*HB mmm ; v-v'^: NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX.' BY J. II. K(H;\1>, M.A., I.L.D. THK late Professor iMvrman, in one of his historical works, was led by the mention of Mil ford Haven to write as follows: In those waters the wandering wiking had seen the likeness of his own fiords, and had left his mark here and there on a holm, a gard. a thorp, a ford, some of thrm bearing names \\hich seem to go back to the gods of Scandinavian heathendom - A;ain, in local papers on ' Anglia Transwalliana ' and 'South Pembrokeshire castles,' he observed that Such names asliasgard and Freystrop seem to point not only to Scandinavian occupation, but to Scandinavian occupation in heathen times. :! In " the haven of Milford," he added, We seem to see a Scandinavian trace ; the ford here is surely neither an English ford nor a Welsh fford, but a Scandinavian fiord, like Waterford and YVexford And a. fiord of very truth it is; a. fiord with endless creeks running far up the country We are here on a fiord of the Ocean, . . . the great fiord of Pembrokeshire," etc., etc. 4 From Pembrokeshire to Essex is a far cry; Milford Haven and Hamford Water 5 might not, at first, suggest a similar Norse origin. I have long thought that in the latter name we might detect a Norse fiord ; for there is nothing in its situation to suggest an English ford, one of those fords which are so familiar to students of Essex place-names. I should, however, hardly venture to hazard this suggestion, were it not that at the head of the large inlet of the sea known as Hamford water and behind Holmes island there starts the parish boundary between Kirby and Thorpe (in the old Soke of Eadwulfsness), both of which, I shall show, have distinctively Scandinavian names. As for the name of Holmes island, it is found in Morant's work, where it is mentioned under Mose, and in the maps of Chapman & Andre and of Greenwood (1825). It now figures, however, on the Ordnance map as " Skipper's island," I know not 1 I use the word ' Norse ' here, instead of the more correct ' Scandinavian, ' for the sake of convenience only. - The Reign of William Rujus, vol. ii., p. 95. A footnote to this passage explains that the writer was alluding to Hasgard and Freystrop. ' English towns and districts, p. 39. * Ibid., pp. 41-42. 6 In north-east Essex. 170 NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX. The name 'Holmes' has no meaning, but if the origina Holm,' which is one of the Scandinavian survivals in Mr. Freeman's list above, it would correctly indicate " a holme or island." ' The pleonasm of Holme island would be parallel to that of island.' In Essex, however, there were two cases of islands which, beyond dispute, had names ending in the Scandinavian 'holm,' although their exact locality cannot now be identified. Indeed, their very is to have been overlooked. When Robert Mantel, who was sheriff of the county for several years under Henry II., and who was lord of Little Maldon, endowed the abbey of Beeleigh in or about 1180, two small islands, named Rucholm ' and ' Hard- holm.' were included by name in his grant. 2 Their locality must been within the bounds of Maldon, a town of which the history vet to be written, but which, as Morant duly observed, played a considerable part in the ' Danish ' wars of the tenth century. I propose to show in this paper that the termination ' holm ' in place-names is of Scandinavian origin and that the Northmen introduced it into Normandy when they settled in that region and, in England, into the ' Danish ' district and even into the neighbour- hood of Maldon, although this was further south than one would expect to find it. I remember, when an undergraduate at Oxford, surprising the late Mr. (afterwards Professor) York Powell by informing him that we had in Essex two such distinctly Scandi- navian names as Thorpe and Kirby in the * Soken ' district. The; termination ' thorpe ' is not of great rarity in Essex ; for in addition to Thorpe-le-Soken, in Tendring Hundred, we have East Thorpe and Ingledesthorpe (in White Colne) in Lexden Hundred, and iigthorpe in Hinckford Hundred, while, in the south-east of the county, we find North Thorpe and South Thorpe in Southchurch, by iuiryness. The county, therefore, may claim some five or six iples, of which four may be found in north-east Essex. It is A hat strange, therefore, that a county paper, which has done to arouse interest in the history and antiquities of Essex, should assert that our county has only two, namely "Thorpe-le-Soken and Thorpe Bay (near Southend)." Moreover, its statement that Merely Saxon for village" 8 destroys the interest of the distribution i* virtually restricted to a certain portion !!.. Ivi. 0., 11*9), confirming Robert's grant, in Calendar of Charter Knlll, vol. v., pp. 186-7 = ' nisiil.is i|u;i- ilicimtur Kucholm et Hardholin." The tame ttatement WM made by Morant under hurch and 1 cu NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX. 171 f England, especially the ' Danelaw ' and East Anglia. In ^incolnshire, an essentially * Danish ' county, it is pointed out by lanon Foster that the work of identifying place-names is rendered pecially difficult by their excessive duplication ; for the shire con- lins " six Kirkbys and probably no fewer than two dozen Thorpes." 1 Now, to begin with Scandinavia itself, we find, right out in the >altic, the considerable island of Bornholm, lying between Germany ml Sweden. Stockholm itself, the capital of Sweden, has been srmed, from its multitude of islands,' 2 the Venice of the north, and n the south-west coast we find Laholm and Engeholm. South of 'hristiania Norway has its ' Holmestrand,' and the holmgang of icandinavian antiquity was an encounter on an island. In Normandy there are several examples of ' Houlme ' (Hulmus) rsome variant thereof occurring in place-names to denote an island, itapleton, in his learned Observations on the Exchequer rolls of Normandy 1840, 1844) has pointed out that in the Cotentin (now the Depart- lent of La Manchej Henry II. had joined his mother, the Empress /laud, in endowing "the abbey of her foundation in the island of lolm near Cherbourg " :! (now in Equerdreville), and has cited ther instances. 4 Among these there is one of quite exceptional nterest. Further south in the Cotentin, where the Ouve and the Tante 5 pass through a wide area of marshland, 6 we find "the church St. Mary of Le Homme " (de Hulmo), of which Stapleton writes : This mention of a Prevote is distinctive of a bourg, whilst holm is expressive of locality surrounded by water 1 ; such was the site of the bourg of le Homme, ailed L'Isle Marie from the adjacent marsh, which had this name (Mareium, ferij, rather than by reason of the dedication of the church within its territory D the blessed Mary (II., xxviii.) Essex antiquaries may be reminded of the somewhat similar :orruption by which Stow Mareys (named from the family of Vlareys) became " Stow St. Mary on the church bills (sic) and even >n the sign posts." 8 The surname Mareys must represent, not (as he late Mr. Chancellor thought) Morice, but the French ' marais ' Latinised as de Marisco). 9 1 Lincolnshire final concords, II., p. 1. 2 About half-way between Stockholm and Bornholm is Borgholm on the island of 6'land. :{ Op. cit., I., clxxv., and my Calendar of Documents ; France, pp. 334-5. * Ibid. I., ccvi.fr ; II., cccvi.-cccvii. 5 These localities are best shown on Stapleton' s map of ancient Normandy, which is repro- uced in Prof. Powicke's valuable work on The loss of Normandy. 6 " Traverse les marais de Carentan .... s'engage dans de vastes prairies mardcageuses." 7 The italics are mine. 8 E.A.T., vol. vii., p. 409. The official name, at present, seems to be 'Stow Maries,' a com- romise which has been adopted in the Ordnance Survey. a See E'ssex Fines, vol. i., pp. 183 (No. 1054), 205 (No. 1097) N iy2 NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX. Of even more direct interest is Stapleton's observation (II., xxiv.-xxv.) that " Mareium (Men) designated the marshy territory along the banks of the river L'Ouve in the vicinity of Le Homme, otherwise L'Isle Marie, adjacent to the communes of Liesville on one side and of Picauville on the other." For this ' Meri ' is no other than that which is found in our Essex Fines (vol. i., p. 19, No. 13), where the index identifies it only as " Meri (Normandy)." I have, however, shown how it came to be connected, through the Bohuns, with the Fitz Walters of Dunmow and Woodham Walter. 1 These Bohuns derived their name from Bohon, as Stapleton has explained,'-; observing that " Carentan is in the immediate vicinity of Bohon, in the marshy district watered by the river Tante." ;! The importance of " the castle of La Houlme " in the Cotentin, the " castel aet Huline " of the English chronicler, is duly recognised by Freeman in his William Rujus (vol. i., pp. 462-3, 465). Another instance of this termination is found, to the eastward of Cherbourg, in Quettehou on the coast, with the fortified island of Tatihou adjacent. Nor must one omit the island of ' Jettehou ' or * Keitehulm ' off Guernsey, or the church of St. Mary of Lishou in that island. 4 Returning now to England, we are reminded of our two Essex islets by the names of larger "islands in the Bristol channel, the Steep and the Flat Holm, which form such prominent objects in the view from either coast." 6 It was to them that Gytha, Harold's mother, had fled for refuge, on the fall of Exeter in 1067. 1 earlier days, as Freeman writes, a band of Danish invaders had there found shelter ; but while, in their case, this has led to their earlier names, Ronech ' and Echin,' being replaced by those of Scandinavian origin, our Essex islets, on the contrary, have lost their ' Danish ' names. Passing from the south-west to the eastern coast of England, one finds, of course, in Lincolnshire peculiarly strong traces of Scandinavian settlement. 6 In Canon Foster's scholarly and most valuable work, Final Concords of the county of Lincoln' 1 (1920), of which the Lincoln Record Society may feel justly 1 I- A.T., vol. vii., pp. 329-330. I take this opportunity of explaining that "the land of Mers" of another and an important Essex fine (vol. i., p. 13, No. 38) is not actually "in Normandy," but at the mouth ot the river, which divides it from Ficardy. a Op. cit., II., xxii.-xxviii. See, however, my Calendar of documents preserved in France (pp. xlv.-xlvii.) for a criticism of Stapleton's conclusions. ' I bul. p. xxvi., note. Set- my Calendar, pp. 252, 269. Freeman, Norman Conquest, vol. iv. (1871), p. 158. See my I-'cudal England, pp. 70 ct seq. 1 Described, on the title pa?;*-, us '\',,1 II , as continuing the series printed by Messrs, ngberd & Boyd in 1896. NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX. 173 proud, there is a section (xv. > drilling with "lost vills and other forgotten places": we there liiul such names as Ilolmr 1 (in Clee) ; Brakenholni, "an island" in Farlsthorpe ; Holme Spinney (p. l\i.) ; and Haverhohn (near Mumby). Among the county's religious houses one notes the names of Tupholme abbey and the priories of Haverholme and Thornholm. In Lincolnshire also was "the Isle (insula) of Axholme," the centre of the Mowbrays' power. In Essex I have been able to trace the word * holme ' as occurring in more cases than the two Maldon islets. The outlets of the Blackwater and the Chelmer have been materially affected by the making of the navigation canal : on Chapman & Andre's map, however, one can see the stretch of marshland between Maldon and Heybridge as it had previously been. It was traversed, apparently, as at Bow, by a causeway and two bridges, from one of which the present Heybridge has derived its name. One may here note that the combination of a * holm ' with adjacent marshland is found in Lincolnshire, where Canon Foster observes, of Holme Spinney, 2 that the site " is partly surrounded by water, and in former days it may well have been entirely encircled, and thus have been a holme or island." He adds that " standing in the midst of the low lands near the YVitham, which are still liable to be flooded, it must have been a position of great natural and artificial strength." We have seen above that, in the Cotentin, an island ' holm ' had an " adjacent marsh," 3 and this is the conjunction found in the Maldon-Heybridge case, where the Blackwater and the Chelmer met. By a strange coincidence Heybridge ('Hebrugge') belonged to the dean and chapter of St. Paul's who were lords of the manor and patrons of the living, while the bishop of London had manorial rights in Maldon. When we add to the manors held by the dean and chapter those which the bishop held in Essex of which Bishops Stortford was the feudal head we realise how extensive, between them, were the holdings in our county which were connected with St. Paul's. We have, however, to bear in mind the fundamental distinction between the manors held of the bishop, as of any lay baron, by knight service (servitium militare) and those which the dean and chapter held in frank almoin, from a period long ante- cedent to the introduction of the feudal system into this country. Broadly speaking, we are mainly dependent (so far as printed 1 By a strange coincidence there was here "a chapel of St. Nicholas at Holme" (op. cit., p. liii.), as there was a "chapel of St. Nicholas" which went with ''the church of St. Mary ot Le Homme" in the Cotentin (Stapleton, II., xxviii.) - 2 Op. cit., pp. Ix.-lxi. The name has long been obsolete. 3 Stapleton, op. cit., II., xxviii. 174 NORSE PLACE-XAMES IX ESSEX. matter is concerned), for surveys of the capitular manors, on Archdeacon Hale's Domesday of St. Paul's, issued by the Camden Society in 1858, and on the valuable report by Mr. (now Sir Henry) Maxwell Lyte (the present Deputy Keeper of the Public Records) on the records of the dean and chapter, which are preserved at St. Paul's. 1 These two main sources can be supplemented, in some cases, by the Essex Fines which are now being issued by our Society. There are also various returns of those who held of the bishop by knight service, such as that which was made by Bishop Gilbert in n66. a The original name of the present Heybridge was ' Tidwolditune,' and it is so styled in early records, such as the surveys made for the dean and chapter of St. Paul's in 1181 and i222. :! At the former date, the dean of St. Paul's was Ralf de Diceto, the well- known historian, who was then in his first year of office ; in 1222 the dean was Robert de Watford. Strange as the system may seem to us, the capitular manors, in these surveys, are found to have been held on lease by ' farmers ' (firmarii), who were, frequently, actual members of the capitular body. This system was fully explained, in his book, by Archdeacon Hale, and the late Bishop Stubbs dealt with the earlier survey in his introduction to The historical works of Ralph de Diceto (Rolls Series). 4 The bishop was one of the founders of our Society, when holding (E.A.T., vol. xiii., p. 2) the Essex living of Navestock, and was an honorary member when bishop. He gives a list of those who were " Farmers of the capitular estates" in 1181. Among them were the archdeacon of Canterbury, who was the son of a bishop and who became a bishop himself, the archdeacons of London and of Gloucester, and the prebendary of Twyford. At the time of the later survey (1222) the dean himself, who had ' farmed ' Chingford, was * fermor ' of the great manor of Tillingham, and canons had followed his example. Among these was Ranulf de Bisanc', who was 'farming' Heybridge ('Tidwolditun ')and who had been a benefactor to the neighbouring abbey of Beeleigh. 6 To the name of his predecessor, Peter 'de Hebrege,' 6 I attach some importance, as carrying back the name 1 1 his report was made for the Royal Commission on Historical MSS., by whom it was published in 1883 (9th Report, vol. i., pp. 1-72). The index is somewhat difficult to consult, as in many of these reports. 2 Red Hook of the Exchequer, pp. 186-7. Such returns as this require to be annotated by someone who has the necessary local knowledge. > See the Dmotsday of St. i'aul's (ed. Hale), pp. 52-8, 142, 149. * See lltatortiai to the Rolls Settts (c-d. Hassall, 1902), pp. 68-72. * Rtfiort, pp. 93, lib. H.ilc wr.ngly givi s hib Christian name as Ralph. "Quondam manerii hrinaru." I! . pp. 53, 58. NORSE PLACE- NAMES IN ESSEX. 175 of Heybridge (from which lie must have derived it) to the early years of the thirteenth century, if not earlier, although, in 1222, the manor was still styled ' Tidwoldintune.' 1 Now, in the survey of that date we read that in the demesne there were twelve acres " in holin." and, on the opposite page, of forty acres " in pastura de holin." One might hesitate to alter this reading, were it not that a document at St. Paul's, nearly forty years earlier, records that, in 1184, Mathew, son and heir-apparent of Robert Mantel, lord of Little Maldon and founder of Beeleigh abbey, executed, at the Exchequer, a formal quitclaim of any right in " the pasture of Holm.'" 1 One need not, therefore, hesitate to read Hale's ' Holin ' as ' Holm,' an emendation which merely needs the alteration of 'in' into * m.' Only those who are familiar with mediaeval MSS. are aware how much may depend on the right reading of two or three 'minims.' For instance, in an interesting paper on the " records of Tiltey Abbey," our late esteemed treasurer, Mr. \V. C. Waller, mentions "a grant relating to Widdington," in which we read of " the brook running from the vineyard of the King of Almaine to the clerks' spring (de vinario domini Regis Allemanni versus font em clericoruin)."* English vineyards are a subject of con- siderable interest, and I have contributed a paper on " Essex vineyards in Domesday " to our Transactions.* But vinariiim (if the word exists) does not denote a vineyard (vinea) ; what it does denote can only be stated when we have corrected the reading by taking the two 'minims,' as 'u,' not as 'n.' 5 We thus obtain the form 4 viuarium,' which is found, for instance, in the Essex portion of the Pipe Roll for 1188 that I am now correcting for the press. 6 This was then the scribal way of writing ' vivarium,' i.e. the fishstew that is still so frequent a relic of mediaeval days in Essex. It is obviously more appropriate that a stream should issue from a fishpond than from a vineyard. 1 Morant asserts that this name was "used in records till the reign of King Edward I.," but the two names appear to have been so used concurrently. ' Hebregge ' must be carefully distinguished from " Hobregge alias Hubbridge Hall" in.Witham (as Morant styles it), with which it is sometimes confused (e.g. in Red Bonk of the Exchequer, p. 1208). 2 " In prato de Tidwolditun quod vocatur Holm." This transaction was printed by Madox in his Exchequer (1711) from Dr. Hutton's MS. (see Stubbs, Introductions to Rolls Series, p. 72) at Oxford (in the Bodleian) and by Newcourt in his Ref>ertoi-iuiu, from the original register at St. Paul's. Newcourt wrote circa 1700. 3 E.A .T., vol. viii., p. 355. Fans clericorum is a Latinisation of Clerkenwell. 4 E.A .T., vol. vii., p. 249. 6 These two letters are sometimes difficult to distinguish in mediaeval MSS. ' 6 A man is there fined 15 marcs (lol.) for catching a fish in the king's fishpond (" pro pisce capto in viua.no regis"), p. 38. 176 NORSE PLACE-NAMES IN ESSEX. Let us now pass from the word ' Holm ' as a trace of Scandi- navian settlement and of the strife in the Maldon district at the time of the Danish wars to the * Hope,' as found in the broad marshes which formed so distinctive a feature of our county's coastline. It is one of the many points of interest that the publication of Essex Fines by our Society has brought to light that we find in these documents mention of a * hope ' of marshland. At East Tilbury, in 1 201, we read of fourpence yearly being granted by a man "from his part of one ' hope,' .... in Estillibire, in the great marsh " and of "one pasture which is called Brodhope." 2 We read also of "a moiety of Brodehope in the marsh of Rainham " (Reneham)s At Bowers Gifford there was a marsh known as * Shepehope ' or ' Syphope.' 4 It is also mentioned by Morant under that parish, which is of special interest because of a reserved render from it of "one weigh of cheese at Midsummer." 6 It may be remembered how I made a special feature of this sheep-farming, for cheese, in the Essex marshes, when dealing with the Essex portion of the Domesday survey. 6 Returning now to the Domesday of St. Paul's, we find at Tillingham, three of those ' wicks ' which denote these sheep-walks in the marsh. 7 At that point, where the marshland was of great extent, there was a tenant of the dean and chapter holding a ' hope ' thereof for two shillings a year." I can now deal with the very interesting return concerning Heybridge church in the same work. When Ralf ' de Diceto,' on becoming dean of St. Paul's, made enquiry as to the state of certain capitular manors and churches, in 1181, return was made as follows : Habuit ecclesia ista de terra arabili xx acras ante dedicationem, et in dedicatione datae sunt x acrae de terra arabili per Hugonem Decanum, et in bosco vij acre, et unum masagium juxta pontem, et manscum, s[cilicet] Chirchehop (sic)* This evidently means that, when the church was dedicated, its glebe was increased by certain gifts, of which one was a ' hope ' of marsh, that was thenceforth styled, on that account, ' Church hope.' The practice of granting land to a church, when it was built or rebuilt, 1 Essex Fines, vol. i., p. 21 (31). 2 Ibid , No. 29. 3 Vol. i., p. 26. * Ibid., p. 83 (No. 59) ; p. 143 (No. 756). t-i- I-'ines, vol. i.. p. 143 (No. 756). In our latest instalment (vol. ii., p. 51, No. 323) this annual render of cheese is shown heavily in arrear in 1285. Victoria History of England, Essex, vol. i., pp. 368-9. 7 "In marisco sunt iii| tx-rcarie .... howich .... middelwich . doddeswich " (op. VJ). Of>. cit. p. 60" un. mi hupam de marisco pro ij solidis.' Ibtd., p. 149. NORSE PLACE-NAMKS IN ESSI 177 is one of which T have noted various examples in Essex. * Hugh the Dean ' (of St. Paul's) was Hugh de Marney, of whom I hope to speak when I deal with the early Marneys. Lastly, it should be observed that the bridge (at Heybridge) is here spoken of as already in existence in 1181. In later days and in a document of very different character, we again meet with * hopes ' of marsh. This is the Inquest after death, held at Brentwood in 1418, on Robert Burford, of London, bell- founder. 1 This Inquest takes us back to the great Tilbury marshes of which I spoke above. We there read of "one marsh called Bakereshope .... two hopes called Bachelers hopes .... one marsh called Mousehope .... one hope called the Cornhope in the Mersshe." 2 There is some ground for supposing that ' holm ' and ' hope ' are not the only terms connected with the Essex marshlands; those who are willing to help in tracing the existence of others might do useful work by noting their occurrence when they come across them. , l E.A .T. (N.S.), vol. iii., pp. 238-240 ; vol. vii., p. 275. a Mr. Fowler, I ought to add, has drawn my attention to the occurrence of an ' Avicehope ' in Boreham (Anc. Deed, A. 11849) a s unconnected with the salt marshes. THE HORNCHURCH ROAD. BY J. H. ROUN 7 D, M.A., LL.D. IN 1896 the churches of Hornchurch and of Upminster were visited by our Society, and the late Mr. Chalkley Gould, who wrote an account of the proceedings, 1 has chronicled for us that, from Romford, where its members assembled, they "proceeded along the Hornchurch Road." It is of this " Hornchurch Road" that I have something new to say. In his interesting and stimulating paper on " Roman Roads in Essex," Mr. Miller Christy claimed, two years ago, 2 that this highway was the first part of a Roman road, till then (I believe) un- known, leading to the station of 'Othona,'now "at Bradwell-on-Sea." According to him this road runs " everywhere fairly direct, right to Othona, a distance of very nearly fifty miles." He asserts that " the whole of the Roman road is still in use, and that its line is remarkably well preserved" ; indeed, that "no other road in Essex, except Stane Street, is so straight or so continuous for so long a distance." Now I myself cannot claim to have made any study of Roman road construction, either in theory or in practice ; but, we must remember, the roads we owe to the men of Imperial Rome are the link in England at least that unites the present with the past, and that did so even more in medieval days. The only properly constructed roads then available for our forefathers must have been those which the Romans, when they abandoned this country, left behind them, and for the upkeep of which there was, so far as we know, no organisation, either central or local, among the scattered settlements of the liberty-loving English. This is a subject with which 1 have dealt, some five years ago, in a paper, published in our Transactions a on the Selden Society's volume on " Public works in mediaeval law." I have there shown that although bridges were sometimes a charge on the vills or estates adjoining them, " the broken bridges Vol. VI. (N.s.), p. lyy. .1. XV.., pp. '< Vol. xiv., pp. 338-342. Free to Members; Price to Non Me:rbr TRANSACTIONS ssex Archaeological Society VOL. XVI., PART III NEW SERIES. COLCHESTER : PUBLISHED B\ THH: SOCIETY AT THE MI:SIU;M IN THE^CASTLK 1922. CONTENTS OF PART III., VOL. XVI. PAGE I. The Decorative Ornamentation on Essex Elizabethan Com- munion Cups. By Rev. W. J. PRESSEV, M.A. ... 155 II. Norse Place-names in Essex. By j. H. ROUND, M.A., LL.D. 169 III. The Hornchurch Road. By J. H. ROUND, M.A., LL.D. 178 IV. Utlesfovd Hundred, East and West. By R. C. FOWLER, O.B.E., F.S.A. ... ... 183 V. Edward the Conjessor and the Church of Clavering. By V. H. GALBRAITH, M.A. ... ... ... 187 VI. The Excavation of Foundations on the Castle-keep at Pleshey. By MILLER CHRISTY, F.L.S. ... ... 190 VII. An Essex Brass. By MILLER CHRISTY and \V. \V. PORTEOUS ... ... ... ... 205 A rchaological Notes Church Goods. By J. H. ROUND, M.A., LL.D. ... 210 Wall-painting in Little Baddow Church. By Rev. JESSE BERRIDGE ... ... ... ... 210 St. Aylet (St. Aylotts, Saffron Walden). By Rev. G. MONTAGU BENTON, M.A. ... ... ... 212 On an Earthwork to the North-East of Essex. By P. G. LAYER, F.S.A. ... ... ... ... 214 The Stovy of an Old Communion Cup and Cover. By Rev. W. J. PRESSEY, M.A. ... ... ... 215 St. John s Abbey Cartulary and the Leger Book of the Abbey acquired for Colchester ... ... ... 217 Tiptofts and Broadoaks in Wimbish. By R. C. FOWLER, O.B.E., F.S.A. ... ... ... ... 218 Seal and Arms of Thremhall Priory. By R. C. FOWLER... 220 Danegris. By R. C. FOWLER ... ... ... 221 An early Reservation of Sporting Rights. By R. C. FOWLER 221 Publications Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England J ... 223 Evolution of the Essex Rivers and of the lower Thames. By J. \V. GREGORY, D.Sc., F.R.S. ... ... 225 A contribution to an Essex Dialect Dictionary. By Rev. EDWARD GEPP, M.A. ... ... ... 226 The Deanery of Harlow. By Rev. JOHN L. FISHER, M.A. 226 Beehigh Abbey : Essex. By R. C. I^OWLER, A. W. CLAPHAM, Rev. Canon GALPIN, and others ... 227 Pnttlewell Priory and Museum: History and Guide ... 228 Guide to Colchester. By \\ . G MAM ... 229 Annual General M cding of the Essex Archtcological Society, held at the Shire Hall, Chelmsj yW/, 1922... 230 Report for 1921 ... ... ... ... 232 Balance Sheet for H)2i ... ... ... ... 234 Pamphlet Binder Gaylord Bros. Makers Syracuse, N. Y. PAT. JAN 21, 1908 !i!L BERKEI -EY LIBRARIES CD3flSSM771 C 1 09462 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY RETURN CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT