!«v;;- UNIVfl AUCElfx*. ,V^ ,-;;OFCALIfO% A\^E UNIVERS/;^ ^^^.•lOSANCElfJ-^ ^.OFCALIFOft^ ,^ CC IIJNVSOl^' '^/iajAINll-ikAV' A\tllBRARY(9/ jo'^ ^^m\^y>i^ fAllFO% jvaaiii^' ^\WEUNIVERJ///. ,.>:10SANCEI% ^J^Jl]'); \\\EUmVER%. ^vlOSANCElfx^ "^^ "^/AaiAiNn-iW"^ ^^^IIIBHARYO^ ^IIIBRARY(9/^ jj.OFCAllfOff^ ^.OF CAUFOftiy, .<^ i i =o -r ^ ^• .\WE UNIVERJ//, — -3 ^ «• <ril30NVS01^'^ ^^WEUNIVERJ/^ 3 ?3 .^ '^CAavaaii-^^'^ ^tjuonvsov'^'^'" UNIVfRS'//)^ nw„rn,, ,C MIX) *'»V/}* tl,C t :l-'(i MK' /-I ■ UW.1 I I V J 3 VI >- .„C:,nv.r,C>^ Or O .Kl^AUl fl [r f %........' IJIXVMJ! IBRARYOr m CAllFOff^i. ^ ^ 8 ijf; i Hvyan-^s^ ,',\\- 3 c^ ' >- 1 ^ 3 -< ^.OF CAIIF0% — ^ 7n 1 uMiiomWv > >• . -< ^,l■3^\v <^tllBRARYQ/r <:^tl!BRARYO/^ .^MEUNIVERy/^ >- -r 1 ? ^VlOSANGflfj;^ ^.OF-CAi \\\EUNIVER% :;ir]# ^ #' ^ :^' ^J'iHONVSOV^'^ -■J ijj.iv iur 'ju]f\i.im :\i UVJ I I I J J »- '% ^ s r /- » ' t riirj Jl-iViUl-- CaJAlMUk^i J-' uj.""'. iur "'jaj,M.iii IP" :iO/: --.MlBRARYOf^ ^1 :^ 5 A KARYO/ ^ ^Wfl!NIVFRJ•/^ ■•CAlIFOftf^ ,- 'AlIFOfi-^ iavaan#^ '-/ ^\^EUNIVERy//v '>(- o .^ y. m/i . BIBLE MAPS: OR, A HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE ATLAS OF SCRIPTURE GEOGRAPHY: WHEREIN THE AJfCIENT AUTHOEITIES AEE VEEIFIED AND COREECTED FEOM THE INFOEMATION OF TEAVELLERS AJSTD WEITEES UP TO THE PEESENT TIME. BY WILLIAM HUGHES, F.R.G.S. FOURTH EDITION. LONDON: JOHN W. PARKEE AND SON, WEST STRAND. M DCCC LIT. LONDON ; SAVILL AND EDWARDS, PRINTERS, CHANDOS STREET, COVENT GARDEN. Stack Annex CONTENTS. 3/^ Page PREFACE V I. ARMENIA, MESOPOTAMIA, SYRIA, &C., IN THE TIME OF THE PATRIARCHS 11 II. CANAAN DURING THE PATRIARCHAL AGES ... 13 III. JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN 15 IV. CANAAN AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TRIBES 19 V. SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON 21 VI. THE KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL 23 VII. ASSYRIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA ; ILLUSTRATING THE CAPTIVITIES OF THE JEWS 25 VIII. PALESTINE AND PART OF PH(ENICIA ; ILLUSTRATING THE NEW TESTAMENT 29 IX. PLAN OF ANCIENT JERUSALEM 31 X. THE TRAVELS OF ST. PAUL 33 XI. PALESTINE, AND THE ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA, AS DIVIDED UNDER THE TURKISH GOVERN- MENT 35 XII. EGYPT, AND PART OF ARABIA, INCLUDING THE PENINSULA OF MOUNT SINAI 37 INDEX TO THE MAPS 41 INDEX TO THE EXPLANATORY MEMOIRS 47 2008154 PREFACE. In an age which has been so proUfic as the present in works treating upon every department of Scriptural learning, the production of a new set of ' BiBLE Maps' may, at first sight, appear to many persons to stand in need of some apology. A little consideration will, however, show those whose first impressions may incline them to think thus, that the best justification of such a work is to be found in the natm-e of the subject to which it relates — viz.. Geography. All science is eminently 'prorjressive in its nature ; every fresh insight into its domains only stimulates the beholder to endeavom- to obtain other and more extensive views; every new fact which is acquired is associated with other facts, and serves, with them, to form the groundwork for further investigations, and to open a path to yet wider acquisitions. The world of intelligence is not limited by any impassable ocean, like that on the shores of which Alexander wept to think that there were no more worlds to conquer; and if the adventurer in the regions of science is stayed from further conquests, it is the ocean of tiTne which constitutes his limits, — if he sheds tears, it is on account of the bounded nature of his faculties and powers, and not for want of other and more extensive worlds. Attended, how- ever, from age to age by fresh votaries, each, in succession, profiting by the labors of those who have preceded them, science is ever offering to her followers a more fertile domain to labor in, and a richer temple in which they may pay their homage. Nor, among the many divisions of this edifice, are there any which are more indebted for their value to the continual accumulation of ages than that devoted to Geogi'aphy. Other branches of learning may have sprung into comparative greatness through the exertions of individual genius, or the labors of the critic and historian may seem to have exhausted the resources of centuries, but the progress of Geography must always depend upon the gradual acquisition of facts, and the increased appUauce of the powers of observation. As long as the spirit of inquiry promj^ts man to seek for new tiiiths in reference either to the organic or inorganic parts of creation, and his intelligence leads him to classify and arrange them. Geography will be every day in a more advanced condition than at a preceding period, and will, therefore, requne to be constantly displayed in its improved state to those whose disposition inclines them to engage in its pursuit. This progressive increase in the amount of geographical information is not more perceptible in reference to countries which have become known, or of which the inliabitants have attained to civilisation, within a recent period, than in regard to some of those which have long occupied a conspicuous place in the world's history, and to none more than Palestine and other parts of Syria and Western Asia. Syria has, since the earliest records of man, been the scene of events of the deepest interest to humanity; the banners of the nations of the East and the West, of ancient and modern times, have floated over its plains, and the arms of the countless thousands of their warriors glittered upon its hiUs; it has been successively under the dominion of tlie Assyrian, the Persian, the Greek, the Roman, the Tmk, and the Egyptian; it contains the Promised Land of the Jews, and the Holy Land of the Christian; princes have bent the knee at its shrines, and pilgrims from aU parts of the earth hastened, in spite of danger and suffering, to kiss its consecrated ground ; the eyes of the civihsed world are at present directed towards it; and stiU every day makes us the more sensible how little we really know, not merely of its natural productions, and of its inha- bitants, but even of the actual configuration of its surface, of that which forms the basis of its past and present geogTaphy. The little knowledge which we do possess of the Geography of Palestine has been almofst solely acquired during the present century, and is now happily constantly increasing in extent and value. The greater facilities which recent times have presented for the passage of Europeans through the country have enabled travellers of ability to apply their powers of research in parts of it which had lain concealed and almost unknown for centuries, and to disinter from among the accumulated dust and ruins of ages the mouldering remains of former greatness and prosperity. vi PREFACE. The bearing of these acquisitions of recent and present times upon Biblical Geography is direct and imjjortant. As all ancient geography which is of any value to students in modem times consists in the appUcation of descriptions of the 2Mst to the reahties of the present, it is necessary, in order that it may possess its full worth, that it shoiild be based upon a knowledge of the actual condition of the country to which it appUes. In the absence of this knowledge, the numerous attempts successively made to illustrate the Geography of the Bible have been in too many instances based upon mere conjectures, sometimes supported only by vague etymological analogies drawn from the writings of Greek and Roman antiqmty, and often showing how little the framers of them reaUy Jcnew of Palestine, but which have, in almost all cases, been disproved by the ajapliance of modem observation. This woidd have been of comjjaratively httle imjDortance if, as new facts were acquired, they had been constantly made use of, and applied as tests of the worth of preconceived hyj^otheses. But it has unfortunately happened that, either from the ignorance or carelessness of the greater number of the compilers of ' Scriptm-e Atlases,' a large amount of real and available information has either not yet been appUed to the illustration of the geography of the sacred volume, or else it has been mixed up with long-received conjectures in such a manner as to make the ascertained truth subservient to the hypothesis, instead of confirming or rejecting the latter according as it corre- sponded or not with the former. The result has, of course, been to confuse, rather than elucidate, the subject; and the great majority of the maps professing to illustrate the Bible, mostly copied from others of a similar description, and inheriting, in succession, the absurdities and puerile conjec- tures of former times, present accordingly a mass of confusion in which it is impossible for the inexperienced student to separate the true from the false, or the known from the conjectural.* Even if this were possible, and if the most recent infoiTuation had been made use of in the illustra- tion of Biblical Geography, still, as the materials for forming it into a correct system are always accumulating, the task of collecting and analysing them would constantly require to be undertaken anew. It is for the foregoing reasons, then, that we think a collated and improved series of ' Bible Maps' will constitute a useful addition to the library of the Scriptural student, and a valuable com- panion and guide to every reader of the sacred volume. We have not thought it necessaiy to dwell here upon the importance which is to be attached to the Geogi'aphy of the Scriptures, or it would not be difficult to point out how important an influence the physical features of such a country as i Palestine must necessarily have exercised over the manners, the feelings, and all that constituted the rudional character of its inhabitants; how they must have formed the imagery of its prophets and poets; and, as the scenes by which its writers were surrounded, and amidst which its people dwelt, how they ought to be present to the mind of the reader of the Bible to render him susceptible of emotions correspondent to those expressed in its pages, and to enable him to understand the trans- actions which they record. But tlie Bible is manifestly and admittedly a work which, more jJerhaps than any otlier, renders necessaiy a knowledge of the nature and situation of the places mentioned in it, in order that it may be read with advantage. If any evidence besides the necessity of such a knowledge which must be felt by every reader were required to show the importance of Scripture Geograpliy, it would be found in looking over the list of the names of the learned and able critics and commentators, including Bochart, Calmet, Leclerc, and Micliaiilis, who have devoted themselves to its illustration. In this Atlas, and the Memoirs by which it is accompanied, we have endeavoured to embody the most valuable of the results of their labors with such increased information as the discoveries and researches of the present age have placed in our possession. It differs from other works professing to possess a similar character in the following important particulars. I • Any per.-ion may be satisfied of tlie justice of these re- marks by merely )flancing at any of the Scripture Atlases in (Mimmon use. Thus, in one or two even of those recently piibliHlied, we find indicated such lociilities a-s ' Deborah's Palm Tree," ' Al.raliam's Tent," 'The ThrcshinK-lloor of IJoiiz,' ' The Tents of Lot after separatin;,' from Abraham,' the cities of Sodom, Gomorrah, ic, and numerous absurdi- ties of a similar description, freipiently to the rjrrlu.iinii of monly <;iven of the ' Journeys of the Israelites,' which is chielly based upon the authority of the bygone conjectures of Calmet, presents a curious example of laborious intricacy and studious diiliculties, to say nothing of the physical im- possibilities which our present knowledge of the country shows it to involve. A similar rcmarlc api)lics to the plajis given of ' Jerusalem and its Environs,' which profess to specity everything, even the form of the streets, and sitna- real infonnation, and in all cases without any distinguishing ! tion of particular dwellings, on a subject upon which wcniav sign by the aid of which the student may discriminate l)c- be said t« i:)wiv comparatively nothing. twecn them and that which is really known. The map com- I PREFACE. vii Firstly : It is tlie chief characteristic of tlie present Atlas to distinguish throughout between that wliioh is ktunvn and that which is merely conjediMvI. Nothing is here set down as belonging to the former class which really falls under the denomination of the latter. It is not, we believe, generally known that the greater number of the places mentioned in the Bible which appear in Scripture maps are inserted according to the positions assigned to them by Josephus, Eusebius, or Jerome, during whose lifetime many places in Palestine which have since perished were still in existence, and who have preserved in their writings the distances between them and weU-known places. But the positions thus deduced can only be regarded as approximating towards accm-acyj and as indicating the neighbourhood rather than the actual situation of such places. On the other hand, the discovery, in numerous instances, of ruins which bear to the present day the names of Scrijjtural localities, in conjunction with other circumstances which leave no doubt with regard to the places of which they are the representatives, enables the geographer to indicate with precision the situation of many places of frequent mention in the Bible. The number of places of this description has been very considerably increased during the last few years, in the course of which the scenes of some of the most interesting transactions of the patriarchal and later Scriptural ages have been, for the first time, visited by Europeans.* Places of the latter class, together with such as have preserved, even in modern times, some share of imjDortance, comprise all the known localities of Bibhcal geography, and are, as such, entitled to a distinction from the rest. We have indicated such throughout this series of maps, by the use of a circular sign, thus, ; the names now borne by places thus marked may, in most instances, be found in the modem maps appended to the work, or where this was found impracticable, they have been inserted after the ancient in writing of a different character. The doubtful nature of the situations assigTied to all places not comprised in the last-mentioned class is pointed out, in the case of towns, by the use of a square sign, thus, Q ; and in regard to districts, rivers, &c., by the insertion of a note of interrogation after their names. By thus placing before the eye of the student an indication of the amount of authenticity to be attached to the contents of each map, and presenting him, as it were, with an analysis of its construction, we beUeve that clearer ideas will be conveyed of the difficulties in which some portions of Biblical geography are involved, and of the means employed for their elucidation, and many of the evils usually attendant on the use of ancient maps will be thereby obviated. It is scarcely necessary to state that the foundation upon which all the maps are constructed embodies the latest and most authentic geographical and topographical information which can be collected from the various authorities in reference to Palestine. Secondly : A strictly chronological arrangement is observed throughout in the delineation of boundaries and the insertion of names of places, so that Scriptural, classical, and modem appellations are not here, as in most works, prepared for the illustration of ancient geography, confusedly mixed together without regard to the period of history to which they relate, but, by paying due regard to the order of time, are so arranged as to present the student with delineations of the actual condition of the coimtries represented at successive periods. The present is, therefore, entitled to be regarded as an historical as well as geographical series of maps, exhibiting the Holy Laud, and the sixrrounding regions, during its successive periods of independence, and its subjection to other joowers, and concluding with a map of its condition under the Turkish sway, and another of Egypt, — the country most intimately allied with it in institutions and manners, and which has, in all ages, exercised so important an influence over its destinies. Thirdly: Since there are many circumstances relating to the physical configin-ation and other geographical features of a coimtiy which carmot well be expressed upon maps on so small a scale as that to which we are restricted, such as the elevation or depression of particular districts, the height of mountains, and similar matters, it has been thought desirable to append to each map a short Memoir embodying such particulars We are thereby enabled to point out the principal features in which the map differs from those of a similar description hitherto published, and to notice briefly * Among these may be mentioned the discovery, by Dr. | undertaken expressly for the illustration of Biblical Geo- Eobinson and the Rev. E. Snuth, of the ruins of the ancient gi-aphy. Juunuil uf Eoyal Geugraphical Society, vol ix. Beer-sheba, (still bearing the name of Bu'-es-seba,) and many j p. 297; and American Biblical JJfyo^j'fory, 1839, vol. i. other places of similai- interest, in the yeai- 1838, in a journey part ii. viii PEEFACE. the reasons for which, on some hj'pothetical questions of Scriptural geogi-aphj-, conclusions have been adopted which differ from those generally received. To preclude misimderstanding as to their purport, we wish here to state distinctly that it is by no means the object of these 'Memoirs' to supply such information, in reference to the condition of coimtries or towns, as it would be necessary to insert in a Dictionary or Cycloptedia of the Bible. Details of this kind must be sought by the student in some of the many works expressly bearing this character, and we may refer to the ■'Bible Cyclopajdia' as one to which the present Atlas will be found peculiarly adapted. The papers accompanying this series of maps are merely to be considered as constituting an Appendix to them of the nature and pm-pose already described. Lastly: An Index, compiled with extreme care, embodying the names of all the places inserted in the maps, together with their modern appellations in those instances in which they ai'e known, and showing the latitude and longitude of each place, with a reference to the map in which it may be found, is appended to this Atlas. This Index comprehends the names of all those jilaces men- tioned in the Bible to which positions can be assigned with accm-acy sufficient to wan'ant their insertion upon a map ; those, therefore, which are not found in it must be regarded as intentionally omitted, as it appears to us desirable in the present imperfect state of our knowledge of Palestine, rather to confess our ignorance than to mislead the student by an appearance of accuracy unwarranted by fact. The modern names are in Italic characters, as Kahlus, and it wiU be seen that they are inserted both after the ancient names and also in their proper alphabetical order in the first column of the Index, so that a reference either to the Scriptural or modern name of a place win enable any one to find it immediately upon the map. In some cases the classical are also added to the Scriptm-al names of places, fi-om which they are distingiiished by being enclosed wthin a parenthesis, thus (NeapoUs). In instances of the names of districts or extensive tracts of country, the latitude and longitude given are those of the principal town which they contained, and in ranges of mountains, that of their highest summit. In such names as do not possess a distinguishmg featm-e of this kind, the centre of the space to which they apply has been taken, as affording the most convenient point for reference, except in regard to rivers, of which the latitude and longitude of the som-ces (if contained -ivithin the map) axe given. Where we have shoi^-n the different positions which have been assigned to a jDlace by various Biblical critics, the situation of each of them is in most cases pointed out by the Index. We trust that these disting-uishing featm-es of this Atlas wiU be found to give to the work a value which will render it better qualified than any Scriptural Atlas hitherto published to become a really useful Geogrcqyhlcal guide to all classes of readers of the Bible. EXPLANATORY MEMOIRS ON THE MAPS. B I. ARMENIA, MESOPOTAMIA, SYRIA, &c, IN THE TIME OF THE PATRIARCHS. In commencing our series vnth the present Map, we have deviated from the usual practice hy the omission of a Map of part of the Old World, professing to show 'The primitive settlements of the Descendants of Noah,' that is, to assign a locality to each of the tribes or nations supposed to have been originated by the primeval fathers who are mentioned in the tenth chapter of Genesis. In so doing we are far from wishing to undervalue the learned researches which have been entered U23on in reference to this subject, or to question the probabilities which attach to many of their conclusions: but the results, whether correct or not, are not of a nature to be usefully exhibited in a map, which in this case involves the en'or of exhibiting as simultaneous, events which could only have been gradual in their progress, and some of which must have taken place at very distant intei-vals of time. The most probable of the conclusions arrived at appear to be, — that the descendants of Japheth were the original colonisers of the whole of Europe, and the northern and central regions of Asia; the names of Gomer, Magog, Madai, Javan, and Tiras, being supposed to be traced in the Cimmerians, the Mongols, the Medes, (or, according to some, the Macedonians,) the lonians, and the Thracians; and Tubal and Meshech being found in various Scythian and Tartar tribes : — that the descendants of Shem became the possessors of the southern and eastern parts of Asia, where the names of Elam, Asshur, Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram, are respectively appropriated to Elymais (part of ancient Persia), Assyria, Chaldse (the origiual country of the Hebrews), Lydia, and Syria: — and that Ham and his descendants colonised Africa and Arabia, the name of Gush being appropriated at different times to various parts of the country lying between Khuzistan on the Persian Gulf, and the African Ethiopia, to the south of Egypt; Mizraim beiag applied to Egypt, Phut to Northern Lybia, and Canaan to the original possessors of the countries of Palestine and Phcenicia.* Without dwelling further on topics so obscure, we proceed to notice one or two points in reference to the geography of the countries exhibited in the Map which forms the commencement of our series. The country of Armenia constitutes an extensive table-land, which supports the numerous lofty chains of mountains by which it is crossed, and which is itself from 6000 to 7000 feet above the sea; it contains in the elevated valleys between its mountains the sources of the largest rivers of Western Asia, which flow from it on all sides in different directions. The modern town of Erz-rtim (lat. 39° 55', long. 41° 10') has been recently determined to have an elevation of 6] 00, and the lake of Van of 5470 feet, above the level of the Black Sea.f The loftiest summit in Ai'menia is that of Ararat, consisting of two peaks, both of which rise into the regions of perpetual snow, and are separated by a wide chasm: the highest of them is 17,260 feet above the sea. Armenia is connected on the south by mountainous districts of considerable elevation with the great plain of MesoiJotamia, the descent to which from the mountain region is in some places rapid and abrupt. Recent investigations have shown that considerable changes, owing to the ojieration of natural causes, are constantly taking place in the districts at the head of the Persian Gulf; the Euphrates, Tigris, and other rivers flowing into it, carrying down from the higher regions, and depositing at their mouths, vast quantities of sediment, and thus continually enlarging the extent of the lower part of the region through which they flow.+ * Yia\6i New Anal ysis of Chronology ; 'B.enxmg a Inquiry into the Progressive Colonisettion oftheEarth ; andtlieworks of Bochart, Calmet, Mede, Sir W. Jones, and others. sented as doing in anj' map hitherto published. % Researches in Aasyria, Babylonia, and Chaldcea, forming part of the Labours of the Euphrates Expedition, t Notes on a Tour through part of Kurdistan, by James , by W. Ainsworth, Esq., pp. 108 — 147. Mr. Ainsworth in- Brant, Esq., Her Majesty's Vice-Cons\il at Erz-riun, in ' forms us that in the months of December and Januaiy, in the 1838; — A(heni('um,'No. 634. In the course of this jomiiey, ' latter of which the waters of the Euphrates are most loaded in which Mr. Brant was accompanied by Mr. A. G. Gla.scott, i witli mud, he found the quantity of sediment mechanically E.N.. it was ascertained that (lie Lake Van extends nearly ' suspended in tlicm to be equal to one-eightieth pai-t of the thirty miles further to the north-east than it Iiad been repre- i bulk of the fluid. B 2 12 ARMENIA, &c., IN THE TIME OF THE PATRIARCHS. As these causes must have been iu operation in all ages, it appears jjrobable that at the time to which the Map refers the gulf extended beyond its present limits, as far northward as the dotted line marked on the Map. We have necessarily delineated the lower courses of these rivei'S as they are at the present day, although it appears unquestionable that many alterations have been effected in the du-ectiou of their channels. The Tigris and Euphrates formerly kept distinct courses to the gulf, and did not become united in a single stream until after the time of Alexander the Great. The jjositions assigned in this Map to the cities founded by Nimrod and Asshur, in the land of Shiuar and in Assyria, are those which have been regarded by most Biblical critics as possessing the greatest share of probability, with the exception of Erech, for the ascertained site of which we are indebted to very recent inqmi-ers. The late ' Euplirates Expedition' passed by, on the west, a gigantic mound, called by the Arabs Irak, Irka, or Senkerah, which is described as towering in superior magnitude above those which surround it. This mound almost unquestionably marks the site of the Erech of the early Scriptures, and on account of the interest thus attaching to it, as well as for the sake of the striking picture which it presents of the present aspect of the countiy in which it is situated, we may be excused for quoting a remark of Mr. Ainsworth's upon it and similar remains in the same region. He observes that 'no monuments in Babylonia and Chaldaea apjiear to be more valid regarding the antiquity and Assyrian origin of sites, than the lofty artificial mounds of which the present degenerate hordes of the tent and the spear relate so many fabulous tales, but which almost everywhere jjresent themselves, when there are also other strong grounds of presumption of an Assyrian or Chaldaeo- Babylonian origin. These colossal piles are found domineering over the dreary waste, to the uniformity of which they offer a striking contrast; being visible at great distances, and although thrown by the slirdb or mirage into strange and contorted shapes, yet they always appear, when seen upon the verge of the horizon, as if possessing colossal dimensions, and produce an effect, in point of grandeur and magnificence, which cannot be imagined in any other situation.'* * Researches in Assyria, pp. 12.5, 126. "f ih^ natlfruT H'At>.rf Itinds trrrr fn\imi.tni ttj .ihrii i/rnrinl nnntr thr tiU ttw anl'f^ ea^t »>/' r/i* Jnr^tut rii^rnlf of SiilAim ■ in tvhir/i tfi-r^ .rtttuirrd thr citif,i.- of .trulom^ <iof'ifrmA.jldtn/ih< A- JFehoirn t'nthnhh/ fomi'i-^iirtittfd pnr^ of thr /'n^.trw/ he<i nf U»r \\'aii vfDf-iiti Srti ttitfvttirr u-ilh thr plain at ita joutfirrft c^rtrr*ittt§/. frrtt'i'ii.f t^ ffir rfrnf rr/iitrti in firt%J[lX i'7 thr r.rtrnt nf fitiji UtA-p ifuii/ p^r/uifur hiifr bfm /fj^ thnn at firtvre/tt ttll/»»inif iftratr^ dimen^U fntha I'i^tuiofJi>nittn"ithtrh mt/rn/f.r i\in/i.l ir.r .tnf<;< t f>t)tn t?r<f^Ttif/rJ. 13 II. CANAAN, DURING THE PATRIARCHAL AGES. Of the few localities which we are justified in indicating upon a map of Palestine at the early period to which this refers, there are none which seem to require any e.xplanation beyond that afforded by the Map itself But it will constitute a useful addition to the maps of Palestine contained in the series, if we take this opportunity of surveying briefly the most striking of the general ph3'sical characteristics of the country. A glance at tlie Map renders it evident that all the mountains which traverse Palestine on both sides of the Jordan are branches of the two parallel chain.s, in its northern part, which bear the name -of the mountains of Lebanon, or Mount Lebanon. The western of these ranges, which bore in classical geography the name of Libanus, traverses a great part of the length of Syria, at a distance from the coast, in its northern parts, of about twenty-five miles, biat which diminishes further south to about half that breadth : it may be looked upon as an offset from the great range of Taurus in Asia Minor, although partially divided from it by the opening which occurs at the mouth of the River Orontes, (see PI. V.) The highest portion of Libanus appears to he that lying between the parallels of 34° and 34° 30', where it is probably not much below 10,000 feet. The eastern range, distinguished as Anti-Libanus, which constitutes a part of the same mountain-system, has a less average elevation than the western chain, perhaps not exceeding 9000 feet; but it contains one summit higher than any other in the whole system, or indeed in all Syria. This is the Scriptural Mount Hermon, called by the modem natives Jebel Es-slieihh, or ' Old Man's Mountain/ from a fanciful resemblance between its summit, covered with eternal snow, which sometimes lies in lengthened streaks upon its slojoing ridges and the hoary head and beard of a venerable sheikh. The height of Jebel Es-sheikh has not been ascertained; but, from the circvimstance of its being covered throughout the year with deep snow, it is probably not less than between 11,000 and 12,000 feet. None of the other Mountains in Palestine rise to a height at all comparable to that attained by the summits of Lebanon, the eastern range of which, after dividing about latitude 34^ 40' and enclosing the commencing j^ortion of the River Jordan, spreads out on each side of that river into elevated plains, divided from one another by numerous valleys, and diversified by various minor elevations which rise upon them. These high grounds extend on the east and west up to the valley in which the River Jordan and the Dead Sea are situated, forming on each side of it a continuous chain of hQls, or rather cliffs. From the shores of the Mediterranean, the country gradually rises towards the central portion of the regions between that sea and the valley of Jordan, the ground on which Jerusalem stands being elevated 2640, and Bethlehem 2.528 feet above the Mediterranean; and the countiy eastward of the Jordan is similarly elevated, Jeraish (PL XI.) being 2000 feet ahove the same level. At the southern end of the Dead Sea, these high plains on each side approach more to the character of continuous chains, and are prolonged to the south in the moimtains of Seir, which extend to the eastern arm of the Red Sea, or Gulf of 'Akabah, enclosing on either side the valley of El 'Arabah. (See Plates III. and XII.) The next most important features of Palestine are the River Jordan and the lakes with which it is connected. The valley in which this river flows is narrow in its commencing portion, but widens into a fertile plain as it approaches the Bahr-el-Hule (the "Waters of Merom of Scripture). From thence to the sea of Chinnereth it flows in a narrow valley, which is continued round each side of the last-mentioned body of water. That portion of the valley of the Jordan which extends from thence to the Salt or Dead Sea is about five miles broad in its northern part, but grows wider as it advances southward, where it forms on the west the valley of Jericho. The river itself flows in a narrower and lower valley, which is about three-quarters of a mile broad, and considerably below the general level of the plain or upper valley, to wliich its appearance offers a striking contrast ; the lower parts being covered with trees and luxxuriant herbage, while the plain above it is in general a parched desert. The soil of the whole valley is sandy, and not naturally fertile. The descent to the 14 CANAAl^, DURING THE PATEIARCHAL AGES. actual banks of the river, in that part of the valley distinguished as the vale of Jericho, is made by three successive ledges or terraces, each from eight to ten feet in depth, which seem to mark the limits to which its waters have at different times reached in its annual inundatious : the first of these banks is there about a mde and a half from the river ; the second at about half that distance. The width of the stream varies at different seasons of the year from thirty to one hundred yards, and when swollen by the winter rains it is deep and rapid; its water, although muddy and discoloured by the soil through which it passes, is very nearly fresh, and perfectly wholesome. The most remarkable characteristic of the valley of the Jordan is its great depression, not m erely in reference to the country to the east and west of it, but even in reference to the Mediter- ranean Sea. According to the observation of Mr. Russegger, the village of Riehah, in the valley of Jericho, is 774 feet, and the bathing-iilace of the pilgrims in the Jordan, a few miles to the south- east of the same point (see PI. XI.) 1269 feet, beloiv the level of the Mediterranean. The descent towards the vaUey of the country on each side of it, which, as aheady observed, is considerably above the same level, is therefore exceedingly rapid. The valley is continued round each side of the Dead Sea, and widens into an extensive plain at its southern extremity. We shall take a subsequent opportimity of noticing the present condition of the Dead Sea and the other lakes connected with the Jordan; but during a portion of the period to which this Map relates, the chief of them must have presented an appearance considerably chfFerent from that which it now exhibits. We have, in a note inserted on the Map, expressed it as our opinion, that previous to the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah the Dead Sea was of less extent than at present, and that the valley aroimd its sides, and at its southern end, constituted the vale of Siddim, and the district in which the ' cities of the plain' were situated. It may perhaps be objected to this explanation, that as the waters pom-ed by the Jordan into the Dead Sea are earned off by evaporation fi-om its surface, if this were ever of smaller extent, it would not have been sufficient to cause the removal of the same amoimt of water. But it is 23robable that the catastrophe alluded to was attended by a considerable depression of the district below its former level, which would give an increased slope to the valley of the Jordan, and a greater fall or declivity to the bed of the river, and thus cause it to discharge a greater quantity of water in any given period than it did in the same amount of tune pre\'iously to the event alluded to ; so that the smaller ancient bed of the Dead Sea might have served the same purpose as the larger one at a subsequent period. This supf)osltiou of the destruction of the Plain of the Jordan being attended with a lotvering of the region, corresponds with the most probable of the explanations given of the agencies employed in effecting the catastrophe. The numerous smaller streams of which the courses are indicated upon the map at once give to Palestine the ajipearance of being a well-watered country, a character which it really possesses in a greater degi-ee than most parts of Western Asia. But it must not be supposed that all of these ai-e rivers, or even streams, in the f)roper sense of the term, since very few of them continue to flow during the whole of the year. By fai" the greater number are mere winter torrents, whose beds are generally diy during the summer, and even those which preserve at that season a naiTovv stream of water, present an aj^i^earance which strikingly contrasts with that which they bear when swollen by long rains, or by the melting of the winter snows. A similar remark applies to most of the smaller streams marked in the maps of those coimtries adjacent to Palestine, and indeed in all hilly countries which are much influenced in regard to heat and moisture by the different seasons of the year. 15 TTI. JOURNEYS OF THE ISRAELITES FROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. The various questions involved in the subject wLicli this Map is iuteuded to illustrate have been so often and at such length discussed by Biblical commentators, as to leave little room for anything new to be said upon them, except in so far as the recent information supplied by travellers in the countries to which it relates serves in some cases to substitute fact for that whicli had hitherto been conjecture. To enter into these discussions here would occupy far more space tlian can be allotted to such a purpose, even were it not foreign to the object of these papers. The Map itself embodies the conclusions which, after a careful consideration of the arguments and opinions of the vaiious writers on the subject, we have adopted as at once the most simple anil the most probable. To prevent the many differences which it presents from others bearing a similar title from embar- rassing the student, we shall here trace briefly those parts of the route of the Israelites which it indicates. Although the 'Land of Goshen,' alike the scene of the pi-osperity and sufferings of the Hebrews, is universally admitted to have been the district bordering on the eastern arm of the River Nile, yet, as there are no existing indications as to the portion of this land in which the city of Rameses was situated, the point from which the journey commenced has been variously placed. The position which we have assigned to it, in the neighbourhood of the Birket-el-Hudj (or Pilgrim's Pool), agrees with that at which, in modem times, the great cai-avan of pilgrims to Mecca annually assembles and makes its final an-angement for its departure. The route thence to Etham is supposed to have con-esponded with that taken by the same caravan : the intennediate station, Succoth, of which the position is entirely unknown, being probably about a day's journey from the commencing point towards the head of the Red Sea. There is little doubt of Etham being represented by the modem castle of Ajerud, which is one of the stations or halting-places of the caravans. We regard the name Pi-hahiroth (which signifies 'the mouth of the valley' or 'pass') as applying to the narrow strip of land contained between the upper extremity of the Gulf of Suez on the east, and the most northern of the group of hiUs which approach it on the west.* As no indica- tion exists of the position which Migdol and Baal-zephon may have occupied, their names are of no service in enabling us to form any ojjinion as to the spot at which the passage of the Red Sea took place; we believe it to have been near the modern town of Suez. From the opposite shore of the Gulf, the route indicated is that usually taken by travellers from Suez to the Sinai Mountains, and concerning which but little doubt could be entertained, even without the evidence as to the separate stations which existing indications present, as in the well of bitter water at Hotvara, and in the springs and palm-trees of Wadi Gharendel. Nothing is known concerning either of the four following stations, — viz., that by the Red Sea, the fii"St encampment in the wildeme.ss of Sin, and those of Dophkah and Alush, which are merely placed at equal distances between Elim and Rephidim. It was at the latter place that the Israelites encountered an oj^position to their fm-ther progress in the people called Amalekites, and its situation is therefore of some importance, as well for its own sake as from its connexion ^vith the situation of Mount Sinai, to which it was the preceding station. For the views which have led us to identify the mountain from which the law was dehvered with that now called Jebel (Mount) Serbal, instead of that which bears the two summits respectively called Mount St. Catherine and Mount Moses, which have long been regarded as the Horeb and Sinai of the sacred naiTative, and, as a consequence of this determination, to place Rephidim on the north side of the valley of Feiran, we are indebted to the Notes to the Pictorial Bible.f In mentioning the leading arguments which may be urged in favor of these localities, it will be converuent to do so first in reference to Mount Sinai. They are as foUow: That it is on aU hands admitted * See the Chart of the Ked Sea, from the Sm'vey made hy the Officers of the Indian Navy. London, 1836. t Notes oil Exodus xvii. 1, and xix. 2. IG JOUE^TEYS OF THE ISRAELITES that the various valleys and ravines between and around the mountains of St. Catherine and Moses do not con-espond with the Scriptural iatiniations as to Mount Sinai, iaasmuch as they present no places on which the tribes of the Israehtes could possibly have been encamped ' before the mount ' during the deHvery of the law,* — while the broad open valleys at the base of Mount Serbal are fully calculated to answer such a purpose. That Moimt Serbal was necessarily the first great mountain to which the Israehtes came after passing along the shores of the peninsula, and on that ground alone might reasonably be taken for Sinai, provided it accorded (as it does) with the Scriptural accounts of that mountain. That it appears from several passages in the Biblef that the names of Mount Sinai and Mount Paran are appUed to the same summit, and, as the valley at the base of Moimt Serbal bears the name of Feiran or Faran, the analogy of name is in favor of that moimtain being regarded as Mount Paran, and therefore of its being also Mount Siaai. That previously to the sixth centuiy Mount Serbal appears to have been regarded both by pilgrims and by the inhabitants of the peninsida as the true Mount Sinai, as is evinced by the caverns formed in it, and by the inscriptions which cover them and the sides of the valleys leading to and near its summit, and therefore the more ancient tradition is deserving of regard rather than the later one which relates to Jebel Musa.J If the above arguments be deserving of attention, it mil follow that Rephidim cannot be rejjresented by the place in which the inhabitants of the convent of Mount Sinai, and the neighboming Arabs, j)ohit out a rock as that from which the water flowed miraculously when struck by Moses. That the appearance of this rock, — an insulated block of granite about twelve feet high, of an UTegular shape, approaching to a cube, and containing about twenty apertm'es or fissures upon its surface, — at once renders it evident that the tale respecting it is an imposition, is admitted by the most inteUigent traveUers.§ Its situation, in the narrow valley of El Ledja, between the peaks of St. Catherine and Miisa, among the highest summits in the peninsula, is the most unhkely which could have been chosen to represent the site of Rephidim, siace water is naturally found there in abundance in every direction ; whereas at the position assigned to Rephidim in our Map, and for some distance before arriving at the vaUey of Feiran, it is exceedingly scarce. The chief argument in favor of the position which we have adopted is, however, derived from a passage quoted by Biu-ckhardt from the Egyjatian historian Makrizi,|| from which it appears that the Valley of Feiran and a town of the same name, of which the ruins are stUl visible, were anciently possessed by the Amalekites. Their occupation of this valley, which is one of the finest and best-watered districts in the whole peninsula, of course rendered necessary the extraordinary supply of water to the Israehtes, and intercepted the fiu:ther progress of the latter people towards the Skiai Mountains until after the victor}' which they gained over their enemies. (Exod. xvii. 8, 13.) We beheve these positions will be found in strict accordance with circumstances narrated by the sacred historian. We regard the name of Horeb as applying to the whole mountain region in which Mount Sinai is situated, and not to any summit in particular. The direction in which we have indicated the course of the Israehtes after leaving Sinai is through Wadt Sdffran,^ the only opening in the Mountains of El Tyh, wliich bound the peninsula on the north, and thence to Kadesh-bamea (Numb. xiii. 26; Deut. i. 2, 19), from which place they dispatched the spies to examine the land. As any position which may be assigned to Kadesh-bamea is perfectly conjectural, it seems unnecessary to specify here our reasons for placing it considerably to the south of the site usually assigned to it, and for identifying it with the Kadesh of Numbers xx. 1, otherwise than the close accordance with the Scriptural narrative which the position chosen in the Map exhibits. Being on the frontier between the Deserts of Paran and Zin, Kadcsh-barnoa or Kadesh might be said to be equally in either of those regions; and that it must have occupied a position near tliat which we have assigned to it, is evinced by the recent discovery, a few mOes to the north, of a steep pass called Sufah, over a broad surface * Burckhanlt's Traveh in Si/ria, p. 573, &c. ; Game's Lettersfrom the East, p. 191; IjmiXnay's Letters from Egypt, Edum, and the JIuly hand, vol. i. p. 531-, et .scq. f Deut. x.\.xiii. 2. ; Haljiik. iii. 3. % Travels in Syria, p. (il I8. The arguments against Mount Sinai being represented by either Mount St. Catherine or Jebel Musa are also clearly stated by tlu> author of The Modern 2Varel/er, — Aratiia, p. 178, et seq. § Traveh in Syria, p. 578. II Ibid., p. 017. 1 See Map, PI. XII. PROM EGYPT TO CANAAN. 17 of shelving rock, which has an elevation of 1000 or 2000 feet, and undoubtedly represents the Zephath or Hormah where the Israelites were driven back on attempting to enter the Promised Land (Numb. xiv. 45 ; Judges i. 17), and were afterwards attacked by the king of Arad (Numb. xxi. ]), as well as that of a conical hill some miles to the N.N.W. of this pass which still bears the name of Tel Arad, and probably marks the site of the ancient town.* From Kadesh-bamea the thirty-eight years' wandering of the Israelites commenced, nor is it until long after their leaving it that any traces can be found of the direction which they pursued. The circumstances in which they were placed accord with the modem name of El Tyh, (signifying ' of the wandering,') given to all the region extending from the Peninsula of Sinai northwanl to the Mediterranean, and eastward to the Mountains of Seir, rendering it probable that during this period they wandered to and fro through all that district, frequently perhaps in the course of the thirty-eight years returning to those places at which experience had taught them that pasture might be found for their numerous flocks. We have therefore not attempted to indicate any of the stations specified (Numb, xxxiii. 19-35) between Kithmah and Ezion-geber. Rithmah appears, from a careful comparison of Numbers xii. 16 ; xiii. 3, 26 ; and xxxiii. 18, to apply to the same station as Kadesh- bamea, being perhaps the name of the district in which the latter was situated, and Ezion-geber is well known to have been situated at the head of the eastern arm of the Red Sea. From Ezion-geber their route was northward up the Valley of El 'Arabah, which con-esponds to the Wilderness of Zin of the Bible, until they again reached Kadesh. (Numb. xx. 1.) While here, meeting with opposition from the Canaanites to their further progress northward, they requested the king of Edom to allow of their passing through his dominions (xx. 16); and Colonel Leake conjectures with much probability 'that the Valley of Ghuweir, which crosses the Mountains of Seir a little to the south of the position we have chosen for Kadesh, and is the only opening in them which could be easily traversed by so numerous a force, was the road through which they desired to pass.-f- On the refusal of this request, they were under the necessity of turning southward down the Wilderness of Zin, passing Mount Hor, ' by the way of the Red Sea,' and rounding the southern extremity of the Mountains of Seir before they could turn to the north, in order to compass, and thereby avoid, the Land of Edom, (Numb. xxi. 4 ; Deut. ii. 3.) The Map itself renders this part of the journey, as well as the remaining portion across the Brook Zered and the River Arnon to the Plains of Moab, by the Jordan, sufficiently evident to render any explanation of it unnecessary. We may observe in conclusion, that all those portions of the route of the Israelites which we have attempted to delineate in the map are such as a people circumstanced as they were would have been most likely to pursue. The country through which they had to pass does not, indeed, offer much choice in this respect. Thus it is observed by Dr. Robinson, ' that the Israelites must have approached Palestine through the Wad i-el-' Arabah, is a necessary conclusion from the mountainous character of the district on the we.st of that valley, through which no road has ever passed.'j The i-oads across the desert, being, in fact, necessarily marked out by the localities where it is possible to obtain a supply of water, are in almost all cases the same in modem that they were in ancient times, and in all Oriental countries the spiings and wells offer stronger evidence of such corresjjondence than a casual inquirer might at first imagine. The differences between the hypotheses framed on the subject on the present Map have chiefly arisen from the almost entire want, until very recently, of correct information in regard to the nature and physical features of the countries which it delineates. Now that this want is sui^plied, much of the previous doubt, at least in reference to those parts of the journey which had a strictly definite object, is cleared up ; and it is only those parts that we have attempted to indicate. * Journal of Travels in Palestine, &c., by the Rev. E. Robinson, and the Rev. E. Smith, in Journal of Royal QeograpMcal Society, vol. ix., p. 299. t Bm-ckhardt's Travels in Syria, p. 15, Preface. X Journal of Boyal Gcoyrajihical Society, vol. ix., p. 306 c ; ■^jjC*"^^'"o^^ jf afi ' lan^idf Ca.H /9>nnt .t/i /VwniwM London, Jolxn. W J'tvhtr . 3fi.rt Str-^r 19 IV. CANAAN, AS DIVIDED AMONG THE TRIBES. This Map docs not reiiuire any further explanation than is atibrded by the different signs employed to denote the various places which it contains. From them it will be seen that the positions assigned to comparatively few of these places can be regarded as certain, and that no traces have yet been found to mark the spots which were occupied by Kedesh-Naphtali, Golan, Bezer, Jezreel, Megiddo, Tirzah, Shunem, and many other places of importance in the Jewish history, or the scenes of transactions interesting to the reader of the Bible. When, however, the changes, both physical and political, to which Palestine has for .so many ages been subject, are duly considered, suriDiise ^vill rather be felt that so many of the remains and appellations of antiquity should have sui-vived the wi-eck of ages and been preserved to the present day, than that so great a number should have perished ; and more especially when we take into account the probability that a further acquaintance with the topography of the country would bring to our knowledge the existence of many remains which have hitherto been undiscovered. This probability is strengthened by the fact that many most valuable contributions to Scriptural Geography have been made by some of the most recent travellers in the Holy Land, and we have been thus enabled to embody in this and the other maps of Palestine contained in this Atla^ a great amount of information which has not appeared in any similar work. For most of this we are indebted to Dr. Robinson and the Rev. E. Smith, whom we have already mentioned as having discovered, in the year 1838, the remains of the patriarchal Beer-.sheba in a valley still bearing the same name. Near the watercourse they found two circular wells of fine water, more than forty feet in depth, surroimded with drmking-troughs of stone for the use of camels and flocks, such as were doubtless used for the flocks and herds which in old times fed on the adjacent hills. On the higher ground to the north of the walls are low hills strewed with the ruins of former habitations, of which the foundations may be distinctly traced. These ^uins extend over a space half a mile long by a quarter of a mile broad.* These traveUers also visited the sites of Egbn (still called 'Ajldn), Beth-tappuah (now Tafuh), Ekrou (now a large village caUed 'Akir, where ' nothing of antiquity remains'), Anathoth (Andtah), Gibeah (Jeha'), Michmash (MukJmuis), Gibeon (Jib), Beth-horon (Beit-ur), Bethel (Beit-in), and Shiloh (Scilum), scarcely any of which were hitherto known to Europeans. From a village where they lodged, the sheikh also pointed out to them places which bear in Arabic names coiTcsponding to Zorah, Timnath, Beth-shemesh, Sochoh, and others, f Another interesting discovery by the same gentleman was that of the ancient En-gedi, so conspicuous in the history of David, in a place yet called 'Ain Jiddi, near the southern extremity of the Dead Sea, which is overhung by the summit of a precipitous cUff reaching at least 1500 feet in height.+ The remains of Ziph, Carmel, and Maon, places not less interesting than that last-mentioned, are also still in existence, the two former of them bearing the names of Dhahrat el Zif and Karmel; these were passed by Messrs. Robinson and Smith, and had also been seen a few weeks previously by the Count de Bertou,§ to whom we are mdebted for some valuable observations upon the physical geogi-aphy of the countries round the southern end of the Dead Sea. When the discoveries and observations of the above-named travellers shall have been laid before the public, as we have reason to expect they soon wUl be, in a more detailed form than that in which they have hitherto appeared, we shall be in possession of materials for the still further imjirovement of Biblical Geography. We believe, however, that the use which even at present we have been enabled to make of them will be found to impart considerable value to the present series of Maps. § ' Notes on a Journey from Jerus.ilem to 'Akabah and laek by Tetra, in April, 1838.' — Journal of Royal Geogra- * Jovrnul of Royal Geoyrapliical Socieli/, p. 297 t Ibid., 303, 308. Bihlical Repository, vol. i.. part ii. p. 418. p/iical Socic/y, vol ix C 2 p. 27? / -n-A>n Johi tF Atrlaiv. ltW% Stmnil' 21 V. SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. In the wide extent of the Hebrew territories during the period to which this Map refers, we behold the fulfihnent of the promise originally made to Abraham, that his posterity should possess the land ' from the River of Egypt unto the great river, the River Euphrates.' (Gen. xv. 18.) This portion of time constituted, as well geographically as politically, a distinct period in the history of the Hebrew people. Hitherto we have chiefly read of them in connexion either ivith those of the original inhabitants of Canaan who retained their possessions in the land, or with the nations imme- diately bordering on their territories ; but henceforth we find them engaged in various relations, military or commercial, with the people of more distant countries, and the object of the curiosity and attention of the princes of remoter regions. Many names are thus brought for the first time under the notice of the reader of the Bible. It is difficult to form any decisive opinion upon the relative situation and extent of the various small states into which Syria seems at this time to have been divided. The most powerful of the SjTian kingdoms in the time of David appears to have been that of Zobah, to which those of Syria- damascus, Beth-rehob, Maachah, and Ish-tob, were probably tributary. We have adopted a conjec- ture of the Editor of the Pictorial Bible* that the cajjital of this state may have been the same city as the Hobah of Abraham's history, mentioned as being on the left-hand, or nortli, of Damascus. The kingdom of Hamath, which adjoined it on the north-west, appears also to have at some period extended to the frontiers of Canaan, since the expression ' the entrance of Hamath' is evidently used to denote the extreme northern extent of the Hebrew territory. (Numb. xxxiv._ 8.) From the subsequent combination of the names of these states into Hamath-zobah, (2 Chron. viii. 3,) it may be conjectured that they afterwards became united. It is on the authority of the Ai-abic version of the Bible that Betah and Berothai, (called in 1 Chronicles xviii. 8, Tibhath and Chun,) cities belonging to the king of Zobah, are identified with Emesa and B'albek : — the former of these is the modem town of Horns, and the latter, long celebrated for its beautiful remains of a Temple of the Sun and other buildings, is conjectured to be the same city as the Baalath which was built by Solomon. (1 Kings ix. 18.) Another city, founded by the same monarch, to which we may appropriately direct attention here, is the celebrated Palmyra, which is universally admitted to be the Scriptural ' Tadmor in the Wilderness,' the name by which it is alone known to the Arabs of the present day. Its situation in a small oasis of the desert, abundantly supplied with springs of wholesome water, and lying on the great line of route from Babylon westward to Damascus, Tyre, and Sidon, -probably rendered it from very early times a place of resort to the caravans which conveyed the produce of the East to Phoenicia and Asia Minor, and to these advantages it owed the commercial greatness to which it afterwards attained, and which made it continue for ages the central emporium of the land trade between Eastern and Western Asia. The usual approach to its modern remains is from the west, through a valley about two miles long, containing the sepulchres of the ancient inhabitants, and at the termination of which thousands of Corinthian pillars of white marble burst upon the sight, standing isolated in the vast and level desert which extends thence to the Euphrates.t But the most important addition to the Hebrew dominions during this period consisted of the territory of the Edomites, formed by the rocky chain of the Mountains of Seii". The city of Petra, the metropolis of the Edomites, and afterwards of the Nabathasan Arabs, which is embosomed in a valley in these mountains, surrounded by lofty cliffs, and the remains of which, first visited in modem times by Burckhardt, present so many interesting specimens of ancient architecture,! is supposed to be the Selah or Joktheel mentioned in Jewish history. (2 Kings xiv. 7.) The chief value of this * Note on 1 Chronicles xviii. 3. t Travels in Egypt, etc., by the Hon. C. J. Irby and J. Mangles, 1828. f Burckhardt's Travels in Syria, p. 421. Laborde's Journey through Arabia Petrea, p. 153, et scq. 22 SYRIA, SHOWING THE DOMINIONS OF DAVID AND SOLOMON. acquisitiou to the Hebrew nation, and through which it must have exercised considerable influence over their social condition, consisted in its giving them the command of one of the arms of the Red Sea, and of the port of Ezion-geber at its extremity. From this port they made, in conjunction with the Phoenicians, those expeditions to Ophir and Tarshish by which they imported into Judaea the productions of distant cUmates, ' gold and silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks, algum (pine) trees, and precious stones,' and by means of which Solomon ' made silver to be in Jerusalem as stones, and cedars as the sycamore trees in the vale, for abundance. The mention of the names of Ophir and Tarshish leads us to make a brief remark upon theh signification. Of the many conjectures which have been made in reference to this long-disputed question, the foUo^ving appear to us to embody the most probable explanations. It seems likely that the word Ophir, hke Thule and other geographical terms of the ancients, does not designate any fixed place, but simply a certain region of the world, like the names East and West Indies in modern geography. It may thus be understood as a general name for the rich south country, including the shores of Arabia, Africa, and India. This is the view adopted by Professor Heeren. In reference to Tarshish, we acquiesce in the opinion of Gesenius and other writers that the expression ' ships of Tarshish' was used to denote vessels originally so called from their being hke those in which the Phoenicians traded to Tartessus on the shores of the Atlantic, especially adapted to distant voyages, and that this name became, in course of time, so transferred as to denote any distant country to which such ships went. We beheve that these explanations will sufficiently satisfy the conditions requu'ed by all the texts in which the names occur. ^HE-KINGDOMS J CTDAH AXD ISRAEL ey wfluGHHs Scahr^ of EiutUsh yjiU^ art Htta^n fAus Kffekj I.fjn.i.'tt ,'r.lu. W /■ ,r^::r ^V., 7 Si 23 VI. KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. By the alienation of the ten tribes from the house of David, after the death of Solomon, (A.D. 975,) Canaan became divided into the two independent kingdoms of Judah and Israel. This change in its political geogTaphy would, perhaps, scarcely require a map for its illustration, were it not that as the history of a people advances, the civil and political changes in their condition necessarily involve considerable alterations in the features which diversify the face of the country which they inhabit ; new to-wns successively spring up in all directions, the harbours on its coasts become gradually the seat of commercial enterprise. Hues of communication are established between distant places, and the whole of that land which was once uncultivated and desert becomes covered in the progress of time ^vith the works of social and civilized beings. It is the exhibition of the altered ajipearance and division of a country which are thus produced at successive periods that constitutes the chief value of historical geography. The differences in these respects between the present map and others in the series will be apparent to every one who attentively examines it ; the only one of them which we need notice here is, that among the consequences resulting from the establishment of a new kingdom was the selection of another capital. The city of Tirzah, of which the site is now unknown, seems to have served as the metropolis of the kings of Israel until the reign of Omri, by whom the foundations of Samaria were laid. (1 Kings xvi 24.) Samaria is brought conspicuously under notice in the further history of the Jews ; although destroyed by Shalmaneser, the king of Assyria, (B.C. 719,) and afterwards by John Hyrcanus, (B.C. 110,) it was rebuilt on each occasion, and under the Romans became a magnificent and populous city, having been adorned with many splendid erections by Herod the Great, (B.C. 21,) who had given it the name of Sebaste. After passing in succession into the hands of the various possessors of the cotmtry, it is now a poor village, which contains about thii'ty dwellings, many of them built of the fragments of ancient edifices, which are plentifully scattered about. As there is nothing in this Map which calls for frnther explanation, we may usefully employ the present occasion by adding to the general survey of the mountains of Palestine which has already been given, some notice of such of its smaller summits as have, or are supposed to have, any Scrip- tural interest attached to them. One of the most interesting of these is Mount Carmel, which forms the seaward termination of a range of hills connected with the central mountains of the country. Its elevation, which is greatest where it approaches the sea, does not appear to exceed 1.500 feet,* but it commands an extensive and varied prospect over the adjacent country and sea-coast ; and the beautiful appearance of its verdant sides, covered near the foot with wild vines and olives, and higher up with oaks, pines, and many other trees, has been mentioned with admiration by succeeding travellers. On its sides are numerous caves and grottoes, which were once the abode of Christian anchorites. Mount Tabor, which an old tradition points out as the scene of the Transfiguration, (Matt, xvii. 1,) is nearly of a circular form, standing apart from any other eminence, and presenting the appearance of a cone with the upper part cut off.-f- Its height is estuuated by Buckingham at 1000 feet above the plain on which it rises ; on its summit is a plain of an oval fonn, about a quarter of a mile in length, and half as much in breadth. The sides of Mount Tabor are covered with groves and clumps of trees, which rise above the gi-ass and wild flowers produced by its fertile soil. The \'iew from its summit is very extensive, embracing Lebanon, and the snow-covered Hermon on the north, the mountains of Israel on the south, and comprehending the Sea of Galilee and the shores of the Mediterranean on the east and west, and is described with enthusiastic admiration by all who have witnessed it. * Buckingham. f JoUiffe's Letters from Fahstine, vol. i., p. 11. 24 KINGDOMS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. The small rauge of hills indicated a few mHes to the south of Mount Tabor, and forming the eastern boundary of the plain of Esdrajlou, is generally regarded as the Mount Hermon which is celebrated by the Psalmist for its pastures and abundant dews;* it is of very moderate elevation, and is sometimes called the Little Hermon, to distinguish it from the moimtain of the same name in the north of Palestine. The range of Mount Gilboa, which bounds on the west a part of the Valley of the Jordan, is estimated to reach about 1000 feet above the level of that river ;-|" its lengthened ridge, which rises up in peaks, bears only a littlo withered grass and a few scanty shrubs scattered about in different places. The moimtains of Ebal and Gerizim do not seem to reach more than seven or eight hundred feet above the level of the valley which lies between them, and in which the town of Shechem is situated ; they must, however, be considerably more than this above the level of the sea, as the ground on which they rise is itself much elevated. Of the sides which front the valley, that of Gerizim is much more fertile and verdant than that of Ebal.;]: The valley between them is exceedingly beautiful : ' Few places,' says Jolliffe, ' exceed Shechem in the romantic beauty of its position, the buildings appearing to rise amidst bowers blooming with all the varieties of vegetation, encircled by venerable gi'oves, and refreshed by rills of the purest water.'§ The highest mountains in the southern part of Palestine are those known by the name of Quarantania, from a tradition that they constituted the wilderness in which Christ fasted for forty days ; this mountainous tract, which bounds the valley of Jericho on the west, is more stern and wild in its appearance than any other part of the country, and is described as rugged, desolate, and fiightful in the extreme. The highest summit, the ascent of which is exceedingly steep and difficult, bears the name of the Mount of Temptation, and is pointed out as that ' exceeding high mountain' from which the tempter showed Christ ' all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them.' The only mountain in the country east of the Jordan which we need notice particularly is that to which the name of Nebo is attached. Its modern name is Jebel Attariis, and aU we know concerning it is that it is a dark barren mountain, with a heap of stones overshadowed by a wild pistachio-tree on the summit, which is noticed by passing travellers as rising higher than any other mountain in. the neighbourhood. Its correspondence with the Nebo of Scrij)ture is very doubtfid, for it is certainly not ' over against Jericho,' which that mountain is described as being ;|| in the absence of more complete acquaintance with the topography of that part of the countrj^, however, no better hypothesis can be proposed in its stead. * Psalm xlii. 6 ; Ixxxix. 12 ; cxxxiii. 3. | J M;umdi-fll, Buckingham, etc. f Dr. Richardson's Travels alun(j ike Mediterranean, I § Lelfers from Pale.ifi?ie, i., 43. vol. ii., p. 424. I II Deut. xxxiv. 1. VIT. ASSYRIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA. These countries possess an interest for the Scriptural reader which is little inferior to that of the Holy Land itself; from them the forefather of the Jewish people drew his origin, and by the rulers over them was the national existence of that people destroyed, and themselves carried thither into a lengthened capti\nty. It is, therefore, with much pleasure that we have been enabled, in the present Map, to avail ourselves of a great amount of information in reference to the physical and political geography of these regions which has only very recently been placed before the public, and which will, we believe, be foimd to impart considerable value to it. For some part of this we are indebted to such accounts of the labors of the late 'Euphrates Expedition' as have yet been published, but for a much larger portion to the relations given by Major Rawlinson, of the Bombay Army, of two journeys into the provinces of Khuzistiin, Luristan, and Persian Kurdistan,* and to the accounts of Major Todd,t Lieutenant-Colonel Shiel,;]; Mr. Brant,§ Dr. Ross,|| and Mr. Forbes, If of different parts of Persia and the Turkish provinces in Asia which they have visited within the last three or four years. A trigonometrical survey by Lieutenant L3mch, of the Indian Navy, of the River Tigris from Tauk-I-Kesrah (the ancient Ctesiphon) to Mosul,** a tract which (to use that ofificer s words) is ' connected with European history in its most attractive pages, and with all that is elevated and refined in Asiatic literature,' has also been made use of in the construc- tion of our Map. But of the numerous interesting topics which are embraced in these materials, we need here only notice those which relate to some disputed points of Scriptural geography. The chief of these bear reference to the settlement of the Israelites who were carried into captivity by the kings of Assyria, and ' placed in Halah and in Habor by the River of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes,' (2 Kings x\ii. 6;) in addition to these names, that of Hara is mentioned in a subsequent text. (1 Chron. v. 26.) Major Rennell, whose conclusions on this subject have been adopted by most subsequent commentators, was of opinion that these names were to be traced in some which exist in modem times in the Persian pro\-inces of Azerbijan and Irak-Ajemi, near the south-western extremity of the Caspian Sea. He therefore identified the River of Gozan with the Kizil Uzen or Sefid Rud, the city of Habor with the modern town or rather village of Abhar, and supposed Halah and Harah to have been situated in the districts of Chalccd and Tarom, described by Delia Valle and other old travellers as bordering on that river. ft In deference to the opinion of an author so generally esteemed and followed, we have inserted these conclusions in the Map, but as they seem to be based on en-ors which later information has dispelled, we have also marked on it other and more probable identifications of the above-named places. The identification of the Gozan with the Kizil Uzen, from a slight similarity of sound between the names, must at once be relinquished, since we are informed by Major Rawlinson that the native or Persian name of that river, SefId Rud, has been borne by it ever since the fourth century of the Christian sera, while the title of Kizil Uzen is merely a Tui-kish imposition of modem times. The name of Chalcal appears, from the same author, to apply to one of the two divisions into which the district of Tarom, consisting of the vale through which the Sef Id Rlid flows, is distinguished, and which are named Tar6mi-Khelk^l and Tar6mi-Payin. With this more coiTect orthography, the very slight resemblance which the names previously bore to * ' Notes on a March from Zohab to Khuzistan, &c., in the year 1836,' by Major Eawlinson. — Journal of Hoyal Geo- graphical Society, vol. is., p. 216. ' Notes on a Journey from Tabm, through Persian Km-distan,' by Major Eawlinson, in 1838.— Ibid., vol. x., p. 1. f ' Sketch of a pail of Mazanderan, in 1836.' — Ibid., vol. viii., p. 101. X ' Notes on a Journey from Tabriz through Kurdistan, &c., in 1836.' — Ibid., p. .54. § Ibid., vol. X., p. 59. II ' Notes on Two Journeys from Baghdad to the Ruins of Al Hadhi-, m 1836-7.'— Ibid., ix., 443. f ' Visit to the Sinjar Hills in 1838.'— Ibid., 409. ** Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. is., p. 471. ft Geography of Merodotus, vol. i., p. 515. D 26 ASSYRIA, CHALDiEA, AJS^D MEDIA. those of Halah and Harah almost entii-ely disaj^pears, and as this was the only reason for the received identification of those places, it may be reHnquisKed with that of the river; and, in this view, the mere similarity between the names of Habor and Abhar is not of much value, since it is probable that all the places named were in the same vicinity, and we have seen that there are no sufficient grounds for concluding that to have been near the Kizil Uzen. We are inclined to concur in the opinion of Major Kawlinson, who supposes Halah and Hara to be represented by the modem sites of Holwan and Zarnah, at both of ^vhich places are extensive ruins of the aera of the Sassanian monarchs of Persia. Many curious reasons for the assumed correspondence of Holwan with the Halah of the Captivity are assigned by this author, who observes that ' some of the Christian Ai-abs in their histories directly translate Halah by Holwan/ Jewish traditions abound in this part of the country, and David is still regarded by the tribes as their great tutelar prophet. The question as to which of the rivers of the country the name Gozan may have been applied, is so doubtful, that we have not thought it worth while even to hazard a conjecture on the subject. Whatever opinion, however, may be formed as to these cities, it appears certain that the Israelites were scattered, either in the fost instance or subsequently, over different parts of the Greater and Lesser Media. We learn from the ApocryiDlial Book of Tobit* that some were settled at Rages, and Oriental geographers inform us that a quarter of Isfahan, called Jahudia, was anciently inhabited by Jews. Among the places mentioned as those from which the king of Assyria removed the inhabitants to the cities of Samaria, there occurs the name of Hamath.f This has been supposed by some \vriter to apply to the Syrian kingdom of that name, to the north of Palestine ; but as it is stated by Josephusj that the foreigners removed were five tribes of Cuthites, it seems more probable that it denotes some place in Assyria or Khuzistan. Another c^uestion of not less importance to the Biblical student relates to the names of Shushan and TJlai, the latter that of the river by which the prophet Daniel stood when he saw the vision which he describes.§ ' Shushan, the jDalace,' has been universally regarded as corresponding with the city of Susa, celebrated in ancient writers as one of the most magnificent capitals of the Persian empire, and the ' river of Ulai' as universally identified with the Eulasus of those authors, which they describe as flowng by Susa. But it has been a question much disputed whether the site of this city is to be found in the ruins now called Sus, on the bank of the river Kerkhah, or in the modem town of Shuster, in the same district. From a careful consideration of the ^vriters on either side, we should have thought this question sufficiently decided against the latter alternative, even without the additional testimony of Major Rawlinson to the same effect, and we should accordingly have identified the Shushan of Scripture with Sus, and the river Ulai with the Kerkhah, had it not been for a third and original hypothesis proposed by that officer in the valuable paper to which we have been so much indebted. It will be better to state this opinion in the words of the writer, and before doing this, we must quote his description of some ruins known by the name of Susan, which he has for the first time made known to Europeans. After describing some of the stupendous works of former ages which remain in these regions. Major Rawlinson observes: — 'But the most interesting spot in all this country, perhaps even in all Persia, is the town of Stisan, upon the banks of the Kuran ; here are the ruins of a great city, and from the accounts which I have received of it, it cannot be other than a .sister-capital of Ecbatana and Persepolis. This city was principally built upon the riglit bank of the Kuran, at a point where the course of the river is due west. Forming a semi-circl(! from the river, and thus enclosing the city, is a range of steep and abnipt hills, through which there is no passage, either along the banks of the river or at other points; a once noble bridge, now almost destroyed, connects this impregnable position with a large mass of ruins upon the left bank of the river, which are again bounded to the south by another range of hills, extending at both points to the precijiitous lianks of the Kuran, and traversed by two solitary passes. On the right bank of the river, near the bridge, are said to be the remains of a magnificent palace; the ground all around is now planted with orchards, but tlie general design of the building is to be traced, and many y)iliarK still remain entire. At a short distance from hence, to the north-east, and at the foot • Tobit i. H. t 2 Kings xvii 21. J Antiquities of the Jews, ix., 11. § Danid viii. 2. ASSYEIA, CHALD^A, AND MEDIA. 27 of tlio liills, is the tomb of Daniel, called Diiniyali Akbar, the Greater Daniel, in contradistinction to the other tomb at Stis, which is called Diiniyuli Asghilr, or the Lesser Daniel. The building is said to be composed of massive blocks of white marble ; and a large reservoir, formed of the same materials, is in front of the tomb. This is fed by a .small stream, which here descends from the hills, and contains a vast quantity of sacred fish, which are regarded with the most superstitious attachment. Adjoining the tomb is a large slab of marl)le, engraved with a perfect cuneiform inscription, and many other broken slabs similarly sculptured are said to be found among the ruins.'* The author observes that although he is indebted for his description to oral information only, yet, from his having been at great pains in collecting the testimony of different witnesses, he believes it may be fully relied on. He proceeds to express his opinion upon this disputed question in the comparative geography of the region in the following manner: — 'I believe then, that, in ancient times, there were two cities of the name of Stisan, or Susa, in the province of Susiana, the more ancient, the Shushan of Scripture, being situated at Slisan on the Kuran or Eula3us; the other, the Susa of the Greeks, at Sus, near the Kerkhah, or Choaspes.' * * 'The very expression of Scripture, — Shushan, the palace, — would appear indicative of a distinction from some other city of the same name. Daniel was in the palace, yet he saw the vision on the borders of the Ulai, and heard the voice between the banks of the river. From the mound of Sus, the Kerkhah is one mile and a half distant, but at Slisan, the river does actually lave the base of the gi-eat ruin. The ancient tomb of the Greater Daniel may also be taken into account; and the cuneiform inscriptions are certain evidences of antiquity. As the city did not lie upon Alexander's march, his historians have failed to notice it; but ip the later geographers, who had indistinct information of the place, and confound it with the great city of the same name which formed the capital of the province, we discover some traces of its true position.'t This will be sufScient, with the aid of the Map, to explain that writer's view of the subject, which we have adopted in the present instance, although not without entertaining some doubts as to the validity of the conclusion, which, considering the propensity of Orientals to magnify the importance of any subject which they describe, would have been more satisfactory if it had been grounded upon personal observation of the remains at Slisan. In justice to Major Rawlinson, however, we must observe that he merely proposed, in the paper from which we have quoted, to state the general result of his researches, intending to give in detail the reasoning by which he has arrived at his conclusions in a work on the Comparative Geography of Persia which he is preparing for publication, and for the appeai'ance of which we anxiously loolc. The sites assigned to Nineveh and Babylon, the great capitals of the Assyrian and Babylonian empires, are in accordance with the general testimony of the most able travellers and critics, who, however they may differ about the details of their positions, almost all agree in supposing the former of them to have occupied the ground now covered by the extensive mounds of eai-th and heaps of rubbish which line the eastern bank of the Tigris opposite to the town of Mosul, and in placing the latter among some of the great mounds and other ruins which are found on both sides of the Euphrates, near the modern town of Hillah. The general character of these remains, as indeed of most others in this region, is the same, — huge and desolate-looking mounds, sometimes consisting of masses of sun-burnt bricks and heaj^s of rubbish, and at others of so doubtful an appearance that it is difficult for the observer to decide whether they are the work of nature or the ruined labors of man. That among these ruins the antiquary should search, with doubt and difficulty, for traces of such cities as Nineveh and Babylon once were, is itself the most striking exemplification of the desolation which has overspread these regions, and of the fulfilment of the prophetic denunciations against them. The same author whose opinion we have adopted with regard to Shushan has also thrown a doubt, which it is necessary for us to notice, upon the situation of Achmetha, mentioned in the Book of Ezra as the royal treasure-house in which were enrolled the decrees of the Persian raonarchs.J Major Rawlinson, in a long and extremely able paper,§ to which we can only refer * Journal of Royal Geographical Socidy,\o\. is.,^. 83. | § 'Memoir on the Site of the Atropatenian Ecbatana.' — t Ibid., p. 85. ! Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. x., p. G5. X Ezra vi. 1, 2. .1 D 2 28 ASSYRIA, CHALDiEA, AND MEDIA. those who feel in any way interested in the subject of ancient geography, has convincingly proved, from the testimony of numerous authors, ancient and modern, that there were formerly two cities of the name of Ecbatana — the one the capital of Media Magna, now represented by the modem town of Hamadan — the other the chief city of Media Minor, or Atropatene, and corresponding to the remarkable ruins found on the hill called Takht-i-Suleiman. The former of these has been o-enerally regarded as the Achmetha of the Bible, but Major Rawlinson thinks it very doubtful to which the passage in Ezra is to be referred. But however this may be, there can be but little doubt that the latter, the Takht-i-Suleiman, represents the Ecbatana of the Book of Tobit,* which is stated to have been on the route between Nineveh and Eages. The same place appears also to be intended by the city of Ecbatana, which is said to have been built by Ai-phaxad, the monarch whose defeat and death are related in the Book of Judith.t * Tobit vii. 1. t Judith i. 1, 2 Vlll PALE S TIJN'E PARTof PHaN ICIA; lUusa-aiiiig the Nvw T«siauii;iit . B Y" "W. HUGHE S " y (Ki . ■lahf^Jtiiicf:^/' V' ■■■■' ■ ^'■■■■^ I 1 ! f I A4J)(?' ' <VWi/jfWiivirf<'rf the dtii\* lit' Sty f/i lift iili-t ffififiif.t . {tndfiiyt .Du).* . J'fila .J'hiiadfl ■phin tiiirnaa .Canalhii .Cnpitoiia^ . nmi 1 .,,ifiin,tl^ Ea^t ao\ (ir.-4-n»irft 3'^" J .J_ ZX.~1. .T-.- TVA-r^ar TKwf Savnr^ 29 VIII. PALESTINE AND PART OF PHCENICIA, ILLUSTRATING THE NEW TESTAMENT. The most circumstantial account which we possess of the manner in which Palestine was divaded at the commencement of the Christian a?ra, is that found in the writings of the Jewish historian, Josephus, who has described at some length the extent of each of the provinces which it then embraced.* If we were able to assign their correct positions to the places which he mentions as indications of the extreme length or breadth of these divisions, there would be no difficulty in representing them upon a map ; but, as the sites of many of these are unknown, his descriptions do not in all cases serve with the same fidelity the purjDose for Avhich they were intended, and which, in his day, they no doubt fully answered. The difficulty which is thus occasioned in drawing the boundaries between each province is chiefly felt in reference to that by which Judasa was separated on the south from Iduma^a; we have, therefore, thought it advisable to leave this unrepresented in the Map, supplying, in jjlace of it, the explanation that, during the captivity of the Jews, and their weakened condition after their return, the Edomites had extended their dominion over the whole country between the mountains of Sen; (their original possession,) and the MediteiTanean Sea, making Hebron "the capital of this newly-acquired part of their territories, which formed the Idumsea of the classical authors. The knowledge of this explains the remark of Josephus, that ' Jerusalem was situated in the very middle of Judtea.' The province of Judaia was likewise subdivided into smaller districts called Toparchies, the number of which is stated by the sanie author as eleven, but which, according to Pliny, were ten in number.f Judging from the proximity of the cities mentioned as presiding over the several toparchies, most of these divisions seem to have been of very small extent. The only names in this Map which seem to require any explanation are those of Bethsaida and Beth-abara. The former of these places, Bethsaida of Galilee, has been generally supposed to correspond with the city of that name on the north-east shore of the Sea of Galilee, near the place where it receives the Jordan, and to which Philip the Tetrarch gave the name of Julius. But as this city is not, properly speaking, situated in Galilee, but in Gaulonitis, on the opposite side of the Jordan, there appears to be some reason for concluding the ruins of a large village called Beit-sida, seen by Pococke on the west of the lake, to represent the Bethsaida of the Gospel. Both sites are indicated on the Map. It is probable that the true site of Beth-abara, the place where Ghi'ist was baptized by John the Baptist, is not known; but there are two places which are respectively believed to represent the scene of this event by the Christians of the Catholic and Oriental churches, thousands of whom, in this belief, have, for ages past, been in the habit of making annual jjilgrimages thither, in order to perform their ablutions in the sacred stream of the Jordan. The spot which is marked in the Map is that to which the preference is given by the Greek and Oriental jDilgrims, while the Catholics j)lace the site of Beth-abara about three miles higher uji the river, or further from the Dead Sea. Each of the places to which the pilgrims of either denomination resfiectively repair has an additional interest imparted to it from then- belief that it likewise corresponds to the place where the Israelites crossed the Jordan, at their entry into the promised land. * Wars of tilt Jens, b. iii., c. 3. f Hist. Nat., 1. v., 15. IX 1 lonjin John: fV. farkcr , tl'^-iC .■!"■■■"■: 31 IX. PLAN OF ANCIENT JERUSALEM. The best and most authentic account of ancient Jerusalem of which we are in possession, is that given by the Jewsh historian, Josephus, in his history of the war wliich terminated in its destruc- tion.* But the difficulty of applying a wiitten description to the construction of a plan — at all times great — is, in the present instance, much increased, not more by the numerous changes which have been effected in the course of ages in the ground on which Jerusalem stands — changes so great as to have almost destroyed what were once its most distingaiishing features, and to have afforded room for doubt even as to the very hdls on which the city was built, — than by the want of an accurate toiJographical survey of the modern town and its vicinity. We have endeavoured, in the present Plan, which only claims to be regarded as a sketch approaching to probabUity, to overcome these defects as much as lies in our power, by grounding the description of Josej^hus upon the most authentic representations and accounts of the modem city.t We have preferred the extent of thirty- three furlongs, which that historian assigns as its circuit, to the statement of other writers, who vary in its estimate between twenty-seven and fifty furlongs.j The Jerusalem of the Old Testament history stood upon the three hills of Zion, Acra, and Moriah, or, more properly, upon those three portions of a mass of hill which constitutes the south- ward termination of a rocky plain extendiiig to the north. The walls of the city as rebuilt by Nehemiah, after the retm-n of the Jews from their bondage, only enclosed those three hills ; but as the buildings gradually became extended by the increasing population of the city, Bezetha was at length enclosed within another wall, built by Agrippa, the grandson of Herod the Great, A.D. 42. This latter wall was, therefore, not in existence during the lifetime of Christ. Each of the walls was fortified at intervals by tower.s, of which that round Zion contained sixty, amongst which were those of Hippicus, Phasffilus, and Mariamne, erected by Herod ; that which enclosed Acra had forty, and that round Bezetha ninety. § Of the internal arrangement of the city, — the distiibution of its streets, and the sites of its public buildings, — we know absolutely nothing but what is to be gathered from a few scattered statements in the writings of the same historian, and from various passages in the Bible. From them it may be collected that many of the public buildings, such as the armoury and prison, the palace of Herod, and the royal and pontifical residences in general, were situated in the upper city. The markets for timber, cloth, wool, &c., seem to have been in the lower city.|| The suiTOuuding country was anciently cultivated and laid out in gardens and groves of fig, olive, and ijalm-trees, which were all destroyed by the Romans during the progress of the siege, and the space to the north between Scopus and the city, made level by filling up the hollows and destroying the precipices.^ In this paucity of information, then, we have totally omitted the various conjec- tural details which appear in the plans of Jei'usalem inserted in most Scriptural Atlases, confining oiurselves strictly to that for which we have historical authority. The meagreness of the representa- tion which is thus afforded is itself striking evidence of the changes which this celebrated city has undergone since the time when Mount Zion was ' the joy of the whole earth.' Most of our readers are probably aware that the modem Church of the Holy Sepulchre (the site of which is marked in the Plan) has long been generally regarded as covering the spot on which Christ was crucified, and the sepulchre in which his body was laid ; and, as such, it has, during more than fifteen centuries, been the object of Christian pilgiimage from the most distant countries. Its claims to this distinction have, however, been questioned, and, 'in our opinion, on good grounds, within comparatively recent times.** Without entering at any length into the discussion of this question, it will be sufficient to observe here, that the Gospel narratives clearly imply, and a * Wars of the Jews, b. v., c. 4. f PlanofJerusaIe»i,hyF. C-diherwood.Architect. 1835.. The Travels of Buckingham, Pococke, Clarke, Robinson, Jolliffe, and others. X Dissertation siir I'Etetidue de I'Ancietine Jerusalem, <tc., by M. D'Anville. Paiis, 1747. § Josephus, Wars, b. v., c. 4. II Nehem. iii. 19, 25. Josephus, Wars, b. i.,c 22; b. ii., c. 17, 19 ; and b. v., c. S. t Ibid., b. v., c. 2. ** Dr. Clarke aiid other writers. See also JEclectic Review, February, 1820. 32 PLAN OF ANCIENT JEEUSALEM. passage in the Epistle to the Hebrews distinctly states, that the scene of the death of Christ -was ] without the walls of the city. This con-esponds ti the usual custom of the Jews, who are also well ! known not to have allowed burials to take place within the city. Now the so-called Church of the Holy Sepulchre is a considerable distance within the walls of modem Jerusalem ; and no arrange- ment of the ancient walls which would possess the slightest share of probability, or which would at all accord with the descrijjtions of Josephus, can be made in such a manner as to exclude from the ancient city the ground now occupied by this building. We therefore think that the true site of Calvary or Golgotha is unkn own ; and, rejecting the traditionary identification of this, we attach no Scriptural interest to the many other places within the modem city which are pointed out to visitors as the representatives of sjDots rendered sacred by their association with the life and sufferings of Christ. Of those without the city, that called the Garden of Gethsemane seems to indicate correctly the place which was the accustomed resort of himself and his disciples, and in which he was betrayed. It is now an even plot of ground, enclosed by a stone fence, and containing a few ohve-trees.* Of the hiUs by which Jerusalem is on three sides surrounded, that to the west is but little elevated above the city itself; and that to the south, which bears in the present time the name of ' The Hill of Evil Council,' (from the improbable supposition that the house of Caiaphas, where the chief priests and scribes took council against Christ, stood on the top of it,) is really a rocky flat, which forms the termination of the high ground to the south of the city, and is loiver than Mount Zion. But the Mount of Olives, on the east, rises higher than any of the gi-ound about Jerasalem, and comjiletely overlooks the city, — the extensive view from its summit embracing, also, the Vale of Jericho, the lower part of the river Jordan, and the Dead Sea, with the mountaias by which that lake is enclosed. The Valley of Jehoshaphat is described by travellers as being rather a ra\'iae than a valiey, of which the ■\\-idth in few places exceeds 200 yards ; the Brook Kedron, which flows through it in a deep and naiTOw bed, crossed by a small bridge of a single arch, is only a winter-torrent, Uttle more than a yard in breadth, and dry during the greater portion of the year. The sides of this valley are covered with the sepulchral stones of the Jews, who have been accustomed, both in ancient and modern times, to use it as a place of interment. The valley of Ben-Huinom, (or, in our translation, ' the Valley of the Son of Hinnom,') on the south of the city, is about fifty yards in breadth and twenty in depth, measuring from the bottom to the highest part of Mount Zion.f Its sides are rocky and precipitous, and that to the south contains nimierous sepulchral excavations. On the further side of this valley, towards the south-east, is the place supposed, with much probability, to represent Aceldama, 'the field of blood,' bought for 'a field to bury strangers in' with the money which was the price of Judas's treason. The valley on the west of the city, called the Valley of Gihon, is shallow, and in its southern part broad, decreasing both iu width and depth as it advances northwaa-d ; it also contains some sepulchral excavations on its western side. The broad valley, or rather depressed plain, of which the commencement extends in a south-westerly direction from Jerusalem, and through which the road to Beth-lehem lies, appears to correspond to the Valley of Rephaim of the Old Testament, in which Da\id gained a victory over the Philistines ;J: it is bounded on each side by hills of little elevation. How greatly the present appearance of Jerusalem must have changed from that which it presented when its enclosing hiUs and vaUeys were, as in the time of its ancient gi'catness, covered with groves and gardens, — when its Temple and other buildings reared their towers towards the sky, and when it was the seat of an active and wealthy population, engaged in celebrating all the pomp of their religious ceremonies or in pursuing the numerous and varied occupations of society, — may be in some degree appreciated from the observation of a modern \\Titer, that ' the stranger now sees from the neighbouring elevations a wild and mountainous desert, uo herds depasturing on the summit, no water flo^ving through the valleys, but one rude scene of savage melancholy waste, in the mid.st of which the ancient glory of Jiuhea l)ows hor head in widowed desolation.'§ • Ih\ Kichardson's Travels along the Mediterranean, 1822, V. ii., p. 366. f Bobinson's Travelsin Palestincand Syria, vol. i. p. 105. X 2 Sam. xxiii. 13. § Jollille's Letters from Palestine, vol. i., p. 105. w I'*! a:\ ^.^ ^i^ -1^ w t/5 .. ^ Vfl*" ^ -^ D o^ " /-D _• V»- 11 /a? ^- ■* ^\"^ /i <A V. .,^' <il W' ai -i I? CI ■l^- fft <; rt /F ,v,f I. f-i -4~ ^1^ 0> i'^ii[ii;iillnllillllliiiili;l';Tiiiii|ii^iwiiiiiii'ij ,,r ■5° ll ' '1fe;| 33 X. THE TRAVELS OF SAINT PAUL. There is little in this Map upon which it falls \vithin our plan to bestow any particular notice. The positions assigned to the places mentioned in the relation of the Acts of the Apostles have been, where any doubt attached to them, weighed with exi^reme care and with a regard to the most recently acquired information. For the materials Avhich have enabled us to represent the countries contained in, and adjacent to, Asia Minor, in a more correct manner than in other maps of the same class, we are indebted to Mr. Brant,* Mr. W. J. Hamilton,t Mr. C. Fellowes,| and Mr. Ainsworth,§ all of whom have, in their respective journeys through various parts of the country, accumulated much geographical information of a valuable nature, and the last-named of whom, in conjunction with the other gentlemen in command of the expedition now in progress to Kurdistan, has ascertained the sites of many ancient cities, and determined astronomically the positions of many important places. To return, however, to subjects more immediately connected with Scriptural Geography. It is probably known to most of our readers that different opinions have been entertained with regard to the Island of Melita, on which the Apostle" Paul and his companions were shipwi-ecked. |1 By the majority of writers on the subject this island has been regarded as represented by the modem Malta, but many others, some of them of considerable ability, have argued in favor of a small island in the Adriatic Sea now called Meleda ; — each of these islands having anciently borne the name of Melita. Not deeming it necessary to enter upon the arguments on either side of a matter which may be found discussed in every Biblical Cyclopaedia, we shall be content wdth observing that, although much may be said (as in most similar cases) in favor of either position, yet the preponderating weight of evidence appears rather to incline in favor of Malta, — which we therefore identify with the Melita of the Apostolic narrative. The broad and shallow gulf which the ancients called the 'Syrtis Major,' is supposed to be intended by 'the quicksands'H which were an object of so much terror to the sailors ; this gulf, from the shifting nature of the sands on its shores, and the general uncertainty of its bottom, was at all times a subject of dread to ancient navigators. We have adopted a conjecture made by Mr. Hamilton, in the paper already referred to, in regard to the positions of Derbe and Lystra.** It seems probable that the former of these places is represented by a village bearing the modern name of Devli, although it has been generally identified with the ruins of Bin-bir-kilisd, on the mountaui called Kara-dagh. These ruhis are very extensive and interesting, consisting chiefly of the remains of churches of great antiquity, and some of them of considerable size, and, vnth the exception of some large sarcophagi and tombs, appearing to belong to the early ages of Christianity. Mr. Hamilton is inclined to refer them to Lystra rather than Derbe, the latter j^lace not being mentioned in the ecclesiastical notices, while the former is known to have been an episcopal see during the reigns of the Byzantine Emperors, and therefore a place where we might have expected to find the remains of numerous churches. * ' Journey through part of Anuenia and Asia Minor, 1835.' — Journal of Hoyctl Geograpliical Society, vol. vi., p. 187. f ' Notes on Journeys in Asia Minor, in 1836-7.' — Ibid., vii. 34, and viii. 137. * Excursions in Asia Minor. London, 1839. § ' Notes on a Journey ii-om Constantinople to Angora, 1838.' — Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. i.\-., p. 216. II Acts xxviii. 1. If Acts xxvii. 17. ** Acts xiv. 6. E FAJ. ESTINE AND -rilK ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA. as oividcd under Ulc Turkisli gtivcnuuent- Divisions I'ashaWc ^f Diuiuxscus - --^-^ T^ Pashalik "of.Akka h-uA Ga-zamM Pasluilik of Tripoli ^ «m^II faboii lai^Haur. , D , SeUebnai a. f 1 "^^f'Ww.,. ^W axUst^/'' ^ Mi^ei [Tel olFaras )Xo^va JfLahe of'c/14: Meadow*, -j * ti^'-W'* ,uusir^ Shtiara. JUbfi A6^ .Ti«»! ^W^'""- _ -,j y ttJimum I ' I --, *r^ fa r I s*i-a , A'^ ^^*r o;^--*'": "^^ /.:,.,•,■ "T';s*§^Ki Vi^ >i5F^''::K^.., A.i ° <;.■/■(.,■( ,-1 .v.'iA- " ''■""'■^irg/Kin ' ^.' •'■■lit.'fu^ I \7.if,KinauL! ~V- / /*««. ptD-t Ofthf , ii j)r*,#* ,,r %\ r,,t,, fottMJuy JAf.tfi./ J Kxplniiation Jul Spivuf. aoun.Tt Bic- HW/ A0> Mt'itaxtrrt/ Jur Briiipr Kilt'eU I^rt, i^ixt/if Mar J.<"^ S.Jw. V. *'vw .Vfl/rtrtf tt^i/iTiMi; W'W* ti'rtJt.it: r.iiJi-v ..L. . JjOnct^m John W"/V;yA»^, Wwr .'^rmnyf. 35 XL PALESTINE AND THE ADJACENT PART OF SYRIA, AS DIVIDED UNDER THE TURKISH GOVERNMENT. The insertion in a Scripture Atlas of this and the succeeding Map, Ijoth of which relate to modern times, may at first appear to require some explanation. When, however, it is considered that it is the distinguishing feature of this work to place before the student the grounds upon which every conclusion which it exhibits is based, the object of them will be at once appreciated. By showing him (in so far as a map can sliow) the 'pi'^sent condition of the countries which have been brought under his notice, enabling him to see the names now borne by Scriptural localities, and in many instances to trace the ancient in the modern appellations, they serve the purpose of a key and guide to the whole series. This alone would be a sufficient reason for their insertion, independently of the interest which must be attached to the condition, at any time, of countries which have been the scene of events of such deep importance to mankind. Arrived at modern times, and no longer perplexed with the vague statements of ancient writers, it might be supj^osed that geographical doubts would cease, and that the task of delineating the present condition of Palestine would be an easy one. But this is far from being the case, as we have already had occasion to observe; and the imperfection of our knowledge is evinced by the fact, that every new account which is received from that country is accompanied by the names of jjlaces of which we have never before heard. In the present Map we have endeavoured to apply the most recent information of every kind to the accounts of older travellers, so as to make it exhibit, in so far as its scale will allow of its doing, what we really know of the modern geography of the Ploly Land. We have had occasion, in various places, to notice many of the authorities which have contributed to our purpose, and need only mention further the name of Burckhart,* a traveller who has contributed more than any other individual towards our knowledge of the geography of Palestine, especially of that part of the country to the east of the Jordan. In availing ourselves of this opportunity of adding a few observations upon the Lakes contained in, or connected with, the Valley of the Jordan to the notices of the physical geography of the coimtry which have been supplied in the preceding Memoirs, we shall confine ourselves to those circumstances which apply equally to their past and present condition. The first of these is that called in the Bible the ' Waters of Merom,' and now bearing the name of the Bahr-el-Hule ; its dimensions vary considerably with the seasons of the year, — those assigned to it in the MajD are an average deduction from the many different statements on the subject. In summer the northern part of it is entirely dried up, and the rest becomes a mere marsh; its waters are muddy and unwholesome. Dr. Robinson denies the existence of a small lake which is placed, on the authority of Dr. Richardson, midway betv/een the Bahr-el-Hule and the Lake of Tiberias ; it may jDerhaps be only formed by the exjDansion of the River Jordan during its overflow at the rainy season. The lake which is known in the country by the Arabic name of the Bahr-el-Tabarieh, and is called in the Bible by the various names of ' the Sea of Chinnereth,' ' the Lake of Gennesareth,' ' the Sea of Tiberias,' and ' the Sea of Galilee,' has long been distinguished for the sweetness and softness of its water, which travellers universally describe as being as clear as crystal, and sweet, cool, and refreshing to the taste. It is, like most bodies of water enclosed by mountains, liable to whirlwinds, squalls, and sudden gusts, which are, however, only of short duration ; there is a current through its breadth, extending even to the shores, and the Jordan is distinguishable in its passage through it by the smoothness of the water in that part. ' The last lake we have to notice is that far-famed one which finally receives the waters of the Jordan. This body of water bears in Scripture the names of ' the Sea of the Plain,' ' the Salt Sea,' and ' the East Sea,' and is better known in modern times by the name of ' the Dead Sea,' than by the native title of the Bahr-el-Lut, or the Sea of Lot. The name of 'Dead Sea' is indeed * Travels in Si/ria and the Holy Land. London, 1822. E 2 36 PALESTINE AJSTD THE ADJACENT PAET OF SYRIA. peculiarly applicable to it, from the extreme appearance of desolation presented by the country around, and from the general absence of animal and vegetable life. Its waters are intensely salt, much more so than those of the ocean ; in an analysis which Dr. Marcet made of a portion of them, 100 parts of water were found to contain 2-i-58 parts of salts of different kinds, or nearly one-fourth of the weight of the water.* Their specific gravity is also much greater than that of sea-waten from which cause they possess a much greater buoyancy, — a circumstance attested by almost every traveller who has bathed in them. Most of the exaggerated statements which have been so common about this lake, such as the 'apples of Sodom,' beautiful to the sight, but containing only dust and ashes, — the doleful sounds and suffocating vapours said to issue from it, — the sometimes visible remains of the cities submerged in it, — and others of a sunilar nature, — are now disproved; and although we have no evidence of any living creature being contained in its waters, yet birds have frequently been seen to fly across them, and to skim their surface, \vithout sustaining any harm. Some soundings which have recently been taken show the Dead Sea to have, in some places, a depth of more than 300 fathoms.f The water is perfectly clear and transparent, while that of the Jordan | is muddy, and discolors the lake with its yellow current. It has not been ascertained whether the asphaltum or bitumen found floating on the surface of its waters, as well as on its western shore, rises from the bottom of its bed, or origijiates in the rocks on its eastern border. The plain which extends to the south of the Dead Sea, forming a continuation of the valley of the Jordan, possesses a sandy and saline siurface, and is terminated by a chain of cliffs of sandstone, the height of which is stated by Irby and Mangles at from 60 to 80, and by the Count de Bertou at between 60 and 70 feet, although Dr. Robinson estimates them at from 50 to 150 feet. * The mean quantity of salt contained in the ocean is about three and a half per cent, in the weight of the water. It vai-ies considerably, however, in different latitudes, being in general gi-eatest near the ti-opics, and diminishing^ towai'ds the equator and poles. Malte Brun's Oeograpliy, vol. i., p. 314 t Journal of Royal Geographical Society, vol. vii., p. 456. XII /.'/nedm '%/ohfi. IV /'•victr' Jfi^t ^^Ertt/.^. 37 XII, EGYPT AND PART OF ARABIA. The numerous and easily accessible accounts of Modern Egypt will furnish the student with an ample description of the magnificent remains which abound in that country, and many of which, from the illustration which they afford of Scriptural CTistoms and imagery, are possessed of deep interest to the readers of the Bible. In addition to its other purposes, the present Map enables us to direct attention to one or two localities of Scriptural geography which have not fallen within any others of the series. The chief of these is the once splendid city of Thebes, the remains of which yet present so imposing and stupendous a spectacle, and which we accord with most writers on Scriptural geography in regarding as the ' populous No,'* or No-ammon, of the prophetic writers. Although this opinion is di.ssented from by others, yet we think it receives sufScieut confirmation from the manner in which No is always mentioned, as being a great, populous, and powerful city,t characteristics which certainly applied to Thebes in a much greater degree than to any other place which can reasonably be substituted for it as the representative of No. The ' country of Pathros'j is believed to correspond to that part of Upper Egypt which the Greeks distinguished as the Thebais, from the name of the great city which it contained, and which answers to the Said of modern geography. The Sukkiims,§ mentioned as constituting part of the troops of the Egyptian king Shishak, seem to have been the same people whom the Greeks called the Troglodytaj, or ' dwellers in caves,' who dwelt among the rocks and mountains which line the western shores of the Red Sea, from the neighbourhood of Berenice (lat. 23° 54') nearly to the Straits of Bab-el- Mandeb. In this territory Pliny mentions a city of the name of Suche,|| which closely corresponds with the word Sukkiims. A few remarks on the features of the countries represented will form a useful accompaniment to the present Map. Of the extensive tract which is generally included under the name of Egypt, the only part which is susceptible of cultivation, and thereby calculated for the abode of a settled and civilized people, is the narrow valley in which the River Nile flows and the regions over which its branches extend in the lower part of its course, with the addition of the province of Faium, and the few Oases which are scattered through the surrounding deserts, and which break then- otherwise imiform desolation and monotony. The rocks which bound the Nile on either side approach so near to the bank of the river as to leave between them, in Ufiper Egypt, a valley of only four or five mUes in width, but which widens in Central Egypt into ten or twelve miles, and in Lower Egypt spreads into a wide and fertile plain. Cultivation is thus, in the Said and Central Egypt, confined to the narrow strip of land along each bank of the river. The rocks b)' which it is bounded attain, near Thebes, a height of 1200 feet, but their general elevation throughout Egj'^pt is much less than this, frequently not exceeding 300 or 400 feet. The deserts which extend from these rocks eastward to the Red Sea, and westward into the great desert of Lybia, have been shown by the recent observations of Sir J. WilkinsonH to differ materially from the notions previously entertained of them. Instead of being level wastes of sand, as has been generally imagined, thej' constitute a portion of the extensive table-land of North-eastern Africa, and are in many jjlaces crossed by chains of mountains of considerable height. The chief characteristic of that to the right of the Nile is its gradual ascent eastward from the rocks which bound the valley of the river to an elevated plain of considerable breadth, from which it slopes downwards towards the Red Sea. Of the two chains of mountains which traverse it in a north and south direction, the more westerly consists of limestone rocks, and that further to the east of gTanite. The latter chain, whicli commences about lat. 28° 26', attains is. the lofty summit of Gharib an elevation of 6000 feet, and continues in a southerly direction until it crosses the Nile at Assuan, forming what are called the cataracts, but which are, in reality, only a succession of rapids, among which no single fall is more than four or five feet. The desert to the west of the river consists, in like manner, of an elevated * Nahum iii. 8. f J>-'rem. xlvi. 25. X Jerem. xliv. 1. § 2 Chvon. xii. 3. || Hist. Xaf., L vi., 34. ^ ' On the Nile, and the present and former Levels ot'Eg^-j^t.' — Joufiial of Royal Geographical Sociify, vol. ix., p. 431. 38 EGYPT AND PART OF AEABIA. plain, for the most part level, but supporting, in some places, limestone mountains, and in which the province of Faium, and the Oases, are depressions. The Valley of Faiiim and the Great Oasis are depressed below the upper plain even more than the Valley of the Nile is, since the surface of the Lake Maoris (Birket-el-Kerun) is 100 or 120 feet below the level of the banks of the river at Beni-stief. In the Memoir which accompanies the second Map of this series, we have traced the valley in which the River Jordan flows, and the mountains by which it is on either side bounded, through the whole length of Palestine to the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. Burckhardt, in the year 1812, was the first traveller who made known to modern Europeans the continuation of these mountains southward in two distinct chains, and the existence between them of a broad valley, or rather plain, which extends the whole way from the low cliffs of sandstone, of which we have already spoken, (p. 36,) at the southern end of the Dead Sea, to the eastern arm of the Red Sea, or the Gulf of 'Akabah : this valley is called the Wadi-el-'Ai-abah. When Burckhardt ascertained the fact of its existence, he concluded that the River Jordan had anciently flowed through it to the Gulf of 'Akabah,* previously to the destruction of the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, at the time of which catastrophe it has been very generally imagined that the Dead Sea was first formed ; and his opinion on this point has been universally adopted by subsequent writers on the geogxaphy of the Bible, as it seemed to afford a very satisfactory explanation of the manner in which the waters of the Jordan might be disposed of, on the supposition that the Dead Sea had then no existence. But it has been very recently shown that the nature of the Wadl-el-'Arabah is such as to preclude the possibility of the Jordan's ever having, in the present state of the surface and level of the gTound in those regions, flowed through it to the Red Sea, since it is in one place elevated above the level both of the Gulf of 'Akabah and the Dead Sea, and is throughout on a higher level than the latter body of water. Even without this knowledge, the recently-ascertained fact of the Dead Sea being so considerably depressed heloiv the Mediterranean, (p. 14,) whUe the surface of the Red Sea has long since been kno^vn to be several feet above the same level,t would have rendered the hyi^othesis alluded to extremely improbable, since it could only have been maintained liy the supposi- tion of the catastrojihe which destroyed the cities of the plain ha^ang been attended by an alteration in the relative levels of nearly the whole country very considerably greater than is warranted by even the most tremendous convulsions of the earth's surface which are on record. Since the acquisition of this mformation the hypothesis referred to has, therefore, been abandoned ; nor was any hypothesis ever more needlesly framed, for there is nothing in any passage of the Bible which at all warrants the idea of the Dead Sea having had no existence previously to the destruction of Sodom, although it is by no means improbable that that catastrophe produced considerable changes in the district. We have ah-eady stated (jj. 14) the ojDinion which we entertain on the subject, and have only recuiTcd to it here on account of the connexion it has so long had with the region to which we ha\'e referred — viz., that of the Mountains of Seir and the Wadi-el-'Arabah, a connexion so generally acknowledged, and held in common with so many erroneous ideas as to that district, that we should not have appeared justified in passing over it while placing before our readers more correct information upon those countries. For this information we are entirely indebted to the Count de Bertou, and to Dr. Robinson and his fellow-traveller ; tljo former of these gentlemen being the only EuroiDcan who has in modern times traversed the whole extent of the Wadi-el-'Arabah from north to south. The route taken by each of them was southward from Hebron, and, in accompanying them in this direction, we cannot refrain from quoting a brief remark of the Count de Bertou 's, in reference to the im^iressions pro- duced by the a.sjDect of the country immediately before reaching the southern extremity of the Dead Sea. He observes that he had ' hitherto seen nothing to comj^are with the moimtains of Zo'ai-ah and Esd6m. Here is desolation on the grandest scale, and beyond what the imagination of man could conceive: it must lie seen, — to describe it is impossible. In tliis striking and solenm wa.ste, * Travels in Sijria. t Tlic Froncli C'nffiiicor.s, rluriiif; llic expedition to Ejjvi't ill 17(18. ascertained tlit- lied Sea, at Suez, to be at liigli water tliiriy feet, and at low water twenty-six and a lialf feet liigher tlian the level of the Mediterranean at Alexandria ; tlio level of tlie waters at tlie head ol' the (lull' o("Al<abali cannot dillir materially I'rom that at the head ol' the (iulf of Suez, so lh;il. (hey must also be elevated above the Medi- terranean. EGYPT AND PART OP ARABIA. 39 where nature is alike destitute of vegetation and inliabitants, man appears but an atom; — all around is enveloped in the silence of death, — not a bird, not even an insect, is seen! The regular step of our camels returned a dull sound, as if the earth were hollowed beneatli their feet; the monotonous chant of the camel driver accompanied at times the stej) of this inhabitant of the desert, but was suddenly stopped, as if he feared to awaken nature. . . . Everything seemed to combine to make the landscape a scene awfully sublime.'* Passing through the Plain of El Ghor, the party entered the channel of Wadi 'Arabah, ' which,' continues the Count, ' had at first the appearance of the bed of a great river, and, if its slope were not visible toiuards the Dead Sea, one would exclaim on seeing it, ' This is really the bed of the Jordan;' it is, however, the bed of a torrent which flows in an opposite direction, — viz., from south to north, and falls into El Ghor. At present (April) here is no water; its breadth, which is from 2-50 to 300 yards, is filled with tamarisks; it extends in a S.S.W. direction, and is bounded by almost vertical banks of grey freestone, about 150 feet in height.' This applies to the lotver channel which carries off the waters of the Wadi-el-'Arabah, and which is distinguished by Di-. Robinson, who states its bi'eadth at its northern end to be equal to half a mile, by the name of Wadi Jib. It begins to the south of Mount Hor, and exhibits traces of an immense volume of water which, in the rainy season, flows down in a winding course through the midst of El 'Arabah, draining off all its waters northwards to the Dead Sea. The waters of Wadi Jerafeh, in the desert further to the west, also flow northward into El 'Aral^ah and through the same channel, t As the traveller advances southward, .the Wadi (or lower channel) becomes mder, assuming the aspect of a desert, and seeming to ascend ; the hills on each side decrease in height and soon disappear entirely on the left ; until after j^assing Ai'n-el-Ghamar (lat. 30° 29'), a spring of bad water, the Wadi is gradually lost in the slightly undulating plain which extends towards the mountains in the east. The Wadi-el- 'Arabah (using that term for the future in its most extensive sense, as denoting the whole breadth of the wide valley which extends between the cliffs at the south end of the Dead Sea and the Gulf of 'Akabah), attains its highest point, or summit level, about lat. 30° 1.5', near where it is joined by Wadi Tahl, so that a line there drawn across it marks the line of separation between the waters which flow to the Dead Sea and those discharged into the Red Sea. From thence the Wadi again slopes southward towards the Gulf of 'Akabah, and so manifest is this line of division between the waters, that M. de Bertou observes : ' It is impossible to inistake the two slopes, — one to the north, the other to the south.' The general level of the deserts to the west of the Wadl-el-'Arabah, and extending from the south of Palestine towards the Peninsula of Sinai (of which Dr. Robinson has furnished us for the first time with the means of attempting even a tolerable representation), is much higher than that of the Wadi itself This was remarked by Burckhardt, and also by Dr. Robinson, who, travelling north-westward from 'Akabah, after crossing the valley and reaching the summit of the western mountains, found himself upon the great plateau of the desert, and higher than the mountain-peaks which he had seen from below, and through which he had just ascended : he estimates its elevation at from 1200 to J 500 feet above the sea. Burckhardt, however, thought that the level of this western desert was 1000 feet below that of the deserts to the east of Wadi 'Arabah; so that the latter must be elevated nearly 2500 feet above the Mediterranean. From this great elevation of the plains to the east and west above the Wadi-el-'Arabah, it results that the height of the mountains by which that valley is bounded appears much less when viewed from them than when seen from the valley itself The only estimate which we have seen of their height is that of M. de Bertou, who says that Mount Hor, the highest summit among the range of Jebel Shera, on the east side of the valley, 'rises 1500 feet above the level on which it is placed.'* The hiUs on the west side of the valley are not above half as high as tliose on the east. The western mountains may be regarded as continued southward into the Peninsula of Sinai, in the central summit of which they rise to a far greater elevation; these have passed under our notice in a preceding Memoir. We may observe, in conclusion, that the line of coast of the Red Sea and its Gulfs is copied from the beautiful survey recently completed by the ofiicers in the service of the East India Company, which has for the first time enabled us to delineate correctly the shores of these interesting regions. * Journal of Royal Geograpliical Society, vol. k., p. 280. f Ibid., p. 305. J Ibid., p. 283. INDEX TO THE MAPS. The Latitude is throughout North of the Equator, and the Longitude East of the Meridian of Greenwich, No. of Name of Place. Latitude. Longitude Map. Abana, River, Nahr Seybarany ? . 33.27 .. 35.43 .. . VI. Abarim, Mountains of . 31.43 .. 35.47 .. in. Abliar, llabor .... . 36.22 . .. 49. 2 .. VII. Abdou, or Hebron 33.10 .. .35.29 .. . IV. Abel, Abel-beth-maachah, or Abel- maim, Hibt . 33.17 . .. 3.5.39 .. VI. Abel-meholali .... . 32.25 . .. 35.28 .. VI. Abel-niizraim .... 31.50 . .. 35.29 ... IL Abel-shittira, or Shittim . . 31.55 . . 35.39 .. III. Abila, or Abel .... 33.40 . . 36. 8 .. VIIL Abilene ..... . 33.40 . .. 36. 8 .. VliL Accad, (Sittace,) Tel Nimrud 33.28 . .. 44.12 .. I. Accho, or Ptolemais, Akka . 32.50 . . 35. 4 .. IV. Achaia ..... 37.58 . . 23.43 ... X. Achmetha, (Ecbatana,) Humadan 34.4(i . . 48..33 ... V(I. Achshaph 33. 6 .. . 35.15 ... IV. Achzib ..... 31.37 .. . 34.48 ... Vf. Achzib, Zib .... 33. 2 .. . 35. 7 ... IV. Adadah ..... 31.10 .. . 35. 6 ... VL Adar, or Hazar-addar 30.43 .. . 34.44 ... IV. Adramyttium, Adramyli 39.34 .. . 20.58 .... X. Adria, Sea of . 36. .. . 18. ... X. Adullam ..... 31.42 .. . 35. ... IV. Adummim .... 31.50 .. . 35.24 ... IV. yKnon ...... 32.29 .. . 35.35 ... VIIL Agri-ddg'i, Mount Ararat 39.42 . . 44.18 ... T. Alilab 33.18 ., . 35.22 ... IV. Ai, Aiath, or Hai . 32. 1 .. . 35.20 ... IV. Aia-soluk, Epliesus 37.55 . . 27.20 ... X. Aijalon, or Ajalon, Yalon 31,55 .. . 35. ... IV. Ain, or Asliau .... 31.27 .. . 34.42 ... IV. A'in-el-IIafireh, Kadesh-barnea . 30.41 . . 35.10 ... lU. Ahi-el-Tin, Capernaum 32.52 . . 35.32 ... XI. A'in Hazier f Jazer . 32. 4 . . 35.49 ... XL A'iiiJiddi,En-geii 31.22 . . 35.15 ... XL Ajerud, Etham 30. 6 . . 32.23 ... IIL 'Ajldii, Eglou .... 31.39 . . 34.57 ... XI. 'Akabah, Elath 29.28 . . 35. 6 ... XIL Ak-hlsdi\ Tliyatira . . . 38.64 .. . 27.55 ... X. 'Akir, Elcron . . . . . 31.50 .. . 34.52 ... IV. Akka, Acclio .... 32.56 .. . 35. 4 ... XI. Alirabbim, Ascent of, or Maaleh- akrabbim . . . . 30.58 .. . 35.50 ... IV. Alemetli, or Almon 31.52 .. . 35.23 ... VI. Aleppo, or Haleb, Helbon 36.13 . . 37.12 . . V. Alexandria ..... 31.12 . . 29.55 ... X. 37. 5 . . 38.55 ... I. Allah-shehr, I'liiladelpbia 38.22 .. . 28.30 ... X. Almon, or Alemetli 30.58 . . 35.23 ... VL Almon-diblatbaim, Beth-diblathaini or Diblatli .... 31.39 . . 35.50 ... III. Alush 29. . . 33.20 ... IIL f 30.50 .. 1.28.50 .. . 34.55 1 . 33.42 / IL IIL Amman, Rabbatli-Ammon . 31.58 .. . 36. 2 ... XL Ammonites .... 31.58 . . 36. 2 ... IV. Amorites ..... f31.:i0 .. (31.51 .. . 35.15 "» . 35.54 IL IIL Arapliipolis, Emboli 40.52 . . 23.52 ... X. Anathotli, Andtah 31.49 . . 35.12 ... VL Anem, or En-gannim 32.29 . . 35.18 ... VI. Aner, Kannir .... 32.28 . . 35. 3 ... IV. . 31.19 . . 35. 1 ... IV. Antioch, (in Pisidia,) Yalobdch 38.18 , . 31.22 ... X. Antioch, (in SjTia,) Antakia . .'i6.13 . . 36. 8 ... X. Antipatris ..... 32.14 . . 34.58 ... VIIL • 31.47 . .. ,35.11 .. IX. Aphelc '...,. 32.35 . . 35.17 .. IV. Apliek, or Aphekah . 31.45 . .. 35. 5 .. IV. Apliik, Kal'al-el-Shakiff 33.21 . .. 35.35 .. IV. Apollonias, Arsuf . . 32.19. . 34.52 .. VIIL Appii Forum .... 41.29 . . 13. 2 ... X. liabba .... . 31.24 . .. 35.47 .. IIL Arabali, or Beth-arabaU 31.49 . .. 35.57 .. VL Nanie of PKaco. Latitude. Arail, Tel Arad .... 30.51. Arani-naliaiaim, or Padan-aram, Al- jezireh . . . . . 37. 5 .. Ar.am, (.Syria) .... 33.32 .. Ararat, or Armenia . . . 39. .. Ararat, Mountains of, Agri-ddgh . 39.42 . Aras, River, Uiv. Gihon . . . 39.47 •• Ara'yr, Aroer . . . . 31.32 .. Argob 33. .. Arkitcs, (Area,) re/ .^j-i-a . . 34.36.. Arimathaja, or Raniali, Ramleh . 31.56 .. \rvion,B,.,}Vadi Modjeb . . 31.11.. Aroer 31. 9 .. Aroer, Agra .... 31.58 .. KvoQr,Ara'yr . .... 31.32... Arpliad, or Arvad,(Aradus,) Island of Ruad 34.50 . Arsuf, Apollonias . . . 32.19 , Arumah 32.14 , Arvadites ..... 34.5;) . Ascalon, Aslilcelon, or Askolon, AscaVan . . . . .31.38. Asban, or Ain .... 31.27. Ashdod, (Azotus,) Esdud . . 31.45 . Asbdoth-pisg.ab .... 31.48 . Aslitarotli, Asliterotli Karuaim, or Beesliterah, Mezureib . . 32.47 • Asia (Proper) 38.30 . Assliur, or Assyria . . . 36.23 . Assos, Beriam ..... 39.30 . Assuan, Syene .... 24. 6 . Athens 37.58 . Atrotli-shophan, or Zaphon . . 32.23 . Attalia 30.52 . Ava, or Ivah, Hawdz . . . 31.20 . Aven, On, or Beth-shemesh, (Helio- polis,) Matarieh . . . 30.10 . Avims, Avites, or Hivites . . 32.18. Agra, Aroer ..... 31.58 . Azeloih 31.45 . Azem, or Azmon .... 30,50 . Azmon, or Azem . . . 30.50 . Azzah, orGaza . . . ,31.27. Baaiah, or Kirjath-jearim . . 31.49 . Baalath, (Ileliopolis,) Ba'lbek . 33.58 . Baal-hermon, Mount Herraon, or Senir 33.27 . Baal-meon, or Beth-meon, Myun . 31.49 . Baal-shalislia, or Beth-slialisba . 32.15 . Babel, or B.abylon, /j!Vs-A''imri/(/ . 32.22. Babylon, Birs-Nimrud, Mvjelibah, Amrdn, Kasr, &c. . . . 32.27 . Babylonia, Irdk-Arabi . . . 32,27 . Bnffo, Papbos 34.46 . Baltr-el-lli!le, Waters oiilerom . 33.5., Bahr-cl Lul, or Dead Sea, Salt or East Sea 31.30 . Bahr-el-Tabarieh, Sea of Tiberias, &c, 32.50 . Balnirim 31.48 . Ba'lbek, Baalath .... 33,58 . Banian, Dan, or Laish, &c. . . 33, 9 . Basban, (Batanea) . . . 32.55 . Beer, or Beerotb, Si'r . . .31.52. Beer-sheba, or bheba, Blr-es-seba' 31.14 ., Beesliterah, or Aslitarotli . . 32,47 . Beit-al-Moie, (Dapbnoe,) Riblali . 36.10 . Beil-el-lahm, Bethlehem . . . 31,42 . Be'it-in, Bethel . . . . 31,59 . Be'U-sida, Betbs,aida . . . 32.49 . Be'it-ur, Beth-horon . . . 31.57 . Beka, orZoar 31.18. Been, Baal-meon, or Beth-baal-meon, Myiii 31,49 ...35,55 . F Longitude. .. 35. 4 ... . 38..55 ... . .36.19 ... . 4,3. ... . 44.18 ... . 41 20 ... . 35.50 ... . 35.55 ... , 3.5.57 . , 34.54 . 36.10 . . 3.5. 4 . .. 35.50 . 35.50 . . 35.48 . . ,34.52 . . 35.19 . . 35.48 . . 34.32 . . 34.42 . . 34.41 . . 35.41 . . 30.14 . . 27,57 . . 43. 8 , . 2.;. 18 . . 32,55 . . 23,43 , . 35.41 . . 30,45 , . 48.52 , . 31,23 . , 35,19 ., . 35.50 . 34,59 .. . 34.25 . . 34.25 . . 34,26 . No. of Map. . IIL L . I, L I. I. XL IV. IL VIIL IV. VL IV. IV. V. XL IV. IL IV, IV. IV. VI. IL X. I. X. XIL X. IV. X. VII. in. IL IV. VL IV. IV. II. 35. 2 ... 36. 2 IV. ■f ^• \ VIIL . 35.49 ... . 35.55 .., , 35. 7 — , 44.26 ... . 44.29 . . 44.29 . . 32.25 . 35,37 - . 35.25 . . 35,35 . . 35.15 . . 36. 2 . . 35,45 . . 36, . . 35.10 , 34.36 . . 36.14 . . 36. 5 . . 35.12 . . 35.17 . . 35.30 . 35. 7 . . 35.26 , VL IV. IV. I. VII. VII. X. XL XL XL VI. XI. XL IV. IV. IL IV. V. XI. XL VIIL XI, IV IV. 42 INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. Name of Place. Latitude. Beroa 40.35 Bered 31.10 Bergamo, Pergamus . ■ . . 39. 4 Beriam, Assos .... 39.30 Berothai, or Chun .... 33..78 Besor, Brook, Wudi Gasa . . 31.17 Betali, or Tibhath .... 34.37 Beth-abara 31.51 Bethany 31.47 Bethar 32.26 Beth-arabah, or Arabah . . . 31.49 Beth-aven ..... 32. 1 BetU-diblathaim, or Alraon-diblathaim 31.39 . Beth-el, or Luz, Beil-in . . 31.59 . Bethesda, Pool of . . • • 31.47 . BetL-haccerem, (Herodkun,) Mount of the Franks Bjth-haran, (Livias) Beth-lioron, Upper, Be'it-ir . Beth-horou, Lower, Beit-ur Beth-jesimoth, or Je-shimon . Beth-lohem, Betli-Iehem Ephratah, or Ephrath, Bc'il-el-lahm Beth-leheni ..... Betli-niaachah .... Beth-meon, Myun .... Beth-uimi-ah, or Is'imrah, Nymrciii Beth-peor Beth-phage Beth-rehob, or Rehob, Hereibe Beth-saida, Be'it-sida Beth-saida, (Julias) Beth-shalislia . . • • Beth-shan, or Beth-shean, (Scythopo- lis,) Bisan . . . ■ Beth-shemesh , . . . • Beth-shemesh . . . • L'eth-shemesh, On, or Aven, Malarieh Beth-zur . . . . ■ Bezek ....•• Bezer ..... Bileam, or Ibleam .... B(n-bir-kilisd, Lystra . Bir, Beer . . . . • Bir-es-seba', Beer-sheba Bir Howara, M.arah .... Btrs-Nimrurl, Babel Bisan, Beth-shan . . ■ • Bithron ..... Bithynia ...■-• Bozrali (of Edom), Boszra . Bozrah (of Moab) .... C'abul ...... Csesarea, Kaisariyeh Csesarea Pliilippi, Banias . Calali ....-• Calneh, or Canneh, (Ctesiphon,) Tauk- i-kesrah . . • ■ • (/aluo ....•• C'anion ...... Cana, Kana ..... Canaanitcs ..... Cundia, Crete .... Canuoh, or Calneh .... Capernaum, near A'in-el-Tin Cappadocia ..... Carchemi.sh, (Cercesium,) Kerk'myah Carmel, Knrmel . . • ■ C'arinel, Mount .... Cedroii, or ICidron, Brook Ceiichrea, Kenkries Chaldiea (Proper), Irik-Arabi . CliaiTan, or JIaran, Ilarrin . Chebar, Kiver of, Khabur Cliephirali ..... Cheritli, Brook .... Cliczib ..... Ohinnereth ..... Cliinnereth, 8ea of, — Sea of Galilee, Lake of Ooiinesareth, or Sea of Tiberia-s, Bahr-cl-Tabarieh . .'»2 CO Chios, Khio 311.20 ChiBlotli-tabor, £;*««/ . . . 32.41 Cliorazin ..... 32.53 31.38 31.53 31.57 31. 50 31.50 31.42 32.52 33.25 . 31.49 . 31.58 . 31.40 . 31.48 . 33.21 . 32.49 . 32.55 . 32.15 , 32.30 . 33. 2 . 31.44 . 30.10 . 31.37 . 32.20 . 31.39 . 32.34 . 37.24 . 31.52 . 31.14 . 29.28 . 32.22 . 32.30 . 32.30 . 40.47 . 32.20 . 31.39 . ' 33. 7 . 32.32 . 33. 9 . 36. 2 . 33. 7 . 33. 7 . 32.50 . 32.45 . 32.45 35.29 . 33. 7 . 32.52 . 38.42 . 35.15 . 31.26 . 32.52 . 31.48 . 37.54 . 30.61 . 30.46 . 37. 3 . 31.54 . 32.34 . 31.39 . 32.52 . Longitude. .. 22.16 .. .. 34.20 .. .. 27.12 .. .. 26.18 .. .. 30. 2 ... .. 34.50 .. .. 37. 5 ... .. 35.33 ... .. 35.15 ... .. 34.55 ... .. 35.57 ... .. 35.19 ... .. 35 50 ... .. 35.17 ... .. 35.11 ... .. 35.20 ... .. 35.38 ... .. 35. . . ,. 35. 7 ... . . 35.35 . . . . 35.12 . 35.18 . . 35.45 . 35.55 . . 35.34 . . 35.47 . . .15.14 . 35.43 . . 35.30 . . 35.37 . . 35. 7 . . 35.33 . . 35.25 . . 34.55 . . 31.23 . . 35. 5 . . 35.23 . . 30. 3 . . 35.13 . . 33.20 . . 35.16 . . 34.40 . . 32.54 . . 44.20 . . 35.33 . . 35.45 . , 20.59 . , 30.40 . . 30. 3 . . 35.24 . . 34.54 . . 35.45 . . 43.31 . . 44.35 . , 44.35 . . .35.50 . , 35.21 . . 35.15 . . 23.53 . , 44.35 . . 35.32 . . 35.20 . 40.16 . . 35. 1 . . 34.57 . . 35.12 . , 23. . , 40. 5 . , 39.10 . . .39.68 . , ,35. 6 . , 35.48 . 34.55 . , 35.32 .. No. of Map. .. X. .. IL .. X. .. X. .. V. .. IV. .. V. .. VIIL .. VIIL ,. VI. .. VI. .. IV. . VL . IV. ,. IX. . VI. . IV. . IV. . IV. . IV. . VIIL . IV. . VI. . IV. . IV. . VI. . VIIL . VI. . VIII. . VIIL . VI. . IV. . VL . IV. . IIL . VI. . IV. . IV. . IV. . X. , xr. , XI. XII. I. . XI. VI. X. \J. VI. VI. via. VIIL I. VII. VI L VI. VIIL II. X. VIL VIII. X. VIL lA^ IV. VIIL . X. VII. I. VIL IV. VL II. IV. Lonjjituilc. . 36. 2 ... . 34.53 . . . 24. 3 ... . 27.20 ... . 29.33 ... . 27.15 ... . 22..02 ... . 31. ... . 23.53 ... , 35. ... . 33..50 ... . 48.20 ... . 34. ... , 21.49 ... 33.32 ... 30.19 33. 9 ... .35.45. .35.35 . , 2f;. 9 , 35.20 , 35.33 . IV. X. IV. VIIL 37.18 . 37.18 . 31.35 . 31.39 . 31.35 . 32.48 . 29. 3 . 32.39 . 32.27 . 32.50 . 31.30 32.20 31.36 34.18 30.19 32.49 31.39 .30.12 31.50 . 32.41 31.42 . 32.30 . 29.28 . 29.45 . 33.40 , 32. , 35.17 32.49 31.42 31.50 , 29.23 . 31.32 . 31.47 . 33. . 30.30 . 33.32 . 31.44 . 30. . 40.52 . 31.35 . 31.62 . 35.25 , 36. 9 . . 33.51 . 33.51 35.52 35.50 35.52 , 35.25 33.14 34.50 , 35.23 35.33 . Name of Place. Latitude. Cluia, or Berothai .... 33.58 . Cilicia 37- . Clauda, Isle of, (Gandos,) Gozo . 34.50 . Cnidus 30.40 . Colosse, (Colossie,) near Khonds . 37 51 . Coos, or Cos, Isle of, Kos . . 30.52 . Coriuth 37.50 . Costen^a, Salamis . . . 35.11. Crete, Island of, Canrfia . . . 35.29. Cush, Arabia . . . . 30. ., Cush, (Ethiopi.a) . . . 10.56 . Cush, or Cuthah, (Susiaua,) Khuzisliin 31.57 .. Cyprus ..... 35.11 .. Cyrene, Grennak .... 32.50 .. Damascus, El-Sham .... Dan, Dan-jaan, Laish, or Lesheni, (Cassarea Philij)pi,) Banias Dead Sea, or Buhr-el-Lut, Sea of the Plain, &c 31.30. Debir, or Lo-debar . . . 32.27 . Debir, Kirjath-sanneh, or Kirjath- sephir 31.20 ... 34.52 Decapolis (see Note) . . Derlje, Devli .... Dev/i, Derbe ..... Diban, Dibon .... Diblath, or Almon-diblathaim Dibon, Dibou-gad, or Dimon, Diban Dininah ..... Dophkah ..... Dor, Tortura .... Dothan ..... Dothan, Khan Job Vusuf East Sea, Salt Sea, or Sea of the Plain, (Lacus Asphaltites,) Bakr Lit Ebal, Mount .... Edar, Tower of .... Eden, Eden ..... Edom, Land of ... . Edrei, El Draa .... Eglon, 'AjlAn ..... Egypt, Kiver of, — or Sihor, Wadi •A risk . ... Ekron, 'Akir .... Eksal, Chislotli-tahor El'Aal, Elealeli .... Elani, (Elyniais) .... Ehitli, or Eloth, (yElana,) El'Akabah £/-/«/ja,Wildernessof Shur, or Etham El Beka\ VixUev of Lebanon . El-bethel, or Beth-el . Et-Dcir, Tipbsali .... El Draa, Edrei .... Elealch, V.\ 'Aal .... El G/ior, I'lain or VaUey of Jordan Elini, IVadi Gharendel El-khalil, Hebron, &c. . El Kvds, ,1 eriisalem .... E/ Ledja, Trachouitis . El-para u ... ... Et-Slium, Dania.scus . . Eltekeb, Tukrair .... El-Tyh, Desert of Paran Emboli, Ainphipolis Eniinis ..... Eniniaus, Gebeby .... Endor 32.38 ... 36.21 ICo ox" Map V. X. X. X X. X. X. X. X. I. * VII. X. X. IL IV. XL IV. IV. VIII. X. , X. XL VI. IIL \l. IIL IV. VI. II. . 35.25 .. . 35.19 .. . 35. 9 .. . 35.52 .. . 35.31 .. . 30.16 .. . 34.57 . . 33.22 .. . 34..52 ... . 35.20 .. . 35.55 ... . 49. ... . 35. 6 ... , 32.50 ... . 35.50 ... . 35.18 .. . 39.54 .. . 36.15 .. . 35.55 .. . 35..35 ... . 32.57 .., . 34.57 ... .35.^0 .. 30.30 ... . 34.45 ... , 30.19 ... . 34.39 . 34. ... , 23.52 ... . 35..55 ... . 35. 7 En-gannin, Jenin En-gedi, or llazezon-tamar, A'in Eii-mislipat, or Kadesh En-rog'ci, Fountain of Nehcniuiti Kn-shciMosh, Waters of l''ii-tiip]iiiah, or Tappuah . l'j|ilu'.'-iis, 'Aia-soluk Eiihraini .... lOpliraiin, or Eplirain . I''.l»liraiin, Mount ICphraiiii, Wodd of Ilplinith, or IW'tbh'heni . . Eret'h, Jrdk, or Jrkd Esdud, Aslidod Jiddi 32.29 31.22 30.50 31.47 31.40 . 32.20 . 37.85 , 32. 4 , 31.61 . 32.15 . 32.25 . 31.42 . 31.22 . 31.45 . . 35.18 . 35.15 . 34.50 . 35.11 . ,3.5.12 . 35.32 . 27.20 . 35.13 . 35.18 . 35.20 . 30. , 35.12 45.50 34.41 IV. IV. II. V. XI. ... III. ... IV. . 'i\. . III. .. IV. .. IV. .. XL I. ..IIL V. .. IIL .. XL .. II. .. VIL .. XI. .. IV. .. XL .. IIL .. XL .. XL .. XL .. IL .. XL . IV. .. XIL .. X. .. IL .. VIIL f IV. t XL .. IV. .. IV. .. IL .. IX. .. IX. .. IV. .. X. .. IV. .. VIIL .. IV. .. VI. .. H. .. J. XL INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. 43 Nnmo rtf Plnfe. Eshcol, Brook or Valley of f^shtaol ..... Eshtcmoa, Eshteinoali, or Eslitemoh Eshi-hisdr, Laoflicca Etem Etliam, Ajerid .... Etham, or Shur, Wilderness of, — El \ilha Etlior, Ktam? . . . . Ethiopia, or C'nsli, (Gon. 2. 13.) . Euphrates, Hiver, Frat . Erion-gaber, or Ezion-geber Fair Havens, (Kalos Limciias) Franks, Mount of the. Betli-haccerem Frit-, nicer. Euplirates Gtba, cr Geha .... Gr.dareues, (Gadara,) Om-keis Galatia ...... Galeed, Jegar-saliadiitha, or Mizpah Galilee ..... Galilee of the Gentiles, or Upper Galilee ... Galilee, Sea of, &c. Gareb, Hill .... Gath Gath-hepher, or Gittah-hepher GatU-rinimou ..... Gath-riinnion Gaza ...... Geba, or Gaba .... Gebal, (Byblus,) Gebail, or Jube'il Gebehy, Emniaus .... Gederoth, or Gederothaim Genuesaret, or Gennesaretli, Lalce of, &c Gerar ...... Gergesenes, (Gergesa) Gerizim, Mount .... Geshur ..... Geshurites . . . . Gethsemaue .... Gezer, ((Jazara) .... Gibbethou .... Gibeah, or Gibeath, Jeba^ Gibeon, Jib ..... Giblites ...... Gilion, River, Aras? . Gihon, Pool of ... . Gihoii, Valley of ... (Ti\hoa,, Mom\t, JebelJilbo Gilead, Mount .... Gilead, or Jlizpeh, Land of Gilgal, 7iear Hiehah Giloh Girgashites .... Gittah-hepher, or Gath-hepher Goath ..... Golan Goshen .... Goshen, or Ranieses, Land of . Gozan, Riv., Kizil 'Uznn, or Sefiil RiiU Gozo, Isle of Clauda Great Sea, (Jlaie Interuuni,) Mediter- ranean .... Greece ...... Grennah, Cyrene Habor, Abhar? .... Iladad-rimmon, (Maximiauopolis) . Hadid, (Adido) .... Hai, Ai, or Aiath .... Halab, (Cliala,) Holiedn Halak, Jlount .... Hahb, or Aleppo, Helbou Hali Hamad&n, Achmetha . Haniatli, (Epiphauia,) Ilamah . llamatliites .... Hamath-zobali .... Hamniatli, llainmon, or Ilammoth-dor Ilanes, Taliapaucs, 'I'alipanhes, or Tfhapliiiehes, (Daphnai Pelu- sia;,) S'ifnds No. of Lntltuile. I<ongitude . Map. 31.45 .. .35. 5 . . in. 31.48 .. 34.,54 . . IV. 31.21 .. 35. . . IV. 37.55 .. 29.10 . . X. 31.3!) .. 35.13 . . IV. 30. .. 32.23 . . in. 29.45 .. 32.50 . . II L 3123 . .. 34.39 .. . IV. 31. . .. 47..30 .. I. 33. . .. 44. .. . I.VII 29.,i0 . .. 35. 5 .. , III. 34.57 . .. 24.50 .. . X. 31.3H . .. 35.20 . . XL 33. . .. 44. . VIL 3L54 . , 35.13 , IV. 32.41 . . 35.44 .. VIIL 39.50 . . 32.50 .. X. 32 33 . . 3fi. 9 .. n. 32. 4G . 35.17 .. VIII. 33.10 . . 35.30 .. VIIL 32.50 . . 35.35 .. VIIL 31.47 . 35.10 .. IX. 31.44 . . 34.47 .. IV. 32.46 . . 35.18 .. IV. 32.2fi . . 35. 6 .. VI. 31.48 . . 34.50 .. VI. 31.27 . . 34.26 .,, IV. 31.54 .. . 35.13 ... IV. 34. 6 . . 35.36 ... V. 31.52 . . 3.5. 7 ... XL 31.40 . . 34. .56 ... VI. 32.50 . . 35.35 .. VIII. 31.14 .. . .34.29 ... IL 32.43 .. . 35.38 ... VIIL 32.17 . 35.18 .. IV. 33. 6 .. . 35.42 ... IV. 33. G .. . .35.42 ... IV. 31.47 . 35.11 ... IX, 31.53 .. . 35. 2 ... IV. 31.47 •■ . 34.51 ... VI. 31.50 .. . .35.12 ... IV. 31.57 .. . 35.14 . . IV. 34. C .. . 35.36 ... V. 39.47 .. . 41.20 ... I. 31.47 .. . .35.11 ... IX. 31.47 . . 35.11 ... IX. 32.40 .. . 35,30 ... IV. .32.25 .. . 36. 5 ... II. 32.14 .. . 35.58 ... IV. 31.53 .. . 35.30 ... IV. 31.23 .. . 34.58 ... VL 32.43 .. . 35.38 ... IL 32.46 .. . 35.18 ... VI. 31.47 .. . 35.10 ... IX. 32.58 .. . 3.5.46 ... IV. 31.19 .. . 34 59 ... VL 30.30 .. . 32. ... in. 35.45 .. . 36.41 ... VII. 3i.50 .. . 24. 3 ... X. 34. .. . 30, ... X. 37.58 .. . 23.43 ... X. 32.50 .. . 21.49 ... X. 36 22 ,. . 4!). 2 ... VIL 32.31 .. . 35.12 ... VL 31.54 . . 35. ... VL 32. I .. . 35.20 ... IL 34.31 .. . 46. 6 ... VII 31. 8 . . 35. .. IV. 36.12 .. .37.12 ... V. 33. .. . 35.12 ... IV. 34.46 .. . 48.33 ... VII. 35. 3 . . .36.52 ... V. 35. 3 .. . 3G..i2 ... IL 34.30 .. . .37..30 ... V. 33. 6 .. . ;'>5,35 ... VI. 30.51 .. 32.13 . IIL Name of Place. Ilara, Tdrom? .... Ilara, '/.arnuhl .... Ilaran, or Charran, Harrdn Ilaro.sheth ..... Ilauriin, (Auranitis,) Ilmiran . llavilah, (of Gen. 10. 7) ? . llavilali, (do.)? llavilah, (of 1 Sam. 15. 7) . Ilavoth-jair ..... Iluirdz, Ava, or Ivali . Hazar-addar, or Adar Ilazar-shual .... Ilazeroth ..... llazezon-taniar, or En-gedi, 'A'in Jiddi Ilazor, 'Azur .... Hebron, or Abdon .... Hebron, Kirjatli-arba, or Manire, El Kiln lit ..... Helbon, (C'halybon,or BercBa,) /I/f/i/jo. or Haleb . . . . 36.12 Helkath 33. 4 Hophcr 31.30 Ilercibe, Rehob .... 33.21 , llennou. Mount, ./fte/ A's-sAeiM . 33.27. WesAAon, Ileshbdii .... 31.51 . //ii/, Abel-beth-maachah, &c. . 33.17. Hiddekel, River, Tigris . . . 38.28 . llierapolis . . . . . 38. . Uilen, or llolon .... 31.23 . llinnon. Valley of the Sou of . 31.46. llittites 31.32 . Hivites, or Avims . . . 32.18. Hobah, or Zobah? . . . 33.44. llolon, or Ililt-n . . . . 31.23 . I/olwdu, Halali .... 34.41 . Ilor, Jlount .... 30.18 . Horeb 28.38 . Iloritcs 30.40 . Ilormah, or Zephath, Siifdh . . 30.47 . Ilukkok 32 56 . Ibleani, or Bileam . . . . 32.34 . Icouiuni, Koaiyeh . . . 37.51 . Iduniea 31.20 . Ijou 32.50 . lUyricum 42.30 . Irdk, or Irkd, Ereeh . . . 31.22 . Irdk-Ajemi, .Media JIagua . 34.46 . Irdk-Arabi, Chaldoea . . 32.27 . Ir-shemesh ..... 31,35 Isli-tob, or Land of Tob , 32.55 . Italy 41.53 . Ituraja, Jedur . . . . 33.10 . Iva, or Ava, (Agiuis,) Hawdz . 31.20 . Jaazer, or Jazer, Am Hazier . . 32. 4 . Jabbok, Brook, li'udi Zerka . 32. 1 Jabesli-giUad .... 32.31 . Jabueb, or Janinia, Vebna . . 3i.62 . Jacob's Well 32.18 . J"ffa, Japlio, or Joppa . , 32. 4 . Jagur . ... . . . 31.11 . .Jahaz, Jaliaza, or Jahzah . . 31.42 . Janinia, or Jubiieli . . . 31.52 . Jauoah, or Januhali . , , 32,16. Japlio, or Joppa, Jaffa . . . 32. 4 . Jarnuitli 31,42 . Jarmutli, Kaniuth, or Reineth . . 32.29 . J;ittir 31.26 . Javan, (Ionia) .... 37.;i0 . Jazer, or Jaazer . . . . 32. 4 . Jazer, Land of . . . . 32. 4 . Jeba', Gibe.ah . . . . 31.50 . Jebel Attarus, Mount Nebo . . 31.43 . Jebel Es-sheikh, Mount Hermon . 33.27 . Jcbel Jilbo, Mount Gilboa . . 32.40 . Jebel Libnan, cjc, Jlountains of Lebanon 34. 6 . Jebel Scrbal, Jlount Sinai ? . . 28.38 . Jebel Shera, Jlount Scir . . . 30.18 . Jebel Tur, Jlount T.abor . . 32.42 . Jebusi, or Jerusalem, El Kods . 31.47 . Jebusites ..... 31.47 . Jedir, Itun^a .... 33.10 . .Tegar-sahadutha .... 32,33 . No. of Lp.tltude. Lontrituiic. JIap. 36.58 .. 4«.45 .. VIL 33.52 .. 46. 8 .. VIL 36.46 . .. .39.10 .. I. 33. 3 . .. 3.-)..'t5 ... 1\'. 33. . .. .36.20 ... VI. 41. . .. 42.30 ... I. 30. . . 4f;..'i0 ... I. 30.55 . . 34.30 ... V. 32,45 . . 35.50 ... VI. 31.20 . . 48.52 ... VII. 30.43 . . 34.44 ... IV. 31. 8 . . 34.20 ... IV. 29.43 . . 34.50 ... III. 31.22 . . 35.15 .. II. 33.10 . . 35.37 ... IV. 33.16 . . 3.5.29 ... IV. 31.32 . . 34.57 . 37.12 . . 35.12 . . 34.51 . . 35.43 . . 35.49 . . 35.54 . . 35.39 . . 39.50 . . 29. 8 . . 35. . . 35.11 . . 34.57 . . 35.19 . . 3;.18 . . 35. . . 46. 6 . . 35.27 . . 33.40 . . 35.30 . . 35. 9 . . 35.19 . . 35.13 . . 32.40 . . 35. . . .'15.29 . . 20. . . 45.50 . . 48..33 . . 44.29 . . 34.11 . . 36.20 . . 12.27 . . 36. 5 . . 48.52 . . 35.49 . , 36.25 . , 35.39 . 34.i5 . 35.20 . , 34.45 . , 35. 8 . , 35.57 . 34.45 . 35.30 ., 34.45 ., 35. 2 . , 35.13 . , 34.49 . 27.18 ., . 35.49 . 35.49 . , 35.12 . 35.47 . 35.49 . , 35.30 . 35.52 , , 33.40 . . 35.27 . , 35.24 . . 3.5.11 . . 35.11 . . 36. 5 . 36. 9 . . IV. . V. . IV. . VI. . XL . IV. . IV. . XL I. X. . VL . IX. . IL . IL IL VI. VIL IIL III. II. IV. IV. IV. X. vni. VI. X. VII. vn. VIL IV. V. X. VIII. YU. IV. n. IV. IV. VIII. XI. VL IV. VI. IV. IV. IV. IV. IV. I. IV. IV. IV. XL XL XL XI. XIL XII. XL IIL II. XI. IL 44 INDEX TO BIBLE MAPS. Name of P'aco. Latitude. Longitude. Jehoshaphat, Valley of . . 31.47 ... 35.12 .. Jenin, En-gaunim .... 32.2!) ... 3a. 18 .. Jerahmeelites .... 30.57 ... 34.40 . Jericho . . . . . . 31.55 ... So.2ti Jerusalem, (Hierosolyma, Cadytis,) £lKods .... 3147... 35.11 .. Jeshanah 32. 2 ... 35.23 .. Jeshimon, or Beth-jesimoth . . 31.50 ... 35.35 .. Jezreel, (Esdrtelou,) Zerahein . . 32.33 ... 35.19 ... Jezreel, VaUevof,(l^lam of Esdrselon,) Marj Ibn'Amer . . . 32.36 ... 35.15 .. J;A, Gibeon .... 31.57 ... 35.14 .. J.igbehak 32. 9 ... 36. 1 .. Jokineam, or Kibzaim . . 32.12 ... 35.15 .. Jokneam of Carmel . . . 32.41 ... 35. 6 .. Joktheel, or SekUi, (Petra,) Wadi Musa 30.1D ... 35.31 .. Joppa, or Japho, Jaffa . . , 32. 4 ... 34.45 .. Jordau, Plain of, El Ghor . . 31.50 ... 35.35 .. Jordan, River, Sheriat-el-Kebir . 33.12 ... 35.4(i ... Joruk, Rioer, li\\ev Visoal . . 40.20 ... 41. .. Jube'il^ or Gebail, Gebal . . • 34. 6 ... 35.36 .. Juda?a 31.47 • ■ 35.11 .. Juda;a, Wilderness of . . . 31.35 ... 35.15 .. Judali, Mountains of . . . 31.30 ... 35. . Juttah, Yulta .... 31.20 ... 35. .. Kadesli-barnea, or Kadesli, A'in-el- Hafireh 30.41 ... 35.10 .. Kaisariyeh, Csesarea . . . 32.32 ... 34.54 .. KaVat-el-Shakiff, Aphik . . . 33.21 ... 35.35 .. Kana, Cana .... 32.45 ... 35.21 .. Kannir, Auer 32.28 ... 35. 3 .. Kanali, River, A^a/i)-c/-X'asa4 . 32.27 ... 35. 8 .. Kauneytra, Kenatli-nobali . . 33. 7 ... 35.52 .. JTora-sa, West branch of Euphrates 40. 7 ... 41.22 .. Karmel, Caxmel .... 31.26 ... 35. I.. A'arjwi, Lwior, &c., No-Ammon,or No 25.43 ... 32.40 .. Kartan, or Kirjathaim . . 32.i)6 ... 35.31 .. Kedemoth 31.35 ... 3C. .. Kedesli, or Kedesh-naphtali . 33. 4 ... 35.30 .. KeilaU 31.35 ... 34.50 .. Kenath-nobah, (Canatha,) Kanneytra 33. 7 ... 35.52 .. Kenites 30.45 ... 34.30 .. Kenkries, Cenchrea . . . 37.54 ... 23. .. Kerkisiyeh, Carcliemish . . . 35.15 ... 40.10 .. Khan Job Yusuf, Dothan . . 32.56 ... 35.33 .. Khabur, River, — River of C'liebar . 37. 3 ... 39.58 .. Khio, Chios .... 38.20 ... 26. 9 .. JT/ionfls, Colosse .... 37.51 ... 29.33 .. Kliuzistdn, Cusli, or Cuthah . . 31.57 ... 48.26 .. Kibroth-hattaaveh .... 29.18 ... 34.40 .. Kibzaim, or Jokmeam . . . 32.12 ... 35.15 .. Kidron, or Cedron, Brook . . 31.48 ... 35.12 .. Kir, (As.syria Proper,) Kurdistan . 36.23 ... 43. 8 .. Kir-liaresli, Kir-hareseth, or Uabbatli- muiih, Rahba . . . 31.24 ... .35.47 .. Kiriathaim, or ICirjatliaim . . 31.48 ... 35.48 .. Kirjathaim. or Kart.an . . 32.56 ... 35.31 .. Kirjatli-arl)a, 01- Hebron . . 31.32 ... 34.57 . Kirjatb-b lal, Kirjath-jearini, or I{;ialali 31.49 ... 35. 2 .. Kirjatb sanneh, Kiijath-sepliir, or No. of Map. IX. XI. IV. IV. IV. VI. IV. IV. VIII. IV. IV. IV. IV. V. VIII. II. II. I. XI. VIII. VIII. VI. . IV. III. XI. XI. XI. XI. IV. XI. I. XI. XII. IV. IV. IV. IV. IV. IV. X. VII. XI. VII. X. X. VIL III. IV. VIII. VII. VI. IV. IV. IV. IV. Debir 31.2B . . 31., 52 .. . IV. Kislion, Brook . . . . 32.43 . . 35.2.1 .. . IV. Kitrun, (Scpphoris ?) Safureh 32.46 . . 3.5.17 .. . VI. Kitlim, (Cji)rus) . . . . 35.1 1 . 34. .. . I. Kizil 'Uzen, River Gozan ? . 35.45 . . 36.41 .. . VII Koniyeh, Iconium . . . . 37.51 . . 32.40 .. . X. Kos, Coos ..... 36.52 . . 27.15 .. . X. Kuran, fiiv., (Eulocus,) Riv. of Ulai 32. 2 . . 50. ,50 .. . VIL Kurdisldn, Kir .... 36.23 . . 43. 8 .. . VII. Lachish ..... 31.38 . . 34..53 ,. . IV. Laish. Uan, &c., Banias . 33. 9 . . 35.45 .. . IL Laodicea, Eski-hisdr , 37.55 . . 29.10 .. . X. Ija-sea ...... 34 .59 . . 24.19 .. . X. I/aslia ..... 33. 9 . . 35.45 .. . II. I/asliaron, or Sharon 32.10 . . 34..59 .. . IV. Lchan, Lebonait .... 32.10 . . 35.20 . . XI. Lebanon, Mts. of, Jebcl fAbnan,^c. 34.17 . . 3(;. .. . IL Lebanon, Valley of. El Beka' . 33.40 . . 35.50 . VI. Lebonah, Leban .... 32.10 . . 35.20 . . IV. Leshein, &c. . . . . . 33. 9 . . 35.15 . . IV. liibaah 31.43 . 34.56 . . IV. Name of Place. Liby.. (Proper) Lod Lo-debar, or Debir . Lud, (Lydi.i) Lud, (Lydda) .... Luxor, Karnak, &c., No, or N Amnion .... Luz, or Beth-el . Lycaonia .... Lycia ..... Lydila, ( Uiospolis,) L\'id . Lydia .... Lystra, Bin-bir-kilisi JIaachathites . . Miialeh-akrabbim Macedonia .... Aladeba, Medeba Malianaim . Makkedah .... Malta, Island of Melita Mamre, or Hebron Maon .... Jlaon, Wilderness of Marah, Bir Howara Mareshah, (Marissa) Marj Ibn 'Amer, Valley of Jezreel Mashal, or Misheal . Matarieh, On, Aven, &c. Medeba, Madeba Media (Magna), Irdk-Ajemi A/editerranean, Great Sea Megiddo .... Melita, Island of, Malta Memphis, or Noph, 3Iil-raheny Mephaath .... Merom, Waters of, (L. Semechonitis. Bahr-el-Hule Meroz, Mezra ilesopotamia, Al-jezireh Mezareib, Ashtaroth Mezra, Meroz Jlichmash, Alukhm&s Miehraethah Middin ..... Midiaiiites, (by Dead Sea) . Midianites, (by Red Sea) Migdol, Jerem. 44. 1. (Magdolus) Miletus .... Minni, (Armenia Minor) Minnith .... Mishal, or Misheal . Mit-raheny, Memphis . Mitylene, Mytilini . Alizpeh .... Mizpeh (of Gilead) . Mizpeli, or Gilead, Land of . Moab Moab, Plains of, El Ghor Moladah Moreh, Vale of . Moriah, Land of . . . Mori.ih, Mount . . MujelilH-h, &c,, Babylon . Miikhmas, Mielunash . Mura'd Cliai, East branch of Euphrates Myra Mysia ..... Myun, Baal-ineon, &c. Nablus, Sliechom Naaran, or Niuirath Nahalal, Nahallal, or Nahalol . Nahr-el-Ahsit, Bi'ook Zei'cd . Nahr Barrada, River Pbarpar? Nahr-el-Kasab, River Kauah Nahr Scybarauy, River Abana? Nain ..... Nazareth, Nasarah . . Neapolis .... Nebo, MoiMit, Jebel Altarus Nchemiah, Fountain of, En-rogel Nicopolis .... Nile, River, — Sihor (of Isai. 23 and Jerem. 2. 18.) . Latitude Longitude. . 31. ... 21. ... 31.56 ... 34.57 •■ . 32.27 ... 311. 9 ... S8.30 ... 27.57 ... . 3i.£6 ... 34.57 ... 25.42 .. 31.59 .. 37.51 . 36.18 .. 31.56 ., 38.30 .. 37.24 .. 33.17 ■ 30.58 .. 40.40 .. 31.48 .. 32.23 .. 31.44 .. 35.53 .. 31.32 .. 31.24 .. 31.24 .. 2:1.28 .. 31.40 .. 32.36 ., 32.49 . 30.10 . 31.48 . 31.46 . 34. . 32.32 . 35.53 . 29.52 . 31.45 . 33. 5 . 32.39 . 37. 5 . 32.47 • 32.39 . 31.55 . 32.25 31.42 . 31.10 . 28.30 . 30.51 . 37.30 . 38.30 . 31.55 . 32.49 . 29.52 . 39. 6 . 31.48 . 32..33 . 32.14 31 24 . 31.50 . 31. 2 . 32.18 . 31.48 . 31.47 . 32.27 . 31. ,55 . 39.10 . 36.18 . 39. 4 . 31.49 . 32.18 . 32. 2 . 32.44 . .30.58 . 34.48 . 32.27 . 33.27 . 32.39 . 32.43 . 40..58 . 31.43 . 31.47 . 39. 2 . . 33.40 .. . 3.i.l7 .. . 32 40 .. . 30. .. . 34.57 .. . 27.57 .. . 33.20 .. . 35.39 .. . 35.50 .. . 22.56 .. . 35.58 .. . 35.58 .. . 35. .. . 14.25 .. . 34.57 .. . 35. 3 .. . 35. 3 .. . 32.54 . . 34.46 .. . 35.15 .. . 35. 5 .. . 31.23 .. . 35.58 .. . 48.33 .. . 30. .. . 35.14 .. .. 14.25 .. .. 31.19 .. .. 35.56 .. .. 35.37 . ,. 35.19 . . 38.55 .. . 36.14 .. .. 35.19 . .. 35.14 .. .. 35. 3 .. . 35.27 ., ,. 36.15 .. .. 34.56 . .. 32.26 . .. 27.18 ., .. 37. . .. 35.55 . .. 35. 5 . .. 31.19 . .. 20.30 . .. 35. 5 .. .. 36. 9 . . 35.58 .. ,. 3547 .. .. 35.36 .. .. .34.19 ., .. 35.20 . .. 35.11 ., .. 35.11 . .. 44.29 . .. 35.14 . .. 43.58 . ,. 30. . .. 27.12 . .. 35.55 . .. 3,5.19 . .. 35.26 .. ,. 3.-). 12 .. .. 35.59 ., .. 36. 7 .. ,. 35. 8 .. .. 35.43 .. .. 35.23 . .. 3,5.18 .. .. 24.26 .. .. 35.47 .. .. 3,5.11 . .. 20.45 . 28.30 ... 3L No. of X. ~ VL "Vl. 1. XI. XIL II. X. X. VIII. X. X. IV. IV X. XI. II. IV. X. IL IV. IV. IIL VL VIII IV. XIL IV. VIL X. IV. X. , III. , VL . IV. . VL VIL XL . A'l. , IV. . IV. . lA'. III. . III. . in, . X. . vu. . VI, . i\. . XII. . X. . IV . IV IV. , III. , 111. . IV. . IL . II. IX. . VIL • IV. . I. . X. . X. . XI. . XL . VI. IV. . IIL XL XI. XL . VIII. , VUL . X. IV. . IX. . X. . XIL INDEX ro BIBLE MAPS. 46 No. of No. of Niime of IMace. Latitude. Lonfjitudo. Maji. Name of Place. Latitude Longitude. Map. Nliurah, or Betli-iiiuu-al«, Nymrein 31.. If! ... 35.34 . VI. Riehah, Gilgal .... 31. .53 ... 35.30 .. XL Nini'veli, Nttitia . 30.23 ... 43. 8 .. vu. Rimmon, or Remmon-methoar . 32.4« ... 3,5.19 .. VL No, or No-Amiuou, (Thebes,) Karnuk, Rithmah ..... 30.35 ... 35. .. lU. Lu.ror, iSf^c. 2.').42 ... .32.40 .. XII. Rogelim .... . 32. 1 ... 35.54 .. IV. Nopli, 01- McMiiphis, MU-rahenij . 29.,'i2 ... 31.19 .. III. Rome ..... 4L.'i3 ... 12.27 .. X. Nuiiia, Nineveh . . 30.23 ...43. H . . VII. Ruad, Island of, Arvad . 34.50 ... 35.48 . .. V. Ni/mrcin, Niuirah . . 31.58 ... 35.34 . .. XI. .Va-g;-/fa;ar, (Sais,)Sin! . . 30.57 .. 30.52 . .. XII. Oboth . 30.20 ... 35.37 . . III. Safnds, Hanes .... 30.54 .. 32.13 . III. Olives, Mount of, or Olivet . 31.47 .. 35.12 . . IX. Saide, Sidon .... . 33.34 .. 3.5.21 . . XI. Om-keis, (Gadara) . . . . 32.41 .. 35.44 . . XI. Salamis, Costanza 3.-.. 11 .. 34. . . X. On, Aven, or buth-shemesh 30.10 .. 31.23 . . III. Salcliah, or Salcah . . 32.1 1 .. 30.10 . . IV. Ono •. 31.55 .. 35. 2 . . VI_ Salem, Jerusalem ? . . . 31.47 .. 35.11 . . II. Ophel .... 31.47 .. 35.11 . . IX. Salim ..... . 32.28 . .. 35.34 . . VIII. Opliiah ..... . 31.59 .. 35.23 . . IV. Salmone, Cape .... 35. 9 . .. 20.20 . . X. Ophrah .... 32.28 .. 35.29 . . IV. Saloiiiki, Thessalonica 40.40 . .. 22.56 .. . X. Salt Sea, &c. .... 31.30 . .. 35.25 . . VI. Padan-aram, Al-jezireh . . 37. 5 .. 38.55 . . I. Salt, Valley of, El Ghor . . 31. 5 . .. 35.22 .. . IV. l^ampbylia .... 30.55 .. 31. .. . X. Samaria, (Sekaste,) Sebaste . 32.21 . .. 35.12 .. . VL Paplios, Bnffo . 34.4S . .. 32.25 .. . X. Samos, Samo .... . 37.45 . .. 26.45 .. . X. Paran, or tSinai, Mount, Jebel Serball 28.38 . .. 33 40 .. . III. Saniothracia, Samothraki 40.30 . .. 25.35 .. . X. Paraii, Wilderness of, El-Tyh . . 30. . .. 34.30 .. . III. Samuele, Ramah . 31.54 . . 35.H .. . XL Paran, Station in the Wilderness of 30.10 . .. 34.50 .. III. .Van, (Tanis,) Zoan «... 30.58 . . 31.55 .. . IIL Partbia . 36.15 . .. 54.26 .. VII. Sardis, Sart .... 38.30 . . 27. .57 .. X. Patara .30.10 . .. 29 11 .. X. Saiepta, or Zarephath, Sarfand . 33 29 . . 35.20 .. . VIIL Patnios, Island of, Patiiio . 37.20 . . 26.33 .. . X. Sarid ..... 32.43 . . 35. 9 .. VI. Peniel, or Penuel 32.14 . . 35.50 .. 11. Saron, or Sharon .... 32.10 . . 34.59 .. VIII. Perga . 36.55 . . 31. .. X. Sart, Sardis .... 38.30 . . 27.57 .. X. Pergamos, Bergamo 39. 4 . 27.12 .. X. Sebaste, Samaria 32.21 . . 35.12 .. VIIL Perrizites .... . 32.14 . . 35.20 .. II. Seilum, Shiloh 32. 8 . . 35.22 .. IV. Pharpar, River, Nahr Barrada 34.48 . . 36. 7 .. VI. Seii-, Land of ... . 31. 7 . . 35.35 .. 11. Phaz, Rh-er, R. Pisou? . . 42.10 . . 42. .. I. Seir, Mount, Jebel Shera . 30.18 . . 35.27 .. III. Plienice, Sphnkia 35.14 . . 24.13 .. X. Seirath ..... 32.13 . 35.22 .. IV. Pliiladelphia, AUah-she.hr . 38.22 . . 28.30 .. X. Sela (of Moab, Isai. 16. 1), Kerch 31.18 . . 35.51 .. VI. Philippi .... 41. 2 . . 24.20 .. X. Seluh, or Joktheel, (Petra) . 30.19 . . 35.31 .. V. Philistines . 31.38 . . 34.32 .. IV. Seleucia, near Suadeiah . 36. 7 . . 35.50 .. X. Phoenice, or Phoeulcia 33.34 . . 35.21 .. VIII. Senir, Shenir, or Hermon . 33 27 .. . 35.49 .. VI. Phrygia .... . 38. 2 . . 30.22 ... X. Sepliarvaim ..... 33. 8 .. . 44. .. VIL 30.34 . . 31.33 ... III. Sha,alabbiu, Shaalbim, or Shalim . 31. 9 .. . 35.40 ... IV. Pi-lialiirotli .... . 29.58 .. . 32.34 ... HI. Shalini, Land of . 3). 9 .. . 35.40 ... VI. Pisgali, Mount . 31.43 .. . 35.47 ... IV. Slialislia, Land of . . . 32.13 .. . 35. 5 ... VL Pisidia . 38.18 .. . 31.22 ... X Shamir, or Sophir .... 31.29 .. . 34.46 ... VI. Pison, River .... f 40.20 . (.42.10 .. . 41. ) . 42 J I. Sharon, or Lasharon . Sharon, Vale of . . 32.10 .. 32.12 .. . 34.59 ... . 34.53 ... IV. IV. Pithoin . 30.29 .. . 32.18 ... III. Sbaveh Kiriatliaim 31.50 .. . 35.55 ... IL Plain, St'a of the, Bahr Lut . 31.30 .. . 35.25 ... IV. Sheba, or Beer-sheba 31.14 .. . 36.30 ... II. Pontus ..... . 40.35 .. . 36. ... X. Sliebam, Shibmah, or Sibmah 31.50 .. . 35.55 .. VI. Ptoleniais, or Accho . 32.56 .. . 35. 4 ... VIII. Shechem,orSychar,(Neapolis,) JVaWiij! 32.18 .. . 35.19 ... IV. Punon ..... . 29.57 .. . 3.5.35 ... III. Slienir, Hermon, &c.. Mount . 33.27 .. . 35.49 ... VI. Puteoli, Puxzuoli 40.50 .. . 14. 8 ... X. Sheriat-el-Kebir, River Jordan 33.12 . . 35.46 ... XI. Sliiloah, or SUoam, Pool of 31.47 .. 35.11 ... IX. Raamses, or Rameses . 30. 8 .. . 31.28 ... III. Shiloh, Seilum .... 32. 8 .. . 35.22 ... IV Rabbali, or Rabbath-amraoa, (Phi la- Shimron, or Shimron-merora . 32.50 .. . 35.23 ... IV. delphia,) Amman . 31.58 .. 30. 2 ... IV. Shinar, Land of . 32.22 .. 44.26 ... I. Rabbatli-moab, Ar, &.c. 31.24 .. 3:..47 ... IV. Shittim, or Abel-shittim . 31.55 .. . 35..39 ... IV. Rucbel's Tomb . 31.43 .. 35.11 ... II. Shochoh ..... 31.44 .. 35. 3 ... VL Rabab, (the Delta) 30.34 .. 31.33 ... III. Shunem ..... 32.30 .. 35.15 ... IV. Rama, or Arimath.-ea, Ramleh . . 31.58 .. 34.54 ... VIII. Shur, or Etham, Wilderness of, El- Raraah, oi- Kamathaini-zophim,i?a» na. Atha 29.45 .. 32.50 ... Ill or Sanmele . 31.54 .. 35.11 ... IV. Sliur, Wilderness of . . . 30.40 .. 33.30 ... III. Ramatli mizpeli, or Ramoth-gile id. Shuslian, (Susa,) Susan 32. 4 .. 49..55 ... VIL Ramja .... . 32.14 .. 35.58 ... IV. .Sibmali, Shibmah, &c. 31.50 .. 35.55 ... VL Ramath of tlie South . 30.58 .. 34. 8 ... IV. Siddim, Vale of, El Ghor 31.10 .. 35.20 ... IL Rameses, or Raamses . 30. 8 .. 31.28 ... III. Sidon, or Zidon, Soide 33 34 . 35.21 ... IL Rameses, or Goshen, Land of 30.30 .. 32. ... HI. Sihor, or River of Egypt, Wadi Arish 30.12 .. 33.22 ... IIL Ramja, Ramotli-gilead . 32.14 .. 35.58 ... XI. Sihor (of Isai. 23. 3, and Jerem. 2. 18), Ramleh, Arimatluca 31.56 .. 34.54 ... XI. River Nile .... 28.30 .. 31. 0. IIL Ramotli, or Jarmuth . 32.29 .. 35.13 ... IV. Siloam, Siloah, or Shilo.ih, Pool of, — Ramoth-gile.ad, or Ramath-mizp .h. Fountain of the Virgin, or Upper Ramja .... . 32.14 .. 35.58 ... IV. Pool of Siloam .... 31.47 ■■ 35.11 ... IX. Red Sea, Station by the 29.15 .. 33. ... III. Gilii ("30.57 ■• (31. 2 .. 30.52 ) Rehob, or Betli-rehob . 33.21 .. 35.43 ... IV. oin ...... 32.32 / III. Rehobotli 35.50 .. 43.16 ... I. Sin, Wilderness of . 29.10 .. 33.20 ... III. Reijgin, Ubegium . 38. 6 .. 15.40 ... X. Sinai, or Paran, Mount, Jebel Serbal ? 28.38 .. 33.40 ... Ill Reini'tli, or .lannuth . 32.29 .. 35.13 ... IV. Sinai, Desert of . . 28.45 .. 31.50 ... IIL Rpinini)n-motlioar, or Rimmon . 32.48 .. 35.19 ... VI. Sinites ..... 34.27 .. 35.55 ... IL Ropbaiins ..... 32.47 .. 36.14 ... II. Sirion, or Hermon, Mount 33.27 •• 35.49 ... VL Repbaiin, Valley of . 31.47 .. 35.11 ... IX. Smyrna ..... 38.26 .. 27. 7 ... X. Ri'pliiilim ..... 28.55 .. 33.20 ... HI. Socoli ...... 31.23 .. 34 50 ... VL Resap'ia, Rezeph . 35.31 .. 39. ... V. Sophir, or .Shamir 31.29 .. 34.46 ... VL Rosen, (Larissa) .... 36.11 .. 43.15 ... I. Sorek, River or Valley of, WadlSurar 31.51 .. 35.10 ... VI. Rezeph, Resapha . . . . 35.:m .. 39. ... V. Stream of the Brooks, tVudi Beni Rhegium, Reggio 38. 6 .. 15.40 ... X. Hammnd ..... 31.55 .. 35.45 ... VI. Rhodi'S . 30.24 .. 28.12 ... X. Sphakia, Plienice 35.14 .. 24.13 . . X. Riblah, (DaphniB,) Beit-al-moie 36.10 ,. 36. 5 ... V. St. Mary, Cape, Prom, of Irogylliuni 37.40 .. 27. . . X. 46 INDEX TO BIBLE MAi^S. Name of Place. Sitadeiah, Seleucia . Succoth .... Succoth .... Siifuh, Zepliath . Sur, TjTe .... Susan, Shushan . Sychar, Syeheni, or Shecheni . Syeiie, Assi'mii. SjTacu.'ie .... SjTia-damascus . Taanach .... Tabarieh, Tiberias Tabbath .... Taberali .... Tabor Tabor, Jlount, Jebel Tur Tadmorin the Wilderness, (Palmyra,) TadmoT .... Talu'ipanes, Tahpanes, or Ilaues Tappiiah ..... Tarsus, Tarsus Tauk-i-Kesrah, Calueh ? Tekoa, or Tekoah, Tckoa Tel Arad, Arad .... Telaim, or Telem . Te/ -Ic^a, (.\rca,) Arkites . Tel Nimrud, Accad Thebes, Ruins of. No, or No-Amuion Thebez Tliessalouica, Saloniki . Tliimnathab, or Timiuitk Three Taverns, (Tres Taberna?) • Thyatira, Ak-hisir . Tiberias, Tabarieh Tiberia.s, Sea of, — Lake of Gennesa- reth, &c., Bahr-el-Tabarieh . Tibhath, or Betah .... Tigris, River, — River ITiddekel Tiranath, or Thininathab Timnatli-seiuh, or Uzzeii-slierali . Tineh, (Pelusium,) Sin I . Tiphsah, (Tliapsacus,) El-Deir Tirzah Tob, Land of, or Isli-tob Tor/uru, Dor ..... Trachonitis, El Ledja . Troas ...... Trogyllium, Promontory of, Cape Si, Mary ..... Tukrair, Eltekeh .... T)Te, (Tyrus,) 5U1- Ulai, Riv. of, (Eulciis,) Uio. Kuran 32. 2 .. 50.50 . . VII. No. of Latituilc. Longitude. Map. SO. 7 .. 35.50 .. X. ■^0. 7 . .. 31.50 .. III. 32.14 . .. 3.5.42 .. 11. 30.47 ■ .. 35. 9 .. IV. 33.17 • .. 35.13 .. XL 32. 4 . .. 49.55 .. VIL 32.18 . .. 35.19 .. VIII. 24. C . .. 32.55 .. xn. 37. 5 . .. 15.17 .. . X. 35.16 . .. 30.30 .. V. 32.37 . .. 35.12 .. IV. 32.48 . .. 35.32 .. XI. 32.21 . .. 35.34 .. VI. 28.57 . .. 34 14 ,. III. 32.40 . .. 35.22 .. VI. 32.42 . ) 34.24 . .. 35.24 .. IV. .. 38.20 .. V. 30.54 . .. 32.13 .. in. 32.20 .. 35.32 .. IV. 37. . .. 34.53 .. X. 33. 7 .. 44.35 .. VII. 31.37 .. 35.16 .. IV. 30.51 . .. 35. 4 .. IV. 31. 8 . .. 34.40 .. IV. 34.30 .. 35.57 ., V. 33.28 ..44.12 .. I. 25.42 .. 32.40 .. XII. 32.24 .. 35.24 .. VL 40.40 .. 22.50 . X. 31.53 .. 34.56 .. IV. 41.30 .. 12.49 .. X. 38.54 .. 27.55 .. . X. 32.48 .. 35.32 . . Vlll. 32.50 .. 35.35 .. . VIII. 34.37 .. 37. 5 .. . V. 38.-::8 .. 39.50 .. . I. 31.53 .. 34.50 .. . IL 32. 8 .. 35. 6 .. . IV. . 31. 2 .. 32.32 .. . XIL 35.17 .. 39.54 .. . VII. 32.22 .. 35.22 . . VI. 32.55 .. 30.20 .. . VI. 32.;(0 .. 34.50 .. . XL 33. .. 30.30 . . VIII. 30.45 . 20.11 . X. 37.40 .. 27. .. . X. 31.44 . .. 34.39 .. XI. 33.17 . .. 35.13 .. VL Name of Place. L.Ttitudc. Longitude. Uraniah 33.12 ... 33.21 ... Ur of the Chaldees, (Edessa, or Cal- lirhoe,) 'Urfdh . . .37- 5 ■■ 3n.5rt .. Uzzen-sherah, or Timnath-serab . 32. 8 ... 35. .. Virgin, Fountain of the, Pool of Siloam 31.47 ... .35.11 .. 30.12 ... 33.22 iVadi 'Arish, River of Egypt Wadi Beni Hammad, Stream of tlie Brooks ..... 31.55 . \Vadi-el-^ Arabah, V>^^GYi oi TAn . 30.15 . Wadi Gaza, Brook Besor . . 31.17 . Wadi Gharendel, Elim . . 29.23 . Wadi Miirljeb, River Arnon . . 31.11 . Wadi Mdsa, (Petra) . . . 30.19 . Xraf/i A'tfmr, River Sorek . . 31.51 . Watli Zerka, River Jabbok . . 32. 1 . rn/oi(£c/i, Antioch in Pisidia . . 38.18. Vdlon, Aijalon .... 31.55 . Ycbna, Jamnia or Jabueli . . 31.52 . l"««a/», Jnttah .... 31.26. Zalmonah 29.35 . Zauizummims, or Zuzims . . 32. 5 . Zaplion, or Atroth-shophan . 32.23 . Zared, or Zered, Brook or Valley of, Nahr-el-Ahsa . . 30.58 . Zarephatli, oi' Sarepta . . 33.29 . Zarnah, ilara? .... 33.52 . Zartanah, or Zererath . . 32.32 . Zarthan, Zercda, or Zeredatbah . 32.16 . Zeraarites, (Ximyra) . . . 34.49 . Zephatli, or Ilorniah, Sufah . . 30.47 . Zerahein, Jezreel i . . . 32.33 . Zered, or Zared, Brook . . . 30.58 . Zcredii, Zeredatliah, or Zai than . 32,16 Zereratii, or Zartanah . . . 32.32 Zib, Achzib . . . . 33. 2 Zif Ziph 31.27 Ziklay- 31.32 Zin, Wilderness of, Wadi-cl-\lra- bah . . . 30.15 Zion, Mount 31.47 Zipli 31.10 Ziph, Zif 31.27 Ziph, Wilderness of . . . 31,30 Zoau? (Tanis") i'nu . . , 30.58 Zoar, orBela , . ... 31.18 Zobah, or Ilobah ? . . . , 53.44 Zorali, or Zorcah . . 31.60 Ziipb, Land of ... . 31.52 Zuzims, or Zamzuniinims , . 32. 5 35.45 . 35.10 34.50 . 32.57 .. 36.10 .. 35.31 . 35.10 . 36.25 . 31.22 . . 35. . . 34.45 . . 35. . . 35.15 . . 36. . . .35.41 . . 35.59 . . 33.20 . . 4;i. 8 . . 35.25 . . 35.36 . . 35.55 . . 35. 9 . . 35.19 . . 35.59 . . 35.36 . . 35.25 . . 35. 7 . . 35. 2 , . 34.42 . 35.10 . . 35.11 . . 34.52 . . 35. 2 . 35.12 . 31.55 . . 35.26 , 36.18 . 34,57 , 35,10 . 36, No. of Map, IV. I. IV. IX. XIL XL XIL XI. XII, XL XIL XL XI, X. XL XL IV. III. IL VI, IIL VL VII, VI. VI. IL IIL XL III. VI. VL XL XI. . IV, , III. IX. , IV. IV. . IV. , IIL . IV. . V. . IV. VI. . II. 47 LNDEX TO THE EXPLANATORY MEAXOIIIS AcKLDAM \, niodeiii site of, 32 Aelimotlia, its modein representative doubtful, 27, 28 Alusli, 15 Amalukites, their settlements in tlie Val- ley of Feiran, 15, Hi AuatUotli, lU Arad, 16 Aram, 11 Ararat, Mount, height of, 1 1 Armenia, nature of tlie country, 1 1 Arphaxad, 11 Asshur, 11 Baal-zephon, 15 Babylon, remains of, 27 Beer-sheba, remains of, 19 Borothai, 21 Betah, 21 Beth-abara, supposed site of, 2!) Betli-el, 13 Heth-horon, 19 Beth-rehob, 2 1 Beth-saida, 29 Beth-shemesh, 19 Beth-tappuah, 19 Bezer, 19 Calvary, site of, now unknown, 32 Canaan, his descendants the original pos- sessors of Palestine and I'liojuicia, 1 1 Carmel, city of that name, 19 Mount, its height, *:c., 23 Cliinnercth, Sea of, nature of its waters, &c., 35 Chun, 21 Cush, the name applied sometimes to Arabia, and at otliers to pjtliiopia, 1 1 Dead Sea, its condition previous to the destruction of Sodom, 14, 38 ; its pre- sent condition, aspect of the surround- ing country, i;jiture of its waters, its depth, plain at the south end of, 35, 30 Derbe, 33 Dophkab, 15 Ebai., Mount, modern appearance of, 24 Edoni, Land of, its modern condition, 39 Edomites, their possessions after the cap- tivity of tlie Jews, 29 i Eglon, 19 i Egypt, natural features of the country, 37 Ekron, 19 [ Elam, 11 Elim, the modern Valley of Gharendel, 15 lOn-gedi, recent discovery of, 19 Erech, modern site ot^ 12 Etham, 5 Euphrates, River, the lower part of its course, 11, 12 Ezion-geber, 22 Galilee, Sea of, its waters, &c., 35 Gennesareth, Lake of, 15 Gerizim, Mount, modem appearance of, 24 Gethsemane, its modern condition, 32 Gibeah, 19 Gibeon, 19 Gilion, Valley of, 32 Gilboa, Mount, height of, i.c., 24 Golan. 19 GolL'oiha, Its site now iniknown, 32 Gonicr, 1 1 Goslien, Land of, 15 Gozan, Kiver, incorrectly identified with the Kizil Uzen, 25 IIaiioh, 25 Ualali, probably the modern Ilolwan, 25, 26 Ham, descendants of, their original settle- ments, 11 Hamatli, kingdom of, its extent, 21 (of the Captivity), 2G Hamath-zobali, 2 1 Hara, probably the modern Zarnah, 25, 2G Hermuii, Mount, its height, &c., 13 (in the Plain of Esdrai- lon,) 23, 24 Hinnora, Valley of the Son of, or Ben- hinnom,' 32 Hobah, perhaps the same as the city of Zobah, 21 Ilor, Mount, height of, 39 Iloreb, meaning of the term, 16 Horniah, 16 ISH-TOB, 21 Israelites, their wanderings in the desert, 17; their settlements in Assyria and Jledia, 26 Japheth, descendants of, theii' original settlements, 11 Javan, 1 1 Jehoshaphat, Valley of, its width, &c.,32 Jericho, Valley of, 1 3, 24 Jerusalem, ancient extent of the cdty, its walls, the ground on which it stood, the surrounding country, 31, 32; its modern appearance, 32 ^ Jezreel, 19 Joktheel, or Selah, the ancient Petra, ruins of, 21 Jordan, River, its width, valley in which it flows, &c., 13, 14 Kadesh-uaunea, 16 Kedesli-Naplitali, 19 Kedron, or Cedron, Brook, 32 Lebanov, Mountains of, their height, &c., 13 Lud, 11 Lystra, 33 Maachah, 21 JIadai, 11 Magog, 11 Maon, 19 Slarah, the modern well of Howara, 15 Megiddo, 19 Melita, represented by the modem Malta, 33 Merom, Waters of, dimensions, &c., of this lake, 35 Meshech, 11 Michmash, 19 Migdol, 15 Mizraim, 1 1 Nebo, Mount, 2-1 Nile, River, valley in which it flows, 37 Nineveh, modern remains of, 27 No, or No-Aminon,the ancient Thebes, 37 Olives, Mount or, its present condi- tion, 32 Ojiliii-, meaning of the term, 22 Palestine, its mountains, 13,23, 24, its rivers, 14 ; its division in the time of Christ, 29 Paran, Desert of, tlie modem El-Tyh, its natural features, 39 Passage of the Red Sea, its locality, 15 Pathros, country of, 37 Phut, 1 1 Pi-hahiroth, 15 Rephaiji, Valley of, 32 Rephidini, incorrectly jilaccd in the V.al- ley of El Ledja, 16 Rithmah, 15 Salt Sea, or Sea of the Plain. 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