
 Walsingham, Thomas, a monk of St. 
 Alban'Sjhifloriographer to the king in the 15'fh. 
 century. His work* are, hiftoria brevis from 
 the conclufion of the third Henry's reif,!ij 
 where Matthew Paris ends and hypotonia 
 Neuftria?. 
 
 Walstbin, Albert, duke of Friedland, 
 was diftinguilhed in the ferviceof the emperor. 
 When Germany was invaded by Guitavus 
 Adolphus, he was placed at the head of the 
 imperial armies, and defeatad the enemy, 
 though he was afterwards beaten at Lutzen, 
 1632. His popularity was fitch that the em- 
 peror, afraid of him, appointed him a fuccefTor; 
 but Walftein demanded and received the iwoni 
 allegiance of his army, and declared himfelf 
 independent, 1634. He was murdered a. 
 month after, by the cowardly fuggeition of the 
 emperor. 
 
 W.usYxctTAM./r Francis, a ffatefman, 
 under Elizabeth, born at Chiflehurft, Kent* 
 He was educated at King's college, Cambridge, 
 and was twice ambaffador from England to 
 France, and with difficulty wasfaved ftom the 
 maffacre of St. Bartholomew. His fervices 
 abroad were rew-rded with the office of fecre- 
 tary of ftate, and his vigilance was directed in 
 eftabliihing the proteftaat religion. He pofiif- 
 fed fuch deep penetration, that he difcovered 
 the political intrig'us of foreign courts, and by 
 means of the 53 agents, and 15 fpics whom he 
 entertained alro:d, procured the earlieft in- 
 telligence of the defigir, of the enemies ofhia 
 
 country. 
 
 SQ 
 
WAL 
 
 country. He went in 1578 ambaflador to the 
 Netherlands, and afterwards vititcd France 
 and Scotland in the fame capacity. He died 
 (0 poor in 1589, that, on account of his debts, 
 his remains were privately buried by night in 
 
 :l's church, without any funesal cere- 
 mony. He was in his 90th year. 
 
 Waiters, Join, M.A. a Welfh divine, 
 educated at Oxford, and made rector of Llan- 
 docan, Ghmorganmire, where he died 1797. 
 He published an Englifh Welfti dictionary, 410. 
 a ditfertation on the WeUh language fer- 
 ments, &c. 
 
 Walton, Brian, the learned editor of the 
 Polvglott bible, was born at Cleaveland, 
 .Lire, 1600. He ftudied at Magdalen 
 college, and afterwards at Peterhoufe, Cam- 
 bridge, and became reclor of St. Martin's 
 . London, and of" Sandon, Eflex. He 
 
 xt chaplain to the king, and prebendary 
 of St. I'aul's. His activity in defending the 
 rights of the church, rendered him obnoxious 
 to the prefbyteriins, fo that he was accufed 
 before parliament as a great delinquent. He 
 ticaped to Oxford, where he was incorporated 
 in 1645, and wheie he formed the noble 
 fcheme for his Polyglott bible. 1 his laborious 
 publication was completed in the midft of per- 
 secution and of civil war, and made its appear- 
 ance in 1657, in 6 vols, folio, exhibiting the 
 text in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, Sama- 
 ritan, Arabic, JEthiopic, Perfic, Greek, and 
 Latin lauguages. His coadjutors in collating 
 \arious copies, were Edmund Caftell, Samuel 
 ( larke, Thomas Hyde, Edward Pococke, 
 Whelock, Ihorndike, and others. For his 
 fervices Walton was made chaplain to the king, 
 and bifhop of Chefter. His reception in his 
 diocefe, in the midft of the acclamations of 
 thoufands of people,*was moft flattering to his 
 virtues; but alas! he died on his return to 
 London, at hishoufe, Alderfgate-ftreet, 1661. 
 
 v H publiQied befides, introductio ad le6tionem 
 linguarum oriental. 8vo.- an able defence of 
 his bible, Sec. 
 
 WALTON,/z<n7i,wasbom at Stafford, 1 -93. 
 He for feme time kept a mop in the royal ex- 
 change, and in Fleet-ftreet, and retired with a 
 comfortable competency. He was attached 
 to angling, and publilhed a moft valuable trea- 
 tife on his favorite amufement, called the 
 complete angler, or the contemplative man's 
 recreation, 1653, in iimo. with cuts, of which 
 a fifth edition appeared in 1 67 6. His time was 
 afterwards employed in compiling accounts of 
 the lives of feveral of his friends, and thefe ex- 
 hibit a moft pleafing picture of the abilities of 
 the author, and abound with intcrefting anec- 
 dotes of men eminent in rank, in talents, and 
 m learning. The characters mentioned are 
 Dr. John Donne, Cr Henry Wotton, Hooker, 
 author of ecclefiaftical polity, George Herbert, 
 and bifhop Sanderlon . Walton lived to a good 
 oWajre, refpected and beloved, and died 168^ 
 a*ed above 9c. The belt edition of his angler 
 
 WAR 
 
 is by fir John Hawkins, and that of hisii-c. 
 is that by Zouch, in 410. 
 
 Wanlev, Nathaniel, vicar of Trinity- 
 church, Coventry, was educated at Trinity 
 college, Cambridge, and died about 1690, 
 author of a curious book, called the wonders 
 of the little world, or the hiilory of man. 
 
 WaNlev, Humphrey, fon of the preceding, 
 was born 1672 at Coventry. He preferred 
 literature to trade, and went to Edmund hall, 
 Oxford, and afterwards to Univtriity college, 
 He obtained the office of fecietary to the 
 fociety for propagating Chriftian knowledge, 
 and became librarian to lord Oxford, and ar- 
 ranged the Harleian collection, and kept a 
 curiousdiary of every occurrence in which he was 
 peribnally concerned. He made , extracts 
 from the MSS. of the Bodleian, and promifed 
 a fupplement to Hyde's catalogue of the printed 
 books, &c. He travelled through England in 
 learch of Anglo-Saxon MSS. and died 1 716. 
 
 Wansleb, John Michael, of Erfurt, was 
 employed by Ludolf to come to England, to 
 print his JEthiopii dictionary. The work ap- 
 peared 1 661, and the author charged Wanfleb 
 with inferring" feveral improper things without 
 his permiflion. Wanfleb afterwards affifted 
 Caftell in his Lexicon Heptaglotton, and then 
 was employed by-Erneft, duke of Saxe Gotha, 
 to travel into iEthiopia to propagate the Chrif- 
 tian religion. He was dhTuaded from it by the 
 patriarch of Alexandria, and after vifiting 
 Egypt, he returned to Europe. He was next 
 engaged by Colbert to go into the Eaft in learch 
 of curiofities, and he enriched theFrench king's 
 library with 334 MSS. His conduct dif, 
 pleated the duke of Saxe Gotha, and he was 
 recalled to Paris as he prepared going to 
 iEthiopia, and he died a few*, years after, neg- 
 lected by the government, 1679, aged 44. 
 He publilhed fome account of Egypt, &c. 
 
 Warburton, William, a prelate, born 
 at Newark, Nottinghamfhire, 24th Dec. 1698. 
 He was educated at Okeham fchool, and 
 brought up to the bufineis of hisjfather, an 
 attorney and town-clerk of the town of 
 Newark. Though he practifed for fome years 
 in his native town, it isbelieved that he had little 
 buiinefs, and confequently he applied his clai- 
 fical knowledge to purfuits more congenial to 
 his tafte. In 1724 he publilhed miicellaneous 
 tranfactions in profe and veife from Roman 
 hiltorians, &c. and three years after his cri- 
 tical and philofophical inquiry into the caul'eii 
 of prodigies and miracles as related by hilio- 
 rians. His learning recommended him to 
 the notice of Theobald, and other wits, and 
 by the friemilhip of Robert Sutton, to 
 whom he had dedicated his two works, he was 
 prefented to Burnt Broughton, worth acol. a- 
 year. In 1728 he was created mnftcr of arts 
 in oonlequence of the king's vifit to Cambridge, 
 and in 1736 he publifhed the alliance between 
 church and ftate, or the naoeflity and equity 
 of an eitablilhed religion and a tclt law, Itc* 
 
 and 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 tmd'vi'1738 appeared his divine legation of 
 Moles, demonitrated on the principles of a 
 religious deift, from the omiffions of the 
 doctrines of a future ftate of rewards and pu- 
 nishments in the Jewiih difpenfaticn, in fix 
 books. This work drew upon him feveral ene- 
 mies, and he vindicated himi'elf againft them 
 In 1 7 7,) he defended Pope's effay on man, and 
 this enfuied h'm the friendfhip of the poet, 
 and a warm recommendation to the great, and 
 .among thefe to Mi. Allen of Prior park. At 
 hi-;deatn in 1744. Pope left the publication of his 
 work* to bis friend, a bequeft worth about4000l. 
 At that time V\ r ^rburton publiihed an anfwer 
 to the objections railed againft his divine lega- 
 tion, and directed h's cenl'ures againft Middle- 
 ton. Pococke, and others. On the following 
 year he cemented his n:imac,y with Mr. Allen 
 by marrying his niece, Mils Tucker, an event 
 which procured to him the inheritance of that 
 gentleman's property, and paved the way to pre- 
 ferment. 1 hough acknowledged as an able 
 divine, and a zealous advocate in favor of 
 the church eftabhth ent, he yet received 
 no reward. In 1 7 46, however, he was called by 
 the &aety of Lincoln's -inn to be their preach- 
 er ; in 1754 was made king's chaplain, and pre- 
 bendary of Durham. In 1757 he was advanced 
 to the deanery ot Briftol, and two years after his 
 fervices to religion and literatmre were rewarded 
 with the fee of Glouceftsr. In thelaft years of 
 life he funk into deep melancholy, which was 
 aggravated by the lofs of an only ion, who fell 
 a victim to a confumption. He died at Glou- 
 cester, 7th June 1779 aged 81. Hisworksare 
 numerous and relpectable. Befides the divine 
 legation, a work often reprinted, in 3 vols. 
 8vo. and 2 vols 4to Sec. he published Julian, 
 or a difcourfe on the earthquake and f.ery erup- 
 tions which defeated that emperor's attempt 
 to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem- fermotw, 
 2 vols. 8vo. &c a view of lord Bolingbroke's 
 33'nilofophy a tract on the lord's fupper a 
 treatife againft the methodifts on the doctrine 
 of grace an edition of Shakefpeare, feverely 
 criticized in the canons of criticifm by Edwards 
 Pope's works, 9 vols. 8 vo. &e. His works 
 have appeared together in 6 vols. 4to. edited 
 by biftop Hurd. Warburt on founded in 1768 
 a lecture at Lincoln's-inn to prove the truth of 
 revealed religion from the completion of the 
 fcripture prophecies. The character of War- 
 burton is fummed up by Dr. Johnfon. He 
 was, as he obferves, a man of vigorous frail- 
 ties, a mind fervid and vehement, fupplied by 
 incelTant and unlimited inquiry, with wonder- 
 ful extent and variety of knowledge. To every 
 work he brought a memory full fraught, 
 together with a fancy fertile of original com- 
 binations, and at once exerted the powers of 
 the fcholar, the rcafoner, and the wit. His 
 abilities gave him a haughty confequence, 
 which he dildain? d to conceal or mollify ; and 
 his impatience of oppofition difpofed him to 
 treat his adverfaries with fuch contemptuous 
 i\.\ rarity, as made his readers commonly his 
 
 enemies. His ftyle is copious without feleeticn, 
 and forcible without neatnels ; he took the 
 words rhat preferred themfelves ; his diction; 
 is coarfe and impure, and his fentencesare un- 
 meafured. 
 
 Ward, Samuel, D.D. fcholar of Chrift col- 
 lege, fellow of Emanuel, and in 1609 matter 
 of Sidney, Cambridge, .vas alfo archdeacon of 
 Taunton, and Margaret prof for of divinity;. 
 He was lent to the fynod of Dordt, where he 
 relaxed from his attachment to the doctrines 
 of Calvin. He fuftered peri edition during the 
 civil war, and was treated with fuch harthnefs, 
 thathe died in confequence, 1043. He was 
 author of fome theological tracts, &c. 
 
 Ward, Ed-ward, in the 17th century, was 
 an uncouth imitator of Butler's i ludibraftfe 
 rhymes He wrote the reformation, a bur- 
 lelque poem the London fpy and E>on 
 Quixote in Hudibraftic verfe. He was a great 
 tory, and the public houte which he kept was 
 frequented by perlons of iiis political opi- 
 nions. 
 
 Ward, Setb, well known as a mathemati- 
 cian and aitroriomer, was born at Bunting- 
 ford, Herts, 1617, and after ftudying in the 
 fchool of his native to'\n, he removed in 
 1632 to Sidney college, Cambridge". After 
 leaving Cambridge, he was tutor ra various 
 families, and on the expulfion of Greaves from 
 the Savilian profeifoifliip of aitronomy at Ox 
 
 ford, he 
 
 ^pointed his fucceffor, and en- 
 
 tering at Wadham college, he took the requi- 
 site oaths in 1649. in 1654 he had a dis- 
 pute with Dr. Wallis about precedency in ta- 
 king their degrees of D. D., and three years 
 after he was chofen principal of Jefus co'lege, 
 but was disappointed by the nomination of 
 Howell to that offioi by Cromwell. In 1659 
 he was elected prefidc. it of \ rinity college; 
 hut atthereitorationrefigned it, and obtained 
 the rectory of St. Lawrence Jewry, and the 
 precentor Hi ip of Exeter church. In 1661 he 
 was made fellow of the royal uViety, and deafi 
 of Exeter, and the next year biihop of that 
 fee. In 1667 he was tranllated to Salifbury. and 
 1671 obtained the chancellorship of the garter, 
 an honor which he had the intereft to annex; 
 to his fucceflbrs at Sarum. In the left year* 
 of life he was deprived of his faculties, and 
 died 1689, a melancholy inftance of weak mor- 
 tality. In his character he was a prudent, 
 pious, and ingenious man, admirably (killed not 
 only in mathematics, but ahb in all kinds 
 of polite literature, and he was, as Burnet 
 has obferved, one of the greateft men of his 
 age. He was author of a philosophical eflay 
 on the being and attributes of a God, &c i x- 
 ercitatio epillOlica in Hobbii philoibphiam, 8vo. 
 fermons an idea of trigonometry geome* 
 trical aftronomy, &c. 
 
 Ward, John, LL.D.of London, was 
 educated at Utrecht, for the miniltry among 
 the diiTenters, but obtained the place of clerk 
 in the navy office, which he afterwards re- 
 finned, and kept an academy in Mootfields. 
 l*U He 
 
WAR 
 
 WAR 
 
 kite* of rhetoric daughter to marry a wan greatly deformod but 
 
 J Anr ' virh anrl rhic luri fm-h m pflvM nn. ,n tha 
 
 Uid in I 7 c r created doc- 
 burgh, and ini753 made a 
 feum. He died at 
 3 He was au- 
 pf the Grefham profeuVs, 
 on difficult pflaees 
 . 8vo. &c. befides editions of Li- 
 ly's grams 
 
 . of Dublin, was educat- 
 ed iTr nity cellege there, and in 1629 was 
 ted, and three years after was, on the 
 s father, appointed his fuccefTor as 
 ral of the kingdom. In 1 ' 
 nade a privy cousfellor; but during the 
 rebellion fce wat a great, fuflel'er He came 
 fa i' v from ford Ormoml to 
 
 Chaile* I at Oxford but was taken at fea on 
 turn. When liberated, he returned to 
 ,is (urrender, when he was 
 ed as an homage, he went to Fiance- 
 On the reftoration he recovered His places of 
 ral and of privy counsellor, and 
 died at Dublin. 1660, acd ^7. His works 
 liefly on the history and antiquities of 
 .i, the hell known cf which are, de 
 , folio 3 the antiquities of 
 Ireland, folio, &c. 
 
 V. 'a:,centix, Peter, knight of the order 
 of the polnr -ftar, member of the learned fo- 
 cietits if Europe, and fecretary to the aca- 
 demy at Stockholm, died ?.t the obfervatcry 
 . aged 66. He puhlifhed tables 
 for computing the eclipfesof Jupiter's iatellites, 
 a vjli!ab ; e work, Arc. 
 
 WAR BAMJ William, of Okely in Hamp- 
 vas educated at Wincheiler fchool aiid 
 New college. Oxford. In 1480" be praclifed i 
 as an advocate in the court of Arche, and 
 five years after was lent as ambaffador to the 
 of Burgundy, to foficit the duke not to 
 .Sec!-:, and for his good condi el 
 be was appointed chancellor of Wells, and 
 mafterof the rolls. He wis afterwards made 
 lord chancellor and hifhop of London, and in 
 Canterbury. '1 he death 
 of Henry VII. altered his fituation, andWol 
 ' in his room to the office of chan- 
 cellor, and loon after acquired the fopefiority 
 in ecclefiaftical affairs, by being nominated 
 \ rham remonftrated in vain 
 Laments of his rival, and died 
 ' uterbiuy, after filling 
 - 28 years. His memory is entitled to 
 , Bot only from his munificence and 
 r lion, but his liberal patronage of Eraf- 
 mus and oth.r learned men. 
 
 W'arkj, Jtihn, of Liege, was famous as 
 
 an engraver and fcufotor. Lewis XIII. ap. 
 
 ' r of the royal mint, and 
 
 d the feal of 
 
 -nch ucader g Richelieu, 
 
 "Inch it regarded a% his moil perfect piece. 
 
 ; S IV. in hronze, and 
 
 inal Richelfeu in gold, are alfo admired. 
 
 rich, and this had fuch an effect upon the 
 unfortunate biide than fie poifoned her* 
 fi if ten days after her nuptials. He was 
 poiibned himielf by fome rival nrthts, 167a. 
 
 Waring, Edward, cfShropfhire, was edu- 
 cated at Magd.;len college, Cambridge, and 
 d Lucafian profeifor of matin m: tics 
 in 1/60, and two years after he publifhed his 
 mifcellanea analytica, Ato. He died 1798. He 
 was author befides of meditationes analytics, 
 propirietatet algebraicarom curvarum, &c. 
 
 Warner, Ferditmndo, LL. D. vicar of 
 Rcude, Wilts, rector of St. Michael's Queen- 
 hithe, London, and of Barnes, Surrey, was 
 author of a fyftem of divinity and morality, 
 on natur.il and revealed relLiori, &c. 5 vols. 
 i2mo. reprinted in 4 vols. 8vo. 1756. He 
 publifhed befides fome (ingle fermons life of 
 iir I homas More thehiilory of Ireland, I vol. 
 a to. hiftqry of the rebellion and civil war id 
 Ireland, 4to. &c. Hediedof the gout, 1768, 
 aped 68. His fen John, was educated at Cam- 
 biidge, and obtained HocklifFe and Chalton 
 livings in Bedfbrdfhire, in 771, and afterwards 
 
 He was Co avaricious that h 
 
 e compelled his 
 
 Stourton, Wilts. He was author of a learned 
 treadle en the pronunciation of Greek, called 
 metron arifton, and he alfo translated from 
 the Spanish, the life of Friar Gerund, 2 vols. 
 Cvo. He was for fome time chaplain to the 
 EngliOi embaflyat Paris, and died 1800. 
 
 WARNER, Richard, was educated at Wad- 
 ham college, Oxford. Though called to the 
 bar he never followed the profeflion, but 
 chiefly pafTed his time nt Woodford Green, 
 Fffex, employed in botanical purfuits. 
 He wrote pjantae Woddfordienfs, or a cata- 
 1 gue of plants in his neighbourhood, 8vo. 
 letter to Garrick on a gloifary to Sh;;kefpeare- 
 translations of fame of Plautus' comedies, Sec. 
 He- died 1775. 
 
 Wart on, Thomas, of Godalmin, Surrey, 
 was educated at Magdalen college, Oxford. 
 He was profeffbr of poetry at Oxford from 
 1718 to 1728, and obtained the living of Ba- 
 tmgftoke, Hants, and Cobham, Surrey. He 
 died 1745, and two years after appeared a 
 volume of his poems, 8vo. He is known by 
 his ingenious epigram oh the occafion of 
 George the fecend fending a tropp of horle ta 
 Oxford, and bo ks to Cambridge. 
 
 War tom, jofeph, fon of the preceding, 
 was born 172a, at Dunsfold, Surrey. He was 
 educated at Wincheder fchool, ;<nd when fu- 
 peramiurted, he entered at Oriel college, 
 Oxford. Diilinguiihed by his application and 
 regularity, he published his enthufialt, his 
 dying Indian, and a fatire on Ranelagh houfe. 
 In 1751 he went to France as the companion 
 of the duke of Bolton, and obtained from him 
 Wynfladerec-tovv. in Hampfhire, to which was 
 added in i75jTunworth living In 1755 he was 
 elected fecond mailer of Wincheiter fchool, and 
 in 1766 was placed at the head of the founda- 
 tion, which he refigned in 1793. In 1781 
 he was prefented to a prebend of" St. Paul's by 
 
 Lttwth, 
 
WAR 
 
 WAS 
 
 Lowth, and to Chorley, Hertfordfhire, and 
 in 1788 he obtained a ftall in Winchester 
 cathedral, and Eaftan rectory, which he af- 
 terwards exchanged for Upham. He died at 
 Wickam in Hampshire, 23d Feb. 1800, and 
 his remains were depofited in Winchefter ca- 
 thadral, where his pupils have erected a monu- 
 ment. His elegant eflay on the genius and 
 writings of Pope appeared in 1756, and he 
 added a fecond volume in 1782. He oroiect- 
 edthe hiftory of the revival of literature but 
 little progrefs was m de in the work. In 1797 
 he publithed his edition of Pope's works, and 
 loon after began an edition of Dryden's works, 
 never completed, though the two firft vols, 
 were publifhed. As a poet his character is 
 refpectable, but his merits are ftill greater as 
 a critic and commentator, and the fervices 
 which he has rendered to the public as an active 
 and enlightened p-eceptor, have defervedly en- 
 deared him in the efteem and the affection of 
 numerous pupils, on whole minds his fuperior 
 abilities, and his found judgment, deeply im- 
 printed a lading tafie for elegant literature. 
 Memoirs of his life have been pubiifhsd in 
 a vols.4to. by his resectable pupil Dr. Woo'i. 
 \Vartcn, Toomu, D. D. brother o\ the 
 preceding, was horn in 1728, and educated 
 at Winchefter lckoot, and Trinitv college, 
 Oxford. He had already diftinguiihed him- 
 felf by his five paftoral eclogues, when on the 
 appearance of HJs, a mem by Mafon, he was 
 encouraged by Dr. Huddersford, the head of 
 his college, to ftand forth as champion of the 
 univerfity, and he loon after produced the 
 triumph oflfis, a poem of merit, which rivalled 
 the popularity of the Cantabrigian bard. In 
 17T3 he publifhed his ebfervations on Soen- 
 fer'sfairv qneen, and the following year lie 
 was honored with the notice of Job nfon in his 
 vifit to the univerfity. In 1756 he was elect- 
 ed profeffor of poetry for 10 venrs. He 
 edited the antholo'ia Gr:eca by Cephala, in 
 1766, and four vears after Theocritus, 2 vols. 
 410. with valuable notes. He was admitted 
 Into the antiqujrian fociety in 1771, and in 
 that year obtained the living of Kiddington, 
 Oxfordshire. The life of fir f nomas Pope the. 
 founder of his college appeared in 1771, and 
 In 1774 his firft volume of the hiftory of Eng- 
 lilh poetry, and the fecond which brings the 
 account down to '^Elisabeth, four years after. 
 Though in Come refpects a tedious performance 
 from the long quotations of obfolete paflages, 
 the whole is a valuable acquifition, and the re. 
 cords of our more ancient poets are prefented 
 to view in a pleafing form, whilft the genius of 
 the author enriches and diverfifies the dry nar- 
 rative with acute remarks. On the death of 
 Whitehead inl 7 85, he wasapoani ted l.uireat, and 
 afterwards chefen Camden proityTor of hiftory. 
 His laft publication was Milton's Smaller poems, 
 with curious notes, illuftrative of the alluiioni 
 of the poet. EL fled wtxh great rfpw of health, 
 and in the pofeffion of comfort and independ- 
 ence in the fbciety of bis college, Warton 
 
 knew little of the concerns of life, till in h's 
 62d year he felt an attack of the gout. A 
 journey to Bath removed the complaint, and 
 he promifed himfelf more years of intellec- 
 tual enjoyments, when, after fpending a cheer- 
 ful day in the common room of his college, Ive 
 was feized with a paralytic ftroke, 20th May, 
 1790, which terminated his exiftence on the 
 following day. In his characler, Warton was 
 affable and eafy, his converfation was full of 
 anecdotes, and he afpired to the name of a ready 
 and frequent punfter. As a critic he difplayed 
 great judgment,, elegant tafte, and ltrong dif- 
 criminating powers, and as a poet he is en- 
 titled, to no mean praife. In his imagery he 
 is bold, clear, and lively, he paints with cor- 
 rectnefs, and in his defcriptions of rural fcenes 
 he is Angularly happy. The baft of his poems 
 are, the progrefs of difcontent the filicide > 
 and the ode on the king going to Cheltenham ; 
 but it is remarkable that he never lung of love. 
 He has, as is obferved, vifited many a Gre- 
 cian ifle, but never touched at Paphos. His 
 mons Catharine is alfo an elegant Latin poem ; 
 but his chief work, is his hiftory of poetry, of 
 which a third volume from his papers has ap- 
 peared. 
 
 Warwick., fir Philip, was educated at 
 Eton, and after travelling over France and 
 vifiting Geueva he returned to England, 
 and became fecretary to Juxon, the treafurer 
 and clerk to the fignet. He in parliament op- 
 poled the impeachment of Strafford, but on the 
 breaking out of the civil war, he retired to Ox- 
 ford with the king. He was in 1646 one of 
 the royal commiQioners to treat with the par- 
 liament, and the next year he attended his 
 matter in the hie of Wight. At the reftora- 
 tion he was member for Weftminfter, and 
 was knighted 3nd replaced in his Situation of 
 clerk to the fignet. He died 1682. His 
 chief work is, memoirs of the reign of Charles I. 
 continued to the restoration, 8vq. 1701, a work 
 of merit, Sec. 
 
 Washington, Gznrge, the founder of 
 American independence, was born 1732, in 
 the county of Faiii'ax hi Virginia. He was 
 defcended from an Englifh family, which 
 emigrated from Cheshire, about 1630, for 
 Virginia. He was educated under a privat 
 tutor, and embiaced the military profeffion. 
 His abilities were firSt employed by Dinwiddie 
 in 1753, in making remonftrances to the 
 French commander on the Ohio, for the in- 
 fraction of the treaty between the two nations, 
 and lie afterwards negociated with the Indians 
 on the back Settlements, and for his feryices 
 was thanked by government. In the expedi- 
 tion of general Braddock he ferved as Ins aid- 
 de-camp, and he displayed great talents ira 
 conducting the retreat, and in favingthe army 
 from a dangerous pofition. He retired with 
 the rank of colonel, but left the peaceful em- 
 ployments of an agriculturist at Mount Vernon, 
 to become fenator in the national council for 
 Frederic county, and afterwards for Fairfax. 
 [FU] In 
 
WAS 
 
 WAT 
 
 AflMifcM w. k wi rly Weacd by 
 
 the leaders of the infurrection to command 
 tha provincial tn>op, and by his prudence, 
 
 his fab*, and his prefence of mind, he de- 
 ferred and obtained the gratitude of his coun- 
 md finally triumphed over nil oppdi- 
 | by the name ^' American 
 Fabius, he ihewed Mmfelf ftwfter of rrtilitary 
 . -d while fome blamed his pre- j 
 [ice, he proved that he j 
 whenever he calculated upon the 
 advantages, or certain vic- 
 h general might have en- 
 dmgereJthc ffetyrfma country, by facing 
 ifcipliiied troops of England, but 
 the fagacious general knew that cauti<rus ope- 
 ; prove more decihve than the 
 .v over an enemy, v.hofe 
 refcurces were fuppfied with difficulty from 
 Ifter feeing the indepenenca 
 country eftablhhed in 1783, the heroic 
 d his high office of commander to 
 the congrefi, and in the midft of the applaufes, 
 the admiration, and the tears of his fellow 
 citizens, he retired to a private ftation. With 
 firnmefs he declined the honois offered to him 
 bv the gratitude of America, he defrayed all 
 his military c-xpeuces, during the eight years 
 war, and mcdeftly declared himfelf fa- 
 tithed with the recollection of his fervices, and 
 the cord opinion of his fellow citizens. In 
 , he was named preffdent, for which his 
 
 ration fo fully qualified him. 
 
 a period of difficulty, the unfub- 
 dued l'pirit of liberty in America was again 
 J into a flame by the revolution of 
 e, and not a few of the Americans fighed 
 *t home for that equality, which teemed to 
 rrorr.ite more extenfive happinefs to the reno- 
 lubjects of Lewis XVI. Washington 
 the plant of the factious, the pru- 
 <:f Lis adminiitration checked iniurrec- 
 iifcontent was filenced, and the people, 
 whom the intrigues of the French envoy rouf- 
 d to rebellion, were convirced of the wild- 
 nefs of their mea&re*, and of the wifdomof 
 I he prefident completed in 
 1796 the bufineis of his office by figning a 
 rcial treaty with Great Britain, and 
 refigned at a moment when all hearts and 
 . e united again to confer upon him 
 ty of the country. Reftored to 
 t Vernon, -he devoted himfelf t the 
 cultivation of his lands, and though he accept- 
 ed the command of the army in 1798, it was 
 more to unite together his fellow citizens, to 
 tie general point, the good ef the country, 
 > ambifton or prick. He expired at 
 xpectedly, after a few davs' 
 , Mth Dec. 1 799. He was buried with 
 ' '>r$, America, in a public mourn- 
 in him the lot's of her rather and of 
 nd, and a new city was erected on the 
 ' of the Potomack, which, in becoming 
 ; ital of the united States, records to dil- 
 taottimealn bearing his name, the patriotilra, 
 
 and the glories of her illuftrious founder. 
 Wifdom, fays a contemporary writer, was 
 the predominant feature in the character 
 of Washington. His patience, his forbear- 
 ance, his firm nets, in adverfe as well as in prof* 
 perous events, proved of more l'oiid advantage 
 to his country than his bravery and talents. 
 Though perhaps inferior to other great cha- 
 racters in the extent of his ideas, and the bold- 
 nefs of his plans, he furpafled them far in 
 wifdom, in moderation, in integrity. The hii- 
 tory of his life is the hiftory of American inde- 
 pendence, and though there may be men who 
 decry his fervices, while they forget his difin- 
 tereited refignation of foyereigh authority, it is 
 much to be feared that many generations thai! 
 not elapfe, before fome equally fortunate but 
 more ambitious chief may boldly feize the 
 reins of abfolute dominion, and eftabliih an 
 ufurped power over the liberties of his enflav- 
 ed country. A copious account of his life has 
 been published by judge Marfhall in live large 
 vol-:. Svo. 
 
 W.vsse, Cbr'.jlopber, author of a tranfla- 
 tion of Grottos' catechifm into Greek verfe, 
 and of Gratius' cynegeticon into English, was 
 fellow of King's college, Cambridge, and 
 afterwards beadle in law at Oxford. He 
 died 1690. 
 
 Wat e let, Claude Henry, receiver gene- 
 neral of finance, paid much attention to lite- 
 rature, and travelled to improve himfelf. Fie 
 dice 1 786, aged 63. He is author of a poem on 
 the art of painting, in 4to. and 8vo.' and of 
 fome comedies operas and a prole pcem 
 from the Aminta of Tafib a dictionary of 
 painting, fculpture, and engraving, Sec. 
 ^ Water land, Daniel, was born 1683 at 
 Wafely, Lincolnshire, and educated at Lin- 
 coln fchool, and Magdalen college, Cambridge, 
 of which he became in 1 7 13 matter. ,He was 
 fucceffively rector of Ellingham, Norfolk, 
 chaplain to the king, rector of St. Auftin, and 
 of St. Faith, London, chancellor of York, 
 archdeacon cf Middlefex, canon of Windfor, 
 and vicar of Twickenham. He died 1740, 
 author of fermons preached at lady Moyer's 
 lecture, of which he was the firft preacher 
 treadle on the eucharift hiftory of the 
 Athanafian creed a vindication of the trinity 
 againlt Dr. Clarke, &c. 
 
 Watrin, Henriette, Helen, and Agatha, 
 three filters at Verdun, accuied of having 
 ihewed flowers in the way of the king of 
 Pruifia, when he entered their town. 'J in- 
 ville recommended to them to deny the 
 charge, but they refilled to purrhafe ..heir li- 
 berty by a falfehood, and perifhed on the 
 fcaffold in 179.^, pitied by thoufands. 
 
 W ATS, Gilbert, D.D. ofYorkfhire, was 
 educated at Lincoln college, Oxford. Fie 
 I tranflated into Englifh' Davila's . hiftory of 
 ' the civil wars, &c. and died 1657. 
 
 Watson, "John, of Rengworth, Worcefter- 
 fhire, was educated at All Souls college, Ox- 
 ford. He ltudied medicine, and then took 
 10 orders. 
 
WAT 
 
 WEB 
 
 orders, and rofe to the deanery and to the 
 bifhopric of Winchester. He wrote a^Latin 
 tragedy called Abiaiom, &c. and died 1589. 
 
 Wayson, Thomas, M A- miui'ter of 
 St. Stephen, Walbrook, wa.s educated at 
 Emanuel college, Cambridge, and loft his 
 preferment for nonconformity. - He wrote the 
 body of divinity, a courle of fermons, on the 
 alTembly's catechilm, fol. &c and died 
 1673. 
 
 Watson, James, of Aberdeen, in 171 1 
 obtained a patent from queen Anne, with 
 Mr. Freebairn, and then publiihtd Seve- 
 ral valuable works. He printed a bible in 
 8vo. 1722, and in ^to. 1726, and another in a 
 very lmall fize, of great beauty. He died 
 1728. 
 
 Watson, David, M. A of Brenchin, in 
 Scotland, was educated at St. Leonard's and 
 St. Andrew's, where he became profeflbr of 
 philofophy. On the union of his college with 
 i>t. Salvador's in 1 747, hi retired to London, 
 where he publifhed his prole tranfUtion of 
 Horace, 2 vols, with notes. His manner of 
 life brought him into many difficulties, and he 
 at L-rfl funk a vidian to licentious purfuits, and 
 was buried at the expence of the parifh, 1756. 
 He publifhed alfo the hiftory of the heathen 
 gods and goddefTes. 
 
 Watson, Hubert, of St. Andrew's, was 
 educated in his native town, and at Glafgow, 
 and at Edinburgh. He became profeffor of 
 logic, rhetoric, and belles lettres at St. An- 
 drew's, and afterwards principal of the college. 
 He died 1780, and three years after appeared 
 his hiftory of the reign of Philip 111. of Spain, 
 in 1 vol. 4toi and in two vols. 8vo. 
 
 Watson, Jvln,v,'ns born 1724, at Lyme- 
 emn-Hanley, Ch#fhire. From Mancheiter 
 llhool became to Brazen nofe college, Oxford, 
 and obtained the living of Meningfby, Lincoln- 
 lhire, which he refigned in 1769, for Stock- 
 port. He devoted himlelf to the compilation 
 of the hiftory of Halifax, which appeared in 
 1775, and died' 1 783. He wrote befidcs an 
 hiftory of the ancient earls of Warren, and 
 Surrey, to prove the claim of fir George War- 
 ren to thefe titles. 
 
 Watson, Henry, of London, was emi- 
 minent as a lecturer hi anatomy, and as the 
 author of an account of the abforbents of the 
 urinary bladder. He was l'urgeon of Weft- 
 minder hofpjtal, and died 1793, aged 91. 
 
 'Watson, fir William, of London, was 
 educated at Merchant Taylors'. He applied 
 himfelf to the medical profeffion, and was 
 complimented in 1757 with the decree of 
 M.D. by the univerfit'es of Halle and Wit- 
 temberg. He was member ef the college of 
 phvficians in 1 784, and two years after 
 wasknighledby theking. He wrote various tracts 
 on electricity, and as he had paid particular at- 
 tention to that branch of phi ofophy, he was 
 honored with the Copley medal. He died 
 
 1787. 
 
 Watteau, Anthony, of Vale.ic.er.r.e^ 
 
 though felf-inftru&ed gradually rofe to emi- 
 nence, and after ftudying the beauties of Ru- 
 bens, and other illuitrious artifts, he was ad- 
 mitted member of the French academy of 
 painting, and obtained a peniion. He after- 
 wards vifited England, which he quitted, on 
 account of ill health. He died ibon after at 
 Nogeirt near Paris, 1 721, aged 37. Hjs 
 pieces are particularly linking for their origi- 
 nality, the grace cf his attitudes, the lightnefs 
 of his figures, and the delicacy of the whole. 
 His converfation pieces are his bell perfor- 
 mances. 
 
 Watts, lftae, a divine among the dif- 
 fenters, born, at .Southampton, ' 1674. His 
 great abilities early difplayed themfelves, and 
 he was in 1690 placed under 1 homas Rowe 
 in London, where he completed his itudies, 
 and where he had among his fellow-ftudents 
 Horte, afterwards archbifhop of Tuam. In 
 1696 he went into the family of fir John 
 Hartop as tutor to his fon, and in 1702 he was 
 appointed fuccefTor to Dr. Chauncey. Though 
 his coniiitution was weak, he not only paid 
 particular attention to his office, but wrote 
 fome valuable works. In the latter part of 
 life he became acquainted with fir Thomas 
 Abney, in whole family he found an afylum, 
 and where he died 1748, aged 75. He had 
 been in 1728 honored in a very flattering 
 manner by the universities of Edinburgh and 
 Aberdeen, with the degree of D. D. In his 
 character he was an amiable mar, mild, ge- 
 nerous, and charitable, and it may be laid of 
 him that few have left behind fuch purity of 
 conduct, or fuch monuments of 4-iborious 
 piety. His works are numerous and refpec- 
 table, the belt known are a treatile on logic 
 an efTay on the improvement of the mind 
 introduction to altronomy and geography 
 hymns and a poetical verfion of the pi'alms 
 King in diifenting congregations horre lyricse, 
 chiefly on religious wbjecis tcripture history 
 in queftion and anlwer miicellaneous thoughts 
 i2mo. two volumes ol fermons philoio* 
 phical eflays, kc, collected in 6 vols. 4to. 
 
 Weavkr, John, author of the loves of 
 Mars and Ver.us cf Orpheus and Eurydice 
 of Ptrfeus and Andromeda, pantomimic 
 dramas -of an hiftory of the mimes and pan- 
 tomimes of the ancients of the art of 
 dancing &c. was a dancing mailer, and died in 
 London about 1730. 
 
 Webb, Philip Carteret, was bred up to 
 the law, and_ acquired eminence as a parlia- 
 mentary and conftitutional lawyer. He pub- 
 lilhed in 1747 oblervations on the courfe of 
 proceedings in the admiralty, and in 1 751 he 
 was employed in obtaining the charter of in- 
 corporation for the antiquarian fociety. He 
 was member for Haflemere in 17.54 and 61, 
 and became one of the joint folicitors to the 
 treafmy ; but during the queftion about ge- 
 neral warrants, he expreffed his difapproba- 
 tion of the meafures of the government, and 
 publifhed fome parvphlets on the occalion, 
 [1^3 J H< 
 
WEL 
 
 WEN 
 
 He died X770, se<* 7- " 5s librar ? an(! 
 -. were fold by public auction for 17 
 He wrote feveral pamphlets of confi- 
 derable merit. 
 
 r.B, Bejamin, fon of lhoe-maker at 
 $, bcc.--.me matter of Eunhill row 
 fchool, where he died 17 74, aged 49- He 
 was ingenious in his calculations, &c. and was 
 ,eJ in writing copies of honorary free- 
 doms bellowed by the city of London on emi- 
 nent p- . 
 
 . bs7E*, William, a writing matter au- 
 
 1 :' mathematics, 
 
 1 8vo. translated from the French of la 
 
 ; -keepingand a ticatife on 
 
 arithmetic, often edited. He died 1744, aged 
 
 Wichel, Chiflofbir, a printer at Pans, 
 ^an to print Greek books in I53 and 
 with great correclnefs. This is attributed to 
 e corrector the learned Sylburgius. He 
 xpofed himfelf to the perfection of the 
 church for printing fome ofTenhVe bocks, and 
 on after 1551. Hisjfbn Andrew re- 
 born Paris becaife he was a protectant, 
 and fettled at Frnnkfcit, where he carried on 
 with great fuccefs the printing bufinefs, and 
 died 1.581. 
 
 vfr, John, of Lancafter, was edu- 
 cated at Cambridge. He is author of funeral 
 . a work of lingular fervice to aii- 
 .~ns and hiftorians. He died about 
 
 . Bernard, duke of Saxe, diftin- 
 .'ifin armsagaintt the honfe of 
 . , v.h-.fe feverities to his family he re- 
 ifing the caufe of Guftavus 
 bus. Though defeated at Nordlingen, 
 pared bis kfles, and at the head ci a 
 e overran Franche Comte, Bur- 
 gundy, and All1.ce, and would have obtained 
 . antages had not death flop- 
 career. He died 1639. 
 kv, Henry, of Lincolnfhire, was a 
 centric -character. In conlequence of 
 an attempt on his life by his brother, he quit- 
 native county, and retired to an ob- 
 fcure honfe in Grul-itreet, London, where 
 /or 44 yesjri, he fuffered himfelf to he teen 
 by no one till his der.-.h in 1676,. 
 
 Welles, Samuel, M.A was born at Ox- 
 and educated at Magdalen coi- 
 ere. During the civil wars, he fettled 
 at Remcr.ham, Berks, from which he remo- 
 ved to Banbury, Oxfordlhire. He was much 
 I by his paiimioners, and wrote a rpi. 
 * itual after the re- 
 
 . 
 
 fintr.d, of Coifham, Wilts, was 
 .educated at Wfftminfter fchool, and Chrifr- 
 church, Oxford. He became profeBbr of 
 Greek in the univtrfity, aad obtained Cotef- 
 bach Leiceflerfhire, where he died 173P, 
 
 nt *". and Clarke a 
 
 cowte of mathematics lor young gentlemen, 3 
 A 
 
 vols, a work of merit on the geography of 
 the old and new teitaments, % vols. 8vo. 
 &c. 
 
 Wei.lwood, James, M. A. of Perth, 
 was educated at St. Andrew's. The trou- 
 bles of the times prevented him from enter- 
 ing into the miniltry, and after concealing 
 himfelf, he was attacked by a fever, and died 
 1680, aged 32. He was author of Imma- 
 nuel'sland, and other tracts. 
 
 Wei. 1. woon, Thomas, M, D. of Edin- 
 burgh, was educated atGlal'gow. 'He rledjo 
 Holk.nd with his father, who was fui'pected 
 of being concerned in the murder of arch- 
 >harpe in 1679^ and after ftudying 
 medicine at Leyden, he returned with Wil- 
 liam at the revolution, and was made a royal 
 phyfkian for Scotland. He acquired a re- 
 fpecrable fortune and died at Edinburgh,ti7-i6 ? 
 aged 64. In his principles he ftrongly fa- 
 vored the republican government, and pub- 
 lished memoirs of England from 1388 to 1688, 
 well written. 
 
 Wels'j id, Lernard, of Abington, Nor- 
 thamptonfhire, was educated at Weltminftejf 
 fchool, and obtained a place hi the ordnance 
 office. He wrote epiitles, odes, &c a tran- 
 flation of Longinus on the fublime, from Boi- 
 leau's verfion the genius, or the duke of 
 Marlborough's apoplexy an epiitle on the 
 duke's death the triumvirate, &c. which was 
 confidered as an attack on Pope, and procured 
 him a place in the dunciad. He wrote be- 
 tides, the dillembled wanton, a comedy, 
 1726, and other thin^:;, much applauded in 
 Ins day, coHlecied in one vol. 8vo. 1787, with 
 3 vindication of his character by a relation. 
 His little poem called the apple pie, written 
 at Weftmtnfter fchool, was for a long time at- 
 tributed to Dr. King. Welited was much 
 noticed by the great, and his poetical talents 
 were resectable, and diiplayed genius, and 
 though he did not perhaps rile to the fublimer 
 Hights of the mule, his competitions were 
 entitled to praife. He died at the honfe 
 which he held in the Tower, 1747, aged 
 
 58. 
 
 Wknceslaus, fbn of Charles IV. empe- 
 ror of Germany, i'ueceeded in J378, at the 
 age of 15. Though he promifed the higheft 
 virtues, he became debauched and tyrannical, 
 and at lad he was depofed in 1400. He dred 
 king of Bohemia, 1419, aged 58. In his 
 character he united the extravagance of An- 
 tony, the infamous cowardice of Keliogabalus, 
 and the bloody 'path on s of Tiberius. 
 
 Went wot 11, Thomas, earl of Strafford, 
 was born in London 1594. After tiniihing 
 his education at Cambridge, he travelled and 
 fucceedins; to a family eitate of 6000I. per an- 
 num, in Yoikilure, he was elected into par- 
 liament. His eloquence in oppofition to the 
 court was fo powerful that he was named fne- 
 riffof Yorkfhire, that he might not be cieeted 
 mto parliament. He was afterwards gained 
 over by the mhiiftry, and the grant of a peer- 
 age, 
 
WES 
 
 WES 
 
 age, and the office of prefident of the council 
 la the north, rendered him a loyal fubject. 
 This highly offeuJtd his political frauds, .and 
 Pym, to whom he v ithed to jmaly liis con- 
 duct, told him, " though you have left us, I 
 wi 1 not leav \uu wj \}& your head is on your 
 moulders." In 1631, he went deputy to lie- 
 land, and in ins government he vis moft zea- 
 lous and active. hie redeemed the incum- 
 brances of the royal revenue, he improved the 
 yearly income 40/OOcl a year, and prevailed 
 upon the clergy to conform to the iliiglifn 
 ch nciu Notwithftandnig thefe fervices, he 
 was arbitrary in his conduct, and his feverity 
 towards lord ^iuuntmorris, whom in two 
 hours he caufad to be condemned ,to death, 
 becaufe he had fpoken difreipedtfylly of him, 
 reflects difgrace on his memory, Whilit fe- 
 cure of the royal conidence he loll the go 4 
 opinion of tie nation. Pym, too true to his 
 promife, inveighed againft him, and at lad 
 accufed him before the lords, as the great- 
 e!l enemy to the liberties of ins country. His 
 impeachment, in 28 articles, engaged the at- 
 tention of the nation fur 18 days, but when 
 Ins energetic defence feemed to influence the 
 lords, tiie commons paged a bill againft him, 
 attainting him oi high trc-.fon. i he king ufed 
 his influence to fave liim, but his compalfion 
 was anfvvered by tiie cries of the factious, who 
 infulted him with^he exclamations of juftice ! 
 juitice ! Charles was relieved from his dii'trcis ; 
 and when the earl, with ill requited generofity, 
 entreated him not to hazard his fafety, nor 
 the peace of the kingdom for his fake, but to 
 aflent to the facrjfice of his life, which might 
 become a means of reconciliation between the 
 fovereign and his fubjecis, the inonarc 
 two days' of dreadful perplexity, figned reluc- 
 tantly the fatal inftrument which conducted 
 his friend to the fcaffbld. He fulfered on 
 Tower-hill i;uli May, 1641. At the refto- 
 ration his attainder was reverfed. His letters 
 appeared in 2 vols fol. 1739. 
 
 Werenfels, Samuel, of Balil, filled 
 fome profeilbrial chairs there with celehrit v. He 
 travelled into Holland, Germany, and France, 
 and died at Baiil, universally reipecied 1 740, 
 aged 83. His works chiefly on fubje&s of 
 theology, philofophy, and philology, have ap- 
 peared in 2 vols. 4 to. 
 
 Wekff, Adrian Vander, a painter of 
 Rotterdam. His portraits and hiilorical pieces, 
 flnifhed with correct talte and judgment, are 
 preferved in the Duh'tldorf galhry. The belt 
 are his 15 pieces on the mylterics of the chris- 
 tian religion. He died 1727, aged 63. 
 
 Wegi-ey, Samuel, of Winterborne Whit- 
 church, Dorfetfhire, was educated at J or- 
 cheiter fthool, and then entered as fervitor at 
 Exeter college, Oxford, 1684. He obtained 
 the living of South Ormcfbv, Lincolnshire, 
 and afterwards Epvvorth, where be died 1735. j 
 The belt of his publications are life of Chrilt, a 
 heroic poem, folio the h'dtory of the old and 
 new teitament attempted in veil'*, Arc. 3 vols. 
 
 T2mo. maggots or poems, _&c elegies on 
 queen Alary, and on i 1 lotfon a letter con- 
 cerning the education of the difTenters, &c 
 treatife on the facramcin uiifertatkorts oil 
 Job, ce. He has :>een ridiculed by Garth for 
 the inelegance of Ins poetry, but though in 
 difTerent *s a pott, he was very refpectaMe as 
 a man. He left a large family. i lie eldeft 
 ofhisfons Samuel < ised catedat Weltmin- 
 Iter, :md Chrtfl ch rch 'xford He was af- 
 terwards ufher 01 Weltrninfler fchool tor near 
 20 years, and then obtained Blundel s fclv ol 
 Tiverton, where he died 1739, aged 49. e 
 is author of the battle of tjie fexes -the primus 
 opened, two poems o< merit, and the \ a ith 
 priest an eulogy on his wife's father, &c. 
 
 WESLEY, "John, the founder of metho- 
 difmj fon of Samuel, w.is born at EpwortH, 
 LinccJnlftire, 1703. He was educated at the 
 Charter-hoafe, and Cnrift-church, Oxford, 
 andia I'Tlb became fellow and tutor of Lin- 
 coln college. He early expreifed himlelf 
 againft the damnatory dailies oftheAthana- 
 fian creed, and was one of that fma'.l fociety 
 formed on principles of greater aurterity than 
 pi evaded in the univerfity, which received the 
 appellation of methodifts. In 1735 he embark- 
 ed for America, for tne converfidu and fpi- 
 ritual infraction of the natives and lettlert, 
 and, accompanied by his brother Charles, he 
 diiplayed hisftrong powers of eloquence in the 
 caufe uf methodifm. Here tie gave way ,to 
 the emotions of love, but mil's Camton, tile 
 object of 'his patlion, growing impatient it nis 
 delay, gave her hand to a more favored fuitor, 
 ana the faint comparing the disappointment to 
 tne plucking out of his right eye, carried his 
 pique fo far as 10 repel tne virtuous bride from 
 the altar. This grofs attack upon a woman 
 whom he wiflied to have taken for a wife, was 
 relented by the lady, who publfcned to the 
 world fome transactions not very honorable to 
 the preacher, in coufequence of which he left 
 America. In 1738 lie began his career of 
 profelytilm. Believing himfelf let at liberty 
 from the bonds of (in by diviue illumination, 
 heljbon law him'elf followed by admiring con- 
 verts, and zealoufly delivered hi doctrines in 
 iris conventicle firlt efobliuied in Letter -lane, 
 Hisdifcour.es were heard with admiration, the 
 number of tne faithful rapidly increa:eJ, and 
 the founder of the feci, by the folcmn impo- 
 fition of hands, lent forth his apo.lles to pro- 
 pagate the faith. In 1751 he married Mrs. 
 Vizelle, a widow of independent fortune, but 
 whatever might have been the mn'.iv.s to tiiis 
 union, it proved unfortunate, and mowed tiiat 
 however calculated Wefley might be Lr the 
 head ofa feet, he was very unwilling to fpare 
 attention to the happinefj of ins bride, who 
 fled from his home. I he increase of his fol- 
 lowers Battered his pride, and imprcilld with 
 the idea thai his ficcefs w the influence of 
 heaven, his adherents eafily believed that me- 
 thpdifm rk of God. hut whiltt ha 
 
 affected humility in his intercourfe with the 
 [ F f 4 ] multiuidoj 
 
WES 
 
 :de, with the ftrong powers which con- 
 fer, w th coolnel*, perfevcrance, 
 
 pular eloquence, he kept in his own 
 
 b*nds thi lufremt authority and the wheb 
 
 at moved according to his 
 
 . ; hat in the moll diiiant corners 
 
 cenlures had as much the 
 
 weight cf law and correction as if he had him- 
 
 pronounccd the fentence of re- 
 
 rroo: or dnmifkon This extraordinary cha- 
 
 . who lor more than half a century exer- 
 
 :he moft abfolute authority, and with 
 undiminished effVct over his followers, died on 
 
 March. 179/, in h;s 88th year, and 
 the 6.<th of his miniftry. Though the fer- 
 mens which he pubhihed are fuperior to thofe 
 
 irarernity, they mult be confidered as 
 loofe and defcltory, conveying little to the 
 mind, but by familiar allufions or vulgar ima 
 |ery cemmanding the attention of the igno 
 rant It has been doubted whether he was 
 hypocritical or fincere, and actuated more b) 
 
 led pride ihan unfpoted piety, but 
 
 . no was ambitious of power, greedy of 
 pre eminence, and impatient of contradiction. 
 it is plain, that he was influenced by motives 
 of benevolence, and that his zea was directed 
 whether by proper or improper means, to pro- 
 mote the future hrppineis of man He pub- 
 lished various tracts and controverfial pamphlets 
 againfl the Calvinilts and Moravians. 
 
 WjtaJ lt, Charles, younger brother of the 
 
 rug, was born at Epworth, and horn 
 d e car-.- of his father palled to Weitmim-.er 
 fcho-.l of which he became captain. He was 
 elected in 1726 to Chrift-chunh, Oxford, 
 and embraced the religious tenets of his bro- 
 
 nn, whom he accompanied to Geor- 
 gia. He returned in 1736 to England, and 
 became a zea'ous preacher. As well (killed 
 in fcri'ture divinity, and of a lively character, 
 his dil'courfes went much admired. Though 
 ccafionally refident in London, he was chiefly 
 employed as an itinerant preacher, and died 
 ^788, aged 79. He was refpecrablc as a poet, 
 aad his religion pieces are alio numerous. 
 
 WEssftus, John, of Groningen, ftudied 
 at Zwool and Cologne, and afterwards at Pa- 
 ris. Sixtus IV. who was well acquainted with 
 his learn ::ig,fent for him to Rome,and offered 
 
 -tever he wifhed. The modeft Wef- 
 Mus requefted the gift of a Hebrew and Greek 
 
 l the Vatican. Why do not you afk 
 for a bjiopric, inquired the pontiff, becaufe, 
 anfwered the difintereltedeccjcfiaftic. J do not 
 want one. He foon after returned to his coun- 
 
 erehedied 1489, aged 70. He was 
 
 occasionally unfriendly to the tenets of the 
 
 K. mifh church, and many regard him as the 
 
 er of Luther. He wrote various 
 thing*. 
 
 rSi*l* C l Iiert ' was cdufaf ed at Eton and 
 Cbrift-church. Oxford, for the church. He, 
 Jo^ever, entered into the army, and was 
 i,Io e, ^ ao , rd,na 7 t0 'he privy council in 
 " J *+ He fettled at Wickham, Kent, where 
 
 WET 
 
 he devoted himfelf to literary purfuits, aud 
 where his retirement was frequently vifited 
 byLyttelton aud Fitt, who weary with fac- 
 tion courted his fociety. Though noticed by 
 , the great, it was not till 1751 that he obtain- 
 ed an increafe to his narrow fortune by the 
 appointment of a clerkfhip to the privy coun- 
 cil, to which was afterwards added the place 
 of treafurer to Chelfea hofpital. Thele ho- 
 nors, however, came too late ; the lofs of his 
 only fon, in 1755, embittered the (hort re- 
 mainder of life, and on the 26th or March, 
 1756, a ftroke of the palfy hurried him to 
 his grave at the age of 50. He was a mas of 
 poliihed manners and gieat erudition, and lb 
 relpecfable. that it is laid, the care of the 
 young prince's education was offered to him, 
 which he declined. His works are obltrva- 
 tions on tTTe refurre&ion, 1747, awoikwkkh 
 obtained for him from Oxford, the degree of 
 LL.D. Pindar's odes tranflated into Englifij, 
 a valuable and fpirited compofttion. 
 
 WtST, James, M.A. of A'cot, War- 
 wickshire, was educated at Baiioi college, Ox- 
 ford, and in 1741 was elected into parlia- 
 ment for St. Alban's. He was one of the 
 joint Secretaries to the treaiury, which he re- 
 igned in 1762, and three years after he ob- 
 tained a penfion of aocol. a-year. He died 
 177a. His valuable MSS. were purchased by- 
 lord Shelburne, and his printed books were 
 fold by au6iion in 24 days, his prints and 
 drawings in 13, his coins and medals in l'even, 
 &c 
 
 West, Richard, of the Temple, was kind's 
 counfelin 1717, and in 1725, lord chancellor 
 of Ireland. He died 1726. He was author 
 of a difcourfe on treafous and bills of attainder, 
 &c. 
 
 West, Thcmas, author of the hiftory of 
 Furneis abbey, and of a guide to the lakes, 
 was for forne years profellbr of natural philo- 
 fouhy on the continent. He fpent much time 
 in defcribing the beauties of the lakes, &c. and 
 lived in the latter part of life at Ulvetton, and 
 died there 1779, aged 65. 
 
 West, Elizabeth, of Edinburgh, became 
 known for her eccentricities and myftical opi- 
 nions. She wrote an account of her life, and 
 died 1735, aged 63. 
 
 Westfieed, Thomas, of Ely, was educa- 
 ted at Jefus college, Cambridge, and obtained 
 the livings of Mary-le-Bow, and St. Bartho- 
 lomew's London, and was made archdeacon of 
 St. Alban's and Icon after raifed to the fee of 
 Bristol. He was ejected from his fee, and 
 died 1644. His fermons were publifhed af- 
 ter his death in 2 vols. 
 
 Weston, Richard, of Leicefter, though a 
 thread hofier, paid particular attention to hor- 
 ticulture, and contributed lbma curious obfer- 
 vations to the gentleman's magazine on the 
 fubject. He died 1806, aged 74. 
 
 Wetstein, John M*/olf>but, of Bafil, 
 fucceeded his father as profefTor of Greek and 
 of theology. He publifhed dialogue of Origta 
 
 again* 
 
WHA 
 
 WHE 
 
 agair.il the Marcionites exhortation to mar 
 tyrdom, &c. and died lyiX, aved 64. His 
 brother *Jch:t Henry, wrcs well i> ilied in the 
 learned lai.guaj.es. He iett^ed in Holland as 
 printer, and died 17^6, a ed 77. 
 
 We 1 s i ein, "John 'jan.es, of the farm fa- 
 mily, was born at Baiil. He traveled ovei 
 Switzerland, France,. England, and Germa- 
 ny, to examine the various MiS pi the Cir-.- k 
 teltamcnt, and on his return publn: ed bjs 
 brolegomena 1730. he wor!; cif ated him 
 fin mies, who accufed him as a Socinian, in 
 conference of which he w . . 
 ecclefiaritcAl honors. ft Bed tq Air. < 
 and was placed in the pu>: . foriaj chaii le 
 Cierc in philofpphy, an. apppjntineni which 
 he held rill his de..th i\'4 iu his (Slti/year 
 His edition ot the new teuam^nt, ivir,h variot s 
 readings and with, critical remarks*' wa p..b 
 lifhed in 17^1 2- in Z vols.. .1. e publiihed 
 with that woik two eih.les of Clemens Ro 
 manus in Syr'uc, with a Latin veriion, 
 fee 
 
 Whallet, Peter, of Northampton fh're, 
 was educated at Merchant Taylors' and St 
 John's college, Oxford. He was cbofen in 
 1768 mafter of the grammar fchool ot Chriit's 
 hofpital, which he refigned in 1776, and loon 
 after fucceeded to St Olave frhool in oath 
 yark. He obtained fome preferment, St. 
 Sepulchre's vicarage, Northampton, and af 
 forwards &t Margaret Pattens, and Hofley, 
 Suflex He died I7QI. He wrote an en- 
 quiry into the learning of Shakefpeare, 8vo. 
 vindication of the authenticity and evidences 
 of the gofpels, 8vo. ''en Jonfon's works 
 with notes, 7 vols vo. verles prefixed to 
 Hervey's meditations lermons, &c. 
 
 Wharton, Cecr-e, of Wefimoreland, 
 was ruined in the civil wars for ids attach- 
 ment to the royal caufe. During the ufur 
 pation he wrote almanacs, tracts on .^ftronomy, 
 chronological works, &c. and at the reitera- 
 tion he was made a baronet, and treasu- 
 rer of the ordnance. He died about 168 1. 
 
 Wharton, Anne, daughter of fir Henry 
 Lee, of Ditchley, Oxior'i ire, became the 
 wife of Thomas, marquis of Wharton, and 
 diriinguifhed herl'elf by her poetical works. 
 She died about 1685. 
 
 Wharton, Henry, was born 1664. at 
 Worftead in Norfolk, and educated at Cams 
 .college, Cambridge. He received from San- 
 croft. tQ whom he was chaplain, the 1 
 of Minfter, and the rectory ofChartham in 
 Kent. His application was fo great that his 
 health at laft funk under it, and he died at 
 Canterbury, 1695, ag^ed f, His publica- 
 ti una were numerous, of whkh ye a treatife 
 on the celibacy of the clergy againft the church 
 of Ron> defence of pluralities, 8vo. lpe- 
 cimenu of error- in Burnet's hiftory of the 
 reforrmtion hiftoria de epifcopis St decanis 
 AHaveniibus, 8vo. Anglia facra, five colleclio 
 hhloriarum de epiicopis, &c. a vol;. iA. i>.x- 
 ;t,ouj, 8vc. kc. 
 
 What. ton., PI i Up. du^e of. tem 
 for his eccentricities, was bofii 169. I .'s 
 e;iily marriage with a were 
 though of virtuous characlerj pro ed tin be* 
 ginning cf his misfortunes and fiyrrig 11 cm 
 dom [tic comforts within his r<.. h he pu.n,- 
 ed into ail the. follies and the crimes >i a li- 
 centious age In bis navels he paid his court 
 ;>; e chevalier de :.>t. Geor e and was com- 
 : nt. d wttri the title of dike cf North. .m- 
 berlancl His partiality for the ttnrrs was, 
 however, forgotten : on his return home, he 
 iupported the mmiftry, and for his services In 
 parliament he w s railed from th<. dignity of 
 mar is to that of duke. Changing fides iie 
 diltinguifhed himfelf as the- bold defender of 
 the bilhop ot Rochefier, and as the puhiiiher 
 twice a week of a violent periodical p per cal- 
 led the true briton His creditors ob- 
 taining poiTeHlon uf his income undei a decree 
 ol chancery, he to <>void the difgrace ot fink- 
 ing into contempt retired to the comment, and 
 at the co^rr ot pain efpoufed tiie caufe of the 
 pretender. After filling Madrid and home 
 with his intrigues, he formed the plan' of re- 
 vifiting his country, though he heard that aft 
 indictment for high tre.tion was iffwed aganrfr. 
 him. He proceeded as *ar as Rouen, but his 
 want of money obliged him to return to Spain, 
 and he died foon after at Terr gone, 1731. 
 
 Wiiatkley, William, of Lm aihire, was 
 educated at ivfagd.den college, Cambridge, and 
 obtained a living in Chefhire, and died 16 13. 
 He wrote among other things an expofitionof 
 the ten commandments, &c. 
 
 Whearf., Degory y of Jacobftow in Corn- 
 wall, was educated at Brodgtc hall, Oxtord, 
 and became fellow of Exoter college. He was 
 appointed by amden the Brft profeffor in his 
 lecture, and he obtained alio the mafterfhip of 
 Gloucefter hall till his death in 1647, in his 
 74th year. He was author of a difiertation de 
 ratione & methodo legendi hirtorias, 8vo. a 
 ufeful work parentatiohiltorica, &c. 
 
 Whf.atlf.y, Claries, of London, was edu- 
 cated at St. John's college, Oxtord. He be- 
 came lecturer of .St Mildred in the Poultry, 
 and vicar of Brent and Ferneaux Pelhirn, 
 
 crtfordfhire, where he died 1742, aged 56. 
 He wrote a rational illuftraiion of the book oC 
 common prayer, fol. historical vindication of 
 the 85th canon, &c. anfwer to Hoadly 
 private devotions at the facrament -iermons, 
 |c. 
 
 Whehler, Geo-ge, of Charing, Kent, 
 was born at Breda, where his parents lived 
 during the civil wars. He entered at Lin- 
 coln college, Oxford, and then travelled with 
 Spon of Lyons, and vifited Venice, Constan- 
 tinople, A(ia Minor, Greece, Zante, &c. 
 The. obfervations ofthefe travellers were in- 
 genious, and as they compared the relations 
 of Patifanias, with the exifting ftate of the 
 country, they traced with accuracy every 
 ftrildrrg feature of diiFcrence and of improve- 
 ment. On his return Wheeler prelemed ta 
 
 the 
 
win 
 
 win 
 
 vtrfity of Oxford federal valuable nnti- 
 
 .. and was complimented with the d. cite 
 
 hough a knight he took order* 
 
 tamed the living of Bafi 
 
 . the rectory of Houghton le Spring, 
 
 Durham, and a prebend in Durham cathedral. 
 
 Hew- ~ diploma 1702, and 
 
 died 1724, agcJ 74- Befidcs his journey into 
 
 Greece, in 6 vols, fob 168a, be published an 
 
 icej ofaOembly 
 
 of the prhni - 8vo. 1689, &c 
 
 . was born 1609 at 
 Stoke educated at Emanuel 
 
 college, Cambridge. led the uvihg 
 
 of Nortbcadb ry wnerfetflnre, and was 
 made bv the parliamentary vifitors provnft of 
 jo!l ge. At the restoration he was re- 
 moved, and then fettled in London, where he 
 became minifter of St. Anne's, Blackfriars, 
 and afterwards of St. La wrence, Jewry. On 
 avint to Cambridge he caught a violent cold, 
 and died 168.3. is fermons were publithed 
 after his death in 3 vols. 
 
 ;to\, V/lll':ai, was born, 1667, at 
 Norton nearTwycroffe,Leicerterlhire, and edu 
 cated under his father, and afterwards at I am- 
 worth fchcol, and at Clare-hall, Cambridge. 
 In 1693 he became fellow and foon after tu- 
 tor, but the labor was too great for his coniti- 
 tution, and he refigned to become chaplain to 
 bithop Moore. His new theory of the earth 
 appeared in 1696, and excited general admi- 
 ration. In 1698 he was prefented by the bi- 
 Oiop to Loweiloft in Suffolk, and he was in- 
 cited in 1700 to Cambridge, to become depu- 
 ty to fir Ifiuc Newton, whom he fucceeded in 
 the Lucafian profefTorihip. About this, time 
 bis attachment to th church of England be- 
 gan to waver, he pretended to difcover that the 
 t .0 Hr.': centuries of the church were truly 
 Eufebian zndAxiaa. and that afterwards doc- 
 trines leis congenial to cbriftianity had been 
 adopted. 1 Ge "ions ?ere he rd with 
 aftoni'V ..- odt, but hedifegarded 
 
 cenfure, and wr :j in fupport of his fenti- 
 upon him the difpleafure 
 , of the unirerfity, and in 1710 he was depri- 
 ved of bis pi. . id banifhed from the 
 pu-tincts of Cambiidge. Regardlefs of the 
 dif^race he retired to London, where he lec- 
 tured on phiiolophy, a.uonomy, and divinity,' 
 and wrote on his favorite topic of primitive 
 The icanty pittance which he 
 rce, fuflkient to 'Amply him 
 1 1 he was cheerful, and in 
 he often found the 
 band ot tbofe who revered his learning r.nd. 
 Mended to relieve him. Though he 
 hurch of England, 
 hen the cler- 
 Bon to him as he to 
 the Athanafian creed, and he repaired to the 
 as he oblerved he had an 
 a more primitive 
 . . week's 
 
 IS biliiop 
 
 Hare obferves, a fair unblemithcd character, 
 who all iris life had cultivated piety, virtue, 
 and good learning. By lijs ufeiul works of 
 philo.bphy and mathematics, he endeavoured 
 to difplay the glory of the great creator, and 
 to his ftudy ol nature he early joined the ltudy 
 of the fcriptures. The bei<. of his works aie, 
 befidesbis theory agronomical lectures, 8vo. 
 tranflation of Jonpnnv with eight valuable 
 diflertattans, 4 vols. &vo aftronomieal prin- 
 ciples of religion hiitory of the old and new 
 teftam'ent, /> vo s. 8vo. vindication oi the 
 tedimony of PhlegOn memoirs of his own 
 life, 2 v6ls. 8vo, tic. 
 
 WHiTAKR, William, D. D. of Holme, 
 Lanciihire, was educated at Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and became regius profeflbr and 
 ma.ter of St. John's college, where he died 
 I 59JLa aged 47. Though he wrote fome 
 trades againft popery, and in favor of the 
 church of England, he is iuppoled to have in- 
 clined to the puritans. 
 
 Whitky, Dau'ul, D.D. of Rufl~<den, Nor- 
 thamptonshire, wa<> educated at Trinity col- 
 legs, Oxford. He w.is chaplain to '-eth 
 Ward, biihop of -alifbury, ami became chan- 
 ter of the cathedral, rector of t. Edmund's, 
 Salifbury, and prebendary of Taunton Regis, 
 and died 1726, aged 88. His publications are 
 more than 40 in number, and difplay good 
 fenfe and learning i he bellofthefe are, the 
 protectant reconciler, 1682, which gave great 
 offence to the clergy, and was publicly burnt 
 by the univerfity of Oxford five points againft 
 calvinifm, 8vo. &c. 
 
 WHlTt:,Jobn, a bifhop under Elizabeth, was 
 depoied for preaching a ieditious fermon. He 
 wrote fome theological works and died 1559. 
 
 WaiTE, Richard, a mifi ,*llaneous writer. 
 b is works were in Latin, i-'e died at Douay, 
 1612. 
 
 Wi: te, Francis, Hfhop of Ely, under the 
 firit James, was author of fome fermons, &c. 
 and died 1637. 
 
 White, Thomas, lediurer of St. Andrew's 
 Holborn, and St. Anne's, Alderfg-'te-Iheet, 
 was author of the art of divine revelation. 
 
 White, Thomas, or Albius, principal of 
 a college atLiibon, and fub-prmcipal at Douay, 
 was an able fchoLr, and a warm admirer of 
 Ariftotle's philofophy. He was intimate with, 
 Hobbesj though in their opinions they widely 
 differed. He died 1676. 
 
 White, Thomas, of Briftol, ftudied at 
 Magdalen college, Oxford, and obtained St. 
 Gregory, and St. Duiht.ni in the Weft, Lon- 
 don. He afterwards became prebendary of 
 St. Paul's, canon of Wind, or, and Chrift- 
 church, a#d treafurer of Salifbury. He was 
 author of fome fermons, and founded an alms- 
 house in his native town, &c. and died 16x3. 
 
 White, Jeremy, fellow of Trinity college, 
 Cambridge, and chaplain toCromwell, is known 
 for bis humor. He courted one of the pro- 
 tector's daughters, and being once furprifed by 
 the father on his knees before the lady, he 
 
 averted 
 
WHI 
 
 WHI 
 
 averted the indignation of Cromwell bv faying, 
 th.it he was intreating her. interference with : 
 her maid, to whom he ha3 long paid his ad- j 
 dreffes without hope. Cromwell who knew 
 this artifice, upbraided the maid for her tin- j 
 kindnefs, and immediately ordered a cler- ; 
 g yman to perform the ceremony of marriage 
 between her and the aftonithed chaplain. He I 
 wrote a bock on the restoration of all things. ! 
 publiihed after his death. He died 1707, aged J 
 78. 
 
 White, Robert., an engraver of eminence. 
 His likenefies were ftrikingly coned, and his ' 
 attention to bufinefs was lb intenfe, that it is | 
 laid he engraved more portraits and other 
 works than any other artift. F*e died 1704. 
 
 White, Nathaniel, pallor of the dillen- 
 .ting congregation at the Old Jewry, was born 
 in Pall-Mail, and publiihed lqme funeral fer- 
 tnons, &c. and died 1783. 
 
 WniTEFiEi.n, George, one of the foun- 
 ders of the methodilt", was born at Gloucef- 
 ter, 1 714. From the Crypt fchool he entered 
 as lervitor at Pembroke college, Oxford. En- 
 thuiiai'm and the love of Angularity influenced 
 his conduct, he preached not only in priibns, 
 but in the open fields, and by Itrong perfua- 
 live eloquence he prevailed upon multitudes to 
 regard him as a man of luperior fanctity. In 
 1738 he went to America, hut after laboring 
 for fome time as the affbeiate of the Wefleys, 
 he at laft engaged with them in a ferious dif- 
 pute, which produced a feparation. While 
 he afTerted the doftrine of abfolute election, 
 agreeable to Calvin, his opponents regarded 
 his opinion as unfupporred by fcripture, and 
 in confequence of this arofe the two leers of 
 the Calviniftic and the Arminian methodifts. 
 Secure in the good opinion of his adherents, 
 and in the patronage of lady Huntingdon, he 
 continued his labors and built two tabernacles 
 in the city and in Tottenham-court road. He 
 died while on a vifit to his churches in New 
 England, America, 1770. His fermons, let- 
 ters, and controverfial tracts, have been pub- 
 lilhed together in 7 vols. 8vo. 
 
 Whitehead, Paul, was born in London, on 
 St. Paul's day, from which tirc.imit.ance he 
 derived his Chriftian name. Though appren- 
 ticed to a mercer, he defpifed the drudgery of 
 the counter, and entered at the Temple. By 
 "joining with Fleetwood the player in a bond 
 of 3CO0I. he brought mifery upon himfelf, 
 and languished for fome years in the Fleet 
 prifon. He afterwards maintained himfelf by 
 his writings, find at laft obtained a patent 
 place of 800I. for life. He publiihed the llnte 
 dunces manners honor fatires die gym- 
 nafiad, a mock-heroic poem, to ridicule the 
 fcrutiih bufinefs of boxing, addrefled to 
 Broughton, the then famous champion of the 
 order. He wrote alio an epiitle to Dr.Thomp- 
 fon, befides fongs and epigrams. He died 
 1774, aged 64. 
 
 Whitehead, William, was horn at the 
 beginning of i7<Ji at Cmbridge, where his 
 
 father was a baker. He obtained, at the age 
 of 14, a nomination to Wincheiler college, 
 and there obtained a prize for a poem which 
 Pope fet to the Icholars, when he vifited the 
 fchool in company with lord Peterbotough, 
 Though refj ,-ectahle in the fchool for abilities 
 he loft the election to New college for want of 
 friends; and entered at Clare hall, Cambridge, 
 where as the for. of a baker, he had a claim to 
 a Icholarlhip. In 174a he became fellow and 
 then engaged in the family of lord Jerley, as 
 tutor to his ion, and tq Ins friend general Ste- 
 vens. Amiditthe independence of his fitu'ation, 
 its thoughts to dramatic compo- 
 fition, and produced his Roman father, and 
 his Creula, received with great anplaule. In 
 1754 he accompanied his pupil and lord Nune- 
 ham on the continent, and through Ger- 
 many palled to Italy, and returned through 
 Switzerland, Germany, and Holland in 1756. 
 The views of Rome were not lolt on the ima- 
 gination of a man of genius and oftaite, and 
 on his return he prefented to the public his 
 elegy written at Haut-vilhcrs his ode on the 
 campagna of Rome and rive eclogues, By 
 the intereft of lady Jerley, he was appointed 
 fecretary and regiiter to the order o<i the Bath, 
 and two years after fucceeded Gibber as poet- 
 laureat. Thus railed to*independence he con- 
 tinued the friend of the two noblemen over 
 whole education he had prelided, and the 
 many days which he patted at Nuneham and 
 Middleton parks, were proofs of the goodneis 
 of his heart, as much as of the virtues, and 
 the grateful generolity of his pupils. In the 
 midft of thefe pleafing ailiduities of friendship, 
 he devoted much of his time to the mules, and 
 befides his occafioivl odes, he wrote the fchool 
 for lovers, a comedy a^led at Drury-lane, 
 1762, and charge to the poets, a utiricaj 
 poem. The trip to Scotland, a farce, ap- 
 peared about 1771, and in 1775, the poet 
 collected together his poems. As he grew 
 older Whitehead felt a palpitation of the heart, 
 and a difficulty of breathing, with which for 
 40 years, he had been afflicted, and thefe 
 dilbrders at laft proved fatal. He died fudden- 
 ly, after a Ihort confinement 14th April, 
 1785. Befides the above he wrote variety 
 the goat's beard Venus attiring the graces, 
 &c. An account of his life has been publiihed 
 by his friend Mafon. 
 
 Whitehead, John, a. methodift preacher. 
 He was well educated, and panting after dif- 
 tin^tion he quitted the trade ofa linen-draper 
 at Brii'tol, and then kept a fchool at Wandf- 
 worth, where he was patronized by the qua- 
 kers, whofe principles he had adopted, after 
 abandoning the ibciety of the methodifts. He 
 next travelled on the continent as tutor to 
 one of his pupils, and at Leyden took his 
 medical degrees. On his return he became 
 phyfician to the London dilpftnfary,and preach- 
 ed the funeral fermon of John Wefley, and 
 publiihed an account of his life, in 7, vols. 8vo. 
 rie died in London, 1804. 
 
 White- 
 

 Jrf-n, was bom in 171 :, 
 5 brought up 
 
 for himfelf at Derby. In 
 where he be- 
 gins. Diftin- 
 
 .cbanical knowledge, 
 
 ufe wii the refort ef the I'cientiric, and 
 
 in reward for his enquiries into the original 
 
 ftate and forraroon of the earth, which he 
 
 . n i vol. 4tr. he "was 1779 
 
 f the royal fociety. F : e 
 
 in attempt towaidi < 
 
 farts of length, capacity, 
 
 he menfotttion ot ti.ne, 
 
 i c fophica 1 , tranfaclions 
 
 feme p f n cri J macnille ^ or Wifiog water, 
 
 nt on ignited iubftances. 
 
 treatie on citimnics, veil 
 
 \c. f.'e died at his houi'e in Bolt- 
 
 coort. Flee; aged 7$. 
 
 ..ielock. Jit Jerries, was horn in 
 educated at Merchant 1 aylors', 
 tr.S St. John's college, Oxford, kova which 
 moved to the Middle Temple. He was 
 1 r for Woodiiock in 1620, and fopn 
 juftice of Chefter, and knighted. 
 H was afterwards judge of t ! ie common pleas, 
 and at lad thief juftice of the king's ! ench, 
 i 163 z aged 62. He wrote lectures or 
 readings in the Middle Temple hall fpeeches 
 in parliament, fcc. He Was well acquainted 
 with Hebrew and Greek, and lo flue nt a La- 
 -.ker, that at Oxford he explained from 
 the bench, to feme dignified foreigners who 
 were prefer:*, the charge which he i 
 ! to the jury, in r>:;.-;nt Latin. 
 .: vetoes, Bulftrode, fon of the above 
 was born 1605, in Fleet-;' 1. He 
 
 ru educated at M tors', and at 
 
 cred at the 
 Middle Temple. Under his father, he ac- 
 enired great knowledge of the law, and in the 
 parliament was member for Marlowe 
 1 bou^hone of the mod active managers againft 
 Strafford, he declined to profecute Laud, "from 
 whom heh:d, when at Oxford, received ma-' 
 rkl of kindncls. Fe was one of the 
 n appointed to treat about peace 
 with the king, and he alfo fat as a lav mem- 
 ber in the Weftmittfter aflembly of dtvinea. 
 .J the confidence of Crom- 
 well, by informing him of the intentions of 
 EfTex to criminate him, hut though a com- 
 I Vie great feal, he refilled to he 
 concerned in the trial of Charles, and re- 
 tired into the country. |n 1648, be was high 
 (Ward of Oxford, and in 16,53 he went am- 
 Sweden! and on his return, the 
 ex- 
 Men Fgeaker 
 *rf the commons, and the following year cal- 
 led op to the other houfe as one ofCrom- 
 rdi. In 16/9, he was appointed pre- 
 il.ite, and keeper of 
 tfce vui feal, hut at tie 1 with- 
 
 drew to the country, ar.d led the red 
 life in retirement at Chilton, Wiltfhire, where 
 he died 1676. He wrote memorials 
 Englifh affairs, or account of what pallid du 
 ring the reicn of Charles I. till the reftoratiop, 
 &c. publijhed 16', z. and again edited 173a 
 memorials of the Engliih affairs, from the rime 
 of Brutus, &c monarchy aflerted to he the 
 beft and moft legal form of government, 8vo. 
 fpeeches in Rufh worth's collection, Sec. 
 Though a confidential friend of Cromwell, hfl 
 is defervedly commended by Clarendon for 
 his eminent parts and the opennefs of h.is cha-, 
 factef. 
 
 Whitgift, yobn, was born 153c, ?t 
 Great Grimfby, Liucolr.fhirc, and educated at 
 St. Anthony's fchool, London. He there 
 miraculoufiy efcaped the plague, and in 1548 
 er.tered at Queen's college, Cambridge, from 
 which he removed to Pembroke hail. In 1555 
 he was cholen fellow of Peter-houfe, and ob- 
 tained from bifhop Coxe, to whom he was 
 chaplain, the rectory of Feverfham in Cam- 
 hridgefhire. He was in 1563 Margaret pro- 
 f divinity, two years after chaplain to 
 the' queen, and in 1567 matter of Pembroke 
 hall, and three months after, head of Trinity 
 college, and regius profeflbr of divinity. He 
 was in i,S''3 made dean of Lincoln, and in 
 1 ; 7*6 railed to the fee of Worcefter, and in 
 3:583 trauflated to Canterbury. In this fitua- 
 tion he ailed with vigor againfl the puritans* 
 and papifts, but though ridiculed by his ene- 
 mies, he maintained his dignity, fo that he is 
 delervedly called by Fuller the worthier! man 
 that ever the Ertglifh hierarchy did enjoy. Ha 
 died 1604 at Croydon. In his tbefis for his 
 doctor's degree, he maintained that the pope 
 was antichrhl. He wrote an aniwer to an ad- 
 monition to the parliament in 1572, which 
 produced'?, long cofttroverfy. 
 
 Whitti'ngham, William, of Che tier, was 
 educated at Brazen-nofe, Oxford. He was 
 afterwards fellow of All Souls, and then ftu- 
 desst of Chrift church, but he quitted England 
 during Mary's reign. Under Elizabeth he 
 was made dean of Durham, though he enter- 
 tained fcruples againft the liturgy, and he gave 
 offence to the Durham clergy, by violating the 
 ftone corKns, and removing tome ornaments of 
 his cathedral. He trauflated the Geneva 
 glifh, aud alfo turned into metre. 
 i >me of the pialms of David, &c. He died 
 
 1.5 79- 
 
 Wuittington, Robert, of Lichfield, ob- 
 tained a degree at Oxford by petitioning the 
 regents,' and declaring that he had fpent 14 
 years in the ftudy of rhetoric, and"i2 years in 
 teaching boys. He <-dited Lily's grammar, 
 and publifhed lbrzie fchool books of great utili- 
 ty. He was an ill-natured reftlels man, of 
 whom it might be (aid, that his hand was againft 
 every man, and every man's hand againft him. 
 He died about 1560. 
 
 N ion, fir Richard, mercer and 
 citizen of London in the times of Richard II , 
 
 
WI 
 
 WIL, 
 
 was a man of great influence and very rich, 
 and among other charitable labors he founded 
 an almshouse for 13 poor men, he built New- 
 gate, the belt part of Bartholomew's heipitl, 
 the Horary in Grey-friars, no.v called Chrift's 
 boipital, and part of Guildhall. He was ftierill 
 for the city 1 393 , and was knighted, and after- , 
 wards ferved the office of lord mayor three 
 times, the laft time in 1419. The ftories re- I 
 ported of him are calculated for the amufement j 
 of children, but have no foundation in truth. ' 
 WiCKLiFF, Jo/jf> de, profeflbr -of dh hut y | 
 at Oxford, is defervedly confider ;d as tiie 
 forerunner of Luther in the refo 
 was born at Wickiiffe in Yorkfhire about 
 1324, and educated at Queen's college] and 
 afterwards at Merton, and in 1361 made 
 mailer of Baliol. In 13^5 he was mad - head 1 
 of Canterbury hall, jiut founded at Oxford by I 
 archbilhop iflip, but his elevation was oppofed . 
 by the monks and LaAgham the next pri- i 
 mate, and the pope difplaced lum and his | 
 fecular afTociates. Thus difgraced, lie re- 
 tired to his living at Lutterworth in Leices- 
 tershire, meditating revenge. In the works of 
 Marfilius of Padua, and "other writers, lie 
 found ample room to indulge his opposition, 
 and well aware of the popularity of attacking a 
 foreign power, which over-awed the throne, 
 and fubmitted the revenues of the kingdom lo 
 its avaricious views, he inveighed againtt the 
 encroachments of the Romiih chur.h. His 
 writings alarmed the clergy, and a council was 
 alTembled at Lambeth, by Sudbury 1377, and 
 Wickiiffe fummoned to account for his doc- 
 trines. He appeared, accompanied by the 
 duke of Lancaster, then in power, and he made 
 lb able a defence, that he was difmiiTed with- 
 out condemnation. His acquittal, however, 
 cilpleafed Gregory XL who directed his emif- 
 f.uier to fei%e him, or if he were protected, to 
 cite- him to Rome. In confequence of this a 
 fecond council alTembled at Lambeth, and 
 the 19 proportions which the pope had declar- 
 ed heretical, were fo ably vindicated by the 
 undaunted reformer, that his judges, afraid ci 
 offending the noblcs : 01 of excitiug-a commo- 
 tion among the people, permitted him to de- 
 part in fafety, enjoining him filence. Undif- 
 mayed, WicklifFe continued to preach Im doc- 
 trines, which were now more univerfaily 
 fpread, and a third council, therefore, afllm- 
 bled under Courtney the primate, 1382, and 
 24 propofitions of the reformer were condemn- 
 ed as heretical, and 14 as erroneous. The 
 l'everity of the church was now directed againft 
 the new herefy ; but whilft fome of hisfo] 
 lowers fuffered punishment for his principles, 
 Wickiiffe unhappily died at Lutterworth 1384, 
 at a time when nothing was wanting to 
 cipate Krr,;lnnd from the tyranny of Rome, 
 but the boldneff and eloquence of a popular 
 leader. Of the feveral works which he wrote, 
 hh " trialogus" is almot the only one which 
 has been printed. The noble ftruggle of 
 Wickiiffe agaiiut the gigantic powe* of Rome, 
 
 was amioft forgot i-an after his deaths till Martin 
 Luther arofe to follow his fteps, and to ellab- 
 lifti his doctrines on a foundation which will 
 lait till chriitianity is no more. The memory 
 o'f Wickiiffe was branded with ignominy by 
 the pa puis, and by the order of the council of 
 Conitance, theilluftrious reformer was declar- 
 ed to have died an obilinate heretic, and his 
 bones were therefore dug up, and contemptu- 
 ottfly thrown on a dung-hill. The Engliflj 
 tranfi ition of the new teitament, by Wickiiffe, 
 was published in folio by Lewis, and his life 
 has been written among others by Gilpin. 
 
 Wico,;;efort, Abraham, of Amsterdam, 
 fettled in France, where he acquired great 
 political knowledge. The elector of Branden- 
 burg appointed him, in 1626, his ambaflador 
 at. the court of France, where he continued 
 32 years. The jealoui'y of Masarin produced 
 his difgrace, and, upon an accusation of fond- 
 le intelligence to the Dutch govern- 
 ment, he was lent to the baitile, and after 
 fome months' confinement, was conducted out 
 of the kingdom. From Calais he paffed over 
 to England, and afterwards to Holland, where 
 he vvas appointed historiographer to the Rates. 
 He wasaccufed, in 1675, of holding fecvet cor- 
 respondence with the enemies of the Hate, and 
 in confequence was condemned to perpetual 
 imprifonment ; but four years after he elcaped, 
 by the abidance of one of his daughters, who, 
 at the peril of her life, exchanged clothes with 
 him. He retired to Zed, which he quitted 
 in dilguft in 1681, becaufe 'the duke refined 
 to interelt himlelf to procure the reverfion of 
 his fentence, and he died the next year. He 
 wrote the hiilory of thelJnitcd provinces from 
 their eftabliihment to the peace of Munfter, 
 fol. the ambaffudor and his functions, 2 vols. 
 4to. Sec. ' 
 
 Wida, Herman de, joined Luther, Me- 
 Iancthon, and Bucer, ineffecting therefoima- 
 tion, and was made archbifhop of Cologne in 
 15 15 ; but rcfigned 1547, and died 1552. 
 His opinions of church government were the 
 ncarelt, of all the Genu m reformers, to the 
 doctrines of the church of England. 
 
 Wild, Henry, a taylor, born at Norwich. 
 Though well educated, poverty obliged him 
 to feek for maintenance in a taylor's lhop, and 
 after working -there fourteen years, he at laft 
 emerged from obfcurity,and not only regained 
 his claffical knowledge, but formed an intimate 
 acquaintance with the Hebrew, -and other 
 oriental language*. He was by accident no- 
 ticed by Dr. Prideiux, who obtained for h'mi 
 admittance mto the Bodleian library at Ox- 
 ford. At the univerfiiy he maintained himfelf 
 by teaching the oriental languages to private 
 pupifs, and in 1720 he removed to London, 
 where he died about 1733, relpccied as a 
 lober, modeft, and inoffenfive man.' After his 
 death appeared his translation of Mahomet's 
 journey to heaven, fiom the Arabic. 
 
 Wu.n, Rcl>*?.', D.D. author of the traje. 
 dy of CI .... 
 
 oa 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 on theunprifonment of Calamy m Newgate 
 
 . feimons, &c. was retfor of 
 
 ^ypK, from which h wn 
 
 9 \itte4 'v. He died 16-9. 
 
 tUty a mathematician, who 
 
 ugbton . ulney, Not- 
 
 s and of the elaflics was 
 quired without the affiit - 
 nice of others. In i^o he began h's ii 
 
 the gentleman's diary, and 
 became the rdit<>r o f it in 1 780. He alfo con- 
 s' diary, &c. and engaged, 
 - 1, in a controverfy in Hutton's tnifcel- 
 mathematica. and aHb with P.iwl'on, 
 about the velocity with which water itTuesfrom 
 aveffel in imx 
 
 Wiitf, WUV'tm was recorder of London, 
 a baronet 1660. kind's ferjeant, 3rd one of the 
 judges of the common pleas, and four yens 
 prorifbt 1 to the king's honch. He 
 puVfi'hed Yelvertor.'s reports, and died 1679. 
 WlLO HAN, J hn t a writer in the fervice 
 cf Oliver Cromwell He wr.<; major in the 
 amy, and fpent much time in hypocritical 
 prayers. He was imprifoned by Cromwell; 
 but when his execution was expected, he was 
 fet 7' md afterwards ferved the 
 
 ufurper cith great zeal, and hy his pen con- 
 tributed much to the popularity of his govern- 
 ment. f 
 
 WftKtf, Tb-rnax, ttn Auguftitte monk, of 
 Ofney abhev near Oxford, author of an iiflorv 
 Or* England from William I. to the end of the 
 firft Edward's reign, kc: 
 
 WU kfs, John, alderman and chamberlain 
 of London, was bom 1727, in St. John's 
 ftrcet, Clerkenwdl, the ton of a diuiller. He 
 received his education at Hertford f-hool, and 
 went to Leyden, and on his return to England, 
 he married, about I \cc, Mils Mead of Buck. 
 ingrumfhire. In 1754 he flood candidate for 
 k, and thrre years after was elected 
 for Aylefbury. He f-r't drew upon himfelf 
 the feverity of government in 1763 bv the 
 
 Eirjon of the <j<th number of the North 
 riton, and in confequence was lent to the 
 lower. Though the warrant by which he had 
 been arretted was declared illegal, he was dit- 
 I from the office of colonel of the Buck- 
 n.i'.itia. 1 he republication of the 
 I was followed by his eflay on wo- 
 rn indelicate pe.tf rmance, for which he 
 was arraigned in the king's bench, and expelled 
 from the houfe of commons. He afterwards 
 obtained a verdict aeainlt Wood, the under 
 fecrrtary of Mate, with 1000I. damages, and 
 On his return in 176", he 
 ** ,u " iflion to the kintr, and at 
 
 **r offered himfelf for Lon- 
 
 l:.ful, he was loon 
 Idlelex. His election was 
 110ns, but his confti- 
 I after he had been *' 
 
 El ues, Mr. Luttrell, 
 ugonift, who had but few votes, was 
 
 1 declared the fuccefsful candidate. In 1769 he 
 I was elected alderman of Farringdon Without, J 
 j and the fame year he obtained a verdict 
 againft lord Halifax, the fecretary of : l ate, for I 
 l'eizing his papers, with 4000I. dam if ti. h\ 
 1 771 he ferved the office of fheri'f tnd in 
 1774 was lord mayor,, and was permitted 
 1 quietly to take his feat for Middlesex. In 
 1779 he obtained the office of chamber! <in to 
 the city, and gave himfelf up to the duti s of 
 his appointment, regardlefs of the political 
 druggies in which he had fo long been engag- 
 ed. In his retirement in the ifle of Wight, he 
 devoted much of his time to literary purfuitt, 
 and convivial fociety. He died 26th Decem- 
 ber 1797, aged 70. Betides the works already j 
 mentioned, he published fevers! political pam- 
 phlets and fpeeches, occafioned by the occur- 
 rences of the times, and he alio gave fplendid 
 editions of Theophraftus and of Catullus, and 
 prepared an elegant transition of Anacreon. 
 Though for years the idol of the people, and 
 the champion of oppofition, Wilkes funk into 
 obfeurity ; and he, who once compared himfelf 
 to Brutus, and fought for public favor, in op- 
 poilng the government, and in abufing^ the 
 monarchy, was at laft feen a bending courtier 
 at St. James's, and the aflbciate of thole poli- 
 tical dependants with whom to have familiarly 
 convened fome years before he would have con- 
 fidered as thedvigheft of difgrace. In his private 
 charatterhewaslicentiousj his conversation was 
 eafy and full of wit, his manners were pleating 
 and elegant, though his phyfiognomy was in the 
 highefl degree forbidding ; and his memory 
 was fo ftrongly retentive, that his company was 
 a perpetual treat of facetioufneis and of amufe- 
 ment to his intimate friends. He was a man 
 of great peribn'al courage; he fought feveral 
 duels in fupport of his political character ; and 
 his firmnel's during the riots of 1780, was fo 
 fpirited, and fo faiutary to the bank and to the 
 city, that he received for his lervices the 
 thanks of the privy council. 
 
 Wji.kie, William ,D. D. of Weft Lothian, 
 was educated at Edinburgh, and became pro- 
 feiTor of natural philefophy at St. Andrew's, 
 where he died 1772. He was not only an able 
 divine, but an ingenious poet, author of the 
 epigoniad, and fome fables, 8vo. 
 
 Wi I Kl j*8, John , fon of a cit izen of O x ford, 
 was born 161 4 at Fawlfey, Norrhamptonfliire. 
 lie was educated at a private fchool in 
 and then entered hi 16" 7 at New Inn hall, from $ 
 which iie removed to Magdalen hail. He be- I 
 came chaplain to-lord Say, and then to Charles, 
 count palatine of the Rhine, and on the I 
 breaking out of the civil wars, he joined the 
 parliament. He was appointed warden of 
 Wadham college, and one of the reformers of 
 the uniyeruty, and in 1656 he married Ro- j 
 bina, the widow of -Peter French of Chrift 
 church, lifter to Oliver Cromwell, and by this 
 alliance obtained a difpenfation to keep the \ 
 headlhip of his college again,!, the ftatutes 
 which equired celibacy. Im.659 he was made 
 
 . mailer % 
 
WIL 
 
 WIL 
 
 matter of Trinity college, Cambridge, by 
 Richard Cromwell ; but he was ejected at the 
 reftoration, and then became preacher to the 
 Gray's Inn fociety, and rector of St. Lawrence 
 Jewry, London. He was afterwards member 
 of the Royal fociety, and he next was made 
 dean of Rijjpon, and in 1668 promoted to the 
 fee ofChefter, e died of the ftone 1672, 
 at the houfe of Dr. THlotfon, his fon-in-law. 
 Though much ahufed by party for his connec- 
 tion with the family of the ufurrer, he was a 
 man of great abilities, an able theologian, an 
 acute mathematician, nnrt an active promoter of 
 experimental philofophy. <o his intimacy 
 with Cromwell, Oxford was indebted; if net 
 for many favors, at leaft for deliverance from 
 the pillage and violence of the puritans. His 
 writings are curious, learned, and interefting 
 In 1638 he publifhed the difcovery of a new 
 world, or a difcourfe to prove that the moon is 
 habitable, with adiicourie on the poffibility of 
 a paffage to it. His difcourfe concerning a 
 new planet, to prove that our earth is a new 
 planet, appeared in 1640 his Mercury 1641 
 mathematical magic, or the wonders that 
 may be performed by mechanical geometry, 
 1648 all which were republished in 1708 in 
 8vo. He wrote befides, ecclefiafies, or dif- 
 courle on the gift of preaching difcouries on 
 the gift of prayer fermons, &c. 
 
 Wilkins,' David, D.D. FA. S. keeper 
 of the archhifhop's library at Lambeth, was 
 rewarded hy Wake for the curious catalogue 
 which he made of the books and MSS. of that 
 valuable collection 1718, with a prebend in 
 Canterbury, the archdeaconry of Suffolk, &c. 
 He publifhed the new teftament in Coptic 
 the Saxon laws, &c an edition of Selden's 
 work?, 3 vols, fob pentateuch Coptic, &c. and 
 died 1740, aged 62. 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry, rector of St. Dun- 
 ftan's in the Eaft, canon of Chriit church, and 
 Margaret profeffor of divinity at Oxford, was 
 ejected at the reftoration for non-conformity, 
 and died 1675. He was author of fermons, 
 fcc 
 
 Wilkinson, Henry, of Yorkfhire, was 
 educated at Magdalen ball, Oxford, of which 
 he became principal. During the civil wars 
 he was appointed profefTor of moral philofophy, 
 from v Inch he was ejected at the reftoration. 
 He publifhed fome fernv ns, the doctrine of 
 contentment, See. feveral Latin tracts, &c. 
 He died at Great Connard, Suffolk, 1690, 
 aged 74. 
 
 William I king of England furnamed the 
 Conqueror, was natural fon of Robert I. duke 
 of Normandy by Arlotta, daughter of a furrier 
 ofFalaife, where he was born 1024. He was 
 put in poffefBon of Normandy by his father, 
 and on the death of Edward the Confeffor, of 
 England, he laid claim to that kingdom, to 
 which he pretended to be entitled under the 
 will of the late monarch. He landed on the 
 Fnglifti fhores September 1066, and burning 
 his fleet encouraged' his foldiers by pointing (0 
 
 . the land and exclaiming, behold your country! 
 He was met by Harold, whom the people had 
 fixed on the throne, but the battle of H aftings 
 foon decided the fate of the kingdom, and the 
 fall of Harold with' 50,000 Englifh left him 
 matter of the country. William advanced to 
 London, where he wn- crowned on Chriilmas 
 day 1066, and obtained the furname of Con- 
 queror, but while he expected fubniffion, he 
 found hoftility on all fides. By dividing the 
 lands of the nobility among his followers, he 
 created himfelf thoufands cf enemies, and the 
 people, whom he opprefTed by the fev.erity of 
 his laws, anfwered the rigor of his govern- 
 ment by rebellion. To prevent the : r feditious 
 meetings he ordered a bell or curfew to be rung 
 every evening at eight o'clock, to warn the 
 people to.put out their light, and this fevere 
 regulation, though common on the continent, 
 was regarded by the Englifh as the height of 
 tyranny* He next ordered that all pleadings 
 fliould be in his courts in the French language, 
 but though this was obferved as far as the reign 
 of the third Edward, the national idiom pre- 
 vailed, and the Englifh though conquered it ill 
 retained their language, their manners, and 
 their prejudices. William fhowed himfelf at- 
 tentive to the interefts of his people, and an 
 accurate furvey was made of all the lands and 
 property of the kingdom, and regiltered in 
 doomfday book, ftill preserved. Various 
 carlles were alio railed, the tower of London 
 wasfinifhed 1078, and fecurity and protection 
 were enfured to the fubject, by the prompt 
 adminiltration of the laws. Inftead of a con- 
 que-or, William at lnft was regarded as the 
 friend of his people, and he croffed over to the 
 continent with an army of Englifh, to reduce 1 
 to obedience his revolted dukedom of Norman- 
 dy. The king of France had excited the fons 
 of the Engiilh prince to difebedience, and 
 William hnftened to punifh his infidious defigns, 
 as well as the fevere jefts with which he had 
 ridiculed bis grent corpulency. His expedition 
 proved fatal to himfelf, he fell from his horfe 
 in leaping a ditch near Mantes, and died a few- 
 days after at Rouen 1087, aged 63. William 
 as a monarch was a refpectable character, and 
 if he had endeavoured with greater avfiduitv to 
 conciliate the affections of the people, he might 
 have been a great prince. 
 
 William II. king of England, fin-named" 
 Rufusfrom the color of his hair, fucceeded bis 
 father William, in the abfence of his elder 
 brother, and was crowned 1087. Though he 
 made the faireft. promifes for the protection of 
 the clergy, and for the happinefsof the people, 
 he became a capricious and cruel oppreubr. 
 He banifhed Lanfranc, archbifhop of Canter- 
 bury, who reprehended him for his conduct, 
 and he obtained Normandy through the im- 
 prudence of his brother. He alio invaded 
 Wv.les and conquered the Scots. He was (hot 
 accidentally as he was hunting in the New 
 Foreft by Walter Tyrrell, one of his courtiers, 
 and he d:ed a few hours after, 11 00, aged 44*. 
 William 
 
WIL 
 
 VtUUM HI. of NafTau, prince rf Oranr;?, 
 Mdkinr .1 inland, Vtt fon cd V il!u.m ot 
 
 ter ot 
 
 He wjs elecfcd Madtholder m 
 
 i6- 2 , and named general of il:e Dutch tgainft 
 
 to the Vtf a lOOl 
 
 ,r,oit determined cou- 
 
 and a phlegmatic indifference to 
 
 *: 
 
 leaiure 
 
 Brave and vigilant, he 
 
 was defeated in 1674 at Sencf, by Condc, but 
 
 ^ .;;, 1678 put an end to the 
 
 tincnt. The unpopular 
 
 Jneafuirs of I : k* jam ' s IL of 
 
 England excited in 1688 his highefl. ambition, 
 andlanduis with a force at Brabant, 4* Nov. 
 tf* feme year, he after a lew lkirmilhef, ibon 
 diipoffeiu'd the monarch of his throne. He 
 was ackno"! and crowned 1689 ; 
 
 but though hailed u a deliverer bv the Enclilh, 
 uached to James. 
 red to Ireland, and met his father- 
 rho had landed from France, fupported 
 battle of the Boyne 
 James who retired to France, 
 :..l poffeffion of the 
 throne- The war was now removed to the 
 d Willirm was determined to 
 of the French, who had 
 1 his kingdom. 1 hough 
 check-. ;f l ue ai: ^ Nerwinde, Wil- 
 
 .1 forces^to victory, Namur 
 :id greater conquefls promifed, 
 Ryfwick was figned Al- 
 the power of France, Wil- 
 Jjtm w preparations to curb the 
 
 ambit -' v. hen death flopped his 
 
 career. He fell from his horfe near Hamp- 
 ton-cr.ut, and broke his collar bone, and 
 though the accident in a more robuft conftitu- 
 tioo might have been deemed trivial, it proved 
 fetal in 'Wiiliam, and a flow fever carried him 
 off, l6th March 170a, in his 53d year. Wil- 
 liam left behind him the character cf a great 
 politician, though he had never been popular, 
 and of a formidable general, though he was 
 fclder.. Ii\ his manners he was 
 
 cold and referved, fullen and phlegmatic, and 
 Jbotredliitlp animation, except in the moment 
 of battle. Greater as the general of Holland, 
 than as the king of England, he was to the 
 one a father, and to the other a fufpicious 
 friend. Difgufted with the jealous politics of 
 { , he at one time relolved to abandon 
 eminent, when obliged by the par- 
 Lament to difmifs his Dutch guards, and while 
 he regarded the leaders cf oppofition as fee. 
 , tious demagogues, he did not htfltate to enlure 
 ; his meafures by the mean and 
 tam of bribery and of corruption. 
 v.orij, ion andfucceiTor 
 Of Roilo, hrft duke ot Normandv, defeated 
 the Britons. He was bafeiy murdered in 942, 
 by a neiglibourinp chief. 
 
 WiliUm dk NAIfb 1 , n monkifh hiflo- 
 
 v{ two chronicles, one from the 
 
 a to his owj] . continued to 
 
 wir, 
 
 T368, and the other of the kings of Franc* ? 
 fee, 
 
 Wilmamj, Charlti Hanbury y was mem* 
 ber lor i\jontnouth, in fevcral parliaments., 
 and in 1744 was hi'Ulledknijhtofthe bath, and 
 two yearsafter fent as minuter to the Prutfian 
 court. He was afterwards ambaffador to 
 Ruffia, and died 1759. He was author of 
 fome poems remarkable for their eale and vi- 
 vacity, rather than for their moral tendency 
 or elegance. 
 
 Williams, J* fat, was born 1582, at 
 Aber-comvay, Cacrnarvonlhire. From JRuthyn' 
 ithcol he removed at l6 to St. John's, Cam- 
 bridge. His application was unufually jreat, 
 and as he required only three hours of fleep 
 in the 24, to recruit his conftitution, his im- 
 provement was rapid. He obtained in"- ll! 
 the rectory of Grafton Regis, in Korthamp- 
 tonfhire, and the next year that of Grafton 
 Underwood, to which were foon added pre- 
 bends in Lincoln, Hereford, St. David's, and' 
 Peterborough cathedrals. On the death of 
 Eecrton the chancello'r, he obtained all his 
 MS. papers, and thus derived important infor- 
 mation, which afterwards guided his conduct. 
 The king made him his chaplain, and in 1619 
 gave him the deanery of Salilbury, and the 
 next year that of Wefiminfter. On the re- 
 moval of Bacon in 1621, Williams was entruft- 
 ed with the feals, and a few days after appoint- 
 ed bifhop .of Lincoln. He attended the king 
 in his hit i!lnefsj but the influence of Bucking- 
 ham proved too great for him, and he was not 
 only removed from the feals in the next reign, 
 but by the contrivance of Laud, fined io,oool. 
 and (tripped of all his eeclefiaftical dignities, and 
 impriibned. After a confinement of nearly four 
 years, he was fet at liberty. In the impeach- 
 ment of Strafford, he aflerted the impropriety 
 of the bifhops voting in a cafe of blood, and 
 afterwards when confulted by the king, he 
 advifed him to facrifice that unfortunate noble- 
 man to his enemies, if perhaps he thus might 
 produce a reconciliation between hitnfelf and 
 the people. In 1641 he was railed to the lee 
 of York, and ably oppofed the bill for depriv- 
 ing the bifhops of their feats. When however 
 he protefted on the irregularity of the peers 
 proceeding in the public bufineis whilit . the 
 bishops were abfent, he was fent to the tower. 
 During the civil wars he retired to his native 
 town, where he ably defended Conway caftle. 
 'Flie death of the king overwhelmed him with 
 fuch forrow, that he conftantly rofe every night, 
 at midnight, and palled a quarter of an hour 
 in iolemn prayer. He died 1650. He was 
 author of fome fermons of the holy table, &c. 
 againft Laud's innovations, a book com- 
 mended by Clarendon. Though accufed by 
 fome of pride and ambition, Williams potfeffcd 
 great virtues. 
 
 Williams, Anna, a lady of literary cha- 
 racter, daughter of a furgeon in Wales. Her 
 father perfuai ins* himO-lfthat he had difcover- 
 ed the lonfcui.de by .majiretifm, came full.ot 
 
 gokivii 
 
WlL 
 
 WIL 
 
 golden dreams to London in 1730, but faw his 
 hopes difappointed, though in his ditrefs he 
 obtained the place of a penfioner in the .'har 
 ter-houfe. His daughter contributed all the 
 powers of her mind to iupport his indigence, 
 hut in 1740 fhe was afflicted with a cataract, 
 which totally deprived her of fight. In this 
 fituation the ftill exercifed her needle for the 
 maintenance of her father, who had quitted 
 the Charter-houfe, and in 1746 fhe added a 
 little to her fcanty income by publifhing the 
 life of Julian from the French. The dittreffes 
 of the father, and the induilryof the daughter, 
 becoming known to Dr. Johnfon and his wife, 
 commiferation ended in "the clofeil intimacy, 
 nnd Mifs Williams was admitted into the 
 houfe of the great moralift. An operation was 
 performed upon her eves by Sharp, but proved 
 unfuccefsful; yet in her fufferings fhe found 
 comfort, not Only in the treatment of Dr. 
 Johntbn, but in the kindnefs of Garrick, who, 
 in 1755, granted her a benefit, which produced 
 her 300I. The latter part of life was rendered 
 itill more comfortable by the publication of her 
 mifcellanies, 1765, which added more than 
 iool. to her little fortune, and thus lpread 
 cheerfulnefs around the infirmities of declining 
 age. She died 1783, aged 77, in the houfe of 
 her friend Johnfon in Bolt court, Fleet-ftreet, 
 and left her little property for the education of 
 poor deferted girls. 
 
 Williams, John, of Northamptonfhire, 
 was of Magdalen hall, Oxford, 1651, and ob- 
 tained the rectory of St. Mildred in the Poirf - 
 try, and Rugmere prebend in St. Paul's cathe- 
 dral. After the revolution he became chap- 
 lain to the king, prebendary of Canterbury, 
 and in 1696 he was railed to the fee of Chi- 
 cheiter. He was author of feveral controver- 
 fial tradls againft the papiits and diTenters 
 and of the characters of divine revelation, &c. 
 and died 1709. 
 
 Williams, Daniel, of Wrexham in Den- 
 bighfhire, fettled in Ireland as chaplain to lady 
 Meath, and was for 20 years an active minif- 
 ter in Dublin. In the' troubles of 1687 he 
 came to London, and fucceeded Mr. Baxter 
 at the merchants' lecture, Pinner's hall. e 
 diedj.716, aged 72. Hispractic.d difcouries 
 appeared in a vols. I%^<, with his life pre- 
 fixed. 
 
 Willis, Thomas, of Great Bedwin, Wilt- 
 (hire, was educated at a private fchool, Oxford, 
 and then entered at Chriit-church. When 
 Oxford was earrifoned bjfc the king, he took up 
 arms in his canfe, and after the fur render, he 
 returned to the practice of his profetficn. In 
 1660 he was appointed Sedltian profcflbr of 
 natural philolbphy, and w;is one of the fir ft 
 members of the Royal focicty. In i6r>6 he 
 removed to London, and ro'.'e to "he h< i^ut of 
 hisprofeflion. lie died 1675. Ue wrote fe 
 veral works on the different branches of his 
 profellion, often reprinted 
 
 Willis, Browne, LL.P. grandibn oVe 
 preceding, was born atBlandford, Dorltt hiie, 
 
 1682. From Bechampton fchool he pafTed td 
 Wevtminfter, and at 1 7 removed as gentleman 
 commoner to Chrift church,Oxford. He after- 
 wards retired to Fenny Stratford, and in 1705 
 was member of parliament for Buckingham, Irt 
 171:7 he became one of the members of the fo-> 
 ciety of autiquaries>juit revived, and he mowed* 
 fuch emulation in the purfuit of antiquities, 
 that he vifited all he cathedrals of England 
 and Wales, except Carlifle. Though he had 
 a large family, he gave; in 174I, to the uni- 
 verfity his valuable cabinet of EngUfh coins, 
 the laborious collection of upwards of forty 
 years, and liberally made other contributions 
 to charitable purpofes, arid died at Whaddon 
 hall 1760. The beft known of his works are, 
 the furveyof the cathedrals, a vols. 4to. an 
 account of mitred abbeys, a vols. 8vo. 
 
 WiLLot/GliBV, Francis, was borri 1635* 
 To the advantages of birth and fortune, ha 
 added a ftrong attachment to literature. He 
 directed the powers of his mind chiefly to the 
 hi *ory of animals, and after much reading he 
 travelled over his native country, and after- 
 wards vifited France, Spain, Italy, Germany, 
 and the Low Countries, accompanied by his 
 friend Ray. The obfervations made on ani- 
 mals and on nature were carefully prelerved, 
 but before they could be fubmitted to the pub- 
 lic eye, the author died, 1672, aged only 37. 
 He left Mr. Ray the guardian of his children, 
 and his works were afterwards publifhed by his 
 friend, and were, ornithologije libri tres, &c 
 with cuts, folio, tranfl ted into Englith by the 
 editor hilloriae pillium libri quntuor,&c. with 
 cuts, folio letters, with obfefvatrons on wains, 
 called ich'rieumones,&c. letters, &c. 
 
 WfLSON, Arthur, of Yarmouth, Norfolk, 
 was fome time clerk in the exchequer office, 
 and in 1614 entered into the fervice of ko- 
 bert, earl of Efex, whom he attended into the 
 Palatine, in Holland, and at the fiege of Ca- 
 diz, In 1630 he was difmiffed from thf < on- 
 lidence of Effex by tht iri-rigues of lady Effex, 
 nnd he entered as gentleman commoner at 
 Trinity college, Oxford ': e afterwards was 
 in the retinue of lord Warwick, and died 
 1652, aged 56. He wrote fome comedies, 
 and nVo the life and reig.i of km", James I. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas was born at Burton 
 Wirrah Chefhire, 1663. From a private fcfiool 
 at Chefter he removed to Tiinhy co 
 Dublin He was curate of New church in e 
 par"b of Win wick Lanca'Vire whrre Ire 
 formed an ncqu rr.tr ce with lord Derby, > 
 appointed him tutor to his (&l lord Strange. 
 He refufed the rectory of Badfleiwork in 
 Yorkfhire, and whrn offered by his patrort 
 the bithopric of So ' ratfd '.'I T., which' r 
 already vacant for three years, he dec 1 .! 
 honor, but at Ialt in c p'eafeif 
 
 requeds he accepter it in 1696. H< I 
 created LL. D. by Tenifon, and in 1(98 he/ 
 firit vifited his diccefe. rhough hi- revenue* 
 wf>re oidy 30CI. ft year, they fupported him. 
 j with dijnity. With the mofl laudable 2 eal he 
 [ G/g ] built 
 
. 
 
 WIL 
 
 I chapel t Caflleton, and he founded 
 u ubrarics throughout the iiland, ard 
 LVtox obuined the art of fettlement, and 
 
 Stuoom, *hkh were lb highly applauded by 
 3ciior King, that he declared it the an- 
 cirnt difctiakne of the church were loft in Eng- 
 Und. k could be recovered in all it> purity in 
 Man In i 7l he was unfortunately engaged 
 in aqusru-1 with the governor of the iiland, in 
 confequence of his forbidding the introduction 
 of ,he independent whig, an obnoxious book, 
 and this difpute was feriaufly increaled the fol- 
 lowing year. Tfce bifhop fufpended one of his 
 fWrty tor adminiitering the facrament to a 
 perfon whom he had banifhed for ill condurt 
 from the holy table, and the governor enhftmg 
 on the fide of the offended party, fined the pre- 
 late, and committed him to prifon. The W- 
 niults confequently excited were appealed 
 by the mild exhortations of the hifhop from 
 the walk of his prifon, and after a confinement 
 of nine weeks, he was fet at liberty by the 
 privy council, who reverted all the proceed- 
 ings againft him ; but the benevolent prelate 
 checked the brpottuajries of his friends who 
 wifhed him to ptofecute the governor. He 
 was fo attached tft his fituation that he refufed 
 an En^lifh bifhopric, and gradually funk 
 under the infirmities of age. He expired 
 gently 7th March 1755, in the 93d year of 
 
 e, and the 58th of his confecration. In 
 1699 he publifhed the principles and duties of 
 
 <.my, for the ufe of the ifland, in 
 Manks, the firft book ever printed in that 
 language. His works were % vols. fol. confut- 
 ing of religious tracts, and fermons, with a 
 (bolt biftory of the iflc of Man. He alfo 
 
 1 the plan for translating the bible into 
 the Manks language, which was finifhed by his 
 fucceifor Hiddvfley. His fermons have fince 
 hi* death appeared in 4 vols. 8vo. and his 
 bible with notes in 3 vols. 4to. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, foil of the preceding, 
 wa; born 1703, and educated at Chriit-church, 
 Oxford. He became prebendary ofWeftmin- 
 irer, min'ifter of St. Margaret's there, and rec- 
 tor of St. Stephen's, Walbrook, for 46 years. 
 He oppofed the building of a new fquare at 
 Weftminfter, and he rendered himfelf ridicu- 
 loui by ereiling to Mrs. Macauley Graham 
 a ftarue in his own church, under the charaiter 
 of Liberty. Befides the ornaments of churches 
 considered, &c a view of the projected im- 
 provements in Weftminfter, &c. and diitilled 
 liquori, the bane of the nation, a popular 
 pamphlet, he publifhed his father's works. He 
 died at Bath 17^4 
 
 Wilson throat* of Murray, in Scotland, 
 was educated at King's college, Aberdeen. He 
 travelled abroad, and refided for fome time at 
 Hafil. He afterwards taught philofophy in the 
 college of Nav..rre at Paris, and died at Elgin 
 rmtm 1557, a ? ed 57. He wrote de 
 tranauillitate animx, ftc. 
 
 W*j ,un, jUm t cf Ker.dal, Weftmoreljnd, 
 
 WIN 
 
 though engaged in knitting (lockings, emerged 
 from his hum! le occupation, and became a 
 popular lerturer in ^tany at Kendal and New- 
 caOle. He publifhed a fynopfis of Britifh 
 plants, in the manner of Ray, 1744* 8vo. and 
 died about 1750. 
 
 Wiison, Richard^ of Pineges, Montgome- 
 rylhire, was educated under his father the 
 rector of the parifh. He purfued his partia- 
 lity for painting, and in 1749 vifited Italy. He 
 returned in 1755 and hecamp member of the 
 royal academy, and was appointed its librarian 
 in 1779. From the fuperior execution of his 
 landlcapes he has been called the Englifh 
 Claude. He dieH 1782, aged 68. 
 
 Wimpina, Conrad, of Buchan, was pro- 
 feflbr of divinity at Frankfort, and engaged in 
 defence of the papal power againft Luther. 
 His works appeared at Frankfort, fol. and he 
 died 1531. 
 
 WlNCHELSEA, Anrre, cour.itfs of> maid of 
 honor to the fecond wife of James II., married 
 Heneage, afterwards earl of Winchelfea. She 
 pofTefled great genius, and wrote a poem on the 
 fplecn, 1 701 Ariftomenes, a tragedy, never 
 arted, &c. Her poetical works, which were 
 elegantly written, were publifhed in 1 7 13, 
 8vo. She died 1720. 
 
 Winchester, Thomas^ D. D. of Farring- 
 don, Berkfhire, was educated at Magdalen 
 college, Oxford, and in 1761 obtained the 
 living of Appleton, Berks, where he died 
 1780. He was author of a tract on the 17th 
 article of the church of England, reprinted for 
 the u(e of divinity ftudents in 1 803, by Chur- 
 ton of Biazen-nofe, who has prefixed an ac- 
 count of the writer. He wrote befides a tract 
 againft the confeflional, fermons, &c. 
 
 Winchester, Ellanah^ an American 
 divine in the laft century, author of a popular 
 work in defence of univerfal falvation. 
 
 Winckei.mann, John, of Homberg, au- 
 thcroffome polemical works, of commentaries 
 on the golpels of St. Mark and St. Luke, &c 
 died 1626. 
 
 WlNCKELMANN, Abbe *John, ofStendall, 
 
 in Brandenburg, was born 1718. Though 
 but a fhoemaker, he burft from his obfeurity, 
 and became for feven years profefTor of belles 
 lettres at Sechaufen. He afterwards went to 
 Saxony, where he continued for feven more 
 years librarian to count Bunau, at Nothenitz, 
 and then renounced the proteftant faith for the 
 Roman catholic tenets. He went to Italy to 
 vifit the Vatican, and the precious relics of 
 Herculaneum. His celebrity here recom- 
 mended him to the notice of the great. He 
 became prefident of the antiquaries in the Va- 
 tican, member of the royal and antiquarian 
 focieties of London, and of other learned focie- 
 ties. Though invited to Drefden and Berlin, 
 the liberality of the pope detained him at 
 Rome. In 1768 he made a journey to Vi- 
 enna, and on his return to Italy, while he 
 Hopped at Triefte, he was bafely afraftlnated by 
 ' Arcangeli, a man to whom he had imprudently 
 
 mown 
 
WIN 
 
 WI s 
 
 lhown nt the inn the various prefents with 
 which lie had been honored. This happened 
 8th June 1768, and the murderer, who hoped 
 to efcape, was feized, and executed on the 
 wheel, oppofite the inn where the crime had 
 been perpetrated. The works of Winckel- i 
 rnann were, the hiftory of art among the an- 
 cients, in Genr-an, tranllated into French, 
 Italian, and English, 3 vols. 4to. reflexions | 
 en the imitation of the works of the Greeks 
 allegory for artifls explanation of difficult 
 prdrages of mythology, &c He planned, be^ 
 fides, various other works for the elucidation 
 of the arts, of which his melancholy death 
 prevented the completion. In his character 
 he was impetuous and enthufiaftic, ardent and 
 authoritative in his decisions, and in his con- 
 version fo free and open, that he fpoke his 
 fentiments with boldnefs, and without referve. 
 
 Wing, Vincent* author of the celeftial har- 
 mony of the vifible world of an ephemeris for 
 30 years of aftronomia Britannica, a work of 
 merit, &c. was well Skilled in aftrology, and 
 died i/>6i. 
 
 Win gate, Edmund, author of the ufe of 
 the rule of proportion, or Gunter's fcale of 
 natural and artificial arithmetic, 8vo. often re- 
 printed of ludus mathematicus, &c. was a 
 native of Bedfordshire, educated at Queen's 
 college, Oxford, and at Gray's Inn, London. 
 Though employed in the royal houfhold, he 
 forgot the favors of his fovereign during the 
 civil wars, and became the friend of Cromwell, 
 and ferved in his parliament. He died 1656, 
 aged 63. 
 
 Winschomb, 'John, better known by the 
 name of Jack of Newbury, was the largeft 
 clothier in the reign of Henry VIII. He 
 built part of Newbury church, and armed, at 
 his own expence, 100 men, whom he led in 
 perfon againit the Scots at t e battle of Flod- 
 denfield. He kept in his houfe 100 looms, 
 and his memory is fo reflected, that an inn at 
 Newbury Still bears his name. 
 
 Win slow, James Benignus, a Danifh ana- 
 tomist, born 1 669. He was the grand nephew 
 of the celebrated Steno, and became phyfician 
 of the faculty at Paris, demonstrator in the 
 royal gardens, and member of the Paris aca- 
 demy of fciences. He wrote a tract on the 
 uncertainty of the Signs of death, 2 vols. i2mo. 
 anatomy with improvements, 4to on the 
 difeafes of the bones, and other works, and 
 died 1760, aged 91. 
 
 Winstanley, William., author of the 
 Rves of the poets of feleet lives of England's 
 worthies of historical rarities of the loyal 
 mai tyrology, &c. was originally a barber. His 
 Style is incorrect, yet his compofitions are va- 
 luable for fome facts which other writers have 
 pafled over in filence. He lived in the reigns 
 of Charles II. and James II. 
 
 Winston, Thomas, Studied at Clare-hail, 
 Cambridge, and travelling over the continent, 
 pafled fome time at Bafil and Padua, where 
 he took his medical degrees. On his return 
 
 he took his degree of M. D. at Cambridge, 
 and fettled in London 1607. During the civil 
 wars he retired to France, and after an abfence 
 often years came back, and died 1655, aged 
 80. 
 
 Wintown, or Wyntown, Andrew t 
 canon of St. Andrew's, was author of a chro- 
 nicle of Scotland. The work has lately been 
 edited, written in rhyme, but though curious, 
 contains much tradition. He died about 1400. 
 
 WiNTRiNGHAM,_/?r Clifton, of York, was 
 educated at Cambridge, and became phyfician 
 to the late duke of York, and fettled in Lon- 
 don, where he acquired celebrity, and was 
 made a baronet. He publilhed Mead's medi- 
 cal precepts improved, 8vo. and died 1794, 
 aged 84. 
 
 WiNwooDj^/r Ralph, of Aynho. North- 
 amptonshire, was educated at St. John's col- 
 lege, Oxford, from which he removed to Mag- 
 dalen. He was proctor of the university 
 1592, and afterwards traveled over Europe, 
 and in 1599 was Secretary in Sir H. Ne- 
 ville's embaSTy to France. He was in 1602 
 Sent envoy to Holland, and in 1607 received 
 the honor of knighthood. He again repre- 
 fented his fovereign in Holland twice, and in 
 1614 was appointed fecretary of State. He 
 was well veried in political affairs, and efpecial- 
 ly in matters of trade and war. He died 1617, 
 aged 52. His memorials of affairs of Slate under 
 Elizabeth and James I. &c. were in j vols. fol. 
 
 Whjley, William, rouge croix purfuivant, 
 was of LeiceilerShire, and became known for 
 his great knowledge of heraldry. He died 
 1618. He published 1592, the true ufe of 
 armoury Showed by history, and plainly proved 
 by example, 4to &c. 
 
 Wischart, William, D. D. of Dalkeith, 
 was educated at Utrecht, and on his return 
 was arretted, as if concerned in the Ryehoufc 
 plot. At the revolution he returned from 
 t;olland, where he had taken refuge, and be- 
 came one of the miniflers of Leith, and in 
 1 7 16 was appointed principal of Edinburgh 
 university. His theologia, confifting of 120 
 fermons, is a valuable fyftem of calviniSlicil 
 divinity. He died 1727, aged 70. 
 
 Wischeart, George, D. D. of Yefler Eh 
 EaSl Lothian, was educated at Edinburgh uni- 
 vcrfitw On the~hreaking out of the civil wars, 
 he followed the illuftrious Montrofe, to whom 
 he was chaplain, and on his defeat by I^eSley 
 in 1645, he was among the prifoncrs. Ha 
 with difficulty efcaped the death which his un- 
 hippy fellow-prifoners fuffered, and withdrew 
 to the continent, and at the rcfloration became 
 bifhop of Edinburgh. He Shewed great bene- 
 volence of heart and forgivenefs of injuries, 
 and allifttd (bone of his matt virulent perfecu- 
 tors, ;uid procured their pardon from govern- 
 ment He wrote an account of the wars in 
 Scotland, and the hiltory of his early patron, 
 the marquis of Montrofe, 8vo. and died 1669, 
 aged 60. 
 
 Wist, Francis, was born 169J, ant * er * u ~ 
 [ G g ] cated 
 
tffl by 
 feed to fly to 
 I. .. tbeque i 
 
 it new college fchaol, and Trinity coll?ge, 
 Oxford. He Uesfield vicarage, Ox- 
 
 fadihire, mi e rectory of Rother- 
 
 , He ^ as aTlb keeper 
 
 . .md Raddiffe 
 
 Uraiun.and died at Ellesfield 1967, aged Oz. 
 
 $ Ali'redi Ifoagni, 8vo.-- 
 
 d on forae antiquities in 
 
 Bwkflure en the white boife, Berks the 
 
 gtt \. { . :.Vire,&c. catalogus num- 
 
 morum antiq. in Bodleian, fcc inquiries on 
 
 th< rtt inhabitants, languages, &c of Europe, 
 
 am, a portrait painter, of 
 d*m, 1656. He vifited England, where 
 ty as the imitator of Lely. 
 He painted Charles II. and all the royal fami- 
 ly, and was the rival of Kneller. He died at 
 Burleigh-houfe, Northamptonshire, 1687, aged 
 
 . Andrew^ of Phillipcria. 
 
 Aftrr fpreadi tspf his grandfather 
 
 is, in Holland, France, and England, he 
 
 _d to Poland, where he acquired popu- 
 
 <u3 perfecution he was ob- 
 
 to Amllerdajn. He affilted in the 
 
 tucque des freres Polonois, 9 vols, folio, 
 
 and publifhed Leudes, religio rationalis, &c. and 
 
 died 1668. 
 
 1 asse, Charles, of Chauny, became pro- 
 fcfTor of theology at Paris, but incurred the 
 dispieaiUre of the court by refuflng to receive 
 the pope's bull, called Unigenitus. He died of 
 an apoplexy at Paris 1716, aged 56. He wrote 
 letters on Eafter examination of Hardouin's 
 councils, &c 
 
 Withers, George, an Englifh poet, born 
 His Satirical verfes on the court ex- 
 posed htm to perfecution, and for his " abufes 
 whipt and flript," he was font to prison. He 
 took up arms in favor of the parliament, and 
 when taken by the king's troops was with dif- 
 ficulty faved from hanging by Denham. He 
 was afterwards one of Cromwell's major-gene- 
 rals, and at the restoration he was dripped of 
 his fortune, and was for fome time impritbned. 
 He died 1667. His poetical piece* are nume- 
 rous, and poffefs merit. 
 
 WiTius,/ttrMr,of Enckhuyfen in North 
 
 i, was profeflbr of divinity' at Franeker, 
 
 afterwards at Utrecht, and then at Leyden, 
 
 where he died 1708. He' published feveral 
 
 important works, the be* of which are JEgyp- 
 
 Uaca&Decapli>lon,4to the economy and the 
 
 God and man, a valuable 
 
 ranflated into Engjiffc, 3 vols. 8vo. &c. 
 
 Witt, John ,/c, %iJ. De Witt. 
 
 Margaret, an Englifll act- 
 ' 18. Mie firit api ear- 
 trgarden in 1738. in 
 :at celebrity, 
 I and Ophe- 
 
 ' r. She- 
 ds in 
 3 
 
 .d 
 
 WOL 
 
 England, and was minifter of theGerman chapet 
 in the Savoy, and of the Dutch chapel at St. 
 James's, and aflvftsnt librarian at the British 
 nuifenm He published the Coptic lexicon of 
 la roze, and edited bolides the Alex mdrian 
 MS. of the new teftament. preferved in the 
 British mui'eum, and alfo SchoHz's Egyptian 
 grammar. He was engagd in the compile- 
 tion of an Egyptian lexicon, but died before if* 
 completion, 1790. 
 
 Woli'E, James, a celebrated Englifh gene* 
 ral, born at Werterharn, Kent, 17^6. He 
 diftinguifhed himielf at'lhe battle of la Feld, 
 and was prelent aftei wards at every engage- 
 ment during the war. At the peace of Atx-la- 
 Chapelle, inltead of refigning himielf to indo 1 - 
 lence, he devoted himfelf more aSFduoufly to 
 military labors, and introduced fuch difci;>line 
 in his corps, that the gallant conduct of the 
 soldiers in the plains of Minden is proverbial 
 to this day. When Mr. Pitt was placed at the 
 head of affairs, Wolfe was called forth to exe- 
 cute his gigantic plans. Though the attack on 
 Rochefort was abandoned, the faU of Louifburg 
 difplayed the abilities of Wolfe, who was im- 
 mediately after felefted, 1759, agahift Que- 
 bec. In this enterprize, the many difficulties 
 from Situation and from fuperior numbers, 
 were quickly Surmounted by perfeverance and 
 by military Stratagem, and 'the Englifh troops 
 triumphed over all opposition ; but in the mo- 
 ment of victory, the conqueror received,a ball 
 through his wrift ; yej^difregarding the wound, 
 he animated his men. Afecond ball mot him 
 through the bodv, and rendered it necefTary ?o 
 carry him off to the rear of the troops. In the 
 laft agonies his attention was roufed by the ci : y 
 of" they runf" and eagerly enquiring who 
 ran, he no ibener heard the reply " the de- 
 feated French," than he exclaimed, " then I 
 thank God, and I die contented ! " and inftant- 
 ly expired, 13th- Sept. 1759. His remains 
 were brought to England, and buried with be- 
 coming pomp in Weftminfter abbey, where a 
 Splendid monument was erected to his honor. 
 His glorious death forms the fubjectoi a hean- 
 tiful painting by Weft, engraved in a mafterly 
 manner by Woollet. To the abilities of the 
 general Wolfe united the milder virtues of 
 life. While he bore the meed of fuperiority 
 in constitutional courage, in penetration, in cool 
 judgment, and in unShaken pretence of mind, 
 he was equally refpected for beneficence and 
 charity, and the estimation of the great was 
 accompanied by the love of the ibldiery and 
 the gratitude of the poor 
 
 Wolff, Chriftian, was born at Breflau, 
 1679. At Jena univerfity he made a molt 
 extraordinary progrefs, and in 1702 he repair- 
 ed toLeipfic, where he opened his lectures by 
 a famous differtation, called philofophia prac- 
 tica univevfaJis methodo mathematics conferrp- 
 u. He was invited by the i;:iiveriities of 
 GlefTcn and of Halle to accept tne proJellbrial 
 chair of mathematics. He went to Halle 1707, 
 and to hia academical honors was foon after 
 
 added 
 
V7GL 
 
 WOL 
 
 added the title of counfellor to the king of 
 Pruffia. In his Latin oration on the morality 
 of the Chinefe, in 1721, he fpoke with fuch 
 auplai.fe of their philoibphy and virtues, that 
 the univerfity was offended, and not only his 
 tenets were reprobated, but he was, by the re- 
 prelentation of the body of divines, ordered to 
 leave the country in 24 hours. He retired to 
 Caffel, ancj, became profeflbr of mathematics 
 and philoibphy at Marpurg, and cou-ufellor to 
 the landgrave. The favorable opinion of the 
 learned atoned for the perfecntion of Halle 
 univerfitv,he was declared honorary profeflbr 
 of the Peterfburg academy of fciences, and 
 admitted a member of that of Paris, &c. Pre- 
 judices at lail naifed away, and in 1 741, with 
 ibme reluctance, he aflumed the office of privy 
 counfellor, of vice-chancellor, and of profeilbr 
 of the law of nature and of nations in the uni- 
 verfity of Halle. He afterwards was raited to 
 the dignity of chancellor of the univerfity, and 
 created a baron of the Roman empire. This 
 great man, whofe whole life was devoted to ad- 
 vance fcience and virtue, died at Halle, of the 
 gout in his ftomach, 1754, aged 76. His 
 works in Latin and German are more than 60 
 in number, the belt of which known are a 
 courfe of mathematics, 2 vols. 4to. philofo- 
 phia rationalis, five logica, 4to. a fyltem of 
 metaphyfics, 4to, jus nature, 8 vls. 4to. 
 fcorae lubfeciva? Magdeburg dictionary on the 
 mathematics, &c. 
 
 Woll aston, William, was born at Coton 
 Clanford, Staffordmire, 1659. He was of Sid- 
 ney college, Cambridge, but not being able to 
 obtain a fellowship he became in 1682 affiftant 
 to the mafter of Birmingham fchool, and was 
 four years after appointed under-mafter, but 
 the rlenth of a rich relation in 1688 gave him 
 pofTefiion of an ample eftate. He came to 
 London, where he loon after married. In his 
 retirement, which he loved above the tumults 
 of public life, and which he refuffcdtoquit for 
 high preferment, he devoted himi'elf to litera- 
 ture, and in his opinions (hewed the liberal 
 rnindcd man. The bell known of his writings 
 is his religion of nature delineated, a popular 
 work, of wh ch more than 10,000 copies were 
 fold in a few jpean. In his old age he broke 
 his arm, and this increafirig the dilbrders of a 
 weak conft tution, haftened his death 29th Ocr. 
 1724. HU religion of nature expofed him to 
 the cenfures of lbme divines, becaufe he makes 
 no mention of revealed religion, and attempts 
 to explain the truth of religion on mathemati- 
 cal principles. Lord Bolingbroke in calling 
 the work a h* range theifm, as dogtriatjcal and 
 ahl'urd a* artificial theology, does nor deny the 
 author to be a man of parts and of learning. 
 The work must be confideied as acompolition 
 pf great merit, and one of the belt written in 
 the Fnglifh language. 
 
 Wolmah, Mdcbior, of Rotweil in Switzer- 
 land, is known as the inrtrr.&or (f Calvin and 
 of ieza in Cre^k, He died of an apoplexy at 
 
 Eifenach 15 61, aged 64. He wrote eommeJi? 
 taries on the two firft books of the Iliad. 
 
 Wolseley, RJmrt, efpoufed the caufe of 
 the parliarrent againit the king, and was onecf 
 Cromwell's lords. He was in favor with Wil- 
 liam, and was his enVoy to HrufTels, 1693. He 
 wrote a curious preface to Rochefter's Valen- 
 tinian a translation of Virgil's JHneas meet- 
 ing Dido, &c. 
 
 Wolsev. Thomas, was born at fofwicfl in 
 Suffolk, 1 47 1, not the fon of a butcher as. re- 
 ported, but defcended from a poor family, and 
 he entered ib early at Oxford that he was ba- 
 chelor of arts at 14, and confequently called 
 the boy bachelor. He became fellow of Mag- 
 dalen college, and exchanged the care of Mag- 
 dalen fchool for the tuinon of the fons of the 
 marquis of Dorfet. He obtained the rectory 
 of Lymingtpn in Somerfetfhire, but here was 
 lb irregular, that he was let in the ftoeks for 
 being drunk of a Sunday, by Panlet, a puniih- 
 ment Severely vifited on the magifbrate by a 
 long imprifonment, when the offending cler- 
 gyman was in power. After the death of Dor- 
 fet he was noticed by Dean, archbi'hop of Can- 
 terbury, and became chaplain to the king, by 
 whom he was entruited with the negociation 
 of his marriage with Margaret of Savoy. He 
 ufed fuch difpatch in this bufinels, that he waj^. 
 rewarded with the deanery of Lincoln, and on 
 the accefnon of Henry VIII. he maintained 
 his influence at court. He was made rector 
 of Torrington," canon of Windfbv, regiitrar of 
 the garter, and prebendary and dean of York. 
 In the expedition to France 1513, he attended 
 the king, and 6n the taking of Tournay he 
 was appointed bifhop of that city. In 1514 he 
 was advanced to the fee of Lincoln, and eight 
 months after removed to York ; the next year 
 he was made a cardinal, and a few months aft: r 
 lord chancellor. To thefe favors were added 
 the confidence of the king, and confequently 
 the difpofal of all places of trull and power in. 
 the kingdom. Thus, at the head of affair*, he 
 governed the nation at his pleafure, and that 
 he might confirm more Strongly his alceudnncy 
 over the king, he withdrew his attention from 
 public affairs, and fanning his pieafures, aduiini- 
 itered liberally to the gratification of his mod 
 licentious defires. Absolute at home, where 
 his expences exceeded the revenues of the 
 crown, he was flattered by foreign princes, and 
 according to his caprice or avarice, the support 
 of England was prornifed to favor the yiews 
 either of France, or of Germany, or of the: 
 pope. His disappointment in his application 
 for the popedom .it't^rLeoX., in which he was 
 deceived by ;he emperor, was followed by the 
 diipleafure of his mafter, who in the matter f . 
 his divorce expected from him an obfequioua 
 all! tint. The cardinal, afraid of the pope and; 
 the king, wiihed to ftand neuter, but Henry, 
 indignant at this, ftripped him of \\h honors 
 152:;, and cauf:d him to be impeached by a 
 charge of 44 articles. Though the. trcafonable 
 [G % J J charges 
 
woo 
 
 woo 
 
 cnarw **ere repelled in the commons by the 
 .lertkmsofhisfn.nd Cromwell, he was de- 
 ircd to mire to York, where he was foon 
 after arretted on a freih charge of high i trea- 
 (oa \ k with his difgrace, Kit lick, 
 
 h proceeded by How jounnes to Lon- 
 l.eiceiter, where he is laid 
 to hive taken roilon. He expired 29th Nov. 
 Ij 30, and a tew hours before his death he ex- 
 claimed in agonv, had I fcrved my God 
 
 c lame z?al that I have ferved the king, 
 ; have forfaken me in my old age." 
 The hiftory of Wolfey exhibits in a linking 
 degree the viciflitudes of fortune. His pri- 
 vate cliaracter was lb depraved, that he delerv- 
 cd little of the favors of his mailer. It has 
 been truly obferved, that few ever fell from 
 h a (ration with lets crimes objected 
 againft them. It mufi be acknowledged that 
 he was a man of abilities, well acquainted with 
 the learning of the times, fagacious as a politi- 
 cian, and well vcrfed in the intrigues of courts. 
 Notwhhftanding, however, his vices and his 
 ambi'ion, his ichemes for the promotion of 
 literature were noble. He not only founded 
 ledum at Ox ford, but Chriftchurchowes 
 its grestnefs to his munificence. He alio found- 
 ed a f-hool atlpfwich. Among hishonors he pof 
 I the commiffion of pope's legate, a latere, 
 lie was abbot of StAlban'5, biihop of Winchester 
 and Durham, and he held in farm the diocefes 
 of Bath, Worceller, and Hereford, and had in 
 hi* retinue 80c fervants, amongli whom were 
 
 >, 15 knights, and 40 elquires. 
 Wom.ack, Lawrence, D. D. author of the 
 examination of Tilenus before the friers, 12m 0. 
 againft the puritansthe calvmiflic cabinet 
 
 d, i2mo. the refult of falfe principles, 
 If. became archdeacon of Suffolk 1660, and 
 
 of St. David's 1683. He died 1685. 
 Wood, Anil on';, was born at Oxford 163a, 
 'ucated at New college and at Thame 
 , and at Merton college. He devoted 
 ' to the ftudy of the antiquities of Ox 
 ad his labors were lb highly eiteemed 
 1 y were preparer! for the prels in 
 . . Fell, dean of Chrifl church, em- 
 Peers, a ft tide nt of his college, to tran- 
 
 - work into Latin. The work, thus 
 left to the mercy of an obftinate tranllntor, 
 appealed in 1674, in 2 vols. fol. under the 
 
 r antiquitates univerfitatis 
 rfjs, but disfigured by feveral errors. 
 He puM'rfhcd another work in 1691, of which 
 d edition appeared in 1711, under the 
 I Athenae Oxonienles, containing an 
 U of the grent men who flonfhed 
 univerfity from 1500 to 1695, to 
 which were ?dded the falti, in 2 vols.' folio. 
 r ood cbimed the merit of being free 
 udice and party, he yet reflected with 
 erky on Clarendon the chancellor of 
 . that he was indiftcd for defa- 
 mation, and his cxpullion for greater notorietv 
 crtcd in the Gazette 1693. He de- 
 to be cenfuit^ lor his narrcv/tteis of 
 
 mind and his violent prejudices, totally un- 
 worthy the dignity of the hiftorian. He died 
 at Oxford 1695, of a retention of urine, His 
 papers and hooks were depofited in the Afh- 
 molean mufeum. 
 
 Wood, Robert, travelled into the eaft, and 
 vifited Troas, and the remains of Balbec and, 
 Palmyra. He became under-lecretary oi'ftate 
 in 1764, and in the midll of his engagements 
 prepared the account of his observations, which 
 he publifhed under the title of efTay on the 
 original genius of Homer, a work of merit. 
 He died 1771. 
 
 Wood, Ifaac, a painter in oil, 3nd in black 
 lead on vellum, was in his convocation very 
 facetious, and particularly happy in his applica- 
 tion of the ludicrous paflages of Hudibras. He 
 died 175a, aged 63. 
 
 Wood, James, profefTor of divinity, and 
 provoft of St Salvador's college, St. Andrew's, 
 wrote againll the independents, and died 1664. 
 
 Woodali., yob/tfWent ;. sturgeon in 1589, 
 with the troops lent to affilt Henry IV. He 
 fettled in London, and became member of the 
 corporation of furgeons, and was alfo lurgeon 
 to St Bartholomew's, and furgeon-general to 
 the Eaft India company. He wrote i'urgcon's 
 mate, 1617, and alupplement to it called via-r 
 ticum, and died 1638, aged 69. 
 
 Wood.coqk, Robert, was fo attached to miw 
 fie, that he quitted a lucrative place und*r 
 government. He was eminent as a compofer, 
 and as a player on the hautboy, and died 1728, 
 aged 36. 
 
 Woodford, Samuel, of AH- Hallows on the 
 Wall, London, was ofWadham college,' Ox- 
 ford, and entered at the Inner Temple. At 
 the reltoration he obtained the rectory of 
 Hartley-Maudet, Hants, to which was added 
 a prebend of Chiehefter. H- was member of 
 the Royal lbciety, and died 1700. He wrote 
 poems of confiderable merit paraphrale on 
 the pfalms, live books the legend of love, 
 three cantos to the mule, a pindari* ode 
 paraphrale of fome hymns of the old and new 
 teltarnent,&c. 
 
 \Vood\ie ad, JbraJjam, of MaTtham, York- 
 Ihire.vyas bred up at univerfity college, Oxford. 
 The reltoration replaced him hi his fellowfhip, 
 which he had loll by the civil war ; but his 
 converfion to the Roman faith proved injurious 
 to his advancement. He lived in Hoxton, 
 avid was conlidered the belt writer of his time 
 in favor of the tenets which he had adopted. 
 He wrote the guide to controveriy, &c. and 
 died 1678. 
 
 "WooT>viLX,i,FJizal>cf/j, widow of fir John 
 Grey, captivated the heart of Edward IV. when 
 the folicited the reftitution of her bufoand's 
 property. In conl'equcnce, the frail monarch 
 married her, and from this union was born the 
 princels Elizabeth, whole marriage with Henry 
 VII. reconciled the houlcs of York and Lan- 
 cafler. Edward's partiality for his concubines 
 waS not calculated to enlure domeflic happinels 
 to Elizabeth, yet, after his death, ihe took for 
 
 her 
 
woo 
 
 WOR 
 
 her third huSband lord Stanley. She died in a 
 rnonnitery, where her Son-in-law, Henry VII. 
 had confined her. 
 
 WoeoviLLE, William, of Cumberland. 
 Studied medicine at Edinburgh, and fettled at 
 Denbigh, and in 1782 removed to London, 
 where he became phyfician to the Middlefex 
 difpenfary. He wrote a diflertation de irrita- 
 bilitate, medical botany, 4*0. an ufeftll work, 
 and ibme tracts on the iinall-pox and the cow- 
 pox. He died, 1805, aged 58. 
 
 Woodward, John, was born in Derby- 
 shire, 1665. He was well educated at a pri- 
 vate lchool, and bound apprentice to a linen- 
 draper in London ; but philosophy had more 
 charms for him than the counter. On the 
 vacancy of the medical profeflbrShip at Gre- 
 Sham college, in 1692, he was elected to the 
 chair ; in 1693, was chofen fellow of the royal 
 Society, and two years after, made by Dr.Teni- 
 fon, the primate, M. D. He published in 1695, 
 his dray towards a natural hiltory f the earth, 
 &c. with an account of the univerfal deluge, 
 and of its effects, 8vo. This book, as contain- 
 ing curious fats and bold conjectures, had 
 many admirers, and more enemies; but it was 
 not followed by a larger work, as the author 
 promiled. He was, in 170a, chofen fellow of 
 the college of phyficians, and in 1718 he pub- 
 lished the State of phyfic, and of difeafes, with 
 an inquiry into the caufes of their increafe,&c. 
 and of the fmall-pox, which produced a contro- 
 verfy with Mead. He died, 1728. He found- 
 ed a profeflbrfhip at Cambridge, with a falary 
 of 150I. for a leihire, to elucidate the natural 
 hiftory of the earth, &c. and his firli profeflbr 
 was Conyers Middleton. 
 
 Woodward, Her.ry, was born in London 
 1 71 7, and educated at Merchant Taylors' 
 fcliooL From the bufinefs of a tallow-chandler 
 he became a popular harlequin on the London 
 ft^ge. With the 6000L amatted by his profel- 
 fion,he commenced manager of Dublin theatre, 
 but imprudently lofing the whole, he return- 
 ed to Covent-garden. He died, 177 7, in con- 
 sequence of a fall, as he was jumping on a 
 table, in the character of Scrub. He was au- 
 thor of Marplot in Lilbon, a farce, and the 
 man's the mailer, a comedy, 1775. 
 
 Woo 1. lf.tt, William, of Maidftone, ac- 
 quired celebrity by his engravings, efpecially 
 that of the death of general Wolfe. He died 
 X783, aged 48. 
 
 Woo is ton, Thomas, a divine, born 1669 
 at Northampton, where his father was a tradel- 
 man. He was educated at Sidney college, 
 Cambridge, v. here he obtained a fellowlhip. 
 He publilhed in 1705, the old apology of the- 
 truth for the Christian religion, againSt the 
 J*w; and Gentiles, revived, 8vo. a Singular 
 work. He afterwards published a Latin dif- 
 fwrtution on the authenticity of the letter faid 
 to have been written by Pilate to Tiberius, de- 
 scribing our Saviour, &c. 172O, and the next 
 year, two letters on the character, &c. of the 
 Quakers- and in deftftc* 'J 
 
 prinuti'-e fathers, &c. His four free gifts to 
 the clergy appeared in 1723 and 4, and loon 
 after his moderator between an infidel and 
 impoftor , &C which excited a persecution againSt 
 him. His fix difcourles on the miracles of 
 Chrift, and his two defences of them, dedicated 
 to fix bifhops, appeared in 1727, and the three 
 next years, and by their merriment, their pro- 
 fanenefs, and blafphemy, excited emotions of 
 mirth, of indignation, and of horror. In thefe 
 books he regards the miracles of our Saviour 
 not as real events, but alk-gorical fables, and 
 while he attempts to disprove them, he treats 
 of them in the moit ludicrous and indecent 
 language. Thus at war with the good i'enfe 
 and the religion of his country, he foon felt 
 noc only the attacks of literary champion';, but 
 the profecution of the law. ne was tried at 
 Guildhall, before lord chkf juftice Raymend, 
 and Sentenced to one year's imprisonment, and 
 to a fine of tool. As unable to pay the fine, 
 lie continued to the end of life within the rules 
 of the king's bench, and died, 1 733, of an epi- 
 demic dilbrder, after an illnefs of four davy. 
 In the agonies of death, he exclaimed, " this 
 is a Struggle which all men muSt go through, 
 which I bear not only patiently, but with wil- 
 lingnefs." \ 
 
 WootoN, John, was distinguished for his 
 paintings of dogs and horfes, for which he re- 
 gularly received 40 guineas, and 20 when lefs 
 than life. He quitted bufinefs in 1 761, and 
 died 1765. 
 
 Wori.idgi;, Thomas, an engraver, and por- 
 trait painter, who published a book of gems 
 from the antique. He died 1766, 
 
 WoRMiOb, Glaus, of Arhulen, in Jutland., 
 came in 1607 to Strafbm-g, where he lludied 
 phyfic. He vifited Itr'.ly, and was honorably 
 received at Padua, Sienna, and Montpellier, 
 and then fettled at Copenhagen, where he ob- 
 tained the chair of profeflbr of belles lettres. 
 In 1615, he was advanced to the chair of 
 Greek, anJ, in 1624, to that of medicine, and 
 acquired reputation as the phyfician of the 
 court. He obtained a canonry ofLunden',from 
 Chriliiern IV. and died, 1 634, aged 66. He 
 wrote fafti Danici, 1626. a hiltory of Norway, 
 4to. litcratura Danica amiquiflima, vulgo 
 Gothica dicta, & de pril'ca Danorum poefi, 4to 
 he. 
 
 Wot MIPS, William, eldeft fon of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Copenhagen, and became 
 profeflbr of medicine, hiltoriographer to the 
 king, counfcllor of ftaie, &c. and died 1724, 
 aged 71. lie wrote mufeuvn Wormianum, fob 
 containing an account of the curiofities, pir.- 
 ferved in his father's collodion. His eldelt 
 ton,Olaus, was profeflbr of eloquence, &r. at 
 Copenhagen, and author of treatiles de gloflb. 
 petris de viribus medicamentorum fpecificis, 
 &c. He died 1708. Another brother was 
 bilhop of Copenhagen, &c. 
 
 WoftDAfcf 7tf**r, a painter, the pupil of 
 
 rtfletter, whofil niece he privately married. In 
 
 . -ncf of this he was discarded by his 
 
 [ G g 4 ] mafter. 
 
WOT 
 
 wou 
 
 r, but found friends in the public, ami 
 reputation as a finger, -juid as a lis 
 jut mimic. He was auihor of longs, of five 
 aiamatic nieces, in o e of which he acted a 
 ym.Lc. He died 1 767. 
 
 Wliur>/i Jlithar J, of the ifle of Wight, 
 wis comptroller of the royal houiehold, gover- 
 nor 0/ the ifle 01 Wi^ht, and member for New- 
 port- In the younger part of life he travelled 
 through Europe, and m.ide a fine collection of 
 Burble*, flutucs, anc ther antiques, published 
 in a ft.ls.fol, under the title of mufaeum Worf r 
 leuaum. He published alfo an hiftory of the 
 afie of Wijl>t,i78l, 4to. with indifferent plates 
 ky Godtrey, i e died of an apoplexy at' 
 Appfcdurcombe, 1805, aged 54- 
 
 . Jcbn, D. D. of Wales, 
 mi head of Jel'us college, Cambridge, which 
 he rcfuncd alter the rtttoration. e obtain- 
 ed St. Bene* Fink, in London, and foou after 
 the fire of London was prefented to the living 
 idfty, near Grantham. Lincolnshire, and 
 a prebcud oi Lincoln cathedral. I e died at 
 Hackney, where he was lecturer, 1071. 
 He published a form of found words, or a fcrip- 
 ture catechifm, 8vo. the great duty of ielf- 
 l 
 
 BIMGTON, William. D. D. of Me- 
 liooethihire, was educated at Ofweftry fchool, 
 and J elus college, Oxf. rd. Bifi.qp Hare gave 
 him a living in Shropshire, and afterwai - 
 fher in Denbighshire, and a fla!! in St 
 He aften-.drds obtained a flail in York cathe- 
 dral, aod died at his living of Llanrhayader) in 
 Deni I 75. He fe'nt to the 
 
 pe(i variour - 1 e beft of which are 
 
 an effay on the fcheme and conduct, &c. of 
 man's redemption, &c. 8vo. hiftorical lenTe of 
 the Molaic account of the fall proved, &c. 
 .ences of Chriiliauity,&c 
 
 'as born Ij68, a? 
 Bocion hall, Kt:it. From Winchester school, 
 be entered at New college, Oxford, and re- 
 :o Queen's college, where he was distin- 
 guished for wi and learning. I e went to 
 Germany, and itajy, and increafed his 
 knowledge of literature, and of the fine arts. 
 d-Jiing a refldence of nine years On his re- 
 turn he became Secretary to ElTex, but on his 
 UU he el'c-ped to th<- continent' At Florence 
 If with the duke, and came 
 and ;.- :.ifrni Jamef VI. of a com'] ira- 
 .init him. Under the name of 
 he pain-d through Norway to 
 &cu land, where he was received with kinefneis 
 . Returning to Florence, he wzs 
 heacceflion of James to the En?- 
 r.d he bauened i ack, and was 
 
 
 Venice, and 
 
 d Provinces, and to 
 
 his fcr- 
 
 , he was rewarded with the provoftShip of 
 
 orders, as he 
 
 ^ckfiaAical Situation imroi-. 
 
 ' iOjy, aad was bu- 
 
 
 rled in the chrpel of his college, and, as aq 
 enemy to controverfy, he cauied thefe words to 
 be eneraved on his tomb : ic jacet huyus len- 
 tentiae primus auctor, difputandi pruritus ec- 
 aefia? Scabies. Nomen aliafquscre. He wrote 
 the elements ofarchitecture parallels between 
 EiTex and Buckingham characters of lorn e of 
 the kings of England eifays on education- 
 poems, &c When fettled at Eton, he began 
 the life of Martin Luth'.r, with the hiftory of 
 the reformation, but abandoned it at the re- 
 queft of Charles I. to devote himielf to the 
 luitory of England which he never completed, 
 Wotton, William, was born 166' , at 
 Wrentham, MifFo)k,where his father was rector. 
 When four years and three months old, he 
 could read with eale the Hebrew, Greek, and 
 Latin, ind he was admitted of Catherine hall, 
 Cambudge, before he was ten years old, and 
 there maintained his reputation by his Skill in 
 the Hebrew, Chaldee, Arabic, and Syriac. 
 Lloyd, biShop of ht. Afaph, patronifed him, 
 and gave him the Sinecure of L'andrillo in 
 Denbighshire, and in 1693, lord Nottingham 
 gave him Middlcton Keynes in Buckingham- 
 shire. In 1694, he published reflections upon 
 ancient and modern learning, a work of merit, 
 and as he had been abufed by Swift, h wrote 
 obfervations on the tale of a tub, which he 
 called an irreligious book. In 1701 he pub- 
 lished the hiftory of Rome from Antoninus 
 Pius to the death of Severus Alexander, Svo, 
 a work of merit. In 1707 Tenilbn conferred 
 on him the degree of D. p. and he was present- 
 ed by Burnet to a ftall in Salisbury cathedral. 
 Though in poffeflion of a moderate income, he 
 was fo regardlels of economy, that pecuniary 
 difficulties crowded upon him, and obliged him 
 in 1714 to retire to South Wales. He died 
 1726. His other works are, dil'courfes con- 
 cerning the coniufion of tongues at Babel ad- 
 vice to a young Undent memoirs of the ca- 
 thedrals of St David's and LLmdaff fome Ser- 
 mons, &c. In his character he was an extra- 
 ordinary rriuB, as he never forgot any thing 
 which he had read ; and what is remarkable, 
 his learning was ail in ready caSh, which he 
 was able to produce at. fight, and with which he 
 enlivened and embellished the moll uniutcreft- 
 ing lubje&s. 
 
 Wotton, Edward, of Oxford, from Mag- 
 dalen fchool, became denjy of Magdalen col- 
 lege, and removed co Corpus Chrilti. He took, 
 the degree of M D. at Padua, and practised 
 with fuccefs at Oxford, and then at London,, 
 where he was phyfician to Henry VIII. He 
 died 15 < 5. He published de differentiis ani 
 malium bori decern, 1552, a work of merit. 
 
 Wou-i krs, Francis., a Dutch painter, whoS'e 
 Undfcapes with n*ked tupids are admired. He 
 died 1659. 
 
 Wuuvermams, Philip, of I Iaerlem, Studied 
 painting, and without viiUirig the Schools of 
 Italy, acquired celebrity. For high h'nilhiug, 
 for correclnefs, and fox pleafing composition, 
 
 e was excelled by few 
 
 but his merits wero 
 viewed/ 
 
WRE 
 
 WRX 
 
 viewed without encouragement, and his labors 
 unaccompanied with the rewards due to fupe- 
 rior talents. He lived poor, and the cares of 
 a numerous family contributed to increafe the 
 miieries of life. Difpleafed with the ingrati- 
 tude of the world, he refuted to bring up any 
 of his children to his own profeifion, and in 
 his laft moments he deftroyed a box full of de- 
 liens, &c. He died at Haerlem, 1688, aged 68. 
 His landfcapes were particularly happy, and di- 
 verfiried with encampments, with huntings, halts, 
 kc. As he excelled in the painting of horfes, 
 Jie fludied thofe fubjects in which thefe ani- 
 mals could be introduced to the^eft advantage. 
 
 WRANGEL,Cir/ Gujldvus, marfhal and 
 eowltable of Sweden, burnt the Danifh fleet in 
 1644, beat the imperialists at Augfburg 1648, 
 and defeated the Dutch in the paffage of the 
 Sound, 1658. He died about 1676. 
 
 Wray, Daniel, of London, was educated at 
 the Charter-houie, and at Queen's college, 
 Cambridge. He was member of the Royal and 
 antiquarian focieties, and truftee of the Britifh 
 mufeum, &c and died 178,3, aged 82, He con- 
 tributed to the arclneologia, notes on the walls 
 of ancient Rome, &c. 
 
 Wren, Matthew, was of Pembroke hall, 
 Cambridge, and afterwards became matter of 
 Peter- houfe, chaplain to Charles I. prebendary 
 ef Winchelter and We(lminn\er,dean of Win J- 
 for, and in 1634 bifhop of Hereford, lie 
 was afterwards translated to Norwich, and in 
 J638 to Ely. During the civil wars he was 
 imprilbned in th* Tower, where he- continued 
 18 years. At the restoration he was re-in- 
 ftated in his bifhopric, and died 1667, aged 
 81. He wiote fome controversial tracts againit 
 the (banians epiltolae varise, &c. the aban- 
 doning of the Sco s government two ier- 
 rnons, &c. 
 
 Wren, Matthew, fpn of the preceding, was 
 educated at Cambridge, and became member of 
 parliament, and was fecretary to James duke 
 of York. He died 1672, aged 42. He wrote 
 confideration on Harrington's oceana mo- 
 narchy aOertcd, &c. 
 
 V'REN,yJr Co ijlopher, a celebrated archi 
 tect and mathematician, born at Knoyle, 
 Wilts, 163a. At 14 he entered as gentleman 
 commoner at Wadham college, Oxford, and 
 thence was elected fellow of All-Souls, and in 
 1657 chofsn profefibr of aftronomy in Gretham 
 college. In 1661 he iucceeded Seth Ward as 
 Savllian profefibr, and refigned the Gretham 
 profefloi-fliip. His acquaintance with arciu 
 texture was fo great, that he was fent for by 
 Charles II. to ajhil Denham the furvevor- 
 generr.l, and in 1663 he was chofen fellow of 
 the Royal fociety. to whole memoirs he contri 
 buted tome valuable papeis. In 1663 he went 
 to Fiance, and vifited the molt curious edifices, 
 tie. in the capital, and on his return he was 
 appointed architect, and a commitlioner for 
 the reparation of St. Paul's cathedral. The 
 dreadful conflagration ofahe city, which quickly 
 followed, called for the exertion of the poUfexi 
 
 of the ingenious architect, but his model foy 
 a new capital, though approved by the king, 
 was not adopted. When he fucceeded tir J. 
 Denham as furveyor-general, he refigned his 
 Savilian profetibrthip in 1673, and the follow- 
 ing year received the honor of knighthood. 
 By His advice Greenwich was felected for the 
 erection of an obfervatory. In the beautifying 
 London, his genius was particularly difplayed, 
 and the churches which he erected are latting 
 monuments of his vaft powers. Betides St. 
 Paul, the noblejt edifice which he railed, he built 
 53 churches in London, among which St. 
 Stephen, Walbrook, is particularly celebrated. 
 The monument was abb erected by him, and 
 likewife the cuttom- houfe, Greenwich hofpital, 
 Emanuel college chapel, Trinity college libra- 
 ry, Cambridge, the theatre at Oxford, &c. 
 This ingenious man, whofe labors deferve fo 
 much admiration, died 25th February 1723, 
 aged 91, and he was buried with great folem- 
 nity in the vault of his favorite cathedral, 
 where on a pillar thefe few words record the 
 greatnefs of his genius, "Lector, fi monumen- 
 tum requiris, circumfpice." Sir Christopher 
 fat twice in parliament, for PlymptOn in De- 
 vonshire, 1685, and for Melcomb Regis in 
 1700, and he was in 1680 elected president of- 
 the Royal fociety, and in 1684 made comp- 
 troller of the works in Windfor cattle. Though, 
 he never publithcd any thing himfelf, feveraj 
 of his works have appeared in the publications 
 of others. His fon- published, 1708, a learned 
 work called numifmat. antiq. fylloge.. 4to, and 
 died, 1747, aged 72. 
 
 Wright, Nathan, pf Barwell, Leicef- 
 terthire, was lord keeper of the great leal af- 
 ter Spmers ; but though abuled by Burnet, 
 as a ltrong tory, devoted to party and fond of 
 money, he adds, that he never was charged 
 with bribery in his court. He was removed 
 in 1705 and paSTed the reft of life in retire- 
 ment, and died 1721, 
 
 Wright, Samuel, of Retford, Notts, fet- 
 tled in London, where he acquired reputation 
 as an eloquent preacher. He publithcd about 
 40, Angle fermons, but his belt work is his 
 treatife on the new birth He died 1746 at 
 Newington Green. 
 
 Wright, EJivard, of Cambridge, atten- 
 ded the earl of Cumberland in his expedition to 
 the Azores- in 1589. He wrote the errors of 
 navigation corrected, 1599, a work of me- 
 rit treatifeson the fphere-r-on dialling ha-/ 
 ven-findingart, Sec. and died about 1020. 
 
 Wright, Edwa-d, attended lord Mac- 
 clesfield in his travels in 1720-2, of which he 
 wrote an account called obfervations, &.<:. 2, 
 vols. 4to. an interesting work. 
 
 Wright, Ah aham, of London', was edu- 
 cated at Oxford, where he was public orator. 
 Darin ' the civil wars he lived as tutor in fe- 
 veral families, and died 1690. He wrote de- 
 licia* deliciarum commentary on the plalms 
 on the peritateuch i'ermons, &c. 
 
 Wright, Jofrfh, of Derby, was the pu- 
 
 1>4 
 
WYC 
 
 -1 of Hudfon, and in 1773 vinted hil Y/ 
 Two years after he retunud, and died in his 
 Mtimown 1797, aged 63. His landfcapes and 
 hWcrkal piece* are highly valued. 
 
 Wuoiit, Paul, was educated at Pem 
 broke hall, Cambridge. He obtained Oakley 
 vtorsge, *nd Burden chapel, EfTtx, and 
 Sooreham rectory. 1739. Ne republiihed in 
 1774, Hcylyn's help to Englifh hiftory, 8vo. 
 but his Chauncey's hiftory of St. Alban's ne- 
 ver appeared. A family bible with notes 
 was puVliihed under his name. He died 
 
 1785. 
 
 We km sen, Dagabert Sigiftriund,. counts 
 field- tnarflial of Auftria, was a native of Al- 
 fcce, He was in 1793, commithoned to co- 
 ver the iin:c of Mentz. and loon after at 
 ticked the Weiffemburg lines, while the duke 
 of Brunlwick fell on the loft of the French 
 army, Bbd prince Waldcck on the right. He 
 I his conqueil into Alface, aud took 
 Hagumau, Drufenheim, &c. The!e ad van 
 tages were counterbalanced by the fatal battle 
 of 'I irchweilcr ; but the following year he 
 repaired his loffes by the taking of Munheim. 
 In 1 796 he hafttned to the relief of Mantua, 
 and for two fucceffive days defeated the 
 French. Eonaprte, however, prevailed at 
 Caftiglione, Montechiaro, and Lodano, and 
 afterwards at Roveredo, and the Brenta, and 
 after the fevered lofTes, he threw himfelf into 
 Mantua. Mantua, reduced by famine and by 
 fickneis, furrendered 1797 to the condWror. 
 Tke aged commander retired to Vienna where 
 be was received with the honor he deierved, 
 and he was appointed governor of Hungary, 
 where he died 1797, aged above 80. 
 
 T,fn Thomas, in the fervice of Hen- 
 ry VII'., was born in Kent, and educated at 
 St John's college, Cambridge, which he quit- 
 ted for Oxford. He was knighted by Henry, 
 and employed in various cmbaffies. He was au- 
 thor of feveral poems, and was the firil who 
 I rned into Engltfh metre David's pfalms. 
 He died 1541, aged 38. 
 
 WTCBUU.KT, WiULim, a comic writer, 
 born at Cleve, Shropthire, 1640. At ic he 
 went to Franc?, where he embraced the Ro- 
 nun catholic tenets, and on his return in 1660, 
 \ded at Oxford, though not as member 
 01* the unherfiry. He returned to the pro- 
 ami entered at the Middle Tern- 
 fle, but pre: ... to the law. In 
 
 IC yews he . comedies ; love in 
 
 I the rentlomnn dancing niafter 
 plain dealer and country wife, printed toge- 
 i 71 2, and the popularity of thefe recom- 
 mended him tothe notice of the great and the 
 
 d not only by" Villi, 
 
 ;' - .; 1 I ;. the duti efs oi qieve- 
 
 him to the Lit degree oi 
 
 II. who vifited him 
 
 J him to remove to the 
 
 \ On his return 
 
 the king the place 
 
 ' mage with 
 
 WYK 
 
 the eountefs of Drogheda offended his roynl 
 patron. Though the counted, who was fond 
 of him to a ridiculous degree, bellowed on him 
 all her propt rty, yet at her deatn loon after, 
 his right was difputed, and in consequence of 
 law fuits he was thrown into t liion. Here 
 he languifhed for Seven ycais, till James II. 
 going to fee the plain dealer, was lb pleafed 
 with it, that he offered to pay the dehts of 
 the author and lettltd an annuity of JOoL on 
 him. Wycherley, however, was afhamed to 
 give an account of his dehts, and continued in 
 diitreis. 'i hough averle tot married iiie, he 
 wilrted to die mairied, and with this lingular 
 jafTion, he took for i-h lecond wife a lady 
 worth ItOcL and died eleven days after 1715. 
 Befides his comedies he wrote poems, a folio 
 volume of which appeared 1704, and his poft- 
 i.umous works, in profe and verfe, were 
 publiflied by Theobald 
 
 Wycke, TbomasyOt Haerlem, was eminent 
 as a painter, r is fea-ports, and his marine 
 view--, drawn in Italy, were highly admired. 
 He died 1686, aged 70. His Ion 'Jebn refi 
 ded for fosie years in London, where he af- 
 filed Kneller. His paintings of battles, and 
 elpecially of horfes, dilplayed fuperior _ excel- 
 lence. He died in London 1 702, aged 
 
 Wvkkham, William of, was born at 
 Vyk iham, Hamplhire, 1324. Though his 
 parents were poor, domeftic difficulties were 
 forgotten in the patronage of Uvedale, lord of 
 Wykeh'am, and governor of Winchelter ""By 
 degrees he role in the eirimstion of his friend, 
 and was recommended to Edwaid III. who 
 appointed him furveyor of his works at Wind* 
 for. By his advice this commanding fituation 
 was adorned with new buildings, and the pre- 
 lent magnificent Itruchire erec/ted ; but the 
 inscription of" this made Wykeham,*' threatened 
 ruin to the favorite. While his enemies in- 
 terpreted the ambiguous fentence to his difcre- 
 dit by reading it backward, Wykeham afTured 
 his mafier that inftead of arrogating to himfelf 
 the glory of the edifice, he wilhed posterity to 
 know that the favor of the king had railed him 
 to an exalted fortune. Thus reconciled to 
 Edward, he role in confequence, and when 
 in orders he obtained the rectory of Pulham, 
 Norfolk, and was advanced in 1366, to the 
 fee of Winchefler. He was, belides, chief 
 warden and furveyor of the king's caftles, war- 
 den of the forelts, keeper oi" the privy feal, 
 and afterwards fecietary to the king. in 
 1367 he was chancellor of England, and con- 
 tinued in office till 1371, when he was de- 
 prived by the reprefentation of the parliament. 
 Though engaged in affairs of (late, he paid at- 
 tention to his diocefe ; abufes were redrefled, 
 improvements in the difcipline of the church 
 introduced, and the houies and palaces be- 
 longing to the fee repaired. With the moft 
 muiiiacent intentions, he appropriated the 
 large pofTeffions acquired by the favor of his 
 iij in the endowment of two colleges. 
 In 
 
WYN 
 
 WW 
 
 In 1373 a fchool was eftablifhed at Winchef- 
 ter; but his noble defigns were interrupted 
 by the jealoufy of the duke of Lancafter, who 
 accufed him as guilty of various mifdemeanors, 
 till the interference of the clergy reltored 
 him to the favor of the monarch, and his fee 
 Under Richard II he labored to effect his no- 
 ble purpofe, and under the king's patent, New 
 college Oxford was begun in 1380, and finilh 
 ed 1386, and Winchefter begun the follow- 
 ing year, and completed in 1393. He enjoy- 
 ed the gratification of feeing his two noble 
 foundations florUh, and his example was fol- 
 ' lowed foon after by his fcholar Chicheley, 
 who founded All-Souls, 3nd by Henry VI. 
 who on the fame plan founded Eton, and 
 King's Cambridge. Wykeham died at South 
 Waltham 1404. Little is known of his pri- 
 vate character ; but if he had any failings, 
 they were obfeured in that fpirit of beneficence 
 and of charity which in his two noble eltab- 
 lifhments has fo largely contributed to the ad- 
 vancement of literature. His life has been 
 written by Lowth, who thus paid a becoming 
 tribute of praife and gratitude to the memory 
 of an iilultrious founder. 
 
 Wvnantz, John, of Haerlem, is eminent 
 as a painter. His landfcapes were much ad- 
 anircd. He died 1670, aged 70. 
 
 Wrvr>H am, Jir William, a ftatefman.born 
 about 1687. From Eton he went to Chrift- 
 church, and afterwards travelled over the con- 
 tinent. On his return he was chofen mem- 
 ber for Somerfetlhire, and reprefented that 
 county till his death. His abilities were fo 
 refpettable, that in the change of miniftry in 
 1 7 IO, he was appointed mafterof the queen's 
 hounds, and afterwards fecretary of Hate, and 
 in 1713 chancellor of the exchequer. Under 
 George I. he was removed, and appeared in 
 the ranks of opposition, and ably vindicated 
 Ormond, Oxford, and Strafford. On the 
 breaking out of the rebellion in 1715, he fell 
 under the fufpicion of government. As he 
 never was brought to trial, it is natural to in- 
 fer, that no guilt could attach to his conduct. 
 He died at Wells, after a few days' illnefs, 
 1 740. Pope has svell painted his great powers 
 of eloquence : 
 
 Wyndham juft to freedom and the 
 
 thVone, 
 The mailer of our pafuons, and his. 
 own. 
 
 Wyvil, Robert, bid mp of Salisbury, known 
 in hiftoi y for defending his right to Salisbury 
 cattle, by producing a champion to fight in 
 (ingle combat againft his opponent William 
 Montacute, carl of i-aiifbury. He died 137,5,. 
 
 X. 
 
 XI M 
 
 XIM 
 
 XACCA, an Indian philolbpher, the le- 
 gislator of the Japanefe, a thoufand 
 years before the chriftian era. His memo- 
 ry is regarded with particular honor in 
 China. 
 
 Xacca, Erafmus, a Sicilian in the 17th 
 century, who wrote an account of the erup- 
 tion of mount Etna in 1669 befidvs a 
 didactic poem, in Latin, on fevers, &c. 
 
 Xaufi, Joftpb, of Perpignan, author of a 
 funeral oration on Lewis XIV. historical re- 
 fe.irches on the citizens of Perpignan two 
 diflertations, &c. died at Paris 1778, aged 
 90. 
 
 Ximents, Roderick, of Navarre, and 
 archbilhop of Toledo, laid claim to the pri- 
 macy in preference to the fee of t'ompoffella, 
 at Lyons, 1247, before Ianocen; HL and his 
 rights were confirmed. 
 
 Ximenes, Francis , was torn at Torre- 
 in Old Caffile 1437. He was educa- 
 ted at Alcala and at Salamanca, and after- 
 wards went to Rome. He became grand vi- 
 car to Mendoaa, bifhoy of Sfrpiensa, and af- t 
 
 terwards his learning and his knowledge cf 
 oriental literature recommended him fo the 
 notice of Ifabella, who named him archbilhop 
 of Toledo, 1495. Thus at the head of the 
 Spanish church, he bent Ins thoughts to the 
 reformation of his clergy, and to the more 
 impartial adminillration of temporal and ec- 
 clefialtical affairs. He was raifed to the pur- 
 ple by Julius II. 1507, and was cntrufted by 
 Ferdinand with the affairs of the government, 
 M prime minifler. Not fatisfied with his 
 power he was ambitious of military glory, and 
 at his own expence prepared an expedition 
 againlt Oran, which he took, after difplayinr 
 great marks of bravery. Ferdinand appoin- 
 ted him on his death bed regent of the king- 
 dom during the minority of Charles V. and 
 Ximenes exc-rciled this authority not only 
 with wifdom but with leventy. He d/fpifed, 
 however, clamor, fatisfied in the good opinion 
 of Wu fovereign, and in the fupport of the 
 people to whom he granted important priv/. 
 While thus laboring for the glory of his 
 ountTJT| le waspoilbned iu eating trout, and 
 
 died 
 
XIM 
 
 XYV 
 
 f*4 two months after 1517. aged 8r. Thefe 
 remarkable lines are engraved on his tomb in ' 
 
 Orndtdcram mulls Francifcus grande Ly- 
 
 exum, 
 Condor in exigi>o nunc ego farcophago. 
 Prxtextam ju:ui facco, galeamiiuegalero, 
 Frater, dux, pratful, cardineufque pater. 
 Quin virtute mea junctum ell diadema 
 
 cucullo, 
 I 1 regnant! paruit Hefperia. 
 
 In his ch^jjwter Ximenes was patriotic, the 
 frienJ of virtue and of merit ; the protector of 
 innocence, md the active promoter of induf- 
 iij VK himlUf learned, and caufed the 
 famous Compluy;fian polyglott bible to be 
 publihed in his newly erected univerfity of 
 Alcala This national work, begun in 1514, 
 xu completed in 15 17, in 6 vols. fol. and in 
 four languages. The work is now very fcarce. 
 He alio caufed to be publiiheu the muTal, and 
 tbebreviaiy HOtarabe. 
 
 Ximenes, Jcfepb Albert, prior general of 
 ; rmrlites, died 1774, aged SS' **e 
 d the two lad volumes of the bulls of 
 fcs order. 
 
 Xy lander, William , of Augrtmrg, though 
 born of poor parents, roi'e to diftinction He 
 was educated at Augfburg, and afterwards 
 at Tubingen and Bafil, and in 1558 was invi- 
 ted to rill a profeflbr's chair at Heidelberg. 
 He was in 1566 iecretary to the affembly of 
 divines, who held a conference on the eucha- 
 rift, and he a fecond time^filled the lame ho- 
 norable office in 15 81. His application hal- 
 tened his death, 1576, in his 43d year. He 
 was the tranflator of Dion Callius, of Marcus 
 Antoninus, of Plutarch, and of Strabo, into 
 Latiu^&c. 
 
 Xyphilin, 'John, of Trebizond, from the 
 place of his birth was patriarch of Conftanti- 
 nople 1064, and died 1075. He wrote a fer- 
 mon preferved in the bibliotheque of the fa- 
 thers. His nephew of the lame name wrote 
 an abridgement of the hiftory of Dion Caffius 
 in Greek 1592, with little elegance. The 
 work, containing ththiltory of the emperors to 
 the tune of Alexander fon of Mammea, is 
 generally printed with Dion Cafiks. 
 
 y. 
 
 YAL 
 
 ^TALDEN, Thomas, a poet born at Exe- 
 X tcr 1671. He was educated at Magda- 
 lr n college fchool, and afcer being common- 
 er of Magdalen hall he obtained a fcholarfhip 
 ;dalcn college, wheie he had for his 
 'udents Addifon and Sacheverell He 
 ed an ode on the taking of Namur, and 
 a poemou the death of the duke pf Gloucefter. 
 ' obtained a fcllowihip, and thefol- 
 as prefented to a fmall living in 
 re. In 1706 he was received in- 
 iuke of Beaufort's family, and the next 
 ;d his fellowihip. He afterwards 
 Atemtd the livings of Chalton and CfcaaviHe, 
 
 and the Gnecfires of j 
 
 tUirn, and I'endlcs, in D< vonfhire, and lived 
 
 retirement until the trial of Atter- 
 
 wwjr. A> Dr. Yalden was intimate with Kel~ 
 
 . he was regarded as 
 
 " *" arreted, but as no direct 
 
 M againtf him, except a 
 
 words "tho- 
 
 his poc- 
 
 . 
 
 Y O U 
 
 iymn to darknefs, his befl poem, &c. Hia, 
 works deferve peruial, though they are not 
 always poiifhed. His faults are rather omif- 
 fions of idlenefs, than the negligence of en- 
 trurfiafm. 
 
 Yart, Anthony, of Rouen, is author of the 
 idea of Engliiri poetry, in 8 vols. 121110.1736, 
 a work of merit. He wrote befides fome poems, 
 
 l* book 
 1 
 
 and was hi 
 
 ppy in ins epigrams. 
 
 Yorke, Philip Fid. Hardwicke. 
 
 Young, Pattich, was educated at St. An- 
 drew's, and incorporated to the degree of 
 M. A. at Oxford, 1605. He was well (killed 
 in Greek literature and was employed as 
 librarian to the king, at St. James's palace. 
 He published St. Clement's epiiile to the Ro- 
 m:ms, in Greek and Latin, 16*37, arid he aha 
 undertook, btit did not finim, the printing of 
 the Septuagint from the Alexandrian MS. pre- 
 fented to the fait Charles, by Cyril Lucar. 
 He died 1652ft 
 
 You no, Robert, of Edinburgh, fucceeded 
 Andrew Hart, in the hufinels of printer. When, 
 the troubles broke cut in Scotland, he was 
 banlihedj and his rrintkg-preiTes defiroyed. 
 
YOU 
 
 YVO 
 
 He afterwards returned, hut was again baniih- j his night thoughts, hut though in this wtfrlc 
 ed for publishing ibme papers, in favor of the 'he feemed to bid adieu to the world, he after^ 
 
 parliament, and died abroad 1655, aged 6z. 
 
 Young, Edward, an Engiith poet, born 
 1681 at Upham near Wincheiter, the refi- 
 dence of his father, who was chaplain to Wil- 
 liam and Mary, and dean of Sarum, and who 
 died 1705, aged 62, author of 2 vols, of fer- 
 
 inbns. He was educated at Wincheiter fchool, the night thoughts, he publithed a poem on 
 
 and in 1703, though fuperannuated, removed 
 
 to New college, Oxford, which he left five 
 
 years after on being chofen fellow of All 
 
 Souls. He took his degree of LL.D. 1719. 
 
 He rirft appeared before the public 1 71 2, as 
 
 author of an epiille to Lord Lansdowne, in 
 
 coniequence of the unpopular creation of 10 
 
 next year he prefixed a recommendatory co- 
 
 rds engaged in politics, by the publication of 
 reflections on the public fittiation of the king- 
 dom, and at the age of 80 he (clicked further 
 patronage from Seeker, and was appointed 
 clerk of the clofet to the pfincefs dowager. 
 He died April 1765. Betides his great work 
 
 the lad clay Euiiris, and the revenge, trage- 
 dies the centaur not fabulous, a moral fa- 
 tire eftimate of human life, a fermou con- 
 jectures on original compofition the love of 
 fame, the univerfal pafiion fome papers in 
 the fueclator, &c. As a poet Young is highly 
 reipeclabie, his night thoughts abound with 
 
 peers in one day by queen Anne, and the many fublime pavTages, and are written in a 
 
 (brain of true genuine morality, though oc- 
 
 py of verfes to the Cato of Addiibn. Though j cafionally obfeure. As a clergyman lie was 
 diltinguilhed in literary fame, he was prevailed j pnrticubrly exemplary, full of benevolence, 
 upon by the duke of Wharton, his father's j goodnefs, and piety. 
 
 friend, to abandon the profpect of two livings Yrtarte, Don John d\ of TenerirTe, 
 from his college, worth 6col. a-year, and to I iludicd at Paris and Rouen, and became li- 
 cngage in a contelied election, as a candidate I brarian to the king of Spain. He was alio 
 at Cirencefter, an event of which he was member of the royal Spanilh academy, and 
 
 afterwards nfhamed to the lateft period of life. 
 He took orders 1727, and foon after was ap- 
 pointed chaplain to the king, and paid fuch re- 
 ipect to the decorum of his new profeffion,that 
 he withdrew from the ftage his tragedy of the" 
 two brothers, which was already in rehearfal. 
 He afterwards was prefeuted, by his college, 
 to the living of Welwyn, Kerts, and in 1 739, 
 he married lady Elizabeth Lee, daughter of 
 the earl of LichfieM, and widow of colonel 
 Lee, whom he loft the following year. To re- 
 lieve himlelf from the heavy melancholy, 
 which this event brought upon him, he began 
 
 interpreter to the Spantifa fecretary of date. 
 He was author of a Greek' pala?ographia, 4to. 
 milcellaneous works in Spanilh, 2 /ols. 4to. 
 I a catalogue of Greek MSS. in the Spanifh 
 king's library catalogue of Arabic MSS. in 
 the Efcurial, 2 vols. fol. &c. He died 1771, 
 aged 69. 
 
 Yvon, Peter, of Mjpntauban, was the fol- 
 lower ofLabadie. He was in Holland and 
 Middicburg, and acquired fome celebrity, as 
 a preacher among the Labadifts, and as a wri- 
 ter on myflical i"ubj>:cis. 
 
 z. 
 
 ZAB 
 
 ZABARELLA, Francis, better known 
 [ by the name of cardinal de Florence, ftu- 
 died the law at Bologna, and then became 
 pro/eiTor hi that fciehce at Padua, and when 
 the city was beiieged by the Venetians in 
 I406, he was deputed as ambalfador to im- 
 plore the alMauce of France. Unable to 
 fuceeed he retired to Horence, andaftetvv.trds 
 was invited to Rome by John XX HF. who 
 made hin aithbiihop of Florence and a car- 
 dinal, and fenthim in 1413 as his ambaffador 
 to the emperor Sigifmund, at the council ot 
 
 nee. He died there 1417, 
 and in refpect to his, 1 -..lning, his funeral was 
 atunded by die emperor and all the members 
 
 z 4 ab 
 
 of the council. He was author of commenta- 
 ries on the decretals, &c. 6 vols, folio ha- 
 - -letters, &c. 
 ZABARgLLA, BarthnUmjiiv, nephew of 
 
 the preceding, was profeflbr of law at Padua, 
 and became archbifhop of Florence. 1 c dieJ 
 1442, ag 
 
 ZabaRELLA, James, fon of the preceding, 
 was born atP;.dua, 15.53, and died there 15^1;. He 
 was well acquainted w|th the philolbphy of Aril- 
 :d became philosophical profeflbr at 
 Padua, where he publilhed commentaries 011 
 Ariftolle's w<,rks, folio. > J e wrote a treadle 
 dc inventione a'terni motoris, 410. &c. 
 
 Zanzalds, 
 
ZEN 
 
 ZIN 
 
 7 IKZ ALUS, ?*". * nlonk f thc fixth 
 
 century, founder of the feci of the Jacobites, 
 who conftdcr the perfection of the gofpelto be 
 the ftrift obfenance of fafts. They circumcife 
 duUren, and acknowledge one nature and 
 pericn only, in our Saviour. 
 
 Zapolski, John de, VaivodeofTranfyi- 
 vania, was elected king of Hungary 1526, 
 after the death of Lewis II. He was oppofed 
 by Ferdinand of Anuria, and fupported by 
 Solyman II., and he divided the kingdom with 
 ! 1536, and died four years after. 
 I tn, John Baptif Felix, of Imola, cul- 
 tivated the'law with fuccefs at Rome. He 
 became acquainted with Carlo Maratti, whofe 
 daughter he married, and from his fondncfs 
 for literature he became one of thofe who 
 eflablifhed the academy degli arcadi at Rome. 
 He died at Rome 1719. a g ed 5- 
 
 Zakate, Augujlinc de,* Spaniard fent to 
 Peru 1543. He was employed in the Low 
 Countries, and published hiftory of the difco- 
 ;d conqueft of Peru, a work of merit. 
 KJ %,Ulric, of Conftance, is known tor his 
 abilities as profefTbr of law. He died at Fri- 
 burg 1539, aged 74. He wrote epitome in 
 uius feudales, &c. 
 
 Zechakiah, one of the minor prophets, 
 prophefied in the reign of Darius Hyftaipes. 
 He encouraged his countrymen in the rebuild- 
 ing of the temple, and he fpeaks in l'uch plain 
 terms of the Meifiah, that he appears more 
 as an hifiorian than as a prophet. 
 
 Zegedim, Stephen, of Zegedin, in Lower 
 Hungary, was one of the firft dii'ciples of 
 Luther. He was taken prifoner by the Turks, 
 who treated him with great inhumanity. He- 
 died at Keven T572, aged 67. He wrote 
 ipeculum Roman, pontiiic. hiftoric. 8vo. 
 afTertio de trinitate, 8vo. ice. 
 Zelotti, John Baptijl, a painter of Ve- 
 rona, diftinguifhed by the beauty of his color- 
 ing, the accuracy of his figure?, and the ele- 
 gant fimplicity of his defigns. He died 159a, 
 a? ed 6c. 
 
 Zeno, ApRolo, of Venice, eftablifhed in 
 1696 the academy of Animofi, in his native 
 country, and in 1710 began to publilh the 
 fiornale de literati, continued in 30 vols, to 
 17 19. He afterwards redded at Vienna, at 
 the invitation of the emperor Charles VI. to 
 :.e was poet and hiftoriographer. After 
 ..rs, durirg which he wrote l'everal plays, 
 for the imperial family, he quitted Vienna to 
 return to Venice, and was iucceeded by Me- 
 tafbJTo. He died at Venice 1750, aged 81. 
 His works have been printed in 10 vols. 8vo. 
 in Italian, 1 744, and contain 63 poems, either 
 tragedies, comedies, or paftoral. He wrote 
 
 befides fome tracts on antiquarian fuhjefts 
 
 differ : ; us, 3 vols. 8vo. letters 
 
 iJwn hiftorinns, 1 voh. 4 to. 
 
 frc. Though a popular poet, his pieces exhibit 
 
 much confufion of plot, and unnecefTary epi- 
 
 1 invention is firming, and his dta- 
 
 . poit^d and iaterefting. Ht it comparefl 
 
 by the French to Corneille, and his fueceflbr 
 Metaftafio to Racine 
 
 Zepiianiah, one of the 12 minor pro- 
 phets, foretold the definition of Nineveh, and 
 exhorted his countrymen to repentance, about 
 624 B. C. . 
 
 Zerubbabel, was permitted by Cyrus 
 to rebuild the temole of Jerufalem. He adorn- 
 ed it with the vefTels plundered from the for- 
 mer temple, and carried to Babylon, and the 
 dedication took place 515 B. C. 
 
 Ziani, Sebajlian, doge of Venice, is cele- 
 brated for embelliihing his native city with the 
 moftfplendid edifices, and the beft productions 
 of arts, at the end of the 12th century. 
 
 Ziegler, Bernard, of Miinia, profefTbr 
 of theology at Leipfic was efteemed by I,u- 
 r'.ierand Melancthon, whofe doctrines he ably 
 fupported. He died 1556, aged 60. He 
 wrote fome theological works. 
 
 ZlETTEN, 'John Joachi?n Van, of Wor- 
 ftrau, was diftinguifhed in the Pruflian fer*- 
 vice. He loft his firft commiffion for chal- 
 lenging his fuperior officer, but his merits re- 
 commended him to the king. In the campaign 
 of 1745, his valor was particularly difplayed, 
 he rote to the rank of lieutenant-general, and 
 commanded general admiration at the fiege of 
 Prague, the battle of Lignitz, and the ftorm- 
 ing of Torgau. He died in retirement 1786, 
 aged 87. Ke was of lmall ftature, but the 
 powers of the mind atoned for the deficiencies 
 of nature. 
 
 Zimmermann, Matthias, of Epcries, was 
 proteftant minifter at MehTen, and died 1689, 
 aged 64. He publifhed a differtation on a 
 paftage in Tertullian florilegium philologico- 
 hiftoricum, 410. &c. 
 
 Zimmermann ,JobnGeorge,xvasborn at Brug 
 in the canton of Berne, 1728, and ftudied me- 
 dicine at Gottingen under Haller, in Holland 
 under Gaubius, and at Paris under Senac. He 
 was noticed by the king of Pruflin, and 
 appointed phyfician to the king of England. 
 In the latter part of life he gave way to me- 
 lancholy, and his infirmities were increafed by 
 the infanity of his fon, and the death of a be- 
 loved daughter. He died 1795* aged 66. He 
 wrote a poem on the deftruftion of Lifbon by 
 the earthquake, 1755 ar >d phyfiological dif- 
 fertation on irritability an effay on folitudc, 
 1756, tranflated into French and Englifh 
 an effay on national pride, 17 s8, &c. 
 
 ZlNEK, Chriftian Frederic, oi Drefden, 
 ftudied painting in England 1 706, and chiefly 
 excelled in enamel painting. He died 1767, 
 aged 83. 
 
 Zingha, queen of Angola, was fifter to 
 Gola Bendi, king of the country, who iacrificed 
 his family to his fears or cruelty. Zingha 
 escaping, attended the throne at his death, but 
 was difpoflefled by the Portugucfe. She after- 
 wards retired into the interior of Africa, where 
 the obtained the fovereignty, and in her old age 
 exprefTed a with to be converted to chriftian- 
 ity. She died 1664, aged 82. 
 
 ZiNzrr- 
 
ZOE 
 
 zue 
 
 ZlNZERDORF, Nicholas Leivis, ceunt, fon 
 f the cfumb^rLiin of the king of Poland, is 
 celebrated as the founder of the feet called 
 Hernliuters, or Moravians, firft begun at Bar- 
 telsuort in .. pper 1 alalia, 1722. The place 
 where thefe vifionaiies met was a for.-ft, which 
 foon grew into a large village, and received the 
 name ol Hernhuth, am! their doctr nes were 
 rap'dlv fpread through Bohemia and Moravia. 
 Some ol tiiem came to England, and by the 
 patronage of gemral Ogletnorpe and others, 
 they obtained the protection of their feet 
 Their government is patriarchal; they confi 
 der the pureit precepts of the gofpei as. the 
 bell guides of their conduct ; their morals are 
 irreproachable *, and in their mutual fupport of 
 each other, diiplay the nobleil virtues. They 
 have, however been accuied by fome of im- 
 pure conduct and are charged with having a 
 community of wives. Zizendorf died at Hern- 
 huth 1660, aged to, and was fucceeded in the 
 government ol the feet t.y de Dohna. 
 
 ZiSKA or ZlscA. John de Troeznou, of 
 Bohemia, embraced the military profeffion 
 and loft one of his eyes in battle, in conie- 
 quence of which he was Called Zifka. He 
 placed himfelf at the head of the Huffites, and 
 on the deceafe of Wenceflaus of Bohemia in 
 1414, he oppofed the claims of Si rifmund to 
 the throne. Though he loft his other eye at 
 the fiege of Rabi, he continued the war, and 
 defeated his enemies at Auffig on the Elbe, 
 and became mailer of Bohemia. Alarmed by 
 hisaftonifhing, iuccefs, Sigilmund lent ambaffa- 
 dors to him to offer him the government of 
 Bohemia, but during the negociation he fell a 
 victim to the plague, 1424. An honorable 
 epitaph, describing his virtues, was placed on 
 his tomb, which was difgracefully erafed by 
 the foldiers of Ferdinand II. 161 9. The re- 
 port that he ordered his fkin to be tanned, to 
 be ufed as a drum to animate his foldiers, is 
 falle. 
 
 Zizim, or Zem, fon of Mahomet II. and 
 brother of Bajazet, was governor of Lycaonia. 
 On the death of his father, he difputed the 
 throne with his brother Bajazet, but being 
 defeated, he fled to Egypt, and afterwards to 
 France, where he claimed the protection of 
 Charles VIII. He was afterwards delivered to 
 the pope by the French king ; but though 
 demanded by Bajazet, who wifhed to put him 
 to death, he was kept a prifoner at Rome 
 where he died X497 
 
 Zoe, fourth wife of Leo VI., was mother 
 of Conltantine Porphyrogenitus, during whofe 
 minority, 912, fhe governed with great wif- 
 dom. She crufhed the rebellion of Conftantine 
 Ducas, and after making peace with the Sara- 
 cens, fhe obliged the Bulgarians to return to 
 their country. She was overpowered by the 
 intriguea-of the courtiers, and retired to a pri- 
 vate ltation, and died in exile. 
 
 Zoe, daughter of Conftantine XI., married 
 Argyrus, who afcended the throne after her 
 father ; but difgufted w*th her hufband, fhe 
 
 eaufed him to be ftrangled, and placed on the 
 throne Michael the Paphlagonian,a goldfmith, 
 whom fhe married. She was afterwards con- 
 fined in a monaftery, and after Michael's 
 death, ihe took fcr her third hufband, in her 
 64th year, Conftantine Monomachus. This 
 debauched princeft died eight years after, 1050. 
 Another, married the emperor Leo, furnamed 
 the philofopher, and died 21 months after, 
 
 83- 
 
 ZOLLTKOFER, George Joachim, of Swit- 
 zerland, fettled in the Pays de Vaud, and 
 afterwards went to Monftein in the Grifons, 
 and then to Ifenburg, and to Leipfic, where 
 he was dillinguiibed as an able divine. He 
 died 1758, aged 28, author of a book of de- 
 votions two volumes of lermons, &c. 
 
 Zonaras, John, a Greek hiftorian, at the 
 court of Conftantinople. Tired with the world, 
 he affumed the habit of a monk, and died in a 
 monarleiy in the beginning of the 1 2th cen- 
 tury. He wrote annals from the creation of 
 the world to the year 1 118, a work of little 
 merit, &c. 
 
 Zoucn, Richard, of Anfley, Wilt-hire, was 
 educated at Winchefter fchool, and New col- 
 lege, Oxford. He became an advocate in 
 Doctors' Commons, chancellor of Oxford, 
 principal of Alban hall, and judge of the ad- 
 miralty court. He wrote cafes and queftions 
 refolved in the civil law, 8vo. 16,72 vindica- 
 tion of the jurisdiction of the admiralty of 
 England againft fir Edward Coke, &c. and 
 died 1660. 
 
 Zoust, Gerard, a German, diftinguifhed 
 as 3 portrait painter. He lived in London, 
 where P.iley w?s his pupil, and died 1681. 
 He was happy in his male figures, but he was 
 too faithful a copier of nature, fays Granger, 
 to be much in vogue among the ladies. His 
 highoft price was 3I. a head. 
 
 Zucchero, Taddeo, a painter, born - 1 5 29, 
 in the duchy of Urbino. Cardinal Farnefe 
 granted him a penfion, but his independence 
 produced diffipated habits and haftened his end. 
 He died 1566. His pieces are much admired, 
 though his figures exhibit little variety in the 
 features, and deferve cenfure for ftiffnefs. 
 
 Zucchero, Frederic, brother to the pre- 
 ceding, was born in the duchy of Urbino, and 
 died at Ancona 1609, aged 63. He fettled at 
 Rome where he was patronized by Gregory 
 XIII. In confequence of a difpute with fome 
 officers, he drew a picture of calumny in which 
 he reprefented the features of his enemies 
 with afs's ears, and in fuch a correct manner 
 that they could not be miflaken, and this fo 
 offended the fovereign pontiff that he was 
 obliged to fiy from Rome. After vifiting 
 France, Holland, England, and Spain, he re- 
 turned to Italy, and was honored with the title 
 of knight by the Venetian republic, and after- 
 wards invited to Rome, and placed at the hea/i 
 of an academy of painting. His pieces are 
 much admired, though there appears a ftiffnefs 
 
 in 
 
-mre s, and though his draperies are not 
 ; with talte. 
 
 s, Ulrkuiy a zealous reformer, 
 bora at Wildehaufen in Switzerland 1487- He 
 ftudied the -' c Bafil and 
 
 Berne, and phibt'ophy at Vienna, and took 
 Imdeme d '! I505; For ten 
 
 years he acquired popularity as pubKc preacher 
 at GUris. in V1S invited to Zu- 
 
 rich. The tenets of Luther now propagated 
 in Germany encouraged liim to oppofe the 
 tale of indulgencies, and to regard them as im- 
 fujierltitious credulity of the 
 people. Und-unted he continued to increafe 
 the number of his adherents, and in 1523 he 
 atrembled the ienate and the clergy of Zurich, 
 and prelected before them in 67 proportions 
 :" btt T "aith. Though oppofed by 
 hop of Coiubnce, his dodhines were 
 adopted by the full lenate, and he was exhort- 
 ed to prejeh the word of God, whilit all paf- 
 i ere forbidden to te?ch any thing but 
 i . d by the gofpel. Another 
 fvnod more powerfully favored the caufe of 
 and reliques were removed 
 from churcnes, proceffions were forbidden, 
 and the greater oart of outward, ceremonies 
 t. aSoliihcd.. While, however, fuccefsful in 
 the canton of Z\;nch, Zuinelius met with op- 
 position m the other members of the Swift 
 confederacy, and after the fruitlefs conferences 
 lu-een GScohmpadius on the part 
 rich, and of Eckius on the part of the 
 catholics, both fides had recourfe to arms. In 
 one of the ttrtt encouuters the great champion 
 of the reformation was (lain, nth October 
 As a leader Zuinglius displayed great 
 irmnefs, and aitonilhing prefence of mind. 
 Though he oppofed the Romifh church, he 
 greatly differed from the German reformer, 
 and er.ch unhappily paid little refpecl to the 
 opinions of the ether. His followers continued 
 to increafe and in hearing his name they main- 
 tained docttir.es on original fin, and on grace, 
 rejected by the other fecederr, from Rome. 
 According to Zuinglius, falvation was intend- 
 ed not only to infants, who died before bap- 
 hs of a virtuous life. Some 
 alterations were afterwards introduced by 
 and others, but whilit the 
 pTO^ I '"ions acquired the 
 
 11 France, and in other parts 
 aned the appellation 
 1 he works rf Zuinglius, 
 a* a coruroveiti.iliit were resectable, chiefly 
 *"*' Bj and comprehended in 4 
 
 v fa, :.l. 
 
 ZYP 
 
 ZuMBO, Giifion John, a fculptor, of SyrW-* 
 cufc. He refided for fome time at Rome,' 
 and then at Florence, and afterwards went to 
 Genoa, and then to Paris, where he died 1701, 
 aged 45. The heft of his pieces are a nativity, 
 and a defcent from the croft. 
 
 Zur-Lauben. Beat dc, of Valais, was an 
 able negotiator from Zug, at the court of 
 Lewis itlll. He was highly honored by his 
 countrymen, and called the father of his coun- 
 try, and the pillar of religion. He died 1663, 
 aged 66. He wrote an account of his negotia- 
 tions. His eldeft fon was engaged in the mili- 
 tary affairs of his country, and di'tinguilhed 
 himfelf t the battle of Vilmergen, againft the 
 Bernefe. He died at Zug 1690, a.^ed 74. A 
 nephew of the preceding difplayed his know- 
 ledge of war at the head of the French armie^ 
 at the vidlory of Nerwinde. He died at Ulm 
 1704, aged 48, in confequence of feveral 
 wounds received at the battle of Hochftet. 
 
 Zwinger, Theodore, a phyfician, born m 
 the Turgau. He became profeffor of moral 
 philoibphy and medicine, and died 1588. aged 
 54. He wrote the theatre of human life, a 
 ponderous work, in 8 vols. fol. afterwards en* 
 larged by his fon James, who died 1610. 
 
 Zwinger, Theodore, grandfon of Theo- 
 dore, ftudied medicine, which h<* abandoned 
 for divinity. During the plague in Bafil in 
 1629, he difplayed great humanity as a paftor 
 and a phyfician. He was author of feveral 
 controverts tracts, and died 1651, aged 54. 
 is ton John became profeiTor of Greek, and 
 died 1696. 
 
 Zwinger, Theodore, fon of John, wr.s 
 profeffor of ekxnjaflCe and medicine at BftftT, 
 where he died 17114. He published theatrurrl 
 botanifum, in German, fol. faiciculus differ- 
 tationum,*4to. a Latin and German diction- 
 ary fome s medical works. &c. His brother 
 John Rodolphus was profeffor of divinity at 
 Bafil, and died there 1708, aged 48. He 
 wrote fermons, traits, &c. 
 
 ZvPiEUS, or Vanden Zype, Francis^ 
 of Maiines, was fecretary to le Mire, bithop 
 of Antwerp, who gave him the place of arch- 
 deacon of his church. He is author of fome 
 -works of merit on the law, efpecially analytica 
 enarratio juris ponrificii now coniultntiones 
 canohior notitiat- juris Belgiei de jurifdic- 
 tione acdefiaftica Sc civili, &c in 1 voir-, fol. 
 He died at Antwerp 1650, aped 71. His bro- 
 ther Henry, was abbot of St. Andrew near 
 Bruges, and died 1659, a ? cd ^.v He was 
 author of feveral works, the belt of which is 
 fandtus Gregorius magnus, fee. 
 
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