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 m/i .
 
 BIBLE MAPS: 
 
 OR, 
 
 A HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS 
 
 OF 
 
 SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY: 
 
 WHEREIN 
 
 THE AJfCIENT AUTHOEITIES AEE VEEIFIED AND COREECTED FEOM THE 
 
 INFOEMATION OF TEAVELLERS AJSTD WEITEES 
 
 UP TO THE PEESENT TIME. 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM HUGHES, F.R.G.S. 
 
 FOURTH EDITION. 
 
 LONDON: 
 JOHN W. PARKEE AND SON, WEST STRAND. 
 
 M DCCC LIT.
 
 LONDON ; 
 
 SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, 
 
 COVENT GARDEN.
 
 Stack 
 Annex 
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 3/^ 
 
 Page 
 PREFACE V 
 
 I. 
 
 ARMENIA, MESOPOTAMIA, SYRIA, &C., IN THE TIME OF THE PATRIARCHS 11 
 
 II. 
 CANAAN DURING THE PATRIARCHAL AGES ... 13 
 
 III. 
 JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN 15 
 
 IV. 
 CANAAN AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TRIBES 19 
 
 V. 
 
 SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 21 
 
 VI. 
 THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL 23 
 
 VII. 
 ASSYRIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA ; ILLUSTRATING THE CAPTIVITIES OF THE JEWS 25 
 
 VIII. 
 PALESTINE AND PART OF PH(ENICIA ; ILLUSTRATING THE NEW TESTAMENT 29 
 
 IX. 
 
 PLAN OF ANCIENT JERUSALEM 31 
 
 X. 
 
 THE TRAVELS OF ST. PAUL 33 
 
 XI. 
 
 PALESTINE, AND THE ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA, AS DIVIDED UNDER THE TURKISH GOVERN- 
 MENT 35 
 
 XII. 
 
 EGYPT, AND PART OF ARABIA, INCLUDING THE PENINSULA OF MOUNT SINAI 37 
 
 INDEX TO THE MAPS 41 
 
 INDEX TO THE EXPLANATORY MEMOIRS 47 
 
 2008154
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 In an age which has been so proUfic as the present in works treating upon every department of 
 Scriptural learning, the production of a new set of ' BiBLE Maps' may, at first sight, appear to 
 many persons to stand in need of some apology. A little consideration will, however, show those 
 whose first impressions may incline them to think thus, that the best justification of such a work is 
 to be found in the natm-e of the subject to which it relates — viz.. Geography. All science is 
 eminently 'prorjressive in its nature ; every fresh insight into its domains only stimulates the beholder 
 to endeavom- to obtain other and more extensive views; every new fact which is acquired is associated 
 with other facts, and serves, with them, to form the groundwork for further investigations, and 
 to open a path to yet wider acquisitions. The world of intelligence is not limited by any impassable 
 ocean, like that on the shores of which Alexander wept to think that there were no more worlds to 
 conquer; and if the adventurer in the regions of science is stayed from further conquests, it is the 
 ocean of tiTne which constitutes his limits, — if he sheds tears, it is on account of the bounded nature 
 of his faculties and powers, and not for want of other and more extensive worlds. Attended, how- 
 ever, from age to age by fresh votaries, each, in succession, profiting by the labors of those who 
 have preceded them, science is ever offering to her followers a more fertile domain to labor in, and 
 a richer temple in which they may pay their homage. Nor, among the many divisions of this 
 edifice, are there any which are more indebted for their value to the continual accumulation of ages 
 than that devoted to Geogi'aphy. Other branches of learning may have sprung into comparative 
 greatness through the exertions of individual genius, or the labors of the critic and historian may seem 
 to have exhausted the resources of centuries, but the progress of Geography must always depend 
 upon the gradual acquisition of facts, and the increased appUauce of the powers of observation. As 
 long as the spirit of inquiry promj^ts man to seek for new tiiiths in reference either to the organic 
 or inorganic parts of creation, and his intelligence leads him to classify and arrange them. Geography 
 will be every day in a more advanced condition than at a preceding period, and will, therefore, 
 requne to be constantly displayed in its improved state to those whose disposition inclines them to 
 engage in its pursuit. 
 
 This progressive increase in the amount of geographical information is not more perceptible in 
 reference to countries which have become known, or of which the inliabitants have attained to 
 civilisation, within a recent period, than in regard to some of those which have long occupied a 
 conspicuous place in the world's history, and to none more than Palestine and other parts of Syria 
 and Western Asia. Syria has, since the earliest records of man, been the scene of events of the 
 deepest interest to humanity; the banners of the nations of the East and the West, of ancient and 
 modern times, have floated over its plains, and the arms of the countless thousands of their warriors 
 glittered upon its hiUs; it has been successively under the dominion of tlie Assyrian, the Persian, 
 the Greek, the Roman, the Tmk, and the Egyptian; it contains the Promised Land of the Jews, 
 and the Holy Land of the Christian; princes have bent the knee at its shrines, and pilgrims from 
 aU parts of the earth hastened, in spite of danger and suffering, to kiss its consecrated ground ; the 
 eyes of the civihsed world are at present directed towards it; and stiU every day makes us the 
 more sensible how little we really know, not merely of its natural productions, and of its inha- 
 bitants, but even of the actual configuration of its surface, of that which forms the basis of its past 
 and present geogTaphy. The little knowledge which we do possess of the Geography of Palestine 
 has been almofst solely acquired during the present century, and is now happily constantly increasing 
 in extent and value. The greater facilities which recent times have presented for the passage of 
 Europeans through the country have enabled travellers of ability to apply their powers of research 
 in parts of it which had lain concealed and almost unknown for centuries, and to disinter from 
 among the accumulated dust and ruins of ages the mouldering remains of former greatness and 
 prosperity.
 
 vi PREFACE. 
 
 The bearing of these acquisitions of recent and present times upon Biblical Geography is direct 
 and imjjortant. As all ancient geography which is of any value to students in modem times consists 
 in the appUcation of descriptions of the 2Mst to the reahties of the present, it is necessary, in order 
 that it may possess its full worth, that it shoiild be based upon a knowledge of the actual condition 
 of the country to which it appUes. In the absence of this knowledge, the numerous attempts 
 successively made to illustrate the Geography of the Bible have been in too many instances based 
 upon mere conjectures, sometimes supported only by vague etymological analogies drawn from the 
 writings of Greek and Roman antiqmty, and often showing how little the framers of them reaUy 
 Jcnew of Palestine, but which have, in almost all cases, been disproved by the ajapliance of modem 
 observation. This woidd have been of comjjaratively httle imjDortance if, as new facts were acquired, 
 they had been constantly made use of, and applied as tests of the worth of preconceived hyj^otheses. 
 But it has unfortunately happened that, either from the ignorance or carelessness of the greater 
 number of the compilers of ' Scriptm-e Atlases,' a large amount of real and available information 
 has either not yet been appUed to the illustration of the geography of the sacred volume, or else it 
 has been mixed up with long-received conjectures in such a manner as to make the ascertained truth 
 subservient to the hypothesis, instead of confirming or rejecting the latter according as it corre- 
 sponded or not with the former. The result has, of course, been to confuse, rather than elucidate, 
 the subject; and the great majority of the maps professing to illustrate the Bible, mostly copied 
 from others of a similar description, and inheriting, in succession, the absurdities and puerile conjec- 
 tures of former times, present accordingly a mass of confusion in which it is impossible for the 
 inexperienced student to separate the true from the false, or the known from the conjectural.* 
 Even if this were possible, and if the most recent infoiTuation had been made use of in the illustra- 
 tion of Biblical Geography, still, as the materials for forming it into a correct system are always 
 accumulating, the task of collecting and analysing them would constantly require to be undertaken 
 anew. 
 
 It is for the foregoing reasons, then, that we think a collated and improved series of ' Bible 
 Maps' will constitute a useful addition to the library of the Scriptural student, and a valuable com- 
 panion and guide to every reader of the sacred volume. We have not thought it necessaiy to dwell 
 here upon the importance which is to be attached to the Geogi'aphy of the Scriptures, or it would 
 not be difficult to point out how important an influence the physical features of such a country as i 
 Palestine must necessarily have exercised over the manners, the feelings, and all that constituted the 
 rudional character of its inhabitants; how they must have formed the imagery of its prophets and 
 poets; and, as the scenes by which its writers were surrounded, and amidst which its people dwelt, 
 how they ought to be present to the mind of the reader of the Bible to render him susceptible of 
 emotions correspondent to those expressed in its pages, and to enable him to understand the trans- 
 actions which they record. But tlie Bible is manifestly and admittedly a work which, more jJerhaps 
 than any otlier, renders necessaiy a knowledge of the nature and situation of the places mentioned 
 in it, in order that it may be read with advantage. If any evidence besides the necessity of such a 
 knowledge which must be felt by every reader were required to show the importance of Scripture 
 Geograpliy, it would be found in looking over the list of the names of the learned and able critics and 
 commentators, including Bochart, Calmet, Leclerc, and Micliaiilis, who have devoted themselves to its 
 illustration. In this Atlas, and the Memoirs by which it is accompanied, we have endeavoured to 
 embody the most valuable of the results of their labors with such increased information as the 
 discoveries and researches of the present age have placed in our possession. It differs from other 
 works professing to possess a similar character in the following important particulars. 
 
 I 
 
 • Any per.-ion may be satisfied of tlie justice of these re- 
 marks by merely )flancing at any of the Scripture Atlases in 
 (Mimmon use. Thus, in one or two even of those recently 
 piibliHlied, we find indicated such lociilities a-s ' Deborah's 
 Palm Tree," ' Al.raliam's Tent," 'The ThrcshinK-lloor of 
 IJoiiz,' ' The Tents of Lot after separatin;,' from Abraham,' 
 the cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, ic, and numerous absurdi- 
 ties of a similar description, freipiently to the rjrrlu.iinii of 
 
 monly <;iven of the ' Journeys of the Israelites,' which is 
 chielly based upon the authority of the bygone conjectures 
 of Calmet, presents a curious example of laborious intricacy 
 and studious diiliculties, to say nothing of the physical im- 
 possibilities which our present knowledge of the country 
 shows it to involve. A similar rcmarlc api)lics to the plajis 
 given of ' Jerusalem and its Environs,' which profess to 
 specity everything, even the form of the streets, and sitna- 
 
 real infonnation, and in all cases without any distinguishing ! tion of particular dwellings, on a subject upon which wcniav 
 sign by the aid of which the student may discriminate l)c- be said t« i:)wiv comparatively nothing. 
 twecn them and that which is really known. The map com- I
 
 PREFACE. vii 
 
 Firstly : It is tlie chief characteristic of tlie present Atlas to distinguish throughout between 
 that wliioh is ktunvn and that which is merely conjediMvI. Nothing is here set down as belonging 
 to the former class which really falls under the denomination of the latter. It is not, we believe, 
 generally known that the greater number of the places mentioned in the Bible which appear in 
 Scripture maps are inserted according to the positions assigned to them by Josephus, Eusebius, or 
 Jerome, during whose lifetime many places in Palestine which have since perished were still in 
 existence, and who have preserved in their writings the distances between them and weU-known 
 places. But the positions thus deduced can only be regarded as approximating towards accm-acyj 
 and as indicating the neighbourhood rather than the actual situation of such places. On the other 
 hand, the discovery, in numerous instances, of ruins which bear to the present day the names of 
 Scrijjtural localities, in conjunction with other circumstances which leave no doubt with regard to 
 the places of which they are the representatives, enables the geographer to indicate with precision 
 the situation of many places of frequent mention in the Bible. The number of places of this 
 description has been very considerably increased during the last few years, in the course of which 
 the scenes of some of the most interesting transactions of the patriarchal and later Scriptural ages 
 have been, for the first time, visited by Europeans.* Places of the latter class, together with such 
 as have preserved, even in modern times, some share of imjDortance, comprise all the known localities 
 of Bibhcal geography, and are, as such, entitled to a distinction from the rest. We have indicated 
 such throughout this series of maps, by the use of a circular sign, thus, ; the names now borne 
 by places thus marked may, in most instances, be found in the modem maps appended to the work, 
 or where this was found impracticable, they have been inserted after the ancient in writing of a 
 different character. The doubtful nature of the situations assigTied to all places not comprised in 
 the last-mentioned class is pointed out, in the case of towns, by the use of a square sign, thus, Q ; 
 and in regard to districts, rivers, &c., by the insertion of a note of interrogation after their names. 
 By thus placing before the eye of the student an indication of the amount of authenticity to be 
 attached to the contents of each map, and presenting him, as it were, with an analysis of its 
 construction, we beUeve that clearer ideas will be conveyed of the difficulties in which some portions 
 of Biblical geography are involved, and of the means employed for their elucidation, and many of 
 the evils usually attendant on the use of ancient maps will be thereby obviated. It is scarcely 
 necessary to state that the foundation upon which all the maps are constructed embodies the latest 
 and most authentic geographical and topographical information which can be collected from the 
 various authorities in reference to Palestine. 
 
 Secondly : A strictly chronological arrangement is observed throughout in the delineation of 
 boundaries and the insertion of names of places, so that Scriptural, classical, and modem appellations 
 are not here, as in most works, prepared for the illustration of ancient geography, confusedly mixed 
 together without regard to the period of history to which they relate, but, by paying due regard to 
 the order of time, are so arranged as to present the student with delineations of the actual condition 
 of the coimtries represented at successive periods. The present is, therefore, entitled to be regarded 
 as an historical as well as geographical series of maps, exhibiting the Holy Laud, and the sixrrounding 
 regions, during its successive periods of independence, and its subjection to other joowers, and 
 concluding with a map of its condition under the Turkish sway, and another of Egypt, — the country 
 most intimately allied with it in institutions and manners, and which has, in all ages, exercised so 
 important an influence over its destinies. 
 
 Thirdly: Since there are many circumstances relating to the physical configin-ation and other 
 geographical features of a coimtiy which carmot well be expressed upon maps on so small a scale as 
 that to which we are restricted, such as the elevation or depression of particular districts, the height 
 of mountains, and similar matters, it has been thought desirable to append to each map a short 
 Memoir embodying such particulars We are thereby enabled to point out the principal features in 
 which the map differs from those of a similar description hitherto published, and to notice briefly 
 
 * Among these may be mentioned the discovery, by Dr. | undertaken expressly for the illustration of Biblical Geo- 
 Eobinson and the Rev. E. Snuth, of the ruins of the ancient gi-aphy. Juunuil uf Eoyal Geugraphical Society, vol ix. 
 Beer-sheba, (still bearing the name of Bu'-es-seba,) and many j p. 297; and American Biblical JJfyo^j'fory, 1839, vol. i. 
 other places of similai- interest, in the yeai- 1838, in a journey part ii.
 
 viii PEEFACE. 
 
 the reasons for which, on some hj'pothetical questions of Scriptural geogi-aphj-, conclusions have been 
 adopted which differ from those generally received. To preclude misimderstanding as to their 
 purport, we wish here to state distinctly that it is by no means the object of these 'Memoirs' to 
 supply such information, in reference to the condition of coimtries or towns, as it would be necessary 
 to insert in a Dictionary or Cycloptedia of the Bible. Details of this kind must be sought by the 
 student in some of the many works expressly bearing this character, and we may refer to the 
 ■'Bible Cyclopajdia' as one to which the present Atlas will be found peculiarly adapted. The papers 
 accompanying this series of maps are merely to be considered as constituting an Appendix to them 
 of the nature and pm-pose already described. 
 
 Lastly: An Index, compiled with extreme care, embodying the names of all the places inserted 
 in the maps, together with their modern appellations in those instances in which they ai'e known, 
 and showing the latitude and longitude of each place, with a reference to the map in which it may 
 be found, is appended to this Atlas. This Index comprehends the names of all those jilaces men- 
 tioned in the Bible to which positions can be assigned with accm-acy sufficient to wan'ant their 
 insertion upon a map ; those, therefore, which are not found in it must be regarded as intentionally 
 omitted, as it appears to us desirable in the present imperfect state of our knowledge of Palestine, 
 rather to confess our ignorance than to mislead the student by an appearance of accuracy 
 unwarranted by fact. The modern names are in Italic characters, as Kahlus, and it wiU be seen 
 that they are inserted both after the ancient names and also in their proper alphabetical order in 
 the first column of the Index, so that a reference either to the Scriptural or modern name of a place 
 win enable any one to find it immediately upon the map. In some cases the classical are also added 
 to the Scriptm-al names of places, fi-om which they are distingiiished by being enclosed wthin a 
 parenthesis, thus (NeapoUs). In instances of the names of districts or extensive tracts of country, 
 the latitude and longitude given are those of the principal town which they contained, and in ranges 
 of mountains, that of their highest summit. In such names as do not possess a distinguishmg featm-e 
 of this kind, the centre of the space to which they apply has been taken, as affording the most 
 convenient point for reference, except in regard to rivers, of which the latitude and longitude of the 
 som-ces (if contained -ivithin the map) axe given. Where we have shoi^-n the different positions which 
 have been assigned to a jDlace by various Biblical critics, the situation of each of them is in most 
 cases pointed out by the Index. 
 
 We trust that these disting-uishing featm-es of this Atlas wiU be found to give to the work a 
 value which will render it better qualified than any Scriptural Atlas hitherto published to become a 
 really useful Geogrcqyhlcal guide to all classes of readers of the Bible.
 
 EXPLANATORY MEMOIRS 
 
 ON 
 
 THE MAPS. 
 
 B
 
 I. 
 
 ARMENIA, MESOPOTAMIA, SYRIA, &c, IN THE TIME OF THE 
 
 PATRIARCHS. 
 
 In commencing our series vnth the present Map, we have deviated from the usual practice 
 hy the omission of a Map of part of the Old World, professing to show 'The primitive settlements 
 of the Descendants of Noah,' that is, to assign a locality to each of the tribes or nations supposed 
 to have been originated by the primeval fathers who are mentioned in the tenth chapter of Genesis. 
 In so doing we are far from wishing to undervalue the learned researches which have been 
 entered U23on in reference to this subject, or to question the probabilities which attach to many 
 of their conclusions: but the results, whether correct or not, are not of a nature to be usefully 
 exhibited in a map, which in this case involves the en'or of exhibiting as simultaneous, events 
 which could only have been gradual in their progress, and some of which must have taken place 
 at very distant intei-vals of time. The most probable of the conclusions arrived at appear to 
 be, — that the descendants of Japheth were the original colonisers of the whole of Europe, and 
 the northern and central regions of Asia; the names of Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, and Tiras, 
 being supposed to be traced in the Cimmerians, the Mongols, the Medes, (or, according to some, 
 the Macedonians,) the lonians, and the Thracians; and Tubal and Meshech being found in various 
 Scythian and Tartar tribes : — that the descendants of Shem became the possessors of the southern 
 and eastern parts of Asia, where the names of Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram, are 
 respectively appropriated to Elymais (part of ancient Persia), Assyria, Chaldse (the origiual 
 country of the Hebrews), Lydia, and Syria: — and that Ham and his descendants colonised 
 Africa and Arabia, the name of Gush being appropriated at different times to various parts of 
 the country lying between Khuzistan on the Persian Gulf, and the African Ethiopia, to the south 
 of Egypt; Mizraim beiag applied to Egypt, Phut to Northern Lybia, and Canaan to the original 
 possessors of the countries of Palestine and Phcenicia.* Without dwelling further on topics so 
 obscure, we proceed to notice one or two points in reference to the geography of the countries 
 exhibited in the Map which forms the commencement of our series. 
 
 The country of Armenia constitutes an extensive table-land, which supports the numerous 
 lofty chains of mountains by which it is crossed, and which is itself from 6000 to 7000 feet 
 above the sea; it contains in the elevated valleys between its mountains the sources of the largest 
 rivers of Western Asia, which flow from it on all sides in different directions. The modern 
 town of Erz-rtim (lat. 39° 55', long. 41° 10') has been recently determined to have an elevation 
 of 6] 00, and the lake of Van of 5470 feet, above the level of the Black Sea.f The loftiest 
 summit in Ai'menia is that of Ararat, consisting of two peaks, both of which rise into the 
 regions of perpetual snow, and are separated by a wide chasm: the highest of them is 17,260 
 feet above the sea. Armenia is connected on the south by mountainous districts of considerable 
 elevation with the great plain of MesoiJotamia, the descent to which from the mountain region 
 is in some places rapid and abrupt. Recent investigations have shown that considerable changes, 
 owing to the ojieration of natural causes, are constantly taking place in the districts at the head 
 of the Persian Gulf; the Euphrates, Tigris, and other rivers flowing into it, carrying down 
 from the higher regions, and depositing at their mouths, vast quantities of sediment, and thus 
 continually enlarging the extent of the lower part of the region through which they flow.+ 
 
 * Yia\6i New Anal ysis of Chronology ; 'B.enxmg a Inquiry 
 into the Progressive Colonisettion oftheEarth ; andtlieworks 
 of Bochart, Calmet, Mede, Sir W. Jones, and others. 
 
 sented as doing in anj' map hitherto published. 
 
 % Researches in Aasyria, Babylonia, and Chaldcea, 
 forming part of the Labours of the Euphrates Expedition, 
 
 t Notes on a Tour through part of Kurdistan, by James , by W. Ainsworth, Esq., pp. 108 — 147. Mr. Ainsworth in- 
 
 Brant, Esq., Her Majesty's Vice-Cons\il at Erz-riun, in ' forms us that in the months of December and Januaiy, in the 
 
 1838; — A(heni('um,'No. 634. In the course of this jomiiey, ' latter of which the waters of the Euphrates are most loaded 
 
 in which Mr. Brant was accompanied by Mr. A. G. Gla.scott, i witli mud, he found the quantity of sediment mechanically 
 
 E.N.. it was ascertained that (lie Lake Van extends nearly ' suspended in tlicm to be equal to one-eightieth pai-t of the 
 
 thirty miles further to the north-east than it Iiad been repre- i bulk of the fluid. 
 
 B 2
 
 12 ARMENIA, &c., IN THE TIME OF THE PATRIARCHS. 
 
 As these causes must have been iu operation in all ages, it appears jjrobable that at the time to 
 which the Map refers the gulf extended beyond its present limits, as far northward as the 
 dotted line marked on the Map. We have necessarily delineated the lower courses of these 
 rivei'S as they are at the present day, although it appears unquestionable that many alterations 
 have been effected in the du-ectiou of their channels. The Tigris and Euphrates formerly kept 
 distinct courses to the gulf, and did not become united in a single stream until after the time of 
 Alexander the Great. 
 
 The jjositions assigned in this Map to the cities founded by Nimrod and Asshur, in the 
 land of Shiuar and in Assyria, are those which have been regarded by most Biblical critics as 
 possessing the greatest share of probability, with the exception of Erech, for the ascertained 
 site of which we are indebted to very recent inqmi-ers. The late ' Euplirates Expedition' passed 
 by, on the west, a gigantic mound, called by the Arabs Irak, Irka, or Senkerah, which is 
 described as towering in superior magnitude above those which surround it. This mound almost 
 unquestionably marks the site of the Erech of the early Scriptures, and on account of the interest 
 thus attaching to it, as well as for the sake of the striking picture which it presents of the present 
 aspect of the countiy in which it is situated, we may be excused for quoting a remark of 
 Mr. Ainsworth's upon it and similar remains in the same region. He observes that 'no 
 monuments in Babylonia and Chaldaea apjiear to be more valid regarding the antiquity and 
 Assyrian origin of sites, than the lofty artificial mounds of which the present degenerate hordes 
 of the tent and the spear relate so many fabulous tales, but which almost everywhere jjresent 
 themselves, when there are also other strong grounds of presumption of an Assyrian or Chaldaeo- 
 Babylonian origin. These colossal piles are found domineering over the dreary waste, to the 
 uniformity of which they offer a striking contrast; being visible at great distances, and although 
 thrown by the slirdb or mirage into strange and contorted shapes, yet they always appear, when 
 seen upon the verge of the horizon, as if possessing colossal dimensions, and produce an effect, 
 in point of grandeur and magnificence, which cannot be imagined in any other situation.'* 
 
 * Researches in Assyria, pp. 12.5, 126.
 
 "f ih^ natlfruT H'At>.rf Itinds trrrr fn\imi.tni ttj .ihrii 
 
 i/rnrinl nnntr thr tiU ttw anl'f^ ea^t »>/' r/i* Jnr^tut 
 
 rii^rnlf of SiilAim ■ in tvhir/i tfi-r^ .rtttuirrd thr 
 citif,i.- of .trulom^ <iof'ifrmA.jldtn/ih< A- JFehoirn t'nthnhh/ 
 fomi'i-^iirtittfd pnr^ of thr /'n^.trw/ he<i nf U»r \\'aii 
 vfDf-iiti Srti ttitfvttirr u-ilh thr plain at ita joutfirrft 
 c^rtrr*ittt§/. frrtt'i'ii.f t^ ffir rfrnf rr/iitrti in firt%J[lX 
 i'7 thr r.rtrnt nf fitiji UtA-p ifuii/ p^r/uifur hiifr 
 bfm /fj^ thnn at firtvre/tt ttll/»»inif iftratr^ dimen^U 
 fntha I'i^tuiofJi>nittn"ithtrh mt/rn/f.r i\in/i.l ir.r .tnf<;< 
 
 t f>t)tn t?r<f^Ttif/rJ.
 
 13 
 
 II. 
 CANAAN, DURING THE PATRIARCHAL AGES. 
 
 Of the few localities which we are justified in indicating upon a map of Palestine at the early 
 period to which this refers, there are none which seem to require any e.xplanation beyond that 
 afforded by the Map itself But it will constitute a useful addition to the maps of Palestine 
 contained in the series, if we take this opportunity of surveying briefly the most striking of the 
 general ph3'sical characteristics of the country. 
 
 A glance at tlie Map renders it evident that all the mountains which traverse Palestine on both 
 sides of the Jordan are branches of the two parallel chain.s, in its northern part, which bear the name 
 -of the mountains of Lebanon, or Mount Lebanon. The western of these ranges, which bore in 
 classical geography the name of Libanus, traverses a great part of the length of Syria, at a distance 
 from the coast, in its northern parts, of about twenty-five miles, biat which diminishes further south 
 to about half that breadth : it may be looked upon as an offset from the great range of Taurus in 
 Asia Minor, although partially divided from it by the opening which occurs at the mouth of the 
 River Orontes, (see PI. V.) The highest portion of Libanus appears to he that lying between the 
 parallels of 34° and 34° 30', where it is probably not much below 10,000 feet. The eastern range, 
 distinguished as Anti-Libanus, which constitutes a part of the same mountain-system, has a less 
 average elevation than the western chain, perhaps not exceeding 9000 feet; but it contains one 
 summit higher than any other in the whole system, or indeed in all Syria. This is the Scriptural 
 Mount Hermon, called by the modem natives Jebel Es-slieihh, or ' Old Man's Mountain/ from a 
 fanciful resemblance between its summit, covered with eternal snow, which sometimes lies in 
 lengthened streaks upon its slojoing ridges and the hoary head and beard of a venerable sheikh. The 
 height of Jebel Es-sheikh has not been ascertained; but, from the circvimstance of its being covered 
 throughout the year with deep snow, it is probably not less than between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. 
 None of the other Mountains in Palestine rise to a height at all comparable to that attained by the 
 summits of Lebanon, the eastern range of which, after dividing about latitude 34^ 40' and enclosing 
 the commencing j^ortion of the River Jordan, spreads out on each side of that river into elevated 
 plains, divided from one another by numerous valleys, and diversified by various minor elevations 
 which rise upon them. These high grounds extend on the east and west up to the valley in which 
 the River Jordan and the Dead Sea are situated, forming on each side of it a continuous chain of 
 hQls, or rather cliffs. From the shores of the Mediterranean, the country gradually rises towards the 
 central portion of the regions between that sea and the valley of Jordan, the ground on which 
 Jerusalem stands being elevated 2640, and Bethlehem 2.528 feet above the Mediterranean; and the 
 countiy eastward of the Jordan is similarly elevated, Jeraish (PL XI.) being 2000 feet ahove the 
 same level. At the southern end of the Dead Sea, these high plains on each side approach more to 
 the character of continuous chains, and are prolonged to the south in the moimtains of Seir, which 
 extend to the eastern arm of the Red Sea, or Gulf of 'Akabah, enclosing on either side the valley of 
 El 'Arabah. (See Plates III. and XII.) 
 
 The next most important features of Palestine are the River Jordan and the lakes with which 
 it is connected. The valley in which this river flows is narrow in its commencing portion, but 
 widens into a fertile plain as it approaches the Bahr-el-Hule (the "Waters of Merom of Scripture). 
 From thence to the sea of Chinnereth it flows in a narrow valley, which is continued round each 
 side of the last-mentioned body of water. That portion of the valley of the Jordan which extends 
 from thence to the Salt or Dead Sea is about five miles broad in its northern part, but grows wider 
 as it advances southward, where it forms on the west the valley of Jericho. The river itself flows 
 in a narrower and lower valley, which is about three-quarters of a mile broad, and considerably below 
 the general level of the plain or upper valley, to wliich its appearance offers a striking contrast ; the 
 lower parts being covered with trees and luxxuriant herbage, while the plain above it is in general a 
 parched desert. The soil of the whole valley is sandy, and not naturally fertile. The descent to the
 
 14 CANAAl^, DURING THE PATEIARCHAL AGES. 
 
 actual banks of the river, in that part of the valley distinguished as the vale of Jericho, is made by 
 three successive ledges or terraces, each from eight to ten feet in depth, which seem to mark the 
 limits to which its waters have at different times reached in its annual inundatious : the first of these 
 banks is there about a mde and a half from the river ; the second at about half that distance. The 
 width of the stream varies at different seasons of the year from thirty to one hundred yards, and 
 when swollen by the winter rains it is deep and rapid; its water, although muddy and discoloured 
 by the soil through which it passes, is very nearly fresh, and perfectly wholesome. 
 
 The most remarkable characteristic of the valley of the Jordan is its great depression, not 
 m erely in reference to the country to the east and west of it, but even in reference to the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea. According to the observation of Mr. Russegger, the village of Riehah, in the valley of 
 Jericho, is 774 feet, and the bathing-iilace of the pilgrims in the Jordan, a few miles to the south- 
 east of the same point (see PI. XI.) 1269 feet, beloiv the level of the Mediterranean. The descent 
 towards the vaUey of the country on each side of it, which, as aheady observed, is considerably 
 above the same level, is therefore exceedingly rapid. The valley is continued round each side of the 
 Dead Sea, and widens into an extensive plain at its southern extremity. 
 
 We shall take a subsequent opportimity of noticing the present condition of the Dead Sea and 
 the other lakes connected with the Jordan; but during a portion of the period to which this Map 
 relates, the chief of them must have presented an appearance considerably chfFerent from that which 
 it now exhibits. We have, in a note inserted on the Map, expressed it as our opinion, that previous 
 to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah the Dead Sea was of less extent than at present, and 
 that the valley aroimd its sides, and at its southern end, constituted the vale of Siddim, and the 
 district in which the ' cities of the plain' were situated. It may perhaps be objected to this 
 explanation, that as the waters pom-ed by the Jordan into the Dead Sea are earned off by evaporation 
 fi-om its surface, if this were ever of smaller extent, it would not have been sufficient to cause the 
 removal of the same amoimt of water. But it is 23robable that the catastrophe alluded to was 
 attended by a considerable depression of the district below its former level, which would give an 
 increased slope to the valley of the Jordan, and a greater fall or declivity to the bed of the river, and 
 thus cause it to discharge a greater quantity of water in any given period than it did in the same 
 amount of tune pre\'iously to the event alluded to ; so that the smaller ancient bed of the Dead Sea 
 might have served the same purpose as the larger one at a subsequent period. This supf)osltiou of 
 the destruction of the Plain of the Jordan being attended with a lotvering of the region, corresponds 
 with the most probable of the explanations given of the agencies employed in effecting the catastrophe. 
 
 The numerous smaller streams of which the courses are indicated upon the map at once give to 
 Palestine the ajipearance of being a well-watered country, a character which it really possesses in a 
 greater degi-ee than most parts of Western Asia. But it must not be supposed that all of these ai-e 
 rivers, or even streams, in the f)roper sense of the term, since very few of them continue to flow 
 during the whole of the year. By fai" the greater number are mere winter torrents, whose beds are 
 generally diy during the summer, and even those which preserve at that season a naiTovv stream of 
 water, present an aj^i^earance which strikingly contrasts with that which they bear when swollen by 
 long rains, or by the melting of the winter snows. A similar remark applies to most of the smaller 
 streams marked in the maps of those coimtries adjacent to Palestine, and indeed in all hilly countries 
 which are much influenced in regard to heat and moisture by the different seasons of the year.
 
 15 
 
 TTI. 
 JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. 
 
 The various questions involved in the subject wLicli this Map is iuteuded to illustrate have 
 been so often and at such length discussed by Biblical commentators, as to leave little room for 
 anything new to be said upon them, except in so far as the recent information supplied by travellers 
 in the countries to which it relates serves in some cases to substitute fact for that whicli had hitherto 
 been conjecture. To enter into these discussions here would occupy far more space tlian can be 
 allotted to such a purpose, even were it not foreign to the object of these papers. The Map itself 
 embodies the conclusions which, after a careful consideration of the arguments and opinions of the 
 vaiious writers on the subject, we have adopted as at once the most simple anil the most probable. 
 To prevent the many differences which it presents from others bearing a similar title from embar- 
 rassing the student, we shall here trace briefly those parts of the route of the Israelites which it 
 indicates. 
 
 Although the 'Land of Goshen,' alike the scene of the pi-osperity and sufferings of the 
 Hebrews, is universally admitted to have been the district bordering on the eastern arm of the 
 River Nile, yet, as there are no existing indications as to the portion of this land in which the 
 city of Rameses was situated, the point from which the journey commenced has been variously 
 placed. The position which we have assigned to it, in the neighbourhood of the Birket-el-Hudj 
 (or Pilgrim's Pool), agrees with that at which, in modem times, the great cai-avan of pilgrims to 
 Mecca annually assembles and makes its final an-angement for its departure. The route thence to 
 Etham is supposed to have con-esponded with that taken by the same caravan : the intennediate 
 station, Succoth, of which the position is entirely unknown, being probably about a day's journey 
 from the commencing point towards the head of the Red Sea. There is little doubt of Etham being 
 represented by the modem castle of Ajerud, which is one of the stations or halting-places of the 
 caravans. We regard the name Pi-hahiroth (which signifies 'the mouth of the valley' or 'pass') as 
 applying to the narrow strip of land contained between the upper extremity of the Gulf of Suez on 
 the east, and the most northern of the group of hiUs which approach it on the west.* As no indica- 
 tion exists of the position which Migdol and Baal-zephon may have occupied, their names are of no 
 service in enabling us to form any ojjinion as to the spot at which the passage of the Red Sea took 
 place; we believe it to have been near the modern town of Suez. 
 
 From the opposite shore of the Gulf, the route indicated is that usually taken by travellers 
 from Suez to the Sinai Mountains, and concerning which but little doubt could be entertained, 
 even without the evidence as to the separate stations which existing indications present, as in the 
 well of bitter water at Hotvara, and in the springs and palm-trees of Wadi Gharendel. Nothing 
 is known concerning either of the four following stations, — viz., that by the Red Sea, the fii"St 
 encampment in the wildeme.ss of Sin, and those of Dophkah and Alush, which are merely placed 
 at equal distances between Elim and Rephidim. It was at the latter place that the Israelites 
 encountered an oj^position to their fm-ther progress in the people called Amalekites, and its 
 situation is therefore of some importance, as well for its own sake as from its connexion ^vith 
 the situation of Mount Sinai, to which it was the preceding station. For the views which have 
 led us to identify the mountain from which the law was dehvered with that now called Jebel 
 (Mount) Serbal, instead of that which bears the two summits respectively called Mount St. 
 Catherine and Mount Moses, which have long been regarded as the Horeb and Sinai of the 
 sacred naiTative, and, as a consequence of this determination, to place Rephidim on the north 
 side of the valley of Feiran, we are indebted to the Notes to the Pictorial Bible.f In mentioning 
 the leading arguments which may be urged in favor of these localities, it will be converuent to 
 do so first in reference to Mount Sinai. They are as foUow: That it is on aU hands admitted 
 
 * See the Chart of the Ked Sea, from the Sm'vey made hy the Officers of the Indian Navy. London, 1836. 
 t Notes oil Exodus xvii. 1, and xix. 2.
 
 IG 
 
 JOUE^TEYS OF THE ISRAELITES 
 
 that the various valleys and ravines between and around the mountains of St. Catherine and Moses 
 do not con-espond with the Scriptural iatiniations as to Mount Sinai, iaasmuch as they present no 
 places on which the tribes of the Israehtes could possibly have been encamped ' before the mount ' 
 during the deHvery of the law,* — while the broad open valleys at the base of Mount Serbal are fully 
 calculated to answer such a purpose. That Moimt Serbal was necessarily the first great mountain to 
 which the Israehtes came after passing along the shores of the peninsula, and on that ground alone 
 might reasonably be taken for Sinai, provided it accorded (as it does) with the Scriptural accounts 
 of that mountain. That it appears from several passages in the Biblef that the names of Mount 
 Sinai and Mount Paran are appUed to the same summit, and, as the valley at the base of Moimt 
 Serbal bears the name of Feiran or Faran, the analogy of name is in favor of that moimtain being 
 regarded as Mount Paran, and therefore of its being also Mount Siaai. That previously to the sixth 
 centuiy Mount Serbal appears to have been regarded both by pilgrims and by the inhabitants of 
 the peninsida as the true Mount Sinai, as is evinced by the caverns formed in it, and by the 
 inscriptions which cover them and the sides of the valleys leading to and near its summit, and 
 therefore the more ancient tradition is deserving of regard rather than the later one which relates to 
 Jebel Musa.J If the above arguments be deserving of attention, it mil follow that Rephidim cannot 
 be rejjresented by the place in which the inhabitants of the convent of Mount Sinai, and the 
 neighboming Arabs, j)ohit out a rock as that from which the water flowed miraculously when 
 struck by Moses. That the appearance of this rock, — an insulated block of granite about twelve 
 feet high, of an UTegular shape, approaching to a cube, and containing about twenty apertm'es 
 or fissures upon its surface, — at once renders it evident that the tale respecting it is an imposition, 
 is admitted by the most inteUigent traveUers.§ Its situation, in the narrow valley of El Ledja, 
 between the peaks of St. Catherine and Miisa, among the highest summits in the peninsula, 
 is the most unhkely which could have been chosen to represent the site of Rephidim, siace 
 water is naturally found there in abundance in every direction ; whereas at the position assigned 
 to Rephidim in our Map, and for some distance before arriving at the vaUey of Feiran, it is 
 exceedingly scarce. The chief argument in favor of the position which we have adopted is, 
 however, derived from a passage quoted by Biu-ckhardt from the Egyjatian historian Makrizi,|| 
 from which it appears that the Valley of Feiran and a town of the same name, of which the 
 ruins are stUl visible, were anciently possessed by the Amalekites. Their occupation of this 
 valley, which is one of the finest and best-watered districts in the whole peninsula, of course 
 rendered necessary the extraordinary supply of water to the Israehtes, and intercepted the fiu:ther 
 progress of the latter people towards the Skiai Mountains until after the victor}' which they 
 gained over their enemies. (Exod. xvii. 8, 13.) We beheve these positions will be found in strict 
 accordance with circumstances narrated by the sacred historian. We regard the name of Horeb 
 as applying to the whole mountain region in which Mount Sinai is situated, and not to any summit 
 in particular. 
 
 The direction in which we have indicated the course of the Israehtes after leaving Sinai is 
 through Wadt Sdffran,^ the only opening in the Mountains of El Tyh, wliich bound the peninsula 
 on the north, and thence to Kadesh-bamea (Numb. xiii. 26; Deut. i. 2, 19), from which place 
 they dispatched the spies to examine the land. As any position which may be assigned to 
 Kadesh-bamea is perfectly conjectural, it seems unnecessary to specify here our reasons for 
 placing it considerably to the south of the site usually assigned to it, and for identifying it with 
 the Kadesh of Numbers xx. 1, otherwise than the close accordance with the Scriptural narrative 
 which the position chosen in the Map exhibits. Being on the frontier between the Deserts of 
 Paran and Zin, Kadcsh-barnoa or Kadesh might be said to be equally in either of those regions; 
 and that it must have occupied a position near tliat which we have assigned to it, is evinced by 
 the recent discovery, a few mOes to the north, of a steep pass called Sufah, over a broad surface 
 
 * Burckhanlt's Traveh in Si/ria, p. 573, &c. ; Game's 
 Lettersfrom the East, p. 191; IjmiXnay's Letters from Egypt, 
 Edum, and the JIuly hand, vol. i. p. 531-, et .scq. 
 
 f Deut. x.\.xiii. 2. ; Haljiik. iii. 3. 
 
 % Travels in Syria, p. (il I8. The arguments against Mount 
 Sinai being represented by either Mount St. Catherine or 
 
 Jebel Musa are also clearly stated by tlu> author of The 
 Modern 2Varel/er, — Aratiia, p. 178, et seq. 
 
 § Traveh in Syria, p. 578. 
 
 II Ibid., p. 017. 
 
 1 See Map, PI. XII.
 
 PROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. 
 
 17 
 
 of shelving rock, which has an elevation of 1000 or 2000 feet, and undoubtedly represents the 
 Zephath or Hormah where the Israelites were driven back on attempting to enter the Promised 
 Land (Numb. xiv. 45 ; Judges i. 17), and were afterwards attacked by the king of Arad (Numb. xxi. ]), 
 as well as that of a conical hill some miles to the N.N.W. of this pass which still bears the name of 
 Tel Arad, and probably marks the site of the ancient town.* 
 
 From Kadesh-bamea the thirty-eight years' wandering of the Israelites commenced, nor is it 
 until long after their leaving it that any traces can be found of the direction which they pursued. 
 The circumstances in which they were placed accord with the modem name of El Tyh, (signifying 
 ' of the wandering,') given to all the region extending from the Peninsula of Sinai northwanl to 
 the Mediterranean, and eastward to the Mountains of Seir, rendering it probable that during this 
 period they wandered to and fro through all that district, frequently perhaps in the course of the 
 thirty-eight years returning to those places at which experience had taught them that pasture might 
 be found for their numerous flocks. We have therefore not attempted to indicate any of the stations 
 specified (Numb, xxxiii. 19-35) between Kithmah and Ezion-geber. Rithmah appears, from a careful 
 comparison of Numbers xii. 16 ; xiii. 3, 26 ; and xxxiii. 18, to apply to the same station as Kadesh- 
 bamea, being perhaps the name of the district in which the latter was situated, and Ezion-geber is 
 well known to have been situated at the head of the eastern arm of the Red Sea. 
 
 From Ezion-geber their route was northward up the Valley of El 'Arabah, which con-esponds 
 to the Wilderness of Zin of the Bible, until they again reached Kadesh. (Numb. xx. 1.) While 
 here, meeting with opposition from the Canaanites to their further progress northward, they 
 requested the king of Edom to allow of their passing through his dominions (xx. 16); and Colonel 
 Leake conjectures with much probability 'that the Valley of Ghuweir, which crosses the Mountains 
 of Seir a little to the south of the position we have chosen for Kadesh, and is the only opening in 
 them which could be easily traversed by so numerous a force, was the road through which they 
 desired to pass.-f- On the refusal of this request, they were under the necessity of turning southward 
 down the Wilderness of Zin, passing Mount Hor, ' by the way of the Red Sea,' and rounding the 
 southern extremity of the Mountains of Seir before they could turn to the north, in order to compass, 
 and thereby avoid, the Land of Edom, (Numb. xxi. 4 ; Deut. ii. 3.) The Map itself renders 
 this part of the journey, as well as the remaining portion across the Brook Zered and the River 
 Arnon to the Plains of Moab, by the Jordan, sufficiently evident to render any explanation of it 
 unnecessary. 
 
 We may observe in conclusion, that all those portions of the route of the Israelites which we 
 have attempted to delineate in the map are such as a people circumstanced as they were would have 
 been most likely to pursue. The country through which they had to pass does not, indeed, offer much 
 choice in this respect. Thus it is observed by Dr. Robinson, ' that the Israelites must have 
 approached Palestine through the Wad i-el-' Arabah, is a necessary conclusion from the mountainous 
 character of the district on the we.st of that valley, through which no road has ever passed.'j The 
 i-oads across the desert, being, in fact, necessarily marked out by the localities where it is possible to 
 obtain a supply of water, are in almost all cases the same in modem that they were in ancient times, 
 and in all Oriental countries the spiings and wells offer stronger evidence of such corresjjondence 
 than a casual inquirer might at first imagine. The differences between the hypotheses framed on 
 the subject on the present Map have chiefly arisen from the almost entire want, until very recently, 
 of correct information in regard to the nature and physical features of the countries which it 
 delineates. Now that this want is sui^plied, much of the previous doubt, at least in reference to 
 those parts of the journey which had a strictly definite object, is cleared up ; and it is only those 
 parts that we have attempted to indicate. 
 
 * Journal of Travels in Palestine, &c., by the Rev. E. 
 Robinson, and the Rev. E. Smith, in Journal of Royal 
 QeograpMcal Society, vol. ix., p. 299. 
 
 t Bm-ckhardt's Travels in Syria, p. 15, Preface. 
 
 X Journal of Boyal Gcoyrajihical Society, vol. ix., 
 p. 306 
 
 c
 
 ; ■^jjC*"^^'"o^^ jf 
 
 afi ' lan^idf Ca.H /9>nnt .t/i /VwniwM 
 
 London, Jolxn. W J'tvhtr . 3fi.rt Str-^r
 
 19 
 
 IV. 
 
 CANAAN, AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TRIBES. 
 
 This Map docs not reiiuire any further explanation than is atibrded by the different signs 
 employed to denote the various places which it contains. From them it will be seen that the 
 positions assigned to comparatively few of these places can be regarded as certain, and that no traces 
 have yet been found to mark the spots which were occupied by Kedesh-Naphtali, Golan, Bezer, 
 Jezreel, Megiddo, Tirzah, Shunem, and many other places of importance in the Jewish history, or 
 the scenes of transactions interesting to the reader of the Bible. When, however, the changes, both 
 physical and political, to which Palestine has for .so many ages been subject, are duly considered, 
 suriDiise ^vill rather be felt that so many of the remains and appellations of antiquity should have 
 sui-vived the wi-eck of ages and been preserved to the present day, than that so great a number 
 should have perished ; and more especially when we take into account the probability that a further 
 acquaintance with the topography of the country would bring to our knowledge the existence of many 
 remains which have hitherto been undiscovered. This probability is strengthened by the fact that 
 many most valuable contributions to Scriptural Geography have been made by some of the most 
 recent travellers in the Holy Land, and we have been thus enabled to embody in this and the other 
 maps of Palestine contained in this Atla^ a great amount of information which has not appeared in 
 any similar work. For most of this we are indebted to Dr. Robinson and the Rev. E. Smith, whom 
 we have already mentioned as having discovered, in the year 1838, the remains of the patriarchal 
 Beer-.sheba in a valley still bearing the same name. Near the watercourse they found two circular 
 wells of fine water, more than forty feet in depth, surroimded with drmking-troughs of stone for the 
 use of camels and flocks, such as were doubtless used for the flocks and herds which in old times fed 
 on the adjacent hills. On the higher ground to the north of the walls are low hills strewed with the 
 ruins of former habitations, of which the foundations may be distinctly traced. These ^uins extend 
 over a space half a mile long by a quarter of a mile broad.* 
 
 These traveUers also visited the sites of Egbn (still called 'Ajldn), Beth-tappuah (now Tafuh), 
 Ekrou (now a large village caUed 'Akir, where ' nothing of antiquity remains'), Anathoth (Andtah), 
 Gibeah (Jeha'), Michmash (MukJmuis), Gibeon (Jib), Beth-horon (Beit-ur), Bethel (Beit-in), and 
 Shiloh (Scilum), scarcely any of which were hitherto known to Europeans. From a village where 
 they lodged, the sheikh also pointed out to them places which bear in Arabic names coiTcsponding to 
 Zorah, Timnath, Beth-shemesh, Sochoh, and others, f Another interesting discovery by the same 
 gentleman was that of the ancient En-gedi, so conspicuous in the history of David, in a place yet 
 called 'Ain Jiddi, near the southern extremity of the Dead Sea, which is overhung by the summit of 
 a precipitous cUff reaching at least 1500 feet in height.+ The remains of Ziph, Carmel, and Maon, 
 places not less interesting than that last-mentioned, are also still in existence, the two former of them 
 bearing the names of Dhahrat el Zif and Karmel; these were passed by Messrs. Robinson and 
 Smith, and had also been seen a few weeks previously by the Count de Bertou,§ to whom we are 
 mdebted for some valuable observations upon the physical geogi-aphy of the countries round the 
 southern end of the Dead Sea. 
 
 When the discoveries and observations of the above-named travellers shall have been laid before 
 the public, as we have reason to expect they soon wUl be, in a more detailed form than that in which 
 they have hitherto appeared, we shall be in possession of materials for the still further imjirovement 
 of Biblical Geography. We believe, however, that the use which even at present we have been 
 enabled to make of them will be found to impart considerable value to the present series of Maps. 
 
 § ' Notes on a Journey from Jerus.ilem to 'Akabah and 
 laek by Tetra, in April, 1838.' — Journal of Royal Geogra- 
 
 * Jovrnul of Royal Geoyrapliical Socieli/, p. 297 
 t Ibid., 303, 308. 
 
 Bihlical Repository, vol. i.. part ii. p. 418. p/iical Socic/y, vol ix 
 
 C 2 
 
 p. 27?
 
 / -n-A>n Johi tF Atrlaiv. ltW% Stmnil'
 
 21 
 
 V. 
 
 SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. 
 
 In the wide extent of the Hebrew territories during the period to which this Map refers, we 
 behold the fulfihnent of the promise originally made to Abraham, that his posterity should possess 
 the land ' from the River of Egypt unto the great river, the River Euphrates.' (Gen. xv. 18.) This 
 portion of time constituted, as well geographically as politically, a distinct period in the history of the 
 Hebrew people. Hitherto we have chiefly read of them in connexion either ivith those of the 
 original inhabitants of Canaan who retained their possessions in the land, or with the nations imme- 
 diately bordering on their territories ; but henceforth we find them engaged in various relations, 
 military or commercial, with the people of more distant countries, and the object of the curiosity and 
 attention of the princes of remoter regions. Many names are thus brought for the first time under 
 the notice of the reader of the Bible. 
 
 It is difficult to form any decisive opinion upon the relative situation and extent of the various 
 small states into which Syria seems at this time to have been divided. The most powerful of the 
 SjTian kingdoms in the time of David appears to have been that of Zobah, to which those of Syria- 
 damascus, Beth-rehob, Maachah, and Ish-tob, were probably tributary. We have adopted a conjec- 
 ture of the Editor of the Pictorial Bible* that the cajjital of this state may have been the same city 
 as the Hobah of Abraham's history, mentioned as being on the left-hand, or nortli, of Damascus. 
 The kingdom of Hamath, which adjoined it on the north-west, appears also to have at some period 
 extended to the frontiers of Canaan, since the expression ' the entrance of Hamath' is evidently 
 used to denote the extreme northern extent of the Hebrew territory. (Numb. xxxiv._ 8.) From the 
 subsequent combination of the names of these states into Hamath-zobah, (2 Chron. viii. 3,) it may 
 be conjectured that they afterwards became united. It is on the authority of the Ai-abic version of 
 the Bible that Betah and Berothai, (called in 1 Chronicles xviii. 8, Tibhath and Chun,) cities belonging 
 to the king of Zobah, are identified with Emesa and B'albek : — the former of these is the modem 
 town of Horns, and the latter, long celebrated for its beautiful remains of a Temple of the Sun and 
 other buildings, is conjectured to be the same city as the Baalath which was built by Solomon. 
 (1 Kings ix. 18.) 
 
 Another city, founded by the same monarch, to which we may appropriately direct attention 
 here, is the celebrated Palmyra, which is universally admitted to be the Scriptural ' Tadmor in the 
 Wilderness,' the name by which it is alone known to the Arabs of the present day. Its situation in 
 a small oasis of the desert, abundantly supplied with springs of wholesome water, and lying on the 
 great line of route from Babylon westward to Damascus, Tyre, and Sidon, -probably rendered it from 
 very early times a place of resort to the caravans which conveyed the produce of the East to 
 Phoenicia and Asia Minor, and to these advantages it owed the commercial greatness to which it 
 afterwards attained, and which made it continue for ages the central emporium of the land trade 
 between Eastern and Western Asia. The usual approach to its modern remains is from the west, 
 through a valley about two miles long, containing the sepulchres of the ancient inhabitants, and at 
 the termination of which thousands of Corinthian pillars of white marble burst upon the sight, 
 standing isolated in the vast and level desert which extends thence to the Euphrates.t 
 
 But the most important addition to the Hebrew dominions during this period consisted of the 
 territory of the Edomites, formed by the rocky chain of the Mountains of Seii". The city of Petra, 
 the metropolis of the Edomites, and afterwards of the Nabathasan Arabs, which is embosomed in a 
 valley in these mountains, surrounded by lofty cliffs, and the remains of which, first visited in modem 
 times by Burckhardt, present so many interesting specimens of ancient architecture,! is supposed to 
 be the Selah or Joktheel mentioned in Jewish history. (2 Kings xiv. 7.) The chief value of this 
 
 * Note on 1 Chronicles xviii. 3. t Travels in Egypt, etc., by the Hon. C. J. Irby and J. Mangles, 1828. 
 
 f Burckhardt's Travels in Syria, p. 421. Laborde's Journey through Arabia Petrea, p. 153, et scq.
 
 22 SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. 
 
 acquisitiou to the Hebrew nation, and through which it must have exercised considerable influence 
 over their social condition, consisted in its giving them the command of one of the arms of the Red 
 Sea, and of the port of Ezion-geber at its extremity. From this port they made, in conjunction with 
 the Phoenicians, those expeditions to Ophir and Tarshish by which they imported into Judaea the 
 productions of distant cUmates, ' gold and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks, algum (pine) trees, 
 and precious stones,' and by means of which Solomon ' made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and 
 cedars as the sycamore trees in the vale, for abundance. 
 
 The mention of the names of Ophir and Tarshish leads us to make a brief remark upon theh 
 signification. Of the many conjectures which have been made in reference to this long-disputed 
 question, the foUo^ving appear to us to embody the most probable explanations. It seems likely that 
 the word Ophir, hke Thule and other geographical terms of the ancients, does not designate any 
 fixed place, but simply a certain region of the world, like the names East and West Indies in modern 
 geography. It may thus be understood as a general name for the rich south country, including the 
 shores of Arabia, Africa, and India. This is the view adopted by Professor Heeren. In reference to 
 Tarshish, we acquiesce in the opinion of Gesenius and other writers that the expression ' ships of 
 Tarshish' was used to denote vessels originally so called from their being hke those in which the 
 Phoenicians traded to Tartessus on the shores of the Atlantic, especially adapted to distant voyages, 
 and that this name became, in course of time, so transferred as to denote any distant country to 
 which such ships went. We beheve that these explanations will sufficiently satisfy the conditions 
 requu'ed by all the texts in which the names occur.
 
 ^HE-KINGDOMS 
 
 J CTDAH AXD ISRAEL 
 
 ey wfluGHHs 
 
 Scahr^ of EiutUsh yjiU^ 
 
 art Htta^n fAus Kffekj 
 
 I.fjn.i.'tt ,'r.lu. W /■ ,r^::r ^V., 7 Si
 
 23 
 
 VI. 
 KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 
 
 By the alienation of the ten tribes from the house of David, after the death of Solomon, (A.D. 
 975,) Canaan became divided into the two independent kingdoms of Judah and Israel. This change 
 in its political geogTaphy would, perhaps, scarcely require a map for its illustration, were it not that 
 as the history of a people advances, the civil and political changes in their condition necessarily 
 involve considerable alterations in the features which diversify the face of the country which they 
 inhabit ; new to-wns successively spring up in all directions, the harbours on its coasts become 
 gradually the seat of commercial enterprise. Hues of communication are established between distant 
 places, and the whole of that land which was once uncultivated and desert becomes covered in the 
 progress of time ^vith the works of social and civilized beings. It is the exhibition of the altered 
 ajipearance and division of a country which are thus produced at successive periods that constitutes 
 the chief value of historical geography. The differences in these respects between the present map 
 and others in the series will be apparent to every one who attentively examines it ; the only one of 
 them which we need notice here is, that among the consequences resulting from the establishment of 
 a new kingdom was the selection of another capital. The city of Tirzah, of which the site is now 
 unknown, seems to have served as the metropolis of the kings of Israel until the reign of Omri, by 
 whom the foundations of Samaria were laid. (1 Kings xvi 24.) Samaria is brought conspicuously 
 under notice in the further history of the Jews ; although destroyed by Shalmaneser, the king 
 of Assyria, (B.C. 719,) and afterwards by John Hyrcanus, (B.C. 110,) it was rebuilt on each occasion, 
 and under the Romans became a magnificent and populous city, having been adorned with many 
 splendid erections by Herod the Great, (B.C. 21,) who had given it the name of Sebaste. After 
 passing in succession into the hands of the various possessors of the cotmtry, it is now a poor village, 
 which contains about thii'ty dwellings, many of them built of the fragments of ancient edifices, 
 which are plentifully scattered about. 
 
 As there is nothing in this Map which calls for frnther explanation, we may usefully employ the 
 present occasion by adding to the general survey of the mountains of Palestine which has already 
 been given, some notice of such of its smaller summits as have, or are supposed to have, any Scrip- 
 tural interest attached to them. 
 
 One of the most interesting of these is Mount Carmel, which forms the seaward termination 
 of a range of hills connected with the central mountains of the country. Its elevation, which 
 is greatest where it approaches the sea, does not appear to exceed 1.500 feet,* but it commands 
 an extensive and varied prospect over the adjacent country and sea-coast ; and the beautiful 
 appearance of its verdant sides, covered near the foot with wild vines and olives, and higher 
 up with oaks, pines, and many other trees, has been mentioned with admiration by succeeding 
 travellers. On its sides are numerous caves and grottoes, which were once the abode of Christian 
 anchorites. 
 
 Mount Tabor, which an old tradition points out as the scene of the Transfiguration, (Matt, 
 xvii. 1,) is nearly of a circular form, standing apart from any other eminence, and presenting the 
 appearance of a cone with the upper part cut off.-f- Its height is estuuated by Buckingham at 1000 
 feet above the plain on which it rises ; on its summit is a plain of an oval fonn, about a quarter of a 
 mile in length, and half as much in breadth. The sides of Mount Tabor are covered with groves and 
 clumps of trees, which rise above the gi-ass and wild flowers produced by its fertile soil. The \'iew 
 from its summit is very extensive, embracing Lebanon, and the snow-covered Hermon on the north, 
 the mountains of Israel on the south, and comprehending the Sea of Galilee and the shores of the 
 Mediterranean on the east and west, and is described with enthusiastic admiration by all who have 
 witnessed it. 
 
 * Buckingham. f JoUiffe's Letters from Fahstine, vol. i., p. 11.
 
 24 KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 
 
 The small rauge of hills indicated a few mHes to the south of Mount Tabor, and forming the 
 eastern boundary of the plain of Esdrajlou, is generally regarded as the Mount Hermon which is 
 celebrated by the Psalmist for its pastures and abundant dews;* it is of very moderate elevation, and 
 is sometimes called the Little Hermon, to distinguish it from the moimtain of the same name in the 
 north of Palestine. 
 
 The range of Mount Gilboa, which bounds on the west a part of the Valley of the Jordan, 
 is estimated to reach about 1000 feet above the level of that river ;-|" its lengthened ridge, which 
 rises up in peaks, bears only a littlo withered grass and a few scanty shrubs scattered about in 
 different places. 
 
 The moimtains of Ebal and Gerizim do not seem to reach more than seven or eight hundred feet 
 above the level of the valley which lies between them, and in which the town of Shechem is situated ; 
 they must, however, be considerably more than this above the level of the sea, as the ground on 
 which they rise is itself much elevated. Of the sides which front the valley, that of Gerizim is much 
 more fertile and verdant than that of Ebal.;]: The valley between them is exceedingly beautiful : 
 ' Few places,' says Jolliffe, ' exceed Shechem in the romantic beauty of its position, the buildings 
 appearing to rise amidst bowers blooming with all the varieties of vegetation, encircled by venerable 
 gi'oves, and refreshed by rills of the purest water.'§ 
 
 The highest mountains in the southern part of Palestine are those known by the name of 
 Quarantania, from a tradition that they constituted the wilderness in which Christ fasted for forty 
 days ; this mountainous tract, which bounds the valley of Jericho on the west, is more stern and wild 
 in its appearance than any other part of the country, and is described as rugged, desolate, and 
 fiightful in the extreme. The highest summit, the ascent of which is exceedingly steep and 
 difficult, bears the name of the Mount of Temptation, and is pointed out as that ' exceeding high 
 mountain' from which the tempter showed Christ ' all the kingdoms of the world and the glory 
 of them.' 
 
 The only mountain in the country east of the Jordan which we need notice particularly is that 
 to which the name of Nebo is attached. Its modern name is Jebel Attariis, and aU we know 
 concerning it is that it is a dark barren mountain, with a heap of stones overshadowed by a wild 
 pistachio-tree on the summit, which is noticed by passing travellers as rising higher than any other 
 mountain in. the neighbourhood. Its correspondence with the Nebo of Scrij)ture is very doubtfid, for 
 it is certainly not ' over against Jericho,' which that mountain is described as being ;|| in the absence 
 of more complete acquaintance with the topography of that part of the countrj^, however, no better 
 hypothesis can be proposed in its stead. 
 
 * Psalm xlii. 6 ; Ixxxix. 12 ; cxxxiii. 3. | J M;umdi-fll, Buckingham, etc. 
 
 f Dr. Richardson's Travels alun(j ike Mediterranean, I § Lelfers from Pale.ifi?ie, i., 43. 
 
 vol. ii., p. 424. I II Deut. xxxiv. 1.
 
 VIT. 
 
 ASSYRIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA. 
 
 These countries possess an interest for the Scriptural reader which is little inferior to that of 
 the Holy Land itself; from them the forefather of the Jewish people drew his origin, and by the 
 rulers over them was the national existence of that people destroyed, and themselves carried thither 
 into a lengthened capti\nty. It is, therefore, with much pleasure that we have been enabled, in the 
 present Map, to avail ourselves of a great amount of information in reference to the physical and 
 political geography of these regions which has only very recently been placed before the public, and 
 which will, we believe, be foimd to impart considerable value to it. For some part of this we are 
 indebted to such accounts of the labors of the late 'Euphrates Expedition' as have yet been 
 published, but for a much larger portion to the relations given by Major Rawlinson, of the Bombay 
 Army, of two journeys into the provinces of Khuzistiin, Luristan, and Persian Kurdistan,* and 
 to the accounts of Major Todd,t Lieutenant-Colonel Shiel,;]; Mr. Brant,§ Dr. Ross,|| and Mr. 
 Forbes, If of different parts of Persia and the Turkish provinces in Asia which they have visited 
 within the last three or four years. A trigonometrical survey by Lieutenant L3mch, of the Indian 
 Navy, of the River Tigris from Tauk-I-Kesrah (the ancient Ctesiphon) to Mosul,** a tract which 
 (to use that ofificer s words) is ' connected with European history in its most attractive pages, and 
 with all that is elevated and refined in Asiatic literature,' has also been made use of in the construc- 
 tion of our Map. 
 
 But of the numerous interesting topics which are embraced in these materials, we need here 
 only notice those which relate to some disputed points of Scriptural geography. The chief of these 
 bear reference to the settlement of the Israelites who were carried into captivity by the kings of 
 Assyria, and ' placed in Halah and in Habor by the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes,' 
 (2 Kings x\ii. 6;) in addition to these names, that of Hara is mentioned in a subsequent text. 
 (1 Chron. v. 26.) Major Rennell, whose conclusions on this subject have been adopted by most 
 subsequent commentators, was of opinion that these names were to be traced in some which exist in 
 modem times in the Persian pro\-inces of Azerbijan and Irak-Ajemi, near the south-western 
 extremity of the Caspian Sea. He therefore identified the River of Gozan with the Kizil Uzen or 
 Sefid Rud, the city of Habor with the modern town or rather village of Abhar, and supposed Halah 
 and Harah to have been situated in the districts of Chalccd and Tarom, described by Delia Valle 
 and other old travellers as bordering on that river. ft In deference to the opinion of an author so 
 generally esteemed and followed, we have inserted these conclusions in the Map, but as they seem 
 to be based on en-ors which later information has dispelled, we have also marked on it other and 
 more probable identifications of the above-named places. The identification of the Gozan with the 
 Kizil Uzen, from a slight similarity of sound between the names, must at once be relinquished, since 
 we are informed by Major Rawlinson that the native or Persian name of that river, SefId Rud, has 
 been borne by it ever since the fourth century of the Christian sera, while the title of Kizil Uzen is 
 merely a Tui-kish imposition of modem times. The name of Chalcal appears, from the same author, 
 to apply to one of the two divisions into which the district of Tarom, consisting of the vale through 
 which the Sef Id Rlid flows, is distinguished, and which are named Tar6mi-Khelk^l and Tar6mi-Payin. 
 With this more coiTect orthography, the very slight resemblance which the names previously bore to 
 
 * ' Notes on a March from Zohab to Khuzistan, &c., in 
 the year 1836,' by Major Eawlinson. — Journal of Hoyal Geo- 
 graphical Society, vol. is., p. 216. ' Notes on a Journey from 
 Tabm, through Persian Km-distan,' by Major Eawlinson, 
 in 1838.— Ibid., vol. x., p. 1. 
 
 f ' Sketch of a pail of Mazanderan, in 1836.' — Ibid., vol. 
 viii., p. 101. 
 
 X ' Notes on a Journey from Tabriz through Kurdistan, 
 
 &c., in 1836.' — Ibid., p. .54. 
 
 § Ibid., vol. X., p. 59. 
 
 II ' Notes on Two Journeys from Baghdad to the Ruins 
 of Al Hadhi-, m 1836-7.'— Ibid., ix., 443. 
 
 f ' Visit to the Sinjar Hills in 1838.'— Ibid., 409. 
 
 ** Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. is., 
 p. 471. 
 
 ft Geography of Merodotus, vol. i., p. 515. 
 
 D
 
 26 ASSYRIA, CHALDiEA, AJS^D MEDIA. 
 
 those of Halah and Harah almost entii-ely disaj^pears, and as this was the only reason for the received 
 identification of those places, it may be reHnquisKed with that of the river; and, in this view, the 
 mere similarity between the names of Habor and Abhar is not of much value, since it is probable 
 that all the places named were in the same vicinity, and we have seen that there are no sufficient 
 grounds for concluding that to have been near the Kizil Uzen. We are inclined to concur in the 
 opinion of Major Kawlinson, who supposes Halah and Hara to be represented by the modem sites 
 of Holwan and Zarnah, at both of ^vhich places are extensive ruins of the aera of the Sassanian 
 monarchs of Persia. Many curious reasons for the assumed correspondence of Holwan with the 
 Halah of the Captivity are assigned by this author, who observes that ' some of the Christian Ai-abs 
 in their histories directly translate Halah by Holwan/ Jewish traditions abound in this part of 
 the country, and David is still regarded by the tribes as their great tutelar prophet. The question 
 as to which of the rivers of the country the name Gozan may have been applied, is so doubtful, that 
 we have not thought it worth while even to hazard a conjecture on the subject. 
 
 Whatever opinion, however, may be formed as to these cities, it appears certain that the 
 Israelites were scattered, either in the fost instance or subsequently, over different parts of the 
 Greater and Lesser Media. We learn from the ApocryiDlial Book of Tobit* that some were settled 
 at Rages, and Oriental geographers inform us that a quarter of Isfahan, called Jahudia, was anciently 
 inhabited by Jews. 
 
 Among the places mentioned as those from which the king of Assyria removed the inhabitants 
 to the cities of Samaria, there occurs the name of Hamath.f This has been supposed by some 
 \vriter to apply to the Syrian kingdom of that name, to the north of Palestine ; but as it is stated 
 by Josephusj that the foreigners removed were five tribes of Cuthites, it seems more probable that it 
 denotes some place in Assyria or Khuzistan. 
 
 Another c^uestion of not less importance to the Biblical student relates to the names of Shushan 
 and TJlai, the latter that of the river by which the prophet Daniel stood when he saw the vision 
 which he describes.§ ' Shushan, the jDalace,' has been universally regarded as corresponding with 
 the city of Susa, celebrated in ancient writers as one of the most magnificent capitals of the Persian 
 empire, and the ' river of Ulai' as universally identified with the Eulasus of those authors, which 
 they describe as flowng by Susa. But it has been a question much disputed whether the site of 
 this city is to be found in the ruins now called Sus, on the bank of the river Kerkhah, or in the 
 modem town of Shuster, in the same district. From a careful consideration of the ^vriters on either 
 side, we should have thought this question sufficiently decided against the latter alternative, even 
 without the additional testimony of Major Rawlinson to the same effect, and we should accordingly 
 have identified the Shushan of Scripture with Sus, and the river Ulai with the Kerkhah, had it not 
 been for a third and original hypothesis proposed by that officer in the valuable paper to which we 
 have been so much indebted. It will be better to state this opinion in the words of the writer, and 
 before doing this, we must quote his description of some ruins known by the name of Susan, which 
 he has for the first time made known to Europeans. After describing some of the stupendous works 
 of former ages which remain in these regions. Major Rawlinson observes: — 'But the most 
 interesting spot in all this country, perhaps even in all Persia, is the town of Stisan, upon the banks 
 of the Kuran ; here are the ruins of a great city, and from the accounts which I have received of it, 
 it cannot be other than a .sister-capital of Ecbatana and Persepolis. This city was principally built 
 upon the riglit bank of the Kuran, at a point where the course of the river is due west. Forming a 
 semi-circl(! from the river, and thus enclosing the city, is a range of steep and abnipt hills, through 
 which there is no passage, either along the banks of the river or at other points; a once noble bridge, 
 now almost destroyed, connects this impregnable position with a large mass of ruins upon the left 
 bank of the river, which are again bounded to the south by another range of hills, extending at both 
 points to the precijiitous lianks of the Kuran, and traversed by two solitary passes. On the right 
 bank of the river, near the bridge, are said to be the remains of a magnificent palace; the ground all 
 around is now planted with orchards, but tlie general design of the building is to be traced, and 
 many y)iliarK still remain entire. At a short distance from hence, to the north-east, and at the foot 
 
 • Tobit i. H. t 2 Kings xvii 21. J Antiquities of the Jews, ix., 11. § Danid viii. 2.
 
 ASSYEIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA. 27 
 
 of tlio liills, is the tomb of Daniel, called Diiniyali Akbar, the Greater Daniel, in contradistinction 
 to the other tomb at Stis, which is called Diiniyuli Asghilr, or the Lesser Daniel. The building is 
 said to be composed of massive blocks of white marble ; and a large reservoir, formed of the same 
 materials, is in front of the tomb. This is fed by a .small stream, which here descends from the 
 hills, and contains a vast quantity of sacred fish, which are regarded with the most superstitious 
 attachment. Adjoining the tomb is a large slab of marl)le, engraved with a perfect cuneiform 
 inscription, and many other broken slabs similarly sculptured are said to be found among the 
 ruins.'* The author observes that although he is indebted for his description to oral information 
 only, yet, from his having been at great pains in collecting the testimony of different witnesses, he 
 believes it may be fully relied on. He proceeds to express his opinion upon this disputed question 
 in the comparative geography of the region in the following manner: — 'I believe then, that, in 
 ancient times, there were two cities of the name of Stisan, or Susa, in the province of Susiana, the 
 more ancient, the Shushan of Scripture, being situated at Slisan on the Kuran or Eula3us; the 
 other, the Susa of the Greeks, at Sus, near the Kerkhah, or Choaspes.' * * 'The very 
 expression of Scripture, — Shushan, the palace, — would appear indicative of a distinction from some 
 other city of the same name. Daniel was in the palace, yet he saw the vision on the borders of the 
 Ulai, and heard the voice between the banks of the river. From the mound of Sus, the Kerkhah 
 is one mile and a half distant, but at Slisan, the river does actually lave the base of the gi-eat ruin. 
 The ancient tomb of the Greater Daniel may also be taken into account; and the cuneiform 
 inscriptions are certain evidences of antiquity. As the city did not lie upon Alexander's march, 
 his historians have failed to notice it; but ip the later geographers, who had indistinct information 
 of the place, and confound it with the great city of the same name which formed the capital of the 
 province, we discover some traces of its true position.'t This will be sufScient, with the aid of the 
 Map, to explain that writer's view of the subject, which we have adopted in the present instance, 
 although not without entertaining some doubts as to the validity of the conclusion, which, 
 considering the propensity of Orientals to magnify the importance of any subject which they 
 describe, would have been more satisfactory if it had been grounded upon personal observation of 
 the remains at Slisan. In justice to Major Rawlinson, however, we must observe that he merely 
 proposed, in the paper from which we have quoted, to state the general result of his researches, 
 intending to give in detail the reasoning by which he has arrived at his conclusions in a work on 
 the Comparative Geography of Persia which he is preparing for publication, and for the appeai'ance 
 of which we anxiously loolc. 
 
 The sites assigned to Nineveh and Babylon, the great capitals of the Assyrian and Babylonian 
 empires, are in accordance with the general testimony of the most able travellers and critics, who, 
 however they may differ about the details of their positions, almost all agree in supposing the 
 former of them to have occupied the ground now covered by the extensive mounds of eai-th and 
 heaps of rubbish which line the eastern bank of the Tigris opposite to the town of Mosul, and in 
 placing the latter among some of the great mounds and other ruins which are found on both sides 
 of the Euphrates, near the modern town of Hillah. The general character of these remains, as 
 indeed of most others in this region, is the same, — huge and desolate-looking mounds, sometimes 
 consisting of masses of sun-burnt bricks and heaj^s of rubbish, and at others of so doubtful an 
 appearance that it is difficult for the observer to decide whether they are the work of nature or the 
 ruined labors of man. That among these ruins the antiquary should search, with doubt and 
 difficulty, for traces of such cities as Nineveh and Babylon once were, is itself the most striking 
 exemplification of the desolation which has overspread these regions, and of the fulfilment of the 
 prophetic denunciations against them. 
 
 The same author whose opinion we have adopted with regard to Shushan has also thrown a 
 doubt, which it is necessary for us to notice, upon the situation of Achmetha, mentioned in the 
 Book of Ezra as the royal treasure-house in which were enrolled the decrees of the Persian 
 raonarchs.J Major Rawlinson, in a long and extremely able paper,§ to which we can only refer 
 
 * Journal of Royal Geographical Socidy,\o\. is.,^. 83. | § 'Memoir on the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana.' — 
 t Ibid., p. 85. ! Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. x., p. G5. 
 
 X Ezra vi. 1, 2. .1 
 
 D 2
 
 28 ASSYRIA, CHALDiEA, AND MEDIA. 
 
 those who feel in any way interested in the subject of ancient geography, has convincingly proved, 
 from the testimony of numerous authors, ancient and modern, that there were formerly two cities 
 of the name of Ecbatana — the one the capital of Media Magna, now represented by the modem 
 town of Hamadan — the other the chief city of Media Minor, or Atropatene, and corresponding to 
 the remarkable ruins found on the hill called Takht-i-Suleiman. The former of these has been 
 o-enerally regarded as the Achmetha of the Bible, but Major Rawlinson thinks it very doubtful 
 to which the passage in Ezra is to be referred. But however this may be, there can be but little 
 doubt that the latter, the Takht-i-Suleiman, represents the Ecbatana of the Book of Tobit,* which 
 is stated to have been on the route between Nineveh and Eages. The same place appears also to 
 be intended by the city of Ecbatana, which is said to have been built by Ai-phaxad, the monarch 
 whose defeat and death are related in the Book of Judith.t 
 
 * Tobit vii. 1. t Judith i. 1, 2
 
 Vlll 
 
 PALE S TIJN'E 
 
 PARTof PHaN ICIA; 
 
 lUusa-aiiiig the Nvw T«siauii;iit . 
 
 B Y" "W. HUGHE S 
 
 " y (Ki 
 
 . ■lahf^Jtiiicf:^/' 
 
 
 V' ■■■■' ■ ^'■■■■^ 
 
 I 1 ! f I 
 
 A4J)(?' 
 
 ' <VWi/jfWiivirf<'rf the dtii\* lit' Sty f/i lift iili-t 
 
 ffififiif.t . {tndfiiyt .Du).* . J'fila .J'hiiadfl 
 ■phin tiiirnaa .Canalhii .Cnpitoiia^ . nmi 
 
 1 .,,ifiin,tl^ Ea^t ao\ 
 
 (ir.-4-n»irft 3'^" 
 
 J .J_ 
 
 ZX.~1. .T-.- 
 
 TVA-r^ar TKwf Savnr^
 
 29 
 
 VIII. 
 
 PALESTINE AND PART OF PHCENICIA, ILLUSTRATING THE NEW 
 
 TESTAMENT. 
 
 The most circumstantial account which we possess of the manner in which Palestine was 
 divaded at the commencement of the Christian a?ra, is that found in the writings of the Jewish 
 historian, Josephus, who has described at some length the extent of each of the provinces which it 
 then embraced.* If we were able to assign their correct positions to the places which he mentions 
 as indications of the extreme length or breadth of these divisions, there would be no difficulty in 
 representing them upon a map ; but, as the sites of many of these are unknown, his descriptions do 
 not in all cases serve with the same fidelity the purjDose for Avhich they were intended, and which, 
 in his day, they no doubt fully answered. The difficulty which is thus occasioned in drawing the 
 boundaries between each province is chiefly felt in reference to that by which Judasa was separated 
 on the south from Iduma^a; we have, therefore, thought it advisable to leave this unrepresented in 
 the Map, supplying, in jjlace of it, the explanation that, during the captivity of the Jews, and their 
 weakened condition after their return, the Edomites had extended their dominion over the whole 
 country between the mountains of Sen; (their original possession,) and the MediteiTanean Sea, 
 making Hebron "the capital of this newly-acquired part of their territories, which formed the 
 Idumsea of the classical authors. The knowledge of this explains the remark of Josephus, that 
 ' Jerusalem was situated in the very middle of Judtea.' The province of Judaia was likewise 
 subdivided into smaller districts called Toparchies, the number of which is stated by the sanie author 
 as eleven, but which, according to Pliny, were ten in number.f Judging from the proximity of the 
 cities mentioned as presiding over the several toparchies, most of these divisions seem to have been 
 of very small extent. 
 
 The only names in this Map which seem to require any explanation are those of Bethsaida and 
 Beth-abara. The former of these places, Bethsaida of Galilee, has been generally supposed to 
 correspond with the city of that name on the north-east shore of the Sea of Galilee, near the place 
 where it receives the Jordan, and to which Philip the Tetrarch gave the name of Julius. But as 
 this city is not, properly speaking, situated in Galilee, but in Gaulonitis, on the opposite side of the 
 Jordan, there appears to be some reason for concluding the ruins of a large village called Beit-sida, 
 seen by Pococke on the west of the lake, to represent the Bethsaida of the Gospel. Both sites are 
 indicated on the Map. 
 
 It is probable that the true site of Beth-abara, the place where Ghi'ist was baptized by John 
 the Baptist, is not known; but there are two places which are respectively believed to represent the 
 scene of this event by the Christians of the Catholic and Oriental churches, thousands of whom, in 
 this belief, have, for ages past, been in the habit of making annual jjilgrimages thither, in order to 
 perform their ablutions in the sacred stream of the Jordan. The spot which is marked in the Map 
 is that to which the preference is given by the Greek and Oriental jDilgrims, while the Catholics 
 j)lace the site of Beth-abara about three miles higher uji the river, or further from the Dead 
 Sea. Each of the places to which the pilgrims of either denomination resfiectively repair has an 
 additional interest imparted to it from then- belief that it likewise corresponds to the place where 
 the Israelites crossed the Jordan, at their entry into the promised land. 
 
 * Wars of tilt Jens, b. iii., c. 3. f Hist. Nat., 1. v., 15.
 
 IX 
 
 1 
 
 lonjin John: fV. farkcr , tl'^-iC .■!"■■■"■:
 
 31 
 
 IX. 
 
 PLAN OF ANCIENT JERUSALEM. 
 
 The best and most authentic account of ancient Jerusalem of which we are in possession, is that 
 given by the Jewsh historian, Josephus, in his history of the war wliich terminated in its destruc- 
 tion.* But the difficulty of applying a wiitten description to the construction of a plan — at all times 
 great — is, in the present instance, much increased, not more by the numerous changes which have 
 been effected in the course of ages in the ground on which Jerusalem stands — changes so great as to 
 have almost destroyed what were once its most distingaiishing features, and to have afforded room for 
 doubt even as to the very hdls on which the city was built, — than by the want of an accurate 
 toiJographical survey of the modern town and its vicinity. We have endeavoured, in the present 
 Plan, which only claims to be regarded as a sketch approaching to probabUity, to overcome these 
 defects as much as lies in our power, by grounding the description of Josej^hus upon the most 
 authentic representations and accounts of the modem city.t We have preferred the extent of thirty- 
 three furlongs, which that historian assigns as its circuit, to the statement of other writers, who vary 
 in its estimate between twenty-seven and fifty furlongs.j 
 
 The Jerusalem of the Old Testament history stood upon the three hills of Zion, Acra, and 
 Moriah, or, more properly, upon those three portions of a mass of hill which constitutes the south- 
 ward termination of a rocky plain extendiiig to the north. The walls of the city as rebuilt by 
 Nehemiah, after the retm-n of the Jews from their bondage, only enclosed those three hills ; but as 
 the buildings gradually became extended by the increasing population of the city, Bezetha was at 
 length enclosed within another wall, built by Agrippa, the grandson of Herod the Great, A.D. 42. 
 This latter wall was, therefore, not in existence during the lifetime of Christ. Each of the walls was 
 fortified at intervals by tower.s, of which that round Zion contained sixty, amongst which were those 
 of Hippicus, Phasffilus, and Mariamne, erected by Herod ; that which enclosed Acra had forty, and 
 that round Bezetha ninety. § Of the internal arrangement of the city, — the distiibution of its streets, 
 and the sites of its public buildings, — we know absolutely nothing but what is to be gathered from 
 a few scattered statements in the writings of the same historian, and from various passages in 
 the Bible. From them it may be collected that many of the public buildings, such as the armoury 
 and prison, the palace of Herod, and the royal and pontifical residences in general, were situated in 
 the upper city. The markets for timber, cloth, wool, &c., seem to have been in the lower city.|| 
 The suiTOuuding country was anciently cultivated and laid out in gardens and groves of fig, olive, 
 and ijalm-trees, which were all destroyed by the Romans during the progress of the siege, and the 
 space to the north between Scopus and the city, made level by filling up the hollows and destroying 
 the precipices.^ In this paucity of information, then, we have totally omitted the various conjec- 
 tural details which appear in the plans of Jei'usalem inserted in most Scriptural Atlases, confining 
 oiurselves strictly to that for which we have historical authority. The meagreness of the representa- 
 tion which is thus afforded is itself striking evidence of the changes which this celebrated city has 
 undergone since the time when Mount Zion was ' the joy of the whole earth.' 
 
 Most of our readers are probably aware that the modem Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the site 
 of which is marked in the Plan) has long been generally regarded as covering the spot on 
 which Christ was crucified, and the sepulchre in which his body was laid ; and, as such, it has, 
 during more than fifteen centuries, been the object of Christian pilgiimage from the most distant 
 countries. Its claims to this distinction have, however, been questioned, and, 'in our opinion, on good 
 grounds, within comparatively recent times.** Without entering at any length into the discussion 
 of this question, it will be sufficient to observe here, that the Gospel narratives clearly imply, and a 
 
 * Wars of the Jews, b. v., c. 4. 
 
 f PlanofJerusaIe»i,hyF. C-diherwood.Architect. 1835.. 
 The Travels of Buckingham, Pococke, Clarke, Robinson, 
 Jolliffe, and others. 
 
 X Dissertation siir I'Etetidue de I'Ancietine Jerusalem, 
 <tc., by M. D'Anville. Paiis, 1747. 
 
 § Josephus, Wars, b. v., c. 4. 
 
 II Nehem. iii. 19, 25. Josephus, Wars, b. i.,c 22; b. ii., 
 c. 17, 19 ; and b. v., c. S. 
 
 t Ibid., b. v., c. 2. 
 
 ** Dr. Clarke aiid other writers. See also JEclectic 
 Review, February, 1820.
 
 32 
 
 PLAN OF ANCIENT JEEUSALEM. 
 
 passage in the Epistle to the Hebrews distinctly states, that the scene of the death of Christ -was ] 
 without the walls of the city. This con-esponds ti the usual custom of the Jews, who are also well ! 
 known not to have allowed burials to take place within the city. Now the so-called Church of the 
 Holy Sepulchre is a considerable distance within the walls of modem Jerusalem ; and no arrange- 
 ment of the ancient walls which would possess the slightest share of probability, or which would at 
 all accord with the descrijjtions of Josephus, can be made in such a manner as to exclude from the 
 ancient city the ground now occupied by this building. We therefore think that the true site of 
 Calvary or Golgotha is unkn own ; and, rejecting the traditionary identification of this, we attach no 
 Scriptural interest to the many other places within the modem city which are pointed out to 
 visitors as the representatives of sjDots rendered sacred by their association with the life and 
 sufferings of Christ. Of those without the city, that called the Garden of Gethsemane seems to 
 indicate correctly the place which was the accustomed resort of himself and his disciples, and in 
 which he was betrayed. It is now an even plot of ground, enclosed by a stone fence, and containing 
 a few ohve-trees.* 
 
 Of the hiUs by which Jerusalem is on three sides surrounded, that to the west is but little 
 elevated above the city itself; and that to the south, which bears in the present time the name of 
 ' The Hill of Evil Council,' (from the improbable supposition that the house of Caiaphas, where 
 the chief priests and scribes took council against Christ, stood on the top of it,) is really a rocky 
 flat, which forms the termination of the high ground to the south of the city, and is loiver than 
 Mount Zion. But the Mount of Olives, on the east, rises higher than any of the gi-ound about 
 Jerasalem, and comjiletely overlooks the city, — the extensive view from its summit embracing, also, 
 the Vale of Jericho, the lower part of the river Jordan, and the Dead Sea, with the mountaias by 
 which that lake is enclosed. 
 
 The Valley of Jehoshaphat is described by travellers as being rather a ra\'iae than a valiey, 
 of which the ■\\-idth in few places exceeds 200 yards ; the Brook Kedron, which flows through it in a 
 deep and naiTOw bed, crossed by a small bridge of a single arch, is only a winter-torrent, Uttle more 
 than a yard in breadth, and dry during the greater portion of the year. The sides of this valley are 
 covered with the sepulchral stones of the Jews, who have been accustomed, both in ancient and 
 modern times, to use it as a place of interment. The valley of Ben-Huinom, (or, in our translation, 
 ' the Valley of the Son of Hinnom,') on the south of the city, is about fifty yards in breadth 
 and twenty in depth, measuring from the bottom to the highest part of Mount Zion.f Its sides are 
 rocky and precipitous, and that to the south contains nimierous sepulchral excavations. On the 
 further side of this valley, towards the south-east, is the place supposed, with much probability, to 
 represent Aceldama, 'the field of blood,' bought for 'a field to bury strangers in' with the money 
 which was the price of Judas's treason. The valley on the west of the city, called the Valley 
 of Gihon, is shallow, and in its southern part broad, decreasing both iu width and depth as it 
 advances northwaa-d ; it also contains some sepulchral excavations on its western side. The broad 
 valley, or rather depressed plain, of which the commencement extends in a south-westerly direction 
 from Jerusalem, and through which the road to Beth-lehem lies, appears to correspond to the Valley 
 of Rephaim of the Old Testament, in which Da\id gained a victory over the Philistines ;J: it is 
 bounded on each side by hills of little elevation. 
 
 How greatly the present appearance of Jerusalem must have changed from that which it 
 presented when its enclosing hiUs and vaUeys were, as in the time of its ancient gi'catness, covered 
 with groves and gardens, — when its Temple and other buildings reared their towers towards the 
 sky, and when it was the seat of an active and wealthy population, engaged in celebrating all the 
 pomp of their religious ceremonies or in pursuing the numerous and varied occupations of society, 
 — may be in some degree appreciated from the observation of a modern \\Titer, that ' the stranger 
 now sees from the neighbouring elevations a wild and mountainous desert, uo herds depasturing on 
 the summit, no water flo^ving through the valleys, but one rude scene of savage melancholy waste, 
 in the mid.st of which the ancient glory of Jiuhea l)ows hor head in widowed desolation.'§ 
 
 • Ih\ Kichardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, 
 1822, V. ii., p. 366. 
 
 f Bobinson's Travelsin Palestincand Syria, vol. i. p. 105. 
 
 X 2 Sam. xxiii. 13. 
 
 § Jollille's Letters from Palestine, vol. i., p. 105.
 
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 33 
 
 X. 
 
 THE TRAVELS OF SAINT PAUL. 
 
 There is little in this Map upon which it falls \vithin our plan to bestow any particular notice. 
 The positions assigned to the places mentioned in the relation of the Acts of the Apostles have been, 
 where any doubt attached to them, weighed with exi^reme care and with a regard to the most 
 recently acquired information. For the materials Avhich have enabled us to represent the countries 
 contained in, and adjacent to, Asia Minor, in a more correct manner than in other maps of the same 
 class, we are indebted to Mr. Brant,* Mr. W. J. Hamilton,t Mr. C. Fellowes,| and Mr. Ainsworth,§ 
 all of whom have, in their respective journeys through various parts of the country, accumulated 
 much geographical information of a valuable nature, and the last-named of whom, in conjunction 
 with the other gentlemen in command of the expedition now in progress to Kurdistan, has 
 ascertained the sites of many ancient cities, and determined astronomically the positions of many 
 important places. 
 
 To return, however, to subjects more immediately connected with Scriptural Geography. It is 
 probably known to most of our readers that different opinions have been entertained with regard to 
 the Island of Melita, on which the Apostle" Paul and his companions were shipwi-ecked. |1 By the 
 majority of writers on the subject this island has been regarded as represented by the modem 
 Malta, but many others, some of them of considerable ability, have argued in favor of a small 
 island in the Adriatic Sea now called Meleda ; — each of these islands having anciently borne the 
 name of Melita. Not deeming it necessary to enter upon the arguments on either side of a matter 
 which may be found discussed in every Biblical Cyclopaedia, we shall be content wdth observing 
 that, although much may be said (as in most similar cases) in favor of either position, yet the 
 preponderating weight of evidence appears rather to incline in favor of Malta, — which we 
 therefore identify with the Melita of the Apostolic narrative. The broad and shallow gulf which 
 the ancients called the 'Syrtis Major,' is supposed to be intended by 'the quicksands'H which 
 were an object of so much terror to the sailors ; this gulf, from the shifting nature of the sands on 
 its shores, and the general uncertainty of its bottom, was at all times a subject of dread to ancient 
 navigators. 
 
 We have adopted a conjecture made by Mr. Hamilton, in the paper already referred to, in 
 regard to the positions of Derbe and Lystra.** It seems probable that the former of these places 
 is represented by a village bearing the modern name of Devli, although it has been generally 
 identified with the ruins of Bin-bir-kilisd, on the mountaui called Kara-dagh. These ruhis are very 
 extensive and interesting, consisting chiefly of the remains of churches of great antiquity, and some 
 of them of considerable size, and, vnth the exception of some large sarcophagi and tombs, appearing 
 to belong to the early ages of Christianity. Mr. Hamilton is inclined to refer them to Lystra 
 rather than Derbe, the latter j^lace not being mentioned in the ecclesiastical notices, while the 
 former is known to have been an episcopal see during the reigns of the Byzantine Emperors, and 
 therefore a place where we might have expected to find the remains of numerous churches. 
 
 * ' Journey through part of Anuenia and Asia Minor, 
 1835.' — Journal of Hoyctl Geograpliical Society, vol. vi., 
 p. 187. 
 
 f ' Notes on Journeys in Asia Minor, in 1836-7.' — Ibid., 
 vii. 34, and viii. 137. 
 
 * Excursions in Asia Minor. London, 1839. 
 
 § ' Notes on a Journey ii-om Constantinople to Angora, 
 1838.' — Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. i.\-., 
 p. 216. 
 
 II Acts xxviii. 1. 
 
 If Acts xxvii. 17. 
 
 ** Acts xiv. 6. 
 
 E
 
 FAJ. ESTINE 
 
 AND -rilK 
 
 ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA. 
 
 as oividcd under Ulc Turkisli gtivcnuuent- 
 
 Divisions 
 I'ashaWc ^f Diuiuxscus - --^-^ T^ 
 Pashalik "of.Akka h-uA Ga-zamM 
 Pasluilik of Tripoli ^ «m^II 
 
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 1 
 
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 JfLahe of'c/14: Meadow*, -j 
 
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 Shtiara. 
 
 
 
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 A6^ 
 
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 s*i-a , 
 
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 /*««. ptD-t Ofthf , ii 
 
 j)r*,#* ,,r %\ r,,t,, fottMJuy JAf.tfi./ J 
 
 
 Kxplniiation 
 
 Jul Spivuf. aoun.Tt 
 
 Bic- HW/ 
 
 A0> Mt'itaxtrrt/ 
 
 Jur Briiipr 
 
 Kilt'eU I^rt, i^ixt/if 
 
 Mar J.<"^ 
 
 S.Jw. V. *'vw 
 
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 ti'rtJt.it: r.iiJi-v 
 
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 JjOnct^m John W"/V;yA»^, Wwr .'^rmnyf.
 
 35 
 
 XL 
 
 PALESTINE AND THE ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA, AS DIVIDED 
 UNDER THE TURKISH GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The insertion in a Scripture Atlas of this and the succeeding Map, Ijoth of which relate to 
 modern times, may at first appear to require some explanation. When, however, it is considered 
 that it is the distinguishing feature of this work to place before the student the grounds upon which 
 every conclusion which it exhibits is based, the object of them will be at once appreciated. By 
 showing him (in so far as a map can sliow) the 'pi'^sent condition of the countries which have been 
 brought under his notice, enabling him to see the names now borne by Scriptural localities, and in 
 many instances to trace the ancient in the modern appellations, they serve the purpose of a key and 
 guide to the whole series. This alone would be a sufficient reason for their insertion, independently 
 of the interest which must be attached to the condition, at any time, of countries which have been 
 the scene of events of such deep importance to mankind. 
 
 Arrived at modern times, and no longer perplexed with the vague statements of ancient 
 writers, it might be supj^osed that geographical doubts would cease, and that the task of delineating 
 the present condition of Palestine would be an easy one. But this is far from being the case, as we 
 have already had occasion to observe; and the imperfection of our knowledge is evinced by the 
 fact, that every new account which is received from that country is accompanied by the names of 
 jjlaces of which we have never before heard. In the present Map we have endeavoured to apply 
 the most recent information of every kind to the accounts of older travellers, so as to make it 
 exhibit, in so far as its scale will allow of its doing, what we really know of the modern geography 
 of the Ploly Land. We have had occasion, in various places, to notice many of the authorities which 
 have contributed to our purpose, and need only mention further the name of Burckhart,* a traveller 
 who has contributed more than any other individual towards our knowledge of the geography of 
 Palestine, especially of that part of the country to the east of the Jordan. 
 
 In availing ourselves of this opportunity of adding a few observations upon the Lakes 
 contained in, or connected with, the Valley of the Jordan to the notices of the physical geography 
 of the coimtry which have been supplied in the preceding Memoirs, we shall confine ourselves to 
 those circumstances which apply equally to their past and present condition. The first of these is 
 that called in the Bible the ' Waters of Merom,' and now bearing the name of the Bahr-el-Hule ; 
 its dimensions vary considerably with the seasons of the year, — those assigned to it in the MajD are 
 an average deduction from the many different statements on the subject. In summer the northern 
 part of it is entirely dried up, and the rest becomes a mere marsh; its waters are muddy and 
 unwholesome. Dr. Robinson denies the existence of a small lake which is placed, on the authority 
 of Dr. Richardson, midway betv/een the Bahr-el-Hule and the Lake of Tiberias ; it may jDerhaps 
 be only formed by the exjDansion of the River Jordan during its overflow at the rainy season. The 
 lake which is known in the country by the Arabic name of the Bahr-el-Tabarieh, and is called in 
 the Bible by the various names of ' the Sea of Chinnereth,' ' the Lake of Gennesareth,' ' the Sea of 
 Tiberias,' and ' the Sea of Galilee,' has long been distinguished for the sweetness and softness of its 
 water, which travellers universally describe as being as clear as crystal, and sweet, cool, and refreshing 
 to the taste. It is, like most bodies of water enclosed by mountains, liable to whirlwinds, squalls, 
 and sudden gusts, which are, however, only of short duration ; there is a current through its breadth, 
 extending even to the shores, and the Jordan is distinguishable in its passage through it by the 
 smoothness of the water in that part. ' 
 
 The last lake we have to notice is that far-famed one which finally receives the waters of the 
 Jordan. This body of water bears in Scripture the names of ' the Sea of the Plain,' ' the Salt 
 Sea,' and ' the East Sea,' and is better known in modern times by the name of ' the Dead Sea,' 
 than by the native title of the Bahr-el-Lut, or the Sea of Lot. The name of 'Dead Sea' is indeed 
 
 * Travels in Si/ria and the Holy Land. London, 1822. 
 E 2
 
 36 PALESTINE AJSTD THE ADJACENT PAET OF SYRIA. 
 
 peculiarly applicable to it, from the extreme appearance of desolation presented by the country 
 around, and from the general absence of animal and vegetable life. Its waters are intensely salt, 
 much more so than those of the ocean ; in an analysis which Dr. Marcet made of a portion of them, 
 100 parts of water were found to contain 2-i-58 parts of salts of different kinds, or nearly one-fourth 
 of the weight of the water.* Their specific gravity is also much greater than that of sea-waten 
 from which cause they possess a much greater buoyancy, — a circumstance attested by almost every 
 traveller who has bathed in them. Most of the exaggerated statements which have been so common 
 about this lake, such as the 'apples of Sodom,' beautiful to the sight, but containing only dust 
 and ashes, — the doleful sounds and suffocating vapours said to issue from it, — the sometimes visible 
 remains of the cities submerged in it, — and others of a sunilar nature, — are now disproved; and 
 although we have no evidence of any living creature being contained in its waters, yet birds have 
 frequently been seen to fly across them, and to skim their surface, \vithout sustaining any harm. 
 Some soundings which have recently been taken show the Dead Sea to have, in some places, a depth 
 of more than 300 fathoms.f The water is perfectly clear and transparent, while that of the Jordan | 
 is muddy, and discolors the lake with its yellow current. It has not been ascertained whether the 
 asphaltum or bitumen found floating on the surface of its waters, as well as on its western shore, 
 rises from the bottom of its bed, or origijiates in the rocks on its eastern border. The plain which 
 extends to the south of the Dead Sea, forming a continuation of the valley of the Jordan, possesses 
 a sandy and saline siurface, and is terminated by a chain of cliffs of sandstone, the height of which is 
 stated by Irby and Mangles at from 60 to 80, and by the Count de Bertou at between 60 and 70 
 feet, although Dr. Robinson estimates them at from 50 to 150 feet. 
 
 * The mean quantity of salt contained in the ocean is 
 about three and a half per cent, in the weight of the water. It 
 vai-ies considerably, however, in different latitudes, being in 
 general gi-eatest near the ti-opics, and diminishing^ towai'ds 
 
 the equator and poles. Malte Brun's Oeograpliy, vol. i., 
 p. 314 
 
 t Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. vii., 
 p. 456.
 
 XII 
 
 /.'/nedm '%/ohfi. IV /'•victr' Jfi^t ^^Ertt/.^.
 
 37 
 
 XII, 
 
 EGYPT AND PART OF ARABIA. 
 
 The numerous and easily accessible accounts of Modern Egypt will furnish the student with 
 an ample description of the magnificent remains which abound in that country, and many of which, 
 from the illustration which they afford of Scriptural CTistoms and imagery, are possessed of deep 
 interest to the readers of the Bible. In addition to its other purposes, the present Map enables us 
 to direct attention to one or two localities of Scriptural geography which have not fallen within any 
 others of the series. The chief of these is the once splendid city of Thebes, the remains of which 
 yet present so imposing and stupendous a spectacle, and which we accord with most writers on 
 Scriptural geography in regarding as the ' populous No,'* or No-ammon, of the prophetic writers. 
 Although this opinion is di.ssented from by others, yet we think it receives sufScieut confirmation 
 from the manner in which No is always mentioned, as being a great, populous, and powerful city,t 
 characteristics which certainly applied to Thebes in a much greater degree than to any other place 
 which can reasonably be substituted for it as the representative of No. The ' country of Pathros'j 
 is believed to correspond to that part of Upper Egypt which the Greeks distinguished as the 
 Thebais, from the name of the great city which it contained, and which answers to the Said of 
 modern geography. The Sukkiims,§ mentioned as constituting part of the troops of the Egyptian 
 king Shishak, seem to have been the same people whom the Greeks called the Troglodytaj, or 
 ' dwellers in caves,' who dwelt among the rocks and mountains which line the western shores of 
 the Red Sea, from the neighbourhood of Berenice (lat. 23° 54') nearly to the Straits of Bab-el- 
 Mandeb. In this territory Pliny mentions a city of the name of Suche,|| which closely corresponds 
 with the word Sukkiims. 
 
 A few remarks on the features of the countries represented will form a useful accompaniment 
 to the present Map. Of the extensive tract which is generally included under the name of Egypt, 
 the only part which is susceptible of cultivation, and thereby calculated for the abode of a settled 
 and civilized people, is the narrow valley in which the River Nile flows and the regions over which 
 its branches extend in the lower part of its course, with the addition of the province of Faium, and 
 the few Oases which are scattered through the surrounding deserts, and which break then- otherwise 
 imiform desolation and monotony. The rocks which bound the Nile on either side approach so 
 near to the bank of the river as to leave between them, in Ufiper Egypt, a valley of only four or 
 five mUes in width, but which widens in Central Egypt into ten or twelve miles, and in Lower 
 Egypt spreads into a wide and fertile plain. Cultivation is thus, in the Said and Central Egypt, 
 confined to the narrow strip of land along each bank of the river. The rocks b)' which it is 
 bounded attain, near Thebes, a height of 1200 feet, but their general elevation throughout Egj'^pt 
 is much less than this, frequently not exceeding 300 or 400 feet. The deserts which extend from 
 these rocks eastward to the Red Sea, and westward into the great desert of Lybia, have been shown 
 by the recent observations of Sir J. WilkinsonH to differ materially from the notions previously 
 entertained of them. Instead of being level wastes of sand, as has been generally imagined, thej' 
 constitute a portion of the extensive table-land of North-eastern Africa, and are in many jjlaces 
 crossed by chains of mountains of considerable height. The chief characteristic of that to the right 
 of the Nile is its gradual ascent eastward from the rocks which bound the valley of the river to an 
 elevated plain of considerable breadth, from which it slopes downwards towards the Red Sea. Of 
 the two chains of mountains which traverse it in a north and south direction, the more westerly 
 consists of limestone rocks, and that further to the east of gTanite. The latter chain, whicli 
 commences about lat. 28° 26', attains is. the lofty summit of Gharib an elevation of 6000 feet, and 
 continues in a southerly direction until it crosses the Nile at Assuan, forming what are called the 
 cataracts, but which are, in reality, only a succession of rapids, among which no single fall is more 
 than four or five feet. The desert to the west of the river consists, in like manner, of an elevated 
 
 * Nahum iii. 8. f J>-'rem. xlvi. 25. X Jerem. xliv. 1. § 2 Chvon. xii. 3. || Hist. Xaf., L vi., 34. 
 
 ^ ' On the Nile, and the present and former Levels ot'Eg^-j^t.' — Joufiial of Royal Geographical Sociify, vol. ix., p. 431.
 
 38 
 
 EGYPT AND PART OF AEABIA. 
 
 plain, for the most part level, but supporting, in some places, limestone mountains, and in which 
 the province of Faium, and the Oases, are depressions. The Valley of Faiiim and the Great Oasis 
 are depressed below the upper plain even more than the Valley of the Nile is, since the surface of 
 the Lake Maoris (Birket-el-Kerun) is 100 or 120 feet below the level of the banks of the river at 
 Beni-stief. 
 
 In the Memoir which accompanies the second Map of this series, we have traced the valley in 
 which the River Jordan flows, and the mountains by which it is on either side bounded, through 
 the whole length of Palestine to the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. Burckhardt, in the year 
 1812, was the first traveller who made known to modern Europeans the continuation of these 
 mountains southward in two distinct chains, and the existence between them of a broad valley, or 
 rather plain, which extends the whole way from the low cliffs of sandstone, of which we have 
 already spoken, (p. 36,) at the southern end of the Dead Sea, to the eastern arm of the Red Sea, 
 or the Gulf of 'Akabah : this valley is called the Wadi-el-'Ai-abah. When Burckhardt ascertained 
 the fact of its existence, he concluded that the River Jordan had anciently flowed through it to the 
 Gulf of 'Akabah,* previously to the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, at the time 
 of which catastrophe it has been very generally imagined that the Dead Sea was first formed ; and 
 his opinion on this point has been universally adopted by subsequent writers on the geogxaphy of 
 the Bible, as it seemed to afford a very satisfactory explanation of the manner in which the waters 
 of the Jordan might be disposed of, on the supposition that the Dead Sea had then no existence. 
 But it has been very recently shown that the nature of the Wadl-el-'Arabah is such as to preclude 
 the possibility of the Jordan's ever having, in the present state of the surface and level of the 
 gTound in those regions, flowed through it to the Red Sea, since it is in one place elevated above 
 the level both of the Gulf of 'Akabah and the Dead Sea, and is throughout on a higher level than 
 the latter body of water. Even without this knowledge, the recently-ascertained fact of the Dead 
 Sea being so considerably depressed heloiv the Mediterranean, (p. 14,) whUe the surface of the Red 
 Sea has long since been kno^vn to be several feet above the same level,t would have rendered the 
 hyi^othesis alluded to extremely improbable, since it could only have been maintained liy the supposi- 
 tion of the catastrojihe which destroyed the cities of the plain ha^ang been attended by an alteration in 
 the relative levels of nearly the whole country very considerably greater than is warranted by even 
 the most tremendous convulsions of the earth's surface which are on record. Since the acquisition 
 of this mformation the hypothesis referred to has, therefore, been abandoned ; nor was any hypothesis 
 ever more needlesly framed, for there is nothing in any passage of the Bible which at all warrants 
 the idea of the Dead Sea having had no existence previously to the destruction of Sodom, although 
 it is by no means improbable that that catastrophe produced considerable changes in the district. 
 We have ah-eady stated (jj. 14) the ojDinion which we entertain on the subject, and have only 
 recuiTcd to it here on account of the connexion it has so long had with the region to which we ha\'e 
 referred — viz., that of the Mountains of Seir and the Wadi-el-'Arabah, a connexion so generally 
 acknowledged, and held in common with so many erroneous ideas as to that district, that we should 
 not have appeared justified in passing over it while placing before our readers more correct 
 information upon those countries. 
 
 For this information we are entirely indebted to the Count de Bertou, and to Dr. Robinson 
 and his fellow-traveller ; tljo former of these gentlemen being the only EuroiDcan who has in modern 
 times traversed the whole extent of the Wadi-el-'Arabah from north to south. The route taken by 
 each of them was southward from Hebron, and, in accompanying them in this direction, we cannot 
 refrain from quoting a brief remark of the Count de Bertou 's, in reference to the im^iressions pro- 
 duced by the a.sjDect of the country immediately before reaching the southern extremity of the Dead 
 Sea. He observes that he had ' hitherto seen nothing to comj^are with the moimtains of Zo'ai-ah 
 and Esd6m. Here is desolation on the grandest scale, and beyond what the imagination of man 
 could conceive: it must lie seen, — to describe it is impossible. In tliis striking and solenm wa.ste, 
 
 * Travels in Sijria. 
 
 t Tlic Froncli C'nffiiicor.s, rluriiif; llic expedition to Ejjvi't 
 ill 17(18. ascertained tlit- lied Sea, at Suez, to be at liigli water 
 tliiriy feet, and at low water twenty-six and a lialf feet 
 liigher tlian the level of the Mediterranean at Alexandria ; 
 
 tlio level of tlie waters at tlie head ol' the (lull' o("Al<abali 
 cannot dillir materially I'rom that at the head ol' the (iulf 
 of Suez, so lh;il. (hey must also be elevated above the Medi- 
 terranean.
 
 EGYPT AND PART OP ARABIA. 39 
 
 where nature is alike destitute of vegetation and inliabitants, man appears but an atom; — all around 
 is enveloped in the silence of death, — not a bird, not even an insect, is seen! The regular step of 
 our camels returned a dull sound, as if the earth were hollowed beneatli their feet; the monotonous 
 chant of the camel driver accompanied at times the stej) of this inhabitant of the desert, but was 
 suddenly stopped, as if he feared to awaken nature. . . . Everything seemed to combine to 
 make the landscape a scene awfully sublime.'* 
 
 Passing through the Plain of El Ghor, the party entered the channel of Wadi 'Arabah, 
 ' which,' continues the Count, ' had at first the appearance of the bed of a great river, and, if its 
 slope were not visible toiuards the Dead Sea, one would exclaim on seeing it, ' This is really the bed 
 of the Jordan;' it is, however, the bed of a torrent which flows in an opposite direction, — viz., from 
 south to north, and falls into El Ghor. At present (April) here is no water; its breadth, which is 
 from 2-50 to 300 yards, is filled with tamarisks; it extends in a S.S.W. direction, and is bounded by 
 almost vertical banks of grey freestone, about 150 feet in height.' This applies to the lotver channel 
 which carries off the waters of the Wadi-el-'Arabah, and which is distinguished by Di-. Robinson, 
 who states its bi'eadth at its northern end to be equal to half a mile, by the name of Wadi Jib. It 
 begins to the south of Mount Hor, and exhibits traces of an immense volume of water which, in the 
 rainy season, flows down in a winding course through the midst of El 'Arabah, draining off all its 
 waters northwards to the Dead Sea. The waters of Wadi Jerafeh, in the desert further to the west, 
 also flow northward into El 'Aral^ah and through the same channel, t As the traveller advances 
 southward, .the Wadi (or lower channel) becomes mder, assuming the aspect of a desert, and 
 seeming to ascend ; the hills on each side decrease in height and soon disappear entirely on the left ; 
 until after j^assing Ai'n-el-Ghamar (lat. 30° 29'), a spring of bad water, the Wadi is gradually lost 
 in the slightly undulating plain which extends towards the mountains in the east. The Wadi-el- 
 'Arabah (using that term for the future in its most extensive sense, as denoting the whole breadth 
 of the wide valley which extends between the cliffs at the south end of the Dead Sea and the Gulf 
 of 'Akabah), attains its highest point, or summit level, about lat. 30° 1.5', near where it is joined by 
 Wadi Tahl, so that a line there drawn across it marks the line of separation between the waters 
 which flow to the Dead Sea and those discharged into the Red Sea. From thence the Wadi again 
 slopes southward towards the Gulf of 'Akabah, and so manifest is this line of division between the 
 waters, that M. de Bertou observes : ' It is impossible to inistake the two slopes, — one to the north, 
 the other to the south.' 
 
 The general level of the deserts to the west of the Wadl-el-'Arabah, and extending from the 
 south of Palestine towards the Peninsula of Sinai (of which Dr. Robinson has furnished us for the 
 first time with the means of attempting even a tolerable representation), is much higher than that 
 of the Wadi itself This was remarked by Burckhardt, and also by Dr. Robinson, who, travelling 
 north-westward from 'Akabah, after crossing the valley and reaching the summit of the western 
 mountains, found himself upon the great plateau of the desert, and higher than the mountain-peaks 
 which he had seen from below, and through which he had just ascended : he estimates its elevation 
 at from 1200 to J 500 feet above the sea. Burckhardt, however, thought that the level of this 
 western desert was 1000 feet below that of the deserts to the east of Wadi 'Arabah; so that the 
 latter must be elevated nearly 2500 feet above the Mediterranean. From this great elevation of the 
 plains to the east and west above the Wadi-el-'Arabah, it results that the height of the mountains by 
 which that valley is bounded appears much less when viewed from them than when seen from the 
 valley itself The only estimate which we have seen of their height is that of M. de Bertou, who 
 says that Mount Hor, the highest summit among the range of Jebel Shera, on the east side of the 
 valley, 'rises 1500 feet above the level on which it is placed.'* The hiUs on the west side of the 
 valley are not above half as high as tliose on the east. The western mountains may be regarded as 
 continued southward into the Peninsula of Sinai, in the central summit of which they rise to a far 
 greater elevation; these have passed under our notice in a preceding Memoir. 
 
 We may observe, in conclusion, that the line of coast of the Red Sea and its Gulfs is copied from 
 the beautiful survey recently completed by the ofiicers in the service of the East India Company, 
 which has for the first time enabled us to delineate correctly the shores of these interesting regions. 
 
 * Journal of Royal Geograpliical Society, vol. k., p. 280. f Ibid., p. 305. J Ibid., p. 283.
 
 INDEX TO THE MAPS. 
 
 The Latitude is throughout North of the Equator, and the Longitude East of the Meridian of Greenwich, 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Name of Place. 
 
 Latitude. 
 
 Longitude 
 
 Map. 
 
 Abana, River, Nahr Seybarany ? 
 
 . 33.27 
 
 .. 35.43 .. 
 
 . VI. 
 
 Abarim, Mountains of . 
 
 31.43 
 
 .. 35.47 .. 
 
 in. 
 
 Abliar, llabor .... 
 
 . 36.22 . 
 
 .. 49. 2 .. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Abdou, or Hebron 
 
 33.10 
 
 .. .35.29 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Abel, Abel-beth-maachah, or Abel- 
 
 
 
 
 maim, Hibt . 
 
 33.17 . 
 
 .. 3.5.39 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Abel-meholali .... 
 
 . 32.25 . 
 
 .. 35.28 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Abel-niizraim .... 
 
 31.50 . 
 
 .. 35.29 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 Abel-shittira, or Shittim . 
 
 . 31.55 . 
 
 . 35.39 .. 
 
 III. 
 
 Abila, or Abel .... 
 
 33.40 . 
 
 . 36. 8 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Abilene ..... 
 
 . 33.40 . 
 
 .. 36. 8 .. 
 
 VliL 
 
 Accad, (Sittace,) Tel Nimrud 
 
 33.28 . 
 
 .. 44.12 .. 
 
 I. 
 
 Accho, or Ptolemais, Akka 
 
 . 32.50 . 
 
 . 35. 4 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Achaia ..... 
 
 37.58 . 
 
 . 23.43 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Achmetha, (Ecbatana,) Humadan 
 
 34.4(i . 
 
 . 48..33 ... 
 
 V(I. 
 
 Achshaph 
 
 33. 6 .. 
 
 . 35.15 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Achzib ..... 
 
 31.37 .. 
 
 . 34.48 ... 
 
 Vf. 
 
 Achzib, Zib .... 
 
 33. 2 .. 
 
 . 35. 7 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Adadah ..... 
 
 31.10 .. 
 
 . 35. 6 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Adar, or Hazar-addar 
 
 30.43 .. 
 
 . 34.44 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Adramyttium, Adramyli 
 
 39.34 .. 
 
 . 20.58 .... 
 
 X. 
 
 Adria, Sea of . 
 
 36. .. 
 
 . 18. ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Adullam ..... 
 
 31.42 .. 
 
 . 35. ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Adummim .... 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 . 35.24 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 yKnon ...... 
 
 32.29 .. 
 
 . 35.35 ... 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Agri-ddg'i, Mount Ararat 
 
 39.42 . 
 
 . 44.18 ... 
 
 T. 
 
 Alilab 
 
 33.18 ., 
 
 . 35.22 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Ai, Aiath, or Hai . 
 
 32. 1 .. 
 
 . 35.20 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Aia-soluk, Epliesus 
 
 37.55 . 
 
 . 27.20 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Aijalon, or Ajalon, Yalon 
 
 31,55 .. 
 
 . 35. ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Ain, or Asliau .... 
 
 31.27 .. 
 
 . 34.42 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 A'in-el-IIafireh, Kadesh-barnea . 
 
 30.41 . 
 
 . 35.10 ... 
 
 lU. 
 
 Ahi-el-Tin, Capernaum 
 
 32.52 . 
 
 . 35.32 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 A'in Hazier f Jazer 
 
 . 32. 4 . 
 
 . 35.49 ... 
 
 XL 
 
 A'iiiJiddi,En-geii 
 
 31.22 . 
 
 . 35.15 ... 
 
 XL 
 
 Ajerud, Etham 
 
 30. 6 . 
 
 . 32.23 ... 
 
 IIL 
 
 'Ajldii, Eglou .... 
 
 31.39 . 
 
 . 34.57 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 'Akabah, Elath 
 
 29.28 . 
 
 . 35. 6 ... 
 
 XIL 
 
 Ak-hlsdi\ Tliyatira . . . 
 
 38.64 .. 
 
 . 27.55 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 'Akir, Elcron . . . . . 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 . 34.52 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Akka, Acclio .... 
 
 32.56 .. 
 
 . 35. 4 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 Alirabbim, Ascent of, or Maaleh- 
 
 
 
 
 akrabbim . . . . 
 
 30.58 .. 
 
 . 35.50 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Alemetli, or Almon 
 
 31.52 .. 
 
 . 35.23 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Aleppo, or Haleb, Helbon 
 
 36.13 . 
 
 . 37.12 . . 
 
 V. 
 
 Alexandria ..... 
 
 31.12 . 
 
 . 29.55 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 
 37. 5 . 
 
 . 38.55 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 Allah-shehr, I'liiladelpbia 
 
 38.22 .. 
 
 . 28.30 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Almon, or Alemetli 
 
 30.58 . 
 
 . 35.23 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Almon-diblatbaim, Beth-diblathaini 
 
 
 
 
 or Diblatli .... 
 
 31.39 . 
 
 . 35.50 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Alush 
 
 29. . 
 
 . 33.20 ... 
 
 IIL 
 
 
 f 30.50 .. 
 1.28.50 .. 
 
 . 34.55 1 
 . 33.42 / 
 
 IL 
 IIL 
 
 Amman, Rabbatli-Ammon . 
 
 31.58 .. 
 
 . 36. 2 ... 
 
 XL 
 
 Ammonites .... 
 
 31.58 . 
 
 . 36. 2 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Amorites ..... 
 
 f31.:i0 .. 
 (31.51 .. 
 
 . 35.15 "» 
 . 35.54 
 
 IL 
 IIL 
 
 Arapliipolis, Emboli 
 
 40.52 . 
 
 . 23.52 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Anathotli, Andtah 
 
 31.49 . 
 
 . 35.12 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Anem, or En-gannim 
 
 32.29 . 
 
 . 35.18 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Aner, Kannir .... 
 
 32.28 . 
 
 . 35. 3 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 . 31.19 . 
 
 . 35. 1 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Antioch, (in Pisidia,) Yalobdch 
 
 38.18 , 
 
 . 31.22 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Antioch, (in SjTia,) Antakia 
 
 . .'i6.13 . 
 
 . 36. 8 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Antipatris ..... 
 
 32.14 . 
 
 . 34.58 ... 
 
 VIIL 
 
 
 • 31.47 . 
 
 .. ,35.11 .. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Aphelc '...,. 
 
 32.35 . 
 
 . 35.17 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Apliek, or Aphekah 
 
 . 31.45 . 
 
 .. 35. 5 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Apliik, Kal'al-el-Shakiff 
 
 33.21 . 
 
 .. 35.35 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Apollonias, Arsuf . 
 
 . 32.19. 
 
 . 34.52 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Appii Forum .... 
 
 41.29 . 
 
 . 13. 2 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 
 
 
 
 liabba .... 
 
 . 31.24 . 
 
 .. 35.47 .. 
 
 IIL 
 
 Arabali, or Beth-arabaU 
 
 31.49 . 
 
 .. 35.57 .. 
 
 VL 
 
 Nanie of PKaco. Latitude. 
 
 Arail, Tel Arad .... 30.51. 
 
 Arani-naliaiaim, or Padan-aram, Al- 
 
 jezireh . . . . . 37. 5 .. 
 
 Ar.am, (.Syria) .... 33.32 .. 
 
 Ararat, or Armenia . . . 39. .. 
 
 Ararat, Mountains of, Agri-ddgh . 39.42 . 
 
 Aras, River, Uiv. Gihon . . . 39.47 •• 
 
 Ara'yr, Aroer . . . . 31.32 .. 
 
 Argob 33. .. 
 
 Arkitcs, (Area,) re/ .^j-i-a . . 34.36.. 
 
 Arimathaja, or Raniali, Ramleh . 31.56 .. 
 
 \rvion,B,.,}Vadi Modjeb . . 31.11.. 
 
 Aroer 31. 9 .. 
 
 Aroer, Agra .... 31.58 .. 
 
 KvoQr,Ara'yr . .... 31.32... 
 
 Arpliad, or Arvad,(Aradus,) Island of 
 
 Ruad 34.50 . 
 
 Arsuf, Apollonias . . . 32.19 , 
 
 Arumah 32.14 , 
 
 Arvadites ..... 34.5;) . 
 Ascalon, Aslilcelon, or Askolon, 
 
 AscaVan . . . . .31.38. 
 
 Asban, or Ain .... 31.27. 
 
 Ashdod, (Azotus,) Esdud . . 31.45 . 
 
 Asbdoth-pisg.ab .... 31.48 . 
 Aslitarotli, Asliterotli Karuaim, or 
 
 Beesliterah, Mezureib . . 32.47 • 
 
 Asia (Proper) 38.30 . 
 
 Assliur, or Assyria . . . 36.23 . 
 
 Assos, Beriam ..... 39.30 . 
 
 Assuan, Syene .... 24. 6 . 
 
 Athens 37.58 . 
 
 Atrotli-shophan, or Zaphon . . 32.23 . 
 
 Attalia 30.52 . 
 
 Ava, or Ivah, Hawdz . . . 31.20 . 
 Aven, On, or Beth-shemesh, (Helio- 
 
 polis,) Matarieh . . . 30.10 . 
 
 Avims, Avites, or Hivites . . 32.18. 
 
 Agra, Aroer ..... 31.58 . 
 
 Azeloih 31.45 . 
 
 Azem, or Azmon .... 30,50 . 
 
 Azmon, or Azem . . . 30.50 . 
 
 Azzah, orGaza . . . ,31.27. 
 
 Baaiah, or Kirjath-jearim . . 31.49 . 
 
 Baalath, (Ileliopolis,) Ba'lbek . 33.58 . 
 
 Baal-hermon, Mount Herraon, or 
 
 Senir 33.27 . 
 
 Baal-meon, or Beth-meon, Myun . 31.49 . 
 
 Baal-shalislia, or Beth-slialisba . 32.15 . 
 
 Babel, or B.abylon, /j!Vs-A''imri/(/ . 32.22. 
 Babylon, Birs-Nimrud, Mvjelibah, 
 
 Amrdn, Kasr, &c. . . . 32.27 . 
 
 Babylonia, Irdk-Arabi . . . 32,27 . 
 
 Bnffo, Papbos 34.46 . 
 
 Baltr-el-lli!le, Waters oiilerom . 33.5., 
 Bahr-cl Lul, or Dead Sea, Salt or 
 
 East Sea 31.30 . 
 
 Bahr-el-Tabarieh, Sea of Tiberias, &c, 32.50 . 
 
 Balnirim 31.48 . 
 
 Ba'lbek, Baalath .... 33,58 . 
 
 Banian, Dan, or Laish, &c. . . 33, 9 . 
 
 Basban, (Batanea) . . . 32.55 . 
 Beer, or Beerotb, Si'r . . .31.52. 
 
 Beer-sheba, or bheba, Blr-es-seba' 31.14 ., 
 
 Beesliterah, or Aslitarotli . . 32,47 . 
 
 Beit-al-Moie, (Dapbnoe,) Riblali . 36.10 . 
 
 Beil-el-lahm, Bethlehem . . . 31,42 . 
 
 Be'it-in, Bethel . . . . 31,59 . 
 
 Be'U-sida, Betbs,aida . . . 32.49 . 
 
 Be'it-ur, Beth-horon . . . 31.57 . 
 
 Beka, orZoar 31.18. 
 
 Been, Baal-meon, or Beth-baal-meon, 
 
 Myiii 31,49 ...35,55 . 
 
 F 
 
 Longitude. 
 .. 35. 4 ... 
 
 . 38..55 ... 
 . .36.19 ... 
 . 4,3. ... 
 . 44.18 ... 
 . 41 20 ... 
 . 35.50 ... 
 . 35.55 ... 
 , 3.5.57 . 
 , 34.54 
 . 36.10 . 
 . 3.5. 4 . 
 .. 35.50 
 . 35.50 . 
 
 . 35.48 . 
 . ,34.52 . 
 . 35.19 . 
 . 35.48 . 
 
 . 34.32 . 
 . 34.42 . 
 . 34.41 . 
 . 35.41 . 
 
 . 30.14 . 
 . 27,57 . 
 . 43. 8 , 
 . 2.;. 18 . 
 . 32,55 . 
 . 23,43 , 
 . 35.41 . 
 . 30,45 , 
 . 48.52 , 
 
 . 31,23 . 
 , 35,19 ., 
 . 35.50 . 
 34,59 .. 
 . 34.25 . 
 . 34.25 . 
 . 34,26 . 
 
 No. of 
 Map. 
 
 . IIL 
 
 L 
 . I, 
 
 L 
 
 I. 
 
 I. 
 XL 
 IV. 
 IL 
 VIIL 
 IV. 
 VL 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 XL 
 IV. 
 IL 
 
 IV, 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 VI. 
 
 IL 
 
 X. 
 
 I. 
 
 X. 
 XIL 
 
 X. 
 
 IV. 
 
 X. 
 VII. 
 
 in. 
 
 IL 
 IV. 
 VL 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 II. 
 
 35. 2 ... 
 
 36. 2 
 
 IV. 
 
 ■f ^• 
 \ VIIL 
 
 . 35.49 ... 
 . 35.55 .., 
 , 35. 7 — 
 , 44.26 ... 
 
 . 44.29 . 
 . 44.29 . 
 . 32.25 
 . 35,37 - 
 
 . 35.25 . 
 . 35,35 . 
 . 35.15 . 
 . 36. 2 . 
 . 35,45 . 
 . 36, . 
 . 35.10 , 
 34.36 . 
 . 36.14 . 
 . 36. 5 . 
 . 35.12 . 
 . 35.17 . 
 . 35.30 
 . 35. 7 . 
 . 35.26 , 
 
 VL 
 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 
 I. 
 
 VII. 
 
 VII. 
 
 X. 
 
 XL 
 
 XL 
 XL 
 VI. 
 XI. 
 XL 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IL 
 IV. 
 V. 
 XI. 
 XL 
 VIIL 
 XI, 
 IV 
 
 IV.
 
 42 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. 
 
 Name of Place. Latitude. 
 
 Beroa 40.35 
 
 Bered 31.10 
 
 Bergamo, Pergamus . ■ . . 39. 4 
 
 Beriam, Assos .... 39.30 
 
 Berothai, or Chun .... 33..78 
 Besor, Brook, Wudi Gasa . . 31.17 
 Betali, or Tibhath .... 34.37 
 
 Beth-abara 31.51 
 
 Bethany 31.47 
 
 Bethar 32.26 
 
 Beth-arabah, or Arabah . . . 31.49 
 Beth-aven ..... 32. 1 
 BetU-diblathaim, or Alraon-diblathaim 31.39 . 
 Beth-el, or Luz, Beil-in . . 31.59 . 
 Bethesda, Pool of . . • • 31.47 . 
 
 BetL-haccerem, (Herodkun,) Mount of 
 
 the Franks 
 
 Bjth-haran, (Livias) 
 
 Beth-lioron, Upper, Be'it-ir . 
 
 Beth-horou, Lower, Beit-ur 
 
 Beth-jesimoth, or Je-shimon . 
 
 Beth-lohem, Betli-Iehem Ephratah, or 
 Ephrath, Bc'il-el-lahm 
 
 Beth-leheni ..... 
 
 Betli-niaachah .... 
 
 Beth-meon, Myun .... 
 
 Beth-uimi-ah, or Is'imrah, Nymrciii 
 
 Beth-peor 
 
 Beth-phage 
 
 Beth-rehob, or Rehob, Hereibe 
 Beth-saida, Be'it-sida 
 Beth-saida, (Julias) 
 Beth-shalislia . . • • 
 
 Beth-shan, or Beth-shean, (Scythopo- 
 
 lis,) Bisan . . . ■ 
 
 Beth-shemesh , . . . • 
 
 Beth-shemesh . . . • 
 L'eth-shemesh, On, or Aven, Malarieh 
 Beth-zur . . . . ■ 
 
 Bezek ....•• 
 Bezer ..... 
 
 Bileam, or Ibleam .... 
 B(n-bir-kilisd, Lystra . 
 Bir, Beer . . . . • 
 
 Bir-es-seba', Beer-sheba 
 Bir Howara, M.arah .... 
 Btrs-Nimrurl, Babel 
 Bisan, Beth-shan . . ■ • 
 
 Bithron ..... 
 Bithynia ...■-• 
 Bozrali (of Edom), Boszra . 
 Bozrah (of Moab) .... 
 
 C'abul ...... 
 
 Csesarea, Kaisariyeh 
 
 Csesarea Pliilippi, Banias . 
 
 Calali ....-• 
 
 Calneh, or Canneh, (Ctesiphon,) Tauk- 
 i-kesrah . . • ■ • 
 
 (/aluo ....•• 
 
 C'anion ...... 
 
 Cana, Kana ..... 
 
 Canaanitcs ..... 
 
 Cundia, Crete .... 
 
 Canuoh, or Calneh .... 
 
 Capernaum, near A'in-el-Tin 
 
 Cappadocia ..... 
 
 Carchemi.sh, (Cercesium,) Kerk'myah 
 
 Carmel, Knrmel . . • ■ 
 
 C'arinel, Mount .... 
 
 Cedroii, or ICidron, Brook 
 
 Ceiichrea, Kenkries 
 
 Chaldiea (Proper), Irik-Arabi . 
 
 CliaiTan, or JIaran, Ilarrin . 
 
 Chebar, Kiver of, Khabur 
 
 Cliephirali ..... 
 
 Cheritli, Brook .... 
 
 Cliczib ..... 
 
 Ohinnereth ..... 
 
 Cliinnereth, 8ea of, — Sea of Galilee, 
 Lake of Ooiinesareth, or Sea of 
 Tiberia-s, Bahr-cl-Tabarieh . .'»2 CO 
 
 Chios, Khio 311.20 
 
 ChiBlotli-tabor, £;*««/ . . . 32.41 
 
 Cliorazin ..... 32.53 
 
 31.38 
 31.53 
 31.57 
 31. 50 
 31.50 
 
 31.42 
 32.52 
 33.25 . 
 31.49 . 
 31.58 . 
 31.40 . 
 
 31.48 . 
 
 33.21 . 
 
 32.49 . 
 32.55 . 
 32.15 , 
 
 32.30 . 
 33. 2 . 
 
 31.44 . 
 30.10 . 
 31.37 . 
 32.20 . 
 31.39 . 
 32.34 . 
 37.24 . 
 31.52 . 
 
 31.14 . 
 
 29.28 . 
 
 32.22 . 
 32.30 . 
 32.30 . 
 
 40.47 . 
 32.20 . 
 31.39 . 
 
 ' 33. 7 . 
 32.32 . 
 33. 9 . 
 
 36. 2 . 
 
 33. 7 . 
 33. 7 . 
 
 32.50 . 
 
 32.45 . 
 32.45 
 
 35.29 . 
 33. 7 . 
 32.52 . 
 38.42 . 
 
 35.15 . 
 31.26 . 
 32.52 . 
 
 31.48 . 
 37.54 . 
 30.61 . 
 
 30.46 . 
 
 37. 3 . 
 31.54 . 
 32.34 . 
 31.39 . 
 32.52 . 
 
 Longitude. 
 .. 22.16 .. 
 .. 34.20 .. 
 .. 27.12 .. 
 .. 26.18 .. 
 .. 30. 2 ... 
 .. 34.50 .. 
 .. 37. 5 ... 
 .. 35.33 ... 
 .. 35.15 ... 
 .. 34.55 ... 
 .. 35.57 ... 
 .. 35.19 ... 
 .. 35 50 ... 
 .. 35.17 ... 
 .. 35.11 ... 
 
 .. 35.20 ... 
 .. 35.38 ... 
 .. 35. . . 
 ,. 35. 7 ... 
 . . 35.35 . . . 
 
 . 35.12 
 . 35.18 . 
 . 35.45 
 . 35.55 . 
 . 35.34 . 
 . 35.47 . 
 . .15.14 
 . 35.43 . 
 . 35.30 . 
 . 35.37 . 
 . 35. 7 . 
 
 . 35.33 . 
 . 35.25 . 
 . 34.55 . 
 . 31.23 . 
 . 35. 5 . 
 . 35.23 . 
 . 30. 3 . 
 . 35.13 . 
 . 33.20 . 
 . 35.16 . 
 . 34.40 . 
 . 32.54 . 
 . 44.20 . 
 . 35.33 . 
 . 35.45 . 
 , 20.59 . 
 , 30.40 . 
 . 30. 3 . 
 
 . 35.24 . 
 . 34.54 . 
 . 35.45 . 
 . 43.31 . 
 
 . 44.35 . 
 , 44.35 . 
 . .35.50 . 
 , 35.21 . 
 . 35.15 . 
 . 23.53 . 
 , 44.35 . 
 . 35.32 . 
 . 35.20 . 
 
 40.16 . 
 . 35. 1 . 
 . 34.57 . 
 . 35.12 . 
 , 23. . 
 , 40. 5 . 
 , 39.10 . 
 . .39.68 . 
 , ,35. 6 . 
 , 35.48 . 
 
 34.55 . 
 , 35.32 .. 
 
 No. of 
 Map. 
 
 .. X. 
 .. IL 
 .. X. 
 
 .. X. 
 .. V. 
 .. IV. 
 .. V. 
 .. VIIL 
 .. VIIL 
 ,. VI. 
 .. VI. 
 .. IV. 
 . VL 
 . IV. 
 ,. IX. 
 
 . VI. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . VIIL 
 . IV. 
 . VI. 
 . IV. 
 . IV. 
 . VI. 
 . VIIL 
 . VI. 
 . VIII. 
 . VIIL 
 . VI. 
 
 . IV. 
 . VL 
 . IV. 
 . IIL 
 . VI. 
 . IV. 
 . IV. 
 . IV. 
 . X. 
 
 , xr. 
 
 , XI. 
 XII. 
 
 I. 
 
 . XI. 
 VI. 
 X. 
 
 \J. 
 
 VI. 
 VI. 
 
 via. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 I. 
 
 VII. 
 VI L 
 
 VI. 
 VIIL 
 
 II. 
 
 X. 
 VIL 
 VIII. 
 
 X. 
 VIL 
 
 lA^ 
 
 IV. 
 VIIL 
 . X. 
 VII. 
 
 I. 
 VIL 
 
 IV. 
 
 VL 
 
 II. 
 IV. 
 
 Lonjjituilc. 
 . 36. 2 ... 
 . 34.53 . . 
 . 24. 3 ... 
 . 27.20 ... 
 . 29.33 ... 
 . 27.15 ... 
 . 22..02 ... 
 . 31. ... 
 . 23.53 ... 
 , 35. ... 
 . 33..50 ... 
 . 48.20 ... 
 . 34. ... 
 , 21.49 ... 
 
 33.32 ... 30.19 
 
 33. 9 ... .35.45. 
 
 .35.35 . 
 , 2f;. 9 
 , 35.20 
 , 35.33 . 
 
 IV. 
 X. 
 
 IV. 
 VIIL 
 
 37.18 . 
 37.18 . 
 31.35 . 
 31.39 . 
 31.35 . 
 32.48 . 
 29. 3 . 
 32.39 . 
 32.27 . 
 32.50 . 
 
 31.30 
 32.20 
 31.36 
 34.18 
 30.19 
 32.49 
 31.39 
 
 .30.12 
 31.50 . 
 32.41 
 31.42 . 
 32.30 . 
 29.28 . 
 29.45 . 
 33.40 , 
 
 32. , 
 35.17 
 32.49 
 31.42 
 31.50 , 
 29.23 . 
 31.32 . 
 31.47 . 
 
 33. . 
 30.30 . 
 33.32 . 
 31.44 . 
 30. . 
 40.52 . 
 31.35 . 
 31.62 . 
 
 35.25 , 
 36. 9 . 
 
 . 33.51 
 . 33.51 
 35.52 
 35.50 
 35.52 , 
 35.25 
 33.14 
 34.50 , 
 35.23 
 35.33 . 
 
 Name of Place. Latitude. 
 
 Cluia, or Berothai .... 33.58 . 
 
 Cilicia 37- . 
 
 Clauda, Isle of, (Gandos,) Gozo . 34.50 . 
 
 Cnidus 30.40 . 
 
 Colosse, (Colossie,) near Khonds . 37 51 . 
 
 Coos, or Cos, Isle of, Kos . . 30.52 . 
 
 Coriuth 37.50 . 
 
 Costen^a, Salamis . . . 35.11. 
 
 Crete, Island of, Canrfia . . . 35.29. 
 
 Cush, Arabia . . . . 30. ., 
 
 Cush, (Ethiopi.a) . . . 10.56 . 
 Cush, or Cuthah, (Susiaua,) Khuzisliin 31.57 .. 
 
 Cyprus ..... 35.11 .. 
 
 Cyrene, Grennak .... 32.50 .. 
 
 Damascus, El-Sham .... 
 Dan, Dan-jaan, Laish, or Lesheni, 
 
 (Cassarea Philij)pi,) Banias 
 Dead Sea, or Buhr-el-Lut, Sea of the 
 
 Plain, &c 31.30. 
 
 Debir, or Lo-debar . . . 32.27 . 
 
 Debir, Kirjath-sanneh, or Kirjath- 
 
 sephir 31.20 ... 34.52 
 
 Decapolis (see Note) . . 
 
 Derlje, Devli .... 
 Dev/i, Derbe ..... 
 Diban, Dibon .... 
 Diblath, or Almon-diblathaim 
 Dibon, Dibou-gad, or Dimon, Diban 
 Dininah ..... 
 
 Dophkah ..... 
 Dor, Tortura .... 
 
 Dothan ..... 
 Dothan, Khan Job Vusuf 
 
 East Sea, Salt Sea, or Sea of the 
 
 Plain, (Lacus Asphaltites,) Bakr 
 
 Lit 
 
 Ebal, Mount .... 
 Edar, Tower of .... 
 Eden, Eden ..... 
 Edom, Land of ... . 
 Edrei, El Draa .... 
 Eglon, 'AjlAn ..... 
 Egypt, Kiver of, — or Sihor, Wadi 
 
 •A risk . ... 
 
 Ekron, 'Akir .... 
 
 Eksal, Chislotli-tahor 
 
 El'Aal, Elealeli .... 
 
 Elani, (Elyniais) .... 
 
 Ehitli, or Eloth, (yElana,) El'Akabah 
 £/-/«/ja,Wildernessof Shur, or Etham 
 El Beka\ VixUev of Lebanon . 
 El-bethel, or Beth-el . 
 Et-Dcir, Tipbsali .... 
 
 El Draa, Edrei .... 
 
 Elealch, V.\ 'Aal .... 
 
 El G/ior, I'lain or VaUey of Jordan 
 
 Elini, IVadi Gharendel 
 
 El-khalil, Hebron, &c. . 
 
 El Kvds, ,1 eriisalem .... 
 
 E/ Ledja, Trachouitis . 
 
 El-para u ... ... 
 
 Et-Slium, Dania.scus . . 
 Eltekeb, Tukrair .... 
 
 El-Tyh, Desert of Paran 
 
 Emboli, Ainphipolis 
 
 Eniinis ..... 
 
 Eniniaus, Gebeby .... 
 
 Endor 32.38 ... 36.21 
 
 ICo ox" 
 Map 
 V. 
 X. 
 X. 
 X 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 X. 
 
 I. 
 
 * 
 
 VII. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 
 IL 
 
 IV. 
 
 XL 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 VIII. 
 
 X. 
 , X. 
 XL 
 VI. 
 IIL 
 \l. 
 IIL 
 IV. 
 VI. 
 II. 
 
 . 35.25 .. 
 . 35.19 .. 
 . 35. 9 .. 
 . 35.52 .. 
 . 35.31 .. 
 . 30.16 .. 
 . 34.57 . 
 
 . 33.22 .. 
 . 34..52 ... 
 . 35.20 .. 
 . 35.55 ... 
 . 49. ... 
 . 35. 6 ... 
 , 32.50 ... 
 . 35.50 ... 
 . 35.18 .. 
 . 39.54 .. 
 . 36.15 .. 
 . 35.55 .. 
 . 35..35 ... 
 . 32.57 .., 
 . 34.57 ... 
 .35.^0 .. 
 
 30.30 ... 
 . 34.45 ... 
 , 30.19 ... 
 . 34.39 . 
 
 34. ... 
 , 23.52 ... 
 . 35..55 ... 
 . 35. 7 
 
 En-gannin, Jenin 
 
 En-gedi, or llazezon-tamar, A'in 
 
 Eii-mislipat, or Kadesh 
 
 En-rog'ci, Fountain of Nehcniuiti 
 
 Kn-shciMosh, Waters of 
 
 l''ii-tiip]iiiah, or Tappuah . 
 
 l'j|ilu'.'-iis, 'Aia-soluk 
 
 Eiihraini .... 
 
 lOpliraiin, or Eplirain . 
 
 I''.l»liraiin, Mount 
 
 ICphraiiii, Wodd of 
 
 Ilplinith, or IW'tbh'heni . . 
 
 Eret'h, Jrdk, or Jrkd 
 
 Esdud, Aslidod 
 
 Jiddi 
 
 32.29 
 31.22 
 30.50 
 31.47 
 31.40 . 
 32.20 . 
 37.85 , 
 32. 4 , 
 31.61 . 
 32.15 . 
 32.25 . 
 31.42 . 
 31.22 . 
 31.45 . 
 
 . 35.18 
 . 35.15 
 . 34.50 
 . 35.11 
 . ,3.5.12 
 . 35.32 
 . 27.20 
 . 35.13 
 . 35.18 
 . 35.20 
 . 30. 
 , 35.12 
 45.50 
 34.41 
 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 
 II. 
 
 V. XI. 
 
 ... III. 
 
 ... IV. 
 
 . 'i\. 
 
 . III. 
 .. IV. 
 .. IV. 
 .. XL 
 I. 
 ..IIL V. 
 .. IIL 
 .. XL 
 .. II. 
 .. VIL 
 .. XI. 
 .. IV. 
 .. XL 
 .. IIL 
 .. XL 
 .. XL 
 .. XL 
 .. IL 
 .. XL 
 . IV. 
 .. XIL 
 .. X. 
 .. IL 
 .. VIIL 
 f IV. 
 t XL 
 .. IV. 
 .. IV. 
 .. IL 
 .. IX. 
 .. IX. 
 .. IV. 
 .. X. 
 .. IV. 
 .. VIIL 
 .. IV. 
 .. VI. 
 .. H. 
 .. J. 
 XL
 
 INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. 
 
 43 
 
 Nnmo rtf Plnfe. 
 Eshcol, Brook or Valley of 
 f^shtaol ..... 
 Eshtcmoa, Eshteinoali, or Eslitemoh 
 Eshi-hisdr, Laoflicca 
 
 Etem 
 
 Etliam, Ajerid .... 
 Etham, or Shur, Wilderness of, — El 
 
 \ilha 
 
 Etlior, Ktam? . . . . 
 
 Ethiopia, or C'nsli, (Gon. 2. 13.) . 
 Euphrates, Hiver, Frat . 
 Erion-gaber, or Ezion-geber 
 
 Fair Havens, (Kalos Limciias) 
 Franks, Mount of the. Betli-haccerem 
 Frit-, nicer. Euplirates 
 
 Gtba, cr Geha .... 
 
 Gr.dareues, (Gadara,) Om-keis 
 
 Galatia ...... 
 
 Galeed, Jegar-saliadiitha, or Mizpah 
 
 Galilee ..... 
 
 Galilee of the Gentiles, or Upper 
 Galilee ... 
 
 Galilee, Sea of, &c. 
 
 Gareb, Hill .... 
 
 Gath 
 
 Gath-hepher, or Gittah-hepher 
 
 GatU-rinimou ..... 
 
 Gath-riinnion 
 
 Gaza ...... 
 
 Geba, or Gaba .... 
 
 Gebal, (Byblus,) Gebail, or Jube'il 
 
 Gebehy, Emniaus .... 
 
 Gederoth, or Gederothaim 
 
 Genuesaret, or Gennesaretli, Lalce 
 of, &c 
 
 Gerar ...... 
 
 Gergesenes, (Gergesa) 
 
 Gerizim, Mount .... 
 
 Geshur ..... 
 
 Geshurites . . . . 
 
 Gethsemaue .... 
 
 Gezer, ((Jazara) .... 
 
 Gibbethou .... 
 
 Gibeah, or Gibeath, Jeba^ 
 
 Gibeon, Jib ..... 
 
 Giblites ...... 
 
 Gilion, River, Aras? . 
 
 Gihon, Pool of ... . 
 
 Gihoii, Valley of ... 
 
 (Ti\hoa,, Mom\t, JebelJilbo 
 
 Gilead, Mount .... 
 
 Gilead, or Jlizpeh, Land of 
 
 Gilgal, 7iear Hiehah 
 
 Giloh 
 
 Girgashites .... 
 
 Gittah-hepher, or Gath-hepher 
 
 Goath ..... 
 
 Golan 
 
 Goshen .... 
 
 Goshen, or Ranieses, Land of . 
 
 Gozan, Riv., Kizil 'Uznn, or Sefiil RiiU 
 
 Gozo, Isle of Clauda 
 
 Great Sea, (Jlaie Interuuni,) Mediter- 
 ranean .... 
 
 Greece ...... 
 
 Grennah, Cyrene 
 
 Habor, Abhar? .... 
 Iladad-rimmon, (Maximiauopolis) . 
 Hadid, (Adido) .... 
 Hai, Ai, or Aiath .... 
 Halab, (Cliala,) Holiedn 
 Halak, Jlount .... 
 
 Hahb, or Aleppo, Helbou 
 
 Hali 
 
 Hamad&n, Achmetha . 
 Haniatli, (Epiphauia,) Ilamah . 
 llamatliites .... 
 
 Hamath-zobali .... 
 
 Hamniatli, llainmon, or Ilammoth-dor 
 Ilanes, Taliapaucs, 'I'alipanhes, or 
 
 Tfhapliiiehes, (Daphnai Pelu- 
 
 sia;,) S'ifnds 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Lntltuile. 
 
 I<ongitude 
 
 . Map. 
 
 31.45 
 
 .. .35. 5 . 
 
 . in. 
 
 31.48 
 
 .. 34.,54 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 31.21 
 
 .. 35. . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 37.55 
 
 .. 29.10 . 
 
 . X. 
 
 31.3!) 
 
 .. 35.13 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 30. 
 
 .. 32.23 . 
 
 . in. 
 
 29.45 
 
 .. 32.50 . 
 
 . II L 
 
 3123 . 
 
 .. 34.39 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 31. . 
 
 .. 47..30 .. 
 
 I. 
 
 33. . 
 
 .. 44. .. 
 
 . I.VII 
 
 29.,i0 . 
 
 .. 35. 5 .. 
 
 , III. 
 
 34.57 . 
 
 .. 24.50 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 31.3H . 
 
 .. 35.20 . 
 
 . XL 
 
 33. . 
 
 .. 44. . 
 
 VIL 
 
 3L54 . 
 
 , 35.13 , 
 
 IV. 
 
 32.41 . 
 
 . 35.44 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 39.50 . 
 
 . 32.50 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 32 33 . 
 
 . 3fi. 9 .. 
 
 n. 
 
 32. 4G 
 
 . 35.17 .. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 33.10 . 
 
 . 35.30 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 32.50 . 
 
 . 35.35 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 31.47 
 
 . 35.10 .. 
 
 IX. 
 
 31.44 . 
 
 . 34.47 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 32.46 . 
 
 . 35.18 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 32.2fi . 
 
 . 35. 6 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 31.48 . 
 
 . 34.50 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 31.27 . 
 
 . 34.26 .,, 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.54 .. 
 
 . 35.13 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 34. 6 . 
 
 . 35.36 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 31.52 . 
 
 . 3.5. 7 ... 
 
 XL 
 
 31.40 . 
 
 . 34. .56 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 32.50 . 
 
 . 35.35 .. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 31.14 .. 
 
 . .34.29 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 32.43 .. 
 
 . 35.38 ... 
 
 VIIL 
 
 32.17 
 
 . 35.18 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 33. 6 .. 
 
 . 35.42 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 33. G .. 
 
 . .35.42 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.47 
 
 . 35.11 ... 
 
 IX, 
 
 31.53 .. 
 
 . 35. 2 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.47 •■ 
 
 . 34.51 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 . .35.12 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.57 .. 
 
 . 35.14 . . 
 
 IV. 
 
 34. C .. 
 
 . 35.36 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 39.47 .. 
 
 . 41.20 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 31.47 .. 
 
 . .35.11 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 31.47 . 
 
 . 35.11 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 32.40 .. 
 
 . 35,30 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 .32.25 .. 
 
 . 36. 5 ... 
 
 II. 
 
 32.14 .. 
 
 . 35.58 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.53 .. 
 
 . 35.30 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.23 .. 
 
 . 34.58 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 32.43 .. 
 
 . 35.38 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 32.46 .. 
 
 . 35.18 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 31.47 .. 
 
 . 35.10 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 32.58 .. 
 
 . 3.5.46 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.19 .. 
 
 . 34 59 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 30.30 .. 
 
 . 32. ... 
 
 in. 
 
 35.45 .. 
 
 . 36.41 ... 
 
 VII. 
 
 3i.50 .. 
 
 . 24. 3 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 34. .. 
 
 . 30, ... 
 
 X. 
 
 37.58 .. 
 
 . 23.43 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 32.50 .. 
 
 . 21.49 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 36 22 ,. 
 
 . 4!). 2 ... 
 
 VIL 
 
 32.31 .. 
 
 . 35.12 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 31.54 . 
 
 . 35. ... 
 
 VL 
 
 32. I .. 
 
 . 35.20 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 34.31 .. 
 
 . 46. 6 ... 
 
 VII 
 
 31. 8 . 
 
 . 35. .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 36.12 .. 
 
 .37.12 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 33. .. 
 
 . 35.12 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 34.46 .. 
 
 . 48.33 ... 
 
 VII. 
 
 35. 3 . 
 
 . .36.52 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 35. 3 .. 
 
 . 3G..i2 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 34.30 .. 
 
 . .37..30 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 33. 6 .. 
 
 . ;'>5,35 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 30.51 .. 32.13 . 
 
 IIL 
 
 Name of Place. 
 
 Ilara, Tdrom? .... 
 
 Ilara, '/.arnuhl .... 
 
 Ilaran, or Charran, Harrdn 
 
 Ilaro.sheth ..... 
 
 Ilauriin, (Auranitis,) Ilmiran . 
 
 llavilah, (of Gen. 10. 7) ? . 
 
 llavilali, (do.)? 
 
 llavilah, (of 1 Sam. 15. 7) . 
 
 Ilavoth-jair ..... 
 
 Iluirdz, Ava, or Ivali . 
 
 Hazar-addar, or Adar 
 
 Ilazar-shual .... 
 
 Ilazeroth ..... 
 llazezon-taniar, or En-gedi, 'A'in Jiddi 
 Ilazor, 'Azur .... 
 Hebron, or Abdon .... 
 Hebron, Kirjatli-arba, or Manire, El 
 Kiln lit ..... 
 Helbon, (C'halybon,or BercBa,) /I/f/i/jo. 
 
 or Haleb . . . . 36.12 
 
 Helkath 33. 4 
 
 Hophcr 31.30 
 
 Ilercibe, Rehob .... 33.21 , 
 
 llennou. Mount, ./fte/ A's-sAeiM . 33.27. 
 
 WesAAon, Ileshbdii .... 31.51 . 
 
 //ii/, Abel-beth-maachah, &c. . 33.17. 
 
 Hiddekel, River, Tigris . . . 38.28 . 
 
 llierapolis . . . . . 38. . 
 
 Uilen, or llolon .... 31.23 . 
 
 llinnon. Valley of the Sou of . 31.46. 
 
 llittites 31.32 . 
 
 Hivites, or Avims . . . 32.18. 
 
 Hobah, or Zobah? . . . 33.44. 
 
 llolon, or Ililt-n . . . . 31.23 . 
 
 I/olwdu, Halali .... 34.41 . 
 
 Ilor, Jlount .... 30.18 . 
 
 Horeb 28.38 . 
 
 Iloritcs 30.40 . 
 
 Ilormah, or Zephath, Siifdh . . 30.47 . 
 
 Ilukkok 32 56 . 
 
 Ibleani, or Bileam . . . . 32.34 . 
 
 Icouiuni, Koaiyeh . . . 37.51 . 
 
 Iduniea 31.20 . 
 
 Ijou 32.50 . 
 
 lUyricum 42.30 . 
 
 Irdk, or Irkd, Ereeh . . . 31.22 . 
 
 Irdk-Ajemi, .Media JIagua . 34.46 . 
 
 Irdk-Arabi, Chaldoea . . 32.27 . 
 
 Ir-shemesh ..... 31,35 
 
 Isli-tob, or Land of Tob , 32.55 . 
 
 Italy 41.53 . 
 
 Ituraja, Jedur . . . . 33.10 . 
 
 Iva, or Ava, (Agiuis,) Hawdz . 31.20 . 
 
 Jaazer, or Jazer, Am Hazier . . 32. 4 . 
 
 Jabbok, Brook, li'udi Zerka . 32. 1 
 
 Jabesli-giUad .... 32.31 . 
 
 Jabueb, or Janinia, Vebna . . 3i.62 . 
 
 Jacob's Well 32.18 . 
 
 J"ffa, Japlio, or Joppa . , 32. 4 . 
 
 Jagur . ... . . . 31.11 . 
 
 .Jahaz, Jaliaza, or Jahzah . . 31.42 . 
 
 Janinia, or Jubiieli . . . 31.52 . 
 
 Jauoah, or Januhali . , , 32,16. 
 
 Japlio, or Joppa, Jaffa . . . 32. 4 . 
 
 Jarnuitli 31,42 . 
 
 Jarmutli, Kaniuth, or Reineth . . 32.29 . 
 
 J;ittir 31.26 . 
 
 Javan, (Ionia) .... 37.;i0 . 
 
 Jazer, or Jaazer . . . . 32. 4 . 
 
 Jazer, Land of . . . . 32. 4 . 
 
 Jeba', Gibe.ah . . . . 31.50 . 
 
 Jebel Attarus, Mount Nebo . . 31.43 . 
 
 Jebel Es-sheikh, Mount Hermon . 33.27 . 
 
 Jcbel Jilbo, Mount Gilboa . . 32.40 . 
 
 Jebel Libnan, cjc, Jlountains of 
 
 Lebanon 34. 6 . 
 
 Jebel Scrbal, Jlount Sinai ? . . 28.38 . 
 
 Jebel Shera, Jlount Scir . . . 30.18 . 
 
 Jebel Tur, Jlount T.abor . . 32.42 . 
 
 Jebusi, or Jerusalem, El Kods . 31.47 . 
 
 Jebusites ..... 31.47 . 
 
 Jedir, Itun^a .... 33.10 . 
 
 .Tegar-sahadutha .... 32,33 . 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Lp.tltude. 
 
 Lontrituiic. 
 
 JIap. 
 
 36.58 
 
 .. 4«.45 .. 
 
 VIL 
 
 33.52 
 
 .. 46. 8 .. 
 
 VIL 
 
 36.46 . 
 
 .. .39.10 .. 
 
 I. 
 
 33. 3 . 
 
 .. 3.-)..'t5 ... 
 
 1\'. 
 
 33. . 
 
 .. .36.20 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 41. . 
 
 .. 42.30 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 30. . 
 
 . 4f;..'i0 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 30.55 . 
 
 . 34.30 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 32,45 . 
 
 . 35.50 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 31.20 . 
 
 . 48.52 ... 
 
 VII. 
 
 30.43 . 
 
 . 34.44 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31. 8 . 
 
 . 34.20 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 29.43 . 
 
 . 34.50 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 31.22 . 
 
 . 35.15 .. 
 
 II. 
 
 33.10 . 
 
 . 35.37 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 33.16 . 
 
 . 3.5.29 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 31.32 . . 34.57 
 
 . 37.12 . 
 . 35.12 . 
 . 34.51 . 
 . 35.43 . 
 . 35.49 . 
 . 35.54 . 
 . 35.39 . 
 . 39.50 . 
 . 29. 8 . 
 . 35. . 
 . 35.11 . 
 . 34.57 . 
 . 35.19 . 
 . 3;.18 . 
 . 35. . 
 . 46. 6 . 
 . 35.27 . 
 . 33.40 . 
 . 35.30 . 
 . 35. 9 . 
 . 35.19 . 
 
 . 35.13 . 
 . 32.40 . 
 . 35. . 
 . .'15.29 . 
 . 20. . 
 . 45.50 . 
 . 48..33 . 
 . 44.29 . 
 . 34.11 . 
 . 36.20 . 
 . 12.27 . 
 . 36. 5 . 
 . 48.52 . 
 
 . 35.49 . 
 , 36.25 . 
 , 35.39 . 
 
 34.i5 . 
 
 35.20 . 
 , 34.45 . 
 , 35. 8 . 
 , 35.57 . 
 
 34.45 . 
 
 35.30 ., 
 
 34.45 ., 
 
 35. 2 . 
 , 35.13 . 
 , 34.49 . 
 
 27.18 ., 
 . 35.49 . 
 
 35.49 . 
 , 35.12 . 
 
 35.47 . 
 
 35.49 . 
 , 35.30 . 
 
 35.52 , 
 , 33.40 . 
 . 35.27 . 
 , 35.24 . 
 . 3.5.11 . 
 . 35.11 . 
 . 36. 5 
 . 36. 9 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . V. 
 . IV. 
 . VI. 
 . XL 
 . IV. 
 . IV. 
 . XL 
 I. 
 
 X. 
 . VL 
 . IX. 
 . IL 
 . IL 
 
 IL 
 
 VI. 
 VIL 
 
 IIL 
 
 III. 
 
 II. 
 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 X. 
 
 vni. 
 
 VI. 
 
 X. 
 
 VII. 
 
 vn. 
 
 VIL 
 IV. 
 V. 
 X. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 YU. 
 
 IV. 
 
 n. 
 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 VIII. 
 XI. 
 VL 
 IV. 
 VI. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 I. 
 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 XL 
 XL 
 XL 
 
 XI. 
 XIL 
 XII. 
 XL 
 IIL 
 II. 
 XI. 
 IL
 
 44 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. 
 
 Name of P'aco. Latitude. Longitude. 
 
 Jehoshaphat, Valley of . . 31.47 ... 35.12 .. 
 
 Jenin, En-gaunim .... 32.2!) ... 3a. 18 .. 
 
 Jerahmeelites .... 30.57 ... 34.40 . 
 
 Jericho . . . . . . 31.55 ... So.2ti 
 
 Jerusalem, (Hierosolyma, Cadytis,) 
 
 £lKods .... 3147... 35.11 .. 
 
 Jeshanah 32. 2 ... 35.23 .. 
 
 Jeshimon, or Beth-jesimoth . . 31.50 ... 35.35 .. 
 
 Jezreel, (Esdrtelou,) Zerahein . . 32.33 ... 35.19 ... 
 
 Jezreel, VaUevof,(l^lam of Esdrselon,) 
 
 Marj Ibn'Amer . . . 32.36 ... 35.15 .. 
 
 J;A, Gibeon .... 31.57 ... 35.14 .. 
 
 J.igbehak 32. 9 ... 36. 1 .. 
 
 Jokineam, or Kibzaim . . 32.12 ... 35.15 .. 
 
 Jokneam of Carmel . . . 32.41 ... 35. 6 .. 
 
 Joktheel, or SekUi, (Petra,) Wadi 
 
 Musa 30.1D ... 35.31 .. 
 
 Joppa, or Japho, Jaffa . . , 32. 4 ... 34.45 .. 
 
 Jordau, Plain of, El Ghor . . 31.50 ... 35.35 .. 
 
 Jordan, River, Sheriat-el-Kebir . 33.12 ... 35.4(i ... 
 
 Joruk, Rioer, li\\ev Visoal . . 40.20 ... 41. .. 
 
 Jube'il^ or Gebail, Gebal . . • 34. 6 ... 35.36 .. 
 
 Juda?a 31.47 • ■ 35.11 .. 
 
 Juda;a, Wilderness of . . . 31.35 ... 35.15 .. 
 
 Judali, Mountains of . . . 31.30 ... 35. . 
 
 Juttah, Yulta .... 31.20 ... 35. .. 
 
 Kadesli-barnea, or Kadesli, A'in-el- 
 
 Hafireh 30.41 ... 35.10 .. 
 
 Kaisariyeh, Csesarea . . . 32.32 ... 34.54 .. 
 
 KaVat-el-Shakiff, Aphik . . . 33.21 ... 35.35 .. 
 
 Kana, Cana .... 32.45 ... 35.21 .. 
 
 Kannir, Auer 32.28 ... 35. 3 .. 
 
 Kanali, River, A^a/i)-c/-X'asa4 . 32.27 ... 35. 8 .. 
 
 Kauneytra, Kenatli-nobali . . 33. 7 ... 35.52 .. 
 
 JTora-sa, West branch of Euphrates 40. 7 ... 41.22 .. 
 
 Karmel, Caxmel .... 31.26 ... 35. I.. 
 
 A'arjwi, Lwior, &c., No-Ammon,or No 25.43 ... 32.40 .. 
 
 Kartan, or Kirjathaim . . 32.i)6 ... 35.31 .. 
 
 Kedemoth 31.35 ... 3C. .. 
 
 Kedesli, or Kedesh-naphtali . 33. 4 ... 35.30 .. 
 
 KeilaU 31.35 ... 34.50 .. 
 
 Kenath-nobah, (Canatha,) Kanneytra 33. 7 ... 35.52 .. 
 
 Kenites 30.45 ... 34.30 .. 
 
 Kenkries, Cenchrea . . . 37.54 ... 23. .. 
 
 Kerkisiyeh, Carcliemish . . . 35.15 ... 40.10 .. 
 
 Khan Job Yusuf, Dothan . . 32.56 ... 35.33 .. 
 
 Khabur, River, — River of C'liebar . 37. 3 ... 39.58 .. 
 
 Khio, Chios .... 38.20 ... 26. 9 .. 
 
 JT/ionfls, Colosse .... 37.51 ... 29.33 .. 
 
 Kliuzistdn, Cusli, or Cuthah . . 31.57 ... 48.26 .. 
 
 Kibroth-hattaaveh .... 29.18 ... 34.40 .. 
 
 Kibzaim, or Jokmeam . . . 32.12 ... 35.15 .. 
 
 Kidron, or Cedron, Brook . . 31.48 ... 35.12 .. 
 
 Kir, (As.syria Proper,) Kurdistan . 36.23 ... 43. 8 .. 
 Kir-liaresli, Kir-hareseth, or Uabbatli- 
 
 muiih, Rahba . . . 31.24 ... .35.47 .. 
 
 Kiriathaim, or ICirjatliaim . . 31.48 ... 35.48 .. 
 
 Kirjathaim. or Kart.an . . 32.56 ... 35.31 .. 
 
 Kirjatli-arl)a, 01- Hebron . . 31.32 ... 34.57 . 
 
 Kirjatb-b lal, Kirjath-jearini, or 
 
 I{;ialali 31.49 ... 35. 2 .. 
 
 Kirjatb sanneh, Kiijath-sepliir, or 
 
 No. of 
 Map. 
 
 IX. 
 XI. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 VI. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 VIII. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 V. 
 VIII. 
 
 II. 
 II. 
 I. 
 
 XI. 
 VIII. 
 VIII. 
 
 VI. 
 . IV. 
 
 III. 
 
 XI. 
 XI. 
 XI. 
 XI. 
 IV. 
 XI. 
 
 I. 
 
 XI. 
 XII. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 X. 
 VII. 
 XI. 
 VII. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 VIL 
 
 III. 
 
 IV. 
 VIII. 
 VII. 
 
 VI. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Debir 
 
 31.2B . 
 
 . 31., 52 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Kislion, Brook . . . . 
 
 32.43 . 
 
 . 35.2.1 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Kitrun, (Scpphoris ?) Safureh 
 
 32.46 . 
 
 . 3.5.17 .. 
 
 . VI. 
 
 Kitlim, (Cji)rus) . . . . 
 
 35.1 1 . 
 
 34. .. 
 
 . I. 
 
 Kizil 'Uzen, River Gozan ? . 
 
 35.45 . 
 
 . 36.41 .. 
 
 . VII 
 
 Koniyeh, Iconium . . . . 
 
 37.51 . 
 
 . 32.40 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Kos, Coos ..... 
 
 36.52 . 
 
 . 27.15 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Kuran, fiiv., (Eulocus,) Riv. of Ulai 
 
 32. 2 . 
 
 . 50. ,50 .. 
 
 . VIL 
 
 Kurdisldn, Kir .... 
 
 36.23 . 
 
 . 43. 8 .. 
 
 . VII. 
 
 Lachish ..... 
 
 31.38 . 
 
 . 34..53 ,. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Laish. Uan, &c., Banias . 
 
 33. 9 . 
 
 . 35.45 .. 
 
 . IL 
 
 Laodicea, Eski-hisdr , 
 
 37.55 . 
 
 . 29.10 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Ija-sea ...... 
 
 34 .59 . 
 
 . 24.19 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 I/aslia ..... 
 
 33. 9 . 
 
 . 35.45 .. 
 
 . II. 
 
 I/asliaron, or Sharon 
 
 32.10 . 
 
 . 34..59 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Lchan, Lebonait .... 
 
 32.10 . 
 
 . 35.20 . 
 
 . XI. 
 
 Lebanon, Mts. of, Jebcl fAbnan,^c. 
 
 34.17 . 
 
 . 3(;. .. 
 
 . IL 
 
 Lebanon, Valley of. El Beka' . 
 
 33.40 . 
 
 . 35.50 
 
 . VI. 
 
 Lebonah, Leban .... 
 
 32.10 . 
 
 . 35.20 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Leshein, &c. . . . . . 
 
 33. 9 . 
 
 . 35.15 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 liibaah 
 
 31.43 
 
 . 34.56 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Name of Place. 
 Liby.. (Proper) 
 
 Lod 
 
 Lo-debar, or Debir . 
 
 Lud, (Lydi.i) 
 
 Lud, (Lydda) .... 
 
 Luxor, Karnak, &c., No, or N 
 
 Amnion .... 
 Luz, or Beth-el . 
 Lycaonia .... 
 
 Lycia ..... 
 Lydila, ( Uiospolis,) L\'id . 
 Lydia .... 
 
 Lystra, Bin-bir-kilisi 
 
 JIaachathites . . 
 
 Miialeh-akrabbim 
 
 Macedonia .... 
 
 Aladeba, Medeba 
 
 Malianaim . 
 
 Makkedah .... 
 
 Malta, Island of Melita 
 
 Mamre, or Hebron 
 
 Maon .... 
 
 Jlaon, Wilderness of 
 
 Marah, Bir Howara 
 
 Mareshah, (Marissa) 
 
 Marj Ibn 'Amer, Valley of Jezreel 
 
 Mashal, or Misheal . 
 
 Matarieh, On, Aven, &c. 
 
 Medeba, Madeba 
 
 Media (Magna), Irdk-Ajemi 
 
 A/editerranean, Great Sea 
 
 Megiddo .... 
 
 Melita, Island of, Malta 
 
 Memphis, or Noph, 3Iil-raheny 
 
 Mephaath .... 
 
 Merom, Waters of, (L. Semechonitis. 
 
 Bahr-el-Hule 
 Meroz, Mezra 
 ilesopotamia, Al-jezireh 
 Mezareib, Ashtaroth 
 Mezra, Meroz 
 Jlichmash, Alukhm&s 
 Miehraethah 
 
 Middin ..... 
 Midiaiiites, (by Dead Sea) . 
 Midianites, (by Red Sea) 
 Migdol, Jerem. 44. 1. (Magdolus) 
 Miletus .... 
 Minni, (Armenia Minor) 
 Minnith .... 
 Mishal, or Misheal . 
 Mit-raheny, Memphis . 
 Mitylene, Mytilini . 
 Alizpeh .... 
 Mizpeh (of Gilead) . 
 Mizpeli, or Gilead, Land of . 
 
 Moab 
 
 Moab, Plains of, El Ghor 
 
 Moladah 
 
 Moreh, Vale of . 
 
 Moriah, Land of . . . 
 
 Mori.ih, Mount . . 
 
 MujelilH-h, &c,, Babylon . 
 
 Miikhmas, Mielunash . 
 
 Mura'd Cliai, East branch of Euphrates 
 
 Myra 
 
 Mysia ..... 
 Myun, Baal-ineon, &c. 
 
 Nablus, Sliechom 
 Naaran, or Niuirath 
 Nahalal, Nahallal, or Nahalol . 
 Nahr-el-Ahsit, Bi'ook Zei'cd . 
 Nahr Barrada, River Pbarpar? 
 Nahr-el-Kasab, River Kauah 
 Nahr Scybarauy, River Abana? 
 Nain ..... 
 Nazareth, Nasarah . . 
 
 Neapolis .... 
 Nebo, MoiMit, Jebel Altarus 
 Nchemiah, Fountain of, En-rogel 
 Nicopolis .... 
 Nile, River, — Sihor (of Isai. 23 
 and Jerem. 2. 18.) . 
 
 Latitude Longitude. 
 . 31. ... 21. ... 
 
 31.56 ... 34.57 •■ 
 . 32.27 ... 311. 9 ... 
 
 S8.30 ... 27.57 ... 
 . 3i.£6 ... 34.57 ... 
 
 25.42 .. 
 
 31.59 .. 
 
 37.51 . 
 36.18 .. 
 31.56 ., 
 38.30 .. 
 37.24 .. 
 
 33.17 ■ 
 30.58 .. 
 40.40 .. 
 
 31.48 .. 
 
 32.23 .. 
 
 31.44 .. 
 35.53 .. 
 31.32 .. 
 
 31.24 .. 
 31.24 .. 
 2:1.28 .. 
 31.40 .. 
 32.36 ., 
 
 32.49 . 
 30.10 . 
 
 31.48 . 
 
 31.46 . 
 34. . 
 32.32 . 
 35.53 . 
 
 29.52 . 
 
 31.45 . 
 
 33. 5 . 
 32.39 . 
 37. 5 . 
 
 32.47 • 
 32.39 . 
 31.55 . 
 32.25 
 
 31.42 . 
 31.10 . 
 28.30 . 
 
 30.51 . 
 37.30 . 
 38.30 . 
 31.55 . 
 
 32.49 . 
 
 29.52 . 
 39. 6 . 
 
 31.48 . 
 32..33 . 
 32.14 
 31 24 . 
 
 31.50 . 
 
 31. 2 . 
 
 32.18 . 
 
 31.48 . 
 
 31.47 . 
 32.27 . 
 31. ,55 . 
 39.10 . 
 36.18 . 
 39. 4 . 
 
 31.49 . 
 
 32.18 . 
 
 32. 2 . 
 32.44 . 
 .30.58 . 
 
 34.48 . 
 32.27 . 
 33.27 . 
 32.39 . 
 
 32.43 . 
 40..58 . 
 31.43 . 
 31.47 . 
 39. 2 . 
 
 . 33.40 .. 
 . 3.i.l7 .. 
 . 32 40 .. 
 . 30. .. 
 . 34.57 .. 
 . 27.57 .. 
 . 33.20 .. 
 
 . 35.39 .. 
 . 35.50 .. 
 . 22.56 .. 
 . 35.58 .. 
 . 35.58 .. 
 . 35. .. 
 . 14.25 .. 
 . 34.57 .. 
 . 35. 3 .. 
 . 35. 3 .. 
 . 32.54 . 
 . 34.46 .. 
 . 35.15 .. 
 . 35. 5 .. 
 . 31.23 .. 
 . 35.58 .. 
 . 48.33 .. 
 . 30. .. 
 . 35.14 .. 
 .. 14.25 .. 
 .. 31.19 .. 
 .. 35.56 .. 
 
 .. 35.37 . 
 ,. 35.19 . 
 . 38.55 .. 
 . 36.14 .. 
 .. 35.19 . 
 .. 35.14 .. 
 .. 35. 3 .. 
 . 35.27 ., 
 ,. 36.15 .. 
 .. 34.56 . 
 .. 32.26 . 
 .. 27.18 ., 
 
 .. 37. . 
 
 .. 35.55 . 
 .. 35. 5 . 
 .. 31.19 . 
 .. 20.30 . 
 .. 35. 5 .. 
 .. 36. 9 . 
 . 35.58 .. 
 ,. 3547 .. 
 .. 35.36 .. 
 .. .34.19 ., 
 .. 35.20 . 
 .. 35.11 ., 
 .. 35.11 . 
 .. 44.29 . 
 .. 35.14 . 
 .. 43.58 . 
 ,. 30. . 
 .. 27.12 . 
 .. 35.55 . 
 
 .. 3,5.19 . 
 .. 35.26 .. 
 ,. 3.-). 12 .. 
 .. 35.59 ., 
 .. 36. 7 .. 
 ,. 35. 8 .. 
 .. 35.43 .. 
 .. 35.23 . 
 .. 3,5.18 .. 
 .. 24.26 .. 
 .. 35.47 .. 
 .. 3,5.11 . 
 .. 20.45 . 
 
 28.30 ... 3L 
 
 No. of 
 
 X. 
 
 ~ VL 
 
 "Vl. 
 1. 
 XI. 
 
 XIL 
 
 II. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 VIII. 
 
 X. 
 
 X. 
 
 IV. 
 IV 
 X. 
 XI. 
 
 II. 
 
 IV. 
 
 X. 
 
 IL 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 IIL 
 VL 
 VIII 
 IV. 
 XIL 
 IV. 
 VIL 
 
 X. 
 IV. 
 
 X. 
 
 , III. 
 
 , VL 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . VL 
 
 VIL 
 
 XL 
 . A'l. 
 , IV. 
 . IV. 
 . lA'. 
 
 III. 
 . III. 
 
 . in, 
 
 . X. 
 
 . vu. 
 
 . VI, 
 
 . i\. 
 
 . XII. 
 . X. 
 . IV 
 . IV 
 IV. 
 
 , III. 
 , 111. 
 
 . IV. 
 . IL 
 
 . II. 
 
 IX. 
 . VIL 
 • IV. 
 
 . I. 
 
 . X. 
 
 . X. 
 . XI. 
 
 . XL 
 . VI. 
 
 IV. 
 . IIL 
 
 XL 
 
 XI. 
 
 XL 
 . VIII. 
 , VUL 
 . X. 
 
 IV. 
 . IX. 
 . X. 
 
 . XIL
 
 INDEX ro BIBLE MAPS. 
 
 46 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Niime of IMace. 
 
 Latitude. Lonfjitudo. Maji. 
 
 Name of Place. 
 
 Latitude 
 
 Longitude. Map. 
 
 Nliurah, or Betli-iiiuu-al«, Nymrein 31.. If! 
 
 ... 35.34 
 
 . VI. 
 
 Riehah, Gilgal .... 
 
 31. .53 
 
 ... 35.30 
 
 .. XL 
 
 Nini'veli, Nttitia 
 
 . 30.23 
 
 ... 43. 8 
 
 .. vu. 
 
 Rimmon, or Remmon-methoar 
 
 . 32.4« 
 
 ... 3,5.19 
 
 .. VL 
 
 No, or No-Amiuou, (Thebes,) Karnuk, 
 
 
 
 Rithmah ..... 
 
 30.35 
 
 ... 35. 
 
 .. lU. 
 
 Lu.ror, iSf^c. 
 
 2.').42 
 
 ... .32.40 
 
 .. XII. 
 
 Rogelim .... 
 
 . 32. 1 
 
 ... 35.54 
 
 .. IV. 
 
 Nopli, 01- McMiiphis, MU-rahenij 
 
 . 29.,'i2 
 
 ... 31.19 
 
 .. III. 
 
 Rome ..... 
 
 4L.'i3 
 
 ... 12.27 
 
 .. X. 
 
 Nuiiia, Nineveh . . 
 
 30.23 
 
 ...43. H . 
 
 . VII. 
 
 Ruad, Island of, Arvad 
 
 . 34.50 
 
 ... 35.48 . 
 
 .. V. 
 
 Ni/mrcin, Niuirah . 
 
 . 31.58 
 
 ... 35.34 . 
 
 .. XI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 .Va-g;-/fa;ar, (Sais,)Sin! . 
 
 . 30.57 
 
 .. 30.52 . 
 
 .. XII. 
 
 Oboth 
 
 . 30.20 
 
 ... 35.37 . 
 
 . III. 
 
 Safnds, Hanes .... 
 
 30.54 
 
 .. 32.13 
 
 . III. 
 
 Olives, Mount of, or Olivet . 
 
 31.47 
 
 .. 35.12 . 
 
 . IX. 
 
 Saide, Sidon .... 
 
 . 33.34 
 
 .. 3.5.21 . 
 
 . XI. 
 
 Om-keis, (Gadara) . . . 
 
 . 32.41 
 
 .. 35.44 . 
 
 . XI. 
 
 Salamis, Costanza 
 
 3.-.. 11 
 
 .. 34. . 
 
 . X. 
 
 On, Aven, or buth-shemesh 
 
 30.10 
 
 .. 31.23 . 
 
 . III. 
 
 Salcliah, or Salcah . 
 
 . 32.1 1 
 
 .. 30.10 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Ono 
 
 •. 31.55 
 
 .. 35. 2 . 
 
 . VI_ 
 
 Salem, Jerusalem ? . . . 
 
 31.47 
 
 .. 35.11 . 
 
 . II. 
 
 Ophel .... 
 
 31.47 
 
 .. 35.11 . 
 
 . IX. 
 
 Salim ..... 
 
 . 32.28 . 
 
 .. 35.34 . 
 
 . VIII. 
 
 Opliiah ..... 
 
 . 31.59 
 
 .. 35.23 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Salmone, Cape .... 
 
 35. 9 . 
 
 .. 20.20 . 
 
 . X. 
 
 Ophrah .... 
 
 32.28 
 
 .. 35.29 . 
 
 . IV. 
 
 Saloiiiki, Thessalonica 
 
 40.40 . 
 
 .. 22.56 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Salt Sea, &c. .... 
 
 31.30 . 
 
 .. 35.25 . 
 
 . VI. 
 
 Padan-aram, Al-jezireh . 
 
 . 37. 5 
 
 .. 38.55 . 
 
 . I. 
 
 Salt, Valley of, El Ghor . 
 
 . 31. 5 . 
 
 .. 35.22 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 l^ampbylia .... 
 
 30.55 
 
 .. 31. .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Samaria, (Sekaste,) Sebaste . 
 
 32.21 . 
 
 .. 35.12 .. 
 
 . VL 
 
 Paplios, Bnffo 
 
 . 34.4S . 
 
 .. 32.25 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Samos, Samo .... 
 
 . 37.45 . 
 
 .. 26.45 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Paran, or tSinai, Mount, Jebel Serball 28.38 . 
 
 .. 33 40 .. 
 
 . III. 
 
 Saniothracia, Samothraki 
 
 40.30 . 
 
 .. 25.35 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Paraii, Wilderness of, El-Tyh . 
 
 . 30. . 
 
 .. 34.30 .. 
 
 . III. 
 
 Samuele, Ramah 
 
 . 31.54 . 
 
 . 35.H .. 
 
 . XL 
 
 Paran, Station in the Wilderness 
 
 of 30.10 . 
 
 .. 34.50 .. 
 
 III. 
 
 .Van, (Tanis,) Zoan «... 
 
 30.58 . 
 
 . 31.55 .. 
 
 . IIL 
 
 Partbia 
 
 . 36.15 . 
 
 .. 54.26 .. 
 
 VII. 
 
 Sardis, Sart .... 
 
 38.30 . 
 
 . 27. .57 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Patara 
 
 .30.10 . 
 
 .. 29 11 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Saiepta, or Zarephath, Sarfand . 
 
 33 29 . 
 
 . 35.20 .. 
 
 . VIIL 
 
 Patnios, Island of, Patiiio 
 
 . 37.20 . 
 
 . 26.33 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 Sarid ..... 
 
 32.43 . 
 
 . 35. 9 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Peniel, or Penuel 
 
 32.14 . 
 
 . 35.50 .. 
 
 11. 
 
 Saron, or Sharon .... 
 
 32.10 . 
 
 . 34.59 .. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Perga 
 
 . 36.55 . 
 
 . 31. .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Sart, Sardis .... 
 
 38.30 . 
 
 . 27.57 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Pergamos, Bergamo 
 
 39. 4 
 
 . 27.12 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Sebaste, Samaria 
 
 32.21 . 
 
 . 35.12 .. 
 
 VIIL 
 
 Perrizites .... 
 
 . 32.14 . 
 
 . 35.20 .. 
 
 II. 
 
 Seilum, Shiloh 
 
 32. 8 . 
 
 . 35.22 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Pharpar, River, Nahr Barrada 
 
 34.48 . 
 
 . 36. 7 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Seii-, Land of ... . 
 
 31. 7 . 
 
 . 35.35 .. 
 
 11. 
 
 Phaz, Rh-er, R. Pisou? . 
 
 . 42.10 . 
 
 . 42. .. 
 
 I. 
 
 Seir, Mount, Jebel Shera . 
 
 30.18 . 
 
 . 35.27 .. 
 
 III. 
 
 Plienice, Sphnkia 
 
 35.14 . 
 
 . 24.13 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Seirath ..... 
 
 32.13 
 
 . 35.22 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Pliiladelphia, AUah-she.hr 
 
 . 38.22 . 
 
 . 28.30 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Sela (of Moab, Isai. 16. 1), Kerch 
 
 31.18 . 
 
 . 35.51 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Philippi .... 
 
 41. 2 . 
 
 . 24.20 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Seluh, or Joktheel, (Petra) . 
 
 30.19 . 
 
 . 35.31 .. 
 
 V. 
 
 Philistines 
 
 . 31.38 . 
 
 . 34.32 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Seleucia, near Suadeiah . 
 
 36. 7 . 
 
 . 35.50 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 Phoenice, or Phoeulcia 
 
 33.34 . 
 
 . 35.21 .. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Senir, Shenir, or Hermon . 
 
 33 27 .. 
 
 . 35.49 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Phrygia .... 
 
 . 38. 2 . 
 
 . 30.22 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Sepliarvaim ..... 
 
 33. 8 .. 
 
 . 44. .. 
 
 VIL 
 
 
 30.34 . 
 
 . 31.33 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Sha,alabbiu, Shaalbim, or Shalim . 
 
 31. 9 .. 
 
 . 35.40 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Pi-lialiirotli .... 
 
 . 29.58 .. 
 
 . 32.34 ... 
 
 HI. 
 
 Shalini, Land of . 
 
 3). 9 .. 
 
 . 35.40 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Pisgali, Mount . 
 
 31.43 .. 
 
 . 35.47 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Slialislia, Land of . . . 
 
 32.13 .. 
 
 . 35. 5 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Pisidia 
 
 . 38.18 .. 
 
 . 31.22 ... 
 
 X 
 
 Shamir, or Sophir .... 
 
 31.29 .. 
 
 . 34.46 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Pison, River .... 
 
 f 40.20 . 
 (.42.10 .. 
 
 . 41. ) 
 . 42 J 
 
 I. 
 
 Sharon, or Lasharon . 
 Sharon, Vale of . . 
 
 32.10 .. 
 32.12 .. 
 
 . 34.59 ... 
 . 34.53 ... 
 
 IV. 
 IV. 
 
 Pithoin 
 
 . 30.29 .. 
 
 . 32.18 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Sbaveh Kiriatliaim 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 . 35.55 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 Plain, St'a of the, Bahr Lut . 
 
 31.30 .. 
 
 . 35.25 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Sheba, or Beer-sheba 
 
 31.14 .. 
 
 . 36.30 ... 
 
 II. 
 
 Pontus ..... 
 
 . 40.35 .. 
 
 . 36. ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Sliebam, Shibmah, or Sibmah 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 . 35.55 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 Ptoleniais, or Accho . 
 
 32.56 .. 
 
 . 35. 4 ... 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Shechem,orSychar,(Neapolis,) JVaWiij! 32.18 .. 
 
 . 35.19 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Punon ..... 
 
 . 29.57 .. 
 
 . 3.5.35 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Slienir, Hermon, &c.. Mount . 
 
 33.27 .. 
 
 . 35.49 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Puteoli, Puxzuoli 
 
 40.50 .. 
 
 . 14. 8 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Sheriat-el-Kebir, River Jordan 
 
 33.12 . 
 
 . 35.46 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sliiloah, or SUoam, Pool of 
 
 31.47 .. 
 
 35.11 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 Raamses, or Rameses 
 
 . 30. 8 .. 
 
 . 31.28 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Shiloh, Seilum .... 
 
 32. 8 .. 
 
 . 35.22 ... 
 
 IV 
 
 Rabbali, or Rabbath-amraoa, (Phi 
 
 la- 
 
 
 
 Shimron, or Shimron-merora . 
 
 32.50 .. 
 
 . 35.23 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 delphia,) Amman 
 
 . 31.58 .. 
 
 30. 2 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Shinar, Land of . 
 
 32.22 .. 
 
 44.26 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 Rabbatli-moab, Ar, &.c. 
 
 31.24 .. 
 
 3:..47 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Shittim, or Abel-shittim . 
 
 31.55 .. 
 
 . 35..39 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Rucbel's Tomb 
 
 . 31.43 .. 
 
 35.11 ... 
 
 II. 
 
 Shochoh ..... 
 
 31.44 .. 
 
 35. 3 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Rabab, (the Delta) 
 
 30.34 .. 
 
 31.33 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Shunem ..... 
 
 32.30 .. 
 
 35.15 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Rama, or Arimath.-ea, Ramleh . 
 
 . 31.58 .. 
 
 34.54 ... 
 
 VIII. 
 
 Shur, or Etham, Wilderness of, El- 
 
 
 
 
 Raraah, oi- Kamathaini-zophim,i?a» 
 
 na. 
 
 
 
 Atha 
 
 29.45 .. 
 
 32.50 ... 
 
 Ill 
 
 or Sanmele 
 
 . 31.54 .. 
 
 35.11 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Sliur, Wilderness of . . . 
 
 30.40 .. 
 
 33.30 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Ramatli mizpeli, or Ramoth-gile 
 
 id. 
 
 
 
 Shuslian, (Susa,) Susan 
 
 32. 4 .. 
 
 49..55 ... 
 
 VIL 
 
 Ramja .... 
 
 . 32.14 .. 
 
 35.58 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 .Sibmali, Shibmah, &c. 
 
 31.50 .. 
 
 35.55 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Ramath of tlie South . 
 
 30.58 .. 
 
 34. 8 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Siddim, Vale of, El Ghor 
 
 31.10 .. 
 
 35.20 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 Rameses, or Raamses 
 
 . 30. 8 .. 
 
 31.28 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Sidon, or Zidon, Soide 
 
 33 34 . 
 
 35.21 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 Rameses, or Goshen, Land of 
 
 30.30 .. 
 
 32. ... 
 
 HI. 
 
 Sihor, or River of Egypt, Wadi Arish 
 
 30.12 .. 
 
 33.22 ... 
 
 IIL 
 
 Ramja, Ramotli-gilead 
 
 . 32.14 .. 
 
 35.58 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 Sihor (of Isai. 23. 3, and Jerem. 2. 18), 
 
 
 
 
 Ramleh, Arimatluca 
 
 31.56 .. 
 
 34.54 ... 
 
 XI. 
 
 River Nile .... 
 
 28.30 .. 
 
 31. 0. 
 
 IIL 
 
 Ramotli, or Jarmuth 
 
 . 32.29 .. 
 
 35.13 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Siloam, Siloah, or Shilo.ih, Pool of, — 
 
 
 
 
 Ramoth-gile.ad, or Ramath-mizp 
 
 .h. 
 
 
 
 Fountain of the Virgin, or Upper 
 
 
 
 
 Ramja .... 
 
 . 32.14 .. 
 
 35.58 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Pool of Siloam .... 
 
 31.47 ■■ 
 
 35.11 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 Red Sea, Station by the 
 
 29.15 .. 
 
 33. ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Gilii 
 
 ("30.57 ■• 
 (31. 2 .. 
 
 30.52 ) 
 
 
 Rehob, or Betli-rehob 
 
 . 33.21 .. 
 
 35.43 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 oin ...... 
 
 32.32 / 
 
 III. 
 
 Rehobotli 
 
 35.50 .. 
 
 43.16 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 Sin, Wilderness of . 
 
 29.10 .. 
 
 33.20 ... 
 
 III. 
 
 Reijgin, Ubegium 
 
 . 38. 6 .. 
 
 15.40 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Sinai, or Paran, Mount, Jebel Serbal ? 
 
 28.38 .. 
 
 33.40 ... 
 
 Ill 
 
 Reini'tli, or .lannuth . 
 
 32.29 .. 
 
 35.13 ... 
 
 IV. 
 
 Sinai, Desert of . . 
 
 28.45 .. 
 
 31.50 ... 
 
 IIL 
 
 Rpinini)n-motlioar, or Rimmon 
 
 . 32.48 .. 
 
 35.19 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Sinites ..... 
 
 34.27 .. 
 
 35.55 ... 
 
 IL 
 
 Ropbaiins ..... 
 
 32.47 .. 
 
 36.14 ... 
 
 II. 
 
 Sirion, or Hermon, Mount 
 
 33.27 •• 
 
 35.49 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Repbaiin, Valley of 
 
 . 31.47 .. 
 
 35.11 ... 
 
 IX. 
 
 Smyrna ..... 
 
 38.26 .. 
 
 27. 7 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Ri'pliiilim ..... 
 
 28.55 .. 
 
 33.20 ... 
 
 HI. 
 
 Socoli ...... 
 
 31.23 .. 
 
 34 50 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Resap'ia, Rezeph 
 
 . 35.31 .. 
 
 39. ... 
 
 V. 
 
 Sophir, or .Shamir 
 
 31.29 .. 
 
 34.46 ... 
 
 VL 
 
 Rosen, (Larissa) .... 
 
 36.11 .. 
 
 43.15 ... 
 
 I. 
 
 Sorek, River or Valley of, WadlSurar 
 
 31.51 .. 
 
 35.10 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Rezeph, Resapha . . . 
 
 . 35.:m .. 
 
 39. ... 
 
 V. 
 
 Stream of the Brooks, tVudi Beni 
 
 
 
 
 Rhegium, Reggio 
 
 38. 6 .. 
 
 15.40 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Hammnd ..... 
 
 31.55 .. 
 
 35.45 ... 
 
 VI. 
 
 Rhodi'S 
 
 . 30.24 .. 
 
 28.12 ... 
 
 X. 
 
 Sphakia, Plienice 
 
 35.14 .. 
 
 24.13 . . 
 
 X. 
 
 Riblah, (DaphniB,) Beit-al-moie 
 
 36.10 ,. 
 
 36. 5 ... 
 
 V. 
 
 St. Mary, Cape, Prom, of Irogylliuni 
 
 37.40 .. 
 
 27. . . 
 
 X.
 
 46 
 
 INDEX TO BIBLE MAi^S. 
 
 Name of Place. 
 Sitadeiah, Seleucia . 
 Succoth .... 
 Succoth .... 
 
 Siifuh, Zepliath . 
 Sur, TjTe .... 
 Susan, Shushan . 
 Sychar, Syeheni, or Shecheni . 
 Syeiie, Assi'mii. 
 
 SjTacu.'ie .... 
 
 SjTia-damascus . 
 
 Taanach .... 
 
 Tabarieh, Tiberias 
 Tabbath .... 
 
 Taberali .... 
 
 Tabor 
 
 Tabor, Jlount, Jebel Tur 
 
 Tadmorin the Wilderness, (Palmyra,) 
 
 TadmoT .... 
 
 Talu'ipanes, Tahpanes, or Ilaues 
 Tappiiah ..... 
 Tarsus, Tarsus 
 Tauk-i-Kesrah, Calueh ? 
 Tekoa, or Tekoah, Tckoa 
 Tel Arad, Arad .... 
 Telaim, or Telem . 
 Te/ -Ic^a, (.\rca,) Arkites . 
 Tel Nimrud, Accad 
 Thebes, Ruins of. No, or No-Amuion 
 
 Thebez 
 
 Tliessalouica, Saloniki . 
 
 Tliimnathab, or Timiuitk 
 
 Three Taverns, (Tres Taberna?) • 
 
 Thyatira, Ak-hisir . 
 
 Tiberias, Tabarieh 
 
 Tiberia.s, Sea of, — Lake of Gennesa- 
 
 reth, &c., Bahr-el-Tabarieh . 
 Tibhath, or Betah .... 
 Tigris, River, — River ITiddekel 
 Tiranath, or Thininathab 
 Timnatli-seiuh, or Uzzeii-slierali . 
 Tineh, (Pelusium,) Sin I . 
 Tiphsah, (Tliapsacus,) El-Deir 
 
 Tirzah 
 
 Tob, Land of, or Isli-tob 
 
 Tor/uru, Dor ..... 
 
 Trachonitis, El Ledja . 
 
 Troas ...... 
 
 Trogyllium, Promontory of, Cape Si, 
 
 Mary ..... 
 Tukrair, Eltekeh .... 
 T)Te, (Tyrus,) 5U1- 
 
 Ulai, Riv. of, (Eulciis,) Uio. Kuran 32. 2 .. 50.50 . . VII. 
 
 
 
 No. of 
 
 Latituilc. 
 
 Longitude. 
 
 Map. 
 
 SO. 7 
 
 .. 35.50 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 ■^0. 7 . 
 
 .. 31.50 .. 
 
 III. 
 
 32.14 . 
 
 .. 3.5.42 .. 
 
 11. 
 
 30.47 ■ 
 
 .. 35. 9 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 33.17 • 
 
 .. 35.13 .. 
 
 XL 
 
 32. 4 . 
 
 .. 49.55 .. 
 
 VIL 
 
 32.18 . 
 
 .. 35.19 .. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 24. C . 
 
 .. 32.55 .. 
 
 xn. 
 
 37. 5 . 
 
 .. 15.17 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 35.16 . 
 
 .. 30.30 .. 
 
 V. 
 
 32.37 . 
 
 .. 35.12 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 32.48 . 
 
 .. 35.32 .. 
 
 XI. 
 
 32.21 . 
 
 .. 35.34 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 28.57 . 
 
 .. 34 14 ,. 
 
 III. 
 
 32.40 . 
 
 .. 35.22 .. 
 
 VI. 
 
 32.42 . 
 
 ) 
 
 34.24 . 
 
 .. 35.24 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 .. 38.20 .. 
 
 V. 
 
 30.54 . 
 
 .. 32.13 .. 
 
 in. 
 
 32.20 
 
 .. 35.32 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 37. . 
 
 .. 34.53 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 33. 7 
 
 .. 44.35 .. 
 
 VII. 
 
 31.37 
 
 .. 35.16 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 30.51 . 
 
 .. 35. 4 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 31. 8 . 
 
 .. 34.40 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 34.30 
 
 .. 35.57 ., 
 
 V. 
 
 33.28 
 
 ..44.12 .. 
 
 I. 
 
 25.42 
 
 .. 32.40 .. 
 
 XII. 
 
 32.24 
 
 .. 35.24 .. 
 
 VL 
 
 40.40 
 
 .. 22.50 . 
 
 X. 
 
 31.53 
 
 .. 34.56 .. 
 
 IV. 
 
 41.30 
 
 .. 12.49 .. 
 
 X. 
 
 38.54 
 
 .. 27.55 .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 32.48 
 
 .. 35.32 . 
 
 . Vlll. 
 
 32.50 
 
 .. 35.35 .. 
 
 . VIII. 
 
 34.37 
 
 .. 37. 5 .. 
 
 . V. 
 
 38.-::8 
 
 .. 39.50 .. 
 
 . I. 
 
 31.53 
 
 .. 34.50 .. 
 
 . IL 
 
 32. 8 
 
 .. 35. 6 .. 
 
 . IV. 
 
 . 31. 2 
 
 .. 32.32 .. 
 
 . XIL 
 
 35.17 
 
 .. 39.54 .. 
 
 . VII. 
 
 32.22 
 
 .. 35.22 . 
 
 . VI. 
 
 32.55 
 
 .. 30.20 .. 
 
 . VI. 
 
 32.;(0 
 
 .. 34.50 .. 
 
 . XL 
 
 33. 
 
 .. 30.30 . 
 
 . VIII. 
 
 30.45 
 
 . 20.11 . 
 
 X. 
 
 37.40 
 
 .. 27. .. 
 
 . X. 
 
 31.44 . 
 
 .. 34.39 .. 
 
 XI. 
 
 33.17 . 
 
 .. 35.13 .. 
 
 VL 
 
 Name of Place. L.Ttitudc. Longitude. 
 
 Uraniah 33.12 ... 33.21 ... 
 
 Ur of the Chaldees, (Edessa, or Cal- 
 
 lirhoe,) 'Urfdh . . .37- 5 ■■ 3n.5rt .. 
 
 Uzzen-sherah, or Timnath-serab . 32. 8 ... 35. .. 
 
 Virgin, Fountain of the, Pool of 
 
 Siloam 31.47 ... .35.11 .. 
 
 30.12 ... 33.22 
 
 iVadi 'Arish, River of Egypt 
 
 Wadi Beni Hammad, Stream of tlie 
 
 Brooks ..... 31.55 . 
 
 \Vadi-el-^ Arabah, V>^^GYi oi TAn . 30.15 . 
 
 Wadi Gaza, Brook Besor . . 31.17 . 
 
 Wadi Gharendel, Elim . . 29.23 . 
 
 Wadi Miirljeb, River Arnon . . 31.11 . 
 
 Wadi Mdsa, (Petra) . . . 30.19 . 
 
 Xraf/i A'tfmr, River Sorek . . 31.51 . 
 
 Watli Zerka, River Jabbok . . 32. 1 . 
 
 rn/oi(£c/i, Antioch in Pisidia . . 38.18. 
 
 Vdlon, Aijalon .... 31.55 . 
 
 Ycbna, Jamnia or Jabueli . . 31.52 . 
 
 l"««a/», Jnttah .... 31.26. 
 
 Zalmonah 29.35 . 
 
 Zauizummims, or Zuzims . . 32. 5 . 
 
 Zaplion, or Atroth-shophan . 32.23 . 
 
 Zared, or Zered, Brook or Valley of, 
 
 Nahr-el-Ahsa . . 30.58 . 
 
 Zarephatli, oi' Sarepta . . 33.29 . 
 
 Zarnah, ilara? .... 33.52 . 
 
 Zartanah, or Zererath . . 32.32 . 
 
 Zarthan, Zercda, or Zeredatbah . 32.16 . 
 
 Zeraarites, (Ximyra) . . . 34.49 . 
 
 Zephatli, or Ilorniah, Sufah . . 30.47 . 
 
 Zerahein, Jezreel i . . . 32.33 . 
 
 Zered, or Zared, Brook . . . 30.58 . 
 
 Zcredii, Zeredatliah, or Zai than . 32,16 
 
 Zereratii, or Zartanah . . . 32.32 
 
 Zib, Achzib . . . . 33. 2 
 
 Zif Ziph 31.27 
 
 Ziklay- 31.32 
 
 Zin, Wilderness of, Wadi-cl-\lra- 
 
 bah . . . 30.15 
 
 Zion, Mount 31.47 
 
 Zipli 31.10 
 
 Ziph, Zif 31.27 
 
 Ziph, Wilderness of . . . 31,30 
 
 Zoau? (Tanis") i'nu . . , 30.58 
 
 Zoar, orBela , . ... 31.18 
 
 Zobah, or Ilobah ? . . . , 53.44 
 
 Zorali, or Zorcah . . 31.60 
 
 Ziipb, Land of ... . 31.52 
 
 Zuzims, or Zamzuniinims , . 32. 5 
 
 35.45 . 
 35.10 
 34.50 . 
 32.57 .. 
 36.10 .. 
 35.31 . 
 35.10 . 
 36.25 . 
 
 31.22 . 
 . 35. . 
 . 34.45 . 
 . 35. . 
 
 . 35.15 . 
 . 36. . 
 . .35.41 . 
 
 . 35.59 . 
 . 33.20 . 
 . 4;i. 8 . 
 . 35.25 . 
 . 35.36 . 
 . 35.55 . 
 . 35. 9 . 
 . 35.19 . 
 . 35.59 . 
 . 35.36 . 
 . 35.25 . 
 . 35. 7 . 
 . 35. 2 , 
 . 34.42 
 
 . 35.10 . 
 . 35.11 . 
 . 34.52 . 
 . 35. 2 
 . 35.12 
 . 31.55 . 
 . 35.26 
 , 36.18 
 . 34,57 
 , 35,10 
 . 36, 
 
 No. of 
 Map, 
 IV. 
 
 I. 
 IV. 
 
 IX. 
 XIL 
 
 XL 
 XIL 
 
 XI. 
 XII, 
 
 XL 
 XIL 
 
 XL 
 
 XI, 
 
 X. 
 XL 
 XL 
 IV. 
 
 III. 
 IL 
 VI, 
 
 IIL 
 VL 
 VII, 
 VI. 
 VI. 
 IL 
 IIL 
 XL 
 III. 
 VI. 
 VL 
 XL 
 XI. 
 . IV, 
 
 , III. 
 
 IX. 
 , IV. 
 
 IV. 
 . IV. 
 , IIL 
 . IV. 
 . V. 
 . IV. 
 
 VI. 
 
 . II.
 
 47 
 
 LNDEX TO THE EXPLANATORY MEAXOIIIS 
 
 AcKLDAM \, niodeiii site of, 32 
 
 Aelimotlia, its modein representative 
 doubtful, 27, 28 
 
 Alusli, 15 
 
 Amalukites, their settlements in tlie Val- 
 ley of Feiran, 15, Hi 
 
 AuatUotli, lU 
 
 Arad, 16 
 
 Aram, 11 
 
 Ararat, Mount, height of, 1 1 
 
 Armenia, nature of tlie country, 1 1 
 
 Arphaxad, 11 
 
 Asshur, 11 
 
 Baal-zephon, 15 
 
 Babylon, remains of, 27 
 
 Beer-sheba, remains of, 19 
 
 Borothai, 21 
 
 Betah, 21 
 
 Beth-abara, supposed site of, 2!) 
 
 Betli-el, 13 
 
 Heth-horon, 19 
 
 Beth-rehob, 2 1 
 
 Beth-saida, 29 
 
 Beth-shemesh, 19 
 
 Beth-tappuah, 19 
 
 Bezer, 19 
 
 Calvary, site of, now unknown, 32 
 
 Canaan, his descendants the original pos- 
 sessors of Palestine and I'liojuicia, 1 1 
 Carmel, city of that name, 19 
 
 Mount, its height, *:c., 23 
 
 Cliinnercth, Sea of, nature of its waters, 
 
 &c., 35 
 Chun, 21 
 
 Cush, the name applied sometimes to 
 Arabia, and at otliers to pjtliiopia, 1 1 
 
 Dead Sea, its condition previous to the 
 destruction of Sodom, 14, 38 ; its pre- 
 sent condition, aspect of the surround- 
 ing country, i;jiture of its waters, its 
 depth, plain at the south end of, 35, 30 
 
 Derbe, 33 
 
 Dophkab, 15 
 
 Ebai., Mount, modern appearance of, 24 
 
 Edoni, Land of, its modern condition, 39 
 
 Edomites, their possessions after the cap- 
 tivity of tlie Jews, 29 i 
 
 Eglon, 19 i 
 
 Egypt, natural features of the country, 37 
 
 Ekron, 19 [ 
 
 Elam, 11 
 
 Elim, the modern Valley of Gharendel, 15 
 
 lOn-gedi, recent discovery of, 19 
 
 Erech, modern site ot^ 12 
 
 Etham, 5 
 
 Euphrates, River, the lower part of its 
 course, 11, 12 
 
 Ezion-geber, 22 
 
 Galilee, Sea of, its waters, &c., 35 
 
 Gennesareth, Lake of, 15 
 
 Gerizim, Mount, modem appearance of, 24 
 
 Gethsemane, its modern condition, 32 
 
 Gibeah, 19 
 
 Gibeon, 19 
 
 Gilion, Valley of, 32 
 
 Gilboa, Mount, height of, i.c., 24 
 Golan. 19 
 
 GolL'oiha, Its site now iniknown, 32 
 Gonicr, 1 1 
 
 Goslien, Land of, 15 
 
 Gozan, Kiver, incorrectly identified with 
 the Kizil Uzen, 25 
 
 IIaiioh, 25 
 
 Ualali, probably the modern Ilolwan, 
 25, 26 
 
 Ham, descendants of, their original settle- 
 ments, 11 
 
 Hamatli, kingdom of, its extent, 21 
 (of the Captivity), 2G 
 
 Hamath-zobali, 2 1 
 
 Hara, probably the modern Zarnah, 25, 2G 
 
 Hermuii, Mount, its height, &c., 13 
 
 (in the Plain of Esdrai- 
 
 lon,) 23, 24 
 Hinnora, Valley of the Son of, or Ben- 
 
 hinnom,' 32 
 Hobah, perhaps the same as the city of 
 
 Zobah, 21 
 Ilor, Mount, height of, 39 
 Iloreb, meaning of the term, 16 
 Horniah, 16 
 
 ISH-TOB, 21 
 
 Israelites, their wanderings in the desert, 
 17; their settlements in Assyria and 
 Jledia, 26 
 
 Japheth, descendants of, theii' original 
 
 settlements, 11 
 Javan, 1 1 
 
 Jehoshaphat, Valley of, its width, &c.,32 
 Jericho, Valley of, 1 3, 24 
 Jerusalem, ancient extent of the cdty, its 
 
 walls, the ground on which it stood, the 
 
 surrounding country, 31, 32; its modern 
 
 appearance, 32 ^ 
 
 Jezreel, 19 
 Joktheel, or Selah, the ancient Petra, 
 
 ruins of, 21 
 Jordan, River, its width, valley in which 
 
 it flows, &c., 13, 14 
 
 Kadesh-uaunea, 16 
 Kedesli-Naplitali, 19 
 Kedron, or Cedron, Brook, 32 
 
 Lebanov, Mountains of, their height, 
 
 &c., 13 
 Lud, 11 
 Lystra, 33 
 
 Maachah, 21 
 
 JIadai, 11 
 
 Magog, 11 
 
 Maon, 19 
 
 Slarah, the modern well of Howara, 15 
 
 Megiddo, 19 
 
 Melita, represented by the modem Malta, 
 
 33 
 Merom, Waters of, dimensions, &c., of 
 
 this lake, 35 
 Meshech, 11 
 Michmash, 19 
 Migdol, 15 
 
 Mizraim, 1 1 
 
 Nebo, Mount, 2-1 
 
 Nile, River, valley in which it flows, 37 
 
 Nineveh, modern remains of, 27 
 
 No, or No-Aminon,the ancient Thebes, 37 
 
 Olives, Mount or, its present condi- 
 tion, 32 
 Ojiliii-, meaning of the term, 22 
 
 Palestine, its mountains, 13,23, 24, 
 its rivers, 14 ; its division in the time 
 of Christ, 29 
 
 Paran, Desert of, tlie modem El-Tyh, its 
 natural features, 39 
 
 Passage of the Red Sea, its locality, 15 
 
 Pathros, country of, 37 
 
 Phut, 1 1 
 
 Pi-hahiroth, 15 
 
 Rephaiji, Valley of, 32 
 
 Rephidini, incorrectly jilaccd in the V.al- 
 
 ley of El Ledja, 16 
 Rithmah, 15 
 
 Salt Sea, or Sea of the Plain. (See 
 
 Dead Sea.) 
 Samaria, City of, its remains, 23 
 Seir, Mountains of, their relative height, 
 
 &c., 39 
 Selah, or Joktheel, the ancient Petra, its 
 
 remains, 21 
 Sheni, descendants of, their original 
 
 settlements, 1 1 
 Shiloh, 19 
 Shunem, 19 
 Shushan, represented by the modern 
 
 Susan, 26, 27 
 Siddim, Vale of, 14 
 Sinai, iNIount, represented by .Tebel Ser- 
 
 bal, 15, 16 
 Socholi, 19 
 Succoth, 15 
 Sukkiims, 37 
 Syria-damascus, 21 
 
 Tabor, Mount, its height, appearance, 
 
 &c., 23 
 Tadmor in the wildeiTiess, tlie ancient 
 
 Palmyra, 21 
 Tarshish, meaning of the word, 22 
 Temptation, Mountain of the, 24 
 Tiberias, Lake of, its waters, &c., 17 
 Tibhath, 21 
 
 Tigris, River, lower part of its course, 11,12 
 Timnath, 19 
 Tinis, 11 
 Tiizah, 19, 23 
 Tubal, 11 
 
 Ulai, River or, its correspondence 
 with the modern Kuran, 26, 27 
 
 Zephath, 16 
 
 Zin, Wilderness of, 17, 38, .39 
 
 Zion, Mount, 32 
 
 Ziph, 19 
 
 Zobah, Snian kingdom of, 2 1 
 
 Zorah, 19
 
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