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I^T^Nl
THE SUFFIXES /f^WAND VANT
IN SANSKRIT AND AVESTAN
BY
HAROLD H. BENDER, PH. D.
BALTIMORE
J. H. FURST COMPANY
1910
CONTENTS,
Stack
Annex
5
033
PAGE
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR REFERENCES, vii
AVESTAN GRAMMAR REFERENCES, viii
INTRODUCTION, 1-2
PART I.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
CHAPTER I.
THEIR PHONETIC CORRELATION.
SECTION PAGE
1. Relative frequency of mant and vant, -
2. Parts of speech to which the suffixes are added, ... 3_6
3. Table of stem-finals, - 6-7
4. The suffixes in Indo-European, 7-9
5. Distinction between the suffixes in Sanskrit, - 9
6. Panini's rules, 9-10
7. Benfey's rules, 10-11
8. Sanskrit rules for use of the suffixes, - 11
9. Observance thruout the literature of rules for stems with final
vowels, - - - H-23
10. Observance in the Veda, 24
11. Observance in Rig-Veda, 24-26
12. Observance in Atharva- Veda, - - - 26-28
13. The case of -ovant, ----- 28
14. Observance thruout the literature of rules for consonantal stems, 29-31
15. Observance in Rig- Veda, - - 31-33
16. Observance in Atharva- Veda, 33-34
17. Historical survey and comparisons, - ... 34-36
18. Causes of interchange between the suffixes, - 36-40
19. Forms in the Veda with both suffixes, - - - 40-42
20. Other double forms, 42
21. Final sands, 42-43
iii
2005042
IV CONTENTS.
CHAPTER II.
SUCTION PAGE
1-2. Internal combination, .--..... 43
3. External combination, ----.... 43-45
4. Diastole of final stem-vowel, ....... 45-52
5. Systole of final stem-vowel, - - ..... 52-53
6. Loss of final vowel, --------- 54
7. Loss of final consonant, -----... 54-56
8. Change in quality of final vowel, -.-... 56-57
9. Insertion of letter between stem and suffix, - ... 57-58
10. Miscellaneous, ... ..... . 59
CHAPTER III.
MEANING.
SECTION PAGE
Introduction, ---------. 59-60
1. Primary signification, 60-61
2. Formation of present active participles, ----- 61-62
3. ' Containing the root or word ' , ----__ 62-63
4. No change in meaning, -------- 63
5. Formation of past passive participles, - .... 63-64
6. Formation of past active participles, - - ... 64-65
7. Suffixes used actively instead of passively, - ... 65-66
8. Suffixes express relation, -------- 66-67
9. Suffixes express accompaniment, ----.. 67
10. Meliorative or majorative use, ------- 67-68
11. Suffixes mean ' surrounded by ', 68
12. Use as noun-suffix of agency, ------- 68
13. Suffixes mean 'consisting of ', ------- 68-69
14. Suffixes have causative value, -----.. 69
15. Suffixes express contiguity, ----... gg
16. Suffixes express resemblance, 69-71
17. Suffixes equivalent to English suffix -able, - 71-72
18. Suffixes mean ' engaged in',- - - - - - . 72
19. Pejorative use, ----.-... 72
20. Miscellaneous, - 72-74
21. Conclusion, 74-76
CONTENTS. V
PART II.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
CHAPTER I.
THEIR PHONETIC CORRELATION.
SBCTIOM PAGK
1. Relative frequency of mant and vant, ..... 77
2. Parts of speech to which the suffixes are added, - - - 77-80
3. Rules for use of the suffixes, 80
4. Observance of rules for stems with final yowels, ... 80-83
5. Observance of rules for consonantal stems, .... 83-85
6-7. Comparison of Avestan with Sanskrit observance of the rules, - 85-88
CHAPTER II.
SAATOHI.
SECTION PAGE
1. Diastole of final stem- vowel, ------- 88
2. Systole of final stem-vowel, 88-89
3. Loss of final vowel, 89-90
4. Loss of final consonant, -------- 90
5. Change in quality of final vowel, 90-91
6. Insertion of letter between stem and suffix, - ... 91
7. Contraction, 92
8. Metathesis, 92-93
9. Miscellaneous, 93
CHAPTER III.
MEAKING.
SECTJOX PAGE
Introduction, 93
1. Primary signification, 93-95
2. Formation of present active participles, ----- 95
3. 'Containing the root or word', ------ 95-96
4. No change in meaning, -----.,.. 95
5. Formation of past passive participles, ----- QQ
Vi CONTENTS.
SECTION PACK
6. Formation of past active participles,
7. Suffixes used actively instead of passively, - ... 97
8. Suffixes express relation, 97
9. Suffixes express accompaniment, - -
10. Meliorative or majorative use, 97
11. Suffixes mean ' surrounded by ', 97-98
12. Use as noun-suffix of agency, - 98
13. Suffixes mean ' consisting of ', ------- 98
14. Suffixes have causative value, ------- 98
15. Suffixes express contiguity, ------- 98
16. Suffixes express resemblance, 98-99
17. Suffixes equivalent to English suffix -able, - ... 99
18. Suffixes mean 'engaged in', 99
19. Pejorative use, 99
20. Miscellaneous, 99-100
21. Conclusion, 100-101
INDEXES, 103-116
SANSKRIT GRAMMAR REFERENCES.
Panini,
I. 1:54;
iv. 2:72, 85-88;
V. 2:94-101, 109, 115-118;
VI. 1 : 219-221 ;
3:119, 120, 131 ;
vm. 2 : 7, 9-17.
Benfey, Grammatik der Sanskrit-Sprache, pp. 170, 239, 243 and
464, 465, 562-565.
Monier- Williams, Sanskrit Grammar (3rd edition), 45 a.,
69 a., 84 (iv and v), 140.
Stenzler, Elementarbuch der Sanskrit-Spraehe (3rd ed.), Grammatik,
80, 215.
Biihler, Leitfadenfiir den JElementarcursus des Sanskrit, pp. 43, 68.
Whitney, Sanskrit Grammar (3rd edition), 111 d., 247, 452-
458, 494, 517, 959, 960, 1107, 1233, 1235, 1307 b.
Thumb, Handbuch der Sanskrit Grammatik, 327, 328, 329,
402, 618.
Wackernagel, Altindische Grammatik, Vol. II, 53b.
Brugmann, Grundriss, (2nd edition), n, 1, 351-357.
vn
AVESTAN GRAMMAR REFERENCES.
Justi, Handbuch der Zendsprache, Grammatik, 372, 384, 576-
578.
Hovelacque, Grammaire de la Langue Zende, pp. 77-81, 112
(2. 6d. 153, 158).
Harlez, Manud de la Langue de V Avesta (2. e-d.), 74, 75, 97.
Geiger, Handbuch der Awestasprache, Grammatik, 63, 70, 106.
Spiegel, Vergleichende Grammatik der altiranischen Sprachen,
92, Suffix No. 84 ; 93, Suffix Nos. 47, 57 ; 132, 164.
Kanga, A practical Grammar of the Avesta Language, 70, 71,
132, 135, 138.
Jackson, Avesta Grammar, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297, 376,
433, 441, 442, 759, 821, 826, 851, 857.
Bartholomae, Handbuch der altiranischen Dialekte, 198, 199,
272.
Vlll
INTRODUCTION.
One of the most interesting correlations in Indo-Iranian Gram-
mar is that of the twin suffixes mant and vant. A detailed study
of them, however, has not heretofore been made. Panini's
treatment is obviously artificial and mechanical, as is that of
Benfey, who follows him in method and in most of his results.
Most of the other Sanskrit grammarians, such as Monier- Williams,
Biihler, Stenzler, are content with the statement of rules for
declension. Thumb devotes more space to the suffixes, but adds
little to our knowledge of them. Lanman (JAOS. x, 515 ff.) and
Bartholomae (KZ. xxix, 490 ff.) treat in detail the suffixes for
the Rig- Veda and for Indo-Iranian, respectively, but their dis-
cussion is largely restricted to inflexion. The paragraphs on mant
and vant in Lindner's Altindische Nominalbildung (pp. 136 and
146) give little beside lists of examples. Whitney's treatment
is a general one and disproportionately based upon the older
language. Wackernagel's scholarly work has not yet reached
the suffixes. 1
In Avestan the situation is almost equally unsatisfactory.
Bartholomae's discussions in his Handbuch der altiranischen
Dialekte and in the Grundriss der iranischen Philologie are very
brief. The grammars of Harlez and Geiger have practically
nothing on mant and vant, while those of Hovelacque and Kanga
consider only the declension of the suffixes. Justi gives a good
list of examples but no discussion. Spiegel and Jackson treat
the suffixes in a more satisfactory manner, but not in much
detail.
Hence an effort has been made in the following pages to reach,
J My study of mant and vant was practically completed when Wackernagel's
article appeared in KZ. XLIII, 277. Consequently I have not in the body of my
work given it the consideration it deserves. I have, however, treated many of its
essential points in foot-notes and have made frequent references to his views in
regard to individual words.
1
2 INTRODUCTION.
from a study of all the material available, more definite and
detailed conclusions in regard to the role these suffixes play in
Sanskrit and Avestan than have been reached heretofore.
The list of possessives in mant and vant upon which this study
has been based was collected, for the Sanskrit, from Monier-
Williams' Dictionary (second edition, 1899), but a number of
words has been added from other sources. For the Avestan,
Bartholomae's Altiranisches Worterbuch was of course used for
the collection of material.
PART I.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
CHAPTER I.
THEIR PHONETIC CORRELATION.
1. Of the 2200 words with mant and vant suffixes that
have been collected for the purpose of this study, 1748 have vant
and 452 have mant. Whitney says (Grammar, 1235) that in
the older language there are only about one-third as many mant
suffixes as there are vant. In the Rig- Veda this ratio holds
almost exactly (74 : 221), but in the Atharva-Veda there are
almost four times as many words which take vant as there are
which take mant (32 : 122) and, indeed, as the figures above
show, in all periods of the language taken together the mant
suffixes are only about one-fourth as numerous as the vant
suffixes. Or, in other words, of all the words with mant or vant
suffixes four-fifths end in vant and only one-fifth in mant.
2. a. Most possessives in mant and vant are formed from
nouns, which may be of any declension whatsoever.
b. But a large number are formed by adding vant to the past
passive participle. This suffix is so used, however, only to form
new participles, viz., present active, past active, and past passive
participles. In the last case there is of course no change in
meaning. This function of vant is further restricted to the later
language, there being only one example in Rig- Veda, and one in
Atharva-Veda of the use of the possessive suffix with a past
participle (cf. Chap, in, 2, 4, 5, 6, 12).
c. There are a number of possessives which are derived directly
from adjectives. Of course, in some of these cases, nouns may
once have existed from which the possessives were formed, but
3
4 THE SUFFIXES MAXT AND VANT IX SANSKRIT.
which have since been lost. Thus paravant, ' dependent,' may
have been derived from a noun para, 'a superior,' instead of from
the adjective para, ' superior.' A lost abstract noun posyd may
have been the base of posydi-ant, ' causing prosperity,' instead of
the adjective p6sya, ' prosperous.'
In most instances the word belongs to Chapter in, 4 where
the suffix causes no change of meaning when added to a stem.
Following are examples :
paravant, ' dependent,' < para, ' superior.'
aparavant, 'having no superior,' < apara. 1
dgumdnt, f swift,' < c ft, id.
kridumant, ' playing/ < kr'idu, id.
nyubjimant, ' bent,' ' crooked,' < nyubja, id.
dhunimant, ' roaring,' < dhuni, id.
posyavant, 'causing prosperity,' < posya, 'prosperous.'
pramattavant, ' careless/ < pramatta, id.
apramattavant, ' not careless/ < apramatta, id.
abaddhavant, ' unmeaning/ < abaddha, id.
uttardvant, ' being above/ < uttara, ' higher.'
ksdmavant, ' burned/ ' charred,' < ksarnd, ' burning/ ' burned.'
ubhayavant, ' having both/ < ubhdya, ' both.'
rtviyavant, ' having menstrual courses/ < rtviya, ' being in
proper time/ ' regular.'
vibhumdnt, ' mighty ' or ' omnipresent/ < vibhu, id.
susumdnt, ' very stimulating/ < sust, id. (cf. Chap, n, 5
and note).
vUthavant, ' beaming/ f shining/ < vibha, id.
divitmant, derived by Mouier- Williams from an adjective divit,
which he quotes for K-V. x, 76, 6 and translates ' going to the
sky.' But Grassmann makes divit a masculine noun in that
passage and renders it ' Glanz.' From this noun he derives
divitmant (cf. Aufrecht, KZ. n, 149 and Grassmann, KZ. xi, 9).
nilavant, ' blackish/ ' dark/ < nila, ' of a dark color.'
1 On this word and the preceding one cf. note to Chap, in, 16.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 5
isdvant, ' vigorous/ < (according to some) isd (cf. Chap, n,
9'a.).
mdhindvant, l great/ ' powerful/ or (according to some) ' exhila-
rated/ ' excited/ < mahina, ' great/ or ' glad.'
viqvddevydvant, < vigvddevya.
bhangurdvant, ' treacherous/ < bhangurd, i<J.
gubfar&vamt, ' shining/ ' lovely/ < qubhrd, id.
sahdvant, ' powerful/ < sahd, id.
In the list of possessives formed from adjectives should be
included the rather large class in which the possessive suffixes are
pleonastically added to bahuvrlhi compounds (cf. Whitney, Gram-
mar, 1307b., and Wackernagel, Gh-ammatik, Vol. ir, 53b.).
The logical origin of such a formation was in the effort to make
more marked the distinction between karmadhdraya and bahuvrihi
compounds.
A few examples are :
cirdyusmant, ' long-lived/ < cirdyus, id.
tddrgrupavant, ' having such shape or beauty/ < tddrgrupa, id.
amrtabuddhimant, ' having an undying mind/ < amrtabuddhi,
id.
aplavavant, ' having no ship/ < dplava, id.
anddimant, ' having no beginning/ < anddi, id.
suksmamatimant, ' acute-minded/ < suksmamati, id.
d. Possessives are formed in a few instances from particles or
adverbs by the use of' the suffixes, especially of vant. Whitney
gives only the first two of the following examples.
antdrmnt, ' having within/ 5. e. ' pregnant.'
visuvdnt, ' having on both sides/ i. e. ' being in the middle/
< visu, ind., ' on both sides.'
Mmvant (Qatapatha-Brahmana), ' blissful/ < kam, ind., < well.'
The native lexicographers give also the meaning ' bliss ' to kam,
but probably thru the influence of kdmvant.
kimvant, 'having what?', < kirn, ind., 'what?'.
qdmvant, ' auspicious/ < (jam, ind., ' well.'
6 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
ihavant, nt., name of several Simians, < iha, hid., ' here/ ' in
this world.'
prdvant, ' directed forwards/ < prd, ind., f forth.'
For astimant < asti, ind., see Chap, m, 1, note.
e. Theoretically, at least, the suffixes may be added to any
part of speech in -the meaning ' containing the word' (cf. Chap,
ill, 3). In such connection, however, the word to which the
suffix is added is unhesitating felt as a noun, pure and simple.
Some examples are :
adhvardvant, ( containing the word adhvard.'
mddhumant, ' containing the word mddhu.'
apinavant, ' containing a form of a-pydi.'
etivant, ' containing a form of the j/ i (eti).'
prativant, ' containing the word prati.'
vivant, ' containing the word vi.'
lumant, ' containing the syllable lu.'
bhidvant, ' containing the j/ bhid.'
f. Finally there are some nine pronominal stems to which vant
is added to express resemblance. (For discussion and examples
cf. Chap, in, 16.)
3. Final sounds followed by mant or vant with the frequency
of their occurrence.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
Final Sound
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
1214
19
2. a
258
5
3. *
42
241
4. i
47
21
5. u
10
84
6. u
2
10
7. r
2
16
8. e
1
9. o
9
4
10. m
4
11. A
4
2
12. g
4
2
13. n
3
14. d
3
15. n
9
1
16. /
14
6
17. d
27
3
18. n
23
4
19. 6
1
20. bh
1
21. m
1
22. r
10
23. ?
2
24.
3
28
25.
57
2
26. ft'
1
Totals 1748
452
4. The suffixes mant and vant are an inheritance of
Sanskrit from Indo-Iranian, and, probably, thru it, from Indo-
European. Only vant, however, offers clear and undisputed
evidence of its Indo-European existence. In Greek it is pre-
served in the poetic suffix denoting 'fulness/ whose nominative
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT.
forms are <?, ea-aa, ev. The suffix-stem pevr (Indo-European
-ue,n() is seen, for example, in the genitive singular xaptevro?
(< *^a/3t-/rn--09) of xapieis (for *%api-fevT-<;}, ' graceful/
< %a/)i-9, 'grace.' The Latin equivalent of the suffix (-osus)
has the same meaning, e. g. gratiosus (cf. Brugmann, Grundriss,
second edition, n, 1, 351-358, pp. 461-466 ; Bartholomae,
Kuhns Zeitschrift, xxix, 490-544, and Grundriss der iranischen
Philologw, i, 1, 181, 212, pp. 97, 115; Leo Meyer, Ver-
gleichende Grammatik der griech. u. latein. Sprache, II, pp. 602-
610).
It is, however, Professor Bloomfield's opinion (as yet unpub-
lished) that the suffix mant is retained in Greek ; e. g. in ovo-
/Aar-09. He further considers very improbable the usual deriva-
tion of Latin regimentum from regimen. He thinks that the
Indo-European suffix -ment is to be seen in regi-ment-um, and
that the suffix in that word bears the same relation to the suffix
-men in regi-men that Sanskrit mant bears to the suffix man. He
assumes, furthermore, that the Greek inflexion ovopa (ovopaivto),
ovofjiaros is a blend (suppletive) inflection of -men and -ment stems,
and that ovo-fiara regi-menta.
The correlation of mant and vant existed in Indo-Iranian
according to the joint testimony of Sanskrit and Avestan. If the
above theory is correct it existed also in Indo-European. In an
article entitled " The Correlation of v and m in Vedic and later
Sanskrit," (PA OS. May, 1886) Prof. Bloomfield suggested that,
in addition to the indication of the Sanskrit suffix-twins mant
and vant, man and van, min and vin and of these suffixes in other
branches of the family, there is other evidence of the correlation
of v and m in Indo-European. In this connection he cites the
endings of the first persons dual and plural, mas vas, ma va, and
so on. He notices also, e. g. the relation of Latin octdvus, Greek
0780/705, Sanskrit astama, Avestan astytna, Lithuanian aszinas. 1
See also Wackernagel (KZ. } XLIII, 281-2).
1 " The interchange between m and v which runs as a red thread through the
entire history of the Hindu dialects is illustrated [in the Vedic Concordance] by
about fifty variants beginning in the Samhitas themselves." Bloomfield, JAOS.
xxix, 290.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 9
Gaedicke's suggestion (Der Akkusativ im Veda, p. 270) that
the suffix vant may have originally been the present participle
of j/at', ' gern haben, hegen, geuiessen,' and mant the present
participle of j/am, ' entsarnmeln/ has found neither justification
nor support.
5. These twin suffixes are in Sanskrit practically identical
in meaning and almost identical in form, and the distinction
between them may have originally been a purely phonetic one.
Language, like Nature, discards the useless, and both suffixes
could not have survived had they been as identical in their
phonetic functions as they were in meaning. And in fact, even
to the latest Sanskrit times certain phonetic distinctions between
the two suffixes were observed with a marked degree of fixity.
For example, with but very few exceptions, vant is used with a
word ending in a or a (1472 times out of 1496, or nearly
98.5^). In early times the distinction of usage between mant
and vcint was probably sharply drawn, but with lapse of time and
by reason of similarity of form and identity of meaning confusion
between them ensued until in many instances they were used
interchangeably.
The most striking question presented by the study of mant and
vant is that of choice between the two suffixes, i. e. when one
was used and when the other. Several attempts to answer this
question have been made but none has proved satisfactory.
6. Panini (vm, 2: 9-15 inc.) starts with mant as the original
suffix and says that v is substituted for m in the suffix mant :
when the stem ends in m or in a or a, or when these sounds are
in the penultimate * position ; likewise when the stem ends in a
mute ; and when the resultant word is a proper name ; and in a
number of exceptions. He adds that in the Veda v is substituted
for m in the suffix mant when the stem ends in i or z.
As will be seen in the next paragraph, Benfey follows to a
large extent the above rules of Paniui. The discussion of
1 Here and in the following pages the word penultimate must be understood as
referring to letters and not to syllables. Thus, penultimate vowel will mean the
Towel which immediately precedes the final consonant of a word and will not
mean the vowel of the penultimate syllable or penult.
10 THE SUFFIXES J/.4.VJ AND VANT IX SANSKRIT.
Benfey's rules, which immediately follows them, will, therefore,
apply, to a considerable degree, also to the rules of the Hindu
grammarian.
7. Benfey (Grammatik, p. 239) says that v replaces m of the
suffix mant :
1. After stems which end in (a) a or a, or (6) in consonants
(except n, n, semi-vowels and original s), and (c) after stems
whose penultimate letter is a, a or m, even when they end in n,
n, semi-vowels or original *.
2. In words which in place of their etymological meaning
assume " eine individuelle Bedeutung."
3. In the Veda after stems ending in ?', i or r.
A simple investigation of the examples will disprove Rule 2
as well as the one for final r in 3. Only two examples for r may
be found in RV. or AV.
Benfey's rule in regard to consonantal stems may be expressed
as follows : A stem ending in a consonant takes vant when the
consonant is preceded by a or a (Rule (c)). When the consonant
is preceded by any other vowel than or a the stem also takes
vant except when that consonant is n, n, a semi-vowel or original
s (Rule (6)).
Rule (6), as it stands, applies only to words whose stems end
in a consonant other than n, n, semi- vowels and original s, and,
properly, only to those whose final consonant is preceded by some
letter other than , a or m. But nearly 60 ^ of the possessives
whose stems end in a consonant are thrown out by the exclusion
of those ending in n, n, or original s. Thus the Rule (6) has
less application than its exception. Further, over Q0fo of the
possessives whose stems end in a consonant have a or a as the
penultimate letter, and are provided for by Rule (c), so that (6)
cannot be said to apply to them. Now then, combining the words
covered by (c) as applied to possessives from consonantal stems
and those covered by the exceptions to (6) we find that these
embrace nearly S0f c of all possessives whose stems end in a
consonant, leaving only 20 fi> to which Rule (6) could possibly be
of application. Furthermore 40 ft of this remainder violate Rule
(6) and take mant. The 60 f c that take vant do so not because
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
11
their stems end in a consonant, but because their penultimate
vowel is a or a.
Finally, an examination of the table in 3 will clearly
demonstrate that final consonants are no factor whatever in the
determination of choice between the two suffixes.
8. Investigation will clearly show one rule in operation
thruout Sanskrit and Avestan literature as well as in Indo-
Iranian, viz. :
The choice between mant and vant depended upon the final
vowel of the preceding vowel stem or the penultimate vowel of
the preceding consonantal stem.
This rule manifests itself thruout the entire body of Sanskrit
literature as follows :
1. After a word ending in a, a or I, or in a consonant preceded
by a, a or I, vant was used.
2. After a word ending in a vowel other than a, a or i, or in
a consonant preceded by a vowel other than a, a or i, mant was
used.
First the usage with final vowels will be investigated and then
that with penultimate vowels. Comparisons will be made with
the Rig- and Atharva-Vedas.
9. The following table shows the distribution of mant and
vant among 1985 words which end in vowels. The table is fol-
lowed by lists of all the words which are counted therein.
Final Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
1214
19
2. a
258
5
3. i
42
241
4. I
47
21
5. u
10
84
6. u
2
10
7. r
2
16
8. e
1
9. o
9
4
Totals
1585
400
12 THE SUFFIXES MAXT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
Following are the examples for each vowel with each suffix :
I. a with vant.
angavant, aksavant, aksaravanf, agunavant, dgravant, agrima-
vant, agriyarant, aghdvant, ankuravant, angulitravant, ajiravant,
atattvdrthavant, atanavant, adrstavant, adhikdravant, adhvardvant,
anantavant, dnapatyavant, andgatavant, andtmavant, andyatana-
I'ant, dmkavant, aniiyajdvant, anuragavant, anuvdkyavant, anu-
qayavant, anusvaravant, dntavant, antdriksai-ant, dnnavant, any-
arthavant, anmyavant, dpatyavant, dpavant, aparavdnt, aparadha-
vant, aparyaptavant, dpavlravant, apasavyavant, apdqrayavant,
apasthdvant, apidhanavant, apupdvant, apratibodharant, apradd-
navant, apramattavant, aplavavant, abaddhavant, abalavant. abhi-
janavant, abhimdnavant, abhiriipavant, abMtavant, abhuktavant,
abhujamgavant, abhydsavant, abhyucchrayai-ant, dmavant, aman-
travant, amarsavant, amoghavant, ayavant, ayatnavant, arepha-
vantj ariipavant, arkdoamt, arthavant, alpavant, alpavittavant,
avakdqdvant, avagddhavant, avagunthanavant, ai-adydvant, avad-
hdnavant, avarohavant, avdggamanavant, avdptavant, avikdravant,
avijtidnavant, aviqesavant, dmryavant, avyabhicdravant, avyaya-
vant, avratavant, aqanavant, aritdvant, dquklavant, aqmarant,
agmavarsavant, aqvamedhdvant, dgvavant, asangavant, asamcaya-
vant, asamtosavant, asahdyavant, asnehavant, dhiranyavant, dkdga-
vant, dkdravant, dkopavant, dgamavant, dcdravant, dcdryavant,
ddambaravant, dtapavant, dtithyavant, dtmavant, dddnavant, ddy-
antavant, dditydvant, ddaravant, dpmavant, dpydnavant, dpydyana-
vant, dmiksavant, dyatanavant, dydmavant, dyusyavant, dramb-
hanavant, drudhavant, drogyavant, drseyavant, aldpavant) dlam-
banavant, dlasyavant, dlingitavant, alokavant, dglrvdddbhidhdna-
vant, dgr 'ayavant, dsanjanavant, dsecanavant, dstaranavant, dsvdda-
vant, indravant, indriydvant, idhmdvant, indhanavant, isdvant,
ihavant, irsyavant, uktavant, ukthavant, ujjesdvant, ujjhitavant,
utthanavcmt, utsangavant, utsdhavant, utsdhagduryadhanasdhasa-
vant, utsrstavant, udakdvant, udaravant, utlattavant, udayavant,
udgrdhavant, udbhdsavant, udbhuta&pargavant, udvdsavant, un-
mddavant, upakarandvant, upagatavant, upagudhavant, upacdra-
THE SUFFIXES SIANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 13
vant, upadcganavant, upadehavant, upamdnavant, upaydmavant,
upardgavant, upavant, upacamavant, upasrtavant, updyavant,
upoktavant, ubkayavant, urugdyavant, usnaxparqavant, usmavant,
urdhvagamanavant, -usavant, usmavant, uhavant, rtavant, rtavya-
vant, rtviyavant, rksavant, rnavant, rsabharant, ekavinqavant,
ekdikavant, edhavant, di^varyavant, oghavant, odanavant, dutkan-
thyavant, dulsukyavant, kahsavant, kakudavant, kantakavant, ka-
nakavant, kandavant, karsanavant, kandaravant, kapdtatorana-
vant, kapdlavant, kamalavant, karapaitravant, karanavant, kara-
vant, kanravant, karnayrdhavant, kdrnavant, kdrnakavanf, kar-
makrtavant, karmavant, kalakalavant, kalairavant, kalahavant,
kalydnavant, kavant, kdndavant, kdmavaht, kdyavant, kdrakavant,
kdranavant, kdritavant, kdrandavant, kdryavant, ktdavant, kdstha-
vant, k&savant, kinavant, kidrgvydpdravant, kutuhalavant, kumdrd-
vant, kumudavant, kulavant, kulcKjilavant, kuqavant, kugalavant,
kusumavant, kusumbhavcwit, kulavant, krtavant, krtyavant, krpdyita-
vant, keqavant, kfearavant, kotaravant, kopavant, kogavant, kostha-
vant } kdutukavant, kduplnavant, krurdcdravihdravant, krdunca-
vant, kledavant, klicitavant, ksatravant, ksamavant, Jcsinavant,
kslrdvant, ksutavant, ksemavant, k-sdmavant, Icsditavant, khadavant,
khadgavant, khadiravant, khdditavant, gajavant, gandvant, gand-
hapdsdnavant, gandhavant, gandlianragddmavant, gatavant, ga-
manavant, garanavant, garbJiavant, gahanavant, gdtravant, giin-
aganavant, gunavant, guptavant, gulmavant, guhdgahanavant,
grhavant, grhdgramavant, grhyavant, gotravant, gduravavant,
grdbhanavanf, gralianavant, grdhavant, grdhyavant, grdmavant,
gharmdvant, ghosavant, ghrtak^dudravant, ghrtapdtrastanavant,
ghrldvant, cakravant, cakravdkavant, candagrdhavant, candavant,
canasitavant, candrdvant, candrakavant, campakavant, caranavant,
caritravant, carmavant, casalavant, cdtvdlavant, cdritravant, citta-
vard, citravant, citrdstaranavant, citkdravant, clvaravant, cditra-
vant, chaftravant, chandobhangavant, chandomavant, chinnavant,
janavant, janmavant, jayavant, jalavant, javavant, jdgaritavant,
jdtavant, jdmbavant, jdlavant, jitavant, jlrnavant, jivavant, jwana-
vant, jusdnavant, jndnavant, tankavant, tamkdravant, taksavant,
taddgavant, tattvavant, tatpravaravant, tatavant, tanutravant, tard-
mavant, talatravant, taldngulitravant, tddrgrupavant, tdvadvirya-
14 THE SUFFIXES MAXT AND VAXT IX SANSKRIT.
vcint, tigmdvant, tilaka&ant, tlrtliarant, tu/ndavant, tuviruvant, tuna-
rant, tr/mrcirant, tiilavant, trnai'cmt, tejavaitt, tokdoant } toy av ant,
tyaktavant, trayidhamavant, trikutavant, trajgunyavant, trydlikhitd-
vant, tvaksdravyavaharavant, trayodagadvlpavant, traguttarasanya-
vant, dahstrakaralavant, dandaparusyavant, dandavant, ddtravant,
dantavant, darbhapinjilhtcant, darqitavant, dagapadmavant, dana-
vant, dayadavant, ddfainyavant, ddhavant, d'ipavant, duhsatti-a-
vant, duhkhagokavant, durdtmavant, dutavant, drstavant, drstanta-
vant, devayajanavantj devdvant, devaravant, dehavant, do$o.vant,
dohadavantj dduhitravant, dyumndvant, drapsdvant, dravinavant,
dravyavant, drumavant, dvdravant, dviguklavant, dvihiitavant,
dvitiyavant, dvipavant, dhanamadavant, dhanavant, dharmadh-
vajcivant, dharmavant, dharmavirodhavant, dharmdbhijanavant,
dhdrmcivant, dhdnyadhanavant, dhdnyavant, dhdmavant, dhisnya-
vant } dhumavant, dhrtavant, dhdiryavant, dhydiiavant, dhvajavant,
natiprcicurapadyarant, ndikadravyoccayarant, naktavant, naga-
vant, namaskdravanty nayavant, nayanavant, narmavant, navaydu-
vanavant, nastavant, ndgayajnopavitavant, ndgavant, ndthavant,
nddavant, ndndraindkarcivant, ndrnavant, ndrakapdlakundalavant,
nasikavant, niraparddhai'ant, nirdtmavantj nirdyavyayavant, nir-
maldtmavant, nirvikdravant, nirvicesarant, nihsecanavant, nihsd-
ranavant, nigciditavant, nigdlcivant, nigirnavant, nitambavant,
niddnavant, nidhdnavant, ninrttavant, nipdnavant, nimbavant,
niyamavant, nirdhavavant, niruktavant, niruddhavant, nirbhart-
sitavajit, nirvedavant, nivegavant, nisadavant, nisiddhavant, nispesa-
vant, nisrstavant, nistyaktavant, nihrddavant, n'iddvant, riilacolaka-
vant, nilavant, nupuravant, Jiydyavant, paksapucchdvant, paksd-
vant, pankajavant, pankavant, pakvavant, pancagavydpdnarant,
pancada$dvant, pailcainavant, panyavant, patdkocchrdyamnt, pa-
tidharmavant, padmavant, padmasdugandhikavant, paravant, pa-
rdyanavant, paramapaddtmavant, pardkramavant, pardgavant,
parigfhyctoant, pariyrahavant, paricayavant, parindmarant, pari-
nahavant, paritosavant, pariputanavant, paripotavant, paripiir-
nasahaxracandravant, paribarhavant, paribodhavant, panvdha-
vant, parirarai'anf, parivestitavant, parigesavant, pariJidravant,
parnai-ant, paryastavant, parydptavant, parydlocitavant, parva-
vant, palitavant, pavamdnavant, pavitravant, pdrlravant, pav'ird-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 15
vant. pdnavant, pdkavant, pdthavant, pdnigrdhavant, pdtheyavant,
pddavant, pddukavant, pdmavant, pdrijdtavant, pdvakavant, pdqa-
vant, pieindavant, picchavant, pitrmdtrgurugu^r'usddhydnavant, pit-
tavant, pidhdnavant, pibavant, pUavant, punsavant, pucchavant,
pundarlkdvant, punyavant, putrdvant, punargarbhavant, pura-
staddhomavant, puronuvdkyavcmt, piirlsavant, purukcirakavant,
purusavant, puspadantavant, puspaphalavant, puspavant, purva-
vant, prthupajarant, prthusattvavcint, pesanavant, pdutrikeyavant,
prakdgavant, prakdganavant, prakdravant, prakarsavant, prakra-
mabhangavant, prakledavant, praJcsiptavant, praJcsveditavant, pra-
grahai-ant, pragrdhavant, prajtinanavant, pranatavant, pranatdt-
mavant, pranayavant, pratdnavant, pratikulavant, pratigabdavant,
praticdkhavant, pratyavamarsavant, pratipannavant, pratibandha-
vant, pratibodhavant, pratibhdnavant, pratibhdvavant, pratiglna-
vant, pratmddhavant, pratihdravant, pratndvant, prdtikavant,
pratyabhijndtavant, pratyabhiyuktavant, pratyavamarsavant, pra-
dandavant, prattavant, praddnavant, pradeqavant, pradharsitavant,
pranrttavant, pranrtyavard, praphuUanagavant, prabalavant, pra-
bodhavant, prabodhitavant, prabhdvavant, prabliiitadhanadhdnya-
vant, pramattavant, pramddavant, pramdnavant, prameditavant,
pramuditavant, praydjdvant, prayatnavant, prayatdtmavant, prayo-
janavant, prarohavant, praldpavant, proktavant, pravanavant,
prurant, prositavant, pravdlavant, pravibhdgavant, pravaravant }
pravargydvant, pravrttavant, praqdkhavant, pragrayavant, pra-
sungavant, prasddavant, prasecanavant, prasthavant, prasthitavant,
prasveditavant, praJiitamgamavant, praharanavant, praharsavant }
prdgalbhyavant, prdkgrngavant, prdggamanavant, prdnaddvant,
prdnavant, prdndrthavant, prdptavant, prdrabdhavant, prdrthita-
vant, priydvant, premavant, presitavant, plaksavant, plavavant,
plutavant, phanavant, phaladantavant, phalapuspavant, phala-
tnulavant, phdlavant, phalastanavant, phullapadmotpalavant, phul-
lavant, phutkdravant, phenavant, bakavant, baddhagodhdngulitra-
vant, baddhapankavant, barhavant, bdlavant, bahudugdhavant,
bahupuspaprabdlavant, bdnavant, bilavant, bisavant, brjavant,
buddlidvant, bodhavant, budhndvant, brahmacaryavant, brahma-
vant, brahmavisnvarkavant, brdhmanavdnt, brdhmanavant, bhdga-
vant, bhangavant, bhadravant, bhdvant, bhdnavant, blidgyavant,
16 THE SUFFIXES Jf.4.vr AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
bhdjanavant, bhdravant, bhdvavant, bharitavant, bhdskarai-ant,
bhinnavant, bhlmagrdhavant, bhuktavant, bhutakaranavant, bhuta-
vant, bhogavdnt, bhogavant, bhrdtrsamghdtavant, bhratri-yavant,
makarandavant, makhdrant, maghdvant, mangalavant, maniratna-
vant, matsardvant, madanavant, matdvant, mananavant, mantra-
vant, manddravant, manmathavant, mayukhavant, maruddvlpa-
vant, mdrtavant, marydddparvatavant, malavant, malayavant,
mahdtmavant, mahdbhogavant, mahabhogavant, maharatnavant,
mahdrasavant, mahdrthavant, maJidvegavant, mahavratdvant, ma-
hdifitarant, mahagetavctnt, mahdhimavant, inahdlicmavant, mahoc-
chrdyavant, indnsabudbudavant, mdnsdvant, mddravant, mdna-vant,
mayavant, mdydbalavant, mdrarant, mdlyavant, mdsikdrthavant,
mitravant, mitrdvarunavant, minavant, mukhavant, munjakecavant,
muiijavant, mudgavani, muskavant, mugdhavant, mujavant, malad-
vdravant, mulavant, mrgavant, mrgdnkavant, mrstavant, mrndla-
vant, mrduromavant, meghavant, mehavant, moJcsavant, mohavant,
yajndvant, yojnopavttavant, yatnavant, yantravant, yamavant,
yamasattvavantj yavagodhumavant, ydvisthavant, ydnavant, ydma-
vant, ydjy d,vant, ydbhavant, ydmyasattvavant, yavadriryavant,
yuktdvant, yuddhavant, yupavant, yupakavant, yogaksemavaid,
yogarddhirupavant, yogavant, yduvanavant, raksitavant, ranga-
vant, rdtnavant, rdthavcmt, ratavant, rayavant, rdsavant, rasiia-
vant, rdgagrahavant, rdgavant, rdjavant, rdjanydvant, rdjyavant,
rephavant, rukmavant, rucitavant, rudrdvant, rupayduvanavant,
ruparasagandhasparqavant, ruparasasfiarqavant, rupavant, rupa-
sdubhdgyavant, rupasparqavant, rocandvant, romavant, rohita-
vant, laksanavant, laghudvdravant, latdgahanavant, latdvalaya-
vant, labdhavant, Idbhavant, Idlavant, laldmavant, lavavant, Idsa-
vant, Idvanyavant, lingavant, liptavant, lobhitavant, lokavant,
lomavant, losiavant, lohacarmavant, lohavant, lohitavant, Idulya-
vant, vaneanavant, vatavant, vatsavant, vayunavant, varuthavant,
varnavant, varnd$ramavant, varnitavant, vartitavant, varmavant,
varsmavant, valavant, valkavant, valkalavant, vasanarant, vastra-
vant, vdtagulmavant, vatavant, vdgghastavanf, rajta-ant, r'mavant,
vddavant, vdditravant, vdravant, viqdkhavant, vikdravant, rikalpa-
vant, vigrahavant, vighnavant, vicaksanacanasitai-ant, vicoksana-
vant, mcdravant, injayavant, vijitavant, vijndnavant, litathdbhi-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 17
nivegavant, vitdnavant, vitarkavant, vidydbhimdnavant, vidydved-
avratavant, viUavant, viddhavant, vidyunmandalavant, vinayavant,
vmodavant, vindhyavant, vipandpanavant, vipuldrthabhogavant,
vipratisaravant, vibhdgavant, vibhavavant, vibhusanarant, vibhra-
mavant, vimalakiriiahdravant, vimarqavant, vircigavant, virodha-
vant, vildfsavant, vivdsanavant, vivekavant, vivrtavant, viqesavant,
vigesanavant, inqrambhavant, viyutavant, vigvddevavant, vi$varu-
pavant, vigvavant, visdvant, visddavant, visayavant, visdnavant,
visvaggamanavant, viskambhavant, visrstavant, vistlrnavant, vis-
mayai-ant, vismayavisddavant, vismrtavant, vihitavant, vihdravant,
vitavant, vmdpanavatunavant, mrdvant, virinavant, mrydvant,
vlryasattvavantj vrtrcihavant, vrJcsavant, vrjinavant, vrttavant,
vrttasvddliydyavant, vrsavant, vrstavant, vegavant, vejo.navant y
vetntvant, vedavant, ve<javant } vesavant, vdikrtavant, vdidagdhya-
vanty vdiravant, vdilaksyavant, vdigvdnardvant, vyancanavant,
vyatisangavant, vyapadeqavant, vyabhicdravani, vyayavant, vyava-
dhdnavant, vyavasdyavard, vyavahdravant, vyasanavant, vydpddi-
tavant, vydpdravant, vydydmavant, vydlavant, vydlolakuntalaka-
Idpavant, vyomavant, vranavant, vratdvant, vrknavant, qastravant,
qaktidvayavant, qakalavant, qankhavant, qatdvant, qaphdvant, $ab-
davant, qamavant, qayitavant, qaravant, garydnavant, qariravant,
ga?'dhavant, garmavant, qalyavant, galyakavant, gaqdnkavant, gaspa-
vant, gastragrdhavant, qastravant, qdthyavant, qatavant, gddvala-
vant, qdstravant, qikyavant, gipivistavant, $ipravant, qilpavant, <jita-
vant, qlrsavant, (jilava/nt, gukrdvant, quklayajnopavitavant, gukld-
vant, quddhavant, gundvant, qubhravant, quskavant, $usmavant,
gunavant, $ukavant, qulavant, qrngavant, qrngdravant, qesavant,
gdivalavant, gokavant, qonitapittavant, qobhanavant, qducavant,
gduryavant, yaddadhdnavant, gramavant, gritavant, grutavant,
grutafllavant, grotravant, qlesmavant, gvavant, gvabhravant, gvasana-
vant, $vastanavant, ^retagunavant, satkaj-mavant, sasthavant, sdd-
gunyavant, samyatavant, samyamavant, samydmavant, samrak-
sanavant, samrambhavant, samvidhdnavant, samvibhdgapilavant,
samvyavahdravant, samqaptavant, samqritavant, samsdravant, sarh-
sargavant, samskdravant, samskrtavant, samsthdvayavavant, sams-
tlidnara'id, samsthitavant, samhananavant, samhdravegavant, sam-
hrattivant, sagunavant, samkalpavant, samgamitavant, samgraha-
18 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT.
rant, samghdtavant, samghdhiguluvant, sfijdtdvant, eamcaycwant,
samcint-itavant, saktavant, samjvaravant, sacchdstravant, sattvarant,
sattvotsdhavant, satyavant, saddedravant, sadosarant, samtdnavantf
samtdpavant, samtustatarnakavant, samfosavant, samdarbhavant,
samdistavant, samdlpanavant, samnyasavant, aaptadagtivant, sap-
tadvlpai-dnt, saptamnt, saptasamudravant, sabharanyavitankavant,
samarthitauant, samasavant, samar-ritarant, samtddhavaid, samuc-
cliritadhvftjavant, samuddcdravant, samarpitavant, sampflifi^mf,
sambhedavant, sambhogavant, sammadavant, BammurchUavant,
stt)'avant } sarpavrqcikaromavant, sarvayatnavant, sarrci'diit, sa.r-
vasasyavant, sarvabharanarant, xftlildvfnit, xarmif, .^/.s-yc/rr/?;/,
sasydkaravant, sahacdityavant, sahdyavant, sahdwavant, sahasrd-
nancujirsavant, sdksdtkdravant, sdmkhyayogavant, sddhannvant,
sddhyavant, sdbhravant, sdmavant, sdmarthyavant, sdmdnyavant,
sambavant, sdravant, sdrthavant, sdvitrdvant, sdhasarant, sdhasrd-
vant, sidhmavant, sinavant, sirdjulavant, simantai'ant, sutavant,
sutdsomavant, sutavant, sukankavant, sukhavant, sugctndhavant,
sughosavant, sudrdhaharmyavant,sundaravant, supihitavant, subala-
vant, suyatdtmavant, suvesavant, surendravant, svlauant, surarna-
vant, suvarndlamkdravant, sufilagunavant, su(filavant, susiravant,
gusahdyavant, susdravant, suhiranyavant, sunavant, suravant,
suryavant, srkavant, srgdvant. srstavant, saikcctavant, sodharajif,
sodaryavant, somavant, sosmavant, sdukhavant, sdugandhikavant,
sdujanyavant, sdubhdgyavant, sdumanaxyavant, sduryabhagcrnt/f,
sdurdjyavant, skandhavant, skhalitavant, stanakegavant, stanacant,
stambavant, stambhavant, stavdnt, stwtavant, stuta<;astrarant, stotra-
vant, stobhavant, strisvarupavant, sthdnavant, sthdndmnarihdra-
vant, sthdpitavant, sthdmavant, sthitavant, sthdiryavant, sndtavant,
sndyujdlavant, snehavant, snehasamjvaravant, sparqarupavant,
sparqavant, spar^agabdai-ant, sphuUngavant, smaravant, svatva-
vant, svarupavanty svdvant, svddhydyavant, svantavant, svanavant,
svargavant, svalpavittavant, svdcdravant, svdravant, srarasanis-
vdravant, svantavant, hansatihnadukulavant, hansamnt, Jtansaka-
rant, harsarant, havavant, hdsavant, hdsyarasavant, hddavant,
hdtavant, hdrdavant, hitavant, himdvant, Jtiranyagarbhdvanf ,
hiranyavant, kuidqanavant, hrdayavant, hdimavant, hemayajnopa-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 19
vltavant, hemaratnavant, hemavant, hdimasdugandhikavant, homa-
vant, hrdsdnvesanavant.
a with mant.
cdpasvamant, dkdramant, kdnvamant, jayamant, dhrtamant,
prdnamdnt, bhuvanamant, ydvamant, rusyamant, rdjamant, rupa-
mant, Idlamant, vajrakapdtamant, vibhavamant, mramant, gubhra-
mant, sdbhramant, siiryamant, svamant.
2. d with vant.
anjandvant, atisthdvant, anuvdkydvant, amardvant, arcdvant,
avidvisdvant, agandydvant, aqitdvant, dgvdvant, dgdvant, iddvant,
indrdvant, indriyavant, irdvant, wchuvant, istdvant, istakdvant,
udumbardvant, uttardvant, utpaldvant, urjdvant, urndvant, rtviyd-
vant, rghdvant, etdvant, omydvant, kaksydvant, kanakdvant, kanyd-
vant, karundvant, kdrnakdvant, kcddvant, kaqdvant, kigardvant,
kugdvant, kuhdvant, krpdvant, krgandvant, konkandvant, kriydvant,
kmddvant, ksdpdvant, ksapdvant, ksamdlingdtmaplddvant, ksamd-
vanty ksitiksamdvant, ksudhdvant, ksemdvant, gopdvant, godhdvant,
gndvant, ghantdvant, ghrndvant, cankramdvant, candandvant, can-
drdvant, campakdvant, campdvant, cetandvant, tintdvant, cipitikd-
vant, cuddvant, cestdvant, chdydvant, jatdvant, jaydvant, jardvant,
jdvant, jihvdvant, jrmbhdvant, jyotendvant, tarsydvant, tdmrdvant,
tdrdvant, tdvant, turagakriydvant, tuldvant, trsydvant, trapdvant,
tvardvant, tvdvant, dansdndvant, d&ksindvant, daydvant, daqdvant,
didrksdvant, durhdndvant, durgdvant, durvdvant, devdvant, dvdrd-
vant, dhdndvant, dhdrandvant, dhdrdvant, dhdrdvant, dhumdvant,
ndtimuddvant, ndbhidhdvant, nirdhdvant, nisthdvant, panddvant,
padmdvant, pardvant, pastyavant, pdfiMdvant, pdtcddvant, pdrdd-
vant, pidakdvant, pitrydvant, pipdsdvant, pippcddvant, purdvant,
puskardvant, pustdvant, p&spdvant, ptijdvant, posydvant, prajd-
vant, prajndvant, pratibhdvant, pratisthdvant, prcubhdvant. prasthd-
vant, prahdvant, prdnaddvant, priydvant, premdvant, preksdvant,
phandvant, barhdndvant, brahmdvant, bhangurdvant, bhadrdvant y
bhastrdvant, bhdvant, bhdrydvant, bhiksdvant, bhuriddvant, bhogd-
vant, maddvant, madirdvant, malaydvant, magakdvant, mahdprajd-
vant, mahimdvant, mdtrdvant, mdydvant, mdldvant, mdvant, mdhind-
2
20 THE SUFFIXES MAXT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
vant, muddvant, murchdvant, mrgdvant, mrjdvant, mrttikdvant,
mekhaldvant, medhdvant, mehdndvant, yavydvant, ydtumdvant, yd-
vant, yugavydvant, yuvdvant, yusmdvant, raksdvant, ratndvant,
rddhdvant, rujdvant, rocandvant, lajjdvant, lasandvant, lildvant,
loluydvant, vangdvant, vacandvant, vapdvant, vayavant, vayund-
vant, varandvant, vdtavant y visamjndvant, i-'ijdvant, vijiglsdvant,
vidydvant, ivbhdvant, vigvddevydvant, viqvdvant, visnusiddhdntatdd-
vani, vlndvant, vlrandvaid, vlrydvant, vrkkdvant, vrsnydvant, vetd-
vant, vetrdvant, vedandvant, vyathdvant, vrajydvant, vnddvant,
gatdvant (?), gardvant, garyandvant, qarkardvant, garpandvant,
galdkdvant, qavasdvant, gdldvant, giksdvant, gikhdvant, qltikdvant,
gundhdvant, gundvant, gubhrdvant, gepydvant, qobhdvant, $ydmd-
vanty $raddhdvant, grutdvant, samkhydvant, sacandvant, samjnd-
vant, sattdvant, satyatitikmvant, sabhdvant, samdvant, samadhika-
lajjdvant, sarvdvant, salildvant, sdhdvant, sahdvant, sahasdvant,
sddhyapramdnasamkhydvant, sdsndvant, sikatdvant, sidhrakdvant,
sttdmdvant, sutdvant, sukhdvant, sudhdvant, suprajdvant, surdvant,
susthdvant, siinftdvant, srkdvant, srgdvant, sairdvant, somdvant,
spardhdvant, sprhdvant, sphurjdvant, svadhdvant, hansdvant, hitd-
vant, himdvant, hemydvant, heldvant, hlddikdvant, hlddukdvant.
d with mant.
kruncdmant, drdksdmant, dhrdksdmant, bhdmant, vagdmant.
3. i with vant.
agnivdnty adrivant, dpivant, abhivdnt, arcivdnt, avantivant,
dhutivant, etivant, ehivant, ksetivant, caturagnivant, jaghnivant,
jdnivant, trivant, dddhivant, namovrktivant, pdtivant, pdrivant,
puramdhivant, pfqnivant, pratipatnivant, prativant, pratibuddhi-
vant, pr&ivant, brhaspativant, mativant, manthivant, muktivant,
rayivdnt, raqmivdnt, vajrivant, vahnivant, vivant, vyapagataraqmi-
vantj sdkhivant, saptarsivant, saptarsivant, samrddhivant, saras-
vativant, sudvant, stibhivant, hdrivant.
i with mant.
aksimant, agnimdnt, angavdkpdnimant, anjimdnt, atwaktimant,
anddimant, dpacitimant, abuddhimant, abdimdnt, abhaktimant,
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 21
abhipattimant, abhistimdnt, amurtimant, amrtabuddhimant, arani-
mant, arcimdnt, alimant, avadhimant, dvimant, amcimant, aqdni-
mant, aqrimant, aqvimant, asimdnt, astimant, astraksatimant, asthi-
mant, ahimant, dkrtimant, ddimant, dyatimant, drtimant, dsutimant,
itardaropakrtimant, isudhimant, icchdgaktimant, utpattimant, udani-
mdnt, unnatimant, upakrtimant, upapattimant, upabdimdnt, upa-
labdhimant, utimdnt, iirmimant, rddhimant, rstimdnt, kdntimant,
kirtimant, kulcsimant, kubjimant, krtimant, krmimant, kotimant,
ksatimant, ksdntimant, ksitivrttimant, ksdmimant, khamurtimant,
khydtimant, ganimant, gabhastimant, gatimant, gdlimant, gduri-
mant, granthimant, citimant, janimant, jdtimant, jutimdnt, jndti-
mant, jndnagaktimant, jyutimant, tustimant, trptimant, tvastrimant,
tvisimant, dandamtimant, dandimant, dalmimant, dldhitimant, dlpti-
vnant) drdhabhaktimant, drtimant, drstimant, dyutimant, dhunimant f
dhrtimant, dhvanimant, ndndmantrdughasiddhimant, ndndvesdkrti-
mant, nidhimdnt, nirvrtimant, nitimant, nyubjimant, patimant, pathi-
mantj parimant, parimitimant, pavimant, pagudhdnyadhanarddhi-
mant, pdnimant, punaruktimant, pulimant, pustimdnt, purnaqakti-
mant, prgnimant, prakrtimant, prajdtimant, pratipattimant, prafiti-
mant, pradiptimant, pravrttinivrttimant, pravrttimant, prdstimant,
prasiddhimant, prdnitnant, prdptimant, prdyagcittimant, pritimant f
balimdnt, bljasamhrtimant, buddhimant, brhaspatimant, bhaldi-
mant, bhangimant, bhavdntaraprdptimant, bhitimant, bhuktimant,
bhutimant, bhumimant, bhrstimdnt, bhrdntimant, manimant, mati-
ty marlcimant, maharddhimant, mahormimant, mahimant, mdrsi-
ty mdrstimant, muktimant, murtimant, mulavyasanavrttimant,
yajimant, yastimant, yuktimant, yogasiddhimant, yonimant, rakti-
mant, ratimant, rayimdnt, raqmimant, rdjimant, i*ustimant, romdn-
codgatarajimant, vadhrimant, varimdnt, vdrimant, valimant, valli-
manty vahnimant, vdjimant, vdrimant, vikrtimant, viksepagaktimant,
vibhutimant, viraktimant, viguddhimant, viqrdntimant, viqvamurti-
mantj vrttimant, vrddhimant, vrstimdnt, vfstiniant, vrsnimant, vedi-
mant, vydptimant, vyutpattimant, vyustimant, vnhimant, qaktimant,
gataghriipdqagaktimant, gabdddimant, qaramarlcimant, ganimant,
gdntimant, gikhandimant, girsaktimdnt, quktimant, quddhimant,
qduryddimant, grutimant, qrustimdnt, qrenimaiit, $r6nimant, sodaqi-
mant, sodaqimdnt, samvrtimant, samskdrddimant, samhdrabuddhi-
22 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
mant, samhrtimant, saktimant, sanjimant, sannimant, sanimdnt,
samtatimant, samdhimant, samnatimant, saptarsimant, samddhi-
mant, samadhiyogarddhitapovidydviraktimant, samrddhimant, sam-
pratipattimant, sampfitimant, sarvafahgrutimant, sdksimant, sdmad-
harmdrthariitimant, sasnadimant, sijimant, siddhimant, subuddhi-
mant, surabhimdnt, sutimant, suksmamatimant, srstimant, stutimant,
sthitimant, sthivimdnt, sthavimant, sthiilabuddhimant, sphatimdnt,
sphurtimant, smrtimant, svastimdnt, svapimant, harimant, hariheti-
mant, hastimant, hetimdnt, hemamaricimant.
4. i with vant.
akapivant, asthlvdnt, ahwant, dndivant, dsandivant, want,
urvarivant, rslvard, kaksivant, kapivant, kwant, kladwant, ghana-
kaplvant, ghfmvant, cakrwant, tdvislvant, trivativant, darivant,
dddimlvant, dydvdprthivivant, dhwant, nducakrwant, pdtnwant,
bhdraMvant, manwant, manthivant, munwant, ragmivdnt, laksmi-
vant, vanakapwant, vdjinwant, vdnwant, vdrddtivant, vrcwant,
vrjinivant, gdkfivant, qdelvant, $amlvant, giprinwant, gimwant, gucl-
vant, qrivant, gvasivant, sdptwant, sdrasvafivant, svddhifivant, hfsl-
vwni.
~\ with mant.
aqrimant, ulkusimant, osadhimant, jyotislmant, tdvisimant, tvasfi,-
mant, tvastrimant, tvfelmant, darlmant, dhlmant, dhrtijlmant, puri-
mant, bhlmant, rdjimant, valimant, va$imant, qrimant, stnmant,
hiranyavdglmant, hirlmant, hrlmant.
5. u with vant.
jdmbuvanty bandhuvant, bdhuvant, vdsuvant, vastuvant, i*isuvdnt }
vfenuvant, $ma$ruvant, sddhuvant, stanayitnuvant.
u with mant.
angumdnt, aptumdnt, apsumdnt, abhisumant, ambumant, dsu-
mant, dgumant, iksumant, indumant, isumant, upacdrumant, rtu-
mdnt, rbhumdnt, karenumant, karkandhumant, kaqerumant, ketu-
mdnty krdtumant, krldumdnt, ksumdnt, gavldhumant, gdtumdnt,
gurumant, cancumant, cdrumant, jantumant, jambumant, jivdtu-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 23
mant, tanumant, tantumant, tvastumant, tsarumant, ddnumant,
dyumdnt, drumant, dhdtumant, dhundhumant, dhenumdnt, nadanu-
mdnt, patumant, paramamanyumant, paraqumdnt, paqumdnt, pitu-
mdntj pllumant, prthumant, bdndhumant. bahumdnt, bindumant,
bhdnumdnt, bhrajathumant, maJcarakdumant, manjumant, mddhu-
mant, inantumant, manyumdnt, mrtyumant, ydtumdnt, renumant,
lumant, vdsumant, vdyumdnt, vibhumdnt, insnumant, venumant,
vepathumant, qankumant, qdrumant, qattksumant, giqumant, fitdngu-
mant, qubhavenutrivenumant, qrumant, gvayathumant, sddhumant,
sdnumant, susumdnt, sunumdnt, stanayitnumant, sthdnumant, hanu-
mant, haridrumant, harsumdnt, hetumant.
6. u with vant.
juhuvant, visuvdnt.
u with mant.
kacchumaifit, kandumant, kaqerumant, pargumant, prasumant,
bhumant, vadhumant, vasumant, vibhumdnt, hanumant.
7. r with vant.
nrvdnt, pitrvant.
r with mant.
abhrdtrmant, upadrastrmdnt, kartrmant, goptrmant, tvdstrmant,
duhitrmant, nrmant, netrmant, pitrmdnt, pitfmant, pranetrmant,
bhartrmant, bhrdtrmant, mdtrmdnt, samgrdvayitrmant, hotrmant.
8. e with vant.
revdnt.
9. o with vant.
angirovant, chandovant, tapovant, tamovant, tejovant, manovant,
medovant, yaqovant, rodhovant.
o with mant.
gdmant, cetomant, pulomant, yaqomant.
Thus with vowel-stems in Sanskrit vant observes the rule in
1519 cases out of 1585, or nearly 96 f , and mant in 355 out of
400, or nearly
24
THE SUFFIXES MAKT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT.
10. An investigation of the possessives in mant and vant
listed in Grassmann's Worterbuch zum Rig- Veda l and in Whit-
ney's Index Verborum to the Atharva-Veda shows Vedic adher-
ence to the rules suggested above in 8.
11. Following are the figures for stems with final vowel in
the Rig- Veda :
Final Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
54
2
2. a
68
3. i
10
19
4. 1
19
6
5. u
1
28
6. u
1
1
7. r
1
2
8. e
1
9. o
1
Total
155
59
The examples follow :
1. a with vant.
tokdvant, bhdgavant, maghdvant, vdjavant, yajndvant, grdbhana-
vant, mitravdrunavant, kdrnavant, matdvant, gatdvant, gatavant,
ghrtdvant, ksmtavant, stavdnt, hdstavant, rdthavant, apasthdvant,
1 To the list of mat's and vat's in the appendix, Verzeichniss der biegsamen
Worter, to Grassmann's Worterbuch should be added the following words which
appear in the body of the work :
pustavat
sacanavat
Mrimat
There are two misprints, apdsthdvat should be apasihavat and mldusmat should
be mldhusmat. jdvat (vin, 94, 5) is omitted in the body of the work as well as
in the above mentioned appendix, but is, however, added in the Nachtrilge, col.
1762. The vocative sahasdvan should be listed under vat instead of under van
(cf. avasavat and Chap, n, 9e, and note).
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 25
ddnavant, apidhdnavant, sinavant, vayunavant f rdtnavant, dnna-
vant, dyumndvant, apupdvant, puspavant, qaphdvant, dmavant,
himdvant, somavant, sutdsomavant, dhdrmavant, hiranyavant, mat-
sardvant, vdravant, virdvant, pdviravant, dpavlravant, tuvirdvant,
ddtravant, pavttravant, candrdvant, indravant, qipravant, sahdra-
vant, bdlavant, casdlavant, mlavant, devdvant, dgvavant, kfyavant,
isdvant, visdvant, rdsavant.
a with mant.
ydvamant, kdnvamant.
2. d with vant.
tfitikdvant, hladikdvant, fghavant, javant, prajdvant, suprajd-
vant, pustavant, iddvant, qaryandvant, barhdnavant, durhdndvant,
ddksindvant, urndvant, tavant, hitdvard, sutavant, etavant, sunftd-
vant, bhuriddvant, svadhdvant, vacandvant, sacandvant, krqand-
vant, dansdnavant, mehdndvant, dhdndvant, mdhindvant, vayfind-
vant, gndvant, vapdvant, ksdpdvant, Jcsapdvant, gopdvant, sabhd-
vant, vibhdvant, mdvant, slldmdvant, ydtumdvant, somdvdnt, yusmd-
vant, ydvant, vaydvant, mdydvant, rtviydvant, vfsnydvant, pastyd-
vant, hemydvant, omydvant, pitrydvant, viqvddevyavant, trsydvant,
posydvant, tarsydvant, irdvant, bhangurdvant, surdvant, indrdvant,
qubhrdvant, yuvdvant, devdvant, tvdvant, dqvdvant, kdqdvant, qavasd-
vant, sahasdvant, prahdvant, sdhdvant, sahdvant.
3. i with vant.
sdkhivant, arcivdnt, pdtivant, ptiramdhivant, jdnivant, agnivdnt,
rayivdnt, hdrivant, vajrivant, adrivant.
i with mant.
artimdnt, afijimdnt, prdstimant, abhistimdnt, pustimdnt, qrusti-
mdnt, rstimdnt, bhrstimdnt, vrstimdnt, svastimdnt, abdimdnt, nidhi-
mdnt, udanimdnty agdnimant, dhtinimant, rayimdnt, varimdnt, dvi-
mant, sthivimdnt.
4. I with vant.
want, kivant, qdcwant, vrcivant, asthlvdnt, qiprinwant, ghfrilvant,
26 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
sdrasvafivant, svddhttivant, gdkfivant, sdptivant, dhivant, vajiriivant,
pdtnivant, gimivant, tdvislvant, rsivant, hfsivant, kak&xmt.
I with mant.
dhrajlmant, hirimant, vaglmant, hiranyavafimant, tdvisimant,
tvisimant.
5. u with vant.
visnuvant.
u with mant.
krldumdnt, krdtumant, gatumdrd, yatumdnt, pitumant, ketumdnt,
mantumant, mddhumant, bdndhumant, nadanumdnt, ddnumant,
bhdnumdnt, sunumdnt, dhenumdnt, vibhumdnt, rbhumdnt, dyumdnt,
manyumd.nt, gdrumant, pagumdnt, paragumdnt, qiqumant, an$u-
mdnt, isumant, susumdnt, harsumdnt, ksumdnt, vdsumant.
6. u with vant.
visuvdnt.
u with mant.
vadhumant.
7. r with vant.
nrvdnt.
r with mant.
tvdstrmant, hdtrmant.
8. e with vant.
revdnt.
9. o with mant.
gomant.
Thus with vowel-stems in the Rig- Veda vant observes the
rule in 141 out of 155 cases, or in nearly 91 ^, and mant in 51
out of 59, or in
12. In the Atharva-Veda we find practically the same situa-
tion as in the Rig- Veda:
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAKT IN SANSKRIT.
27
Final Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before wmt
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
41
2. a
28
3. i
3
5 .
4. i
6
4
5. w
1
13
6. u
1
2
7. r
1
2
8. e
1
9. o
1
Total
82
27
The examples are :
1. a with vant.
punddrikavant, bhdgavant, maghdvant, mujavant, apdsthdvant,
ghrtdvant, dntavant, prdnaddvant, pddavant, prajdnanavant, dnna-
vantj dpavant, apupdvant, puspavant, dmavant, himdvant, loma-
vant, somavant, qusmavant, indriydvant, hiranyavant, dpatyavant,
dditydvant, avadydvant, viry&vant, suryavant, virdvant, pavlrdvant,
ksirdvant, rudrdvant, indravant, phdlavant, bdlavant, viqvddeva-
vant, dgvavant, svdvant, visdvant, anidriksavant, rdsavant, mdnsd-
vant, drapsdvant.
2. a with vant.
</itikdvant, hlddikdvant, prajdvant, vijdvant, istdvant, atisthdvant,
varandvant, ddksindvant, tdvant, sikatdvant, agitdvant, stinftdvant,
etdvant, prasthdvant, maddvant, svadhdvant, rocandvant, samdvant,
ydtumdvant, ydvant, priydvant, vrsnydvant, qepydvant, inrydvant,
uttardvant, irdvant, bhangurdvant, dgvdvant.
3. i with vant.
dddhivant, harivant, saptarsivant.
i with mant.
sphdtimdnt, jutimdnt, hetimdnt, agnimdnt, dvimant.
28 THE SUFFIXES MAKT AND VAKT IN SANSKEIT.
4. i with vant.
asthu'dnt, kladivant, vajinlvant, qimivant, dydvaprthivivant, kaksl-
vant.
i with mant.
dsadhlmant, jyotisimant, tvisimant, ulkusimant.
5. u with vant.
vdsuvant.
u with mant.
ydtumdnt, ketumdnt, mddhumant, vciyumdnt, dyumdnt, manyu-
mdnt, pilumant, aqumdnt, anqumdnt, isumant, ksumdnt, vdsumant,
bdhumdnt.
6. u with vant.
visuvdnt.
u with mant.
vadhumant, prasumant.
7. r with vant.
nrvdnt.
r with mant.
mdtrmdnt, pitfmant.
8. e with vant.
revdnt.
9. o with mant.
gomant.
Thus the Atharva-Veda follows the rule for vowel-stems in
75 cases out of 82 with vant, or in 91^, and in 23 out of 27
with mant, or in 85 <f c .
13. The only apparent general exception to the rules for
final vowel in Sanskrit is in the case of o, which takes vant 9
times and mant 4 times. In each of these nine words the o repre-
sents the original final -as of a noun in composition. A form
in -as-vant exists beside each form in -o-vant. This association of
the o with as explains the apparent violation of the rules. For
these 9 examples cf. Chap, n, 3.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
29
14. Next we shall compare in regard to words ending in a
consonant the degree of adherence to the rules in the earlier
literature with that in the later.
The following table lists each vowel that occurs before a final
consonant and indicates the number of words in which each
suffix is used after it thruout the entire literature.
Penultimate
Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
120
2
2. d
10
1
3. i
12
16
4. I
2
5. u
14
31
6. u
1
7. r
4
1
8. o
1
Total
163
52
The examples follow :
1. Penultimate a with vant.
aksanvdnt, dngirasvant, dnasvant, dnupadasvant, antdrvant,
dpnasvant, arnasvant, dvasvant, dvasvadvant, dgmanvant, asihan-
vdnt, dtmanvdnt, dsanvdnt, indrasvant, udanvdnt, iidhasvant, uras-
vctnt, urjasvant, ^nasvant, ojasvant, 6manvant ) kadvant, Jcdmvant,
gartanvdnt, cdrmanvant, chdndasvant, jagadvant, jdnadvant, jyayas-
vant, tadvant, tdpasvant, tdmasvant, tdrasvant, tdvasvant, tvagvant,
datvdnt, dadhanvdnt, damanvant, ddmanvant, duvasvant, drsadvant,
drdvinasvant, dhdyadvant, dhdndntarvant, dhdrdyadvant, dhvas-
manvant, nadvant, ndbhasvant, ndmasvant, naxvdnt, pdthanvant,
padvdnt, pdyasvant, paraqvant, pdrasvant, pajasvant, pivasvant,
punarvant, pusanvdnt, pfsadvant, pfyasvant, prdthasvant, prdyas-
vant, pravdtvant, balahanvant, biidhanvant, brhddvant, brdhman-
vant, bhdrgasvant, bhisagvant, bhiwadvant, bhrajasvant, majjan-
vdnt, madvant, mdnasvant, mahadvant, mdhasvant, mdnsanvdnt,
murdhanvdnt, medasvant, ydgasvant, yahvdnt, rdbhasvant, rdjan-
30 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
vant, rodhasvant, rumanvant, rknasvant, retasvant, romanvant,
vddhanvant, vdnanvant, vdyasvant, vdrcasvant, vdrmanvant, vinddt-
vant } vivakvdnt } 1 vivasvant, vivdsvant, vrsanvant, vetasvant, vydcas-
vanty t&jasvant, gdmvant, qarddvant, gdradvant, qdqvant, 2 glrsan-
vdnt, gvdinvant, samvant, sddvcint, sdrasvant, sdhasvant, sdmanvant,
suvarvant, sragvant, srotasvant, sv&rvant, hdrasvant, hiranvant,
hteasvant.
Penultimate a with mant.
tarasmant, dasmdnt.
2. Penultimate a with vant.
tanunapatvant, dasvanl, dvdrvant, pranabhdsvant, bhdsvant,
vdgvant, vdrvant, vibhdsvant, svarddvant, havyavddvant.
Penultimate a with mant.
vdnmant.
3. Penultimate i with vant.
agnicitvant, udagvitvant, kimvant, taditvant, plpisvant, bhidvant,
mdhisvant, qimidvant, samidvant, saritvant, sarpisvant, hdritvant.
Penultimate i with mant.
arcismant, uparistdjjyotismant, gudalinmant, chadismant, jyotis-
mant, tuvismant, diviimant, barhismant, mahdjyotismant, mahis-
mant, rocismant, qurismant, qocismant, sdrpismant, haritmant,
havismant.
4. Penultimate I with vant.
dfirvant, girvant.
5. Penultimate u with vant.
Itakudvant, kakubhvant, kumudvant, ksudvant, tristubvant, niytit-
vant, padmotpalakumudvant, punsvant, purudvant, marutvant, vid-
yutvant, vidyudvant, somasutvant, srugvant.
1 Grassmann et al. consider this word a primary derivative with vant. But
Whitney (Gram., 789d.) and Bartholomae (KZ. xxtx, 535) believe that it is
an anomalous perfect participle, vivakvant is however as good a derivative in
vant as is vivasvant. It may even be secondary.
"For two views of this word cf. Grassmann, Worterbuch, and Uhlenbeck,
Etymologisches Worterbuch der altindischcn Sprache.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
31
Penultimate u with mant.
dyusmant, kakudmant, kakwimant, kakummant, ksunmant,
mant, cdksusmant, cir dyusmant, dhanusmant, parisrtinmant, parus-
mant, plnakakudmant, pinayatakakudmant, purortinmant, marut-
mant, mahddhanusmant, midhusmant, ydjusmant, rukmant, rtin-
mant, vapusmant, vihutmant, vidusmant, vidyunmant, viprusmant,
vlrukmant, vlracaksusmant, sahasraksadhanusmant, *srugmant,
himanirjharaviprusmant, hutmant.
6. Penultimate u with vant.
dkiirvant.
7. Penultimate r with vant.
avftvant, fkvant, vipfkvant, vimrdvant.
Penultimate r with mant.
rgmant.
8. Penultimate o with mant.
dosmant.
Thus in the entire literature vant follows the rule after conso-
nants in 132 cases out of 163, or in 81 ft of the words, mant
follows the rule in 49 cases out of 52, or in
15. The Rig- and Atharva-Vedas exhibit at least as close
an adherence to the rules for mant and vant with words ending
in a consonant as they do to those for words ending in a vowel.
The following table gives the figures for Rig- Veda.
Penultimate
Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
55
1
2. a
2
3. i
3
7
4. I
1
5. u
2
7
6. u
7. r
3
8. o
Total
66
15
32 THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
The words in Rig- Veda are :
1. Penultimate a with vant.
vivakvant, romdnvant, vdrmanvant, pusanvdnt, vfsanvant, aksan-
vdnt, datvdnt, pravdtvant, padvdnt, garddvant, pfsadvant, asthan-
vdnt, udanvdnt, dadhanvdnt, vdnanvant, ddmanvant, omanvant,
dtmanvdnt, dgmanvant, dhvasmanvdnt, antdrvant, svarvant, qdgvant,
vydcasvant, pdjasvant, ojasvant, urjasvant, drdvinasvant, reknas-
vant, rodhasvant, dnasvant, mdnasvant, 6nasvant, dpnasvant, tdpas-
vant, ndbhasvant, rdbhasvant, ndmasvant, pdyasvant, prdyasvant,
vdyasvant, pdrasvant, sdrasvant. hdrasvant, dngirasvant, indras-
vant, tdvasvant, 1 vivasvant, vivdsvant, pivasvant, yd^asvant, hesct-
vant, mdhasvant, sdhasvant, yahvdnt.
Penultimate a with mant.
dasmdnt.
2. Penultimate a with vant.
ddsvant, bhdsvant.
3. Penultimate i with vant.
hdritvant, pipisvant, mdhisvant.
Penultimate i with mant.
divitmant, qucismant, gotismant, jyotismant, havismant, tuvismant,
barhismant.
4. Penultimate I with vant.
afirvant.
5. Penultimate u with vant.
niyutvant, martitvant.
Penultimate u with mant.
virukmant, garutmant, vihiitmant, kakudmant, vidyunmant, mld-
husmant, cdksusmant.
'Grassraann (WB., s. v.) derives tdvasvant "von tavds oder einem vorauszu-
setzenden tavas." But there is no necessity for assuming a stem tavas. tavds is
very common in the Veda and the accent may easily have been changed by
analogy. Of the 31 possessives in as-vant in EV. 30 are accented on the first
syllable, and the single exception, vivasvant, has beside it vivasvant.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAST IN SANSKRIT.
33
7. Penultimate r with vant.
fkvant, vipfkvant, dvftvant.
The above figures show that in the Rig- Veda vant observes the
rules after consonants in 58 cases and violates them in 8, thus
following the rules in 88^ of the words. Two of these excep-
tions are in doubt as to their being possessives in vant, viz.
pipisvant 1 and mdhisvant (cf. note, 19).
mant follows the rules in 14 out of 15 cases, or in 93 f . The
single exception is dasmdnt, a more or less problematic a-Traf
\eyopevov (RV. I, 74, 4).
16. The Atharva-Veda exhibits a stricter observance of the
rules than even Rig- Veda.
The figures for each suffix are :
Penultimate
Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
39
2. a
3. i
2
4. I
5. u
1
3
6. u
7. r
8. o
Total
40
5
The words are listed below.
1 pipisvant, a &ira \eyt>/j.evov (RV. I, 168, 7). This word has long been a
crux. The Petersburg Lexicon, followed by Monier- Williams, makes no comment
on pipisvant except to say that it is derived from the \/pi ( =p^). Grassmann
adds that it is the desiderative of this root. Benfey (Grammati/c, p. 170) says
that pipisvant is perhaps an anomalous perfect active participle. Whitney ( Gram-
mar, 1223 g. ) classes pipisvant among words with which vant has the aspect of
forming primary derivatives, but adds a (?) after the word. Sayana connects the
word with \/pis, ' to crush.' pipisvant is the only derivative with vant which
may be said with any great degree of certainty to be primary.
34 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
1. Penultimate a with vant.
brdhmanvant, aksanvdnt, girsanvdnt, datvdnt, padvdnt, asthan-
vdnt, udanvdnt, dtmanvdnt, dgmanvant, gcanvant, dsanvdnt, antdr-
vantj svarvant, qdqvant, bhdrgasvant, vydcasvant, vdrcasvant, tejas-
vant, ojasvant, urjasvant, dnupadasvant, m&dasvant, nasvdnt, dnas-
vant, tdpasvant, ndbhasvant, tamasvant, ndmasvant, pdyasvant,
jyayasvant, pdrasvant, sdrasvant, hdrasvant, dvasvant, vwasvant,
vivdsvant, ydqasvant, mdhasvant, sdhasvant.
3. Penultimate i with mant.
jyotismant, havismant.
5. Penultimate u with vant.
marvtvant.
Penultimate u with mant.
gartitmant, dyusmant, cdksusmant.
Thus martitvant, an obviously hieratic archaism, is the only
violation of the rules for either suffix among the 45 possessives
in Atharva-Veda whose stems end in a consonant.
17. From the above comparisons the conclusion will be
reached that, while the distinction of usage between mant and
vant was to a degree weakened in very early times, and while this
confusion between the suffixes increased and spread by a kind of
see-saw analogy, still the Hindus never to a very appreciable
extent lost from their linguistic consciousness the feeling that
vant belonged especially to the a-vowels and mant to the u-
vowels, even when those vowels were protected by consonants.
The allegiance between the suffixes and the other vowels was
not so constant. In earliest times vant claimed all except the
li-vowels. Later mant took all non-a vowels from vant except I
until finally there was a strong tendency to assign a and a to
vant and all other vowels to mant.
The historical process may be sketched thus :
1. Indo-Iranian and Avestan : final or penultimate u, u took
mant ; the other vowels, vant.
2. Vedic : final or penultimate a, a, I took vant ; the other
vowels, mant.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKEIT.
35
3. Classical Sanskrit tendency to use vant with a or a and
mant with the other vowels.
We find in the Veda that i and I, for example, show a decidedly
stronger leaning toward vant than in the literature as a whole.
The Veda apparently represents a period of transition from the
usage of Indo-Iranian, as preserved by the Avestan, to the usage
of classical Sanskrit. The Indo-Iranian rule doubtless required
mant after final or penultimate u, u, and vant after all other
vowels, but beginning even before the Vedas there is a tendency
toward restricting vant to a and d and leaving the remaining
vowels to mant. At this point the possibility suggests itself that
vant was the original suffix and that mant was used in its stead
after u or u for the purpose of dissimilation. The great frequency
of occurrence of the a-vowels as compared with that of the other
vowels may easily have tended toward the custom of limiting the
use of vant to them. According to Whitney's table (Grammar,
75) a and d are nearly twice as common in Sanskrit as all other
vowels and diphthongs together, or, more accurately, as 27.97 to
15.55.
The transition from 1 to 3 (above) may, perhaps, be best
illustrated by the statistics for i and I in the Rig- and Atharva-
Vedas as compared on the one side with Avestan and on the
other with Sanskrit (exclusive of the two Vedas).
Avestan
EV.
AV.
Sanskrit
Final i-mant
1
19
5
217
" l- "
1
6
4
11
Penultimate i-mant
7
2
7
(( i_ a
Totals
2
32
11
235
Final i-vant
20
10
3
29
I-
19
6
22
Penultimate i-vant
9
3
9
" l- "
1
1
1
Totals
30
33
9
61
36 THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
It is evident that i and I have gradually gone over from vant
to mant. In the Avesta mant is used with i, I only twice out of
32 examples, or only a little more than 6 ft, whereas in classical
Sanskrit mant is used 235 times out of a total of 296, or nearly
80%. In RV. and AV., however, mant and vant are about
evenly divided after i f I (mant 43, vant 42). As might be
expected, RV. stands closer to the Indo-Iranian usage than does
AV. 1
18. Given two suffixes so similar in form and signification
existing side by side thruout the entire written history of a lan-
guage, it will cause no surprise to find that each one has frequently
gone over into the other's territory and appropriated its functions.
There is indeed occasion for surprise that one of the suffixes did
not at some period of the language absorb the other, or at least
that one of them did not pass away from its original sphere of
use into some other field of function or meaning not already so
thoroly preempted.
The immediate occasions for the encroachment of the suffixes
upon each other are in a general way not difficult to determine.
Some of them are, broadly :
1. The existence of two forms of the same word which require
1 Wackernagel ( KZ. xiJii, 277) makes a rule for the Avesta and for Indo-
Iranian that mant is used with stems in M, us, and ao, and vant with all other stems.
For the Avesta alone this rule holds very well. But, especially in the light of
the Veda, it seems to me to be evident that, both in Indo-Iranian and Avestan,
only the last vowel in the stem is the determinative factor as to which suffix
follows it. Wackernagel makes a point of the fact that mant follows us, but vant
follows is, ah, &c. But it must be noticed that in Avestan, whatever the final
consonant may be, vant is always (58 cases) used with a stem in which the penulti-
mate vowel is a non-u vowel. The Veda looks in the same direction. Of the 9
examples of penultimate u in RV. 2 have vant and 7 have mant. Of these 7 only
2 are stems ending in -us. Beside mldhusmant, caksusmant we find virukmant,
garutmant, vihiitmant, kakudmant, vidyunmant. AV. has garutmant as well as
ayuymant and cdkxusmant. I cannot avoid the conclusion that the final consonant
of the stem has no influence on the form of the suffix but that the preceding
vowel determines which suffix is to be used, regardless of the consonant. Avestan
ao is Indo-Iranian au. With these modifications Wackernagel' s rule for Avestan
and Indo-Iranian is then equivalent to mine above that final or penultimate u,
u took mant and the remaining vowels vant. Cf. 21.
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 37
different suffixes. The more common one of the two will attract
the suffix of the other into agreement with its own suffix.
Examples are :
f&jasvant, tejovant.
dhrtimant, dhrtamant.
jdmbavant, jdmbuvant.
2. Assonance of a word or line, alliteration or dissimilation
may demand one suffix or the other in violation of the gram-
matical rules. Possible examples are :
kdnvamant. The mant may be due, as Schulze suggests (KZ.
xxxix, 612), to disinclination against two successive ra's, but
the weight of evidence of other words is decidedly against such
an explanation (cf. under ydvamant, 5, below). The word is a
aira^ \ey6fjbevov, and there is a bare possibility that mant was
used for the sake of m-alliteration.
The text is RV. vm, 2, 22 :
a in sinca kdnvamantam nd ghd vidma cavasdndt
yacdstaram catdmiiteh.
marutvant. vant was perhaps used for the sake of dissimilation
from the initial ra ; cf. garutmant. (Cf. also vdnmant, vibhava-
mant, mramant, etc.)
3. Wrong readings. Many exceptions to the rules exist in
only a single example, or in unauthoritative literature, and are
frequently due to wrong or doubtful readings of the text.
Some such examples are :
riipamati, name of a queen. Found only in a Nepal inscrip-
tion (cf. Indian Antiquary, ix, 188. 9loka 7).
rdjamatl was the name of another wife of the same king as
jRupamatl, above. Cf. the same inscription, Indian Antiquary,
ix, 188, 189. This word is quoted neither in the Petersburg
Lexicon nor in Momer-Williams' Dictionary.
cubhramati, name of a river. Probably a wrong reading for
cabhravati, which is also the name of a river. Cf. Lassen's
Indische Alterthumskunde, n, 802.
38 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
stanayitnuvant is a wrong reading for stanayitnumant in the
Calcutta edition of the Mahabharata, 6, 731.
tarasmant is in the Harivanca (i, 7, 87) a varia lectio for the
familiar tdrasvant. It does not appear elsewhere.
dasmdnt, a problematic a-Traf \e^6^evov (RV. I, 74, 4).
akdramant is found only in the Raja-Taranginl. dkdravant
occurs in the Katha-sarit-sagara and elsewhere.
dhrtamati, name of a river, makes its only appearance in the
Visnu-Pura a, 184. The Petersburg Lexicon calls it a "falsche
Form fur dhrtimafi." The latter is the name of a river in the
Mahabharata.
suryamafi occurs only as the name of a princess in the Raja-
Tarangini (7, 152 and 179). suryavant is common from the
Veda on, and suryavafi is the name of a princess in the Vasava-
datta.
prdnamdnt appears only in the Maitrayani-Samhita (1, 6, 12),
whereas prdnavant, the normal form, is found in Katyayana-
Qrauta-Sutra, Qakuntala, Harivaii9a, and Su9ruta-Samhita.
lalamafi is quotable only for a Nepal inscription where it is the
name of a queen. Cf. Indian Antiquary, ix, 185 (Petersburg
Lexicon wrongly has 158), yloka 9. This word is, doubtless, like
Idlavant derived from laid. The latter possessive appears in
Su9ruta-Samhita.
4. The tendency to use vant instead of mant in the meaning
" containing the root or word " (cf. Chap, in, 3).
The examples of vant in this sense with z-stems may be con-
sidered violations of the existing phonetic rules instead of sur-
vivals from the time when i properly took vant. The very
meaning of the words indicates that they belong to the post-Vedic
period when mant had replaced vant after i.
Some examples are :
hdrivant, ' containing the word hari ' ; cf. harimant.
trivant, 'containing the word tri*.
bhidvant, ' containing the y bhid '.
pretivant, ' containing the word preti '.
vivant, ' containing the word vi\
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 39
ehivant, 'containing the word ehi'.
abhivant, ' containing the word abhi'.
vahnivant, ' containing the word vahni' cf. the normal form
with normal meaning, vahnimant, ' containing fire '.
jaghnivant, l containing an intensive form of j/ han '.
namovrktivant, l containing the word namovrkti '.
parivant, ' containing the word pari '.
etivant, ' containing a form of the j/i (etiy.
5. The whole broad sweep of analogy with all its possibilities
of chance resemblance and remote suggestion, so easy in its
operation and so difficult in the tracing thereof. A couple
examples follow :
ydvamant. Schulze (KZ. xxxix, 612) thinks that mant was
used instead of vant in order to avoid the cacophony of vava.
The same may be said of kdnvamant, vibhavamant and alpasva-
mant, but these exhaust the list. On the other hand the number
of words in which vavant is found is large. Besides devdvant,
which Schulze mentions, are dgvavant (also in RV.), gduravavant,
javavant, jlvavant, tattvavant, pakvavant, parvavant, purvavant,
plavavant, bhavavant, lavavant, vibhavavant, viqvavant, sattvavant,
sarvavant, svatvavant, svdvant, havavant. In such cases, Schulze
thinks, analogy has been stronger than euphony. Or, he enquires,
could the cacophony have been considered more objectionable in
unaccented vava than in accented vdva? Thus ydvamant, Jcdnva-
mant y but devdvant. Against this suggestion stand dgvavant,
vigvddevavant, vigvavant.
ydvamant, ' containing barley/ ' abundance of grain,' very
probably takes mant thru the influence of other words expressing
possession of wealth, such as gomant, paqumdnt, vdsumant, rdyi-
mant, pustimdnt, all of which are good Rig-Vedic words, ydva-
mant is found four times in Rig-Veda and in three of them is in
immediate connection with such words. The phrase gomad ydva-
mat is found twice and ydvamad gomat once.
The passages are :
RV. vin, 93, 3.
sd na indrah givdh sdkhagvavad gomad ydvamat
urudhdreva dohate
40 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
RV. IX, 69, 8.
a nah pavasva vdsumad dhiranyavad
dqvdvad gomad ydvamat suviryam
yuydm hi soma pitdro mdma sthdna
divo murdhdnah prdsthitd vayaskftah
RV. x, 42, 7.
drdc chdtrum dpa bddhasva durdm
ugro ydh gdmbah puruhuta tena
asme dhehi ydvamad gomad indra
krdhi dhiyam jaritr& vdjaratndm
The fourth passage is
RV. x, 131, 2.
kuvid angd ydvamanto ydvam aid
ydthd ddnty anupurvdm viyuya
ihehdisdm krnuhi bhojandni
y& barhiso ndmovrJdim ndjagmiih
Here the ydvam has doubtless operated with regressive verbal
assimilation upon the preceding ydvamantas resulting in the form
with mant instead of a form with vant.
visnuvant occurs only once in Rig- Veda (vin, 35, 14). In this
passage it stands between dngirasvant and maridvant. The former
adds its suffix regularly and is a good Vedic word. The latter,
while it adds its suffix irregularly, is a very widely used word,
appearing in Rig- Veda alone 40 times. In all three words vant
expresses accompaniment, and it was probably the influence of the
two other possessives which caused the word visnu to take the
suffix vant in this one passage. 1 The text reads
dngirasvantd utd
vfanuvantd mariitvantd
jarittir gachatho hdvam
sayosasd usdsd suryena cdditydir
19. In Sanskrit 55 words are at one time or another found
1 Wackernagel ( KZ. XLIII, 280) makes a similar suggestion.
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 41
with both mant and vant. 15 of these appear either in RV. or
AV. with one suffix or the other and 4 appear with both suffixes.
The remaining 40 instances belong almost entirely to classical
Sanskrit.
The Vedic examples are :
arcimdnt (RV.) beside arcivdnt (RV.)
agnimdnt (AV.) " agnivdnt (RV.)
mahismant " mdhisvant (RV.) 1
marutmant " marutvant (RV., AV.)
patimaM " pdtivatl (RV.)
janimant " jdnivant (RV.)
haritmant " hdritvant (RV.) 2
dhimant " dhivant (RV.)
visnumant " visnuvant (RV.) cf. 18-5.
tdvislmant (RV.) " tdvisivant (RV.)
harimant " hdrivant (RV., AV.)
gafdimant " gdktivant (RV.)
rayimdnt (RV.) " rayivdnt (RV.) 3
1 This word is a tfira \ey6/j.vov (RV. vii, 68, 5). Its form is mafasrantarn.
Grassmann makes it a possessive in zrani from mafa's ( -j/ I. maA) . Monier-Wil-
liams (Diet., s. v. ) makes the word an accusative of mdhisvanta which he ques-
tioningly derives from mahis (j/ I. mah). Monier- Williams (loc. cit.) follows
the Petersburg Lexicon in considering mahisa the base of mahismant. I follow
Whitney ( 1233e., 1235f.) in deriving both words from mahi with an inserted
s (as in indrasvant). Cf. Chap. II, 9.
a haritvant, 'gold-colored,' (a <5bra| \ey6fjievov, RV. x, 112, 3) has heretofore
been derived from harit, id. But if that were the case we would expect the accent
to be thrown forward upon the suffix, and we should have *haritvdnt (cf. Whit-
ney, Grammar, 1233a. ). It is much more likely that hdritvant is derived from
hdrita, with loss of final stem-vowel (cf. Chap, n, 6). hdritais common in RV.
and has the same meaning as harit. The accents of hdrita and hdritvant agree
perfectly.
3 revdnt (Avestan raevant), according to the assumption of the Petersburg
Lexicon, is a contraction of rayivdnt. With this view agree Grassmann, Bar-
tholomae and Monier- Williams. It is, nevertheless, open to question. Rig-
Veda uses revdnt 58 times, rayivdnt four times and the elsewhere more common
form rayimdnt twice. It is worthy of mention that three of these four instances
of rayivdnl occur in the sixth book (vi, 6, 7; VI, 44, 1 ; VI, 68, 5). The other
case is I, 129, 7. For Atharva-Veda revdnt is quotable 9 times, but rayivdnt and
rayimdnt do not appear.
42
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
nrmant besides nrvdnt (KV., AV.)
rgmant " fkvant
20. Following are the other words
that are at any time
found with both mant and vant, making 55
such words in all.
dkdra
bandhu
uddn (cf. Chap, n, 9f.)
bdhu
kakud
brhaspati
ksudh 1
bhd
jaya
mani 2
tdras
mati
darl
mukti
dhrta
yagas 3
pitf
ragmi
prpii
rdjan
prdna
rupa
vasu
Idla
vahni
sdmrddhi
saptarsi
sarpis 4
vac 5
sddhu
vidyut 6
sdbhra
vibhava
surya
mra
stanayitnu
?ubhra (cf. Chap. 11, 4)
sruc 7
21. The operation of the rules governing the use of the
suffixes after final consonants is well illustrated by the figures for
s and s in the table of 3. It will be seen that after final s mant
is nearly always used (28 out of 31 cases), and that after final s
vant is customary (57 out of 59 cases). The explanation of
1 kqudvant, ksunmant.
'manimant, manlrati (cf. Chap, n, 4).
s ydfasvant, ycqovant, yafomali.
4 sdrpismant, sarpkvant.
5 vagvant, vdnmant.
6 vidyutvant, vidyudvant, vidytinmant.
1 srdugmata, nom. prop., srugvant.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 43
course is that both finals were originally a, and that in the first
case the s was changed to s by the influence of the "alterant"
(cf. Whitney, 180c.) vowels (usually i or it) which preceded it
and which, according to the rule, demanded the mant suffix. In
the latter case the s was retained because preceded by a or a, and
vant was employed for the same reason (cf. Whitney, Gram/mar,
180 and 184b.).
CHAPTER II.
SAMDHI.
1. As Whitney points out (Grammar, Hid., 1233L,
1235f.), while possessive mant and vant are usually added to
noun-stems according to the rules of internal combination, they
very frequently, especially in the later language, follow the rules
of external combination. This latter fact is of course due to the
native conception of these suffixes as more or less independent
entities of fixed and well-known value, and consequently of their
right to be treated somewhat after the manner of final elements
of compounds.
2. The usual rules of internal combination are followed.
Thus:
aksanvant < aksan,
pusanvant < pusan,
brdhmanvant < brahman,
dyusmant < dyus,
cdksusmant < caksus,
kdmvant < kam,
qdmvant < gam (Qatapatha-Brahmana and Katyayana-Qrauta-
Sutra have kdmvant and qdmvant. Cf. Whit-
ney, Gram., 212b.),
kimvant < 1dm.
3. In the following words the suffixes are added to the stem
44 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
according to the rules of external combination. Some of these
cases are found even in the Veda, but they become much more
numerous in the later literature.
angirovant (cf. dngirasvant},
cetomant < cetas,
chandovatl (cf. clidndasvanf),
tapovant (cf. tdpasvant, with different meaning),
tamovant (cf. tdmasvant, with same meaning),
tejovant (cf. t&jasvant),
manovatl < manas,
medovafi (cf. medasvati),
yagomatl (cf. next and yd$asvan(),
yagovant (cf. preceding and ydgasvanf),
rodhovatl (cf. r6dhasvant\
fkvant < re (cf. next),
rgmant < re, (cf. preceding),
rukmant < ntc,
runmant < id.,
vdgvant < vac,
vanmatl < id.,
srugvant < snc,
*srugmant < id. (sraugmata, nom. prop.),
tvagvant < toac,
purorunmant < puroruc,
svarddvant,
havyavddvant,
vimrdvant < vimrdh,
virukmant < vzVwc,
bhisagvant < bhisaj,
sragvant < srq/,
dvasvadvant < avasvat (avasvanfy,
jagadvant < jagat,
jdnadvant < jdnat,
dhdyadvant < dhayati (cf. 6),
dhdrdyadvant < dhdrayat,
pfsadvant < pfsat,
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 45
brhddvant < brhat,
bhuvadvant < bhuvat,
mahadvant < mahat,
sadvant < sat,
vidyudvant (" wrong reading " Mon.-Wms., cf. vidyutvanfy,
vidytinmant (" with irregular assimilation of t " Whitney,
Gram., 1235b.),
parisrunmant < parisrut,
kaktinmant (cf. kaktidmant),
ksudvant < ksudh,
ksunmant < id.,
samidvant < samidh,
tristubvant < tristubh,
kakummatl (cf. kakubhvanfy,
gudalinmant < gudalih.
In KV. x, 106, 5 Grassraann boldly substitutes a form of
$dtavant for " das unverstandliche qatapanta " of the text. This
gdtavant, if it existed, would then be a derivative of gdta, a vrddhi
form of qata which is found only in composition, and would be
equivalent to gatdvant.
Whitney (Gram., 1233i.) includes agwvant in his list of
examples of external combination. He must then consider the
word derived from a form ending in s (cf. Whitney, 174) ;
probably not however from agis, ( prayer ', ' blessing ', which
appears in composition as aglr, for in 1233c. he translates the
possessive 'mixed with milk'. But dqirvant is beyond doubt
derived from a$ir, <a warm mixture', especially, 'the milk which
is mixed with the soma juice ', and is so considered by Grassmann
and Monier- Williams. The possessive occurs twice in Rig- Veda,
both times in agreement with soma. For an explanation of the
long I notice Whitney, Gram., 39 2b. and c., and glrvant, < gir.
4. Diastole. Aside from the changes of final consonants
usual to internal and external combination, stems frequently
undergo other alterations before the possessive suffixes. One of
these is lengthening of the final stem-vowel. (Cf. Panini, vi, 3 :
119, 120, 131; Whitney, 247, 517; Wackernagel, vol. i,
46 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
41, 42, 264 ff., vol. II, 56, the last mentioned grammar
especially for further references.)
This lengthening is very common, occurring in considerably
over 100 words. The list would probably be much increased if
in a number of cases it were possible to determine with certainty
whether the possessive was derived from a feminine stem or from
a masculine stem with the final vowel lengthened.
Panini (vi, 3, 119) formulates a rule that before the suffix
mant (or vanf) the final vowel of a more than two-syllabled word
is lengthened in a proper name, and in many other cases in the
Veda (vi, 3, 131). This prolongation however is simply that
which is common in the Veda to the final vowel of any first
member of a compound, but which is largely restricted to the
lengthening of final a before v (cf. Whitney, 247 ; Wackernagel,
vol. i, 41, 42, 264 ff., vol. n, 56a.). With this lengthening
that of the stems before the possessive suffixes agrees closely.
These possessives are frequently considered and treated as com-
pounds (cf. 1 and 3). Moreover, in 98 out of 127 cases the
lengthening of final vowel is restricted to that of a before v. In
many of the examples however the lengthening follows the loss
of a final n (cf. 7).
Out of these 127 cases of lengthening 99 are of a, 22 of i, and
6 of u. They are thus divided between the suffixes :
a before vant 98, before mant 1 ;
i " " 18, " "4;
u " " 1, " " 5.
(Cf. Whitney's statement, 1233b., 1235a., d.) The final vowel
is lengthened before mant only half as frequently as would be
expected from the relative number of mant and vant suffixes.
Panini considers this a Vedic lengthening and Whitney is
satisfied to say, "A final vowel . . . is in many words lengthened
in the older language." It is true that the origin and the home of
this lengthening is in the Veda, but both grammarians apparently
fail to realise the extent of the phenomenon in the later language.
Out of the 127 words listed below 73 are found neither in Rig-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKBIT. 47
Veda nor in Atharva- Veda, while 35 are found in Rig- Veda, 9
in Atharva- Veda, and 10 in both Vedas.
This prolongation of the final stem-vowel seems to have been
favored by the feminine form of the suffix. In 46 cases out of
the 127 below of lengthened stem- vowel the possessive is found
only in the feminine (i. e. mail, vati), whereas out of 127 posses-
sives in mant and vant selected at random only 7 were found to
be used in the feminine only. These figures indicate a decided
tendency on the part of the final vowel of the stem to lengthen
when it is followed by the feminine form of the suffix. 1 It was
doubtless this fact which resulted in the mechanical rule of
Panini quoted above, viz. that the final vowel ... of a word is
lengthened in a proper name, for, with but very few exceptions
(such as garbhavatl, udhasvati), all words which have only the
feminine form of the suffixes are proper names. Professor Bloom-
field suggests, with much plausibility, that the explanation of the
large proportion of feminine possessives with lengthened final
vowel of the primitive is to be found in an effort to put the
original stem into word-rhythm with the suffix, matt, vati.
Examples of the lengthening of the final vowel of the stem
before mant and vant follow :
manthivant < manikin (cf. manthivanf),
anjandvafl,
amardvati (cf. Panini, VI, 3, 119),
a^itdvant, AV. (Padap. has &),
dgvavant (cf. dqvavant and Panini, vi, 3, 131. See also Uhlen-
beck, WJS. t s. v. dpvdvant),
asthlvdnt (cf. Panini, vin, 2, 12),
Jcaplvant, 2 nom. prop. (cf. Panini, vni, 2, 11),
istdvant,
indrdvant (cf. indravant and indrasvanf),
1 For further evidence of this lengthening and for a number of examples see
note to dhumdvatl, below.
1 The right of this word to stand here depends upon whether or not this gentle-
man restricted his collection of monkeys to females. The fact however that
kaplvant is also the name of a river would indicate that the word belongs in this
list.
48 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
indriydvant (cf. indriydvant and Panini, vi, 3, 131),
rtviyavant (cf. rtviyavant^ 1
r&ivant,
udumbaravaM (cf. Panini, vi, 3, 119),
uttaravant,
utpaldvati,
osadhimantj
kanakdvafi (cf. kanakavati),
kagerumant (cf. Jcagerumanfy,
kugdvafi, (cf. kuqavant),
krgandvant,
kruilcdmani,
ksemdvatl (cf. ksemavant),
ghfnivant,
candrdvafi,,
campakdvatl (cf. campakavati),
jaydvaR (cf. jayavant and jayamant),
jrmbhdvant,
tdmrdvati,
tvisimant (cf. tvisimant),
durgavati,
devdvant (cf. devdvanf),
dvdrdvatl (cf. dvdravati),
dhumdvafa (cf. dhumavanfy, 2
1 This word belongs here if, as the Petersburg Lexicon, Grassmann and Monier-
Williams think, it comes from rtviya, a Kig-Vedic adjective meaning ' in proper
time,' 'regular.' In this case there would be no change of meaning when the
suffix is added and the possessive would belong to Class 4 (Chap, in, 4). But it
is possible that rtviyavant is derived from the Atharva-Vedic noun rtviyd, 'a
woman in her courses.' It would then belong to Class 16 (Chap, in, 16), and
would mean 'like a woman in her courses,' i. e., 'regular,' 'in proper time.'
2 This word is evidence of the tendency of the final vowel of the primitive to
lengthen before the feminine form of the suffix, in that the possessive stem from
which the feminine is derived retains its vowel unlengthened. Other such exam-
ples are: kufdvati (ku$avani), ksemdvatl (kxemavant), padmdvatl (padmavant),
prasthdvati (prasthavant), premdvati (premavant), brahmdvatl (brahmavant) , bhad-
rdvatl (bhadravant) , ratndvati (ratnavant), vasumatl (rasumant, vasurant), vetrdvati
(vetravant), fardvati (qaravant), ^rutdvatl (yutavant), salildvatl (salilavant) , somdvatl
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 49
dhrdjimant,
nirdhdvant (varia lectio for nirdhavavanfy,
padmdvati (cf. padmavanf),
pardvant (cf. paravanfy,
pargumant,
pidakdvant,
pdrddvantj
pdtaldvatl,
pitrydvant,
pippaldvafi,,
purdvatl,
puskar avail (cf. Panini, vi, 3, 119)
pustdvant,
puspdvant (cf. ptispavanfy,
posydvant,
prasthdvafi (cf. prasthavanfy,
premdvatl < preman (cf. premavanf),
phandvant (cf. phanavanf),
barhdndvant,
brahmdvafi (cf. brahmavant and brdhmanvanC),
bhanguravant (RY. vn, 104, 7, &c. Pad. bhangurdvant),
bhadrdvatl (cf. bhadravanf),
mahimdvant < maMman, 1
maddvant,
malaydvatl (cf. malayavafi),
magakdvatt (cf. Panini, vi, 3, 119),
(somavant), hansdvati (hansavant), himdvatl (himavant), manivatl (manimant),
ahlvati (ahimant), bhogdvatl (bhogavdnt). Of course in many of these cases femi-
nines are made also from the possessives with unlengthened final stem-vowel, but
in all the above examples the vowel is lengthened only before the feminine form
of the suffix, and not before the masculine or neuter.
1 Whitney (Gram., 1233e.) considers this word an example of the insertion
of a between stem and suffix. In that case he is certainly justified in calling the
word "odd." Monier- Williams derives the possessive from *mahimd which he
makes a feminine = mahiman and translates then 'greatness.' But there is no
justification for assuming mahimd as a separate feminine noun. It is simply
mahiman, with n dropped and a lengthened in composition, which is the only
position in which the form mahimd is found. And this is what we have in
mahimdvant.
50 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
mdhindvant,
munlvatl (cf. Panini, vm, 2, 11),
mrgavatl (cf. mrgavafi),
sacandvant,
samdvant,
yavydvatly
ratndvatl (cf. rdtnavani),
raqmlvdnt (cf. ragmivant and ragmimant),
lasandvati,
vangdvati (cf. Panini, vi, 3, 120),
vacandvant,
vanakapivant,
vaytindvant (cf. vayunavant'),
varandvati,
vasumati (cf. vdsumant and vdsuvant),
vdtdvant (cf. vdtavanf),
vibhumdnt (cf. vibhumdnf),
vigvddevydvant (cf. Panini, VI, 3, 131),
wfyavani (cf. vigvavanC),
visuvdnt (cf. visuv&nfy,
ddksindvant, 1
vlrydvant (cf. viryctvant),
qubhravant (cf. qubhravcdl and gubhramati), 2
vrkkdvatt,
gatdvant (cf. gatdvant}*
vfsnydvant,
vrjinlvant ( = vrjinavanfy,
vetdvant,
1 Grassmann lists daksinavani as two words, the first from daksina with length-
ening of the a, and the second from daksina. The former he translates, not at all
plausibly, 'tiichtig,' 'kraftig,' and the latter 'reichlichen Opferlohn gebend,'
'gabenreich.' For Grassmann' s views as to the semantics involved cf. his Wor-
lerbuch, s. v. daksina.
2 f vbhravant occurs once in Eig-Veda (ix, 15, 3). Padap. has pubhravant.
3 fatdvant is considered a possessive by some and translated like fatdvant, 'con-
taining or possessing a hundred,' but, far less probably, is resolved by others into
fata + avant (present participle < l/at>) and translated ' helping a hundred-fold.'
The discussion centers round EV. vi, 47, 9.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAN! IN SANSKKIT. 51
vetrdvatl (cf. vetravant'),
gdktivant (cf. gaktimanfy,
gardvaft (cf. garavanfy,
qundvant (cf. gundvanfy,
qrutdvatl (cf. grutavanf),
sdptwant,
sarvdvant (cf. sarvavant),
salildvatl (cf. salilavanf),
sdhdvant,
sahdvant (cf. 7, end),
sidhrakdvant,
sutdvant (cf. sutavanfy,
sukhdvant (cf. sukhavant),
srkdvant (cf. srkavanf),
srgdvant (cf. srgavanf),
somdvatl (cf. somavant and Panini, vi, 3, 131),
sphurjdvant,
svddhitlvant,
hansdvatl (cf. hansavant),
hanumant (cf. hanumanf),
hitdvant (cf. hitavant and Chap, in, 6),
himdvati (cf. himavanf),
hirlmant < Mri = Adri (cf. harimant and hdrivanfy,
hfslvant < Arst = harsa,
hlddikdvant,
hlddukdvant,
bhogdvati (cf. bhogavdnt],
vlrandvatl (cf. Panini, vi, 3, 119),
mamvatl (cf. manimant and Panini, vm, 2, 11),
ahwatl (cf. ahimant and Panini, vm, 2, 11).
To these examples must be added those formed in very early
times from pronomimal stems (cf. Chap, in, 16 and Whitney,
Gram., 457, 494, 517, 1233f.). They are:
mdvanty
tvdvant,
52 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
yuvavant,
tavant,
etdvant,
ydvant,
want,
kivant.
5. Systole. In a number of well-authenticated words the
final long stem-vowel of the primitive is shortened before the
possessive suffix. Whitney calls this shortening a " special
irregularity." It appears however in a score of words. In most
cases it is either a wrong reading or the vowel has been shortened
metri causa. Or the shortening may be due in a case or two to
analogy with the original stem of the noun. Thus irsyavant,
1 envious ', seems to be from irsyd, ' envy '. The vowel was
perhaps shortened thru the influence of irsya, mfn., ' envious'.
Examples are :
anuvdkyavant,
dmiksavant,
pddukavant,
puronuvdkydvant,
pratiqdkhavant,
gdurimant,
prdnaddvant (cf. prdnadavanfy,
tuvlrdvant, 1
mdydvant (cf. mdyavanfy,
Idlavant (perhaps also Idlamafi),
garydnavant (if for qaryanavant),
sarasvativant < sarasvatl (cf. sdrasvaftvanf), 2
sdukhavati (wrong reading for sukhdvat'i),
susumdnt, 3
1 According to Grassmann <^ turn -f- irdvant = irdvant ( <^ ira) . Petersburg Lex-
icon considers the word a contraction of *tuvlravavant.
2 Another example of double possessive suffix is dvasvadmnt.
8 This word appears only once in KV. (x, 3, 1). Grassmann derives it from
su6. Whitney ( 1235d.) says it appears to be primary.
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 53
vattimant < valfa,
ydjydvant,
Irsyavant < wsyd,
(fipravant < gipra.
It is possible that in several of the above examples the short-
ening was due to word-rhythm, but the evidence is not conclusive.
In the actual forms of several of the above words in the texts the
shortened vowel is either preceded or followed, or both preceded
and followed, by a syllable containing a long vowel. Thus tuw-
rdvant appears only twice (RV. x, 64, 4 and x, 64, 16), both
times in the form tuvlravdn. puronuvdkydvant shows the forms
puronuvdkyavantam (Qatapatha-Brahmana, 9, 3, 1, 16) and puro-
nuvdkyavantas (Katyayana-Qrauta-Sutra, i ? 2, 6). pratiqdkhavant
appears in the Mahabharata (14, 955) as pratigdkhavdn. prdna-
ddvdn is a manuscript reading for prdnaddvdn in Atharva-Veda,
4, 35, 5. The atapatha-Brahmapa (13, 5, 4, 12) has mdyd-
vattara (< mdydvant, which the Petersburg Lexicon says is metri
causa for mdydvanfy. The only form of susumdnt is susuman (RV.
x, 3, 1). The only form of qipravant is gipravdn (RV. VI, 17, 2).
ydjy&vant occurs only in the atapatha-Brahmana. Its forms
are: ydjyavdn (4, 1, 1, 26), ydjyavantam (9, 3, 1, 16), and
ydjyavat (11, 2, 1, 6). anuvdkyavant has the form anuvdkyavdn
in the Qatapatha-Brahmana. Here the shortened vowel (ya) is
preceded and followed by a syllable with a long vowel (ata-
patha-Brahmana, 4, 1, 1, 26). In Ayvalayana-Qrauta-Sutra,
however, the possessive appears with a long yd (1, 5, 30), but
that syllable is followed by one with a short vowel. In Idlavant,
Idlamatl, irsyavant and qarydnavant, the shortened vowel is pre-
ceded by a syllable with a long vowel.
The following words oppose the theory of word-rhythm as
applied to this shortening, sarasvativant appears only in Katya-
yana-Qrauta-Sutra (9 ? \ f 20). It there takes the form sarasvati-
vati. vattimant appears in the Gita-govinda as vallimat. The
only form of pddukavant is pddukavatim (Hemadri's Caturvarga-
Cintamani, i, 711, 10). dmiksavant appears in the genitive
dmikmvatdm in the Taittiriya-Brahmana (2, 7, 16, 4).
54 THE SUFFIXES JW.vr AND VAST IN SANSKRIT.
6. Loss of final vowel. There are a half-dozen or more
instances of the loss of a final vowel before the possessive suffixes.
Whitney mentions only one of the cases and dismisses it as a
" special irregularity." Panini (iv, 2, 87) notices three of the
examples, but attempts to formulate no rule.
The examples are :
nadvant < nada (cf. Panini, iv, 2, 87).
vdnanvant, probably for *vananavant (cf. vandnd and Whit-
ney, 1233e. and Grassmann, s. v.).
vdasvant, probably < vetasa (cf. Panini, iv, 2, 87).
qaradvatl, probably < garadd, with loss of the a thru the
influence of garddvant.
hiranvant, nom. prop., probably < hiranya (cf. hiranyavanf) .
hiran-vant and hiran-mdya may seem to be sufficient evidence for
the assumption of an original stem kiran. But it is much more
likely that hiranmdya is for hiranyamdya, which occurs in the
Qatapatha-Brahmana. The analogy of hiranmdya may have
caused the loss of the ya in hiranvant.
kumudvant, probably < kumuda (cf. kumudavafi and Panini,
iv, 2, 87).
mahismant (if < mahisa, cf. Chap. I, 19, note).
dhdyadvant < dhayati.
hdritvant < hdrita (cf. Chap. I, 19, note).
kaksivant, from kaksyavant, according to the Kacika Vrtti,
followed by Grassmann and Monier-Williams. This derivation
is, however, by no means absolutely convincing.
7. Loss of final consonant. There are nearly 50 cases in
which the n of final an or in of the stem is lost before the pos-
sessive suffix. This loss of n is the usual one in the middle
forms of the stem or before a case-ending or suffix beginning with
a consonant (cf. Whitney, Gram., 256, 421, 439). Whitney's
general statement in regard to vant ( 1233b.) that nouns in an
more often retain the ?i, while true for the older language, does
not hold good for the entire literature, since the n is lost as often
as it is retained. The retention of the n is thoroly Vedic. Rig-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 55
Veda retains the n in 13 possessives and loses it in 2. Atharva-
Veda retains it in 9 and loses it in 2.
In several of the examples lengthening of the remaining a
has taken place. The same word may thus be found with two or
even three parallel possessive forms : 1. With final n retained ; 2.
With simple loss of the n ; 3. With lengthening of the remain-
ing vowel.
Stems in in always lose the n before the possessive suffix, and
very rarely is there compensatory lengthening of the i.
Examples of the loss of final n follow :
aqmavant (cf. aqmanvanfy,
agvimant < agvin,
dtmavant (cf. atmanvdnt\
ksamimant < ksdmin,
ganimant < ganin,
carmavant < carman (cf. carmanvanf),
janmavant < janman,
tardmavant < tardman,
dandimant < dandin,
dhdrmavant << dhdrman,
dhdmavant < dhaman,
narmavatl < narman,
ndmavant < ndman,
parvavant < parvan,
pdmavant < pdman,
prdnimant < prdnin,
premavant <C premdn (cf. premdvati),
brahmavant (cf. brahmdvafl and brdhmanvanfy,
manthivant <; manthin (cf. manthwanf),
mahinidvant < mahimdn,
rdjavant < rdjan (cf. rdjanvant, which according to Monier-
Williams is anomalous for rdjavant. Cf. also Panini, vili, 2, 14.),
romavant < roman (cf. romanvanfy,
lomavant < loman,
varmavant < varman (cf. varmanvanfy,
varsmavant < varsmdn,
56 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
vyomavatl <^ vyoman,
garmavant < garman,
qaqimant < $a$in,
girsavant < girsan (cf. </Lrsanvan),
glesmavant < qlesman,
gvavant <C fu<n (cf. py
saptavant < saptan,
sdksimant <^ saksin,
samavant < so/man (cf. sdmanvanfy,
sidhmavant <^ sidhman (cf. Panini, v, 2, 97),
sosmavant <^ sosman,
sthamavant <; sihaman,
hastimant < hastin,
hemavant << heman.
There is at least one example of the loss of final s before the
possessive suffix :
prthupdjavant <^prthupdjas (cf. pajasvanf).
sahdvant and sdhdvant each occurs twice in Rig-Veda. They
have the same meaning and both have heretofore been thot to
come from sahd. But, as the accent would indicate, they are
probably of different origin, sahdvant, ' powerful', is, as usually
considered, derived from the adjective sahd, ' powerful ', with
lengthening of the final vowel, but with no change of meaning.
sdhdvant, ' powerful ', is, however, likely formed, like sdhasvant,
from the noun sdhas, ' power'. But the former has incurred loss
of the final s and compensatory lenghtening of the preceding a.
This process may have been favored by the analogous one among
n-stems, and by the form sahd, a synonym of sdhdvant. If the
above explanation is correct, then sdhdvant belongs with prthupdja-
vant as an example of the loss of final s before the possessive
suffix.
8. Change in quality of final vowel.
In a dozen or so of words there is a change in quality of the
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 57
final vowel of the stem before the suffixes. The change in several
of these cases is the sporadic lightening of short a to an i or u
vowel which appears here and there thruout the language (cf.
Whitney, Gram., 249). But u and i also become a, and r
becomes u or I.
The following are examples :
ang avant, probably for anqumdnt ; jdmbuvant, for jdmbavant ;
tvastrimant, tvastrimatl. tvasfimatl and tvastumant (probably a
Prakritic form), for tvdstrmant dhrtamati, for dhrtimati (cf.
dhrtavant) ; vajrivant, for *vajravant vrjinwant, for vrjinavant ;
nyubjimant, < nyubja.
On the above and other changes of stem finals in composition,
cf., in general, Whitney, Gram., 1315.
9. Insertion of a letter between stem and suffix.
In a score of words a vowel or a consonant has been inserted
between the stem and the possessive suffix.
Such cases are :
a. a in
dpavant < ap,
punsavant < puns (cf. punsvanf),
isdvant < is (according to Grassmann).
b. d in
qavasdvant < gdvas,
sahasdvant < sdhas (cf. sdhasvanf). This word and the pre-
ceding one, qavasdvant, are not derived, as some think, from the
instrumental sahasd and qavasd, but they are from the noun-stems
sdhas and gdvas. The two nouns are synonomous, as are the two-
adjectives. All are common words in the Rig- Veda. The d
was, doubtless, inserted between stem and suffix thru analogy
with the instrumental sahasd and qavasd, each of which is the
most frequent form in Rig- Veda of its respective stem. Nor is
it necessary to assume an intermediate, hypothetical noun (sahasd,
qavasd). The instrumentals approach the possessives sernantically
by the expression of possession of strength and might.
avidvisdvant, probably < avidvis.
58 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
udanimdnt < uddn (cf. udanv&nf).
d. I'm
jydtmmant. The Petersburg Lexicon derives this word from
jyotis. Whitney thinks that the I was irregularly inserted after
the analogy of tdvisimant. Monier- Williams derives the posses-
sive from the dual of jyotis, and translates it ' possessing the two
luminaries (moon and sun).'
giprinivant is found only once in Rig- Veda (x, 105, 5), where
it is an epithet of Indra. PBW. derives it from pipn'n. It is
probably derived, however, from *jtprfm, a noun formed from
the feminine of qiprin after the analogy of giprd (cf. qipravant,
< qiprd, which is also applied to Indra in Rig- Veda). Some
influence may have been exerted also by vdjinwant, which is from
vdjim, the feminine of vdjin, and which is likewise used in Rig-
. Veda of Indra.
e. d in
qimidvant, perhaps < qimi = ciml (cf. qimwant).
f. n in
gartanvdnt < garta,
mdnsanvdnt (cf. mdnsavant),
vddhanvant <^ vadha,
vdnanvant. An n has been inserted in vdnanvant according to
Whitney ( 1233e.). But Grassmann thinks the word is for
*vananavant (< vandnaj. Cf. 6.
budhanvant <^ budha.
g. sin
indrasvant (cf. indravant and indrdvanf),
mahismant <^mahi (cf. Chap. 1, 19, note),
mdhisvant < id. (cf. Chap. I, 19, note).
qucismant is formed from $&ci under the influence of cocfo, a
very common Vedic word, and of gocismanL Both qucismant and
Qocismant are used in Rig- Veda as epithets of Agni.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 59
10. Miscellaneous, purudvant < what?
sttdmavati, according to Grassmann, from *siM (= sira) as
yatumdvant is < ydtu.
yatumdvant < ydtu (cf. ydtumanf). Sayana derives yatumdvant
from ydtu-ama and the secondary suffix vant. Benfey (Gram-
matiky 269, 420) considers the suffix primary in this word.
In this possessive, as well as in sildmdvant, Grassmann ( WB., s. v.
stavdnf) considers mdvant a double secondary suffix formed from
mdn-vant with loss of the n and lengthening of the a (cf. 4).
The formation of the possessive stem remains unclear, but the
suffix vant is certainly secondary in this word, and Grassmann's
suggestion is plausible if not convincing.
harsumant, apparently < harsu, which is nowhere quoted.
apsumdnt, 'being in the waters ',< apsu, loc. phi. of dp.
" Eine ungrammatische Bildung", Petersburg Lexicon.
Contraction takes place in several words. Thus :
hiranvant, for hiranyavant (cf. 6),
Jcaksivant, perhaps for kaksydvant (cf. 6),
bhdvant, for bhdgavant (cf. Whitney, 456).
CHAPTER III.
MEANING.
The two suffixes, mant and vant, are in the main identical as to
signification and will be treated together. No attempt will be
made at this place at tracing their historical development in
meaning, for in most of the individual cases the semantic relation
of the word to the original meaning of the suffix can be readily
perceived. The various meanings that mant and vant bring to a
word, when added to it, will be listed, therefore, in the order of
the frequency of their appearance. The relative frequency of
occurrence will be noticed for each meaning. Where differences
60 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
exist between mant and vant as regards usage, or as regards the
extent of a class of meaning, they will be specially noted. Atten-
tion will also be paid to differences between the Vedic and the
later literature.
Of course it must be understood that the same word may
belong to several classes of meaning. Thus dntavant signifies
( having an end ' (Class 1) or ' ended ' (Class 5) or t containing a
word which has the meaning of anta' (Class 3). Again, pranata-
vant, ' bowed ', agrees in meaning with pranata and belongs to
Class 4. It is a past participle in signification and also belongs
to Class 5. It further means ( bowing', and is listed under Class
2. However, in computing the proportions in the following
paragraphs each word has been counted under each of its
meanings.
Proper names have not been counted as it is frequently
difficult or even impossible to determine what was the original
literal meaning of such a word.
1. The primary signification of both suffixes was that of
possession. The evidence lies (1) in the fact that this meaning
persists to latest times in a larger number of words than that of
all other meanings together ; (2) in the fact, as mentioned below,
that the percentage of this meaning is considerably higher in the
older language than in the later ; (3) in the preservation of this
meaning in the Avestan suffixes and in the Greek suffix -pevr and
the Latin -osus (cf. Chap, i, 4).
This primary meaning is capable of manifold expressions, the
origin of most of which is perfectly apparent, such as ' having,
possessing, provided with, supplied with, furnished with, endowed
with, adorned with, containing, filled with, abounding in, rich in,
armed with, wearing, bearing, carrying, &c.' But some of its
variations are a trifle less apparent, such as dnasvant, ' yoked to a
cart,' < dnas, ' cart,' and niyutvant, ' drawn by a team of horses/
< niyftt, ' team of horses.'
Nearly 60% of all words ending in mant and vant retain
clearly the idea of possession. The proportion is, however, some-
what higher in the case of mant than in that of vant. vant, as a
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 61
consequence of its numerical superiority, has shown itself more
flexible in meaning than the other suffix. The proportion of
words that retain the original meaning is several per cent higher
in the older than in the later literature.
A few examples of this class are :
ksirdvant, ' having milk/ < kslrd, 'milk';
dmavant, ' violent/ < dma, ' violence ' ;
astimant, ( possessed of property/ ' opulent/ < asti, ' existent/
' present ' ; *
aksimant, ' possessing eyes/ < dksi, ' eye ' ;
rdjimant, ' having stripes/ < rdji, ' stripe.'
2. The next largest class, embracing 7 ^ of the vant's and
10 % of the mant's, is that in which the suffix converts the word
to which it is added into a present active participle. Originally
these present participles were equivalent to simple possession, e. g.
usmavant, < burning/ < wsraa, ' heat ' ;
chdndasvant, ' desiring/ << chdndas, ' desire ' ;
dldpavant, ' speaking/ < dldpa, ' speech ' ;
gatavant, ' going/ < gatd, ' a going ' ;
drgimant, ' seeing/ << drqi, ' sight ' ;
upalabdhimant, ( perceiving/ << upalabdhi, ' perception.'
But from analogy with these and kindred possessives formed
from nouns the suffix vdnt was often added to past participles
and such words as the following arose :
prositavant, ' sojourning away from home/ < prosita, ' absent ' ;
pranatavant, ' bowing/ < pranata, ' bowed ' ;
kligitavant, ' suffering pain/ <; kligita, l molested ' ;
avdptavant, ' obtaining/ < avdpta, 'obtained.'
While present participles are formed at all periods of the
language by adding the possessive suffixes to nouns, the formation
1 Cf. rot 6vra and 17 ovo-la. Cf. also Sanskrit sat, m., 'a good person,' nt., 'that
which is good,' and Sanskrit rosy, Greek ret oVya0<f, Latin bona, German das Gut,
HaV und Gut, English yoods.
62 THE SUFFIXES XAXT AND VAXT IN SANSKRIT.
by means of vant and the past participle is limited to the later
language, there being no examples in Rig- Veda.
Words that will illustrate the above transition of the suffixes
from possessive to temporal value are :
gatimant, ' possessed of motion ', ' moving ',< gdti, ( a going ' ;
yabhavant, 'having sexual intercourse',< yabha, 'sexual inter-
course '.
As seen by the examples above the meaning of possession slips
over very easily into that of a present participle, and it is
frequently difficult to say to which of the two classes a word
belongs. A large number of words which still retain very clearly
the original idea of possession are in reality at the same time
present participles. The impossibility of always translating
accurately the Sanskrit word into English is responsible for much
hesitation as to the class to which a word belongs.
An effort has been made however to distinguish the two classes
on the basis of clearness of retention of the original meaning.
Thus kslrdvant means ' having milk ', and is plainly possessive in
meaning. But gatimant means rather ( moving ' than ' possessed
of motion ' and is listed in Class 2.
3. This class is somewhat smaller than the one preceding.
Here the suffixes denote ' containing the root or word, or a deriva-
tive of the root or word '. This class of signification is by its very
nature limited to post-Vedic, and very largely to Brahmana texts.
No examples are found in Rig- Veda. There is a marked
tendency to employ vant in this connection, even with words which
would phonetically require mant, vant being used just six times as
frequently as mant (cf. Chap. I, 2e.).
Some examples follow :
abhivant, ' containing the word abhi ' ;
jaghnivant, ( containing an intensive form of the \/ han ' ;
adhvardvant, ' containing the word adhvard ' ;
dplnavant, ' containing a form of d- i/ pydi ' ;
dpydnavant, id. ;
aptumant, ' containing the word aptu ' ;
lumant, ' containing the syllable lu ' ;
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 63
bhdnwnant, ' containing the word bhdnu ' ;
mddhumard, ' containing the word madhu' ;
runmant, ' containing the word nic ' ;
vapusmant, ' containing the word vapus' ;
visnumant, ' containing the word visnu '
agvimant, ' containing the word agvin ' ;
dhenumant, 'containing the word dhenu'.
For further examples cf. Chap, i, 2e., 18-4.
Notice also paryastavant, ' containing the notion expressed by
the word paryasta', and raksitavant, ( containing the idea of
yraks'.
4. In a little more than 3 ^ of the words no change in
meaning is caused by the addition of the possessive suffix (svariha,
svarihikd). This is especially the case with past participles and
with bahuvnhi compounds (cf. Chap. I, 2c., end), but it is by
no means restricted to them.
Examples are :
campdvati, name of a town ;
pradharsitavant, ' arrogant ' ;
pfsadvant, < speckled ' ;
kridumant, ' playing ' ;
rbhumant, ' skilful';
nirvikdravant, ' unchanged' ;
kigardvant, gana madhv-ddi ',
prdnada'vant, ' breath-giving ' ;
suksmamatimant, ' acute-minded ' ;
agumant, ' swift ' ;
gubhrdvant, e shining/ ' lovely ' ;
cirdyusmant, 'long-lived' ;
aplavavant, ' having no ship ' ;
anddimant, ' having no beginning.'
5. In 3% of the vant's and 7 f c of the manfs the suffix
converts the word into a past passive participle. These past
passive participles are sometimes formed by adding vant to a past
passive participle. In such cases there is of course no change of
64 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
meaning, and such words belong also to the preceding class.
However, as pointed out above, vant is added to past participles
only in the later literature (cf. Chap, i, 2b.). Rig-Veda does
not offer a single example of this class of vant with the past
participle.
Examples are :
udayavant, ' risen ' ;
uparagavant, ' eclipsed '
ddhavant, ' heated ' ;
apacitimant, ' honored ' ;
upapattimant, ' demonstrated '.
6. Another class comprising 3% of the vant's, if all such
words are reported by the dictionary, is that in which the past
passive participle is changed into a past active participle by that
suffix. Cf. Whitney, Gram., 959,960; Thumb, Grammatik,
618 ; Bartholomae, KZ., xxix, 526 and Iran. Grundriss, I,
52, lb., 209, 10; ZDMG., XLVI, 302; IF., m, 20. The
heading of Whitney's chapter on this class of possessives : " Past
Active Participle in tavant (or navanf) " would exclude such words
as paJcvavant and nisiddhavant, which have as much claim to con-
sideration here as has krtavant. ta and na belong to the participial
stem and not to the suffix.
The use of mant in this connection is precluded by the ex-
terminations of the past participles. As in the case of the
formation of past passive participles (with no change of meaning)
and of present active participles from past passive participles
(Classes 2, 4, 5, 12 ; cf. also Chap. I, 2b.), it is only in the later
language that vant may be added to the past passive participle,
changing it into a past active participle, but there this function
becomes very common.
Only one example is available for Atharva-Veda, viz., agitdvant
(ix, 6, 38). As to Kig-Veda, Whitney says (Gram., loc. dt.\
" Derivative words of this formation are found in Rig-Veda, but
without anything like a participial value." This statement is
slightly misleading, for in the very few possessives of this forma-
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 65
t
tion in Rig- Veda, the first element is in every respect a noun,
altho the noun was formed originally from the past participle.
Such possessives have no more right to be listed here than those
from original noun-stems, altho it was in such cases that this
class had its origin. Further, Rig- Veda offers one example of a
past active participle which is derived directly from a past passive
participle and which retains its participial value, viz., hitdvant
(RV. i, 180, 7), which Grassmann renders 'der sein Gut ver-
steckt hat' (Padap. has kitdvant, q. v. also in Hitopadega; cf.
Chap. 11, 4).
The resulting participle may be used as a simple participle
(usually predicatively), but much more frequently the copula is
omitted, and the participle comes to be used as a finite verb,
expressing either perfect or imperfect time. As Whitney points
out ( 960), this formation was originally restricted to transitive
verbs with an object expressed, but it was later made very freely
from intransitive verbs.
A few examples follow :
gaiavant, ' having gone ', < gata, ( gone ' (cf. Eug. having
gone < gone)
pryvrttavant, ' having commenced ' ;
tyaldavant, ' having left ' ;
prattavant, ' one who has given ' ;
uktavant, ' one who has spoken ' ;
pakvavant, ' one who has cooked ' ;
nisiddhavant, ' having warded off' ;
niruddhavant, ' having (= he has) besieged ' ;
prasthitavant = pratasthe, ' he has set out ' ;
vydpaditavant, ' he has destroyed '.
7. In 3 ^ of the examples the suffixes are used actively
instead of passively and possessively, and have the meaning
'giving, granting, bestowing, offering, yielding, paying, inflict-
ing, &c.'
A similar transfer of meaning may be seen in such compounds
as citrdrddhaSj ( giving good gifts '. Some examples in mant and
vant are :
66 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
dpnasvant, ' giving property ' ;
karavant, ' paying tribute ' ;
jdvant, 'granting offspring';
bhuvadvant, ' giving prosperity ' ;
ddnavant, ' bestowing gifts ' ; 1
ddksinavant, ' offering sacrificial reward ' ;
dandaparusyavant, ' inflicting severe punishment ' ;
omanvant, ' giving help ' ;
omyavant, id. ;
idavant, l granting fresh vital spirits ' ;
pradandavant, ( inflicting harsh punishment ' ;
paravant, < offering beatitude ' ;
urugayavant, ' offering space for motion ' ;
ddaravant, ' showing respect ' ;
abhistimant, ' rendering assistance ' ;
upakrtimant, ' giving help ' ;
dhenumant, ' yielding a nourishing beverage ' ;
rddhimant, ' bringing or bestowing wealth '.
8. Another class of nearly 3% in extent is that in which the
suffixes signify relation, with the meanings ' connected with,
relating to, belonging to.' The semantic relations between the
derivatives in mant and vant and the words from which they are
derived become more and more loose and indefinite. So we find
that words belonging to this division where the suffixes express
merely a general relation are proportionately several times as fre-
quent in the later literature as in the Rig- Veda. This class is,
however, semantically closely allied to Class 1, and in many cases
supplies the link between the original and other secondary sig-
nifications of mant and vant.
Examples are :
adrstavant, ' connected with destiny ' ;
prakdravant, ' belonging to a species ' ;
karakavant, ' relating to one who is active in anything ' ;
arseyavant, ' connected with sacred descent' j
1 Cf. ddmanvant, 'furnished with gifts'.
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 67
ukthavant, ' connected with an uktha ' ;
gatimant, ' connected with a preposition or some other adverbial
prefix '.
9. This class is nearly equal in size to the preceding one,
and, like it, is closely related to Class 1. It includes words to
which mant and vant add the idea of accompaniment or associa-
tion. Naturally the names of the gods form a large part of this
class, and for this reason the proportion of such possessives is
three times as large in Rig- Veda as in the remaining literature.
Thus:
pavamdnavant, ( accompanied by the Pavamana-stotra ' ;
pusanvdnt, ' accompanied by Pusan ' ;
r&ivant, ' associated with the Rishis ' ;
visnuvant, .' attended by Visnu ' ;
dngirasvant, ' accompanied by the Angirases ' ;
indravant, ' associated with or accompanied by Indra ' ;
ulku&imant, ' accompanied by fiery phenomena ' ;
marutvant, ' attended by the Maruts'.
10. In 2^ of all mant and vant possessives the suffixes give
to the original word, in addition to the idea of possession, a mel-
iorative or majorative value (cf., in general, Breal, Essai de
S6mantique, p. 112). 1 Examples, while numerous for vant, are
very rare for mant. Rig- Veda has only one or two cases with
either suffix.
Following are examples :
vesavant, ' well-dressed ' (= suvesa or suvesavanfy
akaravant, ' well-formed ', < akara, ' form ' (cf. Eng. shapely) ;
udhasvatl, ' having full udders ', < udhas, ( udder ' ;
keqavant, ' having long hair ', < Mqa, ( hair '
garbhavatl, ' having a full womb ' i. e., ' pregnant ', < garbha,
' womb ' ;
gdtravant, ' having a handsome body ', < gdtra, ' body ' ;
1 Notice English slang expressions such as ' having a head ' (big head).
5
68 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
dvarvant, l having many doors ', < dvdr, ' door ' ;
pieindavant, ' having a large belly', i. e. ' corpulent',
= picanda, ' belly ' ;
urasvant, 'broad-chested', < uras, 'chest';
rajanvant, ' having a good king', < rajan, ' king' ;
udaravant, 'having a large belly', i. e. 'corpulent', <uddra,
'belly';
Qarddvant, 'having many years', i. e. 'aged', <^gardd, 'year';
alimant, ' swarming with bees ', < ali, ' bee ' ;
hanumant, norn. prop., 'having large jaws', <^hdnu, 'jaw'.
11. This class includes words containing the idea 'sur-
rounded by', 'covered with '. It is a somewhat smaller class than
10, but is distributed uniformly thruout the literature. In this
class also examples for mant are rare.
Some of the examples are :
adityavant, ' surrounded by the Adityas ' ;
astaranavant, ' covered with a cloth ' ;
kuqavant, ' covered with Ku9a grass ' ;
carmavant, ' covered with skins ' ;
toyavant, ' surrounded by water ' .
12. In a considerable number of words vant is used as a
noun-suffix of agency. To this class should be added many of
the words of Class 6. There are very few examples of the use
of mant in this sense, and only one or two cases with either suffix
in Rig- Veda.
The following are examples :
atanavant, ' one who wanders ', < atana, ' act of passing on ' ;
kdndavant, ' an archer ', < kdnda, ' arrow ' ;
kriyavant, 'one who performs an action ', < kriya, 'action' ;
nabhidhavant, ' one who does not assist ' ;
vegavant, ' the keeper of a brothel ', < vega, ' brothel ' ;
ydvamant, ' one who cultivates grain ', < yava, ' grain '.
13. In another class, in which the meaning has not gone far
away from its original, the suffixes convey the idea ' consisting
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKEIT. 69
of, ' composed of. About 1 % of all the examples belong here,
divided in the usual proportion between mant and vant, but they
are confined almost entirely to post-Vedic literature.
A few instances are :
avyayavant, ' consisting of an indeclinable word ', << avyaya,
1 an indeclinable word '
gandvant, ' consisting of a series or class ', < gand, ( series ',
'class' j
gdmant, l consisting of cattle '.
14. In about 1 % of the possessives the suffixes have causative
value and mean ' making, causing, forming &c.' e. g.
ddambaravant, ' making a great noise ', < ddambara, ' a great
noise ' ;
ksudhdvant, ' causing hunger ', < ksudhd, ' hunger ' ; *
ghosavant, ' making a noise ', < ghosa, ' noise ' ;
taddgavanty ' making a tank ', < taddga = taddka, ' tank ' ;
kacchumati, ' causing itching ', i. e. Carpopogon Pruriens, <C
kacchu, ( itch '
tantumant, 'forming threads', <^tantu, ( thread'.
15. In a little less than 1 ft of all mant and vant possessives
the suffixes express a state of contiguity : ' being in, near, at or
above'.
Thus:
dgravant, ' being at the top ' ;
uttardvant, i being above ' ;
agnivdnt, ' being near the fire ' ;
agnimdnt, id.
16. In a number of the vant possessives (less than ~\.%} the
suffix expresses resemblance or similarity (cf. Whitney, Gram.,
457, 494, 517, 1233f. and Bartholomae, KZ. xxix, 497).
Next to that of possession this is perhaps the oldest meaning of
^f. ksudvant, 'hungry', <_k$udh, 'hunger'.
70 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
the suffix. Most of these words, especially those in use in the
earlier language, are formed from pronominal stems. The final
vowel of these pronominal stems is always lengthened before the
suffix.
From this class arose the indeclinable or adverbial suffix vdt,
which signifies 'in the manner of, and which finally becomes
almost 1/7 as common as the possessive vant (cf. Panini, v, 1, 115,
&c., Whitney, Gram., 1107, and Delbriick, Grundriss, in, 1,
p. 613). The step was not a difficult one, as vdt is simply the
adverbial accusative neuter of vant and is identical in meaning
with this class of possessive vant's.
There seem to be no good examples of possessive mant with this
meaning of ' like to ', ' resembling ', nor is it likely that the suffix
was ever so used, tantumant, however, < tantu, ' thread ', appears
to belong to this category in a single passage (Apastamba's Qrauta-
Sutra, ix, 8, 5), where Agni is spoken of as ' (uninterrupted) like
a thread '. It is probable that mant was used here because the
phonetic rule requiring mant with tantu was stronger than the
semantic rule requiring vant to express resemblance.
dgumant, also, may be thot by some to be such an example, but
it means ' quick ', rather than { quick-like ', and belongs to Class
4, in which the suffix causes no change of meaning in the word to
which it is added. In agumdt, ' quickly ', an Atharvanic word
< cicu, ' quick ', the mdt seems to have been modelled after the
adverbial suffix vdt, but under the influence of agumant (aqumat),
1 quick'. There is no reason for believing that this single example
of an adverbial mdt is derived from possessive mant as the
adverbial suffix vdt is derived from possessive vant, nor for
believing therefore that at any time mant was used to express
resemblance.
The examples of possessive vant's of this class follow :
mdvant, ' like me ' ;
tvavant, ( similar to thee ' ;
yusmdvant, ' belonging to you ' ;
yuvdvant, ' belonging to both of you '. This word and the
preceding seem also to belong to Class 8.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 71
tdvant, ' tantus ' ;
yavant, ' quantus ' ;
etdvant, ' tantus ' ;
want, ' tantus ' ;
kwant, found only in the expression a kivatas, ' how far from
here?' (RV. m, 30, 17 ; Nir. vi, 3) ;
indrasvant, ' similar to Indra ' ;
nilavant, ' blackish ' ;
pfsadvant, ' speckled'. This is a doubtful example, but is
given as such by Whitney. It belongs rather to Class 4.
nrvdnt, ' like men ' ;
ksditavant, ' like a prince ' ;
nlddvant, ' nestlike ' ;
rtviyavant, (cf. Chap. II. 4, note) ;
aparavant, ' having no superior ' ;
paravant, 'subservient', 'dependent'.
Whitney gives this word as an example of this class of vant's
but neither it nor the preceding word seems property to belong in
this list, paravant is, of course, derived from the adjective para.
Whitney's literal translation would evidently be ' as if inferior
to.' But para also means ' superior ' and it would seem better to
render the possessive ' having a superior.' Further evidence is
the word (not quoted by Whitney) aparavant. To translate it
' as if not inferior to ' would be far-fetched and not in keeping
with the usual method of forming possessives. Cf. Chap. I,
2c.
lohavant, ' a little reddish.'
All of the above examples except paravant, aparavant, rtviya-
vant and lohavant are found in the Rig- Veda.
17. In a number of words in the later literature mant and
vant are used equivalently to the English suffix -able. e. g.
karundvant, ' pitiable ', < karund, ' pity ' ;
cestdvant, ' moveable ', < cestd, ' motion ' ;
drambhanavant, ' seizable ', literally = dsanjanavant, ' having a
handle ' ;
72 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
parihdravant, 'avoidable', <^parihdra, 'omission';
upalabdhimant, 'perceptible', 'intelligible', <^upalabdhi } 'per-
ception ', ' knowledge '.
18. In a dozen or more words, most of which are post-
Vedic, the suffixes mean ' engaged in, occupied in or with,
practising '.
Examples are :
garanavant, ' occupied in swallowing,' < garana, ' the act of
swallowing ' ;
tapovant, ' engaged in austerities,' < tapas, ' penance ' ;
alambanavanty ' devoted to the Yogin exercise Alambana ' ;
niyamavant, ' practising religious observances ' ;
ydtumant, ' practising witchcraft or sorcery ' ;
nayavant, ' prudent/ < naya, ' prudence '.
The last example illustrates well the origin of this class in
Class 1.
19. In a very few words mant and vant have pejorative value
(cf., in general, Breal, Essai de 8&mantique, p. 109 ff., and Bech-
stein, "Ein pessimistischer Zug in der Entwicklung der \Yortbe-
deutung," Germania, vin, p. 330 ff.).
A few cases are :
cankramavant, ' moving slowly or crookedly ', < cankrama, ' a
going about ', ' a walk ' ;
agamavant, ' approaching for sexual intercourse ', < agama,
' approach ' ;
jihvavant, nom. prop., ' having a greedy tongue ', < jihvd,
f tongue ' ;
rajavant, ' having a bad king ', < rajan, ' king V
20. In this class an attempt is made to sum up the various
meanings of mant and vant which have not been classified above,
1 Cf . rdjanvant, ' having a good king ' .
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT. 73
and of which there are only isolated or sporadic occurrences.
These are all, in one way or another, merely variations of the
original signification in Class 1.
a. ' receiving '.
aqvamedhdvant, ' receiving an a9vamedha '.
b. ' mentioning '.
dtithyavant, ' mentioning hospitality '.
c. ' showing'.
dsanvdnt, i showing the mouth ' ;
parakramavant, ( showing courage '.
d. ' serving for '.
dsecanavant, ' serving for sprinkling ' ;
kogavant, l forming a receptacle ' (as a wound).
e. ' contained in '.
aranimant, ' being contained in the Aranis ' (as fire).
f. 'made or prepared by '.
kdnvamant, ' prepared by the Kanvas ' (as soma).
g. l representing '.
cdksusmant, ' representing the eye '.
h. ' bound, joined or united with '.
diirvdvant, ' intertwined or joined with durva grass ' ;
barhfemant, 'joined with barhls '.
74 THE SUFFIXES MAA'T AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
i. 'author of.
niruktavant, ' author of the Nirukta', a name of Yaska.
It is thot that the entire number of possessives that are unas-
signable to any of the above general classes will not more than
double that of the examples given in this paragraph. There are
very few words that present any real semantic difficulties. But
notice paragvant, ' a kind of snake ', and pdrasvant, < a wild
animal, probably the ass '.
In several cases there is little apparent connection in meaning
between the possessive and the primitive word, e. g.
utsangavant, ' having depth ', 'deep-seated', <^utsanga, 'haunch',
'lap'.
21. It may be worth while to consider in a more general
and coherent manner the relation of the secondary meanings of
mant and vant to the original meaning and to each other.
The development of the primary signification of possession into
a number of secondary significations is a phase of the common
linguistic tendency of a word to acquire new meanings by a
simple extension or restriction of the scope of the word, or by
the operation of analogy and suggestion. But, to use Breal's
words (Essai de Sfrmantique, Paris, 1897, p. 154), "le sens
nouveau, quel qu'il soit, ne met pas fin a Pancien. Us existent
tous les deux Fun a cote de 1'autre. Le meme terme peut
s'employer tour a tour au sens propre ou au sens me'taphorique,
au sens restreint ou au sens 6tendu, au sens abstrait ou au sens
concret .... A mesure qu'une signification nouvelle est donnee
au mot, il a 1'air de se multiplier et de produire des exemplaires
nouveaux, semblables de form, mais differents de valeur. Nous
appellerons ce phe'uomene de multiplication la polystimie (de
TroXi/?, ' nombreux ', et o-rjpelov, ' signification ')."
In the development of the various secondary significations of
mant and vant from the primary one of possession there is, how-
ever, no tendency toward restriction of meaning, but only toward
extension. In some cases this extension is due to the nature of
THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VAST IN SANSKRIT. 75
the meaning of the words to which the suffixes are joined. In
other cases it is purely psychological in origin. 40^ of all
possessives in mant and vant, including all which belong to
Classes 2 to 20, owe the extension of their meaning to one of
these two causes or to a combination of both. The individual
meanings are then, in effect, simply variations of the original
theme, in some cases apparently due to the suggestion or exten-
sion of some meaning closer to the primary one. So, finally,
thru these intermediate steps the suffixes come to mean even the
direct opposite of possession and signify ' giving, bestowing, &c.',
or even lose all signification whatsoever.
The secondary meaning which stands closest to the primary one
is that of ' containing the word or root' (Class 3). Next the
suffixes express possession, but are used pregnantly with meliora-
tive, majorative or pejorative value (Classes 10 and 19). A
further variation exists in the formation of participles (present
active, past passive and perfect active participles) by mant and
vant (Classes 2, 5 and 6). The transition from simple possession
may be clearly seen-in such examples as usmavant, ' burning', <
usma, ' heat ' ; ddhavant, ' heated ', < daha, ' heat ' ; gatavant,
( going/ ' having gone,' < gata (both past passive participle and
noun), and then tyaktavant, ' having left,' < tyakta, ' left '. Class
12, which includes the words in which the mant or vant is a
noun-suffix of agency, is not to be sharply distinguished from
Class 6. In the next six classes (11, 9, 8, 13, 18, 15) the
suffixes, especially vant, become still more general in their use and
express in a broad way relation or connection. Class 14 is still
further from Class 1. In this class mant and vant are used as
causative suffixes. In Class 17 the meaning changes from sub-
jective to objective and the suffix becomes equivalent to the
English suffix -able. In Class 7 the suffix has become active
instead of passive, and its meaning has swung to the opposite
of that with which it started, signifying ' giving' instead of
' having'. In Class 16 where mant and vant signify resemblance,
the connection of meaning with Class 1 is very remote. Finally,
in Class 4, the suffixes have no meaning whatever.
76
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN SANSKRIT.
The gradual extension of the meaning of possession as well as
the relations of the various secondary meanings to the original
meaning and to each other may be shown in a rough way by the
following diagram in which the figures represent the numbers of
the preceding classes. The figures are to be read counterclock-
wise, thus 1, 3, 10, 19, 2, 5, &c.
10
19
PART II.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
CHAPTER I.
THEIR PHONETIC CORRELATION.
1. The role of the suffixes mant and vant is in Avestan
small in comparison with the one they play in Sanskrit. They
occupy, however, an important position, and retain distinctly their
identity. In Bartholomae's Altiranisches Worterbuch 1 there are,
exclusive of variant writings of the same word, only 190 words
with the mant or vant suffix, to be compared with two or three
thousand in Sanskrit. As compared with mant, vant is almost
twice as common as it is in Sanskrit. Of the 190 possessives in
Bartholomae, 168 end in vant and only 22 in mant. Thus 88%
take vant and 12^ take mant. That is, in Avestan the mant
suffixes are only about ^ as numerous as the vant suffixes, whereas
in Sanskrit they are J as numerous.
2. a. In Avestan, as in Sanskrit, most possessives in mant
and vant are formed from nouns. The proportion is even larger
in Avestan than in Sanskrit.
b. The class of possessives in which vant is added to the past
passive participle, which is large in Sanskrit, is represented in
Avestan by only an example or two. vwarszdavant is the only
1 The Avestan possessives in mant and vant are indexed according to finals in the
appendix to Bartholomae' s Worterbuch on p. 1953-4, col. 3 ; p. 1957-8, cols. 2
and 3 ; p. 1959-60, cols. 1, 2 and 3 ; p. 1961-2, col. 1 ; p. 1985-6, cols. 2 and 3.
The following possessives have there been omitted : fsumant, 1029 ; saokavant,
1550 ; saotentavant, 1550 ; zaranyavant, 1678 ; zairimydvant, 1682. The latter
figures indicate the column in the body of the dictionary in which each word is
found. All five possessives belong to Index B. 1., which includes substantives
and adjectives, with the exception of names of persons and families.
77
78 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
certain instance. Even if, as has been suggested, xsviptavant is
from *xsvipta (Sanskrit ksipt<), the latter is used exactly as a
noun, altho a perfect passive participle in origin.
c. In Sanskrit the suffixes are added to a large number of
adjectives. There are very few such cases in Avestan :
afrasahvant, ' granting a wish ', < afrasah, ' one whose wish is
granted ' ;
x v aetumant, ' containing the word x v aetus ', < x v aetav, ' belonging
to';
pourumant, 'crowded', <^pouru (jparav), 'many'.
d. There are few examples in Avestan of the Sanskrit forma-
tion of possessives from particles or adverbs by the use of the
suffixes. *afraleavant occurs only once and then in the super-
lative afrcJcavatfoma. It seems to be derived from the adverb
fraka. cvant and cavant are from pronominal stems, but directly
from cil or cl, adverbial instrumental of kav and kay. ustavant is
derived from an adverb, but it means ' containing the word usta '
and belongs to the following class.
e. As in Sanskrit, the suffixes may, theoretically, at least, be
added to any part of speech in the meaning ' containing the
word'. The scope of this class, which includes some 150 words
in Sanskrit, is, however, restricted in Avestan to the following
four examples :
x v aetumant, ' containing the word x v aetus ', < x r aetav, adjective ;
ahtsma/ntf i containing the word ahu ', < ahii, noun ;
ustavant, ' containing the word usta ', < usta, adverb ;
rcdwmant, ' containing the word ratav ', < ratav, noun.
f. As in Sanskrit there is a group of a dozen words or less in
which vant is added to pronominal stems to express resemblance.
Most of the examples are identical in Sanskrit and Avestan.
The Avestan cases are :
avant,
kvant (Skr. kwanf),
aMavant (Skr. etavanC),
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 79
mavant (Skr. mavanfy,
yavant (Skr. ydvanC),
avavant,
havant,
yiismavant, xsmavant (Skr. yusmavanf),
Owdvant (Skr. tvdvant),
hvdvant,
cvant, eavant (Skr. kivant),
cydvant.
g. Jackson (Gram., 857, 2) wrongly adds the possessives
formed by vant from numerals to the preceding class, where the
suffix expresses resemblance. These words have the meaning of
simple possession. Thus, satavant means ' hundred-fold ', i. e.
' having a hundred'. This class is larger in Avestan than in
Sanskrit, satavant and hazavravant being the only words in the
following list which have Sanskrit equivalents. In Avestan vant
comes to have a distinctive usage with numerals and adds to
them the meaning ' -fold '.
The examples are :
vlsaitivant,
ffrisadwant,
ca Owansa 6 want,
pancasaOwant,
xsvastivant,
haptaiOivant,
dstaidivant,
navaitivant,
satavant,
hazanravant.
h. In Avestan as in Sanskrit the suffixes occasionally appear
to form primary derivatives (cf. Whitney, Skr. Gram., 1233g.,
1235d.). In all such cases the possessives may have been formed
from nouns which do not appear in the edited literature. Even if
80 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
the suffixes were ever added directly to verbs it was done irregu-
larly and analogically. Analogy between verbs and nouns as the
first element of mant and vant possessives may have been estab-
lished by means of the use (in Sanskrit very frequent) of vant
with past passive participles, especially in the formation of past
active participles. But there is no evidence that either suffix was
ever felt or treated as a suffix of primary derivation.
A few Avestan examples of possible primary derivation are :
vlvahvant,
isvant.
i. To complete this paragraph on the parts of speech to which
the suffixes are joined two words of doubtful origin must be added,
viz. utavant, barszis-havant.
3. In the Avesta we find still operating the Indo-Iranian
rules for the distribution of mant and vant. mant has not begun
to any great extent to encroach upon vant, as it has in the Veda.
For an account of the historical development of the rules see Part
I, Chap. I, 17. In the Avesta mant is employed, with very few
exceptions, only after u (including u and ao, the Avestan form of
the Indo-Iranian diphthong ait) ; elsewhere vant is found. The
Avestan rules are :
1. After a word ending in u, u (or ao), or in a consonant
preceded by u, u (or ao), mant was used.
2. After all other words vant was used.
We shall now investigate in detail the operation of these rules.
4. The following table shows the distribution of mant and
vant among 137 words which end in vowels. The table is fol-
lowed by lists of all the words which are counted in it.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VAN! IN A VEST AN.
81
Final Vowel
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
81
2
2. a
11
3. 9
1
4. ae
1
5. ao
1
6. i
20
1
7. i
1
8. u
2
14
9. it
2
Totals
115
22
Following are the examples for each vowel with each suffix.
1. a with vant.
avant, 1 drafsakavant, marzdikavant, pairikavant, ay avant,
mazgavant, cavant (cf. evant), haSdnaepatavant, satavant, aetavant,
sattavant, utavant (?), xsviptavant, zastavant, Istavant, ustavant,
daxstavant, vdhrkavant, myazdavant, vivanzdavant, mizdavant,
dasaOavant, pavant, ustdnavant, ustanavant, spdnavant, gaona-
vant, raocinavant, saocinavant, azinavant, tizinavant (cf. tizvanfy,
ahunavant, vohunavant, raoynavant, arsnavant, mavant, amavant,
dmavant, paemavant, gaomavant, 2 haomavant, yavant, mdyavant, 3
1 Some consider avant a contraction by haplology from avavant (<^ava) ; cf.
Jackson, Gram., 194, 442 ; and KZ. xxix, 498. Bartholomae ( Worterbuch,
s. v. avant) considers this unnecessary and says it is perhaps a new formation from
y avant, like yahmdi, ahmdi, &c.
*The origin of gaomavant is a matter of dispute. Jackson (Avesta Reader) de-
rives it from a noun *gaoma, but no such noun has been reported. Bartholomae
thinks that gaomavant comes from gaomant and receives the extra syllable thru
analogy with haomavant with which it is found in 9 out of 11 passages (cf. Bar-
tholomae, IF. in, 3, and Worterbuch, s. v. gaomavant). It must be noticed, how-
ever, that the meaning of gaomavant is different from that of gaomant, but is the
same as that of gaoman. May it not be that in gaomavant we have *gao-man-vant ?
cf. Avestan paemavant < paeman and Eig-Vedic ydtumavant, slldmdvant. Of course
haomavant may have influenced this formation. See Part I, Chap, n, 10.
3 mdyavant is a &ira.% \ey6fj.fvov (HaSoxt Nask, 2, 16). The text is very ques-
82 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
vayctvant, 1 avcwant, savavant, daevavant, nivavant,
hunaravant, kdravant, caxravant, brdtravant, vastravant, vdstra-
vant, urvistravant, dOravant, x v d0ravant, cidravant, pdffravant, 2
pudravant, harddravant, vzrdOravant, hazawravant, anusavant, asa-
vant, msavant, vWusavant, havant, bamishavant, yaoxstavcmt
(cf. yaoxstivanfy, saokavant, saofantavant, arsavant, drdzavant,
fydryavant (cf. tqOryavant), paityarsavant, 3 bdnzavant, vyarsavant,
*afrakavant,* qfrakaSavant. 5
a with manL
yatamant, 6 araffamant.
2. a with vant.
xstdvant, yusmdvant, xsmdvant, cydvant, vydvant, Qwdvant,
hvdvant, vohvavant, zaranydvant, tyOrydvant (cf. tydryavaid},
zairimydvant.
3. 9 with mant.
raoxsnymantJ
tionable and the origin of this word uncertain. On the authority of the Pehlevi
translation Bartholomae compares mayah. mdyavant may however be from maya,
with shortening of the final a.
1 vayavant is, according to Bartholomae, formed in connection with the thematic
cases of 3my, m. Such a derivation is at least open to question. There may have
been a neuter noun-stem vaya beside vay, as in Sanskrit ( Rig- Veda, &c. ) vdyas, nt
stands beside vt, m.
2 <*p<z0ra. Cf., possibly, patra in Kig-Veda, I, 121, 1.
3 paityarsavant, nom. prop., is a <5to-a| \ey6ftevov of doubtful origin. Bartholo-
mae questioningly compares ansyant. But arsavant, nom. prop., occurs only in
this passage with paityarsavant (Yt. 13, 109) and is doubtless of the same origin.
The two words are probably, arsa-vant ( Sanskrit rksa-vant, nom. prop. ) and
paiti-arsa-vant.
* Only in superlative afrakavastama, Yt. 1 3, 26.
5 This word is seen by Spiegel in afrakaSavaitim (Yt. 13, 100). But the latter
is considered by Bartholomae a future passive participle in origin.
6 Darmesteter (Le Zend-Avesta, 2, 277) and Bartholomae (WB., s. v.) read
for Vd. 20, 1 ydtamatfim for the manuscript's yatumatam. It is better to consider
it with Wackernagel (KZ. XLIII, 277) as a form of the familiar adjective
ydtumant.
7 Bartholomae thinks that raoxswmant is from raoxsna. For the 9 < a cf. Iran.
Orundriss, I, 1, p. 173. But Spiegel (p. 221) more reasonably derives it from
raoxsnu (Skr. rocisnu).
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 83
4. ae with vant.
raevant.
5. ao with mant.
gaomant.
6. i with vant.
navaitivant, vanaitivant, vlsaitivant, arditivant, frazaintivant,
dzantivant, ham-var&itivant, nairyam-ham-vdrditivant, cistivant,
xsvastivant, yaoxstivant (cf. yaoxstavanfy, haptaiOivant, dstcddivant,
diBivant, rdmanivant, ndirivant, asivant, karsivant, stivant, fifsmai-
nivant. 1
i with mant.
7. I with mant.
afrasimant. 3
8. u with vant.
hara h uvatl (cf. harax v aiti), siJcaya h uvatl (?).
u with man^.
ratumant, xratumant, ydtumant, haetumant, x v aetumant, mau-
tj bdnwnant (cf. bdnvanf), zaranumant, zarmumant, pouru-
mant, nasumant, frasumant, ahumant, vohumant.
9. u with mant.
vi-xrumant, fsumant.
5. We shall now investigate in detail the application of the
rules to stems ending in a consonant. The following table lists
each vowel that occurs before a final consonant and indicates the
number of words in which each suffix follows it.
1 Found only as afsmainivan which Jackson considers a nom. ace. voc. plu.
form, but which Bartholomae considers an adverb.
2 By haplology, perhaps, <^*irimamant (*irima = irima, m. ).
5 Perhaps for afrasumant a+/ra-au, f.). The reading is not good (Yt.
13, 57).
84
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
Penultimate
Vowel x
Number of words in which
it occurs before vant
Number of words in which
it occurs before mant
1. a
34
2. a
2
3. 9
10
4. 9
1
5. a
6. t
1
9
7. 5
1
8. w
1
Totals
58
1
The examples follow :
1. Penultimate a with vant.
astvant, panca-sadwant, OrisaOwant, caOwardsaffwani, x r anvant
(cf. x v 9nvanf), asnvant (i. e. asnuvanfy, pasvant, raocahvant,
vardcahvant, aojahvant, iOyejahvant, a-idyejahvant, cazdahvant,
baoSahvant, spanahvant, aenahvant, zaenahvant, *xra6want, afnah-
vant, tafnahvant, parvnahvant, tfar&nahvard, temahvant, nymahvant,
0amnahvant, Swayahvani, savahvant, tbaesahvant, aosahvant,
pdzahvant, sawhvant (i. e. *sa i ahuvant'), arzjahvant, vlvahvant, 2
harax v aitl (cf. hara h uvati).
2. Penultimate a with vant.
banvant (for *banuvant. Cf. Avestan banumant and Sanskrit
bhdnumdnfy, afrasdhvant.
3. Penultimate 9 with vant.
drdgvant (cf. drvant*), fracarddwant, stdrjQwant, 3
mdnOwant, a/radzrdsvant, bdzvant? arzzvant, 3 sp&razvant,
1 On the use here of the word 'penultimate', cf. Part I, Chap. I, 6, note.
* vlvahvant is probably a primary derivative. Compare Jackson, Gram,, 821,
and Sanskrit vivasvant, vivasvant (Whitney, Gram., 1233g.).
3 May be a primary derivative. Cf. Bartholomae, Worterbuch ; Jackson, Gram.,
821 ; Spiegel, Grammatik, p. 195.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 85
4. Penultimate a with vant.
x v 5nvant (cf. x v anvant).
5. Penultimate a with vant.
pasnvant (i. e. pasnuvant}.
6. Penultimate i with vcroi.
anupoiQwant, afro-urvisvant, tbisvant, daibisvant, mazisvant, 1
draosisvant, tizvant (cf. tizinavani}, GrimiOwant, isvant. 2
7. Penultimate I with vant.
hymurvlsvant.
8. Penultimate rt with mant.
nawhusmant.
In two cases vant follows an r which has been vocalised by
contraction :
drvant < drug (cf. dragvanf),
xrvant (for *xruvanf).
In two other cases contraction has resulted in the absence of
either final or penultimate vowel in the stem :
cvant (cf. eavanf),
kvant (cf. preceding).
6. An investigation of the mant and vant material that
Avestan and Sanskrit have in common should yield information
in regard to the rules' of phonetic correlation of the suffixes in
Indo-Iranian and the degree to which Avestan has followed those
rules.
1 Bartholomae derives MdCtwofri < *mazi~s, nt. (=mazah ?). But mazah = Sanskrit
mdhas (mdhasvanl) . mazisvant is perhaps to be compared with Sanskrit mahiwant
(EV. vn, 68, 5).
2 Bartholomae considers isvant ( nom. prop. ) a primary derivative < j/ aes.
Spiegel (Grammatik, p. 195) thinks that it may be secondary from a lost noun-
86
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
In the following parallels between Sanskrit and Avestan all
the possessives in the Sanskrit column are found either in Rig-
Veda or Atharva-Veda or both. Only such Avestan words are
listed as are practically transliterations of the corresponding
Sanskrit words. It may, therefore, be safely assumed that nearly
all of the possessives in the following columns are genuine Indo-
Iranian material, and existed in essentially the same form in Indo-
Iranian times.
AVESTAN
dra/sakavant
cvant, cavant, kvant
satavant
aetavant
zastavant
spdnavant
raoeinavant
mavant
amavant, zmavant
haomavant
yavant
daevavant
hazawravant
msavani
yusmavant, xsmdvant
Qwdvant
raevant
hvdvant
x v anvanf, x v 5nvant
mazisvant
aojahvant
aenahvant
SANSKRIT
drapsdvant
kwant
gatdvant
etdvant
hdstavant
gvdnvant
rocandvant
mavant
dmavant
sdmavant
yavant
devdvant
sahdsravant
visdvcint
yusmavant
tvdvant
revdnt, rayivdnt (rayimdnf)
svdvant (different from the
Avestan word in usage and
meaning)
svarvant
mdhisvant l (?)
ojasvant
enasvant
1 A #ra \eyb[j*vovot doubtful origin in both Sanskrit and Avestan.
seen the two words compared elsewhere.
I have not
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 87
afnahvant dpnasvant
tvmahvant tdmasvant
nzmahvant ndmasvant
pdzahvant pajasvant (?)
zaranydvant. hiranyavant
vwahvant vivasvant, vivd&vant
hara^uvafi, harax v aitl sdrasvafi,
gaomant gomant
xratumant krdtumant
ydtumant yatumdnt
maSumant mddhumant
bdnumant bhdnumdnt
vohumant vdsumant
fsumant ksumant l
These 36 parallels can leave little doubt that in Indo-Iranian
mant followed u and u and vant all other vowels. The list pre-
sents no exception to that rule. In all the examples the same
suffix is used with the same word in both Sanskrit and Avestan.
7. In the following words Sanskrit and Avestan show almost
the same parallelism. The Sanskrit possessives are not found in
Rig- Veda nor Atharva-Veda, but they may easily have existed in
early times and may be a direct heritage from Indo-Iranian.
AVESTAN SANSKRIT
ayavant aghdvant
mazgavant majjanvdnt
caxravant cakravant
brdtravant bhrdtrmant
vastravant vastravant
ciOravant citravant
puOravatit putrdvant
asavant rtavant
frazaintivant prajatimant
iCf. Bloomfield, IF., xxv, 185.
88 THE SUFFIXES 3TAST AND VAST IN AVESTAN.
cistivant citti, f. and citi-mant
arsavant fksavant (?)
arthavant
Each of these 12 possessives has the same suffix in Avestan
and Sanskrit except 4, viz., Avestan brdtravant (Sanskrit
bhratrmanfy, Avestan frazaintivant (Sanskrit prajdtimanfy, Aves-
tan cistivant (Sanskrit citimant\ Avestan arsdaniant (Sanskrit
arthavant). In brdtravant, frazaintivant and qistivant the Avestan
has preserved the Indo-Iraniau usage, while the post-Vedic, as
we have seen, employs mant after r and i. The only anomaly in
the entire list is Avestan andamant, for which I have no
explanation.
CHAPTER II.
SAMDHI.
1. In Avestan the suffixes mant and vant are added to the
stems according to the rules of internal combination. As in
Sanskrit, however, the stem-finals sometimes undergo certain
special alterations before the possessive suffixes.
The first of these is lengthening of the final stem-vowel. It
is very much less frequent in Avestan than in Sanskrit, and is
restricted to the lengthening of a. The only cases are :
zaranyavant,
zairimyavant)
yiismavant, xsmavant,
cydvant,
Owdvant,
hvdvant,
2. Shortening of the final stem-vowel is in Avestan more
frequent than lengthening and proportionately more frequent than
shortening in Sanskrit.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 89
The examples are :
pairikavant, < pairikd
haSanaepataxxmt, < haSdnaepatd ;
pavant, < *pa(y) ;
mdyavant, < mdyd ? (cf. Chap. I, 4, note.) ;
ndirivant, < mirl ;
ahumant, < a/m.
If it be assumed from the evidence of Sanskrit mdvant, tvavant,
yusmdvant, yuvavant, tdvant, etavant, yavant, want, kivant, and of
Avestan yusmdvant, xsmdvant, cydvant, dwdvant, hvdvant that in
Indo-Iranian the final vowels of pronominal stems were always
lengthened before vant expressing resemblance, then we may add
the following words to the list of those in Avestan whose final
stern-vowel is shortened before mant and vant :
avant,
aetavant,
mavant,
yavant }
avavant,
havant.
3. Loss of final vowel. There are as many cases in Avestan
as in Sanskrit of the loss of final stem-vowel before mant and
vant. They are, as Whitney calls them (Gram., 1233e.), special
irregularities. The examples are :
cvant, for *cuvant or *clvant < cu (< kav) or ci (< kay). Cf.
cavant and kvant and Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss, I, 1, 268,
12, 17.
kvant, for *klvant (< kay). Cf. Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss,
i, 1, 268, 17.
bdnvant, < *bdnuvant. Cf. Avestan bdnumant, Sanskrit bhdnu-
mdnt and Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss, I, 1, 268, 12.
asnvant, < *asnuvant, according to Bartholomae, Iran. Grund-
riss, I, 1, 268, 12. Wackernagel is probably correct in deriving
asnvant from asan, ' stone ' (KZ. XLIII, 279).
90 THE SUFFIXES MANX AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
pasnvant, for *pq,snuvant < pasnav, m., nt. Cf. Bartholomae,
Iran. Grundriss, i, 1, 268, 12.
xrvant, for *xruvant.
drzzvant, for *drdzuvant < drdzav. Cf. Bartholomae, /raw. Grun-
driss, i, 1, 268, 12.
sawhvant, for *sar>huvant < sawhu, f.
*xra0want (only in superlatives xraOwista, as-xraOwasizma) <
Indo-Iranian *kratuant << *kratuuant. Cf. xratumant and .B.B.
xvn, 341 ; ZDMG. L, 690 ; .KZ. XLIII, 278-9.
anupoiOwant < *anu-paetav. Cf. &B. xvn, 341 and ZDMG.
L, 690 ; ^Z. XLIII, 279.
It is noticeable that with the exception of one, or possibly two,
cases of the loss of i, all the above examples show the loss of w
or w before
4. There is in Avestan but one certain example of the loss of
a final consonant before the possessive suffix. In this case the n
of final an disappears, as in nearly 50 Sanskrit possessives (cf.
Part I, Chap, n, 7).
paemavant < paeman.
For the suggestion that gaomavant may be derived from *gao-
man-vant and belongs in this paragraph, see Chap. I, 4.
5. As in Sanskrit, the final vowel of the stem is several times
changed in quality before mant and vant. These changes are, for
the most part, mere irregularities, but several of the changes are
of I or u to a before v, a change that is shared by a small number
of other Avestan words. Cf. Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss, I, 1,
268, 12, 17 ; BB., vm, 230, and Geldner, KZ., xxvn, 245.
Following are the examples :
cavant, for *cuvant or *ewant < cu (< kav}, or << cl (< kay).
Cf. Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss, i, 1, 181, a, 2, and 268,
12, 17.
Istavant (< istay, f.) for *istivant.
vohunavant < *vohuna = vohuni = vohuni.
yaoxstavant = yaoxstivant, < yaoxstay.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 91
dmavant, nom. prop., is a aTrag keydpevov, and is found in Yt.
13, 125. Its derivation is in doubt and Bartholomae attempts no
explanation. It is perhaps from drdzav, m. { the right way ' (cf.
drdzav, m. nom. prop.). If the adjective is derived from wdzav,
we should expect *9rdzumant ) but the form drazavant is, possibly,
due to the analogy of bzrdzavant, which is also the name of a
believer and which shortly precedes the only occurrence of araza-
vant, being found in Yt. 13, 119 and Yt. 13, 124.
raoxsndmant < raoxsna, nt. Cf. Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss,
I, 1, p. 173. Spiegel (Grammatik, p. 221) derives the adjective
from raoxsnav, nt.
afrasimant, perhaps for *afrasumant ) < a -f/ra-sav, f. The
reading is not certain.
6. In a few words a vowel has been inserted between the
stem and the possessive suffix. There are, however, no cases of
inserted consonant as in Sanskrit.
The examples follow :
a. a in
vayavant, which is, according to Bartholomae ( Worterbuch,
s. v.) from vay, m. It may however be from *vaya. Cf. Chap.
I, 4, note.
vWusavant < *vWus.
bdrdzavant, probably from 6ara2, f. Cf. ZDMG. L, 724.
tizinavant. Justi (Grammatik, 384) thinks that an a has been
inserted in this word. It is evidently from some noun derived
from tizi. Bartholomae compares Sanskrit tejasvant, but the
resemblance apparently consists only in containing the same root
(Sanskrit ~[/tij}. Cf. Avestan tizvant. Why not compare Sanskrit
tiksnd?
b. a in
cyavant. Caland (KZ. xxxm, 463) says : " cydvant ist also
nebenform zu cvant und hat sein a wohl in anlenung an formen
wie aetavant, avant, tavant bekommen, welche urspriinglich langes
a hatten."
c. i in
rdmanivant <C rdman,
afsmainivant < afsman.
92 THE SUFFIXES JIAXT AND VAXT IN AVESTAN.
7. There are several instances of contraction or of loss of a
final stem-syllable where a syllable would otherwise be repeated.
Cf. Bartholomae, Iran. Grundriss, i, 1, 306, Altiranische
Dialektc, 69, 3; Jackson, Gram., 194; and ZDHG. XLVIII,
148.
avant. This word is considered by some a contraction of
avavant (< am). Cf. KZ. xxix, 498 ; Brugmann, Grundriss,
2nd. edition, I, p. 860; Jackson, Gram., 194, 442. For
Bartholomae's theory cf. Chap. I, 4, note.
xstdvant < *X8tdvavant.
vydvant. Bartholomae (Iran. Grundriss, I, 1, 268, 15, 37
and Worterbuch, s. v.) derives this word from *vl-wd, f. < y'bd,
i. e. vydvant is < *vivdvant (for *vlwdvant').
vohvdvant, perhaps for *vohu-wd < vohu -f- *bd, f.
raevant, < Indo-Iranian *ra (i)i-uant. Cf. Bartholomae, Iran.
Grundriss, i, 1, 81 and Sanskrit revdnt, rayivdnt.
drvant < *druvant < *drugvant << tZrwgr, f. (?). (Cf. dragvant
<drug). Cf. Bartholomae, /ran. Grundriss, i, 1, 268, 10,
275 ; IF., xii, 130 ; Justi, Grammatik, 102.
irimant < *irimamant (*irima = irlma, m.). Cf. Bartholomae,
/raw. Grundriss, i, 1, 268, 1.
dOravant occurs only once (Vldevdat, 3, 2) and according to
the Pehlevi version is for *d0ravanvant, but Bartholomae better
derives it from dtar, m. Wackernagel (KZ., XLIII, 278) con-
siders it from ddravavant.
asnvant, probably < asan (cf. 3.)
8. There are three cases of metathesis of the last vowel and
consonant of the stem before the possessive suffix. This pheno-
menon has no parallel among the rnant and vant possessives in
Sanskrit. Two of the examples below evidence the frequent
metathesis of r in Avestan. Cf. ZDHG. L, 724 and IF. v, 363.
arsnavant is explained by Brugmann (Grundriss, 2nd. edition, n,
1, 353) on the ground of arsnam, the accusative singular form
of arson.
The cases are :
THE SUFFIXES XAST AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 93
arsnavant <^ arsan,
brdtravant < brdtar,
dOravant < dtar.
9. Miscellaneous.
bardzis-havant. Bartholomae ( Wortcrbuch, s. v.) says this word
is " schrullenhaft statt barazisvant geschrieben ". Cf. Sanskrit
barhismant.
spdnavant, from the nominative dual of span, m. (cf. Sanskrit
apsumdnt < the locative plural of dp).
CHAPTER III.
MEANING.
The various meanings that mant and vant bring to a word
when added to it fall into much the same general classes in
Avestan as in Sanskrit, and the number of the classes in this
chapter will therefore correspond with those in Chapter in of
Part I. Several classes will be found to be without representa-
tion in Avestan, but this is doubtless due in nearly every case to
the small number of possessives in mant and vant in Avestan as
compared with that in Sanskrit.
1. The proportion of words in Avestan which retain clearly
the idea of possession is nearly the same as in Sanskrit, more than
% of all possessives having this meaning.
The examples follows :
aojahvant, ' strong ', -< aojah, ' strength '
ajavant, ' full of dangers J , < aya, ' danger ' ;
amavant, dmavant, ' powerful ', < am, ;>ma, ' power ' ;
arditivant, < avaricious ', < ardtay, ' avarice ' ;
arsnavant, 'having a stallion ', < arsan, ( stallion ' ;
dOravant, ' having fire ', < dtar, ' fire ' ;
Istavant, ( wealthy ', < Istay, ' wealth ' ;
94 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
ustanavant, ' having life ', < iistana, ' life ' ;
gaonavant, ' having hair ', < gaona, ' hair '
xratumant, ' wise ', < xratav, ' wisdom ' ;
pourumant, ' crowded', i. e. ' having many', <^parav, 'many' ;
brdtravant, ' having brothers ', < bratar, ' brother ' ;
yaoxstivant, yaoxstavant, ( active ', < yaoxstay, ' activity ' ;
vanaitivant, ' victorious ', < vanatay, ' victory ' ;
vardcahvant, ( powerful ', < vardcah, ' power ' ;
Vdrz9ravant, i victorious ', < varddra, ' victory ' ;
visavant, ' poisonous ', < vlsi, ' poison ' ;
raocahvant, ' light ' (adjective), < raoeah, ' light' (noun), < rao&,
( light ' (verb) ;
spanalivant, ( sanctus ', << spanah, ' sanctitas ' ;
aWyejahvant, ' having no danger ' ;
afnahvant, ' rich in property ' ;
afraddrdsvant, i having no outlook ' ;
astaiOivant, 'eighty-fold', i. e. ' having eighty';
ahunavant, ( containing the Ahuna ' ;
ahumant, 'one who posseses an Ahu';
diOivant, 'full of harm', 'danger';
ustdnavant, 'having life' ;
gaomant, ' having cattle ' ;
gaomavant, ' having milk ' ;
xsvastivant, ' sixty-fold ', i. e. ' having sixty ' ;
ca6war9sa9want, ' forty-fold ' ;
Orisa0want, ' thirty-fold ' ;
pancasaOwant, ' fifty-fold ' ;
vlsaitivant, ' twenty-fold ' ;
satavant, ' hundred-fold ' ;
sp^r^zvant ) ' having jealousy ', ' a rival ' ;
haptaidivant, ' seventy-fold '.
Further, afrourvisvant, anupoiOwant, anusavant, ardjahvant,
araOamant, arsavant(ty, astvant, azinavant, asavant, asivant,
dzantivant, drdzvant (?), *xra6want, xrvant, xstdvant, xsviptavant,
caxravant, cazdahvant, ci9ravant y cistivant, ta/nahva r nt ) fomahvant,
daxstavant, dasaOavant, drafsakavant, 0amnahvant, Qwayahvant,
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 95
iOyejahvant, tbaesahvant, tbisvant, daibisvant, pardnahvant, pasvant,
pasnvant, puOravant, baoSahvant, bardzavant (?), fracardOwant,
frazaintivant, frasumant, fsumant, nairyam-ham-vdrstivant, ndiri-
vant, ndmahvant, maSumant, marzdikavant, mazisvant, mazgavant,
mdyavant (?), mvsdavant, myazdavant, ydtamant, vayavant, vastra-
vant, vastravant, V9ryzvant, vohumant, vohvdvant, vixrumant,*
v~ibwd0want } vlvahvant, raevant, raoynavant, raoxsn9mant } raocina-
vant, ratumant, rdmanivant, irimant, urvistravant, saokdntavant,
savavant, spdnavant, zaenahvant, zaranydvant, zairimydvant, zardnu-
mant, zaranumant, saetavant, haMumant, haomavant, haSdnaepata-
vant, hara h uvatl, harax v aitl, hym-urvisvant, Jiunaravant, hvyOwavant,
x v anvant, x v 9nvant, x v ar&nahvant, x v ddravant.
2. In more than 7 ^ of the possess! ves the suffixes convert
the word to which they are added into a present active participle,
the percentage being the same as in Sanskrit. But in Avestan
vant is never added to the past passive participle to form present
participles as was frequently done in post-Vedic Sanskrit.
Following are the examples :
aenahvant, c practising evil ' ;
afrasdhvant, ' granting ' ;
afrasimant, ' not moving forward ' (cf. further KZ. xxvii,
228, and ZDMG. L, 136) ;
ustanavant, i living ', < ustana, ' life ' ;
pavant, ' protecting ' ;
mwryOwa/nt, ' thinking of ;
vydvant, 'beaming' ;
saocinavant, ( flaming ' ; and
isvant, bdnumantj bdnvant, fracarsdwant, frasumant, ydtumant,
stdrdOwant.
3. In Sanskrit nearly 150 possessives have the meaning
' containing the root or word, or a derivative of the root or
word '. In Avestan this number is reduced to 4. In each
language this meaning was an independent development. In
Sanskrit it is post-Vedic and none of the four Avestan examples
is found in Sanskrit.
96 THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
The Avestan words are :
ahumant, ' containing the word ahu ' ;
ustavant, ' containing the word usta ' ;
ratumant, ' containing the word ratav ' ;
x r aetumant, 'containing the word x v aetus'.
4. Class 4, in which the suffixes cause no change in meaning,
is entirely unrepresented in Avestau. The reason for this is
doubtless a double one. First, the entire number of mant's and
vant's in Avestan is so small that the number of examples in one
of the smaller Sanskrit classes may by chance be reduced to no
representation in Avestan. Second, most of the Sanskrit pos-
sessives in Class 4 are derived either from ordinary adjectives or
from past passive participles, whereas in Avestan the suffixes are
added to only four adjectives and to but one past passive parti-
ciple.
5. Class 5, in which mant and vant convert a word into a
past passive participle, has a few examples in Avestan. The
number is limited, as in Class 4, by the fact that the suffixes are
not (with one exception) joined to past passive participles in
Avestan.
Examples are :
tdmakvant, ' deluded ', < tzmah, l darkness ' ;
nasumant, ' rendered unclean by corpses ' ;
nt, nom. prop., literally, 'darkened', 'deluded'.
6. There is but one example in Avestan of what Whitney
rather inaccurately calls the past active participle in tavant, and
which is so common in classical Sanskrit (cf. Whitney, Gram.,
959, 960. For further references see Part I, Chap, in, 6.).
The ta is the ending of the past passive participle to which vant
is added, producing a derivative which has the meaning and
construction of a past active participle. The single Avestan
example is vlvardzdavant, ' one who has become great or mighty ',
< varzzda, past passive participle, ' increased ', ' grown great ', <
vardd, 'increase'.
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 97
7. In Avestan, as in Sanskrit, in 3 c / of the examples the
suffixes are used actively instead of passively and possessively,
and have the meaning ' giving, bestowing, granting, offering,
yielding, paying, inflicting, &c.'
Thus :
pavant, ' protecting ', 'giving protection', <; *pd(y), nt., 'pro-
tection ' ;
paOravant, ' granting protection ', < *pa&ra, ' protection ' ;
vldusavant, ' furnishing proof of guilt ', < mdiis, ' proof ;
saokavant, 'yielding profit', <sao/ca, 'profit' ;
hanOravant, ' granting protection or care ', < haraOra, ' pro-
tection '.
8. This class, in which mant and vant signify relation, with
the meanings, 'connected with, relating or belonging to', is
unrepresented in Avestan except by drdgvant, drvant, ' one who
belongs to the Drug ', << drug,
9. There are practically no Avestan examples of Class 9, in
which the suffixes add to th'e original word the idea ,of accompani-
ment or association. But notice daevavant, ' accompanied by the
Daevas '.
10. There are in Sanskrit some 40 or 50 possessives in
which mant and vant add to the primary a meliorative or majora-
tive value. The only word in Avestan which shows any such
pregnant use of either suffix is :
zastavant, 'energetic', literally, 'having hands ', < zasta, 'hand'.
Cf. Sanskrit hastavant, which in Rig- Veda means ' having hands ',
and in the Mahabharata &c. means ' skilful with the hands '.
11. This class is proportionately a little larger in Avestan
than in Sanskrit. Here mant and vant mean ' surrounded by ',
' covered with.' Thus :
daevavant, ' surrounded by the Daevas ' ;
draosisvant, name of a mountain (perhaps < *draosis, 'frag-
ment ', i. e. ' covered by fragments of rock ') ;
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN.
iByejahvant, * surrounded by dangers ', < iOyejah, l danger ' j
pairikavant, ' surrounded by Pairika ' ;
vjhrkavant, ' surrounded by wolves '.
12. There is only one example in Avestan of Class 12, in
which vant is used as a noun-suffix of agency, viz., karsivant,
' ploughman ', < karsay, ' furrow '.
13. Class 13, in which the suffixes mean ' consisting of,
' composed of, is unrepresented in Avestan.
14. In several Avestan possessives vant has causative value
and means ' making, causing, forming, &c.' Thus :
kdravant, ' performing deeds ', < active ', < *kara, ' deed '
savahvant, ' procuring profit for', < savah, ' profit ' ;
stdrzOwant. Bartholomae ( Worterbuch, s. v.) translates the last
word <zu Boden streckend ', and derives it from " *sfora, f.,
' Niederwerfen ', zum |/ I star." But stzrddwant probably is a
primary derivative and does not belong to this class.
15. This class, which includes words in which the suffixes
express a state of contiguity, { being in, near, at or above ', is
unrepresented in Avestan.
16. As in Sanskrit, vant is used in a number of words in
Avestan to express resemblance or similarity. Also as in Sans-
krit, most of these derivatives are formed from pronominal stems
(cf. Bartholomae, KZ., xxix, 497 ff.). The Avestan has all of the
pronominal possessives of the Sanskrit except yuvdvant, tdvant,
want, and adds avant, avavant, cyavant, havant, hvdvant. The
lengthening of the final vowel of the pronominal stem which is
found in all of the Sanskrit examples has been lost in Avestan,
except in cydvant, dwdvant, yusmdvant, zsmavant, hvdvant.
The Avestan examples of vant with pronominal stems are :
aetavant, ' tantus ' ;
avant, ' tantus ' ;
avavant, ' tantus ' ;
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 99
kvant, ' quantus ? ' ;
cydvant, < quantus ? ' ;
cvant, cavant, ' quantus ? ' ;
Bwdvant, < like thee ' ;
mavant, ( like me ' ;
yavanty ' quantus ' ;
yusmdvant, xsmdvant, ' like you ' ;
havant, ( equally much ', l equally great ' ;
hvdvant, 'like himself.
In Sanskrit vant is used also with a half-dozen or so non -pro-
nominal stems to express resemblance. Only one such example
appears in Avestan, viz.,
afsmainivant, ' like lines of verse ' (cf. Chap. I, 4).
Notice, however, the adverb vaoastastivat, ' strophe-like ', < the
adjective *vacastastivant, ' as the strophes are ', <C the noun
vajcastasti, ' strophe '.
17. The Avestan has but one possible example of words in
which mant and vant are used equivalently to the English suffix
-able, viz.,
afrakaSavaitl (?), * immovable ' (cf. Chap. I, 4, note).
18. In several Avestan words mant and vant mean ' engaged
in', 'practising/ viz.,
aenahvant, l practising evil ' ;
yatumant, ' practising witchcraft ', < ydtav, ' witchcraft ' ;
asavant, 'righteous'.
19. The suffixes mant and vant do not, apparently, ever have
pejorative value in Avestan.
20. This class includes all words which have not been classi-
fied above. Each of the following meanings of the suffixes is
found in only one word.
a. aosakvant, ' subject to death ', < aosah, l death '.
7
100 THE SUFFIXES J1AKT AND VANT IN AVESTAX.
b. afrasahvant, ' granting a wish ', < afrasah, adjective, ' one
who has obtained his wish '.
c. nasumant, ' rendered unclean by corpses ', < na.su, ( corpse '.
d. savhvant, ' maintaining the law ', < sanhu, ' law '.
It is difficult or impossible to classify the following words
because of uncertainty of etymology or meaning :
*afmkawmt (cf. Chap, i, 2) ;
asnvant, nom. prop. ;
9rzavant, nom. prop.;
utavant ;
tizinavant, ' sharp ' ;
tizvant, id. ;
OrimiOwant, nom. prop.;
paityar savant, nom. prop.;
pazahvant ;
b&eoa/nt) ' firm ' ;
navhusmant, nom. prop. ;
nivavant ;
vyarsavanty nom. prop. ;
sikaya^uvatl, nom. prop. ;
stivant, nom. prop.
21. A comparison of the preceding chapter with Chapter in
of Part I will show that so far as the meaning of the possessives
is concerned the Avestan has remained closer to the original Indo-
Iranian than has the Sanskrit. In fact the various semantic
ramifications of mant and vant in Avestan correspond very closely
to those in Rig- Veda. Four classes which express in a broad
way relation or connection (8, 13, 18, 15) are almost entirely un-
represented in both Rig- Veda and Avestan, whereas they include
a large number of words in post-Vedic literature. No Rig-Vedic
words belong to Class 3, and only four Avestan words, while
nearly 150 such examples are found in later Sanskrit. In Classes
2, 4, 5, 6 and 12 vant is in classical Sanskrit added to a very
large number of past passive participles, of which Rig- Veda and
Avestan offer only one example each. This one example is in
THE SUFFIXES MANT AND VANT IN AVESTAN. 101
each language a "past active participle in tavant" (Class 6) which
is very common in post-Vedic. Class 10 includes 2^ of all mant
and vant possessives in Sanskrit, but is almost entirely unrepre-
sented in either Rig- Veda or Avestan. The same condition exists
in Classes 14 and 17. Thus, then, the Avestan agrees with Rig-
Veda in having proportionately more possessives in Classes 1, 2,
and 7 than has the remainder of Sanskrit literature, and, in
general, they adhere more closely to the original meaning of
mant and vant.
INDEXES.
In the following indexes of the mant and vant derivatives to
which reference has been made in the preceding pages the words
included in the following paragraphs have been omitted :
Part I (Sanskrit), Chap, i, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16;
Part II (Avestan), Chap, i, 4, 5.
The long lists in these paragraphs are of merely statistical value.
The Avestan index, however, includes all the possessives which
have been used in this study. A complete list of the Sanskrit
words may be obtained by adding the examples in 9 (Part I,
Chap, i) to those in 14.
SANSKRIT.
anqavant
aksanvdnt .
agnivdnt
dgravant
aghdvant
dngirasvant .
angirovant .
anjandvant .
atanavant .
adrstavant .
adhvardvant
dnasvant
anuvdky&vant
antdrvant .
dntavant
aparavdnt .
PAGE
57
apdsthdvant
P1.OE
24
.
43
dpnasvant .
. 66, 87
41,69
apramattavant
4
.
69
aplavavant .
. 5, 63
.
87
dbaddhavant
4
40,
44,67
abhivdnt
. 39, 62
.
44
amardvant .
47
.
47
dmavant
. 61, 86
.
68
arcivdnt,
41
.
66
arthavant .
88
.
6, 62
dvasvadvant
. 44, 52
.
60
dvasvant
44
.
52, 53
avdptavant .
61
.
5
avidvisdvant
57
.
60
avyayavant .
69
.
4,71
aqitdvant
47
.
57
agitdvant
. 47, 64
103
104
INDEXES.
PAGE
PAGE
dgmanvant .
55
ihavant
6
agmavant .
55
Irsyavant
. 52, 53
agvamedhdvant
73
want . 52,
71, 89, 98
dgvavant
. .39, 47
dgvdvant
47
uktavant . .
65
asthwdnt
47
ukthavant .
67
ahwant
. 49, 51
udumJbardvant .
48
uttardvant .
4, 48, 69
dkdravant .
. 38, 42, 67
utpaldvant
48
dgamavant .
72
uteangavant
74
ddambaravant
69
udanvdnt .
. 42, 58
dtithyavant .
73
udayavant .
64
dtmanvdnt .
55
udaravant .
68
atmavant
55
upardgavcLnt
64
ddaravant .
66
ubhayavant
4
dditydvant .
68
urasvariL . .
69
dplnavant .
. 6, 62
urugdyavant .
66
dpydnavant
62
usmavant
. 61, 75
dmiksavant
. 52, 53
drambhqnavant
73
udhasvant .
. 47, 67
drseyavqnt .
66
alamJbanavank^
72
rkvant
. 42, 44
alapavant .
... 61
fksavant
. 82, 88
dgirvant
45
rtavant
87
dsanjanavant
... 71
rtviyavant .
. 4, 48
dsanvdnt
73
rtviydvant .
. 48, 71
dsecanavant
73
rslvant
. 48, 67
dstaranavant
68
iddvant
66
etdvant . 52,71,
78, 86, 89
indravant .
. 47, 58, 67
etivant
. 6, 39
indrasvqnt .
41, 47, 58, 71
Gnasvant
86
indrdvant .
. 47, 58, 67
ehivant
39
indriydvant
48
indriydvant
48
ojasvant
86
isdvant
. 5, 57
dmanvant .
66
istavant
47
omydvant .
66
INDEXES.
105
PAGE
PAGE
kdmvant
. 5, 43
garanavant .
72
kakudvant .
42
gartanvdnt
58
kakubhvant
45
garbhavant
. 47, 67
kakswant .
. 54, 59
gdtravant .
67
kaksydvant
. 54, 59
girvant
45
kanakavant
48
gduravavant
39
kanakdvant
48
kaplvant
47
ghfnwant .
48
kdmvant
43
ghosava/nt .
69
karavant
66
karundvant
' . . 71
cakravant .
87
kdndavant .
68
cankramdvant . -
72
kdrakavant
66
candrdvant
48
kimvant
. 5, 43
campakavant
48
kiqardvant .
63
campakdvant
48
kivant . 52,
71, 78, 79, 86, 89
campdvant
63
kumudavant
54
cdrmanvant
55
Mmudvant
54
carmavant .
. 55, 68
kuqavant
. 48, 68
titravant
87
kugdvant
48
cestdvant
71
krtavant
64
krgandvant
48
chdndasvant
. 44, 61
kfyavant
67
chandovant
44
koqavant
73
kriydvant .
68
jagadvcvnt .
44
kliqitavant .
61
jaghnivant .
. 39, 62
ksdmavant .
4
jdnadvant .
44
ksirdvant
. 61, 62
jdnivant
41
ksudvant
. 42, 45, 69
janmavant .
55
ksudhdvant
69
jayavant . . -
. 42, 48
ksemavant .
48
jaydvant
48
ksemdvant .
48
javavant .
39
ksditavant .
72
jdmbavant .
. 37, 57
jdmbuvant .
. 37, 57
gandvant .
... 69
jdvant
. 24, 66
gatavant
. 61, 65, 75
jihvdvant
72
106
INDEXES.
jlvavant
PAGE
39
devdvant
PAGE
. . 48
jrmbhdvant
48
drapsdvant
86
dvdravant .
48
taddgavant
69
dvdrdvant .
48
tattvavanb .
39
dvdrvant
68
tdpasvant .
44
tapovant
. 44, 72
dhdyadvant
. 44, 54
tdmasvant .
. 44, 87
dhdrmavant
55
tamovant
44
dhdmavant .
55
tdrasvant
. 38, 42
dhdrdyadvant
44
tardmavant
55
dhivant
41
tdvasvant .
32
dhumavant
48
tdvisivant . .
41
dhumdvant .
. 47, 48
tddrgrupavant
5
dhrtavant .
. 42, 57
tdmrdvant
48
tdvant 52, 71,
89, 91, 98
nadvant
54
tuvirdvant .
. 52, 53
ndmasvant .
87
*tuviravavant
52
namovrktivant
39
Ujasvant
37, 44, 91
nayavant
72
tejovant
. 37, 44
narmavant .
55
toyavant
68
ndbhidhdvant
68
tyaktavant .
. 65, 75
ndmavant .
55
trivant
38
niyamavant
72
tristubvant .
45
niytitvant
60
tvagvant
44
nirdhavavant
. . 49
tvavant 51, 70,
79, 86, 89
nirdhdvant
49
niruktavant
74
ddksindvant
. 50, 66
niruddhavant
65
dandapdrusyavant
66
nirvikdravant
63
darwant
42
ni&iddhavant
. 64, 65
ddnavant
66
vtiddvant
71
ddmanvant
66
nilavant
. 4,71
ddhavant
. 64, 75
nrvdnt
. 42, 71
durgdvant .
48
durvdvant . .
73
pakvavant .
. 39, 64, 65
devdvant . .
39, 48, 86
pdtivant
41
INDEXES.
107
padmavant
PAGE
. 48, 49
prgnivant .
PAGE
42
padmdvant .
. 48, 49
pfsadvant . .
44, 63, 71
paravant
4, 49, 71
posydvant .
. 4,49
paragvant .
74
prakdravant
66
pdrasvant .
74
pranatavant
. 60, 61
pardkramavant .
73
prativant
6
paravant
. 49, 66
pratigdkhavant
. 52, 53
pdrivant
39
prattavant
65
parihdravant
72
pradandavant
66
paryastavant
63
pradharsitavant .
63
parvavant .
. 39, 55
pramattavant
4
pavamdnavant
67
prdvant . .
6
pdjasvant .
. 56, 87
pravrttavant
65
pdtaldvant .
49
prasthavant
. 48, 49
pddukavant
. 52, 53
prasthdvant .
. 48, 49
pdmavant .
55
prasthitavant
65
pdrddvant .
49
prdnaddvant
. 52, 63
picindavant
68
prdnaddvant
. 52, 63
pidakdvant
49
prdnavant .
. 38, 42
pitrvant
42
pr&tivant
38
pitrydvant .
49
premavant .
48, 49, 55
pipisvant
33
premdvant .
48, 49, 55
pippaldvant
49
prositavant
61
punsavant .
57
plavavant .
39
ptinsvant . .
57
putrdvant .
87
phanavant
49
purdvant
49
phandvant
49
purudvant .
59
puronuvdkyavant
. 52, 53
bandhuvant
42
puskardvant
49
barhdndvant
49
pustdvant . .
. 24, 49
bdhuvant
42
puspavant .
49
btidhanvant
58
puspdvant .
49
brhddvant .
45
purvavant .
39
brhaspativant
42
pusanvdnt .
. 43, 67
brdhmanvant
43, 49, 55
prthupdjavant
56
brahmavant . ,
48, 49, 55
108
INDEXES.
brahmdvant . 48,
PAGE
49, 55
mdhindvant
PAGE
. 5, 50
muktivant
. . . . 42
bhdgavant .
59
munlvant
. . . 50
bhangurdvant
49
mrgavant
50
bhangurdvant
5. 49
mrgavant
50
bhadravant
48,49
medasvant
44
bhadrdvant
48,49
medovant
44
bhdvant
59
bhdvant
42
yavyavant
50
bhdvavant .
39
ydqasvant
. 42, 44
bhidvant
6,38
yagovant
. . . . 42, 44
bhisagvant . . .
44
ydjydvant
53
bhuvadvant
45, 66
ydtumdvant
. 59, 81
bhogavdnt .
49, 51
ydbhavant
62
bhogdvant .
49, 51
ydvant
52, 71, 79, 86, 89
yuvdvant
52, 70, 89, 98
majjanvdnt
87
yusmdvant
. 51, 70, 79, 86, 89
manlvant . . 42,
49, 51
mativant
42
raksitavant
63
maddvant .
49
rdtnavant
. 48, 50
manovant .
44
ratndvant
. . . . 48, 50
manthivant
47, 55
rayivdnt
. 41, 86, 92
manthwant
47, 55
raqmivdnt
. . . . 42, 50
marutvant 34, 37, 40,
41, 67
rapriivdnt
. . . . 50
malayavant
49
rdjanvant
42, 55, 68, 72
malayavant
49
rdjavant
. . . 55, 72
maqakdvant
49
rupavant
42
mahadvant
45
revdnt
. 41, 86, 92
mdhasvant
85
rocandvant
86
mahimdvant
49, 55
rodhasvant
. . 44
mdhisvant 33, 41, 58,
85, 86
rodhovaut
. . . . 44
mdnsanvdnt
58
romanvant
55
mdnsdvant . .
58
romavant
. . . . 55
mdyavant .
52, 53
mdyavant . .
52, 53
lavavant
. . . . 39
mdvant 51, 70, 79,
86, 89
lasanavant
50
INDEXES.
109
PAGE
PAGE
Idlavant
38, 42, 52, 53
visdvant
86
Idmavant
55
visuvdnt
. 5, 50
lohavant
71
visuvdnt
. 5, 50
visnuvant .
. 40, 41, 67
vanqdvant .
50
wranavant
51
vacandvant
50
vlrdvant
42
vajrivant
57
vlry&vant .
. . 50
vddhanvant
58
virydvant
50
vanakapivant
50
vrkkdvant .
50
vdnanvant .
. 54, 58
vrjinavant .
. 50, 57
vayunavant
50
vrjinwa/nt .
. 50, 57
vayunavant
50
vfsnydvant
.-. 50
varandvant
50
vetdvant
50
vdrmanvant
55
vetasvant .
54
varmavant
55
vetravant
. 48, 51
varsmavant
55
vetrdvant . .
. - .48, 51
vdsuvant
. 42, 48, 50
vegavant
68
vastravant .
87
vesavant
67
vahnivant .
. 39, 42
vydpdditavant
65
vdgvant
. 42, 44
vyomavant .
56
vdjinwant .
58
vdtavant
50
qdmvant
. 5, 43
vdtdvant
50
gdktivant
. 41, 51
vidyutvant .
. 42, 45
qatdvant
. 45, 50, 86
vidyudvant
. 42, 45
gatdvant
50
vibhavavant
. 39, 42
gdmvant
43
vibhdvant
4
qarddvant .
. 54, 68
vimrdvant .
44
garavant
. 48, 51
vivakvdnt
30
gardvant
. 48, 51
vivant
. t . 6, 38
qarmavant .
56
vivasvant
30, 32, 84, 87
garyandvant
52
vivdsvant
. 32, 84, 87
garydnavant
. 52, 53
vigvddevavant
39
qavasdvant
. 24, 57
viqvddevydvant
. 5, 50
gdgvant
30
viqvavant
. 39, 50
gdtavant
45
vigvavant
50
qdradvant .
54
110
INDEXES.
gipravant .
PAGE
. 53, 58
sdhasvant .
PAGE
. 56, 57
giprinwant
58
sahdvant
5, 51, 56
gimidvant .
58
sdhdvant .
. 51, 56
gimwant
58
sddhuvant .
42
glrsanvdnt .
56
sdbhravant
42
glrsavant
56
sdmanvant
56
gueivant
48
sdmavant .
56
gundvant
51
sidhmavant
56
gundvant
51
sidhrakdvant
51
gubhravant
. 37, 42, 50
slldmdvant
. 59, 81
gubhravant
. 5, 50, 63
sukhavant .
51
gnvant
42
sukhdvant .
. 51, 52
grutavant .
. 48, 51
sutavant
51
grutavant .
. 48, 51
sutdvant
51
glesmavant .
56
suvesavant .
67
gvdnvant
86
suryavant .
, 38, 42
gvavant
56
srkavant
51
srkdvant
51
sacandvant
. 24, 50
srgdvant
51
sattvavant .
39
srgdvant
51
sddvant
45
somavant .
. 49, 51, 86
saptarsivant
42
somdvant
. 48, 51
saptavant .
56
sosmavant .
56
sdptlvant
51
sdukhavant
52
samdvant .
50
stanayitnuvant
. 38, 42
samidvant .
45
sthdmavant
56
samrddhivarib
42
sphurjdvant
51
sarasvativant
. 52, 53
sragvant
44
sdrasvafivant
52
srugvant
. 42, 44
sdrasvant .
87
svatvavant .
39
sarpfevant .
42
svddhitwant
51
sarvavant .
. 39, 51
svarddvant
44
sarvdvant .
51
svcLmant
86
salilavant .
. 48, 51
svdvant
. 39, 42, 86
salilavant .
. 48, 51
sahasdvant
. 24, 57
hansavant .
. 49, 51
sahdsravant
86
hansdvant .
. 49, 51
INDEXES.
Ill
hdritvant
PAGE
. 41, 54
dgumant
PAGE
. 4, 63, 70
hdrivant
38, 41, 51
havavant
39
udanimdnt
58
havyavddvant
44
upakrtimant
66
hdstavant .
. 86, 97
upapattimant
64
hitavant
. 51, 65
upcdabdhimant
. 61, 72
hitdvant
. 51, 65
ulkusimant
67
himdvant
. 49, 51
himdvant
. 49, 51
rgmant
. 42, 44
hiranyavant
54, 59, 87
rddhimant
66
hiranvant .
. 54, 59
rbhumdnt .
63
hfslvant
51
hemavant .
56
osadhimant
48
hlddikdvant
51
hlddukdvant
51
kakudmant
. 36, 42, 45
kakunmant
45
angwmdnt .
57
kakummant
45
aksimant
61
kacchumant
69
agnimdnt .
. 41, 69
kdnvamant
. 37, 39, 73
anddimant
. 5, 63
kaqerumant
48
dpacitimant
64
kagerumant
48
aptumdnt . .
62
krdtumant .
87
apsumdnt . .
. 59, 93
krldumdnt .
. 4, 63
abhistimdnt
66
kruncdmant
48
amrtabuddhimant
5
ksdmimant
55
aranimant
73
ksunmant .
. 42, 45
artimdnt
41
ksumdnt
87
cdimant
68
ganimant .
55
alpasvamant
39
gatimant
. 62, 67
agvimcint
. 55, 63
gariitmant .
. 36, 37
astimant
. 6, 61
gudalinmant
45
ahimant
. 49, 51
gdmant
. 39, 69, 87
gdurimant .
52
dkdramant .
. 38, 42
dyusmant .
. 36, 43
cdksusmant
. 36, 43, 73
112
INDEXES.
dtimant
PAGE
88
parisrunmajd
PAGE
45
cirayusmant
. 5, 63
pargumant .
49
cetomant
44
paqumdnt .
39
pitrmdnt
42
janimant
41
purorfinmant
44
jayamant .
. 42, 48
pustimdnt .
39
jydtisimant
58
prgnimant .
42
prajdtimant
. 87, 88
tantumant .
. 69, 70
prdnamdnt
. 38, 42
tarasmant .
. 38, 42
prdnimant
55
tdvmmant .
. 41, 58
tvasfimant .
57
bdndhumant
42
tvastumant .
57
barhismant
. 73, 93
tvdstrmant .
57
bdhumdnt .
42
tvastrimant
57
brhaspatimant
42
tvastnmant
57
tvisimant
48
bhdnumdnt
. 63, 87, 89
tviimant
48
bhdmant
42
bhrdtrmant
. 87, 88
dandimant
55
darlmant
42
manimant .
. 42, 49, 51
dasmdnt
. 33, 38
matimant .
42
divitmant .
4
mddhumant
6, 63, 87
drgimant
61
marutmant
41
mahixmant .
. 41, 54. 58
dhlmant
41
mldhusmant
. 24, 36
dhunimant
4
muktimant .
42
dhrtamant .
37, 38, 42, 57
dhrtimant .
. 37, 38, 57
ydvamant .
37, 39, 40, 68
dhenumdnt
. 63, 66
yagomant .
. 42, 44
dhrdjimant
49
ydtumdnt .
. 59, 72, 87
nrmant
42
rayimdnt
. 39, 41, 86
nyubjimant
. 4,57
ragmimant
. 42, 50
rdjamant
. 37, 42
patimant
41
rdjimant
61
INDEXES.
113
rukmant
PAGE
44
gocismant .
PAGE
58
rimmant
. 44, 63
grlmant
42
riipamant .
. 37, 42
sodaqimant f
56
Idlamant
38, 42, 52, 53
lumant
. 6, 62
saptarsimant
42
samrddhimatii
42
vapusmant
63
sdrpismant
42
vallimant
53
sdksimant .
56
vdsumant .
39,42,48,50,87
sddhumant
42
vastimant
. 48, 50
sabhramant
42
vahnimant .
. 39, 42
susumdnt .
4, 52, 53
vdnmant
. 37, 42, 44
suksmamatimant .
. 5,63
vidyiinmant
. 36, 42, 45
suryamant .
. 38, 42
vibhavamant
. 37, 39, 42
stanayitnumant .
. 38, 42
vibhumdnt .
. 4, 50
*srugmant . .
. 42, 44
vibhumdnt .
50
svctmant .
42
virtikmant .
. 36, 44
visnumant .
. 41, 63
hanumant .
. 51, 68
vikutmant .
36
hanumant , .
51
wramant
. 37, 42
haritmant .
41
harimant
38, 41, 51
qaktimant .
. 41, 51
harsumdnt
59
qaqimant
56
hastimant .
56
gutismanl .
58
hirlmant
. 24, 51
qubhramant
. 37, 42, 50
AVESTAN.
aetavant
78,86,89,91,98
afnahvant .
. 87, 94
aenahvant .
. 86, 95, 99
afrakaSavant
. 82, 99
aojahvant .
. 86, 93
*afrakavant
78, 82, 100
aosahvant .
99
afraddrasvant
94
ayavant
. 87, 93
afrasdhvant
78, 95, 100
aiOyejahvant
94
afro-urvisvant
94
114
INDEXES.
PAGE
PAGE
afsmainivant
. 83, 91, 99
gaomavant
81, 90, 94
anupoiffwant
. 90, 94
*xraBwant
. 90, 94
anusavant .
94
xrvant
. 90, 94
amavant
. 86, 93
xstdvant
. 92, 94
avant 78, 81,
89, 91, 92, 98
xsmdvant 79, 86, 88,
89, 98, 99
avavant 79,
81, 89, 92, 98
xsvastivant
. 79, 94
arditivant .
93
X8vipta.vant
. 78, 94
ardjahvant
94
caxravant .
. 87, 94
arsavant
. 82, 88, 94
caOwarzsaOwant .
. 79, 94
arsnavant .
. 92, 93
cavant 78, 79, 86,
89, 90, 99
astvant
94
cazdahvant
94
asnvant
. 89, 92, 100
cidravant .
. 87, 94
azinavant
94
cistivant
. 88, 94
asavant
. 87, 94, 99
cydvant 79, 88, 89,
,91,98,99
asivant
94
want 78, 79, 86,
89, 91, 99
a^staiBivant
. 79, 94
tafnahvant .
94
ahunavant
94
tamahvant .
87, 94, 96
diBivant
94
tydryavant
96
dBravant
. 92, 93
tizinavant .
91, 100
dfrasdhvant
. 78, 95, 100
tizvant
91, 100
dzantivant .
94
daevavant .
. 86, 97
drdzavant
91, 100
daxstavanl
94
zrazvant
. 80, 94
dasaOavant
94
dmavant
. 86, 93
daibisvant .
95
ifryejahvant
. 95, 98
draosisvant
97
isvant
. 80, 85, 95
drafsakavant
. 86, 94
istavant
. 90, 93
drdgvant
. 92, 97
utavant
80, 100
drvant
. 92, 97
urvistravant
95
Oamnahvant
94
ustanavant
. 94, 95
Owayahvant
94
ustavant
. 78, 96
Owdvant 79, 86, 88,
89,98,99
ustdnavant
94
6rimi6want
. 100
karsivant
98
drisaOwant
. 79, 94
kdravant
98
tbaesahvant
95
kvant
78, 86, 89, 99
tbisvant
95
gaonavant .
94
paemavant .
. 81, 90
INDEXES.
115
paityarsavant
PAGE
82, 100
vayavant
PAGK
. 82, 91, 95
pancasaOwant
. 79, 94
vard&ahvant
94
pavant
89, 95, 97
vastravant .
. 87, 95
pairikavant
. 89, 98
vdstravant .
95
parznahvant
95
vdhrkavant .
98
pasvant
95
vyrsOravant
94
pdffravant .
. 82, 97
iwdzvant
95
pdzahvant .
87, 100
vohunavant
90
pysnvant
. 90, 95
vohvdvant .
. 92, 95
puffravant .
. 87, 95
vWusavant
. 91, 97
bao&ahvant
95
vibdradwant
. 80, 95
bardzishavant
. 80, 93
vlvardzdavant
. 77, 96
bdnvant
. 89, 95
mvahvant .
80, 84, 87, 95
bdrszavant .
. 91, 95
visaitivant .
. 79, 94
b9zvant
80, 100
msavant
. 86, 94
brdtravant . 87,
88, 93, 94
vyarsavant
100
fracardflwant
95
vydvant
. 92, 95
frazaintivant
87, 88, 95
raevant
41, 86, 92, 95
navaitivant
79
raoynavant
95
nairyym'-hym-vdntivaivt 95
raocahvant
94
ndirivant .
. 89, 95
rao&inavant
. 86, 95
ndmahvant
. 87, 95
rdmanivant
. 91, 95
nivavant
100
saokavant .
. 77, 97
mavant . 79,
86, 89, 99
saokmtavant
. 77, 95
marzdikavant
95
saoeinavant
95
mazisvant .
85, 86, 95
satavant
. 79, 86, 94
mazgavant
. 87, 95
sawhvant
90, 100
mdyavant . 81, 82, 89, 95
savavant
95
mdnBwant
95
savahvant .
98
m&davant .
95
sikaya k uvafi
. 100
myazdavant
95
stwdBwant .
. 80, 95, 98
yaoxstavant
. 90, 94
stivant
. 100
yaoxstivant
. 90, 94
spanahvant
94
yavant . 79, 81,
86, 89, 99
spdnavant .
. 86, 93, 95
yusmavant 79, 86, 88
,89,98,99
spdrazvant .
94
vanaitivant
94
zaenahvant
95
8
116
INDEXES.
zaranydvant . 77,
PAGE
87, 88, 95
arsffamant .
PAGE
. 88, 94
zairimydvant
77, 88, 95
ahumant
78, 89, 94, 96
zastavant .
. 86, 97
irimant
. 83, 92, 95
saetavant .
95
gaomant
. 81, 87, 94
haomavant .
81, 86, 95
xratumant .
. 87, 90, 94
haSdnaepcdavant .
. 89, 95
pourumant .
. 78, 94
haptaiOivant
. 79, 94
bdnumant .
. 87, 89, 95
havant . 79,
89, 98, 99
frasumant .
. 83, 95
hara h uvaM .
. 87, 95
fsumant
. 77, 87, 95
harax v aiM .
. 87, 95
na/ohusmant
. 100
harzOravant
97
nasumant .
96, 100
hazavravant
. 79, 86
maSumant .
. 87, 95
hymvarvitivant
83
ydtamant
. 82, 95
hymurvisvant
95
ydtumant .
82, 87, 95, 99
hunaravant
95
vohumant
. 87, 95
hvdvant 79, 86, 88,
89, 98, 99
vfarumant .
95
hvq,6wavant
95
raoxsnvmant
. 82, 91, 95
x v anvant
. 86, 95
ratumant
. 78, 95, 96
x'aranahva'nt
95
zaranumant
95
x v d0ravant .
95
zarmumant
95
x v 5nvant
. 86, 95
haetumant .
95
qfrasimant .
83, 91, 95
x v aMuma,nt
. 78, 96
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