COINS ANCIENT LYCIA BEFOEE THE REIGN OF ALEXANDER. AN ESSAY ON THE RELATIVE DATES OF THE LYCIAX MONUMENTS IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM. SIR CHARLES FELLOWS. LONDON : JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1855. COINS ANCIENT LYCIA BEFOEE THE EEIGN OF ALEXANDEE. 2014873 PLATE I. No. 1. Half boar pranciug to the left from a beaded band; shoulder iuscribcd KTB, beaded necklace. rev. quadratum incusum. ar. 153 grs. British Museum. No. 2. Boar's head to the left^ with beaded necklace. rev. quadratum incusum. ai\ 42 grs. My own Collection. No. 3. Half boar prancing to the left from wreath. rev. within a sunk square a four-pronged instrument, in- scribed TtXXEFtEBE ar. 134- 5 grs. Baron de Behr. No. 4. Half boar prancing to the left from beaded wreath, with neck- lace of beads. rev. within a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instrument, with a knotted rope through the centre, inscribed T^ *AF ar. 124 grs. British Museum. No. 5. Half boar prancing to the left from wreath. rev. within a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instrument, inscribed TtXXEFtEBE ar. 131-17 grs. Berlin Museum. No. 6. Griffin walkmg to the left with raised claw. rev. within a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instrument, inscribed '^XXEB'^F ar. 150 grs. Bank of England. No. 7. Human head, with tailed cap. rev. within a sunlc beaded square a four-pronged instrument, inscribed PV^Jc./ ar. 23*5 grs. British Museum. No. 8. Human head, with tailed cap. rev. Avithin a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instrument, inscribed PP^/ ar. 24*5 grs. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 9. A dolphin to the left, with something in the form of an egg beneath. rev. within a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instrument, inscribed EB'^' ^ ar. 245 grs. Baron de Behr. No. 10. Half boar prancing to the left from beaded wreath, with neck- lace of beads. rev. quadratum incusum. ar. 1322 grs. Lieut .-General Fox. PLATE I • TflMm's. del. PLATE II. No. 1. Upon a round shield a winged lion walking to the right. rev. within a sunk square a four-pronged instrument^ in- scribed T'^XXEEF'^BE ar. 131-1 grs. W. H. Waddington, Esq. No. 2. Upon a round shield a winged lion walking to the right. rev. within a sunk square a foiu'-pronged instrument, in- scribed TI^XEFI^BE ar. 131-2 grs. W. H. Waddington, Esq. No. 3. Half boar prancing to the left from wreath. rev. within a sunk beaded square a four-pronged instniment, inscribed TtXXEFtEBE ar. 129 grs. M. Ivanoff. TLATE IT laByldlcms. ddf ■I^asire. ■ *t PLATE III. No. 1. Scalp of lion's head. 7'ev. triquetra, inscribed TRBB^^A^-^v ar. 63 grs. Bank of England. No. 2. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquctra^ inscribed TPBBV/S^EME ar. 41 grs. British Museum. No. 3. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a beaded circle a triqnetra, inscribed TPBBV^A/ ar. 22-5 grs. British Museum. No. 4. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed T EAAE ar. 32*3 gi's. My own Collection. No. 5. Within a beaded circle a triquetra, inscribed /AO + OIW. rev. within a beaded circle a triquetra, inscribed TPBB^'// EAV ar. 23-5 grs. Glasgow Museum. No. 6. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a sunk square a triquetra and a fish, inscribed MEXPI^ ar. 23 grs. Baron de Behr. No. 7. Scalp of lion's head. 7'ev. within a sunk square a triquetra and a fish, inscribed ME ar. 15 grs. British Museum. No. 8. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a sunk square a triquetra, inscribed M EX ar. 37 grs. French Museum. No. 9. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a sunk beaded square a triquetra, inscribed MEX ar. Mr. Borrell. No. 10. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a sunk square a triquetra, inscribed MEXP^n^Tf^, and an unknown emblem. ar. 19' 3 grs. W. H. Waddington, Esq. PLATE m JR JR. JR. JR M. ImcIv JHfcm's, clelf J.Basire, sc. PLATE IV. No. 1. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a circle a triquetra and a grain of wheat, inscribed I^K ar. 146 grs. British Museum. No. 2. Skin of lion's head and paws. 7'ev. within a circle of beads a triquetra^ inscribed II^N^+^ ar. 21 "3 grs. British Museum. No. 3. Scalp of lion's head. 7'ev. within a circle a triquetra^ inscribed F^A ar. 146 grs. British Museum. No. 4. Scalp of lion's head. 7'ev. within a beaded circle a head full face, inscribed TA^FE ar. 18*5 gi's. British Museum. No. 5. Scalp of lion's head. rev. witliin a beaded circle a head full face, inscribed TA"FE ar. 16*98 grs. Prussian Museum. No. 6. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a circle a triquetra, inscribed I i BBV^A'E ar. 35 grs. W. H. Waddington, Esq. No. 7. Scalp of lion's head. rev. within a sunk square a triquetra and a fish, inscribed A\ EX PA n ATA ar. 143 grs. M. Ivanoff. No. 8. Within a beaded circle a triquetra, inscribed /AO+OI'V/ rev. within a beaded circle a triquetra, inscribed TPBB^A/EM ar. 24 grs. M. Ivanoff. No. 9. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed P'f PEKA'^ ar. 41 grs. Baron de Behr. PLATE IV JR. ^]m0h .R J£L InZy TeUcws, del': PLATE V. No. 1. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed PI^PEKA't^ ar, 37"8 grs. My own Collection. No. 2. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed EKA^ ar. 42"43 grs. French Museum. No. 3. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed EKA No. 4. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed P ^ PEKA1^ ar. 37'25 grs. Glasgow Museum. ar. 63 gi's. Bmik of England. No. 5. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed PI^P K'^'^ ar. 39 grs. Baron de Behr. No. 6. Scalp of lion's head, small counter-mark on right of head. rev. triquetra, inscribed P^tPEK ar. 39-3 grs. Augustus Langdon, Esq. No. 7. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed PEPKA-I^ ar. 40 grs. Munich Museum. No. 8. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed Pt'PEKA I ar. 30*88 grs. Due de Luynes. No. 9. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed P't^P KA^ ar. 38*5 grs. W. H. Waddington, Esq. No. 10. Scalp of lion's head. rev. triquetra, inscribed P't^PEKAl^ ar. 41 grs. M. Ivanoff. IM.ATK V JR. 4 JR. 10 udv TfUows, delt PLATE VI. No. 1 . Head of Pan in profile. rev. triquetra, inscribed PI^PE se. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 2. Head of Pan in profile. rev. triquetra, inscription imperfect. se. 25*4 grs. Prussian Museum. No. 3. Head of Pan in profile. rev. triquetra, inscribed 4^ RE ?e. 26-23 grs. French Museum. No. 4. Head of Pan in profile. rev. triquetra, inscribed n^^PEKA as. My own Collection. No. 5. Half a goat leaping to the right ; something beneath uncertain. rev. triquetra, inscribed P'^PEKA a. 30 grs. United Service Museum. No. 6. A goat leaping to the left. rev. triquetra. se. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 7. Half a goat to the left. 7'ev. triquetra, inscribed P^PEKA se. 18*5 grs. British Museum. No. 8. Half a goat to the left. 7^ev. triquetra, inscribed PP se. 21 "6 grs, French Museum. No. 9. Head of Pan in profile. 7'ev. triquetra, inscribed P^PEKA se. W. H. Waddington, Esq. No. 10. Head of Pan in profile. rev. triquetra, inscribed P^PEKA'^ se. M. Ivanoff. LacLy FeUaws. dd * PLATE VI. J£. JE JE V^o JE J?. ^ ^ ^3 J£, PLATE VII. No. 1. Head of Minerva looking to the right ; in front of face a three- pronged instrument on a line. rev. within a circle of beads a bearded head with cap formed of the scalp of a lion's head ; behind the head a caduceus, inscribed T^ At B tPBBEA^^ ar. 128 grs. Glasgoiv Museum. No. 2. Head of INIinerva looking to the right. rev. within a sunk square a bearded head with cap formed of the scalp of a lion's head, inscribed T1^AtB^ + E4-t ar, 154 grs. Bank of England. No. 3. Head of Minerva looking to the right. rev. within a sunk square a bearded head with cap formed of scalp of lion's head. ar. 132"8 grs. British Museum. No. 4. Head of Minerva looking to the right ; in front a three-pronged instrument on a line. rev. within a circle of beads a bearded head with cap formed of the scalp of a lion's head ; behind the head a three-pronged instrument on a line. ar. 126*6 grs. B7-itish Museum. No. 5. AVithin a circle of beads a head of Minerva looking to the left. 7'ev. within a sunk beaded square Hercules with one foot raised on a rock, a lion's skin over his head and arm, a club in the right and a bow in the left hand ; an unknown in- strument or sign on either side; inscribed tPBBE/Vl^ ar. 128 grs. Munich Museum. No. 6. Within a circle of beads a head of Minerva looking to the left. rev. within a sunk beaded square Hercules with one foot raised on a rock, a lion's skin over his head and arm, a club in the right and a bow in the left hand, inscribed t PBBEA' ^ ar. 124*8 grs. Glasgoiv Museum. No. 7. Within a beaded circle a head of Minerva looking to the left. rev. within a beaded sunk square a lion crouching, with his hind quarters raised, his tail over his back, inscribed P^POFVTEIt/E ar. 132 grs. Munich Museum. No. 8. Head of Minerva looking to the right ; much worn away. rev. within a sunk square a Ijcarded head with cap formed of the scalp of lion's head, inscribed T^AtBt+E I T ar. 125 "77 grs. J)itc de Luynes. PLATE V lo.iv J'W/,.Kv. M'! PLATE VIII. No. 1. Figure of a crowned king with bow and quiver; counter- marked with a triquetra. rev. quadratum incusum. ar. 81 grs. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 2. Figure of a crowned king with bow and quiver ; counter- marked with triquetra. rev. quadratum incusum, with mark of Lycian letter '^ ar. 85-5 grs. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 3. Lion's face in profile, with mouth open to the right. 7'ev. quadratum incusum. ar. 213'65 grs. Glasgow Museum. No. 4. Lion's face in profile, with mouth open to the left. rev. within a sunk beaded square a triquetra, inscribed SI' OP ar. 19*5 grs. Captain Graves, R.N. No. 5. "Within a beaded square, with fleur-de-lis or Lycian character in the angles, three fishes, one smaller than the others. rev. quadratum incusum. ar. 208'4 grs. British Museum. No. 6. Within a square, with fleur-de-lis or Lycian character in the angles, two fishes, rev. human head averted to the right. ar. 84 grs. British Museum. No. 7. Within a square, with fleur-de-lis or Lycian character in the angles, two fishes. rev. human head averted to the right. ar. 88-2 grs. Lieut. -General Fox. No. 8. Three fishes, one smaller than the others. rev. within a sunk beaded square a triquetra, inscribed XM^ ar. 100 grs. Bank of England. No. 9. A fish, to the right. rev. triquetra, in a sunk square. ar. 10-8 grs. W. H. Waddinyton, Esq. platl: \'im 19-5 ZajtyS'eilows, del* PLATE IX. No. 1. Half a boar facing to the right. rev. quadratum incusiun ar. 20*8 grs. My own Collection. No. 2. Half a boar facing to the left. rev. within a sunk beaded square a triquetra, the ends form- ing snakes' heads, inscribed :>3. Croesiis -Kinq of Ivdia boiii •'I. frcesji.s dies. Median Empire ends ■ I. >:). Cyrus reii/ns in JPersia . '•''. Sardis take/i . .' /h. J/arpaqios conquers Xycia . .'■')'. f/riis takes Jiabvlori . .'iliK C\'r-us dies ■ j;V. Darius Jfystaspes J&uf of Tersia, . J'l/. lonicms mid Atheniajhs cvTtd>ine a^aziist Darius . 300. Sardis burned _ Tersian Wca- . -I9L. Miletus Sc Ionia conquered hy ifie I'ersiajis . '". Battle of Maradion . 435. Zerjces JUruj of Tei'sia 484. Herodotus horn . 480 . ^Xerxes invades Greece . 'liW. _BatHe of ZuT-yinedi/n Tersiuns vojufuisJied by Umon- Sim/mides dies . 465. u^rtaxeTSces Aihq of -Persia . C O I N S 4.'>0. dierodj)tus wi'ote . 44.9. iPersians defeated in, Q^rus . Ci/non, dies _ iPeace n'iiJt .Artajcerjces . ■:.--"' Trophy Morm.': lomhs in Latiyra. . Jiock tombs at Ifyra^ . r '.'' J'ericles dj,es . 4'-!4. ^j-tojcerjces dies . 423. Darius Mo thus iKin<^ of Persia, 38G. Persians reconquer fyprus . 380 ■ Hera/rontmcs . :':'iH . (Jchns Kiiia of Persia . ■ ''-'.I. Mansohis . .'>'.'iS. -di'-res Jfi/u/ of Per.'^ia . 'i.'^S. Daiius l^n^ of fersia . .">.i4-. Picnodo?'us Jfin.q of Gxria . 333. Afej^ander cnnqiiers Lycia from the Versions . ■^?-?. jlle.'icntider dies . ■ 84 . Ptrletnv i^iu-iodjdjjJius . 1 1 P' A ^ To?nb at- Cadyanda . E I P M ^ Tomi at 2los . JoTVLC. tomis at Telnvessus . JlUiirqual decree of Pijcodarus . Jnscripti p. year 275 B.C . John Murray. Loii3oii.. jS55 . THE RELATIVE DATES THE LYCIAN MONUMENTS. I HAVE brought together the Coins in this Work^ in order that they may be viewed as a collection, and that a comparison of one with the other may suggest an order, or a date, which may enlighten a dark period in numismatic history. These Coins, which I have long been searching out from the vai'ious Cabinets of Europe (and I may here say that in every instance my appli- cations have met with the kindest attention from the several owners or those in whose charge the Cabinets were placed), were all, in 1838, without a date or locality; and in that year I first found them, both in type and inscription, to be peculiar to the Pro^duce of Lycia. They were previously known by the vague designation of " Uncertain Cilician." Did I consider that a knowledge of coins was alone sufficient to elucidate these points of date and locality, I should leave this catalogue in the hands of the numismatist ; but in our ignoi*ance respecting the early history of Lycia, or of the facts embodied in the legends to be depended upon, I shall venture suggestions de- rived from my knowledge of the nature, character, and produce of the country, and of the various and immovable monuments sculptured in its rocks. The comparison and bearing Mhieh these and other eircurastaneeSj ever occurring to the traveller, may have upon each other, are, in my opinion, better CAidence than the legends handed down to ns in the vrorlcs of Homer and Herodotus. It will be seen, fi'om the monuments discovered by me in Lyeia, that the sculptured origin of many of the most popular myths of Homer are found in the country of which he sang. I therefore by no means reject the evidence of these, when they confirm the history derived from the country itself. My chief object in this inquiry is the elucidation of the Mo- numents brought from Lycia, and now in the British JSIuseum ; but in the absence of better evidence, we must endeavour to catch the light which the one may cast upon the other ; and my pre- sent attempt is to bring, by the study of the Coins, their im- portant e\ddence in aid of the history of the IMonumeuts, — an attempt which has not as yet been made. In order to limit the range of this inquiry, I must refer to the end of my Catalogue, in Mhich, for the conclusion of my re- searches, is a curious and very appropriate coin, of the time of Alexander the Great, 333 B.C. About this period the Lycian language ceased to be used, and the Greek took its place upon the coins of the country. The gods of Greece had been repre- sented upon the coins a few years preceding this time, but the characters of the Greek language only appeared with the coins of the Lycian League, which are well known, in both silver and copper, for most of the cities extant diu-ing the fifty years after the reign of Alexander. There can be no doubt that the whole of the coins engraved in this Catalogue are of a date earlier than this period. The date of the commencement of my collection is less de- finite, and can be limited only by om' knowledge of coined money, some of these being amongst the earliest known. The state of art, the quadratum incusum for the obverse, and the type of a wild animal, each indicate the character of coins assigned to about 600 years before om' era; and from this portion of the world, the kingdom of Croesus, we have our first knowledge of coins ; the earlier countries of Egypt and Assyria had none be- fore this age. We thus place these coins between 600 and 333 before the Christian era. The next point is their country. I have hitherto, in order to be the better understood, spoken of Lycia, a name for the province only known to the Greeks, and never used by the people of the country. The word never occurs upon any coin or inscription found in, or belonging to, the country, until after the limit of our inquuy. Herodotus speaks of the Caunians, the Troes, and the Tramelee, the former carry- ing their manners and customs into the country of the latter; and I find that from the ancient Caunus in the west, as far as Cape Caledonia in the east, is traced the same art, sculpturing the rocks, building the tombs, inscribing the same language, and using the same mythology. These peculiarities are found on the coasts and up the several valleys, but never upon the high table-lands usually included within the limits of the map of Lycia in after times. The colom-ed portion of the accompany- ing Map includes all the country in which is found any trace of the art peculiar to the early inhabitants. It is to this dis- trict that we must assign our Coins ; and I shall ventm-e, upon endence which will follow, to subdivide this country into three Provinces, shown upon the Map by varied colom's, and occupied by the three tribes or peoples speaking, and spoken of, in tlic f) same language in the inscriptions and coins found in their coun- try, — the Caunians, the Troes, and the Tramelae. I am awai-e that the evidence I may produce is not conclusive ; but it is all we have ; and in my own mind I rest satisfied with my theory, although e^■er ready to yield to facts, however opposed to it. The characteristic feature in the district of Caunus is the ex- tensive and swampy valley of the river Calbis, which must ever have suited the habits of the wild-boar, now abounding in the country. The mountains of Calynda in the east separate this district from that of the Troes. The character of the country of Troas, or of the Troeite, is wholly mountainous. On the north it is bounded by the snowy Taurus, on the east by the almost equal heights of the Massicytus mountains, rising more than ten thousand feet above the sea-level, while in the midst of the country stand the mountains of Cragus and Anticragus. From the earliest legends we know that these mountains were haunted by the Chimsera, an animal represented as a she-lion, with a goat^s head rising from her back and a snake for her tail. I have observed in my Journal the legends of lions, still heard of and said to be killed by the present inhabitants. \^il- lages have Turkish names, — " Uslann Kooe," meaning Lion Village. The sculptured lion is seen on most of the tombs in the district. This mountainous country is cut off from the province of the Tramelse by a Cyclopean wall across the valley, or rather from the mountains on the east down to the river, about six miles above the city of Xanthus ; below this is the valley of the river, a wide level extending to the sea. Here the wild-boar is again found in abundance. This is the most Avesterly portion of the country of the Tramcljc ; from this valley as far to the cast as the laud extends, and where Mount Phoenicus rises from the Bay of Pamphylia, the country has the most varied features, of mountains rent with dark ravines, and rising in precipices of awfnl magnitude. Amidst these wild scenes are pastoral val- leys, where horses and cattle are bred at the present day, but carefully watched, from a fear of the leopards, or " catlanns,'' which steal down from the surrounding wooded mountains. The heights of Mount Climax, peering above Mount Phoenicus on the north-east, are the birth-place of poetry and wild imagina- tion. The flames still issue from the mountain, where the palm- tree {Phoenix) is indigenous and where the vultures hover, — fea- tures of the country which involuntarily remind us of the fables of the Phoenix. And this is the country of the Tramelae. Plates I. and II. are, I believe, Coins of the same country, and I assign them to the Caunians. I am aware of deficiency in proof of the correctness of this, but I venture to give it as my opinion, strengthened by several slight evidences. Plate I. No. 1 is inscribed KPB. This must be read KAU, which may indi- cate the name of the ancient city. The quadratum incusum and the art of Nos. 2 and 10 are so similar to No. 1, that I place them together. In Nos. 3, 4, 5, and in Plate II. No. 3, the ani- mals and their ornaments so strongly resemble those in Nos. 1 and 10, that I venture to indicate this important link, although perhaps the latter are half a century later in art. On these we have a four-pronged instrument upon the obverse, replacing the most ancient type on the former Coins, and we have decided Ly- cian characters forming a word, probably the name of the district in that language. It is a word found upon the stele or inscribed monument from Xanthus, and now in the British Museum, — line sixtv-one, on the south-east side, — TI^XXEF't'EBE. This 8 word, which is found upon two of the Coins named, is also upon Plate I. No. 6, and in Plate II. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, A^dth a slight difference of spelling, which is interesting and remarkable. Nos. 7 and 8 in Plate I. retain the same emblems upon the obverse, linking them to the others, and are inscribed PPi/, which I consider are the coins of Pisilis, a city near the mouth of the river Calbis. If I am correct in placing this Coin, it tends to identify all bearing the four-pronged instrument with this dis- trict. The wild-boar, as before observed, is the common animal of the country, whilst the ideal winged-lion and griffin may have been dreaded from the mountains of Calynda. For reasons which will appear hereafter, I suppose the Coins, Plate I. Nos. 1, 2, and 10, may be as early as 600 to 550 b.c. ; the others from 546 to 467 b.c In the Coins shown in Plates III. IV. and V., the uniform oc- currence of the scalp of a lion's head as the reverse, will serve to link them together; and this emblem induces me to place them in the proverbial district of lions, occupied by the Troes. Of these Coins we have none of the earliest date, the obverse being the triquetra, which I consider to have been first used about 546 B.C. The most recent Coins shown on these Plates are pro- bably Nos. 4 and 5 on Plate IV., where the triquetra is replaced by a female head. This disappearance of the triquetra I sup- pose to have occurred about 467 b.c Upon these Coins we have the name of TAI^FE, a word foimd upon the stele, line thirty, on the south-east side, TAj^FI^, and also upon the inscription, a decree by Pixodarus, in the Museum, This is the ancient name of one of the chief cities in the Troas, afterwards called by the Greeks Tlos, and discovered by me in 1838. Again we have in Plate III. Nos. 1, 2, 3, 1, and 5, and in Plate IV. Nos. 6 and 8, 9 the word TPBB'^A/EME, as found upon the stele, line eleven, on the south-east side, and read on the inscription as the people or district of the Troes, On Plate III. Nos. 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and in Plate IV. No. 7, we have the name MEXP^^^TP^, with a fish upon the field with the inscription. There is but one port or coast-town, and this is almost the only place upon the coast of Lycia that abounds in fish ; this place is called by the present inhabitants Mecre or Macri, by the ancient Greeks Telmessus; and, judging from these Coins, Mecra or Mecrapata by the still earlier inha- bitants. It may be seen in my Journal, that I describe the district forming the upper or northern portion of the valley of the Xan- thus as pre-eminently the corn-growing country of Lycia, and the district was called Sarzakee. We have Coins, Plate IV. Nos. 1 and 2, inscribed I^NP^+^, which we read Zajawa, and upon the field a grain of wheat. I am inclined to assign these to this district, feeling sure, from the lion's scalp, that they must belong to the Troes. No. 3, in the same Plate, inscribed F'^A, must be nearly connected in point of country with Nos. 1 and 7. There are many Lycian tombs at Araxa. We have only one large, indeed the largest, city in the Troas entirely without coins of this period ; and, on the other hand, by far the largest portion of our collection of this district is without a city. We have in Plate IV. one Coin, in Plate V. ten Coins, and in Plate VI. ten, in copper, all inscribed PI'PEKA^'. I can give no other reason for appropriating these Coins to the largest and most ancient pile of ruins of a city called by the Greeks Pinara; the inscriptions in the city are in the Lycian character, and of the same age as the Coins. It is curious to 10 observe that the only copper coins found of the age of the tri- quetra belong to this city, and upon these the lion's scalp is re- placed by the earliest of the gods, Pan. It is also curious that this name of Perekle never appears upon the stele ; upon several of the rock-tombs of Limyra the people buried are spoken of as Perekleans; and we have in Pinara the name of a son whose father is buried at Limyra. Plate VII. contains a series of Coins, vrhich I assign, for reasons hereafter given, to the period following the triquetra, and probably continuing during the century after 467 b.c, the period when Athens was at its zenith of art. I select these Coins from others seen on Plate XVII. of the same date, be- cause I think it probable that the inscription, and lion or Her- culean character, of these may associate them with the comitry of the Troes. The mythology of Greece is seen for the first time stealing into the coins of this country. About the same date we see, in the sculpture on the tomb of 11^ A ^, or ZAAAZ, at Cadyanda, with bilingual inscription, EKTnP in- scribed over a figure fighting, EKATOMNXIZ, ZEZKX2Z, and other names less known to us in history, over other fi- gures. In this Plate, Nos. 1, 2, 5, 6, and 8, are inscribed, with the name of either T'^A'^B or 'T'PBBEN ^, together or sepa- rately. I suggest that these may be for the city Tele, called by the Greeks Telemessus; whilst, almost adjoining, lie a mass of ruins, now called La\4sse, and probably by the ancient Greeks Hiera. The name of ■tPBBENI^ is seen on the stele, south- west side, line twenty ; and on the south-east, line thirty-five ; and there is also a curious emblem seen in the Coin No. 5, which only occurs again upon the Coin No. 10 in Plate III., which is of this city in the age of the triquetra. If tliis dis- 11 tribution of the Coins is correct, it is curious to observe the change substituting the head of Minerva for the triquetra, and the Greek language in the names of the cities. Nos. 3 and 4 are evidently the same as those already referred to ; No. 7, in- scribed ^POF'^TEI'^/E, is a name seen on the south-east side of the stele, line eighteen. Plate VIII. contains some of the earliest Coins. Nos. 1 and 2 are curious and important ; they are known as Coins found throughout the centre of Asia Minor, the ancient kingdom of Lydia, and from their early and peculiar art are assigned to about 600 to 550 b.c. These two specimens have a counter- mark of the triquetra, to sanction their passing current in the country under our consideration ; from this we must infer that the Coins may be prior to, but were in circulation dm'ing, the period of our triquetra. The very early Coin No. 3 is Hnked to No. 4, which has the triquetra of our country ; No. 5 is also allied to Nos. 6, 7, and 8, the latter with the triquetra and Lycian characters ; also No. 9. To these Coins I can assign no precise district, but feel sure that they must belong either to the mouth of the valley of the Xanthus, or to the Glaucus Sinus, the Bay of Macri. From their early character, and the indi- cation of a fisherj^, I am inclined to place them in the latter, probably at the foot of the mountains of Calynda, on the north of the bay, where alone, as I have said before, fish is abundantly found . We now commence with the Coins of the Tramelae. The next five Plates, IX. X. XI. XII. and XIII., containing forty- eight Coins, must be all of the same district, and probably city. They mostly bear the inscription KOPPAAE, a name rarely found upon our inscriptions, but seen on the north-cast. 12 line thirty -nine, and south-west, line sixteen, of the stele. In Plate XII. No. 7, we have APJ on one side of the Coin, and KOPPAAE on the reverse. Aiina was the name of the city of Xanthus before it was named by the Greeks; but I am in- clined to believe that the name of Arina was not given until nearly the end of the period of our inquiry, as the only in- stances of its occurring upon Coins are the one before us and that on No. 6 in Plate XVIII. : and this latter Coin must be- long to a period not long previous to the reign of Alexander; and bearing in mind that we are speaking of the chief city, it is very remarkable. This portion of our collection of Coins is in itself a study, having an endless variety in the types, and some of the greatest interest, as links to other kingdoms. In Plate IX. Nos. 9 and 10, Plate X. Nos. 9 and 10, the reverses are Assyrian types. The boar may belong to the plain of Xanthus, where alone it is found in the country of the Tramelse. The cattle of various kinds may be of the pastoral valleys, and those being devoured by lions the incidents of their neighbourhood ; but it is in vain to attempt to account for the varied devices, and all of this district or city of Koprlle. It may be obsen-ed that, with the excep- tion of Nos. 1, 7, and 9, in Plate XI., there is no tendency to the mythology of the Greeks dming the period of these Coins. From the overpowering proportions in numbers and types of coins, I should feel inclined to give these to the capital and largest mass of ruins forming the site of the city in later times called Xanthus. In Plates XIV. XV. and XVI. we have Coins varying in their inscription from the latter Plates. These are in some respects linked together by the circumstance that the subjects on the re- 13 verse are almost wholly ideal animals^ and many of them borne upon shields, — the griffin, the winged pig, winged horses, and winged stags. In Plate XVI. No. 1, the Pegasus is prancing over the head of a goat, doubtless a part of the legend of the Chimsera. On many of these decidedly Lycian coins we have symbols seen also in the coins of Cyprus. From this circumstance, and the wild poetic character of the scenery in the eastern portion of the country of the Tramelse, I place these Coiiis to the southern and eastern part of this province. In Plate XIV. Nos. 1, 2, and 3, we have Coins of the same city, the inscriptions upon which have not as yet been found upon the monuments of the country. Nos. 5 and 6 are inscribed V^APENA, a name often found and seen in lines nineteen and forty-five, vJ/^PEN [^ on the north- west of the stele. It is remarkable that the more modern form of the letter A is seen in these Coins alone. In Plate XV. Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are the Coins of FtM/\\1^Pt. On our stele we have Ff^M/Z/l'PAAE/VXE, forty-fourth line, on the south- west side. On these Coins we have a duoquetra, as well as the usual triquetra. On Nos. 8 and 9 we have this duoquetra with a three-pronged instrument attached. The inscriptions on these and on No. 7 are as yet undeciphered. In No. 1 the reverse is interesting ; it is the legend of Hercules carrying away the Del- phic tripod. In Plate XVI. No. 3, we have again an inscription for which no interpretation can be given. We have now glanced over the two first periods of the Coins of Lycia, — assigning the earliest — indicated by the quadratum incusum — to the north-western portion, probably entirely to the country of the Caunians, a people which Herodotus leads us to understand were the first colony that settled on this coast from the island of Crete. The age of the triquetra succeeds. 14 and comprehends or extends over the country of the Troes and the Tramelse^ from probably the commencement of their coinage down to the period of which we are about to speak ; the exact date of which I conceive to be the battle of the Eurymcdon, 476 B.C., when the Persian power in Lycia was finally van- quished. I may here quote the opinions of the late Mr. J. R. Stewart, an able antiquary, who had, during his travels and researches in Persia, much opportunity of comparing Oriental with European ancient art. He wrote to me as follows : — " I have spoken of the symbol so constantly occurring on the Lycomedian Coins, imder the term of triquetra : but it occasionally appears with four or only two prongs. On one specimen (Plate X. No. 5) one of the prongs is studded or embossed in such a manner as to iso- late or detach it from the others ; so that we may conclude the entii'e symbol to be composed of a single element, variously repeated or combined, indicative of some national union of the different States which appear to have composed the Lycian com- monwealth. "VMien Lycia was conquered for Cyrus, it is pre- sumed by Mr. Sharpe, and, in my opinion, with great justice, that it remained under the control of Harpagus, in whose family the government was probably continued. It may thus have gra- dually acquired a certain independence : one of the privileges of which it evidently possessed, namely that of coining its own money; nay, if I am not mistaken, these Coins actually com- memorate the name of the founder. The instrument already noticed is no other than a crook or crotchet; in Greek, har- payo. Neither is it unknown in numismatics, since it appears on the coins of Arpi, a town in Apulia, offering in botli cases a symbolic allusion ; — on these to the name of the city, on tlie 15 others to the name of the founder." The arguments in this letter, written to me in the year 1841, might be strengthened by the farther evidence shown in my present collection. Plate I. No. 4, has a knotted cord through the centre of the instrument, suiting it for a grappler, to be thrown into the rigging of the enemy's galley ; and in Plate IX. No. 7, the instrument is varied with the ornament of cocks' heads. Bearing in mind the various works of art and the inscriptions found in Lycia, I see no reason against the date of the com- mencement of the use of the triquetra upon the Coins being at the time of the conquest of this country by Harpagus. History gives us the date recording his landing at Halicarnassus, on the coast of Caria, and taking with him mercenaries from the mari- time cities, 546 b.c. We have no coins before this date, except- ing those I have referred to Caunus, which also afterwards fell under the same monogram. It is not improbable that the art of coinage was carried from its cradle in Lydia, by Harpagus, who conquered Lycia for Cyrus. The stele or inscribed Monument at Xanthus, a cast of which is now in the British Museum, is and will be, when more studied, a most important historical monument. The first line of the Greek portion of the inscription is copied from the ode of Si- monides on the battle of Eurymedon, 467 b.c We glean from the remainder that Kaias, the son of Harpagus, had erected a monument to commemorate great %dctories, and that Kaias had taken many cities, with the assistance of Athena. This Kaias I conceive to be the descendant of Harpagus, the founder of the family, and conqueror of Lycia. The only monument of Greek art in the country was in the city of Xanthus, and is the Ionic trophy-monument now in the British Museum, displaying in its 16 many sculptured figures the gi'eat deeds of Harpagus, seen as an Oriental cliicf, aided by Greek mercenaries. This places the stele or its inscription at a date a little after the erection of the trophy-monument, and I think almost immediately after the battle of Eurymedon. The inscription on the south-west side states this stele to be the tomb of the son of Harpagus. This would give about eighty years for the joint reigns of Harpagus, after his conquest of the country, and of his descendants, who built these splendid monuments to commemorate the deeds of the family of Harpagus ; and to this period I assign the use of the triquetra upon the coins. On the south-east side, line fifty- nine, we read the name of Artaxerxes. We must now consider the Coins in Plate XVII. The first six shown have upon them the same Oriental head, accompanied by the same emblem or monogram, and doubtless represent the same chief or governor in Lycia. It is the first instance of por- traiture or a human head upon the coins of this country. If I am correct in my reasoning, I believe the Coin No. 1 to repre- sent the chief, and on the reverse his name or monogram, and this prior to the Persians being finally vanquished at the battle of the Eurymedon. To effect this end, Cimon brought the aid of the Athenians, and from this period the head of Athena, the ally of the Lycian chiefs, is always seen upon the coins. About this period the same tribute of acknowledgment was paid on the coins of Cyprus. Although the emblem — I think I may ven- ture to say Persian emblem — of the triquetra has disappeared, the characters of the language still continue and encircle the Greek head of Minerva. On five of these Coins is the word AAl^NI'F^Atj the meaning of which I cannot attempt to ex- plain. The monogram or letters being continued with the head 17 upon the Coin, must, I think, indicate the name of the chief. If our inscription is the name of a district or city, it is unknown to us, and is not found upon any of the monuments. The Coin No. 7, probably one of a succeeding chief, is without the monogram, and is inscribed fiPTOXPliPf^. With this word om- inscrip- tions make us familiar, and it is doubtless the name of the chief represented. This name appears under a sculptured battle-scene on the rock- tombs at Limyra; and Ave find the son of Arttoapara is buried at Pinara. Reviewing this Coin makes me the more certain that the monogram must have been the name of the other chief represented. In Plate XVIII. the Coins are Greek, save the characters of the inscriptions ; on Nos. 1 and 2, the Coins of Patara, is seen the head of Mercury, with the emblem and attire of the Greek god. We have PTTfikPfi on the south-west side of the stele, line thirty-eight ; the reverse is still Athena, the ally of the Lycians. No. 3 is the city of f^'^/f^ P^, which has adopted the same god. Nos. 4, 5, and 8 have the duoquetra, which was found only upon the coins of the same city, and with the trace of Lycian characters induce me to claim them for my collec- tion; No. 6 is a Coin of Arina, and 7 of V'' P^ E, a name com- mon upon the stele ; on the south-west, lines forty-two and forty-three, on the south-east, line twenty-three. These cities have each devoted theii' coins to Minerva, and within probably a few years adopted the Greek language. About this period I place the bilingual inscription in the British JNIuseum, a decree of Pixodarus, King of Caria, in 334 b.c, which, from the form of the letters and the discontinuance of the points of separation between the words, I consider to Ijc the latest inscription which 18 I have seen in the Lycian language. This brings me to the beantiful Coin of Alexander, which has a Greek inscription; 1)ut upon it is registered the types of the conquered races of Lycia, — the triquetra, beneath his throne, and the head of an Oriental chief, at his feet. The chronological table prefixed to this Work typifies the ob- ject of my attempt, but may require some few remarks in expla- nation. The arrow-headed lines shoAv the periods of the vari- ous groups of coins. The examination of the art alone of the " Ilarpy Tomb/' the fragments of the three statues, and of the Harpy upon a column, will place these nearly 600 years before our era. The " Lion Tomb" is of a more eastern style of art, but of almost equally early date. I have every reason to believe that many thousands of the tombs cut in the rocks are also of this age ; their weather-beaten appearance and more simple construction, as well as their position in the cliffs, honeycombed with these excavated tombs, place them at an earlier period than many of the groups of rock -tombs to which we have now been enabled to fix a date; — upon these earlier tombs no in- scriptions remain legible. The Gothic-shaped tombs at Anti- phcllus and Telmessus may be somewhat more ancient than the tomb of Paiafa the Satrap, which stood at Xanthus, and is now in the collection at the British Museum; all these belong to the period when the Persian power was dominant in Lycia. Of the date of the " Inscribed Monument," the tomb of Kaias, and of the " Trophy Monument," which Kaias erected, we have already spoken. The battle-scene sculptm*ed upon the rock- tomb at Limyra, which is linked, by its inscription, to others of the surrounding monuments, is of the age of a succeeding 19 chief, after the battle of Eurymedon. The coloured tombs at Myra follow this date. The next monument is, I think, an important historical document; it is a sculptured tomb near the ruins of the city of Cadyanda, discovered by me in 1840. This tomb speaks to us in three languages, — its sculpture, and its Lycian and Greek names for the various figures represented. We read that it is the tomb of Zala, or, in Greek, Salas. Hecatom- nus, the first figure in the family group, is represented as a youth. A name is inscribed over each figure, — Seskos, Mesos, and others. These names are upon a magnificent tomb on the northern confines of Lycia, and must be associated with the history of the immediate neighbom'hood of Caria. At the bottom of my Plate we have a decree by Pixodarus, who calls himself son of Hecatomnus, fi-om the nature of which I infer that he was satrap or king of Lycia, as well as of Caria. At Halicarnassus, within a few miles, was the tomb of Mausolus, another son, who was also a king or satrap of Caria. Class- ing this monument, from its art and relative antiquity, with the other monuments, I am led to suppose that this Salas was the father of Hecatomnus, and grandfather of Pixodarus and Mausolus. The tomb is worthy of a satrap, and is as beautiful as the one at Xanthus, recording the title of its occupant. If this idea is correct, it would be important in history, as sup- plying the name and burial-place of the father of Hecatomnus, Avho was the father of the two Carian kings. The pedestal monument at Tlos, of Ezraza, a cast of which is in the British Museum, belongs to this period. Amongst the most recent of the rock-tomljs I place the Ionic sculptured temples at Tel- mess us. .^0 The last monument noticed on my table is an inscription found at Xanthus, and from its date is not strictly witliin the limit of our inquiry ; but it is important as supplying to history the fact that Lycia, 275 B.C., received its laws from Ptolemy Philadelphus. \ «» r H'tlilil tirs '¥[ iiillitl^li liili',' i ll"l-liilllllil''llli'iil 1 !