I THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES r ETYMOLOGICON UNIVERSALE; OR, UNIVJERSAIL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONARY: ONANEWPLAN. IN WHICH IT IS SHEWN, THAT CONSONANTS ARE ALONE TO BE REGARDED IN DISCOVERING THE AFFINITIES OF WORDS, AND THAT THE VOWELS ARE TO BE WHOLLY REJECTED ; THAT LANGUAGES CONTAIN THE SAME FUNDAMENTAL IDEA; AND THAT THEY ARE DERIVED FROM THE EARTH, AND THE OPERATIONS, ACCIDENTS, AND PROPERTIES, BELONGING TO IT. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS DRAWN FROM VARIOUS LANGUAGES: The Teutovic Dialects, English, Gothic, Saxon, German, Danish, SfcSiC.— Greek, Lctin, French, Italian, Spanish. The Celtic Dialects, Galic, Irish, Welsh, Bretagne, SfcS^c. The Dialects of the Sclavonic, Ifussian, Sfc. S^c. The Eastern Languages, Hebrew, Arabic, Persian, Sanscrit, Gipsey, Coptic, Sfc. S^c. VOLUME II. CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS : FOR RICHARD PRIESTLEY, 143, HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON. 1822. «^ «. r. ETHERID8E ^ ^^./ €HAP. III. SECT. I. ^R. — C, D, G, &c. lerms relating lo the Soil of the Ground or Earth, zvhen it is Agitated — Stirred up, Broken up, &c. &c. by the various accidents and operations, attached to it, — by Digging, Ploughing, Harrowing, &c. &c., as Harrow and its parallel words HERoian, Herse, (Sax. French,) &c. — Terms connected with these, which express the idea of Stirring up in general, of Excitement, Com- motion, Agitation, Irritation, &c. — of Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving, &c., as Harass, Harsh, &c. &c. Hence JVords, zvhich express Strife — Contention, ^c. &c., as Eris, Erid-o^, (Ef/j, E^iSoi;); actions of violence, Breaking to pieces, &c. &c., as Ereiko, (E^siku, Frango,) &c. Terms detiotifig the Rough — Grating Noise, as originally connected with the action of Scratching upon or Grating upon a Surface, as Hoarse, &c. ^c. 3 u 9791.79 522 ^R. R. \ - C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Terms belonging to the Ele- ment ^RT, &c, which express or relate to operations per- formed on the Earth, Arg, &c. Harrow — Herse, Hercke, Harcke — Harre. (Eng. Fr. Belg. Germ. Dan.) Hergian. (Sax.) To Harrozv, Vastare, Spoliare, &c. ARATrum. (Lat.) A Plough. Ardhy—Aredig— Araz, Arat. (Celtic,) To Plough. Aradr, Ardar. (Celtic,) A Plough. Brian, Erigan. (Sax.) Arare. Ear — Aro. (Eng. Latin,) To Plough. Erigend, Arjands. (Sax. Goth.) Arans. Yrkia. (Isl.) To Plough. Hers. (Arab.) Cultivating. Herras. (Arab.) Sowing, a Farmer. Eris. (Arab.) A Plowman. Oratse. (Sclavonic,) A Plow- man. Orusso — Orutto. (Greek,) To Earth, or Dig. z^-Erto, t^-Erso. (Latin,) To turn up the Earth, To Plough, &c. v=Eksus — z;=Erse, (Lat. Eng.) The Verse. In the last Section of the preceding Chapter, I considered a Race of Words, belonging to our Element, which exhibited, as I trust, in marked and distinct characters, their relation to each other, as conveying their secondary sense ; though the primary idea, which I conceived to be attached to the Earth, Estia, (Ea-Tia,) &c., appeared only in certain terms and on certain occasions. The discussion has extended to a greater length than I at first con- ceived, and has perhaps occupied too large a portion in the arrangement of my Work. Yet the facts, which it exhibits, have unfolded, as I trust, to the enquiring Reader, a train of ideas altogether new and curious on the nature of Languages ; whatever Theory THE EARTH. 5r3 Theory he may adopt respecting the primitive source, from which such facts were derived. This Theory, as I have frequently observed, whatever it may be, does not interfere with the relation of the terms, there produced, to each other, in their secondary application ; nor with the process, by which that relation has been effected. — I shall now, however, proceed to a vein of enquiry, in which the principles of my Hypothesis will be per- petually apparent in the most marked and distinct characters. 1 shall produce, in the present Chapter, a Race of words, in which this connexion with the Earth will be, I trust, per- petually visible, and will appear most fully illustrated, in the general series of examples which are the objects of our discussion. In the present Chapter I shall consider those terms, belong- ing to the Element '^R. ^. C, D, G, &c. &c , which relate to the Soil of the Ground, or Earth, when it is Stirred up or Agitated by the various accidents and operations, attached to or performed upon its surface; as by the feet of animals in motion, — by the Wind, &c. &c. — by the labours of Agriculture, in Digging — Ploughing — Harrowing, &c., as //arrow, and its parallels Herg/j«,. Herse, (Sax. Fr.) Occo, &c. &c. We may well imagine, that these familiar accidents and operations would be strongly im- pressed upon the mind; and we know, that Language has borrowed some of its most ordinary expressions and most forcible metaphorical applications from tiiis source, in order to express Agitation — Commotion — Exciteinent — Irritation, &c. &c. of various sorts and in various degrees. We shall instantly call to mind the Latin expression for Commotion, Pulverem Excitare : which in our colloquial phraseology we express by 'To Kick up * a Dust;' and we know, that the term Tumultus, Tumult, is connected with Tumulus, the Heap of Dirt. The word Harrow, belonging to our Element, which I have been obliged to anti- cipate, is one of the strongest terms, in our Language, to express the 524 "R. R. \--C, D, G, J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z. the most violent state of mental Perturbation, as 'To Harrow up * the Soul : ' and a similar metaphor from some such operation on the Ground is probably to be found in every form of Speech. I shall shew in a future Volume, that the Latin Fod/o belongs to the Element FD, PD, denoting the Ground, as Pedow, {jje^ov. Solum) ; and Fod/o, as we know, not only signifies "To Dig, to " Delve," but it means likewise, " To prick ; — To Stick, or Stab ; — " To jog, or push, by way of notice or admonition;" as Robert Ainsworth explains it, " Fo^^/v stimulis, — Equi Foderet calcaribus " armos, — Pungit dolor, vel Fodiat." We use Dig in a similar sense, ' To Dig your spurs into a horse,' &c. &c. We all remem- ber, that one of the strongest images among the Hebrews for Annoyance — Persecution or Affliction, is derived from the act of Ploughing, as in the Psalms, (cxxix. 2, &c.) "Many a time •* have they afflicted me, from my youth, but they have not " prevailed against me. The Flowers Plowed upon my back : " they made long their furrows." — All Languages abound with metaphors of this nature. — Another strong term for mental Perturbation is Solicito, expressing Solicitude; the first sense of which is to Stir up the Ground — Solum Citare. The significations of this word, as they are detailed by our ordinary Lexicographers, will fully explain to us the train of ideas, which I have unfolded, as connected with operations on the Ground. "Solicito," says R. Ainsworth, means, "(1.) To Stir, or Dig up; properly the " Ground. (2.) Met. To disquiet, to busy, to trouble, to disturb, " to make Solicitous. (3-) "^^ Solicit, to provoke, or be in earnest " with, one; to importune, to press, to be urgent, to entice one « to do a thing. (4.) To sue, or pray, for. (5.) To allure." — We shall be prepared from these observations to expect a Race of words, belonging to our Element R. ^. "^CjD, &c. which are connected with the action of Stirring up the Ground, and which express the idea oi Stirring tip in general, oi Excitement, Commotion, Agitation, THE EARTH. 525 Agitation, Irritation, &c., or of Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving, &c., as Harass, Harsh, &:c. Ago, ^oito, &c. In producing these terms, I shall not always attempt to decide on the peculiar species of operation, from which the sense of such words is derived; as all those actions of Stirri?tg up the Ground alike lead to the same train of ideas. As I do not attempt always to adjust the peculiar action, from which this sense of Stirring up the Ground is derived ; so I do not pretend to fix on that period of Social life, in which such a sense originally appeared. The term, which expresses Stirring up the Ground by the Harrow, might have existed long before such an implement was adopted; and it may be observed, that among the various and obvious sources, from which the idea of Soil or Earth in a state of j^gitation would be derived, we must not be too minute in our selection of a peculiar notion, as they would all operate in forming a general impression. The great point, to which my attention has been directed, is to prove, that the Race of words, conveying this train of ideas, is either remotely or directly connected with the Earth. Nothing can be more obvious, than that the terms relating to the operations of Agriculture, Stirrifig up or Cultivating the Earth, would be derived from the spot, on which those operations are performed ; and I shall leave the enquirers into the Theory of Languages, as it is called, to decide on the more primitive idea, if any such existed, which might prevail in certain terms, before they were applied to the labours of Agriculture. — My Hypothesis is, that this Race of words originally signified, to Stir up, as being connected with accidents or operations attached to the Ground or Earth, the great object, in which such ideas are most prominent. In the first Section of the present Chapter, I shall consider the terms under the form '^R. C,D, &c. with the breathing before the '^R, as Herse, &c. ; and in the second, those terms with the brcatiiing 5<26 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z. breathing before the '^C, D, &c. when the sound of r has disap- peared, as Occo, &c. &c. — The Reader will not fail to observe the simple process by which the various senses of our Element '^R. "^C, D, G, &c. resolve themselves into their original princi- ples. He will perceive, that they are all connected with the Earth, considered under two points of view, either as ' A Place of 'Rest, — or as in a state o{ Agitation.' When the Earth has been considered, as ' A Place of Rest,' it has supplied us with terms, which denote the Certain — Fixed — Appropriate Spot, Enclosed for the purposes of Safety and Security — The Spot, on which things are Placed — Situated, as on a Base or Foundation, or on which Persons Dwell — Remain, &c. &c. When the Surface or Soil of the Earth is considered, as in a state of Agitation, it sup- plies us with terms, relating to the operations of Agriculture, — to the notion of Excitemetit — Irritation — Commotion, &c. &c. — We perceive, moreover, through what a wide range of Human ideas these two modes of conceiving so important an object as the Earth will conduct the understanding. In the two former Chapters of this Work, I have already illustrated the extensive influence of this impression, when the Earth is considered as a Place of Rest; and in the present Chapter I shall examine the influence of the same impression, when the Surface or Soil of tjie Earth is considered, as in a state of Agitation. The great materials of Human Speech have been derived from these two sources ; namely, from the idea of Place, and that of Stirring up — Routing up — Cutting up — or Vellicating a surface, as the Ground, Earth ; but the latter idea is the most prevalejit, and is per- petually operating on occasions, which are apparently most remote from such notions. As I advance in the secrets of Language, I perceive still more and more the extensive influence of this latter idea ; and I may perhaps have sometimes erred in attributing certain words to the Earth, when considered as the Base THE EARTH. 527 jiase — the Settled Place, on which things Rest, or are Placed, which were originally connected with terms, belonging to the same Spot — the Earth, when considered as the Surface in a state of Agitation. The Reader will not wonder at an error of this kind, when the point is obscure, and the idea of Agitation is not prominent in the sense of the word ; or rather, perhaps, he will be of opinion, that in such cases, where the original spot is duly ascertained, this minuteness of distinction is unnecessary. 1 have endeavoured, in the progress of these Researches, to detail the train of ideas, which I was desirous of unfolding, in that order, which I conceived best adapted for conciliating the attention and engaging the conviction of the Reader, to a variety of facts, as yet unknown and unexplored. I have abstained there- fore from introducing points which related rather to Theory, and the Modus concipiendiAhdni to the spirit and force of my argument; till I was obliged, by the course of my Enquiries, to enter on the explanation of such topics, and to exhibit certain terms, which, under a minute variety of form, connected themselves with the Kace of words which are now to be examined. We have seen the term Harrow under the form '^R; and we shall find, how it attaches itself to the form, now under discussion, "RS, '^RT, &c., when we consider the parallel terms in other Lan- guages. The Etymologists, under Harrow, justly produce, as parallel, Harse, Herce, Herse, (Fr.) Hercke, (Belg.) Harcke, (Germ.) Rostrum, Harre, (Dan.) the old barbarous Latin word Herciare, &c. ; and they have likewise properly referred us to our English word Harrie, and its parallel terms Hergian, (Sax.) Herge, (Dan.)f/ arrear, (Spanish,) Torquere, &c. &c. Here we see, how the forms ""KS and '^R connect themselves with each other. We shall find, moreover, that these forms familiarly pass into each other; and that the words, appearing under such forms, should be considered as ultimately related. We must observe. 528 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. observe, however, of these forms, as we observed of the other forms, ^RS, &c. '^T, &c. RT, &c., that though they pass into each other on certain occasions, and may be regarded, as be- longing to the same Element; yet still they may be considered, under" another point of view, as distinct forms, generating a race of words peculiar to themselves *. The * As the following observations relate rather to the Theory of the question, than to the essential business of our Researches, I shall assign this discussion to the place of a Note, that the Reader may consult it, without diverting his attention from the main scope and spirit of the argument. It may be enquired perhaps bj- some, wliich of these forms, *R, &c. or *RS, should be regarded as the Primitive or Original form. On this point I can only observe, that such a question belongs rather to tlie mode of conceiving the subject, than to the yac^, which is intended to be exhibited. — I have chosen to represent *RC, Sec. *C, Sec. RC, as the general Elementary form or forms, because, in considering tlie words, conveying the same train of ideas, and ultimately, as I conceive, belonging to each other, under the forms '*RC, Sec. ''R, I have found, that the greater number of words appear under the form or forms "RC, &c. *C, 8tc. RC, Sec, and but few under the form "R ; and moreover, that the name for the object, from which, as I conceive, under various forms and Elements, Languages have been supplied with words, appears under the form *RC — *RS, "RT, &c. in our Teutonic Dialects, and in other ancient Languages, as Earth, Eede, 8cc. Aretz, (Heb.) &.c. The Reader perhaps may imagine, that the form *R, as seeming to appear in a more simple state than that of "RC, &,c. RC, &c., should be regarded as the Primitive and Original form. Under this idea, he will perhaps consider the Greek Era, (Eja, Terra,) and other words in the same form. Ear, (Eng.) To Plough, Harros', Aroo, (R?o»),) Av.S, as terms existing in the more primitive state; and that Ear-M, ER-^_^' Uruz, " Earths, Grounds." — In the Russian Dialect of the Sclavonic, Oratze is a Plowman ; and to this source we should probably refer the name HoRAT=ius, Ii-Orace, Orazio, (Lat. Eng. Ital.) &c. &c. The Greek Orusso, Orutto, (Of uo-o-w, O^uttw, Fodio,) 'To Dig,' would be naturally derived, as we shall all agree, from the Ground ; and it signifies, as I imagine, to Earth, or to break up the Earth. If the Reader should suppose, that the Usso or the Utto were derived from the analogy of the Greek Language, or that the words, to which it immediately belonged, bore the Ele- mentary form '^R, then he must conceive the term Or^usso to coincide with Oro, (O^w, Concito,) and to signify ' To Era,' (Eoa, Terra,) if I may so express it, 'To Break up the Era, — To *Ear — up the Ground,* &c. &c. In the Latin v=Erto, we have no such minute point to adjust ; and this, we perceive, may be safely considered as * To Earth.* Robert Ainsworth has given its genuine sense, when he explains it by "To Dig, or cast up — " Quo sidere Terram v=EKTere." Virgil, we know, has likewise v=ERsare Terram, which means 'To Plough it.' In the " Duro " Terram qui z;=ErtjY ARATro," we see the action Ert, and the Instrument Arat or Art, both belonging to the Earth. From the action of Ploughing or Turning up the Land, i;=Erto has the sense of Turn applied in a different manner, — ' To Turn about in t passing From Furrow to Furrow;' and hence we have v=Ersus, the z'=Erse. The Latin v=Eksus is explained by Robert Ains- worth, THE EARTH. 535 worth ; " A turning about at a land's end. — A Rank, row or series " of trees. — A line, even in prose. — A Verse." We now see, that v-Ersus, Lines, Rows, z^-Erses, mean no more than Earths, if I may so say, or Furrows, turning one into the other, as it were, or regularly recurring, one after the other. From this regular recurrence of Furrozv after Furrow by the action of Turning about — Up and Down in Ploughing, t;=ERSARi signifies *To be ' about any thing,' or, as we express it, by a word derived from z^-ERsor, ' To be con-v-ERsant in any thing.* Thus we see, how our term co7i-v-ERS=ation belongs to the Earth, however remote it may appear from that spot. The Greek Poleo, to which our words Plough and Ply belong, has precisely the same meaning ; and hence it is explained in our ordinary Vocabularies by " z^-Erto, z;-Erso, t^-ERSor, Aro.'^ In the Tuscan Dialect, Arse Verse signifies *' Averte Ignem," as Festus informs us. Verse is supposed to be the term for Fire, and therefore Arse corresponds with Averte. In Arse, we see the true form of t^-Erto. I shall shew, that the term for Fire, f=ERSE, belongs to the same race of words, i'-Erto, Arse, &c. * To Stir up;' and that it is derived from the idea of Commotion — Agitation, &c. &c. In Hebrew, DT IRT, signifies " To turn aside, turn over," as Mr. Parkhurst explains it, who has justly referred it to the Latin f=ERTO, and the English t<;-RiTH, w-Reath. The succeeding word in Mr. Parkhurst's Hebrew Lexicon, is 'yy IRK ; the original idea of which, as our Author conceives, is " To be long, extended in length." The sense of Extension we should naturally conceive to be derived from S^ace on the Earth. The preceding term to LDT IRT, is rw IKCh, " the Moon," which Mr. Parkhurst supposes to belong to mt< ARCh, '* To go in a Track," which brings us directly to the Eart^^, Arg, Sec. This will remind us of the Greek ERCH-omai, {E^x.°H-'*'i Eo,) *To Go.' The succeeding word in Mr. 536 ^R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Mr. Parkhurst's Lexicon to the latter Hebrew term, is -[nx ARK, which denotes " To be or grow Long," and which is only another form, as we see, of "jT IRK, " To be Long." Terms, which relate to Action — Labour — Work, &c., or to the idea of Working up any thing, connected with opera- tion performed on or with the Earth, Erde, Aretz, Arg, &c. &c. Erdo— ^Rezo. (Gr.) To Do; originally To Earth, To Cul- tivate the Earth, To labour. ''Res. (Lat.) Ergow. (Gr.) The labour of Agriculture. w-Ork. (Eng.) &c. &c. &c. Ge=OoRG^o. (Gr.) To Work or cultivate the Earth. zy-EoRK, z;-Erck, w=Ark, &c. &c. (Sax. Dan. Swed.) Work. W-^RlGHTjW-RYHTA.tf-YRHTA, ztz-AuRSTu. (Eng. Sax. Goth. &c.) To Work. Irk, iRK^om^, w-Ark, &c. (Eng. &c.) Relating to Work, Toil, Pain, &c. Artuo. (Gr.) To Work any thing up, or together, To Season, Prepare. Artos. (Gr.) Bread, What is Worked up — Kneaded. Arteo. (Gr.) To Prepare. Artzo^. (Gr.) Made or Worked up, so as to be whole. ex = ERceo. (Latin,) To Work Land, Till, Labour. ^*'=Ercise. (Eng.) w-ORDen. (Sax.) To be Worked — Made or done. To Be. w-Yrd. (Sax.) The Work, fact or circumstance attached to any person or thing ; What is Worked or Done to, or befalls any one; Fate, Destiny, &c. TO=EiRDEs. (Old Eng.) Workers — Fates — Destinies. w=Ord. (Eng.) Originally the Work or thing enjoined or uttered by another. Hence the Enjoining Speech, or Speech in general. We THE EARTH. 537 We may well imagine, that the terms for PTork — Labour — Toil, &c. would be derived from the Labours of Agriculture. Hence we have the Greek Erdo, (e^Su, facio,) which means, as I trust we shall all agree, To Earth, Erde, (Germ.) &c. The Ety- mologists derive it from Retso, (Pe^o., facio,) which should be considered, as belonging to the race of words before us, signi- fying 'To aRETz— to Earth,' when the breathing before the R does not appear. To the form of Retzo, (Pe^w,) must be re- ferred the Latin Res, which means miction — Business — Employment. Some Etymologists have acknowledged this origin, though others derive Res from the Greek Pj?i/, Ovis, the Hebrew i^kt RAS, Caput, &c. &c. Res connects itself with Rus, and is used in its original sense, when combined with the derivative of that word, in the phrase Res Rustica. The form of the Element RS will be fully considered in the progress of our dicussions. In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary, where Erdo, (Eo(L,) is found, we have Ergo7z, {E^yov, Opus,) JVork, Labour; which, as we now see, belongs to our Element under the form "^RG, to ARK, ARG, &c. (Chald. Samar. Syr. &c.) We shall likewise understand, that the Englisli explanatory term t£;-ORK is only another form of the Greek Ergow, [z^yov.) Every one knows, that the appropriate sense of Ergo«, (j.^yov,) as given in our School-boy Vocabularies, is ' Labor in Agro ;' and that the title of Hesiod's book on Agriculture, is "Erga kai Emerai," (epfa Kat U[x.e^oct,) 'zt^^ORKS and Days.' The Greek G^-Org^o, (Teu^ysu, Terram colo,) is derived, we know, from Ge and Ergo«, (Epyov,) and' means ' To w=Ork or Cultivate the Land.' The English word tyr'^RiGHT is still another form ofzv=ORK, as Ship=w-RiGHT — 'the 'Man, Who w^-Orks in making Ships.' The Etymologists, under Work, produce the parallel terms to be found in other Languages, as the Saxon fVeorc, the Danish Ferck, the Swedish IFark, the Belgic and German JVerck, and JVercken, IVirken, the Runic Uerg, 3 Y the 538 ^R. R/.--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X,Z. the Gothic Waurstzv, &c. Under Wright, they refer us to the Saxon Wryhta, Wyrhta, which they derive from the Saxon verb Weorcaji, Wyrcan, Operari. From Wright, the WoRKwan, is derived, we know, our famiHar name Wright. The word ap- pears under various forms in Saxon and Gothic, as Weorc, Were, Wircan, Wyrcan, Waurkjan, ' to Work,' &c. &c. Under the word Wircan, To Work, in Lye, we are brought to the very spot, and the union of the very terms, which I have supposed in my Hypothesis, " La?id vel Eorth^w, w=YRcan, Terram elaborare, " colere." — " Mannces the thaEoRTH^w z£;-Orhte, Homo non erat " qui terram coleret." In Greek, the parallel term Erg^zo is adopted, " Anthropos ouk een 'ERoazesthai auteen," AvO^anrog ovx riv EPFAZESOAI ai/Tjji/. Dr. Jamieson, under the Scotch w-Irk, "To " Work, to cause, to accomplish," observes, that this term and its parallels " appear in a more radical form in Isl. Yrke, Yrk-Z^, " Arare, Colere terram, from YR-ia, id. glebam radere," where we see the primitive idea. We have likewise in Scotch the preterite Wroght and Wroclit, which connect themselves more directly with the form Wrought in our own Dialect j and we may note, that the use of the word in English, which relates particu- larly to the mingling of materials, preserves the primitive idea. The action of Work/'w^ Earth, either under the idea of Cultivating it and Improving it, or that of Work/'/z^ it up, as we express it, or Tempering it by the mingling of materials, leads us to the idea of Preparing any thing in general, and parti- cularly in the operations of Cookery. Hence we have the Greek Artiw, (A^tuw, Apparo, adorno, instruo; — Condio,) which is nothing but to Earth — or Erd, (E^J'w, facio,) if I may so express it, " To Work up or Make up any thing." In hRTuma, (A^Tvi^K, Condimentum, conditura, Pulmentiim,') when it signifies Pulmentum, Pottage, we see the original idea of Earth or Mud like materials — of a thick consistency, mingled or Worked up together. Artos, (A^roj, Panis,) Bread, is nothing but the Worked up, THE EARTH. 539 up, or Kneaded Substance. I shall shew, that Masso, {Uota-a-ta, Subigo, Pinso,) Mix — Mud, and Make, belong to each other; and that Masso signifies to Mix or Make up any thing of a Mud like consistency. The strongest term in Greek for exquisite Condimejit, is a word, which in its original sense signifies 'To ' Mud or Dung a field over,' as " Ov^yiXivu, Proprie Fimo agrum " adspergo, deinde cibos exquisite condio, quia ut fimo agri " foecundiores, sic cibi condimentis delicatiores fiunt." Whatever be the precise idea annexed to the metaphor, whether that of the Lexicographers, or that which I have annexed to Artwo, (Aotuw,) the fact, at which on a superficial view we might be surprised, remains the same; namely, that the term for the preparation of Food, and that too of the most exquisite kind, is derived from Dirt — Muck, &c. The Onth in Ontheleuo, or Onth-Theleuo, be- longs, we know, to Onthos, (Ovdog, Fimus seu stercus Jumento- rum,) and the Thel in Theleuo is derived from Tellus. The Saxon WiRcaw signifies To Knead any Earth like or Mud like substance, as jn English 'To Work' up does. Under Wirc^;^, Lye produces the following Saxon phrase: "HeWoRHXE fenn of his spatle," " Elaboravit lutum ex sputo." — " He — Made clay of the Spittle," £7ro;, Fcstus dies.) The phrase produced by my Lexicographer, Y.oKTasete Y^OKTeen too Kurioo, (Eo^Tao-ere Eo^tvjv tm Ku^iu,) will shew us the original idea; as the verb EoRtasete bears, we see, the same meaning, as ARTUsete, (a^tvo-bts,) ' Ye shall Prepare.' In the following passage, Artwio relates to the Preparation of Food, as Ae«7rvoi/ EnHPTTNONTO, &:c. (Honi. Hymn, ad Cerer. . V. 128.) The preceding term to Eortazo, (Eo^ru^u,) in my Greek Voca- 540 ^R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. Vocabulary, is Eorge, (Eo^yvj, Cochleare, Tudicula,) the Spoon, or Ladle, which belongs to the Oorg^o in Ge=OoRG^o, (Ttu^yeu,) and means the instrument, which Stirs up or zf=ORKS up any thing. My Lexicographer produces F^OROesai and EoRoizesthai, which means to Stir up with a Ladle. Eo^yria-xi, Cochleari Agitare, and Eo^yi^ea-dxi, Cochleari Agitari. The Eo^yi^ea-Qui is only another form of E^yx^€ir9oci. The Greek Art^o, (Aotbu, Paro, Apparo,) To Prepare, is only another form of Art«o, (Aj tuw, Apparo, adorno, instruo,) which means the same. Art^o, {A^tsu,) is supposed to be derived from Art/05, (A^Tio?, par, ut numerus, — Integer, perfectus, omnibus partibus suis constans ; — Integer, sanus, incolumis ; — Consentaneus ; — Consummatus, pleneque instructus ad omnia pietatis officia; — Paratus ad aliquid faciendum.) We see, that the genuine sense of Art ios, (A^rioj,) is expressed by "Paratus ad aliquid facien- " dum," or that the word means < Prepared for any use or ' purpose — Made up — Worked up, so as to be fit for a certain use ' or purpose.' We perceive, that the idea of Workz'w^ the Earth, or of Cultivating and Preparing the Ground for produce, would at once bring us to the idea of Preparation in general, — or of Making up any thing into a due state of Preparation — improvement — per- fection — or completion, so as to be fit for any use, purpose, &c. Hence it is, that Colo, ' To till or cultivate Land,' means Improve- ment — or Cultivation in general : — Colo is explained by R. Ainsworth, " To Till or husband Ground," — " To deck, trim, or adorn ; — •• To dress, or prune." Let us note the word Dress, — which I shall shew to belong to Dirt, &c. But whether this be a fact or not, we find in Dress the same union of ideas, which I have supposed to be annexed to Art«o, (AfTuw,) as relating to the Earth. To Dress, we know, is applied to Land; ("And the " Lord God took the Man, and put him into the Garden of Eden, to THE EARTH. 541 " to Dress it, and to keep it,") and likewise to the preparation of Food by Cooking, as 'To Dress a dinner.' Though the general sense of WoRKing Land, or the Earth, directly brings us to that of a Prepared state of things, yet the same idea is acquired by another turn of meaning annexed to this action. To Work Earth conveys likewise the notion of Tempering the Soil — considered as the substance of Dirt — of Mixing or Work/w^" up the materials of the Soil, or of Plastic materials of a similar nature, so as to make them in a due state of consistency. — Now I imagine, that this turn of meaning is attached to the words connected with Artwo, (a^tuw) ; and hence it is, as I suppose, that Arto5, (A^TOf,) means Bread, — that, in which the materials are Worked up in a due state of Consistency and form ; and hence it is, I imagine, that Art/o5, (k^noq,) means, •' Par, ut numerus. — " Integer, perfectus, omnibus partibus suis constans," — * What is ' Worked up into a due Consistency of parts, so as to be duly * composed, or Made up. Entire, Whole, Compleat, Perfect.' — It may be thought, perhaps, unnecessary to make this minute distinction, when the general idea is sufficient for our purpose. The adverb Arti, (A^t;, Modo, pauUo ante, nuper; — nunc, jam- pridem ; — in compositione notat perfectionem, brevitatem vel novi- tatem,) as applied to Time, means the Time just Compleated, or finished. — The Lexicographers have properly observed, that Arti, (AfT/,) in composition points out the Perfection of a thing, or of something duly Made up — Co?npleated — Finished. If ever an English and Greek Dictionary should be published, — a work, which of all others, is most wanted ; I might hope, that the secrets, which are here unfolded, would afford a valuable fund of materials to the Lexicographer, by which the spirit of his interpretation would be perpetually supplied and regulated. In the various interpreta- tions of Art/o5, (AfTiOf,) the English phrase Made up should be adopted for the purpose of expressing the fundamental idea, to which 542 ^R. R. \™ C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. which the Writer should perpetually appeal ; and on which the vein of metaphor, applied in his explanation, should be established. I shall now consider the words adjacent to Aktios, (A^nog,) in the order of the Greek Dictionaries. The Art in AhTamos, {k^TUf^ogy Lanius; — Coquus,) the Cook, is attached, as we shall now see, to Artz^o, (a^tuw.) In Artemes, or Av.T-Tem.es, (^A^ref^ijg, Incolumis, Integer, sanus, salvus,) the Art has the same force, as in Artios, (A^twj, Integer, sanus, incolumis.) The goddess Diana, ART^w/,y, {A^TB[/,ig, Diana,) is the ARremes, (Afre^o?,',) the * Integra Virgo.' Jrtemisia, (A^T£p(r, Paro,) with Aroo, {A^u, Apto,) a word of a similar meaning. Here again we see the forms ^R and '^RT blended with each other. In the passage produced under the term Aroo, (Aow,) we have the word in its more general form, Ars-a^, Nij* Afcraj e^BTrja-tv iiKo Perfume, as some un- derstand, I shall now return to the consideration of those terms, which directly relate to operations on the Earth. We have seen, that liLoKiuan \VYRca«, To Work the Earth, means ' Terram elaborare, colere,' Now the Latin ^.v-Erc^o has, we know, precisely the same meaning, " To Till," as R. Ains- worth explains it, " Exercet frequens Tellurem;" and thus we see, how the Erc, in ^x-Erc^o, belongs to ci;-ORK — Ergow, {E^yov,') and the Earth. From this idea of Tilling or Cultivating the Land, ^a-Erceo signifies 'To Labour in other matters' — ' To ' ex-^Kcise,' ex-Y^Kcer, (Fr.) or 'To zf=ORK in general.' Toil belongs to Till for the same reason. Hence, we know, is the name for an Army, ex-Y.Rcitus, derived, from the Discipline or ^;f-ERc/5^, which they undergo. We see how remote the object signified is from the original idea, and yet how naturally they coincide, when the intermediate notion is once ascertained. In the present instance, the connexion is known ; but we shall readily understand, what difficulties would arise, when the medium, through which one idea passes into another, becomes obscure. The Etymologists derive Exerceo from Ex and Arceo, " quasi " Extra Arceo, premo, fatigo ; item frequenter facio, occupo,'' says Martinius. He refers us to the form Erc^o, which some think to have been in use, because co-Erceo and ^;i'-Erceo are to be found. The Erceo in Co-Erceo belongs to Arc^o, " To " keep in," which I have before referred to Erkos, (e^xo?. Septum,) the appropriate or enclosed Earth. An adjacent word ERctum is a term of Law. " Erc^«w citum fit inter consortes," says Festus ; that is, " Cohaeredes, ad quos eadem sors pertinet." — " Erctum citum," they say, "est htereditas divisa ; " and they imagine, that it was so called, " quod, quum hsreditas divisa est, " alter ab alterius parte Ercetur." Martinius thinks, that the 3 z ERCTum 546 *R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. ERCTwm is quasi Erkton, (e^ktov, Septum,) the Inclosed place, because ""Suam quisque Hsreditatem Sepiebat, quam poteratcom- " modissime." We shall now understand, that the Erct in Erctmw is another form of Ujerex> in HjEREuitas ; and that they both denote the property in Earth or Land. — In the English Heir, &c. we have the form "R. — The Greek Ask^o, (Ao-ksu, Colo, EA'^rc^o,) belongs to our Element ^S, &c. when the sound of the r is lost. An adjacent word to Ask^o, (Aa-Ktu,) in the Greek Vocabularies, is As/5, (Ao-;,-, Limus, Sordes, Coenum.) The Saxon Werc and Weorc not only signify Work, Opus; but they mean Ukewise " Dolor, cruciatus, anxietas ; " and to this Lye has justly referred Irk in iKK-sojtie. M. Casaubon derives it from Ergo^^5, Ef>/w^')!?, Operosus, difficilis,laboriosus, molestus : — Junius produces the Runic Irk, Facere, elaborare; and Skinner, though he derives it from ge-Reccan, " pro Reccan, punire,'* adds, "vel potius a Belg. ArgJi, Teut. Arg, Malus, Pravus, quia " malorum sc. nos taedet. Vel ab A. S. fFarc, Chaucero fVerk, " in ao-ro Line. Somnero teste JVark, Dolor." We see, that Wark, Dolor, is only another form of Werc. The German Arg, Base, Bad, Aergern, &c., must be referred to w^Ork, zy=ARK, &c., just as the Greek Uovr,^oq, Vile, &c. {UovriDoq, Laboriosus, miser, infoelix, \lovr]Dcg, Improbus, scelestus, pravus, malus, i.e. malitiosus, ma- lignus, vitiosus, vitiatus,) belongs to Uovo<;, Labour, Trouble, &c. (novo?, Labor, studium, et opera rei alicui impensa; — Molestia, labor et molestia, arumna, calamitas, morbus; dolor.) The senses of these words will shew what train of ideas belongs to the no- tion of w-Okk, Labour, &c. In our ordinary Language, Work, we know, relates to Agitation — Annoyance — Vexation, &c. ' He 'Works his opponent well' — 'He Works himself into a passion.' " Your father 's in some passion, '•'That Works him strangely." (Tempest.) From the idea of a person over * Worked or Worn out — Weary 'and THE EARTH. 547 * and Exhausted by hard labour,' we have terms, which denote Weariness — Inactivity — Sloth — Timidity — Indolence — Reluctance, Sec. In Scotch, Arch, Argh, Airgh, Ergh, mean, according to Dr. Ja- mieson, " i. Averse, Reluctant ; often including the idea of Timi- " dity as the cause of Reluctance. — 2. Apprehensive, filled with " anxiety." Dr. Jamieson observes, that Chaucer uses Erke for " Weary, Indolent ;" " And of that decle be not Erke, " But ofte sithes haunt that Werk." where in Erke and w-Erk we see united the very terms which belong to each other. The Erke is the person so w=Erked or Weary, and Annoyed by w=Erk, as to be Averse to engage in it. Dr. Jamieson justly records the parallel terms, as £a/-^, (Sax.) Desi- diosus, Argr, (ls\.) Sic. "Su. G. y^rg-, Ignavus ; Oarg, Intrepidus, " Lappon. ^rg-^. Timid ; ^r^^f. Fearfully; Jrgo, T'lmeo, — Leem ; " to which he adds, " Vossius refers this word to Gr. Aoyog for " Ae^y-og, from « priv. and e^you, opus." Dr. Jamieson, under Irk, " To tire, to become weary," observes as follows : "The E. v. is " used in an active sense. Johns, derives it from Isl. Yrk, Work, " although the terms convey ideas diametrically opposite." This Writer ought to have understood, that these ideas are neces- sarily connected with each other. Thus, Laboriosus in Latin means " Laborious, pains taking; Oppressed with pain, sickness or "ill usage; taking much pains, — Requiring much pains ; Tiresome, " toilsome. Wearisome, fatiguing," as that authentic Lexicographer R.Ainswortii explains a term denoting Labour, or w-Okih. As a verb, Laboro means to " Lie under, to be Oppressed with;'' and thus, in such a phrase as 'He Erks of his vv=Erk,' we might represent it in Latin by ' Labore suo Laborat.' The Greek Akgos, {Aoyog, Albus; — Otiosus, Piger; — Incul- tus,) is not a compound, but is derived from the Earth, Arg, &c., either as belonging to this race of words, or as de- noting 548 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. noting the Lumpish Clod. We see in the sense of Albiis, that the term refers to the Dirt or Clod. In the same column of my Vocabulary, where Argo^ is, I find ArgHIos, A^yiKXo?, ARoilla, ' Terra pura et Alba,' where we are at once brought to the spot, supposed in my Hypothesis. The Gil belongs to Clay, &c. &c. ARGo^,(A^yof,) is supposed sometimes to denote 5'zt;///, as in the com- pound A?.G\=Poiis, (^A^yiTTov?, Celer, Velox; Albis pedibus) ; and in this sense it should seem to belong to the idea of Activity, expressed by w=Okk, YRKian, Facere, &c. In the same column, we have Argos, {A^yog, Urbs Peloponnesi, &c. — Argus, Pastor,) the City, . and the Name of the Shepherd. I have shewn, that Argo5, the Man, is the Herd or Keeper of Cattle ; and Argos, the City, may perhaps mean the Enclosure, Erko5, (e^xc?, Septum.) In the same opening of my Vocabulary, I see Arguro5, {A^yv^og,') AKGentum, which miglit denote the White — Bright metal; though this word has considerable difficulties. Whatever be the precise idea, from which Argo5 and Arg^o, (A^yog, A^ysu, Otior,) are derived, the term Arg^o, (A^ysu,) is brought to its original spot in the following passage: 'im n rfjv y^v KXTu^yu. Luke xiii. 7. 'Why Cumbereth it * the Ground V I shall shew, that Cumber belongs to Campus. We know, that such expressions as the Sluggish — or Inactive Clod, &c. perpetually occur ; and we know, likewise, that Segnis Campus — Segnes Terra, &c. are equally familiar. This would lead us to conclude, that some of these terms denoting Inacti- vity, Sec. are derived directly from the Earth, as referring to the Sluggish Clod. The Saxon EAKoian, Torpescere prs timore, seems to be immediately attached to the Greek ARGe-o, (A^yeu,) whatever might be the original notion. In Saxon we have other forms, as Yrgth, Ignavia, Yrhth, Segnities, Taedium. In the succeeding column of my Saxon Dictionary to that, in which Weorc and WEORca/z, To Work, Operari, Facere, are explained; we have Weordaw, WoRDan, WvRoan, WrRoan, which THE EARTH. 549 which Lye exphiins by Fieri, and which we see to be only a passive sense of WEoncan, &c. To be Worked, Made or Done. From this sense of To be Made or Done, the above terms WEORoan, &c. simply mean 'To Be;' and hence Lye explains them by Esse. In Gothic, WAiRTH^n means "Fieri, Esse;" and, in Saxon the same term appears again under the forms WEORTHa??, WuRTHan, WYRTHa?i, Fieri, Evenire. In German, Werd^/z is the verb, corresponding with the Saxon Weord^w, &c., and signi- fies, " To become, grow, wax, &c. — Wie ist das so ge-WoRVEN, " How did that become, grow, wax, prove, fall or turn so ? " How came that to be so? What made it become so?" Here WERDf;i has the same meaning, ' Fieri, Evenire, &c. To be * Worked, Made, Done, or to Be as a Work — Fact,' &c. It is used in the German Language, as an auxiliary to express the Future and the Passive; — ' Ich Werde lieben — I shall love — Ich ' Werde gelicbet — I am loved ; or I amTo love, and I am loved ;' that is, * I am — so Made, Constituted,' &c. Am and Werde, what- ever may be the original idea conveyed by Am, alike express the Mode — Form — State or Condition, in which any thing is Made — Constituted — Situated, &c. ; and Am is used in a Future sense, when we say, '\Am to do a thing,' for ' I Am about to do a thing, * or sliall do a thing.' Lye, in his edition of Junius, produces Worth, as a term in old English for " Esse, Fieri j " and refers it to the terms produced above, and to the Belgic Werden, the Swedish Warda, and the Islandic Verda. Hence we have the phrase so fre- quent in old English, "Woe Worth," Woe Happen to You. In Saxon, the substantive to these verbs, Weordan, &c. Fieri, is Wyrd, which means the '\'JoKK,Fact, Event, Occurrence, * what happens, or takes place in the course of things, whether ' referred to the past, the present or the future, Fatej — Fortune, * Destiny,' &c. From this Saxon term is derived the English Word, which meant nothing but the Work — Fact, or Circum- stance 550 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. stance attached to any person or thing. The Etymologists refer us under Word to the Gothic Waurds, the Saxon IVord, the ~ German Uuort or Wort, the Belgic Wo.rd, the Runic, Swedish, and Danish Ord. Skinner and Junius produce only the parallel terms to Word, except that the former adds, " More criticorum . " nimis lascivit Martinius dum a Lat. Oratio deducit." Lye however observes, " Maximo doctorum consensu origo vocis " refertur ad Uuortan, Fieri;" and he adds, that though the term, according to this Etymology, seems to denote rather the Res Gesta than the Dictum, yet these ideas are naturally attached to each other. Lye, in his Saxon Dictionary, explains the Saxon Wyrd thus : " Wyrd — i. q. Word. Verbum ; et kcx,t e^ox*iv, to ** Verbum, sc. quod Fatus est sive decrevit Deus. Fatum, fortuna, ** rerum ordo, cursus naturae, series eventuum." Here he seems to consider, that Word, Speech, is the original idea; and that the sense of Fatiim, &c. is derived from this ; nor does he seem here to understand, that Wyrd belongs to the terms produced above, Weordan, &c. Fieri. In the very first example produced by Lye, we find Wyrd, the Substantive, connected with the verb from which it is derived. Wyrd was ^^worden, " Fatum " ejus, decretum de eo, evenit;" that is, the Work, — Fact — or Event attached to him, was Worked or Effected, ' Eve?itus de eo 'Evenit:' Again, •' Tha Wyrd he thonne Wyrcth, Hunc " rerum ordinem producit — He Works or Produces the Work, " Fact, &c. ;" where we see, that Wyrd, Word, is actually com- bined with Wyrcth, Work. As Speech is a declaration of Things or Works, we shall not wonder, that these ideas pass into each other ; and that Wyrd, the Work, becomes Word, the Speech. Lye, we see, has pro- duced one mode, by which this union takes place. — The Work imposed by the command of another, the Enjoined Work or Command, directly connects itself with the Speech, or Word, by which THE EARTH. 551 which it is uttered ; and thus they are mutually adopted for each other; as Fatiim, the Fate or Destiny of a person, is connected with the Fatum, the Speech. In such phrases as 'He is obe- ' dicnt to his master's Word,' we see how the Work or Conduct Enjoined or Commanded by another is involved with the idea of Speech. — Our Biblical Critics abound with illustrations of the union of ideas between Words and Deeds ; and our School-boys well know the senses of Aoyo; and Prif^u, (Aoyog, Dictum, verbum ;— Caussa, — Pij/*a, Verbum, dictum, Res.) — In the Poems attributed to Rowley, Word is used with its more original idea, as relating to an Order, Command, or a Work Enjoined. " Celmonde dyd comme to mee at tyme of reste, " WoRDEYNGE fof mcc to flic, att your requeste." (jEl/a, 1228, &c.) Dean Milles explains Wordeyinge by " Bringing me Word, Com~ " manding me ; " where we perceive, that in this application of the English term Word, ' Bringing me Word to do so and so,' the idea of a message is connected with some Enjoined Work, or business to be performed. In Shakspeare, Word is used as a verb, and relates likewise to a Command, or Enjoined Work. " He Words me, girls, he Words me, that I should not " Be noble to myself." (Ant. and Cleop. A. V. S. 2.) In Macbeth, Word seems to signify little more than an Event. " Sej/. The queen, my Lord, is dead. " Macb. She should have dy'd hereafter. "There would have been a time for such a Word." Dr. Johnson on this passage observes, '' We say, ' We send Word,' " when we give intelligence." Lye, under Wyrd, explains Wyrde, Wyrdas, plur, by " Fata, Parcae;" and to this he justly refers Werdes, a term corresponding to Fata in Gawin Douglas, and to Wierdes, in Chaucer, the Fates. Hence we have the Weird Sisters, the Witches in Macbeth, who were supposed to be the Dispensers of Destiny. The Commentators on Shakspeare have produced a quotation 55'2 "R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. quotation from the Glossarist on Gawin Douglas, who properly understands the origin of the word. The old Copy reads in the passage of Macbeth ^' Weyward Sisters," which the Commenta- tors have corrected, as they call it, by reading Weird; and Mr. Steevens assures us, that the method in the old Copy " was "merely a blunder of the transcriber or printer." If those, who wrote or printed Weyward, supposed it to mean any thing else but that which is sometimes written Weird, Destiny, they cer- tainly committed a blunder : But if by Weyward they meant the same as Weird, they committed no blunder, as one mode of spelling is as good as the other. If the original term Wyrd be the criterion of the true mode of spelling, the forms Weird, Werd and Weyward, &c. &c. are equally wrong. Tiiis said spelling, as it is called, appears equally to have confounded the understandings of the youngest and the oldest of our Scholars. In Dr.Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary, we have Werd, Weerd, Weird, &c. &c., and Worth, Wourth, " To Wax, to Become." The preceding term to Worth, in the same Dictionary, is " To '' w=Ort, ze;=ORT up, To dig up," where we are brought to the very action and Spot from which I suppose zw^Orth to be de- rived. In a passage quoted by Dr. Jamieson, under w=Ort, we have the form " Wroote or Wroute, as aswyne doth; " and this Lexicographer has justly seen, that the term belongs to the Saxon WROT-an, Versare Rostro, *' To Roote, as the swine doth, to " digge or turneup. Somner." Let us mark, in the Latin expla- natory term v-YjKsare, another form of these words. In '^Roote, the breathing before the R is lost; and let us note in '^Rosiriun, the same form, which I shall shew to signify the ^RooTer, or -^Router up. F=:Irtus, THE EARTH. 555 f-lRTUs, t;-Irtue, Arete, &c. (Lat. Eng. Gr.) The Nature or Quality of any thing — originally of the Soil or Earth; — Excellent Quality. Ars, Art-is, Art, &c. (Lat. Eng.^ The Nature or Qua- lity of any thing, Excellent Quality, &c. Ard, Aerd, Art. (Germ.) The Nature or Quality of any thing. Bast- Ard— Bat'ARD, &c. &c. (Eng. Fr.) Of a Base Nature. ARTz TV* APETHN y.tiv^xi ayn^Qf, n ayadoi uth tl ctfti fittyit^oi, iroOo at yimno ; — A))AoroT> it iraet tw> ayafiwf THE EARTH. 555 that Virtue — Art — Quality, or Power, by which men become excellent in any Art, {AyxOoi ttjv apethn,) as that of Cookery — Medi- citie, &c. It is impossible not to perceive in this explanation, derived from the above passage, the coincidence in sense of the Greek Arete, (Af£T»?,) and the English Art; and we shall instantly agree, that they are only different forms of each other. This coincidence is so striking, that it has been noted by the Etymologists. The Commentary of John Le Clerc, on the sense of Arete, (A^sti?,) in the passage of i^schines, will sufficiently illustrate my Hypothesis: — "Coquinariam Artem cum vocat So- '' crates APETHN," Aret^k, "satis ostendit sic dici potuisse quam- " libet dotem, aut facultatem, qua quivis fit cuipiam rei a^^jLivog seu " aptus. Hinc et veteres Grammatici utto tjjj APETHS," Aret^^, *• nomen Art/5 deduxerunt, qua de re vide Ger. Joan. Vossium " in Etymol." The ordinary Lexicons detail every thing that is important respecting this subject. " Ars, ART/i," says R. Ains- worth, "(per sync, ab APETH, i.e. Virtus. Don. nam vett. "Artem pro Virtute accipiebant. Diom.) i. Originally and " properly, Power. (2.) Virtue. (3.) Afterwards, Art." We here ayeAut ftetytt^ut /*«9(;i. — Tf« ; (i BovXoxro aya9o; yiyjitrSai largo;; wa^ai Ttja at iXiui yttturo ayafioc »»Tjo{; — A>l^o» irt oTi ira^x rm aya^m riva tar^m. — Ei h ravrr,t Ttiu APETHN ayaSo; /SsuAoito ycna&xt, tDirt^ ot tro^oi TtKToH; ; — Tla^x. Ton tiktowh ; — Ei Si Ta«T>i» tjjj APETHN ffovfiri&iin ayaSoj ysHo-Gai, nvTf^ 01 ati^i; ol ayaSot t« xat o-o^oi, 5roi ^jri fXSofxas jUxSto; — Oi,««i f<£» xat TXVTtiv, utrig fiaOriTo; i*. 181.) It is curious, that Bochart attributes a fable, in the Adventures of Cadmus, to a confusion arising from this metaphor. He supposes, that the Serpent's Teeth, in the story of this personage, meant only Darts. " Phoenicia lingua, quae partim fuit Syra, partiiu fuit " Hebraicix, typtJ 'iti^" SNI, NCS, " Dentes serpentis etiam erant arece cuspides, qu.ali- '' bus primus in Grsecia Cadmus armavit milites suos." (Geograph. Sac. p. 447.) 568 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Cole, Turmoil, Vex, and Pull, and the use of the word in ♦' Harried to and /ro," agree with the metaphor annexed to the action of Harrowing the Ground. Let us mark how words under different Elements, derived from the same idea, perform the same office. I shall shew that Turmoil and Trouble belong to Turma and Turba, and are derived from the metaphorical application of the Turf, if I may so express it, or Dirt in a state of Agitation. All agree, that Tumultus belongs to Tumulus, the Heap of Dirt. Skinner, in the same column with Harry, has the phrase " A Sea Harr," which is a Lincolnshire term, as he says, for " Tempestas a mari ingruens;" and he derives it either from the Saxon Ham, Flustrum, ^stus, or from Harry. They all, we see, belong to each other; and the n in Ham presents to us a similar form, as Orino, (Ooivu, Excito,) which is derived from Oro, (O^u, Excito.) John Florio explains the Italian Tartas- sare by " To rib-baste, to bang, to tugge, to hale, to Harrie," as Mr. Malone has observed in his Appendix, pag. 668. The strongest sense annexed to these words is expressed in old English by the word Harrow, when it is applied to the Devastation of the powers of Darkness by Christ. Christ is said to Harrow Hell. The Commentators on Shakspeare have quoted this expres- sion, so common to our ancient Writers, on the following passage in Hamlet. " Bern. Looks it not like the King ? Mark it, Horatio. " Hor. Most like : — it Harrows me with fear and wonder." (A. I. S. 1.) On which Mr. Steevens has remarked, "To Harrow is to " conquer, to subdue. The word is of Saxon origin. So in the " old bl. 1. romance of Syr Eglamoure of Jrtoys. " * He swore by him that Harrowed Hell! " In the passage of Hamlet, Harrow is a metaphorical use of Harrow, as appUed to the Operation on the Ground ; nor is it necessary THE EARTH. 569 necessary to refer us to a Saxon origin, any more than in the speech of the Ghost. •' I could a tale unfold, whose lightest word " Would Habrow up thy soul." The Saxon word and the English word, as we have seen, are the same, and are used in a similar sense. Skinner quotes, in an Appendix Vocabulary of Ancient Words, the expression "By " him, that Harrowed Hell, (i. e.) per Christum," and justly refers it to the Saxon HERoian, Vastare. The familiarity of this expres- sion arose from one of the ancient Mysteries, which was called the Harrowing of Hell. The representation of which is, "Christ " entering Hell, triumphantly," says Mr. Malone, " delivering " our first parents, and the most sacred characters of the Old *' and New Testament, from the dominion of Satan, and convey- " ing them into paradise." (See Historical Account of the Stage, p. 14.) We have seen, that Skinner, under Harrass, refers us to Hurry and Harrie. The term Hurry is anotherform of these words, and has a less violent meaning. In the phrase HvKRY-Scurry, the word is used in a stronger sense; and Junius explains Hurry by " Violenter Disjicere.raptim propellere," who reminds us only of the Teutonic Huri, the " interjectio festinantis, quod loquitur Auriga " equis, quando pellit currum, vel redam, vel hujusmodi." Skinner however justly refers it to the race of words which we have just discussed, Hergian, Vastare, &c., and the French Ahiirir, which is another of these terms. My Lexicographer explains Ahur/V by " To Surprise, to Astonish, to Maze, to Tease." In the Poems attributed to Rowley, Harrie is used in its gentler sense of Hurry, and its stronger sense of Harrow. In the Tragedy of Ella we have, " As Elynour bie the green lesselle was syttynge, " As from the sones hetc she Harried, " She sayde, as herr whytte hondes whyte hosen was knyttynge, " Whatte pleasure y tt ys to be married." (^. 208, &c.) 4 c Again 570 ^R.R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. Again in the same play it is used for Harrow. " O ! didst thou see mie breastis troublous state, " Tlieere love doth Harrie up my joie and ethe." (f. 1039, &c.) Dean Milles explains it here by Tear up. In the Eiiglysh Meta- morphosis, the word is used in its genuine sense of Harrowing or Tearing up the Ground, and the objects upon it. The Giant Knight is thus described : " He tore a ragged Mountayne from the Grounde, " Harried uppe uoddynge forrests to the skie." (jf. 81-2.) Chatterton explains Harried by Tost. We perceive, that the word is adopted in this passage with most singular force and propriety. We shall now understand, that the Dog called the Harrier is the Animal, which Harries up — Hunts up or Pursues other Animals, &c. Nathan Bailey derives it from the French Harrier, To Hurry. Skinner, under Harier, says, " Nomen canis, Ridero " Ladon, credo potius Lagon, Gr. Auyuuv, (i. e.) Leporum In- " sectator, v. Hare." This would lead us to suppose, that he imagined Harrier to be derived from Hare, and to signify, 'The * follower of Hares.' The term Hare belongs to this race of words, and means 'The animal, which Hurr/^5 along with a fearful • trepidating motion.' Hare occurs in the Saxon Hara, the Danish Hare, the Belgic, the German, and the French Hase, and the Arabic Hazaz. We perceive in Hase the form '^S of our Ele- ment. Junius derives these words from Hcer, Pilus, or Hair, because, as Pliny says, " Villosissimum animalium Lepus." This Lexicographer records likewise the term Auro/, (Au^o;,) in Suidas, for Hares, oi Xayuoi. I have added, in my interpretation of Hare, the idea of the Fearful — trepidating Motion, as in Skinner we have next to this term Hare, the verb To Hare, which he explains by " Perterrefacere, consternare, metu percellere ; " and which he derives from the race of words now under discussion, the French Harier, Vexare, and the Saxon Hergian, Vastare. Skinner does not THE EARTH. 571 not refer the verb and the substantive to each other; and Junius, in the next article to Hare, which is HARE-brahied, seems to doubt, whether this expression and the phrase ' Js mad as a March ' Hare,' do not belong to the Teutonic Hader, Haer, Lis, contehtio. We may perceive, by these phrases, that the idea of the Hare is connected with the sense of Hurry, in its more intensive mean- ing of j^gitation — Trepidation. Skinner refers liA\i.-E-brained to the verb ' To Hare.' — The Arabic term, to which Skinner has alluded as the name of a Hare, is, I believe, jysi^/ijooz, to which Mr. Richardson has affixed sixty-seven meanings, all apparently different from each other. I have produced this word on a former occasion. The ancient French word Haro, which denotes * A Hue * and Cry, to beg assistance,' belongs to these words Harrie and Harrow, &c., and denotes the Noise made under circum- stances of violent Disturbance — Agitation, the cry which is to Harry up — to Raise and alarm the Country, The Etymologists produce terms denoting a Cry, as Hareet, Clamat, Haremees, Clamamus, Haren, Crier, which belong to the same idea. — The word Herald, Faecialis, caduceator, and its parallel terms Herault, Heraut, (Fr.) Araldo, (Ital.) Heraldo, (Span.) Herold, (Teut.) have been derived by the Etymologists from the Saxon Here, Exer- citus, and Held, Heros, — from the Belgic Herr-Alt, Senator seu Senior Exercitus, — from Here, Exercitus, and Aid, Servus, or from Haren, Crier, and Alt, Nobilis, <\.d,Praco Nobilis ; — "Vox Fran- " cica et primigenia est. Hero vel Haro, Gloss. Boxh. Fora-Haro, " Prasco," says Wachter. The Reader must form his own judg- ment on the matter. I cannot find, in the French Etymologists, who have been most ample on this subject, that the original nature of the office is sufficiently understood. Whatever be the origin of this word, we must refer to it the familiar Saxon name Harold. The 572 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. The succeeding word in Junius to Harrie and Harrow ^ is Harsh, which we shall understand to belong to the metaphor of the Herse or Harrow. The Etymologists produce the Danish Harsh, Rancidus ; the Belgic Heersch, Imperiosus ; the Islandic Herskar, Severus, ssevus, nocens ; the Spanish Arisco, Asper ; the Flemish Hersch, and the Saxon Has, Raucus. All these terms belong to the same idea. Skinner derives Harsh from Herbisch, Subasper, or from the Welsh Garro, Asper ; and Junius seems to refer it to Barsch, (Belg.) Burrasca, (Ital.) &c. Meric Casaubon derives it from S^fo?, siccus. Hard is, 1 believe, only another form of Harsh. We might have supposed, that Hard was de- rived from the Earth, under the idea of the Solid Dirt ; yet I imagine, on duly considering the words connected with Hard, that it must be referred to the train of ideas now before us. The Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms to be found in other Languages, as the Saxon Heard, the Gothic Hardu, the Danish Haard, the Belgic Herd, the German Hart, the Runic Hard, which they derive from the Latin Arduus, or the Greek KafiTEoo?. Skinner, however, adds, "Mallem ab a priv. et ^eu, q, d. " AovTog, qus enim dura sunt non diffluunt, Sed nee huic pro " Etimo fido." The Saxon Heard seems to be employed in its original sense in the compound W^AK^D-Heawa, Scalprum, the Sharp or HAKD-Hezver. In German, Hart signifies Hard or •Solid,' as inEnglish; yet my Lexicographer explains HarteAT^;/^^ by "a Sharp, Severe, Biting, Nipping, Searching, Tickling Cold;" where terms are employed, which lead us to the Metaphor which I have supposed. He explains, likewise, " Hart mit einem verfahren, *• TjO treat one HARo/y, HARSH/y, roughly, sharply," &c. In short, we cannot doubt that Harsh and Hard belong to each other ; and in Harsh, we see the true — original idea, without the notion of Solidity. In the column preceding that in my German Dictionary, where Harsch and Hart are found, we have Harke, «'a Rake," THE EARTH. 573 " a Rake," and Harrow, " To rake, or Harrow." In the same column we have HASCuen, " To catch, cage, attack, apprehend, " lay hold on ; " where, in the explanatory word Catch, we see the idea of ' VeUication, Plucking up or away,' which I have supposed to be attached to this race of words. I shall shew in another place, that Carpo and Capio belong to Scrape. In the same column we have Harz, " Hard Rosin," as my Lexicographer explains it; where Harz belongs to Hart, Hard, Solid. The English word Hardy, " Audax, animosus," &c., and its parallel terms, must be referred to this race of words, which denote Impetuous motion — Turbulence and Violence of action. In the phrase FooZ-Hardy, we see the term in its strong sense. The Etymologists record the parallel words, as the French Hardi, the Italian Ardito, the Runic Ardur, and the Greek Ardalous, A^SxKovg, which Hesychius interprets by EtKccwvg. Skinner derives Hardy, &c. from the Latin Ardeo. The French Etymologists refer Hardi to the German Hart; and Wachter, the German Etymo- logist, gives us the same derivation, and remhids his Readers of the Welsh Hydr, which, as he says, " non solum fortem et stre- " nuum, sed etiam Audacem significat." Mr. Richards explains the Welsh Hydr by " Bold, stout, strong, valiant." Again, in Welsh we have Hyder, "Trust, confidence, boldness." Hyderu, " To be bold, to trust, to rely upon," and Hyderw^, "Undaunted, " bold, confident." Let us note, as we pass on, the Latin AuD^.r, where the r of our Element rD is lost, which must be referred to the same idea.— The Latin Ard^o is another term, denoting a state of Agitation or Irritation. The English Hot and the Latin ^STMo are derived from the same idea, and belong to the Radical rT, when the r has disappeared. Among other senses of Ard^o» m the ordinary Lexicons, we have "To be Tormented, Troubled. — " PodagrcE doloribus ARDere.'' I shall shew, that Trouble be- longs to Turba— the Agitated Dirt of the Turf or Ground ; and the 574 ^R. R.\~C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. the first sense of its parallel French term Trouhler in Deletan- ville's Dictionary, now before me, is " To Trouble, to defile, to •' make thick or Muddy.'' The Etymologists derive Ard^o from Aridus and Areo. The id in ARidiis seems to be only the addition for the adjective form from Areo, which belongs to the Era, (E^a,) the Ground. Ardelio, the Busybody, is rightly derived from Ardeo, "quod Jrdore quodam omnia occipiat, nihil peragat." With respect to the adjacent term Jirdea\ we cannot, I think, doubt, that Ard^^;, and the Greek Erod/05, (e^uSio?, Ardea,) be- long to each other. The Etymologists derive Ardea from Arduus, " quod volando Ardua petat." Bochart thinks, that E^uSwg is quasi EXuSwc, " -Eeret^5, and ?//)-Eeret£'o, (YTrij^enj?, Minister, Famulus, rvfj^BTiu, Ministro, Inservio, Operam alicui navo,) words relating to Labour — Servitude. These terms the Etymologists derive from Eretcs, (E^BTTji, Remex,) the Rozver : We may observe, however, that the action of Rowing is not sufficiently familiar, to afford a term for a Labourer or Servant, in general ; and therefore we must recur to the more original idea annexed to the word. Perhaps the sense of Erith«/o, (E^fSeuw, Lanam tracto,) as relating to an operation with Wool, is not derived from the notion of Labour, but from that of Pulling or Teazing Wool, which brings us to the original idea of Irritation, Vellication, &c. Adjacent to 'EB.iineuo, (E^/^guw,) I find Erizo, (Ef(^w, contendo, certo, — Ex- aspero,) which belongs to Eris, Eridos, (e^jj, E^Xf, Contentio); and we now fully understand their relation to each other, which every view of the subject tends to confirm. As we see the ideas of Contention, and the Cultivation of Land by Ploughing — Harrou'ing, THE EARTH. 579 Harrowing, &c. &c. to be combined in Erith^wo and Eritho^, (E^t9evo), Contendo, Laboro, E^tdog, Agricola,) we shall not wonder at this origin of Eris, (e^*?) ; yet we do not want evidence of another kind to shew, that this word bore a similar meaning to the double sense conveyed by its adjacent terms. It should seem, from a curious passage in the commencement of the Eoya. kxi Hjtt£fa< of Hesiod, that Eris, (e^;?,) had not lost its original idea, as relating to the Labours of Agriculture. To the Eritho^, (E^tdo?, Agricola,) belong probably the Latin Erus, Servus, and ERiTudo, Servitudo. Some derive these words from E^og, "unde," says Martinius, " Et^e^og SovXbiu," and others from Ei^u, Necto. The Arabic '^ys- Herk, " Burning," — Herek, " Fire — Rage," must be referred probably to this race of words. In the preceding column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, I find (j^ ~i. Hers, " Splitting, Tear- " ing." — Hyrs, " Desiring greatly," and jj^ Hers, " Rough " Groiuid,'' where we are directly brought to the Spot, supposed in my Hypothesis. Let us mark the explanatory word Rage, where the breathing before the R is lost. The English term w- "^Rath, w='^RoTH,must be referred to the race of words now before us ; and we shall instantly grant that the sense annexed to this word would be most naturally and obviously derived from the idea of Stirrmg tip — Exciting — Agitating. The form ti;=RATH is the same as zf='^RouGHT, belonging to ?x'=Ork; and it contains the same idea as this word, in the phrase * to=Ork'd or * zf =RouGHT up into a Passion.' The parallels to Wrath, produced by the Etymologists, are the Saxon Wrath, Wrathe, the Danish Vrede, Fred, the Belgic JVreed; and the Etymologists refer us to Rethos, (?e6og, Facies,) Eretho, (E^aOu,) and Wrythan, (Sax.) Torquere. We shall now understand, that zf ='^RYTHan, Torquere, to which belong our terms Writhe and Wreath, must be referred likewise to this race of words. Thus we see, how w- '^Reath, the Chaplet or Gar- land, 580 ^R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. ]and, may be attached to a term, expressing the most violent action of Jgitatmi ; and how such terms may be derived from w-^Rnmng up or about, if I may so express it, or '^Rouxm^ up the Earth. We know, that Torquis belongs to Torqueo, Torsi, from which the most forcible of our terms to express an action of Violent Agitation is derived — Torture. I shall shew in a future Volume, that Torqueo, Torsi, belongs to the Element TRS, &c. under a similar idea, and that it must be referred to such words as Dirt, Trace, Track, &c. &c. Robert Ainsworth explains Tor- queo by " To Writhe, Wreathe, to twist. — To wind, or whirl " about ; " where, in the sense of ' Whirling about,' or Stirring about, we have the genuine idea. — This, Lexicographer, under the sense of "To bend, or bow; to Turn about,'' produces the following passage from Cicero, " Versare suam naturam, atque hue, et illuc " Torquere et flectere ; " where we see that Torquere is used as a synonymous term to v^E'R.sare, which I have shewn to be derived from Stirri?ig up the Earth. I shall examine more particularly, in a future page, the words in English — Saxon, &c., which begin with F, W, &c. In the Latin Ira, we have the form '^R, and in Irascor and Iratus we see the so and t, as derived from the construction of the Language. In Saxon, Irra, or Trra, is " Ire, ** Ira," where we have the Radical '^R; but in the succeeding term in Lye's Saxon Dictionary, iKsian or Y^sian, sometimes written Iors/^«, " Irasci, Irritare, Lacessere," we -again see the form "^RS. The succeeding term in my Saxon Dictionary to Trsian, Irasci ; — Irritare, Trsinga, Iracunde, Trsung, Furor, Ira, is " Yrth, the Earth. Fundus arabilis, Ager novalis," which will decide, I imagine, our opinion on the origin of these words. Though Skinner has referred Wrath and Wroth to each other,, yet by Junius they are placed in separate articles. The preceding term to Wroth, in the Lexicon of this latter writer, is Wroote, " SufFodere, THE EARTH. 581 " Suffodere, vel Subigere Humum Rostro," which belongs to '^RouT, '^RooT up, &c. &c., where we see the original action, from which the metaphorical meaning of these words is taken. The Greek Orge, {O^y*;, Ira,) must be referred to this race of words, though it requires a more detailed explanation ; as it appears to embrace two different ideas belonging to our Element, or rather it attaches to the idea of a certain action the conse- quence of that action. Orge, {O^yr,) is explained in Hederic's Vocabulary by " Ira, Iracundia ; — Ingenium, quo quis praeditus ; — " Mores, Studium ; — Superbia, arrogantia ; — Scevitia, Acrior quis- *' que et vehementior impetus et ardor." In some of the senses of this word we plainly perceive, as we should imagine, the idea of Excitement or Irritation, in its strongest sense. " Acrior quisque " et vehementior impetus et Ardor;" and yet in others we seem to perceive the Genius — Nature or Quality of a thing, derived, as it might be, from the Nature or Quality of the Soil. All this- will be reconciled, if we imagine, that both ideas are contained iir Orge, (Of>»;,) or that the notion o{ Stirring tip the Land is con- nected with the effect of that action in Cultivating it, or Improving the Quality of it. The term ze;=ORK will, I imagine, best lead us through the turns of meaning annexed to this term, and those which belong to it. — Thus, then, Orge, {O^yn,) as I suppose, is derived from the idea of the Ground, zv-OKVied up, as we express it, into a state of Cultivation. The expression iv-OKKed up will lead us to the sense of Irritation conveyed by this term ; and a Soil w^OKKed up, for the purpose of acquiring a certain Nature or Quality, brings us at once to the sense of Nature — Quality — Genius, &c. The original meaning of these terms, as derived, according to my Hypothesis, from Natural productions, and the Ground, does not appear indeed in the term Orge, {O^yn,) but it is directly expressed in the words belonging to it. ORoao relates to Natural productions swelling with juice, as it might be from the 582 '^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. the effect?, of a Rich — Cultivated Soil; and Orqos absolutely signifies a Rich—rFertile Soil, (p^youu, Succo vel humore turgeo ; — Venerea cupiditate flagro, prurio, O^yxg, Terra pinguis, fertilis.) , .Hence, we know, is derived the Medical term Orgasm, which has been judiciously adopted from a due impression of the peculiar sense, annexed to these words, to express Venereal Irritation as connected with the Natural quality of the subject, in which it exists. Now it is curious, that ORoasmos, and OKcazo, {p^yaa-fjuoq et Ooya^w,) are explained in some of their senses by the Lexico- graphers after a manner, which we cannot so well express as by the phrase te;=ORK up. ORcasmos, (O^yxa-fiog,) is explained thus in Hederic's Vocabulary. " Praeparatip, Emollitio, Subactio ; " (2.) Irritatio, Concitatio 5 (3.) Irruendi impetus ; " and Orgazo, (O^yoi^u,) is interpreted by " Instigo, Incito ; — Mollio, Suhigo, Macero, " Contempero." We see, that the sense of Prceparatio, Emollitio, Subactio, and Mollio, Subigo, Macero, Contempero, precisely cor- responds with the sense of 2X'=Ork up; and what is still more curious, in the very instance produced by this Lexicographer, under Orcuzo, {O^yx^u,) to exemplify the sense of Mollio, &c., the term is actually applied to the zf=OiiKiNG up of Dirt, UviXov — O^ymov, Pelon ORoason, " w=Ork up the Clay, or Dirt." We have seen, under the Saxon w=lRKan, the following phrase produced by Lye, " He ty=ORHT^ fenn of his spatle, Elaboravit lutum ex " sputo, 'He made or w=Ork^^ up clay of the spittle.'" This sense of Subigo — Mollio, annexed to the above Greek word, is indeed curious ; and we may observe, that without the interme- diate idea, which I have proposed, the sense of Subigo — Mollio, would not only be altogether foreign to that of Instigo, but even totally opposite to it. We now shall understand, how Ergo«, and ERGazomai, {E^yov, Opus — Labor in agro, Efya^o/^a/, Opus Facio, &c. — Colo agrum,) are only different forms of Orge, ORGas, and ORGazo, {O^yvt O^yoc?, O^yu^u.) Let us mark the ex- planatory THE EARTH. 583 planatory term Subigo, from Ago, which I shall shew to belong to the form Kc-er, under the same notion. Whatever be the origin of Ago, we know, that Subigo contains this union of ideas, supposed in my Hypothesis ; namely, that of Cultivating of Land, and of Macerating — Softening — Breaking, &c. R. Ainsworth ex- plains Subigo in one sense by " To Break, Ear, Till ; " and in the next, by *• To Beat, or Stamp — Ante Jovem nulli Subigebant arva " coloni. — Subigere mortario farinam. In the Greek ORG/a, we see the ' Rites peculiar to each Deity,* with the idea of Irritation or Commotion connected with it ; and hence it is peculiarly applied to the Rites of Bacchus, or, as we express it, by a term derived from it, the Orgies of Bacchus, {O^yta, Orgia, proprie Sacra Bacchi ; — Sacra aliorum Deorum; — Mysteria, Sacra arcaniora.) The Greek ORKia, (O^kix,) has some- times the same meaning with Orgia, {O^yoc,) as in Orpheus Mbtx iJ'OPKIA f^va-Tocig, &C. — OPKIA r Uaiuv, &C. — OPKIA (p^ijcra Geuv, &C. (Argonaut, ii. 25. 465, &c.) This would lead us to suppose, that ORKion, and Orko^, [O^kiov, Proprie victima foederis sanciendi ergo Ccesa; — Foedus jurejurando sancitum; — Jusjurandum. O^xo?, Jusjurandum, Juramentum, Sacramentum, Foedus, Religio,) ori- ginally related to the Orkw, Org/j, (O^kioc, O^yicc,) the Religious Rites, and afterwards to the solemn Pledges or Oaths, attached to those Rites. I have however given on another occasion a different origin of Orko5, (Ofxoj,) and have supposed, that it belongs to a Race of words, denoting ' Enclosures,' or Places of Security, as Erko5, (E^koj, Septum,) &c. ; so that Orko^, (Ofxo?,) would mean the Pledge of Security for the performance of any thing. In the same column with Orkos, (o^xo?,) in my Greek Vocabulary we have ORKane, (o^xar,?. Septum,) the Enclosure. That these words all belong to each other, we shall, I trust, at once agree ; yet it is not easy to adjust the precise notion, by which they are connected. The original idea annexed to Orkos, (O^xof,) may perhaps 584 '^R. R. ' .-" C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. perhaps be found in the sense of Orkizo, (O^ki^co, Adjuro,) To Adjure — Conjure — the term of Excitement to action by violent hnprecations or Curses y &c. In the term £a'=Orcise, we see the Violent action of Driving out or away by strong Adjurations. If Erko^, (e^xoj,) should denote the Enclosure ; not simply as the Earth, but in a sense of Excitement, as of Driving out — away or off, &c., which I sometimes suspect ; then we shall see how all these terms originally conveyed the idea of an action o{ Excitement. The further I proceed in Language, the more prevalent do I find this notion to be. I have conjectured, in a former page, that ORcheomaiy (Of %£ Scindo, Agito, Jacto,) which belongs to the same race. The term Orechtheo, (Of6%9fw, Cupio, desidero; Sternor, Mactorj dicitur etiam de sonitu fluctuum ad littus allisorum,) is another form of Erechtho, (Eoe%Sw.) It is well known, that the proper sense of Orechtheo, (O^ex^eu,) is that of Dashing any thing against the Ground or Earth with noise ; or, in other words, that it signifies «' To Earth," if I may so say, just as EScc(pi^cAi, Solo allido, belongs to E^ci'ho derided the Goddess of the Earth, Ceres, and cut down her groves. Callimachus and Ovid have amply supplied us with the e-xtraordinary narrative, which details the crime and the punishment of the son of Triops ; and let us not fail to observe, that the name of the father Triops is likewise derived from the operations of Agriculture. Triops has the same meaning as the Trip in Trip-'Toleimts. The Trip in thk word belongs to the Trib in such terms as Tribo, THE EARTH. 589 The Greek Ereido, (Eje^^w, Figo, Firmo, Fulcio, Trudo ; — Ingruo, pugno ; — pass, etiam Fundi, sc. humi, Sterni,) in the sense of Firmo, Fulcio, appears to have a different sense to that proposed in my Hypothesis, and to the other senses of the word ; yet we are at once brought to the original spot in that meaning of the term, when it is explained by 'Fundi, sc. Humi, Sterni.' The genuine idea of the word is that o^ Dashing — Claslwig — Striking — Pushing — Pressing any thing with force and violence, as at or on the Era, (e^«,) Earth — or Ground; or as the Earth is Struck— Pushed — Pressed upon, &c. by the Feet — of men and animals passing over it, or by Instruments in the Labour of Agriculture. Hence it is explained by the Lexicographers, Humi, Fundi, Sterni, ' To be Earthed — To be as objects which are • Struck — Pressed or Thrown on the Earth.' It is brought to its original spot in such expressions as E^eitrocTB S'lx"'^ >'«"?• I" its sense of Firmo, Fulcio, it means, when objects are ' Pressed vio- * lently and strongly against each other,' so as * To be Supported, or ' Firm.' In the passage produced by the Lexicographers under the word; AtTTTig ec^' occTTnS'E^BiSe, xo^v? xo^vv, ave^a ^ avt]^, (^11, I3. V. I3I.) ' Shield, Clashed, Dashed — Struck or Pressed violently upon Shield, 'or (T^ipw, Tolo,) rcL-xling to tlie operations on the Ground in Ploughing — Harrowing, Tribtila, &c.; and the Tolem means the Ground. This form of Tellus appears in the Irish Talamh, " The Earth, Ground, Soil." To this same form for the Ground belongs the Greei{ TnALAM-e, os, (©aXafcn, Cubile fer.irum, Ga},a.i>i.o;, Cubicuhim,) TnELUMn-o?j, (©iXi/fcvov, Fundamcntiim,) &,c. &c. To the form Tribula, whieh is a compound of the Elements TUB and BL, belong our terms Tribulation, Truuhle, &c. &c. ; and thus we see, that a)=ARK, Dolor, and w=Ork, So/icilude, and Solicito,To Stir up the Land, Tribulation and Tribula, belong to each other, under different Elements, for the same reason. The Etymologists derive Tribula from Tero, which is extremely probable. I shall not stop to discuss this point on the present occasion; but shall only observe, that it is perfectly indifferent to the spirit of my Hypothesis, whether the Element TR or TRB supplies the first syllable iaUhis word. 1 shall shew, in a future Volume, that Tero belongs to Terra, for the same reason. 590 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. ' or was Jammed close to Shield, Helmet to Helmet, Man to Man,' we see the idea of Support, or of Fulcio, Firmo, &c., as connected with the action of a Violent Pressure or Concussion. The word Pressure is a proper term on this occasion, since it gives us the idea of Fulcio — Firmo, as proceeding from an action of Violence. We shall own, that a word, which in its original sense signifies ' To Clash or Press with force and violence one object against ' another,' would be admirably applied to the Violent collision of Wrestlers. It is thus applied by Homer, when Achilles exhorts Ajax and Ulysses to desist from this exercise. MviKBT EPEIAES0ON, jwTji^e T^if^etrSe KccjcoKri. Ne amplius lucta obnitimiiii neque conterimini mails. (//. Y. f. 735.) 1 shall shew, that the word Tribo, (Tf(/3w, Tero,) and its explana- tory term Tero, belong to the same spot, for the same reason, to Tuff and Terra, &c. Let us mark the explanatory words Push — Press, which I shall likewise refer to the same Spot — to the Pedom, (UsSov.) I shall shew, that Clash belongs to the Clod, Sec. Dash to Dust, &c., and Strike, Trudo, to Dirt, &c. ; to which we must refer Tread, Track, Trace, Thrust, Thresh, Dregs, Drag, Sec. &c. The term E^eia-ccTs, which is produced above, and which re- lates to Firmness, is adopted by the Poet to express the most Vio' lent action of Pressure on the Ground or Earth. When the Ship Argo was for the first time to be launched into the sea, and by sticking in the sand had resisted the efforts of the Argonauts to move her, Orpheus exhorts them again to exert their strength, with this instruction for accomplishing their purpose. E(^' CCye VVV (TTifipOKTtV VTTO (TTBDVOKri KoiXuxg B^ia-aB' oi^o^^odBovTeg, EPEISATE S' IXNIA FAIH, Tapa'OKriv Trodog axpov vrrepf^Xridfiv TUV\i as a significant addition to terms which belong to the form '^R. We see, that ARcuhi coincides with Auguo, and Airg/V«, " To " Ask, seek, demand," or, as it might have been, ' To Solicit;' and they belong to a similar notion of Stirring up — Urg/«^, &c. We know, that Solicit or Solicito, a parallel term in its meaning, is derived directly from the metaphor of Stirring up the Ground. I have produced the adjacent terms signifying the Herd in this place, that the Reader may exercise his own judgment on the original 596 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. original idea annexed to these words. Some perhaps may think, that the Herd, the Keeper or Possessor of Cattle, might some- times become the Driver away or Phinderer of Cattle; and that these terms denoting Plunder might be derived from that source. In the same column with Airgim, To Ask, &c., are Argeadh, Regard, Argeadham, To Regard, which may denote the object that men 'Ask — Seek, or are desirous ofobtaining ; ' or they may belong to Airghe, the Herd, Keeper, Guarder, under the same metaphor, as /-^-Gard itself bears. " Airg^^, Silver, Money," might seem to be attached to the ideas conveyed by some of these words; and yet it is difficult to decide on the origin of this term. The Greek ARGuros, (A^yv^og,) and the Latin AKGentum, must certainly be referred to the Celtic term, whatever be its original idea. Lye produces, under ARGe?itum, the Welsh Ariaji, Jriant, where the G is lost, the Cornish Argan, Arghans, the Ar- moric Arghant, and the Irish Airgid, Airgead. In the same open- ing of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, we have Aiscam, "To request, " crave, search for," Aisc, " A request, petition," which is derived from the same idea as Airgim. Here we see the r is lost, as it is in our corresponding term Ask. The word Aisc likewise sig- nifies " Damage, trespass, reproach, chastisement," where it cor- responds with the terms of violence under the form '^RG, Airg/Vw, " To Plunder," &c. The Greek Ares, (A^jjfj Mars, Gradivus ; — Praelium, bellum ; vulnus, plaga, caedes, ferrum,) belongs to this race of words, and means, either in its violent or more gentle sense, that which Harrowes — Routs — Destroys — Pierces — Wounds, &c. The Ety- mologists derive Ares, (A^*;?,) from terms of Violence, which belong to the race of words before us, as the Greek Arasso, or Aratto, (Afao-o-w, A^etTTu, Pulso,) and the Hebrew D"in HRS, Destruere, and ^>ny ORIZ, Violentus. The Greek Arasso, (Aoa^,) To ERUCTflif^, is surrounded by a race of words, which relate, as I have supposed, to Breaking up the Ground, when we remember the coincidence of Vomo, to Vomit, with Vomer, the Plow-share. — The Etymologists acknowledge the relation of these words to each other, though they imagine, that Vomer contains the secondary and metaphorical idea, ' Vomer dicitur, quod Terrain ' Vomat.' We shall now understand, that Vomer contains the original idea, and that the sense of Vomo is Metaphorical. It is curious, that in Persian we have a word belonging to our Element, which at once signifies the same as Eructo, and an Excavation of the Ground. Mr. Richardson explains q.j\ Aregh, in its first sense, by " A Canal;" and in another sense we have Arugh, " Belching." In Persian, we have the form RG, without the breathing before the R, i.j Hugh, " Belching, Eructation:" The succeeding term in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary is the Arabic U; Rugha, "Crying (as an Inftmt) ; roaring, braying, &c. (as " a hyena, camel, or ostrich,) " where we have the idea of Noise, such as we find it in Rugio, &c. Mr. Richardson has marked c .1 Weruk, as an Arabic word, signifying " Belching, Eructing.'" In Hebrew, pn' IRK, means " To Spit, Spit out," to which Mr. Parkhurst refers the English Retch, and the Saxon Hracan. The preceding word in the Lexicon of this Writer is yy IRG, " To be Broken, afflicted ; " where, in the sense annexed to Break, we have the true idea. Let us note the Latin Ructo, the Persian Rugh, and the English Retch, under the form RC. In our familiar expression " To Raise phlegm," we have the precise idea; and I shall shew, that "To Raise up " belongs Xo Stir up To Rake— Rout up, &c. &c. The Latin Eructo, and the English 4^ -E^ uate,. 602 '^R. R. ' .- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Eructate, are compounded of E and Ructo. — In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary, where Ereugo, (E^svyu,) is, I find Erech- THo, (Eo£%5w, Scindo, Agito, Jacto.) which I have before produced, as belonging to this race of words, signifying 'To Stir up or about, * To cast here and there, To Break,' &c. Let us mark, that Cast up is used in a similar sense for to Vomit; and 'To Cast a Pond,' is ' To Cast out the Mud of a Pond.' Cast and Jacto belong to the same race of words, and are derived from the same spot. We have seen the term Werugh, "Belching, Eructing;" and in a preceding column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, we have the Persian o'^r^J WERK^r^^n, — " To pull up, tear out, extirpate. — " To throw away." Adjacent to the word Ereugo, (E^evyu,) in our Greek Dictionaries, we have Ereutho^, {E^BvQog, Rubor,) REDJiess, to which, we know, belongs ERVTuros, (E^vS^o?,) Red. Ereutho^, (E^eudoi,) means a colour belonging to a certain species of Earth, or Soil. We may imagine, that the names of Colours would be derived from the various kinds of Soil. Let us note the very word Colour, and mark its affinity with Soil, Solum. This will explain to us, why Color is adjacent to Colo, in our Latin Vocabularies. In Hebrew, DTK ADM, has this double sense of Red, and the Ground, from which is derived the name Adam. — The Hebrew ADM belongs to the Element DM, denoting the Ground. — The bird called Y.KiTHakos, (E^iQaKo?, Erithacus, avis qusedam solitaria, quze a qui- busdam Silvia, ab aliis Rubicula dicitur,) is probably derived from ERUTHro5, [Epudoog,) for the same reason as it is called Rubicula. The adjacent word EKiTuake, {E^tQoMvi, Erithace, cibus apum, vel gluten ad conficiendos favos,) is derived by Martinius from the same source; " Ergo a Rubedine (quae Graeci E^eu^o?,) dici videtur, " quasi Erithaca.^' We perceive, that Red, the term directly corresponding with ERUTH-ro5, (E^uflfo?,) belongs to the Element RD, with no vowel breathing before the R. I cannot THE EARTH. 603 I cannot leave the word Eruth;-05, (Eju^^oj,) without noting an adjacent term, ERVSipelas, (E^va-iTreXxg, Tumor de tenui ferventique sanguine ortus, ignis sacer. Erysipelas,) which is supposed to be derived from Eruo, (E^uw, Traho,) and Pelas, (nsXa?, prope, vel in Vicinia); and hence it has been called Vicinitraha, and Ficini- riihia. The Latin words Vicinus and Traho are a translation of the supposed origin of the Greek term ; and perhaps the Ruhia may represent the opinion of those who imagine, that the Erus in ERusi/»^/a5,(EfU(r;7r£Xaf,) belongs to ERUTHro5, (E^u^fo?.) The Medi- cal writers give us but a feeble reason, why the word should be derived from E^uw and UiXxq, " quod vicinas partes ad se trahat, " casque quasi diffluendo occupet." Perhaps the Erus belongs to ERUTHro^, and the Pelas to Plesso, (iTXija-frw, Percutio,) To strike or afflict ; so that Erusipelas may mean ' The Red Scourge or 'Plague.' Now the explanatory word Plague belongs to Plesso^ Plege, (nxijo-o-w, nxriyT], Plaga); and what is curious, the very com- bination RtD-PLAGUE, which, according to this idea, precisely co- incides with ErusZ-Pelas, occurs in Shakspeare, and is applied in our old writers to the same species of disorder. Caliban says, " The Red Plague rid you, " For learning me your Language." on which Mr. Steevens remarks, " The Erysipelas was anciently called " the Red-Plague." If my derivation should be true, it is curious, that a similar combination should have been afterwards formed. The Greek Orrod^o, (O^^u^ea, Timeo, Formido,) To be in a state of Horror, Fear, &c., is derived from the Metaphor of Har- Kowing up the mind. Orros, (O^fo?, pars subjecta testiculis ; — sacri ossis extremum ; podex,) is the part in contact with the ERA,(Eoa,) or Earth, in sitting, or the part belonging to the Tail in animals. Orkos, (Of^of, Serum,) the Whey, from the curdling of the Milk, is derived from the Metaphor annexed to ORRooeo, (O^^uSsu.) The process of Curdling is either taken from the idea of Coagulating — or of Separating from the Agitation of its particles. The strongest idea 604 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. idea of Agitation is connected with that of Borrow, and the meta- phor of Harrowing. We know, that the word Curdle is combined with the idea of Horror — Fear, &c., as " My Blood Curdles with " Horrozv, Fear," &c. The Lexicographers derive Orrodeo, (O^^w Seu,) from Orros, (O^fof, pars subjecta Testicuhs.) Orropugion, {OoooTTvyiov, idem quod O^^og, in Avibus Cauda,) means the Tail in Birds. — In Saxon, Herth-5^//^ means " PelHs in qua includun- " tur testicuh. Scrotum, ab HmKTB.a7i, Testiculi, et Belig, " Venter." — I shall shew, that Tail belongs, under another Ele- ment, to the same spot, and that Puge, (Uvyvi,) in the compound Orropugion, (O^^oTrvytov,) and the Latin Podex, belong to the Pedon, {lle^ov,) &c. We cannot but remember, what I have before produced, the vulgar word for the part on which we sit ; and we should be reminded of the Greek Arche, {A^x^, Princeps, Dux ; — Podex, Intestinum rectum,) both which terms belong to the Earth, as the Base, or Foundation. We must not fail to recol- lect, that this part is called likewise the Bottojn; and, by another word, Fundament, derived from Fundamentum, which belongs, we know, to Fundus, the Ground. The Latin Horr^o must be con- sidered as belonging to these words, and to the Element '^R. In the term Orro5, (O^foj,) the Os arises from the construction of the Language, and the Odeo in Orro^^o, (O^^uSsu,) will be a termina- tion, as the Or and Idus, in the Latin HoR-Or and HoRK-Idus. An adjacent word to Orrodeo, {O^^uSeu,) in my Greek Vocabulary, is ORsai, (O^o-a< lEoL pro O^ut, ab O^u, Excito,) which they tell us to be an JEoWc form for Orai, from Oro, (O^w,) " To Excite; " where we see how the forms 'R, 'RS, pass into each other. In the suc- ceeding column of my Greek Vocabulary to that, where these words occur, we find belonging to our Element ^RT, '^RS, &c. Orusso, Orutto, (p^ua-a-u, O^vttu, fodio,) which signifies To Era, (Ef«,) or to Earth, as I have before shewn, Oruza, (o^u^a,) Oryza, Rice, which belongs to the same spot ; and we shall note, likewise, that in Rice, the breathing before the R is not found. We have like- wise THE EARTH. 605 wise in the same column Ortux, (O^tuI, Coturnix ; — Herba,) ORTalis, (O^TocXis, Pullastra, vel Gallina,) and ORTalizo, {O^tocXi^u, Incipio alas ex plica re ; incipio in altum ferri.) Ortux, (O^tv^, .Coturnix,) the Quail, may be so called from the Noise which this animal makes ; and should perhaps be referred to the race of words belonging to our Element, which denote Noise. The c-Ot in Co^-urnix might belong to 0;t in Ort-Ux. The verb ORTalizo, (O^roiXi^Uf) may be taken from the idea of Agitation, in the first attempt to move the wings in flying. From this, Ortalis, {O^-uXtq,) the young animal, .may be taken. There is a bird, under a sound similar to this, called the Ortolan, (Fr. Eng.) Ortolano, (Ital.) which the French Etymologists derive from Hortulanus, because this bird frequents Gardens. Terms belonging to our Ele- ment w- ^RT, &c., connected with the action oi Stirring up or about. Turning up — Break- ing up the Ground OT Earth, as with force, violence, &c., or as an action of labour. Work. (Eng.) Weorc— Wark— Irk. (Saxon, Eng.) Pain. Wr^can, Wreak. (Sax. and Eng.) To JVork in a violent sense. Wrack— ^Rack. (Eng.) Tor- quere, To Torture. Wreck. (English,) What is Broken to pieces. Writhe. (Eng.) To Turn up or about, with force, Tor- quere. Wreath. (Eng.) The Garland, What is Writhed or wound about, without force. Wrest, Wresten, &c. (Eng. Sax.) To force one thing from another by JVrithing or Twisting about. Wrist, Wyrst, &c. (English, Sax.) The part able to Wrest. Wrestle. (Eng.) To Wrest, or Twist about. Wriggle. 606 ^R. R. \'-C, D, G, J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z. Wriggle. (Eng.) To Stir about here and there. Wroote, — "Rout, ''Root. (English,) To Stir up the Ground, as pigs do with their Snout, or *RosTr«w. (Lat.) The Router up. Wrot. (Sax.) The Proboscis of the Elephant — the Wrooter or Router. Write. (English,) To Wroote^ Rout — or Scratch up. I SHALL now produce various words in Saxon and in English, belonging to our Element '^RT, which commence with the letter JV. This letter must be considered only as representing a stronger vowel breathing. These words I have inserted in the present article, because they are in general connected with the idea of Stirring up the Ground, and are employed to express actions -relating to the notion of Exciting — Disturbing — Annoying — Plaguing — Aggi'ieving, &c. I shall however introduce other words, which present themselves under this form, and which are connected with the same object, under a different idea. — We have seen the English words Work and Wright — with the pa- rallel Saxon terms Weorc, Opus, WiRtan,&c. &c. Operari, and the Greek Ergow, (j.^yov,) referring to the idea of WoRKing or cultiva- ting the Land, as in the phrases, " Land vel EoKTuan WYRcan, Ter- " ram elaborare, colere." — " Man naes the tha EoRTuan Worhte, " Homo non erat qui terram coleret." We have moreover seen, that Weorc means " Dolor, cruciatus, Anxietas," and that the parallel English terms are Wark, Irk, &cc. &c. The English word Wreak — To Wreak Vengeance upon a person, is nothing but Work, with its more violent sense of Exagitation — Persecuting, Aggrieving. In our phrases, "I'll Work " him well — I'll Work him to an oil," Work is applied in a similar manner. The Latin ^;f-ERC^r^, we know, is used in the THE EARTH. 607 the same sense, " To Vex or Trouble." The term Work is sometimes applied as Wreak is, as " He will Work vengeance *' upon us;" and sometimes Work and Wreak are both used on the same occasion. In Titus Andronicus, we have the following line: " By Working Wreak/}// vengeance on thy foes." In old English, Wreak is used as a substantive, as in Coriolanus, "Then " if thou hast a heart of Wreak in thee, thou wilt revenge," &c. &c. The Etymologists refer us, under fVreak, to the Saxon Wracan, Awracan, the Gothic Wrekan, the Belgic ff^reken, the German Recheti, vindicare, ulcisci, Raach, Ultio, &c. &c. In Ger- man, Rachen signifies " To avenge ; " and in RECHeti we are directly brought to the action supposed in my Hypothesis. RECH^ra means "To Rake, To Rake together;" and Reche denotes " Harke, a Rake, Raker, Harrow," as my Lexicographer explains it. We perceive, that Rake, and its parallel terms Rosxrwrn, &c,, belong to the form RK, when the breathing before the R is lost. We see in the German Harke, or Harake, Rake, how readily these forms pass into each other. The word pre- ceding Rachen, in my German Dictionary, is Rachen, " A great " and wide throat or gullet, a voracious beast's open and deep " Mouth, extended Jaws, Cheeks or Chops," which perhaps belongs to Retch — Reach, signifying ' To Stretch out," &c. Lye, in his Saxon Dictionary, explains WRjEcan, &c. by " To " Wreak, Exercere, Agitare, Infligere," which is a very just interpretation; and in ex¥.Kcere we see the genuine word. Hence we have the adjacent term in I-ye's Dictionary, Wracw«, «♦ Wracmww, Exulare, peregrinari, — Wr^ec, Peregrinus — Miser;" and hence we have the English Wretch, which the Etymologists understand, who remind us likewise of the Greek WhKistes, {Vocyja-TTiq, Dissector, Carptor; — Mendax, &c.) which the Lexico- graphers justly refer to Resso, (Psjo-o-w, Frango,) where we have the form RK, as in the German K\cnen. The term WREJched might be 608 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z. be expressed by a metaphorical application of any of the terms, be- longing to this train of ideasj as 'The Broken up or down personage — • the personage ty^ORK^^f down or to pieces, the Vir miseriis ' Fractus — Exagitatus, ExERcitus;' and it would be idle to select a peculiar notion from this train of kindred ideas. In the English Wrack and Wreck, A Ship-WpECK, &c., we have the idea of Breaking to pieces, such as we have seen in '^Resso, ^Reghuo, and "^Regw;/?/?/, (Pijo-o-w, Frango, rumpo ; — Vehe- menter Ferio, Allido, Piiywu, Vyiyvvf/,!, Frango,) where the breathing before the RT, &c. is lost. The Etymologists record under these English words the French Varech, the Swedish Wrak, the Islandic Rek, The Sea Wrak, with its parallel terms Vrag, (Dan.) Vrac^ (Norman,) &c., may mean the Vile — Wretched plant — Vilior alga ; or it may belong to the idea of Agitation, and mean the Plant Driven or Thrown upon the Shore. The Etymologists produce the Belgic Wraecken, Rejicere. The term Wrack, or Rack, To Torture, is nothing but another form of these words, signi- fying " ^;fERC^r^, Agitare, Infligere." Lye has produced, under Wrack, "Torquere," the Saxon IVnecan, bearing this sense; and he has moreover added the Gothic terms Gaurikan, Ulcisci, and JVrican, Persequi, &c. &c. The interpretation of Wrack by Torqueo will remind us of Writhe, Wreath, and Wrest, which belong to the same idea of Stirring — Turning, or whirling up or about, &c. &c. Torqueo precisely corresponds in sense with these words; and it is explained in Robert Ainsworth, among other senses, by " To Writhe, or Wreathe ; to twist. — To " wind, or whirl about; — To Rack, torment, or torture. — To " Wrest, to pervert, to distort." Wreath, in the sense of a Garland, is used in its most gentle meaning, To turn about; but in Writhe, To Writhe in Agony, it is applied in its most violent sense, to extreme Agitation in Stirring or Turning about. Skinner has justly referred Wrath, Wroth, and its parallel terms, THE EARTH. 609 terms to Writhe, &c. ; and I have on a former occasion examined the word Wrath, and compared it with the Greek Eretho, Eris, Erid-05, &c. (E^edu, E^(f, E^iSo;,) &c, &c. We shall all agree, that the sense conveyed by such terms would be most naturally derived from that of Stirring up — Agitation, &c. In Hebrew, DT IRT, is "To turn aside, turn over;" and to this word Mr. Parkhurst has referred the English IFrithe, Wreath, and with a Quivre annexed, the Latin Verto. I have shewn, that v=Y.KTo means likewise to Earth up, &c. &:c. In Wrest we see the idea of violent Stirring or Turnijig about, for the purpose of forcing asunder one thing from another. The Etymologists refer us, under Wreathe, Writh, to the Saxon IVreothian, Obvolvere, or, as sometimes written, JVrathian, Wrythan, Torquere, Wrida, (Swedish,) &c. Under Wrest, they produce the Saxon Awrestan, Wrastan, In- torquere, the Belgic IFritsehi, Torquere, &:c. ; and from hence they refer us to Wrench and Wring, where the ?i is only an or- ganical addition to the C and G, quasi Wregch, Wrigg. The English Wrist is referred by Skinner either to the Saxon Wyrst, Wyrrest, Carpus, or to the verb To Wrest; "quia sc. vis ilia, " qua res extorquemus, in Carpo prscipue sita est, sed prius " prrefero." We see, that Wrist and Wyrst, &c. mean the strong part, able to Wrest. The Etymologists, under Wrejich and Wri?ig, refer us to the Saxon Wringan, the Belgic Wringhen, the Danish Vrenge, the German Ausringen, " et inde Ringen, " Luctari, nisi malles hoc," says Skinner, "a Ring, Circulus, " deflectere, quia sc. luctatores in corona seu Circulo spectatorum " vires experiuntur." We shall now understand, that the Ger- man RiNGew, " To strive, struggle, Wrestle," &c., means to Wrench about here and there. Ring, the Circle, means that which is Wrung or Tzvisted round, in its gentler sense, Ri'ig, Circulus, has the same relation to Wring, that Wreath has 4.H to 610 ^R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. to Writh. Ring, Pulsare, Tinnire, denotes the action of Striking, and tiie Noise belonging to the term of violence, Wring. Let us mark the word Wrest/?, belonging to Wrest. The succeeding word in Skinner to Wring is Wrinkle, which seems to belong directly to Wring; and thus the Wrinkled counte- nance denotes the Wrung — Distorted — or Deformed countenance. Ruga is attached to the Element RG, under the same train of ideas, and denotes the Rough — Rugged Countenance. The Etymologists refer us, under the word Wrinkle, to the Saxon Wrincle, the Belgic Wrinckel, the German Runtzel, &c. Wrinkle is likewise explained by " Turbo, seu Cochlea marina," which is so called, "a testae Ru- " o-ositate," though it is not derived from Wilk, as some imagine. Wrong is that, which is Wrung or Perverted from the right course, as the Etymologists understand, who derive it from the Saxon Wrin- gan ; and they produce likewise the Saxon M range, Injuria, to which we must add Wrenc, Fraus, Dolus, &,c. While I am examining this Saxon word in Lye's Dictionary, I observe the Saxon term Wrinc^ sc. Eagas. " Ictus oculi," which means the Wringing or Turning about of the Eyes. In Junius, Wrenches occurs as a term in Chaucer, which he explains by " Deceitful trickes, Fraudes," &c., and which Lye properly refers to the Saxon Wrenca. The suc- ceeding word in Junius is Wrenn, " Regulus, Trochilus," which he derives from the Saxon " Wraen, Lecherous." In Saxon, Wrenna is a W^en, and Wrcene, Libidinosus, Lascivus, Wrannes, Lascivia. The Wren, the bird, may be derived from Wrcene, Libidinosus, or the contrary order may have taken place. If Wrcene be the ori- ginal, it may be taken from the idea of Exciting or Stirring tip, from which this sense of Libido is commonly borrowed. The Wren, however, may belong to this race of words, denoting Twisting or Turning about, precisely for the same reason, as its name in Greek, Trochilos, {j^ox^Xo^,) belongs to Trochos, {T^oxo?, Rota,) the Wheel. The English Wrangle, Altercari, I conceive to be THE EARTH. 611 be quasi Mraggle; and that it should be classed with these words, denoting Agitation, &c. The Etymologists produce under this term the English Wrong, the Islandic Uangur, Bangligur, Iniquus ; and they remind us of the Greek ERESKEL^m, {^^itrx'^Xuv , Cavillari,) where we see the true form. In Wriggle we have the same idea of Agitation, though applied to a different purpose ; and here we see our Element '^RG. The Etymologists justly remind us, under this word, of the Belgic JVritselen, Motitare. In Wrestle, as I before suggested, we again see the same notion ; and this word is properly referred by Skinner and Junius to Wrcestlian, Wraxlian, (Saxon,) the Belgic PForstelen, ffrastelen, Wratselen, and to the Enghsh Wrest. In Saxon, Wrixl is Vicis, vicissi- tude, &c., and Wrixlaw, and Wrixl/aw, Permutare, which sense of change must be referred to the same notion of Agitation, &c. The Latin Luctor, To Wrestle, belongs to Lutiim, with a similar metaphor of Stirring up the Dirt, &c. In the same column of my Saxon Dictionary, where Wrath, Ira, — Vehementia ; — Ve- hemens, Urgens, WRjEsran, Intorquere, intrudere, WRjESThian, To Wrestle, &c. occur, I find likewise the terms Wrast, Firmus, Stabilis, and Wrceste, Firmiter. These words must all belong to each other, and this idea of Firmness and Stability must be attached to an action of Violence, as we see it in Wrest/w^, Wreath/w^, &c. This will be more fully explained, when I examine its parallel word Rest; yet we cannot at present but understand, when we observe the term Arrest, that the idea of Rest is unequivocally connected with an act of Fiolence. The terms belonging to our Element "RT, which are in the opening of Lye's Saxon Dic- tionary, where Wrenc, &c. occurs, relating to the idea of Agitation — of Harrowing — Stirring up or about — Driving on or about — Plaguing, Persecuting — Destroying, &c., are the following ; the Gothic WRiKan, Persequi ; the Saxon Wrigaw, Tendere, Conari, Niti; WRican, WREOoan, Ulcisci ; WREOTon, Crepitare,Strepitare; WREHian, 612 ^R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. WREHxan, URGere, Instare, Instigare, Incitare, Allicere ; WREcan, Accusare, Insimulare, Deferre ; Wrecow, Exercere, Infligere.Ulcisci; WREcan, Vindicare, Exulare; Wrathe, Vehementer, Graviter, Furiose ; VJRArnmod, Iratus animo ; \Vrath//V, Infestus, vehemen- ter IjRGens, Wrath; under which Lye refers us to Wr^eth, WRJETniafi, Munimen, Ligare, to Wr^eth, Ira, and the Gothic Wrakga, Persecutio : This latter word is next to the Saxon Wrang, Wrong, Injuriae, (which I consider to be quasi Ifragg, Wrogg,) and Wraxlww, To Wrestle. The Saxon Scholar will not forget other words in that Language, bearing a similar idea, as WuRTHZ^n, Perire, For- Wurth^w, Perire, &c. For-WYRcan, Perdere, from WYRCizn, Operari, Wyrd^w, Corrumpere, Foedare, Violare, Infringere. In the same opening of Lye's Dictionary, where Wrikan, &c. occurs, we have terms belonging to our Element, with a different meaning, as the Saxon WRican, to Tiig, Tegere, Induere, Vestire; WRisaw, Fruticare, Germinare, PuUulare; /Fr^ow, ^F/^on, Tegere, operire ; Wrcette, Miraculum ; WRiETTE, Veratrum, Helleborus; the Gothic JVraiua, Curvus, and the Gothic Wratow, Ire, Iter facere. These latter terms seem remote from each other, and from the race of words which I am discussing; but a little consideration will unravel to us the mystery in which they are involved, and shew, that they all belong to our Element, under one of its senses. In the Gothic Wratow, Ire, Iter Facere, we see simply the idea of 'To Earth, or Pass upon the Earth.' Underanother form of the Element, we have the same sense in the Greek 'E.RCuomai, (Eo;^0|U,«(, Eo,) as I have before shewn; and in the explanatory word lier, we see likewise our Radical, when the ;- has disap- peared. The Gothic Wraiua, Curvus, will remind us of our English term Wry, or Aivry, which I consider with the Etymo- logists to be quasi \Vrith^^i Terms THE EARTH. 627 Terms expressing what is Grat- ing — Rough — Harsh — Hir- sute, &c., connected with the idea of Grating upon or Scratching upon the Earth, or relating to the Earth, as being in this Grated — Scratched state. Harsh, Harsk. (Eng. Dan.) HiRTw^, HiRsutus, Irto, iRSUtO, Erto. (Lat. Ital.) Hard, Hart,&c. (Eng. Germ.) HEURT^r, Hurtle. (Fr. Eng.) The Violent, Harsh, or Hard collision of objects. Hurtle Berry, (English,) The Berry upon Rough Plants. HuRDE, Hurdle. (Germ. Eng.) The Grate, Crates. Hurst. (Scotch, Sec.) A Rough Crag-like spot, a Wood of Rough brakes. HiRSE, Herse. (Eng. Germ.) A Grain or Grit-Wke substance. Hourder. (Fr.) To Rough cast. HiRcus. (Latin,) The Hirsute Animal. Eruggo^. (Greek,) The Rough Goat's Beard. Eric-^, a. (Greek, Latin,) The Rough Prickly plant. "ERicius, Horts, iRcing, KRScen, Herissow, Urch/«, &c. (Lat. Belg. Sax. Fr. Eng.) The Hedge-Hog. Herisser — Herse. (Fr.) To stand an end, as bristles, &c.' The Harrow. IJrsus, Arktos, Arth, Ors, &c. 8zc. (Lat. Gr. Welsh, Corn.) The Bear, the Hirsute animal. In this article I shall first produce a race of words, which denote what is Harsh or Grating to the touch, &c,, or in its effect; and hence, what is FIirsute or Rough in general, as to form, appear- ance, &c., and which, I imagine, are connected with the idea of Grating upon, — Scratching up — Vellicating, Harrowing up — the surface of the Earth. I shall then produce a race of words, which 628 ^R.R.\- C, J), G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. which relate to the Harsh Noise, or to Noise in general; and which, as I suppose, are directly connected with the Noise made in this action, or, if I may so express it, with the Grating or Scratching Noise, made by objects Grating — Grazing or Scratching upon the surface of the Earth or Ground, or from the Earth or Ground, being in this Grated — Scratched, Rough — Rugged state. We perceive, that Grating and Scratching at once relate to the Action and the Noise. I shall shew, that Scratch — Grate and Graze belong to each other, and to the Celtic name of the Ground, Great. I have been already obliged to anticipate two terms belong- ing to our Element "^RT, &c., Harsh and HiRsute, or Hmsutus.— The Etymologists have produced, as parallel terms to Harsh, various words, belonging to another Element, which I shall not produce. They justly record, however, the Danish Harsky Rancidus; the Islandic Herskar, Severus ; the Spanish Arisco, which my Lexicographer, Mr. Neuman, explains in one sense by " Harsh, unpolished, churlish." The adjoining words in his Spanish Dictionary are ARico, ''Light, easily tilled; applied "to the Ground or Soil;" and Arija, "Mill-Dust, that part ** of the flour, which flies about the Mill." The latter word simply signifies Dust or Earth ; and in the same column we have ARicar, "To plough across the Ground, sown with corn; " to clear it of weeds." In the same column with Arisco, we have Arista, " Beard of corn, sharp prickles growing upon the "ears;" which, we know, belongs to the Latin word under the same form; and which means the Harsh — Scratching — Pricking object. Next to Arija is Ariete, "The Battering <* ram," which, as I have shewn, is applied to the most violent action of the Element, when it signifies to Harrow up — Tearu^ — Break up, or Break to pieces any thing. The Etymologists should have observed to us, that Harsh is only another THE EARTH. 629 another form of Hard, which occurs in various Languages, as in the Gothic Hardu, the Saxon Heard, the Belgic Herd, the German Hart, &c. The idea annexed to Hard, or Solid, might have been derived from the notion of Solidity, annexed to the Earth, as the terms denoting this idea commonly are ; yet, on con- sidering the word Hard, and its parallel terms, I have given, as I imagine, the true turn of meaning annexed to them. Whatever is Harsh or Scratching to the touch is afterward applied to that, which gives any unpleasant sensation to the touch, as Hard or Solid substances do, when struck against; and hence it denotes Solidity in general, without any notion of its original sense. Junius justly explains Hard by " Durus, solidus, Austerus, tetricus, " Pnefractus," only that the latter words should have been placed as the original idea, and Durus, Solidus, as the secondary. The German Lexicographer, now before me, has justly explained Hart, in one of its senses, by " Sharp, severe, biting, nipping, "searching, tickling;" where we see the metaphor annexed to Harrow, &c., or the idea of Vellication. He justly likewise explains Hart by Harsh/)/, and the German Harsch, by "Harsh, Rough;" and adds, " s, Rauh, Hart." Here we are at once brought to the sense of UiKsutus. I have suggested, that the succeeding word to Harsh in Junius's Lexicon, Hart, the animal, and its parallel terms Heort, (Sax.) Hirsch, (German,) &c. &c., denote the animal, which possesses the Harsh — Pricking — Pushing or Goading Horns. We here see the idea of the Scratcher or Pricker. Let us mark the explanatory term Avsrerus, AvsTere, which belongs to the form of our Element '^S, when the r is lost, with precisely the same metaphor. Ausrerus is properly explained by " Harsh, rough, sharp." The English word Hearse, in barbarous Latin Hersia, means perhaps the clumsy Carriage, which makes a Harsh Grating upon the Ground. The great difficulty in determining the origin of a word consists in 630 *R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z, in knowing its original sense, Junius explains it by " Cenota- " phium, tumulus honorarius;" and he derives it from the Saxon Are, Honor, vel Herian, Laudare. He observes, likewise, that it signifies, what we call 'the Pall;' but Lye justly remarks, that it now denotes " Feretrum ab equis tractum," which might be its original meaning. The term Herse seems to have the same fundamental idea as Horse, which certainly belongs to this race of words, denoting Harsh or Rough, whatever may be the precise idea attached to it. It seems to have been originally applied to the coarse animal used in laborious occupations, Hus- bandry, &c. It might have meant the /?oz^^/i-looking animal, or the animal making a Harsh Noise on the Ground, in moving or 'Drawing any thing upon its surface. In the phrase 'Hard trotting ' Horse,' we express the Harsh moving animal. I shall refer Hackw^^ to the idea of Hack/w^ up the Ground, in its motion. The word Cart has the same relation to Grate, Cratio, as I conceive Hearse to have to Harsh, &c. The succeeding word to Hors, in my Saxon Dictionary, is Hbr^, (Goth) Adulter; and I find as ad- jacent terms, J/orrM«^, Whoring, ma^chatio, fornicatio, adulterium; Horg, Horh, Sordes, fimus, &c. Sordidus ; to which we must refer Hoar, Hoary, Wliore ; and we shall moreover understand, that they belong to the form of the Element '^R, denoting what is Foul — Filthy, as derived from the dirt of the Era, (E^a,) or Ground. The Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms for Horse, as Hors, (Sax. and Dan.) Ors, (Belg.) Hro55,(Run.) Ros, (Germ.) Roiissin, Rozin, (Fr. Span.) Ronzino, (Ital. ) I shall shew, that these words, under the form RS, for a Horse, belong to Rough, &c. • The Latin Hirtw^ means "Rough, Shaggy, Hairy;" and Hirsm^m^, " Rough, Hairy, Prickly, Shaggy. Met. Rugged, unplea- " sant, of a Harsh argument," as R. Ainsworth explains them. In Italian, we have Irto, Irsuto, Erto, and in French, Heriss^t, To Stand an end, and Herissoh, the Hedge-Hog. The term Herse, THE EARTH. 631 Herse, the Harrow, adjacent to this, will shew us the source, from which these words are derived. Another adjacent term, HEURT^r, Se HEURT^r, " To Hit, knock, or dash, one against " another," belongs to the same idea, and means the Harsh Stirring up or together, Agitating — or Striking one thing against another. This I have produced on another occasion, and com- pared it with Hurt, and Hit, the Greek Otheo, (n5ew, Trudo, Pello, Pulso,) &c. In Italian, the parallel term is VKTare. In English, Hurtle signifies Harsh collision or violent Agita- tion of objects Stirred or Struck against each other, with the idea of Noise, annexed to such actions. The Hurtle Berry, in Danish Hiorte=Bar, and in another Teutonic Dialect Heydel- berrien, Heydel-hesiew, " quod in Ericetis sponte sua crescant, " H^j'^^, Ericetum," says Junius, means the ' Berry growing upon ' Harsh or Rough Plants.' The term Hurdle seems to connect itself with Hurtle ; but if it does not belong to that word, it is derived from the idea of an Enclosure, as 1 have suggested on a former occasion, (p. 88.) The parallel terms produced by the £tymologists are Hyrdl,(Sax.) Htirde, Horte, (Belg.j Hiirde, Hurd, (Germ.) Crates ; who give us the derivation of MericCasaubon from Ko^^uAi;, "quicquid eminet, " et convolutum est ; " to which Skinner adds, " Alludit et E/oyw, " Claudo, Includo." My German Lexicographer explains Hurde by a " Hurdle, Hord, Pen, Fold, Grate." The word Hord now conveys to us the idea of the Enclosure ; and this would lead us to suppose, that Hurde and Hurdle had the same idea: But let us note the explanatory term Grate, which might lead us likewise to suppose, that Hurde and Hurdle belong to the idea of Scratching or Grating upon a Surface, and that they must there- fore be referred to the race of words before us. Grate signifies at once the Instrument, sometimes used for an Enclosure, though not derived from that idea ; and it means, moreover, to Grate or Scratch 632 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Scratch upon a Surface. I have observed, that Grate and Scratch, &c. belong to the Element GRT, denoting the Ground, to the Celtic Great, &c. &c. Now we shall instantly agree, that the Latin Crates belongs likewise to these words. Robert Ains- worth explains Crates by "(i.) A Bundle of rods wattled together. " (2.) A Drag or Harrow to break clods. (3.) A Grate of brass " or wood ; " and the verb Crat/o he explains by " To cover " with Hurdles or Grates; to Wattle, to Harrow, or break " clods." This explanation is extremely curious ; and hence we should conjecture, that Hurde and Hurdle belong to the Har- row, the Herse,&c.; and thus Hurtle would express that which is annexed to the action of the Hurdle or Harrow. In Saxon, Hyrdl is interpreted by Lye, " Crates et Plectrum:" and we now see, that these instruments, apparently so opposite to each other, point out the original idea, by which they are connected ; namely, that of one object Grating or striking upon the surface of another. The Hurdle then, as Crates, meant that which Harrows or Scratches up the Ground ; and it then signified the Wattled Instrument, of a Grate-YikQ form, because this instru- ment was originally used for that purpose, or because the Grate- like form resembled the Grating or Scratching in regular lines upon the surface of the Ground. I shall shew, that the Rack for Hay is connected with the Rakings or Scratches upon the Ground, for a similar reason. Whatever be the precise idea, by which the Grate-hko. form is connected with Grating upon the Ground, we see, that it does exist; and thus, I imagine, is the Hurd/^ connected with the Harrow, Herse, &c. Hurtle, we know, is used by Shakspeare, &:c. ; and the Commentators have duly explained its meaning. " The Noise of Battle Hurtled in tha air." {Julius Casar, A. 11. S. 2.) " To Hurtle," says Mr. Steevens, " is, I suppose, to Clash or " move with violence and noise." The idea of Noise cannot be separated THE EARTH. e>33 separated from the action of Violence in Tearing up — Breaking up — Grating over a Surface. Thus Crash, Crush, Screak, Scrieich, &c., belong to Grate, Scratch, Cratio, &c. ; and I shall shew, that Clash, the explanatory term of Mr. Steevens, belongs to the Clod, for the same reason. Meric Casaubon, as we have seen, derives Hurdle from Ko^J'uX??; and he then adds Huddle, as another term, connected with this Greek word, by a process worthy of an Etymo- logist. "Est etiam Ko^hxt] 7rs^teiKrii/.oi Tfj? Ks(pa.Xrig, Involucrum Capitis. ** Anglis a Hood est Cucullus; unde et To Huddle est obtegere, " involvere tanquam pileolo." Huddle, which Skinner explains by " Prsepropere, temere, et confusim aliquid agere, multa simul " confundere, et sine ordine miscere," certainly belongs to the idea of Agitation, and Tutnultuous — Disorderly action, annexed to Hurtle, and the original sense of Hurdle. Skinner justly refers us to the German Hudeln, which my English interpreter explains by " To bungle, Huddle, shuffle, hurry, spoil a work, " do it helter skelter." Junius, under Huddle, refers us to Hurdle, for the derivation Of Meric Casaubon; though he adds, " Nisi putes esse ex illo Hood, unde Hood wink Anglis est Caput " obnubere pileolo." Milton appears to use the word Huddle, as at once connected with Agitation, or a Hurried motion, and the Noise produced by such a motion. " Thyrsis ? Wliqse artful strains have oft dclay'd " Tlic Huddling Brook to hear his Madrinal." In Scotch, HuRDYs means Hurdles; and the succeeding word to this in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is Hurdle, " • To Crouch " * or bow together like a cat, hedge-hog, or harej' Shirr. Gl. " If not an error of the press, for Hurkle, it appears nearly allied. " V. Hurkill,' as that Lexicographer observes. Hurdle and Hurkle are only different forms of each other; and however remote the substantive and verb Hurdle may appear in sense, we shall find, from my Hypothesis, that they have ultimately the same meaning. Dr. Jamieson explains Hurkill, Hurkle, by 4 L " i.To 634 ^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " 1. To Crouch, to draw the body together, as a lion brooding " over his prey. — 2. To be in a Rickety or decrepit state. — " 3. To be contracted into folds." Dr. Jamieson produces the parallel terms in other Languages, as the Swedish Huka, Incli- natis clunibus humi incubare, " Teut. Hurck-en, Inclinare se ; " Belg. Hurken, To squat, to sit stooping. Fris. Horck-en, " contrahere membra ut calefiant. Isl. Hruka, Corrugatio, &c. — " Hrok, Corrugor, &c. — A. Bor. Ruck, To squat or shrink down." Here we are brought to the genuine idea. I have sup- posed, that Hurdle conveys the same metaphor as Grate and Crates, which unequivocally relate to the Rug^e, Ruts, Furrows, Gratings or Scratching upon the Grounds; and Hurdle, Hurkle, we see, mean, " In Rugas sese contrahere, — To be contracted " into folds;" and thus we perceive, how the substantive and the verb Hurdle may belong to each other. R. Ainsworth explains Ruga by "A crumple, plait, a Fold; — A wrinkle, a Furrow;" where, in the term Furrow, we are brought to the primitive idea. "We shall now understand, moreover, that the very term Ruga belongs to /iRuka, /iRok ; and thus we shall learn, how the forms ^RC, &c. and RC, &c. pass into each other. Ruga, we see too, connects itself with its adjacent Latin word Rus, the Ground. Let us mark the explanatory term RicKety, adopted by Dr. Jamieson, which belongs to this race of words, ARuka, &c,, denoting the Contracted, Crooked form. Let us note, moreover, the explanatory term Crouch, and the word, which I have adopted. Crooked, which belong to each other, and to Crates, Grate, Scratch, &c. for the same reason. In Scotch, Crouchie is " One that is " hunch- backed ;*' that is, Croc/ir^, (Fr.) Crooked, &c.&o. ; and the preceding word to this in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is "Crote, " the smallest particle," where we are brought to the genuine idea of Grit, Crotte, (Fr.) Dirt, &c. &c. The preceding terra to Crate in the same Dictionary is Croot, "A puny, feeble child," which may belong to these words for the same reason as Rickety does THE EARTH. 635 does to the terras above produced, or it may directly be taken from Crote, as meaning the ' Little, diminutive object.' The term preceding Hiirdys, Hurdles, is Hurd?V^, "The " Hips, buttocks," which still belong to each other. On this latter word. Dr. Jamieson observes, " Mr. Chalmers gives Hurdles, " referring to A. S. Hurdel, plectrum. But I do not perceive the " connexion between this part of the body, and a Hurdle, or " Wattle." The UvKiyeis, the Hips, mean the parts which HuRD, HuRK, or Hurk/^, HuRo/g out, if I may so Express myself, which project HARsn/y out, if I may so say, as the Rough rising Ridges of the Hurd or Hurd/^. 1 beseech the Reader not to imagine, that the explanatory terms here adopted, Harsh and HuRKLE, are remote from the idea annexed to the Hurdies, and that they have been selected only for the purpose of supporting an Hypothesis; as these very terms are applied to a similar object, the Hanches and the Hiicklebones, in a quotation produced by Dr. Jamieson, under the word Hurkle. " The Ilanches Hurklis with Hukebanes Harsh and haw." Dr. Jamieson produces this passage under the second sense of Hurkle ; but this point it is not necessary to adjust. The term Hanches belongs to Hunch, as denoting the projecting . part. Dr. Jamieson explains HvKKh-E-backit by " Crooked," or, as he might have said, ' //wwc/i-backed ; ' and thus we see, that Haimch belongs to Hunch, as Hurdeis does to Hurkle, or Hurdle, In the same opening of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where these words occur, I find Hunkers, " To sit on ojie's Hunkers, To sit with the " hips hanging downwards, and the weight of the body depending " on the knees," and "To Hunker down, To squat down; " where we see how Hunker, belonging to the Haunches, connects itself with another sense of Hurkle. Every part of Language is consistent with itself; and the same object still continues to be united with the same train of ideas. I shall shew, that 'Huke- ' bane/ 636 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. * bane,' Huckle bone, belong to the form Hack, Occo, &c., and relate to a similar idea of Hack/«^ up or Scratching up the surface of the Ground. In the same column of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where Hurdeis is, I find Hurch^ow, or, as it is some- times written, Hyrchoune, A Heclge=Hog, HvKchatn Skin, "A skin " like a Hedge-Hog;" and Dr. Jamieson duly understands, that these words belong to URcnm, Herisso;;, &c., which I shall produce on a future occasion, and which unquestionably mean the HiKSiite animal. In the same column, likewise, we have To HuR, To snarl, to growl, which Dr. Jamieson has justly re- ferred to the Latin Hirr-ire ; where we have the form ^R, belong- ing to Aro, Ear, (Eng.) &c. &c. The preceding term to Hyrchoune is " Hii^cH, (ch. hard;) v. n. To shiver, to thrill from cold. — Per- " haps radically the same with Hurckle," as Dr. Jamieson observes. Our Lexicographer is right in his conjecture. In Mr. Grose's Glossary, Hurkle is "To shudder;" and we perceive, that HiRCH, Hurkle, in this sense, relates to the Hirsz^^^ — Corru- gated — Contracted appearance, with the idea of Agitatioji attached to it. In the Contractus- leget of Horace, we have the Contracted form only, arising from cold. The Latin Horreo, Horror, &c., belonji to the Element '^R, under the same idea ; and thus we see how Hirrio and Horreo are attached to each other. The sense, which the ordinary Lexicographers give us of Horreo, fully unfolds the nature of words, bearing this idea. " Horreo. <« ^1.) To set up its bristles, to have the hair stare, to be Rough, " and look terrible. (2.) To shiver and tremble for fear at. " (3) To shake, or quake, for cold ; " Horresco. " To be Rough " and Rugged." In the " Horret iratum mare," we have the Corrugation of an Agitated surface; and in the following passage we are brought to the original Spot, and the primitive idea. " Et campuui Horrentem fractis invertere glebis." That is, Anare campum, ita ut HoRReat fractis glebis. Let us mark THE EARTH. 637 mark the word derived from Ira, belonging likewise to the same metaphor and the same Element. There are other terms in Scotch, belonging to our Element '^RS, &c., which denote, as I imagine, what is Hiv^siite, Rough, &c. Dr. Jamieson explains Hirst, Hurst, by " i. A Barren " height or eminence, the bare and Hard summit of a hill. " S. A. Bor, Hirst, a bank or sudden rising of the ground; " Grose. — 2. A Sand-bank on the brink of a river." Here we have the Locus HiRSutus, Locus Prseruptus, the Rough — Rugged, Craggy Spot. Let us mark the epithet Hard, used by Dr. Ja- mieson ; and in a quotation produced by this writer from Gawin Douglas, it is combined likewise with a term expressing the very idea, which my Hypothesis supposes, " With Hirstis, " Harsk : " Dr. Jamieson, under Harsk, explains it by " Harsh, " Rough, sharp, pointed." Under the third and fourth senses, Dr. Jamieson explains Hirst by "Equivalent to a Shallow, in " relation to the bed of a River," which he refers to the Islandic " Hriost-ur, Terra inutilis, Verel. Hreyst-ur, barren places." — " It is used for a resting place," where he observes, that " This " is only an oblique sense; as travellers frequently sit down to " rest on an eminence." In these senses, the term signifies Earth, or Ground, with the idea of the Rough treading in the Ford or Shallow, and the Rough place of rest — the Bare Hard Ground. The word means in another sense, "A small wood;" on which our Author observes, "A. S. Hurst is rendered silva, " whence L. B. Hursta, id. V. Spelman. Germ. Horst, Locus " nemorosus et pascuus, ab o^o^, mons ; Wachter. Teut. Horscht, " Harsty Virgultum : sylva humiles tantum frutices proferens." — •' Hirst, without any transposition, might be traced to Su. G. " Har, which exactly corresponds to the common idea with respect " to a Hirst Locus lapidosus, ubi solum glarea et silicibus constat. " Ihre. Or, the term may have been primarily used to denote " the 638 ^R.R.\.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " the barrenness of ground, as manifested by its producing only " useless twigs and brush-wood, from Isl. Hreys, Hrys. For in " pi. it is rendered, Loca Virgultis obsita et sterilia. G. Andr. " p. 123. Teut. HoRST, Virgultum. Afterwards it may have " been transferred to such places, as from their elevation and " bleak situation, are unfit for cultivation." The sense of Brush- wood gives us the true idea of the word, and it denotes a Wood, only as it signifies ' Locus Virgultis et Dumetis Asper, Horrens • et WxKsutus ; — The Aspreturn,' which R. Ainsworth explains to be "A rough place, craggy, or full of bushes; a Brake." Let us note the term Brake, which belongs to Break, To Break up the Ground, or to the Rough, Broken Ground, just as Hirst belongs to such words as HiKsutus, Herse, &c. &c. Let us mark too the word Craggy, which belongs, for the same reason, to Crates, Grate, Scratch, Crouchie, Crochu, Crooked, &c. &c. &c., before produced. The term Hurst occurs in old English; and from this term our familiar surname Hurst is derived. The words immediately preceding Hurst in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary are Hirst, the Hinge of a Door, and Hirsp, To Jar; Hirsill or HiRSLE, which actually express the Harsh Noise. The Miln= " Hirst is the place," says Ruddiman, " on which the cribs or " crubs (as they call them) ly, within which the Mill-stone " Hirsts or Hirsills." Hirse means Millet, which Junius refers to the German Herse, or Hirs, the Danish Hirsz, the" Belgic Hirs, Heers ; and to these words we must add the French Ers, a species of Pulse, taken from the same idea. These terms precisely answer in meaning to the word Grit, which signifies little particles of Creat, or Dirt, in a rough Grating state. Ers, Hirs, &c. have precisely this relation to Earth— Harsh, &c. Perhaps HoRDeum, Barley, and Oruza, Oryza, Rice, (Of<«, Oryza,) may mean the Grit, Grain-like substances, and relate to a similar idea. Let us re- member. THE EARTH. 639 member, that Oruza, (O^u^a,) is adjacent to Orusso, (Oova-a-ca, Fodio,) To Scratch up, or Dig up the Earth. In French, we know, Orge is Barley, belonging to HoRoeum, and in German it is Gerste. In Greek, we know, it is Krithe, (K^tdfj,) which, I think, directly belongs to Grit, Grate, under the idea of Grain. The notion annexed to Krithe, (K^tdrj,) will be little doubted, when I have produced the adjacent word Krizo, (k^/^w, Strido,) which, as we see, directly relates to the Gratijig Noise. The only diffi- culty is to decide, whether these words HoRDeum and Orge do not belong to the Element CRT. In HoRDeum, the H perhaps may exhibit the record of that step in the process, when the Consonant C or cH is passing into the vowel form. I shall shew, that Grain, Graniim, &c. belong to the Ground, Gri?id, Groan, Grunt, &c., for the same reason as Grit is attached to Great, Cratio, Grate, Scratch, Scrietch, Krizo, (K^i^w.) In French, HouRD^r signifies To Rough-Cast a wall, which belongs, we see, to HiRTM5 — HiRSutus, &c. The French Etymologists refer Hourd, a word in Picardy for a Scaffold, and Hourdes, a species of Rustic Shoe, to the German Hurde, " A Hurdle, Hord, pen, fold, grate." The French Hourd and Hourdis may denote perhaps the Rough boarded place, and the Rough coarse Shoe. — The adjacent word in Menage, Houret, " Mauvais chien de chasse," may perhaps mean the Course — Rough Dogs, " Hourets Galeux," Mangy curs, as they are called by Moliere in a passage produced by Menage. The terms adjacent to Hirtus in the Latin Dictionaries, which belong to the Element ''RS, ''S, must be referred to the same idea, such as Hirc«5, or Hirquus, the Goat, Hirq^uus, the corner of the eye, Hirudo, Hisco, Uispidus, and Historia, remote as the meanings of these words may seem from each other. HiRc//5, or HiRQ^uus, is the Hirtw5 or Rough animal. In Greek, we have Iorko/, {Io^koi, Caprearum genus,) belonging to the same idea. 640 ^R. R. \-'-C, D, G, J, K,Q, S,T, X, Z. idea. The Hirquus, the corner of the eye, is so called from the lascivious side glances of the Hircz^^, Hirc^uus, or Goat, "Trans- " versa tuentibus Hircis." Some think, that the animal is the derivative. The Hirquus, or Hirq^u it alius, is properly explained by Festus, " Hirquitalti pueri, primum ad virilitatem accedentes, " a libidine scilicet WiRcorum dicti." The Greek T^ayojhas a simi- lar idea. The Hirudo, " the Horse-Leech, a blood-sucker," is the WiRSutus, tlie Pricker. I consider the adjacent word Hirundo, the Swallow, to be quasi Hirudo, and to signify the Noise- making animal. The name of this Bird has been perpetually taken from the Noise, which it makes, ^dByyoi/.Bvrj XaXog o^vi^, as Nonnus calls it ; and hence the Etymologists have, among other conjectures, derived it from Ei^eiv, Loqui. The English word Swallow, and the Greek Chelidon, (xeXiSoov,) belong to the same idea of Noise, and must be referred to the English^C^//, the Greek Kaleo, (KaXew, Voco,) and the terms for the Voice in the Eastern Languages, attached to the Element CL. Perhaps Arutido, th^ Reed, is quasi Arudo, and belongs to Reed, which I shall explain in a future page, and refer to the idea of the Rough Bristly appearance. Hisco signifies, according to Robert Ainsworth, " To gape, to " open the mouth, to Speak. — To Mutter. To Chark, Chap or " open." Here we have at once the idea of Noise with that of Breaking up or open, as the Ground, &c. Let us mark the ex- planatory word Chark, which belongs to Grate, Scratch, Sec. &c. The Etymologists derive Hisco from Hio, in which latter word the Radical consonant is lost. Hispidus is acknowledged to be connected with HiRsutus. Perhaps the p in this word is an or- ganical addition to the S, and Idus, the termination, as Utus, in HiRS-Utus. — Historia is assuredly derived from the idea of Stirring up — Routing into, annexed to these words; but whether it belongs to the Element '^ST, or ST— R, is not so plain. If it belongs to the THE EARTH. 641 the Element ST — R, it must be referred to the explanatory word Stir, the Latin Struo, Sec. ; and the genuine form is in the English word Story, &c. The first sense of Istoreo, {larro^iu,) is properly given in the ordinary Dictionaries, " Inquiro, sciscitor, " explore. " Many words, relating to Search and Enquiry, have been derived from Stirritig up or Routirig into Dirt, as Scrutor belongs, we know, to Scruta; and I shall shew, that Scrutor — Search and Scratch all belong to each other. Istoreo, {Wtodcco,) should probably be considered as attached to the Element ST — R. HiSTRio, The Player, or Dancer, "Ludio, qui ad tibiae sonosmotus " edebat compositos," means probably the Stirrer about — the Mover, or Dancing Gesticulator. In the same column of Marti- nius, where Histrio is, I find Hitt/o, Vestigo, where we are brought to Motion on the Earth. The Glossaries explain it by IcHneiio, (l;^i/£uw,) where in the Ich we again see our Element. The 71 in this word is an organical addition to the C. The next term to Hitt/o is Hittus, i^js.. Hershef means " Scales of Fish. — •' An Artichoke. — A Thistle." — The succeeding word to this is AJLijJi.. Hershefet, "Rough, Hard Ground." The two following words are Hershu71, " A Kind of Thistle, or Bramble," and Hers, " Splitting, Tearing." The preceding term to Hershef is Hersh, Scratching. — Heresh, Rough Skinned ; and an adjacent word is Herz, Rough Ground. We here perceive, that these terms belong to the idea of Rough, and that they might be referred to Harsh, HiRsutus, UnRisser, (Fr.) &c. I have supposed, that all such words are derived from the Herse or Harrow, Scratching or Tearing up the Ground ; and hence these terms signify in Arabic, Scratching — Tearing. On the whole, I cannot but think, that Art, in ARTichoke, &c., belongs to Harsh, &c., though it is not perhaps to be considered as directly connected with the Ara- bic word. The Choke, &c. probably belongs likewise to Cactos, (KctKTog.^ An adjacent term to the word Erica, before produced, is EKicius, " An Urch/w, or Hedge Hog; — Also a warlike engine " made of iron, full of sharp pointed nails, or spikes." We shall now understand, that these words belong to Erica, under the idea of the HiRS?//^ object. In this word, too, we are brought to the sense of the Harsh or Rough Scratcher, or Pricker. The Etymologists appear to see no connection between these words ; but they derive the animal ERiciiis, Erit^, Eres, Erinaccus, which are the various names for it, from Ms, " quod velut sub " JEreo septo latet." The URCHm, we see, is only another form 646 *R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. form of EkicIus, and the « is an organical addition to the C. The Etymologists acknowledge this affinity, and they produce the parallel terms in other Languages ; as the Saxon Ircing, Erscen, the Belgic Horts, Hurts, the French Herisson, the Spanish Erizo, the Italian Riccio. The French verb HERiss^r means "To stand an end;" and the corresponding words in Italian are ylrriciare, Rizzar ; and we may see, in the Italian words here produced, the two forms ^RC, with the breathing before, and RZ, without the breathing before the R. The Etymologists likewise record the Belgic Nork, for £^«-Ork, the Latin Orca, and the Greek Oky^ujius, {O^Kwog, Piscis quidam cetaceus, thynnus,) which belong to each other, and to the words produced above. The ORCHUN05 has the same meaning as the Sea Urchin, Riccio Marino, as the Italians call it. We shall now understand, that the Echino^, (E%(voj, Echinm^, marinus, vel terrestris,) is the U/cHiN, when the sound of r is lost. In Scotch, Hurcheon is An Urchin or Hedge=Hog. In Italian we have Orca, " An Ork, a Whirlpool, (a Sea " fish,)" says ray Lexicographer, to which he gives us a parallel term, the French Orque. An adjacent term is Orcio, "An oil pot, " or pitcher; " and the next word is Orciolajo, A Potter, Potier de terre. Orca is an ancient Latin term for a Vessel, and is justly referred to URceus and Arc^o, To enclose. Orco in Itahan means likewise " A Hobgoblin." Urchins in our ancient Writers are considered as Hobgoblins, or Terrific beings. We all remem- ber the threats of Prospero to Caliban ; " For this, be sure, to-niijlu, thou shah have cramps, " Side stitclies that shall pen thy breath, up; Urchins " Shall, for that vast of night that they may Work, " All Exercise on thee." on which Mr. Steevens observes, " Urchins, i. e. Hedge-Hogs. " Urchins are enumerated by R. Scott among other terrifick " beings. They are perhaps here put for Fairies. Milton, in his *' Masque, THE EARTH. 647 " Masque, speaks of 'Urchin blasts;' and we still call any little " dwarfish child, an Urchin.. The word occurs again in the '• next act." Mr. Malone adds, " In the M. W, of Windsor we "have 'Urchins, Oiiphes, and Fairies;' and the passage, to " which Mr. Steevens alludes, proves, I think, that Urchins here *' signifies beings of the Fairy kind'f " His spirits hear me ; " And yet I needs must curse; but they'll nor pinch, " Fright me with Urchin shews, pitch me i'the mire." Let US mark in the former passage of Shakspeare the terms, be- longing to our Element, ty^ORK and ex=ERC=ise, which are used, we see, in their stronger sense of a Disturbing or Annoying opera- tion ; and thus we perceive how t£;=ORK, ex=YjKc=ise, and IjRchins, are derived ultimately from the same source, and belong to the same train of ideas. The sense of ex='ERc=ise is peculiar, as it directly coincides with the metaphorical signification of ex=ERceo in Latin, "To Vex and trouble." We still, however, use the word to express operations of Toil and Labour, as •Severe — Painful Exercise' — " To Exercise great Severity over " a person," &c. &c. — The Hedge=Hog, in German Hecke Saw, or Hecke Swein, may mean the Hog under the Hedge, as the Ety- mologists suppose; or the Hedge Hecke might possibly mean the Rough — Hi/s«^^ animal, the O/ca, &c. I shall produce in a future page a great race of words, as Hack, Acuo, &c. &c. when the r is lost, bearing the same meaning ; and in the German and Belgic terms for the Urch/w, produced by Martinius, as lael, Eael, Ecnel, the Ig, Eg, and Ech, have a similar sense. He justly refers these words to the Latin Aculeus ; and he reminds us of terms belong- ing to AKanthos, (A>cuv9og,) which in the Vocabulary of Hederic is explained by ''Acanthus, frutex Angl. Brank-Ursine, or Bear's "breech; — Echinus, Erinaceus;" where the Ak and Ech have the same meaning as in the above words, and the Ka7i belongs to the 648 ^R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. the Element KN, bearing a similar sense, as in Kentron, (Kevr^o?, Stimulus,— ^i:M/^"5,) &c.&c. The Hisim-, The porcupine, may be derived from T? and 5f<|, though it probably belongs to the race of words before us. Let us mark the explanatory word Urs/m^, belonging to Ursm5, the Bear, which, we "how see, is the Hirsm^z^^, or Rough animal. In Greek, we know, the term is Arkto^, {P^y.Tog,) be- longing likewise to our Element, which supplies the name for this animal in the Dialects of the Celtic and some modern Lan- guages. Among the terms recorded by Lhuyd, under \5ksus, are the Welsh Arth, the Irish Ursaiiy and the Cornish Ors; and in the modern Languages we have Ours, Oursoii, (Fr.) the Italian Orso, &c. In the latter Language, Orso means likewise a Paring Shovel, which may be either directly derived from the Tearmg quality belonging to the Paws of this animal, or may relate to the general sense of the Element of Scratching — Tearing up, &c. To these words belongs the name of the Wild Man Orson, in the well-known Story of Valentine and Orson. The terms in Welsh adjacent to Arth, in the Dictionaries of that Language, relate to the metaphorical application of Harrowing up a Surface, or to the idea of Jiinoying — Tormenti?ig, &c. The verb ARTeitheio signifies, according to Mr. Richards, "To Rack or torture, to *' torment." — Anszvydo, " To fear, to dread, to apprehend, to stand " in awe, to be afraid. — ARsang, Oppression." The explanatory word Rack belongs to Rake, Rout, Rut, &c. We know, that Akktos, (A^xrog, Ursus, Ursa, — Pars orbis septentrionalis,) means the North, which I have supposed to signify this or that peculiar Earth or region; and that «''Orth is Orth, either with a strong nasal breathing, if I may so express it, assuming the consonant form w, before the "RTh, or the ^ N may be the remains of an articular prefix, as An, &c. We have seen, that the Belgic Nork, the Sea animal, is for Een=ORK. Some THE EARTH. 649 Some perhaps might imagine, that the Arkto5, (Af«Tfif,) may mean the Hi-Rsute — Rough — Horrid region, and that ;/-Orth may have the same meaning, with the n before the' ^RTh, by the process which I have described. Those who are fond of supposing, that certain words, or parts of words, were formed by the similarity of the sound with the sense, may imagine, that the nasal sound n was added to express more strongly the idea of that, which is Rough or Harsh. Whatever may be the precise idea, from which Akktos, (A^xtcj,) is derived, signifying the North ; the constella- tion at the North Pole was probably called the Bear, from a con- fusion in the sound Arkto^, (A^jcto?,) denoting at once this animal, and the n=ORTH. Perhaps OKcades and OKKJiey may mean the parts of the w=Orth: Hence, under another form, perhaps, we have Herse, the Herse Language, &c. Baxter derives OKcades from " Or or Gar, (quod Scotobrigantibus et Saxonibus est For, " et Grcecis etiam U^o) atque Cand sive Cad, quod et Caput est et *' Promontorium." {Glossar. Antiq. Britan.") Dr. Jamieson sup- poses, that the term Erse, the Celtic Dialect spoken by the Highlanders, " originated from their Gothic neighbours, from the " idea of their being an Irish colony ; for the Highlanders them- " selves invariably call their Language Gaelic." The Herse, liowever, may possibly be quasi Helse, where we have the ^-Aels, when the guttural sound of G is lost in the gentler aspiration of H. I once imagined, that the Arcades, or Arcadia, had the same meaning as the Orcades. If the Cad is significant, we might imagine, that Cad represented the Coti, that great people, whose history is traced by General Vallancey with such success ; and Ar might represent the Jire, the term with which they are often combined, Aire-Coti, denoting, as this learned en- quirer imagines, "the Ancient Coti." It is curious, that, among other derivations produced by Dr. Barry for the ORKneys, is the 4 N following : 650 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Following: It is the opinion of Camden, as he tells us, that it comes " from the old British word Ar or Or, that signifies Over *' against, or opposite to, and Cat, that implies the cape, or point •* of the Catti, or people of Cmtwicss." Here we see the Ar-Catti, or Aire=Coti, as I have supposed. The Catti, Scots, Scythcp, &c. &c. are the Celts, as I have before suggested, (p. 519.) Another derivation of the O-RKiieys is from Orc^e, the Whales, which are supposed in ancient times to have abounded in the North Coasts of Scotland. (Barry's Orkneys, p. 72-3.) The adjacent word to Orso, in the Italian Dictionaries, is ORT/Va, the Nettle, which, we know, is in French Ortie, and in Latin Urt/V^, and which, as we shall now agree, means the HiRsute — Pricking plant. The Etymologists derive Urti^^z from Uro, " cujus folia acriter Urunt, id est, pungunt." Let us mark the explanatory term Uro, which belongs to the form ^R, for the same reason as the words now under discussion belong to the same spot. We perceive, however, that the Elementary form *S, &c. appears in Ussi and JJsTiim. Robert Ainsworth has ex- plained Uro in some of its senses, "To Gall or Pinch — To " grieve, tease, or Vex;" and Viwr he has explained by "To " Fretr I shall shew in a future Volume, that the explanatory word Grieve belongs to Grqfo, (r^aipw,) and Grave, To Scratch up a Surface; and Fret I have likewise shewn to be applied in the same manner, and to be derived from the same spot. Ar^o, To be Dry, Scorched up, has a similar meaning ; and in Ard^'o we see the form '' RD. Ard^o is explained in Robert Ainsworth by "To Burn; — To " Scorch, To be tormented, or troubled." The term Scorched is only another form of Scratched— v^hat has a Fretted— Corrugated surface. We see in the sense of Tormented the same metaphor, Bakkowed— Scratched or Fretted. 1 have produced Ard^o in another place, among a set of terms, which relate to a similar action THE EARTH. 651 action on the same spot, and denote, To be Stirred up — Jgi~ tated, &c. All these ideas are so blended with each other, that we must be contented with describing the general notion and the action, to which the term originally belonged, without being scrupulously minute in selecting those explanatory terms, which may be conceived best adapted to express with precision the peculiar turn of meaning, with which the word was at first invested. The forms JJro and Areo will bring us to Horr^o, where the origi- nal idea is unequivocal. In the phrase Horret Mare, Iratutn Mare, we see the genuine idea of a Surface Stirred up or Agitated ; and it may be considered as a similar metaphor to ' Aratur Mare,' though with another turn of meaning annexed to it. We per- ceive here, likewise, the metaphorical sense of the Latin Ira, Iratutn, derived from the same idea of Agitation — ab ARajido. In Horr;V/w5, Horr/J, — HoRResco, and in iRatus, iRascor, the d, Sec. may be considered as arising from the construction of the Lan- guage, as I have before observed. In the following passage we see Horreo used in its primitive sense : " Et Campum Horrentem fractis invertere glebis.* {Georcr. HI. j^. \Q\.) This passage will shew us how WiKsutus, &c. is connected with the Herse, the Harrozu. In the Greek ORRodeo, the d may be an organical addition, or it may arise from the construction of the Language. I have produced these words on a former occasion, and they are again exhibited in this place, that the Reader may understand, how every point of view, in which the subject is considered, tends to illustrate and establish my Hypothesis. CHAP. ( 65^ ) CHAP. III. SECT. II. '^C, ^D, ^G, &c. Terms expressing actions performed on the Ground, the Eatth, Esxia, (Ea-TicCf^&c, when it is Stirred up, Agitated, Broken up, Routed up, Cut up, Scratched up, Vellicated, ^c. &c., by the various accidents and operations attached to it, as Occo, Hough, &c. &c. — Terms signifying To Stir up, Agitate, Excite, Cut up, Scratch up. Scrape, Vellicate, or Tease, as a Surface, materially ; or by meta- phorical application ; which tenns sometimes express actions per- formed on the surface of the Ground, or which are itivolvedy either directly or more remotely, with words and ideas, relating to such actions, as Ago, Agito, Acuo, (^Lat.) Hack, (Eng.) &c. Hence Terms expressifig Bodily or Mental Feelings, as of Pain — Terror — Disgust, &c. &c., which are connected with the tneta- phor of Stirring up — Exciting — Vellicating, &c. &c., as Ach, Acuos, (A%o?, Dolor,) &c. &c. Terms relating to the idea of Scratching up, — Scraping up — Vellicating a surface, and signifying To Nip up — Catch up — Snatch up — Gripe — Seize — Constringe, as To Hook up or in, &c., Agcho, (A7'%w, Constringo,) and under the form '^GG, "GK, ^c. or "NK, Hank, ^c. Terms ex- pressing Fire and Water, as connected ivith the idea of Agita- tion — Commotion, as i^sxus, AQua,(La^) &c. — Terms denoting Noise — the Harsh, Grating, Rough Noise, as i?ivolved with the notion of Scratching or Grating upon a surface, as Hoarse, &c. wider the form "RS, and Hiss, ^c, under the form ^S, (^c. Words THE EARTH. 653 Words expressing operations on the EsTiA, (Eo-tix,) Ea/TH, ArK, ArG, &c. by Stirring up — Routing tip — Cutting up — Tearing up — Scratching up, &c. its surface : — Terms, which are derived from, or are connected with, those words. OccA — Occo. (Lat.) The Har- row, To Harrow. Og — Ogeid, &c. &c. (Celtic,) The Harrow. Ege, Eg IAN. (German,) The Harrow, To Harrow. AcK^rw. (Germ.) To Plough, AcK^r, Acr^, Ac^r, AGro5. (Germ. Eng. Gr. Lat.) The Ground. "Ecean. (Sax.) Occare. EcGian — Egg on. (Sax. Eng.) Excitare. EAGer, kc. (Eng.) In a state of Excitement, Hough — Hoe, &c. (Eng. &c.) To Stir up the Ground. Haue — Hauen. (Germ.) A Hoe, Mattock. Hezv. (Eng.) To Cut up. Hue. (Eng.) The form, appear- ance, as made by Cutting, &rc. Hough, Hoe, Hock, Huckle- Bo7ie. (Eng.) "What relates to the lower part of the per- son, the Leg or Foot, which Houghs up the Ground. Hos. (Sax.) Calcaneum, Caliga. OcREA. (Lat.) Hose — Hosen, Hosa, &c. (Eng. Sax. &c.) The Covering for the lower part of the person. Hog— Us, &c. (English, Gr.) What Houghs, or Routs up the Ground. Hack — Hash, &c. &c. (Eng.) To Cut. Ax — Hatchet, &c. &c. (Eng.) Kcuo, (Lat.) Quasi Occo, To Stir up, Sharpen up, &c. Edge. (Eng.) The Pointed — Sharp Extremity. I SHALL 65i *R. R. \-^-C, D, G, J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z. I SHALL consider in this Section the Terms, under the Element *C, '^D, ^G, which express actions, performed on the Ground, the EArTH, Esria, (Eo-nx,) &c. &c. when it is Stirred up. Agi- tated, Broken up. Routed up, Scratched up, Vellicated, &c. &c., by the various accidents and operations attached to it, as Occo, (Lat.) Hough, Hack, &c. &c. &c. I shall likewise consider those Terms, under the same Elementary form, which signify in general to Stir up, Jgitate, Excite, Cut 2ip, Scratch up, Vellicate, or Tease, a surface materially, or, in a metaphorical sense, as Ago, AgHo, &c. We shall find, that these Terms sometimes them- selves express, in one of their senses, actions performed on the surface of the Ea/th ; or that they are involved, either directly or more remotely, with words expressing such actions, or with a train of ideas attached to such actions. Hence have been derived Terms, which express Bodily or Mental Feelings, as of Pain — Terror — Disgust — JVonder, &c. &c. ; and objects which Disturb — Annoy — Grieve, &c. &c., from the metaphor of that which Har- rows op. Hacks up — Vellicates — Pricks — Teases — Nips, &c. &c., as Ache, Acho^, (A%o?, Dolor.) Hence we have a race of words, which, under the idea of Scratching up — Scraping up — Fellicating, or Grubbing up a surface, signify To Nip up or in — To Catch up — Snatch up — To Gripe — Seize — Constringe, as to Hook up or in — Agcho, (A7%a;, Constringo.) We see in Agcho, (Ayx^,) or Ancho, how we pass from the form of ^G, ^Ch, ^GG, ^GCh, to that of ^NG, '^NK ; and hence we shall find a race of words, conveying a similar train of ideas, under the form ''NK, to which belong Hank, Hang, &c. &c. Under the Elementary form '^C, 'D, &c. we have words denoting Fire and Water, derived from the idea of Agitation, Commotion, ^c. I shall likewise consider, in this Section, Terms denoting Noise, — the Harsh — Grating — Rough Noise, as connected with the notion of Scratching or Grating upon a sur- face. THE EARTH. 655 face, such as Hoarse, &:c. under the form '^RS, and Hiss, &c. under the form "^S *. The * Tliougli I suppose, that all these Terms are connected, either remotely or directly, with words relating to the Earth, EsTiA,(Ei7Tia,) and its operations; yet the Reader, if he pleases, may consider this matter as a point of Tkeori/, which in a great variety of cases is distinct from those Etymological Facts, respecting the relation of words to each other, w Inch are now for the first time unfolded in the present N'olume. I have endeavoured so to state my Hypothesis, that it may be directed only to the Facts, which I am about to exhibit, as cases placed within the reach of Enquiry; and that it may accommodate itself, as nearly as possible, to any idea, which the Reader may form on the Theory of Languages. It may well be conceived, from the species of Evidence, which this subject is capable of aflbrding, that direct and absolute proofs of the Influence of the Earth, Sec. cannot often be obtained; though the Reader, I trust, will be surprised and gratified in discovering, during the progress of our discussions, that the question is capable of supplying collateral and presumptive evidence of so striking and singular a nature. We shall all understand and agree, that the Terms, expressing in one of their senses Operations on the Earth, must be few in number; and, moreover, that the application of words to this object will oftentimes escape the diligence of the Enquirer. We know, likewise, that the acknowledged Terms, which are peculiarly and familiarly appropriate to such Opera- tions, must be still fewer in number; and hence we shall see, that such direct and at)so- lute proofs of the Hypothesis, which some may require, cannot always be exhibited. — I have endeavoured, however, to perform all, which the nature of the subject will admit; and my own conviction is, that the various Accidents and Operations annexed to the Earth are the great causes which have been most efficient in imparting that peculiar force and meaning to words, which they now possess in the mechanism of Language. That these Accidents and Operations will have some influence, no one can doubt; and the degree of influence I must leave every Reader to adjust, according to his own views on the subject, from the evidence which is adduced before him. I must observe, however, that the degree of influence in a variety of cases is partly a point of opinion which every one may accommodate to his own T/ieorj/ of Languages, and which is rather to be conceived than detailed and described. I have endeavoured therefore to guard myself with considerable diligence, in the statement of my Hypo- thesis, against any embarrassment, which might arise from confounding the truth of such Facts, which we are enabled fairly to ascertain, respecting the actual relation of words to each other, with the truth of my Hypothesis, as we advance to that point, when Theory may or must in some measure necessarily commence. I have staled, in the opening of my Work, that our Element constitutes a race of words, "which " relate, either directly or more remotely, to the Earth, and the Operations, Acci- " dents. 656 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z. The term which first presents itself to our attention, under the form "C, ^D, ""G, &c., is the Latin Occo, or Occa, &lc., which " dents, and Properties belonging to it ;" and thus I do not embarrass myself with the charge of adjusting at every moment the precise degree of affinity, which words bear to this object, or the precise degree of influence, which this object may be supposed to possess on everi/ occasion. I must again repeat, that the series of Trulhs, which I detail, respecting the relation of words to each other, may be considered, under one point of view, in a variety of cases, as independent even of the degree of influence, which we may choose to affix to the Earth and its Operations; that is, the Truths which I have detailed, respecting the actual relation of words to each other, would in a variety of cases remain to a certain point the same, and would still be received and acknowledged, if the influence of the Earth did not always appear in mj' discussions, as a prominent and important part of the argument. The nature of the Facts, which I shall unfold in the present Section, and which I have detailed in other parts of my Work, may be thus briefly stated ; and these Facts cannot, I imagine, be denied, whatever opinions we may form on the Theory of Languages. 1. That a great race of words is to be found, wliich are related to- each other, in various degrees of affinity, under the same train of ideas; namely, that of Stirring up — Scratching up — Excitement — Agitation — Cornmotion, Sec, which train of ideas we do really anne.v to the action of Stirring up or Scratching up the Ground, Earth, Sec, whatever might liave been the first and original source, from which these ideas were derived, and whatever might have been the potent— Operative cause, by which they were propagated and preserved. 2. That among those words, thus related to each other, are indissolubly involved and entangled those terms, which actually express Operations on the Ground or Earth. Under this state of the question, as it relates to Facts, we surely cannot be very far removed from the truth, in point of Hypothesis, when from this scries of kindred words, we select those terms, as the most important and operative, and as best adapted to illustrate the common train of ideas, pervading the whole race, which are acknowledged by all to express an object most interesting to man, and to denote those Accidents and Operations attached to that object, which are the most important — familiar, and impressive, in the occupations of Human life. If we should perchance adopt any Theory on Xanguages, which may lead us to conceive a source antecedent to that of the Earth and its Operations, from which the train of ideas conveyed by this kindred race of words was originally derived ; still we cannot but consider the Earth, with its Accidents and Operations, as being the most important object, on which that train of ideas is mosi familiarly and impressively exhibited, and by the influence of which, as we should imagine, it would be most effectively propagated and preserved. Even therefore on this point of view, we should justly select the Earth, and its Accidents — Operations, 8cc., as supplying us with a series of terms, most forcibly THE EARTH. 657 wliich directly expresses an operation onthe Ground. The English Hough denotes a similar operation on the same spot, and is only another form of Occo ; and the terms forCutting, as Hack, Hash, Hatchet, Ax, &c. &c., belong to the same words. My German Lexicographer explains Hacke by " A Hatchet, Mattock, Ax, "P/c^=Ax;" and Hack^w by "To Hack or Chop, im Felde, " To How up, Dig, Delve, Brake the Ground; den Weinberg, " To Grub, or How up." In these German words we are like- wise directly brought to the action of Stirring up or Cutting up the Ground; and in our English term P/6-/&=Ax, we see the instrument of Cutting applied to the Ground. The parallel terms for Hack, in various Languages, as produced by the Etymologists, are Haccan, (Sax.) Conscindere ; Hacher, (Fr.) Acciare, (Ital.) Hacke, (Dan.) Hacken, Hachten, (Germ.) Hacke, Securis; Hachelen, (Germ.), To Hackle, Minutim .concidere; Haccio, (Welsh,) &c., which they derive from tlie Latin Ascia, the Greek Ax/«^, (a£ Findo, Scindo,) &c., are to be found through the whole compass of Language ; and we shall at once understand how they are connected with the action of the Soc, (Fr.) the Plough-Share, on the Ground, — the " Terra SAVcia Vomeribus." The Sack, about which we have heard so much, as a term pervading all Lano-uages, means nothing but the Holloiv, or Cavity, derived from the Hollow, or Furrow, so Cut — the 'Terra Excavata vel « SEcafa — SAUc/a, Brando,' &c. &c. Hence we see, that a word^ under the same form, * To Sack,' is nothing but the verb, with the strong metaphorical sense of Seco, of which Sack, the Hollow of the Bag, is the substantive. ' To Sack ' is the same metaphorical idea. THE EARTH. 659 idea, under one Element, as To Harroiv, Harry, Hergian, (Sax.) " Vastarc, PrKdari," are under another. The various senses of the Spanish Sacar, which is nothing but Secure, will shew the different purposes to which this idea may be referred. My Lexi- cographer explains Sacar in its first sense by "To Remove, to " put out of place J " and in other senses by "To clear, to •' free, &c. — To find out, to discover. — To pull out, to draw out, " to extort. — To compel, to bring forth what was hidden. — To " excite passion or anger," &c. &c. However various these senses may appear, the original idea is that of 'To Stir or Turn ' up or out, as the Soil of the Ground, — To Cut up or out, &c. • To Draxu out — Pull out,' &c. &c. The true idea of the word appears in another Spanish term, which is only a different form of it, and which I find in the same column of my Spanish Lexicon, " SACHar, To turn the Groutid with a Hoe or Dibble," as my Author explains it ; and " Sacho, Hoe, an iron instrument for Turn- " ing up the Ground." In the same column of my Spanish Dictionary, I find Saco, which means at once " Sack, a bag for " carrying or transporting any thing," and " Pillage, Plunder," as in the English Sack. In the Spanish phrase " Saco del mar " Bay, port, harbour," we see simply the idea of the Hollow. In Scotch, " To Seuch," as a verb, means "To Cut, to divide;" and, as a substantive, Seuch is "A Furrow, a small ditch." I shall shew in a future Volume, that Tailler, To Cut, Carve, &c, with its kindred terms Tailor, &c. &c., belongs for the same reason to Tellus. — We may well believe, that the name for the Hollow in general, as applied on various occasions, would be derived from or connected with the Hollow in the Ground; and thus it is, under the Element CP, that Cave, Cap, Cup, Ship, &c. belong to the " Terra exCAwata," or the CahiP-us ex-CAV-atus, &C.&C. ToCavo belongs Skap/o, {Xkch-tttu, Fodio,) Sap, To Dig — To 660 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. To Dig out, &c. ; and hence we have Chop, Scoop, Sup, Sip, To Draw out, &c. Terms for the Instrument and Operation, expressed by Occa, Occo, are to be found under the form *C, '^G, &c. in different Languages. In Welsli, Og and Ogeid is Occa ; and in the Armoric we have Oget and Ogedi. In the Cornish it is Harau, corresponding witii the form of Harrow. In German, 'Eoiaii is To Harrozv, and Ege is the Instrument. One of the terms, signifying *To Plough,' in this Language, is Ackern, which belongs to Acker, " A Field, Soil, Ground for tillage," &c. ; so that Ackern literally means 'To Soil or Ground,' if I may so express it, that is, 'To Break up the Soil or Ground.' AcKer, we know, belongs to Acre, Ager, Agro5, (Ay^o?.) In Saxon, Ecean is Occare, and Ecetha, " Harpica, Rastrum, Occa." In the same column of Lye's Dictionary we have " Eooian, Excitare," which, we see, belongs to Eoean, Occare : and thus we perceive how Egg, in the phrase ' To Egg on,' belongs to the metaphor of the Harrow, or Occa. — The English word Hough retains, in the mode of writing it, the record of the Radical '^G, or 'C, though in the sound it is not heard. In Hoe, a mode, by which this word is sometimes represented, the record of the Radical is lost both in writing and in the sound, and so it is in the parallel terms pro- duced by the Etymologists, as the French Houe, Hoyau, the Ger- man Hawe, Pastinum, from Hawen, Percutere, Secare ; the Belgic Houzve, Hatiwen. Skinner observes, that it would not be absurd (" nee tamen absurdum esset,") to derive these words directly from the Latin Occare—'' uf^eirug defiectere a Lat. Occare." In German, Haue means" A //o^, Mattock, Pick-Ax," and Hauen, " To Hew, Cut ; " from whence we shall understand the origin of our English word Hew, in the phrase To Hack and Hew, The Etymo- loo-ists, under Heiv, produce the parallel terms, as the Saxon Heawian, Aheawian, THE EARTH. 661 ylheazvian, Heazven, &c., the Belgic Hoiizven, the German Hawen, the Danish Hugger, &:c. The Hew, or Hue, the Form, appear- ance, or Colour of any thing, belongs to Hezv, To Cut, as the Etymologists understand. " Hiezv," says Junius, " Species, Effi- " gies, F'igura. A. S. Heozv, — Hizv est Forma vel imago, prscipue " talis, quae fit cxdendo sculpendove." Skinner produces the verb in Saxon, Hizvan, Formare, or, as Lye has it, " Hiwian, Simiilare, " speciem illusoriam induere, fingere. — Formare." The two pre- ceding terms in Junius are " Hie, Festinare, Properare," and " Hie, Fistuca; i. e. Ansatum et capitibus ferratum instrumentum, " quo pali sublicsque alte in solum depanguntur." He refers us, under Hie, properare, to the Saxon Higan, and Hicgan ; the former of which Lye explains by "Tendere, Festinare," and the latter by "Niti, conari, moliri,"&c. ; which, we see, belong to the idea of Excitement, attached to the action of Hovoning up the Ground. The Hie, the Fistuca, is the Exciting — Stirring — Driving Instrument, to which we have the verb Hier annexed. Hue, in ' Hue and Cry,' must be referred to this race of words, signi- fying ' The Cry, to Stir up — Excite and Rouse the people.' The Etymologists refer us to Spelman, under the Latin Hutesiiim, and Menage, under the French Hucher ; and Skinner reminds us of the English Hoot, where we have the true form. This brings us to the terms denoting Noise, under our Element, which will be explained on another occasion. The Hoe, Hough, Hock, Hogkle, is the lower part of the person,^ adjacent to that which Hoes up — Houghs or Tears up the Ground. The Etymologists refer us, under Hoe, Poples, Suffrago, to the Saxon Hog, Hoh, the Belgic Haessen, &c. ; and Junius observes, " Hinc forte desumpta sunt Hoxing et Huckle- " bone.'' Lye explains the Saxon Hoh by " Calx-, — Poples, Suf- " frago; — Ang. Hough." An adjacent word is the Saxon Hoha, Aratrum; to which Lye adds, " Inde forsan nostra. An Hough, "Occa 662 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " Occa Minor." We have likewise in Saxon, Ho, Calx, Calca- neum. "We see, that the original meaning of these words, Hon, Hough, &:c., is the Calx, the part which actually Houghs up the Ground — ' Pars quae Occat Terram,' just as Calx, the Heel, ^ belongs to Calx, the Stone, against which it strikes. Hough afterwards signified other parts of the Leg, the " Suffrago^' which Robert Ainsworth explains by " The Joint of the hinder leg of a " beast, called the Hough, sometimes the Pastern," and Poples, which he explains by " The Ham of one's leg behind the knee." Nathan Bailey explains Hock by "The Small of a Gammon of "Bacon;" and To Hoccle, "To Hamstring or cut the joints " towards the Hough." The succeeding term in this Lexico- o-rapher is " Hockley in the Hole," which he derives from Hoc, Dirt, and Leag, Pasture ; where in Hoc, Dirt, we are brought to the Spot, supposed in my Hypothesis. We might imagine, that the Greek Ov.'Laxo, [Ox.Xu^u, In Genua procumbo, Genibus inflexis subsido,) belonged to Hockle, and it must be owned, that the coincidence is very strong ; yet we cannot well decide on this point, till the Element KL shall be diligently unfolded. Junius has an article, " Uoxing of Dogs," which he explains by " Expeditatio, vol Genuscissio," and which he derives from Hoh and Hough. Nathan Bailey has an article, "To Hoze Dogs, " To cut off their claws, or the balls of the Feet," where the word relates to the lowest part of the Leg. In the HvcKLE-bo?ie, the Hip-bone, we have the highest part of the Leg, &c. I have supposed in another place, (p. 170,) that the terms for the Hip, or Loins, as Iskw, Isk/ow, Ixm^, Oxus, Osphus, OsKea, (10-%'?, I'rx'o". l|"f. O^"^?' 0(r$uf, OcrxBoc,) are derived from the idea of the lower part, as connected with the Ground; though I have imagined, that the sense of the Base or Foundation supplied the intermediate step, as in the Persian Ov^l AST, "The Buttocks, " Hips, Backside, Fundament." It would be idle perhaps to attempt THE EARTH. 663 attempt any distinction between these words, and the terms here produced, Hock, &c., if they are ahke referred to the same spot — under a similar idea of the lower part of the person. I shall suggest, on a future occasion, another idea, from which these words may be derived. The Greek lonua and lonus^ (l^i/ua, lymi;, Posterior genu pars,) seems to be connected with Gojiu, (Tow, Genu,) as the Lexicographers imagine ; yet it appears to belong to our Element ^G, with the organical addition of the n. The Gonu and Genu might be quasi ''Gmi, where the vowel breathing was lost before '^G, and inserted between the G and the organi- cal 71. The adjacent terms Igde and Igd/zo, {lyht Mortarium, Pila; — Genus saltationis, ly^i^u, Agito Pistillum ; — Torqueo, flecto,) belong to the race of words now under discussion, signi- fying ' To Tear zip — Break to pieces — Agitate,' &c. &c. In the interpretation of Icviisma, " ly^Kri^x, Genus saltationis in qua " Lumbi agitantur, ut Pistillum," it might seem, as if the idea of motion, belonging to the Lumbi, was annexed to the significa- tion of these words. This idea will be considered in a future page. The Saxon Hon, the Calx, Calcaneum, sometimes appears in that Language, under its genuine form, as " Hos, Calcaneum." This word likewise signifies, " Rhamnus, vimen, butrus;" and moreover, " Caliga, Ccrea; — unde nostra Hose, Hosen^ as Lye justly observes. We perceive how Hos relates at once to the Heel, Calcaneum, and the parts of the Leg, " Caliga, Ocrea." Hose and Hosen mean the Covering for the Legs and Thighs. The Etymologists justly refer us to the Saxon Hosa, Caligae, the Belgic and the Danish Hose, Housse, the Welsh Hosan, the French Houseaux, and the Italian Huose; though Skinner has improperly added the French Chausse, the Spanish Calcas, Sec. We perceive how Caliga belongs to Calx, for the same reason that Hose belongs to Hock. The present Italian form for Huose is Fosa. Let us note the explana- tory 664 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. tory term — the Latin Ocrea, where we observe another form of the Hose. The Etymologists derive Ocrea from Ocris, Eminen- tia ; yet we cannot but perceive, how the Oc in this word connects itself with Occo. — In Barbarous Latin, Hosa is Caliga; and Menao-e informs us, that in modern Greek, Ous/ow, (ODo-tov,) is used in the same signification. In French, Bas, the Stockings, means, we know, the Base, or Lower part ; and our English word Stockings has a similar meaning, and belongs to the Stock, the Stump, the Base or Inferior position. I shall shew, that Calx, the Stone and the Heel, belongs to the Element CL, de- noting the Ground, the SoLum, Soil, Clay, Clod, &c. &c. ; and we shall now understand, that Calceus, Caliga, belong to the same spot. The term Caligo, under a similar form, denoting Darkness, means nothing but that which is Clodded or Clogged up, just as the term Dark belongs to Dirt, Dust, &c. In Colo, we have the Cultivation of the Solum- In Scotch, Hoggers are " Course Stockings without feet," as Dr. Jamieson explains the word. In Scotch too, Hoeshins bears a similar meaning; and this word Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to the Saxon Scin- Hose, Ocreae, or ShiTi=UosE. I shall take this occasion of recording the terms belonging to our Element, which in Menage are adjacent to Houseau, &c. The word Hovspiller signifies " To pull, to tug one — To worry, " to pull, to tear, to bite, as some animals do." Here we see, that this term has precisely the metaphorical sense belonging to Occare, To Tear up ; and the Hous should perhaps be con- sidered as belonging to this race of words. Filler is attached to Pull, Velio, Pillage, &c. &c. The French Etymologists refer it to Gaspiller, To squander away, which seems probable ; and yet the Gas in this word must be considered as belonging to Cater. The Houspiller appears however to have a turn of meaning somewhat different from the other, and more accorda-nt with tlie race THE EARTH. 665 race of words before us. Menage derives these words from Vulsipilare, •' c* est-a-dire, pilos vellere." In old French, Housse- paillier means a Servant of the lowest order, as in Rabelais, " Nerva HovssEpaillier — " C ' est un valet de cuisine," as the Etymologists tell us, who observe, that " Botez de foin" is an expression applied to beggars, &c. who use Hay wrapped round their legs for Boots. The Hovssepaillier then, as they suppose, " est un homme si miserable, que n' ayant pas meme du foin "pour s'en fairc des bottes au besoin, il est oblige de se " HoussER, ou hotter de Paille." Surely the Houssepaillier belongs to Houspiller, and probably under the idea of the person who Squanders away, or Pillages his Master's property. Houss^r signifies in French ' To Sweep the Dust off a surface ; ' where we are at once brought to the original idea, attached to these words, of Stirrmg up, or Scratching over a Surface. Hence Houssm^ means "A Switch" and Housso/r " A Whisk." The succeeding word to Houssoir is Houx, th6 prickly plant — the HolW, which may either mean that, of which Brushes are made, as the French Etymologists suppose, or it may denote the Hough — the Pricker — Scratcher. The next word to this is Hoyau, which my Lexicographer calls " The Pick- Axe;" and we shall not wonder to see terms, denoting the Prickly plant — and the Pick-Axe, adja- cent to each other. The French Housse denotes a Covering for a Horse, which we call Hovsi?igs; and likewise Coverings of other kinds. The French Critics must decide, from the peculiar turn of meaning annexed to the word, respecting the precise idea from which it is derived. From the Covering for the Legs, the name for a Covering in general might be taken; yet there is another idea, which accords with a different application of the word. We see, that Housser signifies "To sweep the dust oft' " a Surface; " and we all acknowledge, that the idea of a Cover- ing or some ornament, which we express by the name of Dress, 4 P is 666 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. is connected with the Dressing up a Surface. I shall shew, that Dress belongs to Dirt, &c. ; and we know, that it is applied to Dressing Land. It is curious too, that we talk of Dressing a Horse,. in the sense of ' Rubbing upon his surface,' ' Currying him.' Le Duchat observes, that the " Cheval Mousse tantot signifie un " cheval couvert d' un Housse : — et tantot un cheval, qui a une " plaie, qu'on vient de Nettoyer." Here we see again, that the idea of Cleaning a Surface is fully apparent, which is likewise most aptly expressed by the same term Dress, as in the phrase « To Dress a wound.' Le Duchat derives the word, in the latter sense, from Housso/V, a Brush, which is so called, as he tells us, either from Houx, the Holly, of which it is made, or from the German Auss, dehors; "d'ou aussi," as he adds, "nous " avons fait Houss, qu' on dit a un chien qu' on chasse." In Languedoc and Gascony they use Horse for Houss e; and from hence Menage derives it from Ursa, because Bear-skins were used as Coverings. Among other things, Housse signifies the Covering used by Women in Winter; and I ought to add, that terms for Coverings are often taken from the Rough — Coarse outward garment, used as a defence against cold ; and that terms for the Rough — Coarse substance, are derived from the Bristling — Shaggy appearance, as connected with the Scratched — Fretted surface. Thus we see, how Housse might denote the Rough — Bristly Covering, as connected with Houssoir, the Brush, and Houx, the Holly. I shall shew, that Brush — Bristle, Sec. belong to each other for the same reason. The succeeding word to Houx in Menage is Hoyau, the Hough or Mattock. Menage derives Hoyau and Houe from Vpupa; though other French Etymologists have seen, that they belong to the English Hoe, Hew, &c. &c. Adjacent to Hoyau in some French Dictionaries we have Houage or Houache, a Ship's Furrow; where we are directly brought to the idea of Hough/w^ THE EARTH. 667 HovGuing up a Surface. We see, that Furrow is a metaphor taken from an operation belonging to the Ground, and to Plough the Sea is one of tlie most familiar metaphors in every Lan- guage. The next term to Hoyau is Hoyer, which signifies " Ouereller, tanser, et quelquefois appeller; " where we have the metaphorical sense, annexed to these words, of Stirring up Irri- tating — Provoking, &c., with that of Noise, likewise. — Hoyer is the metaphor of Houer. Le Duchat derives Hoyer or Huyer from Vocare. The adjacent terms Hue, explained by Voix, — HucH^r, " Crier a dessein de faire entendre quelque chose — " HuER, Crier confusement," must be referred to the same race of words, denoting Noise. The French Etymologists derive these terms from Heus, or the old French word Hus, a cry; and they remind us of the English word Huzza. The Latin Heus, and the English Huzza, must be added to the same race. Huau and Huelte, the Owl, belong to these words denoting Noise; and we shall now be reminded of our phrase * Hue and Cry,' before produced. Among the parallel terms for Hack, we have in Skinner the German Hackel^w, " Nobis To Hackle, minutim Concidere, " Hackel^«, item in utraque dialecto lingua Titubare." This will remind us of our term Haggle, which means 'To Hackle or ' Hack— To make a bargain in a Hacking, teasing, vexing, annoying 'manner.' We talk likewise oi Nagging in a similar sense, " What " a Nagging fellow he is," which belongs to the same metaphor of Notching, or making Notches or Hacks. We see, in the use of Haggle, the idea of Vexing or Teasing, as connected with a Vellicating — Twitching motion ; such as we should expect to belong to Hack, as derived from the operation of the Occa. In the phrase 'Hack and Hafnmer,' we ha^ea similar metaphorical meaning, though tiie idea of Vexing or Teasing is not so promi- jient as in the use of Haggle. That authentic and popular Artist, 668 ^R. R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. Artist, Nathan Bailey, explains Haggle by " To stand hard " in buying}'' ^"d the next word to this is Haggle, "To Cut " unhandsomely." We shall now understand, that the Higgler is the Haggler, and that the HucKster is the Hacker, by the same metaphor. The Ster is the termination of contempt, as in • Pun=5'/^r,' &c., which I have explained in another place. The Etymologists derive Huckster from Hocker, (Germ.) Propola, &c., and Higgler from the German Hacke, Propola, and HeuchleVy Adulator, &c. The preceding word to Hocker, A Huckster, in my German Lexicon, is Hocker, A Bunch on the Back, which belongs to the idea of the Raised surface by Hacking it up. In my Ger- man Dictionary, the adjacent word to Hocker is Hoch, corre- sponding with High. I shall shew, that Hoch, &:c. means nothing but to Stir up — Raise up — Hough or Hack up ; and thus we see, how Hoch, High, Hocker, the HucK5^^r, and the Bunch on the Back, remote as they may appear, belong to each other. The preceding article to HucK5^^r, in Skinner, is l{\3cvi= Shoul- dered, Gibbus, which he justly refers to this German word. The German HEUCHL^r, the Hypocrite, Deceiver, and afterwards the Flatterer, belongs to the same metaphor of the Haggler, under the idea of Fraud and Deception. In German, Knicker, or Knickerisch, means " Niggardly, Haggling,". &c., as my Lexico- grapher explains it. Knicker and Niggard belong to the same metaphor of Notching — Nicking, Sec. ; and in English, Nick means ' To Deceive — To Nick a person — To Cheat a person,' &c. The succeeding term to Haggle, in N. Bailey's Dictionary, is Haggles, " It Hails. N. C. ;" from whence we shall see, that the Cutting Hail Storm, as we express it, is that which Haggles or Hacks. The Radical Consonant G is lost, we see, in Hail, but it is preserved in t|ie parallel terms, Hcegol, Hcegle, &c. (Sax.) Haeghhel, (Belg.) Hagel, (Germ, and Dan.) produced by the Etymologists. Meric Casaubon derives Hail ■ from Chalaza, THE EARTH. 669 (XaXcc^a,) which I should imagine to be the fact, if the form HL only had appeared. If Hagle, &c. belongs to Chalaza, (XaXa^a,) the G is an organical addition to the L. The Heckle, Hackel, or Hatchel, &c. (Hechel, Germ.) is the instrument for dressing Flax, the Flax Comb; where we are brouglit to the original idea of VelUcating or Teasing a surface. Let us mark, how the term Tease, To Torment, belongs to the same action of Teasing or Scratching upon a surface. Dr. Jamieson explains the Scotch Heckle by " To dress Flax;" and in the second sense, " Metaph. " To Tease with questions, to examine severely," We here see, that Heckle coincides with the idea of Haggle. Let us mark, how by a just impression the term Tease was adopted in the explanation, though the writer was himself unconscious of the coincidence of metaphor in the two terms, when referred to their primitive idea. Nathan Bailey explains Hack by " To Jade, " also to Hew," where we have its metaphorica Imeaning pre- ceding its material sense. The term Heckle, as applied to the operation performed on Flax, seems to refer to two different pro- cesses. As a verb, Heckle signifies "To Break Flax, To Hack " or Break to pieces;" and as a substantive, it appears to denote the Comb, with which it is Teased or Dressed. Hack, Heck, or Hatch, signifies a small door, which belongs to Hack, To Cut, and is derived from the idea of the Catching motion, annexed to this race of words, just as Carpo signifies to Catch hold of, and means likewise to Tease or Vellicate a surface. This idea however will be more fully explained in a future page. Nathan Bailey explains Hackle by " The Slough or cast-ofF " skin of a snake;" where Hackle relates to the Hirsute, Rough Surface or Covering, Hackled or Teased over, as it were. Tiiis same Philologist explains Hace by '' Harsh, Hoarse ; " where we have the Rough Noise, annexed to the action of Notching or HACKm^ 670 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. HACKing up a Surface. In Scotch, Hekkil, Heckle, means at once " A Hackling Comb," and Cock's Comb, or the Feathers of his Neck, derived from the same idea of their Heckled — Teased State or Appearance. Dr. Jamieson has produced the following passage from Gavvin Douglas : " Phoebus rede foule his curale oreist can stere, " Oft strekand furth his Hekkil, crawand clere," &c. Dr. Jamieson observes, that Ruddiman " has mistaken the mean- " ing of the word, as here used," when he explains it by a Cock's Comb. " It signifies the feathers on the neck of a cock, ** and thus conveys quite a different idea from the Curale Creist, or " Comb, mentioned in the preceding line. A feather from the " neck of a cock still receives this designation, as well as a fishing " hook dressed with one of these. V. Heckle," which signifies to fasten by means of a Hook. It is not necessary to decide, whether it relates to the Feathers on the Neck or the Comb, as the same idea prevails. Let us mark, that the Comb of a Cock belongs, by a similar metaphor, to Comb, the instrument, which Teases or Hackles a Surface. In the Poems attributed to Rowley, Heckled is applied, as we shall now understand, with singular force and propriety to Savages wrapped up in the Rough — Staring, Heckled covering of Beast skins. " Whanne Scythyannes, salvage as the wolves theie chacde, " Pe^'ncted in Horrowe formes bie nature dyghte, " Heckled yn Beast skyns, slepte uponnc the waste, " And wyili the morneyne rouzed the wolfe to fyghte." (Engfi/sh Metamorphosis, -f. 1, &c.) Hence we find the following article in Lye's Saxon Dictionary, " Hacela, Hacele, Clamys," which means, we see, the Rough — Heckled garment. The preceding term to Hacela, in Lye's Dictionary, is HACcan, To Hack, Hash, " Concidere, secando " comminuere,'"' In Saxon we have the simple form likewise, as THE EARTH. 671 as Hi^ccE, Pallium. In Rowley, the verb to this simple form is used. Hope is addressed by iier votary, as oftentimes appearing, " Hecket ynne a myste, and wyth thyne eync yblente." Here Hecket seems to be used in the spirit of its original idea. The person of Hope appears concealed and deformed to the eyes of her votary by the foul black mist, with wliich she is enveloped, as the person of one, who is wrapt up in the Coarse, Rough cover- ing of the Heck. In Skinner we have Huke, with its parallel terms Huque, (Fr.) Huycke, signifying " Palla, toga, pallium " Belgicis fceminis usitatum," originally denoting, as I imagine, the Rough, outside Cloak or Coveri?ig. The words, which are in the same page with Hack in Skin- ner's Lexicon, are Haggess, Hagger, Haggard, Hag, Haddock, Hackney, and Hack, Sepes ; which I shall shew, in the course of my discussion, all to belong to the idea conveyed by Hack, To Cut, remote as they may seem from each other in their various senses. Haggess is explained in Skinner, both by " Tomaculum " seu Botulus ex carne Porcina incisa," and " Faliscus venter " seu ventriculus fartus ; " and he derives it from Hog, " vel " potius," as he adds, "a verbo Teut. Hacken, Conscindere, Disse- " care." The Haggess is the part Hacked or cut into small pieces, before it is dressed. Mr. Grose, in his Provincial Glossary, explains Hag, Haggus, by " The Belly," and Haggis, or Haggass " The entrails of a sheep, minced, with oatmeal, and boiled in " the stomach or Paunch of the animal. Northumb. and Scotl. '' To cool one's Haggass, to beat one soundly." The preceding term in Grose is HKCoenbag, which he explains by "Mutton or " Beef baked or boiled in pie-crust. Cornw. ;" where the idea of the Hacked Meat is, I imagine, still preserved. The Haslet, in French Hastilles or Hatilles, appears to have the same sense as the Haggess. The French Etymologists derive it from Haste, Veni. We 672 *R. R. \- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. We see, that the Haste, Hasta, (Lat.) still means the HACKfr or Cutter. The preceding term to this French word, in the Dictionary of Menage, is Hasterel, or Hastereau, which sometimes signifies Colliim; and it should seem, as some imagine, that Hasterel belongs to the German Halz, the neck. Yet Duchat observes, that in an old French Romance, the term signifies " les parties de la " poitrine et de 1' estomac j usque vers la ceinture ; " and he adds, " Et ce soht ces memes parties du pore qu'a Metz, oxx Rabelais avoit *' ete, on entend encore aujourd' hui sous le nom de Meriue Haste, " ou Hastille : aussi est-ce uniquement du foye de cet animal que " sont faits les Hasterets ou Hastereaux, qu' on y mange rot is sur " le gril a la Hate." It should seem from hence, that Haste is the simpler form of all these words, and that Hastille is the diminutive. The preceding term to Haslet, in Skinner, is HASLE-Nut, which appears in various Languages, as in the Saxon H^esel, Hasl, the German Hasel, the Danish Hassel, the Belgic Haseler, &c. &c. On the origin of these words it is difficult to decide. Martinius derives them from Hase, the Hare, " quod nucamenta sint ceu " villi pedum leporinorum," and Skinner from the Latin Casula. Wachter thinks, that both these writers are wrong, and that Hasel is derived from Hasel, " proprie Galerus, et metaphorice " calyx nucis, quia galero similis." This conjecture is not im- probable. The Hasel, Galerus, belongs, as Wachter justly ob- serves, to the German Hut, which corresponds with the English Hat, and must be referred to terms, denoting an Enclosure. The succeeding word to Hack, in Skinner's Dictionary, is WACKney, to which he produces the parallel terms in other Lan- guages, as the French Hacquenee, the Spanish Hacanea, Haca, the Italian Acchinea, Acchenea, Ch'niea, the Welsh Hacnai, " quod " illis," says the Lexicographer, " Equum Gradarium, nobis " Equum conductitium significat." He adds, " Fort, omnia a " Teut. THE EARTH. 673 " Teut. Hengsty Equus, vel saltern csetera omnia ab It. Chinea, et " hoc a Schiena, Dorsum, q. d. Cavallo di Schiena, A Backed- Horse, " a Saddle Horse, a Pad Nag." In English we use both Hack and Hackney ; and we must observe, that the n is only an organical addition to the C or K. We see, that in the Italian - Chinea, the Radical form is entirely lost. Menage has justly seen, that the French terms Haquen^V, Haquet, Haque, and Egue, names for Horses, belong to ^qiius. He has not however been thought so fortunate in deriving the Spanish ^//a«a from this Latin word. After having told us, that in the Dialect of Arragon they say Faca for Haca ; he adds, that from Faca they have formed Faca?ia, and then Facanea, a term still used in Castile. From Facana they have formed Fana, and hence, by the addition of the Arabic article, Alfana. If the fact be true, that in Castile they still use Facanea, this derivation cannot be considered as impro- bable. Our Etymologists have not always been least successful, when they have referred terms to each other, which appear alto- gether dissimilar. Nothing can be more unlike than Bishop and Evequc. Still, however, both the Al and the Fana are probably of Arabic origin, though I have not been able to ascertain the source from whence they are derived. Monsieur Menage con- cludes the article about Haqnenee by producing the celebrated Epigram made on his own derivation of Jlfana. " II me reste," says he, "a faire part ici a mes Lecteurs de cette belle epigramme " que M. le Chevalier de Cailly a faite sur nion etymologic " v, Qui erectus in summos pedum digitos inceditj) where we see the very action which is sup- posed in my Hypothesis. We cannot but note the term Ear, Auris, bearing the same form, as the Ear of Corn; from whence we might suppose, that they belonged to each other, and that the Ear, Auris, was attached to the idea of the Sharp Pricking object, by the same metaphor which we apply, when we talk of Pricking up the Ears — Arrige Aures. The term Ear, and its parallels Auris, Ous, (Ou?,) &c., pass under the same variety of forms, "^R, '^RS, *S, &c., as the Ear of Corn; and they seem moreover to connect themselves with Hear, Hark, Audio, &c. &c. I have collected these terms on a former occasion, (p. 109); and I shall produce them in another part of my Work, that the Reader may examine them under various points of view. On the whole he will THE EARTH. 687 will discover, that the terms for Hearing, as Audio, &c., are not directly connected with words, denoting Attention, as referred to the Enclosure, or Guarded Spot, according to my former conjecture. — Nothing is so difficult as to adjust the primitive notion, existing in words, when they convey ideas which are alike attached to different senses of the Element. — In such examples I endeavour to perform all which the case will admit, by exhibiting the words before my Reader, under the various points of view in which they may be conceived. I have already produced (p. 657,) the parallel terms to Ax, Hatchet, Addice, Adze, as the Gothic Aquizi, the Saxon Msc, Ex, Acas, the French Hache, Hachette, &c. &c. I shall not attempt to produce the different forms in various Languages, under which the name of the Ax, as attached to our Element, is exhibited; but 1 shall only observe, that they are alike to be referred to the race of words, which I have here unfolded. I cannot however forbear producing certain terms convey- ing this train of ideas, which are not so generally known. In Welsh, Hogi means "To Whet or Sharpen, to make a Sharp " Edge or point," which the Lexicographers in this Language have referred to Qriyu. Awch likewise means " The Edge or " Siiarpness of a weapon or tool ; " and it denotes, moreover, " Vigour, liveliness, vehemency." These senses precisely coincide with the meaning of AKme, (Ajc[^vi, Acies, Vigor.) In Welsh, likewise, Egalen and Agalen signify A Whetstone ; and these terms the Lexicograpliers refer to the Cornish and Armoric Agolan, Igolen, and the Greek Akone, (Axovt;.) The preceding word to Egalen, in my Welsh Dictionary, is Eg, An Acre; where we are brought to the spot, from which it is derived. On the opposite side of the page, in Mr. Richards' Dictionary, we have Egr, " Sour, sharp, tart, biting. Eager, poignant, Egori, " To open ; " and this he has justly referred to the Greek Oigo, {Oiyu,) 688 ^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. (O.yw,) which, as we now see, relates to the HACKm^ up — Breaking up, or Opening of the Ground; — Ehagr, or Hagr, U^/jy, D^orme-f/; Eh EG R, Swift, &c. ; Eg r^'^/, Hoarseness; Egrjw, Fear, trembling; and Egr, an Acre: where we are brought to the original spot. Adjacent to the term Hagr, we have Haccio, " To slice, To Hack or Cut," &c., where we see the true idea. In the adjacent column we find Haeddel, Arm. Haezl, A plough Handle ; to which Mr. Richards has referred the Greek Echetle, {"E-x^tXyj^ Stiva.) This Greek word Echetle, or Echtle, surely belongs to these Celtic terms, which seem to bear the same form as Egal^w, Hackle, &c. In examining the few terms in Lhuyd's Armoric Vocabulary, which belong to our Element, and are adjacent to Haezl, " The Plow Handle," I find Hagr, and likewise Hegacc, To Egg, or Provoke, from which the French ' Agacer' is directly taken; Heg^^, To shake, toss; Hezr, Hydr, Bold; Hes2, a Slice of Bread; HESgr^^w, A Saw; Wociuet, A Harrow; Houch, A Hog. Surely the Haez, in Haez/, belongs to these terms, HoQwef, &c., and denotes the Plough Handle, from the general idea of the property of the Plough in Cutting. I find, likewise, Heus, the Boot, which be- longs to Hose, &c., Harz, A Hindrance; Harzal, To bark like a dog; where we have the Harsh or Hard obstacle, and the Harsh Noise; Hoars, Hoars/w, Laughter, To Laugh; where we have still the Loud Harsh Noise; and Viocan, A Hawthorn- berry. The HoucH, adjacent to Hoq?<^^ the Harrow, will shew us, that the name for this animal. Hog, and its parallel terms. Us, (Tf,) s-\5s, &c. &c., are derived from the idea of Routing up the Ground — ab Occando Terram. We shall imagine, too, as I conceive, that the Hocan, the Hawthorn-berry, is attached to the UoQ^uet, the Harrow, under the idea of the Prickly thorn ; and this might lead us to conjecture, that Haw, quasi Hawgh, and its parallels Hedge, &c., might mean the Prickly object, applied as the Fence. THE EARTH. 689 Fence. If this should be the fact, we shall then see, that Hedge and Edge belong to the same idea. Skinner produces Hack as a Lincolnshire term for a Hedge, where we have the very form of Hack, To Cut. I have supposed, however, in another place, that the Fence is the original notion; yet in this probably I am mistaken, though the idea of the Fe}ice now only exists in the word. Under the form of ^CL, we have in Welsh Archolli, To Wound; Urcholl, A Wound; and Erchyllu, "To look " fierce and gastly ; Erchyll, Horrible, dreadful, terrible. — •' Q. wh. from Erch, and Hyll," says. Mr. Richards. Erch means "Horrible, dreadful, terrible;" and it denotes likewise " The Proper name of a place. The ORcades," saith E. Lh. ORcades may perhaps be derived from this word. In the same column we have ERcnzuys, Hunting Dogs, Hounds ; Erchi, or Arch, To ask, To request; Ercwl/, Hercules. 1 have had per- petual occasion to observe, that the sense of Asking for, or Searching after any thing, is derived from the idea of Stirring up or Routing up the Dirt or Ground, as in Scrutor from Scruta. In the sense of the ' Hunting Dogs,' we perceive the same idea. We might imagine, that the name of Hercul^^ belongs to Erchyll. The term exists in the Teutonic Dialects, as Herkul, " Unus ex posteris Titanum," says Wachter, who derives it from *Her, Exercitus, and KuUe, Caput, Dux, seu Caput Exercitus,' which is a very probable conjecture. There is another conjecture of Wachter, that Hercules means Clava Terribilis, from Keule, Kyle, Kule, (Scythice,) in Greek Kelon, (KriXov,) Clava, and "Her, Terri- *' bilis, vel Erch, ejusdem significationis, quorum illud Germani- " cum, hoc Brittanicum." In this derivation of Her and Erch, we see^how the Teutonic and the Welsh terms agree; and in this origin I acquiesce. Wachter might have seen the form of *RG in the Teutonic Dialects, as in the preceding column of his Glos- sary we have ' HEKoen, Vastare.' 4 s In 690 ^R.R.'\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. In Spanish, Hooico means " The Snout, the nose of an ani- " mal j" Hocicar^, "To break up the Ground with the Snout;" and Hoc/wo signifies " A Bill, sort of Hatchet with a hooked point." The Hoc=Ic is nothing but the Elementary form '^C doubled, in order to express more strongly the idea. In Hocino we have the form of AxiNE and Oxine, {olivn], Occa.) We here see, how the ideas of 'Stirring up the Ground,' and of Hack/«^, or the Hatchet, are connected with each other. The Hog, as we have seen, with its parallel terms Us, (r?,) and 5-Us, belongs to the same idea, and means the animal which Routs up or Houghs up the Ground. A word under the same form Hog, " Ovis Bimus, vel Secundi *' anni," which is sometimes called Hogget, conveys the same fundamental idea, with another turn of meaning. The Sheep is called Hog, from the idea of Carping up or over a Surface, or from its Carphig — Twitching — Vellicating mode of biting. A Sheep is said to Nibble, from its Nipping — Tzvitching or Catching mode of biting; and in the Dialect of the North, a Sheep is called a Nepper, or Nipper, and is said to Nep or Nip. In Aoniis we have the same idea ; and in Ars, (A^?, k^vog,) we see the form * RS, as I before observed. The Goose is an animal which re- sembles most the Sheep in its close mode of biting; and hence, in Italian, we have the Oca, which directly connects itself with the succeeding word in our Italian Dictionaries, "Occ^r^-, To •' Harrow, to Grub," as my Lexicographer explains it. The Latin Glossaries give us the terms Aiica; and in Spanish and French we have Oca, and Oye, or Oie, where the T represents the lost Elementary Consonant. In the term "P^c/^Auque, pied " A' Oie, Pes AuCiE," we have the true form. Again, in Spanish, Hoz signifies a " Sickle, a reaping Hook, " with which corn is cut down; " and it means likewise a " Defile, " ravin; a narrow pass," where we have the idea of the Hollow; and the verb Hozar means, " To Grub, to turn up the Ground "as THE EARTH. 691 " as Hogs do with their snouts," as my Lexicographer, Mr.Neu- man, explains it. In the same column of his Dictionary we have HoYA, "Hole, cavity, pit," "Hueco, Hollow, empty," &c. ; and likewise Hvcar, " Hooker, A kind of Dutch-built vessel," and HucHA, " A large chest," Sec, which, we see, signifies the Hollozo. This will remind us of our English word Hutch, and its parallels Hzvcecca, Huche, (Sax. Fr.) &c., which I have before derived from the idea of the Enclosure, or Hut, for the purpose of Securing and Preserving any thing. That it means the Enclosure. for Preservitig any thing is certain, and that it is directly con- nected with words bearing that meaning is extremely probable ; yet it is not easy to adjust the precise idea, from which the sense of the Enclosure was derived. The Spanish term Hucha seems immediately attached to words which express the Hollow, made by HACKi?ig up the Ground ; and from this source the sense of an Enclosure is commonly derived : yet the Enclosure of the Hedge and its parallels seems to belong to the idea of the Sharp — Thorny — HACKing substance, of which the Fence of the Hedge consists. Still however the idea of the Hollow, as from the Hacked up Surface, will sometimes be so involved with that of the Enclosure, from whatever source it may be derived, that we shall be unable to separate the one frotn the other. Milton has applied Hutch, as a verb, as relating to metals, deposited in the bowels or Hollow of the Earth. " In her own loins " She Hutch'd th' all-worshipt ore and precious gems." (Comus.) Warton explains the word by Hoarded, though he would rather read Hatched. An adjacent word to the Saxon Hzvcecca, in Lye's Dictionary, is the Gothic Huzd, Thesaurus; and in the same opening of this Work, we have Hus, An House. Among the Celtic terms for Sus, in Lhuyd, I find the Welsh " Hu;^," the Cornish " Hoh, Ho%," and the Armoric Gues, Guesen. Let us mark 692 ^R.R/.--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. . mark the Armoric and Latin Gues and Sus, which belong to the English Sow, quasi Sog. The Etymologists properly refer Sow to the Saxon Sugu, the Belgic Soegh, Souwe, &c., the German Sazu, and the Latin Sus. It is agreed, that Us, (Y?,) and 5= Us coincide; and thus we see, how these forms pass into each other. Hence we might conjecture, that such words as A=Ack, &c. and 5=Eco, &c. belong ultimately to each other. — I must still observe, that however this may be, when the forms are once constituted, they may be considered as distinct forms, invested with peculiar veins of meaning appropriate to each. The term Hog, the Sheep, will remind the learned Reader of a passage in Bochart, who observes^ that a Ram in Arabic is expressed by "(J^^ Hamal, aut ^J^j^ Chebs, aut ^^ Saphi, *' aut si sit procerior _^.^3=^ Giuchgiuch, et f^^f^ Hug=Hug." {Hieroz. lib. ii. c. 43.) The Chehs and Saphi belong, I ima- gine, to our term Sheep, — the Hamal to the German Hammel, A Weather; and the Hug=Hug probably to the Hog. In Persian, jl)\ IzAR is a Sheep ; and the word preceding this in Mr. Richard- son's Dictionary, under the same form, signifies " Chiding, re- " buking, reproaching, scolding, T^flz/w^, affronting, reprimanding, " importunity." The succeeding term is the verb ^t^ljl Azarden, "To Hurt, offend, injure, vex, revile, disturb, impor- " tune;" and in the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dic- tionary, we have this verb under the form ;^tijijl Jzurden, " To " injure, Harrass, disturb, vex, trouble, offend, rebuke, reprove, " reproach, disgust, afflict." Here, as we see, is the precise metaphorical idea, which is annexed to the race of words now under discussion; and the explanatory term Harrass, we know, is directly taken from the Harrow, or Herse. Whether the Persian_^IJI Azar belongs to our Element '^Z, or to ZR, I cannot decide. Caper, the Goat, belongs probably to Carpo; and the Greek- Aiks, Aigo^, (A.|, kiyo?,) might be referred to the terms now THE EARTH. 693 now under discussion, from its mode of Eating. Yet perhaps AiKS, (A<|,) belongs to its adjacent term Aisso, (Aia-a-u, Ruo, cum impetu feror, Ingruo, Irruo ; — Festino,) and has been so called from the idea of Agitation, or from its Nimble, Hurried motions. A term under the same form as Aiks, Aigo5, (A/^, atyo/;,) the Goat, the succeeding word Aiks, Aiko^, (a<|, ;ko?, motus violentus, im- petus fluctus,) seems to decide, that this peculiar idea is annexed to the animal, and that it is not derived from its mode of Eatijig. When two ideas might equally afford the origin of the word, it is oftentimes difficult to be decided in our choice. Though Caper is probably derived from Carpo, from its Carping mode of Feeding, if I may so express it; we know, that Caper, To leap about, Capricious, &c., are taken from the motions of the Caper. The Latin Hjedus might belong to Edo, and be derived from the mode in which it Eats. The Etymologists refer it to Fcedus; and Varro tells us, that the Sabines used Fedus for Htxdus, as they did Fircus for Hircus. This may indeed be the origin of Hcedus, and the Sabine form Fedus adds some authority to the conjecture. If Hircus be quasi Fircus, and belongs to the Element FRC, it must be referred to such terms as Ferk, Ferret, and is derived from its quality of Butting — Pushing, or Driving at objects, with its Head, &c. Hircw5 however might belong to our Element '^RC, under the idea of the YiiKsute, or Rough animal. I must again recur to the Hog, the young Sheep, as it will open to us another source of enquiry. This word is used like- wise with the same idea in the Scotch Language, as Dr. Jamieson has properly noted ; and the terms belonging to our Element, which are adjacent to it in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, are the fol- lowing : Hog, Hoggers, Hogmany, Hogry Mogry, Hog Score, Hog Shouther, Hoy, quasi Hoj. Hog, in Scotch, says Dr. J. " in the " diversion of curling," is, " the name given to the stone, which " does not go over the distance Score. S. It seems," adds this Writer, 694 ^R.R.\-.C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Writer, " to be denominated from its laziness, and hence the " distance line is called the Hog=Score." We plainly perceive, in the combination HoG=Score, that Hog has a similar meaning to Score, and means the Hacked out, Scratched out Score or Line. Score belongs to Scar — The Cut, under the same relation. Hog, in Scotch, signifies '^ To Shog ;" and HoGshoiither means "A game " in which those who amuse themselves justle each other by the " Shoulders." Dr. Jamieson has justly commemorated, under these words, the Islandic Hagga, "To move, shake, to Jog;" to which he might have added the Scotch and English term Hitch, which Dr. Jamieson explains by " A motion by a jerk," and to which he has justly referred the French HocJier, and the Saxon Hicgan, Niti. In Hitch we see the idea of a Vellicating — Twitching — Catching motion ; and accordingly we find, that Hitch means likewise in Scotch, "A loop, a knot," where we have that, which Hitches in, or Catches. In other words too we see the same idea of Agitation — as connected with a Twitchi?ig — Desultory motion. In French, " Hocher la tete" means, "To Wag " the Head in sign of contempt." Hochet is "A Child's Rattle," and HocHE^Queue, "The bird, called A Wag-X.2i\\." Wocers means, in Scotch, "Coarse stockings without feet," which belongs to Hose, the covering for the lower part of the person, the Hock, the part which Hacks up the Ground. We have likewise Hoeshins, bear- ino- the same meaning, which Dr. Jamieson properly refers to the Saxon Scin=Hose, Ocrete, or Shin=Hose. The Hogmany I shall consider on another occasion, where I shall shew, that Hog means High, which signifies the Stirred tip or Raised tip part. Dr. Jamieson has properly referred Yiocry Mogry, Slovenly, to the English Hvggek= Mugger, and the Scotch HvDGE=Mudge, or HuGGRiE^JVfz/^^nV, in a clandestine — concealed manner. We might record in this place the expressions Hodge-Po^^^, Hocus- Pocus, HvDEKon-Duderon, (Scotch,) Slovenly, &c. ; HAsu-Methram, (Scotch,) THE EARTH. 695 (Scotch,) * In a state of disorder, topsy turvy;' Higgledy- Pigledy, Huddle, Hudeln, (German,) " To bungle, Huddle, " shuffle, hurry, spoil a work, do it helter skelter;" Husle, &c. &c. ; all which words, different as they may appear in sense, convey the same fundamental idea, as relating to matters — Em- broiled in a state of Disturbance — Confusion — Disorder, &c., and which would aptly be derived from the idea of Dirt or Mud — Stirred or Mixed together — as in a Co7ifused Heap or Mass, Sec. Sec. It is impossible so to adjust a general explanation, as to express the peculiar meaning, attached to various words, which convey different portions of the same train of ideas. The Reader, how- ever, will sufficiently understand the fundamental idea in its various applications, and will be duly directed to the common origin from which they are taken. The Muggrie, Mugger, Mudge, unequivocally belong to Mud; and we know, that Podge means a Mixture of a Mud-like Consistency. The Podge and Poc, in Pocus, belong to such terms as Pudding — Paste — Pudge, (a Muddy Ditch,) Puddle, &c., and ultimately, as I shall shew, to the Pedow, (UsSov.) In such phrases as ' The business is all Mud — Muddy — Muddled,' we have a similar metaphorical application. Hodge, the clown, is the HoDGE.=Podge figure, if I may so express it. I can find no terms, in which I can so aptly convey the| idea of this word to the mind of my Reader. In the word Bump=kin we have the Bump= or Lump Kind of personage. In vulgar Language we use Stodge in a sense similar to l{o\>Gz=Podge, " The Porridge is all of a ** Stodge;" and we talk of a Stodge figure. Squab is used in the sense of Soft Stuff of a Podge or Pudge consistency, if I may so say ; and we talk likewise of a Squab figure. In Squabble, we have the sense of Embroilment — Commixture — Disorder — Confu- sion, &c. N. Bailey explains Squab by " A'Soft stuffed cushion, " or stool; also a thick fat man or woman; ' and he interprets Squabbled, 696 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Squabbled, in one sense, as used by Printers, " when several lines " are Mixed one with another." In Squibble Squabble, we see an attempt to express strongly the idea conveyed, similar to that which we see in Hodge^ Podge ; though in one case, words under the same Element are repeated, and in the other, words under different Elements are joined. — To Hodge, the Clown, belong the names Hodges, HoDson, HvsDson, WoncEkms, HoDokinson, HvTcmnson, HusKisson, &c. &c. In Hodge^/w we have a similar compound to Bumpkin. Skinner considers Hodges as belonging to Roger. The preceding word to Hodgekins, in one of his Voca- bularies, is HocKley in the Hole, which he derives from the Saxon Hoc, Lutum seu coenum profundum. In Hoc, we at once see the Hodge ; and this, I trust, will decide on the truth of my conjecture, respecting the origin of HoDGE=Pofch. In Hocus Focus we have an attempt to heighten the mean- ing by adding a Latin termination to words conveying the same sense, as Hodge= Podge, in order to give the idea of a Hodge- Podge — Confused state of matters, trickery jargon, &c. — as perfectly unintelligible, as if it were all turned into Latin, an unknown tongue. Skinner derives Hocus Pocus from Hocher^ Ouatere, and Pocher, " Digito, extrudere, et quasi Effodere;" where we are brought to terms connected with the idea, which I have given of Agitation — Stirring up — Digging up. Skinner however gives us a very extraordinary reason for this derivation. " Totum enim istiusmodi artificum mysterium in eo consistit, ut " pilas vel sphaerulas in vasculis seu pyxidibus quassent, et digitis " quam celerrime motis res immissas surripiant." It is unneces- sary, I conceive, to add, what some imagine, that Hocus Pocus is not derived from Hoc est corpus, as alluding to the doctrine of Transub- stantiation. I cannot forbear producing an odd coincidence in a Persian term, as it appears with the interpretation of Castell, who explains THE EARTH. 697 explains^lj ajl=wHkh bar thus; "Belg. Een Hokes Bokes Speelder, " Qui oUis, s. capsulis ludere novit ad sui admirationem : Prse- " stigiator, qui manuum agili dexteritate facit, ut res alias appa- " reant circumstantium oculis, quam revera sunt." The term AJiii. Hkh is explained by Castell to be the "Olla Apothecaria, in " quasyrupi etconservae custodiuntur;" and by Richardson, simply " A Box." In the same column of this latter Writer's Dictionary, where Hkh or Hekke is found, we have the Arabic Hekou, y'i-^ " The Notched end of an arrow," and Hekk, UCL. "Scratching, "rubbing. — Scraping, erasing. — Boring, Digging, piercing;" where we have the true sense of the Element. The Persian Hekke is probably the Hutch or Hollow of the Chest, Box, &c. The Scotch Hoy is quasi Hoj, or Hog, just as Hoe belongs to Hough ; and it is explained by Dr. Jamieson, " To urge on. To " incite;" where we see the sense o^ Stirring up. The next word is Hoyes, " a term used in public proclamations, calling attention. " It is thrice repeated, S. Oyes, E. Fr. Oyez, Hear ye. — It is also " used by Skene," adds Dr. Jamieson, " although perhaps " improperly, as equivalent to Hue, in the phrase Hue and Cry." If Hoyes belongs to Hue, it must be referred to Hoy, &c., and the terms denoting Excitement — Stirritig up, Sec. I find likewise, as adjacent terms, "The Hoe Fish, Hoe Mother," denoting the " Piked Dog-Fish and the Shark;" where Hoe is used in the sense of the ravenous, or annoying animal, which Hoes — Houghs up — Hacks — Wounds, or which Hooks in. The term Pike belongs, we know, to the idea annexed to Piquer — to Prick — Stick, &:c. ; and the Shark is derived by the Etymologists from a Saxon word, which signifies to Cut, and from the term Search. It belongs to Search — Scratch, &c. In Skinner we have Hako^, (Eng.) Hacod, (Sax.) Hecket, (Belg.) Hecht, (Germ.) denoting the Lucius, or Pike; and the preceding term to this is Hake, (Eng.) Haecken, (Belg.) Rem captare. These words belong to 4 T each 698 *R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. each other, and the Fish means the ravenous animal, which Hooks up, or Catches. I shew in another place, that the idea of Seizing — Catching, or YiooKing up or in, is derived from the action of Hack/V/^ up, or ViooKwg up a Surface, with a Vellicating — Plucking — Catching — Scratching motion, if I may so express it. The WhTtviock belongs to a similar idea. It is sometimes called in French Merluche, which signifies, as the Etymologists suppose, Maris Lucius, the Sea Pike. Again, in Scotch we have the Wos^-Fish, Cuttle-F'ish, where the true form appears ; and Cuttle probably belongs to Cut, for the same reason. The next term is the HosE=iV^^, which Dr. Jamieson supposes to be " A small net, affixed to a pole, resembling a Stocking used in " rivulets." This may be the meaning of the term ; yet we should remember, that the idea of Catching, or Seizing, is generally connected with the idea of HACKing up, or HooKing up ; and thus we see, how the Cuttle-Fish and the Net may be con- nected with each other. The next word in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary is Host, Hoist, "To cough;" and in the second sense we have " To Belch up, to bring forth," &c. ; where we see the idea of Stirring up. We talk, moreover, of a Hack/«^ Cough ; and I shall shew, that Cough — Catch, and Cut, belong to each other for the same reason. The next word is Hosta, " Used as *' an interjection of surprize, and perhaps of some degree of " hesitation. Ang. Husto, Husta, Aberd. expl. See here. See to " it." This is a word of Excitement to attention, which will be considered in a future page. The terms adjacent to HoTCH=Potch, in Dr. Jamieson's Scotch Dictionary, are Hotch, "To move the body by sudden jerks, which is another form of Hitch ; and he has justly recorded here the German Hutsen, the Belgic Hotsen; HoTT^r, "To crowd together, "conveying the idea of individual motion;" and likewise "To " HouD. To Wriggle, to move from side to side, whether *' walking THE EARTH. 699 " walking or sitting." Under this latter word Dr. Jamieson refers us to Hoddin, "A term expressive of the Joggling motion " of one who rides a horse that moves stiffly, and who receives in " his own body the impetus of every movement." In the same page with this latter word we have HocKerty^Cockerty, "To ride on one's •' shoulders with a leg on each. — This in Ang. is called Cock.erty= " Hoy," where Hocmerty relates to the vvriggling — unsteady motion of the person so sitting; and Hoy is quasi Hoj or Hock^ bearing the same meaning. The next word is Hockit, "apparently " for HoTCHETT, moved clumsily by jerks ; " and the next, Hocus, " A stupid fellow, a fool, a simpleton," which contains a similar idea to Hocus, in Hocus Pocus, though it is applied in somewhat a different manner. We have moreover Hoddle, "To Waddle ; " — HoDDiE, "A Carrion-Crow;" Hodden Grey, "A term used with *' respect to cloth worn by the peasantry which has the natural " colour of the wool." The form Hoddle will remind us of Huddle, wiiere we likewise see the idea of Desultory, unsteady motion. Dr. Jamieson observes, on the term Hodden, " Perhaps " from E. Hoiden rustic, clownish, from German Heide." The term Hodden, as denoting the vulgar, clownish colour, belongs to the idea of the Hoddin, denoting the Vulgar — Clownish Mo//om. Hoiden, in Enghsh, means the vulgar person, only as it is con- nected with Unseemly — Disorderly Motion ; and hence it is applied to the vulgar, romping Girl. In the German Heide — the Heath, we are brought at once to the Ground — the Eat-th. To the form of Hoiden belongs the ancient word for a Dance, which Nathan Bailey represents by Haydegines, "A Country dance or round," as he explains it. It occurs in the Poems attributed to Rowley and is applied to the dance of Rustics. In the third Eclogue a clown says, " I (launce tlie best IIeiedeygnks, " And foile the wyscst feigucs." We 700 ^R. R. \™C, D, G, J,K,Q, S,T, X, Z. We here see, that Heiedeygne is used as a disyllabic, as it ought to be, corresponding with the word Hoiden. Chatterton explains the term as " A Country dance still practised in the North ; " and Dean Milles properly adds in the Glossary, ** A Romping " country dance." Among these terms, denoting Desultory motion, we must place our phrase Hoity Toity, to which we must add the Scotch " To " HoiT, HoYT, To move in an ambling but crazy manner," says " Dr. Jamieson, " to move with expedition, but stiffly and clum- " sily. S. The term is often used to denote the attempt made " by a corpulent person to move quickly. Hoit, A Hobbling " motion. One, to whom this motion is attributed, is said to be '' at the Hoit." We here see that Hoit is applied, by way of ridicule, tothe awkward attempt of an animal, naturally slow, to bustle forward. This is probably the sense of Hod, in " Hod= " Mandod, A Shell snail," as Mr. Grose explains it. We shall have little doubt respecting the truth of this conjecture, when we learn the preceding word in Mr. Grose's Glossary. " Hoddy. "Well, pleasant, in good spirits. I'm pretty Hoddy." The snail is called likewise A Dod=Man; and the Man=Dod seems to be an inversion of this word. A Dud-Man is a Man made of Duds, or Rags, a Scare-crow j and it then means " A Hobgoblin, •' a Spright," as N. Bailey explains it; and afterwards, perhaps, the ugly, disagreeable' animal. I once thought, that Dud=Man meant the animal or creature, crawling in the Dust; yet as the combination exists, applied to a different object, it has probably the same specific meaning in both cases. Dud means Rags, from the loose broken Dust. The succeeding words in Grose to Hodmandod, which belong to our Element, are " Hog — A Sheep *• of a year old. North. Sometimes called Hoggrel,'' which we have just explained ; — " Hog. To Hog, To carry on the back. •* North.;" where Hog may perhaps relate to the unsteady motion in THE EARTH. - 701 in such a position, as in the Scotch UocKerly, — " Hoggets. " Hog — Colt; colts of a year old. Hampsh.;" where the term is transferred from a young sheep to another young animal ; — HoiT, "An awkward Boy." The preceding article to Hoddy is HocKEK= Headed, " Fretful, passionate. Kent." Here we see the two opposite senses of Pleased and Displeased, from the same radical idea of Excitement. Mr. Grose has very happily explained Hooker by Fretful; where in the term Fretful we have the very same metaphor of Irritability, as derived from the action of Fretting or Scratching a Surface. In Chaucer we have the terms Hoker and HoKER/y, which Junius explains by Morosus, Contu- max, &c., and which he has properly enough referred to one of the terms belonging to this race of words, the French Hocher. In Saxon, Hocer and Hocor mean " Irrisio, contumelia;" and we shall now understand the origin of our colloquial word Hoax — To Hoax a person, Irridendo Perstringere ; where, in Perstringere, To Graze or Scratch upon a Surface, we have a similar metaphor. In Saxon, Husce means " Contumelia, contemptus, opprobrium* '* convitium," as Lye explains it; and under another form we have Hucse, Hucx, which he explains by " Ironia, contumelia, " Mid HucsE, Cum Ironia, derisorie, contemptim." The suc- ceeding word to this Saxon term, in Lye's Dictionary, is HvDenian, "Excutere;" where we have another of these terms, which denote Jgitation, &c. In the phrase " To Hoax on the dogs," we have the same idea of Exciting — Stirring up — Eoaing on. The original sense of Hocer will be manifest from the preceding and adjacent words in Lye's Saxon Dictionary, Hoc, Hoce, Hook, Uncus; and Ho. calx. I shew in another place, that the Hook is derived from the action of Hook/«^ or Hough/«^ up the Ground, and that the Ho is the part which Hoes — Houghs up the Ground. In the succeeding column we have HoEHxan, Persequi ; another turn of meaning, derived from a similar metaphor. In German, Hoit^« 702 *R.R.\--C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. HoTT^w means " A Cartman's crying to make his horses turn to the right hand;" where we have likewise the idea of Excitement. In the phrase " Es will nicht recht Hotten," which my Lexico- grapher explains by " It will not go or advance rightly," we see at once the idea of Excited or Quickefied motion. In German and French, Hotte is a Basket, "qu'on attache," says Menage, " sur •' les epaules." It may belong to the idea of motion, as explained in Hog, Hockerty ; or it may denote the Hutch, the Hollow, which I have before illustrated. The preceding word to Hoit, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, is Hoist, To cough ; which again confirms my opinion, that these words for Noise, belonging to our Element, are derived from the idea of Agitation — Stirring up, &c. Again, among the terms denoting a Vellicating — Tivitching motion, we must add the Scotch " HowDER. To move by succussation, S. To Hatch, synon." The next word to this, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary,, is "To " HowDER. To Hide, conceal;" which means to Agitate or Stir together, so as to bury up and conceal. This will shew us, that my explanation of Hu gger= Mugger is just. The preceding terms are Howdy, " A Midwife ; " and To Howdy, " To act the part " of a Midwife, to deliver a woman in labour;" where we see, that Howdy relates to an operation, in which a person in the pains of labour HowD^r^. Dr. Jamieson does not seem to be aware of the relation of these terms. In the same column of this Writer's Dictionary, where Howd is, we see a term to which it ultimately belongs. We here find How, "A Hoe, an instrument " for Tearing up the surface of the Ground ; " and the succeeding word is How, Hou^ " a term used to denote the sound made by " the owl." Here we again see another proof, that the idea of Noise is taken from the action of Tearing up or Scratching up the Ground. These words have the same relation to each other, that the Screech^^Owl has to Scratch. We have seen, that Hoddie is the THE EARTH. 703 the Carrion-Crow ; and here Dr. Jamieson refers us to Huddy, where he seems to think, that the Huddy Craw is the " Hooded *' Crow." The next word is Hudds, which is defined to be " a species of Clay, which the smiths use for fixing their " bellows in their furnaces," &c., where we are directly brought to the idea of Dirt. In the same opening of Dr, Jamieson's Dictionary I see the following terms, belonging to our Element; Hud, Hudderin, Huddroun, Huddiim, or Huddone, Hudge=Mudge, Hu^rarie- Muggrie, before explained, Hud-Pyke, Huick, Huik, Hukebatie, Huckie-Buckie, Huck, To Huke. — Dr. Jamieson has observed, that Hud is " a term used by masons, for denoting the trouo-h *' employed for carrying their mortar," which corresponds with our English word Hod, a term of the same meaning, which is likewise applied to the utensil containing coals, as the ' Coal ' Hod: Perhaps Hod and Hud signify that, which carries Hud, or Dirt, or Matter of a Dirt kind, Hudderin, Huddroun, mean Slovenly; where we have the same idea as in Hudge-A/wJp-^, &c. &c., before explained. The term Hudds, actually signifying Dirt, will serve to confirm my idea, that these words Hudge, &c, &c. are taken from actions relating to Dirt. Hudd«w is " A kind of Whale," used by Gawin Douglas: — Pistrix. Virg. " also pistris ; said to be a whale of great length, which Cuts the " water as he goes ; " and we shall now understand, that the Sword-Y\s\\ — the Cutting animal, belongs directly to the train of ideas which I am now unfolding. Hence the V[vT>=Pyke is " A Miser," by the same metaphor. Pyke is the Pricking Sticking — ravenous animal. Huick means "A small rick of " corn;" and the next article is "To Huck. To take care of, ^" to consider, to regard." Remote in sense as these terms appear to be, still however they directly belong to each other. They 704 *R.R. .-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. They both relate to the idea of Stirring up or about — Turning up — Raising up. The Huick is the Raised up Heap ; and ' To • HuiK, To consider,' belongs to the same metaphor, as in the phrase 'To Agitate a matter' — Agitare consilia — To Revolve — Folvere, "To Tumble up, or Toss, — To consider, or weigh;" and again, in English, we say, ' To Turn a thing over in one's ' mind.' Folumen, the Folumey is the swelling Roll, which belongs to Volvo, To Consider, just as Huick, the Rick, belongs to Huick, ' To Consider.' I shall shew, that Rick belongs to the Ridge of Earth, Routed or Stirred up by ploughing, &c. Dr. Jamieson has justly referred Huick to the Saxon Hogan, or Hogian, which Lye explains by " Sollicitus esse, curam gerere, studere, meditari ; " where, in Sollicitus, which originally referred to Stirring up the Solum, or Ground, we have the true idea. The succeeding words to the Saxon Hoaung, Cura, in Lye's Dictionary, are ''Hah, Calx; " Angl. Hough.'' — " Hoh, Altus — Hoha, Aratrum. — Inde forsan •' nostra An Hough — Occa miiK)r," says Lye, where we see the true origin of the word Hooan; and we learn from Hoh, which belongs to High — Stirred up by the Hough, how Huick has been formed. The HuKE=6d«^ is the HucK/^-bone, which I explained in another place; and Huckie-Buckie means ' To Squat • down, or to sit on the part adjacent to the Huke-6^w?.' The word Huck means perhaps, says Dr. Jamieson, "To grudge, to hesitate, " as in a bargain, q. to play the Huckster." If this be the mean- ing of the word, it belongs directly to the ideas which I am unfolding. I shew, that Huckster and Higgler belong to Hack and Haggle. We often talk of a person having a ' Hack- ' ing — HAGGLm^ way with him — in transacting business.' Huke and Haik occur together in the same line, as relating to operations in a ship ; and Dr. Jamieson refers the one to Hucken, Incurvari ; and the other to Haecken, Unco prehendere. If the words bear this meaning, they belong to Hook, which I shew in another place to be THE EARTH. 105 be taken from the idea of Hacking up — Vellicating, or Catching up a Surface, if I may thus express it. Among the terms denoting Agitation — Cojifusion, as of things thronged together in a disorderly Heap, we have Higgledy- Piggledy — Huddle, and Hustle. In Higgledy we come to the form Haggle, quasi Haggledy, as it might have been, all in a Smash, or all Mashed together, as we say in colloquial Lan- guage. N. Bailey explains Hustle by "To shake together;" and we talk of people being Hustled together, as thronged together in a state of Confusion. In the same column of this Lexicographer's Vocabulary, where Hustle is found, we have Husseling-P^o/>/^, which he explains by "Communicants at a "Sacrament;" from whence it should seem, that Husseling- People meant 'People all Hustled or thronged together in a great ' crowd, pressing to receive the Sacrament.' — Whatever be the origin of Husseling-P^'o/*/^, it should seem as if the word Un-HovsELD, in Shakspeare, ought to be referred to it. I have produced Housel, and its parallel terms Husel, (Saxon,) " Eucha- " ristia, Panis sacer, seu Eucharisticus," in another place; and derived it with the Etymologists from the Host, the con- secrated wafer representing the body of Christ, w|i6 was the HosTiA, or Victim. This may be right, as in Gothic we find HuNSL, "Victima, Sacrificium ; " yet I cannot but add, that among other compounds of the Saxon Husel, we have one like that recorded by Nathan Bailey, relating to the action of Going to or Assembling at the Sacrament, as HusEL-Gang, wincli Lye explains by "Eucharistiag aditio, sive participatio." We have seen, that Hocher means in French ' To Shake or ' JVag.' This tern) is adjacent to other words, in the Dictionary of Menage, which demand our attention. Hoche means a Notch, which has been justly referred to the English FIack. and the 4 u • French' 706 ^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. French Hacher. Another term in the same column is Hoche=Bos, a species of Flemish Soldiers, mentioned in Froissart, which is supposed to be a compound of Hocher, To Shake, and Bos or Bois, Wood, or metaphorically a Spear made of Wood. If this be the origin of the term, it will be a combination similar in meaning to Shakspeare or Shake=Spear, and JVag^Staff. In the preceding column we have Hoc, as used in the phrase " Cela " m'est Hoc," 'I am sure o{ that.' One part of France used Oc or Hoc instead of Oui; and hence the Dialect, in which this term was used, is called "La Langue d'Oc." I have con- jectured, that Oui is quasi Ouj ; and in Oc or Hoc, That, we have the true form, as in the Latin Hoc. The game at cards, called Hoc, belongs to this term of Assurance. — In the same column with Hocher we have Hode, " Lasse, fatigue, recru ;" and HoGM^r, " Murmurer tout bas." The former word has been referred to Odos, (O^o?, Via,) and it belongs certainly more particularly to Fatigue in Travelling, " proprement laisse de " Marcher." The term Hode, however, is probably attached to the race of words before us, and to the metaphor of Tiring or Harassing the frame. The very word Tired, corresponding with the sense of Hode, must be referred to the Element TR, denoting the Soil, and to Tero, Teiro, {Tbi^u, Vexo,) Tear, Tire (old English for Tear,) and lastly to Terra. On the term Wooner, Menage observes, " Murmurer tout "bas. C'est une onomatopee, forme des hons qu' on entend " sortir de I'estomac de celui qui Hogjie.'" I shall produce in another page a race of words, which denote Noise, and which I shall shew to be derived from the idea o^ Agitation, as in HocH^r, &c. The n in this word is an organical addition to the G. The succeeding term is Hoque, or HoQiiette, which denotes, as Menage says, "T entree d'un Port." In this sense it might « be THE EARTH. 707 be referred to the Heck, Edge, &c., the projecting Land, or Shore. In another sense, it is applied, says Huet, to places distant from the Sea, and denotes " Colline, lieu elevee." This brings us rather to the English High, the German Hoch, &c., with another turn of meaning. The next word is UoGuineurs, a nickname for the people of ^rras, which Le Duchat derives from WoGniner, signifying * Facher.' The sense of HoGui?ier, as represented by Packer, is precisely that, belonging to the idea expressed by Har- RASs, which is derived from the metaphor of the Herse, or Harrow, under the form '*RT, '^RS. Hociuiner is quasi Occare. — Perhaps the HuGUENOf^ may be only another form of HoGUweurs, and denote the Disturbing — Harrassing — Stirrhig up or Seditious people. The various derivations of this word may shew us, that no conjecture can be considered as remote. It has been derived from a Spectre called " Le Roi Hugon," — from Jean Hus, " qui " fut condamne au concile de Constance," — from the German Eydgenossen, Foederati, — from Hue nos, the beginning of a Speech made by one of this Sect, — from the Swiss Heu Guetiaus, " les " mutins et les seditieux," or from the Flemish Heghetien, pro- nounced Huguenen, " qui signifie Purifier,'' as the Calvinists are sometimes called Puritaitis, Puritans, &c. The preceding term in my Saxon Dictionary to EGEan, Occare, is Ege, the Eye; and we cannot but note, how the Oc, in the Latin Oculus, connects itself with Occ^. Remote as these ideas may appear, we shall not doubt that they belong to each other. The idea of Seeing, as we should all agree, would be naturally derived from that of Search; and the notion of Searching into any thing, as we all know, is connected with the metaphor of Routitig up or into any thing, as Dirt, &c. It is acknowledged, that Scrutor and Scrutiny belong to Scruta, quasi Scruta Eruere ; and Ritnor means, " e Rimis eruere." Thus we see, how Ege, the Eye, the Seer or Searcher, may belong to EcEaw, Occare, To Scratch 708 *R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Scratch or Rout up the Ground. In the metaphorical applications of the Poets, and even in ordinary Language, the qualities of the Eye are perpetually connected^ as every one knows, with such material operations ; and thus the Eyes are said To Pierce — Bore — quasi Occare, &c. &c. The parallel terms to Eye appear in a great variety of Languages, as Eag, (Sax.) Ooghe, (Belg.) ^iig, (Germ.) Augo, (Goth.) Occhio, (Ital.) Ojo, (Span.) Oko, (Sclav.) &c. &c., produced by the Etymologists, who remind us likewise of the. Greek Auge, {Auyyj,) Eido, (Et^u, Video,) and the Latin Oculus, &c. Whether the Cul in the Latin Ociilus be significant, I cannot determine ; but the Oculus seems to coincide in form with Occillo, or Occilo, ' Occa Comminuo.' The Latin Etymologists derive Oculus from Occulto, " quia eos ciliorum *• tegmina Occulfa?it," &c. &c. ; and they remind us of Okko^, (OKxog,) Ossos,(Oa-" Dr. J. explains by " To Jar, to be in a state of discord ; " where we have again the Harsh — Rough Noise; and this word he refers to the English Rasp and its parallel terms. The word Rasp is only another form of HiRSP, as in similar instances above produced of the form ^RS and RS passing into each other. The p is only an organical addition to the S. Lye explains the Saxon HvRSTan by Murmurare and Frigere, where we alike see the idea of Scratching or Fretting upon a sur- face, so as to produce Noise ; and by a metaphorical application we have likewise the Corrugation of a surface from such an action. The succeeding word to this term in Lye's Dictiojiary is 5 T Wykst itig. 882 ^R.R. \-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Hyrst/«^, Frixio, Frixura, a Frying or Parching, where we have the same idea of a Corrugated or Scratched Surface from the similar effects of a Scorching Heat. I iiave adopted the word Scorch for the purpose of observing, that this term is derived from the Scratched or Corrugated Surface. I have used the word Fretted on this occasion, because it is the appropriate term to express Scratching up a Surface, as 'To Fret channels on the Cheeks' — * To Fret a grave ;* as used by Shakspeare, and because it belongs to Frigere, Frixio, Frixura, and the Latin Frico, in which latter word the idea of Scratching over a Surface is fully manifest. I have adopted the word Corrugated, as here we have the Ruga, the Furrowed Ground, under the form RG. In the same column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary where these words occur, we have '' Hyrth-//«^, q. d. EoRTHling, EAKTH-ling," says Lye, " Colonus, ^' agricola, terricola, arator;" where we are directly brought to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The succeeding word is HYRiling-beri, which he explains by " Agricolarum burgus sive " vicus. Hodie Irtlingborough, (vulgo jirtleborough,) in agro "" Northantoniensi." Perhaps the town in Norfolk, near which I am writing these observations, Attleborough, is derived from a similar source. In the same column we have Hyrt, Hurt. Lsesus. Hyrtab, " Refocillare, animare, confortare; " Hyrsian, ConcuvYQre ; Hyrst, Ornamentum. In Hyrt, Hurt, and HYRsian, Concurrere, we have the more violent action belonging to our Element, of objects Stirred up, together, &c , or Struck together or against each other, &c. Hyrst, the ornament, may have the same meaning as Fretted in the ornamental work, called Fretted work; or it may belong to the more general idea of Dressing or cultivating the Earth. I shall shew, that Dress belongs to Dirt; and we know, that Dress equally applies -to Cultivating the Ground, ("And the ^' Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden " to THE EARTH. 883 " to Dress it, and to keep it,") and to the ornament of Garments. We know too, that Colo means " To till or husband Ground," and " To deck, trim or adorn." The Saxon Hyrt^w, Refocillare, animare, confortare, belongs to the idea of 5'//rn«^ up or Exciting, in a metaphorical sense. If ^To Heart^w' should belong to this word, we shall then understand the origin of Heart. The Hart, the animal, means the Stirrer up — the Pusher, &c. with his horns. I have conjectured, that the Latin h=ORTor belongs to the same idea of Stirring up or Exciting to action ; and in Ii-Ortus we are directly brought to the Earth. I have already produced the German h=\JKsciien, Incitare, (p. 792) ; and thus we see, that these terms for Exciting to action should be considered probably, as more directly belonging to each other. 1 have before had occasion to explain the term Hurtle, as at once expressing the ideas o^ Agitation and of A^ow, (p, 632); and it is again necessary to produce it in this place. In the passage of Shakspeare, "The Noise of Battle Hurtled in the air," Mr. Steevens has observed, that " To Hurtle is to Clash, or " move with Violence and Noise." I have shewn, that Hurtle belongs to Hurdle; and that Hurdle conveys the same idea as Crates, which R. Ainsworth explains by "A bundle of rods, " wattled together. — A Dray or Harrow to break clods. — A Grate " of wood or brass." We here see, how Hurtle and Hurdle connect themselves with the Herse or Harrow ; and we moreover understand, that Hurdle and Hurtle belong to each other, just as the explanatory word Grate, the substantive, is connected with ' To Grate,' the verb, which directly expresses the idea of the Rough Noise, as attached to the action of Scratching upon a surface. The terms Grate, Crates, Crash, Crush, Scratch must be referred to each other, and to the action of Stirring up the Grit or Dirt of the Creat or Ground. Let us mark the term Wattle, which is annexed to the same spot, nearly under the same idea, whatever 884 ^R. R/ - C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. whatever be the Element, to which we should think fit to refer it. The term Hurdle might remind us of Hustle and Huddle, before produced; and I have observed, that Huddle, denoting Jgitation and Noise, is justly applied by Milton in his expression, " The Huddling Brooke In Scotch, Hussill/w^ signifies, as Dr. Jamieson explains it, "A Rattling or clashing Noise;" and the next word to this, in our Author's Dictionary, is " To " Hustle. To emit such a sound as an infant does, when highly " pleased, or a cat, when said to pur." Dr. Jamieson seems not to understand, that they belong to each other; but he refers the former to the Saxon Hristlww^, Strepitus; the Gothic Hrista, Rista, Quatere, and the English Rustle ; and the latter to the Islandic Huisla, " In aurem susurrare." In Saxon and in Gothic, as I have before observed, Husel and Hunsa — Hunsle mean " Eucharistia, panis sacer, seu Eucharistibus ; " — " Victima, Sacri- " ficium," to which belong our old words Housel'd, l7n=HousELD, relating to the receiving of the Sacrament. If these words belong to the Latin HosTza, under the idea of the Sacrificed or Destroyed Victim, they must be referred to the terms of Violence, which are attached to our Element. Yet Uvs^i^-Gang means " Eucharistiae " aditio, seu participatio," which might lead us to suppose, that these terms belong to Hustle, under the idea of the Crowd going to perform Religious ceremonies, or Mass, as it is called ; where, in Mass, we have unequivocally the idea of the Mass — H^ap or Crowd of people. While I am examining these words in Lye's Dictionary, I cast my eyes on Husel-Box, which he explains by " Eucharistica patina;" from whence the Commentators will be confirmed in their idea, that the Pax or Pix, which Bardolph stole, was the Pixis or Box, " in which the Consecrated Host was used *' to be kept," as Theobald observes. Terms THE EARTH. 885 Terms denoting Noise y under the form '^S. Hiss, Hiscean, &c. (Eng. Sax.) Hisco. (Lat.) Relating to the Cracked, Hacked surface, and to Noise. His?idus. (Lat.) The Hacked — Fretted or Rough surface. HusHTi^^n. (Pers,) To Hiss, &c. wh-lsK, wh-lsp. (English,) To sweep over a surface. wh-lzz, wh=lsT, wh-EESE, wh-lSPER, wh-\sTLE. (Eng.) Hush — Hist. (Eng. &c.) HrcK-M/> — Yex, Yux, &c. Hawk. (Eng. &c.) The Noise made by the action of Stir- ring up or Drawing up the breath — phlegm. HusTEN. (Germ.) A Cough. Husky — Heisch, &c. (English, German.) Hustle. (Scotch,) A Rattling or clashing noise. Hustle — Huddle. (Eng.) An action of commotion and Noise. Huzza — Juck, Juckz^w. (Eng. Germ.) A Noise. JucKZ^w. (Germ.) To Itch, To Scratch or Fret upon a sur- face, luzo, Iacho, Echeo. (Gr.) To Make a Noise. lAcnam. (Celt.) To Yell, &c. Hoste — Heit, &c. (German, Eng.) The cry of Excitement, used by carters to their horses. Hoot, Ado, Aeido, Udo. (Eng. and Gr.) To make a Noise. ♦ Hue and Cry.' Heus. (Lat.) Ho! &c. Among other terms, which are produced in the opening of Lye's Dictionary, where Hyrtan, Refocillare, appears, I find "Hvs/aw, " To Hiss, Irridere, subsannare;" where we perceive the Saxon and English terms, denoting Noise, belonging to the form of the Element 886 '^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Element '^S, &c. without the r. I shall now examine more parti- cularly the words, which appear under this form. An adjacent term to this is WYSpati or Yiispan, Irridere. I find likewise llYKzvian, Exprobrare, injuria afficere, vexare; on which Lye observes, "Hinc vet, Ang. To Harrow,'' and the preceding term is Hyrwe, Torriculum, facula; but Lye observes on this word, " At dubitat Somnerus annon idem sit cum Hyspe," Fornaculum. " Quaerendum interea utrum non sit, Occa, Ang. An Harrow." The sense of the Furnace or the Torch, if the word has this meaning, is taken from the idea of Fire, as in a state o^ Excitement. The Latin Uro has the double sense of "To Burn," and "To " grieve, tease, vex." The Etymologists produce the parallel terms to Hiss, as Hisceafi, Ahiscean, Hischen, (Belg.) &c. &c. Adjacent to Hiss is Hit, where we see at once the action and the noise. Lye ex- plains the Saxon Ahiscean hy Irridere, and Hiscan by " Reprobare, " exprobrare." We have already seen the term Hosce, Subsanna- tio, recorded by Skinner, and its parallels Husce, " Contumelia, " contemptus, opprobrium, convicium," and the English Hoax, To jeer ; and I have shewn, that they are derived from the same metaphor of Scratching — or Vellicating a suface, as in the Latin Perstringere. In the same column of Lye's Saxon Dictionary with Husce, we have iHxiMSirian, Murmurare, and HRYWs/a«, Deflere; where we again see terms belonging to our Element, denoting Noise, Hrysc, Irruptio, invasio repentina, impetus ; HvRsian, i. q. HnYsan, " Movere, quatere." The term between these latter words is Hrysel, " Arvina, adeps, lardum," &c. The idea of the Greasy substances is derived from the Muddy, Greasy Dirt of the Ground, to which the idea of Agitation is equally attached. The explanatory word Greasy or Grease con- nects itself with Grate, Grit, &cc. by conceiving the same object under different points of view. In the Latin Hisco we have at THE EARTH. 887 at once the Fretted — Hacked surface, and the Noise. R. Ains- worth explains Hisco, " To Gape, to open the Mouth, to speak. — •' To Mutter; — ToChark, chap or open." Let us mark, that Chark belongs to Scratch, Sec. In the Terrceque Dehiscunt, we are brought to the primitive spot. The succeeding word in our Latin Voca- bularies to Hisco is Hispidus, "Rough, bristly, shaggy, prickly j" and hence we shall learn, that this sense of Rougluiess is attached to the Rough — Broken — Fretted — Corrugated surface, according to my Hypothesis. In Persian we have (^OyyCiJii Hvshtiden. " To Whistle, Hiss, , " or make any noise with the lips. — To preserve, keep any thing." We shall see whence this latter sense is derived, by considering an adjacent term in Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, the Persian HisH or Hush (ji^, which means " Understanding, — Care, atten- " tion, study ; " and which brings us to the sense of the Saxon HiGE, and ,^^,JCiiJi Hishten, "To roll round or involve;" where we directly come to the idea of Stirring up or about. There are various terms in the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary which are manifestly connected with the idea of Excited — Dis- turbed — Violent action. The three preceding terms to the Persian HisH are the Arabic Hes=Is q^aaw^ " Broken into large pieces. — " A Whisper, Muttering." — Hes=Hesit i^^^ " Muttering, " whispering; the rattling of a necklace or other jewels, of armour, " &c., the Noise of a man, &c. moving himself .in the night, " especially when lying among leaves. — The winding of a stream, " or of any water. — Hes=Has (j,*Lgwjj5 "A Butcher," where we have the sense of Hack=Hack— " Expeditious," &c.— Tiie suc- ceeding term to Hish is the Arabic ^jijb Hesi.sh, "Driving the " leaves off trees with a stick, &c.— Light, nimble, chearful, brisk." In the preceding column we have the Arabic ^y^ Hu^=Huz. " Rapid, (River.) — Swift, active, brisk." — i-Ji-Ji Hez=Hez/7, " Moving.— Sedition, tumult, intestine war," — jjjJb Hez-Iz "Mak- "ing- 888 ^R. R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z. " ing camels brisk and travel fast (by singing to them) — Sound. — " The whispering or murmur of the winds, especially through *' trees. — The rolling sound of thunder." In Welsh, Hwttio means "To Hiss out, to explode j" and the preceding term to this, in Mr. Richards' Dictionary, is Hwt. " Away, come out " there, get thee gone; fie, fie!" In the same column we have " Hwswi. A House-wife, a thrifty woman; Hwsmon. A Husband- " man, also a good Husband, or thrifty man." — " Hwstr. Morose, *' forward, that will not be intreated, inexorable." We should imagine, that the Hwsmon was the House-Man, and Hwswi the woman belonging to the House. Yet perhaps these words are attached to Hwstr, Morose, which is not directly connected with the House, but belongs to the terms of Excitement, under the idea conveyed by Harsh. Thus, then, the terms Hwswr and the Hv/S7non, may mean the Sharp — Severe people in the management of their affairs. In the same column we have " Hwrdd, An *' assault, onset or attack," &c., which I have before produced. In the preceding column I find " Hwde. (an interj.) Here, take it; 'also. Come on then, go to. — Hwdwg, A Bugbear;" where we have terms of Excitement, — Hwck. A Sow — or Hog, &c,, which I have shewn to mean the Hovaner or Router up, and Hvsiing, " To Whisper, to speak softly, to mutter ; " which brings us to the words now under discussion. Let us mark the explanatory term WHisp^r, and remember other terms for Noise, under kindred forms, Whizz, Whist, Whistle, Wheese, &c. &c. The Etymologists refer Wnisp^r to the Saxon Hwisprian, the Belgic and German JVisperen, &c. — Whizz to Hiss, Whist to Zz7fo, (Ital.) Hzvister, (Dan.) Susurro;— Whistle to the Saxon Wistlan, &c., the German fVispele)i,&cc., and Wheese to Hweosan, (Sax.) Difficulter respirare ;— Expumare,— Hwesa, (Swed.) Sibilare ; Hwith, Hwitha, (Sax.) Aura ; all which words are supposed to be formed from the sound " a sono ficta." From THE EARTH. 889 From Whistle we are brought to Fistula, where we see how these forms connect themselves with each other. Dr. Jamieson in his Scotch Dictionary explains Whish,Whush, by "A Rushing or "Whizzing sound; " and 'To Whish' by "To Hush," Wecannot but perceive, how these terms belong to Hist, Hush, &c. ; and we see, that they are all connected with the idea of Excitemejit, whether we suppose Hush, &c. •to be the gentle Noise, by which Attention is demanded, or whether we suppose, that some of the terms for Attention signified ' Be Roused or Excited to Attention,' as I before suggested. The game of Whist is the game in which Silence or Attention sliould be observed. The succeeding \\'ord to Whisht, "Hush, be silent," in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, is Whistle, *' Change of money J " where our Author refers us to the Scotch Quhissel, under which he properly produces, as parallel, the Belgic Wisseln, and the German Wechseln. My German Lexi- cographer explains JVechsel by " Vicissitude, Alteration," .&c. ; where we see, how it belongs to Vices, of which relation Junius, among others, has been aware, who produces Wissil, " Scotis " Mutare, emere," the same term as the Whistle in Dr. Jamieson. We now see, how the word Whistle, denoting at once Noise and Change, brings us to the common idea of Agitation — Com- motion, &c. The same fundamental sense still continues to operate, and to produce without error these varieties of mean- ing. The terms for Agitation — Noise, &c., under the Element FSL, must be considered in another work. We have seen however, under the form ''DL, ^SL, &c., the terms Huddle, Hustle, (Eng.) the Scotch HvssiLitig, A Rattling Noise ; Hustle, the Noise of pleased Children, &c. In the same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where Hustle is, we have Husto, Husta, or Hosta, " used as an expression of " suprise, and perhaps of some degree of hesitation: — Heck! " Husto, quo ' Habbie,' says Dr. Jamieson -, where, in Heck, we have a similar terra, Huzzh, " To lull a child, S, pron. with so 5 u " strong 890 ^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " strong a sibillation, that it cannot properly be expressed in " writing." — " HvTHerin, A slight shower, or wetting mist," which is derived from the idea of the Noise. The next word isHvTHerin, " A Beast between the state of a cow and a calf, a young heifer; " which Dr. Jamieson has justly referred to Hudder/w, "Slovenly. " It is generally applied to a woman, who is lusty and flabby in " her person, or wears her cloath^ loosely and aukvvardly." The idea o{ Jgitation and Co7ifusion brings us at once to the 'Disorderly • appearance— The Rough — Coarse figure.' In the same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, where Hutherhi is, we have Hut, "a Fat, over-grown person;" Hut, the Cottage; Hut, a Basket; Huttit, Hated, &c.; Huttis ///, Some kind of Disease; Huttock, a Cowl ; in all which, Hut has the same radical meaning, and is derived originally from the same action. The Hut, the Cottage, has been already explained ; and in the sense of the Basket we have the secondary idea of the Enclosure. Huttock is the Enclosure of the dress, as in Hood. I have shewn, that Hated or Huttit belongs to the metaphor of one person being Stirred tip or about, if I may so say, Routed or persecuted by another. We shall not wonder, that Huttw ///, " some kind of " Disease," is found among terms denoting Jgitation, or a Co«- fused — Disorderly state of things, when we recollect, that an appropriate word for Disease is the very term Disorder. I find moreover, in the same page of Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, Hushion, Hushel, Hush, and ' To Hush.' The term Hushion has been ex- plained by a Cushion; but our Author supposes it to be the same as Hoeshinsy "Stockings without feet;" which I shew in another place to be the same as Hose, originally denoting the covering for the Hock, the part adjacent to that, which Houghs up the Ground. " HvsHel, An Auld Hushel," means any vessel or machine that " is worn out ; " and Hush means " The Lump, a fish." That these words are somehow connected with the idea of .Agitation — or a Disorderly state of things, as referring perhaps to the condition and THE EARTH. 891 and appearance of a worn-out or misshapen object, will be manifest from the term Hush, used as a verb, which actually denotes Agitation — Commotion, &c. Dr. Jamieson explains * To Hush ' by " To rush, To Hush in. To rush in, to make one's way with force " and Haste." Let us mark the explanatory Haste, which is only another form of Hush ; and let us note moreover another explanatory word Rush, which is attached to the form RS, and which I shall shew to belong to Rout, &c. I have often found it expedient to interrupt the regular course of my Enquiry by the explanation of certain terms, not expressing the train of ideas immediately before me, when such terms appeared to connect themselves more particularly in form with those words, which it was necessary for me to produce in the illustration of the subject directly under discusjgion. The Reader will hence more fully understand, how the same fundamental idea may furnish the various significations of words, which on the first view appear to have no relation in sense to each other. -I have supposed, that these terms for Noise, as Whizz, &c., are connected with the action of Stirring up — Scratching up or over a surface; and we accordingly find, under a similar form, the word Whisk, Scopula, 'To Whisk over — about,' &cc.; where we actually see a term which relates to the action of Sweeping over a Surface. The word Whisp, which Junius explains in one sense by " Straminis manipulus leviter contortus ad aliquid abstergen- *' dum," comprehends two notions belonging to the same train of ideas, as it denotes the substance, which is Contortum — what is, WisKED round or about. Wound round or about in its form, and likewise what is used 'Ad Abstergendum,' or to Whisk over a Surface. This union of kindred ideas in a word is per- petual. The terms denoting Twisting — Rolling or Winding about, are commonly derived from the notion of Stirring or Turning up — about, 6cc. any surface, as in Torqueo, Volvo^ &c. &:c. We shall now 892 R. R/.--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. now understand, that the exhalation from damp Ground, which is called a " JVill of the Wisp," means the object which Whisks or Whisps nimbly about, here and there. Lye has placed Wisk, Scopula, in a separate article to that, in which Junius produces the phrase *Wisk away' which, as he says, means in Scotch, " Repente se alio proripere atque ex oculis hominum amoliri;" though we now see, that these two senses represent the substan- tive and the verb belonging to the same idea. Dr. Jamieson however justly explains Wisk by " To Hurry away, as if one " quickly swept off any thing with a besom." The succeeding term to Wisk, in Lye's Junius, is Wysnand JVyndis, which, as Junius tells us, is a Scotch phrase, corresponding with Chau- cer's expression7" Whisking blastes." Lye however imagines, that Junius is wrong in his idea about Wysnand, and supposes, that it signifies "Aridus, Marcescens," from the Anglo-Saxon ^^05«w«, Marcescere; to which belong the Swedish Wisna, the Islandic Visna, Sec. ; and, as he might have added, the English Wizen, These ideas cannot be separated. The term of Excitemetit, which expresses the action of Stirring up a Surface, so as to make it in a Rough, Corrugated, or Wrinkled state, as we express it, brings us directly to the Wrinkled or Withered form. Thus we per- ceive, how Wither is attached to the term of Commotion, Weather, though not for the reason which the Etymologists give us, " ut ilia proprie dicantur To Wither, quae post exactam " florescendi tempestatem pauUatim flaccescunt atque elan- " guescunt. The term Whease, which I have just produced, conveys the idea of the Noise, which accompanies the action of Stirri?ig up, or, as we express it, of Drawing up the breath. The WuEAsafid, the Throat, is that which makes a Wheas/«^ Noise. In the term HiCK=M/) we have likewise the Noise, with the idea annexed of somewhat Stirred up — or of a Twitching — Catching — Hack/«^ motion. THE EARTH. 893 motion, upward. This is precisely the sense, which 1 have sup- posed to be originally affixed to these words. The preceding term to this in Junius is Hichell, Hamus, Pecten ; which means ' The Carder — the Teaser — Twitcher, or Scratcher of Flax.' The Lexicographers refer Hick-z^/>, Hick, Hicket, as Junius has it, to the English Yex, the Saxon ge-Ocsung, the French Hoquet, the Islandic Hixte, the Danish Hicke, the Belgic Hick, Hickse, Hiickup, the Barbarous Latin Hoqueta, the Welsh Ig, Singultus ; and they produce, moreover, the Saxon Geoxa, and the German Gaxen, Gixen. Skinner observes on these terms, "Omnia a sono ficta;" and Junius produces the French Hocher, Quatere ; where we see the idea of Agitation belonging to this race of words. In Skinner, the succeeding word to Hickock, Hicket, as he expresses it, is Hick-wa//, or Hick-w^^, "Vireo, Lynx, Picus, " Picumnus, Picus avis;" which he derives from Hicgaw, "Moliri, " Niti, Perscrutari, quia sc. rostro, magna vi impacto arbores et " parietes pertundit." Here HicKswa// means the Hacker — Fretter or Pricker upon a Surface. Junius and Skinner have other articles under Yex and Yux, bearing the same meaning as Hick in HiCK-Up. Hxcciiis Doctius is a quaint mode of expressing in a Latin form a Drunken man, as if to conceal the accident which had befallen him. The term Hicc/m.s denotes the person, who has the H\cK-up; and Doctius or Doccius has no meaning, but is used as having a similar sound with Hiccius, and a Latin termination. The Doctius however, though intended to have this coincidence in sound with Hiccius, ma}' still allude to Doctus, under the idea of the JVisdom or Learning, which persons in this situation often assume. The English term Hawk, Screare, is another form of these words, denoting Sound, with the idea of Stirring or Raising up the phlegm, as we express it. The Ety- mologists refer us to the German Hauchen, Inhalare, Anhelitum Efflare; the Danish Harck^^, Screo : and the Welsh Hochio. Mr. 894 ^R. R.\--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Mr. Richards explains Hoch by " A Hawking or Humming." Hawk, the Bird, is contracted from Havock, and belongs to the Element '^V. The Hawker or Pedlar might mean the person who Hawks or Cries things about; but I have given other con- jectures on this word in another place. In German, Iuch, Iuchhe, Heisa, correspond with our word Huzza ; and JucKzew, the verb, means "To Huzza, cry Huzza." The succeeding term to Iuch is lucH-^r^, " An acre of Plough- " Land ; " where we are brought to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The next word is Ivcuten, " A JufF, a Russia-Hide;" where we have either the idea of the Sutface — Top — or Covering, or the Rough Surface. I have shewn, that Hide means the Sur- face — Top or Covering, belonging to Hide, the portion of Land, the Surface of Land. — We are not only brought to the spot, from which I have supposed Iuch to be derived in the adjacent IvcR- Art; but we have another adjacent term, which indisputably connects the idea of the Noise expressed by lucKzen with that of Scratching or Fretting upon a Surface. Juck^w signifies " To Itch " or Fret." I have shewn, that Itch is only another form of the German word. Yuck, in Lincolnshire, as Skinner observes, has the same meaning. Again, in German, lAUCHzen means " To " shout, rejoice, exult, triumph, cry Huzza with clapping your " hands," as my Lexicographer explains it. The preceding word to this brings us likewise to the idea supposed in my hypothesis. The preceding term is lATen, which means "To weed — lAT-Haue, " the Grubbing- Ax ;" where, we see, the word means To 'Scratch * or Gruh up.' In English, 'To Yox the Dogs,' relates to a cry of Encouragement, where we have at once the idea of Noise, and that of Excitement. In Greek, luzo, {ivtu, acutum clamo, strideo, cano,) means a Shrill cry. The adjacent word Iugks, (luy|, Motacilla, avicula veneficis in usu, lUecebrse amoris; lllecebrae quasvis,) the Wag- tail, THE EARTH. 895 tail, belongs to this race of words, as denoting Agitation, both as it relates to the Tail-wagging bird, and to the Excitement of passion. In Greek too, Iacho and Ech^o, (la%w, Vociferor, clamo, H%£to, Sono, resono,) denote Noise; and to the latter word, we know, Echo belongs, (Ux"' Echo, Sonus reciprocus, vox reper- cussa,) to which terms of Noise we must add Ado, Aeido, Udo, (aJw, AsiSu, Cano, carmine celebro, X^u, celebro, cano, dico.) lAcchus, the Mystic title of Bacchus, belongs to Iacho, (la;^^w,) as some understand ; though various other conjectures have been formed respecting the origin of this term. These words are derived from the Celtic Iack, A Yell, scream; Iachaw, " To " Yell, scream," as Mr. Shaw explains them. The succeeding word to Iach, in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary, is lACH=^ar, " The " Bottom, foundation, lower part, nether;" where we are brought to the Ground, the Spot, from which, as I suppose, these terms were originally derived. In the same column we have " Iagh, " An Island," which means, as I conceive, Land. In the pre- ceding column we have /. Low. — An Island; where the radical form C, G, &c. is lost. In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary, where Iacho, (lux^,) is, I find Iatt=Atai, (larraTa;, Interjectio lamentantis, Heu !) and again, Iatt=Atai=Ax, (loiTTocTona^, Interjectio, Heu ! Eheu ! ab eod.); and we might now conjecture, that these terms, with the various Interjections belonging to our Element, At=At, (Lat.) Heus! Heigh-Ho.' Aachee, (Fr.) Ach, (Germ.) &c. &c., are attached to the race of words denoting Noise. I have intro- duced on former occasions these Interjections with terms signi- (y'"g ^^"-y — That I and with those, which express actions of Excitement : — We shall now understand, from the tenour and spirit of these discussions, how the race of words, called Inter- jections, may alike attach themselves to terms conveying these ideas. The consideration however of such words would soon involve 896 ^R. R/ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. involve us in the mists of Theory ; and we must be contented to mark those, in which the Consonant form exists, and which seem unequivocally to belong to other terms, performing regular and efficient parts in Language. When the Consonant has disap- peared, it is in vain to enquire about the origin of such terms. In many cases the ordinary opinion is just, that the Interjections are mere vowel sounds, which are not to be referred to any terms within the pale of Language. The Etymologists have supposed,, that Ho! in Gee=Ho! belongs to the German Hotte, "A Cart- " man's crying, to make his horses turn to the right;" which appears in the Consonant form, and which, I think, we Cannot help referring to the terms expressing Noise and Excited actions. Le Duchat says, that the French Aachee, "Detresse," is a substan- tive formed from the interjection Ah ! and he produces the follow- ing quotation as authority for its use. "Or jugez quelle Aachee " il a d'ouyr telles novelles." In Hotte we have the idea of Noise and Excitement. The verb Hotten means To Advance or be Urged forward, "Es will nicht recht Hotten, It will not " go or advance rightly." Heit is a term used by Chaucer, with the same meaning, as I have before observed, " Heit," says " Junius, " Chaucero est particula vel interjectio,qua utunturequos " in carro jugatos minaciter propellentes." *' Depe was the way, for which the cart still stode ; " This carter smote and cryde as he were wode, *' Heit Scot, Heit Brok, what spare you for the nones? " Tlie fend you fetch, qth he, body and bones." I have before produced Hest, 6^-Hest, a Command, which the Etymologists have justly referred to the German Heissen," To bid, " tell, command — To Call a body or thing," — the Belgic Heiten, the Saxon Haten, Vocare. I have shewn, that these words have been derived from the idea of Exciting persons to action ; and I may add, that in this case the notion of Excitement cannot be separated from the office of the Voice in Calling. We have seen, that THE EARTH. 897 that Heissen occurs among the terms relating to Excitement, Heiss, Hot, and Heisch^w, To Ask ; and to Noise, Heisch or Heiser, Hoarse, as I have before observed. I have shewn too, that ^^j<$> Hij is a term used " in crying to " Camels ; " and that the same word signifies " Raising (dust,) " provoking (to Anger). Making an attack. — A Battle, a com- " bat. — Perturbation, fury, agitation, intoxication." A word under the same form means in Persian, "Tearing up, Instigation;" where we have the genuine sense of the Element. Again, in Arabic, cx^Ji Heita, Heiti, Heitu and Bite means "Come " hither, approach;" and the same word Heit signifies "Low " Ground." Again, in Arabic, \a^ Heit means " CalliHg out, " Crying, vociferating, being tumultuous. — Arriving at, approach- " ing near." In the preceding column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have yi*^^ Heish, " Motion, commotion, tumult. — " Loquacious, verbose;" and the term before this is (j**^ Heis, " Treading down, trampling upon, beating to pieces. — A plough, " any instrument for cultivating the ground. Heisi, Cheer up ! " Be of good courage ! success to you ! " In this word we have every thing, which can confirm my hypothesis. In the same opening of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary we have the Arabic U* Heya, Ho ! Holla ! Hark you !— Heh, a^ " Ha 1 Ha ! Ha ! "—the Persian /^ Hei, "Ho! Hark you 1 Holla! — Have a care! "Softly! Touch it not! — A Tumult, a crowd, a multitude; — " 4jJt> He, The Sound of the breath;" the Arabic ^^ Hykh, " Used in making camels kneel; Hujekh, A camel braying, when *• ordered to kneel ; cXa.* Heid, Crying to camels," Under this word Mr. Richardson refers us to Had, tiL* which he explains by " Moving, disturbing. — Hadd, Sound, especially the roaring or " murmuring of the sea." In French, Huet is to Hoot after a person; and Hue is "A " term used by carmen, &c. to their horses, when they chuse to .5 X " have 898 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. •' have them go forward, or rather turn to the right." The French likewise say, Hur=Huat, " II n' entend ni aDia, ni a Hur=Huat, " He does not know his right hand from his left." In Hue the radical consonant is lost; but in the adjacent word Hucaer, *' To " Hallow, to call or shout to," and Huch^^ " A Huntsman's or " Postboy's Horn, " the Consonant appears. In old French, Huz and Hut//2 denote Noise, which the Etymologists refer to Huesium or Hutesium. In French, Hoyer means " Quereller, tanser, et " quelquefois appeller," as Le Duchat explains it, who derives it from Vocare. That Hoyer, denoting Noise, is connected with the idea of Scratching up the Ground, will be manifest from the word preceding it in Menage, which is Hoyau, the Hoe or Hough. In the French word we see, that the Radical Consonant is lost, as in the English Hoe; but in the mode of writing the same word Hough, it is preserved. The succeeding word in Menage to Hoyer is Huau, the Owl, which probably belongs to Hoyer, denoting Noise. The word Screech, in Sreech-Owl, belongs to Scratch. In the French term however a difficulty occurs. The Huau is interpreted Hibou, where Hibou belongs to the Element '^B; and the Huau may be quasi Huav. In Huette we might think to find a proof, that these words belonged to our Radical 'T; but the Huette might be formed from Huau by the construction of the Language. The French Etymologists derive HucHERfrom an old word Hus, a Cry; and they remind us of the Latin Heus, and the English Huzza. Skinner and Junius have the word Buzz, which the former explains by " Obstrepere, Murmurare, vox procul dubio a sono "ficta;" and in another article he produces Hase or Hauze, which, as he says, is " Nimio clamore obtundere, perterrefacere ; " where he justly reminds us of the Saxon Has, the German Heiser, Heischer, "Raucus, vel Heischen, Postulare, Flagitare, vel Interject. " minatoria Haw, vel a Teut. Hase, Stultus." — The succeeding word THE EARTH. 899 word to Huzz, in Skinner, is Hy, or Hie, Hie on, &c. ; which he explains by '• Festinare, Properare." Here the Radical Consonant is lost; but Skinner justly refers us to the Saxon Hica/i, Contendere, Festinare, where the Consonant is found. In Hie we have the Cry of Excitement. To Hie, or High, as it might be written, is To Egg a person on. I have before shewn, that Egg, EcGian, (Sax.) must be referred to the idea of Excitement, as connected with Stirring up the Ground, in tlie Saxon Eoean, Occare. I take every occasion of bringing the Reader back again to the primitive or prevailing idea. Let us mark the explanatory term adopted above, the English Hoot, which must be referred to this race of words. Skinner refers Hoot to the French Huer, Huyer, Exclamare, with the remark, " utr. a sono fictum." Lye reminds us of the Welsh Hwhw, Bubulare. We shall now understand, as we have before seen, that Hue, in Hue and Cry, belongs to this race of words. The Etymologists have justly referred us under this term to Hoot and Huer. In Hue, as we see, the Radical consonant is lost, as in Hew, which belongs to Hack, and in Hue, Shape — Form — Colour, &c., which I have shewn likewise to belong to Hack. Junius reminds us, under " Hue and Cry," of the barbarous Latin word HvTesium, where the true form appears, as in Hoot. The term Utis occurs in Shakspeare, and means Breaking Our into Noise or Uproar. In the Second Part of Henry IV. (A. II. S. 4.) one of the Drawers at the Tavern in East-Cheap says to the other, " Sirrah, here will be the Prince, and Master Poins anon : " and they will put on two of our jerkins, and aprons ; and " Sir John must not know of it : Bardolph hath brought word ; " to which the other replies, " By the Mass, here will be old Utis : " It will be an excellent stratagem." The Commentators are here contented with the observation of Pope, who observes, that Utis 13 " an old word yet in use in some counties, signifying a merry " festival. 900 ^R. R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " festival, from the French Huit, Octo, ab A. S. Eahta, Octavae " festi alicujus. Skinner." Mr. Steevens properly observes, that " Old, in this place, does not mean ancient, but was formerly " a co!nmon augmentative in colloquial Language. Old IJris " signifies Festivity in a great degree." In Chaucer we find OuTHEEs, another form of Utis. (See Mr. Tyrwhitt's Note on Chaucer, ver. 2014.) Perhaps in Ut=Is, HuT=Es-/wm, &c., the Element ^T, '^S, &c. is doubled in order to express the idea more strongly. — I shall here close my observations on the race of words, which are found under the forms '^RS, ^S, &c. denoting Noise — Sound, Sec, as I trust, that the terms, which I have already pro- duced, will be fully sufficient to illustrate the force of my arrangement, and to establish the principles of my hypothesis. I shall now jjroceed to consider the form of our Element RC ; and the Reader will perpetually find, in this part of my discus- sion, terms denoting Sound, connected with the same train of ideas. Some of these I have already produced; but they will be best seen, when they are examined among the words, with which they are inseparably blended. The writer finds himself fre- quently embarrassed in the choice of his arrangement, when he endeavours to balance the degrees of advantage, which might be derived from the exhibition of certain terms in different portions of his work. I have laboured to adopt that species of arrange- ment, which may form the strongest impression on the mind of my Reader, by the different modes of collection and separa- tion, with all the diligence which I have been able to exert. Amidst all the views, under which the Mechanism of Language may pass before our eyes, we shall still contemplate the same proofs of that exquisite process, by which all its operations are so faithfully and efficiently accomplished, proceeding on the same principles. THE EARTH. 90r principles, and directed to similar purposes. We shall behold the various races of words under the same Element, while they assume innumerable forms, and perform innumerable offices, all preserving, in distinct and marked characters, their general rela- tion, and their peculiar affinities, without error and without con- fusion. We may there trace clearly and unequivocally those • strong conections,' and those ' nice dependencies,' by which the whole and its various parts are discovered to be indissolubly united with each other, arranged in the most consummate order, uniformity and regularity. In considering the plain and impres- sive facts, which we are enabled to ascertain by a successful enquiry into the secrets of Language, we shall alone perceive those mysterious workings of the Human mind, which we have in vain endeavoured to learn amidst the unprofitable researches of Metaphysical refinement. As we involve ourselves in the toils of our own reason, the faculties become lost and bewildered ; and we continue to wander in the labyrinth, which we have raised around us, without a clue to guide, and almost without an object of pursuit. We seem to ' bend our eyes on vacancy,' and all our disqui- sitions appear to be wasted in a vain and fruitless enquiry, where there is no beginning and no end, where no facts have been proposed, on which our reasoning could be originally established, or to which it might be ultimately referred. It is in the treasures of Language alone, that the great materials of knowledge are deposited, which relate to the operations of the Human mind in forming and propagating ideas. The metaphysical deductions, which are derived from the study of Language, 'duly and dili- gently pursued, are founded on the evidence of examples, which accompany the reasoner at every step of iiis progress, and which directly conduct him to the object of his research. When we cast our eyes over a series of words, fully unfolded, under all their secret bearings and relations to each other, we are directly ad- mitted 902 '^R.R.\~-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. mitted into the inmost recesses of the Understanding, and discover the hidden springs, from which its movements have been im- pressed. In this series of words we at once contemplate a con- tinued series or chain of ideas, with a clear and distinct view of the various links, of which it is composed ; as they are regularly generated through the successive stages of their progress, from their original source to their final and perfect completion. In the artifices of Human Speech we are presented with a series of facts, which may be distinctly traced — minutely detailed, and unequi- vocally exhibited. Hence, and hence only, can the workings of Intellect be described with clearness— precision and fidelity; and when we have successfully unfolded the various parts, of which the great Machinery of Language has been formed, we shall then probably have at last discovered all, which can ever be known or taught on the Mechanism of Mind. CHAP. ( 903 ) CHAP. IV. R'^. C, D, G, &c., or RC, RD, RG, &c. Terms, expresaing the idea of Stirring up — Breaking up — Scratch- ing up — over or about, a surface; as coruiected with an action performed on the Ground, or Earth, (Eng.) aRETz, (Heb.) Rus, {Lat.) &c., with various degrees of force and violence, as Rout, Root up. Rake, Raze, Rado, ^c. &c. &c. To these are at- tached terms denoting Furrows, Tracks, &c., as Rug.^, (Lat.) Ruts, Ridges, Routes, Roads, &c. &c. From the idea of the surface Broken up, or Scratched up, into Ruts, Ridges, we have terms denoting what is Rough, Rugged, Ragged, (^c. To the action of Rouxing up the Ground is ayinexed the idea of Commotion — Agitation — Tumult — Violence, &c.; and hence we have such terms as Root, Rush, Rash, ^c. Hence too, we find a Race of words, which signify by metaphorical application to Rout — Stir up. Agitate — Vellicate, &c. the feelings or frame, as Ir-RiTATE, Rage, &c. &c. With terms, which express the action of Scratching and Grating upon a Surface, or of Routing Raking up the Ground, &c. are connected words, denoting the Grating, Rough Noise; and hence we have such zvords as Rado, RuDo, RuGio, (Lat.) Rattle, Rustle, (Eng.) RACier, (Fr.) Terms, which are derived from the action of Routing out a surface, in order to Clear off or Rid away any incumbrajices inequalities, &c., so as to make it Level, Straight, or to reduce it to a Fit— Proper — Right direction or state; to make it Fit Proper ( 904 ) Proper and Ready for any purpose, as Rid, Right, Ready, &c. &c. Hence terms relating to a Right — Proper — Arranged, well Regulated state of things, in Laws — Morals, &c, &c., as Right, Regulate, &c. {E7ig.) Rectus, Rego, Regula, (Lat.) &c. ^c. From the form RGL, R^L, we pass into the form RL; and hence a Race of words has been generated under the form RL, as Rule, from Re^uLa, &c. &c. To the form RG«, or RgN is directly attached the form RN; atid hence has been derived a Race of words under the form RN, as Runco, (Lat.) Ru^&ANE, {PuKOivr;,) ^C. &C. Words THE EARTH. 905 RC, RD, &c. Words expressing the idea of Stirring up — Breaking tip — Scratching tip — over or about a surface, as connected with an action performed on the Earth, jRetz, &c. (Heb.) Rus, (Lat.) &c. &c. Terms derived from or connected with such words, conveying the idea of Co7nmotion — Agi- tation — Violence — Tumult — Noise, Sec. Rout, Root tip, wRoet^«, Reut^«, Reiss^w, RoEDe?i, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax. German, Belg. &c.) Rake, Raze, RAS^r, Rado, &c. (Eng. Fr. Lat. &c.) RvTriwi — RuTELLz^m. (Latin,) Instruments for Stirring up the Dirt, as a Mattock. RosTH^w, RvGchos, Ris, ROSTELLWW, RUSSEL, &C. (Lat. Gr. Lat. Germ. &c. &c.) The Snout, that which Routs up the Dirt. Rootle, or tyRooTLE. (Eng.) To Rout up the Dirt. Route, hRvT>an, Rudo, Rug/o, Regko, Rustle, Rattle, RACL^r, &c. &c. (Eng. Sax. Lat. Gr. Eng. Fr. &c.) To make a Noise. RuGLo. (Welsh,) To Shovel up Dirt, To make a Rattling Noise. Rush, liK^osan, Ruo, Rutz^w. (Eng. Sax. Lat.) Rash, Rout, Riot, Rage, RoiST^rer, Rogue. (Eng.) &c. &c. Reg«mo, Rasso, &c. &c. (Gr.) To Break, Dash to pieces. gRis, RixA. (Gr. Lat.) Conten- tion. &c. &c. &c. In this portion of my Work I shall exhibit a series of facts, which will illustrate, as I trust, in the most impressive and une- quivocal manner, the principles of the System, which I have undertaken to establish. Through other parts of my discussion 5 Y , I iTi'iy 906 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. I may hope to have conciliated the attention and conviction of my Reader in the great and leading points of my argument, whatever difficulties may have sometimes arisen in his mind, from the consideration of particular words, in their more immediate relation to each other. On the present occasion, however, these difficulties will, I think, be considerably diminished, if not altogether cleared and removed. Even in the examination of Races of words which ultimately belong to each other, we shall find, that each of these Races in assuming a distinct form will exhibit likewise a distinctive peculiarity, and may afford a different degree of evidence, especially to those, who have not yet divested their minds of the received conceptions on the subject of Etymology. In the Race of words, which I am now about to examine, the form, which they assume, will, if I do not deceive myself, appear at once to the eye and the mind of the Reader, as a compact and retentive form, if I may so express myself, under which he might conceive or expect to be included a series of terms, ultimately belong- ing to each other. — He will moreover manifestly see some strong — impressive words, unquestionably attached to each other, which relate to the same train of ideas, and which express Actions of Violence — Commotion, tec, as connected with an action oi Violence or Commotion, &c. perjormed on the Ground. — Though he will per- ceive, that a great variety of senses is to be found under this Race of words, and that all our sagacity and diligence must be oftentimes exerted in order to discover the connexion of these senses with the fundamental notion ; yet he will not fail to observe in general the same vein of meaning pervading the whole Race, in the most marked — distinct and unequivocal characters. I shall consider, in the present Chapter, that Race of Words, which belongs to the form of the Element R. — C, D, G, &c., or RC, RD, RG, &c. when there is no vowel breathing before the R ; but THE EARTH. 907 but when a vowel succeeds the R, and is inserted between that letter and the second consonant C, D, G, &c., I have found it frequently necessary in the preceding part of my Work to introduce words, under this form, RC, RD, RG, &c. with no vowel breathing before the R; and to sliew, how they are connected with words, which belong to the form ^RC, '^RD, ^RG, &c. when the vowel breathing precedes the R. This change from one form to the other is most simple and obvious. We shall at once see, that when a vowel breathing exists between the two Consonants R and C, &c., the process is nothing but the loss or the addition of the vowel breathing before the R. Thus it will be instantly understood, how ERUTHro5, ORYza, Ereugo, or eRvTHros, oRvza, ^Reugo, (E^vd^o;, O^u^a, E^evyu,) Red, Rice, RucTo, have passed into each other; and it is acknowledged, that the following terms are immediately connected together by the same process; as Wrotan, (Sax.) and Rout ; Hreac, (Sax.) and Rick; Hristlaw, Hruxl^, (Sax.) and Rustle; HRUG,(Sax.) and Rough ; Hreosaw, (Sax.) and Rush; RRJEcati, (Sax.) and Reach; Hracod, (Sax.) and Ragged, &c. &c. &c. My hypothesis is, that the Races of words under these two forms '^RC, '^RD, &c., RC, RD, &c. with and without the vowel breathing before the R, should be considered as ultimately belonging to each other ; and that they are remotely or directly connected with terms under the same Elementary characters, denoting the Ground, with the actions and operations performed on it; as Earth, Erde, Aretz, &c., Harrow, Herse, Harcke, &c. &c., which I have already dis- cussed, and Rake, Rout, Root— tip, &c. &c., which form the subject of the succeeding Enquiry. Though I conceive, that the words under the Elementary Character '^RC, &c., RC, &c., with or without the vowel breathin*>- before the R, are all ultimately to be referred to each other; that is. 908 ^R.R.\- C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. is, though there are obvious points of union, at which, as we have seen, the races under both forms pass into each other; yet still we may consider the Race under the form RC, &c. with no vowel breathing before the R, when it is once constituted, as generating by its own powers, if I may so express it, a distinct class of words, conveying a peculiar train of ideas, by which they may be distinguished from the words under the form '^RC, where a vowel breathing precedes the ^R. I find it necessary to antici- pate a few terms belonging to the form RC, without a vowel breathing before the R, from which the Reader will be enabled to perceive the general turn of meaning, which pervades in various degrees the Race of words under that form. I have found it neces- sary to anticipate these terms, because there are no synonimous words in our Language, which so aptly express the peculiar train of ideas, conveyed by that Race ; and we shall at once see, how strongly those terms express the idea of Stirring up — Excitement — Agitation, as connected with an action referred to the Ground or Earth, (Eng.) aRetz, &c. (Heb.) Rus, (Lat.) &c. &c. The terms Rout, Rake, Raze, Root up, belong, we see, to the form RC, &c. ; and they bring us directly to the action of Stirring up the surface of the Ground, Earth, aRetz ; By such an action, we know, are formed Furrows — Tracks, &c. ; and hence we have Ruts, Ridges, Routes — Roads, &c. &c. From the idea of a surface so Rout^^ or Root^^ up in Ruts, Ridges, &c. we pass into the idea of that, which is Rough, Rugged, Ragged or Broken, Rude, &c. &c. The action of Rout/w^ tip the Ground brings us to a race of words, which express Commotion— jjgitation — Tumult — Violence, &c. &c. ; and hence we have Riot, Rush, Rash, &c. ; as likewise to a Race of words, which convey the idea of Disturbing, Annoying, Aggrieving, as /r-RiTATE, Rack, &c. &c. The Noise, accompanying the action, which we express by THE EARTH. 909 by ' To Rout up — Rake up the Ground,' or to Scratch and Grate upon a surface, has produced a race of words, denoting J^oise in general ; and hence we have Rado, Rudo, Rugio, (Lat.) &c.; Rattle, Rustle, (Eng.) &c.; Racler, (Fr.) &c. &c. These few words will give the Reader a very sufficient idea of the peculiar turn of meaning annexed to the Element RC, &c. when a vowel breathing does not precede the R. We have seen indeed the same train of ideas expressed under the form of the Element ''RC, &c. with the breathing before the R; but under the form RC, &c. without a breathing before the R, this train of ideas is perpetually prominent and conspicuous ; and it presents itself to our view in the most distinct and unequivocal characters, through a wide compass of Human Speech. Rout, the verb, is peculiarly applied, as we know, to the action of Stirring up the Ground or Earth ; as 'To Rout up, or 'Rout in the Dirt: The Etymologists have curiously separated the terms belonging to this word. Junius produces Route, as denoting a TVbw, 'Stertere;' and Skinner, Rout or Root, bearing the same meaning. The latter exhibits Rout, in its metaphorical sense, "To Rout an army," which he has referred to the French Route and the Italian Rotta; and Route he conceives to be quasi Ruptura, from Rumpo. Rout, Turba, the confused Heap^Col- lection or Multitude of People, belongs to the metaphor of Rout/«p- up the Dirt in confused Heaps, Sec. Our two Etymologists, Skinner and Junius, have put the substantive Rout, Turba, in a separate article ; and they record the various words to which it may be referred, as the Belgic Rot, the German Rotte, the bar- barous Latin word Rutta, the Welsh Rhawd, Rhawter, Turma ; the Danish Roode, Manipulus militum; the Greek Rojhos, (poSog, Tumultus, vel Fragor.) Lye likewise records the modern Greek word Routa and Routta, (Poura, Vovttu); and he observes, more- over, " Mihi videtur summam sapere antiquitatem. Nam Hiberni " habent 910 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " habent Ruta eodem significatu." All these words belong to each other, and receive their force from the action of Ixovrijig up the Dirt. Turba and Turma are attached to the Turf, or Ground, for the same reason ; and it is acknowledged, that Ttunultus, Tumult, is derived from Tumulus, the Heap of Dirt. We perceive, that Tumulus, Tumultus, Turma, Turba, all belong to each other ; and it will be shewn in a future Volume, that they are attached to the Element TM, TF, denoting the Turf or Ground. Rout, the substantive, bears the same relation to the verb ' To Rout,' as Turba does to Turbo. My German Lexicographer explains RoTTE by "A Rout, Crowd, Crew, Clutter, Club, Gang, Set." Rout, in English, is used with this sense, when it is applied to a ' Crowd or Clutter' of people met together for the purpose, as it is supposed, of some amusement or diversion. In German, the word is chiefly applied to a Troop of Soldiers, or a Gang of Conspirators. The adjacent word to Rotte in the German Lexicons is Rotz, Nasi Mucus, which brings us directly to the idea of Filth or Dirt. In Hebrew, tyj'i RGS, signifies, says Mr. Parkhurst, " To meet together, assemble in a tumultuous *' manner;" and as a substantive, "A Confused Assembly or *♦ Multitude." Root, as a verb, *To Root,' is placed by Skinner in a separate article ; and he refers it to the Saxon Wrotan, Versare Rostro instar suum ; the Belgic Roeden, Roden, Extirpare; Vrueten, IFroeteti, Terrara Suffoderej the German Reissen, Reuten, ' Ans-Rotten/ Extirpare; Russeln, Terram Rostro fodere, from Rostellum, Rostrum. He imagines moreover, that Wrotan and Roden may be derived from the Latin Rotare ; and he adds, " Felicissime alludit " Gr. OpvTTu, Fodio." We see in the Greek Orutto, (O^uttw, Fodio,) and WROTan, the form of the Element ^RS with the breathing before the R, as likewise the original idea. Rota is that THE EARTH. 911 that, which Roots or Routs up the Ground, in moving or rolHng along. Root, Radix, Skinner likewise places in a separate arti- cle; and he appears to see no affinity between this substantive, and the verb to Root up. He refers the substantive to the Danish Roed, Radix; the German Kraut, &c. Herba ; and Junius and Lye produce as parallel the Runic Rotar, the Swedish Rot, the Islandic Root. Though these Lexicographers explain Root by Radix, they do not seem to understand, that these words are only different forms of each other. In Greek, we know, the form is Riza, (P'^a.) We shall agree, that Root, Radix, the substantive, belongs to Root — *To Rout up,out,'&c. The Latin Etymologists have seen however, that Rad/x is connected with Rado ; and Rado, " To Scrape, Scratch," &c., as we shall like- wise at once agree, means 'To Rout up any Surface.' The Latin Kvirum, " An instrument wherewith Sand, or " such-like is digged out," directly means 'The RouT^rup of Dirt,' and brings us at once to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. R\j Tabulum, '' A coal Rake," is another of these terms. The Etymologists have justly referred these words to Ruo, Ruitmw, and RuTz^w, where we fully see the idea of Commotion — Dis- turbance, &:c. expressed by Rout, &c. The compound e-KvTus, under the form RT, signifies precisely the same as Rovied out — up, &c. In ^Ruo we have the form '^R, or R' ; but in Rutz/5, part, a Ruo, "Thrown down. Digged up," we have the form RT. In the same Index of R. Ainsworth, where Rutz/5 is, we find recorded the ancient words Rvrellum, "A little Mattock,'' &c., RvTabri, pi. Rastri, from Varro, and RuTicba, "A Tumult, trouble, « or disorder." The Tub or Tab in these Latin words belongs to Turbo. Ruo is explained by Robert Ainsworth in the second sense, "To Rush, to run headlong, to Break out with violence." Break with violence is the original idea of the term ; and Rush, we see, belongs to this race of words. Ruo is used in its pri- mitive 912 ^R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T, X, Z. mitive sense in the following passage, where it is applied to Breaking tvith violence the clods of the Ground : " Quid dicam, jacto qui semine cominus arva " Insequitur, cumii/osqtte RuiT 7nale pinguis arencc. {Georg. I. >'. 104-5.) There is an adjacent word to RuTr«w, belonging to our Element, which directly signifies the Ground — Land, &c., as Rus, " The " Country, a place without the city. — A Country House or Farm, " where husbandry is exercised." In Rurw we see how S some- times passes into R. Hence are derived, as we know, the terms Rusticus, Riistick, Rustique, (Fr.) Rural, &c. &:c. &c. Varro de- rives Rus from Rursiun, " Quod in agris quotquot annis Rursum " facienda eadem, ut Rursus capias fructus ; appellata Rura." Some derive Rus from A^ou^a. The old Glossarists justly interpret Rus by " Villa, Terra, Ager." In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we have " Rath, A Fortress, garrison, a Village, an " artificial mount or burrow, a prince's Seat." — The Prince's Seat is nothing but his Land, Grounds, Farm, &c. — '' Mea Rura " videbis." In Persian, clj Rag is "A Villa, a Summer-House ; " and Uwij Rusta, "A Market-town, a Village," &c. j (^\Ji*,^j RusTAY, — " A Riistick life;" and (^Uw^ Rustai, "A Village, a "Market-Town." Mr. Richardson produces likewise, as Arabic and Persian, O'Ljj Rustak, "A Village, a Market-town, an en- " campment of tents or huts." We shall all agree, that the idea of Action would be derived from the principal action of Rout/«^ up — Stirring tip, or Culti- vating the Rus or Land. Hence we have the Greek Rezo, (Pe^w, Facio,) and the Latin Res. Under the forms '^RC, -"RD, &:c. with the breathing before the R, we have t£;=ORK, Ergo«, Erdo, (e^(L', Facio.) On the first view zt;-ORK, &c. and Rezo, (Pe^w,) seem very remote, but the term wRight brings the forms into contact with each other. The original sense of Res appears in Res Rustics, which, we know, is the appropriate combination to ex- press THE EARTH. 913 press what relates to Agriculture, as ' Varro de Re Rustica,' &c. In Mr. Shaw's Galic Dictionary, Raod, Rod, and Rud, mean ' A * Thing.* We shall now understand, how Kata=Ri:zo, (Kara^E^w, Demulceo manu, Xeipt re f*iv Kure^s^ev,) may belong to Rezo, (Pe^w,) from the fundamental idea of some process performed on a Surface. We must not wonder, that Rezo, in this compound, denoting a gentle action on a surface, should belong to terms, which denote the most violent action, as the explanatory Greek %vord to KxTcc^ePev, wliicli the Scholiast on Homer has applied, *' KaT£i|/»;|e," at once contains both ideas, Kutki^ijxu, Mulceo:-^ JEquo; — Contundo, &c. The succeeding word to Rezo, (Pe^w, Facio,) in my Greek Vocabulary, is Retho5, (Pedo?, Membrum, quaevis pars corporis ; — Facies,) which my Lexicographer places as a Rootj but we now perceive, that these vvords belong to each other, just as Facio does to Facies, and as Make in English is at once the verb of Action and a substantive, denoting the Make or Shape. Hence, as I imagine, has been derived our ancient word Rudde, &:c. &c. for ' Shape, * Complexion ; ' though it is commonly supposed to belong to Red, Ruddy, &c. Junius has connected Rudde, Shape, Complexion, with Red, by a very dexterous explanation: " Chaucero est illud " qualitatum naturalium, praecipue tamen sanguinis temperamen- *' turn, quod barbaris nuncupatur Complexio, Anglis Complexion. " Horatio Epodon XVH. videtur dici Verecundus color. " Our ancient Poets have certainly perpetually combined Rudde with Red, from the same idea probably, which has possessed their commentators, that these words belonged to each other. In the passage produced by Junius from Chaucer, the Rudde of SirTopas is said to be "Like Scarlet in graine;" and we frequently find such expressions, as Rudd-AW, (Reliques of yhicient Poetry, vol. l\\. p. 5.) " Har Rode was Red," quoted by Dean Milles on a passage in Rowley. In this passage, however, Rode is applied 5 z to 914 '^R. R/ -C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. to a white colour, as the general characteristic of a Complexion, though the face is described at the same time to be lied. It is thus that tlie lamenting Damsel pourtrays the person of her de- parted lover: " Blacke hys cryne as the wyntere nighte, " VVhyte hys Rode as the soiiimer siiowe, " Rodde hys face as tlie mornynge lyghte, " Cale he Hes ynne the grave belowe." In old English we have Rood, Rude, &c. as a name for the Cross, because it denotes, as I conceive, the Image of Christ on the Cross. Junius has justly referred this word Rood, KooA-tree^ HooD-beam, Sic. to the Runic Roda, Simulachrum ; and Dr. Ja- mieson, in his Scotch Dictionary (sub voce Rude), has adopted this idea. The Commentators on Shakspeare have duly understood, that the ancient form of swearing By the Rood, (" An Early " stirrer By the Rood,") refers to the Cross, or to " the Image of " Christ on the Cross." {Second Part of Henry IV,) The KooD-Loft meant the place in the Church, where the Images of the Saints were exhibited. (See Old Plays, vol. I, p. 52, and Eeliques of Anc. Poet. p. 298.) In Welsh, Rhith means, " An "outward form, figure or shape; an appearance, colour or pre- " tence; the seed of living creatures," as Mr. Richards explains it. In Mr. Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we have Riochd, RiucHD, "The Shape, or likeness." The succeeding term is Yiiocnuaidh, " A Plague, contagion, pestilence," which belongs to an action of Violence — to Rout, &c. The names for various Colours have been derived, as we can readily imagine, from the various Colours of Dirt — Mould — Soil. I shall shew, that the very term Colour belongs to Soil, Solum, Colo, &c. Under our Element RD we have the word Red, which must be referred to the same spot. Red occurs in various Languages, as in the Saxon Red, Read, &:c,, the Belgic Rood, the Danish Rod, the Runic Raudur, the German Roth, the French Rouge, the Italian THE EARTH. 915 Italian Rosso, the Welsh Rhudd, &c., which the Etymologists produce, and which they justly refer to the Greek Eruthro^, (Efu^fo,-.) Red or ERuxHro^ means the Colour of the Earth. In Hebrew, we know, D1K ADM signifies Red, and tlie Ground. To the Runic Raudiir Lye has justly referred the Saxon Rhoder, " Firmamentum." The English Ruddy, with its parallel term Ruduy (Sax.) and Ruddle, Rubrica; Rudul, (Island.) RotheL (Germ.) Rutilus, (hat.) belong to Red. In Ruddle we actually see the Red Dirt. In the term Russet — the Russetine, we see that species of Dingy Red, which again brings us to the colour of Dirt. In German, Roth is Red, and Rothel, Red Oker ; and in the same Language the Russetine is called * Rothlicher Apfel,' and RussLiNG. The term is adjacent in my German Lexicon to Russel, a Snout, the Rout^t up of Dirt, and Russ, Soot; where we are directly brought to the sense of Dirt, and an action con- nected with it. Under Russm^, in the Vocabulary of Robert Ains- worth, we have Lutea RussAque; where Luteus and Russus are placed as nearly synonimous to each other; and Luteus, we know, at once relates to Dirt, and to a Colour. The Etymologists, under Russet, refer us to Roux, Rousset, (Fr.) Rossetto, from Rosso, (Ital.) Russus, (Lat.) and to the Greek Rousios, from Roa, or Roia, (PoucTiof, Puniceus, a Pox, vel Pota, Malum Puniceum,) where Roia, (Po;a,) is quasi Roja. The name Rousseau belongs, as we likewise know, to these words Roussir, &cc., and means the RED-Haired Man. The succeeding word in my French Vocabulary to Rouss/r is Route, the Road, which brings us to the spot supposed in my hypothesis. The Rose, Rodow, (PoSou, Rosa,) Ike. &c. belongs to the idea of Red. Some Etymologists refer Rosa to Ros ; and others to Peu andO^u, "quod ingentem odoris fluxum emittat." The succeeding word in Skinner to Russetine is Rust, which might signify the substance of a D/W-like colour and nature, or it may mean that, 'quod Kouit Superficiem' — which Scratches — Fiets 916 ^R. R. ^ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X;Z. Frets — or Corrodes the Surface of any thing. Rust occurs in various Languages ; as in the Saxon Rust, the Belgic Roest, the Danish and German Rost, Rubigo, &c., which some derive from the English Rest, or the Greek Rastotte, {Pao-ruvvi,) or from Rosso, Pcua-iog, Russeus, Rubens, " quomodo et Latinis Rubigo est a Ruber. " Cymraeis denique Rubigo dicitur Rhivd vel Rhydni a Rhudd, " Ruber." Lye reminds us of the Greek Erus/6^, {E^wtfivt RubigOj) 'ERVTuros, (E^uO^og,) Euros, (Ev^u?, Caries,) which are all to be ultimately referred to the Dirt of the Earth. The Ety- mologists might have recorded likewise the Latin JErugo. If the first JEr in Mrugo, or Mr-Rtigo, be derived from Ms, Mris, the Rugo might belong to Rust. Rusty, or Restie Bacon, " Porcus *• Rancidus," is derived by the Etymologists from Rust. We have seen the term for Noise, Rout or Root, Stertere; and we here unequivocally see, that it is attached to the action of RouTzw^or RooTm^ up a Surface. Skinner has referred it to the Saxon Hrutan, Stertere ; the Belgic Roteleii, Grunnire ; which, as he says, are "Omnia a sono ficta;" and which he refers to Rottle and Rattle. He adds moreover, that as the Belgic Rotel and the German Rtissel signify Rostrum, they may be derived from the Latin Rostellum, i.te. " Vocem Rostello emittere." We shall now understand, that Rosrrum, Rostellum, Rotel, Russel, &c., were originally applied to the Snouts of animals, as being the part, which Routs up the Ground. Rootle or Ruttle, ' To ' Rootle up the Ground,' is used for Rout in familiar Lan- guage. — The Latin Rostrum is only another form of Ras prum. Nothing, we should imagine, could be more obvious than this truth J yet the Etymologists only compare these words together for the purpose of deriving them from a different origin. " Rostrum " dicitur a Rodendo, ut a Radendo Rastrum." We perceive, that RoDo and Rado are only different forms of each other. The terms of Noise, Rout, Rottle, Rattle, Rustle, &c. are de- rived THE EARTH. 917 rived from the Noise made in the action of RovTing up the Dirt, &c. Junius, under Route, " Stertere," produces the Belgic term Rottelen, or Reuteln, " inconditum ac varie streperum sonum " gutture aut naribus edere ; ' and he records likewise RothoSy (PoSof, Strepitus,) and RoTHones, (PuSuvec, Nares,) the nostrils ; to which Lye adds the Islandic Hriota. Rothow, (VuGuv^) belongs to the same idea as RosTrum. In Greek, Regko, (ViyKu, Sterto,) means "To Route, Stertere;" and RoGCYios,{i?oyxo?,) Ronchusy (Lat.) is the substantive expressing this noise. We here see, how the Element RG, &c. has passed into the form RN. The Ety- mologists justly acknowledge, that Runco, Runcino, &c. To IVeed, where we at once come to the Ground, belong to these words, and to RuGCH05, (Pvyxo?, Rostrum, Rictus.) Let us mark the ex- planatory term Rict«5, belonging likewise to this race of words. While I am examining the word Rugcho^, {Pvyx°?}) hi my Greek Vocabulary, I cast my eyes on Rocho, (Puxu, Dentibus fremo,) another term denoting Noise, which belongs to this race of words. From Rugchos, (Pyy%o?,) or Ru?icho, we are brought to the form RN ; and hence we have Roncho, Runco, Averrunco, Runcina, &c. ; though in RuKaw^, {Y>vkuvt„ Runcina,) we have again the form RC. We see in Rictw5 and Ringo, how the forms are connected ; and again, in Ris and Rin, (P/f, P/i/, P/vof, Nasus,) we have both forms. I shall consider the words, which belong to our Element RC, &c., and which have passed into the form RN, in a separate article of my Work. — The Latin RosTr«w directly appears in other Lan- guages ; as RosTRo, (Ital. Span. &c.) An adjacent word in the Italian Dictionaries to this term is Rosta, " A Fan, Un eventail " pour chasser les mouches ; " where we sec the idea of the Router or Driver away, in its more gentle sense. The suc- ceeding word in my Spanish Dictionary to Rostro is Rota, ''Rout, Defeat;" and in the same column of Mr. Neuman's Dictionary with this latter word, I find Roz^r, " To Stub up, to " clear 918 ^R. R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q, S,T,X,Z. " clear the Ground of brambles and bushes," and Roznar, " To " bray, to cry like an ass;" where we have the idea of Noise, under the form RZ, with the organical addition of the n after the Z. To the form of Russel, Rotel, the Router up, we must refer the Welsh Ruglo, where we are directly brought to the original Spot. Mr. Richards explains Rhuglo by " To Rub." Also, " To Shovel Dirt or Mire together." The preceding term is Rughl Groen, "A jingling Rattle, a Rattle made with stones put in " a dryed, undressed skin ; " where we have the idea of Noise, as connected with the word Ruglo, which relates, we see, to Stirring up the Dirt. The word before this is Rhugl, " Handy, ready, " dextrous. Also, Rife, common } " where we naturally find the idea of what is Dextrous and Commofi applied to so Comfuon and Familiar an action, as that of Digging up the Ground. In the next column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary I find " Rhuso, To leap or skip, " or start back, to be hindered, stopt, or stayed ; " and Ruthro, " To Assault or Attack, To Rush upon ; " where we have the sense of Commotion — Agitation, &c., as attached to this race of words. — To the same form RSL, and the same fundamental meaning, we must refer the Welsh Rhistyllio, "To Curry a Horse," and the Galic Risteal, "a sort of Plough," &c. > with the Sirnames Rastle, Rastal, Ruggle, &c. Under the form of Rattle, &c. we have the French Racl^/", "To Scrape, To shave, or Raze off," Sec, which those, who write on the Theory of Languages, have produced as one of the original words, formed on the principle of Onomatopceia *. In * The Author of the Mechanisme du Langage, (vol. II. p. 327,) has told us, that •' L' Articulation rude R par laquelle 1' organe frole 1' air, c' est-a-dirc le pousse d' un " mouvement suivi, mais par soubresaults, forme seule un clef on germe radical servant a " nommcr THE EARTH. 919 In the term HARCELer, which belongs to Herse, HARAss^r, we have the / added to the "^RC, with the breathing before the '^R, as in . ** nommer la classe des choses rapides, roides, rudcs, ruineuses, rompues, qui ont " des int'galitts ou des rugosites," &c. &c. In order to illustrate this idea, our Author has collected eighty-four words in Greek, Latin and French, beginning with an R, which belong to different Elements, RC, RM, &c., without any observation annexed to each of these words, on the mode, by which they are connected. Among these words, about fifty terms are found, which will be introduced in their due places in the present discussion. The previous remarks and the collection do not occupy four pages of a duodecimo volume -, and this is all the knowledge, which our great Theorist on the formation of Languages has imparted to us, on the origin of the words beginning with an R, through the whole compass of Human Speech. Yet even this, such as it is, has been perpetually said by the most humble of our Philologues in the Vocabularies of a School-boy. R. Ainsworth tells us, that R " is used by Poets in describing Motion, " Noise, Indignation, or Violence." Though the writers, who have advanced this idea had no reason whatever on such evidence for adopting it as a general principle in the mechanism of Language ; yet the Reader will understand, that I can have no objection to such a Theory, and that I have in fact demonstrated the truth of the position. I have proved, or endeavoured to prove, by a most numerous and arranged series of exam' pies, containing probably all the Radical luords in a great variety of Languages, in a laborious and patient investigation, that according to the phraseology of my System, the Elementary forms *R, 'RC, RC, &c., or ''R, *Rf, Re, belong to each other ; and that they exhibit a Race of words, which express Agitation — Commotion, &c. I have added more- over, that the Race of words under these forms relates either remotely or directly to the Eauth, and to the action of Stirring up its surface ; and that they derive their chief force and universality in Language from this important operation. Nothing however can exceed our astonishment, that Theorists are to be found, who have ventured on the evidence of about eighty words, containing the letter R, which are used to express Rapid motion — Rough objects, &c. to establish a general principle for the solution of all other words, containing this letter, amidst that infinite variety of different and discordant senses, which these words are acknowledged to convey. If I might be permitted to declare my opinion plainly and freely on this occasion, I should certainly observe, that I have ever considered the exhibition of such a Theory, as the consummation of Literary inanity — folly and presumption, when delivered in an assuming tone of invention and research, as if some precious and infallible secret were about to be imparted to mankind by which all the mysteries of Language would be at once unravelled and unfolded to the view. Yet all these pretensions, however lofty and imposing they may be, have produced nothing; and the discovery has commenced and terminated at the same point. — Our Theorists have profited nothing by the principle, which they have promulgated, as it still continuea 920 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T,X, Z. in RACLer, it is attached to the form RC, with the breathing after the R. We here see, how the form haRcEier and RACL^r may belong to each other. While I examine HARceler, To Harass, I cast my eyes on Hard/, Bold ; HARGtieux, Quarrelsome ; where we see, that the Harc, Hard, and Harg, contain the same funda- mental idea. I see likewise HARD5, (PaKoc,) which are ultimately to be referred to our Element RK, or '^RK, signifying ' To Rout up — Tear up — to pieces, &c.. To • Annoy — Dnturb,' &c. Junius records, moreover, the Hebrew y"l RG, or R«G, Malus, pravus ; to which Skinner has probably referred, when he produces the Hebrew Rong, as parallel to Rogue. The Hebrew yn RG, or R^iG, " To Break, Break oti, Break in " pieces, THE EARTH. 923 " pieces, Rend, Destroy," exhibits the full sense of the Element. Mr. Parkhurst produces as derivatives to this word, " Ring, Wrong, " Wrangle, Wring, Wrench, Range, Rend, Renty Old Eng. Ran, " Seize. Also Rough, Ruffle, Rugged, Rogue. Qu. Welsh " Rhwygo, To Rend, Eng. Rag, Ragged." All these terms, with the exception of ' Ruffle,' belong to the race of words now under discussion. The n, in some of these terms, Ring, &c., is only an organical addition to the sound of G. Where the W is the first Letter, it must be considered as representing the vowel breathing before the ''RG. Riot is only another form of Rout. It is marvellous to ob- serve, how words retain their original idea in the phraseology, with which they are connected. Thus we talk of ' Kicki?ig up a Riot, * or a Row;' \vhere we are at once brought to the original spot, under the same idea, as in the phrase ' To Kick up a Dust,' * Pulverem Excitare.' The Etymologists refer us, under Riot, to the French Riote, the Italian Riotto, and even to the Belgic Ravotten, and the French Ravoder. Some of the French Etymologists derive Riote from the Latin Rixa ; and we shaH hence see, that this Latin term must be added to the race of words now before us. The Italian form of this word, Rissa, has reminded Martinius of the Greek Eris, (E^/?,) where we see the form '^RS, as in Ereth/^o, (E^£9;^w, Irrito.) Let us mark the explanatory term Irrito, which we shall acknowledge belongs to these words, either under the form of the Element ^RT, with the breathing before R, or RT, with the breathing after it. If we take the ancient mode of writing it — Inrito, to be the true one, then Rito belongs to the form RT, with no breathing before the R, as in Rixa, &c. Martinius cannot help seeing, that it has some affinity to the German Anreizen, or Reiz^w, which my Lexicographer explains by "To Intice, allure, incite, wheedle or tempt, set, egg, spur, " toll or till on ; Zum Zorn Reizen, To provoke one to anger, "Stir 924 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. " Stir him up to it," &c. ; wliich, we see, is a word of the same family. Another German term, ^Eissen, lias a similar meaning, " To pull, Tear, pluck, draw ; " where we are brought to the original action, without a metaphor, of Stirring up — Tearifig up or Routing up a Surface. Reiss^;/ signifies likewise, "To draw, " chaulk, skitch, design," as my author explains it; where we likewise manifestly see the idea of Scratching up or over a Surface. My Lexicographer explains "Sich los Reissen, To get Rid, Rush "out;" where in Rush and Rid we see two other terms be- longing to the words now under discussion. I have already compared Rush with Ruo; and the Etymologists have referred us, under this English word, to the Belgic Ruyschen, and Rtisselen, Strepitare; the German Rauschen, the Saxon Ras, Impetus; Hreosan, Ruere; the Greek Roizos, {Voi^oi;,) Arasso, Resso, (Apua-a-tAj, Allido, P^jco-w, Rumpo,) &c. : which all, more or less, remotely belong to each other. Rush, Juncus, with its parallel terms Resc, Rise, Mrisc, has been referred by Junius to Ruyschen, &c., from the Noise made by them in motion, which will be considered in a future page. Rid means to Clear a sur- face of any incumbrance — as of Dirt, rubbish, &c. — To Rout out — off or azvay ; and is connected with a variety of terms, which will be fully illustrated in the course of these discussions. In German we have another form of Reissen, with a minute dif- ference of meaning, the term Rnzen, which means "To get a " chap to your skin, get a Scratch, hurt, bruise. Scratch or fret " your skin ; " where again we unequivocally see the idea, which lam illustrating. — In Saxon, Reosan means "To Rush, Ruere;'" which is another form of Hreosan ; and an adjacent term is REOTrf«, " Crepitare, Strepere," which Lye justly refers to Wreota??. The word between these terms brings us to tiie action, from wlience they are taken ; — Reost, " A Rest. Lignum, " cui iuseritur Vomer. Item ipse Vozner." The THE EARTH. 925 The German term Reizww^, " Inticing, Inticement," &c, is particularly applied to the Charms of Beauty, " Reizmigen der " Schonheit, Charms, tempting or attracting Beauty;" and thus we see, how ideas most remote from operations on the Ground may be derived from that Spot. Let us note the explanatory words Toll or Till, To entice, which belongs to the same meta- phor of 'Stirring up the Ground,' or ' Tillitig the Tellus.' Rig, Im- pudica mulier, or Rigg/j/i, is a term applied to a Wanton Woman, from the idea of Desultory — Disorderly motion ; — " Holy Priests " bless her when she is Riggish." [Ant. and CI.) In the phrase " To Run your Rigs," we see the original idea. In the expres- sion " He played Reaks," produced by Skinner, we have a similar notion. Rig is derived by this Lexicographer from Ride; and the latter phrase he derives from Rex, (Lat.) or Rice, (Sax.) Iinperium, and explains by " Regem egit." Rut, in French Ruit, " Pruritus ad Venerem, seu Catulitio Cervorum," has been derived by some from this German word Reizen, Incitare, which, as they have seen, belongs to the Latin Irrilo. Menage derives Rut from ^vcitus. In these coincidences, it is difficult to decide. If the term conveys the idea of Noise, it must be referred to the words denoting Noise, which are derived from the action of Routing up a surface. In Skinner, Rut occurs between the terms Rustle and Ruttle, or Rottle. The force of the Ele- ment RT is fully visible in the Sanscrit Language, where it signifies ' To Stir up — To Rout — Rake up,*&c. Ruttee, in the Hindoo Mythology, is the Wife of Munmoden, and her office is to Excite to love the hearts of men, as her husband's office is to inflame those of women. (Kindersley's Specimens of Hindoo Litera- ture, p. 20.) In the same Mythology, Rudra, or Mahadeo, is the Destroying Deity, {Maurice's Essays, vol. II. p. 89,) which means ' The Router up.' We shall understand, that the original idea of the Element is unequivocally visible in this Language, when we learn. 926 -R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. learn, that the persons, who cultivate the Lands, are called Ryots. In Scotch, RuTouR is ' A Spoiler, an Oppressor," as Dr. Ja- mieson explains it; where we see the precise sense of the Hindoo RuDRA Dr. Jamieson has justly referred us, under this Scotch word, to Roister, "A vagabond, a free-booter, a plunderer;" under which term our Lexicographer has duly produced the corresponding terms in other Languages, as the old French word Rustre, A Ruffian, &c. &c. ; Bolster, (old Eng ) explained by Junius, Grassator, which I have before produced with Roist, Grassari, RoisT^r^r, &c. ; the French Routier, and the Barbarous Latin word Riistarii, Rutarii, Rotarii ; the Irish Rualhar, Pillage, &c. &c. Dr. Jamieson here records the terms denoting Horse- men or Troopers, as Renter, (Germ.) Ryttere, (Dan.) A Rider; and he refers us, moreover, to the word Ryot, ' To destroy. To • ravage.' The Rider, and its parallels Renter, &c., mean persons, who travel on the Road, as I have before observed, with an idea oftentimes annexed to them, which belongs to the general sense of the Element of ' Rout/w^ up or about — Pillaging — Plundering,' &c. The preceding term to Ryot, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, is "Riot, Festivity, indecent mirth ;" but under neither of these words are we reminded of the English Riot, nor are they referred to each other. The succeeding word is Ryot, which, says our author, Mr. Macpherson views " as perhaps an error for Rowt, " q. crowd, army. Or it may signify destruction, E. Rout, from <• the V." — The succeeding terms to Royster, in Dr. Jamieson's Dictionary, are " To Royt. To go from place to place without " any proper business, to go about idly. — Royt, A reproachful •' term. — It may perhaps denote an Unsettled fellow." — Koytyt, with the same idea as Ryot—" Rok, perhaps a crowd, a throng." In the same leaf of this Dictionary we have " Rome-RAKARis," which does not mean " Those who search the streets of Rome " for THE EARTH. 927 "for relics," as Lord Hailes supposes; but those who go RAKing—RAiKing, (Scotch,) or Rambli?ig to Rome, as Dr. Jamie- son has rightly seen, who refers us to the Scotcli Raik, Rake, &c., " To range, to wander, to rove at large." — The corresponding Welsh term to the Irish Ruathar is Rhuthro, " To assault or " attack, to Rush upon," as Mr. Richards explains it ; and again we have, in the Welsh Dialect of the Celtic, An-RHEnuiazv, " To " Spoil, to plunder, to rob." In German, REVTen signifies "To Root out, extirpate ;" and the succeeding word to this in my German Lexicon is " Reuter, " A Rudder, Riddle, cribble, winnow, fan, range." This double sense of a Rudder and a Riddle will shew us, that these terms must convey the same fundamental idea, which is that o{ Stirring up or about any thing for different purposes. In the term Riddle we are brought to an action of Agitation employed about Dirt; and I shall shew, that it belongs to Rid, as denoting the instru- ment, which Stirs about Dirt — for the purpose of Ridd/«^ or Clearing away one part from another. The Etymologists refer us, under Rudder, Clavus navis, to the Saxon Rother, Remus ; Redra, Remus ; the Belgic Roeder, Roer, the German Ruder, &c., which they consider to be quasi Righter, Director navis, though some imagine, that the Belgic Roer belongs to Roeren, Movere. The Belgic Roer belongs to the form Rear ; and in the English Row we see only the '^R, though it may have appeared under another form. In Oar we have the breathing before the '^R; and in the sense of Ore, Metal, ' quod "EKuitur ab Era,' (E^a,) if I may so say, we are brought to the original spot and action. The German IluDer means A RuDD^r, and An Oar; and Rud^/-« signifies to Row. The word Row has the same form and meaning as Row, To Rout about. The Etymologists refer Row to the Saxon Rowan, Berowan, Rezvan, the Belgic Roeden, Roeyen, the German Ruyen, the Danish At Roe; all which Skinner derives from the German 928 R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. German REcen, Movere. He reminds us moreover of the Greek Eresso, (Ef£Tr, " A Rack, in which Hay is put for Horses ; " Ratine, Ratteeji, a sort of Woollen stuff; Rate, Spleen ; Rat, a Rat; RATatiner, To shrink; RATer, "To miss, to fail of "obtaining any thing;" which, however remote they may ap- pear from each other, must be all referred to the same train of ideas. Rat/«^, Ratteen, the Woollen stuff, means the Rough — Coarse Cloth, such as a Surface appears, which is all in a Scratched up state. Menage confesses his ignorance respecting the origin of this word ; and Le Duchat, though he informs us on the authority of a French and Italian Dictionary, that this Stuff is called " Rouescia di Fiorenza, c' est-a-dire Revesche de Flo- " rence;'" yet he asks, whether Ratine does not come from Florentina. The terms Rouescia and Revesche convey the same idea of the Rough Cloth. The Editor of the last edition of Menage 942 ^R. R. ^ .- C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. Menage has seen, that Revesche has some resemblance to the German Rauli, and the Enghsh Rough. Le Duchat derives it from Reversiis, and he tells us likewise, that the word, as an adjective, means Rude; in which sense he derives it from Ripa.-^ Rash, in English, is a Species of Cloth, which Skinner refers to the Belgic Ras, the Italian Raso, Rascia, " Sericum, Sattin, q. d. " Sericum Rasum, Villi enim expers est." Rasch, in German, means, as my Lexicographer explains it, 'The English Serge;" and Serge is " A sort of Woollen stuff," as N. Bailey explains it. Hence Rash, (Eng.) Rasch, (Germ.") and jRa^, (Belg.) mean the Rough Stuff. The Italian Raso, Satin, and 2?a5, (French,) belong to Rasus, &c., as Skinner supposes. Rate, the Spleen, Menage confesses to be of difficult origin ; but he asks, whether it may not be derived from Jecorata, Rata, Rate; and the Editor ima- gines, that it is taken from the form of a Rat. The term Rate belongs to KhTeau, the Rake, &c., and is a metaphorical applica- tion of this term, as being the supposed Seat of that, which Rakes — Vexes or Disturbs the mind. We know, that Spleen, in English, signifies at once the Orgaji — and the Vexation, supposed to arise from that Organ. Rater, " To Miss, to fail of ob- " taining," seems to be directly connected with Rate, the part, in which Chagrin is situated, arising from disappointment in our wishes. Rat, the animal called in English a Rat, we shall instantly agree to be the Scratcher — the Scraper, and to belong to Rat^^m, Rake, KAHurer, &c. kc. &c. Obvious as the affinity is between Rat and Rhiurer, I do not find, that any of the French Etymo- logists are aware of their relation. Rat is commonly derived from Mus; and Menage observes, though this derivation does not displease him, that it is more natural to derive Rat from the German Ratz, a word of the same meaning. The Editor, who produces from Wachter the parallel terms in other Languages, concludes, THE EARTH. 943 concludes, that the word is certainly Teutonic, and perhaps even Celtic. Rat occurs in various Languages, as in the Saxon Rat, the German Ratt, Ratze, the Belgic Ratte, Sec, the French Rat, the Italian Ratta, the Spanish Raton, the Danish Rotte, the Islandic and Swedish Ratta, &c., which the Etymologists have produced. Some have derived these words from Raio, (Pa/w, Corrumpo): and others have observed, that they are taken from the German Reissen. In Shaw's Galic and Irish Dictionary we have Radan, a Rat. We find Rat, in old French, used " pour " canal de mer," as Le Duchat observes, who derives it from Rasus, or from Rapidus. The term Rat, in tlie sense of a Channel or Hollow, belongs to Rut, &c,, and the animal is that, which makes Ruts or Hollows, &c. The succeeding term to this in Menage's Dictionary is Ratajiat, the Liquor called Batajia, which he supposes to be " un mot des Indes Orientales." Leibnitz supposes it to be a corruption of Rectifie ; and ' M. de la Croze, who was for a long * time in America," says I>e Duchat, " observes, that when ' a native Indian drank Brandy to the health of a Frenchman, • he said Tafiai ; to which the Frenchman answered, drinking to * him again, Ratajiat.' — If this account be precise, such must be the origin of the word. RAjatiner, "To Shrink or contract," as my Lexicographer explains it, is derived from the idea of the Scratched — Cor-RUGATED Surface, which presents to the mind the notion of 'What is Shrivelled or Contracted, in opposition to that, • which is Plump and Smooth.' We know, that Rvgosus, Shrivelled, belongs to Ruga, the Furrow, which, we now see, is to be referred to Rake, &c. Menage derives RATatiner, from the animals, Rats, "qui etant pris, ,ou surpris se ramassent, et " rentrent, pour ainsi dire, dans eux memes." Thus we see, how these terms Rat, RAratiner, Sec belong to Rateau, the Rake. The French Ratel/V;-, "A Rack, in which Hay is put for " Horses," 944 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. *' Horses," must belong to the idea expressed by RATEL^r, To Rake, and so, as we perceive, does the English Rack; and we have only to enquire, what is the peculiar idea by which they are connected. Rack and RArelier, might signify that, into which Hay is Raked or Gathered. They probably, however, relate to the figure of the Rack, composed of a series of bars with insterstices, like the figure of the Rake, or the series of lines made on the Ground by Raking, or Scratching upon its surface; and this idea I imagine to be the true one. Rack and RArelier have, as I conceive, the same relation to Rake; that Grate, the Iron Lattice- work, has to Grate, the action of Scratching lines on the Ground. I have illustrated the same idea on a former occasion. The English Racket, Raquette, (Fr.) relate either to the RACK-like form, or belong to Racket, Strepitus, which is de- rived from the Noise, made by Raking or Scratching upon the Ground, as Grate, we see, likewise denotes a similar species of Noise. Skinner places a Rack of Hay, and a Kitchen-RACK, in separate articles. Under the former he adopts the idea, which I have exhibited, " fort. ab. A. S. Race, nostro Rake, Rastrum " a luculenta septorum Faenilis et Rastri similitudine ; " and the latter he supposes to be derived " a spinse dorsi similitudine." Racket, the Instrument, occurs in the French Raquette, the Italian Rachetta, the Spanish Raqueta, and the Danish and Belgic Racket; and these the Etymologists derive from Rete, which relates perhaps to the Khcvi-like form; unless 'we should sup- pose, that it rather belongs to the primary sense — tlie action of Rakcng up fish. The Etymologists derive Rate from Ruo, (Puw, Traho.) Let us mark Ruo, (Vvu,) and its parallel term RusTazo, (Puo-ra^w, Trahendo rapto, Traho,) To Draw, Drag, or, as we may express, to Rake up, off, away, &c. The Rack of Mutton, a Neck of Mutton, is derived from a similar idea of the RACK-like form, or, as we might put it, of THE EARTH. 945 of a Scraggy — Broken appearance. Let us mark the term Scrag, which is itself applied to a Neck of Mutton, and which I shall shew to hclong to the Scratched, Broken Surface. The Ety- mologists refer the Rack of Mutton to terms, which are derived from the same idea, as Hracca, (Sax.) Occiput; Raca, (Sax.) Guttur ; the Belgic Ih/gge, the German Ruck, Dorsum ; Rache, Rachefi, Gula, and Rachis, (Pa%e Greek Regos, [Priyog, Culcitra); and we are justly reminded likewise of the Saxon Rocc, and the German and Belgic Rock, Tunica, and the Welsh Rlizvg. The Greek Rego5, (Pvyo?,) has been acknowledged to belong to Regnz/o, Regnz/;«/, Resso, (Prjyvvui, Ptiyvvi^i, Pi^(rer. We shall now under- stand, that the Latin Rodo, Rosi, belong to these words, and that they are only different forms of Rado, Rasi, where we une- quivocally see the idea of Scratching upon a Surface. In the opening of my Greek Vocabulary, where Regwwo, {Vtiymu,) occurs, we have the following terms, belonging to our Element, which must be referred to the same fundamental idea of what is Broken or Stirred up — about, &c., what is Routed about, as it relates to Noise — actions of Violence — Commotion — Agitation, Sec, such as Regko, (PeyKu, Sterto,) where we have the Harsh — Rough Noise; Rasso, (Pcta-cru, Allido, Collido, Deturbo,) Raio, Raiso, (Puiu, Pctia-u, Profligo, Corrumpo, Destruo,) Raino, quasi RAjno, (Vctivu, Perfundo, Aspergo, Irroro,) Razo, (P«^w, Perfundo, Aspergo,) RATnamigx, {PccOctfziy^, Gutta,) Rath^^o^, (Poidxyoi, Strepitus, propria ex aqua concussa, sonitus, tumultus,) &c., Razo. THE EARTH. 963 Razo, (Pa^w, Voro, impr. de canibus, a sono,) Rax, Rago^, (Pa|, Pa^/of, Acinus,) the Rough or Hard Grape. In Raister, (PxKTTtio, Malleus,) the derivative from Raio, (Paiuy) we have the true form RS. Raino, (Paoj, Rigor, frigus vehemens,) from which, we know, have been derived the terms in Modern Languages, Rigid, Rigour, Rigide, (Fr.) &c. &c. Those objects, which are Rigid, Hard, Stiff, &c. oftentimes pre- sent THE EARTH. 967 sent to us the idea of the Rough, cor-Rvaated surface. Martinius has likewise reminded us of the French Ride, A Wrinkle, and the Latin Ringo. Let us note the English word Wrinkle, which is quasi Wrigkle, and the Latin Ringo, quasi Riggo. In Wrinkle we have the breathing before the ^RK ; and the Etymologists have referred us, under this word, to the Saxon JVrincle, the Belgic JVrinckeU the German Runtzel, and the Danish Rincke. In Norfolk, a Furrow or Ridge is called a Ringe. In Rictus, " A grinning or scornful Opening of the Mouth," which is nothing but the Ruga, the Furrow, or Openifig Chap, &c., we have the true form of Ringo. The Etymologists explain Ringo by " Ut " faciunt canes, cum ex ira os diducunt in Rugus," where we are brought to the kindred term Ruga, whatever may be the precise idea, by which the words are connected, though they derive it from P(j, Pivoc, Naris, and Puyxog. I have already shewn, that Ris RuGCHOs, (Pt?, Pyy;;^of,)— RosTr«m, mean the part,, which Routs up the Ground in Ruls, Holes, &c. The phrase in Horace, " Risu Diducere Ricrum Auditoris." will bring us to Risus and Rid^o, which we shall now under- stand to be derived from the idea of the Rug^, or Rictw^, into which the face is Crumpled, if I may so express it, in Laughing. Though some Etymologists derive Rideo from PaStog, yet others perceive, that it has an affinity with Rictus. The Latin Rid^o directly connects itself in form and in its original meaning with the French River, To Wrinkle. From Rid^o, we know, is de- rived RiDiculus, and the terms in modern Languages, Ridicule, (Eng. Fr.) Ridiculous, &c. &c. An adjacent word to Rid^o, in our Latin Vocabularies, is RiDica, which is explained by "A stroma " prop, particularly of a vine ; " and which Martinius seems to think may belong to the German Riten, Findere, or to Rudis,. Fustis. The Latin Rivica belongs, I imagine, to the Rut . Hollozv, 6cc., precisely as the parallel term, produced hy Martinius,. the 968 ^R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z. the Greek Charax, (Xx^uP, Sulcus terrae, aratro aut fossoris instru- mento excavata fossa, peculiariter vallus, vallum, quo castra mu- niri solent; — Vallus, Sudis, Pertica, adminiculum vitis.) denotes at once the Furrow or Hole, and the Stake stuck into it. This word belongs, we know, to Charasso,(Xoi^ai, in general ; ' and hence we have various words be- longing to our Element, conveying this idea; as the English Rick — the Latin Rogw5, and the German word for the Back, Rucken, &c. The Etymologists produce under Reek or Rick, Strues, the Saxon Hric, Hricg, Sec, Dorsum, fastigium; Hreac, Strues, Meta; and the Islandic Rok, Segetes in cumulis collocatae. This sense of Corn lying on the Ground in regular Heaps, brings us more directly to the original sense of the continued Ridge; and hence Ridge is applied with great propriety to the ' Conti?iued * — Raised part of a House — Hill,' Sec. The Latin Rogus, the "Ex- " structio lignorum," in the funeral Pile, is supposed by some to be derived from Rogo, "quod in eo Dii manes Rogentur." Martinius asks, whether it may not be derived from PcAjyv;, Fissura, "quod sit strues ex fissis — lignis;" and he adds, among other conjectures, respecting its origin, the German Rauch, Fumus, and the Hebrew nVT RGH, Depascere. He produces however a Glos- sary, where we have " Pur*?, Ruga, Rogus, Puytov," which connects the THE EARTH. 969 the word with the genuine idea. He records, moreover, the Sicihan term Rogoj, (Poyo?) -, which is explained by %tTo^oXiov, Granarium, " unde videtur esse nostrum Rogge pro typha fru- •' mento," which will be explained in another place. Let us mark the Latin Rogo, which is only the verb, of which Rooms is the substantive. The idea of Asking — Enquiring — Seeking or Searchifig into any thing, connects itself with the action of Rout/«^ or RAKing up the Dirt ; as Scrutor is quasi Scruta Eruo, See. Thus, then, Rogo is To Rake up, &c. ; and Rogus is that which is Raked up — the Ridge, &:c. In Irish, Roaam, is " To " Choose," as Mr. Shaw explains it ; and it is actually adjacent to the term Roclunhar, signifying "Digging.'' Among the ex- planatory words of Rogo, in R, Ainsworth, are Crave — Intreat—- Borrow, &c. I shall shew, that Crave belongs to Grave — Grub up, &c — Borrow to Bore, Burrow, the Hole or Hollow in the Ground; and the term Intreat, we know, directly belongs to Traho, Traxi, Tractum, To make Traces or Hollows on the Ground, though under somewhat of a different term of meaning. While 1 examine Rogo, I cast my eyes on Ructo, "To Break ** wind upward;" and I shew in another place, what we now see, that the metaphorical expression Breaking up brings us to the true idea of the word. Thus we perceive, how Rogo and RucTo convey the same fundamental idea; and thus it is, that senses most remote from each other may be connected by some common bond of affinity. The Etymologists, under Ridge, refer us to Hrige, Hricg, (Sax.) Rugghe, (Belg.) Euck. (Germ.) Ryg, (Dan.) A';^, (Scotch,) Dorsum; Ricg-ban, (Sax.) &c., Riggin- Bone, (Chaucer,) Spina Dorsi, Uachis,(Vocxi?,') &c. In Junius we have Rigge, Sulcare, as a terra used by Gawin Douglas in his translation, " Vel te Sulco, Serrane, serentem;" where we are brought to the idea supposed in my hypothesis : "Of the, Senanus, qiilia wald natliing schaw, " Quliare thou tliy Riggi3 lelis for to saw." 6g in 970 ^R.R. .-CD,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. In Welsli, Rhych is "A Furrow; ground Broken up;" where we have at once the sense of Rigge, the Furrow, and the Rough, Rugged, Brokeri Land. The adjacent word to Rhych is Rhych, Bran, which belongs to Rhuchion, Bran, Gurgeons, and Rhuch/o, " To sift or sierce," which I shew to be derived from the idea of Routing or Raking away the Dirt. The succeeding word to Ridge in Skinner is Ridgeling, "vox quae apud Higgin. exp. •* Ovis Reicala vel Rejicula, fort, a Rejiciendo, addita term. dim. " ling. q. d. ovicula quae a grege Rejicitur vel Ejicitur." If there exists such a term as Ridgeling in this sense among Rustics, it cannot be derived from a Latin compound, as Rejicio. " Rudge " Washed," is another article in Skinner, which he has explained by "Kersey made of wool washed only on the Sheep's Back^ " Pannus e lana adhuc ovis tergo increscente abluta confectus ; " and which he has justly derived from the German Ruck, Dor- sum, &c. The succeeding word in my German Dictionary to Ruck^«, the Back, is Ruck^m, "To Rock, hitch, stir, move, wag or ad- " vance forward or further." These terms, we now see, belong to each other, just as the Raised-up object belongs to Raise, To Stir up. It is curious" to observe, how words still continue to be referred to the spot, from which they are taken, though they are applied after a manner differing from their original use. In English, the term Rock is particularly applied to the Shaking of the Ground, as 'The Ground Rocks under me;' and we all remember in Shakspeare, " Come, my queen, take hands with me " And Rock the Ground, whereon these sleepers be." {Midsum. N. D.) The Etymologists have referred 'Rock the Cradle' to the Greek O^yct^etv, Avo^yx^etv, which Hesychius explains by "Ta Trxt^tx ran; " %£f(r/i' avccrraXXiiv,'' the French Rocquer, the Islandic Hrocka, "cum *' impetu quodam moveri," and the German Rucken, Cedere. We see THE EARTH. 971 see in this sense of ORoazein, {o^yot^siv,) the idea of Excitement — yjgitation, from which I have supposed Orge, {O^yn,) &c. to be derived. Rock, Colus, the term belonging to Spinning, is so called from its Rock/«^ motion. In Rock and Keel, we see the due combination of terms denoting Motion. The Etymologists refer us to the parallel terms Rock, (Belg. Dan.) Rocken, (Germ.) iiotra, (Ital.); and Skinner thinks, that it belongs to Rocca, " Rupes, qui sc. Coli capitulum, instar Rupis, protuberat." My hypothesis is, that Rock is ultimately derived from the idea of Rock/«^ up, if I may so say, or Rout/m^ up the Ground; and we cannot but observe the Latin Colus, which certainly belongs directly to Colo. Rockets, the Fire-works, must be referred to the idea of Agitation. Skinner derives Rocket and its parallels Rochelli, Rochetti, (Ital.) Ragetten, (Germ.) from Rogus, Rogulus. The term preceding Rackete, a Rocket, in my German Lexicon, is Racket, " A Racket, Bandy, Battledore ; " where we are brought to the idea of Agitation — Comjnotion, annexed to this race. In oui: ordinary phrase, "To make a Racket," the sense of the Element is unequivocally manifest. The Rock, Rupes, or Ridge- like protuberance, comprehends the two ideas of the Rough or Craggy, and the Raised-up object. The Etymologists have re- ferred us to the parallel terms in other Languages, as Roc, Roche, Rocher, (Fr.) Rocca, Rocchia, (Ital.) Roca, (Span.) Rots, (Belg.) &c. ; and they have justly moreover reminded us of the Greek Rox, Regnumi, Rachia, {PuP, Fissura, Prjywiii, Rumpo, Pax'cty Littus petrosum.) In the Greek Rach/a, (Paxioi, Crepido littoris petrosi, littus petrosum, rupes in mare procurrens, Strepitus,) we have at once the Rock, and the sense of Commotion or N'oise — the Rack^^, &c. In the same column of my Greek Vocabulary with these words we have Regko, (Peyxu, Sterto,) where we have again the idea of Noise. In Rachia, (P«%ic. seem to convey different turns of meaning, belonging to the same train of ideas ; or rather the ideas are so involved, that it would be idle to attempt a separation. In the RisE-Wood we seem to have the same meta- phor as in the term Shoots, — the Rising or Shootijig up Wood; yet we cannot separate from such objects as Tender Branches — Boughs — Leaves, &CC. the idea of Agitation — Commotion, — from which Rise itself is derived. In some cases we pass into the notion of the Rough — Bristly appearance, which we annex to a surface Rising tip in a state of Agitation. In examining the term Hris in Lye's Saxon Dictionary, we find it attended by words, in which these congenial ideas appear entangled with each other, as in the succeeding terms HRiscian, Vibrare, Vacil- lare, Crispare, stridere; Hriseht, Setosus, which belongs to WxKsiitus, &c, ; Hrisel, Radius textorius, derived from the Rattling noise; \lK\sTenda, Astridulus; Hristl^;?, To Rustle. Junius has two articles of Rise, Surgere, and Rise, which in Chaucer, as he says, is " Virga, Surculus, — As white as is the ** blossome on the Rise ; " and this latter word has been derived 6 H from 978 -^R. R. ' .- C,D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. from the former, just as Surculus is derived from Surgo. Lye produces under Rise, Virga, the Islandic Hriisa, Sylva; and he refers these words to the Celtic Rasan, Fruticetum, and Ras, Frutex. In Scotch, Reesk means " A kind of coarse grass " that grows on downs. — Waste land which yields only " benty grasses. — A Marshy place, where bulrushes and sprats " grow," says Dr. Jamieson, where we see the idea of the Rough — Hirsute — Bristly appearance; and our Lexicographer has justly referred to this word the Saxon Rise, Rush, and Hrys, Virgultum. The accidental agreement in form between Rush, the plant, and Rush, expressing Noise and Agitation, will remind us of the connexion between these terms, and will shew us, as I before suggested, that we can hardly separate the idea of the Rushing — Rustling — Rough Noise and state of Commotion, if I may so express it, from the Hris or Rough, Bristly appearance of the Rising up Reeds and Rushes. We can hardly separate, I must repeat, these ideas from each other in such a case ; and in terms expressing the same appearance, Horridus and Horreo, we have certainly the ideas of Agitation and the Bristly appearance, united with each other. In Horreo we have the form '^R; and the Id in WoKKidus is probably the addition from the structure of the Language. Reed, we have seen, assumes the form Hreod, (Sax.) &c. &c., to which belongs the Latin Arundo, quasi Aiiudo. The Hirundo, the Swallow, is likewise quasi Hirudo, where we have the idea of Noise; and in the adjacent word Hirudo, 'The Horse- • leach, a blood-sucker, — An exhauster — emptier,' we have the action of Stirrijig up or out — Casting out, as in Haur/o. The HiRudo is quasi Haurz^^o, the HwRiens. In the adjacent words to these, as Hirtm*, H\Rsutus, we have the Rough object; and thus we see, how all these terms are entangled with each other in Elemen- THE EARTH. 979 Elementary character and sense, though they have passed into different forms by different processes, and perform different of- fices. The Celtic terms, with which RAsan is connected, will unequivocally shew us, that I have justly decided on the fundamental notion, belonging to these words, denot- ing Shrubs, &c., whatever peculiar application of that notion may have been adopted. Mr. Shaw in his Galic Dictionary explains Ras by "A Shrub," and ^Asan by "Underwood, "Brushwood," and Rath, "Fern;" and in the same column of this Dictionary I find " Ratha, Running, Racing ; " "Rat, Motion;" " RAiuach, A Hough-," "RAsdal, A Rake;" " V^Asdalam, To Rake, Gather ; " " 'RAscradh, To part, " scatter." In Italian, as we have seen, Rozzo is Rough; and to this belongs Rozza, " A jade, a sorry mare," to which we might add the parallel French word Rosse. Menage refers us under Rosse to the German Ross, A Horse. The French Rosser, To Beat, Menage conceives to be of difficult origin, though he has some idea, that it has been derived from the Latin Rudis, A Staff. Others suppose, that it belongs to Rosse, " mauvais cheval, qu'il " faut battre et frapper pour le faire marcher." This may possibly be the fact, though it might be derived from the general sense of the Element, To Rout, Disturb, &:c. — To Rough, if I may so say, To treat Roughly, &c. In Spanish, Rozin corresponds with Rosse, &c. ; and hence has been derived the name of that most illustrious of all steeds, Rozinante. This term is a compound of Rozin and /itite : " Al fin le vino a llamar " Rozinante, nombre a su parecer, alto, sonoro, y sinificativo de " lo que avia sido, quando fue Rozin antes de lo que aora era, " que era antes y primero de todos los Rozines del mundo." Thus the Jnte, Antes, is meant to be significant under two ideas. In 980 41. R/ .--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. In one sense, Rozm-Ante means ' The Steed, which Before or ' formerly was the Sorry Horse;' and in another, 'The Steed, which • is Before or the First of all Sorry Horses in the world.' Rounce, in old English, means "A little Poney or Tit," as N.Bailey explains it; and Skinner interprets it by a Rude Horse, and refers it to the Italian Ronzino. Roiincevall means, as Skinner says, " A great "jade," from this Italian word andValere, "q.d. 'Ec\i\\xs Valejis seu " fortis et magnus, omnia a Teut, Ross, Equus." Rosinante he derives from the same source; though he seems under this word to imagine, that Ross, &c. may be taken from the English and Saxon Horse, " per metathesin." These words Rosse, &c. should probably be considered as directly belonging to Horse, and its parallels produced by the Etymologists, Ors, hKoss, Ros, Roussin, &c. (page 630.) With respect to Rounce and the words under the form RN, denoting a Horse, they cannot be separated from the idea annexed to Ross, and should be considered as directly belonging to it, as the Etymologists imagine. Under the form RN, belonging to RS, we have the same idea of the Rough object — state, &c. from Jgitation — Commotion, &c. The Italian Ro?icare, To weed, is derived from the Latin Riincinare ; and adjacent to this Italian word, I find in my Vocabulary Ronzare, " To Buzz, Hum," and to " Ramble, Rove ; " where we have at once two ideas which are attached to the sense of our Radical, that of Noise, and of Agitated Motion. The succeeding word in my Italian Vocabulary is Ronzino, "A Nao-, Pad;" where we cannot separate the Rough object from the Rough motion attending it. The explanatory word Pad denotes the animal which Pads about. Ro?izone signi- fies likewise in Italian the Stone-Horse ; that is, the large Rough Horse. In Welsh, Rhwnsi, sometimes written Rhwmsi, means " A Pack-Horse or Sumpter-Horse ;" which the Welsh Etymolo- gists THE EARTH. 981 gists refer to Ronzino and Rozin. In the same column of my Welsh Dictionary I find Rhwngc, " A snorting or snoring." Roncin and RoussiN mean, in Frencli, " A Strong Stone-horse fit "for war." The adjacent word to Ronzin is Ronce?-, *' A briar " or bramble;" "which the Etymologists have justly referred to Runcare. The Latin Rud/'^, Rude, denoted, I imagine, in its original sense, that which is Rough, as referring to the Ground. The first sense, as given by R. Ainsworth, of this word, is " New, " Fresh;" and the passage produced, as authority for this sense, is " Terram Rudem Proscindere ; " where we are at once brought to the spot, supposed in my hypothesis. The last sense of this word in the same Lexicographer is "Rustick, clownish," &c., which would direct us to its kindred term Rus, the Ground. Rud/5 means in another sense U?iwroiight, where we come to the idea of Rough ; but in a term directly belonging to it — Rvdus, we at once see the idea of the Rough — Broken Dirt of the Ground or Rus; — '• Rudus Vetus," says R. Ainsworth, "Rubble " or Rubbish of old ruinous houses fallen to the Ground, siiards " and pieces of stone, broken and shattered." Some derive Rvois from Rudis, the Rod, "Virga Impolita;" though others suppose the contrary order. Some appear to think, that Rudo, relating to Noise, contains the original idea. " Rud/'o Commune *' ad clamorem omnium animalium," say the Glossarists. "Et " componitur Erudio, id est, Instruere, quasi extra Rudem, vel " Ruditatem ponere. Quidam vero componunt ex E et Rudis." In the word Rudimentum, the Rudiments of any thing, we see the idea of the first PvUde or Rough materials of any thing before they are worked into shape — smoothness, &c. Erudio, To Teach, is 'To Remove from a Rude state; to Remove Rudm.v, or Rubbage.' Thus we see, how a term denoting the highest improvement of the mind, Erudition, is derived ultimately from tlie idea of Dirl or 982 ^R. R. \--C, D, G, J, K, Q, S,T,X, Z. or Rubbish. This will teach us to understand, how terms, ex- pressino- ideas of the most dignified Nature, may be derived from the Lowest or Filest objects, as we should be pleased to consider them. RvDus, Raudus, and Rodus, are given by the Etymolo- gists as different forms of Rudis. Rudo is a term for Noise, which, we see, is actually connected with Rud«^, the Dirt of the Earth. This term will ren ind us of Rug/o; and in Raucz/j; we have again the Hoarse, Harsh, or Rough Noise. In English we have the term Rawt, which Lye refers to the Islandic Routa, " Rugire belluarum more." The term Raucz<5 signifies likewise "A worm which breedeth in the root of an oak;" which has been derived " a Ravo colore," though some conceive it to be quasi Eruca. These words should be considered only as different forms of each other; and they are derived from the idea of Scratching — Fretting or cor-^oxiing a surface. The Etymologists refer Eruca to Erodo, in the sense of a Worm ; and as an Herb called a Rocket, they consider it to be quasi Urica, " quod ignite " sit virtutis, et in cibo stepe sumpta Veneris incendium moveat ; " though some suppose it to be so named, "quod linguam " vellicando quasi E?-odat," where we have the idea of Vellication or Excitetnent, whatever may be the precise notion annexed to the word. The bird named a Rook, in Saxon Hroc, has been so called from his Harsh — Rough Noise. The terms which denote a Rough Noise have been perpetually introduced in the various parts of this discussion. Martinius, under Rud/5, has produced the parallel terms in modern Languages, as Rude, (Fr.) Ranch, (Germ.) Rouw, (Belgic,) and Raud, Reudig, (Germ.) Scabiosus. My Lexicographer ex- plains Raude by "Scab, Itch, Scurf, Mange ;" and RAVoig by " Scabbed, Scabby, Scurfy." In French, we know, Rogw^, KoGneux, have the same meaning. The n is an organical addi- tion to the G; and in the English word Ronyon, the G is lost, THE EARTH. 983 lost, and the ji only remains. Ronyo7i, we know, occurs in Shakspeare : "Aroint, thee, Witch! the rump-fed Ronyon cries." " RoiiyoTiy i. e. Scabby or Mangy Woman," says Mr. Steevens, " Fr. Rogneux, Royne, Scurf." Thus Chaucer in the Rojnaunt of the Rose, p. 551. " Her necke " Withouten bleine, or scab be, or Roine." Shakspeare uses the word again in the Merry Wives of JFindsor. The corresponding word in Italian is Rogna, and in Spanish Rotia. The RoYNisH Clown is a phrase in As Tou Like it; where the T remains as a record of the second letter of the radical. Renard means, I believe, the Roynish animal, RoGN£"M.r. In the ancient orthography, REcn-Ard, we have the Elementary form RG. The portion Ard means 'Nature — quality,' &c., as in 'Drunk-Ard,' &c. Menage derives Renard or Reg?iard from Reginardus, the proper name, whereas the proper name is derived from the animal; and hence we have another form, as a proper name, Renouard. Some derive Renard from the German Rein, which signifies, say they, " Fin, Ruse." These terms denoting the Rough Surface, bring us to the idea of Scratching or Fretting upon a Surface, from which, accord- ing to my hypothesis, this sense is derived. The French word RoGNE means "Mange, Scab;" and RocN^r signifies " To Cut, " to pare, to clip, to shred." These words have the same relation to each other, as Scab and Scabies have to Scabo, To Scratch. Menage derives Rogne from Rubigine, and RoGN^r from Rodo, which we perceive to be only another form of these words, under the idea of To Scratch or Fret to pieces. Some Etymologists derive Rodo from Fuu and eJ'w; and Martinius produces as parallel the Italian Rodere, the French Ronger, and the Hungarian Ragom ; 984 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. Ragom; and he reminds us, moreover, of the Latin Rado. In Rojiger we have the organical addition of n before the G; and in Rogner the n succeeds it. The French \\oGtion is acknowledged to belong to the Latin Reti; which, as we now sec, must be referred to the Element RG, quasi Regw. In the French and English Rehis we have the form RN, though they represent, as I conjecture, the second letter of the Radical G or J, quasi Rej??. — We cannot doubt, that the French Rcgnow, "Kidney; — Testicle of some animals," is connected with Rogne, &c., whatever be the precise idea by which these terms are united. Probably Rognon in its original sense is the Testiculus — the Rogneux — the Scratched — Scarred — Corru- gated Surface. The Latin Scaler, which has a similar meaning to Rogn^«.v, signifies in one sense, " Rough, Rugged, Uneven." We might imagine, that the Welsh Aren, " The Kidneys or " Re 171," and the Irish Aran, Airne, belonged to Ren; yet this point cannot be adjusted till the Element "K is fully considered. 'KoGnonner means in French "To grumble, mutter;" where we have the idea of Noise attached to this race of words, and derived from the action expressed by RoGN^r, that of Scraping or Scratch- ing upon a surface. Another adjacent word is Roide, "Stiff, " RiG/(f, not pliable;" where again we have the sense of Rough, as in RiGidus. In another sense, Roide means "Rapid, having a violent motion; — Steep, of a difficult as- " cent;" and this sense of Rapid may either belong to the idea of the Steep — Rough precipice, of sudden descent, or to the sense of violent motion, which is annexed to this race of words. In the same column of my French Dictionary, where Rogner is, we have RoD^r, To Rove, Ramble, which means 'To Rout — ' Row, or Riot about,' in the more gentle sense of these words. The succeeding term to Rodeur, the Rover, is Rodomont, " A Brag- " gadocio. THE EARTH. 985 *• gadocio, a Boisterous Hero," to which our word Rodomontade belongs. The French Etymologists have referred us to the name of the Warrior Rodomont in Boiardo and Ariosto ; but the name for this warrior is itself probably a ' Nom de guerre,' derived from, some significant term. Le Duchat explains Rodomont by "Ronge- " Montagne. Nous disons dans le meme sens, Avaleur de " char ettes f err ees." Rodomont might be derived from such words as RoD^T, To Rove or Travel, and Mont, Mountain, as Passamonte, in Spanish, &c. I shall suggest however in a future page a very different source for the term Rodomont, which deserves well to be considered. 6 I RC, 986 R.R. \-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. RC, RD, &c. Terms derived from the idea of Routing up or about the Dirt of the Earth, so as To Clear off or Rid away any incumbrances — inequalities, &c., in order to make it Level — Straight, Sec, or to reduce it to a Fit — Proper — Right direction or state, or to make it Fit — Proper and Ready for any purpose. — Hence Terms which sig- nify, To R I D out or Clear away difficulties — embar- rassments, &c. in general; To Right or Set to Rights a confused, embarrassed state of things, in matters of Po- licy, Law, &c. — To Re- gulate — jD/-Rect, Govern, &c. — To Advise — Counsel — Judge — Decide Causes, &c. To Rid away Rubbish. Redde, Redd en, Rett^w, aRiDDaw, &c. &c. (Dan.Belg. Germ. Sax. &c.) To Rid. Ready, ge-RjEoian, be-REnen, REEDen, &c. (English, Sax. Germ. Belg. &c.) To Rid out a place, so as to prepare it for any purpose. Riddle, &c. &c. (English,) To Rootle about the Dirt, so as to Rid off a part of it. Riddle, &c. (English, &c.) The Enigma, the confused Riddle or Roottle Stuff, requiring to be Riddled — Ridded out — Cleared out, or explained. Right — Rectus, &c. (English, Lat. &c. &c.) Rego, Rex. (Lat.) &c. &c. To di-RECT, the ^i-RECxoR. REGulate, &c. &c. Richt^w. (Germ.) To fit, ad- just, Di-Rect, Rule, &c. Read. (Eng.) Counsel, Advice. RicHT^r. (Germ.) A Judge. Rath = H^;t. (Germ.) A Coun- sellor. Radd=M^m. (Scotch,) A Coun- sellor. RADA=Manth=us. (Greek,) The Radd-Man or Judge. REns=Man. (Scotch,) A Scaven- ger. &c. &c. &c. It THE EARTH. 987 J T is marvellous to observe, with what dexterity and precision the mind seizes on different portions of the same action, as con- sidered under different points of view; and how it is enabled by this process to form, without error or confusion, various Races of words which are distinctly separated from each other, though they are all taken from the same Spot, and all impregnated with the same train of ideas. It is curious likewise to observe, to what different and apparently remote purposes even those terms are appHed, which more particularly belong to each other, as beino- derived from the same mode of considering the same common action. The familiar operation of Stirring up or Routing up the Ground is separated by the mind into the various accidents and purposes, by which that operation is attended, and for which it is performed ; and hence various Races of words have been gene- rated, referring to these accidents and purposes. One principal and important reason for which men Stir up the Ground, or Rout up, about or azvay the Dirt of the Earth, is, that they may Clear off or Rid azvay the incumbrances with which it is loaded, in order to make it Level or Straight, or reduce it to a Fit, Proper — Right direction, state, &c., or to Prepare and make it Fit — Proper — Ac- commodated or Ready for any use or purpose. I have here anticipated three terms attached to the Elementary form RS, which belong to the ideas now unfolded, as Rid, Right, Ready ; which 1 shall shew to be derived from the action of Routing up the Ground. This article will be appropriated to the consideration of this Race of words ; and we shall find in the course of these discussions, that such terms will be still found to be deeply im- pregnated with the force of their original idea, however various may be the niodes in which they are applied, and however remote thdir application may appear from their primitive and fundamen- tal meaning. The term RID first presents itself to our notice; and here the 988 ^R. R.\-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. the original sense of ' To Rout off or away Dirt,' is manifestly to be discovered. In our phrase *To Rid the Land or Country of * any evil,' we are brought to the Spot from whence it was taken; but in the phrase "A good Riddance of bad Rubbish," we see the original idea of Rout/«^ away Dirt most decidedly and une- quivocally apparent. The Etymologists refer Rid to the Danish Redde, the Belgic Redden, the Islandic Rid, and the Saxon Hreddan,Ahreddan, Liherare; Ariddan, Repellere; Aradan, Sic, Eruere, Expedire ; where in Eruere, To Rout out, we have the genuine idea. Lye explains Hreddan by " To Rid, Rapere, " Eripere j " and Ahraddan by " Rapere, Liberare, Eruere ; " where we have the Elementary form '^RD, with the breathing before the first consonant of the Radical. An adjacent term in Lye's Saxon Dictionary is Ahrys/^w, Excutere, which is another word of the same family. The preceding term is Ahr-Tran, Caderej Ahr-Uron, Irruerunt, Corruerunt; where we have the Radical form '^R doubled, in order to express the idea more strongly, such as appears in the explanatory term Ruo, where the R^ is in its simple state, with the Vowel breathing after the R \ It is doubled in the Greek Or-Oro, from Oro, for the same reason, {O^u^u, O^u, Excito.) The Etymologists should have reminded us, under Rid, of the German Rett^«, which my Lexicographer explains by " To Rid, save, free, deliver, or disengage one;" and likewise of the Saxon Retan or " Rettan, Miseriis eripere, liberare, asserere, " tueri." The succeeding word in Lye's Dictionary is Reth, &c. " Trux, ferox, ferus, efferus," which denotes the Router. Wachter has duly collected under Rett^w, its parallel terms ; and we are reminded of the Greek Eretuein, (Epijtueiv, Inhibere); Ruter, (PuTw, Servator, a Vuof^ai, Libero); Ruo, (Puu, Traho,) and of the German Reiter, Servator; Reissen, Trahere, and Rat, Salus; which all belong to the same idea. I have produced on a former occasion a Race of words relating to THE EARTH. 989 to Defence, &c., as Eretuo, (e^^tvu, Inhibeo, CohibeOj reprimo,) Eruko, AregOy Arkeo, Eirgo, Arkus, Erkos, &c. &c. (E^vxu, Inhibeo, contineo. Servo, A^rjyu, Auxilior, opem fero, A^kicc, Propulso, Auxilior, Ei^yu, Arceo, Prohibeo, Afjcu?, Rete, E^xo?, Septum,) Arceo, Arx, w-Ard, &c. &c., which all manifestly belong to each other, whatever may be the primitive idea. I have supposed, (p. 76) that they might be derived from the Earth, the certain appro- priate Spot or Enclosure, for the purpose of Defence — Holding, See. That some of these do actually signify simply an Enclosure is certain; yet I suggest my doubts on other occasions, that they are probably derived from the same Spot — the Earth or Era, (E^a,) under the idea of an action of Violence, and that the sense of Defence, &c. &c. is taken from the notion of Drivijig away or off — Harrow/w^ — Routing, &c. &c.(625.) Every thing tends to confirm this hypothesis. We see, that many of the terms directly express Actions of Violence. The term of Repression, Eretuo, (e^ijtl/w, Reprimo,) signifies, I imagine, 'To Drive off — ' back or away ; ' and connects itself with the idea expressed by Retten, as some have justly seen. Arc^o, a kindred term, signi- fies, as we know, both 'To Drive away,' and 'To Repress, ' Confine.' We cannot but see, how Er-?/^o, [e^vku, Inhibeo, Contineo, Servo,) and Erwo, (E^uw, Traho; Custodio, Vito,) coincide in sense, and directly belong to each other ; and in Ermo we have the idea o[ Defence, Preservatioti, &c., Custodio, Vito, attached to the signification of Traho, which can only be reconciled by the hypothesis before us. The sense annexed to Eruo, (Eavu,) of Traho, To Draw, as out of danger, &c., brings us to the kindred Latin word Er//o ; and in the phrases ' ERuere Terram,' ' To Rout up the Ground,' and ' Eruere inalis,' ' To Rid of evils,' we see precisely the union of ideas, which my hypothesis sup- poses. In Erwo, Ruo, Ruomai, [E^vu, Puu, Vuof/,ctt,) we liave the form '^R ; and in Eruso, Rusomai, Rusai,6^c. (E^v(ra>,l'u(rof/.ai, rua-xi,) we 990 '^R. R/.-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. we may perhaps consider the added s, as having arisen from the analogy of the Greek Language in the formation of the Future tense, and not as the Elementary form "RS, agreeing by accident with that Analogy. Yet in RvsTazo, TXvTer, Rusko, (Pua-Tx^co, Trahendo Rapto, Pvtvi^, Retinaculum, habena; Gustos, Defensor, Puo-xw, Tueor, e periculo conserve,) we shall acknow- ledge, I imagine, the Elementary form ; and in the sense which Rusrazo bears of " Trahendo Rapto," we see the signification of the Saxon HREDDafi, " To Rid, Rapere, Eripere," as Lye explains it. In Ruo and Reo, (Puw, Pew, Fluo,) we have the Loose, De- sultory motion, arising from Stirring or Rout/k^- out — about — here and there, 'ab Emiendo,' just as Ruo, To Rush, and Eruo, in Latin, belong to each other. In considering the words produced above, we see, how intimately the forms '^R, R'^, '^RS, &:c., RS, &c. are blended with each other. In Persian, {,j^_j Resten signifies "To be liberated, to '• escape," which must be considered as directly belonging to the German Retten. The same Persian word likewise signifies *' To Buzz, (as flies,) " where we have the idea of Noise annexed to these terms. In the opening of Mr. Richardson's Persian and Arabic Dictionary, where this word occurs, we have likewise another Persian term ^jXi>j Resht^w, •' To unbark, excoriate, " skin. — To Plunder;" where we have precisely the sense of Rid. These words signify likewise to Spin; and the succeeding term to RESujen is the substantive Rishte, which signifies " A Thread, a line, a series," where we have the sense of the Road — Route, Track, Course. In Welsh, RHYDDaw means " To *« Set at liberty, to free, to set free, to deliver or release,' to Rid *' out of," &c., as Mr. Richards explains it, who refers the English Rid to it; and in the same Language, Rhisg is 'Rind or bark/ and in Irish, Rviscam is "To strip, peel, undress;" and the same word means likewise "To smite, strike, pelt;" where we have THE EARTH. 991 have the action of Violence. The succeeding word in Mr. Shaw's Dictionary is Rvisam, "To Tear in pieces;" and in the same column we have Ruis, a Road; Ruith, Running, and Ruith, " An Army, troop ;" where we have the senses of Road — Route, Race, &c. and Route, the confused multitude. Let us mark the explanatory term Peel and Pelt, which I shall shew to belong to each other, and to Pelos, (iTijXof, Limus,) &c. for n similar rea- son, of • Stirring the Dirt up — away — about,' &c. In the same opening of Mr. Shaw's Dictionary we have Rusg, "The Bark of "a tree, husk, shell, a fleece;" Rusgawz, "To strip, heal," (i. peel,) "undress, to gall, chafe, shave;" — 'Rvscam, "To •' Strike vehemently ; " and in the same column we have RuTa, " A Herd ; Rout, A ram ; " RusTcca, " Rude, Rustic," &c. &c. The English word Ready, 'To make any thing Ready,' is derived from the idea of Kmnmg or Clearing away from a surface any unnecessary matter or incumbrance, so as to Fit and Prepare it for any purpose. The Etymologists have justly referred this word to the Saxon Ge-Radian, the Belgic Reeden, the German be-Reiten, be-Reit, the Italian Arredare, Ornare ; the Welsh Rhwydd, Expeditus j the Greek Radios, Reidios, and Radinos, {Vochoq, PritSiog, PuStvog,) &c. &c. Among these parallel terms they should have produced the German Rust^«, " To Prepare or Fit " yourself to something, make yourself Prepared, Ready or Fit " for some work," as my Lexicographer explains it. We shall at once see the spot from which the German Uuslen is derived by considering the terms in German which begin with Rus. In the same and succeeding column of my German Lexicon, where RusTew is, we have Rust, Rust^;-, the Instep; Russ, Soot; where we arc brought to the Ground and its dirt; v Russel, A *' Snout — Das wuhlen der schweine mit dem Kussel, the Wooiing " or Rovring of Swine," — Rutteln, " To shake, wag, or Riddle " a Measure;" where we see, that Riddle is derived from the action 992 -R. R. \-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. action of RussEung, RuTThing, if I may so say, the Ground; RuTSCH^w, To Rush, &c. ; where we have the idea of commotion expressed by Rovring in its simpler form, and Ruthe, A Rod, which I shall shew to mean the Road, i.e. the Course — Track — Line, &c. I find likewise Russ//w^, " A Pippin ; Russetin, "golding," which is derived from the colour of the Ground. The true sense of the German 6^=Reiten, which the Etymologists have justly produced as parallel to Ready, will be manifest in the following use of the word by Martin Luther. In the passage of St. Matthew, " Prepare ye the way of the Lord, make his paths " straight," we have in the German translation of this extraor- dinary man, " B^=Reitet dem herrn den PFeg und macht liichtig " seine steige." Let us mark another word here adopted, RicHTz^g-, Straight or Right; and hence we shall see, that Right belongs to the same spot, the Road, &c. &c., under a similar train of ideas. In the Islandic translation we find the same term adopted, as in that of Luther ; " ^Reide their veg Drottins, Parate " viam Domini," which Wachter has produced under the term REiTen, Our Etymologists have justly referred to Ready the Welsh Rhwydd, which Mr. Richards explains by " Prosperous, Easy to " be done, not Intangled, Let or Hindered." In the same column of Mr. Richards' Dictionary we have Rhwth, " Wide or Large, " Wide or open. Vast, Capacious," &c., and Rhythu, " To make " Wide, open, large, or capacious," which is probably derived from the same idea of R\i>v>ing or Rout/«^ away, so as to make a Clear — open space. It is impossible not to mark, how Vast belongs to Vasto and Waste; and another explanatory term Wide is only a diflferent form of these words. Mr. Richards has re- ferred to these Welsh words the Greek Eurus, (Eu^u?, Latus); the genuine idea of which appears in the compound Euru-choros, (Ev^vxu^oi, Amplus, Spatiosus,) "Wide is the gate and Broad is the " Way," THE EARTH. 993 " Way," &c. (Eyfu%6)^o? ij o^o;,) In EuROOS, (Eu^wj, Sitis, mucor, caries,; we actually see the idea of Dirt; and I have shewn, that EuRisKo, (Eufio-xw, Invenio investigando et inquirendo,) is derived from the metaphor of Scratching up, 'Rolling up the Dirt. It is • idle to discuss, whether these words belong to the form "^RS, or "^R, in which latter form appear, as we have seen, Eriio, Ruo, (e^vu), Puw, Traho,) &c. &c. That the term Rhvvth is connected with the idea of Scratching up or upon a surface, will be manifest from the word preceding it in the Dictionary of Mr. Richards, Rhwtto, which he explains by " To Rub." In the same column we have Rhwyd, A Net, which, according to the evidence of the terms above produced, we should imagine either to be derived from the idea of Capacity, and to signify the Large, Wide Net, able to contain, or from that of R:idd/«^- — Clearing— Drazving — or Sweeping away every thing before it; as we talk of a Sweep and a Drag Net. From the Net we pass into the idea of what Conjines — Intangles, See.-, and accordingly we find, that Mr. Richards has explained the verb Rhwydo by " To take or hold "as in a. Net, to Intangle, to insnare," which is directly adjacent to the term Rhwydd, which he explains ^ Not Intangled.' Thus we see, how words belonging to the same fundamental idea may have senses, which are directly contrary to each other. We cannot doubt, that the Rete of the Latins belongs to the Celtic Rhwyd. :. d baaitinxa The Etymologists have justly referred Rad?05, Reid/o^ and Rad/;jo5, (PaJ'fOf, P);'J'/^, as in RoisTER^r, Rogue, &c. &c. ; and in the explana- tory term Perrumpo, we approach nearer to the primitive idea. In Homer, Reid/o5, {Vnilog, Facile,) is brought to its original spot, when it is applied with a negative in order to express a Way not Ridded or Cleared out — not 6^-Bereit, not Ready, (if I may so say,) or Easy to pass through. Atto yap oeiat(r(reTo Ta(ppog Et/^fi', OUT oc^ VTrepdoaeeiv (r^B^ov, ovts Treoijtrai PHIAIH. (//. M. 52, &:c.) In Reia and Rea, (Pe/a, Psa, Facile,) the second letter of the Radi- cal is lost ; but in the / of Reia, quasi REja, the record of the lost consonant remains. In RADinos or RAD^no^, (VccStvog, Gracilis, Tenuis j — Agilis, Mobilis, //. 23. 583. fuSauoi, Mollis, Tener; — Procerus,) we have the sense of the Slim, Slender figure, as we express it, originally derived, as I conceive, from the idea of an object Rid of its in- cumbrance. It is applied in Homer, as the Lexicographers have pointed out to us, (//. 23. 583.) to a Limber Wip, as we express it; where the idea of a Free — Disengaged motion, if I may so say, seems attached to it, ifActo-SXiiv — PAAINHN, which the Scholiast has well explained by Evkivvitov, ktx^V' Hence we have Rad/>, "Khuamnos, or Rodawww^, Rak/^, (Pa<5'i|, Ramus, Va.'^a.Y.voq, Poduf^vog, Germen, Ramus tener, Pax/f, Surculus, Ramus,) applied to the Limber — Plant, Shoot, Branch, &c. The succeeding terms to Rodamnos, ['PoSoc[d.vog,) in my Greek Vocabulary, are Rodane, (Po^xvij, Trama, subtemen,) Rodanizo,(PoSctvi^u, Torqweo,) Rodanos (VoSavog, Valde rapidus, sed quum Roseus notat; est a Vo^ov.) The term Rodanos, {Vo^avog, Valde rapidus,) we see, is only another form of Radino5, {Vahog, Agilis, Mobilis,) in its sense of Quick motion. The term Rodane, THE EARTH. 995 RoDAN^, (Po^xvui, Trama,) might belong to these words, as alluding to the Uapid mode of inserting the threads ; though if the original idea is preserved in Ronatiizo, (Po^uvi^u, Torqueo.) it is derived from the same action of Rout/'«^ or Turning about, over, under the notion of Intangling, just as Torqueo means at once To Turn about and to Twist, Intangle, &c. I have proved, that Wreath belongs to the form '^RT, for the same reason. I have shewn on a former occasion, that Ease is probably derived from a similar idea o^ Removing an Licumbrance ; and these observations will tend to confirm this hypothesis. In the phrase which I have here purposely adopted, * Free, Disengaged motion,' we have the idea of a Plia?it motion, derived from this metaphor; and the French Degager, "To free from impediments — Elle a le " corps — r Air Degage," we know, belongs to the same metaphor. Wachter has explained Retten by " Expedire e periculis ; " and the interpretation which R.Ainsworth has given us of the Latin Expeditus is formed on this metaphor, and will serve admirably to illustrate the whole train of ideas, which I am here unfolding : — "Expeditus, (i.) Disejigaged, Freed, Rid of, (2.) Nimbly thrown " or hurled. (3.) Provided, Prepared, &c. (4.) Adj. Prone, " Ready, in Readiness. (5.) Nimble, light, speedy, dexterous. " (6.) Easy, fluent." The Greek Raizo, (Pai^u, Convalesco, ex morbo recreor,) and Rastow^, RASToneuo, (Vcca-Tcav^, Facilitas, Laboris levamen ; — Doloris remissio, Relaxatio animi, Otium, Patrruvevuy Facile vel libere ago, Otior,) evidently bring us to the idea of being in a state Rid or Freed from incumbrance, as of labour, pain, &c.; and hence it denotes Ease or Rest. That these terms denoting Ease, under the Element RD, &c., are derived from the RiDving out a surface, will be unequivocally manifest from the verb annexed to the Armoric parallel term Reiz, Easy. Tlie succeeding term in my Armoric Vocabulary is Reiza, "To put "in order." We 99S ^R. R/ .-C, D, G, J, K, Q, S, T, X, Z. We shall now see, that Rest belongs to this race of words, remote as it may seem from terms, which sometimes express actions of force and violence. It is sometimes difficult to adjust the precise idea, from which a certain term is derived, though we unequivocally see the race of words, with which it is con- nected. It was most evident, that Rest, the term of Repose, was connected with terms of Violence j and I conjectured on a former occasion, (p. 611) that Rest connected itself with such words as Wrest, ' To force any thing from its course, so as to * Rest it, or make it Rest and be quiet.' We now see, how such terms as wRest, Rest and Rid connect themselves with each other. In the parallel terms to Rest, as the French ^r-RET^r, and the English ar-REsr, we have an action of Violence most fully exhibited; yet though arREier is explained in one of its senses by " To ^rREST, or put under an arREST," yet my Lexi- cographer, in another sense, interprets the word by " To Allay, " to Alleviate, to Assuage a pain ; " where all idea of violence is lost, and we come to the sense of our English word Rest, *To • procure Rest or ease from pain.' This sense of the French term, as it relates to the Alleviation of Pain, precisely agrees with the meaning of the Greek words Raizo and Rasto//^, {Pui^u, Convalesce, ex morbo recreor, Pua-Tuvri, Doloris remissio); and we shall hence learn, that my conjecture on the origin of these Greek words proceeds on just principles, whether in this instance it may happen to be just or not, as we actually see in a French word the union of ideas, supposed in my conjecture. An adjacent word in my French Dictionary to ar~RETer is arRACHer, a term expressing the strongest action of Violence, which my Lexicographer explains by " To Pull out, to Root out, " to Wrest out; " and it is impossible to doubt, that these words belong to each other, under the same fundamental idea It would be idle to enquire, whether the term Rest belongs most to the idea THE EARTH. 997 idea expressed by Rest, or by Rid, as these words are in their fundamental notion indissolubly intangled with each other. It is sufficient to have shewn, that Rest denotes Ease, under the idea of an action of Violence, by which any object has been Forced — Routed — wRested or Ridded from its former state, so as to become Ouiet — Freed — Delivered, &cc. &c. The word afterwards signifies Repose in general, without any allusion to its original idea. Skinner produces under Rest, Quies, as parallel terms, the Saxon Rest, the German Rast, Rust, the Belgic Ruste, &c., " Omnia a Lat. Restare;" though he adds, " AUudit, ut optime " monet Camdenus, sed tantum alludit Gr. Foco-tuvyi, Otium," &c. In another article he has "The Rest," to which he refers Reste, Resto, (Fr. Ital.) ; and he has moreover in a third article " The "Rest of a lance or musket, a Fr. G. V Arrest d'une Lance," We shall agree, I think, that all these words belong to each other; and that the agreement in sense of Reste, &c. with Resto, (Lat.) is accidental. Wachter and Junius imagine, that the Teutonic terms Rest, Rast, &c. connect themselves directly with Rast, a term denoting a certain measure in Travelling, "Milliare, Viae " Mensura;" which brings us directly to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis, the Road, Route, &c. " Similiter Latinis," says Wachter, " unius diei iter Mansio a manendo, et Statio, a Staiido. " Hispanis Rato est Spatium lemporis, forte a Gothis relictum." The term Rest might perhaps directly belong to this peculiar notion ; yet I have given probably the genuine idea. I shew in another place, that Kato, (Span.) and Rate, (Eng.) belong to certain regular portions of the Road or Route, &c. In the same column of Skinner, where Best is, we have Resty, (Eng.) Restif, (Fr.) Restio, Ueslivo, (Ital.) Equus contumax; which he derives " a. Restaudo, seu Restitando.'' This may be soj yet the Italian Etymologists derive Restio " dn Jrrestarsi ; " which has notliing to 998 -R.RA-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. to do with the Latin Resto; and we perceive I think, likewise in these terms the more original notion annexed to the words before us, of an action of Violence. The * Rest//" Horse' gives us a very strong idea, how the sense of Rest or Stopping may be connected with an action of Commotion and Violence. While I am examining the word Rest in Junius, I cast my eyes on a term explained in the same column of his Lexicon, Res/«^; which, as he tells us, is used in Chaucer for Except. He refers it in this sense to Rese or Raise, which is often used for "Auferre, demere, tollere." The explanatory word Except means, we know, < To take away ; ' and RY.sing belongs for a similar reason to such words as RiDom^, &c. &c. In the same opening of the Lexicon we have the term of Violence, with the same meaning, Reise, " Abigere, " fugare." — The H^;i=RoosT is the place, on which Hens Rest. When men Rout or Rid off^out — away, &c. any incum- brances from a surface, it is for the purpose of making a Spot Even — Level, or Right in its direction, state, &c. In the phrases 'To Rid out a place,' and 'To set a place to Rights,* we cannot but see, how Rid and Right belong to each other; and when Right is apphed to a Right line, or Straight direction,^ Road, "Recta linea, Via" &c., we are brought to the Spot, supposed in my hypothesis. We have seen the expression, adopted by Martin Luther, " Be-RsiT^f dem herrn den weg, und *' macht Richt/^ seine steige, Prepare the way of the Lord, and " make his paths straight ; " or, if we adopt terms belonging to each other, 'Make Ready the way of the Lord, and make his * paths Right;' where we see too, how Right and Ready belong to each other. We know, that Right is adopted to ex- press Equity — Justice, &c., or what relates to Rule — Government — Laws— Order, &c. &c. i and from this source have been derived the terms, attached to our Element RC, RD, RG, &c. he, which convey THE EARTH. 999 convey this train of ideas. It is impossible to distinguish between the minute turn of difference in meaning, which we may conceive Rid and Right sometimes to bear, in the formation of tliese words, denoting Law — Justice — Equity, &c. I must again re- peat, that the words under our Element RC, RD, Sec. expressing Justice, &c. originally belonged to the idea of Ridding away the incumbrances, which exist in a Disorderly and Embarrassed state of things, as of injustice — fraud — doubt — difficulties, &c. &c., so as to render them Right — Straight — Eveji — Equal, Clear of incumbrances, difficulties, &c. &c., or to set them to Rights, &c., and tliat this idea of 'To Rid' or ' To Right' is attached to the action, which we express by ' To Rout or To Root about — 'away — off,&cc., as Dirt, Rubbish,' &c. &c. . My German Lexicographer explains RiCHren by "To fit, " adjust, adapt or accommodate yourself to, dress, frame, Direct, " rule, carry, order," &c. &c. ; and hence RicHT^r is 'a Judge;* Ricurig, Right, Regular, &c. &c. Wachter explains Ricnten in different articles by " Dirigere, disponere, ordinare. — Instruere. — " Facere, patrare. — Erigere. — Judicare, &c. Punire, vindictam •' sumere. — Regere imper'io;" and RicHT^r by "Rex, Dux, prin- •• ceps. — Judex," &c. &c. We cannot but see, how the sense of Erigere, Rectww facere, 'To make Erect,' brings us to the idea of Raise, which 1 shew in another place to signify ' To Rout or * Stir up.' The Etymologists have produced the parallel terms to Right, as Riht, (Sax.) Recht or Richt, (Germ.) Droit, (Fr.) Retto, Dritto, Diritto, (Ital.) Derecho, (Span.) Recht, (Belg.) Ret, (Dan.) Raihts, (Goth.) Rettur, (Isl.) &c. &c,, which they justly refer to Rectws and Rego. — The term Right^om^ is a. compound belonging to the Saxon Rightwise, in a Right-wise or manner, as the Etymologists understand. We perceive in the terms eRECT, eRiGo, that the sense of Right might have been derived simply from the idea of Rais/«^ up or Stirring up; and to this 1000 ^R.R.\-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. this idea, under one point of view, it belongs; but Vvhen we con- sider the terms, with which Right, Richt^«, 6cc. are involved; we cannot separate from these words the notion of Ridd/w^ out or away by this action of RAising or Stirring up; that is, 'To * Right,' if I may so say, means at once 'To Rout or Stir up — 'out, so as to Raise up or make ^-Rect and «/>-Right, and To ' Right — Rid out — To Set to Rights — To make Right, Level, ' Straight,' &c. These ideas are here so intangled, that they cannot be separated from each other. I shall not attempt to pro- duce the various forms under whicii the acknowledged parallels to Right appear, as this has been abundantly performed. Yet I cannot but remark on the French Droit, the Italian Dritto, and the Spanish Deredio, that they might have belonged to the Element TRC, DRC, to Trace — Track— Straight — Drag, &c., unless the evidence had been sufficiently clear, that they were immediately taken from the Latin 2;/-Reci us. In considering the sense of Right, ^-Rect, we cannot but be reminded of the Greek Ortho5, (OfSof,) belonging to the form ^RT, whatever may be the precise relation of these words to each other*. To * I shall not stop to enquire whether the terms belonging to Right should be considered as immediately attached to Outhsj-, (0|Go;.) I shall only say, that Orthw, (OjOo!,) is derived from the same train of ideas, and that it belongs to the same Spot and Action, as in Oso, Orso, Koiii-Ortos, {O^u, 0^!t<^, Excite, Koxojto?, Pulvis Eicitatas, et in aerem elevatus ) The terms Org, OnxHoo, (o^i-, o«Gow, Erigo, Arrigo,) mean simply to Eu A,( ,{»,) or Eakth up, as in Aroo, (a^oh,) Ako, &c. In the term Orthotomeo, (O^SoTf/xef, Recte intelligo, Recte sentio, Recte Tracto,) we have a compound from Orthos, (0^9o5,) which has been acknowledged by some to be derived from the very source which I sup- pose -, namely, that of Stirring tip or Cutting up the Grcuiid. We all know, that the word is used by St. Paul in the following passage: "Study to shew thyself approved " unto God, a workman that needeth not to b? ashamed, rightly dividing the word of " truth." (2 Tim. ii. 15.) — E^yartiv MiTo.nrx'^yTat, OPQOTOMOYNTA to» >.ayot Tu; aXjiDsix?. The Commentators produce, among other intepretations of this passage, the opinion of Theodoret, who justly conceives, that it contains a metaphor taken from Husbandmen : — THE EARTH. 1001 To the Latin Rego directly, as we know, belong Kex, VegIs, REG/wa, REGnum, &c, ; and to these, as all acknowledge, the terms in modern Languages are to be referred, as Roi, Reine, (Fr.) Re, Rege, Regina, Reina, (Ital.) Rey, /?^_y«a,(Span.) &c. &c. The French Etymologists are inclined to believe, that these words Rex, Roi, &c. belong to the Hebrew t\V\ Raah, the Chaldee Rea, &c. &c., signifying to Feed, as denoting " Un Berger, un. " Pasteur, un Conducteur, un Governeur," according to the meta- phor in Homer, nctjj.ivtx. Xxuv. — The Hebrew term signifying to Feed, or, as Castell explains it, " Ed u cere oves, Regere,'' &c., may belong to a similar notion ; and that it is attached to the Race of words before us, whatever may be the precise idea annexed to it, will be manifest from the adjacent term yn RG, which signifies " To Break in pieces," where we have the strongest sense of Rovring up a Surface. I shall not attempt to produce the ac- knowledged hvattevfjiit fii/ KM Tuv yia)jy«» tow? ludtia; T*? au\xxoM rut 9ii«. ^c-/ia.» «Tiif*(»o{. Others have properly reminded us of the passage in Theo-- critus, Oyfiof ayii, OPGON, ♦ To Draw a straight Furrow,' which I have before produced. It is impossible, I think, to doubt the source from which the term is derived, accompanied, as it is here, with the idea of the Workman. I have shewn in another place, that Encazomai, {E-ya^cf^xi,) is an appropriate term, and signifies 'To Earth,' &c. &c. (p. 538.) The term ORTHror, (O5850,-, Diluculum,} is justly acknowledged by some to belong to Orthoo, o^eoi,), ««To Erect, Raise," as I have before observed; though not *• because the morning Raises men to their work," as Mr. Parkhurst thinks ; but for the same reason that we talk of the Sun Rising. Mr. Parkhurst however adds, "The Reader •' will consider whether it may not be as well deduced from the Heb. "IIN" AUR, " and "I'fi" TUR, "to Turn, as denoting t/ie return of Light." The Greek ORTHrw, (0(9{o<,) certainly more directly belongs to Ov.iwoo, (Oj^o«) ; _yet the Or in this word, and the Hebrew "11K AUR, together with the Greek Eer, (Hj, Diluculum,) the Latin Aurora, &c., all belong to the same Radical ^R, signifying « To Raise up,' as in Oro, (Ofoi,) &c. &c. In Sanscrit, Aorooren is the Dawn, which directly belongs to the Latin term. We see in these words, that the Elementary ^R is doubled, in order to express the idea more strongly, quasi Aur=Or, Aur=Oor, as it probably is in the Latin Or-Ior, the Greek Or= Org, (O^i/fi,) the English 'R=Ear and its parallels, the German 'R-Uhrm, the Saxon Ar=;Er«;, &c. 6l 1002 '^R.R/.-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. knowledged derivatives of Rex, Regis, &c., as Regalis, Regal, Royal, Regula, &c., to which latter word belong, as we know, Rule, Ruler, &c., where we pass into the form RL. In Realm or Royaulme, (Fr.) we have again the form RL, which appears at last under that of RM, as Royaume. In R^Gula and Ruler, we have at once the idea relating to a Right Line, and that of a Governor. Regale, with its parallels Regaler, (Fr.) Regalare^ (Ital.) Regalar, (Span.) has been supposed to signify " Regaliter, " (i. e.) more Regio Excipere." These words however belong, as I imagine, to Gala, (Span. &c.) " The choicest part of any " thing." In old English, Rigols means, as explained by Skinner, •' Instrumentum Musicum, quod alio nomine Clavichordium, a " Clavichord dicitur," which he derives from the French Re- gaillardir, " Exhilarari." It may belong to the idea of the Chords, placed in a Regular order, for the same reason that the Greek Kocvuv, Regula, Norma, relates to a similar idea, in the well-known Epigram upon the Organ, as it should seem : Kat ng avti^ uye^uxos e^Mv 9oa, aocKTvXoc %£wof, lararaM txfji,(poi(p(xuv KANONAS Furrow or Ridge. Whether such be the notion in this word and its parallels, or whether it belongs to the idea expressed by the explanatory term di-KECTor, I cannot decide. In the Syriac, Samaritan, ^Ethiopic, Arabic, &c. are acknowledged parallel terms to this Hebrew word. In the same column of Mr. Richardson's Dictionary, where (j*-lj Raas, "The " Head, A Prince, A Chief,'.' occurs, we have the Persian -v^jj Rast, which our author explains by "Good, Right, true, just, " sincere, faithful, loyal." In Arabic, Cka^j REsnid, is " One of " the Attributes of God," says Richardson; and the subsequent interpretation of " A di-RECTor, a conductor, guide," &c. brings us to the train of ideas now under discussion. Hence has been derived, as is acknowledged, the name of Haron-Al-\\A.s\WD, so familiar to every Reader of the Arabian Tales. Mr. Richardson explains Rashid O^ilj by " Faithful, pious, orthodox, following " the Right path," where the term Right shews us, to what par- ticular idea this word must be referred. While I am examining terms belonging to the idea conveyed by Rectus, when it expresses Order and Regularity, as referring to 1008 ^R.R.\~-C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. to the Right Road, Track — Course, &c., I might produce such words as Rite, Rit/«, (Lat.) Rite, (Eng.) Ratus, Rat/o, (Lat,) with its parallels, &c. Reason, &ic. Sec. The Lexicographers under- stand the connexion between Rectus — Rite and Ritw5. They explain Rite by Rightly, and Ritus by "A Rite or ceremony, " particularly in Religion. — A Course or order. — A fFay, fashion or " manner}" where, in the explanatory terms Course and fVay, we are directly brought to the Road. The term Rat«5 is only another form of Ritw5 and Rectm5; and in a passage produced by R. Ainsworth, " Astrorum Rati et immutabiles Cursus," we see the true idea of the Right or REGular Courses or Roads of the Stars. The term Rat/o means in one sense, "A Way, or means ; "a manner, an expedient, fashion," where in the term Way we see the true idea of the certain Road. Let us mark the \v or A Expedient, belonging to Expeditus, which I have shewn to convey a similar idea to Rid and Right; and thus we see, how we are again brought to the Ridded or Righted Road. It would be idle to discuss whether Rat/o means simply the Road, or the Righted Road, as these ideas cannot in many cases be separated from each other. It is sufficient to shew, that Ratio belongs to the idea of the Way — Course — Track — Road, &g. Under this idea we shall understand, how Rat/o attaches itself to the words in Latin with which it is surrounded, Rasm^, Rado, Rasth^w, which relate to the action of making Scratches — Tracks or Traces upon the Rus or Ground. The term Rat/o, Ration/5, we know, occurs in various Lan- guages, as Reason, Raison, (¥r.) Razon, (Span.) &c. &c. The sense of Raisom, "Ratio, Proportion," brings us to Ration, " A certain Proportion of Provisions, &c." In the same page of my French Dictionary, where Ratwh is, we have RArisser, To Scrape, To Shave; Rat, A Rat, i.e. the Scraper or Scratcher ; and RAieler, To Rake; where the sense of the portion Rat, pervading THE EARTH. 1009 pervading these words, is unequivocal. In the same column with Raisow we have Rais, the Spoke of a Wheel, belonging to Rad/«5 and Rado, and "Rais, pied, terre, Even or Level with the Ground," which means to Raze, &c., where tlie original idea is equally manifest. I find too liaire. To Shave ; where we have th^ form of the Element '^R doubled, in order to express the idea more strongly, as in '^R-Ear, (Eng.) To Stir up; ^/{^-Uhr^/z, (Germ.) To Stir, move, wag, &c. &c. We shall now understand, that the English Rate, the certain portion, meant originally the certain Track — or Road, passed over in a certain time, *He travels at a ' great — a certain Rate,' &c. &c. We shall likewise see, that Rate, Objurgare, is the verb belonging to the action, of which Rate, the Track, is the substantive ; and that its original sense was that of Rout/«^ up the Track — Road. The action of Scratching over or up a surface, supplies the most familiar metaphor for the idea expressed by 'Objurgare,' as in the Latin Perstringere, &c. I shall shew, that the explanatory ' Oh-Jurgare, or Jur-g-'wim,' which R. Ainsworth explains in one sense ~by Jar, belongs to Jar, Scar, Score, and finally to Scra-tch, &c. Junius has placed Rate in the senses of Objurgare, — Irritare, and ••' Statuere " pretium rectae rei venalis £estimationi respondens," in three separate articles. Let us mark the explanatory term Ir-Rnare, belonging to our Element '^RT, or RT, under the same metaphor. In Spanish, Rato not only signifies " Space of time," as my Lexicographer explains it, but likewise a "He-Mouse;" where let us note how a certain Space is applied to Time. In the same opening of my Spanish Dictionary is Rat^o, " Distribution made " at a certain Rate, or in a certain proportion ;" RAT^^r, " To " distribute or divide proportionally. — To trail along the Ground;" where we actually see the union of ideas, which 1 suppose, in the same word; Rauta, a "Road, Way, Route;" — Rastro, '* Track, " a mark left on the Ground," &c. &c. &c. In the same opening 6 m is 1010 ^R.R.V~C,D,G,J,K,Q,S,T,X,Z. is Razon, Reason. In Saxon, RjESwian or REsiati is To Reason. Cogitare, opinari, &c., the succeeding word to which in Lye's Dictionary is RtET, A Rat. The Etymologists suppose Rat/o to be so called, " quia a Ratu, " (supino verbi Reor,) proprie ex analogia fuerit actio Rendi." In Reor or '^i?-EoR we have the form '^R doubled, in order to express the idea more strongly. We shall not wonder, that Reory To Suppose, is derived from Drazving Traces — Tracks — Furrows, &c. on a surface, when we remember, that Duco, which signifies To Draw Furrows or Hollows on the Ground, Ducere fossam, &c. &c., means likewise " To Esteem, Reckon," " Tu nunc tibi *• id laudi Duels,'' &c. &c. Let us mark the explanatory word "Reckoh, which belongs to our Element under the same train of ideas of Rak/«^ up the Ground, whatever may be the precise notion in this train, to which it more immediately belongs. R. Ainsworth is among the few Etymologists who have referred Latin words to the Dialects of the Celtic ; and he accordingly observes, under Ratio, "A Reor, Ratus, vel pot. a Celt. Rceson." Lhuyd, under Ratio, produces xh^V^elsh Rhesiim,\hQ ArmoricReix, and the Irish Reasun. In the same column of Mr. Richards' Dic- tionary, where RHESwm, Reasow, occurs, we have Rhes, RnEST^r, A Row, or Rank ; and in the preceding column we have Rheid, "A Ray, branch;" and the succeeding word is Rheidr, A Knight; where we are brought to the Rider, and the Road. Let us mark the term Rhes, and the English Row, which belong to the same idea of the Line or Furrow. We cannot but perceive, that Raisin and Raison bear a simi- lar form ; and we should be hence led to believe, that they con- veyed the same fundamental idea. If Raisin originally denoted the Dried Grape, we should imagine, that it was so called from its Shrivelled — cor-Rvcated appearance. Yet as there are other words, belonging to our Element, relating to the Grape, we may doubt. THE EARTH. ion doubt, whether this is the precise idea annexed to the term. The Etymologists refer Raism to the Latin Racemus ; and the Latin word has been derived from the Greek Rax, Rago5, (Pa|, Vayog, Acinus,) which certainly belongs to the idea conveyed by Rach/>, Regwwo, (Pa%