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ELEMENTARY GMMMAR 
 
 
 OP 
 
 THE LATIN LANGUAGE, 
 
 WITH A SERIES OF 
 
 LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND 
 
 A COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS, 
 
 WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES. 
 
 DR. RAPHAEL KUHNER, 
 
 CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVKK. 
 
 TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 J. T. CHAMPLIN, 
 
 PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN IN WATERVILLE COLLEGE. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY. 
 
 1845. 
 
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 
 
 J. T. Champlin, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine. 
 
 ANDOVER: 
 
 ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL, 
 PRINTERS. 
 
PREFACE 
 
 
 The unrivalled reputation of KiJhner as a grammarian in both 
 the Greek and Latin languages, renders it unnecessary that any 
 apology should be made for presenting to the American public the 
 following translation of his Elementary Latin Grammar. His mer- 
 its, before Known to a few of our riper scholars, have lately been 
 made familiar to all through the excellent translation of his Greek 
 School Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor. It is understood 
 also, that the same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary 
 Greek Grammar. 
 
 It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made 
 towards bringing before the public some of the results of his gram- 
 matical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lan- 
 guage. And no one, it is to be presumed, who duly considers the 
 state of Latin learning among us, will deem it improper that a begin- 
 ning has been made with an elementary treatise. The publication, 
 within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ- 
 ing Latin and a new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax, 
 has done much towards supplying American students with the gram- 
 matical helps for studying the language critically. But with the ex- 
 ception of the Ciceronian by Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted 
 as it is to its purpose, is not designed to supply the place of a gram- 
 mar, nothing of importance has been pubhshed during this period to 
 supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction. 
 
 There is needed then, more especially, an elementary work on 
 Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and 
 put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in 
 the shortest and most effectual way. Such a grammar, it is believ- 
 ed, the present will be found to be. No one can take a class over 
 it, without being impressed with its admirable order, precision and 
 adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction. The pupil 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 will here find the most happy arrangement of parts., each preparing 
 the way for the following, the simplest and most philosophical state- 
 ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius 
 and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory. 
 While it does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the 
 language, it preseijf s a selection of principles so judiciously made, so 
 comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that it is believed, 
 that it will be found to contain quite as many principles, applicable 
 in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as many much more 
 extended grammars ; certainly enough to meet the demands of ordi- 
 nary students in the usual course of preparation for college. 
 
 The plan of the work, as given by the author, is briefly as follows. 
 Every grammatical form or principle of syntax, as soon as learned, 
 is to be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations 
 first from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into 
 the Latin. To prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla- 
 tion, such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim- 
 plest sentences are given at the outset, and a few simple rules of syn- 
 tax as they are required, while on almost every page, lists of Latin 
 words with their definitions are given to be committed to memory, 
 most of which, also, are collected and arranged in alphabetical Vo- 
 cabularies at the end of the book. As many of the examples for 
 translation as possible, were selected unaltered from the classics, oth- 
 ers were slightly altered to suit the cases for which they were em- 
 ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as 
 to embody classical ideas and turns of thought. The examples in 
 English may be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing, 
 at the discretion of the teacher. 
 
 The translation here presented is from the second edition of the 
 original work, published in 1844. Previously to receiving this edi- 
 tion, the translator had completed, within a few pages, the entire trans- 
 lation of the first ; but on comparing the two editions, the alterations 
 were found to be so great as to make the last almost a new work. 
 He abandoned, therefore, his first translation, and commenced with 
 the second edition de novo. Although this has delayed the publica- 
 tion of the work a few months, no one, it is presumed, will regret it, 
 when he reflects, that he is thereby put in possession of a vastly bet- 
 ter book, and probably of a somewhat better translation. During 
 the interval between the publication of the first and second editions, 
 
PREFACE. y 
 
 the author had prepared a larger Latin Grammar and been daily em- 
 ployed in teaching his elementary work, all which prepared him for 
 making very important changes in a second edition. By this pro- 
 cess, the book has been brought to the high state of perfection in 
 which it here appears. Besides its general office as a grammar, it 
 is designed to contain all that the pupil will need during the first 
 year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, read- 
 ing-book and lexicon. The adaptedness of such a book to the wants 
 of beginners, the experienced teacher will not fail to perceive. 
 
 It should be stated, however, that while the translation has 
 been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has ta- 
 ken the hberty to introduce a few remarks and paragraphs (in one 
 or two instances with slight modifications) from the first edition, 
 which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were 
 considered more appropriate to the author's larger grammar to which 
 this was to serve exclusively as an introduction. The different po- 
 sition which the book will occupy in this country rendered it proper 
 that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in one 
 or two instances, they may appear a Jittle inconsistent with the gen- 
 eral plan of the work. For the same reason, the translator has ad- 
 ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin 
 Grammar, of which that on Prosody, as it will be perceived, is de- 
 signed only for the scanning of Hexameter verse. 
 
 With regard to the mode of using the book, the intelligent teach- 
 er will be the best judge. The author, however, suggests that, after 
 completing the Etymology, the pupil should commence the more 
 simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of 
 the Syntax. And it may be added, that in some cases it will prob- 
 ably be found best, to take the pupil over the first and perhaps the 
 second Course, omitting the English exercises at first, and then re- 
 turn and take them up in connection with a thorough review of the 
 whole. Perhaps also, a judicious teacher, following out the general 
 plan of the author, of diminishing difficulties by division and distri- 
 bution, will think best, with very young pupils in particular, to 
 omit some other things the first time over and take them up at sub- 
 sequent reviews. But whatever course is pursued in teaching the 
 book, a complete mastery of all that it contains should be aimed at 
 from the beginning, and should be actually attained before it is 
 left. 
 
 1* 
 
VI PEEFACE. 
 
 In conclusion, the translator would express his obligations to the 
 Kev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological Institution, who very 
 kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript 
 and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German 
 enabled him to do, and to Mr. James H. Hanson, Principal of the 
 Waterville Academy, who has given very important assistance in 
 correcting the sheets as they passed through the press. 
 
 Waterville College, ) 
 Feb. 1845. i 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 FIRST COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 Or THE Sounds ard Letters of the Language. 
 
 Division of the Letters § 1 
 
 Pronunciation of the Letters 2 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Of Syllables. 
 
 Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables 3 
 
 Of Accent 4 
 
 Of the Division of Syllables 5 
 
 CHAPTER HL 
 
 Parts of Speech. — Inflection ... 6 
 
 Partial treatment of the Verb 7-^11 
 
 First Conjugation 8 
 
 Second Conjugation 9 
 
 Third Conjugation 10 
 
 Fourth Conjugation 11 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 Of the Substantive and Adjective. 
 
 Classification of Substantives 12 
 
 Gender of the Substantive 13 
 
 Number, Case and Declension 14 
 
 Gender and Declension of the Adjective 15 
 
 First Declension 16 
 
 Second Declension 17 
 
 Third Declension 18—21 
 
YJii CONTENTS. 
 
 Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension . . • . § 22 
 
 Fourth Declension 
 
 Fifth Declension 
 
 Comparison of Adjectives and Participles 25 
 
 CHAPTER. V. 
 
 Of the Adverb. 
 
 Classification and Formation of Adverbs 26 
 
 Comparison of Adverbs 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Of the Pronoun. 
 
 28 
 Personal Pronouns 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns "^ 
 
 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns ^" 
 
 Indefinite Pronouns 
 
 on 
 
 Correlative Pronouns 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 Of the Numerals ^^ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 Table of the Prepositions ........ 34 
 
 SECOND COURSE. 
 
 Greek Nouns of the First Declension 35 
 
 Of the Gender of the Second Declension 36 
 
 Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension . . 37 
 
 Of the Gender of the Third Declension 38—40 
 
 Masculine 38 
 
 Feminine . . . . . . • 39 
 
 Neuter 40 
 
 Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension 41 
 
 THIRD COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Verb. 
 
 Classes of Verbs 
 
 Tenses of the Verb 
 
 Modes of the Verb 
 
 Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive 
 
CONTENTS. ^ 
 
 Persons and Numbers of the Verb §46 
 
 Conjugation ........... 47 
 
 Formation of the Tenses 48 
 
 Conjugation of the x\uxiliary verb 5J/7M 49 
 
 Active of the Four Regular Conjugations ..... 50 
 
 Passive ............ 51 
 
 Inflection of Verbs in io after the Third Conjugation ... 52 
 
 Deponents of the Four Conjugations . ^ 53 
 
 Periphrastic Conjugation 54 
 
 Catalogue of verbs which vary in the formation of their tenses from 
 
 the paradigms given in §§ 50 and 51 55 — 69 
 
 First Conjugation ........ 55 — 57 
 
 Second Conjugation 58 — 60 
 
 Third Conjugation 61 — 68 
 
 Fourth Conjugation 69 
 
 Particular Irregular Verbs 70 — 76 
 
 1) Possum 70 
 
 2) Edo 71 
 
 3) Fero 72 
 
 4) Volo, nolo, male ......... 73 
 
 5) Eo 74 
 
 6) Queo, nequeo - . . 75 
 
 7) Fio 76 
 
 Defective Verbs 77 
 
 Impersonal Verbs 78 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection .... 79 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Formation of Words 
 
 80 
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 Sentence. Subject. Predicate 
 
 Limitation of the Subject and Predicate 
 
 Agreement 
 
 Double Nominative 
 
 Classes of Verbs 
 
 Tenses of the Verb 
 
 Modes of the Verb 
 
 Of the Cases 
 
 Genitive 
 
 Accusative 
 
 Dative 
 
 Ablative 
 
 81 
 82 
 83 
 84 
 85 
 86 
 87 
 -91 
 
 90 
 91 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 Construction of names of Towns § 92 
 
 Remarks on the use of the Prepositions , . . . . . 93 
 
 Of the use of the Pronouns 94 
 
 Of the use of the Numerals 95 
 
 Infinitive 9b 
 
 Supine 97 
 
 Gerund 98 
 
 Gerundive 99 
 
 Participle • • • • • .100 
 
 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 
 A, Coordinate Sentences 101 
 
 B. Subordinate Sentences 102 
 
 Of the usp of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences . . . 103 
 
 Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences 104 
 
 I. Substantive Sentences 105 — 108 
 
 A. Accusative with the Infinitive 105 
 
 B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive . . . 106 
 
 C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive . . . 107 
 
 D. Quod, thatj with the Indicative ..... 108 
 II. Adjective Sentences . .109 
 
 III. Adverbial Sentences 110 — 114 
 
 a. Adverbial Sentences of Time 110 
 
 b. Causal Adverbial Sentences Ill 
 
 c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences 112 
 
 d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences 113 
 
 e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison . . . .114 
 
 Of Interrogative Sentences 115 
 
 Of the Form of Oblique Discourse . . . . . . 116 
 
 First Appendix. 
 Of Prosody : 
 
 Of Syllables 117 
 
 Hexameter Verse 118 
 
 Scansion 119 
 
 Second Appendix. 
 
 Of Abbreviations 120 
 
 Third Appendix. 
 
 Of the Roman Calendar 121 
 
 Collection of Latin Reading Lessons. 
 Vocabularies. 
 
ETYMOLOGY. 
 
 FIRST COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language. 
 
 § 1. Division of the Letters, 
 
 1. The Latin Language has as signs of its sounds, 
 twenty-five letters, viz. six vowels and nineteen consonants. 
 
 abcdefghijklm 
 nopq rs t uvxyz 
 ABCDEFGHIJKLM 
 NOPQRSTUVXYZ 
 
 Remark 1. The capital letters are used only : a) at the beginning 
 of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and 
 after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted ; — ^b) in proper 
 names, as : Romulus. — The letter k is used in but very few words. 
 
 2. The vowels are either short or long'. The short vowels 
 are distinguished by *.y, the long ones by -, as : a, a, perpla- 
 ces. The sign u signifies, that the vowel over which it 
 stands can be used either as short or long, as : a. 
 
 3. The Latin Language has the following diphthongs : 
 ae. oe. au. etc. ei, e. g. aequitas, equity^ foedus, league^ 
 aurum, gold^ Eurus, the east ivind, hei, alas. 
 
 Rem. 2. When ae and oe are to be pronounced separately, this is in- 
 dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, points of separation) placed over 
 the second vowel (e), as : aer, the air, poeta, a poet. The diphthong eu 
 is found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as: Eurotas ; 
 in general, therefore, eu should be separated in pronunciation, as: 
 deus (pronounced, deiis) God. In like manner, also, must ei be almost 
 invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for 
 ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as : hei, alas. 
 
12 PRONUNCIATION. QUANTITY. [^ 2, 3. 
 
 4. The consonants, according to the greater or less influ- 
 ence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are 
 divided into : 
 
 a) Liquids : 1, m, n, r ; 
 
 b) Spirants :* h, s, v, j ; 
 
 c) Mutes : b, c, d, f, g, k, p, q, t, x, z. 
 
 § 2. Pronunciation of the Letters. 
 
 C before e, t, y, ae^ oe, eu, is pronounced like s, but- in 
 other cases like k, as : ceisus (selsus) cicer, cymba, caecus, 
 ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo), collum, custos, clamor; 
 
 Ch is pronounced like k ; 
 
 Gu before a vowel in the same syllable likeg-ii?, as : lingua ; 
 
 Ph like our/, as : pharetra ; 
 
 Rh as a simple r, as : K-hea ; 
 
 Sch like sk^ as : schola (skola) ; 
 
 Qu is pronounced like to, as : aqua ; 
 
 Sa before a vowel in the same syllable like siv^ as : suasor ; 
 
 Ti before a vowel is pronounced like shi^ as: actio 
 (acshio). But if the i is long^ the hissing sound disappears, 
 as : totius. Besides, ti (with the i short) is pronounced 
 without the hissing sound : a) if there is immediately be- 
 fore the t another ^, an 5, or an x^ as : Attius, ostium, mix- 
 tio ; b) in Greek words as : Miltiades, tiara. 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 Of Syllables. 
 § 3. Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables, 
 
 1 . A syllable is short by nature^ when its vowel is short 
 and this short vowel is followed either by another vowel or 
 a single consonant, as : deiis, God^ ^3,{er, father. 
 
 2. A syllable is long by nature^ when its vowel is long, 
 as : mater, a mother, murus, a loall. Particularly, all sylla- 
 bles are long in which there is a diphthong, as: plausus, 
 
 * SpirantSy i. e. fetters formed principally by the breath. — Tr. 
 
$ 4.] QUANTITY. ACCENT. 13 
 
 applause^ and in which two vowels are contracted into one, 
 as: lacus, o/* a lake^ (contracted from lacuis, the original 
 form of the genitive of lacus, a lake). 
 
 3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel, is short by 
 position^ i. e. by the position of the vowel, when the follow- 
 ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamliilo, J 
 take a tualk^pro in proavu, a great- grand-father^ prae in 
 praeacutus, very sharp. 
 
 4. A syllable with a short vowel is long by position^ 
 when this short vowel is followed by two or more conso- 
 nants, or by j, or x, or z, as : per in perdo ; alicujus ; but 
 in the compounds oi jugiim^ the vowel before y remains 
 short, as : bijugus. JT with a consonant, forms no position, 
 as : stomachus, the stomach. 
 
 Remark. The position before a mute tvith a liquid (§ 1, 4), for the 
 most part, does not make the short vowel long, as : cerebrum, the brain, 
 arbitror, / thivk, locuples, rich. But in two cases the position of a 
 mute with a liquid makes the preceding short vowel long: a) in com- 
 pounds, as : abrumpo, from db ; h) when one of the three liquids : I, m, 
 n, follows one of the three mutes: b, d, g, as: hiblus, agmen, a march 
 (from dgo\ magnus, great. 
 
 § 4. O/* Accent.^ 
 
 1. Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pro- 
 nounced with the acute accent ('), monosyllables with a 
 vowel long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as: et, 
 vir (viri), ut, dux (ducis) ; mos (moris), jus (juris), lex (legis), 
 mons. 
 
 2. Dissyllables have the accent upon the penult, and in- 
 deed : 
 
 a) The acute accent, when the penult is short by nature, 
 as: virum (i), ducem (u), homo (o), arte; or when the ulti- 
 mate is long, whether the penult is long or short, as : Musae 
 (u) mores (o) bonae (6) ; 
 
 b) The circumflex accent, when the penult is long by 
 nature and the ultimate short, as : mater (a), Musa. 
 
 3. Words of three or more syllables have the accent : 
 
 * This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that 
 the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading. 
 
 3 
 
14 ACCENT. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES. [§ 5. 
 
 a) Upon the antepenult, and indeed, the acute accent, 
 when the penult is short, whether the last syllable is short or 
 long, as : homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae ; 
 
 b) Upon the penult, and indeed, the acute accent, when 
 both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto (u), amares 
 (a) ; or when the penult is long only by position, in which 
 case the ultimate may be either long or short, as : amantur, 
 amantes ; — ^but the circumflex accent, if the penult is lojig by 
 nature and the ultimate short, as : acutiis, amare * 
 
 Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which 
 always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent) : 
 que^ ve, lie, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are 
 attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as : sc^lera sceleraqne, 
 homines homin/sque, hominibus hominibiisque. But if the accent is 
 upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to tlie last syllable, 
 takes place only when this is already long, or by its union with the 
 enclitic becomes long by position ; but if the last syllable is short and 
 remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as : scel6stus sceles- 
 tiisque, sceltsta scel^staque, pleiique pleraeque pleraque, litraque ut- 
 dtque. 
 
 ^ 5. Of the Division of Syllables.^ 
 
 1. General Rule. Syllables end with a vowel, and be- 
 gin with a consonant. When, therefore, a consonant stands 
 between two vowels, it belongs to the following- syllable, 
 as : pa-ter, a-ma-mus. 
 
 2. Subordinate Rule. When two or three consonants, 
 with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the 
 vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second 
 syllable. The most common combinations of consonants 
 are : a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a 
 mute and a liquid, as: ma-gnus, great, ^-^i, fields, pe-stis, 
 plague, a-stra, the stars. In all other cases, the consonants 
 
 * That is to say, in general, if the penult is long it has the accent, but if 
 not, the antepenult. — Tr. 
 
 t These rules for the division of syllables are drawn from the ancient 
 grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is 
 more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the 
 analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For 
 a fuller account of the principles of division here adop,ted, see Appendix to 
 Beck's Latin Syntax. — Tr. 
 
$ 6.] PARTS OF SPEECH. INFLECTION. 15 
 
 between two vowels are divided, as : an-nus, a year^ am- 
 
 nis, a river, mon-tes, mountains. 
 
 Remark. A compound word must be divided according to its com- 
 ponent parts, as : ab-avus, a great-great-grandfather. If a letter is in- 
 serted, it is attached to the first word, as : prod-esse, to profit. 
 
 CHAPTER m. 
 
 § 6. Parts of Speech. — Inflection, 
 
 1. The Substantive designates an object (a person or 
 thing), as: ma7i, ivoman, house. 
 
 2. The Verb expresses an action (something which an 
 object does), as: to bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to 
 praise, e. g. the rose blooms; the boy dances; the child 
 sleeps ; God loves men ; the teacher praises the scholars. 
 
 3. The Adjective expresses a property or quality, as: 
 small, great, beautiful, e. g. a small boy ; a beautiful rose ; a 
 great house. 
 
 4. The Adverb expresses the tvay and manner in which 
 an action takes place, as ; beautifully, sweetly, e. g. the rose 
 blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sioeetly. 
 
 Rem. 1. There are adverbs also, which express the place where, and 
 the time when the action takes place, as : here, there, yesterday, to-day. 
 
 5. The Pronoun points to an object, as : /, thou, he, this 
 that. 
 
 6. The Numeral expresses number or multitude, as : one, 
 two, three, many, few. 
 
 7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun, 
 and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other rela- 
 tions which an object sustains to an action, as : the boy 
 stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy. 
 
 8. The Conjunction is a word which serves to connect 
 words and sentences, as : and, but, because. 
 
 Rem. 2. Besides, there are other words which are barely signs of 
 emotion, and are called Literjections. 
 
 9. By inflection we understand the variation or modifica- 
 
16 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 [H 7, 8. 
 
 tion of a word in order to express a particular relation, as : 
 thou lovest, he loves, the child's clothes, the man's hat 
 The inflection of the substantive, adjective, pronoun an4 
 numeral, is called declension, that of verbs, conjugation. 
 The remaining parts of speech do not admit of inflection. 
 
 § 7. Partial Treatment of the Verb, 
 All the verbs of the Latin Language are divided into 
 four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the 
 termination of the infinitive as follows: 
 
 First Conjugation : — are as : amdre, to love, 
 Second " — ere " monere, to admonish, 
 
 Tliird " — ere " regere, to govern, 
 
 Fourth " — ^ire " audire, to hear. 
 
 § 8. First Conjugation : amare, to love. 
 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 Indicative. 
 
 h 
 
 2. 
 3. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 amo, Hove 
 amd.f, thou lovest 
 amdt, he, she, it loves 
 amdmus, we love 
 amdtis, you love 
 amant, they love. 
 
 amor, 1 am loved 
 amdris, thou art loved 
 amdtur, he, she, it is loved 
 amdmur, we are loved 
 amdmlni, you are loved 
 amantur, they are loved. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 Imperative, 
 amd, love thou 
 amdte, love ye. 
 
 
 L Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 aro 1. I plough. 
 delecto I. 1 ddight. 
 educo 1, / bring up. 
 iaudo 1. I praise. 
 
 Laudo. Vituperas. 
 
 vexo 1. I annoy. 
 vigilo 1. I watch. 
 vitiipero 1. / censure. 
 vulnero 1. / wound. 
 
 Pugnatis. A rant. Lauda. 
 
 orno I. I adorn. 
 pugno 1. I fight. 
 salto 1. I dance. 
 tento 1. I try. 
 
 Saltat. Vigilamus. 
 Pugnate. Tentat saltare. Delector. Vulneraris. Vexatur. Lauda- 
 mur. Vituperamlni. Ornantur. Laudaris. Educamlni. Vitupera- 
 mur. Educor. Edilcantur. Delectamur. Ornaris. Saltatis. Vul- 
 nerantur. Laudamini. Viglla. Saltate. 
 
 I watch. Thou fightest. He ploughs. We praise. You censure. 
 
*9.] 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 17 
 
 They dance. Fight thou. Praise ye. They try to fight. I am 
 praised. Thou art censured. He is adorned. We are delighted. 
 You are wounded. They are annoyed. They are praised. Thou 
 art brought up. They are censured. We are brought up. You praise. 
 We are adorned. He is wounded. They praise. 
 
 
 § 9. Second Conjugation : 
 
 monere, to admonish. 
 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 L 
 2. 
 3. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 moneo, £ admonish 
 mones, ihou admonishest 
 monet, he, site, it admonishes 
 monemus, we admonish 
 monetis, you admonish 
 monent, they admonish. 
 
 Imperative, 
 mone, admonish thou 
 monete, admonish ye. 
 
 moncor, / am admonished 
 moneris, thou art admonished 
 monetur, he, she it is admonished 
 monemur, we are admonished 
 monemini, you are admonished 
 mouentur, they are admonished. 
 
 II. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 D#beo 2. I must, ought, gaudeo 2. I rejoice. rid^o 2. I laugh. 
 
 doceo 2. I teach, instruct, maneo 2. / remain. taceo 2. I am silent. 
 
 exerceo 2. / exercise. mordeo 2. / hite. terreo 2. IfrigJden, 
 
 fleo 2. / weep. raoveo 2. / move. et, and. 
 
 floreo 2. / bloom. pareo 2. / obey. si, if. 
 
 Doceo. Taces. Ridet. Gaudemus. Exercetis. Flent Tace. 
 Manete. Tacere debes. Terreor. Exerceris. Movetur. Docemur. 
 Mordemini. Docentur. Doces. Tacemus. Doceris. Parere debent. 
 Florent. Exercemur. Manetis. Educaris et doceris. Moventur. 
 Tacent. Parete. Si paretis, laudamlni. Si tacemus, laudamur. Sal- 
 tamus et gaudemus. Tentate docere. Mordentur et vulnerantur. 
 
 I rejoice. Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are silent. 
 They laugh. Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain. I am 
 bitten. Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach. I am 
 silent. We are moved. We must be silent. I exercise my self (= am 
 exercised). Rejoice ye. You are brought up and instructed. I am 
 instructed. I laugh. Obey thou. If thou obeyest thou art praised. 
 You dance and rejoice. We try to teach. We are bitten and wound- 
 ed. If you weep you are censured. 
 
 2* 
 
18 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 [HO. 
 
 § 10. Third Conjugation : regere, to govern. 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 rego, I govern 
 regis, thou gove 
 regit, he, she, it 
 regimus, we gov 
 regttis, you govi 
 regunt, th^y gov 
 
 Impera 
 rege, govern tho 
 regite, govern yi 
 
 mest 
 governs 
 
 regor, 
 
 regerwf 
 
 regitur 
 
 I am governed 
 , thou art governed 
 , he, she, it is governed 
 r, we are governed 
 ni, you are governed 
 itr, they are governed. - 
 
 zrn 
 em. 
 
 live. 
 u 
 
 regvmi 
 regurd\ 
 
 Bibo^ 
 cano { 
 cedo { 
 defem 
 diligo 
 edo 3 
 
 TIT. Words to 
 
 i. I drink, 
 i. I sing. 
 J. I give way. 
 io 3. / defend. 
 3. / esteem, love. 
 I eat. 
 
 he learned and 
 
 fallo 3. I deceit 
 laedo3. /Awrf 
 lego 3. / read. 
 ludo 3. I play. 
 pingo 3. I pail 
 
 Exercises 
 e. 
 
 it. 
 
 for translation. 
 
 pungo 3. I prick, sting. 
 scribo 3. / write. 
 vinco 3. / conquer^ van- 
 quish. 
 bene adv. well. 
 male, adv. HI, hadly. 
 
 Scribo. Legis. Laedit. Cantmus. Editis. Bibunt. Pinge. Scri- 
 bite. Scribfire debes. Fallor. Vinceris. Defenditur. Diligimur. 
 Pungimini. Laeduntur. Ede et bibe. Lude. Leglte. Canere ten- 
 tat Pingis. Defendimur. Diligeris. Vincimini. Si vincitis, lauda- 
 mini. Bene scribunt. Laederis. Edunt. Si cedis, vinceris. Si male 
 ficribis, vituperaris. Si bene pingltis, laudamini. 
 
 I sing. Thou eatest. He drinks. We vi^rite. You read. They 
 defend. Write thou. Paint ye. You must read. I am esteemed. 
 Thou art stung. He is hurt. We are deceived. We are vanquished. 
 You defend. They esteem. Eat ye and drink. He is conquered. 
 Play ye. They try to read. You paint. They are defended. You 
 are esteemed. If thou singest well, thou art praised. He writes well. 
 You are hurt If you write well you are praised. If you give way 
 jou are conquered. If you write badly you are censured. 
 
HI.] 
 
 PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB. 
 
 19 
 
 § 11. Fourth Conjugation : audire, to hear. 
 
 PRESENT ACTIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 PRESENT PASSIVE. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 1. 
 2. 
 3. 
 J. 
 2. 
 3. 
 
 2. 
 2. 
 
 audio, / hear 
 audf5, thou htarest 
 audit, he, she, it hears 
 audtmiw, we hear 
 B-uditis you hear 
 audiunt, they hear. 
 
 Imperative, 
 audi, hear thou 
 audite hear ye. 
 
 audior, / am heard 
 audlris, thou art heard 
 audltur, he, she, it is heard 
 aud imwr, we are heard 
 audimlm, you are Jieard 
 audiuntur, they are heard. 
 
 Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb sum 
 should be noted : 
 
 est, he, she, it is, 
 erat, he, she, it was. 
 
 sunt, they are, 
 erant, they were. 
 
 esse, to be, 
 
 rV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Custodio 4. Igtmrd. 
 <lormio 4. / sleep. 
 erudio 4. I instruct. 
 ferio 4. / beat, strike. 
 lulcio 4. I support. 
 
 Erudio. Garris. 
 Salite. Tento 
 
 ganio 4. I chatter. salio 4. Heap. 
 
 nutrio 4. / nourish. venio 4. / come. 
 
 punio 4. I punish. vestio 4. / dothe, 
 
 reperlo 4. IJind. vincio 4. / bind, chain. 
 
 valde adv. greatly. 
 
 Dormit. Ferimus. Punitis. Saliunt. Veni. 
 reperire. Vincior. Custodiris. Feritur. Vestimur. 
 
 Nutrimlni. Fulciuntur. Audi. Dormite. Bene erudimur. Si bene 
 erudis, laudaris ; si male erudis, vituperaris. Si vinceris, yinciris. 
 Vestiuntur. Si male scribimus, punimur. Bene custodimlni. Dor- 
 rrfimus. Salitis. Bene erudiuntur. Audite. Vincimus. Vincimus. 
 Valde ferimur. Valde vituperamini et punimini. 
 
 I strike. Thou punishest. He leaps. We instruct. You chatter. 
 They sleep. Leap thou. Come ye. They try to instruct. I clothe 
 myself (= am clothed). Thou art nourished. He supports himself 
 (=is supported). We are bound. You are guarded. They are 
 beaten. Hear ye. You are well instructed. He leaps. He is well 
 instructed. If you are vanquished, you are bound. We are well 
 guarded. He clothes himself (= is clothed). They are badly in- 
 structed. 
 
 1 praise, I teach, I give way, I guard. Thou praisest, thou teachest, 
 
20 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. [^ 12. 
 
 thou givest way, thou guardest. He praises, he teaches, he gives 
 way, he guards. We censure, we exercise, we read, we sleep. 
 You censure, you exercise, you read, you sleep. They censure, 
 they exercise, they read, they sleep. Adorn thou, obey thou, write 
 thou, punish thou. Adorn ye, obey ye, write ye, punish ye. We 
 must adorn, we must obey, we must write, we must punish. I 
 am annoyed, I am bitten, I am pricked, I am bound. Thou art an- 
 noyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound. He is an- 
 noyed, he is bitten, he is pricked, he is bound. We are well brought 
 up, we are greatly frightened, we are greatly esteemed, we are well 
 instructed. You are well brought up, you are greatly frightened, you 
 are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed. They are well brought 
 up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are 
 well instructed. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Of the Substantive and Adjective. 
 § 12. Classification of Substantives. 
 
 1. The substantive (§ 6, 1.) is called concrete^ when it 
 designates 2i person or thing which has an actual and inde- 
 pendent existence, as: nianj lion, flower , army; it is called 
 abstract, on the contrary, when it signifies an action or qual- 
 ity conceived of as independent of a subject, as : virtue, 
 tvisdom. 
 
 2, The Concretes are : 
 
 a) Appelative nouns, when they indicate a whole spe- 
 cies, or an individual of a class, as : man, ivornan, floiver, 
 lion ; 
 
 b) Proper nouns, when they designate only single per- 
 sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius, 
 Rome ; 
 
 c) Material nouns, when they indicate the simple ma- 
 terial, as : milk, dust, water, gold; 
 
 d) Collective nouns, when they designate a number of 
 single persons or things as one whole, as : ar?ny, cavalry, 
 fleet, herd. 
 
^ 13, 14.] SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 21 
 
 § 13. Gender of the Substantive, 
 
 The Gender of Substantives, which is three-fold, as in 
 English, is determined partly by their meaning' and partly 
 by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the 
 endings will be treated of under the particular declensions. 
 With reference to the meaning the following general rules 
 obtain : 
 
 1. Of the masculine gender, are the names and designa* 
 tions of males, nations, winds, months, most rivers and 
 mountains. 
 
 2. Of the feminine gender, are the names and designa- 
 tions of females, of most countries, islands, towns and 
 trees, shrubs and small plants. 
 
 Of the neuter gender, are the names of the letters of the 
 alphabet, the infinitive, all indeclinable words (excepting, 
 however, the names of persons from foreign languages) 
 and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as : 
 man is a monosyllable. 
 
 4. Of the common gender, are the names of persons 
 which have but one form for the masculine and feminine, 
 as : dux, a male or female leader. 
 
 1. Nations, men, rivers, winds 
 These atid months are masculines. 
 
 2. Women, isles, lands, trees and town' 
 These as feminine are found. 
 
 3. Whatever cannot be declined 
 This is of the neuter kind. 
 
 4. Common is whatever can 
 Include a woman and a man. 
 
 § 14. Number, Case and Declension. 
 
 1. The substantive and adjective have, like the verb, two 
 numbers, the Sing., which denotes a unitij, and the Plur., 
 which denotes 3. plurality, and six cases in each number, 
 viz.: 
 
 1. Nominative, answering the question tuho? or what? 
 
 2. Genitive, answering the question, lohose ? 
 
22 FIRST DECLENSION. [H 15, 16. 
 
 3. Dative, answering the question, to or for lohom ? or 
 lohat ? 
 
 4. Accusative, answering the question, ichom ? or lohat ? 
 
 5. Vocative, the case of direct address ; 
 
 6. Ablative, answering the questions, whence? ivhere- 
 with ? whereby ? luhen ? at lohat time, etc. 
 
 Remark. The Norn, and Voc. are called casus recti; the other 
 cases, casus ohllqui. Substantives and adjectives of the netder gender 
 have the Nom. Ace. and Voc. alike. 
 
 2. The Latin language hasj^t;e declensions. 
 
 § 15. Gender and Declension of the Adjective. 
 
 1. The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in 
 gender, number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter, 
 filial est bona, the daughter is good, ^Wus honus, the good 
 son, filius est honus, the son is good, heWum malwm, the evil 
 tear, helium est malum, the loar is evil, 
 
 2. Hence, the adjective, like the substantive, has a three- 
 fold gender. Still, not all adjectives have separate forms 
 for the three genders, but many have only two distinct end- 
 ings, viz. one for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the 
 Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders. 
 
 3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the 
 first three declensions of nouns. 
 
 § 16. First Declension. 
 Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femi- 
 nine. The feminine of adjectives of the second declension 
 is declined like nouns in a, see § 17. 
 
 Rem. 1. Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the gen- 
 eral rules of gender (§ 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman, is Masc. ; 
 so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as : Matrona, the 
 Mame, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as : 
 Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine. 
 
$ 16. 
 
 FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 23 
 
 
 
 Case-E 
 
 n (] in gs. 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Nominative 
 
 a 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nominative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Genitive 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Genitive 
 
 ariim 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Dative 
 
 is 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 am 
 
 
 Accusative 
 
 as 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 a 
 
 
 Vocative 
 
 ae 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 a 
 
 
 Ablative 
 
 is 
 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nominative 
 
 mensa, the table 
 
 mensae, the tables 
 
 Genitive 
 
 mensae, of the table 
 
 mensdrum, of the tables 
 
 Dative 
 
 mensae, to the table 
 
 mensl5, to the tables 
 
 Accusative 
 
 mensdm, the table 
 
 mensds, the tables 
 
 Vocative 
 
 menstf, table 
 
 mensae, tables 
 
 Ablative 
 
 mensd, by the table. 
 
 mensis, by the tables. 
 
 Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither tlie definite article the 
 nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general 
 sense table, or a table, or the table. 
 
 Rem. 3. Some nouns are used only in the plural, as : nuptiae, a 
 wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding. 
 
 Rem. 4. The dative and ablative plural have the ending dhus (for is) 
 in : dea, a goddess, filia, a daughter, when they are to be distinguished 
 from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and 
 daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses. 
 
 Rem. 5. Concerning Greek nouns of the first Dec. see § 35. 
 
 V. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Agricola, husbandman. 
 aqua, wcder. 
 ciconia, a stork. 
 
 querela, complaint, 
 
 plaintive cry. 
 rana, a frog. 
 
 copia, abundance, wiMZh'-' terra, the earth. 
 
 tude. 
 herba, an herb. 
 planta, a plant. 
 procella, a storm. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. 
 
 is green, has two parts : 
 
 coaxo 1. I croak. 
 devoro 1. / devour. 
 turbo 1. I disturb. 
 noceo 2. / injure. 
 
 Every sentence, e. g. the plant blooms, the meadow 
 
 gigno 3. / beget, pro- 
 duce. 
 pulchre, adv. beautiful- 
 
 quam, hoiv ! " 
 a, ab (with the abl.) by 
 {a stands only before 
 
24 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 [U7. 
 
 a) The subject, i. e. the person or thing of wliich something is as- 
 serted (the plant ; the meadow) ; 
 
 b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the subject {blooms ; 
 is green). 
 
 The subject is commonly a substantive and stands in the nomina- 
 tive ; the predicate is commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective 
 in connection with the verb to be (e. g. is green). 
 
 Rana coaxat. Agricola delectatur querela ranae. Cicoma nocet 
 ranae. Cicoma devorat ranam. O rana, coaxa! Aqua turbatur a 
 rana. Plantae florent. Terra vestitur copia plantarum. Procellae 
 nocent plantis. Terra gignit plantas. O plantae, quam pulchre orna- 
 tis terram ! Terra vestitur plantis. 
 
 The plant blooms. The herb of the })lant blooms. The storm 
 injures the plant. I love the plant. O plant how beautifully thou 
 bloomest. I am delighted with (abl.) the plant. The frogs croak. 
 The plaintive cry of the frogs delights the husbandmen. The storks 
 injure the frogs. The storks devour the frogs. O frogs, croak ye. 
 The water is disturbed by the frogs. 
 
 § 17. Second Declension, 
 
 Words of the second declension (substantives and ad- 
 jectives) end in the Nom. in us, er, ir, and um, of which 
 those in ns, er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um 
 of the neuter gender. For the exceptions see § 36. 
 
 
 
 Case-E 
 
 n dings. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Singular 
 
 Nom. 
 
 us (er, ir) , um 
 
 Plural 
 
 Nom. 
 
 i; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 orum 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 is 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 um 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 6s; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 e (er, ir) ; um 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 i; 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 6 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 
 is 
 
 
U7.] 
 
 SECOND DECLENSION. 
 
 25 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 Singular. 
 N. hortw5, the garden puer, the boy ager^ the field 
 
 hom^of the garden pueri, of the hoy agri, of the field 
 
 horto^/.o the garden puero, to the boy agro, to the field 
 
 hoxium^the garden puemm, the boy a-grum, the field 
 
 hortc, garden puer, boy ager, O field 
 
 horio, by the garden puero, by the boy agro, by the field 
 
 vir, the man 
 virf, of the man 
 viro, to the rnan 
 virwra, t/ie man 
 vir, man 
 viro, by the man. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 hortt, the gardens pueri, the boys agrt, the fields virf, the men 
 bortorum, of the pueroriim, of the agrorwm, of the x'ngriim, of the 
 
 gardens boys fields men 
 
 horiiSy to the gar- pu§ri5, to the boys agTis, to the fields viTis, to the men 
 
 dens 
 horios, the gardens pu&Tds, the boys SLgros, the fields virds^ the men 
 hortt, gardens pueri, boys agri, O fields virt, O men 
 
 horUs, by the gar- ipneris^by the boys. agri5, by the fields viris^by the men 
 
 dens. 
 
 beWum, the war 
 belli, of the war 
 bello, to the war 
 bellwm, the war 
 bellwyn, O war 
 hello, by the war. 
 
 bonw5, good 
 
 bont 
 
 bono 
 
 bonwm 
 
 bone 
 
 bond 
 
 Singular. 
 
 bona, good 
 
 bonae 
 
 bonrtc 
 
 bonam 
 
 bona 
 
 bona 
 
 Plural. 
 
 bella, the wars bont 
 
 bello/w7W, of the bonoriim 
 
 vmrs 
 
 be 11 15, to the wars bom^ 
 
 bella, the wars bono* 
 
 bella, O wars boni 
 
 be]lt5, by the wars, bom* 
 
 bona« 
 bonarilTn 
 
 bont5 
 bonds 
 bonac 
 boni* 
 
 boniim, good 
 
 boni 
 
 bono 
 
 bonitm 
 
 bonwwi 
 
 bono 
 
 bona 
 bonorilm 
 
 bonf5 
 bona 
 bona 
 boni*. 
 
 free 
 
 free 
 libera 
 
 free 
 
 liber 
 
 liberwm 
 
 liber? 
 
 liberae 
 
 liberi 
 
 libero 
 
 liberae 
 
 libero 
 
 liberiiw 
 
 liberdjn 
 
 liberiim 
 
 liber 
 
 libera 
 
 liberwAre 
 
 libero 
 
 libera 
 
 libero 
 
 libgr? liberae libgrS 
 
 liberorttm liberdrwrn liberoriim 
 liberie liberis liberie 
 libero* libera* libera 
 liberi liberae libera 
 
 liberi* liberi* libgri*. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 beautiful beautiful beautiful 
 
 pulcher pulchra pulchrwm 
 
 pulchri pulchrac pulchri 
 
 pulchro pulchrae pulchro 
 
 pulchritm pulchrawi pulchriim 
 
 pulcher pulchra pulchrixm 
 
 pulchro pulchra pulchro 
 
 Plural, 
 
 pulchri pulchrac pulchrd 
 
 pulchroriiwt pulchrdrtiz/i pulchroriim 
 
 pulchri* pulchri* pulchri* 
 
 pulchro* pulchra* pulchri 
 
 pulchri pulchiac pulchrd 
 
 pulchri* pulchri* pulchri*. 
 
26 SECOND DECLENSION. [$ 17. 
 
 In like manner decline : 
 
 Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bon- 
 um, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a 
 beautiful rose, ovum pulchruin, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the pro- 
 ductive fkld, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe. 
 
 Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except 
 in the vocative singular, as : ager, G. agr-i ; only the following retain 
 the c ; puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-law, gener, son-in-law, vesper, 
 evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum, 
 rough, lacer, torn, liber, /rec, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener, 
 tender, QX\di the compounds of/er and g-er, as: frugifer,/rmY bearings 
 corniger, homed. Dexter, right, has both forms : dexter, dextra, dex- 
 trum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera, 
 dext6rum, G. dexteri.-^ 
 
 Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, offlius, (a son) is fli and that of meus (my) 
 is mi, as : O mi fli, (but, O mea flia, O meum offidum). This Voc. in t 
 also, is found in proper names in \us, aius and eius, hence : I (for 1e), 
 al (for aie), el (for eie), as : Tulllus Tulli, Virgillus VirglU. Mercurius 
 MercUrl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Gal, Pompeius Pompei. 
 
 Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the plu- 
 ral it is thus declined : N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis. Ace. deos, V. rfii, 
 Abl. diis. 
 
 Rem. 4. The Gen. plural of some nouns has the ending um (for 
 orum), e. g. nummum (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen- 
 tUm), of talents. 
 
 Rem. 5. Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the 
 ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the 
 newfer gender, as : Ilios, llion. Greek words in eus (one syllable) are 
 thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace. 
 Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two syllables), Abl. Orpheo. 
 
 VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 "Equua, i, m. horse. molestus, a, um,<row6Zc- committo 3. I commit 
 
 frumentum, i, n. grain. some. to. 
 
 granum, i, n. corn. varius, a, um, various, curro 3. I run. 
 
 juba, ae,f. mane. vireo 2. Ifourish. hinnio 4. I neigh. 
 
 musca, ae,f.fy. colo 3. / attend to, cvl- celeriter, adv. swiftly. 
 
 fecundus, a, um, pro- tivate, honor, revere. in (with the abl.), in, 
 ductive. upon. 
 
 Rule or Syntax. A noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is con- 
 nected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object ; e. g. in the 
 sentence : the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the 
 object which limits " guides." When the noun is in the Ace. it is called 
 the suffering object (receiving the direct action). 
 
 Eqiius hinnit. Juba equi est pulchra. Muscae sunt molestae equo. 
 
§ 17.] SECOND DECLENSION. 27 
 
 Vir regit equum. Eque, celeriter curre. Equo pulchro delector. 
 Agi'i sunt fecundi. Herbae agroriim sunt variae. Agricola committit 
 agris grana frumenti. Agricola colit agros. Agri, quam pulchi'e vire- 
 tis ! In agris multae herbae florent. 
 
 * The field is productive. The herbs of the field are various. The 
 husbandman commits the corns of grain to the field. The husband- 
 man cultivates the field. O field, how beautifully thou flourishest! 
 Various herbs bloom in the field. The horses neigh. The mane of 
 the horse is beautiful. Flies are troublesome to horses. Men govern 
 horses. O horses, run swiftly. We are delighted with (abl.) beauti- 
 ful horses. 
 
 I*' 
 
 Vn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Deus, see Rem. 3. mundus, i, m. world. magnus, a, urn, great. 
 
 dea, see §16. Rem. 4. praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, pro- 
 fill us, see Rem. 2. tedion, aid. pitious, favorable. 
 
 filia, see § 16. Rem. 4. templum, i, n. temple. meus, a, um, see Rem. 
 levir, i, m. hrother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be- 2. 
 
 law. nevolence. miser, era,erum,tDretchf 
 
 socer, i, m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear. ed. 
 
 laia. improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo 2. / afford. 
 
 gener, i, m. son-in-law. ed. exstruo 3. / build. 
 
 Dii mundum regunt. Deos propitios collte. Praebe, o deus bone, 
 miseris praesidium. Dii improbos puniunt. Diis et deabus templa 
 exstruuntur. Benevolentia deorum est magna. Filius leviri bene legit. 
 Socero est hortus pulcher. Boni viri bonis viris cari sunt. Filia gen- 
 eri pulchre pin git 
 
 The gods are propitious to men. Good men are dear to the gods. 
 
 * With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sen- 
 tence, the teacher must be the principal guide. The rigid laws of arrange- 
 ment in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of 
 imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises. Something, 
 however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to 
 preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will 
 account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences. 
 — It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words 
 in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the 
 English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be 
 proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no em- 
 phasis rests upon any word in the sentence. In this case, 1) The predicate 
 follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive, 
 comes after its noun, \\) the verb follows the case or cases which it governs, 
 4) the adverb pricedes the word which it limits. But when these words 
 are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed. For fuller directions on 
 this subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, §§ 468 — 514. — Tr. 
 
28 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 [U8. 
 
 The wicked are punished by (ab) the gods. The world is governed 
 by (ab) the gods. Afford, O good gods, protection to the wretched. 
 The gods honor the temples. The gods love the good. O God, pun- 
 bh tlje wicked. Write, my sons. Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-in- 
 law. God is propitious to good sons and good daughters. Write, my 
 son, paint, my daughter. 
 
 § 18. Third Declension. 
 1. The third Declension has the following case-endings : 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 es JVeut. a (ia) 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 IS 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 um (ium) 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 i 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 era, JVtut. like Nom. 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 es a (ia) 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 like the Nom. 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 es a (ia) 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 e(i) 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ibus 
 
 Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may al- 
 ways be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of 
 that case, as: rex, king, G. reg-is the stem therefore is reg. Also t, rf, 
 fi and nt, are rejected from the stem in the Nom. before s, as : laus, 
 praise, G. laud-is, stem : laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlant- 
 is. The r, of the stem, often passes over into s, as : mos, custom, G. 
 mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have 
 rejected this letter in the Nom. as : leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper 
 names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as : Xen- 
 ophon, Xenophont-is. 
 
 Rem. 2. J^euters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the 
 Nom., as: exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from 
 this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of eu- 
 phony in the Latin language, as : carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carmin- 
 is, ebur, ivory (for ehor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor\ 
 G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem 
 of a Greek word ends in ai, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema 
 (for po€mat), a poem, G. poemat-is ; so also in the neuters : cor, cord-is, 
 (he heart, lac, lact-is, milk. 
 
 Rem. 3. Concerning the endings c and i, a and ia, um and ium, see 
 §37. 
 
 2. Concerning the gender^ the following general rules ob- 
 tain : 
 
 1) Of the masculine gender are the nouns in o, or, 05, 
 cr, and imparisyllahles^ m es. 
 
 Rem. 4. Parisyllahles are words with the same number of syllables 
 in the Gen. as in the Nom., as : nubes, a cloud, G. nubis ; imparisyUa- 
 
^ 19—20.] 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 29 
 
 bles, on the contrary, are words which have more syllables in the Gen. 
 tlian in the Noin., as : miles, soldier^ G. militis. 
 
 2) Of the feminine gender are nouns in, as^ is, aus, us 
 (Gen. utis or udis), x, s with a consonant before it and pari- 
 syllables in es. ^ 
 
 3) Of the neuter gender are nouns in a, e, c, /, ew, ar, wr, 
 ut and us (Gen. oris, eris, uris). 
 
 Rem. 4. For the exceptions to these rules see §§ 38 — 40. 
 
 § 
 
 19. I. The Nominative presents tht pure 
 
 stem. 
 
 
 colour (m.) 
 
 goose (m.) 
 
 father (m.) 
 
 animal (n.) 
 
 spur (n.) 
 
 S.N. 
 
 color 
 
 anser 
 
 pater 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 G. 
 
 co\bris 
 
 anseri* 
 
 patri* 
 
 animali* 
 
 calcari* 
 
 D. 
 
 colon 
 
 ansen' 
 
 patri 
 
 animali 
 
 calcan 
 
 A. 
 
 colorem 
 
 anserem 
 
 patrew 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 V. 
 
 color 
 
 anser 
 
 pater 
 
 animal 
 
 calcar 
 
 A. 
 
 colore 
 
 an sere 
 
 patre 
 
 animali 
 
 calcari 
 
 P.N. 
 
 colore* 
 
 ansere* 
 
 patre* 
 
 animalla 
 
 calcarta 
 
 G. 
 
 colorwm 
 
 anserum 
 
 patrwm 
 
 animaliwm 
 
 calcarlMm 
 
 D. 
 
 colduhus 
 
 anserl6u5 
 
 patriftu* 
 
 animali6u* 
 
 calcarl6i« 
 
 A. 
 
 colore* 
 
 ansere* 
 
 patre* 
 
 animal?a 
 
 calcarta 
 
 V. 
 
 colore"* 
 
 an sere* 
 
 patre* 
 
 animalla 
 
 cal carta 
 
 A. 
 
 Q.o\oYlhus 
 
 anserlhus 
 
 patribus 
 
 animaliftu* 
 
 calcartfeit*. 
 
 § 20. II. The Nominative presents the stem changed accord' 
 ing to the laics of euphony. 
 
 
 name (wf.) 
 
 lion (m.) 
 
 body (n.) 
 
 sea (n.) 
 
 S. Nom. and Voc. 
 
 nomen 
 
 leo 
 
 corpus 
 
 mare 
 
 Genitive 
 
 nomini* 
 
 leoni* 
 
 corpori* 
 
 maris 
 
 Dative 
 
 nomlm 
 
 leoni 
 
 corpdri 
 
 man* 
 
 Accusative 
 
 nomen 
 
 leonem 
 
 corpus 
 
 mare 
 
 Ablative 
 
 nomine 
 
 leonc 
 
 corpore 
 
 man* 
 
 P. N. Ace. and V. 
 
 nomina 
 
 leone* 
 
 corpora 
 
 mar7a 
 
 Genitive 
 
 nomlnwm 
 
 leonuwi 
 
 corporMm 
 
 mar? um 
 
 Dat. and Abl. 
 
 womlrulus 
 
 \e6inbus 
 
 corponftit* 
 
 manbus. 
 
 3* 
 
THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 [*21. 
 
 §21. III. 
 
 The Nominative adds s to the stem. 
 
 
 root if.) city (/.) 
 
 praise (/.) 
 
 cloud (/.) 
 
 S. Nom. and Voc. 
 
 radix urbs 
 
 laus 
 
 nube-5 
 
 Genitive 
 
 radicis urhis 
 
 laudw 
 
 nubi-5 
 
 Dative 
 
 radici urbi 
 
 laudt 
 
 nubi 
 
 Accusative 
 
 radicem urbcm 
 
 laudem 
 
 nubewi 
 
 Ablative 
 
 radicc urbe 
 
 laude 
 
 nube 
 
 P. N. Ace. and V. 
 
 radices urbej? 
 
 \dudes 
 
 nube-5 
 
 Genitive 
 
 radicwm urbZum 
 
 ]au(\um 
 
 nubi-wm 
 
 Dat. and Abl. 
 
 radicibus urhlbm 
 
 \'dU(\ihtis 
 
 nuhi-bus. 
 
 Rem. 1. Nouns in ter and ber, as: pater, /afAer, mater, mother, frater, 
 brother, as well as adjectives in ber and cer, as: celeber, celebrated, acer, 
 sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases ; see pater above. 
 
 Rem. 2. Greek proper names whose stem ends in on or on, in good 
 prose, form their Nom. almost always in a, as: Agamemno, G. 6n-is; 
 Plato. Solo, Bito, G. on-is ; those, on the contrary, whose stem ends in 
 ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as : Xenophon, G. 
 ont-ls. 
 
 VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. ^ain, suf- populus, i, m. people. vester, tra, trum, your, 
 
 fering. tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol, 
 
 orator, oris, m. orator, acerbus, a,um,j5wn^enf. tolero \. I endure. 
 
 imimus, i, w. soitZ, mint?, disertus, a,um, eZo^weni. succumbo 3. / sink 
 
 courage. [quence. ignavus, a, um, indo- under. 
 
 eloquentla, ae, f. elo- lent, cowardly. graviter, adv. heavily, 
 
 facundla, ae, f. Jluency praeclarus, a, um, noble. violently. 
 
 of speech. tuus, a, um, thy. 
 
 numSrus, i, m. number, noster, tra, trum, our. 
 
 quantity. 
 
 Orator est disertus. Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora- 
 tori paret populus. Oratorem praedicamus ob facundlam. O orator, 
 quam praeclara est tua eloquentia ! Ab oratore populus regltur. Do- 
 lores sunt acerbi. Numerus dolorum est magnus. Doloribus succum- 
 bltis. Vir patienter tolerat dolores. O dolores, quam graviter pungltis ! 
 Doloribus vincuntur ignavi viri. 
 
 The pain is pungent. Bear ye the tortures of the pain. Thou sink- 
 est under the suffering. The man endures the pain patiently. O pain, 
 how violently thou stingest. A cowardly man is vanquished by (abl.) 
 pain. Orators are eloquent. The eloquence of the orator movies our 
 minds. The people obey the orators. Orators are extolled on ac- 
 count of their fluency of speech. O orators, how noble is your elo- 
 quence ! The world is governed by (ab) the orators. 
 
 patienter, patiently. 
 ob, on account of 
 
$22.1 
 
 THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 31 
 
 § 22. Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension, 
 Preliminary Remark. The following paradigms present the forms 
 of the three classes of adjectives of the third Dec. with one, two and 
 three endings. Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, s, a:, and par- 
 ticiples (Present Participles only) in ns, G. ntis, as: amans, loving, G. 
 amantis. For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec. : unus, ullus, 
 etc., duo and ambo, see § 33. 
 
 Singular. | 
 
 N. and V. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 sharp. 
 (m.) (f.) Cn.) 
 acer acris acre 
 acris acris acris 
 acri acri aeri 
 acrem acrem acre 
 acri acri acri 
 
 delightful, 
 (m. & f.) (n.) 
 suavis suave 
 suavis suavis 
 suavi suavi 
 suavem suave 
 suavi suavi 
 
 greater. 
 (m.&f.) (n.) 
 major majus, 
 majoris majoris 
 majuri majori 
 majorera majus 
 majore majore 
 
 Plural 1 
 
 N.V.&Ac. 
 Genitive 
 D. &Abl. 
 
 acres acres acria 
 acrium acrium acrium 
 acribus acribus acribus 
 
 suaves suavia 
 suavium suavium 
 suavibussuavibus 
 
 majores majora 
 majorum majorum 
 majoribus majoribus. 
 
 Nom. & Voc. 
 Genitive 
 Dat. & Abl. 
 Ace. 
 
 Singular, 
 audax (m.f. n.) bold 
 audacis 
 audaci 
 audaeem (m./.), audax (w.) 
 
 Plural. 
 
 audaces (m.f) audaeia (n.) 
 audaciuni audacium 
 audacibus audacibus 
 audaces audaeia. 
 
 In like manner decline : 
 
 odor acer, sharp odor., 
 
 odoris acris 
 
 campus viridis, green 
 
 campi viridis [field, 
 
 vir major, greater man, 
 
 viri majoris 
 
 miles audax, bold sol- 
 
 militis audacis [dicr, 
 
 aqua acris, sharp water, 
 aquae acris 
 
 silva viridis, green 
 silvae viridis [wood, 
 femina major, greater 
 feminae majoris[70om£n 
 leaena audax, bold lion- 
 leaenae audacis [ess. 
 
 acetum acre, sharp vin- 
 aceti acris [^g^'>'t 
 
 pratum viride, green 
 prati viridis [meadow^ 
 corpus majus, greater 
 corporis majoris [body, 
 animal audax, bold an- 
 animalis audacis [imal. 
 
 Remark. For the Abl. Sing, in i and c, the Nom. Plur. in ia and a, 
 and the Gen. Plur. in ium and um, see § 36. 
 
 IX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 Alacer, cris, ere, lively, litterae, arum,/, litera- virtus, utis,/. virtue. 
 
 spirited. ture. vox, ocis,/ voice. 
 
 fortis, e, brave. ' discipulus, i, m. scholar, consto 1. 1 consist in, of 
 
 gravis, e, severe, serious, fundamentum, i, n. habeo 2. / have. 
 mortalis, e, mortal. foundation. incumbo 3. (with in and 
 
 immortalis, e,immortal. avis, is,/, bird. the ace.) / apply my- 
 
 omnis, e, each, the whole, homo, inis, m. man. self to. 
 
 plur. all. hostis, is, m. enemy. non, not. 
 
 industria,ae,/. inrfiwfrj/. mos, oris, m. custom. ne fwith the Imper.) 
 pittas, atis,/.j9ie<i/. not. 
 
32 
 
 FOURTH DECLENSION. 
 
 [^23. 
 
 Miles forti animo pugnare debet. Suavi avium voce delcctamur. 
 Discipiili laus constat bonis moribus et acri industrla. Pittas est funda- 
 mentum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus gravi- 
 bus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animp in litteras ia- 
 cumb^re debet Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales 
 
 § 23. Fourth Declension. 
 Nouns of the fourth Dec. have in the Nom. the two end- 
 ings : us and w, of these the first is of the masculine and the 
 last of \\\v fgmimnr gender. For the exceptions, see § 41. 
 
 Case-En dings. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 us; MvJt. 
 
 u 
 
 Plur. Nom. 
 
 us; 
 
 Mut. 
 
 ua 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 us; us or 
 
 u 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 uum 
 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ui or u ; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 um; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Ace. 
 
 us; 
 
 
 u^ 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 us; 
 
 u 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 us; 
 
 
 ua 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 u 
 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 
 ibus 
 
 
 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 N. 
 
 fructM5 {vi.), fruit. 
 
 cornw (n.), horn. 
 
 fructM5 
 
 corniid 
 
 G. 
 
 fructus 
 
 cornus or u 
 
 fructMwm 
 
 corn uum 
 
 D. 
 
 fructui or u 
 
 cornu 
 
 fructlbus 
 
 corn ibus 
 
 A. 
 
 fructum 
 
 cornu 
 
 fructus 
 
 corntltt 
 
 V. 
 
 fructus 
 
 cornu 
 
 fructiw 
 
 cornud 
 
 A. 
 
 fructM 
 
 cornii 
 
 fructl6u5 
 
 cornl6u5. 
 
 Rem. 1. The following words in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. have the end- 
 ing ubus for Ibus : acus (f ), a needle, arcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a 
 joint, limb, partus (m.), a birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), fJie 
 oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f ), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), cat- 
 tle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit. Ficus (f ), us, ajigtree, forms 
 the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. : ficis. 
 
 Rem. 2. The word domus (f ) a house, is declined as follows : 
 
 Sing. N. V. 
 
 domu5 
 
 Plur.N. V. 
 
 domii5 
 
 Gen. 
 
 domus 
 
 Gen. 
 
 domimm and domorum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 donmi 
 
 Dat. 
 
 (\onubus 
 
 Ace. 
 
 domuwi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 domes rarely domiw 
 
 Abl. 
 
 donid 
 
 Abl. 
 
 domibus 
 
 The form domi is used only in the meaning at home, at the house ; 
 thus : domi meae, domi tuae, domi alienae, ai my, thy, another's house. 
 
f 23.] FOURTH DECLENSION. 33 
 
 X. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatioru 
 
 Luctus, us, m. grief. amarus, a, um, hitter, indulgeo 2. /g^vc my«cZ/* 
 
 lusus, us, m. sport. gratus, a, um, agreeable^ up to. 
 
 sensus, us, m. sense^ grateful. frango 3. / hreak, break 
 
 feeling. praedltus, a, um, (with doum. 
 
 besiia, ae./. ammaZ. Ah\.) endowed with. succumbo 3. / w'nfe «n- 
 
 vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a, um, how der. 
 
 Abl. vi) power ^ force, great. libenter, adv. with de- 
 might, puerilis, e, childish. light. 
 
 voluptas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens, tis, tme ; subst. suay Iter, adv. pleasantly, 
 
 ure. a wise man. vehementer, adv. vio- 
 
 genus, eris, n. gender, evito 1. I avoid. lently. 
 
 kind, i>aro ^ . I provide. 
 
 Lusus pueris gratus est. Genera lusus sunt varia. Pueri libenter in- 
 dulgent lusui. Vir gravis evitat lusum puerilem. O lusus, quam sua- 
 viter animos puerorum delectas ! Pueri delectantur lusu. Sensus sunt 
 acres. Vis sensuum est magna. Vir fortis non succumbit sensibus 
 doloris. Bestiae habent sensus acres. O sensus, quantas voluptates 
 hominibus paratis ! Animalia sunt praedita sensibus. 
 
 The feeling of pain is bitter. The power of grief is great. The 
 brave man does not sink under grief. The wise man endures grief 
 patiently. O grief, how violently thou tormentest the minds of men ! 
 The wise man is not broken down by (abl.) grief The sports of chil- 
 dren are agreeable. There are various kinds of sport. The boys give 
 themselves up to sports with delight The serious man avoids child- 
 ish sports. O sports, how pleasantly you delight the minds of boys ! 
 In (abl.) sports the boys are delighted. 
 
 XI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy. resono 1. / resound. 
 
 genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our. vacillo 1. / waver. 
 
 tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your, permoveo 2. / move. 
 
 der. validus, a, um, strong, antecedo 3. I precede. 
 
 vigor, oris, m. power. horribllis, e, frightful, extimesco 3. 1 fear. 
 
 fulmen, inis, n. light- terribilis, e, terrible. flecto 3. / bend. 
 
 ning. supplex, icis, suppliant ; procu mbo 3. 1 fall down. 
 
 robur, oris, n. strength. subst. the suppliant, in (with Ace. and Abl.) 
 multus, a, um, much, indico 1. / indicate. in, upon. 
 
 many. 
 
 Tonitru terribile animos hominum permovet. Fremitus tonitrus 
 (tonitru) est horribllis. Fulmen antec6dit tonitru. Multi homines ex- 
 timescunt tonitru. O tonitru, quam horribllis est fremitus tuus. Do- 
 
34 FIFTH DECLENSION. [$ 24. 
 
 mus res6nat tonitru. Genua virorum sunt valida. Vigor genuum indi- 
 cat robur corporis. Magna vis est genlbus. Supplices procumbuut in 
 genua. O genua, ne vacillate ! In genibus est magna vis. 
 
 The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength 
 of body. The knee has great power (== to the knee there is great 
 power). The supphant bends the knee. O knee, waver not ! In the 
 knee is great power. The thunder is terrible. The noise of the 
 thunder is frightful. Lightnings precede the thunders. Fear thou 
 not the thunder. O thunder, how terrible is thy noise. The house re- 
 sounds with (abl.) frightful thunderings (== thunders). 
 
 Xn. JVords to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Pin us, us,/ jnne. perniciosus, a, urn, cfe- sedeo '2. 1 sit. 
 
 puella, ae,/. girl. strudive. cingo 3. / gird, sur- 
 
 Bagitta, ae./. arrow. timidus, a, um, timid. round. 
 
 frater, tris, m. brother, insignis, e, reinarkable. contremisco 3. /<rewi6Ze, 
 Boror, oris,/ sister. aedifico 1. / build. quake. 
 
 imber, bris, ?m. rain. habito 1. I dwell. pingo 3. / paint; acu 
 piscis, is, m.Jish. adjaceo 2. (with Dat.) / pingo, I embroider. 
 
 rex, regis, m. king. lie by. saepe, adv. often. 
 
 venator, dris, m. hunter, contorqueo 2. / hurl, sub (with Abl.), under* 
 continuus, a, um, con- shoot. 
 tinux)us. 
 
 Aestate sub quercubus et in specubus libenter sedemus. Hortus re- 
 gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus. Puellae acubus pingunt. 
 Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artubus contremiscunt. Venatores ar- 
 cubus sagittas contorquent Dornus altitudo est insignis. Domui nos- 
 trae adjacet lacus. Frater aedificat domum. Magnus numerus est 
 domuum (domorum) in urbe. Domibus perniciosi sunt imbres con- 
 tinui. Domos regis chigunt multae pinus. 
 
 Oaks and pines surround our house. The king dwells in a beauti- 
 ful house. We dwell in beautiful houses. The height of the house 
 is remarkable. In the lake are fishes. The king has many and beau- 
 tiful houses. I tremble in all [my] limbs. A great lake lies by our 
 houses. My sisters embroider. Many houses are built in the city 
 My brothers sit in the garden under oaks, and my sisters in grottos. 
 Many arrows are shot by bows. 
 
 § 24. Fifth Declension. 
 
 All nouns of the fifth declension end in the Nom. in es 
 and are of the feminine gender. 
 
*24.] 
 
 FIFTH DECLENSION. 
 
 35 
 
 Exceptions: MascuHtie are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day; yet 
 dies in the Sing, is feminine when it signifies a definite day, a dayjbced 
 upon or appointed, as : dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also, 
 when it signifies length of time, as : dies perexigua, a very short space ; 
 still, in both these meanings it is sometimes used as masculine. 
 
 Case-Endings and Paradigms. 
 
 
 
 affair, thing. 
 
 day. 
 
 
 S. N. es 
 
 PI. es 
 
 S. res, PI. res 
 
 dies, PI. 
 
 die-5 
 
 G.ei 
 
 erum 
 
 rei rerum 
 
 diei 
 
 die'riim 
 
 D.ei 
 
 ebus 
 
 ret rebiis 
 
 diei 
 
 die6:s 
 
 A. em 
 
 es 
 
 rem res 
 
 diem 
 
 dic5 
 
 V. es 
 
 es 
 
 res res 
 
 die* 
 
 die-5 
 
 A. e 
 
 ebus 
 
 re rebus 
 
 die- 
 
 diebvs. 
 
 Rem. 1. The c in ei, the ending of the Gen. and Dat. is short when 
 a consonant stands before it, as : rei, fidei ; but long when a vowel 
 stands before it, as: diei, faciei. 
 
 Rem. 2. Only res and dies form all the cases of the Sing, and Plur. ; 
 all the other nouns of the fifth declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat. 
 and Abl. Plur., these cases being supplied by the corresponding cases 
 of synonymous nouns of the other declensions. 
 
 Xin. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Spes, 6i,y*. hope. ad versus, a, um, ad- dulcis, e, sweet. 
 
 Sierumna, aef. hardship, verse; res adversae, felicior, m. and^!, feli- 
 
 trouble. adversity, cius, n., oris, more 
 
 vita, ae,/. life. certus, a, um, certain. fortunate. 
 
 solatium, i, n. consola- incertus, a, um, uncer- afflicto 1. / overwhelm. 
 
 tion. tain. recreo 1. I refresh. 
 
 conditio, onis, f. con- dubius, a, um, doubtful, amitto 3. / lose. 
 
 dition, state. humanus, a,um,/i7iman. oppouo S. I oppose. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. time. vanus, a, um, vain. facile, adv. easily. 
 
 Spes incerta et dubia est. Vis spei est magna in animis hominum. 
 Homines facile indulgent spei vanae. Spem feliciorum temporum non 
 debemus amittere in aerumnis vitae. O spes, dulci solatio animos mis- 
 erorum hominum recreas ! Spe vana saepe fallimur. Res humanae 
 sunt incertae et dubiae. Conditio rerum humanurum est dubia. Re- 
 bus adversis opponite virtutem. Ne extimescite res adversas. O res 
 humanae, quam saepe animos hominum fallitis ! Animus sapientis 
 non afflictatur rebus adveris. 
 
36 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. ^ 35. 
 
 XIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fides, 6i, / Jidelity. rarus, a, u m, rare. servo 1 . / preserve. 
 
 amicitia, ae, /. friend- serenus, a, um, bright, debeo 2. / owe. 
 
 ship. tutus, a, um, safe. conquiesco 3. Ifndsat- 
 
 exemplum,i, n.exam/)Ze. verus, a, um, true. isfadion. 
 
 salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad. succedo 3. I follow. 
 
 fare. avolo 1. Ify away, van- cito, adv. swiftly. 
 
 ver, eris, n. spring. ish. cupide, adv. eagerly. 
 
 adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco 1. 1 call togeth- etiam, conj. also. 
 portus, us, m. haven. er. modo — modo, now — 
 
 incorruptus, a, um, un- exspecto 1. / expect, now. 
 
 corrupted. await. 
 
 The fidelity of friends refreshes our minds in the hardships of life. 
 Examples of true fidelity of friendship are rare. To the fidelity of 
 our friends we owe our safety. The true friend preserves [his] fidelity 
 also in adversity. O fidelity, thou providest for unfortunate men a 
 safe haven ! In the fidelity of friends we find satisfaction. The days 
 are now bright, now lowery. The arrival of the bright days of spring 
 are to all men agreeable. Lowery days follow bright days. We 
 eagerly await the bright days of spring. O ye beautiful days of spring, 
 how swiftly you fly away! In (abl.) the bright days of spring we are 
 delighted. Mid-day is bright. On (abl.) a certain day, the soldiers 
 of the city are called together. 
 
 § 25. Comparison of Adjectives and Participles, 
 
 1. There are three degrees of quality : 
 
 1) The positive^ as : the man is learned (vir est doctus); 
 
 2) The comparative^ as : the father is more learned than 
 the son (pater est doct-ior qumm fflius) ; 
 
 3) The superlative^ as : Cicero was the most learned of 
 all the Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omnium Roman- 
 orum). 
 
 2. The superlative, in Latin, is also used to express in 
 general, a very high degree of a quality, as : pater tuus est 
 doct-issimus^ thy father is very learned. 
 
 8. For indicating the comparative and superlative, the 
 Latin language has the following forms : 
 
 a) For the comparative : tor, Masc. and Fern., his, neuter] 
 
 b) For the superlative : isstmusy isstm,a, issimum. 
 
^25.1 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PAETICIPLES. 
 
 37 
 
 4. These endings are joined directly to the stem, which 
 may be found, in all cases, by removing, in words of the 
 second Declension, the Nominative-ending us, and in those 
 
 of the third, the Genitive-ending is, as 
 
 Laet-us, joiifvl 
 doct-us, learned 
 pudic-us, bashful^ modest 
 imbecill-us, feeble 
 lev-is, light 
 fertll-is, fertile 
 dives (G. divit-is), rich 
 prudens (G. prudent-is), 
 
 prudent 
 amaiis (G. amant-is), 
 
 loving 
 felix (G. felic-is), happy 
 
 Comp. laet-ior, ius 
 
 — doct-ior 
 
 — pudic-ior 
 
 — imbecill-tor 
 
 — lev-ior 
 
 — fertil-ior 
 
 — divit-ior 
 
 — prudent-ior 
 
 Sup. \^eX-issimus, a, um 
 
 — dioci-issimus 
 
 — YiudXc-issimus 
 
 — imbecill-miwiiw 
 
 — \ew-issimus 
 
 — {erxW-issimus 
 
 — AWxi-isaimus 
 
 — prudent-i*5imi« 
 
 — amant-ior — amant-wMmiw 
 
 — felic-ior — felic-mmw* 
 
 5. Adjectives in er have the ending rimus, a, um in the 
 superlative, as : 
 
 miser (G. miser-i), a, um [unhappy) celer (G. cel6r-is), is, e, [sim/l) 
 miser-ior, ius celer-ior, ius 
 
 miser-nmw5, a, um ; celer-nmiw, a, um ; 
 
 pulcher (G. pulchr-i), a, um {heauii- pauper (G. pauper-is), {poor) 
 
 ful) pauper-ior, ius 
 
 pulchr-ior, ius pauper-rimws, a, um. 
 
 pulcher-rimiw, a, um. 
 
 So also : vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius, is rarely used) 
 Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recenty (Comp. wanting) Sup. 
 nuper-rimus. 
 
 6. The six following adjectives in ilis form the superla- 
 tive by adding limus to the stem, viz : facTlis, easy, difficTlis, 
 difficult, similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim, slender^ 
 and humilis, loiu, as: 
 
 facil-is, e C. facil-ior, ius S. facil-Zmii5, a, um. 
 
 7. Compound adjectives in dicus ficus and volus, form 
 the comparative by adding entior, ius, and the superlative 
 by adding entissimus, a, um to the root, as : 
 
 maledlcus, slanderous C. maledic-eniior S. msX^AiQ-entissimus 
 magnificus, magnifcent magnific-en^ior magmfic-entissimus 
 
 benevolus, benevolent benevol-enfior hcne}fo\-entissimus 
 
38 
 
 COMPAEISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 
 
 P25. 
 
 But those in dicus (i long) are compared regularly, as : 
 pudicus, bashful^ modesty pudic-ior, pudic-issimus. 
 
 8. Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari- 
 son are to be observed : 
 
 bonus, good 
 
 C 
 
 . mel^oVf iuSj better 
 
 S. optimus, a, Mm, best 
 
 malus, had 
 
 
 pej-or 
 
 pesslmus 
 
 magnus, great 
 
 
 maj-or 
 
 maximus 
 
 parvus, small 
 
 
 min-or 
 
 minimum 
 
 multus, much 
 
 
 plus (neutr.) more 
 
 plurimus, most 
 
 
 
 plures (m. and f. ),plura plurimi^ most 
 
 
 
 (n. ) more 
 
 
 nequam, wuhed 
 
 C. 
 
 , nequ-ior, 
 
 S. nequissimus 
 
 senex, old 
 
 
 sen-ior, 
 
 wanting 
 
 juvenis, young 
 
 
 jun-ior 
 
 wanting 
 
 exterus, outward 
 
 
 exter-iovj 
 
 extremus, outermost 
 
 inferus, helow 
 
 
 infer-ior^ ^ 
 
 infimus and imus^ lowest 
 
 superus, above 
 
 
 super-ior^ 
 
 supremus, and summvs 
 
 posterus, hind 
 
 
 poster-ior, 
 
 postrtmuSj Undermost 
 
 9. Finally, there are several adjectives of which the posi- 
 tive is wanting, e. g. : 
 
 (citra, on this side) citer-ior, ius citimus, nearest 
 
 (intra, within) inter-ior, ius intlmus, inmost 
 
 (ultra, beyond) ulter-ior, ius ultimus, last 
 
 (prope, near) prop-ior, ius proximus, next 
 
 Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin lan- 
 guage often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis 
 (more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most). This 
 periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the ter- 
 minational comparative and superlative. 
 
 Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative 
 form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, invictissimus. 
 On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form, 
 as : diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus ; procHvis, sloping^ 
 inclined, proclivior, maxime proclivis ; especially, nearly all in "dis, llis, 
 dlis, bilis, as : agllis, nimble, agilior, maxime agilis. 
 
 Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational com- 
 parison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as; 
 idoneus, fit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus ; plus, pious, affectionate ; 
 perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary ; — b) nearly 
 all in, Icus, \mus, Inus, Ivus, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as : lubricus, 
 slippery ; legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus, 
 harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribundus, dying ; — c) 
 several of no particular class, as : almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur, 
 tam^f claudus, lam£, compos, powerfvlj impos, impotent of curvus, bent^ 
 
^ 25.] COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 39 
 
 ferus, hiUd, gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, inemor, mind- 
 fid of, mirus, wonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude, 
 etc. ; — finally, some, which, on account of their signification, admit of 
 no degrees; e. g. those which denote a material; those compounded 
 •with per, prae (except praeclarus) and suh, as : permagnus, very great, 
 praedives, very rich, subdifficilis, somewhat difficult ; those having the 
 diminutive form, as : parvulus, tiny, vetulus, oldish. 
 
 XV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Beneficentia, ae,/. he- lux, lucis,/. light. munificus, a, um, mu- 
 
 neficence. ratio, on is,/, reason. nificent 
 
 luna, ae, f the nwon. simulatio, onis,/. ^re- secundus, a, um,/avor- 
 
 natura, ae,/ nature. tence. able; res secundae, 
 
 sa\)\entm,ae,f. wisdom, sol, solis, m. swn. prosperity. 
 
 odium, i, n. hatred. sonltus, us, m. sound. amabllis, e, amiable. 
 
 amor, oris, m. love. accommodatus, a, um, velox, ocis, surijl. 
 
 hirundo, inis, / swal- suited to. nihil, indecl., nothing, 
 
 low. garrulus, a, um, chatter- quam, conj., than. 
 
 liberalitas, atis,/ liber- ing, loquacious, 
 ality. 
 
 Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius, quam beneficentia. Nihil 
 est amabilius, quam virtus. Lux est velocior, quam sonitus. Nihil est 
 melius, quam sapientia. Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundines. 
 Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus 
 saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum 
 vita saepe est miserrima. Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium. 
 Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra ; luna minor 
 est, quam terra. 
 
 XVI. Words to be learned and Exercises far translation. 
 
 Patria, ae, /. native adulatio, 6nis,y!/af<e- beneficus, a, um, 6ene/*- 
 country. ry. icent. 
 
 poeta, ae, m. a poet. similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a, um, Greek. 
 
 simia, ae,/. an ape. larity. suus, a, um, his, her^ 
 
 Syracusae, arum, / valetudo, inis, / health. its. 
 
 Syracuse. affinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra, grum, black, 
 
 corvus, i, m. a crow. ship. celeber, bris, bre, fre- 
 
 malum, i, n. evil. virgo, inis, / a young quented. 
 
 murus, i, m. a wall. woman. bre vis, e, short. 
 
 Homerus, i, m. Homer, crus, uris, n. shin, leg. simplex, icis, simple. 
 
 Lacedaemonius, i, m. beatus, a, um, peaceful, valeo 2. I am strong, 
 a Lacedemonian happy. avail. 
 
 labor, oris, m. labor. contemno 3. / despise. 
 
 Omnium beatissimus est sapiens. Homerus omnium Graecorum 
 
40 CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS. [§ 26. 
 
 poetarum est veterrimus. Adulatio est pessimum malum. Urbs Syra- 
 cusae maxima et pulcherrima erat omnium Graecarum urbium. Pes- 
 simi homines sunt maledicentissimi. In amicitia plus valet similitude 
 morum, quam affinitas. 
 
 Nothing is better than virtue. God is the greatest, best and wisest 
 -of all. The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The 
 horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much 
 frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The 
 king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women 
 should (= must) be veiy modest. The ape is very much like man. 
 The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friend- 
 ship. The Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift. 
 Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great 
 The life of man is veiy short. The richest are often the most wretch- 
 ed. The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The 
 customs of men are very unlike. The king is very munificent. The 
 worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised 
 by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The 
 garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The 
 walls of the city are very low. Most men love their native countiy. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Of the Adverb. 
 § 26. Classification and Formation of Adverbs. 
 
 1. The common endings of adverbs (§ 6, 4.) are e and er 
 {iter) ; those derived from adjectives of the second declen- 
 sion, axe formed by annexing e to the root of the adjective, 
 as: clarns, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pul- 
 chr-i), pulchr-e. Only bene (well) from bonus, and male 
 (badly), from malus have a short e. 
 
 2. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declen- 
 sion are formed, by adding er to the stem of those in ans 
 and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as : 
 
 clar-us, a, um, dear^ renoumed clar-c 
 
 liber, a, um, (G. Iib6r-i),/ree lib^r-e 
 
$27.] 
 
 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 
 
 41 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum (G. pulchr-i) pulchr-e 
 prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing prudent-cr 
 
 amans (G. amant-is), loving amant-er 
 
 fortis (G. fort-is), brave fort-iter 
 
 Audax (G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-lter). 
 
 3. Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there 
 are a number which have the termination of neuter adjec- 
 tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as : multum, 
 micch, plurimum, most, solum and tantum, ow/?/, facile, easily^ 
 difficile (and difficulter), 26;tYA difficulti/, lecens, recently ,•'—> 
 tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo, immediately, cTehro, fre- 
 quently, f also, falsely, subito, suddenly, perpeiuo, continually, 
 
 4. There are still other adverbial terminations, as : coel- 
 itus, from heaven, penitus, deeply, entirely; sensim, by de- 
 grees, passm, everyivhere ; caterva^im, by troops, grega^m, 
 by flocks, etc. 
 
 § 27. Comparison of Adverbs, 
 
 Adverbs derived from adjectives use for the comparative, 
 the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives 
 from which they are derived, and in the superlative change 
 us of the superlative of their adjectives into e, as : 
 
 laet-e, joijfvlly Comp. \aet-ius Sup 
 
 . laet-mime, most joyfully 
 
 doct-e, learnedly 
 
 doct-ius 
 
 doct-issime 
 
 lev-iter, lightly 
 
 lev-ius 
 
 lev-issime 
 
 felic-Iter, happily 
 
 feVic-ius 
 
 felic-issim^ 
 
 magnific-e, magnificently 
 
 magnific-entitis 
 
 magnific-cn^wsi'mc 
 
 simil-iter, alike 
 
 sinn\-ius 
 
 simil-Zme 
 
 ben-e, well 
 
 mel-ius better 
 
 optime, best 
 
 mal-e, badly 
 
 pejus 
 
 pessimje. 
 
42 
 
 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 
 
 [^28. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Of the Pronoun (Comp. § 6, 5). 
 § 28. I. Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 a. Substanti 
 
 ve Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 6g6,/ 
 
 tu, thou 
 
 wanting 
 
 Gen. 
 
 mei, of me 
 
 tui, of thee 
 
 sui, of himself her- 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mlhi, to me 
 
 tibi, to thee 
 
 self etc. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 me, me 
 
 te, thee 
 
 sibi, to himself etc. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 me, by me 
 
 te, by thee 
 Plural. 
 
 se, himself etc. 
 se, by himself etc. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 DOS, we 
 
 vos, you 
 
 wanting 
 
 <5en. 
 
 nostri, of \jls 
 
 vestri, of you 
 
 sui, of themselves 
 
 
 nostrum, of armng 
 
 vestrum, of among 
 
 
 
 us 
 
 you 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 nobis, to us 
 
 vobis to you 
 
 sibi, to themselves 
 
 Ace. 
 
 nos, u^ 
 
 vos, you 
 
 se, themselves 
 
 Abl. 
 
 nobis, by us. 
 
 vobis, by you. 
 
 se, by themselves. 
 
 Rem. 1. The Voc. of all the pronouns, if used, is like the Nom. 
 The preposition cum (with), which governs the Abl., is joined to me, te, 
 etc., thus : mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, unth me, wiih 
 thee, wiih one's self with us, with you. 
 
 Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns, 
 the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with 
 the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as : egomet, te- 
 met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet ;^to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself 
 — se is doubled to render it more emphatic : sese. For the difference 
 of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see § 94. 
 
 b. Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive 
 Pronouns. 
 Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen. 
 of Substantive-personal pronouns. They are called pos- 
 sessive, because they represent an object(B|as the possession 
 of an individual of the first, second or third person. 
 
 From wiei comes mens, mea, meum, my. (For the Voc. mi see § 
 
 iV. Rem. 1.) 
 
 — tui — tuus, tua, tuum, thy. 
 
 — sui — suus, sua, suum, his, her, its. 
 
 — nostri — noster, nostra, nostrum, our. 
 
 — vestri — vester, vestra, vestrum, your. 
 
$ 28.] PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 43 
 
 Remark 3. For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte 
 is joined to the Abl. Sing, of suits, as : suopte manu, udth his (own, very) 
 hand, suopte gladio (with his sword). For the same reason also, met 
 (see Rem. 2) is joined to the oblique cases of suus, as : suismet capitibus. 
 
 XVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Magister, tri, m. teacher, aequalis, e. eqv^il. laboro 1. / labor. 
 
 praeceptum, i, n. pre- SRlutAils, e. salutary. narro 1. I relate. 
 
 cept, principle. [er. canto 1. / sing. voco 1. / call. 
 
 praeceptor,6ris, m.imcA- clamo 1. I cry. doleo 2. I grieve. 
 
 tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / disco 3. / learn. 
 
 ling, pursuit. ^ command, govern. ludo 3. I play. 
 
 Veritas, atis,/ truth. imperium, i, n. com- attente, adv. attentively, 
 gratus, a, urn, agreeable. mxind, dominion. inter, praep. (with Ace), 
 
 iratus, a, um, offended, between, among. 
 
 angry. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., 6g*o, tu, etc., 
 are used only when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them, 
 hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the possessive 
 pronouns, meus, tuus, etc., e. g. meus frater diligens est, <mw5 piger ; but: 
 frater me amat (not : frater meus me amat). 
 
 Ego canto, tu clamas, amicus vocat. Nos narramus, vos saltatis, 
 fratres laborant. Ego fleo, tu rides, frater dolet. Nos, praeceptores, 
 docemus, vos, discipuli, discitis. Ego ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit 
 Nos scribimus, vos legltis, fratres pingunt. Ego salio, tu feris, puer 
 dormit Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus ; vos, boni discipuli, 
 attente auditis praecepta nostra. Virtutes inter se aequales sunt. Im- 
 perare sibi maximum imperium est. Iratus non est apud se. Tracta- 
 tio litterarum nobis salutaris est. Veritas semper mihi grata est. 
 
 XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Modus, i, m. measure, proximus, a, um, next, obrepo 3. (with dat.) 1 
 manner. par, aris, equal. creap up, steal upon. 
 
 vitium, i, n. a fault. dimico 1. I fight. acrlter, adv. spiHtedly. 
 
 civis, is, m. citizen. discordo 1. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace), 
 
 parentes, ium, m. pa- riance with. through. 
 
 rents. porto 1. / bear, carry. propter, praep. (with 
 
 caput, itis, n. head. faveo 2. I favor. ace), on account of. 
 
 cantus, us/fn^ong-. splendeo 2. / shine. - de,praep. (with abl), of, 
 
 redltus, iis, m. return. expeto 3. / strive to ob- concerning, over, at. 
 tain. 
 
 Vitia nobis virtutum nomine obrepunt. Nos favemus vobis, vos fa- 
 vetis nobis. Tu me amas, ego te amo. Mihi mea vita, tibi, tua cara 
 est Virtus splendet per se semper. Cantus nos delectat. Parentes 
 
44 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. [^28. 
 
 a nobis diliguntur. O mi fili, semper mihi pare ! Frater me et te 
 amat. Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus prop- 
 ter sese colitur. Suapte natura virtus expetitur. Gives de suismet 
 capitibus dimicant. Sapiens omnia sua secum portat Nos vobiscum 
 de patris reditu gaudemus. Tu tecum pugnas. Oratio tua tecum pug- 
 nat. Deus tecum est. Saepe animus secum discordat Hostes nobis- 
 cum acrlter pugnant. 
 
 I relate, thou dancest, the brother labors. We sing, you write, the 
 friends call. I, the teacher, teach ; thou, the scholar, learnest. We 
 weep, you laugh, the brothers grieve. I write, thou readest, the broth- 
 er paints. We play, you learn, the sisters embroider. I, the teacher, 
 instruct thee, O scholar ; thou, O good scholar, hearest attentively my 
 precepts. The enemies fight spiritedly with you. Angry [men] are 
 not in tJieir right mind (= by themselves). God is with us. You re- 
 joice with us at the return of [our] father. 
 
 I carry all my [secrets] with myself. O my son and my daughter, 
 always obey me ! You love us, we love you. Our life is dear to us, 
 yours to you. Bad men are always at variance with themselves. The 
 pursuit of literature is salutary to me. Truth is always agreeable to 
 us. Our parents love thee and me in (abl.) like (= equal) manner. 
 Men love themselves. Virtue is beautiful in (per) itself I favor thee, 
 thou favorest me. Our native country is dear to us. 
 
 XIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Cura, ae, /. care, con- industrius, a, um, in- immemor, oris, un- 
 
 cern. dustrious, diligent. mindful of. 
 
 ira, ae,/. anger. mirus, a, um, wonder- potens, ntis, powerful, 
 
 desiderium, i. n. long- ful, extraordinary. master of. 
 
 ing, desire. perfidus, a, um, /aifft.- impotens, ntis, nofjsot^;- 
 
 conservatrix, icis, f. less. erful, not master of. 
 
 preserver. absens, ntis, absent. teneo 2. / hold, possess. 
 
 judex, icis, m. judge. insiplens, ntis, unwise, ango 3. 1 trouble. 
 
 benignus, a, um, kind, memor,^ oris, mindful 
 of 
 
 Omnis natura est conservatrix sui (presei*ver of herself). Mirum 
 desiderium urbis, meorum et tui me tenet (longing after the city, etc.). 
 Pater vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur (by thy remembrance of 
 him). Ira est impotens sui. Sapiens semper potens sui est. Vestri 
 cura me angit (concern for you). Omnes homines sunt benigni judi- 
 cessui. Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy remem- 
 brance of us). Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens magno 
 
$29.1 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 45 
 
 desiderio tenetur mei, et tui, mi frater, et vestri, o sorores. Amici sunt 
 nostri memores. Multi vestrum mihi placent. Plurimi nostrum te 
 valde diligunt. 
 
 The absent father has a great concern /or us (= of us). The unwise 
 [man] is not master of himself. The faithless friend is unmindful of 
 me. Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee 
 (= of thee) troubles me. The most of you, my scholars, are diligent. 
 The most of us love [our] native country. 
 
 § 29. II. Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 
 Singular. | 
 
 Nom. 
 
 IS, ea, id, Ae, she, it ; the same 
 
 i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very 
 same 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ejus, of him, her, it; of the 
 same 
 
 ejus-dem, ofth£ very same 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ei, to him, her, it ; to the same 
 
 ei-dem, to the very same 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eum, eam, id, him, her, it ; the 
 
 eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the 
 
 
 same 
 
 very same 
 
 Abl. 
 
 eo, ea, eo, ly him, her, it ; by 
 
 eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the 
 
 
 the same. 
 
 very same. 
 
 
 Plural. 1 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ii, eae, ea, they ; the same 
 
 ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the 
 very same 
 
 Gen. 
 
 eorum, earum, eorum, of them ; 
 
 eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorun- 
 
 
 of the same 
 
 dem, o/ the very same 
 
 Dat. 
 
 iis (seldom eis), to them; to 
 
 iis-dem (eis-dem), to tJie very 
 
 
 the sarne 
 
 same 
 
 Ace. 
 
 eos, eas, ea, them ; the same 
 
 eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem, the 
 very same 
 
 Abl. 
 
 iis (seldom mj, by them ; by 
 
 iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very 
 
 
 the same. 
 
 same. 
 
 Remark. 1. The pronoun is, ea, id may be translated as follows : 
 1) the same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen. e. g. filius ejus, his or her 
 son. Dat., to him, to her, to it. Ace. him, her, it ; Plur. Nom. they, Gen. 
 e. g. filius eorum or earum, their son, Dat. to them, Ace. them ; — 3) in 
 connection with a noun : this, e. g. eum regem, this king; ; — 4) he, shCf 
 it (who). In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sui and suus in 
 meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the 
 sentence. 
 
46 
 
 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 
 
 [§29. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 istg, ista, istad, this, that 
 
 ill6, ilia, illud, thM 
 
 Gen. 
 
 istius, of this, of that 
 
 illi us, of that 
 
 Dat. 
 
 istI, to this, to that 
 
 illi, to that 
 
 Ace. 
 
 istum, islam, istud, this, that 
 
 ilium, illam, illud, that 
 
 Abl. 
 
 isto, ista, isto, by this, by that. 
 
 illo, ilia, illo, by that. 
 
 Plural (after the II. Dec.) 
 
 N. isti, ae, a; G. istorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a ; 
 
 N. illi, ae, a ; G. illorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. illis ; A. illos, as, a. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom.|hIc, haec, hoc, this 
 
 ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self 
 
 Gen. 
 
 hujus, of this 
 
 ipslus 
 
 Dat. 
 
 huic, to this 
 
 ipsi 
 
 Ace. 
 
 hunc, banc, hoc, this 
 
 ipsum, ipsam, ipsum 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hoc, hac, hoc, by this. 
 
 ipso, ipsa, ipso. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 N. hi,hae,Aacc; G. horum,harum, horum; D. and Abl. his; A. hos, has, Aace; 
 
 N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa ; G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a. 
 
 Remark 2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to in- 
 crease its demonstrative power : hicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the 
 following forms occur most frequently : hujusce, hosce, hisce. From 
 these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have : hic- 
 cine, haeccine, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c. 
 Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the fol- 
 lowing forms : Sing. N. istic, istaec, istuc ; illic, illaec, illuc ; Ace. is- 
 tunc, istanc, istuc ; illunc, illanc, illuc ; Abl. istoc, istac, istoc ; illoc, iliac, 
 illoc ; PL N. and Ace. Neut istaec, illaec. 
 
 The student may decline : 
 idem equus, the very same horse, eadem rana, the very same frog, idem 
 
 vitium, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi, ejusdem ranae, ejusdem 
 
 vitii ; 
 iste vir, this man, ista femina, this woman, istud nomen, this name, istius 
 
 viri, istius feminae, istius nomlnis ; 
 hie puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept, 
 
 hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti ; 
 
 ille sensus, that feeling, ilia res, that thing, illud cornu, titat horn^ 
 
 illius sensus, illius rei, illius cornus (u). 
 
 Rem. 3. Hie, haec, hoc, refers to an object in the presence of the one speak- 
 ing, which pertains to the one speaking or which he calls attention to ; iste, 
 ista, istud refers to an object in the presence of the one addressed or which 
 pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies 
 remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hie, haec, hoc. 
 
 </■ 
 
$ 29.] DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 47 
 
 XX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Diligentia, ae, f. dili- dux, uc\s,m. leader, gen- mendax, acis, lying, 
 
 gence, exactness. eral. liar. 
 
 ignavia, ae,/. indolence. Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / hlunt, en- 
 
 litterae, arum,/. a^e</er. Xenophon. feeble. 
 
 memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, mis, n. poem, firmo 1. / make firm^ 
 
 scliola, ae,/. a school, addictus, a, um^ devoted strengthen. 
 
 sententia, ae,/ opinion, to. vito ] . / avoid. 
 
 view. fidus, a, um, faithful. placeo 2. I please. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. writer, saevus, a, um, fierce, displiceo 2. / displease, 
 
 auctoritas, atis, / au- cruel. faveo 2. I am favorable 
 
 thority. elegans, ntis, elegant. to. 
 
 tarditas, atis, /. sloto- iners, ertis, awkward, credo 3. / believe, trust. 
 
 ness, indolence. inactive. 
 
 Xenophon est elegantissimus scriptor ; ejus libros libenter lego. 
 Amicum fidum babeo ; ei addictissimus sum. Fratris carmen valde 
 mihi placet ; lege id. Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat ; illam vita, 
 hunc expgte. Hae litterae graviter me movent. Haec carmlna suavis- 
 sima sunt. Isti homini mendaci ne crede. Huic duci milites libenter 
 parent. Illi viro omnes favent. Praeclarum est istud tuum praceptum. 
 Haec sententia mihi placet, ilia displicet. Hoc bellum est saevissi- 
 mum. Hie puer industrlus est, ille iners. Memoria teneo praeclarum 
 illud praeceptum. Iste tuus amicus est vir oj>timus. Ista vestra auc- 
 toritas est maxima. Hujus discipuli diligentia m kudo, illius tarditatem 
 vitup&ro ; illi schola est gratissima, huic molestissima. 
 
 XXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fortuna, ae,//oriwne. clarus, a, um, clear, re- tracto 1. I pursue. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. Alex- nowned. obsideo 2. / besiege. 
 
 ander. Delphicus, a um, Del- studeo 2. I strive. 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. Pom- phic. fido 3. I trust. 
 
 pey. inimicus, a, um,^05<t7e; d'lffido. I distrust. 
 
 factum, i, n. deed. subst. enemy. nosco 3. I am acquaint- 
 
 meritum, i, n. desert. seditiosus, a, um, sedi- ed urlth, know. 
 
 oraculum, i, n. oracle. tious. agnosco 3. [understand. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, admirabilis, e, wonder- resisto 3. Iresist. 
 
 imperator, oris, m. gen- ful. sentio 4. / feel, think, 
 
 eral. laudabllis, e,praisewor- judge. [.fr. 
 
 virtus, litis,/ bravery. thy. pro, praep. (with abl.) 
 
 opus, eris, n. work. expugno 1. 1 capture. quia, conj. because. 
 
 Multi homines de iisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sentiunt. In- 
 sipiens eidem sententiae modo fidit, modo difFidit. Ipsi imperatori se- 
 ditiosi milites resistunt. Animus ipse se movet. Virtus est per se ipsa 
 
48 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. [^ 30. 
 
 laudabilis. Saepe nihil est homini inimicius, quam sibi ipse. Omne 
 animal se ipsum diligit. Carior nobis esse debet patria, quam nosmet 
 ipsi. Praeclarum est illud praeceptum oraculi Delphici : Nosce te ip- 
 sum. Mendax saepe sibi ipsi difFidit 
 
 Xenophon is a very elegant writer, I read him with very great de- 
 light (libentissime). The brother and his friend are very dear to me. 
 The teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with 
 abl.) their desert. We perceive God from his works. We honor [our] 
 parents, because their deserts to [de with abl.) us are very great. The 
 enemies besiege the city and strive to capture it. 
 
 This book I read with delight. This poem pleases me, that dis- 
 pleases. I praise the industry of this scholar. The deeds of that great 
 Alexander are extolled by (ab) all writers. Caesar and Pompey were 
 very renowned generals ; to that, fortune was more favorable than to 
 this ; the bravery of this and that [one] was wonderful. 
 
 The king himself is leader of the army. Thou dost not always 
 judge the very same concerning the very same thing. The father and 
 the son pursue the very same literary studies (= literature). The 
 virtues are of (per) themselves praiseworthy. Man loves himself. 
 [Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than thou thyself 
 Understand yourselves. Liars often distrust themselves. 
 
 § 30. III. Relative Pronouns. 
 
 IV. Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Nom. 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Abl. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, who, which 
 cujus, whose, of whom, of which 
 cui, to whom, to which 
 quern, quam, quod, whom, which 
 quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which 
 
 Plural. 
 
 ' qui, quae, quae, who, which 
 quorum, quarum, quorum, 
 
 whose, of whom, ofivhich 
 qiiibus, to whom, to which 
 quos, quas, quae, ivhom, which 
 quibus, by whom, by which. 
 
 quis{m. &/),.quid, who ? whaf^ 
 cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ? 
 cui, to whom'^ to whaf? 
 quern, quam, quid, ivhom ? what? 
 quo, qua, quo, by whom, by what ? 
 
 qui, quae, quae, who ? what ? 
 quorum, quarum, quorum 
 
 whose? of whom? of what? 
 quibus, to whom ? to what ? 
 quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what? 
 quibus, by whom? by what? 
 
 Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for 
 which quicum is often used. 
 
 Rem. 2. In quisquis [quaequae rare), 92ac9iac?( whoever, whatever) both 
 pronouns are declined, as: quoquo, quibusquibiis, e. g. quoquo modo 
 
§ 30.] RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 49 
 
 res se habet, in whatever way the thing has itself; quicquid id est, what^ 
 ever it is ; On the contrary, in quicunque^ quaecunque, quodcunque (which- 
 soever, whatsoever) cunque is barely annexed to the different cases of 
 ^M?, quae^ quod, as : G. cujuscunque, etc. : 
 
 Rem. 3. Quis, quid, are used substantively, as : quis scribit ? quid 
 scribitiH' ? So also in the Ace, as : quid agis ? The remaining forms 
 do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively ; but qui, quae, 
 quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quern vides ? whom do you 
 see ? quem houiinem vides ? what man do you see ? For the purpose of 
 strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mention- 
 ed interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out thenf 
 quidnam agis? what do you do then'^ quinam homo clamat.^ quaenam. 
 mulier venit.^^ quodnam genus est.^ and so through all the cases. 
 
 XXII. fVords to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 Civitas, atis,/. state. probus, a, um, upright, honoro 1. 1 honor. 
 lex, egis,/. law. sanctus, a, um, sacred, gero 3. I carry on. 
 
 mors, rtis, /. death. ' mitis, e, mild. succurro 3. / assist. 
 
 immaturus, a, um, wn- euro 1. (with ace.) I ex'dudlo 4. I listen to. 
 
 timely. care for, look out for. ardenter, adv. ardently y 
 
 Justus, a, um, just. devasto 1. I lay waste. eagerly. 
 
 maleficus, a, um, evil ; guberno 1. / govern, 
 
 subst. evil-doer. rule. 
 
 Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet. Regi, cu-^ 
 jus imperium mite et justum est, omnes cives libenter parent. Regem, 
 cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt Felix est rex, quem omnes cives 
 amant. O rex, qui civitatem nostram gubernas, honora bonos cives, 
 terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos ! Acerba et immatura 
 est mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant. Non semper est illud 
 bonum, quod ardenter expetimus. Beati sunt ii, quorum vita virtutia 
 praeceptis regitur. Hostis, quocum bellum geritur, terram nostram de-^ 
 vastat. 
 
 The kings who govern the states, ought to look out for (ace.) the 
 welfare of the citizens. The kings, whose government is mild and 
 just, all citizens obey with delight The kings, to whom the laws are 
 sacred, are obeyed by all the citizens. The kings are fortunate, who 
 are loved by all the citizens. O kings, who govern our states, honor 
 the good citizens, frighten the evil, assist the wretched, listen to the 
 upright ! The enemies, with whom you carry on war, lay waste our 
 land. 
 
 XXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Luscinia, ae, /. night- ij^eccki\im,\,n. sin, fault, honestus, a, um, w»/m- 
 ingale. opinio, onis, /. opinion. ous. 
 
 5 
 
50 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. [$ 31. 
 
 falsus, a, um, false. cogito 1. I think of. indulgeo 2. 1 am indul- 
 ingiatus, a, um, disa- excrucio I . / torment. gent to. 
 
 greeable, ungrateful, repugno 1. I am repug- ago 3. / drive^ do, treat, 
 utilis, e, useful. nant to. dico 3. / say, tell. 
 
 ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. 7 have; me quaero 3. I seek. 
 
 take a walk. habeo, / have myself, cur, why. 
 
 Quis me vocat ? Quid agis, mi amice ? Quis scribit has litteras ? 
 Quid cogltas ? Quid ago? cur me excrucio? Quae amieitia est inter 
 ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dul- 
 cior est, quam Homerus ? Cujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ? 
 Quibus peccatis facillime indulgemus ? 
 
 Quicquid est honestum, idem est utile. Quicquid vides, currit cum 
 tempore. Quoquo modo res sese habet, ego sententiam meam defen- 
 do. Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est. 
 
 What sayest thou ? Who is that man ? Who is that woman ? 
 With whom does thy friend go to walk ? Whom seekest thou ? What 
 book readest thou ? To whom dost thou write this letter ? In what- 
 ever manner the thing has itselfj we praise thy view. 
 
 § 31. V. Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
 1) quis, qua, quid, any one^ any thing (substantively), 
 Ace. quem, quam, quid. Nom. Pi. qui, quae, qua; the re- 
 maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui^ 
 quae, quod;—<im, quae, quod, any one, any thing-, (adjective- 
 ly), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod; 
 
 2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substan- 
 tively). Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid, Nom. PI. aliqui, 
 ae, a; — aliqui, aliqua (aliquae very seldom), aliquod, (used 
 adjectively). PL aliqui, ae,, a; 
 
 3) quispiam, quaepiam^ quidpiam, any one, some one, 
 any thing, some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from 
 a larger number), used substantively ;—qm^^mm, quaepiam, 
 quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc.; 
 
 4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one, 
 any thing, used substantively; quisquam, (quaequam. rare), 
 quodquam, used a^yec^iz;e/y, G. cujusquam, etc.; this pro- 
 noun is used principally in negative sentences ; 
 
 5) ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, lohether any one ? any thiiig? 
 
$ 32.] CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. 61 
 
 used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively, 
 G. eccujus, etc. ; 
 
 6) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, ct certain one^a certain 
 things used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used 
 adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc.; 
 
 7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque, 
 (as adj.) each one^ each., G. cuj usque, etc. ; unusquisque, 
 unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst.), and unumquodque, 
 (as adj.), each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; qui- 
 vis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any 
 one, any thing you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis, 
 etc. ; quilibet, quaelTbet, quidlibet (as subst.), and quodlibet 
 (as adj.), any one, any thing you please, indifferently, G. cu- 
 juslibet, etc. ; 
 
 8) alius, alter, ullus, wullus, neuter, see in <5> 33, Rem. 5. 
 
 XXIV. Words to be kamed and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Graecia, ae,y! Greece. d\gmta.s,a.t\s, f. dignity, impendeo 2. I threaten. 
 
 pecunia, ae,y! monei/. mens, t\s, f. understand- inhaereo 2. I inJiere. 
 
 locus, i, m. a place, sit- ing, intellect. adlmo 3. / take away. 
 
 tuition. jus, uris, n. wfuit is just, tribuo 3. I give. 
 
 augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, slg, f. justice. idcirco, adv. on this ac- 
 saecdlum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future. count. 
 
 years, an age. insitus, a, um, inborn, quasi, adv. as if. 
 
 terror, oris, m. terror. 
 
 Si mortem timemus, semper aliqui terror nobis impendet. Si cui- 
 piam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est Graecia parvum 
 quendam locum Europae tenet Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi 
 quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo- 
 norum habitat deus. Justitia jus unicuique tribiiit pro dignitate cujus- 
 que. Cuique nostrum amor vitae est insitus, 
 
 § 32. Correlative Pronouns. 
 
 Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pro- 
 nouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to 
 each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms. 
 Thus e. g. 
 
52 OF THE NUMERAL. P 32. 
 
 Interrogative. 
 
 Demonstrat. 
 
 Indefinite. 
 
 Relative. 
 
 fndef. Relative. 
 
 qualis, of what 
 
 talis, of such 
 
 
 qualis,o/icAaf 
 
 qualiscunque, of 
 
 kind? 
 
 a kind^such 
 
 
 /cmrf, as 
 
 tchatever kind 
 
 quantus, how 
 
 tantus, so 
 
 aliquantiis. 
 
 quantus, as 
 
 quantuscunque, 
 
 great? 
 
 great 
 
 somewhat 
 great 
 
 great 
 
 however great 
 
 1 
 
 quot,* hoto 
 
 tot,* 50 many 
 
 aliquot,* 
 
 qnot,* as 
 
 quotunque*, or 
 
 many ? 
 
 totidem,*jwsf 
 so many 
 
 some 
 
 many 
 
 quotquot,* how- 
 ever many. 
 
 XXV. Jfords to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Bonum, i, n. the good, respubllca, reipubllcae, princeps, ipis, m. first, 
 
 Aristides, is. m. Jtisti- the state. prince. [fault. 
 
 des. permultus, a, um, very pecco 1. I sin, commit a 
 
 .grex, egis, nu a herd. much, many. soleo 2. lam accustomed. 
 
 imitator, oris, m. imita- fragilis, e, perishable. exsisto 3. / exist, am. 
 
 tor. quod, conj. because, thai. 
 
 Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. Non tantum malum est hoc, 
 -quod peccant principes, quantum illud, quod permulti imitatores prin- 
 cipum exsistunt. Quot genera orationum sunt, totldem oratorum ge- 
 nera reperiuntur. Quales sunt duces, tales sunt milltes. Qualis est 
 rex, talis est grex. Quales in republica sunt principes, tales solent 
 ■esse cives. Ne contemne homines miseros, qualescunque sunt Cor- 
 poris et fortunae bona, quantacunque sunt, incerta ac fragilia sunt. 
 Quotquot homines sunt, omnes vitam amant. Quotcunque sunt scrip- 
 ^res, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedicant 
 
 CHAPTER Vn. 
 
 Of the Numeral. 
 
 § 33. Classification and Tabular View of the Numerals, 
 
 Numerals (§ 6, 6) according to their meaning, may be 
 divided into the following classes : 
 
 a) Cardinals, which answer the question, hoio many? 
 quot ? as : one, two, etc. 
 
 * All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as : 
 ^uot homines sunt ? tothominumnumerus j aliquot hominibus ; tot homines, 
 <luot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video, 
 <omnes boni sunt. 
 
$33.] OF THE NUMERAL. |RB 
 
 Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks 
 5 and 6, pp. 56, 57) ; but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while 
 from 200 to 900 they are declined like the phiral of adjectives of three 
 endings in i, ae, a. For mUle see Rem. 4. p. 56. 
 
 b) Ordinals^ which answer the question, ivhich in order ? 
 lohich in a series? quotus? as: firsts second^ etc. 
 They are all declined like adjectives of three endings 
 in W5, a, um, 
 
 c) Distributives, which answer the question, hoio many 
 at a time ? how many a-piece ? quoteni ? as : one by 
 one, two by two, etc. 
 
 d) Numeral adverbs, which answer the question, how 
 many times ? quoties ? as, once, tivice, etc. 
 
 Rem. 2. The numeral adverbs derived from the ordinals ; viz. : pri- 
 mum (rarely primo), secundo (for which iterum is generally used ; se- 
 cundum'is very rare), tertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what 
 place in order ? as : in the first place, second place, etc. 
 
 e) Multiplicatives, which answer the question, hoiv many 
 fold? quotuplex. They end mplex and are declined 
 after the third Dec. as: duplex (for all genders), ^i<;o 
 fold, double, G. duplicis. 
 
 f ) Proportionals, which answer the question, how many 
 times as great ? quotuplus ? They end in plus, pla, 
 plum, as : duplus, a, um, tivice as g^reat, (as something 
 else taken as a unit of measure). 
 
 All these classes of numerals, except the last two, which 
 are merely numeral adjectives and but little used in com- 
 parison with the others, are exhibited in parallel columns 
 in the following table. 
 
 5* 
 
54 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 [$33. 
 
 TABLE OF 
 
 1 Cardinal (how many ?) 
 
 1 Ordinal (what one in order ?) 
 
 
 1. 
 
 unus, a, um, one 
 
 primus, a, um, first 
 
 
 2. 
 
 duo, ae, o, two 
 
 secundus, second 
 
 
 3. 
 
 ties, ia, three 
 
 tertius, third 
 
 
 4. 
 
 quattuor,/oMr 
 
 quartus, /oMr</i 
 
 
 5. 
 
 quinque,j?ce 
 
 quintuSj^/zA 
 
 
 6. 
 
 sex, six 
 
 sextus, sixth 
 
 
 7. 
 
 septem, seven 
 
 Septimus, seventh 
 
 
 8. 
 
 octo, eight 
 
 octavus, eighth 
 
 
 9. 
 
 novem, nine 
 
 nonus, ninth 
 
 
 10. 
 
 decem, ten 
 
 decimus, tenth 
 
 
 11. 
 
 undecim, eleven 
 
 undecimus, eleventh 
 
 
 12. 
 
 duodgcim, twelve 
 
 duodecimus, twelfth 
 
 
 13. 
 
 tredecim, thirteen 
 
 tertius (a, um) decimus (a, um) 
 
 
 14. 
 
 qadit\uoTdecim, fourteen 
 
 quartus decimus, fourteenth 
 
 
 15. 
 
 qu\ndec\m^ fifteen 
 
 quintus decimus, fifteenth 
 
 
 16. 
 
 sedecim, sixteen 
 
 sextus decimus, sixteenth 
 
 
 17. 
 
 septendecim, seventeen 
 
 Septimus decimus, seventeenth 
 
 
 18. 
 
 duodeviginti, eighteen 
 
 duode vicesimus, eighteenth 
 
 
 19. 
 
 undeviginti, nineteen 
 
 undevicesimus, nineteenth 
 
 
 20. 
 
 viginti, twenty 
 
 vicesimus, twentieth 
 
 
 21. 
 
 unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un. 
 
 tmus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um) 
 
 
 22. 
 
 duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d. 
 
 alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)^ 
 
 
 28. 
 
 duodetriginta 
 
 "duodetricesimus 
 
 
 29. 
 
 undetriginta 
 
 undetricesimus 
 
 
 30. 
 
 triginta 
 
 tricesimus 
 
 
 40. 
 
 quadraginta 
 
 quadragesimus 
 
 
 50. 
 
 quinquaginta 
 
 quinquagesimua 
 
 
 60. 
 
 sexaginta 
 
 sex age Sim us 
 
 
 70. 
 
 septuaginta 
 
 septuagesimus 
 
 
 80. 
 
 octoginla 
 
 octogesimus 
 
 
 90. 
 
 nonaginta 
 
 nonagesimus 
 
 
 99. 
 
 undecentum. 
 
 undecentesimus 
 
 
 100. 
 
 centum 
 
 centesimus 
 
 
 101. 
 
 centum et unus (a, um) or c. un. 
 
 c. (a,um) et primus (a,um)or c.pr. 
 
 
 102. 
 
 centum et duo (ae, o) or c. d. 
 
 c. (a, um) et alter (a, um) or c.alt. 
 
 
 200. 
 
 ducenti, ae, a 
 
 ducentesimus 
 
 
 300. 
 
 trecenti 
 
 tiecentesimus 
 
 
 400. 
 
 quadringenti 
 
 quadringentesimus 
 
 
 500. 
 
 quingenti 
 
 quingentesimus 
 
 
 600. 
 
 sexcenti 
 
 sexcentesimus 
 
 
 700. 
 
 septingenti 
 
 septingentesimus 
 
 
 800. 
 
 octingenti 
 
 octingentesimus 
 
 
 900. 
 
 nongenti 
 
 nongentesimus 
 
 
 1000. 
 
 mille 
 
 millesimus 
 
 
 2000. 
 
 duo milia ; 3000 tria milia, etc. 
 
 bis millesimus ; 3000 ter m. etc. 
 
 
 100,000. 
 
 centum milia 
 
 centies millesimus 
 
 
 1,000000. 
 
 decies centum milia 
 
 decies centies millesimus 
 
 
 2,000 000. 
 
 vicies centum milia. 
 
 vicies centies millesimus. 
 
 
 1 Or vicesimus (a, um) et alter (a, um). 
 
 
 
U31 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 06 
 
 NUMERALS 
 
 " 
 
 Distribu. (how many at a time ?) 
 
 .Adverbial (how many times ?) 
 
 
 
 singtili, ae, a,*^ one at a time 
 
 semel, once 
 
 I. 
 
 
 bini, ae, a, two at a time 
 
 bis, twice 
 
 II. 
 
 
 terni, three at a time 
 
 ter, thrice 
 
 III. 
 
 
 quaterni, /owr at a time 
 
 quaier^ four times 
 
 IV. 
 
 
 quini,^»c ai a time 
 
 quinquies^re times 
 
 V. 
 
 
 seni, six at a time 
 
 sexies, six times 
 
 VI. 
 
 
 septeni, seven at a time 
 
 septies, seven times 
 
 VIL 
 
 
 ocion],' eight at a time 
 
 octles, eight times 
 
 VIII. 
 
 
 noveni, nine at a time 
 
 novies, nine times 
 
 IX. 
 
 
 deni, ten at a time 
 
 decies, ten times 
 
 X. 
 
 
 undeni, eleven at a time 
 
 undecies, eleven times 
 
 XI. 
 
 
 duodeni, twelve at a tim,e 
 
 duodecies, tice/ve times 
 
 XII. 
 
 
 terni deni, thirteen at a time 
 
 terdecies or tredecies 
 
 XIII. 
 
 
 quaterni den\, fourteen at a time 
 
 quatterdecies 
 
 XIV. 
 
 
 quini deni,^/i!eere at a time 
 
 quindecies 
 
 XV. 
 
 
 seni deni, sixteen at a time 
 
 sedecies 
 
 XVI. 
 
 
 septeni, deni, seventeen at a time 
 
 septiesdecies 
 
 XVll. 
 
 
 duodeviceni, eighteen at a time 
 
 duodevicies 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 
 undeviceni, nineteen at a time 
 
 unde vicies 
 
 XIX. 
 
 
 viceni, twenty at a time 
 
 vicies, twenty times 
 
 XX. 
 
 
 viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a) 
 
 vicies semel or semel et vicies 
 
 XXI. 
 
 
 viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a) 
 
 vicies bis 
 
 XXII. 
 
 
 diiodetriceni 
 
 duodetricies 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 
 undetriceni 
 
 undetricies 
 
 XXIX. 
 
 
 triceni 
 
 tricies 
 
 XXX. 
 
 
 quadrageni 
 
 quadragies 
 
 XL. 
 
 
 quinquageni 
 
 quinquagies 
 
 L. 
 
 
 sexageni 
 
 sexagies 
 
 LX. 
 
 
 septuageni 
 
 septuagies 
 
 LXX. 
 
 
 octogeni 
 
 octogies 
 
 LXXX. 
 
 
 nonageni 
 
 nonagies 
 
 XC. 
 
 
 undecenteni 
 
 undecenties 
 
 IC. 
 
 
 centeni 
 
 centies 
 
 C. 
 
 
 centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a) 
 
 centies semel 
 
 CI. 
 
 
 centeni (ae^ a) bini (ae, a) 
 
 centies bis 
 
 CII. 
 
 
 duceni 
 
 ducenties 
 
 cc. 
 
 
 triceni 
 
 trecenties 
 
 ccc. 
 
 
 quadringeni 
 
 quadringenties 
 
 CD. 
 
 
 quingeni 
 
 quingenties 
 
 D. 
 
 
 sexceni 
 
 sexcenties 
 
 DC. 
 
 
 septingeni 
 
 septingenties 
 
 DCC. 
 
 
 octingeni 
 
 octingenties 
 
 DCCC. 
 
 
 nongeni 
 
 nongenties 
 
 DCCCC. 
 
 
 singula milia 
 
 millies 
 
 M. or do. 
 
 
 bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc. 
 
 bis millies; 3000 ter m., etc. 
 
 I1M;I1IM. 
 
 
 centena milia 
 
 centies millies 
 
 CCc1d33. 
 
 
 decies centena milia 
 
 decies centies millies 
 
 ccccloooa. 
 
 
 vicies centena milia 
 
 vicies centies millies. 
 
 
 ^) Singulus, a, um is not used in the Singular. 
 
if$ NUMERALS. [$ 33. 
 
 Remarks. 
 
 1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 enter as one of the 
 components, are expressed in a subtractive form, as : 38, duodequadra- 
 ginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus, 
 48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde- 
 sexagesimus, etc. 
 
 2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number 
 is placed first without tt, as : Sedecim ; but from 20 to 100, either the 
 smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the larger without 
 et, as : 
 
 23 tres et viginti or viginti tres 
 
 tertius et vicesimus or vicesimus tertius. 
 
 3. In compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands, 
 the smaller number follows either with or without et, as : 
 
 103 centum et tres or centum tres, 
 
 centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius. 
 
 If, however, such a number contains a unit and a ten, the unit is 
 placed last without tt, as : 
 
 486 quadringenti et octoginta sex or quadringenti octoginta sex, 
 
 quadringentesimus et octogesimus 
 
 sextus or quadringentesimus octo- 
 
 gesimus sextus. 
 
 4. Mille, a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as : dux cum 
 mUle militibus ; but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand), 
 is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the 
 'Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum. 
 
 5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, um, and er, a, urn 
 form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in tus* and their Dat Sing. 
 in i: 
 
 unus, ullus, nuUuSj 
 solus, totus, alius, 
 uter, alter, neuter, 
 and the compounds of Uter, as : uterque, alteriiter ; 
 
 E. g. solus, a, um, G. soltus, D. soli. — Alius has aliud in the neuter 
 and in the Gen. alius (for aliius), in Dat. aUl. In the compounds: 
 Titerque, utervis, utercunque, uterlibet, uter is declined and que, cunque, 
 etc. are joined to the different cases, as : utriusqne, utrlvis, utrumcun- 
 que M^ralibet. In alteriUer (one of the two), commonly only uter is de- 
 clined and alter is placed before it without change ; but sometimes 
 both alter and uter are declined, thus : 
 
 commonly: alteriiter, alterutra, alterutrum, G. alteriitrius, 
 occasionally : alter uter, altera utra, altfirum utrum, G. alterius utrius. 
 
 * So also alterius, not (as is inferred from the poets) alterius. 
 
§ 33.] NUMERALS. 57 
 
 Alius, alia, aliud, an- totus, a, urn, the whole, uterllbet, utralibet, 
 
 other uUus, a, um, any one. utrumllbet, whoever, 
 
 alter, era, ♦^rum, <Ae one iinus, a, um, one. 'W^tcAever (you please 
 
 or the other of two. uter, tra, trum, which of of the two. 
 
 neuter, tra, trum, neith- the two ? uterque, utraque, 
 
 er of (he two. utercunque, utracun- utrumque,eacfe o/*f)ic 
 
 nullus, a, um, no one; que, utrumcunque, two^ both, 
 
 no. whoever, whichever, of 
 
 solus, a, um, alone. the two. 
 
 6. The numerals: duo, two, ambo, both and tres, three, are declined 
 as follows : 
 
 Nora, and V. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 D. and Abl. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 duo, two duae, duo 
 duorum, duarum, duorum 
 duobus, dudbus, duobus 
 duo and duos, duas, duo 
 
 tres, three N. tria 
 
 trium 
 
 tribus 
 tres, tria 
 
 So : ambo, ae, o, both. Like tria is declined the 
 
 PI. of mille : milieu 
 
 XXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Hora, ae,yi 7u)ur. mensis, is, m. month. . pono 3. 1 place, arrange, 
 
 summa, ae,y*. sum. hebdomas, adis,y*. week, sepono 3. I lay aside, 
 
 annus, i, m. year. nux, ucis,y*. nut. jam, adv. already, now, 
 
 calculus, i, m. a pebble, in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from 
 
 Camlus, i, m. Charles. readiness. memory. 
 
 codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait, paulisper, adv. a little, 
 
 ing tablet. await. recte, adv. correctly. 
 
 thalerus, i, m. dollar. respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv, then, there' 
 
 cerasum, i, n. cherry. responsio, onis, f an- upon. 
 
 malum, i, n. apple. swer. denique, adv.fnaUy, 
 
 pirum, i, n. pear. ad do 3. I add to. porro, adv. besides, 
 
 prunum, i, n. plum. attendo 3. I give aiten- turn, adv. then, 
 exemplum, i, n. exam- tion. 
 
 pie. 
 
 Pater. Attende, mi fili ! Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc exemplum : 
 Si habes decem mala, tria pruna, unum pirum, sex cerasa ; et his ad- 
 duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem pira, 6cto cerasa; deinde 
 quinque mala, novem pruna, sedecim pira, undecim cerasa ; turn duo- 
 decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira,quattuord€cim cerasa; 
 porro viginti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim 
 cerasa ; denique quattuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo 
 et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt mala.^ quot pruna? 
 quot pira ? quot cerasa ? Carolus. Exspecta paulisper, mi pater ! Jam 
 responsio est in promtu. Sunt tria et spetuaginta mala ; unum et sep- 
 tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira; novem et septuaginta 
 
68 NUMERALS. [$ 33- 
 
 cerasa. P. Recte, mi Carole! Jam sepone codcillos et memoriter 
 mihi responde : Quot menses habet unus annus ? C. Duodecim. 
 P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot 
 dies habet unus annus ? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot 
 boras habet unus dies? C. Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent 
 tres anni ? C Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot boras habet unus 
 annus ? C. Octo milia septingentas sexaginta. P. Si tres nuces quater 
 ponis, quanta summa exsistit ? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calcu- 
 los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis? C. Duodeviginti 
 milia ducenti octoginta quinque. P. Si septingenta quadraginta tria 
 milia trecentos quinquaginta duo thaleros bis ponis ? C. Decies cen- 
 tum milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor. 
 
 Father. Give attention, my son ! write upon your writing-tablet the 
 following (= this) example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears, 
 12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16 
 cherries ; then 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries ; then 24 
 apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums, 
 36 pears, 34 cherries ; finally, 48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher- 
 ries: how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many 
 pears ? how many cherries ? — Charles. Wait a little, my father ! al- 
 ready is the answer in readiness. There are 146 apples, 142 plums, 
 154 pears, 158 cherries. — Father. Correctly, my Charles ! 
 
 XXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Incola, ae, m. inlmhi- jor(natu)o7</cr, minor annum ago, / am in 
 
 tant. (natu) younger. the year. 
 
 victoria, ae,/. victory, fides, ei, /. Jidelity ; fi- irrumpo 3. / make an 
 
 pretium, i, n. value. dem habeo, / have irruption. 
 
 assentator, oris, m.Jlat- confidence in. nunc, adv. now. 
 
 terer. cognltus, a, um, known, vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 moderator, oris, m. gov- inf idus, a, um, wn/at7^- de (with abl.) of, con- 
 
 emor. ful. cerning. 
 
 %(\UQS,\\\s,m. horseman, natus, a, um, horn; ex (with a&Z.)/rom. 
 
 pedes, itis, m. footman, post Christum na- post (with ace.) after. 
 
 pars, tis,/. part, side. tum, after the hirth of et — et, both — and. 
 
 societas, atis,/. alliance. Christ. [what ? neque, and not ; neque 
 
 exercitus, us, m. army, quotus, a, um, what one. — neque, neither — nor. 
 
 natus, us, m. hirth ; ma- ago 3. / drive, pass ; 
 
 Quota bora est? Decima. Annus, quo nunc vivimus, est millesl- 
 mus octingentesimus quadragesimus tertius post Christum natum. 
 Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum (or sexagesimura 
 
$ 34.] PREPOSITIONS. 69 
 
 quartun) ; mater octavum et quinquagesimum (or quinquagesimum oc- 
 tavum) ; frater major natu tertium et tricesimum (or tricesimum ter- 
 tium) ; frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum (or tricesimum alter- 
 um) ; soror major duodetricesimum ; soror minor vicesimum. In urbe 
 sunt mille milites. Duo milia hostium urbem obsident. 
 
 The enemy makes an irruption into our country (= land), with 
 10,000 soldiers. A thousand soldiers defend the city. 28,000 footmen 
 and 13,000 horsemen defend the country. 
 
 My father is in [his] seventy-ffth year (= is passing his seventy-fifth 
 year) ; my mother in her sixty-second ; my older brother in his forty- 
 first ; my younger brother in his thirty-ninth ; my older sister in her 
 thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth. What hour 
 is it? the eleventh hour. How old art thou? (= what year art thou 
 passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year). 
 
 Aliud alii placet (one thing pleases one and another another), aliud 
 alii displicet. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi. Utrumque 
 est vitium : et omnibus credere, et nulli. Perf idus homo vix ulli fidem 
 habet. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii (has more value), 
 quam multorum infidorum societas. Soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est 
 cognita. Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant. Nullius 
 hominis vita ex {in) omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos ; ambo 
 valde diligo. Amicus meus habet duo filios et duas filias. 
 
 We trust to neither of the two, neither to the wicked [man] nor the 
 flatterer. The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise 
 [man]. God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to 
 walk with [his] two sons and [his] two daughters. Two faithful 
 friends are as it were (quasi) one soul in two bodies. Two thousand 
 soldiers (gen.) defend the city. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 § 34. Table of the Prepositions. 
 
 1. Prepositions governing the Accusative. 
 
 Ad, to, unto, according propter, near by, on ac- ante, before. 
 
 to, for, at. count of. post, behind, after. 
 
 apud, ai, &3/. penes, i^7A (in the pow- secundum, q/2er, oZowg*, 
 juxta, next to, by. er of some one). according to. 
 
 prope, near by. ob, before, on account of. versus, towards. 
 
60 PREPOSITIONS. [^ 34. 
 
 adversus and adver- cis, citra, on this side. extra, beyond, without. 
 
 sum, against. trans, over, on that side, infra, beneath, below. 
 
 contra, contrary to, on ultra, beyond, on that supra, over, above, 
 
 the contrary, against. side. per, through. 
 
 erga, towards, [around, inter, between, among, praeier, hard by, besides. 
 
 circa, circum, about.- intra, urithin. 
 
 Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions 
 ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad {in) and versus, as: in Italiam 
 versus, ad Oceanum versus, toioards Italy, towards the Ocean. But with 
 names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards 
 Rome. 
 
 2. Prepositions governing the Ablative. 
 
 A, ab, abs, /rom, by. iprae,hefore,by reason of. sine, unthout. 
 
 de, doum from, away ^ro, before, for. clam, unthout the know- 
 
 from, of, concerning, coram, before, in the ledge of. 
 
 over. presence of, tenus, up to. 
 
 e, ex, out of, from. cum, urith. 
 
 Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs is rarely used, 
 most frequently before t — Tertus is placed after the ^bl. For the 
 forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see § 28. Rem. 1. and § 30. Rem. 1, 
 
 3. Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the 
 
 question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the 
 
 question, whither'?) 
 
 In, c. abl. in, at, by, upon ; c. ace. super, over, concerning (generally 
 into, upon, against, towards. with ace. in answer to both ques- 
 
 sub, under. tions). 
 
 subter, beneath, (generally with ace. 
 in answer to both questions). 
 
 XXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ripa, ae,/. &anfe. libertas, atis,/.yrcef/om. effundo 3. I pour out, 
 
 via, ae,/ way. altus, a, um, high, deep. discharge. 
 
 castra, orum, n. camp, video 2. / see. fugio 3. I flee. 
 
 agger, eris, m. mound, duco 3. / lead. pello 3. / drive, repel. 
 
 pes, edis, m.foot. munio 4. I fortify. 
 
 Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 
 Frogs live in the water and upon (in) the land. The soldiers fight 
 spiritedly against (in) the enemy. The enemies make an irruption into 
 our borders. In the fields, bloom various herbs. In (abl.) summer we 
 sit with delight under oaks. The enemies flee within (= among) the 
 walls. Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters. Orators 
 
§ 35.] GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 61 
 
 we extol on account of {^h) fiuency of speech. The earth moves (= i» 
 moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. Suppliants- 
 fall down upon the knees. Eloquence adorns those with (penes)- 
 whom it is. Live thou according to nature. The soldiers fight be- 
 fore (pro) the camp. The river is discharged over the banks. Virtue 
 has all [things] beneath (subter) itself. Who is peaceful without vir- 
 tue ? Above the city is a very high oak. Below our garden a very 
 magnificent house is built. 
 
 The army marches (iter facit) towards Rome. The general leads 
 the soldiers against the city. Near by the walls of the city, the enemies 
 fortify the camp. The enemies build a high mound around the city. 
 Our soldiers fight with the enemies very spiritedly. The citizens fight 
 spiritedly for the freedom of their native country. The enemies flee 
 over the river. On account of virtue men are esteemed. The ene- 
 mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents 
 towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (con- 
 tra) the precepts of virtue. On this side of the city a camp is fortified 
 by (ab)the enemies. -Frogs live within and without the water. All the 
 citizens were joyful concerning (de) the victory of our soldiers. The 
 way, which leads from the city up to our garden, is very beautiful. 
 Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger is not in his right mind 
 (= with himself). Before (ante) our house are many pines, behind the 
 same, is a very beautiful garden. Often we do not see that which is 
 before (ante) our feet. Between the city and our garden are very 
 beautiful fields. The enemies flee through the city. Who is peace- 
 ful besides the wise [man] ? 
 
 SECOND COURSE. 
 
 § 35. Greek Nouns of the First Declension. 
 
 Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the Nom. 
 the ending, e Fern., as and es IMasc. The declension of 
 these differs from the Latin first Dec, only in the Sing. ; in 
 the Plur. they are the same. 
 
GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 
 
 [^35. 
 
 Paradigms. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Sing. N. crambe", cabbage 
 
 G. crambe*, of cabbage 
 D. crarabae, to cabbage 
 A. crambe'n, cabbage 
 V. crambo, cabbage 
 A. crambe", by cabbage. 
 
 Aeneds, Mneas Anahmes^ATichises 
 Aeneae Anchisae 
 Aeneae Anchisae 
 x\eneam Anchisen 
 Aened Anchise 
 Aened. Anchise". 
 
 XXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Aloe, es,/. the aloe. 
 Circe, es,/. Circe, 
 astutia, ae,/. cunning. 
 coqua, ae, f. (female) 
 
 cook 
 culina, ae,/. kitchen. 
 gloria„ ae, /. renown. 
 historia, ae,/. history. 
 Stella, ae,/ star. 
 nauta, ae, m. sailor. 
 
 cometes, ae, m. comet, erraticns, a, um, wan- 
 
 planetes, ae, m. planet. dering. 
 
 Boreas, Epaminondas, tener, era, em rn, fenrfer. 
 
 Gorgias, Pythagoras, celebro 1. I celebrate. 
 
 Orestes, Pylades, ae, abstineo 2. (with abl.) 
 
 m. are proper names / abstain from. 
 
 and remain as in strideo 2. / whistle. 
 
 Latin. antepono 3. I prefer. 
 
 crinitus, a,um, wiih long coquo 3. / cook. 
 
 hair. pie,a6?i;. tenderly, piously. 
 
 Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba. 
 Cramben coqua in culina coquit O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua ! 
 Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae 
 nautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae. O Borea, quam ve- 
 hementer strides ! A Borea vexantur nautae. Planetes est Stella er- 
 ratica- Cometes est Stella crinita. Oresten et Pyladen ob amicitiam 
 proedicamus. O Epaminonda, quanta est tua gloria ! Anchises pie 
 amatur ab Aena. Pythagorae sapientia praedicatur. O Anchises, 
 quam pie amaris ab Aenea ! Epaminondam et Pelopidam omnes 
 scriptores celebrant. 
 
 Cabbage is tender. The herb of cabbage is tender. The aloe is 
 a bitter herb. We prefer the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe. 
 O Circe, how by (abl.) thy cunning thou deceivest the minds of men ! 
 We abstain from the bitter aloe. Gorgias had {erat with dat.) great 
 eloquence. The cunning of Circe was great, .^neas loves Anchises 
 tenderly. Pythagoras we extol on account of [his] wisdom. O Ores- 
 tes and Pylades, how great was your friendship ! Concerning (de) 
 Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history 
 relates. 
 
§ 36.] GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 63 
 
 § 36. Of the Gender of the Second Declension. 
 
 Rule. 
 Us, er and ir are masculine^ 
 But wn is of the neuter kind. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 Isles, lands, towns and trees in us, 
 These aveftminine in use. 
 Also alvuSj cohfs, hunms, 
 Vannus, ptriodus and carhdsuSy 
 Dipthongus too and dialectus. 
 
 The neuter has but three in usz 
 Virus, vulgus, ptldgus. 
 
 Alvus, i, /. belly. periodiis, 'i,f. period. virus, i, n. juice, poison. 
 
 colus, i,f. distaff. carbasus, i,/. linen. vulgus, i, n. the com- 
 
 humus, i, /. ground, dipthongus, i. /. diph- mon people. 
 
 earth. , thong. pelagus, i, n. (a poetic 
 
 vannus, i./. corn-fan. dialectus, i,f. dialect. word) sea. 
 
 Remark. The following are jnasculine contrary to the general rule 
 (§ 13.) for countries, towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus, 
 Bosporus ; also plurals in i, as : Delphi, Delphorum ; also names of 
 trees in er, as : oleaster, tri, wild olive tree. Besides, all names of coun- 
 tries, cities and mountains in um (on), G, i, and plurals in a, G. orum 
 are neuter, as: Latium, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (drum.) 
 
 XXX. Wards to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Lingua, ae, /. iong-uc, pirus, i, jomr-^ree. ignavus, a, um,incfoZe7rf, 
 
 language. ^ruwu^, \, plum-tree. lazy, cowardly. 
 
 silva, ae,/. a wood. ulmus, i, an elm. ligneus, a, una, wooden, 
 
 cibus, i, m./oorf. avidus, a, um, (with of wood. 
 
 Aegyptus, i. Egypt. g^n.), greedy. longus, a, um, long. 
 
 Del us, i, I>eZo5 (island). frugifer,era,6rum/rui<- maturus, a, um, ripe, 
 
 Rhodus, i, Rhodes (an ful. early. 
 
 island). compositus, a, um, com- procerus, a, um, slim. 
 
 populiis, i, apoplar. posed. rotundus, a, um, round. 
 
 cerasus, i, cherry-tree. fecundus, a, um, pro- stultus, a, um, foolish. 
 
 fagus, i, beech-tree. ductive. compesco 3. / check, 
 
 malus, i, apple-tree. humldus, a, um, moist. curb. 
 
 Vulgus est stultum. Diphthongus est longa. Periodus bene com- 
 posita est. Populi sunt procerae. Ignavi populi facile vincuntur. In 
 silvis sunt ulmi et fagi altae. Vanni sunt lign^ae. In horto nostro 
 
64 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37. 
 
 magnus est numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum et 
 prunorum. 
 
 In our garden are many cherry-trees, many apple-trees, many plum- 
 trees and many pear-trees. The foolish people (vulgus) are easily de- 
 ceived. Diphthongs are long. The periods are well composed. The 
 poplar is slim. A cowardly people (populus) is easily conquered. In 
 our garden are many slim poplars. The corn-fan is of wood. 
 
 Matura cerasa, mala, pira, pruna sunt dulcia. Virus est perniciosum. 
 Humus humida varias plantas gignit. Alvus est ciborum avida. De- 
 lus est clara. Coli sunt rotundae. Dialecti sunt variae. Carbasus 
 <est tenSra. 
 
 Avoid the pernicious poison. One language has many dialects. 
 The linen is beautiful. Egypt is productive. These apples, cherries, 
 plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars. 
 Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is 
 productive. Check the greedy appetite {= belly). 
 
 § 37. Remarks on the several Case-endings of the Third 
 Declension.* 
 
 1. Gen, Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen. 
 the termination i instead of is, as : Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris- 
 toteli, Neocli, Carneadi, etc. Some Greek nouns in o (but 
 only of the feminine gender) as : Argo, Sappho, echo, lo, 
 have us in the genitive as : echiis from echo, Argus from 
 Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed 
 with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -one.) 
 
 * Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecu- 
 liar terminations in Latin, viz.. Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em^ or in (yn)^ en 
 for im, idem, em ; Voc. i, y (from Nom, is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare). 
 Plur. Nom. Neut. c (from Nom. Sing, ds) ; Gen. on for um (rare and only 
 poetic) ; Dat. si, sin for dilms, tihus, ibus (rare and only poetic) ; Ace. a^for 
 €s. Thus: Gen. Sing. PaUdd-os {from Pallas), Panos (from Pan), Thety-os 
 (from Thetys) ; Ace. Platona (from Plato), Lyr.orida, (from Lycoris), basin 
 (basis), Parin (Paris), Thetyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide. 
 Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. Chalybon (Chalybs) ; 
 Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad\s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Senonas (Senones), Cyclopas 
 (Cyclops.) The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as : baseos for basis is not 
 classical, and from Nom. -eus only poetic, as : Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Pe- 
 leus, Pelei). Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace. 
 in a, in, yn, en is very rare in good prose, as : Pana, aethera, Zeuxin, po&sin^ 
 Sophoden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden 
 period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as : Senonas, Mlo- 
 brdgas. Caes. — Kuhner's Larger Latin Grammar. 
 
§ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 65 
 
 2. Acc, Sing, The Ace. has in the following nouns in is 
 G. t5, the ending im (for em). First, invariably in : 
 
 amussis,/. a rwZe. ravis, f. Jioarseness. tussis, f. a cough. 
 
 huriSf f. a plough-tail, sinapis, /. mwsfarrf. vis,f. force, power, abun- 
 
 cannabis,/. Aernp. sids,/. thirst. dance, multitude. 
 
 Second, commonly in : 
 
 febris,/. a fever. puppis,/. <^e sfcrn q/*a securis,/ an axe, 
 
 pelvis,/, a basin, ship. turrisj/. a tower, 
 
 restis,/. a ro/7e. 
 
 Also in the following names of rivers : Albis, the Elbe, 
 Athesis, the Adig-e, Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris, Ta- 
 mesis, the Thames, Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi- 
 surgis, the Weser (all Masc. according to § 13) ; and finally, 
 in Greek nouns in is Gen. is, as : basis, /. (a pedestal), 
 basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as : Paris, Parim, 
 
 3. Voc. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a 
 vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as : O Pericle but 
 also Pericles, O Socrate also Socrates, O Perseu also Per- 
 seus, O Pan also Paris. The same is true of those in as 
 G. antis, as : Atla ; others in as, but with a different form of 
 the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative. 
 
 4. Abl. Sing. The ablative has the ending e in most 
 nouns ; but in a few it has the ending i, and indeed inva- 
 riably : 
 
 a) In neuters in e, al, G. dlis, ar, G. ans, as marz, anima- 
 K, caloari. But those in ar, G* aris have e, as : nectar (nec- 
 tar), nectar e. 
 
 Exceptions : sal (salt), far, and the names of towns in e, as : Praneste, 
 Caere, have c in the ablative. 
 
 b) In nouns in is which always have im in the Ace. as : 
 vis, vim, vi. 
 
 5. The following nouns in is G. is have i oftener than ^, 
 or i and e together : 
 
 civis, m. a citizen. ignis, m.fire. pelvis,/, a basin. 
 
 clavis,/. a key. navis,/. a ship. puppis,/. the stem, 
 
 febris,/. a fever. neptis, / a grand- securis,/ an axe. 
 
 fustis, m. a dub, daughter, turris,/. a tower, 
 
 6* " 
 
66 CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37. 
 
 Rem. 1. Also the names of rivers enumerated in No. 2. have in gen- 
 eral i. 
 
 6. In the Nom. Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in e, al, G. 
 ^liSy ar G. aris have ia instead of a, as : maria, animalia^ 
 icalcaria. 
 
 7. In the Gen. Plur. the following have ium instead of um: 
 
 a) Neuters in e, aZ, G. dlis, ar, G. am, as : marium, anima- 
 lium, calcarium. Lar, lar (lar-is), a household-god, the fire- 
 place, has Larum and Larium ; 
 
 b) Parisyllahles in es and is, as : navium (navis), nu- 
 bium, and in er : imber, rain, linter, a boat, uter, leather hag, 
 venter, the belly ; but, canis, a dog, panis, bread, proles, an 
 offspring, strues, a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth^ 
 and commonly, apis, a bee, volucris, a bird, have um; 
 
 c) Monosyllables in s and x with a consonant preceding 
 them, as : mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes, 
 poiver, has opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following : 
 
 [faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium^ 
 lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium. 
 Strix, a horned oiol, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a lead- 
 er) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has wt^ 
 cum, and so of others with a vowel before the x; 
 
 d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an 
 r or w preceding them, as : cohors, a cohort, cohortium, 
 aliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; common- 
 ly dX^o, parentium (p^irens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens), 
 of loise men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; final- 
 ly, always, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural 
 compedes), of fetters ; on the contrary, pes, pedum; 
 
 e) For the most part gentile nouns (national denomina- 
 tions) in as, dtis, is, itis, as : Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis, 
 Samnitium. So also nostras, optimas pendtes, as : nostra- 
 tium, finally, ci vitas, a state, civitatium. 
 
 8. In the Dat. and Abl Plur. Greek neuters in ma have 
 mat4s more commonly than mat-ibus, e. g. po'ematis, instead 
 of po'ematibus. 
 
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 67 
 
 9, Concerning the case-endings of adjectives^ the follow- 
 ing rules may be given : 
 
 a) The AbL Sing, of all adjectives, even when used as 
 nouns, has the ending ^■, as : am, facili^ pari (from par), 
 fellci, memori (see § 22.) ; natdli from natdlis (viz. dies), 
 birth-day, Aprili from Aprllis (viz. mensis), April, Decembri 
 from December, 
 
 Exceptions. The Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a 
 young man^ aedilis, edUcy and the adjectives in is used as proper names, 
 as : Martialis, Martiale ; 
 
 2) The following adjectives of one ending : 
 
 caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives, itis, rich, \guest. princeps, ipis, chief, 
 
 cicur, uris, tame. hospes, itis, foreign^ a pauper, eris, poor. 
 
 compos, Otis, powerful, pubes, eris, grou;n up. sospes, itis, safe, secure, 
 
 possessed of. im pubes, eris, beardless, superstes, itis, surviv- 
 
 impos, Otis, impotent, particeps, ipis, partak- ing. 
 deses, idis, idk. ing of. 
 
 3) Comparatives, as : major, majus (greater) majore ; 
 
 4) Compounds of corpus, color and pes, as : bicorpor (having two 
 bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), bi- 
 pede ; 
 
 5) Adjectives of one ending used as nouns, as : sapiens, a vnse man, 
 infans, a child, Pertinax, Clemens, Felix, Abl. — c ; 
 
 6) Participles in ns have as participles c, but as adjectives, generally 
 i, as : ftorente rosa, the rose blooming, in florenti rosa, in a blooming rose, 
 
 b) The Norn. Ace. and Voc, Plur, Neut., have in adjec- 
 tives and participles, the ending ia, and the Gen. Plur, the 
 ending ium, as : acria, facilia, felicia, acrium, facilium, feli- 
 eium (§ 22.), hebetia, ium (from hebes). 
 
 Remark. In the strictly classical period, all adjectives which have the 
 Gen. Plur. in ium, had the Ace Plur. Masc. and Fem. in is, as : omnia 
 homines. 
 
 Exceptions. Vetus, old, has Vetera, veterum and all comparatives, as: 
 majora, majorum (but plu^, plura has plurium) ; complures, very many, 
 several, has complwra and ia (Gen. always, complurium). Besides, the 
 following have um in Gen. : celer, sivift, consors, partaking of, degener, 
 degenerate, dives, rich, inops, helpless, memor, immemor, supplex, sup- 
 pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching. To these may be adde<l comjjounds 
 in ceps and/ea:, as : anceps, twofold, double, uncertain, G. PL ancipUum, 
 artifex, skilful, artist, artificum; finally, all which have only e in the 
 Abl., as : pauper, pauperum. 
 
68 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37. 
 
 XXXI. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 The words introduced on the three preceding pages, are omitted. 
 
 Fama, ae, /. rfpori^ re- fundamentum, i, n. exascio 1. 1 hew (rough- 
 
 noun. foundation. ly.) 
 
 Btatua, ae,/ statue. lignum, i, n. ivood. levo 1. 1 lighten. 
 
 carpentarius. i, m. a cos, otis,/ whet-stone, mitlgo 1. / soften^ miti- 
 
 wheel-wright. quies, etis, f quiet. gate. 
 
 funambulus, i,. m. rope- durus, a, um, hard. navigo ]. Inavigate. 
 
 dancer. argenteus, a, um, q/" 5i7- op\iugno 1. I assaidt. 
 
 laurus, i,f. laurel. ver, silver. [iron, acuo 3. Isharpen. 
 
 faber, bri, m. artisan. ferreus, a, um, of iron, expello 3. I expel. 
 faber ligiiarius, carpen- dono 1. I present. incedo 3. I walk upon. 
 
 ter. edolo 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek. 
 
 folium, i, n. leaf. fashion. sero 3. I sow. 
 
 Echus vox saepe homines faliit. ^rgus navis fama est magna. Vis 
 vim expellit. Sitim tolerare difficile est. Faber lignarius ad amussim 
 lignum exasciat Hi pueri ad ravim clamant. Carpentarius hurim e 
 dura ulmo edolat. Agricola burim regit. Agricola c a n n a b i m serit 
 Folia lauri tusssim levant. Ftbrim quiete mitigamus. Pater matri pel- 
 vim argenteam donat Funambuli per restim incedunt. Per Alhim, 
 Tamesim, Fisurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant. Milites oppugnant 
 altam turrim. Seciirim ferream cote acuimus. Fundamentum statu- 
 arum vocamus basim. Apes petunt sindpim. 
 
 The poems of Sappho w^jie very delightful. The wanderings 
 (error, oris) of lo wei'c related by (ab) many poets. By (abl.) the echo 
 we are often deceived. Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever, 
 thou must apply (adhlbeo 2.) fitting (aptus, a, um) remedies (remedium, 
 i, n.) The soldiers defend spiritedly the high tower. The statue 
 has a solid pedestal. The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpen- 
 ter according to (ad) rule. The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp 
 axe with a skilful hand. Soldiers must endure hunger (fames, is) and 
 thirst patiently. 
 
 XXXII. Words to be learned a?ul Exercises for translation. 
 
 Porta, ae,/. gate. onus, eris, n. load. incito 1. I urge on. 
 
 tragoedia, ae,/ ^og-erfy. nectar, aris, n. nectar, \-dh6ro 1. {with ab.) I suf- 
 
 humenis, i, m. shx)ulder. (drink for the gods). fer (fi-om something), 
 
 gubernator, oris, m. pi- acQtus, a, um, sharp. prospecto 1. / look 
 
 iot. dignus,a,um, (with a6Z.) forth. 
 
 vigil, liis, m. watchman, worthy, deserving of. abigo 3. / drive away. 
 
 sal, alis, m. salt. frigidus, a, um, cold. claudo 3. / dose. 
 
 admiratio.oiiis,/ arfmt- sumnms, a, um, highest, occludo 3. J lock. 
 
 ration. mordax, acis, biting^, conspergo 3. / sprinkle. 
 
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 69 
 
 O Socrdte, quam salutaris erat generi humane tua sapientia ! O 
 Sophocle, tragoediae tuae summa admiratione dignae sunt. O AUttf 
 quantum onus humeris tuis portas! CaZcdn* incitamus equos. Nee- 
 tare delectantur dii. Sale consperglmus cibos. Hostes vi in urbem 
 irrumpunt. Clavi porta clauditur. Febri laborat rater. Fusti abigl- 
 mus canes mordaces. Igni coquimus cibos. A bono dvi patria ama- 
 tur. Ex alta turri vigiles prospectant. In puppi sedet gubemator. 
 Acuta secitri faber lignarius lignum exasciat. 
 
 Force expels force by (abl.) force. The customs of men are oftener 
 improved by admonition and example than by force. When (quum) 
 thou art suffering (= sufferest) from (abl.) a fever, abstain from cold 
 v»^ater. O Themistocles, O Pericles, O Socrates, your deserts relative to 
 (de) the city of the Athenians w^ere very great. The pilot, who sits 
 upon the stern, governs the ship. With (abl.) a sharp axe we split 
 (diffindo 3.) the wood (plur.). In a civil war (bellum civile) citizen 
 fights against citizen. With (abl.) an iron key we lock the gate. The 
 enemies lay waste the country with (abl.) fire and sword. 
 
 XXXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Satira, ae,/. satire. aetas, atis,/. age. procure 1. I furnish, 
 
 Indus, i, m. sport. liiems, emis,/. winter, perago 3. / carry 
 
 Romanus, i, m. a Bo- longinquus, a, um, dis- through, perform. 
 
 man. tant. perstringo 3. I grazes 
 
 ingenium, i, n. genius, publicus, a, um, public. satirize. 
 
 intellect. docilis, e, teachable. veho 3. / carry, bring, 
 
 merx, cis,/. wares. aestimo 1. / value, es- sperno 3. I spurn. 
 
 mercator, oris, m. tra- teem. sed, conj. bid. 
 
 der, merchant. 
 
 Avus cum nepti ambulat. Mercator navi merces in longinquas terras 
 vehit. Discipuli in schola non genere, sed bonis moribus, doclli in- 
 genio, et acri industria aestimautur. Hostes celeri pede fugiunt. 
 
 XXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Autumnus, i,m. auiwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. grancfeon. juventus, utis,/. i/oit/^. 
 
 coelum, i, n. the sky. parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis, e, youthjfvl. 
 initium, i, n. beginning. ents. senilis, e, advanced, 
 
 gaudium, i, n.joy. mensis, is, m. a month. aetas senilis, old age, 
 
 monumentum, i, n. munus, 6ris, n. service^ exhilaro 1. / exhilarate, 
 
 monument. office, present. delight. 
 
 negotium, \,n, business, gelidus, a, um, cold. saevio 4. I rage. 
 
 oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, ununse. 
 
 light. 
 
70 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37. 
 
 Mense Maitio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sep- 
 tembri autumni, mense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civi- 
 tas laeta est Mense Jlprili coelum modo serenum est, modo triste, 
 Mense JVbvembri gelldae procellae saeviunt. Juvenili aetate alacriore 
 animo difRcilia negotia peraglraus, quam senili. A Juvendle, satirarum 
 scriptore, Romanorum vitia perstringuntur. Ab aedile ludi publici pro- 
 curantur. A juvene saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur. 
 
 XXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Culpa, ae,/ guilt. acceptus, a, um, re- expers, tis (c. gen.), 
 immodestia, ae, f. im- ceived. [humblest. destitute of, unihout. 
 
 modesty. inflmiis, a, um, lowest^ pertlnax, acis, obstinate, 
 
 beueficium, i, n. kind- clemens, lis, mild. dispar, aris, unequal, 
 
 ness, favor. consors, tis (c. gen.), different. 
 
 consilium, i, n. counsel. sharing in. domo 1. / tame. 
 
 etudium, i, n. effort, exsors, tis (c. gen.), tracto 1. 1 treat. 
 
 study, zeal. destitute of, without. atque, and; 2) as. 
 
 A sapiente bona praecepta discimus. Quicquid agis, sapienti consilio 
 age. A Felice felld fortuna bellum gerltur. A Clemente dementi animo 
 infimi homines tractantur. A Pertindce pertindd studio urbs defendi- 
 tur. 
 
 The grand-father is delighted by (ab) the little ^rand-son and the 
 neat grand-daughter. Old age ought to be, honored by the young 
 man. A good boy, on (abl.) his birth day, is delighted by (abl.) pre- 
 sents from (ab) liis parents. When the state is ruled by (ab) a wise 
 king, it is happy. By (ab) a wise man virtue is loved. 
 
 Virtus amatur ab homine rationis participe, contemnltur ab homine 
 rationis experti. A viro virtutis compote deus pie colltur. Praecepior a 
 discipulo beneficii accepti memori colltur. Abstine amico beneficiorum 
 acceptorum immemori. Gaudemus amico omnis culpae exsorti et 
 laborum nostrorum consorti. Virtus pari studio a princlpe et divlte, at- 
 que ab humlli et paupere colltur. Discipuli dispdri studio litteras 
 tractant. Magiii viri digni sunt gloria vitae suae superstite. De sospite 
 amico gaudemus. Hospes ab hospite colltur. Et in impubere, et in 
 pubere aetate displicet immodestia. 
 
 XXXVI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 'Penna,Sie,f. feather. emolumentum, i. n. wse, rM%-e (of mountain), 
 
 campus, i, m. plain. advantage. saxum, i, n. rock. 
 
 detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. loine. 
 
 jury, disadvantage. jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter. 
 
§37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 71 
 
 amnis, is, m. stream, locuples, etis (c. abl.), redundo 1. I redound, 
 
 river. wealthy, rich. volito 1. IJly around. 
 
 rupes, \s, f. rock. petulans, ntis, licen- abhorreo 2. (ab) / Aave 
 
 agmen, inis, n. band, tious. an aversion to. 
 
 Jlock. praeceps, cipitis, in- provideo 2. I foresee. 
 
 examen, inis, n. swarm. dined, steep. alo 3. / nourish, support 
 
 rete, is, n. net, toil. praecox, ocis, prima- (keep). 
 
 discolor, oris, party- ture. tendo 3. / stretch, ex- 
 colored, variegated. occupo 1 . I take posses- tend. 
 
 hebes, 6tis, obtuse, dull. sion of. 
 
 Venator retla tendit. Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent. 
 Saxa sunt praecipitla. Onera sunt gravia. Horrea frumentis locupletia 
 sunt. Pira praececia non sunt dulda. Cervus et equus sunt celena 
 animalia. Disparia sunt hominum studia. Haec vina sunt Vetera. 
 Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a bestiis ad homines redundant 
 Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam diis ? Compliira [compluria] sunt 
 genera avium. 
 
 Good scholars keep the precepts of [their] teachers with (abl.) 
 thoughtful (memor) minds. By (ab) rational (rationis particeps) men, 
 irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed. The virtues of great 
 men are adorned by (abl.) a renown surviving their life. The way 
 leads over (per) steep rocks (saxum). The ancient (vetus) monu- 
 ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration. In the 
 blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded us. 
 The life of good and wise men has more and greater joys than the 
 life of the wicked and unwise. 
 
 Plurimarum avium pennae sunt discolores. Rupium juga hostis 
 occupat. Venatores magnum canum numfirum alunt. Multorum 
 juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatum animi futura provident. Nubes 
 magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus 
 est. Multa apum examlna per campos volitant. Multa agmina volU- 
 crum in silvis sunt. 
 
 XXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. pax, acis,/ ^cace. • ignorant of, unac- 
 
 tenebrae, arum,/. rfarA:- regio, onis,/. region. quainted with. 
 
 ness. via, ae,/. way. consultus, a, um (c. 
 
 ars, artis,/ art. viator, oris, m. traveller. gen ),acquainted unth. 
 
 frugea, um, f fruit. conscius, a, um (c. cupldus,a, um (c. gen.), 
 
 gens, gentis,/. people. gen.), conscious of. desirous. 
 
 improbltas, atis,/. mcA;- inscius,a, um (c. gen.), gnarus, a, um, (c. 
 
 edness. 
 
72 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37. 
 
 gen.), (Kquaivied ^^^-^ versed in, skil- fertilis, e (c. gen.), pro- 
 
 tvith. ful. dudive. 
 
 ignarus, a, um, (c. plenus, a, um (c. gen.), rudis, e (c. gen.), rude, 
 
 gen.), unacquainted full. ignorant of. 
 
 ivith. studiosus, a, um (c. remeo 1. I return. 
 
 infirmus, a, um, weak. gen.), zealous; stu- que (always attached to 
 
 pauci, ae, a, a few. dious sum (c. gen.), a word), and. 
 
 peritus, a, um, (c. I pursue earnestly. 
 
 Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cuptdi. Divites majorum 
 opum avldi sunt. Haec regiofaucium plena est. Bonus discipulus lit- 
 terarum artlumque est studiosus. Gallia frugum hominumque fertilis 
 est. Sapientlum et bonorum hominum animi nullius improbitatis sunt 
 conscii. Samnitium gens belli perita erat. JVostratlum pauci littera- 
 rum ignari sunt. Civitatlum fundamenta infirma sunt, si cives belli 
 pacisque artium rudes sunt. Arpinatlum cives erant Marius et Cicero ; 
 Marius belli artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat. Optimatium in 
 civitate auctoritas magna est, si juris atque eloquentlae consulti sunt 
 JVocMum tenebrae viatoribus viae insciis perniciosae sunt. 
 
 There are many (complures) kinds of (gen.) dogs. In (abl.) the 
 month [of] November great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven- 
 titia) return from our regions to warmer. Upon (in) the Thames, the 
 Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small 
 boats. The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively 
 genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to (in) the 
 study of literature and the arts. The fame of Marius and Cicero, 
 citizens of Jhrpinum (Arpinas) was diflTerent. 
 
 XXXVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Capra, ae,/ goof. aedes, ium,/. AoMse. Romanus, a, um, Jf2o- 
 
 custodia, ae, /. guard- celeritas, atis, / swift- man. 
 
 ianship. ness. ingens, ntis, very great, 
 
 misericordia, ae,/. jw7y. consuetude, inis, /. immense. 
 
 nundlnae, arum, /. practice, intercourse. prudens, ntis, ivise, in- 
 
 market,fair. cacumen, inis, n. top. telligent ; c. gen. vers- 
 
 libfiri, orum, m. children culmen, inis, n. top. ed in. 
 
 (in relation to their fof titudo^Jnis, /. &rirt;e- frequenio' 1. //re^wenf. 
 
 parents). ry. [ents. nidifico 1. / make a 
 
 consilium, i,n.wze«5wre. parentes, ium, w. ^ar- nest. 
 
 fatum, i, n. fate, for- idon^us, a, \im, fitted. tego 3. / cover. 
 
 tune. obscurus, a, um, oh- minus, adv. less. 
 Achilles, is, m, Achilles. scure. 
 
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 73 
 
 Caprae montium cacumina petunt Multi corvi nidifYcant in altarum 
 ardum culminlbus. Vocum miilta genera sunt. Glirium magnus est 
 niimerus. Ingens murium, numerus in horreis est. Strigium vox in- 
 grata est. Roinanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus 
 praedicatur. Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. ' Compedium fer , 
 rearum onus grave est. Pedum eeleritate Achilles insignis erat. Pe- 
 natium custodiae aedes committuntur. 
 
 Homlnmn iur'is prudentium consiliis civitas regitur. Alacfium disci^- 
 pulorum ingenla ad litterarum stndia sunt idonea. Celehrium urbium 
 nundinae a multis hominibus frequentantur. Celerum equorum crura 
 sunt tenera. Amicorum laboris nostri consortum consuetudine delecta- 
 mur. Homlnum omnis amicorum consuetudinis exsortum* fortuna mis- 
 era est. Degenerum filiorum patres misericordia nostra digni sunt 
 SuppUcum preces exaiidi. Urbs plena est locupletum homlnum. Hom- 
 inum artificwn opera laudamus. Praedpitum montium juga nubibus 
 teguntur. Andpitum fatorum via est obsciira. 
 
 The captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters. On (ad) 
 the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus, i) are a great number of ancient (vetus- 
 tue) castles (arx). The works of the ancient (vetus) artists are 
 worthy of admiration. Human life is full of (gen.) uncertain (anceps) 
 fortunes. The way leads over (per) the ridge of steep rocks. The 
 friendship of men sharing in (consors) all our toils is a very great 
 good. Great presents from (gen.) the rich, often delight our minds less 
 than small presents from (gen.) the poor. 
 
 XXXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Bivitiae, arum,/, ric/ie*. levltas, atis,/, levity. immoderatus, a, um, in- 
 
 Centaurus, i, m.. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock. temperate. 
 
 do\\\\m,\.,n. gift, present, sors, rtis, f. lot. optabllis, e, rfe^VaWc. 
 
 oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus, a, um, Del- vigeo 2. / am strong, 
 
 announcement. phic. active, vigorous. 
 
 certamen, inis, n. con- moderatus, a, um, tern- ut, as, even as, — ita, 5aj. 
 
 test, fight. perate. thus, 
 
 Cicurum elephantorum ars magna est. Bicorporum Centaurorum 
 multa a poetis narrantur certamlna. Discolorum pavonum pennae pul- 
 chrae sunt. Homlnum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puero- 
 rum impuberum levitas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationia 
 participum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immodera- 
 ta est. Hominum glorlae suae superstUum sors non est optabilis. Pu- 
 herum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentioriim hominum consilio pa- 
 
 * Or exsortium is doubtful. 
 7 
 
74 MASCULINE. [^ 38. 
 
 rere debemus. Plunum hominum animi divitias magis, quam virtutem 
 expetunt. Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio ab- 
 horrent. PoBmdtis delectamur. Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob- 
 scuris aenigmdtis. 
 
 Who is not delighted by (abl.) the poems of Horace? The num- 
 ber of men surviving their fame is very great. Obey, O boys, the pre- 
 cepts of wise and virtuous (= possessed of virtue, compos) men ! 
 Many of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope. As we pronounce 
 (praedico) happy the life of those sharing in friendship, so we de- 
 plore the life of those destitute of friendship. The announcements of 
 the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas. 
 
 Determination of Gender according to the 
 ^, , * • endings. . . » 
 
 § 38. Masculine. 
 
 Of the masculine gender are the nouns in : o, or, os^ er, 
 and imparisyllahles (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 
 
 Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus, the magnanimous lion; 2) Or: 
 dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os : A-os pulcher, a beautiful Jlower ; 
 4) Er : agg-er altus, a kigh mound; 5) Es m imparisyllahles : pai*i-c5 
 altuSy a high wall. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 1)0: 1)0; 
 
 Feminine are echo, cdrOf Cardo, inis, m. a hinge. 
 
 Also nouns in : do, go, U ; caro, carnis,/.^c5^. 
 
 But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo, echo, echus,/. reverberation, echo. 
 Margo too, and ordo, ligo, harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook. 
 
 Together with concretes in lo. ligo, onis, m. a hoe; mattock. 
 
 margo, Inis, m. a margin, edge. 
 ordo, inis, m. order, series, rank. 
 
 Rem. 1. The feminines in io are either abstract or collective nouns, 
 as: actio, an action, legio, onis, a legion, natio, onis, a nation ; still some 
 have acquired a concrete meaning, as : regio, aregion, (originally, a direct- 
 ing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as : scipio, a staff, ' 
 
 papilio, a bidterfly, pugio, a dagger. 
 
 J 
 
 2) Or: 2) Or: 
 
 OP the feminine gender is, Ador, orisn. spelt. 
 
 Barely, arbor, arboris ; aequor, oris, n. a level surface, (es- 
 
 The n/cvier has but four in or ; pecially of the sea). 
 
 Marmjor, aequor^ ador, cor. arbor, oris,/ a tree. 
 
 cor, cordis, n. the heart. 
 
 marmor, oris, n. marble. 
 
U8.] 
 
 GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 7fi 
 
 3) Os: 
 
 Of the feminine are in o5, 
 Only these two : cos and dos. 
 
 t)s, a bone^ and 6s, the face, 
 These are of the neuter class. 
 
 4) Er: 
 
 The neuter has many in, er, 
 Ver, cadaver, iter, tuber, 
 Cicer, piper, siser, uber, 
 Zingiber, papdver, suber, 
 Acer, siler, verber, spintker. 
 But only feminine is linter. 
 
 5) Es imparisyllable : 
 Impansyllables in es. 
 Give but one as neuter : aes ; 
 But as feminine we have merces, 
 Quies, requies and compes, 
 Also, seges, teges, merges. 
 
 3) Os: 
 Cos, 6tis,y*. a flint-stone, whetstone. 
 dos, 6tis,y. dowry, portion. 
 OS, ossis, n. a bone, {pi. ossa, lum). 
 OS, oris, n. the countenance, brow, 
 
 mouth. 
 
 4) Er: 
 Acer, firis, n. a maple-tree. 
 cadaver, eris, n. a corpse. 
 cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea. 
 iter, itineris, n. a way, journey, 
 
 inarch. 
 linter, tris,/. a boat, skiff. 
 papa ver, €ris, n. a poppy. 
 piper, eris, n. pepper. 
 siler, eris, n. the willow. [res, m). 
 siser, eris, n. a carrot (but pi. 5wc- 
 spinther, eris, n. a bracelet. 
 suber, eris, n. the,cork-tree. 
 tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump. 
 uber, eris, n. a dug, udder. 
 ver, eris, n. the spring. 
 verber, (commonly plur. verbera,) 
 
 n. stripes, blows. 
 zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 
 
 5) Imparisyllables in es. 
 Aes, aeris, n. brass. merges, itis,/. a sheaf, seges, etis,/. a crop. 
 comi)es, edis, f fetters, quies, etis,/. quiet. teges, etis,/. a?nat 
 
 merces, edis, /. recom- requies, etis (ace. requi- 
 pense. cm),/, rest, relaxation. 
 
 Remark 2. Contrary to the general rule (§ 13.), some names of cities 
 in remain masculine, as : Croto ; also, those in as, G. antis, as : Taras, 
 antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as : Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those 
 in 165, G. wnfis, as : SeHnus, untis. 
 
 XL. *Wbrds to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Assyria, ae,/ Assyria, amoenus, a, um, pleas- existimo ]. I judge, re- 
 ant, gard as. 
 eburneus, a, um, of judico 1. I judge, re- 
 
 senator, oris, m. senator. 
 scipio, onis, m. a staff. 
 legio, 6nis,y! a legion. 
 imago, inis, image. 
 insigne, is, n. badge. 
 caput, itis, n. head. 
 
 chief city. 
 aeternus, a, um, eternal. 
 
 ivory, ivory. 
 
 regius, a, um, royal. 
 
 resonus, a, um, rever- 
 berating. 
 
 superbus, a, um, proud, 
 magnificent. 
 
 gard as. 
 
 nomino 1. I call. 
 habeo2. I have, regard 
 
 as. 
 maneo 2. / remain. 
 
76r MASCULINE. [$38. 
 
 (Comp. § § 84, 89. 5.) 
 
 Pavo vocatur superbus. Echo resona ab Horatio vocis imago voca- 
 tur. Hirundinem vocamus garrulain. Legionuni Romanarum gloria 
 manet aeterna. Babylon, caput Assyriae, iiominatur superba. Mala 
 •consuetudo saepe homiiiibus exsistit perniciosa. Scipto eburneus in- 
 signe regium habetur. Regiones montium plenas judicamus amoenas. 
 Seiiatorum ordo existimatur sanctus. 
 
 The peacock we call proud. Horace calls the reverberating echo 
 the image of the voice. Swallows are called loquacious. Babylon, the 
 chief city of Assyria, writers call proud. The citizens regard the or- 
 der of senators as sacred. The ivoi*y staff we regard as a royal badge. 
 Avoid, O boys, a bad practice ! The bravery of the Roman legions is 
 extolled by (ab) writers. This region is very pleasant. 
 
 XL I. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Pugna uavalis, naval natio, on is,/, nation. firmus, a, um,/rw* 
 
 hattlt. ^ origo, inis,/. origin. modestus, a, um, mod- 
 
 vacca, ae, f. coiv. ]ia\n\io, onis, m. butter- est. 
 
 fluvius, i, m. river. Jiy. [thage. opulentus, a, um, pou)- 
 
 vitiilus, i, m. calf. Carthago, inis, / Carr, erfid, rich. 
 
 vitulinus, a, um, o/ caZ/. Croto, onis, m. Croton. pallldus, a, um, pale^ 
 
 agger, eris, m. a ram- amplus,a, um, spaa'oiw, livid. 
 
 part. extended, liberal. sapidus, a, um, sapid, 
 
 honos, oris, m. honor, conspicuus, a, um, con- ruber, bra, brum, rerf. 
 
 post of honor. spicuous. "• hostiWs, e, hostile. 
 
 proceres, um, m. chief extremus, a^um,duter- effundo, I pour forth. 
 
 men. most, last. 
 
 Croto erat clams. Carthago opulenta erat. Caro vitulina tenera est. 
 Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia ori- 
 ginem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur, 
 Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles 
 naves petuntur. Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri. 
 
 Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton. Writers 
 call Carthage powerful. The origin of the Roman natioulis obscure. 
 Upon (in) the remotest margin ♦of the river tMere are many trees. The 
 hinges of the door are iron. The variegated butterfly is beautiful. 
 The grappling hooks are of iron. 
 
 Multae procerae arbores in silva sunt. Proceres honorum dignitate 
 conspicui sunt. Sorores fratribus caraesunt. Marmor estsplendidum. 
 Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum 
 est. Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream. 
 Filia a parentibus ampla dote donatur. Durum est os. Juv6nis os 
 
^ 38.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 77 
 
 modestum esse debet Ver nobis gratum est Multae lintres in fluvio 
 sunt. Mater liberis cara est Garruli sunt anseres. Hostes circa ur- 
 bem aggerem altum exstriiunt Cadavera sunt pallida. Zingiber est 
 sapldum. Vacca vitulo turgida ubera praebet 
 
 High trees surround the house of my father. The udder of the cow 
 is swollen. The corpse is pale. A high rampart is built by (ab) the ene- 
 mies around the city. The heart is red. The bones are hard. The 
 countenances of men are various. The goose is cackling (= loqua- 
 cious). The good customs of men are praised, the bad are censured. 
 With delight we take a walk in (abl.) the spring over (per) the extended 
 surface of the pleasant plains. Splendid marble adorns the palace 
 (= house) of the king. Whetstones are hard. The parents present 
 the daughter a liberal dowry. The pleasant spring exhilarates our 
 minds. On (in) the pond in (gen.) our garden, are many and beauti- 
 ful boats. 
 
 XLII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Camelus, i, m. camel. domesticus, a, um, do- pilosus, a, um, covered 
 
 condimentum, i, n. mestic, private. ivith hair^ hairy. 
 
 seasoning. fessus, a, um, ivearied. pretiosus, a um, pre- 
 
 membrum, i, n. member, hoiiestus, a, um, hon- dous, costly. 
 
 paries, etis, m. wall, (of orable. crudelis, e, crud. 
 
 house). nocturnus, a, um, noc- excolo 3. / cultivate. 
 
 celebrltas, at\s, f. con- turnal. infligo 3. (with dat) / 
 
 course, multitude. inflict upon. 
 
 Sorores meae^spinthera aurea habent Iter est longura. Siser est 
 dulce. Silera sunt utilia. Camelus habet tubera pilosa. Subera sunt 
 dura. Piper est acre. Papavera rubra sunt pulchra. Cicera parva 
 sunt Acera sunt dura. Crudelis homo equo dura verbera fusti in- 
 fligit Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolitur, sed in luce vitae 
 et hominum celebritate. Aera varia sunt Campi segete laeta ornan- 
 tur. Compedes durae sunt Laborum requies grata est Quiete noc- 
 turna hominum fessa membra recreantur. Merces laborum honesta 
 existimatur. 
 
 The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings 
 of food (plur.) The walls of this house are high. The brass is splen- 
 did. The carrot is sweet The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are 
 round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard. 
 My sister has a golden bracelet Long is the way through precepts, 
 short and effectual through examples. The red poppy fe beautiful. 
 The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regar^ as 
 7* • %•»•■■ ^ 
 
78 FEMININE. P 39. 
 
 honorable. Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men. Iron 
 fetters press tender feet. Sleep is an agreeable (gratus, a, um) relaxation 
 from (gen.) cares. The hump of the camel is hairy. Joyful crops adorn 
 the plains of the extended country. The willow is useful. 
 
 § 39. Feminine, 
 
 Of the fejninine gender are nouns in : as, is, aus, us, G. 
 
 Mis or udis, x, those in s with a consonant before it and pari' 
 
 syllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es. 
 
 Examples. 1) As: aest-a* calida, a warm summer; 2) Is: a\-is 
 pulchra, a beautiful bird ; 3) Aus , 1-aits magna, great praise ; 4) f/s, 
 G. litis, udis: juvent-M5(utis) \aeia, joijful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron 
 anvil, pal-iiw, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single head of cattle, but 
 perns, pecoris (cattle) ; 5) X : \u-x clara, clear light ; 6) .S with a con- 
 sonant before it : hie-wi5 aspera, rough winter ; 7) Es in parisyllables : 
 nub-es nigra, black cloud. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 l)^s: l)^s: 
 
 Three are masculine in as: Adamas, antis, m. a diamond. 
 
 As, adamas and elephas, as, assis, m. an as (a coin). 
 
 And one is neuter namely, vas. elephas, antis, m. (commonly ele- 
 
 phantus, i, m.) elephant. 
 
 vas, asis, n. a vessel, vase. 
 
 ^)Is: 2) Is: 
 
 Masculine are these in is : Amnis, is, m. a river. 
 
 Panis, piscis, crinis, finis, axis, is, m. an axletree. 
 
 Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis, caUis, is, m. a f oof-path, path. •' 
 
 Orbis, amnis and candlis, canalis, is, m. canal, water-course. 
 
 Sanguis, unguis, glis, annalis, cassis, generally plur. casses, ium, 
 
 Fascis, axis, funis, ensis, m. hunter's net. [cabbage. 
 
 Fustis, vectis, vermis, Tnensis, caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk, 
 
 Postis,follis, cucUmis, cinis, eris, m. ashes. •*' 
 
 Cassis, collis, collis, coll is, is, m. a hill. 
 
 rSerUis, caulis, pollis. crinis, is, m. hair. 
 
 cuciimis, eris, m. a cu- glis, iris, m. a dormouse, pulvis, eris, m. dust. 
 
 cumber. ignis, is, m.^re. sanguis, inis, m. 6/oorf. 
 
 ensis, is, m. a sword. lapis, idis, m. a stone. sentis, is, m. a bramble, 
 fascis, is, m. a bundle, mensis, is, m. a month. generally plur. sen- 
 finis, is, m. the end ; orbis, is, m. a circle. tes, a thorn bush. 
 plur. borders, territo- panis, is, m. bread. unguis, is, m. a naU, 
 ry. piscis, is, m. afi^h. claw. 
 foUis, is, m. bellows. pollis, inis, m. fine flour vectis, is, m. a lever, 
 funis, is, m. a rope, cable. (Nom. wanting). bolt. 
 fustisj is, m. a club. postis, is, m. a post. vermis, is, m. worm. 
 
$39. 
 
 GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 
 
 70 
 
 Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cludn are mostly Masc. but some- 
 times Feminine. 
 
 3)X; 
 Masculine there are in ar, 
 Fornix^ onyx and cdlix^ 
 Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx, 
 Tradux, hombyx, also sorix ; 
 Add to these most in ex, 
 Grex, apex, codex, and murex, 
 Gaudex, frutex, pollex, pulex, 
 Sorex, vei-vex ; and then in ax 
 All Greek nouns, except climax. 
 
 S)X: 
 Apex, icis, m. a tufl, summit, 
 bombyx, ycis, m. the sUk-worm. 
 calix, icis, m. a cup. 
 calyx, ycis, m. a hud, sJiell. 
 caudex, icis, m. trunk of a tree. 
 climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax. 
 coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo. 
 codex, icis, m. a book. 
 fornix, icis, m. arch, vault. 
 
 frutex, icis, m. a shrub, onyx, ychis, m. the onyx. 
 
 plur. a thicket. oryx,yg\s,m. the gazelle. 
 
 grex, egis, m. a Jlock, pollex, icis, m. thumb. 
 
 crowd. pulex, icis, m. ajlea. 
 
 murex, icis, m. a pur- sorex, icis, m. Jield- 
 
 ple fish, purple. mouse. 
 
 JRemark. Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the 
 general rule (§ 13.) is of the /emmi'ne gender. 
 
 sorix or sourix, icis, m. 
 a kind of owl. 
 
 tradux, ucis, m. a vine- 
 branch. 
 
 varix, icis, m. a varix. 
 
 vervex, ecis, m. a wether. 
 
 4) Es parisyllable : 
 Masculine parisyllahles in es, 
 Are only two: pdlumbes and ve- 
 pres. 
 
 5) 5^ with a consonant before it. 
 Masculine are in' ons and ens, 
 Fons, mons, pons, dens, confiiiens, 
 Bidens, tridens, occidens, ^ • » 
 Rudens, torrens, oriens ; 
 Two in ops and ybs. 
 Hydrops an<J chdlybs. 
 
 mons, tis, m. a moun- 
 tain. 
 
 occidens, (sc. sol), tis, 
 m. sun-set, the west 
 western countries. 
 
 oriens (sc. sol), tis, m 
 
 sun-iise, the east, east- 
 em countries. 
 
 ])ons, tis, m. a bridge. 
 
 rudens, (sc. funis), tis 
 m. a rope, cable. 
 
 4) Es parisyllable : 
 palumbes, is, m. wood-pigeon. 
 vepres, is, m. a bramble. 
 
 5) 5* with a consonant before it. 
 bidens, tis, m. a hoe, mattock. 
 chalybs, ybis, m. steel. 
 confluens, tis, m. a confluence. 
 dens, tis, m. a tooth. 
 fons, tis, m. a fountain. 
 hydrops, opis, tmb^iBsy. 
 
 torl^^lpcil amnis), a 
 torrent, impetuous 
 sfream. 
 
 tridens, tis, m. a trident. 
 
 XLIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Nummus, i, m. money. Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. Venus, firis,/. Venus. 
 aurum, i, n. gold. anas, atis,/ a duck. angustus, a, um, nar- 
 
 Albis, is, m. Elbe. cassis, idis,/. helmet. row, contracted. 
 
80 FEMININE. P 39. 
 
 flavus, a, um, yellow j occultus, a, um, con- gesto 1. / carry, hear, 
 
 flaxen. cealed. cresco 3. 1 grow. 
 
 latus, a, um, broad. sordidus, a, um, foul. volvo 3. I roll ; volvor, 
 
 limpidus, a, um, cZear. sacer, cra,crum, sacrec?. I am rolled, roll. 
 
 Anas timida est. Veritas auro digna est. Albis latus habet ripas 
 fecundas. Tiberis est flavus. Aprilis sacer est Veneri. As Romanus 
 parvus est nummus. Adamas durissimus est. Vas est aureum. Im- 
 perator auream cassidem gestat. Multae aves pulchre canunt. Vena- 
 tor in alto coUe occultos casses tendit In patris hoito multi cucum6- 
 res crescunt. Amnis est limpidus. Amnis altus multos alit pisces. 
 Callis est angiistus. Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur. 
 Validi sunt portarum postes. Vectis est ferreus. 
 
 The Elbe is broad. The worm is small. These paths are very 
 narrow. Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong 
 posts. The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden 
 neck-chain. This river is broad and deep. The cucumbers in the 
 garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers 
 are clear. These cucumbers are ripe. These hills are very high. 
 Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread. 
 The helmet of the general is* q/* goZrf (= golden). These vases are 
 very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron 
 (= iron). Old age is strong, youth weak. Anvils are o/" iron (= iron). 
 These pools are very deep. 
 
 XLIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Bibliotheca, ae,/. lihra- Apollo, ini^^. ApoUo. triticeig, a, um, of 
 
 ry^ Juno, 6nis,f. Juno. wheat, wheaten. 
 
 chorda, &eif. chord, ov'is, is, f. sheep. r4y^ universus, a, um, the 
 
 columba, ae,/. dove. densus, a, um, dense. whole. 
 
 ecclesin, ae, f. church, excelsus, a, um, lofty, asper, era, erum, rough. 
 
 India, ae,/. Ii^fM^L ferus, a, um, wUd. coWustrol.. I illuminate. 
 
 rosa, ae,/. ^<^^^H frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in 
 
 musicus, i, m^KKcian. igneus, a, um, fiery. pieces. 
 
 Vesuvius, i, m. T^u- lapideus, a, um, of excito I. I excite, raise, 
 
 vius. ' stone. converto 3.' / turn 
 
 sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat. around. [forth, 
 
 branch. rapidus, a, um, rapid, evomo 3. / emit, belch 
 
 solum, i, 71. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted. tango 3. / touch. 
 
 Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles 
 ensem ferreum gestat. Torquis est aureus. Sentes asperi sunt. 
 Scrobis est altus. Panis triticeus est dulcis. Universus terrarum 
 orbis sole coUustratur. Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet. Oc- 
 
$39.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 81 
 
 cultus est caiialis. Lapldes sunt duri. Ignis magnus in monte alto 
 excitatur. Follis est plenus venti. Fustis est durus. Funis tortus 
 est. Hostes in fines nostros irrumpunt. Mors omnium malorum cer- 
 tus finis ^st. E silvis multi sarmentorura fasces portantur. Poetae 
 Apollini flavos crines tribuunt. Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit. Cau- 
 les teneri sunt. Terra circum axem suum summa celeritate converti- 
 tur. 
 
 The teeth of the lion are sharp. ,The tender sheep are torn in 
 pieces by (ab) the lions. Man has red. blood. Axle-trees are round. 
 The sword is sharp. This cabbage is tender. From Vesuvius, fiery 
 ashes are belched forth. Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes. The end 
 of life is uncertain. The soldiers defend our borders against (contra), 
 the enemies. Flaxen hair (plur.) is given to Apollo by (ab) the poets. 
 This bread is good, that bad. The ropes are twisted. The sun illu- 
 minates the whole circle of the world. The clubs are hard. The 
 month [of] June is very pleasant. The bellows are full of wind (gen.). 
 The enemies raised a great fire in the city. The canals are concealed. 
 High stones surround that way. Bundles [of twigs] bound with laurd 
 (laureatus, a, um), with the Romans, were a badge of a victorious 
 (victor, oris) general, y 
 
 Nox est nigra. Leges sunt justae. In excelso montis apice est 
 turris alta. Pulices molesti vexant columbam. Magnus avium grex 
 petit frutices frondosos. Verveces opimi sunt. Timldos sorlces petunt 
 avidi sorlces. In India sunt multi bombyces. Traduces teneros solo 
 inserimus. Murex est pretiosus. Varices sanguinis pleni sunt. Musi- 
 cus docto poUice tangit chordas. Oryges sunt velocissimi. Onyx est 
 pulcherrimus. Alti sunt ecclesiae fornices. In bibliotheca regis mag- 
 nus optimorum codlcum numerus est. Rosae calyx pulcher est. Calix 
 est plenus vini. 
 
 The cups are full of wine (gen.) The nights are dark (= black). 
 Just laws are salutary to the state. My father has many books. On 
 (in) the plains are many flocks of (gen.) sheep. The shrubs are leafy. 
 In the church are high arches. Onyxes are very beautiful. Silk- 
 worms are very useful. The varix is full of blood (gen.). Vine- 
 branches are tender. Purple-fishes are very costly. Field-mice are 
 very timid. Husband-men have many wethers. The depressed (pres- 
 sus, a, um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor, oris) to the Romans. 
 The trunks of trees are full of branches (= branchy, ramosus, a, um). 
 The gazelle is very swift. The wealthy husbandmen nourish many 
 flocks of (gen.) sheep. 
 
82 NEUTER. [^ 40. 
 
 Nubes sunt higrae. Palumbes sunt timidi. Vepres sunt densi. 
 Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte est. Super rapidum 
 torrentem pons lipideus ducit. Omnes ferae bestiae duros et acutos 
 dentes habent. Durus est chalybs. Multi nautae ab exiremo oriente 
 ad extremum occidentem navigant. Ru dentes torti sunt. Neptunus 
 magnum tridentem gestat. 
 
 The cloud is black. The wood-pigeon is timid. The cable is 
 twisted. Dense brambles surround the clear fountain. This bridge 
 is of stone. Many wares are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from 
 the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west 
 to the remotest east. The teeth of wild beasts are hard and sharp. 
 Torrents are rapid. The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear foun- 
 tains are upon that high mountain. Steel is very hard. 
 
 § 40. Neuter, 
 
 Of the neuter gender are nouns in : a, e, c, /, en^ ar, ur, 
 
 ut, us, G. eris, oris, uris. 
 
 Examples: \) A: poem-rt pulchrum, a beautiful poem ; 2) E: mar- 
 e magnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in 
 this letter, as : lac tepldum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine ; 
 4) L: fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned 
 nam£ ; 6) Ar : calc-ar acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) mag- 
 num, greaf sfreng^^ ; 8) Ul: caput humanum, a human head; 9) Us: 
 gen-iis (6ris) clarum, a renowned race. 
 
 Exceptions : 
 
 From the neuter are rejected, Furfur, uris, m. bran. 
 
 By the masculine accepted, lepiis, oris, m. a hare. 
 
 Two in I : sol and sal, lien, enis, m. (ancient form for 
 
 With four in en : splen), the spleen. 
 
 Ren, splen, pecten, lien. mus, uris, m. mouse. 
 
 Masculine too are three in ur : pecten, inis, m. comb. 
 
 Furfur, turtur and vvltur ; ren, commonly plur. renes, kidney. 
 
 Add to these two words in us : sal, is, m. salt, wit. 
 
 Lepus, leporis and mus. sol, is, m. sun. 
 
 But feminine there is in us, splen, enis, m. spleen. 
 
 Barely the single word telliis. tellus, uris,/. the earth. 
 
 turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove. 
 
 vultur, uris, m. a vulture. 
 
 Remark. Contraiy to the general rule (§ 13.) the names of cities in 
 e remain neuter, as : Praeueste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur ; also, robur, 
 oris, live-oak. 
 
$ 41.] GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 83 
 
 XLV. Words to be learned and Eizercises for translation. 
 
 Liber, bri, m. 600^. fulgur, uris, n. light- pavidus, a, um, shy, 
 
 lector, oris, m. reader. ning. rutllus, a, um^Jiery red. 
 
 l0por, oris, m. pleasant- Atticus, a, um, Mic. mollis, e, sojl. 
 
 ry,jest. dentaXus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw 
 
 Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate. through. 
 
 nibal. jocosus, a,u m,facetious. 
 
 Calcaria sunt acuta. Sol igneus est. Sal est sapid us. Sales Plauti, 
 poetae comici Romanorum sunt, valde jocosi. Splen tener est. Renea 
 humidi sunt. Pecten est dentatus. Fulgur est rutilum. Hannibalis 
 nomen est clarum. Furfur triticeus est moUissimus. Vultures saevi 
 unguibus dilacerant turtures pavidos. Juvenum corpora sunt valida. 
 Timidos lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris. 
 Mures parvi saepe validos muros perrodunt. 
 
 The sapid salt serves (= is) for many dishes (== foods) for season- 
 ing. Attic wit (plur.) is extolled by writers. Vultures are destructive 
 to turtle-doves. Mice are very small. Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons 
 are very shy. Hares are veiy swift. The warm sun illuminates the 
 whole circle of the earth. Combs are toothed. 
 
 § 41. Of the gender of the Fourth Declension. 
 
 Us of the fourth is masculine , 
 
 And u is of the neuter kind ; 
 
 But feminine there are in us : 
 
 Tribus, acus^ porticus^ 
 
 Domus, idus and mamis. 
 
 Tribus, us,/, fri&e, com- domus, us,/ house, May, July and Oct., 
 
 pany. palace. but 13th of the oth- 
 
 acus, us,/ needle. idus, uum,/ the Ides er months), 
 
 porttcus, us,/ por/ico. (15th day of March, manns, us, f. hand. 
 
 XL VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Anus, us, old man. Juppiter, Jovis, m. Ju- urbanus, a, um, of the 
 
 nurus, us, daughttr-in- piter (ahl. Jove). city. 
 
 law. marmoreus, a, um, of certo I . I contend. 
 
 socrus, us, motJier-in- marble, marble. aut, or ; aut — aut, eith- 
 
 law. rusllcus, a, um, of the er — or. 
 country. 
 
 Magnificam regis domum amplae et marmoreae ornant porticus. 
 Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae. In silva sunt multae vetustae 
 
84 GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. [Ml. 
 
 et altae quercus. Anus sunt garriilae. Socribus carae sunt nurus 
 bonae. Puella acutam acum perita manu regit Cum rusticis tribu- 
 bus certant urbanae. 
 
 The magnificent palace of the king is adorned with (abl.) spacious 
 and marble porticos. The royal palaces are surrounded by (abl.) high 
 pines. The portico of the royal palace is very magnificent. Dogs 
 guard our houses. The king is building (= builds) a very magnificent 
 palace. The Ides are sacred to Jupiter. 
 
 Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions. 
 
 XL VII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Aquila, ae,/ ert^/e. jecur, jecoris or jeci- Vis, /.'power, force, qunn- 
 
 insidiae, arum,/.snarcs, noris, n. liver. tity, (forms only ace. 
 
 ambush. nix,nivis,y! snow (abl. c). vim and abl. vi ; pi. 
 
 petulantia, ae, /. lictn- pectus, oris, n. breast. vires, powers, virium, 
 
 tionsness, wayward- Mars, tis, m. Mors. etc.). 
 
 ness. [cury. sedes, is,/, a seat. clausus, a, um, shut up. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. Mer- s6nex, senis, old, old contentus, a, um, (c. 
 
 rusticus, i. m. farmer, man, {abl. sene ; pi. abl.), contented. 
 
 rustic. senes, senum, etc.). promtus, a, um, ready. 
 
 pratum, i. n. meadow, supellex, ectllis, /. virldis, e, green. 
 
 bilis, is, /. bile. household furniture, compleo 2. If II. 
 
 bos, bovis, c. ox, cow ; utensils [abl. -e. gen. tumeo 2. 1 swell. 
 
 pi. boves, boum, bo- pi. -ium). pasco 3. I pasture. 
 
 bus or bubus. 
 
 Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus. Divites magnam habent 
 copiam supellectilium. Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus. In sene 
 valde displicet petulantia. Hieme terra nivlbus completur. A Jove 
 coelum, terrae et maria reguntur. Jecinora saepe tument bile amara. 
 Rustici multos boum greges alunt. Agricolae bobus agros arant. 
 Multi homines aliud clausum in pectore habent, aliud promtum in 
 lingua. Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae, alter dies 
 Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris, 
 Septimus dies Solis. 
 
 The powers of the lion are great. To Jupiter the eagle is sacred. 
 There are various kinds of house-furniture (pL). Keep, O boys, in (abl.) 
 memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs) 
 please in the boy, the young man and the old man. In the months 
 November and December the clouds discharge a great quantity (vis) of 
 (gen.) rain (plur.) and snow. In the liver is the seat of anger. Lions 
 
^ 42.] CLASSES OF VERBS. 85 
 
 prepare snares for cows. Upon (in) the green meadows are pastured 
 a great herd of (gen.) cows. 
 
 XLVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Praeniium, i, n. reword, voluntas, atis,/. will. lavo 1. I wash. 
 
 principium, i, w. feeg-tn- casus, us, m. Jail, ca- immmeo 2. [threaten. 
 
 ning. lamity, chance. eligo 3. I choose. 
 
 vincuhim, i, n. bond, consensus, us, m. agree- quoudie, adv. daily. 
 
 chain. ment. autem, conj. but. 
 
 hebd6mas,adis,/ tiJceA:. arduus, a, um, c?t/^jiZf. an (in questions), or. 
 
 vitiositas, atis,/. vice. appello 1. I calL 
 
 Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur. Manus manum lavat. Honos 
 praemium virtutis est. Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis 
 immlnet. Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nul- 
 him est certius amicitiae vinciilum, quam consensus et societas consi'- 
 liorum et voluiitatum Duae sunt vitae viae : virtutis et vitiositatis ; 
 alterutram eligere debes, o puer ! 
 
 Firm (= certain) friends are seen in an uncertain thing. There 
 are two ways of life, of virtue and of vice ; the way of the one (alter) 
 is troublesome and difficult, but leads to a peaceful life ; the way of 
 the other (alter) is easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched life ; 
 which way (utra via = which of the two ways) dost thou choose, [that] 
 of virtue, or [that] of vice ? 
 
 THIRD COURSE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Of the Verb. 
 
 § 42. Classes of verbs, (§ 6, 2.). 
 
 a) Active verbs, or the form expressing activity, as : laudo, 
 floreo ; those active verbs which take an object in the accu- 
 sative, are called transitive, as : laudo puerum ; all other 
 active verbs are called intransitive, as : floreo, dormio, pareo 
 (alicui), gaudeo (de aliqua re). 
 
 b) Passive verbs, or the form expressing passivity or the 
 receiving of an action. 
 
 8 
 
86 TENSES. MODES. INFINITIVE, ETC. [H 43, 44, 45. 
 
 c) Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but 
 the active signification. 
 
 §43. Tenses of the Verb, 
 
 I. 1) Present, am-o, I love, 
 
 2) Perfect, am-a-vi, /Aai;e /ovec?; 
 II. 3) Imperfect, ani-a-bam, //oy^c?, ?«;a5 /ovmo*, 
 4) Pluperfect, am-a-veram, I had loved; 
 III. 5) Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love, 
 
 6) Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have loved. 
 
 Remark. The Pres., the Perf. and the two Futures are called princi- 
 pal tenses, the others historical or narrative tenses. — The Perf. in Latin, 
 is used in a two-fold way ; a) hke the English Perf as : deus mundum 
 creavit, (God has created the earth) ; b) like the English Imperf in nar- 
 rating, as : Romulus Roman condidit, (Romulus built Rome). In the 
 first case it is called the Perf present, and is considered as belonging 
 to the principal tenses, in the last the Perf historical, and belongs to the 
 historical tenses. 
 
 §44. Modes of the Verb. 
 
 I. The Indicative, which expresses a fact, phenomenon, 
 reality, as : the rose blooms, bloomed, ivill bloom ; 
 
 II. The Subjunctive, which expresses what is imagined, 
 supposed, conceived of, as : he may come, he might come not- 
 loithstanding ; 
 
 III. The Imperative, which is used in direct expressions 
 of the ivill, as : hear thou, teach thou. 
 
 § 45. Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive. 
 Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms : 
 
 a) The Infinitive, which is of an intermediate nature be- 
 tween the verb and the noun, as : cupio te adspice- 
 re, I desire to see thee (comp. cupio adspectum tui, / 
 desire a sight of thee) ; 
 
 b) The Participle, which presents the idea of the verb in 
 the form of an adjective, as : puer scribens (the boy 
 writing), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ; 
 
 c) The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of 
 
m6, 47.] CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. &f 
 
 the verb in the form of a noun in either the Ace. 
 or Abl. case, as: canes venatum duco, / take the dogs 
 to hunt (to hunting,) or, res est jucunda auditu^ the 
 thing' is pleasant to hear (in the hearing) ; 
 
 d) The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb 
 under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the 
 cases, as : Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite^ 
 Gen. ars scribendi, the art of ivriting, or to ivrite^ Dat.. 
 scribendo aptus est^fit for ivriting, or to write^ Ace. 
 with a preposition, inter scribendum^ while loritingy 
 Abl. scribendo exerceor, / am exercised by (in, etc.) 
 writing ; 
 
 e) The Gerundive (or Part. Fut. Pass.), which presents 
 the idea of the verb in an adjective form, precisely as 
 the Gerund presents it in a substantive form, as : 
 epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be loritten, and 
 so through all the cases. 
 
 Remark. The Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative are called the 
 finite or definite verb, because they always refer to a definite subject; 
 the Inf. Part. Su}3. Ger. and Gerundive, on the contrary, are called the 
 indefinite verb, because these forms, on account of their meaning, do 
 not admit of such a reference. 
 
 § 46. Persons and Numbers of the Verb. 
 
 The verb has, like the noun, two numbers, Sing, and 
 Plur., and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur., 
 as : /, thou, he (she, it) and lue, you, they, which are express- 
 ed by the endings, as: ^cnh-imus, ive write. 
 
 Remark. Those verbs which are used only in the third person Sing, 
 are called Impersonal verbs, as : pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders. 
 
 §47. Conjugation. 
 
 Conjugation is the inflection of a verb according to its 
 Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice. The Latin 
 language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished ac- 
 cording to the ending of the Inf. as follows : 
 
88 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. [§ 48. 
 
 I. Conj.: — are, as: am-are, to love, Characteristic: a 
 
 II. " — ere, " mon-ere, to adjjionish, " e 
 
 III. " — ere, " reg-ere, to g-overn, " e 
 
 IV. " — ^ire, " aud-ire, to hear. " i. 
 
 Rem. 1. In parsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom 
 himself to observe the following order : a) the person, b) the number, c) 
 the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from whot verb, g) the meaning. F.. g. 
 What kind of a verbal form is amdtis^ Aniatis is Sec. Pers. Plur. of 
 the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb : amo, amavi, amatum, amare, to love. 
 
 Rem. 2. Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which 
 is the ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its 
 modifications, and the inflection-ending which varies to express the 
 number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the charac- 
 teristic to which the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and 
 sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the char- 
 acteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics. 
 
 § 48. Formation of the Tenses. 
 
 In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from 
 which, by adding different endings, all the remaining forms 
 are derived, viz. : 
 
 1) Ind. Pres. Ad. 
 
 2) Ind. Perfect 
 
 Act. 
 
 3) Supine. 
 
 4) Infinitive Act. 
 
 I. amo 
 
 amavi 
 
 
 amatum 
 
 amare 
 
 II. moneo 
 
 monui 
 
 
 monitum 
 
 m on ere 
 
 III. rego 
 
 rexi 
 
 
 rectum 
 
 regere 
 
 IV. audio 
 
 audivi 
 
 
 auditum 
 
 audire. 
 
 A. From the Indicative Present Active : amo ; moneo ; rego, capio (I 
 take) ; audio, as the stem, are derived : 
 
 a) Indicative Present Passive : amor; moneor; regor, capior; audior; 
 
 b) Subjunctive Present Active and from this SubJ. Pres. Pass. : amem ; 
 moneam ; regam, capiam ; audiam ; — amcr; monear; regcrr, ca- 
 piar; audiar; 
 
 c) Fut. Active and Passive: regam [es, et, etc.), capiam; audiam; — 
 regar (eris, etc.), capiar ; audiar; — amabo ; mone.bo ; — amaior; 
 Xfionebor ; 
 
 d) Indicative Imperfect Active and Passive : amkbam ; monebam ; reg^- 
 6am, capieftam ; aud\ebam; — amabar; mone6ar; regeJar, capieftar ; 
 audif fear ; 
 
 e) Participle Present Active : a mans ; moncTW ; regerw, capierw ; au- 
 diens ; 
 
§ 48.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 89 
 
 f) Gerundive and Gerund : amarw^iw, amandum ; mouendv^ ; regen- 
 dv^, c&piendus ; aud'iendus, 
 
 B. Injiniiive Active : amare ; monere ; regfire, capere ; audire, as stem, 
 
 are derived: 
 
 a) Imperative Active : ama ; mone ; rege, cape ; audi ; and Imperat, 
 Passive, which agrees in form with the Infin. Act : amare ; mone- 
 re ; regere, capere ; audire ; 
 
 h) Infinitive Present Pass, of I, II. and IV. Conj. : amari, moneri, 
 audiri; the III. Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi; 
 
 c) Subjunct. Imperf. Act. and Passive : amarewi ; monerem ; regerem, 
 caperem; audirewi; — amarer; monerer; regcrer; caperer; audircr. 
 
 C. From the Perfect Active: amavi ; monui ; rexi, cepi; audivi, as a 
 
 stem, are derived : 
 
 a) Subjunctive Perfect Active : amaverim ; monuerim ; rexmm, ce- 
 
 perim ; aud interim; 
 h) Indicative Pluperfect Active: amaveram; monueram; rexeram, ce- 
 
 peram; audiveram ; 
 
 c) Future Perfect : amavero ; monuero ; rexero, cepero ; audivero ; 
 
 d) Infin. Perf. Ad. : amavisse ; monuisse ; rexisse, cepisse ; audivmc ; 
 t) Subjunctive Pluperfect Active : amavissem ; monuissem ; rerisscm, 
 
 cepmem ; audivissem. 
 
 D. From the Supine : amatum ; monitum ; rectum, captum ; auditum, 
 
 as a stem, are derived : 
 
 a) Partic. Perf. Pass. : amatus ; monitus ; rectus, captus ; audi^iw ; 
 
 b) Part. Fat. Act. : amaturus ; moniturus ; recturvs ; audi^Mriw. 
 
 8# 
 
90 
 
 CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 
 
 [H9. 
 
 § 49. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb, sum, fui, 
 esse, to be. 
 
 This verb is extensively employed in forming the tenses 
 of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to 
 the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of 
 the verb. Thus e. g. amsiY-istis, you have loved, is com- 
 posed of the stem amav and estis (you are), amav-eraw, of 
 amav and eram, so : by aj^amatus sumy I have loved, etc. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 su-m, / am 
 
 si-ra, / may be 
 
 es, thou art 
 
 sl-s, thou mayest be 
 
 es-t, ke, she, it is 
 
 Sit, he, she, it may be 
 
 su-inus, we are 
 
 sl-mus, we may be 
 
 es-tis, you are 
 
 sl-tis, you may be 
 
 su-nt, they are 
 
 si-nt, they may be. 
 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 gr-a-m, r7cas 
 
 es-sg-ra, I might be 
 
 gr-a-s, thou wast 
 
 es-se-s, thou mightest be ^ 
 
 er-a-t, Ae, she, it loas 
 
 es-se-t, he, she, it might be 
 
 er-a-mus, we were 
 
 es-se-nius, we might be 
 
 er-a-tis, you were 
 
 es-se-tis, you might be 
 
 er-a-nt, they were 
 
 es-se-nt, they might be. 
 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fu-i, / have been 
 
 fu-eri-m, / may have been 
 
 fu-isli, thou hast been 
 
 fu-eri-s, thou mayest have been 
 
 fu-Tt, he, she, it has been 
 
 fii-eri-t, he, she, it may have been] 
 
 fii-iinus, we have been 
 
 fii-6rT-mus, ?oe may have been 
 
 fu-istis, you have been 
 
 1 fu-6ri-tis, you may have been 
 
 fu-erunt (ere), they have been 
 
 fu-eri-nt, they may have been. 
 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 fu-era-m, / had been 
 
 fu-isse-m, [might have been 
 
 fu-era-s, thou hadst been 
 
 fu-isse-s, thou mightest have been 
 
 fu-era t, he, she, it had been 
 
 fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been 
 
 fu-era-mus, we had been 
 
 fu-isse-mus, we might have been 
 
 fu-6ra-tTs, you had been 
 
 fu-isse-lTs, you might have been 
 
 fQ-era-nt, they had been 
 
 fu-isse-nt, they might have been. 
 
H9.1 CONJUGATION OP THE AUXILIARY VERB mm. 91 
 
 Future Indicative.* 
 6r-b, / shall be gr-I-miis, we shall be 
 
 6r-i-s, thou wilt be 6r-i-tTs, you will be 
 
 er-i-t, he, she, it will be 6r-u-nt, they will be. 
 
 Future Perfect Indicative.* 
 fu-ero, / shall have been fu-eri-mus, we shall have been 
 
 fu-eri-s, thou wilt have been fu-eri-tis, you will have been 
 
 fu-6ri-t, he, she, it will have been fu-eri-nt, they tcilL have been. 
 
 Imperative. 
 2. gs, be thou 2. es te, he ye 
 
 2. es-to, thou shouldest be 2. es-tote, you should be 
 
 3. es-to, he should be 3. su-nto, they should be. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Present esse, to be 
 Perfect fuisse, to have been 
 Future futurus, a, um esse, to will he, (that something) will be. The 
 first of these forms is not used in English. 
 
 Participle. 
 Present only: absent, absent, from ttiswrre ; ^x^esens, -present, ^rompraes 
 
 sum = praesto sum. 
 Future futurus, a, um, one who (what) toill, is about to be, a\30,future. 
 
 * The Subj. of the Fut ia wanting. See Rem. 1 to the following table of paradigms. 
 
 Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where 
 a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as : pro-d-esse, 
 pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem. 
 
 Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz. : 
 forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would 6e, and the corresponding Infin. ybre in- 
 stead offuturum esse. 
 
 XL IX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Absum, abfdi, abesse, prosum, profiii, prod- foris, adv. without. 
 
 I am absent, removed esse, / am useful, heri, adv. yesterday. 
 from, heneft, (see Rem. 1). longe, adv. far. 
 
 adsum, affui, adesse, concilio 1. / unite. peregre, adv. abroad. 
 
 I am present. fera, ae,/. wild beast. quamdiu, adv. and conj. 
 
 intersum, fui, esse, (c. ])ngna, (ie,f fght, battle. how long; so [as) 
 
 dat.) to be in, present arma, orum, n. arms. long as. 
 
 at (something). oratio, oiiis, /. speech, ubi, adv. where. 
 
 praesum, fui, esse, lam discourse. dum, conj. while. 
 
 before, preside over, mag'istrams, us, m.mx^- msi, conj. unless. 
 
 attend to. istrate, magistrcLcy. quutri, conj. when, as, 
 
 Deus omnibus locis adest. Parvi pretii sunt foris arma, nisi est con- 
 silium domi. Contemnuutiir ii, qui nee sibi, nee altSri prosunt Ut 
 
92 THE AUXILIARY VEEB 5Wm. [H9. 
 
 magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistratus. Ratio et oratio 
 conciliant inter se homines, neque ulla re longlus absiimus a natiira 
 ferarum. Ego laetus sum, tu tristris es. Si sorte vestra contenti estis, 
 beati estis. 
 
 Dum ego, tu et amicus in schola erdmuSy sorores nostrae in horto 
 erant. Quum tu et Carolus heri domi nostrae erdlis^ ego peregre eram. 
 Quamdiu tu et frater tuus domi nostrae erdtis, tu laetus eras, sed frater 
 tuus tristis erat. Quamdiu tu et pater aberdtis, ego et frater tristes 
 erdmus. 
 
 Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Quia cum patre peregre fui. Quam- 
 diu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis ? Sex menses abfuimus. Cur mil- 
 ites nostri pugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi 
 heri fueras, quum domi tuae eram ? 
 
 I am useful to thee, and thou to me. Wherefore are you sad ? We 
 are joyful. If thou art contented with thy lot, thou art happy. While 
 I was in the school, my sister was iii the garden. As yesterday thou 
 wast at home, I was abroad. Why were (perf ) you not in the school 
 yesterday ? because we were (perf.) abroad. How long hast thou been 
 absent from (abl.) home? Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent 
 Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While 
 we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While 
 you and Charles were in Our house yesterday, we were abroad. 
 
 L. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Desum, defui, deesse, aetas, atis, /. age^ gen- antea, adv. before. 
 
 I am wanting. eraiion. postea, adv. afterwards, 
 
 obsum, fui, esse, / am nemo (Inis), no-body^ nuper, adv. lately. 
 
 against^ injure. no one. repente, adv. suddenly. 
 
 occupo 1. / take pos- aegrotus, a, um, sick. propterea, adv. for this 
 
 session of seize. avarus, a, um, avari- reason. 
 
 periculum, i, n. danger. cious. [ble. quo- — eo (with compa- 
 
 praedium, i, n./arwi. invictus, a, um, tnmTici- tive), the — so much 
 adolescens, tis, m. atrox, ocis, terriblCf the. 
 
 young man, yoxdh. bloody. 
 
 Quamdiu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici. Tota civltas in summa 
 laetitia fuerat, quum repente ingens terror omnium animos occupat. 
 Pugna fuit atiocissima, propterea quod utriusqne exercitus milites for- 
 tissimi fufirauL Ante belli initium in urbe fueramus. Demosthenis 
 aetate multi oratores magni et clari fuerunt, et antea fuerant, nee 
 post6a defuerunt Ante tres annos apud amicum fui, in cujus praedio 
 iHiper per duo menses fueratis. Haec res non profuit nobis, sed ob- 
 
§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm, 93 
 
 fuit. Quo minus honoris apud Romanos erat poetis, eo minora studia 
 fuerunt. Si quis virtutis compos erit, semper beatus erit. Quamdiu 
 sorte mea contentus ero, felix ero. Qualis in alios fueris, tales hi in te 
 erunt. Si in hac vita semper virtutis studios! fuerimus, etiam post 
 mortem beati erimus. 
 
 So long as you shall be fortunate, you will not want friends. The 
 upright always benefit the upright. My enemies (immicus) have not 
 injured me, but benefited If men will be virtuous, they will be happy. 
 So long as we shall be contented with our lot, we shall be happy. If 
 men always shall haye been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not 
 fail them. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. In questions, to which the asker expects an an- 
 swer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word 
 upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistine heri in 
 schola ? wast thou in school yesterday ? 
 
 Erasne in schola, quum heri domi tuae eram ? Eram. Miserne 
 sapiens erit, quum pauper erit? Non erit. Laetusne, an tristis es? 
 Unusne, an plures sunt mundi ? Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Ae- 
 grotusne fuisti? Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram. Fuerasne 
 nuper in horto nostro ? Deeritue tibi hominum laus, si semper pro- 
 bus fueris ? 
 
 Were you in school, as* we were at your house yesterday ? Yes 
 (= we were). Will the wise be unhappy, if they shall be poor ? No 
 (= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us is the very same in old-age, 
 wl\ich he was (perf ) [as] a young man. Pelopidas was in (perf ) all 
 dangers. Aristides was in (perf) the battle of Salamis (pugna Salami- 
 ma). Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us. 
 
 Yesterday I was (perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad. The 
 avaricious in the abundance of all things, will be very poor. Thou, 
 thy father and thy mother have benefited us much (multum). We, 
 you and your sister were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your 
 house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes 
 (= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the 
 school. Were our soldiers in the battle? No (:= they were not in 
 it). We were (perf) not at home yesterday, but abroad. 
 
 Our soul after death will be immortal. So long as we shall be con- 
 tented with our fortune, we shall be happy. Where had you been 
 
 * For the reason of using as in this and many other places in these exer- 
 cises, where when would seem to be required, see Synt. § 110, 1, 1.— Tr. 
 
94 THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. \k 49. 
 
 yesterday, as T was at your house ? We had been abroad. So long 
 as thou hadst been fortunate, thou hadst had (= there were to thee) 
 many friends. The more modest thou shalt be, so much the more 
 agreeable thou wilt be to men. If I shall benefit others, they [also] 
 will benefit me. 
 
 As (qualis) I shall have been to (in with ace.) others, so (talis) they 
 will be to me. If we shall have benefited others, they [also] will bene- 
 fit us. If thou, in this life, shalt have zealously pursued virtue, thou 
 shalt also, after death, be happy. 
 
 LI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Cogito 1, I think, reflect nescius, a, urn, igno- attentus, a, um, atten- 
 
 upon. rant ; non sum ne- live. 
 
 dubito 1. I doubt. scius, / know per- praeteritus, a, um,pa»^ 
 
 pondero I. I weigh,con- ftdly well. eras, adv. to-morrow. 
 
 sider. parsiniouia, ae, /. fru- parutn, adv, too little. 
 
 provideo 2. I foresee; gality. \n'\\\s, adv. previously. 
 
 c. dat. look out for. mens, tis, /. state of plane, adv. wholly. 
 
 intelll»f0 3. / under- mind. ne — quidem, not in- 
 
 stand. vectigal, alis, n. tax, in- deed, not even. 
 
 repeto 3. / run over. come. turn, then. 
 
 Bcio 4. / know. victor, oris, m. conquer- non solum — sed etiam, 
 nescio 4. / do not know. or. not merely, hut also. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. In questions which depend upon a foregoing 
 sentence [indirect questions), the subjunctive* is always used, as: Narra 
 mihi, uh'xfueris, relate to me, where thou hast been. — In indirect questions 
 the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dubito, laetusne sis, I doubt, 
 whether thou art joyful. 
 
 Non sum nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos fueris, et nunc sis, et 
 semper futiir us sis. Non eram nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos 
 fuisses, et turn esses, et semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse 
 animus nescit. Deus non est nescius, qua mente quisque sit. CogUa, 
 quantum nobis exempla bona prosint. Prae gaudio, ubi sim, nescio. 
 Non intelVigunt homines, quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia. Non, 
 quantum quisque prosit, sed quanti pretii quisque sit, pondera. Quo 
 quisque an'imo futurus sit, nescio. Incertus eram, profuturusne tibi essem. 
 Saepe ne utile quidem est scire, quid futurum sit. Pecunia, honores, 
 valetudo quamdlu affutura sint, incertum est. Incertus eram, et ubi 
 esselis, et ubi fuissetis. JVdrro tibi, et ubi her i fuerimus, et ubi eras 
 futuri simus. Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri in piigna laude digni. 
 
 * As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in English as in 
 Latin, the Subj. must often be translated into English by the forms of the 
 Indie, as will be seen in the following examples. — Tr. 
 
$ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 95 
 
 Diibium erat^ civesne nostri, an hostes in ilia pugna victores faisaent, 
 Dubium eraty profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ob/uisset. 
 
 What to-day is and yesterday was (perf ), we know ; but what will 
 be to-tnorrow, we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is un- 
 certain. I knew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us 
 you then were, and had been previously, and always would be (= were 
 about to be). I rejoice, when I think, how much you have benefited 
 the state, both now and before, and still will benefit [it]. It was un- 
 ceitain, where the enemies were and had been, and where they would 
 be. 
 
 Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus ! Attenti este, dis- 
 cipuli ! Homines mortis memores sunto. Contenti estote sorte vestra ! 
 Parum provident multi tempori futuro, sed plane in diem vivunt Vir 
 prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterita mente repetit 
 et futura ex praeteritis provldet. 
 
 Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the body (plur.), but also with the 
 mind (plur.), should be in the school. Man should be mindful of 
 death. 
 
 In school, you should be attentive, O scholars ! Thou shouldest be 
 contented with (abl.) thy lot! Men should always be mindful of the 
 precepts of virtue. 
 
96 
 
 ACTIVE OP THE FOUR EEGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [^50. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. 
 
 §50. AC 
 
 Of the four re^lar 
 
 The following paradigms need not all be 
 
 1. A mo, dwi, amd<«m, amdre. 
 Characteristic : a long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 amo, I love 
 amd-s, thou lovest 
 
 amd-f, he, she, it 
 
 loves 
 amd-7nM5, we love 
 
 amd-it5, you love 
 
 ama-n<, they love 
 
 ame-m, I may love 
 ame-5, thou mayest 
 
 love 
 am^-f, he, she, it 
 
 may love 
 ame-ww5, we may 
 
 love 
 amc-tw, you may 
 
 love 
 ame-nf, they may 
 
 love. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 amd-idTO, I loved, 
 was loving 
 
 amd bdSy thou lov- 
 edst, wast loving 
 
 amd-//df, he, she, it 
 
 loved, was loving 
 
 amd-6dwm5, we lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 a.md-batis^ you lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 amd-^anf, they lov- 
 ed, were loving 
 
 might 
 
 amd-rcm, f 
 
 love 
 amd-rc5, thou 
 
 mightest love 
 amd-7-e<, he, she, 
 
 might love 
 amd-rcTnit^, we 
 
 might love 
 dimd-retls^ you 
 
 might love 
 amd-renf, they 
 
 might love. 
 
 III. Future {Indicative). * 
 amd-fco, I shall love 
 amd-ii5, thou wilt love 
 amd-65^f, he, she, it will love 
 amd-iir/m5, we shall love 
 dLind-hltis^ you will love 
 amd-6M7it, they will love. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 amd-ut, I have lov- 
 ed 
 
 a,md-{vi)stl, thou 
 hast loved 
 
 amd-w<, he, she, it 
 has loved 
 
 amd-t>lmw5, we 
 have loved 
 
 amd-(»i)sft5, you 
 have loved 
 
 dimd-{v€)runt{vtre)^ 
 they have loved 
 
 amd-(r^)r?m, I may 
 
 have loved 
 amd-(we)ri5, thou 
 
 mayest have 1. 
 amd-(re)ri«,he,she, 
 
 i' may have 1. 
 amd-(re)r?mw5, we 
 
 may have loved 
 amd-(»c)r?f?5, you 
 
 may have loved 
 amd-(?5g)7m<, they 
 
 may have loved. 
 
 II. Mon^o, monwi, xnonUum^ monere. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 monco, I admonish 
 moncsjtiiou admon- 
 
 ishest 
 moncf, he, she, it 
 
 admonishes 
 monemws, we 
 
 monish 
 monc^i^, you 
 
 monish 
 moncnf, they 
 
 monish 
 
 ad- 
 
 ad- 
 
 ad- 
 
 moncdwi, I may ad, 
 
 moncd5, thou may- 
 est admonish 
 
 moncdf, he, she, it 
 may admonish 
 
 monedmws, we may 
 admonish 
 
 monedtis^ you may 
 admonish 
 
 monewnf, they may 
 admonish. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 monc6flm, I admon- 
 ished, was ad. 
 mone^as, thou ad- 
 monishedst, was a. 
 raone6«f, he, she, it 
 admonished, was a. 
 xtionehdmtLS^ we ad- 
 monished,were a. 
 xnonebdtis^ you ad- 
 monished, were a. 
 xwonebanty they ad- 
 monished.were a. 
 
 monercrw, I might 
 
 admonish 
 mo«erc5, thou 
 
 mightest ad. 
 monercf, he, she, it 
 
 might admonish 
 monercmw5, we 
 
 might admonish 
 monerc<^s, you 
 
 might admonish 
 monercni, they 
 
 might admonish. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative). ^ 
 monefco, I shall amonish 
 monebis^ thou wilt admonish 
 vaonebit^ he, she, it will admonish 
 monebXmus, we shall admonish 
 monebltis., you will admonish 
 monebunt., they will admonish. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 monui, I have ad- 
 monished 
 
 rxionuisli^ thou hast 
 admonished 
 
 montiif, he, she, it 
 has admonished 
 
 monMi7nM5,we have 
 admonished 
 
 vdonuistis^ you 
 have admonished 
 
 vcyoxiuerunt (ere), 
 they have ad. 
 
 may 
 
 mouMerm, I 
 
 have admonished 
 monueris^ thou 
 
 mayest have ad. 
 monucrif, he, she, 
 
 it may have ad. 
 monMcrim«5, we 
 
 may have ad. 
 monuerUis^ you 
 
 may have ad. 
 monMC7m<, they 
 
 may have ad. 
 
$50.1 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 97 
 
 TIVE. 
 
 Conjugations. 
 learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow. 
 
 ill. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
 Characteristic : e short. 
 
 IV. Audio, audi??i, audifwrn, audire. 
 Characteristic : i long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 I. Present. 
 
 regOj I govern 
 regis, thou govern- 
 
 est 
 reg^^, he, she, it 
 
 governs. 
 regimus, we govern 
 
 regitis, you govern 
 
 regunt, they govern 
 
 regam,! maygovern 
 rega5, thou mayest 
 
 govern 
 regdt, he, she, it 
 
 may govern 
 regdmus, we may 
 
 govern 
 regdtis, you may 
 
 govern 
 regant, they may 
 
 govern. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 legebam, I govern- 
 ed, was gov. 
 
 regebas, thou gov- 
 ernedst, wast g. 
 
 regebaty he, she, it 
 governed, was g. 
 
 regebdmus, we gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 vegebdtis, you gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 regebant, they gov- 
 erned, were gov. 
 
 regerem, I might 
 
 govern 
 regeres^ihou might- 
 
 est govern 
 regeret, he, she, it 
 
 might govern 
 regeremus, we 
 
 migiit govern 
 regeretis, you 
 
 might govern 
 regerentj they 
 
 might govern. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).^ 
 regam, I shall govern 
 regc5, thou wilt govern 
 regef, he, she, it will govern 
 regemus, we shall govern 
 regetis, you will govern 
 regent, they will govern. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 text, 1 have govern 
 
 ed 
 xexisti, thou hast 
 
 governed 
 rexity he, she, it 
 
 has governed 
 rexhnus, we have 
 
 governed 
 lexistis, you have 
 
 governed 
 Texerunt (ere), they 
 
 have governed 
 
 rexen'm, 1 may 
 
 have governed 
 rexeris, thou may 
 
 est have govern 
 rexerit, he, she, it 
 
 may have gov. 
 rexertmus, we may 
 
 have governed 
 xexeritis, you may 
 
 have governed 
 vexerint, they may 
 
 have governed. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 aud?o, I hear 
 aud?5, thou hearest 
 
 audW, he, she, it 
 
 hears 
 a-udimuSj we hear 
 
 Siuditis, you hear 
 
 emdtunt, they hear 
 
 aud^am, I may hear 
 
 aud?a5, thou may- 
 est hear 
 
 a.adidt, he, she, it 
 may hear 
 
 audtaww5, we may 
 hear 
 
 SLudMtis, you may 
 hear 
 
 SLudiant, they may 
 hear. 
 
 II. Imperfect, 
 diudiebam, I heard 
 
 was hearing hear 
 
 audie6a5,thou heard Audires, 
 
 est, wast hearing miffhe 
 viudiebat, he, she, it 
 
 heard, was h. 
 dindiebdmus., we 
 
 heard, were h. 
 a.ndiebdtis, you 
 
 heard, were h. 
 diudiebant, they 
 
 heard, were h. 
 
 audircm, 1 might 
 
 , thou 
 
 mighesthear 
 audircf, he, she, it 
 
 might hear 
 SLudlremus, we 
 
 might hear 
 audiretis, you 
 
 might hear 
 audirent, they 
 
 might hear. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).^ 
 aud?am, I shall hear 
 audie^, thou wilt hear 
 audiei, he, she, it will hear 
 aud«C7ftM5, we shall hear 
 a.adietis, you will hear 
 audien^, they will hear. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 
 audiri, .(aud?i) 1 
 
 have heard 
 Siudi(vi)sti, thou 
 
 hast heard 
 audivit, he, she, it 
 
 has heard 
 a.adivimus, we 
 
 have heard 
 a.udi(vi)stis, you 
 
 have heard 
 audi (v) erunt (ere), 
 
 they have heard 
 
 a,udi(v)erim, I may 
 
 have heard 
 3.\3di(v)eris, thou 
 
 mayest have h. 
 a,udi{v)erit, he, she, 
 
 it may have h. 
 a.udi(v)erimus, we 
 
 may have heard 
 diVidi(v)eritis, you 
 
 may have heard 
 a.udi(v)erintj they 
 
 may have heard. 
 
98 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR llEGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 U50. 
 
 I. Amo, dLinavi, amatum^ amare. 
 Characteristic : a long. 
 
 II. Moneo, monui, monitum, monere. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicj 
 
 lUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Indicative: 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 ama-(t?e)rdm, I had 
 
 loved 
 a.md-(ve)rdSy thou 
 
 hadst loved 
 aina-(?;e)raf,he,she, 
 
 it had loved 
 dimd-{ve) ramus, we 
 
 had loved 
 a.md-{ve)rdtiSj you 
 
 had loved 
 simd-(ve)rant, they 
 
 had loved 
 
 a.md-(vi)ssem, I 
 
 might have loved 
 a.md-{vi)sses, thou 
 
 mightest have 1. 
 araa-(w)ssc<,he,she, 
 it might have 1. 
 a.md-(vi)ssemus, we 
 
 might have loved 
 a.md-{vi)ssetis, you 
 
 might have loved 
 amd-{vi)ssent, they 
 
 might have loved. 
 
 monwgram, I had 
 
 admonished 
 monwcm*, thou 
 
 hadst admonished 
 monuerat, he, she, 
 
 it had admonish. 
 tnonuerdmus, we 
 
 had admonished 
 monuerdtis, you 
 
 had admonished 
 monuerant, they 
 
 had admonished 
 
 monuissem^ I might 
 
 have admonished 
 monuisseSy thou 
 
 mightest have ad. 
 monulsset, he, she, 
 
 it might have ad. 
 monuissemus, we 
 
 might have ad. 
 monuissetis, you 
 
 might have ad. 
 monuisscnt, they 
 
 might have ad. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 monuero, I shall have admonished 
 monueris, thou wilt have admonished 
 mouuerit, he, she, it will have admon. 
 monuenmws, we shall have admonished 
 monueritis, you will have admonished 
 monuerint, they will have admonished. 
 
 Imperative. 
 mone, admonish thou 
 monefo, thou shouldest admonish 
 moneto, he, she, it should admonish 
 moncfc, admonish ye 
 monetote, you should admonish 
 monento, they should admonish. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) moh^^Mm, in order to admonish 
 
 2) momtu, to admonish, be admon. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. monere, to admonish 
 Peif. monuisse, to have admonished 
 Fut. moniturvs, a, um, esse, to will 
 admonish, (that one) will ad. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. monens, admonishing 
 Fut. moniturus, a, urn, intending, 
 wishing, about to admonish. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. monendum est, one (we) must ad. 
 G. monendi, of admonishing, or to ad. 
 D. moncnrfo, to admonishing, or to ad. 
 A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing 
 A. mone7tdo, by admonishing. 
 
 ') The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically : amaturus, moniturus* 
 rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or ama- 
 turus, etc., essem, / wjomW ^oce. ') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 amd-(c^)rd, I shall have loved 
 a.md-(ve)ris, thou wilt have loved 
 a.md-(ve)rU, he, she, it will have loved 
 a.md-{vg)rimus, we shall have loved 
 a.md-{ve)rUis, you will have loved 
 dimd-lvi)rint, they will have loved. 
 
 Imperative. 
 amd, love thou 
 amd-io, thou shouldest love 
 VLind-to, he, she, it should love 
 amd-fe, love ye 
 a.md-t6te, you should love 
 a.md-ntOy they should love. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) a.md-tum, in order to love 
 
 2) amd-iw, to love, be loved. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 amd-re, to love 
 amd-(vi)sse, to have loved 
 Simd-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 love,* (that one) will love. 
 
 Participle, 
 ama-ns, loving 
 
 dimd-turus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to love. 
 
 Gerund, 
 dima-ndum est, one (we) must 1. 
 s.ma-ndi, of loving, or to love 
 axna-ndo, to loving, or to love 
 ama-ndum (e. g. arf), loving 
 dima-ndo, by loving. 
 
 Pres. 
 Perf 
 Fut. 
 
 Pres. 
 Fut. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
§50.1 
 
 ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 99 
 
 lil. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere. 
 Characteristic : e short. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 rexeram, I had 
 
 governed 
 rexeras, thou hadst 
 
 governed 
 Texerat, he, she, it 
 
 had governed 
 rexerdrnus, we had 
 
 governed 
 rexerdtis, you had 
 
 governed 
 
 rexissem, I might 
 
 have governed 
 rexisses, thou 
 
 mightest have g. 
 rexisset, he, she, it 
 
 might have gov. 
 rexissemus , we 
 
 might have gov. 
 vexissetis, you 
 
 might have gov. 
 
 rexerant, they had rexissent, they 
 governed j might have gov. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 rexero, I shall have governed 
 rexeris, thou wilt have governed 
 rexerit, he, she, it will have governed 
 lexerijnus, we shall have governed 
 rexerttus, you will have governed 
 rexerint, they will have governed. 
 
 Imperative.^ 
 rege, govern thou 
 regito, thou shouldest govern 
 regito, he, she, it should govern 
 regite, govern ye 
 regitote, you should govern 
 reguntOj they should govern. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) rectum, in order to govern 
 
 2) rec^M, to govern, be governed. 
 
 Injinitive. 
 Pres. regere, to govern 
 Perf. rexisse, to have governed 
 Fut. recturus, a, um esse, to will 
 govern,* (that one) will gov. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres, regens, governing 
 Fut. rccturus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to govern. 
 
 IV. Audio, audiri, audtfwm, audtre. 
 Characteristic : i long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 audi(r)gram, I had 
 
 heard 
 dindi{v)eras, thou 
 
 hadst heard 
 audi(c)era«, he,she, 
 
 it had heard 
 audi (?5)erdmu5, we 
 
 had heard 
 a.\x(ii{v)erdtisy you 
 
 had heard 
 audi(»)cr«ni, they 
 
 had heard 
 
 di\xdi{vi)ssem, I 
 
 might have h. 
 diVidi{vi)sses, thou 
 
 mightest have h. 
 audi(?;i)55ef,he,she, 
 
 it might have h. 
 dMAi(vi)sse,mus, we 
 
 might have h. 
 dMdii{vi)ssetis, you 
 
 might have h, 
 dMdi{vi)ssent, they 
 
 might have h. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. regendum est, one (we) must gov. 
 G. regendi, of governing, or to govern 
 D. regendo, to governing, or to govern 
 A. regendum (e. g. ad), governing 
 A. regendo, by governing. 
 
 ^) These four imperatives without e are to be noted : die, duc,fac,fer, from: di 
 CO, duco, facio, fero. ■*) The English language has no Infin. Future (to wil 
 love) but uses in its stead the Inf. Present. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect.^ 
 audi(r) cro, I shall have heard 
 ?i[xdi{v)eris, thou wilt have heard 
 a.vidilv)erit, he, she, it will have heard 
 aindilv)erimus, we shall have heard 
 a.udi,{v)critis, you will have heard 
 di\idi{v)erint, they will have heard. 
 
 Imperative. 
 audt, hear thou 
 andito, thou shouldst hear 
 diudito, he, she, it should hear 
 audi^e, hear ye 
 diuditote, you should hear 
 Sixidiunto, they should hear. 
 
 Supine. 
 
 1) diuditum, in order to hear 
 
 2) audt^M, to hear, be heard. 
 
 Injinitive. 
 Pres. audtre, to hear 
 Perf. aiudi{vi)sse, to have heard 
 Fut. diuditurus, a, um esse, to will 
 hear,* (that one) will hear. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. audicn*, hearing 
 Fut. Siuditurus, a, um, intending, 
 wishing, about to hear. 
 
 Gerund. 
 N. SLadiendum est, one (we) must hear 
 G. audicndi, of hearing, or to hear 
 D. a.\idiendo, to hearing, or to hear 
 A. ?iudiendum (e. g. ad), hearing. 
 A. R\xdiendo, by hearing. 
 
100 
 
 PASSIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [^51. 
 
 § 51. PAS 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 amor, 1 am loved 
 
 amari5, thou art 
 
 loved 
 ama^wr, he, she, it 
 
 is loved 
 amamiir, we are 
 
 loved 
 amammt, you are 
 
 loved 
 aman^wr, they are 
 
 loved 
 
 amer, 1 may be 
 
 loved 
 amcr?5(c), thou 
 
 mayest be loved 
 amcfiir, he, she, it 
 
 may be loved 
 amc7ri'ur, w^e may 
 
 be loved 
 amem?nl, you may 
 
 be loved 
 amcwiwr, they may 
 
 be loved. 
 
 II. 
 
 ama/yar, 1 was 
 
 loved 
 a.mdbdris (e), thou 
 
 wast loved 
 a.mabdtur, he, she, 
 
 it was loved 
 dLvadbdmur^ we 
 
 were loved 
 a.mdbdminl, you 
 
 were loved 
 a.mdbantur, they 
 
 were loved 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 amarer, I might be 
 
 loved 
 dimdreris(e) thou 
 
 mightest be 1. 
 a.mdretur, he, she, 
 
 it might be loved 
 amdremwr, we 
 
 might be loved 
 amarcminl, you 
 
 might be loved 
 amdrentur., ihey 
 
 might be loved. 
 
 III. Future. 
 amaftor, I shall be loved 
 dimdberls (e), thou wilt be loved 
 a.mdbUur, he, she, it will be loved 
 a.mdblmur, we shall be loved 
 ama/nm?7ti, you will be loved 
 dimdbuntur, they will be loved. 
 
 II. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 monear, 1 may be 
 
 admonished 
 monSdris{e), ihou 
 
 mayest be ad, 
 monea^wr, he, she, 
 
 it may be ad. 
 moneamwr, we may 
 
 be admonished 
 monSdmini^ you 
 
 may be admon. 
 monSayitur, they 
 
 may be admon. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 monger, 1 am ad- 
 monished 
 
 moneris, thou art 
 admonished 
 
 monefwr, he, she, 
 it is admonished 
 
 monemwr, we are 
 admonished 
 
 moncmmi, you are 
 admonished 
 
 monentur^ they are 
 admonished 
 
 mone^ar, I was ad- 
 monished 
 
 mone:bdris(e), thou 
 wast admonished 
 
 monebdtur^ he, she, 
 it was admon. 
 
 mone^amwr, we 
 were admonished 
 
 monebdmini, you 
 were admonished 
 
 monebantur, they 
 were admonished 
 
 monerer, 1 might 
 
 be admonished 
 moncreri5(e), thou 
 
 mightest be ad. 
 moneretur, he, she, 
 
 it might be ad. 
 moneremMr, we 
 
 might be ad. 
 moneremmi, you 
 
 might be ad. 
 monerentur, they 
 
 might be ad. 
 
 III. Future, 
 monebor, I shall be admonished 
 moneieris(e), thou wilt be admonished 
 monebltur^ he, she, it will be admon. 
 monebimur, we shall be admonished 
 monebimini^ you will be admonished 
 monebuntur^ they will be admonished 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 amatiis, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 amati, 
 
 ae. 
 
 amatus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 amati, 
 
 ae, 
 a 
 
 sum, 1 have been loved 
 es, thou hast been loved 
 est, he, she, it has been loved 
 sumus, we have been loved 
 estis, you have been loved 
 sunt, they have been loved. 
 
 monitus. 
 a, 
 
 um 
 momti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 sim, I may have been loved 
 sis, thou mayest have been 1. 
 sU,he, she, it may have been 1, 
 simiis, we may have been 1. 
 sUis, you may have been 1. 
 sint, they may have been 1. 
 
 monitus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 moniti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 sum, I have been admonished 
 es, thou hast been admonished 
 est, he, she, it has been ad. 
 sumus, we have been admon 
 estis, you have been admon. 
 sunt, they have been admon. 
 
 sim, I may have been admon 
 sis, thou mayest have been ad 
 si7,he,she, it may have been a 
 simus, we may have been ad. 
 sitis, you may have been ad. 
 sint, they may have been ad. 
 
^51.] 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 101 
 
 SIVE. 
 
 regor, I am govern- 
 ed 
 
 regem, thou art 
 governed 
 
 regitur^ he, she, it 
 is governed 
 
 regimur, we are 
 governed 
 
 xegiraini^ you are 
 governed 
 
 reguntury they are 
 governed 
 
 III. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 regar, I may be 
 
 governed 
 regdris(e)^ thou 
 
 rnayest be gov. 
 regdtur, he, she, it 
 
 may be governed 
 regdmur^ we may 
 
 be governed 
 regdmini, you may 
 
 be governed 
 regantur, they may 
 
 be governed. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 regebar, I was gov- 
 erned 
 
 xege,bdris{e), thou 
 wast governed 
 
 xegebdtur^ he, she, 
 it was governed 
 
 regebdmur^we were 
 governed 
 
 regebdmlni^ you 
 were governed 
 
 regebantur^ they 
 were governed 
 
 III. Future, 
 regdr, I shall be governed 
 regerls{e), thou wilt be governed 
 regetur, he, she, ii will be governed 
 regemur^ we shall be governed 
 rege/n?n.i, you will be governed 
 regentur, they will be governed. 
 
 regerer, I might be 
 
 governed 
 vegereris(e)^ thou 
 
 mightest be gov. 
 vegeretur, he, she, 
 
 it might be gov. 
 vegeremvr, we 
 
 might be gov. 
 xegerernini^ you 
 
 might be gov. 
 regSrentur, they 
 
 might be gov. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 1. Present. 
 
 audeor, 1 am heard 
 
 audtW^, thou art 
 
 heard 
 audt^wr, he, she, it 
 
 is heard 
 aud? mwr, we are 
 
 heard 
 a.ndi7nini, you are 
 
 heard 
 a,udiuntur, they are 
 
 heard 
 
 aud^ar, I may be 
 
 heard 
 3.udidris(e) thou 
 
 mayest be heard 
 audiaiwr, he, she, 
 
 it may be heard 
 audittT/mr, we may 
 
 be heard 
 a.adidmini, you 
 
 may be heard 
 audianiwr, they 
 
 may be heard. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 diudiehar, 1 was 
 
 heard 
 s.udiebdris(e), thou 
 
 wast heard 
 a.ndiebdtiir, he, she, 
 
 it was heard 
 di\idiebdmur^ we 
 
 were heard 
 a.udiebd7ninij you 
 
 were heard 
 Siudiebantur, they 
 
 were heard 
 
 audircr, I might be 
 
 heard 
 audi;rer?!5(e), thou 
 
 mightest be heard 
 audtre/wr, he, she, 
 
 it might be heard 
 audircTOMr, we 
 
 might be heard 
 SLudiremini, you 
 
 might be heard 
 diudirentur, they 
 
 might be heard. 
 
 III. Future. 
 aud^ar, I shall be heard 
 audien5(c), thou wilt be heard 
 a.udietur, he, she, it will be heard 
 a.\jdiemur, we shall be heard 
 audjemmi, you will be heard 
 audicnfwr, they will be heard. 
 
 IV. Perfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 rectus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 recti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 rectus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 recti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 sum, I have been governed 
 es, thou hast been governed 
 est^ he, she, it has been govern'd 
 sumus, we have been govern'd 
 estis, you have been governed 
 sunt, they have been governed 
 
 auditus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 auditi, 
 
 ae, 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 sim, 1 may have been govern'd 
 sis, thou mayest have been g. 
 sit, he, she, it may have been g. 
 simns, we may have been g. 
 sitis, you may have been g. 
 sint, tliey may have been g. 
 
 auditus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 auditi, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 sum, I have been heard 
 es, thou hast been heard 
 est, he, she, it has been heard 
 sumus, we have been heard 
 estis, you have been heard 
 sunt, they have been heard. 
 
 sim, 1 may have been heard 
 sis, thou mayest have been h. 
 sit, he, she, it may have been h. 
 simus, we may have been h. 
 sitis, you may have been h. 
 sint, they may have been h. 
 
102 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [551. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 amatus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 amati, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 amatus, 
 
 amati, 
 
 ae, 
 a 
 
 amatus. 
 
 eram^ I had been loved 
 Iras^ thou hadst been loved 
 irat^ he, she, it had been loved 
 erdmuSy we had been loved 
 erdtis, you had been loved 
 Srant, they had been loved. 
 
 monitus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 moniti, 
 
 ae, 
 a 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 essem, I might have been loved 
 esses, thou mightesthave been 
 
 loved 
 esset, he, she, it, might have 
 
 been loved 
 essemus, we might have been 
 
 loved 
 essetis, you might have been 1. 
 essent, they might have been 1. 
 
 monitus. 
 
 moniti, 
 
 ae, 
 a 
 
 eram, I had been admonished 
 eras, thou hadst been ad, 
 erat, he, she, it had been ad. 
 eramus, we had been ad. 
 eratis, you had been ad. 
 erantj they had been ad. 
 
 essem, 1 might have been ad. 
 esses, thou mightest have been 
 
 admonished 
 esset, he, she, it might have 
 
 been admonished 
 essemus, we might have been 
 
 admonished 
 essetis,y ovi might have been ad. 
 essent,\hey might have been ad. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative). 
 
 ero, I shall have been loved 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been 
 
 loved 
 ertt, he, she, it will have been 
 
 loved 
 amati, erimus, we shall have been 
 
 loved 
 erlils, you will have been 
 
 loved 
 erunt, they will have been 
 
 loved. 
 
 Imperative. 
 amare, be thou loved 
 ama^or, thou shouldest be loved 
 a.mdtdr, he, she, it should be loved 
 amawitrat, be ye loved 
 amamtftor, you should be loved 
 dimantdr, they should be loved. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. amdrl, to be loved 
 Perf. a.mdtus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 loved 
 Fut. dimdtum irl,^ to will be loved, 
 
 (that one) will be loved. 
 
 Participle. 
 Perf. a.mdtus, a, um, loved 
 Fut. umandus, a, um, what should be 
 loved. 
 
 monitus, ero, I shall have been admon- 
 ished 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 admonished 
 moniti, erimus, we shall have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 eritis, you will have been ad- 
 monished 
 
 erunt, they will have been ad- 
 monished. 
 
 Imperative. 
 monerg, be thou admonished 
 monetor, thou shouldst be admonished 
 monetor, he, she, it should be adra'd 
 monemini, be ye admonished 
 moneminor, you should be admonished 
 monentor, they should be admonished. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. monen, to be admonished 
 Perf monUus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 admonished 
 Fut, monUum iri,^ to will be admonish- 
 ed, (that one) will be admonished. 
 
 Participle. 
 Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished 
 Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be 
 admonished. 
 
 *) amatum, monitum, rectum, auditum are Supines and hence cannot be de- 
 
$51.] 
 
 PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REQUL^AR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 103 
 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 1 
 
 
 a) Indicative. | 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 eram, I had been governed 
 
 auditus. 
 
 eram, I had been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eras, thou hadst been governed 
 
 a. 
 
 eras, thou hadst been heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 erat, he, she, it had been g. 
 
 um 
 
 erat, he, she, it had been heard 
 
 
 recti, 
 
 eramus, we had been governed 
 
 auditi. 
 
 eramus, we had been heard 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 eratis, you had been governed 
 
 ae. 
 
 eratis, you had been heard 
 
 
 a 
 
 erant, they had been governed 
 
 a 
 
 erant, they had been heard. 
 
 
 b) Subjunctive. | 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 essem, I might have been g. 
 
 auditus, 
 
 essem, 1 might have been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 esses, thou mighlest have been 
 governed 
 
 a, 
 
 esses, thou mightest have been 
 heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 esstt, he, she, it might have 
 been governed 
 
 um 
 
 esset, he, she, it might have 
 been heard 
 
 
 recti, 
 
 essemus, we might have been 
 governed 
 
 auditi. 
 
 essemus, we might have been 
 heard 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 essetis, you might have been g. 
 
 ae. 
 
 essetis, you might have been h. 
 
 
 a 
 
 C55e7ii, they might have beeng. 
 
 a 
 
 essent, they might have been h. 
 
 
 VI. Future Perfect^ {Indicative). \ 
 
 
 rectus, 
 
 ero, 1 shall have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 auditus, 
 
 ero, I shall have been heard 
 
 
 a, 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 a. 
 
 eris, thou wilt have been heard 
 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 governed 
 
 um 
 
 erit, he, she, it will have been 
 heard 
 
 
 recti. 
 
 erimus, we shall have been 
 governed 
 
 auditi. 
 
 erimus, we shall have been 
 heard 
 
 
 ae, 
 
 eritis, you will have been gov- 
 erned 
 
 ae, 
 
 eritis, you will have been 
 heard 
 
 
 a 
 
 erunt, they will have been 
 governed. 
 
 a 
 
 ermit, they will have been 
 heard. 
 
 
 Imperative, i 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 
 reg^re, be thou governed 
 
 audtre, be thou heard 
 
 
 regifor, thou shouldst be governed 
 
 auditor, thou shouldst be heard 
 
 
 regttor, he, she, it should be governed 
 
 auditor, he, she, it should be heard 
 
 
 reglvdni, be ye governed 
 
 a-udimini, be ye heard 
 
 
 regl minor, you should be governed 
 
 SLuduainor, you should be heard 
 
 
 reguntor, they should be governed. 
 
 a.ndiuntor, they should be heard. 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 Pres. regi, to be governed 
 
 Pres. audtri, to be heard 
 
 
 Perf. rectus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 Perf dLudUus, a, um esse, to have been 
 
 
 governed 
 
 heard 
 
 
 Fut rectum iri,^ to will be governed. 
 
 Fut. unditum iri,^ to will be heard. 
 
 
 (that one) will be governed. 
 
 (that one) will be heard. 
 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 Perf. rectus, a, um, governed 
 
 Perf. VLudltus, a, um heard 
 
 
 Fut. regendus, a, um, what should 
 
 Fut. a.xidiendus, a, um, what should 
 
 
 be go 
 
 verned. 
 
 be he 
 
 ard. 
 
 clined. That the English language has no Inf. Fut. has already been stated. 
 
104 
 
 VfiRBS IN W OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 [k62. 
 
 § 52. Inflection of verbs in To of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 ACTIVE, Infill, capere, to take. PASSIVE, Infiii. capi. | 
 
 *2 
 
 1 
 
 Indicative. 
 cap-i-o 
 cap-?s, cop-ii 
 cap-imus, capitis 
 cap-r-unt. 
 
 Suhjunct. 
 
 cap-i-am 
 
 cap-i-as 
 
 etc. 
 
 Indicative. 
 cap-i-or 
 
 cap-eris, cap-Uur 
 cap-lmur, cap-imlni 
 cap-i-untur. 
 
 Subjunct. 
 
 cap-i-ar 
 
 cap-I-aris 
 
 etc. 
 
 S 
 1— t 
 
 s 
 
 cap-i-ebam 
 
 cap-erem 
 
 cap-i-ebar 
 
 cap-erer 
 
 cap-i-am, -i-es, etc. 
 
 cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc. 
 
 s 
 
 cap-e, cap-ito, cap-Ue, cap-Uote, 
 cap-i-unto. 
 
 cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-imini, 
 cap-iminor, cap-i-untor. 
 
 Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus 
 
 Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap- 
 
 i-endus 
 
 Supine: cop-fwm, cap-<M. | 
 
 LII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 ram navo (c. dat.) / interitus, us, m. destruc- 
 
 Decerto 1. / contend. 
 
 elaboro 1. {in c. abl.) 
 / labor (zealously). 
 
 flo 1. / blow, wave. 
 
 iritro 1. (o. ace.) / go 
 into, enter. 
 
 liber, era, erum,/ree. 
 
 libero 1. / deliver. 
 
 navo 1. / pursue some- 
 thing ardently; ope- 
 
 occupy myself with. 
 numero I. I number. 
 opera, ae,y! toil, labor. 
 somnus, i, m. sleep. 
 ventus, i, m. loind. 
 timor, oris, m.fear. 
 cupiditas, atis,/. desire, 
 passion. 
 
 tion. 
 
 aptus, a, um,JUted. 
 
 placldus, a, urn, gentle. 
 
 vehemens, tis, violent. 
 
 potissimum, adv. es- 
 pecially. 
 
 quomodo, in what man- 
 ner, how. 
 
 A) Active of the first Conjugation. 
 Quum milites urbem intra bant, omnes cives timoris pleni erant. 
 Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens ventus per altas quercus 
 flabat. Quamdiu tu in horto ambulabas, ego domi litteris operam 
 navabam. Dum nos placidus somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis. 
 Quomodo is libero imperabit, qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat? 
 Ad quas res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabimus. Quam- 
 diu eris felix, multos amicos numerabis. Bonos semper laudabo, 
 
§ 50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 106 
 
 improbos semper vituperabo. Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites, 
 patriam ab interim liberabitis. Si virtutem amabis, omnes boni te 
 emabimt. 
 
 LIU. Words to be learned and Zeroises for translation. 
 
 Comparro 1. / prepare, philosophia, ae, f. phi- jucundus, a, um, pleas^ 
 
 acquire. losophy. ant, agreeable. 
 
 conjugo 1. / join to- career, eris, m. prison, adhuc, adv. stUl. [ally, 
 
 gether, unite. narratio, ouis,/. narra- perpetuo, adv. continu- 
 
 devoco 1. / call down. tive. tanquam, as if, as. 
 
 migro 1. / migrate. rus, ruris, n. country ; num, (an interrogative 
 
 emlgro 1. I Tmve out. ruri, in the country, word used when a 
 
 e\6\o 1. I fy out from, rure, from the country, negative answer is 
 
 escape. ace. rus, into the expected), is it pos- 
 
 mterrogo 1. I ask. country. sible thaf^ 
 
 observo 1. / observe. 
 
 Ea est jucundissima amicitia, quam similitude morum conjugavit. 
 Vivunt ii, qui ex corporum vinculis, tanquam carcere, evolaverunt. 
 Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo. Quia semper virtu- 
 tis praecepta observastis, magnam vobis Jaudem comparastis. Cur per 
 totem noctem vigilasti ? Praeceptores meos semper amavi. Acriter 
 contra hostes pugnavimus. Quum milites urbem intraverant, ingens 
 terror omnium civium animos occupabat. Narratio, quam mihi nuper 
 narraveras, vehementer me delectaverat. Quum exercitus hostilis 
 urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus. Si animum virtutibus 
 ornaveris, semper beatus eris. Ut alios homines tractaverimus, ita hi 
 nos tractabunt. Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis sit animus, num dubia 
 erit responsio ? Si perpetuo in hac vita virtutum servaveritis, etiam 
 in altera vita beati eritis. Quum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem 
 ipsam oppugnabunt Quum ego rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe 
 eris. 
 
 LIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 "Recito 1. 1 read to, supplicium, i, n. capi- scelus, eris, n. offence, 
 revoco 1. I recall. tal punishment, 2) crime. 
 
 caussa, ae, /. cause ; (any severe) punish- quaestus, us, m. gain, 
 
 abl. cau55d withg-en., m^nt. diligenter, adv. dUigent- 
 
 on account of. Atheniensis, is, m. ly, carefully. 
 
 sophista, ae, m. sophist. an Athenian. fortiter, adv. bravely, 
 
 Francogallus, i, m. approbatio, onis, / ap- studiose, adv. zealously. 
 
 Frenchman. \man. probation. \tation. 
 
 Germanus, i, m. a Ger- ostentatio, onis,/. osten- 
 
 How many has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed (= re- 
 called) from crimes ! The Germans have fought bravely against the 
 
106 ACTIVE VOICE. [^ 50. 
 
 French (== Frenchmen). So long as we frequented school, we pur- 
 sued literature dihgently. The Athenians called those sophists, who 
 for the sake of ostentation or gain pursued philosophy. To-morrow we 
 will celebrate the birth-day of our father. So long as you shall be 
 fortunate, you will number many friends. The more any one (quis) 
 shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be. The more 
 zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more 
 agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers. When [their] native country 
 shall be in danger, the citizens will fight spiritedly against the ene- 
 mies. 
 
 As thou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee. We have 
 always loved our teachers. Because thou hast always kept the precepts 
 of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise. As the hostile ar- 
 my were entering the city, all the citizens were full of (gen.) fear. You 
 have fought spiritedly against the enemies. When we shall have migra- 
 ted into the country, you will still be in the city. When the hostile army 
 shall have laid waste the fields, it will assault the city itself If you shall 
 have adorned [your] souls with virtues, you will always be happy. 
 
 As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens 
 had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep 
 refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied 
 yourselves with literature. The whole day I have eagerly expected 
 my friend. When the enemies shall have assaulted the city, the con- 
 dition of the citizens will be very wretched. If I shall have carefully 
 observed the precepts of virtue, the approbation of the good will never 
 be wanting to me. Scarcely hadst thou read to me the letter of the 
 friend, as he entered (perf } my house (ace). If thou shalt pursue lit- 
 erature diligently, I shall praise thee. 
 
 LV. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Opto 1. / wish. mihi est, / am anx- utilitas, atis, /. advan- 
 
 persano 1. / cure per- ious. tage. 
 
 ftctly. fabula, ae,/./a6/e. statio, oniSy f. post. 
 
 postulo 1. / demand. opera, ae,/. pains ; op- animal, alis, n. living 
 
 redamo 1. / love in re- eram do, I take pains, being. 
 
 turn. occupy myself with. rectus, a, um, right ; 
 
 rogo \. I entreat, ask. condiscipulus, i, m./eZ- conscientia recta, a 
 
 supero 1. / surpass, low-student. good conscience. 
 
 overcome. me(\icus,\,m. physician, persaepe, adv. very of- 
 
 evfenit, 4. it happens. cognitio, onis, /. know- ten. 
 
 conscientia, ae, /. con- ledge. ut (with Subj.), that, in 
 
 sdousntss, conscience, honestas, atis, /. up- order tfiat. See Syni. 
 
 cura, ae,/. care ; curae rightness. § 106. 
 
$50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 107 
 
 Persaepe evfinit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. Vide, ne peccea 
 contra virtutis praecepta. Omnes parentes optant, ut filii litteris dili- 
 genter operam navent. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re rectam con- 
 scientiam servemus. Omnibus viribus elaborate, ut litteras diligenter 
 tractetis. Medicus omnem curam adhibet, ut aegrotum persanet. Ni- 
 hil magis mihi curae est, quam ut animum virtutibus ornem. Amo tc, 
 ut me redames. Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diligentia 
 superes. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Quam- 
 diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae erat, quam ut 
 animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus. Heri ambulabam, ut 
 tristem animum exhilararera. Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut 
 urbem ab interitu servaret. 
 
 Every living being looks to this (id agit), that it may preserve itself. 
 You ought to take pains, that you acquire for yourselves the praise of 
 the good. You love us, in order that we may love you in return. I 
 labored (peif ) with all [my] powers, in order that my teachers might 
 praise me. The laws of this state demand, that the citizens should 
 obey them (sibi). I entreat thee, that thou wouldst relate to me the 
 fable. I pursue literature very zealously, in order that I may delight 
 my parents. We ought always so to live, that we may observe the pre- 
 cepts of virtue. 
 
 We fought very spiritedly, in order that we might save our native 
 country from destruction. You were more anxious for nothing, than 
 that you might adorn [your] souls with virtues. The general com- 
 manded (perf), that the army might enter the city (ace). So long as I 
 frequented the school, I labored with all [my] powers, that I might 
 adorn [my] mind with (abl.) the knowledge of literature. 
 
 LVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Accelero \.Iliasttn. perturbo 1. / throw in- scholastica, scholastic 
 
 advento 1. / approach^ to confusion. instruction. 
 
 arrive. specto 1. / behold, con- multitudo, inis,/. mul- 
 
 castigo 1. / reprove, template. titude. [tacking. 
 
 punish. vasto 1. 1 lay waste. oppugnatio, onis, /. at- 
 
 colloco 1. (in aliqua re) mitto3. 1 send, dispatch, ortus, us, m. rising. 
 
 I place, bestoiv (upon uva, ae,/. grape. risus, us, m. laugh. 
 
 something). argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. pre- 
 
 congrego 1. / assemble. tents (of a book). dpitately. [lously. 
 
 delibero 1. / deliberate, auxilium, i, n. aid. religiose, adv. sa^upu- 
 
 explico 1. I explain. institutio, onis, f. in- ubi, where; when, so 
 
 gusto 1. / taste, relish. struction ; institutio (as) soon as. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quin, with the meaning that, takes 
 
108 ACTIVE VOICE. [^ 50. 
 
 the subjunctive after : non dubito, / do not douht^ nemo dubitat, nohody 
 douhts, dubium non est, it is not doubtful^ and quis dubitat ? who doubts ? 
 See Syntax § 107, 3. 
 
 Non est dubium, quin cives, ubi patria in periciilo futura sit, fortiter 
 pugnaturi sint. Quis dubitat, quin e scholastica institutione pulcherri- 
 mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bono- 
 rum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum migraturi sint Non dubi- 
 to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint. Non dubitabam, quin vos 
 patriam a servitute liberaturi essetis. Cui dubium erat, quin exercitus 
 noster omnes labores et aerumnas facile toleraturus esset ? Quis dubi- 
 tat, quin Hannibal contra Romanos fortissime pugnaverit ? Non dubi- 
 tabrtis, quin ego vos semper amaverim. Quis dubitat, quin bonos sem- 
 per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus ? Non est dubium, 
 quin in omni vitae conditione fidem servaiitis. Non dubito, quin lit- 
 tfiris maximam operam navaris. Nemo dubitabat, quin hostes urbem 
 expugnavissent. Nemini civium dubium erat, quin pro patriae libertate 
 acerrime pugnavissetis. Nemo dubitabat, quin omnem operam in eo 
 collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus. Quum hostes urbem oppug- 
 nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror omnium civium animos 
 occupavisset. Nemo dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses. Ne- 
 mini eorum qui aderant, dubium erat, quin recte de illius libri argu- 
 mento judicavissem. 
 
 It is doubtful to no one of those w^ho are present, that concerning 
 (de) the character of that man, thou hast judged correctly. Nobody 
 doubts, that the enemies have taken the city. It is not doubtful, that 
 from scholastic instruction the fairest advantages (= fruits) redound to 
 the young. Who doubts, that we shall deliver the land from servitude ? 
 Nobody doubted, that all citizens, so soon as their native country should 
 be in danger, would fight bravely. Who doubts, that you have raised 
 a laugh ? Nobody doubts, that our army will endure all the toils and 
 hardships of war patiently. It is not doubtful, that the attacking of 
 the city, has thrown all the citizens into confusion. No one of (gen.) 
 us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies. No one of 
 the Romans doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against 
 them (se). Who doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this 
 (in eo), that we might overcome the enemy ? Who doubts, that I have 
 always loved thee ? Nobody doubted, that we had always praised 
 the good, [but] had always censured the bad. Who doubts, that I 
 have kept my word (= fidelity)? Nobody doubted, that thou hadst 
 occupied thyself earnestly with literature. To no one was it doubtful, 
 that you had always kept the precepts of virtue. 
 
§50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 100 
 
 Diligenter cura, mi amice, valetudinem tuam ! Ne praepropere de 
 rebus judicate,o piieri ! Ne dublta de animorum immortalitate ! Per- 
 petuo servato, mi fili, conscientiam rectam ! Discipulus amato prae- 
 ceptores. Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos! Omnes 
 homines amanto deum. 
 
 Look out carefully, friends, for your health ! Judge not precipitate- 
 ly concerning men and things, O boy! Doubt ye not concerning 
 the immortality of the soul (plur.)! Scholars should love their teach- 
 ers. Thou shouldest praise the upright, [but] reprove the wicked. 
 You should always, my sons, preserve a good conscience. 
 
 (Comp. Synt. § 97.) 
 
 Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habiiatum. Legati in urbem 
 nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum Hannibalem invictum 
 cives sui ex Italia revocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum. Hos- 
 tes pacem postulatum legatos ad nos mittunt. Exercitus hostilis ad- 
 ventavit agros nostros vastatum. Ingens hominum multitude in urbem 
 congregatur ludos publicos spectatum. 
 
 Uva immatura est peracerba gustatu. Multa sunt dura toleratu. 
 Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu. Sitis non facilis 
 est toleratu. Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. 
 
 The soldiers hastened (perf), in order to relieve the city from 
 the siege of the enemies. The ambassadors assembled themselves 
 (== were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The 
 hostile army approached, in order to assault the city. To-morrow my 
 parents will go (= migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell 
 [there] through the summer. 
 
 A ripe grape is sweet to taste. The rising of the sun is beautiful to 
 behold. This thing is easy to explain. 
 
 LVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Duro 1. / endure, con- avaritia, ae,/. avarice. ornatus, us, m. oma- 
 
 tinue. momentum, i, n. cir- ment. 
 
 exprobro 1. / reproach cumstance, particular, alienus, a, um, foreign, 
 
 [one) for. officium, i,n. duty, ser- exiguus, a, um, little. 
 
 investigo 1. / trace out, vice. odiosus, a, um, odious, 
 
 investigate. calamitas, atis, f. loss, teter, tra, trum, foul. 
 
 mico 1. I glitter. misfortune. coelestis, e, heavenly. 
 
 obtempero 1. I obey. actio, onis,/. action. praesertim, adv. espe- 
 
 sxido \. I sweat. jpoftio, ouis, f. drinking, dally. 
 
 supplico 1. I implore. drink. 
 
 Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat. Coelum plenum est stel- 
 10 
 
110 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^50. 
 
 larum niicantium. Nullum vitium tetrius est, quam avaritia, praeser- 
 tim in principibus rem publicam gubemantibus. Cogitantes coelestia, 
 haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus. Odiosum est genus 
 hominum ofRcia exprobrantium. Ex (after) labore sudanti frigldae 
 aquae potio perniciosissima est. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti 
 succurrit. Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare 
 debemus. Sapiens bona sibi comparare studet perpetilo duratura. 
 Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum congregantur. 
 Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur ludos publlcos spec- 
 tatura. 
 
 How great is the wisdom of God who governs (= governing) the 
 whole world! The larks sing as they Jly (= flying). Man does not 
 love God, when he does not observe (= not observing) the precepts of 
 virtue. The power of virtue is very great, since it adorns (= adorning) 
 the souls of men with the fairest ornaments. How great are the bene- 
 fits of the sun, since it illuminates (= illuminating) the whole earth ! 
 The citizens fought spiritedly with the enemies, who were assaulting 
 {= assaulting) the city. The hostile army came up in order to assault 
 (== intending to assault) the city. The invincible Hannibal, his fellow- 
 citizens (= citizens) recalled from Italy, that he might deliver (= about 
 to deliver) his native country from the enemies. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The Gerund takes the same case as its verb. 
 In the Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated 
 by : / [thou, he) must, ought, should, we (you, they) must, ought, should, 
 etc. ; but without the Dat. of the agent by : one [ive) must, ought, 
 should (comp. Synt. § 98.). 
 
 De animorum immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum. Obtempe- 
 randum est virtutis praeceptis. Propter belli calamitates multis civibus 
 e patria in alienas terras migrandum est. Si beati esse studemus, dili- 
 genter nobis est elaborandum, ut in omni actione virtutis praecepta 
 observemus. Quis dubltat, quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan- 
 dum sit. 
 
 LVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Avoco 1. I call away. fortem), I show my- occasio, onis, f. occa- 
 
 d\iu(]icoli. I distinguish. self [hraye). sion. 
 
 nato 1. I swim. teneo 2. / hold, under- planities, ei,/. plain. 
 
 praebeo, 2. / afford; stand. [lectics. idoneus, a^ un\, suited. 
 
 praebeo me (e. g. dialectica, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. unsely. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases 
 of the Infinitive ; the Ace, however, can be used only in connection 
 with a preposition. Comp. Synt. § 98. 
 
§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. Ill 
 
 Nom. JVatdre est utile, stvimming is useful. 
 
 Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, / am skilful in stvimming, or to sivim ; natan- 
 di ars utllis est, the art of swimming or to swim is usefid. Ars 
 civitatern guhernandi, the art of governing a state is difficult. 
 
 Dat. JVatando homo aptus est, man is fitted to swimming, or to swim. 
 
 Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but : ad naiandum ho- 
 mo aptus est, man is fitted for swimming or to swim. 
 
 Abl. JVatando corporis vires exerceiitiu*, by sivimming the powers of the 
 body are exercised. 
 
 Navigare utilissimum est, sed ars navigandi est difRcillima. Boni 
 discipuli cupidi sunt Htteras diHgenter tractandi. Principes civitatis 
 periti esse debent civitatem gubernandi. Dialectica est ars vera ac 
 falsa dijudicandi. Haec planities apta est pqgnando. Ego fratrera 
 tuum natare doceo, gaudeoque, quod tam aptum se praebet ad natan- 
 dum. Pauci homines idonei sunt ad aliis imperandum. Virtus hom- 
 ines avocat a peccando. Acriter pugnando milites urbem ab interitu 
 liberaverunt. 
 
 To govern a state, is very difficult; [only] a few understand the 
 art of governing a state wisely. Avoid thou every occasion of sin- 
 ning. Thy brother is very skilful in (gen.) riding. The human intel- 
 lect is nourished by (abl.) thinking. 
 
 LIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 CrucAO \. I torment. person and abl. of effusus, a, um, unre- 
 
 cruciatus, us, m. torture. thing), / deprive of. strained. 
 
 emendo 1. I improve. poena, ae, f. punish- piger, gra, grum, indo- 
 
 nuntio 1. / announce. ment. lent, slothful. 
 
 obscuro 1. / obscure. morbus, i, m. disease. benevole, adv. kindly, 
 
 probo 1. / approve ; incendium i, n. con/la- benevolently. 
 
 probor (c. dat.) I gration. hodie, adv. to-day. 
 
 please. ohVivio, onia, f. oblivion, misere, adv. loretchedly, 
 
 spolio 1. (with ace. of decus, oris, n. honor. in a loretched way. 
 
 B.) Passive or the First Conjugation. 
 
 Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, omnium civium animi ingen- 
 ti teiTore occupabantur. Dum ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando 
 delectabare (delectabaris). Quum pugna atrocissima erat, sol nubibus 
 obscurabatur. Quamdlu virtus decore et dignitate sua non spoliabitur, 
 tamdlu homines virtutis compotes etiam in summis cruciatibus beati 
 erunt. Malefici post mortem justis poenis castigabuntur. Ut alios 
 tractaverltis, ita ab iis tractabimini. Si litteris diligenter operam nava- 
 verimus, a parentibus nostris pulchris muneribus donablmur. Quo re- 
 

 112 FIRST CONJUGATION. [f 51. 
 
 ligiosius virtutis praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor. Quum 
 urbs ab hostibus expugnata erat, omnes cives acerbissimo dolore cru- 
 ciabantur. Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt, magna ad vos 
 laus redundabit. 
 
 As yesterday thou wast with me, I was tormented by (abl.) violent 
 pains, but to-day I am dehvered from them. If thou lovest (= shalt 
 love) men, thou wilt be loved by them. The remembrance of renown- 
 ed men is obscured by (abl.) no oblivion. The wise will even then be 
 happy, when they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains. 
 While we delighted ourselves (= were delighted) in (abl.) song (Ge- 
 rund), you delighted yourselves in the dance (Gerund). The more 
 scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the 
 more will you please God. As the victory of our army was announc- 
 ed, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij through the whole city. As 
 the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at (abl.) the very 
 same time three conflagrations were raised. Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow 
 Christmas (= the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your 
 good parents you will be presented with (abl.) beautiful presents. If 
 thou shalt please (fut. perf ) all good men, thou wilt also please God. 
 The more kindly I shall have treated others, so much the more kindly 
 shall I also be treated by them. As thou enteredst the house (ace.) 
 thou wast delighted by (abl.) the arrival of thy father. 
 
 LX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Conformo 1. I form. metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,/ cowardice, 
 
 obsto 1. / oppose, am a sion,Jear. otium, i, n. ease. 
 
 hindrance. officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/. weak- 
 
 praeparo J. /prepare. in the way. [tiniie. ness. 
 
 reporto 1. I hear off. pergo 3. / go on, con- timidltas, atis,/. timidi- 
 
 sollicito 1. I disturb. impedio 4. I prevent. ty. 
 
 soUicitus, a, um, dis- impedimentum, i, n. divlnus, a, um, divine. 
 
 turhed, apprehensive. hindrance ; impedi- immanis, e, cruel. 
 
 expleo 2. I fulfil. mento est, it is a terrestris, e, earthly. 
 
 prohlbeo 2. I prevent. hindrance. temere, adv. inconsid- 
 
 metuo 3. / apprehend, constantia, ae, f.firm- erately, vnthout rea- 
 
 fear. ness. son. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. The conjunction g'Momiwtts with the Subj. stands 
 after the verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be 
 translated into English by that.* (Comp. Synt. § 107, 2.). 
 
 * Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corres- 
 ponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it.— Tr. 
 
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 113 
 
 Levitas animi miiltis pueris impedimento est, quominus eorum 
 mores emendentur et ingenia litterarum studio conformentur. Mili- 
 tum ignavia obstabat, quominus hostilis exercitus superaretur. Unius 
 ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab immanibus militibus mi- 
 sere vexarentur. Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus 
 res divinae a nobis curentur. Infirmitas vocis et timiditas animi saepe 
 oratori officiunt, quominus laude dignus judicetur. Senectus non im- 
 pedit, quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis tractentur. Timidi- 
 tas saepe impedit, quominus animus noster contra pericula, quae nobis 
 imminent, praeparetur. 
 
 Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hin- 
 dered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firm- 
 ness of the general alone prevents the citizens from being annoyed by 
 the cruel soldiers. Already has levity been an hindrance to many 
 boys, that their manners should be improved and their minds be formed 
 by the study of literature. The cowardice of the soldiers hindered, 
 that the hostile army should be overcome. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. After the words and phrases which express j/^ar 
 or apprehension, ne with the Subj. is to be translated by that, and ut with 
 the Subj. by that not. (Comp. Synt. § 106, 3.). 
 
 Piger discipiilus semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur. Me- 
 tuo, ne a te vituperer. Timeo, ut victoria ab exercitu nostro de hos- 
 tibus reportetur. Si tam fortiter contra hostem dimicare pergimus, 
 non est periculum, ne ab iis superemur. Si officia vestra semper reli- 
 giose expletis ; ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini. In metu eramus, 
 ut morbo liberaremini. Vehemens cura animos nostros sollicitabat, ne 
 ab hostibus vexaremur. Sollicitus eram, ne in otio turbarer. 
 
 I was in apprehension that I should be censured by thee. I appre- 
 hended, that I should be disturbed in my ease. The soldiers were in 
 apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne off. A 
 violent apprehension (= care) disturbs our minds, that we may be an- 
 noyed by the' enemies. Why did they apprehend, that they should 
 not be delivered from sickness ? If thou hast always fulfilled thy 
 duties, do not fear that thou may est not please (probor) all. If our 
 army continues to fight so bravely against the enemies, there is no 
 ( = not) fear, that it may be overcome by them. Indolent scholars always 
 fear, that they shall be punished by [their] teachers. We were in ap- 
 prehension, that we should be accounted ungrateful by you. Not with- 
 out reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that you would 
 be annoyed by the enemies. 
 
 10* 
 
114 FIRST CONJUGATION. [$51. 
 
 LXI. Words to be learned and JEkercises for translation. 
 
 Contamino 1. Icon- ignominia, ae, /. ^tm)- aequus, a, iim, equal; 
 
 taminate. miny. aequus animus, 
 
 exoro 1. I prevail upon flagitium, i, n. foul equanimity. 
 
 hy entreaty. deed. sceleratus, a, um, 
 
 migro 1. c. ace. I trans- proditor, oris, m. traitor. wicked. 
 
 gress. splendor, oris, m. splen- sancte, adv. sacredly, 
 
 multo 1. 1 punish. dor. sanctitas, atis,/. sacre^t- 
 
 noto 1. I mark, brand, civitas, atis, f. citizen- ness. 
 
 occo 1. / harrow. ship, right of citizen- sin, conj. but if 
 
 reparo 1. / repair. ship. 
 
 Si industrius es, laudator ; sin piger, vitupei*ator ! Si leges civitatis 
 migraveritis, multaminor ! Ager justo tempore arator et- occator ! Pro- 
 diiores patriae civitate spoliantor ! Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia 
 notaminor ! Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor ! Si quid 
 peccaveris, aequo animo vituperare ! Exoramini, o mei parentes ! 
 O mi puer, delectare litterarurn studio ! Precibus nostris exorare, o 
 judex ! Ne flagitiis contaminaminor ! 
 
 Be prevailed upon by entreaty, my father ! O my boys, delight 
 yourselves (= be delighted) in (abl.) the study of literature. If you 
 have committed a fault (fut. perf ) allow yourselves to be {= be ye) cen- 
 sured with equanimity ! Thou shouldest not be contaminated with 
 foul deeds. If you are diligent, you will be praised ; but if you are 
 indolent, you will be censured. Virtue should always be sacredly 
 observed. The fields, at the right time, should be ploughed and 
 harrowed. If thou transgressest (fut. perf) the laws of the state, thou 
 shouldst be punished. Thou, O wicked citizen, shouldst be branded 
 with ignominy ! 
 
 LXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adaequo 1 . / ZeveZ. spero 1 . 1 hope. humamtas, atis,/. hu- 
 
 appropinquo 1. / ap- violo 1. I violate. manity. 
 
 proach. succenseo 2. 1 am offen- pernicies, ei, f destruc- 
 
 exstirpo 1. / extirpate. ded. lion. 
 
 extermino 1. / expel. accido 3. I happen. eximius, a, um, distin- 
 
 fundo 1. I found. dimitto 3. I dismiss. guished, excellent. 
 
 labefacto 1. / shake. efforesco 3. I flourish, jam pridem, adv. long 
 
 muto 1. / change^ ex- ruo 3. / rush. since. 
 
 cJiange. pueritia, ae,/. boyhood, interdlu, adv. by day. 
 
 regno 1. I rule, reign. solum, i. n, the ground. 
 
 Melior est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. Terra mutata non 
 
§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 115 
 
 mutat mores. Multa in hac vita accidunt non exspectata. Omnes 
 dolores patienter tolerati minus acerbi sunt. Dux dimittit milites ob 
 eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes, in prima pueritia a paren- 
 tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt. (J 
 
 The friendship formed (= united) between good and wise [men] is 
 disturbed by (abl.) nothing (= no thing). Dangers, which were not ex- 
 pected (=^ not expected) by us, discompose our minds more (magis) 
 than dangers which were long since expected. JVhen thou art censur- 
 ed (= having been censured) on account of a fault, be not offended at 
 the censurer ( = the one censuring). After the walls had been leveled 
 (=: the walls having been leveled) to the ground by the enemies, they 
 are repaired by the citizens. By day we do not see the stars, because 
 they are obscured (= they having been obscured) by the splendor of the 
 Bun. 
 
 (Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100, 4, b). 
 
 Regnante Xerxe^), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam re- 
 portaverunt. Inter bonos viros et deum amicitia est, conciliante natu- 
 ral). Appropinquante hieme-'), multae aves mitiores regiones petunt. 
 
 Recuperata pace*), artes efflorescunt. Regibus exterminatis^), Ro- 
 mani liberam rempublicam fuudaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores homi- 
 num non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis"), vita nostra 
 beata erit. 
 
 While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous. 
 While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Au- 
 gustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest. When 
 a just king administers the state, the laws also are just. When the 
 swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches. 
 
 After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf ) the 
 city. When the sacredness of the laws is violated, the foundation of 
 the state is shaken. When the city had been taken, an immense con- 
 flagration was raised. 
 
 « 
 
 LXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Coerceo, ui, itum 2. / deleo, evi, etum 2. / pareo, ui 2. I obey, am 
 restrain. destroy. obedient, follow. 
 
 ^) While Xerxes reigned, or : under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since na- 
 ture forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or : on the approach of 
 winter. *) After peace is restored, or : on the restoration of peace. *) After 
 the kings had been expelled, or : after the expulsion of the kings. ^) When 
 the country has been exchanged, or : after an exchange of countries. ') 
 When the divine laws are sacredly observed. 
 
116 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS, [^50. 
 
 pat6o, ui 2. / stand 
 upon. 
 
 valeo, ui, itum 2. / am 
 strong, well. 
 
 absumo, sumpsi, sump- 
 tum 3. to consume. 
 
 cingo, nxi, nctum 3. 
 to surround. 
 
 detego xi, ctum 3. to 
 detect. 
 
 excello, ui 3. to he dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 instruo, uxi, uctum 3. 
 to furnish, to arrange. 
 
 scribo, psi, ptum 3. to 
 write. 
 
 esurio 4. / hunger. 
 
 sitio 4. / thirst. 
 
 corona, ae,/. garland. 
 
 membrana, ae,/. mem- 
 brane. 
 
 oculus, i, m. eye. 
 
 incendium, i, n. confla- 
 gration. 
 
 conjuratio, onis,/. con- 
 spiracy. 
 
 aditus, us, m. approach. 
 
 acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2) 
 line-of-hattle. 
 
 tenuis, e, thin. 
 
 quoad, conj. so long as, 
 
 fere, adv. almost. 
 
 probe adv. excellently^ 
 properly. 
 
 C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations. 
 a) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudio. Laudas, exerces, ducis, erudis, 
 Laudat, exercet, ducit, emdit. Laudabam, exercebam, ducebam, 
 erudiebam. Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas. Laudebat, 
 exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat. Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudiam. 
 Laudabis, exercebis, duces, erudies. Laudabit, exercebit, ducet, 
 erudlet. Gaudebam, quod tu et pater tuus valebatis. Dum ego pin- 
 gebam, tu scribebas, et frater legebat. Milites nostri castra muniebant. 
 Hostes aciem instruebant. 
 
 Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis. Dum nos 
 legebamus, vos scribebatis et sorores acu pingebant. Quum hostes 
 urbem nostram obsidione cingebant, cives earn custodiebant. Tibi 
 placebas, aliis displicebas. Dum tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam. 
 Omnes boni legibus divinis semper parebunt. Quoad vives, bene 
 vives. Dum tu dormies, ego te custodiam. Virtutis honorem nulla 
 oblivio delebit. Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit 
 
 We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. You praise, you 
 exercise, you lead, you instruct. They praise, they exercise, they lead, 
 they instruct. We praised, we exercised, we led, we instructed. You 
 praised, you exercised, you led, you instructed. They praised, they 
 exercised, they led, they instructed. We will praise, we will exercise, 
 we will lead, we will instruct. You will praise, you will exercise, you 
 will lead, you will instruct. They will praise, they will exercise, they 
 will lead, they will instruct. We rejoiced, that (quod) thou wast well. 
 While we wrote, you read, and the brothers painted. 
 
 While the enemies were arranging the line-of-battle, our soldiers 
 fortified the camp. The teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars 
 
§ 50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 117 
 
 obeyed their (eorum) precepts. While I was singing, thou wast learn- 
 ing, and the sister embroidering. While the enemy surrounded our 
 city with a blockade, we guarded it. You pleased yourselves, others 
 you displeased. While you slept, we guarded you. So long as you 
 shall live, you will live well. While you shall sleep, we will guard 
 you. 
 
 b) Indicative Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Laudavi, exercui, duxi, erudivif^ Lauda(vi)sti, exercuisti, duxisti, 
 erudi(vi)sti. Laudavit, exercuit, * duxit, erudivit. Graecia omnibus 
 artibus floruit. Hostes aciem instruxerunt. Milltes per totum diem 
 sitierunt et esurierunt Laudo vos, quod mentes vestras in litterarum 
 studio probe exercuistis. Multas litteras hodie scripslmus. Natura 
 oculos tenuissimis membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates milltum 
 coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domQs vestrae 
 parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? Cur taciiistis? Bellum 
 urbis nostrae opes absumpsit. Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit 
 Incendium totam fere urbem absumpsit. 
 
 We have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instruct- 
 ed. You have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have 
 instructed. They have praised, they have exercised, they have led, 
 they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before 
 (ante) the city. The Greeks were (perf) distinguished by (abl.) 
 the glory of [their] arts and literature. I praise thee, that (quod) thou 
 hast exercised thy mind properly in the study of literature.- I had 
 written the letter. The general has restrained the passions of the 
 soldiers. We have carried on a very bloody war. Wherefore hast 
 thou adorned and hung (== clothed) the walls of thy house with gar- 
 lands ? Why hast thou been silent ? The wars have consumed our 
 resources. 
 
 LXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Convolo 1. Iflytogeth- excolo, olui, ultum 3. temeritas, atis,/ incon- 
 
 er^ hasten together. to cultivate. siderateness, rashness. 
 
 specto 1. / hehold, have metuo, ui 3. to fear. diu, adv. long time. 
 
 in view. negligo, exi, ectum 3. vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 caveo, cavi, cautum 2. to neglect. priusquam {or prius, 
 
 to be on one^s guard, expedio 4. / disentan- quam) conj. sooner 
 
 contemno,mpsi,mptum gle, get ready. . . . than. 
 
 3. to despise. finio 4. / end, conclude, simulatque, conj. so 
 
 educo, xi, ctum 3. to obedio 4. / obey. [as) soon as. 
 
 lead out. 
 
118 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50. 
 
 c) Indicative Pluperfect Active of all the Qonjugations. 
 
 Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, dux^ram, erudi(v)eram. Lauda(v6)ras, 
 exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras. Lauda(ve)rat, exercuerat, duxerat 
 erudi(v)erat. Haec civltas diu floruerat, quia semper legibus paruerat. 
 Vix Caesar aciem instruxerat, quum hostes in unum locum convola- 
 verunt. Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper eorum prae- 
 ceptis obedieratis. Tu nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem tuam 
 non coercueras. Incendium totlJfi fere urbem absumpserat. Vix 
 milites nostri castra muniverant, quum Caesar aciem instruxit. 
 
 We had praised, we had exercised, we had led, we had instructed. 
 You had praised, you had exercised, you had led, you had instructed. 
 They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instruct-' 
 ed. Why hadst thou been silent ? Scarcely had the enemies arrang- 
 ed the line of b/ittle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the 
 camp. The war had consumed the resources of our state. Thou 
 hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre- 
 cepts. You had injured that [man] greatly, because you had not res- 
 trained your rashness. 
 
 d) Indicative Future Perfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 Lauda(ve)ro,^ exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ero. Lauda(ve)ris, exercue- 
 ris, duxeris, erudi(v)eris. Lauda(ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit 
 Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, adltus in coelum vobis non patebit. 
 Divites eritis, si divitias contempseritis. Non prius dormiemus, quam 
 negotia nostra finierimus. Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati 
 eritis. Simulatque litteras scripserlmus, ambulablmus. Quum milites 
 castra muniverint, ad pugnam se expedient. 
 
 We shall have praised, we shall have exercised, we shall have led, 
 "we shall have instructed. You will have praised, you will have exer- 
 cised, you will have led, you will have instructed. They will have 
 praised, they will have exercised, they will have led, they will have 
 instructed. If thou shalt have obeyed (parere) the precepts of virtue, 
 thou wilt be loved by all. Thou wilt be rich, if thou shalt 'have 
 despised riches. Not sooner shall I sleep, than I shall have concluded 
 my business (plur.). If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou 
 wilt be peaceful. So soon as I shall have written the letter, I will go 
 to walk. So soon as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the 
 general will lead them out of the camp. 
 
^50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 119 
 
 e) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Active of all the Conjugations. 
 
 Curo, ut pueri mores emendem, corpus exerc6am, animum excolam, 
 mentem erudiam. Curo, ut piWi'i. rh3re[S emenrffes, corpus exerceas, 
 animum excolas, mentem ^ei*ufl^as.*''^uro, ut praeceptor pueri mores 
 emendet, corpus exerceat, animum excolat, mentem erudiat. Cura- 
 bam, ut pueri mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excole- 
 rem, mentem erudirem. Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus 
 exerceres, animum excoleres, mentem erudires. Curabam, ut praecep- 
 tor pueri mores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, men- 
 tem erudiret. Non dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis. Moneo 
 vos, ne parentium praecepta negligatis. Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis ! 
 Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem. 
 Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret. 
 Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne 
 dux milites e castris educat. 
 
 We look out [for this], that we may improve the manners of the 
 boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] in- 
 tellects. We look out [for this], that you may improve the manners of 
 the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] 
 intellects. We look out [for this], that the teachers may improve the 
 manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, 
 instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that we might im- 
 prove the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] 
 minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that you 
 might improve the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cul- 
 tivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], 
 that the teachers might improve the manners of the boys, exercise 
 [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. 
 
 I doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me. I admonish thee, that 
 thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents. Be on 
 your guard, boy, how (= that, ne) thou chatterest. The laws of the 
 Lacedemonians had this in view, that they might instruct youth in la- 
 bors. We feared, that (ne) we might displease you. We feared, that 
 (ne) the enemies might injure us. We feared, that (ne) you might be 
 silent. Why did you fear, that (ne) we might be silent ? The ene- 
 mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the 
 camp. I fear, that (ne) I may displease you. Why dost thou fear, that 
 (ne) thou mayest displease us ? 
 
120 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$50. 
 
 LXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gra, grum, sick 
 
 puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio ^.. / render pit- (of the mind), 
 
 adspicio, spexi, spec-* ■> *ant^.(ibaie. > ^ gnaviter, adv. zealoiisly. 
 
 turn 3. to look at. nuntius, ij wi. nSim.- unde, adv. whence. 
 
 comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, 6nis,y. con- 
 
 3. to burn up. solution. 
 
 corrigo, exi, ectum 3. longinquitas, atis, /. 
 
 to correct, improve. length, distance. 
 
 f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of all the Con- 
 jugations. 
 
 Nemo dubitat, quin ego puerum semper bene educa(ve)rim, benevole 
 monuerim, diligenter correxerim, gnaviter custodi(v)erim. Nemo du- 
 bitat, quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris, dili- 
 genter correxeris, gnaviter custodi(v)eris. Nemo dubitat, quin pater 
 puerum semper bene educa(ve)rit, benevole monuerit, diligenter cor- 
 rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper 
 bene educa(vi)ssem, benevole monuissem, dilligenter correxissem, 
 gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper bene 
 educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter cu- 
 stodi(vi)sses. Nemo dubitabat, quin pater puerum semper bene edu- 
 ca(vi)sset, benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi- 
 (vi)sset. 
 
 Nescio, cur tacueritis. Metmmus, ne hostes urbem combusserint. 
 Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici animum leniveritis. Non 
 dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercuerit. Nescio, cur puerum 
 puniveritis. Narrate nobis, quid parentes scripserint. Nescimus, 
 unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri prae- 
 cepta mea memoria custodierint. Hostes timent, ne dux milites e 
 castris eduxerit. Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes 
 urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea 
 memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus 
 sis. Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercitiirus sit. Ne- 
 mo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubita- 
 bam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non 
 dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses. 
 
 Nobody doubts, that v^^e have always brought up the boys well, have 
 kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealous- 
 ly guarded them. Nobody doubts, that you have always brought up 
 the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected 
 
^50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 121 
 
 them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody doubts, that the teachers 
 have always brought up the boys w^ell, have kindly admonished them, 
 have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody 
 doubted, that v^^e had always brought up the boys well, had kindly ad- 
 monished them, had carefully corrected them, had zealously guarded 
 them. Nobody doubted, that you had always brought up the boys 
 well, had kindly admonished them, had carefully corrected them, had 
 zealously guarded them. Nobody doubted, that the parents had al- 
 ways brought up the boys well, had kindly admonished them, had care- 
 fully corrected them, had zealously guarded them. 
 
 We know not, why thou hast been silent. I feared, that (ne) the 
 enemy had burned the city. Relate to me, by (abl.) what consolation 
 thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend. I doubted not, that the 
 general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We know not, 
 why thou hast punished the boy. Relate to me what the father has 
 written. I know not, whence the enemies have heard the news. I 
 doubt not, that the boy has kept my precepts in (abl.) remembrance; 
 The enemies feared, that the general had led out the soldiers from the 
 camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent. We feared, that 
 the enemies had surrounded the city with (abl.) a blockade. I doubted 
 not, that thou wouldst bring up the boy well. I doubted not, that the 
 general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers. We doubted not, 
 that the enemies would surround the city with a blockade. I doubt 
 not, that length of time will abate thy suffering. 
 
 g) Imperative and Supine Active of all the Conjugations, 
 
 Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi. Laudato, exerceto, scribito, obedito. 
 Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos exco- 
 Iito, mentes erudito ! Tacete, pueri ! Disce, puer ! Ne garrite, pueri ! 
 Liberi parentibus obediunto. Coelestia semper spectato, liumana con- 
 temnlto ! Cupiditates coercitote ! Puer, ne contemnito praecepta ma- 
 gistrorum tuorum ! Die, quid pater scripserit. Educ nos, O dux, con- 
 tra hostes ! Venio te rogatum, ut mecum ambules. Uva matura dul- 
 cis est gustatu. Cupiditates difficlles sunt coercitu. Haec regie pul- 
 chra est adspectu. Vox lusciniae est suavis auditu. 
 
 Praise ye, exercise, write, obey. You should praise, exercise, write, 
 obey. Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should ex- 
 ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their] minds, should instruct 
 [their] intellects. Be silent, boy ! Learn, O boys ! Do not chatter, 
 boy! The boy should obey the precepts of [his] teachers. You 
 11 
 
122 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50. 
 
 should always regard heavenly, [but] despise human [things]. Thou 
 shouldst restrain the passions. Say, what thou hast written. Lead, O 
 general, the soldiers against the enemies. We come, in order (Supine) 
 to ask you, that you would go to walk with us. An unripe grape is pun- 
 gent to taste. The rashness of the soldiers was difficult to restrain. 
 These regions are beautiful to look at The city is difficult to guard. 
 
 h) Participle, Gerund and Infinitive Active of all the Conjugations. 
 Exercitus pugnans urbem intravii. Animus, se non videns, alia 
 cernit. Miles, se fortiter contra hostes defendens, laudatur. Hostes, 
 urbem oppugnaturi, castra muniverunt. Sapiens bona semper placitu- 
 ra laudat Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione cincturi. Venio auditu- 
 rus, quid pater scripserit. Ars navigandi utilissima est. Sensus vi- 
 dendi acerrimus est. Sapientia est ars vivendi. Obediendum est 
 praeceptis virtutis. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student. Cupi- 
 ditates coercere debemus. Liberi parentes suos colore debent. Mi- 
 lites urbem custodire debent. 
 
 The soldiers fighting entered the city. Souls, not seeing themselves, 
 see other [things]. The soldiers, who defend (= defending) themselves 
 bravely against the enemies, are jjraised. Boys, who chatter (= chat- 
 tering) in school, are troublesome. The enemies come wishing to as- 
 sault the city. Strive, O boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please. 
 The enemies came wishing to assault the city. We come wishing to 
 hear what the friend has written thee. The art of writing is very 
 difficult. By thinking and learning, the intellect (mens) is nourished. 
 The opportunity to hear {:= of hearing) is rarer than the opportunity 
 to see (= of seeing). 
 
 (Concerning the Ace. with the Infin., comp. Synt. § 105.) 
 Scimus, deum mundum gubemare (we know that God governs the 
 world). Credo, meum consilium tibi placere (I believe that my plan 
 pleases thee). Credo, fratrem pingere. Audimus, hostes ante urbem 
 castra munire. Audivi, milites nostrosacerrime pugnasse. Quis nes- 
 cit, Socratem semper virtutis praeceptis paruisse ? Constat, Ciceronem 
 conjurationem Catilinae detexisse. Credo, te dormisse. Spero, vos 
 consilium meum probaturos esse. Credimus, ducem temeritatem mil- 
 itum coerciturum esse. Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse. Omnes 
 cives sperant, milites urbem custodituros esse. 
 
 I believe, that thou approvest my plan. I know, that you obey me. 
 I believe, that the father writes. I believe, that the boy sleeps. The 
 
$ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 128 
 
 brother relates to me, that thou hast approved my plan. We hear, 
 that the general has restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We be- 
 lieve, that the father has written. We have heard, that the enemies 
 have fortified a camp before the city. I believe, that the soldiers will 
 fight spiritedly. I hope, that the plan will please thee. All Romans 
 hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline. I hope, 
 that I shall soon hear this news. 
 
 LXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Despero ]. I despair. jungo, nxi, nctum 3. naturalis, e, natural. 
 
 augeo, xi, ctum 2. to tojoin^ connect. extemplo, adv. imme- 
 
 increase, enrich. vivo, xi, ctum 3. to live. diately. 
 
 deterreo 2. / frighten propositum, i, n. pur- strenue, adv. vigorous'- 
 
 from. [fU. pose. ly. 
 
 oppleo, evi, etum 2. to difficultas, atis, / diffi- postquam, conj. ajler 
 conspicio, exi, ectum 3. culty. thai. 
 
 to discover. subitus, a, um, sudden. 
 
 i) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudior. Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru- 
 diris. Laudatur, exercetur, ducitur, eruditur. Laudabar, exercebar, 
 ducebar, erudiebar. Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare. 
 Laudabatur, exercebatur, ducebatur, erudiebatur. Laudabor, exerce- 
 bor, ducar, erudiar. Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere. Lau- 
 dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur. 
 
 We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed. 
 You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed. 
 They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed. 
 We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we were instruct- 
 ed. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were 
 instructed. They were praised, they were exercised, they were led, 
 they were instructed. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we 
 shall be led, we shall be instructed. You will be praised, you will be 
 exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. They will be prais- 
 ed, they will be exercised, they will be led, they will be instructed. 
 
 Quum in litteris exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium 
 cognitione augentur. Quum subito periciiio terremur, non debemus 
 extemplo de salute nostra desperare. Quoad litteris honos suus erit, 
 Graeci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur. Si semper bene 
 vixeris, ab omnibus diligere. Virtutis honos nulla oblivione delebitur. 
 Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur. 
 
124 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 51. 
 
 When you are exercised in literature, your souls are enriched by 
 (abl.) the kno.wledge of many useful things. When thou art frighten- 
 ed by (abl.) a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of 
 thy safety. The Greek and Latin writers are read in the schools. If 
 you shall always have lived well, you will be esteemed by all. The 
 city which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended spiritedly by 
 the citizens. 
 
 k) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Passive of all the Conjugations, 
 Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar, dil- 
 igenter erudlar. Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco- 
 lare, diligenter erudiare. Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer- 
 ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur. Pater curabat, ut ego 
 bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer. 
 Curabam, ut bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere, dil- 
 igenter erudirere. Curabam, ut filius tuus bene educaretur, strenue 
 exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur. 
 
 Our father looks out [for this], that we may be well brought up, 
 vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your 
 father looks out [for this], that you may be well brought up, vigorously 
 exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Parents look out 
 [for this], that the manners of [their] children (liberi) may be improved, 
 [their] bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated, 
 [their] understandings carefully instructed. Our father looked out [for 
 this], that we might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper- 
 ly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your father looked out [for this], 
 that you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cul- 
 tivated, carefully instructed. The parents looked out [for this], that 
 the manners of [their] children might be improved, [their] bodies 
 exercised, [their] minds cultivated, [their] understandings instructed. 
 
 Quis nescit, quam praeclaris fructibus animi nostri in litterarum 
 studiis augeantur? Timemus, ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca- 
 tur. Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere- 
 tur. Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur 
 juventus. Curae mihi est, ut a te diligar. Cives metuunt, ne castra ab 
 hostibus ante urbem muniantur. 
 
 I doubt not, that the soul may be enriched with (abl.) excellent fruit 
 in the study of literature. We feared, that our army might be con- 
 quered by the enemies. All citizens fear, that the city may be sur- 
 rounded by the enemies with (abl.) a blockade. We look out [for 
 
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 125 
 
 this], that the youth may be instructed in (abl.) labors. We are anx- 
 ious, that we may be esteemed by you. The citizens apprehended, 
 that a camp might be fortified by the enemies before the city. 
 
 1) Indicative and Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect 
 Passive of aU the Conjugations. 
 
 MiHtes ob fortitudinem a duce laudati sunt. Pueri in litterarum 
 studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt. Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta 
 est. Oculi tenuissimis membranis a natura vestiti sunt. Cupiditates 
 militum a duce fortissimo coercitae sunt. Tria bella atrocissima gesta 
 sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat, 
 omnium civiura domus coronis et floribus vestltae et ornatae erant. 
 Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere 
 instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt. Non eris 
 dives, nisi divitiae a te contemptae erunt. 
 
 Non prius dormiemus, quam negotia vestra finita erunt. Beati non 
 eritis, nisi cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercitae erunt. Simulac castra 
 munita, erunt, milites se ad pugnam expedient. Labor voluptasque 
 naturaii quadam societate inter se juncta sunt. Multae urbes ab 
 hostibus combustae sunt. Vix hostes conspecti erant, quum milites a 
 duce e castris in aciem educti sunt. Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus 
 obsidione cincta esset. Die mihi, quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit. Die 
 nobis, qua consolatione aeger amici animus lenitus sit. Die, cur puer 
 punitus sit. Metuo, ne milites subito periculo territi sint. 
 
 I have been tormented by (abl.) the most pungent pains. The en- 
 mies have been frightened by (abl.) sudden fear. The upright man 
 lia^-been loved and esteemed by all. The sick mind of the friend has 
 been soothed by (abl.) our consolation. I doubt not, that the passions 
 of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general. The sol- 
 diers have been led out of the camp by the general. I know not, why 
 the boys have been (subj.) punisLed by you. We apprehended, that, 
 (ne) the soldiers had been frightened by (abl.) tlie sudden danger. 
 
 I know not what may have been written you by the sister. We 
 fear, that (ne) the city may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The 
 enemies were discovered (perf ) before (ante) the gates of the city. 
 After my business (plur.) shall be concluded I will go to walk. So 
 soon as the enemies shall be seen, we will get ready for battle. I 
 doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee. We feared, that, 
 by the conflagration, many houses had been consumed. We fear, that 
 many cities have been burned up by the enemies. 
 
 11* v4. • * 
 
126 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 51. 
 
 m) Imperative, Infinitive and Participle Passive of all the Conjugations. 
 
 O puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe excolere, diligenter 
 erudire ! O puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor, 
 diligenter eruditor ! Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe ex- 
 colitor, diligenter eruditor. Si quid peccaveris, aequo animo castigare. 
 Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterremini ! Deus pie colitor ! 
 Ne vincimini cupiditatibus. Leges divinae ne contemnuntor. Impro- 
 bi puniuntor. Temeritas ratione coercetor. O puer, strenue exercere 
 in litterarum studiis ! Bonus discipulus studet laudari. Boni disci- 
 puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis. Sapientes semper ratione 
 regi student. 
 
 Bonus discipulus litterarum cognitione erudiri studet. Puer, bene 
 educatus, omnibus placet. Hostes territi in castris manent. Urbs, 
 obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur. Homo eruditus non solum sibi, 
 sed etiam aliis prodest. Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe 
 excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt. 
 
 Scimus, mundum a deo gubernari. Audimus, castra ab hostibus 
 ante urbem muniri. Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone de- 
 tectam esse. Speramus, vos rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterri- 
 tum non iri. 
 
 O boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti- 
 vated, carefully instructed ! O boys, you should be well brought up, 
 vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed ! Boys 
 should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, 
 carefully instructed. If you shall have committed a fault in anything 
 (quid), be reproved with equanimity. Be thou not frightened from 
 thy purpose by (abl.) the difficulty of the thing. Be ye guided by (abl.) 
 reason. Be thou not overcome by the passions. The divine law 
 should not be despised. The impious [man] should be punished. 
 The passions should be restrained by (abl.) reason. 
 
 O boys, exercise yourselves {= he ye exercised) vigorously in the 
 study of literature ! Good scholars seek to be praised. The good 
 scholar seeks to exercise himself {= to be exercised) in the study of 
 literature. The wise [man] seeks, always to be governed by (abl.) rea- 
 son. Good scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the knowledge of 
 literature. Well-brought-up boys please all. The frightened enemy 
 remains in the camp. Cities encompassed by (abl.) a blockade are 
 annoyed by (abl.) many evils. Instructed men benefit not merely 
 themselves, but others also. The boy is to be brought up well, to be 
 vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully in- 
 structed*. 
 
5 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 127 
 
 We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies before the city. 
 We hope, that the conspiracy will d| detected. We believe that we 
 have not been frightened from our purpose. 
 
 LXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Careo2.(c.abl.)/t^anf. caplo, cepi, captum 3. machinatio, onis, /. 
 cohaereo, haesi, hae- to take. machination, artijke. 
 
 sum 2. to hold to- duco, xi, ctum 3. to diuturnus, a, um, long 
 
 gether. lead ; 2) to believe, to continued. 
 
 jaceo, ui 2. to lie, be in account (as some- nefarius, a, um, execra- 
 
 a low state. thing). ble. 
 
 permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, / a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm. 
 
 sum 2. to last. cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much, 
 
 torpeo, ui 2. to be torpid, eam caussam,ybr this eo, adv. on this account. 
 
 inactive. reason. nam, conj.for. 
 
 DJ Exercises to the Second Conjugation in particular. 
 
 a) Active of the Second Conjugation. 
 
 (Concerning the conjunction quod (that), see Synt. § 108.) 
 
 Multa sunt admirabiha, sed nihil magis, quam quod ita stabilis est 
 mundus atque tarn praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum. Non ea res 
 me deterruit a proposlto, quod civium nefariorum contra me machina- 
 tiones timebam. Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus valetis. Non vitupero 
 te, quod tuum tibi consilium maxime placet ; nam plurimi nihil rectum, 
 nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt. Vehementer dolebdmus, quod litterae ob 
 diuturnum bellum jacebant. Laudo te, quod mentem tuam in littera- 
 rum studio tam probe exercuisti. 
 
 Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt. 
 Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quomlnus nefaria 
 consilia contra rempublicam caperent. Ob eam caussam aliis displicebas, 
 quad tibi ipsi placebas. Ingens in urbe laetitia erat, quod milites fortis- 
 simos se praebuerant. Haec civitas ed caussa diu floruerat, quod sem- 
 per legibus paruerat. Eo me deterrueratis a proposito meo, quod 
 ignavia torpebatis. Tu nobis ea re nocueras, quod temerltatem tuam 
 non coercueras. Gaudebant parentes, quod ego tibi placueram. 
 
 I rejoice, that thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teach- 
 ers. I rejoiced, that thou and thy father were well. On this account 
 (eo) he has displeased us, because he pleased himself too much. This 
 thing has frightened me from my purpose, that thou hast wanted all 
 courage. I rejoice, that you have maintained (tenere) well your 
 opinion. We praise you, that you had always obeyed the precepts of 
 
128 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 60 52. 
 
 your parents. We grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher. The 
 father rejoices, that [his] sons ha^always shown themselves diligent 
 scholars in school. I have grieved, that my counsel has displeased 
 thee. The teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts. We 
 grieve, that we have not obeyed the precepts of our parents. 
 
 L XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation, 
 
 Placo 1. I appease. persuadeo, si, sum 2. nervus, i, m. nerve^ 
 
 veto, ui, itum 1. to (c. dat.), to persuade^ sinue. 
 
 forbid. convince. impius, a, um, impious. 
 
 audeo, ausus sum, pigritia, ae, /. slothful- nullus, a, um, no one ; 
 
 audere, to dare. ness. nullus non, every one. 
 
 emineo, ui 2. to be end- prudentia, ae, f pru- praesens, ntis, present. 
 
 nent. dence, unsdom. nunquam, adv, never. 
 
 jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. satis, adv. enough. 
 
 to bid, command. 
 
 Legi divinae et humanae omnes parfebunt, qui secundum naturam 
 vivere studSbunt. Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum 
 tibi aditus patebit. Si ignavia torpebitis, praeclaris rebus nunquam 
 eminebltis. Si virtute carebimus, bonis non placeblmus. Si cupidita- 
 tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via nunquam vacillabitis. Quo quia 
 magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis iis delectabltur. 
 Quo plura beneficia parentibus nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores ani- 
 mos in eos habere debebimus. Si milites nostri fortes se in pugna 
 praebuerint, victoria non erit dubia. 
 
 The more we shall have exercised our minds in the study of litera- 
 ture, so much the more shall we be delighted by (abl.) the same. If 
 you shall not have obeyed the precepts of virtue, you will not please 
 good men. If thou shalt have shown thyself an upright man, thou 
 wilt please all the good. If I shall have afforded refuge and consola- 
 tion to my enemies, they will restrain their anger against me. 
 
 Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere ! Parete, pueri ! 
 Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae, non temere credere ! 
 Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum ! Pueri mentes litteris 
 exercento! Ut ocul us, sic animus, se non videns, alia cernit. Metus 
 est opinio magni mali inipendentis, et aegritudo est opinio magni mali 
 praesentis. NuUi non ad nocendum satis virium est. Acerrimus ex 
 omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Prudentia ex providen- 
 do est appellata. Lex est recta ratio in jubendo et vetando. Liberi 
 parentibus parere debent. Persuadeto tibi, tuum consilium mihi 
 vehementer et placuisse, et semper placiturum esse ! 
 
§ 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 129 
 
 Be silent, boys ! See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothf^jlness, 
 you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy 
 parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in litera- 
 ture. The impious should not dare to appease the anger of God by 
 presents. The citizens feared the threatening danger. Youth is a 
 thing, destined (= about) ever to please, never to displease. 
 
 LXIX. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concito 1. I raise. torqueo, rsi, rtum 2. exercitatio, onis, f, 
 
 ejulo 1. / complain. to twist, torment, tor- exercise, practice. 
 
 reputo 1. / consider. ture. seditio, 6nis,y*. sedition. 
 
 commoneo 2. / remind, video, vidi, visum 2. impetus, us, m. attack. 
 
 commoveo, ovi, otum to see; videor, I am ohltus, us, m. departure, 
 
 2. to move. seen, seem. death. 
 
 edoceo, cui, ctum 2. concordia, ae,^/tarmo- pristlnus, a, um, ybrmer. 
 
 to instruct, inform. ny. diligens, tis, diligent. 
 
 misceo, miscui, mistum discordia, ae,y! discord, continuo, adv.forthivith, 
 
 orinixt[im,tomix,dis- fuga, a.e,f. fight. sedulo, adv. bibsily. 
 
 turb. moeror, oris, m. grief, mirif ice, adv. wonder- 
 
 perterreo 2. to frighten, crudelitas, atis,/. crttcZ- , fully, 
 
 put in fear, ty. quoque, con/, afoo. 
 
 b) Passive of the Second Conjugation. 
 (Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when, as), see Synt. § 110. 1.) 
 
 Quum docemur, tacert dehemus. Quum optdmus, ne respublica mis- 
 ceatur, civium concordiam omnibus modis servare dehemus. Quum in 
 schola diligens eris, dubitahisne, quin bonus discipulus a praeceptori- 
 bus habeare ? Quum nobiscum reputamus, quantis et quam praeclaris 
 fructibus animi nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta- 
 mur. Quum magnorum virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem 
 gloria nos quoque digni habeamur. Quum militum crudelitas ducis 
 consilio co&rcebdtur, tota civitas laeta erat. Litterae, quum ob bellum 
 diujacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur.. 
 
 Quum hostes urbem oppugnaverant, omnes cives maximo timore 
 opplebantur. Quum acerbissimae calamitatis nuntio terrebar, omne 
 meum perfugium ac solatium in te collocatum esse existimdbam. Quum 
 tristissimo de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter, commovebdre animo, 
 etiam nos moerore opplebdmur. Quum de culpa nostra a parentibus 
 commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat. Quum artes 
 atque litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus splendor augebUur. Quum 
 milites nostri de hostium adventu edocebuntur, pugnandi ardore^c^d- 
 bunt. Ne turn quidem ejvidbo, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquebor. 
 
130 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52. 
 
 Quum hostium impetu perterrehiminiy urbi nostrae magnum periculuni 
 imminebit. 
 
 Quum milites seditionem condtassent, ducis consilio et virtute coemh* 
 sunt. Quum hostes terrlti essent et jam in fugam se dareni^ dux eos 
 monuit, ut pristinae virtu tis memores essent. Quum exercitus de hos- 
 tium adventu edoceretur^ continue summo pugnandi ardore JlagrdvU. 
 Ne tum quidem ejuldvi, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer. 
 
 When thou art taught, thou oughtest to be silent. The wise [man] 
 is happy, even when he is tortured. When good scholars are exer- 
 cised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great 
 pains thou art tortured, I am deeply {= violently) moved (commoveo). 
 When you consider by (== with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how 
 great (quantus) toils and cares have been bestowed by your parents 
 for yoi^ good (= welfare); you ought to be moved by (abl.) gratitude. 
 When thou shall see how actively I am exercised in the Latin language, 
 thou wilt rejoice. As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis- ^ 
 fortune, we placed (coUoco) our whole hope in {in with abl.) our friends. 
 As the enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque) 
 of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the ar- 
 rival of the enemies, you were not frightened. As I read the life of 
 Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tor- 
 tured with severe pains, I was filled with pity. 
 
 As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom 
 and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city. 
 As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were 
 put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we 
 exulted (perf). As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by 
 the difficulty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same. As I 
 was moved (subj.) within (animus) by the sad news of the death of my 
 friend,* thy pity was very agreeable to me. As thou se'emedst (subj.) 
 to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much. 
 
 When the army ^all be infc«-med of the arrival of the enemies, it 
 will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.). Wise rpen will be 
 happy, even if tortured by the bitterest pains. When we shall be put in 
 fear by tfie attack &f^. eneniies, great danger will threaten our.city. 
 If thou shalt be yifeious(= partaking of virtue), thou wilt not even 
 then complain, wheti thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains. 
 
 Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterrere ! Milites, ne hostium 
 impetu perterremlni! ® puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis! 
 Milites, ne inani timore oppleminor! Leges civitatis ne discordia 
 
$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 131 
 
 civium miscentor ! Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta- 
 verunt. 
 
 Be ye not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficulty of the 
 thing. Soldiers, you should not be put in fear by the attack of the 
 enemies ! The evil passions should be restrained by the reason. It 
 is known, that all the powers of the body and of the soul are strength- 
 ened (= increased) by exercise. 
 
 LXX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Versol. /fwm; versor, surgo, surrexi, surrec- perversitas, atis,/. j9cr- 
 
 / turn myself^ find tum 3. to arise. verseness. 
 
 myself^ live. sugo, xi, ctum 3. to pravitas, atis, /. per- 
 
 confligo, xi, ctum 3. suck, suck out. verseness, wickedness. 
 
 I fight. pomum, i, n. eatable paene, adv. nearly, <il- 
 
 decerpo, psi, ptum 3. fruit; plur. /rmV. most. 
 
 to pluck off. pavor, oris, m. fright, protlnus, adv. forthurith. 
 
 pergo, perrexi, perrec- trepidation. statim, adv. immediate' 
 
 tum 3. to go, con- lac, ctis, n. milk. ly. 
 
 tinue. nutrix, ids, f. nurse. ut, conj. just as, as. 
 
 E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation in particular. 
 
 a) Active of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 (Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam, ut, ubi, simulac, see Synt. 
 
 § 110, a.) 
 
 Hostes, uhi primum nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter per- 
 turhaverunt. Ut surreximus, proilnus ad te perrexlmus. Simulatque lu- 
 cem adspeximus, in omni continuo pravitate et in summa opinionum 
 perversitate versamur, ut paene cum lacte nutricis errorem suxisse 
 videamur. Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum 
 locum convolaverunt. Ut nostri cum hostibus confiixerunt, magnus eos 
 occupdvit pavor. SimUlac litteras scripsi, cum fratre amhuldvi. Post- 
 quam amicum in hortum duxero, dicam tibi, quid pater mihi scripserit. 
 Uhi poma decerpsenmus, edemus. Ut surrexistis, statim ad negotia vestra 
 accedere debetis. 
 
 LXXI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Exploro 1. /search 0M<, elicio, ui, itum 3. <o recipio, cepi, ceptum 
 
 examine. draw out, elicit. 3. to receive, se reci- 
 
 propulso 1. I repel. coquo, xi, ctum 3. to pere, to hetake one^s 
 
 allicio, exi, ectum 3. to cook. self back. 
 
 draw to, allure ; but, ningo, xi 3. to snow. restinguo, nxi, nctum 
 
132 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 — 52. 
 
 er^^ ■■' ■ 
 
 3. to extinguish, put coenf, ae,/. a meaL pluviosus, a, um, rmny. 
 
 out. sollicitudo, mis,/ 5oZia- heaXe, adv. peacefully. 
 
 relinquo, liqui, lictiim tude. antequam, conj. before 
 
 3. to leave behind, de- tempestas, atis,/. w>eaf A- that, ere, before, 
 
 sert. er, storm. 
 
 (Concerning the particles of time : priusquam and antequam, see Synt. 8 
 
 110, 3.) 
 
 a) Priusquam animum tuum sollicitudlne angas et crudes, explo- 
 rare debes, quid sit, quod te angat et cruciet. 
 
 b) Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes et litterae in 
 civitate nostra floruerunt. Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ab- 
 sumpsit, potentissima fuit Antequam ninxit, tempestas fuit valde 
 pluviosa. 
 
 c) Non beate vivetis, antequam omninm cupiditatum ardorem res- 
 tinxentis. Non dives eris, jsnWg-uam divitias contempseris. Non prius 
 edetisj quam coqua coenam coxerit. Non prius te illi relinquent, quam 
 te ad misericordiam allexerint. Exercitus noster non prius domum se 
 recipiet, quam hostes ad pugnam elicuerit. 
 
 d) Hostes propidsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione cingerent. 
 Milites nostri urbem liberaverunt, priusquam eam hostes combussissent. 
 Dies obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent. 
 
 LXXII. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Contraho, xi, ctum 3. figura, ae, /. figure, donee, conj. so [as] long 
 
 to draw together. form. as, until, until that, 
 
 demo, mpsi, mptum, 3. eonjuratus, i, m. a con- even until. 
 
 to take away. spirator. dum, conj. while, so {as) 
 
 describo, psi, ptum 3. gladius, i, m. sword. long as, until, until 
 
 to describe, point out. mathematicus, i, m. that. 
 
 stringo, inxi, ictum 3. mathematician. quoad, conj. so {as) long 
 
 to touch upon, to geometrlcus, a, um, as, until, until that, 
 
 draw (a sword). geometrical. even until that. 
 
 cop'm, ae,f. abundance ; nobllis, e, known, re- tsundiu, adv. so long as. 
 
 plur. troops. nowned. 
 
 (Concerning the particles of time : dum, quod, donee, see Synt. § 110. 4, 5.) 
 Dum ego scribebam,, tu legebas, et frater ludebat. Dum nos canebd- 
 mus, vos discebatis, et sorores pingebant. Quoad vives, omnibus tuis 
 gratus vives. Homines, dum docent, discunt. Archimedes, nobilissi- 
 mus mathematicus, dum in pulvere figQras georaetricas descrlbit atten- 
 tius, Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt. Dum consul litteras 
 legit, conjurati gladios strinxerant. Dum dux aciem instrUit, hostis 
 totam urbem cinxerat. Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae 
 
$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 133 
 
 conjurationem detexisset. Exspectamus, dtim nobis dicdtis, quid paren- 
 tes scripserint. Milites cupide expectabant, dum dux se e castris con- 
 tra hostes educeret. Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam senten- 
 tiam elicuisti. Tamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicitudinem tibi demp- 
 sero. 
 
 While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paint- 
 ing. While we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers 
 were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with 
 [navo operam c. dat.) literature. So long as I live, I shall be mind- 
 ful of this kindness. While the general arranged the army in order of 
 battle, the enemies had drawn together all [their] forces. Wait, until 
 we tell you, what the father has written. The general waited, until 
 the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until 
 thou saidst to me what the father had written. 
 
 As soon as I had arisen (perf ), I went (perf ) immediately to you. 
 After Caesar had led out (perf.) the soldiers, the enemies arranged 
 [their] army in order of battle. As soon as we shall have written, we 
 will take a walk with you. As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest 
 to go (accedere) forthwith to thy business. Before the enemies had 
 drawn together (perf ) their troops, Caesar had captured (perf) the city. 
 Thou wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the 
 ardor of all passions. You will not be rich, before you shall have de- 
 spised riches. My friend will not leave thee, before he shall have 
 moved (= allured, cdlicere) thee to sympathy. Our soldiers will not 
 betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to 
 battle. Before we trouble and torpient our mind with solicitude, we 
 ought to,inquife what [it] may be, which vexes and troubles us. Tho 
 enemies were repelled (perf), before they had arranged the army in 
 order of battle. Night overtook (perf) us, before we had extinguished 
 the conflagration. 
 
 L XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Separo 1. / separate, fabricator, oris, m. arcanus, a, um, secret ; 
 
 divide. framer. arcanum, i. n. a 
 
 benefacio, feci, factum sermo, onis, m. conver- secret. 
 
 3. to do well. sation, speech. ceteri, ae, a, the rest 
 
 circumspicio, spexi, afFabilitas, atis, /. qffa- perfectus, a, um, per- 
 
 spectum 3. to look bility. fed. 
 
 around, regard. comltas, atis,/. courte- ante, adv. before, rather. 
 
 maledico 3. (c. dat.) ousness. quantop^re, adv. how 
 
 I reproach. facultas, atia,f.foLCulty ; much. 
 
 praedico 3. 1 foretell. plur. means. simpliciter, adv. simply. 
 
 vesper, €ri, m. evening. 
 
 12 
 
134 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52. 
 
 Ignis urbem absumpsit. Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae 
 maledixit. Nimium ne crede colori ! Fac, lit ante circumspicias, qui- 
 buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas et bibas! Die, quid patri scrip- 
 seris ! O stulte, ne praedic futura ! Ne credlte mendaribus ! Pueri, 
 strenue litteras discitote ! Puer in schola attendito ! Principes civita- 
 tis concordiae consulunto ! Difficile dictu est, quantopere conciliet ani- 
 mos hominurn comltas afFabilltasque sermonis. Mendaci homini, ne 
 verum quidem dicenti, credere solemus. Venio tibi dicturus, quid 
 amicus mihi scripserit. Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi- 
 nem separavit a ceteris animalibus, quam dicendi facnltate. Ex dis- 
 cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas. Optiraus est orator, qui di- 
 cendo animos nostros et docet, et delectat, et permovet. Mores puero- 
 rum se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo 
 et cogitando alitur. Tamdiu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum 
 est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere. Scisne, patrem scrpisisse ?^ 
 Quis scit, se ad vesperum esse victurum ? Speramus, nos vobis arca- 
 na elicituros esse. 
 
 Eat and drink thou, moderately. Trust ye not too much to color. 
 Do thou well to try friends. Tell me, what the father has written 
 thee. Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn literature. The boys should 
 be attentive in school. It is incredible to say (Sup. in u), how bravely 
 our soldiers have fought with the enemies. Lying men we are not 
 even accustomed to believe, when they tell the truth (part.). We mrgp, in 
 order to tell (= wishing to tell) thee, what our brothers have written 
 (subj.) us. By diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for them- 
 selves the approbation of [their] parents and teachers. 
 
 ■ y . . 
 
 LXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatwn. 
 
 Urgeo, ursi, ursum 2. 3. to break ; mola wanting ; c. dat. to 
 
 to press, oppress. frangere, to grind. neglect. 
 
 conjungo, nxi, nctum frigo, xi, ctum 3. to mola, ae, /. mi'W. [lance. 
 
 3. to join {together). roast, parch. vigilantia, ae, /. vigi- 
 
 expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. gladiator, oris, m. fen- 
 
 3. to paint out, draw. to engrave. cer, gladiator. 
 
 fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to novus, a, um, new. 
 
 to form, feign. anoint. profecto, adv. surely. 
 
 frango, fregi, fractum desum, fui, esse, to he quoniam, conj. because. 
 
 b) Passive of the Third Conjugation. 
 
 conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (h 
 §11J.) 
 
 Quia semper e virtutis praeceptis vixisti, ab omnibus diligeris. Ci- 
 
 (Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia, qiwniam, (heca.use), see Synt 
 
 §11J.) 
 
^ 50 52.*! THIRD CONJUGATION. 135 
 
 ves summa inopia urgebantur, quia omnes eorum facultates bello ab- 
 sumptae erant. Quoniam de hac re satis dictum est, jam accedamus 
 ad novam. Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et 
 vigilantia conjuratio Catilinae detecta est. Omnes oi^^es- angebantur, 
 quia metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur. 
 
 Multae fabulae a poetis fictae sunt. Gladiatores uncti decertabant 
 Apud Homerum omnia ita descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur. 
 Omnibus in animo quasi insculptum est, esse deum. Omnia suntpro- 
 fecto laudanda, quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt, et, quae cum vitiis (so. 
 conjuncta sunt), vituperanda. Quoad urbs obsidione cingebatur, mag- 
 no metu angebamur. Milites cupide exspectant, dum a duce e castris 
 contra hostes educantur. Cave, ne fallarj^ ! Timebamus, ne exercitus 
 noster vinceretur. Nihil magis mihi curae est, quam ut a te diligar. 
 Si ceditis, metuo, fte"*vincamini. Non dubito, quin fortiter a militibus 
 defendamur. Quum milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa- 
 yor occnpavit. Quoad honeste vives, omnibus diligere. Exercitus 
 noster, quoad bonus dux ei praeerit, non vincetur. Ab omnibus con- 
 temnemini, si officiis vestris deerltis. Quamdiu tu aberis, ego de te an- 
 gar et cruciabor. Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur. 
 Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur. 
 Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta 
 erunt, a nobis edentur. 
 
 Take care (= be on thy guard), that thou art not troubled without 
 reason. I fear tliat(ne)I shall be deceived. We are more anxious for 
 nothing than that we shall be esteemed by you. If we give way, I fear 
 that we shall be conquered. It often happens (accidit), that the good 
 are injlired by the bad. I was troubled, because I feared that I should 
 be deceived. We feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies. 
 All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered. We wait- 
 ed anxiously, until we were led against the enemies. The enemies did 
 not doubt, that we should be conquered. Why didst thou fear, that thou 
 shouldst be injured by us ? So long as the city was surrounded by a 
 blockade, you were oppressed with great want. So long as the ene- 
 mies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the 
 war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the ene- 
 mies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately, 
 thou wast sick, thou wast very much troubled. If you shall continue 
 to fight so bravely, you will not be conquered by the enemies. So 
 long as you shall be absent, we shall be troubled concerning (de) you. 
 Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect {desum) thy duties. 
 Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall 
 
136 THIRD CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52. 
 
 preside over them. Homer will always be read in the schools. As 
 soon as the letter shall be written, we will take a walk with you. 
 When the army shall be led out from the camp, it will fight with the 
 
 LXXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Administro 1. / man- detraho, xi, ctum .3. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- 
 age, to draw away, remove. vantage. 
 
 perpetro 1. I perform, distraho, xi, ctum 3. existimatio, onis,/. c«- 
 
 perpetrate. to draw asunder, timation, opinion. 
 
 praesto, iti, itum or waste. obsessio, 6ms, f. siege. 
 
 atum 1. (c. dat.) to tingo, xi, ctum 3. to faclnus, oris, n. deed, 
 
 be superior to. color, form. foul deed. 
 
 adduco 3. to lead to, elegantia, ae, /. ele- appetitus, us, m. desire, 
 
 move. gance. " longing. 
 
 como, compsi, comp- fortuna, ae, /. /orfwne ; diversus, a, um, diverse, 
 
 tum 3. to comb, adorn. plur. gifts of fortune. different. 
 
 consumo, mpsi, mptum ]uxuria, ae,f. luxury. finitlmus, a, um, neig-^- 
 
 3. to consume. miseria, ae, f. misery, boring. 
 
 conveho, xi, ctum 3. want. nitidus, a, um, splendid, 
 
 to bear together, bring providentia, ae,f.fore- innumerabilis, e, rnnw- 
 
 together. sight, providence. merable. 
 
 destruo, xi, ctum 3. curriculum, i, n. circuit, tantopere, adv. so much, 
 to destroy. course. 
 
 Regere ratione! Ne angltor, amice! O cives, ne lucri cupiditate, 
 sed virtutis studio regimlnor ! Animi appetitus ratione reguntor ! Ju- 
 v^nis, litterarum morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit. Com- 
 busta urbe, omnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis 
 rebus praeclare gestis summam sibi comparaverunt gloriam. Cofttemp- 
 ta virtute, vita beata nulla est. Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per 
 luxuriam consumptis et distractis, reliquam vitam miserrime agunt. 
 
 Dempta omni sollicitudine, laetitiae indulgeamus ! Isocrates in di- 
 Terso genere dicendi nitidus fuit et comptus. Aciem instructam dux 
 contra hostes eduxit. Frumento ex finitlmis regionibus in urbem con- 
 vecto, cives urbis obsessionem acquis animis exspectaverunt Caesar, 
 contractis copiis in unum locum, hostium impetum exspectavit. Stric- 
 to gladio, dux milites contra hostes eduxit. Urbs, obsidione cincta, 
 multis malis urgetur. Gloria detracta, quid est, quod in hoc tam ex- 
 igiio vitae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ? 
 
 Si bona existimatio divitiis praestat, et pecunia tantopere expetitur ; 
 quauto gloria magis est expeteuda ! Justitia propter sese colenda est. 
 Certum est, universum mundum divina providentia regi et administrari. 
 Quis ignorat, innumerabiles urbes a Romanis destruclas esse } Om- 
 
[^ 50 52. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 137 
 
 nes sciunt, viros bonos nimquam spe mercedis adductum iri, ut facimis 
 aliquod perpetrent. 
 
 Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason. 
 Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the pur- 
 suit of virtue. You should not be troubled, friends. The divine law 
 should not be despised. Parents should be honored by children. I 
 hope that all solicitude will soon be taken away from thee. The ora- 
 tions of Isocrates were splendid and adorned. The soldiers believed, 
 that the troops of the enemies would be drawn together. The soldiers 
 having been led out of the camp, fought (perf ) bravely with the ene- 
 mies. In Homer, we see all things not described, but, as it were, 
 painted out. Who does not know, that all the virtues are connected 
 loith each other (inter se). I hope, that you will be led to my views. 
 
 LXXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Degusto, 1. / taste. gestio 4. / demean my- m£nt ; plur. demen- 
 
 contingo, tlgi, tactum self, am transported. tary principles. 
 
 3. to touch ; contin- sepelio, ivi, ultum 4. aequltas, atis, /. equity. 
 
 git, it falls to my lot. I inter, hury. jucunditas, atis, /. de- 
 
 licet 2. it is permitted. servio 4. / serve. lightfulness, agreea- 
 
 minuo, ui, utum 3. / di- iracundia, ae,/. irasd- hleness. 
 
 minish, Tnake less. hility, anger. accuratus, a, um, accu- 
 
 fastidio, 4. (c. ace.) / numerus, i, m. number ; rate. 
 
 feel disgust, spurn. 2) harmony, rhythm, grammaticus, a, um, 
 
 elementum, i, n. eZe- grammatical. 
 
 F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular. 
 
 Sic vive cum hominibus, tanquam deus videat ; et videt. Cave, ne 
 tanquam parva fastidias grammatica elementa! Philosophiae servire 
 debemus, ut nobis contingat vera libertas. Nullus dolor est, quem non 
 longinquitas temporis minuat ac molllat. Nihil magis mihi curae est, 
 quam ut obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum. 
 
 Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant. 
 Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non aude- 
 bat. Celeritas equltum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad 
 pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus om- 
 nium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut lae- 
 titia plane gestirem. Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram 
 verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus. 
 
 Nihil vos impedivimus, quominus negotia vestra finiretis. Nescivi, 
 cur tantopere laetitia gestires. Scisne, cur hunc puerum puniv^rim? 
 Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis. Dicam tibi, cur domum nos- 
 12* 
 
138 FOURTH CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52. 
 
 tram coronis ornaverinius et vestiverimus. Die, cur ferierltis hunc 
 puerum. 
 
 Placebas praeceptoribus tuis, quia semper eorum praeceptis obe- 
 di^ras. Vix milites nostri castra munierant, quum hostis conspectus 
 est. Jam laetitia gestieramus, quum repente tristissimus nuntius ani- 
 mos nostros summo moerore opplevit Quum milites totum diem siti- 
 vissent et esurivissent, ne nocte quidem quieti indulgere iis licuit. 
 Quum hostis se ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri laetitia gestie- 
 runt. 
 
 Non prius dormiam, quam negotia mea finivero. Quum exercitus 
 castra muniverit, se ad pugnam expedlet. Si grammatica elementa 
 fastidies, nunquam accuratam linguae Latinae cognitionem tibi compa- 
 rabis. Si quid novi audiverimus, curabimus, ut brevi sciatis. Non 
 dubitabam, quin, si semel philosophiam degustavisses, toto animo ei 
 serviturus esses. Ne garri, puer! Audite, pueri: si praeceptoribus 
 vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestriiS praemiis ornabimini ! Puer obe- 
 dito praeceptoribus ! Homo ne servito cupiditatibus ! Milites urbem 
 custodiunto ! 
 
 Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus est. Bonus discipiilus semper 
 praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet. Quis nescit, Ciceronem toto 
 animo philosophiae servisse ? Spero, vos grammatica elementa non 
 esse fastidituros. Prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Optandum est, ut 
 ii, qui praesunt rei publicae, legum similes sint, quae ad puniendum 
 non iracundia, sed aequitate ducuntur. Legendi semper occasio est, 
 audiendi non semper. 
 
 Terra vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Urbs a militi- 
 bus custoditor. Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum iri. 
 
 To good parents, nothing is a source of greater care [est with dat), 
 than that they may instruct their children in (abl.) literature. Be on 
 your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter ! I punished the boy, be- 
 cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers 
 were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was 
 anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of 
 my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up 
 to (= served) philosophy. Often already has length of time abated 
 the severest sufferings. We have kept in memory the precepts of our 
 teachers. 
 
 Tell me, whence thoigjgaaj^ heard this news. I doubt not, that the 
 teachers have punished/lfejj^s with (abl.) justice. The soldiers had 
 hungered and thirsted the whole day. Scarcely had our soldiers got 
 ready for battle, when the enemies were discovered (perf .). As the 
 
§ 50 52.] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 139 
 
 king entered into the city, all the citizens had adorned (^ clothed) the 
 houses with flowers and garlands. The soldiers did not doubt, that the 
 enemies had already fortified [their] camp. I knew not whence thou 
 hadst heard this news. ^ 
 
 The good will always obey the principles of virtue. Length of time 
 will abate thy suflTering. The precepts of our teachers are always 
 kept in (abl.) remembrance. When you shall have heard this news, 
 you will be transported with joy. If we shall always have obeyed the 
 principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand open to us. 
 
 Serve wisdom, not the passions. Do not chatter, boys. Thou 
 shouldst not rage against [in c. ace.) the enemies, O soldier. You 
 should obey [your] teachers and parents. The scholar should keep 
 the principles of his teacher in remembrance. Men should not serve 
 their passions. The boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome 
 to the teacher. Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the city. I hope that 
 length of time will abate thy suffering. Hast thou heard, that the 
 enemies have fortified the camp ? We come in order to (sup. in um) 
 guard the city. A thoughtless boy is difficult to instruct (sup. in u). 
 We must (gerund) serve virtue. 
 
140 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE POUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [§53. 
 
 § 53. DEPO 
 
 Of the four 
 
 1. Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortdri. 
 Characteristic : a long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 hortor, I exhort horte-r, I may ex- 
 hort 
 hoxid-ris^ thou ex- horte-ri5(e), thou 
 
 hortest. mayest exhort 
 
 hortd-iwr, he, she, horte-fwr, he, she, 
 
 it exhorts it may exhort 
 
 hortd-mwr, we ex- hortc-wmr, we may 
 
 hort 
 
 hortd-?»?wf , you ex- 
 hort 
 
 horta-ntwr, they ex- 
 hort 
 
 exhort 
 horte-rn?ni, you 
 
 may exhort 
 horte-Kiitr, they 
 
 may exhort. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 hortd-^dr, I exhort- hortd-rer, I might 
 
 II. Vereor, vexltus sum, vereri. 
 Characteristic : e long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 I. Present. 
 
 vereor, I rever- 
 ence 
 
 verc-ri5, thou rev- 
 erencest 
 
 vere-fwr, he, she, 
 it reverences 
 
 yere-mur^ we rev- 
 erence 
 
 vere-mini, you rev- 
 ence 
 
 \ere-nlur^ they rev- 
 erence 
 
 vere-dr, I may rev- 
 erence 
 
 verg-dHs(c) thou 
 mayest rev. 
 
 vere-diar, he, she, 
 it may reverence 
 
 veve-dmur, we may 
 reverence 
 
 vere-dw^ni.) you 
 may- reverence 
 
 vere-antur, they 
 may rev-erence. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 ed, was exhorting exhort 
 hoTtd-bdris{e), thou horid-rer1.s(e), thou 
 
 exh., wast exh. mightest exhort 
 hortd-^dZwr,he, she, hortd-reiwr, he,she, 
 
 it exh., was exh. it might exhort 
 hortd-^dmur, w ' hortd-rcr/mr, we 
 
 exh., were exh. might exhort 
 hortd-^/drnint, you hortd-remiwi, you 
 
 exh., were exh. might exhort 
 hortd-bantur, they horidrentur, they 
 
 exh., were exh. might exhort. 
 III. Future [Indicative). ^ 
 hortd-bor, I shall exhort 
 hortd-bSris{e), thou wilt exhort 
 horid-bitur^ he, she, it will exhort 
 hortd-bimur., we shall exhort 
 hoi id- biminii^ you will exhort 
 hortd-buntur, they will exhort. 
 
 IV 
 
 a) Indicative 
 
 vere-iflr, I reveren- 
 ced, was rev. 
 yere-bdris(e), thou 
 reverenc'dst,wast r 
 vere-bdtur, he, she, 
 
 it rev. was rev. 
 vere-bdmur^we rev. 
 
 were rev. 
 vere-bdmini^ you 
 
 rev. were rev. 
 
 \ere-bantur., they 
 
 rev. were rev. 
 
 III. Future (Indicative).^ 
 yere-bor, I shall reverence 
 yere-beris{e), thou wilt reverence 
 yere-bitvr^ he, she, it will reverence 
 yere-bimur, we shall reverence 
 yere-himlni, you will reverence 
 vere-buntur., they will reverence. 
 Perfect. 
 
 vere-rcr, I might 
 
 reverence 
 yeTe-reris{e) thou 
 
 mightest rev. 
 vere-retur, he, she, 
 
 it might rev. 
 vere-rcmwr, we 
 
 might reverence 
 yeie-rem1,ni, you 
 
 might reverence 
 yere-rentur, they 
 
 might reverence. 
 
 horta-tus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 horta-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 sum, I have exhorted veri-tus 
 
 es, thou hast exhorted a, 
 
 est, he, she, it has exhorted um 
 
 sumus, we have exhorted veri-ti, 
 
 cstls, you have exhorted ae, 
 
 sunt, they have exhorted a 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 sIm, I may have exhorted 
 sis, thou mayest have ex. 
 sV, he, she, it may have ex. 
 simus, we may have exhorted 
 sltls, you may have exhorted 
 sint, they may have exhorted. 
 
 veri-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 veri-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 sum, I have reverenced 
 es, thou hast reverenced 
 est, he, she, it has reverenced 
 sumus, we have reverenced 
 estis, you have reverenced 
 sunt, they have reverenced 
 
 sim, I may have reverenced 
 sis, thou mayest have rev. 
 sit, he, she, it may have rev 
 simus, we may have rev. 
 sitis, you may have rev. 
 sint, they may have rev. 
 
^53.] 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 141 
 
 NENTS 
 Conjugations. 
 
 III. 
 
 Fungor, funcfu5 sum, fungi. 
 Characteristic : c short. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 I. Present. 
 
 fung-or, I manage 
 
 fung-er?5, thou 
 
 managest 
 inng-ltur^ he, she, 
 
 it manages 
 fung-^mwr, we 
 
 manage 
 fung-imtni, you 
 
 manage 
 fung-Mwf r/r, they 
 
 manage 
 
 fung-ar,I may man- 
 age 
 
 fung-ari5(c), thou 
 mayest manage 
 
 fung-afwr, he, she, 
 it may manage 
 
 fung-am^r, we 
 may manage 
 
 fung-dwim, you 
 may manage 
 
 fung-aniwr, they 
 may manage. 
 
 11. Imperfect. 
 
 fung-ebar, I man- 
 aged, was m. 
 fung-e/;dr/5(e),thou 
 
 managedst,was m. 
 fung-e6diMr,he,she, 
 
 itm., was m, 
 fung-ebdmur^ we 
 
 managed, were m. 
 fvLng-ebdvUni, you 
 
 managed, were m. 
 fung-ebantur, they 
 
 managed, were m. 
 
 111. Future (^Indicative. y 
 fung-ar, I shall manage 
 fung-m5(c), thou wilt manage 
 fung-etur, he, she, it will manage 
 fung-cmur, we shall manage 
 fung-e^mm, you will manage 
 fung-cTifMr, they will manage. 
 
 fung-erer, I might 
 
 manage 
 fung-erer is(e), thou 
 
 mightest manage 
 f ung-ereiMr,he, she, 
 
 it, might manage 
 fung-eremr/r, we 
 
 might manage 
 fung-^rer/i?/ii, you 
 
 might manage 
 fung-ercreiwr, they 
 
 might manage. 
 
 IV. Partior, pdniitus sum, parttri. 
 Characteristic : t long. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 1. Present. 
 
 part?-or, 1 divide 
 
 parti-ri5, thou di- 
 videst 
 
 parti-^«r, he, she, 
 it divides 
 
 partt-rnur, we di- 
 vide 
 
 partl-mTni, you di- 
 vide 
 
 ]^a.r ti-untur, they 
 divide 
 
 parti-or, 1 may di- 
 vide 
 
 parti-dm(e), thou 
 mayest divide 
 
 parti-d^M7-, he, she, 
 it may divide 
 
 parti-d77mr, we 
 may divide 
 
 psLxii-dmlniy you 
 may divide 
 
 parti-aniur, they 
 may divide. 
 
 II. Imperfect. 
 
 might 
 
 part?-c6a?',ldivided, parti-rer, 1 
 
 was dividing divide 
 
 parti-e^ttri5(e),thou partt-rem(c), thou 
 
 dividedst, was d. mightest divide 
 part?-e^dZur-,he,she, parti-reZwr, he, she, 
 
 it divided, was d. it might divide 
 psLTii-ebdmur, we parti-rewwr, we 
 
 divided, were d. might divide 
 psiTii-ebdmlni, you parti-rernJm, you 
 
 divided, were d. might divide 
 pdiTti-ebantur, they parti-rentur, they 
 
 divided, were d, might divide. 
 III. Future (Indicative.)^ 
 part?-dr, 1 shall divide 
 parti-eri5(c), thou wilt divide 
 parti-c^wr, he, she, it will divide 
 parti-C7«Mr, we shall divide 
 parti-cmim", you will divide 
 parti-cnfur, they will divide. 
 IV. Perfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 ura 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 partl-tus. 
 
 5M771, I have managed 
 65, thou hast managed 
 est^ he, she, it has managed 
 sumus, we have managed 
 estis^ you have managed 
 sunt, they have managed. 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 sim, 1 may have managed 
 sis, thou mayest have m. 
 sit, he, she, it may have m. 
 simus, we may have m. 
 sitis, you may have managed 
 sint, they may have managed. 
 
 um 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 partl-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 sum, I have divided 
 es, thou hast divided 
 est, he, she, it has divided 
 sumus, we have divided 
 estis, you have divided 
 sunt, they have divided. 
 
 sim, 1 may have divided 
 sis, thou mayest have divided 
 sit, he, she, it may have d. 
 simus, we may have divided 
 sitis, you may have divided 
 sint, they may have divided. 
 
142 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 [§53 
 
 horta-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 horta-tus, 
 a, 
 
 um 
 horta-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 
 a) Indicative. 
 erdm^ I had exhorted veri-tus, 
 
 irds., thou hadst exhorted a, 
 
 ^rdt., he, she, it had exhorted um 
 
 Srdmus, we had exhorted veri-ti, 
 
 erdtis^ you had exhorted ae, 
 
 erant, they had exhorted a 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 essem, J might have exhorted veri-tus, 
 
 esses, thou mightesthave ex. a, 
 
 e5se/,he,she,it might have ex. um 
 
 essemus, we might have ex. veri-ti, 
 
 essetis, you might have ex. ae, 
 
 essent, they might have ex. a 
 
 vr 
 
 eram, I had reverenced 
 eras, thou hadst reverenced 
 erat, he, she, it had rev. 
 eramus, we had reverenced 
 eratis, you had reverenced 
 erant, they had reverenced. 
 
 essem, 1 might have rev. 
 esses, thou mightest have rev. 
 es5c<,he,she,it might have re V. 
 essemus, we might have rev, 
 essetis, you might have rev, 
 essent, they might have rev 
 
 have 
 to will 
 
 horta-tus, Sro, I shall have exhorted 
 a, erts, thou wilt have exhorted 
 um erit, he, she, it will have ex. 
 horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex. 
 ae, eritls, you w ill have exhorted 
 a irunt, they will have ex. 
 
 Imperative. 
 hortd-re, exhort thou 
 hoxid-t6r, thou shouldest exhort 
 horid-tor, he, she, it should exhort 
 hortd-m?nl, exhort ye 
 hoxtd-minor, you should exhort 
 hortd-nfor, they should exhort. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort 
 Perf. hoxid-tus, d, ww, esse, to 
 
 exhorted 
 Fut. hortd-turus, d, um 
 
 exhort^, (that one) will exhort, 
 Participle. 
 Pres. horia-ns, exhorting 
 Perf. hortd-«w5, d, um, having exhorted 
 Fut. 1) Act. hovXd-lurus, d, um, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to exhort 
 Fut. 2) Pass, horiandus, d, um, what 
 should be exhorted. 
 Gerund. 
 N. horta-7irfi/.m est, one (we) must ex. 
 G. horia-ndi, of exhorting, to exhort 
 D. horia-ndo, to exhorting, to exhort 
 A. horla-ndam (e. g. a</),exhorang, 
 
 to exhort 
 A. horta-nrfo, by exhorting. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. hoxid-tum, in order to exhort 
 Abl. hortd-iw, to exhort, be exhorted. 
 
 Future Perfect {Indicativey 
 
 veri-tus, 
 
 um 
 veri-ti. 
 
 ero, I shall have reverenced 
 eris, thou wilt have rev. 
 erit, he, she, it will have rev 
 erimus, we shall have rev. 
 eritis, you will have rev. 
 erunt, they will have rev. 
 Imperative, 
 vere-re, reverence thou 
 vere-^or, thou shouldest reverence 
 \ere-tor, he, she, it should reverence 
 vere-mlni, reverence ye 
 vere-mlnor, you should reverence 
 veve-ntor, they should reverence. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. vere-ri, to reverence 
 Perf. ver-Uus, a, um, esse, to have rev- 
 
 enced 
 Fut. veH-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 reverence'^, (that onej will rev. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. were-ns, reverencing ' 
 Perf. yerl-tus, a, um, having reverenced 
 Fut. 1) Act. weri-turus, a, um, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to reverence 
 Fut. 2) Pass, vere ndus, a, um, what 
 should be reverenced. 
 
 Gerund. ! 
 
 N. vere-ndum est, one (we) must rev. 
 G. yexe-ndi, of reverencing, to rev. 
 D. vere-ndo, to reverencing, to rev. 
 A. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing, 
 
 to reverence 
 A. vexe-ndo, by reverencing. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. vexi-tum, in order to reverence 
 Abl. ven-tu.to reverence, be reverenced. 
 
 I) The Subjunctive of both the futures is wanting. See Remark 1) and 2) to $ 50.— 2) Set 
 
$53.1 
 
 DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS. 
 
 143 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 'ae, 
 
 a 
 
 func-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 uin 
 
 func-ti, 
 
 ae, 
 
 a 
 
 eram^ I had managed 
 eras^ thou hadst managed 
 erat^ he, she, it had managed 
 eramus^ we had managed 
 eratis, you had managed 
 erantj they had managed 
 
 V. Pluperfect. 
 a) Indicative. 
 
 partl-tus, 
 
 urn 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 b) Subjunctive. 
 
 essem, 1 might have managed 
 esses, thou mightest have m. 
 esset, he,she, it might have m 
 essemus, we might have m. 
 esscds, you might have m. 
 essentj they might have m. 
 
 partl-tus, 
 
 a, 
 
 um 
 
 partl-ti, 
 
 ae. 
 
 eram, I had divided 
 eras, thou hadst divided 
 erat, he, she, it had divided 
 eramus, we had divided 
 eratis, you had divided 
 erant, they had divided. 
 
 esserrij 1 might have divided 
 esses^ thou mightest have d. 
 esset, he,she, it might have d. 
 esseinus, we might have d. 
 essetis, you might have d. 
 essent, they might have d. 
 
 VI. Future Perfect (Indicative). 
 
 ' 
 
 func-tus, !cro, I shall have managed 
 a, eris, thou wilt have managed 
 um erit, he, she, it will have man. 
 func-ti, erimuSj we shall have man. 
 ae, eritis, you will have man. 
 a erunt, they will have man. 
 Imperative. 
 fung-^rc, manage thou 
 fung-itor, thou shouldest manage 
 fung-i^or, he, she, it should manage 
 i'ung-imini, manage ye 
 fung-trnmor, you should manage 
 i'ung-untor, they should manage. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. fung-z, to manage 
 Perf. func-<M5, a, um, esse, to have 
 
 managed 
 Fut. {yxnc-turus, a, um, esse, to will 
 manage^, (that one) will man. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. fung-ens, managing 
 Perf. func-fw5, a, um, having managed 
 Fut. 1) Jict. func-tiirus, a, um,, intend- 
 ing, wishing, about to manage 
 Fut. 2) Pass, fnng-endus, a, um, what 
 should be managed. 
 Gerund. 
 N. fang-endum est, one (we) must m- 
 G. fung-cfidi, of managing, to manage 
 D. fung-ewrfo, to managing, to manage 
 A. fying-endum (e. g. ad), managing, 
 
 to manage 
 A. fung-ewdo, by managing. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. func-^wm, in order to manage 
 Ml. func-«M, to manage, be managed. 
 
 cmark 4) to $ 50. 
 
 partl-tus, ero, 1 shall have divided 
 a, eris, thou wilt have divided 
 um crit, he, she, it will have d 
 partl-ti, erimus, we shall have divided 
 ae, eritis, you will have divided 
 a erunt, they will have divided 
 
 Imperative. 
 parti-re, divide thou 
 parii-tur, thou shouldest divide 
 pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide 
 pa,rti-mlni, divide ye 
 parti-mwior, you should divide 
 psitti-untor, they should divide. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 Pres. partl-ri, to divide 
 Perf. partt-tus, a, um, esse, to have 
 
 divided 
 Fut. pa.rti-t1irus, a, um, esse, to will 
 divide^, (that one) will divide. 
 Participle. 
 Pres. pdiTii-ens, dividing 
 Peif. partl-iM5, a, um, having divided 
 Fut. 1) Act. pa.rii-turus, a, um, intend 
 
 ing, wishing, about to divide 
 Fut. 2) Pass, pairii-endus, a, um, what 
 should be divided. 
 Gerund. 
 N. pa.Yii-endum est, one (we) must d 
 G. pa.rVi-endi, of dividing, to divide 
 D. part?-e«rfo, to dividing, to divide 
 A. pavtl-cndum, (e. g. ad.), dividing 
 
 to divide 
 A. parti-cnrfo, by dividing. 
 
 Supine. 
 Ace. partl-iMw, in order to divide 
 Abl. parti-fM, to divide, be divided. 
 
144 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53. 
 
 LXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Admiror ] . / admire. conor 1. / attempt, ven- somnium, i, n. dream, 
 
 aspernor 1. I spurn. ture. pulcliritudo, inis, /. 
 
 comltor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / iriter- beauty. 
 
 contemplor 1. /confem.- pret. demum, adv. Jirstf at 
 
 plate, consider. consigno 1. 1 point out. length. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque virtutis ? Dux 
 milites hortatus est, ut hostium aciem pertubare conarentur. Jam hos- 
 tes urbem oppugnare conati erant, quum repente a civibus propulsati 
 sunt. Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Con- 
 templamlnor praeclara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata 
 sunt! Venio te comitatum in hortum. Somnia difficilia sunt inter- 
 pretatu. 
 
 We admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue. The general ex- 
 horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line of 
 battle of the enemies into confusion. I have accompanied the brother 
 into the garden. The enemies have ventured to assault the city. Thou 
 shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed 
 out in history. The citizens apprehended, that the enemies might as- 
 sault the city. I doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream right- 
 ly. Tell me, why thou hast not accompanied the father into the gar- 
 den. 
 
 LXXVI]I. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Fateor, fassus sum, fa- aggredior,gressus, gre- labor, lapsus sum, labi 
 
 teri 2. to acknowledge, di 3. to attack. 3. to glide, fall. 
 
 admit. expergiscor, perrectus loquor, locutus sum, 
 
 tueor 2. I keep, protect. sum 3. to awaken. loqui 3. to speak. 
 
 intueor 2. / look upon, fruor, fructus or frui- morior, mortuus sum, 
 
 contemplate. tus sum, frui 3. (c. mori 3. to die (part, 
 
 misereor, misertus or abl.) to enjoy (part. fut. moriturus). 
 
 ritus sum, misereri fnX.. fruiturus). sequor, secutus sum, 
 
 2. [c. gen) to pity. fungor, functus sum, sequi 3. (c. ace.) to 
 polliceor 2. 1 promise. fungi 3. (c- abl.) to follow. 
 
 abator, usus sum, uti administer. inops, opis, destitute. 
 
 3. (c. abl.) to abuse. irascor, iratus sum 3. audacter, adv. boldly, 
 adipiscor, adeptus sum to be angry. confidently. 
 
 3. to obtain. 
 
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 145 
 
 Artes se ipsae tuentur. Semper miserorum hominum miserebimur, 
 Veremini, o pueri, senectutem ! Fatetor, o puer, verum ! Miseremi- 
 nor inopum ! Discipuli verentor praeceptores. Non dubito, quin tuura 
 praesidium mihi polliciturus sis. Cum magna voluptate intuemur prae* 
 clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt. 
 
 Quis nescit, quam miilti eloquentia abutantur ? Per rnultos annoa 
 pace fruiti sumus. Omnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredian- 
 tur. Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedimus. Ci- 
 ves, libertatem adepti, sumraa laetitia fruentur. Succurre lapsia^ 
 Tani audacter cum amico loquere, quam tecum. Ne irasciminor iis, 
 quos amare debetis ! Si virtutis viam semper sequemur, aditus in coe- 
 lum aliquando nobis patebit. Munere tuo bene fungere. Metuo, ne 
 amicus moriatur. 
 
 The arts themselves will always protect themselves. I doubt not, 
 that thou wilt always pity the poor. Reverence, O boy, old age ! The 
 rich should pity the destitute. You should acknowledge the truth 
 (==what is true,) O boys! A good scholar will always reverence his 
 teacher. I doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection to the 
 destitute friend. Contemplate ye the noble examples of virtue, which 
 are pointed out in history. Many have abused eloquence. We desire 
 (opto), that we may enjoy peace. All the citizens apprehended, that 
 the enemies might attack the city. You are fallen. You should speak 
 with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves. Thou shouldst not be 
 angry with those, whom thou oughtest to love. I doubt not, that thou 
 wilt always follow the way of virtue. All know, how well thou hast 
 always managed thy office. 
 
 LXXIX. Words to be learned and Eoixrcises for translation. 
 
 Dilabor, lapsus sum, ficisci 3. to depart, mentior 4. / Zie. 
 
 labi 3. to go to ruin. proceed, march. metior, mensus sum, 
 
 obliviscor, litus sum, li- assentior, sensus sum metiri 4. to measure. 
 
 visci 3. (c. gen. and 4. to assent to. decet 2. (c. ace. pers.) 
 
 ace.) to forget. blandior 4. I fatter. it is ft. 
 
 obsequor, secutus sum, experior, pertus sum modestia, ae,/. modesty.. 
 
 sequi 3. to comply 4. to try. umbra, ae,/. shade. 
 
 with, obey. largior 4. / give freely, commendatio, onis, /. 
 proficiscor, fectus sum, bestow. commendation. 
 
 Quum aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici. Stulti aliorum 
 vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum. Prima pueri commendatio profi- 
 ciscitur a modestia. Concordia res parvae erescunt, discordia maximae 
 dilabuntur. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. 
 
 13 
 
146 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 53. 
 
 Ne blandire malis hominibus ! Puer, lie mentitor ! Natura honiini- 
 bus multa bona largita est. Magnos homines virtute metimur, non for- 
 tuna. Voluptasblanditursensibusnostris. Postquam orator orationem 
 finivit, omnes ejus sententiae assensi sunt. Omnia prius experiri verbis, 
 quam armis, sapientem decet. 
 
 I doubt not, that thou wilt obey me. We shall never forget thee. 
 Tell me, why thy father has proceeded to (in) Italy. We feared, 
 that by (abl.) discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to 
 ruin. Boys, you should not lie ! Who does not know, how often the 
 discourse of men deceives (== lies)! Measure men according to (abl.) 
 virtue, not according to fortune. Always follow the way of virtue. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 a) Deponents of the First Conjugation. 
 
 LXXX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adulor I. (c. dat. or opitulor 1 . / Zenrf mW. libido, inis,y'.wnre5irain- 
 
 acc.) IJlatter. recorder 1. (generally ed desire, caprice. 
 
 arbitror \. I think. with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event 
 
 auspicor 1. / commence. her. libens, tis, delighted. 
 
 auxilior 1. / ai</. innocentia, ae,y! inTio- aliquando, adv. some- 
 dominor 1. 1 reign. cence. time. 
 
 mod6ror I.e. dat. Imod- angor, oris, m. vexation, aliter, adv. otherwise, 
 
 eraie; c. ace. govern. rite, adv. properly. 
 
 Boni viri non voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur. Homo im- 
 probus aliquando cum dolore flagi^ sua recordabltur. Socrates totius 
 mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. Disce libens : quid dulcius est, 
 quam discere multa? Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur hono- 
 res. Ubi libido dominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus 
 fallit, quum aliter accidit, atque homines arbitrati sunt. Atticus poten- 
 ti Antonio non est adulatus. Nihil rite sine dei immortahs ope, con- 
 silio, honore auspicab^re. 
 
 LXXXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Aemulor 1. (c. ace.)/ cunctor 1. /rfeZa?/. veneror 1. /revere. 
 
 emulate. imltor 1. (c. ace.) I im- venor 1. I hunt. 
 
 auguror 1. 1 divine, fore- itate. occulto 1. / conceal. 
 
 tell. jocor 1. I jest. rivulus, i, m. stream. 
 
 aversor I. I turn from, laetor 1. (c. abl.) Ire- majores, urn, ancestors. 
 
 shun. joice. mediocris, e, moderate. 
 
 consector 1. 1 pursue, precor 1. / entreat. quotidie, adv. daily. 
 
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtTGATIONS. 147 
 
 Venerare deum, venerare parentes. Virtutes majorum aemulamini, 
 vJtia eorum aversamini ! In silvis venator venatur lepores ; in scholia, 
 pueri, venainini lepores ! Ubi res bona Iractanda est, ne cunctator ! 
 Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor. Quotidie, 
 puer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet tibi tuos parentes ! Tardi in- 
 genii est, rivulos conseclari, fontes rerum non videre. Nulla re tam 
 laetari soleo, quain meorum officiorum conscientia. In ira moderari 
 animo et orationi, non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in 
 carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se au- 
 guraturum esse ea, quae menti humanae a deo sunt occultata. 
 
 L XX XII Words to he learned and Exercises for transition. 
 
 Adhortor 1. /encottrag-e, insidior 1. I lie in wait immodestus, a, uni,im- 
 
 exhort. for. modest, 
 
 cohortoxl. I encourage, suspicor 1. / suspect, ingenuus, a, um, noft/e- 
 exhortor 1. / encour- conjecture, born, dignified. 
 
 age, exhort. vagor \. I wander. profusus, a, um, unre- 
 
 consolor 1. / console. praecludo 3. / dose. strained. 
 
 consplcor J. I discover, temperantia, &e,f. tern- nemo non, every one. 
 
 sex. [late, perance, moderation, excors, cordis, senseless. 
 
 gratulor 1. / congi'atu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admodum, adv. very. 
 indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. ambassa- aperte,ac?v. openly. 
 
 or de with abl.) lam dor. nequicquam, adv. in 
 
 dissatisfied with some- facetus, a, um, delicate, vain, to no effect. 
 
 thing. witty. 
 
 Aperte adulantem nemo non vidit, nisi qui admodum est excors. 
 Menti nihil est tam inimicum, quam voluptas ; nee enim, libidine domi- 
 nante, temperantiae locus est. Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acrlter 
 contra hostes dimicarent, urbem oppugnavit. Aliorum miseriam con- 
 solaturi exempla laudare debemus viprum fortlum, qui in acerbissimis 
 fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam. Genus jocandi non 
 profusum, nee immodestum, sed ingenuum et facetum esse debet. A 
 venatore insidiandum est apris. Multi legati congregati sunt in urbem 
 ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quern neque gloria, ne- 
 que pericula excitant, nequicquam hortere : timor animi aures praeclu- 
 dit. Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus sis. Non dubitabam, 
 quin hujus hominis consuetudmem aversatus esses. Non dubito, quin, 
 istum adolescentem conspicatus, continuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum 
 quiddam suspicaturus sis. 
 
 We rejoice at.(abl.) the joy of friends in like nmnner (aequae) as (ac) 
 at our own (= ourg), and grieve in like manner at [their] grief 
 (=s vexations). Be convinced that thou art dear to me, but that thou 
 
148 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53. 
 
 wilt be much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles. 
 ^-vThe example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they 
 might imitate him. I doubt not, that thou wilt ever assist the good, 
 [but] wilt shun the bad. I doubted not, that he would sometime remem- 
 ber his foul deeds (ace.) with pain. Flatter thou not a powerful [man] ! 
 Be convinced that you will commence nothing properly without the 
 aid, counsel [and] honor of God. I exhort thee, that thou shouldst im- 
 itate good men, [but] shun the bad. Relate to me, why thou hast been 
 dissatisfied with thy fortune. I doubted not that the enemies had 
 lain in wait for thee. 
 
 When thou pursuest history, O boy, thou shouldst contemplate both 
 the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these. 
 In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay. The rich should lend aid to 
 the destitute. The soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us 
 against the enemies. When evil desires reign (abl. abs.), there is no 
 (= not) place for (dat.) virtue. 
 
 b) Deponents of the Second Conjugation. 
 LXXXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Confiteor, fessus sum reor, ratus sum, reri, venia, ae,/ pardon. 
 
 2. to confess. 2. to think. exemplar, aris, n. pat- 
 
 profiteor, fessus sum 2. dublto 1. c. inf I hesi- tern, model. 
 
 to acknowledge freely, tale, entertain scru- c«mctus, a, um, all 
 
 promise. pies. (combined), whole. 
 
 medeor (without perf.) impetro 1. I obtain. inanis, e, empty, vain. 
 
 c. dat. to cure, rem- imploro 1. I implore. cito, adv. quickly ; ci- 
 
 edy. informo 1. / instruct. tins, more quickly^ 
 
 mereor, Itus sum 2. to nego 1. I deny. more easily. 
 
 deserve; dealiquare, trado, didi, ditum 3. to liberaliter, adv. freely. 
 
 to deserve of som^e- deliver vp, give up to. nondum, adv. not yet. 
 
 thing. malitia, ae, f. wicked- penitus, adv.thoroughly^ 
 ness. wholly. 
 
 Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. Jam 
 te errasse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxi- 
 lum imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam 
 nostram fassi eramus, quurn liberalissime vestrum praesidinm nobis 
 polliciti estis. 
 
 Magna est vis philosophiae, quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudi- 
 nes detrahit, cupiditatibus liberal. Artes magnum nobis praebent prae- 
 sidinm, quum se ipsae per se tuentur «ingulae. Praeclare de patria 
 merentuf ^jraeceptores, quum juventutem bonarum litterarum studiis 
 informant. 
 
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 140 
 
 Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a sup- 
 posed ground and may be translated by the causal since (seeing that,) 
 or although, it is connected with the subjunctive. (Comp. Synt. 110, 1.) 
 
 Quum philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradSre 
 debemus. Omnes miserebantur vestri, quum non propter mahtiam, sed 
 propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. Quum mihtes periciila verereniur^ 
 non audebant cum Iiostibus confligere. Quum is, qui verum amicum 
 intuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui ; talem amicum aeque 
 ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus. Avarus, quum in omnium rerum 
 affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ? Quum, virtutem satis in 
 se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /a/edre; etiam confiteb^re, sapien- 
 tem in cruciatibus beatum esse. Id si confessus eris, non dttblto, quin 
 professurus sis, sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse. 
 
 When we freely acknowledge our guilt, we more easily obtain par- 
 don. Since you have acknowledged, that virtue may have in itself 
 sufficient of (gen.) protection for a happy life, you will also confess, 
 that the wise [man] may be happy under (in) tortures ; and when 
 you shall have confessed this, I doubt not, that you will freely acknow- 
 ledge, that the wise [man] is happy in every condition of life. Scarce- 
 ly had I acknowledged my fault to thee, as I obtained (perf ) pardon 
 from thee. Thou hast acquired for thyself great praise, inasmuch as 
 (quum) thou hast pitied the destitute citizens. 
 
 Miserere nostri! Medemlnor, O cives, inopiae nostrae! Suum 
 quisque tuetor munus. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina pro- 
 videntia dubitabit. Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos esse, rati, eos 
 acriter propulsare studuerunt. Venio meum praesidium tibi pollicitu- 
 rus. Omnibus modis a vobis inopiae civium medendum est. Adol- 
 escentis officium est, majores natu vereri. Quis nescit, te praeclare de 
 republica meritum esse ? Spero, te mei miserturum esse. 
 
 Reverence, O boy, old age ! Pity ye me ! Thou shouldst cure the 
 want of others. The scholar should reverence his teacher. Shall we, 
 when we contemplate (= contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as to 
 (de) the foresight of God ? Thinking (part. perf.), that thou hast prom- 
 ised me thy protection, I have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the 
 business. Believe me, who will freely acknowledge (part, fut.) what is 
 true ! Thou must remedy (Ger.)the want of thy friend. I hope, that 
 thou wilt promise to me thy protection. It is beautiful, to remedy the 
 want of others. Who does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of 
 the Roman state ^ 
 
 13* 
 
150 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53. 
 
 c) Deponents of the third Conjugation. 
 LXXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Complector, plexus adnitor 3. 1 endeavor, reddo, didi, ditum 3. to 
 «um, plecti 3. to em- exert myself. restore ; 2) to make, 
 
 hrace. paciscor, pactus sum, gratia, ae f. thank. 
 
 congredior, gressus pacisci 3. to make an angulus, i. m. corner. 
 sum, gredi 3. to en- agreement. philosophus, i, m. phi- 
 gage, reverter, pf. reverti, losopher. 
 
 nascor, natus sum, nas- part, reversus, inf. pestis, is, /. pest, de- 
 ci 3. to be born, to reverti 3. to return. siriiction. 
 
 spring from, (part, ulciscor, ultus sum, ul- semen, mis, n. seed. 
 
 fut. nasciturus). cisci 3. (c. ace.) to visum, i, n. appearance. 
 
 innascor 3. to be in- avenge one^s self on detestabilis, e, detesta- 
 born, implanted. one. ble. 
 
 nitor, uixus or nisus cuumlo \. 1 heap, load, superior, us, superior; 
 
 «um, urti 3. (c. abl.), persevero 1. I continue. conqueror. 
 
 io rest upon ; 2) ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque, conj. 
 aliquid, to strive after 3. to go away, depart. however often, 
 something. 
 
 Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed eliam fama nititur. Gives, 
 cum hostibus pacti, pace fruiti sunt. Deum et divinum animum cogi- 
 tatione complectimur. Lacte, carne multisque aliis rebus vescimur. 
 Ne ulciscimini inimicos vestros ! Romani Numidis poUiciti sunt, si 
 perseverarent bello urgere Carthaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene 
 cumulatam gratiam redderent. Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis per- 
 fectae perfecto functus est munere. Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa 
 in somnio contemnlmus. Aristoteles, Theophrastus, Zeno, innumera- 
 biles alii philosophi nunquam domum reverterunt. Nulla tam detes- 
 tabilis est pestis, quae non homini ab homine nascatur. Non sum uni 
 angulo natus : patria mea totus hie est mundus. Sunt ingeniis nostris 
 semina innata virtutum. Hannibal, quotiescunque cum Romanis con- 
 gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior. 
 
 LXXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Defetiscor, fessus sum, patior, passus sum, pati stultitia, ae,y!/o%. 
 
 fetisci 3. to be weary, 3. to suffer. dominus, i, m. lord, 
 
 tired out. excedo, cessi, cessum master. \ter, 
 
 elabor, lapsus sum, la- 3. (c. abl) to retire. proelium, i, n. encoun- 
 
 bi 3. to glide away. tendo, tetendi, tentum diuturnitas, at\s,f.long 
 
 enitor, nisus or nixus 3. to stretch out ; ad continuance. 
 
 sum, niti 3. to exert aliquid, to strive after vicinitas, atis, /. neigh- 
 one's self. something. borhood. 
 
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 151 
 
 ne£a:s{indecl.),n. wrong, quo, adv. whither. gentium, wherever in 
 
 proprius, a, um (c.gen.), ubicunque, adv. wher- the world, 
 one's oivn, peculiar. ever; ubicunque. 
 
 Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam nititur. 
 Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant. Qui virtutem 
 adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Avida est pe- 
 riculi virtus, et, quo tendat, non quid passura sit, cogitat. Augustus 
 domlnum se appellari non est passus. Animalia alia sunt rationis ex- 
 pertia, alia ratione utentia. Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. Valet 
 apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiam mortuorum. Reg- 
 ia res est, succurrere lapsis. Proprium est stultiliae, aliorum vitia 
 cernere,. oblivisci suorum. Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus. 
 Irasci iis nefas est, quos amare debemus. Amicitiae, consuetu dines, 
 vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelligimus, quam 
 fruendo. Juveni parandum, seni utendum est. Suo cuique judicio 
 utendum est. 
 
 L XX XVI. Words to be learned and JElxercises for translation. 
 
 Ingredior, gressus sum, accuso 1. / complain of, usitatus, a, um, usual, 
 
 gredi 3. (c. ace.) I go accuse. common, 
 
 into, enter, enter upon, deflagro 1. / hum up diu, adv. long time ; 
 
 perfungor, functus (intrans.). diutius, longer. 
 sum, fungi 3. (e. abl.) vices plur. {gen. not intemperanter, adv. in- 
 to pass through. used,) f. vidsitudes. temperately, without 
 
 persequor, cutus sum, perexiguus, a, um, very moderation. 
 
 sequi 3. to pursue. small. plerumque, adv. gen- 
 erally. 
 
 All wish, that they may reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have 
 reached {== having reached), they complain of it. The soldiers tired 
 out by the long march, gave themselves up to rest. Boys, you should 
 follow the example of the good. We have enjoyed a long-continued 
 peace. Common things escape easily from the memory, remarkable 
 and new things remain longer. Many abuse without moderation 
 leisure and literature. Those appear to me to have lived happily, to 
 whom it has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom. We favor 
 those, who have entered upon the very same dangers which we have 
 passed through. All strive after joy, but many do not know, whence 
 they may obtain permanent (stabilis, e) and great joy. Alexander pur- 
 sued (perf.) the enemies eagerly. Fortune is not merely blind itselfj 
 but it generally makes those blind also, whom it embraces. Man is 
 not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends], 
 so that (ut) a very small part is left to himself. The condition of 
 
152 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 53. 
 
 mortals has such (is) vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs 
 from prosperity (res secundae), and prosperity from adversity. He 
 lives the best, who obeys the law^s not on account of fear, but follow^s 
 them, because he thinks that this may be most salutary. In (abl.) the 
 very same night in vs^hich Alexander w^as born, the temple of the 
 Ephesian (Ephesius, a. um) Diana burned up. 
 
 d) Deponents of the fourth Conjugation. 
 
 LXXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Potior 4. (c. abl.) I pos- tempt), which fol- calor, oris, m. kta^t. 
 
 sess myself of. lows throughout the frons, tis, /. forehead. 
 
 opperior, pertus sum, fourth Conj. praeparatio, onis, /. 
 
 periri 4. to mvait. coorior 4. / arise, break preparation. 
 
 ordior or exordior, or- out, break forth. vultus, us, m. expres- 
 
 sus sum, ordiri 4. exorior 4. / appear, sion, countenance. 
 
 to begin. spring from, arise. privatus, a, um, priva/c. 
 
 orior, ortus sum, oriri demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, 6c\s, ferce. 
 
 4. to spring from, rise eblandior 4. / obtain by necesse est (c. sub- 
 
 from ; part. fut. ori- flattery. junctive or c. ace. et 
 
 turus (not orturus); praeloquor, locutus inf.), it is necessary. 
 
 the Ind. Pres. fol- sum, loqui 3. <o j^rem- eo, adv. thither, so far. 
 
 lows the third Conj. ; ise. grate, adv. gratefully. 
 
 oreris, oritur, ori- animadverto, ti, sum tamen, conj. yet. 
 
 mur; so its com- S. to observe, perceive, vero (after the first 
 
 pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty. word of its clause) 
 
 rior (I attack, at- tergum, i, n. back. conj. but. 
 
 Frons, ociili, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. 
 Quicquid oritur, qualecunque est, caussam habeat a nitura necesse 
 est. Sol universis eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam 
 multi indigni luce sunt ! et tamen dies oritur. Unde tandem tam re- 
 pente nobis exoreris^ Mihtes, si feroci impetu in hostem cooHmur, 
 victoria in manibus nostris est! Dmn urbem oppugnare adorimur, 
 hoBtes a tergo nos aggressi sunt. Suo quisque metu periciila metitur. 
 Sapiens et praeterita grate recordatur, et praesentibus ita potitur, ut 
 animadvertat, quanta sint ea quamque jucunda. 
 
 Cave, ne honores eblandiare ! Oratores, priusquam exordiantur, 
 quaedam praeloquuntur. In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur, 
 adhibenda nobis est praeparatio diligens. Omnes cives domos suas 
 floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia regem opperiebantur. 
 Dum exercitus hostilis urbis domos privatas publicasque demoliebatur, 
 cives maximo moerore opplebantur. Quum hostes praedam inter se 
 partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur. Dux mill- 
 
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 153 
 
 tes coliortatus est, ut omnia experirentur, qiiibus urbem obsidioiie lib- 
 erarent. Quiiin saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingens pavor omnes nau- 
 tas occupavit. 
 
 LXXXVIII. Words to be learned and Ejcercises for translation. 
 
 Etnentior 4. / state coriservo 1. / preserve, prodigiosiis, a, um, 
 
 falsely. commoditas, atis, f wonderful. 
 
 emetior, mensus sum, convenience. ridiculus, a, um, ridicu- 
 
 metiri 4. / measure ubertas, atis,/. boimti- lous. 
 
 off, travel through. fulness. tantus, a, um, so great. 
 
 molior 4. to move, ex- adspectus, us, wi. consulto, adv. designed- 
 
 cite, attempt. sight. ly. 
 
 advolo 1. I Jly up, has- usus, us, m. use, want, fortuito, adv. by chance. 
 
 ten up. 
 
 Ridiculi sunt, qui, quod ipsi experti non sunt, id decent ceteros. 
 Omne animal se ipsum diltgit ac, simulatque ortum est, id agit, ut se 
 conservet. Ad hominum commoditates et usus tantanr rerum uberta- 
 tem natura largita est, ut ea, quae gignuntur, dQiiata consulto nobis, 
 non fortuito nata videantur. Herod6tus, multasAerras em^nsus, multas 
 quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse ementitus est, sed 
 alii, ex quibus audivit. Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum, 
 quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et 
 atrocisslmum bellum civile exorsus est. '' 
 
 Sapiens nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam aliquid 
 
 falsi ementietur, nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis calami- 
 
 tatem molietur. Si celerlter hostem adoriemur, non est dubium, quin 
 
 brevi tempore urbe potituri simus. Simulatque sol ortus erit, pro- 
 
 ficificemur. Ne blandire malis hominibus. Ne opperimini fortunam ! 
 
 Hostes advolaverunt urbe potiturn. Nume«i|s aequalis facilis est par- 
 
 titu. Sole oriente, profecti sumus. Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes 
 
 nautas ingens pavor occupavit. Solem oritiirum cum maxima volup- 
 
 tate spectamus. 
 
 . *• ->■'- 
 
 The sun does not always rise and set in the verj^ s^^jg pla^JK, 
 Scarcely had the enemy been discovered, as we ijqse (^Jerf J* and at-^. 
 tacked (perf ) them spiritedly. ,^en measure the yelir by (abl.) the re-% 
 turn of the sun. 
 
 Nothing prevented you, that you ■ should begin your business. 
 Three days long (== through three days) have we awaited the ai-rival of 
 the friend. Every living being, as soog^s it is born (= sprung), loves 
 (diligo) both itself and all its parts. "Manj having travelled through 
 many countries, have stated falsely ma^^ wonderful * things. History 
 
154 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. [^ 54. 
 
 relates, that Sulla arose (perf.) suddenly against (dat.) the Romans and 
 began (perf.) the civil war. Tell me, why thou hast not assented to 
 my opinion. Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried all [means], 
 in order to possess themselves of {= ad with gerund) the city ? 
 LxA^tA-^We will not begin a new business, before that the previous [business] 
 shall have been completed. When the camp shall be fortified, the 
 soldiers will attack the enemy. If thou shalt lie, nobody will trust 
 thee, even i/*(etiamsi) thou speakest (subj.) the truth. Our soldiers did 
 not doubt, that, if they attacked (subj.) the enemy quickly, they might 
 in (abl.) a short time possess themselves of the city. Await thou not 
 fortune ! Flatter ye not bad men ! As the sun rose (abl. abs.), the 
 soldiers marched against the enemies. The sun, on the point of rising 
 (= about to rise), presents a splendid sight. I hope, that thou wilt 
 never lie. All believed, that a storm would arise. 
 
 § 54. Periphrastic Conjagation. 
 
 By joining the verb esse with the participles and with the 
 gerund, a new conjugation is formed, called the periphras- 
 tic conjugation; under this the following forms are to be 
 noted: 
 
 1) AmatHruSj a, um sum, / luish, intend^ am about to 
 (ivill) love. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present. 
 amaturus sum, I am about to {will) SimaturussimJ may he about to {tvill) 
 amaturus es, [love, amaturus sis, [love. 
 
 amaturus est, amaturus sit, 
 
 hortaturi samu8,we are about to{will) hortaturi simus, we may be about to 
 hortaturi estis, [exhort, hortaturi sitis, [{iviU) exhort. 
 
 hortaturi sunt. hortaturi sint. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 moniturus eram, / would admanish. moniturus essem, / would admonish. 
 
 Perfect, 
 veritarusfm,! would have reverenced, veriturus fuerim, T would have rev. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 recturas fueram, / ivould have gov. recturus fuissem, / would have gov. 
 
 Future. 
 functurus ero J shall be about to manage, wanting. 
 
54.] 
 
 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 155 
 
 auditurus fuero, I shall 
 
 Future Perfect, 
 have been 
 
 wanting. 
 
 partiturus fueris. [aboiU to hear. 
 
 Pres. 
 Per/. 
 Fut 
 
 Infinitive. 
 amaturus esse, to he about to {will) love 
 amaturus fuisse, to' have been about to love 
 amaturus fore, to tvill love, (that one) will be ready to love. 
 
 2) Amandus, a, um sum, / must be loved, one must love 
 me : 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Per/. 
 
 Plupf. 
 
 Fut 
 
 FP. 
 
 amandus sum, I must be loved, 
 one must love me 
 
 amandus es, thou must beloved, 
 one must love thee 
 
 amandus est, he must be loved, 
 one must love him 
 
 hortandi sumus, we must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort us 
 
 hortandi estis, you must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort you 
 
 hortandi sunt, they must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort them. 
 Imperf. monendus eram, / was to be 
 admonished, one was to ad- 
 monish me 
 
 verendus fui, / should have 
 been reverenced, one should 
 have reverenced me 
 
 regendus fueram, I ought to 
 have been governed, one ought 
 to have governed me 
 
 persequendus ero, / shall be 
 to be pursued, one unll be un- 
 der obligation to pursue me 
 
 audiendus fuero, / shall have 
 been to he heard, one will have 
 been under obligation to hear 
 me 
 
 metlendus fueris, thou unit have 
 been to be measured, one will 
 have been under obligation to 
 measure thee. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 amandus sim, / must be loved, 
 one must love me 
 
 amandus sis, thou must be loved, 
 one must love thee 
 
 amandus sit, he must be loved, 
 one must love him 
 
 hortandi simus, we must be ex- 
 horted, one must exhort us. 
 
 hortandi sitis, you must he ex- 
 horted, one must exhort you 
 
 liortandi sint, they must he ex- 
 horted, one must exhort them. 
 
 monendus essem, / might be to 
 he admonished, one might be 
 to admonish me 
 
 verendus fuerim, / may have 
 been to he admonished, one 
 may have been to admonish me 
 
 regendus fuissem, I might have 
 
 been to be admonished, one 
 
 might have been to admonish me. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Pres. 
 Perf. 
 Fat. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 amandus esse, to he under obligation to he loved. 
 amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved. 
 amandus fore, to will he under obligation to he loved, (that one)etc. 
 
156 
 
 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. 
 
 [§54' 
 
 J) Amandum est one must love, mihi amandum est, / must 
 w, Comp. Synt. § 98. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 Perf. 
 Plupf. 
 Fid. 
 F.P. 
 
 ■^r.. Indicative. 
 
 ium est, one must love 
 amandum est, / must love 
 tibi hortandmn est thou must 
 
 exhort 
 illi timendum est, he must fear 
 nobis fatendum est, we must 
 
 confess 
 vobisjegendmn est, you must 
 
 read 
 illis loquendum est, they must 
 
 speak 
 puero audiendum est, the hoy 
 
 vw^iS^lendum est, the man 
 
 must tiy^ 
 amjw^ijjffitf rat, one was to love 
 
 mihi amandmn erat, / was to 
 
 love 
 amandum fuit, one should have 
 
 loved 
 amandum fuerat, one ought to 
 
 have loved 
 amandum erit, one shall be to 
 
 love 
 amandum fuerit, one shall have 
 
 been to love. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 amandum sit, one should love 
 mihi amandum sit, I should love 
 tibi hortandum sit, tJmu shouldst 
 
 exhort 
 illi timendum sit, he should fear 
 nobis fatendum sit, we should 
 
 confess 
 vobis legendmii sit, you should 
 
 read 
 illis loquendum sit, they should 
 
 speak 
 puero audiendum sit, the boy 
 
 should hear 
 viris experiendum sit, men 
 
 should try. 
 amandum esset, one might be 
 
 to love 
 mihi amandmn esset, / might 
 
 be to love 
 amandum fuerit, / mny have 
 
 been to love 
 amandum fuisset, / might have 
 
 been to love. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Patria amanda est, ' one's native country should be loved, one should 
 
 love his native country ;' 
 patria nobis amanda est, ' we should love our native country ;' 
 hie liber tibi legendus est, ' thou shouldst read this book ;' 
 milites dud adhortandi fuerunt, ' the general should have incited tho 
 
 soldiers.' 
 
 Examples for the Gen., Dat., Jlcc. and Abl. of the Gerundive. Comp. 
 Synt. k 99. 
 
 Ars navis gubemandae, ' the art of governing a ship ;'" 
 peritus sum equorum regendorum, ' I am skilful m governing horses ;' 
 asiritus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, ' the ass is fitted to bear- 
 ing great loads,' or, ' to bear great loads.' 
 corporis exerdtationes plurimum valent ad valetudinem firmandam, * exer- 
 cise of the body avails much for confirming the health.' 
 
4 55^ IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION. 157 
 
 enstt 
 
 littens tradandis animus excoUtuTj ' by the pursuit of letters the 
 cultivated.' 
 
 Catalogue of the verbs, ichich in the formation o^heir tenses. 
 paradigms given in § 50 "rf 51. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. •.■r^^ar'- 
 
 § 55. T. The Perfect ivith R^tplicatiom^f^ 
 ^ Remark. The reduplication in do, consists in repe ating thei first 
 fconsonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in ^^P^^t>"§|ii|j||^H|K'^ ^^^' 
 ^Bpnants of the stem with e, and then the s is dropj^P'f^WFF'XIiB stem, 
 Hrence : steti for ste-sti. Comp. sp(indeo, spopondi (§ ^, 7). " 
 r 3. Do J dedi, datum, dare, to give. The n of the stem- 
 syllable is short throughout, as : dabam, dabo, darem ; ex- 
 cept das and da. .^MHjpk. 
 
 So its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllableSt 
 as : circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, cireumdare, to surround. Its 
 compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have : -do, -didi, 
 -ditum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as :' addOj^ addidi, gddltum, 
 addere, <o arfc?. ,.>.? 
 
 2. Sto, steti, stdtum, stare, to stand ; (c. abrtS^e gained 
 at the expense of, cost). 
 
 Its compounds with monosyllahic prepositions have sUti in the Per£, 
 as : adsto (I stand by), adstiti, but those compounded with dissyllabic 
 prepositions retain the steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circum- 
 steti. The Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is std- 
 tum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and 
 praestdtum. The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as : 
 praestaturus, constaturus, obstaturus, etc. 
 
 L XX XIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation." \" 
 
 Circumdo, dedi, datum, atum 1. to stand be- vestis, is, f. garment. 
 dare (c. dat. et ace, fore, be distinguish- conservatio, 6ms,f.pre- 
 or c. ace. et abl.), to ed ; c. dat. to sur- servation. 
 swrrownc? (something pass, to make good, invitus, a, um, untvU- 
 with something), to pay ; se praestare (e. ling, 
 place (something g. fortem) to show insperans, tis, not hop- 
 around something). one's self [brave). ing, contrary to ex- 
 
 consto, iti, atum 1. (c. forum, i, n. market. pectation. 
 
 abl.) to consist of, to stipendium, i, n. wages, uber, eris, c. rich, val- 
 
 be gained at the ex- interfector, oris, m. mwr- uable. 
 
 pense of, cost. derer. certo, adv. certainly. 
 
 persto, iti, atum 1. to propugnator, oris, m. extrinsecus, adv. wOh 
 
 persist. champion. ouii. 
 
 praesto, iti, itum and classis, is, f. fleet. 
 14 
 
 i 
 
IRREGULAR VERBS. ^^56. 
 
 nobis dedit animum, quoi nihil est praestantius. Multo san- 
 '^ictoria stetit. Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia 
 est : qHS**hiA a deo immortali uberius, nihil praestabilius hominum 
 vitae datum |^B Deus ^pus, ut quandam vestem, animo circumd^- 
 T et vestivifiHFtrinsecus. Quorum patres, aut majores aliqua gloria 
 praestiteruiit,' n student plerumque eodem in genere laud is excellere. 
 i'arcntes cm issimos hai^re debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita tradlta est. 
 N(fn dedit heneficium, qui invitus profuit. Quinam magis sunt tui 
 quam {jjjtkfffiki^ tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? Gives acerri 
 
 I 
 
 » 
 
 mos pflKignatore^libertatis se praestiterunt. Ingens hominum mul 
 tudo (^j^BMHttKoro circumstetit. Quid est tam inhumanum, qua 
 eloquenlHHPmtura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem da 
 tam, ad bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere ? Quum stipen- 
 dium ejyM|flH|ta|pore non esset praestitum, seditio inter milites orta 
 est^^^^^^^^^kaihi fidem praestaturum esse. Credo, nihil nobis 
 obstptnr»OT^Si^^^B|rnus victoriam adipiscamur. Non dubitabamus, 
 quill (imltorum v^^Ri fortium morte victoria constatura esset. Nes- 
 cio, ]ii rstaturusn^^PRi sententia tua. 
 
 The Tft^pppi^^ave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships. 
 No pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than 
 anger. Darius promised, that he vs^ould give 1000 talents to the mur- 
 derer of Alexander. What of (gen.) time is given to each one for liv- 
 ing, with (abl.) this he should be contented. Who does not know, that 
 Socrates surpassed (perf) all the philosophers of antiquity in (abl.) wis- 
 dom ? I fear, that the victory will cost us much blood. The body, 
 as a garment, has been placed by God around (dat.) the soul. You 
 should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado) 
 life to you. Who is more thine, than [he], to whom, contrary to ex- 
 pectation, thou hast restored life (i^'feaf^^)?' History relates, that 
 Hannibal, so long as he may have been in Italy, surpassed (perf subj.) 
 all the Roman generals. Since the general for (ex) a long time had 
 not paid the soldiers [their] wages, a sedition arose (perf) among them 
 against him. I doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word (= fidel- 
 ity). Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion ? 
 
 §56. 11. Perfect: — ui ; Supine: — itum, 
 
 1. CrepOj crepuij crept tu m, crepdre^ to creak. 
 
 2. Cubo, cubuij cubit um, cubdrCy to recline. 
 
 • — — — j 
 
 * than which (aoul). ' than which (wisdom). 
 
§ 56.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 159 
 
 3. Domo, domui, domttum, domdre, to tame, curb, 
 subdue. 
 
 4. Mico, micu t. Sup. wanting, micdre, to glitter ; 
 
 So : emico, emlcui, eniicdtum, emicdrey to gush forth ; but, di- 
 mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are. 
 
 5. Plico, pUcdvi and pltcui, pticdtum and plicitum, 
 plicdre, to fold. This verb is used only in compo- 
 sition, as : ext^|*^avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to 
 explain. Cl^^K^e^ers the regular form : — avi, atum. 
 
 6. Sono, sonui, somtum, sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut. 
 sonaturus). 
 
 • 7. Tono^ tonui, (Sup. wanting); ^o/^are, to thunder. 
 8. Veto, vetui vetttum, vetdre, to forbid. 
 
 XC. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Increpare, to reproach. ply oner's self (to verecundia, ae^f. re- 
 
 percrepare, to resound. something). sped. ^ 
 
 accuhare, to recline by ; complicare, to fold to- notlo, onis,/. notion. 
 
 to sit at table. gether ; compHcatus, s^aturigo, inis, f 
 
 excubare, to keep watch. complicated^ obscure. spring. 
 
 perdornare, curb, sub- replicare, to roll back, gemitus, us, m. groan. 
 
 due. recall. nutus, us, m. nod, com- 
 
 applicare, to lean upon ; cremo 1. / burn up. mand. 
 
 se appHc, to ap- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. ploratus, us, m. cry. 
 
 proach, to attc^h oriels to set on fire, to* burn passim, adv. far and 
 
 self (to one), to ap- up. [3. to unfold. wide. 
 evolvo, volvi, volutum 
 
 Quis venit ? Fores crepuerunt. Dux nnhtes vehementer increpiiit. 
 Tota urbs vocibus civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exsultantium 
 percrepiiit. Age, cubitum discedamus ! Romani multas gentes ac 
 nationes armis perdomuerunt. Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum, 
 domitas habere hbidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Ex hoc fonte 
 ingentes scaturiglnes aquae emicuerunt. Indorum sapientes, quum ad 
 flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodii ad 
 Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui compli- 
 cdtam notionem evolvere. Quum metnoriam temporum replicaveris, et 
 virtutum et vitiorum multa exempla reperies. Quum urbs expugnata 
 esset, omnia passim mulierum pnerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt. 
 Terremur, quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitimur in vetifum. Au- 
 
 » at Rhodes. See Synt. § 92. 
 
160 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 57. 
 
 gustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam 
 vetuit. 
 
 I have forbidden thee to go to walk, but 'precisely because (ob id ipsum, 
 quod) I have forbidden [it], thou hast striven against (in) what has been 
 forbidden (= the forbidden). The question concerning (de) the im- 
 mortality of the soul (plur.), is nobly explained by Cicero in the first book 
 ■of the Tusculau Disputations. Cicero appHed (perf.) himself with 
 [his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. ^Hm^ hundred soldiers kept 
 watch before the camp. Who does not H^^-lhat many nations and 
 peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy 
 passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live hap- 
 pily. Already we were sitting (pluperf ) at the table, when suddenly s^ 
 flame gushed forth (perf. of emico) from the roof Scarcely had we 
 retired (discedere) to sleep (= in order to recline, sup.), when the whole 
 city resounded (perf of persono) with discordant cries. Thy brother 
 related to me, that it thundered (perf) yesterday in (abl.) clear weather. 
 As th^oors had creaked (subj.), I doubted not (perf) that thou wast 
 eomi^(subj.). 
 
 § 57. IH. Perfect : — ui ; Bupine : — turn. 
 
 1. Frico^ fricui, fricdtum (raxely frictum), f near e^ to 
 rub. 
 
 2. Ne6"o, dviy atum, are, to kill ; but eneco^ enecui, e ne- 
 at um, enecdre^ to kill by inches, to ve^ to death, to 
 entirely exhaust. 
 
 3. >Seco, secui, sectum^ secdre, to cut (but Part. Fut 
 secaiurtis). 
 
 IV. Perfect: — i; Sujnne : — turn. 
 
 1. Juvo, juvij jiitum, juvdre (c. ace), to aid, assist. 
 
 2. Ldvo, Idvi^ Idvdtum and lautum^ IdvdrCj to wash. 
 
 XCI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adjuvare (c. ace), to refrlcare, to rub again, oleum, i, n. oil. 
 
 r aid, assist, support. renew. principium, i, n. begin- 
 
 desecstre, to cut off. aWlgo 1. I bind. ning ; principio, in 
 
 resecare, to cut off, re- coeno 1 . / sup. the beginning. 
 
 move. attingo, tigi, tactum 3. garrulitas, atis, /. lo- 
 perfricare, to rub thor- to touch. [fetch. quacity. 
 
 oughly. peto, ivi, itum 3. to seek, purus, a, urn, jpure. 
 
$58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 161 
 
 solatus,a,um,Mn&oMnrf. est; summa aqua, vivus, a, um, living, 
 summus, a, um, high- surface of the water. fresh. 
 
 frustra, adv. in vain. 
 
 Vereor, ne refricuerim meis litteris desiderium ac dolorem tuum. 
 Dubium non est, quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refri- 
 caturus sis. Tantalus summam aquam attingens, enectus siti fingitur 
 a poetis. Nescisne, quantopfire garrulus iste homo me garriendo en- 
 ecuerit ? Caius Marius quum secaretur, principio vetuit se alligari, 
 nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae fru- 
 menta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra 
 studebis beate viv6re. Quis nescit, quantopere Cicero patriam suam 
 juv^rit ? Non solum fortuna, sed etiam tua industria te in negotio tuo 
 adjuvit. Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit, non dubitamus, quin 
 splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam. Exercitus maxi- 
 mis itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum. Ne prius 
 coena, quam manus laveris. Corpus lavaturus aquam puram e vivo 
 flumine pete. 
 
 Boys, rise right early (bene mane), wash yourselves, and, when you 
 have washed (fut. perf.), proceed immediately to your business. This 
 (iste) man has vexed me to death by his loquacity. After the soldiers 
 had marched (perf.) the whole day, they were (perf) entirely exhausted 
 by hunger and thirst. It is known, that the gladiators of the Romans 
 and Greeks, rubbed (perf) their bodies thoroughly with oil. If we 
 shall be assisted (fut. perf) by fort^une, we shall bear off a splendid 
 victory over (de) the enemy. It is known, that Cicero assisted (perf) 
 his native country very much (permultum). By (abl.) the war carried 
 on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus, 
 a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed. The farmers 
 have already cut the grain. Unless the passions and desires are re- 
 moved, we strive in vain to live happily. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 § 58. I. Perfect : — Hi ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no 
 Sup., viz. those from which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are form- 
 ed, as : horreo, ui, to shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread, 
 pavidus, timid. 
 
 1. Arceo, arciii, (Sup. wanting), arcere, to keep from. 
 
 ^he i*art. artus, (strait), is used as an adjective. The com- 
 pounds, in which a of the stem passes into c, follow mjoneo, as : 
 coerceo, ui, itum, ere, to keep together. 
 14* 
 
162 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 58 
 
 2. DoceOj docuij doc turn, docere (with two ace), to 
 teach. 
 
 3. Misceo, miscui, mix turn and mi stum, miscere, 
 to mix. 
 
 4. TeneOj tenuis tentum, Unere, to hold. 
 
 5. Torreo, torrui, to stum^ tornre^ to dry, Ijake. 
 
 II. Perfect : — ui ; Rapine : — wm, only : 
 Censeo, censui, censum^ censere^ to rate, judge. 
 
 So its compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in 
 
 Uum, as : receiiseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to exam- 
 
 amine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), jaerccTwere (to examine 
 
 accurately, go through), which have no Sup. 
 
 Remark. Taedet (it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum 
 
 €st, but this is not used in the classical language ; the compound per- 
 
 iaedet, has in the Perf only pertaesum est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levi- 
 
 tatis, whence by later writers pertaesus, a, um (c. gen. or ace), disgusted. 
 
 III. Perfect: — evi; Supimim: — etum. 
 
 1. Deleo, evi, etum, ere, to destroy. 
 
 2. Flere, to weep. 
 
 3. Nere, to spin. 
 
 4. The compounds of the obsolete plere (to fill), as : com- 
 plere. Here belongs the compound of the obsolete 
 oleo (I grow) : 
 
 5. Aboleo, abolevi, abolitum, ahoUre, to abolish ; 
 still this verb does not occur till after the Augustan 
 period. 
 
 Finally we have in this class : 
 
 6. Cieo, clvi, citum, ciere, to stir, raise. 
 
 So also the compounds, as : concieo, ivi, itum, iere, or regu- 
 lar, according to the fourth Conj. : concio, ivi, itum, ire, to excite, 
 excieo, ivi, itum, iere or excio, ivi, itum, ire, to arouse, percieo, 
 ivi, Itum, iere or percio, ivi, itum, ire, to stir up, raise ; but, accio, 
 accivi, accitum, accire, to send for, desire to come, is of the fourth 
 Conj. alone. 
 
 IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The short vowel of the stem is lengthened 
 in the Perf. 
 
 1. Caveo, cdvi, cautum, cdvere, to be on one's guard 
 
 ■'.'4 
 
$58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 163 
 
 (ab aliquo, against some one) ; to give security, pro- 
 vide. 
 
 2. Faveo,fdvi, (fautum T3xe)favere (c. dat.), to be 
 favorable, to favor. 
 
 3. Foveo, fo V % fotu w, fov're, to warm, nurse, cherish. 
 
 4. Moveo movi mo turn, movere, to move. 
 
 5. Voveo, V ovi, v 5 turn, vovere, to vow, offer. 
 
 Also the following without a Supine : 
 
 6. Ferveo, fervi and ferbui^ fervere, to boil. 
 
 7. Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaveS' 
 Cere). 
 
 8. Connlveo, (-nlvi and -nixi^ neither of them used in 
 good prose), conmvere, to close (the eijes)^ wink. 
 
 XCII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Admiscere, fo intermix, deprehendo, di, sum 3. gravitas, atis, /.grav%, 
 
 mingle. [occupy. to seize, take. dignity. 
 
 distinere, to hold apart, excludo, si, sum 3. to testis, is, c. witness. 
 
 sustlnere, to hear. exclude, hatch. ascensus, us, m. ascent, 
 
 removere, to remove. gallina, ae, /. a hen. anxie, adv. anxiously. 
 
 dedico 1. I consecrate, vigiliae, arum, f. ivatch- horno, adv. this year. 
 
 implico 1. / involve. es, night watches. publice, adv. publicly^ 
 
 respiro 1. / breathe. pullus, i, m. the young on the part of the 
 
 Bedo 1. I quiet. (of animals), c^ic^en. state, at the expense 
 
 amplexor 1. I embrace, clades, is,/, defeat. of the state. 
 
 Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Gravitas modestiae mista 
 maxime admirabllis est. Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut mi- 
 hi non liceat libere respirare. Nescisne, quot labores, quot pericula, 
 quot miserias milites in itinere sustinuerint? Si virtus te a malis cu- 
 piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata erit. Cicero, per legatos cuncta 
 edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant. 
 Quo minus animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint hominum vitiis 
 atque erroribus, eo facilior illis ascensus in coelum erit. Simplex ani- 
 mi natura est, nee habet in se quicquam admixtum. Vescimur uvis 
 sole tostis. Horno multas uvas torruimus. Cato, Carthaglnem delen- 
 dam esse, censuit. Quinto quoque anno tota Sicilia censa est. 
 
 Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt 
 deletae. Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio 
 delevit, nee unquam delebit. Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit, 
 mali nihil admiscuit. Dum Jujsest dux, milites seditionem civerunt 
 
164 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 59. 
 
 Nuntiata clades majorem, quam res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit. 
 Catilina neque vigiliis, neque quietibus sedabatur : ita conscientia men- 
 tem excitam vastabat. 
 
 Cautum est legibus, ut mortui post tertium diem sepelirentur. Non 
 dubito, quin semper ab hominum impurorum consuetudine caveris. 
 Non ignore, te mihi meisque semper favisse. Pulli a matribus exclusi 
 fotique anxie custodiuntur. Dubitabisne, quin summum semper in te 
 foverim amorem ? Me sic amplexati estis, sic in manibus habuistis, 
 sic fovistis, ut nunquam illius diei obliviscerer. Brutus et Cassius, 
 interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Ingratus est, qui, re- 
 motis testibus, agit gratias. Multi Romanorum imperatores pro salute 
 patriae sua capita voverunt. Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico 
 vota et dedicata. 
 
 Cicero was instructed (perf!) by Minerva in (ace.) all literature. 
 Tell me, who has taught thee (ace.) grammar. If thou shalt have join- 
 ed (= mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please all. If thou hadst 
 abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst now be con- 
 tented with thy lot. If virtue had restrained thee from bad passions, 
 thou wouldst now be happy. By the war all [things] have been con- 
 founded (= mixed). Knowest thou not, that we have dried many 
 grapes this year? Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman 
 empire was rated (perf). 
 
 All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to 
 the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies. It is known, that 
 Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful cities, Carthage and Numan- 
 tia. Tell me, why thou hast wept. The death of the good king has 
 been lamented (= wept) by all the citizens. When I shall have spun 
 two hours, I will take a walk. The world is filled (complere) by God 
 with all good [things], nothing of evil is intermixed. When thou hast 
 filled thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy mind well. 
 Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the 
 general ? It is not [possible] to quiet a mind stirred up by an evil 
 conscience. 
 
 When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not delay to come. 
 My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow. Philip, king of 
 the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as] teacher 
 for his son Alexander. The laws have established, that (ut) the dead 
 should be buried after the third day. I know, that thou hast always 
 been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men. It was es- 
 tablished (perf)»by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu- 
 
$ 59.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 165 
 
 ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day. I rejoice, that (quod) 
 thou hast always favored me and my studies. I know that thou hast 
 always cherished great love for {in c. ace) me. The hen anxiously 
 guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed. An im- 
 mense war w^as raised (perf. of moveo) by Brutus and Cassius, the 
 murderers of Caesar. I doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved 
 (commovere) by the news. History relates, that many generals of the 
 Romans, offered (perf.) their heads for the welfare of their country. 
 Livy relates, that in the same year three temples were vowed and 
 dedicated at tlie expense of the state. 
 
 § 59. V. Perfect — i; Supine — sum. 
 
 (Comp. Prelim. Rem. to § 58. IV.) 
 
 1. Prandeo, prandi, pransum, prandh'e^ to breakfast. 
 
 2. 8edeo, sediy s e s sum, sedere, to sit. 
 
 So the compounds with dissyllabic prepositions, as : circum- 
 sedeo, edi, essum, ere, to sit around, to beset ; but those with mono- 
 syllabic propositions change the e of the stem-syllable into ?, as : 
 assideo assedi, assessum, assidere, to sit by. 
 
 3. Strideoj stridi, (Sup. wanting), ^^nt/ere, to whiz. 
 
 4. VtdeOy vidi, visum, videre, to see. 
 
 Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Re- 
 duplication. 
 
 5. Mordeo, momordi, mo r sum, mordere, to bite, af- 
 
 flict. 
 
 6. Pendeo, pependi, (Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang. 
 
 7. Spondeo, spopondi, sponsum, spondere, to prom- 
 
 ise, to become responsible for. 
 
 8. Tondeo, totondi, ton sum, tondere, to shear, cut. 
 
 The reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the 
 first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem. 
 Concerning spopondi, see § 55. Rem. — The compounds of these 
 verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as : 
 admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi, 
 to hang before, respondeo, respondi, responsum, to answer; de- 
 tondeo, detondi, detonsum, to shave off. 
 
 VI. Perfect: — si; Supine: — turn, 
 1. Aug-eo, auxi, auctum, augere, to increase. 
 
166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 59. 
 
 2. Indulg-eoy indulsi, (indulttim rare), indidgere^ to 
 
 be indulgent, to give one's self up to. 
 
 3. Lug-eo^ luxi (without Sup.) lUg-ere, to mourn, lament. 
 
 4. Torqueo, torsi, tor turn, torquere, to twist, torture. 
 
 XCIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Extorquere, to wrest lacrima, ae,/ tmr. occasus, us, m. setting. 
 
 from. sica, ae,f dagger. rabies, ei,/. madness. 
 
 pervidere, to contem- sicarius, i, m. assassin, rabiosus, a, um, mad. 
 
 plate, examine. collum, i, n. neck. exterus, a, um, external, 
 
 residere, to remain be- tonsor, oris, m. barber. foreign. 
 
 hind. tonstricula, ae ,/. a fe- aricillaris, e, of a maid, 
 locupleto 1. / enrich. male barber. servile. 
 
 barba, ae,/. beard. probltas, atis,f upright- acute, adv. sharply, 
 epistola, ae,y. letter. ness. acutely. 
 
 Postquam prandero, ambulabo. Audistine, nos eras in horto pran- 
 suros esse ? Quoad uUa spes in animo meo resedit, pro patriae liber- 
 tate dimicavi. Jam tres menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem. 
 Non ego sum ille ferreus, qui (= ut ego) non movear horum omnium 
 lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Multi putant, se bene- 
 fices in suos amicos visum iri, si locupletent eos quacunque ratione. 
 Ne prius de re aliqua judica, quam eam diligenter pervideris. Episto- 
 lae tuae valde me momordenmt. Si quis a cane rabioso morsus est, 
 rabies eum occupat. Quoad tu locutus es, puer ab ore tuo pependit. 
 Spopondistine pro amico ? Spopoudi. Multa a Laelio et in senatu et 
 in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute responsa sunt Cicero narra- 
 vit, Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas 
 docuisse : ita sordido ancillarique officio regias virgines ut tonstriculas 
 totondisse barbam et capilium patris. Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam 
 vel in iis, quos nunquam vidimus, vel, quod majus est, in hoste etiam 
 diligamus. 
 
 Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed eiiam torsit. Ro- 
 manae reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis cum exteris gen- 
 tibus ac nationibus gestis mirum in modum aucta est. Sicario sica de 
 manibus est extorta. Quo magis indulseris dolori, eo intolerabilior 
 erit. Occasum atque interitum reipublicae Romanae optimi quique 
 maxime luxerunt. 
 
 Come to me to day, in order to breakfast (sup.). When we shall 
 have breakfasted, we will take a walk. Our ciiy has already been 
 beset three months by the enemies. The enemies have beset the 
 whole city. Hast thou already seen the friend ? no, but I hope that I 
 
$ 60.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 167 
 
 shall see him to-morrow. I grieve, that my letter has afflicted thee. 
 I fear that the dog will bite me. So long as thou hast been absent, 
 we have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de te). My friend has not 
 yet indeed become responsible for me, but I hope that he will become 
 responsible for me. I have heard with great pleasure, that your friend 
 has answered your letter quickly. The captives have cut (= sheared) 
 neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months. 
 
 History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf.) not only killed by Alex- 
 ander, but before also was tortured. The soldiers wrested (perf.) a 
 dagger from the hands of the assassin. Catiline emboldened (= in- 
 creased) [his] fierce mind and [his] consciousness of foul deeds by 
 wicked arts. By the discourse of the generals, the courage of the 
 soldiers was increased (perf). I rejoice, that thou hast not been in- 
 dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son. Thou knowest, how very 
 much we have lamented the death of our friend. 
 
 § 60. VII. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum. 
 
 1. Miilceo, mulsi, mulsum, mitlcere, to sttoke. 
 
 2. Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, mulgere, to milk. 
 
 3. Tergeo. ter si, tersum, tergere, to wipe. 
 
 4. Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, to burn, take fire. 
 
 5. Rideo, r'lsi, r'xsuw,, r'ldere, to laugh. 
 
 6. Suddeo, sua si, sua sum, suddere, to advise. 
 
 7. Mdneo, man si, man sum, mdnere, to remain. 
 
 8. Jubeo, jussi, jussu m, jubere, to bid, command, order. 
 
 9. Haereo, haesi, haesum, haerere, to hang, stick. 
 
 The following also without a Supine : 
 
 10. Algeo, alsi, algere, to suffer from cold, freeze. 
 
 11. Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, to glitter, lighten. 
 
 12. Turgeo, tursi, turgere, io ^weW. 
 
 13. TJrgeo, ursi, wr^ere, to press, oppress. 
 
 14. Frigeo, (frixi x^cre) fngere, to freeze. 
 
 15. Liiceo, luxi, lucere, to shine. 
 
 VIII. Perfect with ^^^^i^e ioxm (Neuter Passives) ; with- 
 out a Supine. 
 
 1. Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to dare. 
 
 2. Gaudeo, g avis us sum, gaudere, to rejoice. 
 
 3. Soleo, solltus sum, sdlere, to be accustomed (to do 
 
 something). 
 
168 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^60, 
 
 XCIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Abstergere, to wipe off, remanere, to remain be- scintilla, ae, /. a spark. 
 
 dispel, remove. hind, remain. exsilium, i, n. hanish- 
 
 detergere, to wipe off. oblecto 1 . / delight. ment. 
 
 afFulgere, to shine upon, convivor 1. / eat in caducus, a, um, destin- 
 
 deridere 2. to deride. commx>n. ed to fall, Jailing. 
 
 dissuadere, to dissuade, lateo, ui 2. I remain canfectio, onis,^! mak- 
 
 elucere, to shine forth. concealed. ing, composition. 
 
 permulcere, to stroke, perpetior, pessus sum, 
 
 charm, soothe. peti 3. to endure. 
 
 Dux mitibus verbis excitos militum animos permulsit. Legendo 
 Virgilii carmina animus meus miriflce oblectatus et permulsus est. 
 Ita jucunda mihi hujus libri confectio fuit, ut omnes absterserit senec- 
 tutis molestias. Non prius ad te veniam, quam luctum omnem abster- 
 eero. Detersane jam est tabula ? Quadraginta milia librorum Alex- 
 andriaei arserunt. Non dubito, quin brevi tota Germania bello arsura 
 sit. Quis est, cui semper arriserit fortuna ? Nescio, cur a te derisus 
 sim. Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio, non esse animos nostros mortales. 
 Quis credat, cives pacem dissuasuros esse ? Quis conf idit, semper 
 sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum esse, quod fragile et caducum 
 sit ? Romanorum gloria usque ad nostram memoriam remansit. Ly- 
 curgus convivari omnes cives publlce jussit. Non qui jussus aliqjjid 
 facit, miser est, sed qui invitus facit. Persuasum mihi est, memoriam 
 hujus atrocissimi belli non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium 
 gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse. 
 
 Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et al- 
 serunt. Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis civitati afFulsit. Pater 
 litteris me ursit, ut primo quoque tempore litteras ad se darem. Quo- 
 modo in viro latebit scintilla ingenii, quae jam in puero eluxit! Tu 
 me tantis beneficiis auxisti, quanta nunquam ausus sum optare. De 
 amici tui comitate valde gavisus sum. Athenis^ optimo cuique acci- 
 dfire solltum est, ut in exsilium pelleretur. ^\. 
 
 The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mitid wonder- 
 fully. The orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of 
 the citizens by mild words. Hast thou wiped off the table ? it has 
 already been wiped off. I give (ago) thee very great thanks, that thou 
 hast removed from me all pain by thy consolation. Under tlie reign 
 {imperare, abl. abs.) of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly all Europe 
 burned (perf ) with war. I hope, that all citizens, will burn with a 
 desire, to fight (gen. of gerund) for the safety of [their] country. Who 
 
 » at Alexandria. See Synt. § 92. 2 ^t Athens. See Synt. § 92. 
 
^ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 169' 
 
 knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him (sibine). I know 
 not, why you have derided me. I have not dissuaded the peace, and 
 have been convinced, that neither will you dissuade it. We hope, that 
 our souls will remain after death. Tell me, why thou hast persisted in 
 thy opinion. The general ordered the soldiers to attack the city. The 
 soldiers, having been commanded (part. perf. i^ass. of jvieo) to assault 
 the city, forthwith executed the command (= what had been com- 
 manded). I fear, that this pain will ever stick in my mind. The re- 
 membrance of (gen.) this bloody war, has rernamed (= stuck) in the 
 minds of all. 
 
 The hunters have sweated and frozen. After it has lightened, it 
 thunders. The soldiers have pressed the enemies veiy much. From 
 the countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity ana modera- 
 tion. I have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared to speak thy opin- 
 ion freely. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf) formerly to 
 use elephants in war. 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 ^ 61. I. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum ; 
 
 a) The stem ends in d or t: 
 
 1. Claudo, clausi, clausum, daudere, to close. 
 
 In the compounds au passes into w, as : includo, usi, usum, 
 ud^re, to include. 
 
 2. Divido, (^ivlsi, di visum, dividere, to divide. 
 
 3. Laedo, laesi, laesum, laedere, to hurt. 
 
 In the compounds ae passes into i, as : iUido, isi, isum, idere, 
 to strike against. 
 
 4. Litdo, lusi, lit sum, Ivdere, to play. 
 
 5. Flaudo, p la usi, plausum, plaudere, to clap. 
 
 So also applaudo (I applaud) ; in the remaining compounds 
 au passes into o, as : explodo, osi, osum, odere, to clap off^ drive off. 
 
 6. Rddo, rdsi, rdsum, rddere, to shave, shear. 
 
 7. Rodo, rosi, r osum, rodere, to gnaw, slander. 
 
 8. Triido, trusi, trusum, trudere, to thrust. 
 
 9. Vddo, vddere, to go ; without Perf and Sup. 
 
 But the compounds have both, as : evado, e v a s i, e v a- 
 s u m, evadere, to come out, escape. 
 
 To these succeed the following : 
 10. Cedo, cessi, cessum, ce<5?c/g, to give way. 
 •• 11. Mitto, mi si, mis sum, mittere, to send. 
 
 15 
 
170 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61. 
 
 12. Qudtio, (Perf. wanting,) quassum, ^^a^e/*^, to shake. 
 
 The compounds change qua into cu and form the Perf., as : 
 decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down, 
 
 b) The stem ends in g^ c, or ct : 
 
 13. Mergo, mersi, mer sum, wer^e/e, to phinge. 
 
 14. SpargOy spar si, spar sum, spargere,\o scatter (sow). 
 
 In the compounds a of the stem passes into c, as : consper- 
 go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle. 
 
 15. Tergo, tersi, t ersum, tergere, to wipe, (kindred form 
 oUerg^e HO. VII 3). 
 
 16. F'lgo, fi X i, fi xum, f'lgere, to fix. 
 
 17. Flecto, flexi, flexu m, fiecttre, to bend. 
 
 18. Necto, nexui, nexu m, neater e^ to unite, plait. 
 
 19. Pecto, pexiy pexum, pectere, to comb. 
 
 20. Plecto, (plexi,) pie xum, plectere, to iplait 
 
 c) Finally, the two following belong here. 
 
 21. Fremo, pr e s si, pres sum, premere, to press. 
 
 In the compounds e of the stem before m passes into i, as : 
 comprimo, essi, essum, imere, to press together. 
 
 22. Fluo (for Jluvo), fl u xi, fluxu m, fluere, to flow. 
 
 XC V. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Committere, to commit. elidere,.<o ffctsft, break, spectator, oris, m. spec- 
 
 concedere, to concede^ imprlmere, to impress. tator. 
 
 allow. copulare, to join. cachinnatio, onis,^. an 
 
 connectere, to join to- I'ocare {in c. abl.), to unrestrained laugh. 
 
 gether, connect. place, set. histrio, on is, m. actor. 
 
 corradere, to scrape fe- Hbra, ae,/. a pound. perpetuitas, atis,/. sta- 
 
 gether. modms^ i, m. a bushel. bility, perpetuity. 
 
 deludere, to deceive. regnum, i, n. reign, imprudens, tis, una- 
 eludere to mock. kingdom. tvares. 
 
 discludere, to separate, praecordia, orum, n. viritim, adv. man by 
 diaphragm. man. 
 
 Temphim Jani bis post Numae regnum clausum est. Si ridere con- 
 cessum sit, vituperatur tamen cachinnatio. Si concesseris, esse deum ; 
 confitendum tibi est, ejus consiho mundum administrari. In omnium 
 animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura. Magna vis est conscien- 
 tiae, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant [ii], qui nihil com- 
 miserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent [ii], qui pec- 
 carint. Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque sunt, ut omnes omnium 
 particlpes sint. Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos medics ac toj 
 
$ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 171 
 
 tidem olei libras trecenos quoque nummos virritim divisit Qui difFi- 
 dit perpetuitati bonorum suorum, timeat necesse est, ne aliquando, 
 amissis illis, sit miser. Plato duas partes amnmi, iram et cupiditatem, 
 locis disclusit : iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit, 
 Omnis Gallia in tres partes divisa est. Si quis irnprudens te laeserit, 
 ne ei irascere. Si vitae molli et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore 
 omnes nervi virtutis elisi erunt. Cur me elusistis ! Nescisne, a perf ido 
 amico me delusum esse 7 Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas 
 sustinuerunt, omnes spectatores applauserunt. Epicuri de vita beata 
 sententia ab omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est Sunt multi, 
 qui in pecunia corrasa vitae felicitatem »collocatam esse putent 
 
 XC VI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concludere, to include, emergere, to emerge^ exagitare, to disquiet 
 
 confluere, to Jlow to- rise up^ work one's exanimare to kill, 
 
 gether^ assemble. self out. exsibilare, to hiss off. 
 
 diffluere, tofowasun- detrudfire, to thrust fugare, to put to fight. 
 
 der, run into. down. hasta, ae,/. spear. 
 
 defigere, to fix, render extrudere, to thrust nebula, ae,f. a mist. 
 
 firm^ to turn upon from. [dispel, clypeus, i, m. a shield. 
 
 something. discutere, to drive away, stimulus, i, m. goad. 
 
 transfigere, to transfix, dispergere, to disperse, caligo, in is,/, darkness. 
 
 deflectere, to deviate. dispicio, spexi, spec- salvus, a, um, safe. 
 
 demergere, to plunge tum 3. to open the mobilis, e, changeable. 
 
 under, sink, suppress. eyes. quondam, adv formerly. 
 
 Te in tantum luctum et laborem detrusum esse, graviter doleo. Cur 
 aedibus istum extrusisti ? Spero, amicum aegrotum e morbo evasurum 
 esse. Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole 
 orto, caligo discussa est. Omnia pericula, quae urbi irapendebant, 
 ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit Marius senile corpus paludibus 
 demersum occultavit. Animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depres- 
 sus et in terram quasi demersus est. Leges, per longum tempus hos- 
 tium vi demersae, tandem emerserunt. Deus immortalis sparsit ani- 
 mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt, 
 quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superas- 
 set Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exani- 
 mari se videret, ut primum dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus. 
 Quum salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essentne fugati 
 hostes. Quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua erat .traiis- 
 fixus, hastam. Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia: virtus est 
 una altissimis defixa radicibus. Cicero omnes suas curas cogitationes- 
 
172 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61. 
 
 \ 
 
 que in reipublicae salute^ defixit. Qui serael a veritate deflexit, ei ne 
 Terum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet. Non credo, te unquam de 
 virtutis via deflexurum esse. Die, cui banc coronatn nexueris. Ingens 
 hominuin multitudo in urbem confluxit, ludos publicos spectatum. ,^ 
 
 The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign 
 of Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God, 
 ihou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou 
 hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= no- 
 tion) of God, is impressed upon (abl.) the souls of all men by nature 
 lierself. Men, by whom crimes have been committed, are disquieted 
 by the goads of conscience. God has connected all parts of the world 
 together (inter se). Hast ♦hoji heard, that grain has been distributed 
 to (dat.) the poor by the king? • A virtuous (= partaking of virtue) 
 man will be happy, even when he shall have lost all the gifts of for- 
 tune. Plato believes, that anger and passion are separated from 
 the reason and understandin;^ The general has divided all the troops 
 into four parts. It is not doubtful, that a soft and efifeminate^life will, 
 in a short time, enfeeble all the powers (= nei-ves^t of virtue. Know- 
 est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived me ?^~]tjasi'{i= -yes^^^ 
 terday) evening, the actors were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou ^ 
 heard, that lately all the actors have been hissed and clapped off? 
 Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they 
 may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the 
 fioldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so 
 great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house. 
 
 I hope, that we shall escape the danger. When once (quando) a 
 (aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men believe, that 
 this has not happened by chance. The sun has driven away the mists. 
 All dangers which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom 
 and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from 
 the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee. Immortal souls 
 have been placed (= sown) by God, in mortal bodies. Our soldiers 
 attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to flight. All the 
 cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the re- 
 public. I know, that thou wilt never deviate from the path of virtue 
 through wickedness. For (dat.) whom is this crown plaited? I be- 
 lieve there is a great multitude of men assembled in the city, in order 
 to behold (sup.) the public games. It is known, that the Romans ^ 
 later (posterior) times, ran into (diffluere) luxury. 
 
$62.] THIRD CONJUGATIOIC. 173 
 
 § 62. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — tum^ — \tiim^ — sum, 
 
 1. Colo, colui, cultum, colere, to attend to, cultivate, 
 honor. 
 
 2. Consulo, consului, cdnsultum, consulere, to deliber- 
 ate ; c. ace, to consult some one ; c. dat, to consult for 
 some one. 
 
 3. Occvlo, occiilui, oc cultum, occvlere, to conceal. 
 
 4. Rdpio, rapui, raptum, rapere, to snatch, plunder, carry off 
 
 Compounds: — ripio, — ripui, — reptum, — ripere, as: arrlpio, / 
 seize, appropriate to myself. 
 6. Sero, s erui, s ertum, serere, to join together. 
 6. Texo, texui, textum, texere, to weave. 
 
 7. Ah, ahii, altum, dlere, to nourish. 
 
 8. Cumbo, cuhui, cuhltum, cumber e, to lie. 
 
 The simple verb is not used, but its compounds, as: discum- 
 bfire, to lie down. 
 
 9. Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere^ to knead. 
 
 10. Fremo, fremui, fr emitum, fremere, to murmur, 
 grumble. 
 
 1 1. Gem/), g emui, g emitum, gemere, to groan, deplore. 
 
 1 2. Gigno, genui, genltum, gignere, to beget, produce. 
 
 13. Molo, molui, m, oil turn, molere, to grind. 
 
 14. Pinso, pinsui, pinsltum (and pinsum, pistum), pin- 
 sere, to bray, pound. 
 
 15. Pono, posui, posltum, ponere {in c. abl. ), to place, lay. 
 
 Pono arises from posino, and posui from posivi. 
 
 16. V^TTW, vomui, vomltum, vomer e, to vomit. 
 
 17. Frendo, frendui, fresum or fr essu m, frendere, to 
 gnash. 
 
 1 8. Meto, messui, messu m^ metere, to mow, reap. 
 
 Remark. The following want the Sup. : sterto, stertui, stertere, to 
 snore, strepo, ui, ere, to rustle, sound, resound ; tremo, ui, ere, to trem- 
 ble ; the compounds of pesco, as : compesco, compeseui, compescere, 
 to restrain ; volo, ui, velle, to unsh ; and the compounds of cdlo except 
 percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf cellui ; excelsus and 
 praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively. 
 15* 
 
174 IRREGULAR VEEBS. [§ 62. 
 
 XCVIL Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Ampere, to seize upon, depugnare, to fight (for sepulcrum, i, n. grave^ 
 
 dirlpere, to plunder. life or death). burial. 
 
 conserere, to join to- jurare, to swed^. tegumentum, i, n. cover, 
 
 gether, to be hand to suo, sui, sufiim 3. to covering, 
 
 hand. sew. commutatio, onis, f, 
 
 demetere, to cut down, progredior, gressus change. 
 
 demittere, to let down, sum, gredi 3. to step migratio, onis,/. m^ra- 
 
 letfail. Jorth. tion. 
 
 disserere, to discuss, caerimonia, ae,yi sane- recordatio, onis, f. re- 
 speak, tity, religious cere- collection. 
 
 ingignere, to implant. many. mutus, a, um, dumb. 
 
 praeponere, to place be- praetorium, i, n. gener- supremus, a, um, last, 
 
 fore. aPs tent. mature, adv. speedily. 
 
 In omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, consulto opus estl; 
 ubi autem consulueris, mature rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supre- 
 mo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus 
 consertis, milites nostri fortitudlne excelluerunt Animus moderatur 
 et movet id corpus, cui praepositus est. Zeno in una virtute beatam 
 vitam posuit. Natura ingeniiit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL 
 Omnibus animalibus a natura ingemta est conservandi sui custodia. 
 Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero, 
 te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse. Caerimonias 
 sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis praediti, non tanta cura coluis- 
 sent, nisi haerferet in eorum mentibus, mortem non interltum esse om- 
 nia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque 
 vitae, quae in claris viris et feminis dux in coelum soleret esse. Si 
 ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis 
 eris. Dux, ne milites animum demitterent, vulnera sibi inflicta occu- 
 luit Ne crede, uilum peccatum deo occukum manere. Tegumenta 
 corpdrum vel texta, vel suta sunt. Quis pulchram illam vestem texiiit ? 
 Oratio tua totos nos ad se rapiiit. Quaerit Socrates, unde animum ar- 
 ripuerimus, si nullus fuerit in mundo. Expugnata urbs ab hostibiis 
 direpta est. Scipio pugnavit cum Hannibale, prope nato in praeforio 
 patris, fortissimi ducis, alto atque educato inter arma. Cui non locus 
 ille mutus, ubi altus aut doctus est, cum grata recordatione in mente 
 versetur? Agricolae frumentum non solum jam demessuerunt, sed 
 etiam demessum in horrea congesserunt Ipse Hector toto pectore tre- 
 mCiit, quum Ajax multa cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum 
 illo. 
 
 there is need of one's deliberating. 
 
J 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 175 
 
 Tne Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order io consult (part fut 
 act.) the oracle. I know, that thou hast cared for me and mine. The 
 soldiers were (perf.) hand to hand with the enemies. The soldiers 
 swore, that they would not desert [their] general. God has placed 
 the soul before the body. Nature has produced gold, silver, brass, iron, 
 in short (denique) all metals for the use of men. The desire tojind 
 (gen. of the gerund) the truth (= what is true), is implanted in the 
 human race by nature. I rejoice, that thou hast applied thyself with 
 so great zeal to literature. I doubt not, that the wise [man] w ill never 
 sink under the pains of the body. If thou shalt have cultivated thy 
 genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to 
 [thy] native land. I hope, that thou wilt always honor thy parents. 
 Why hast thou concealed thy faults from me ? didst thou think, that 
 thou wouldst always conceal them from me ? The enemies, ajler they 
 had taken the city, (abl. abs.), killed (perf) the citizens and plundered 
 their goods. The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts 
 of fortune may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the 
 place (ace.) where we were nourished and brought up. 
 
 § 63. III. Perfect : — vi ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 The stem of the Pres. is strengthened by n or r ; 
 
 1. Li-n-o, I e V i, lltum, /iwe?-g, to besmear. 
 
 2. Si-n-o, sivi, situm, sinere, to let, permit. 
 
 3. Se-r-Oy sevi, sdtum, screre, io sow. 
 
 In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes into i, as : consCro, 
 consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant. 
 
 The following have suffered a transposition of letters in the 
 Perf and Sap. : 
 
 4. Cer-n-o, crevi, cretu m, cernere, to sift, discern. 
 
 The Perf and Sup. occur only in the compounds. 
 
 5. Sper-n-o, sprevi, spr etu?n, spernere, to spurn. 
 
 6. Ster-n-o, strdvi, stratum, sternere, to spread. 
 
 Finally there belong here the following in sco : 
 
 7. Cre-sc-o, crev i, cr etum, crescere, to grow. 
 
 So : accrescere, to grow to, increase, excrescere, to grow up, 
 decrescere, to decrease, recrescere, to grow again, concrescere, to 
 grow together ; the remaining compounds want the Sup. 
 
 8. No-sC'O, novi, no turn, noscere, to be acquainted with. 
 
176 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 63. 
 
 So : internosc^re, to distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos- 
 cere, to become thorovgMy acquainted with, praenoscere, to become 
 acquainted with before ; but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with, 
 agnoscere, to perceive, praecognoscere, to become acquainted with 
 previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re- 
 view, form the Sup. in ilum, as : cogmtum. 
 
 ^. Pa-sc-o, pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feed- 
 
 10. Quie-sc-o, guievi, quietum^ quiescere, to rest. 
 
 11. Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, 5mce/e, to decide. 
 
 12. Sue-sc-o, suevi, sue turn, 5we5cere, to be accustomed. 
 
 XCVIII. Wbi'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Decemere, to deter- under, place under, to obtrectatio, onis, /. de- 
 mine, to discern. subject. traction, grudge. 
 
 seceriiere, to sever, sep- importare, to import. venustas, aUs,f loveli- 
 
 arate. concionari, to har- ness. 
 
 inserere, to sow in, im- rangue the people. corpor«us, a, um, cor- 
 
 plant. invidia, ae, f envy, poreal. 
 
 oblinere, to besmear, hatred. communis, e, common, 
 
 daub. vinea, ae,/. the vine. known by all. 
 
 prosternere, to pros- butyrutn, i, n. butter. ibi, adv. there. 
 
 trate. comitia, orum, n. as- opportune, adv. oppor- 
 
 consternere, to strow. sembly of the people. tundy. 
 
 substernere, to spread messis, is,/, crop. sublto, adv. suddenly. 
 
 Insita est nobis corporis nostri carltas. Ibi messis non est, ubi 
 satum non est. Omne, quod erat concretum atque corporeum, deus 
 substravit animo. Vita tua malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias 
 prostravisti. Probus, imperator, Aureum montem apud Moesiam su- 
 periorem vineis consevit, Proelio commisso, omnia longe lateque telia, 
 armis, cadaveribus constrata erant. Sceleratum hominem conscientia 
 spretae virtulis exagitat. Die, cur consilium meum spreveris. Audi, 
 puer! Mater te rogat, tiur panem butyro oblitum oblUus sis edere. 
 Displicet, qui se externis moribus oblevit. Rem dubiam decrevit saepe 
 vox opportune emissa. Venustas et pulchritudo corporis secreta non 
 est a valetudlne. Cato concionatus est, se comitia haberi non siturum 
 (esse). Galli vinum ad se omnino importari non siverunt. Cur desisti 
 (desivisti) istum librum leg6re ? Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis 
 Epaminondas et Pelopldas praefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. Ami- 
 citia nostra cum aetate accrevit. Non dubitamus, quin flumen, quod 
 sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum sit 
 
$ 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 177 
 
 XCIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adsciscere, to adopt. deponere, to lay aside, luxuries, ei,/. extrava- 
 
 assuescere, (c. dat.) to sacra, orum, n. sacred gance. 
 
 accustom one's self, to rites. alienigena, ae, foreign, 
 
 he accustomed (to auctor, oris, m. author, from another country, 
 
 something). adviser; me auctore, assiduus, a, urn, iinre- 
 
 consuescere, to accus- on my advice. mitting, constant. 
 
 torn one^s self, to be reWgxo, on'is, f religion, dilucidus, a, um, dear. 
 
 accustomed. scrupulousness. quotidianus, a, um, 
 
 approbare^fo approve, superstitio, oiiis,/ su- daily, 
 
 levare [c. ahl.) to relieve, perstition. fiitlVis, e, frivolous. 
 
 free. suavitas, atis,/. amia- paululum, adv. a little, 
 
 privare (c. abl.), to de- hleness, amiable dispo- 
 
 prive. sition. 
 
 Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti, quum tempesta- 
 tis caussa prodire prohibentur, ludis delectantur. Demosthenes sum- 
 ma voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuevit. Numam 
 Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus 
 adscivit. Cereris sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita maxima 
 religione coluit. Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad te 
 advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero me conquieturum omnes- 
 que curas doloresque depositurum esse. Si amici mei mores perno- 
 veris, spero, te ejus innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum esse. Si 
 luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem tiiebere. 
 Bestiae, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum, ubi pastae aliquan- 
 do sunt, revertuntur. Cave, ne incognita pro cognitis habeas iisque 
 temere assentiare. Quid est tarn futile, quam quicquam approbare 
 noncognitum? Populus Romanus eo magnitudinis (= ad earn 
 magnitudinera) crevit, ut viribus suis conficeretur. Quid est tarn 
 jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibus- 
 que verbis ornata oratio ? Quo brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior 
 narratio est. Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. Omnium re- 
 rum natura cognita, levamur superstitione. ^ 
 
 Nature has implanted in us a love for (gen.) our body. Where thou 
 hast not sown, there is not a crop. Believe not, that thou wilt put an 
 end to (== prostrate) the detraction (plur.) and envy (plur.) of the wicked. 
 We feared, that the soldiers had prostrated all [things]. If thou hast 
 (fut. perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy. Tell me, why ray 
 advice has been spurned by thee. Boy, hast thou eaten the bread 
 spread with butter by thy mother? I thought (= believed) that 
 mother had not spread it It has been determined by the general, to 
 
178 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 64. 
 
 attack the enemy. Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the 
 wicked, thou wilt seek in vain the intercourse of the good. It is cer- 
 tain, that tlie rivers which have decreased in winter, will increase in 
 the spring. I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read some- 
 thing from (gen.) Homer daily. Numa P|rnpilius was adopted (perf) 
 by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people 
 adopted (perf.) the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks. Cicero, de- 
 . prived of public offices, found satisfaction in the study of literature. 
 When thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with my brother, 
 I doubt not, that thou wilt perceive his preeminence. The sheep 
 have eaten down the herbs of the field. The shepherd drives (agere) 
 the sheep to pasture (= in order to pasture, sup.), 
 
 § 64. IV. Perf. : — ivi ; Supine : — itum (like the fourth 
 
 Conj.). 
 
 1. Cupio, c up Ivi, c up Itum, cupere, to desire, wish. 
 
 2. Peto, petlvi, p etituvi, petere, to seek, strive after 
 
 something, .to attack something; cd) aliquo, to request of 
 some one. 
 
 3. Quaero, quaeslvi, quae sltuni, quaerere, to seek. 
 
 In the compounds, ae passes into i, as: exquiro, isivi, isitum, 
 irere, to examine, trace out. 
 
 4. Rudo, rudivi and rudi, rUdltum, rudere, to roar. 
 
 5. Tiiro, tr'ivi (for terwi ) , trltuni (for teritum) , terere, to 
 
 rub. 
 
 The following also in esso : 
 
 6. Arcesso, arcesslvi, ar c e ssitum, arcessere, to bring. 
 
 7. Capesso, Ivi, itum, ere, to seize. 
 
 8. Facesso, ivi, itum, ere, to make {nego\\\\ra.facessere, tp 
 
 make trouble, tp vex) ; to take one's self off 
 
 9. Incesso, ivi, (Sup. wanting,) ere, to attack. 
 10. Lacesso, ivi, Itum, ere, to provoke. 
 
 Saepe homines res, quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt. 
 Audistine, ut leones rudiverint.? Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil alilid, 
 nisi pax quaesita videatur. Quum omnem antiquitatem memoria re- 
 petiveris, tria vix amicorum paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam 
 deponere parati erant. Ne judlca de re prius, quam eam accurate 
 exquisiveris ! Erechthei filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita 
 civium. Omnis Romanorum philosophla repetita est a Graecis. So- 
 
^ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 179 
 
 crates totam vitam aique aetatem contrivit in emendandis aliorum mo- 
 ribus. Praecepta virtutis, quamvis contrita sint et communia, tamen a 
 paucis observantur. Constat, bello Punlco secundo Hannibalem Italiae 
 opes attrivisse. Importunus iste homo multa mihi facessivic negotia. 
 Non dubito, quin nova lege civibus negotium facessitum sit. Nisi 
 milites propere ex urbe facessivissent fugamque capessivissent, cives 
 eos armis incessivissent. Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam laces- 
 siverunt, quum arma capessiverunt eosque incessiverunt. Leglmus, Ro- 
 mauos saepe consules suos ab aratro arcessivisse. Multa sacra, ab ex- 
 teris nationibus adscita atque arcessita, Romani religiosissime coluerunt. 
 
 Scarcely had the lion roared, when all the other (ceterae omnes) 
 beasts took (perf.) flight. The soldiers, provoked by the enemies, 
 w^ished (perf.) to fight, and asked (perf.) of tiie general, that he would 
 lead them (se) forth from the camp against the enemies. We have 
 sought peace, not war. Do not judge concerning a thing, before it 
 shall have been sufficiently examined by thee. History relates, that 
 death was sought by the daughters of Erectheus for the life of 
 the citizens. W!g^read, that the consuls were brought from the 
 plough by the RomaHS. It is known that the Romans have brought 
 many sacred rites from foreign nations. As so6n as the enemies 
 attacked (perf ) our soldiers, they seized their arms and fought. I 
 have taken myself'so hastily from the city, because troublesome 
 men vexed (perf ) me daily. I fear, that thou hast provoked the 
 friend by thy licentious jests. It is known, that the power (opes) of 
 Italy was (perf) formerly wasted by Hannibal. 
 
 § 65. V. Perfect : — i ; Siipvne : — turn. 
 
 a) TheVtein ends in h or p : / 
 
 1. Capio, dpi, capt%m, copere, to take, seize, receive. 
 
 Compounds : — cipio,^^ — cepi, — ceptum, — cipere, as : perci- 
 pio, 1 perceive, incipio, I begin. 
 
 2. Rumpo, riipi, ritptu tyi, rumpere, to break. 
 
 Scdho, scdhi, scdbere, to stitch, and lambo, Iambi, lambere^ 
 to lick, want the Supine. *^ 
 
 b) The stem ends in c, g or qii ; 
 
 3. Ago, egi, actum, age7-e, to lead, drive, do, act, make; 
 
 of time : to spend. 
 
 So: circumagere, to drive round, peragere, to cari-y through, 
 satag^re, to have enough to do ; the other compounds on the con- 
 trary, have : — ^igo, egi, actum, igere, as : ablgo, / drive away, exigo, 
 
180 lEREGTTLAR VERBS. [^ 65. 
 
 / expel, (of time) I pass, subigo, I subjugate ; cogere, to compel (from 
 codgere), has coegi, coadum. 
 
 4. Fdcio, feci, factum, facer e, to make, do. 
 
 Concerning the Pass. : fio, factus sum, fieri, and its compounds 
 see § 76. The compounds with prepositions have in the Imper. 
 —flee, as: perfice; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however, 
 we have calfdce. 
 
 5. Ico, lei, ictum, icere, to strike ; of a league : to con- 
 
 clude. 
 
 6. Jacio, j eci, j actu m, jdcere, to throw. 
 
 Compounds: — -jicio, — jeci, — jectum, — jicere, as: rejicio, / 
 throio hack, reject, subjicio, / throw under, subject. 
 
 7. J^ego, legi, lectum, legere, to collect, read. 
 
 So, allego, / elect to, perlego, / read through, praelego, / read 
 before, relego, I read again, snblego, I gather from below ; the fol- 
 lowing, on the contrar}', have in the Pres., — ligo, as : colligo, / 
 collect, (coUegi, coUectum, colligere), deligo and eligo, / choose, re- 
 colligo, / collect again, seligo, / select ; but : diligo, Hove, intelligo, / 
 understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Pei*f exi, as : diligo, 
 dilexi, dilectum, diligere. 
 
 8. Frango, fregi, fr actum, f r anger e, to break. 
 
 The compounds : — fringo, — ^fregi, — fractum, — fringere, as : 
 perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through. 
 
 9. Lmquo, 1 1 qui, lictum, linquere, to \eB.ve. 
 
 10. Vinco, v'lci, victum, t;mce7e, to conquer, overcome. 
 
 Fugio, fugi, fUgere, to flee, has no Supine. 
 
 c) The stem ends in m : 
 
 11. F^mo, emi, em turn, emere, io buy. 
 
 Compounds: — Imo, Imere, as: eximo, exemi, exemtum, exI- 
 mere, to except ; but in coemo, / buy in quantiiies, the e remains, 
 
 d) The stem ends in u or r .• 
 
 12. AcOo, dciii, dcutum, dcOere, to sharpen. 
 
 The comjwunds want the Supine. 
 
 13. ArgOo, argui, argutum, ar^uere, to accuse. 
 
 14. Fxuo, ex Hi, exutum, exuere, to put off. 
 
 15. Indm, etc. I put on, clothe. 
 
 16. Imbuo, etc. I dip in ; c. abl. I imbue with. 
 
 17. Lao, lui, lit turn, /were, to wash. 
 
 18. Minuo, etc. I diminish. 
 
$ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 181 
 
 19. Nuo, etc. I nod, in compounds, as : adniio, I nod to. 
 
 20. Riio, rui, rutum, ruere, to rush (but Part. Fut. ruiturus), 
 
 21. Spuo, spui, sputum, .spitere, to spit. 
 
 22. Statuo, etc. I place firmly. 
 
 The compounds change the a of the stem into i, as : destituo, 
 / desert. 
 
 23. Suo, etc. I sew. 
 
 24. TribOo, etc. I gfve. 
 
 25. Solvo, s olvi, soliitum, solvere, to loose; 
 
 26. Volvo, volvi, voliLtum, volver e, io xoW. 
 
 Metuere (ui), to fear, pliiere (plui), to rain, sternuere (ui), to 
 sneeze, want the Supine. 
 
 C. Words to be learned and Exercises for translati&n. 
 
 Afficere, to affect ; af- transigere, to spend foedus, eris, n. league. 
 
 fectus, affected. (time). potestas, atis,y. ^ot^^cr. 
 
 delinquere, to do some- excerpere, to make ex- furiosus, a, urn, mad, 
 
 thing wrong, to be tracts from. insane. 
 
 delinquent. benefactum, i,n./avor. modo, adv. only, jvst» 
 
 disjicere, to throw a- dominatio, onis,/. si/jai/. 
 
 sunder, scatter. 
 
 Eodem modo erga amicos affecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos. 
 Priusquam incipias consult© et, ubi consulueris, mature f a c- 
 to opus est.* Acti labores jucundi sunt. Sola virtus in sua po- 
 testate est ; omnia praeter eam subjecta sum fortunae dominationi. 
 Unus dies, bene et ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immor- 
 talitati anteponendus est. Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque 
 benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est. Appetitus rationi sunt sub- 
 ject! lege naturae. Victus est Xerxes magis consilio Themistoclis, 
 quam armis Graeciae. Quid hominem octoginta anni juvant, per in- 
 ertiam exacti ? Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Pro- 
 fecto beati erimus, quum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus ex- 
 pertes. Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque 
 ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia ? Pecuniam 
 si cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen, dum existimatio est integra, facilo 
 consolatur honestas egestatem. Milites, captis armis, impetum fece- 
 runt in hostes ; hi autem propere fugam ceperunt. Hostes, foed^re, 
 quod modo ic6rant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt. Si quid 
 philosophus in ratio ne vitae deliquerit, eo turpior est, quod artein vitae 
 
 * There is need that you should consult, and act. 
 16 
 
182 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 65. 
 
 profitetur. Plinius nullum librum legit, quern non excerperet. Gives, 
 ab hostibus subacti, omni libertatisrecuperandae spe adempta, mis^ram 
 transegerunt vitam. Milites yiostium aciem perfregerunt et disjecerunt 
 Foedera icta ab hostibus fracta sunt. 
 
 CI. Wards to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Destituere, to desert, gloriari, to glory. pallium, i, n. cloak, 
 
 leave behind. 'mdu\gent'm,ae,f.indid- discrimen, inis, n. c?w- 
 
 instituere, to instruct. gence. tinction. 
 
 effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y. under gar- prosperitas, atis,/.j9ro5- 
 
 exacu6re, to sharpen. ment. perity. \posite. 
 
 involvere, to involve, annulus, i, m. ring. contrarius, a, um, op- 
 envelope, soccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal. 
 
 redarguere, to disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 
 
 respuere, to reject. dience. spectably. 
 
 Quis, honesta in familia institutus et educatus ingenue, non ipsa 
 turpitudine, etiamsi eum laesnra non sit, ofFendltur.? Carthago diruta 
 est, quum stetisset annos sexcentos sexaginta septem. Pacis nomine 
 bellum involutum reformido. Philosophi involutam multarum rerum 
 naturam evolverunt. Num tibi unquam placebit, quod omnium mentes 
 aspernatae sunt et respuerunt? Milites in ipso discrimine periculi 
 cives inermes destituerunt. Quum animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu- 
 tibus, a corporis obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque op- 
 presserit, omnemque mortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque 
 dei et puram religionem susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii aciem ad bona 
 deligenda et rejiciendacontraria: turn vita nobis erit beatissima. Num 
 credis, improborum prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem ? Dejanj- 
 ra Herciili sanguine Centauri tinctam tunlcam induit. Hippias sophis- 
 ta gloriatus est, se non solum omnes artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
 atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed annulum, quem haberet, pal- 
 lium, quo vestitus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse. 
 
 CII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Deflcere, to fail. dissolvere, <o reZcrx. extenuare, to extenuate^ 
 
 praef icere, to set over, persolvere, to pay. lessen, 
 
 deminuere, to diminish, evuere, to dig up. severitas, iitis,/. sever- 
 
 diluere, to dilute, wea- obruere, to cover up. ity. 
 
 ken. designare, to designate. 
 
 Homines metalla terra obruta eruerunt. Milites in expugnatae ur- 
 bis cives ita saevierunt, ut omnem humanitatem exuisse viderentur. 
 Divina lex non scripta est, sed nata : qua non instituti, sed imbuti su- 
 
$ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 183 
 
 mus. Nemo est tam immanis, cujus mentem non imbuerit deorutn 
 opinio. Pueri aiiimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbiiinius. Cog- 
 itatio, omnes res humanas fragiles et caducas esse, omnes meas moles- 
 tias exteniiavit et diluit. Quae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione 
 dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distribu- 
 ta sunt. Divitiae, quae ad exteris nationibus Romam confluxerunt, 
 morum disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt. Stipendiis, quae dux 
 militibus promiserat, non persolutis, seditio concitata est. 
 
 The passions ought to be subjected to the reason. If thou shall 
 have spent thy hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the en- 
 trance to heaven will stand open to thee. It is hard to retain (tenere) 
 friendship, when thou shalt have fallen from virtue. God has set the 
 soul over the body. Some doubt, whether the world may be made by 
 chance (ne whether^ attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason. It was 
 uncertain, whether the Romans had (subj.) conquered, or had been con- 
 quered. Then (tum) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when 
 it shall have deserted the body. The enemies have broken (rumpere) 
 the concluded league. When anything has been done wrong by a philo- 
 sopher, it is so much the more base, because he teaches (= professes) 
 the art of life. If any one (quis) has taken (fut. perf.) from us liberty, 
 the light of life will be taken from us. Caesar, after the line-of-battle 
 of the enemy was broken and scattered (abl. abs.), led his soldiers back 
 into the camp. Thou wilt not enjoy a peaceful life, before that thou 
 shalt have subjected the passions to the reason. The defenceless cit- 
 izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in the very (ipse) crisis of 
 danger. It is known, that the Romans destroyed (perf) Carthage. 
 
 The soldiers fled because they feared (perf of metuo), that they 
 should be conquered by the enemies. The metals, which nature has 
 hid in (abl.) the earth, are dug up by man. Who is not imbued with 
 the belief in (gen.) God ? Parents, who have imbued the minds of 
 their children with the principles of virtue and have instructed them in 
 literature, deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the 
 state. We have weakened the wine by (abl.) water. I hope that this 
 reflection will weaken all thy troubles. Already the powers of our 
 soldiers were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an attack. 
 By the riches, which flowed together (perf) to (ace.) Rome after 
 the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity 
 were relaxed (perf). 
 
 Since the general had not paid [their] wages to the soldiers for (per) 
 two months, a sedition was excited (perf ) in the camp. Hast thou 
 heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that 
 
184 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 66. 
 
 they have broken (frangere) it? After the troops were collected 
 (abl. abs.), the general determined (perf.) to attack the camp of the 
 enemies. I believe, that I have sufficiently disproved thy reasons. 
 
 § 66. VI. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — sum. 
 
 a) The stem ends m d or t: 
 
 1. Cando in compounds, as: accendo, accendi, ace en- 
 sum, accendere, to kindle, inflame. 
 
 2. Ciido, cudi, cusum, ciidere, to forge. 
 
 3. Edo, e d i, esum, edere, to eat. 
 
 4. Fendo in compounds as : defendo, d efe ndi, d efe n- 
 sum, defendere, to defend. 
 
 5. Fodio, fo d i, fo ssum, foderCy to dig. 
 
 6. Fundo, fu di, fusu m. f under e, to pour. 
 
 7. Mandoy mandi, man sum, mandere, to chew. 
 
 8. Fando, pa ndi, pa ssum, pander e, to spread. 
 
 9. Prehendo, pr ehendi, prehensum, prehendere, to 
 grasp. 
 
 10. Scando, scandi, scan sum, scandere, to mount. 
 
 In the compounds : — scendo, — scendi, — scensum, — scendere, 
 as : adscendere, to ascend, scale, descendere, to descend. 
 
 11. Sido, sldi, (Sup. wanting,) sldere, to sit. 
 
 In the compounds : — sido, — sedi, — sessum, — sidere, as : con- 
 sidere, to sit down. 
 
 12. Str'ido, str'idi, (Sup. wanting,) strldere, to hiss. 
 
 13. Verto, verti, versum, vertere, to turn. 
 
 Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive : 
 
 14. Fido, f'lsus sum, fidere, to trust. 
 
 So : conf idere, to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair. 
 
 b) The stem ends inlorr: 
 
 15. Velio, vein, vulsum, vellere, to pluck. 
 
 16. Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j05a//e?"e, to play the lyre, 
 
 17. Verro, verri, (Sup. wanting,) verrere, to sweep. 
 
 Remark. It is to be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs, 
 when short in the other parts, is long in the perf. The two follow- 
 ing verbs form an apparent exception : 
 
 Findo, JMif fissum, iindSre, to split, (so also its compounds), 
 
$ 66.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 185 
 
 Scindo, scidi, scissum, scindere, to ad (so also its compounds). 
 But both these verbs originally took the reduplication. The same is 
 true of the compound : percello, perciUi, perculsum, percellere, to strike 
 violently (from the obsolete cellere, to impel). See § 62, II. Rem. 
 
 CIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for transkition. 
 
 Comprehendere, to em- exedere, to consume, liquefacere, to make 
 
 brace. corrode. liquid. 
 
 confbdere, to stab. incendere, to enkindle, proficere, to benefit. 
 
 effbdere, to dig out. inflame. pervehi,<o bear through, 
 
 diffundere, to diffuse, procudere, to forge ; (of convey. 
 
 disperse. money) to coin. colonia, ae,y! colony. 
 
 efFundere, to pour forth ; lacerare, to Utcerate,tear. velum, i, n. sail. 
 
 2) throw q^(the rider), digerere, to dispose, di- furor, oris, m. madness, 
 offundere, to flow a- gest. vetustas, atis,/. age. 
 
 gainst, diffuse, spread inscribere (c. dat.) to conspectus, us, m. sig*^. 
 
 over. inscribe, write upon, antiqultus, adv. anderU- 
 
 ly, formerly. 
 
 Constat, Tyriorum colonias paene toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse. 
 In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus. Quo 
 utinam velis passis pervehi liceat ! Hannibal patriam defensum ex 
 Italia revocatus est. Nihil proficiunt praecepta, quamdiu menti error 
 offusus est. Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus. Ingens 
 nummorum numerus hoc anno procusus est. Aegritudo animum 
 meum laceravit, exedit planeque confecit. Epigrammatis, monumento 
 inscripti, litterae vetustate exesae erant. Milites urbem, ab hostibus 
 oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt. Antiquitus magna auri argentique 
 vis in Hispania est efFossa. Milites, furore capti, ducem confoderunt. 
 Equus repente corruit consulemque lapsum super caput efiudit. Cibos 
 mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo (= ut eo) facilius digeran- 
 tur. Quo magis virtutis vim animo et cogitatione comprehenderimus, 
 eo magis eam admirablmur. Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu 
 omnium civium necati sunt. Nonne vides omnium ora atque oculos 
 in te conversos ? Multi facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciera 
 converterunt. 
 
 CIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Convellere,<o tear away, rescindere, to tear, to motus, us, m. motion. 
 
 convulse. break doum. motus terrae, earth- 
 
 desidere, to sink down, transgredi, to pass over. quake. [ersoever. 
 
 diffindere, to split. mora, &e,f. delay. quocunque, adv. whith- 
 
 discindSre, to tear in nodus, i, m. a knot. scilicet, adv. namdyt 
 
 pieces. scrupuhis, i. m. anxiety. doubtless. 
 16* 
 
Wl$ IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67. 
 
 Qiuocunque te vel oculis, vel animo converteris, divinae bonitatis 
 plena esse omnia, intelliges. Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no- 
 dum ense diffidit, scilicet diffisus, eum a se solutum iri. Quum Han- 
 nibal Alpes transgredei-etur, multa ingentis magnitudinis saxa diffissa 
 sunt. Quis tibi vestern discidit? Quid? discissane est? Pompeii 
 terrae motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanes eloquentiam ad 
 summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti coufisus, 
 sine mora hostilem exercitum adortus est. Litterae tuae omnem 
 scrupialum mihi ex animo evellerunt. Est boni regis oflEicium, quum 
 rempubllcam labefactatem eonvulsamque videt, opitulari patriae. 
 
 The goodness of God is diffused through (abl.) the whole world. 
 The sails are spread. Superstition has spread (offundere) darkness 
 over (dat.) the souls of men. The king has coined a great quantity of- 
 money this year. My mind is torn and consumed by grief (aegritu- 
 do). When we shall have eaten, we will take a walk. The city, 
 which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf ) very bravely defended 
 by the citizens. Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much 
 gold and silver (= much of gold and silver). By thy bravery, thou 
 hast turned all eyes and minds upon (in) thee. Never has a wise [man] 
 trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always 
 distrusted them. It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed 
 by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by 
 the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition. 
 
 How often has the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.) been turned to (ad) 
 the destruction of men ! The enemies have broken down the bridges. 
 Mountains and cities have been sunk down by earthquakes. We had 
 already descended from the mountain, as we heard (perf), that you 
 were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere) 
 from my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war 
 has shaken the state violently ? Caesar by a few words inflamed the 
 soldiers for the battle. 
 
 § 67. VIII. Perfect with the Reduplication. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those 
 verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is i, o, or m, in the repeti- 
 tion of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the 
 remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c 
 
 1. CddOy cecidi, cd5wm, cd^^ere, to fall, to happen. 
 
 Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — casura, — cidere ; so : occido, / 
 
$ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 187 
 
 go to ruin, incido, I fall upon and recldo, I fall back ; the others 
 want the Supine, as: concido, idi, idere, tofaU togeihtr. 
 
 2. Caedo, cec'idi, caesMWi, caec?eYe, to fell, kill. 
 
 Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — cisum, — cidftre, as : occido, /JfciK. 
 
 3. Cdno, cecini, cantum, canere, to sing. 
 
 Compounds : — cino, — cinui, — cinere, as : conclno, ui, ere. 
 
 4. Curro, cucurri, cursum, currtrCy to run. 
 
 Most of its compounds are both with and without the redupli- 
 cation. 
 
 5. Disco, didlciy (Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn. 
 
 So also its compounds, as : perdisco, perdidici, perdiscere, to 
 learn thoroughly. 
 
 6. Fcdh^ fefelli, falsum,fallere, to deceive. 
 
 Fallit me, U escapes me. — The Part, falsus is commonly used 
 as an adjective, /a?5e. Compound: refello, refelli, (Sup. want- 
 ing), refellere, to refute. 
 
 7. Pango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten, to bargain, 
 
 agree to on condition. 
 
 Compounds : — pingo, — pegi, — ^pactum, pingere, as : compin- 
 go, to fasten together. 
 
 8. Parco, peperci, parsum, parcere (c. dat), to spare. 
 
 9. Pdfio, pep eri, partum, par ere, to bear (ova parere, to 
 
 lay eggs), to acquire. Particip. Fut.^an^Mrw5 (for^ar^u- 
 rws). 
 
 10. Pelh, pepuli, pulsum, pellere, to drive, repel. 
 
 Compounds : — pello, — puH, — pulsum, — ^pellere, as : expello, 
 expuh, expulsum, expellere, to drive away. 
 
 11. Pendo, pep end i, pensum,pendere,io^\xspend.,wei^,Xo 
 
 pay, compensate. 
 
 The compounds have no reduplication, as : appendo, appendi, 
 appensum, appendere, to hang to, append. 
 
 12. Posco, poppsci, (Sup. wanting,) joo5ce re, to demand. 
 
 So also its compounds, as: exposco, expoposci, exposcere, to 
 demand of request of 
 
 13. Pungo, pupugi, punctum,pungere, to prick, hax^LSS. 
 
 Compounds: — pungo, — punxi, — punctum, — ^pungere, as: in- 
 terpungo, to distinguish. 
 
188 IRREGULAR VERBS. [} 67. 
 
 14. Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch. 
 
 Compounds: — tingo, — tigi, — tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at- 
 tigi, attactum, attingere, to touch, reach. 
 
 15. Tendo, tetendi, tentum smd temum, tender e, to stretch, 
 
 spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares). 
 
 The compounds are without the reduplication and generally 
 with the Sup. : — tentum, as : contendo, contendi, contentum, 
 contendere, to draw together, exert one's self, strive. 
 
 16. Tundo, tutudiy tuns'um, tmidere, to beat, stun. 
 
 Compounds : — tundo, — tudi — tusum — tundere, as : contundo, 
 contudi, contusum, contundere, to break in pieces, crush. 
 
 Rem. 1. The two following verbs have the reduplication in the Pres. 
 and retain it in the other tenses : 
 
 brbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also its compounds), 
 sisto, stiti, statum sistere, to place, stop (so its compounds). 
 
 Rem. 2. The compounds of dare with monosyllabic words (comp ^ 
 55, II, 1.) also belong to this class, as : addo, addidi, additum, addere, 
 to add, 
 
 C V. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Concinere, to sing to- evertere, to ovtrthrow, proverbium, i, n. pro- 
 
 gether, sound to- demolish. verb. 
 
 gether. inspicere, to look upon, fides, is,/ siring; fidi- 
 
 excidere, to cut off, des- view. bus, canere, to play 
 
 troy. recedere, to go back, with a stringed in- 
 
 obtingere, to fall to retire. strument. 
 
 one^s lot. restituere, to restore. frigus, oris, n. cold. 
 
 confirmare, to render emollire, to soften. innoxius, a, um, inno- 
 
 pemianent. epulae, arum, /. a cent. 
 
 devolare, tofy away. meal, feast. noctu, adv. by night. 
 
 populari, to lay waste. praesto, adv. present. 
 
 Et discas oportet, et, quod didicisti, agendo confirmes. Male parta 
 male dilabuntur. Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore 
 pulsae recedunt ; ita falsi amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt ; 
 simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. Quid casurum 
 sit, incertum est. Quod cuique obtlgit, id quisque teneat. Clitum 
 amicum senem et innoxium a se occisum esse, Alexander dolebat. 
 Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, emollit mores, nee sinit esse feros 
 (eos). Non tarn utilitas, parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse 
 delectat. Hannibalem non fefellit, ferocius, quam consultius rem hos- 
 tes gesturos esse. Ex quo (sc. tempore) pecunia in honoi-e fuit, verus 
 reruni honor occidit Silva vetus ceddit, ferro quam nemo cecidit. 
 
$ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 189 
 
 Epaminondas fidibns praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur. Cato scribit, pris- 
 cos Romanos in epulis cecinisse ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes 
 atque virtutes. Datur cohortibus signum cornuaque ac tubae con-' 
 cinuerunt. In pugna, ad Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum' 
 natum commissa, quindecirn milia Romanorum in acie caesa sunt; 
 decern milia, sparsa fuga per omnem Etruriam, diversis itineribus 
 urbem petierunt. 
 
 Constat, Numantiam a Scipione excisam et eversam esse. Si id, 
 quod dixi, falsiim erat ; cur me non refellisti ? Hostes pacem nobis- 
 cum pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis captos restitueremus. Cleomenes, 
 Lacedaemonius, quum triginta dierum essent cum hoste pactae indu- 
 tiae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium 
 indutiae. Dux, quum urbem cepisset, aedificiis omnibus, publicis et 
 privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda, non 
 expugnanda cum exercitu, urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites, 
 furore capti, juraverunt se non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non 
 infantibus parsuros esse. Ovorum inter se similitudo est in proverbio ; 
 tamen Deli* fuerunt complures, qui, permultas gallinas alentes, quum 
 ovum inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant. Mihi 
 crede, te tua virtute maximam laudem tibi pariturum 
 
 C VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Compungere, to prick, conclamare, to cry out doliarium, i, n. cellar. 
 
 mark. together. festivitas, atis,/. agree- 
 
 condere, to found, pre- stimulare, to goad. ahleness. 
 
 serve. sustentare, to preserve, loquacltas, atis, /. lo- 
 distinguere, to distin- sustain. [forth. quacity. 
 
 guish. erumpere, to break potus, us, m. drink. 
 
 percurrere, to run nota, ae, /. sign, mark, spurius, a^ um, spuri- 
 
 through. adversarius, i, m. ad- ous. 
 perdere, to destroy, ruin. versary. 
 
 Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie omnes illius 
 machinationes contudit. Admiramur praeclaros illos viros, qui sem- 
 per summis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque 
 contenderunt. Garrulus homo loquaciiate sua aures meas plane tu- 
 tudit. Die, a quo haec grana tunsa sint. Metellus in Numidiam pro- 
 ficiscitur magna spe civium ; avaritia enim magistratuum ante id tem- 
 pus in Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae 
 erant. Verres, simulac tetigit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum 
 se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri. Duae in Capitolio 
 
 * at Delos. See Synt. § 92. 
 
190 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67. 
 
 aedes multaque alia aedificia uno anno de coelo tacta snnt Agesilaus, 
 quotiescunque congressus est cum hostibus, multo majores adversario- 
 rum copias pepulit. Tu temeritatis tuae maximas poenas pependisti. 
 Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro te- 
 meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis, pensum esse. Milites, nrbem in- 
 gress!, non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo- 
 Buerunt. Tu ex animo scrupuluni evellisti, qui me dies noctesque sti- 
 mulavitac pupugit. Philosophia, si pau[)ertas moniordit, si ignominia 
 pupugit, si quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum pro- 
 prias consolationes adhibet. Festivitatem habet narratio, distincta per- 
 sonis et interpuncta sermonibus. Aristarchus, grammaticus, eos 
 Homeri versus, qui spurii ei videbantur, notis quibusdam compunxit. 
 Omnes cives, belli calamitatibus confecti, paceni expoposcerunt. Ro- 
 mani in doliariis cond^ta habebantvina, pipere et melle condUa. Grae- 
 ciae civitates, dum imperare singulae cupiunt, iniperium omnes perdi- 
 derunt. Perdltis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat. 
 
 The Gauls (Gallus, i,) have learned from the Greeks, to surround 
 [their] cities with walls. If any one has acquired (fut. perf ) riches in 
 a bad way (male), he will also lose them in a bad way. The thing 
 has turned out otherwise than (atque) I had expected. Alexander, 
 seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old man. 
 Thy friendship has always afforded me the greatest pleasure. The 
 faithless friend has deceived me. After my sister had sung (perf) 
 alone (solus), we all sang together (perf). It is known, that Scipio 
 demolished (perf) Numantia. The old oak, which stood before (ante) 
 our house, was (perf) felled yesterday. Since Cleomenes had agreed 
 upon a truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by 
 night, because he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights. 
 We have heard, that peace has been agreed upon (= bargained) with 
 the enemy. The ship having struck against a rock, made (perf of 
 facere) shipwreck. 
 
 The citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar, who had already spared 
 other captured cities, would also spare theirs. It is not to be doubted, 
 that our army, which under the conduct of a bad genercd (duce malo im- 
 peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by its bravery, under the 
 conduct of a good general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) greater 
 praise. A victory gained by treachery, redounds (= is) to (dat.) the 
 conqueror not for praise but for disgrace. The rashness of Catiline 
 was crushed by the prudence of Cicero. The dart will be discharged 
 (emittere) so much the more violently, the more (magis) the bow has 
 been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere). As 
 
$ 68.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 191 
 
 Caesar entered (ingredi, subj.) the captured city, the inhabitants extend- 
 ed (perf!) [their] hands to (ad) him, and entreated [orare, perf.) him, 
 that he would spare them. Why dost thou weep boy ? because I have 
 been struck. Who has struck thee ? 
 
 The firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have 
 weakened the attack of the forth-breaking enemies. Scarcely had I 
 reached the house, when it was (perf.) struck (= touched) by lightning 
 (de coelo). Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack. 
 The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of ge- 
 rund). The traitor has paid just punishment for his offence. As soon 
 as the horns sounded (perf. of canere\ all the soldiers ran (perf.) to- 
 gether. Virtue sustains itself, even if (etiamsi) it may have lost all. 
 
 § 68. VIII. Inchoative Verbs. 
 All inchoative verbs (in sco), i. e. verbs which express a he- 
 coming or beginning of the idea contained in the primitive, fol- 
 low the third Conj. and coincide in the Perf. and Sup. with 
 their primitives, as : 
 
 inveterasco (from inveterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, invete- 
 
 rascere, to grow old; 
 exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere, to be- 
 come inflamed, to be kindled ; 
 indolesco (from doUre), indolui, indolitum, indolescere, to feel 
 
 pain ; 
 revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictiim, reviviscere, to come 
 
 to life again, revive ; 
 concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concupis- 
 
 cere, to desire (earnestly) ; 
 obdormisco (from dormlre), obdormivi, obdormitum, obdor- 
 miscere, to fall asleep. 
 
 Remark. The inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo, ui, olere, to 
 grow., (§ 58, HI, 4.) vary in their formation in the following way : 
 
 adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up. 
 
 exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old, 
 
 inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to grow into. 
 Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere, to grow old, obsolete^ 
 varies from its primitive, solere. Very many inchoative verbs want the 
 Sup., as : incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become warm (from caleo, ui, 
 itum, ere, to be warm). Some want both Perf and Sup., as : ni.gesco, 
 /increase (from, augeo, xi, ctum, ere). Here especially, belong the 
 inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as : 
 
192 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 68. 
 
 repuerascere, to become a boy again ; only a small number of these 
 form the Perf. which is in ui, as : maturesco, maturui, maturescere, 
 to become mature. 
 
 C VII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Coalesce, lui, lltum 3. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- adv^rtere, to turn (hith- 
 
 to grow together, coa- come light, daivn. er). 
 
 lesce. recrudesce, dui 3. to auditor, oris, m. hearer. 
 
 consanesco, nui 3. to be- break out afresh. viscus, eris, n. bowels. 
 
 come well. rescisco, ivi or ii, itum adulterinus, a, um,adtU- 
 consenesco, nui 3. to 3. to ascertain. teraied, counterjeit. 
 
 grow old. condemnare, to can- contra, adv. on the con- 
 convalesco, lui 3. to be- demn ; capitis, to trary, other side. 
 
 come better, recover. death. quando, adv. when. 
 
 defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare, to Jiow 
 
 out, subside. through, Jlow along. 
 
 Crede, omnem diem tibi illuxisse supremum. Socratis responso 
 sic judices exarserunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissimum condem- 
 narent. Ratio, quum adolevit atque perfecta est, norainatur rite sa- 
 pientia. Quaeritur, si sapiens adulterinos nummos acceperit impru- 
 dens pro bonis, quum id rescierit, soluturusne sit eos pro bonis. Incre- 
 dibile memoratu est, quam facile Romnai ei Aborigines coaluerint. 
 Quum est concupita pecunia, nee adhibita continuo ratio, quae sanet 
 earn cupiditatem : permanat in venas et inhaeret in visceribus illud ma- 
 lum. Endymio, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormlvit, nec- 
 dum est experrectus. Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve- 
 tustatem obsoleverunt. Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu la- 
 borasti ? Ulius oratoris ardor animi, qui prius omnium auditorum ani- 
 mos ad se advertebat rapiebatque, jam plane defervit. Vulnus meum, 
 quod jam consanuisse videbatur, nunc recruduit. 
 
 Scarcely had the day dawned, when I commenced ( perf. of ag- 
 gredi) my journey. A bloody war broke out (= was kindled) between 
 (inter) the Romans and Carthaginians. Catiline addressed (perf.) his 
 associates with these words: Our (= to us) age is vigorous (vigere), 
 the soul is strong (valere) ; on the other side, all is grown old by years 
 and riches. As soon as Caesar ascertained (perf), that the enemies 
 were approaching, he led out (perf) the soldiers from the camp. In 
 a short time, the minds of all had coalesced into (abl.) so great (tan- 
 tus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) was for- 
 gotten. I have perceived with great pleasure from thy letter, that thou 
 hast recovered from thy long continued sickness. The sedition of the 
 
$ 69.] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1935 
 
 soldiers, which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the 
 general, broke out afresh (perf) during his absence (eo absente.) 
 
 § 69. Fourth Conjugation. 
 L Perfect : — ivi and — Hi ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Sepelioy sep el'ivi, s epultum, "sepellre, to bury. 
 
 2. Sdlio, sdlui, sal turn, sdlire, to leap. 
 
 The compounds have : — silio, — silui, — sultum, — silire, as : 
 assilio, assilui, assultum, assilire, to leap upon. 
 
 II. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Competio, comperi, compertum, comptrlre, to as- 
 
 certain. 
 
 2. Reperio, reperi, r epertum, reperire, to find, dis- 
 
 cover. 
 
 But : aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open, uncover, operio, rm*, rtum, 
 rire, to cover. 
 
 3. Ve7iio, V eni, ventum, venire, to come. 
 
 III. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — turn. 
 
 1. Amicio, {a mix i and amicui, both rare), amictum, ami- 
 
 clre, to clothe. 
 
 2. Farcio, fa rsi, fartum, farclre, to stuiF. 
 
 The compounds have : — fercio, — fersi, — fertum, fercire, as : 
 refercire, to stuff full, JUl up. 
 
 3. Fulcio, fulsi, fultum, fulcire, to support. 
 
 4. Haurio, hausi, haustum, haurlre, to draw. 
 
 5. Sancio, sanxi, sancltum (rare sanctum ; but sanctus, 
 
 a, um, as adjective, sacred), sancire, to sanction. 
 
 6. Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarcire, to patch, repair, re- 
 
 store. 
 
 7. Sepio, sep si, septum, sepire, to hedge around. 
 
 8. Vindo, vinxi, vine turn, vinclre, to bind, confine. 
 
 IV. Perfect: — si; Supine: — sum. 
 
 Sentio, sen si, sen sum, sentire, to feel, think, suppose. 
 
 C VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translaMon. 
 
 Consentire, to agree dissentire, to disagree, desilire, to leap down, 
 with. dissent. transilire,'to leap over. 
 
 17 
 
194 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 69. 
 
 exhaurire, to exhaust. dumfetum, i, n. thicket, coetus, us, m. assembly. 
 indagare, to search out. ludibrium, i, n. sport. affluenter, adv. plenti- 
 d\spe]]ere,to drive asun- parricidium, i, n. par- fully. 
 
 der, disperse. ricide. immortaliter, adv. im- 
 
 cateiia, ae,/. chain. ciiratio, 6nis,y! cure. mortally. 
 
 munificentia, ae,/. mw- explorator, oris, m. a rursus, arfu. again. 
 
 nijkence. spy. \nor. undique, adv. from all 
 
 documentum,], n.proo/I rector, oris, m. gover- sides. 
 
 Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt : Probe vixit, improbos vin- 
 xity hostes vicit. Hostes victi et catenis vincti in servitutem abducti 
 sunt. Imperium justis Icgibus fultum esse debet. Rex, pace compos- 
 ita, rempublicam labefactatam sua virtute fuJsit. Virtus difficilis inven- 
 tu est : rectorem ducemque desiderat. Artes innuinerabiles repertae 
 sunt, docente natura. Vita, si undique referta bonis est, beata dicitur. 
 Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt. Occultae inimicitiae magis timen- 
 dae sunt, quam apertae. Quis est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam 
 senserit 7 Dii, induti specie humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt, 
 hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel- 
 lis reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt. Quo quis affluentius voluptates 
 undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque sitiet. Spero, te mecumcon- 
 sensurum esse. Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves- 
 titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit. Fama est, ludibrio fratris Re- 
 mum novos urbis muros transiluisse. Lycurgus nihil lege ulla in alios 
 sanxit, cujus non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hipplas gloria- 
 tus est, pallium, quo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Spera- 
 mus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria 
 omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores 
 comperit, hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit. Nebula, 
 liora quarta sole dispulsa, aperHit diem. Plato Athenis* in Academia 
 sepultus est. Eodem loco nostra memoria sepultus est Carolus Odo- 
 fredus Mlillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de an- 
 tiquitatis disciplina immortaliter meritus. 
 
 The state shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of 
 the king. Trajan alone of (gen.) all the citizens is buried with- 
 in (intra) the city [of] Rome. Men have invented innumerable arts, 
 nature teaching them (abl. abs.). Cicero's writings upon (de) philoso- 
 phy, are filled up with the most excellent principles of virtue. The 
 just king has supported his government by just laws. O king, thou 
 art to be pronounced (= extolled) happy, who hast always lived up- 
 rightly, hast bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. The 
 cities are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls. Many philoso- 
 
 * at Athens. See Synt. § 92. 
 
no.] 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 195 
 
 pliers say, that tlie soul of man has been drawn from (ab) the divine 
 nature. The horsemen leaped down (perf.) from (ex) their horses and 
 fought (perf) on foot (= footmen). I know not, what thou hast thought 
 (sentire) concerning my plan ; but I hope, that thou wilt not dissent 
 from it. What has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by 
 men. Solon (Solo, onis) ordained (= sanctioned perf.) nothing con- 
 cerning parricide, because it had not been committed before his tirm 
 (=r him). Peace, in a short [time], has repaired all the losses of the 
 war. All the former (superior) losses are repaired by one victory. 
 Whence hast thou ascertained, that my brother will come to-day ? 
 Just as physicians, when they have discovered the cause of the sickness 
 (abl. abs.) believing that they have discovered the cure, so shall we, 
 when the cause of sorrow is discovered, find the ability of curing (gen. 
 of gerund) [it]. As the old man entered (subj.) the assembly, all un- 
 covered (perf) [their] heads; but as he left (subj.) it, all covered (perf) 
 [their] heads again. God has enclosed (== hedged in) and covered the 
 eyes with (abl.) very delicate membranes. 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 § 70. 1) Pos-sam^ pot-Hi, posse, to be able (can). 
 
 Preliminary Remark. Possum is composed of pot-is, e (able), and 
 the verb sunu 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Indicative. Subjunctive. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 pos-*um, I am 
 
 pos-sim, I may 
 
 pot-m, I have 
 
 pot-uerim, I may 
 
 able (can) 
 
 be able 
 
 been able 
 
 have been able 
 
 p6t-e5, 
 
 pos-sw. 
 
 pot-uisti 
 
 pot-ueris 
 
 pot-est, 
 
 pos-sit, 
 
 p6t-uU 
 
 pot-uerit 
 
 pos-sumuSf 
 
 pos-simus, 
 
 pot-uimus 
 
 pot-uerlmus 
 
 ^t-estiSf 
 
 pos-sUis, 
 
 pot-uistis 
 
 pot-ueritis 
 
 pos-sunt. 
 
 pos-sint. 
 
 p6t-uerunt{ere) 
 
 pot-uerint. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 Pluperfect. | 
 
 pot-eram, I was pos-scm, I might 
 
 pot-Meram, 1 had 
 
 pot-uissem, I 
 
 able (could) be able 
 
 been able 
 
 m'ht have been a. 
 
 pot-eras, etc. pos-se*, etc. 
 
 pot-ueras, et<5. 
 
 p6t-uiss€S, etc. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 
 pot-ero, I shall be able 
 
 p6t'Uero, I shall have been able 
 
 pot-erw, etc. 
 
 pot-ueris, etc. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 Pres. pos-5e, to be able 
 
 p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able. 
 
 Peif. pot-wme, to have been able 
 
 The remaining Part are wanting. 
 
 Fut. wanting. 
 
 
 Imperative 
 
 wanting. 
 
196 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 70. 
 
 CIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Celare (aliquem ali- constitiiere, io establish, effector, oris, m. crea- 
 quid), io conceal constitute. tor. [situation, 
 
 (something from desistere, to desist, cease, situs, us, m. condition, 
 
 some one). [ate. inducere, to lead to, adeo, adv. so, so very. 
 
 enumerare, to enumer- induce. injuste, adv. unjustly. 
 
 meditari (c. ace), to mitescere (without \mnium,adv.Jirst. 
 
 think [of something). Perf or Sup.) <o be- proinde quasi,jw5< a* i/*. 
 
 pejerare, to swear false- come mild, tame. 
 
 b- 
 
 Pergite, pueri, atque in id studium, in quo estis, incumbite, ut et vo- 
 bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae emohmiento esse possitis ! 
 Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. Hoc quotidfe meditare, 
 ut possis aequo animo vitara relinquere. Quidam idciico, deum esse, 
 Bon putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur : proinde quasi nostram 
 ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus, 
 possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ? 
 Nihil tarn difficile est, quin (= ut non) quaerendo investigari possit. 
 Sic cogitandum est, tanquam aliquis in pectus intimum inspicere pos- 
 sit ; et potest Satis nobis persuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hom- 
 inesque celare possimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potes- 
 tisne dubitare, quin deus universum mundum gubernet ? Non possu- 
 mus. Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ? 
 
 Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati. Marcel- 
 lus pedites primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu 
 in hostem erumpere jussit. Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus 
 j>osset, patriam juvare. Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exer- 
 citum contra hostes duxit. Casus est, quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel 
 non evenire, vel aliter evenire potuerit. Omnes mundi partes ita con- 
 stitutae sunt, ut neque ad usum meliores potuerint esse, neque ad spe- 
 ciem pulchriores. Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi- 
 dere satis potuit, ne occuparetur. Vix Caesar milites e castris educere 
 potuerat, quum hostes impfitum fecerunt. Quid enumerem artium 
 multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset ? Quern, ut 
 mentiatur, inducere possumus ; [eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter- 
 imus. Dolorem, si non potero frangere, occultabo. Facile intelligitur, 
 nee figuram situmque membrorum nosirorum, nee ingenii mentisque 
 vim effici potuisse fortuna. Hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis, amici- 
 tiam esse non posse. 
 
 If you earnestly apply (fut) yourselves to the study of literature, you 
 will be able to be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and 
 
^71.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 197 
 
 the state. Socrates thought daily of this, that he might be able to die 
 with equanimity. Canst thou tell me, why thy brother is not able to 
 come to me to-day ? No. When you contemplate the whole world, you 
 are not able to doubt, that it is ruled by a divine mind (mens). The 
 wise can be happy, even when they are tortured. If we cultivate (co- 
 lere) virtue, we can always be happy. 
 
 Why cannot thy brothers come to me to-day ? 1 do not know, why 
 they cannot. But why could they not come yesterday ? They could 
 not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What 
 could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race, 
 fairer and more noble than reason ? The enemies had not as yet been 
 able to draw their troops together, as Caesar made (perf ) an attack 
 upon (in) them. Who believes, that the world can have been (= may 
 have been a We to be) made by chance ? 
 
 § 71. 2) Edo^ edi, essum, edere and esse, to eat. 
 
 The whole irregularity of this verb, arises from its having forms like 
 those beginning with es of the verb sum, which are used at the same 
 time with the regular form ; but the form es from edo is long, from sum 
 short. 
 
 Pres. Ind. 
 
 fmperf. Subj. 
 
 6do, Sdis and es, edit and est, ediinus, editis and cslis, edunt. 
 
 ederem and essem, ederes and esses, ederet and esset, 
 ederemus and essemus. ederetis and essetis. edereni and essent 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 Sing. 2. ede and es Plur. 2. edite and este. 3. edunto. 
 2. and 3. ediio a.nd esto . ediioie a-nd estate. 
 
 Remark. So also its compounds, as : comedo, / eat, consume, comedis 
 and comes, etc. The forms not given in the above table are regular. 
 
 ex. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Symbola, ae, /. a con- argentum vivum, n. familiaris, e, belonging 
 
 tribution of money quicksilver, to the family ; res fa- 
 
 orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n. space. miliaris, estefe. 
 
 lis edere, to eat at curculio, onis, m. com- perrumpere, to break 
 
 common expense. worm. through. 
 
 adolescentulus, i, m. moles, is,/, mxiss. vae, interj. alas! 
 young man, yovih. 
 
 Esse oportet, ut vivamus ; non viv6re, ut edamus. Modice bibite et 
 este. Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent. 
 Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animimi planeque 
 17* 
 
198 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [^2. 
 
 confitciL Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt Argentum vivum 
 exest ac perrumpit vasa. Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve- 
 tustas monumenta exesset. Quae unquam moles tarn firma fiiit, quam 
 non exessent undae ? Vae vobis, qui oranem rem familiarem luxuria 
 comestis ! Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur solitus, quia consu- 
 mit aetas temporum spatia. 
 
 Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age 
 consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that 
 (ut) I might eat with thee. I know not, where you ate yesterday. My 
 brother had called us in order to eat (sup.). An unripe grape is bitter 
 to eat (sup. in w). I feared that the sorrow (aegritudo) would con- 
 sume thy mind. Alas to thee, who consumest thy whole estate ! 
 
 § 72. 3) Fero^ tuli, latum^ferre^ to bear, bring. 
 
 Present Active. 
 Ind. ferOjferSfJert, 
 
 ferim u s, fertis, fer u nt. 
 
 Present Passive. 
 Ind. ^ror, ferrisj fertur, 
 
 ferimur, ferlmini, feruntur. 
 
 Infinitive, ferre, to bear. 
 
 Infinitive, ferri, to be borne. 
 
 Im- 
 per. 
 
 S. ^.ferJeHo PI. 2.ferte,fert6te 
 S.ferto. 3. ferunto. 
 
 S. 2.ferre,fertor PI. 2. ferimrni,-nor 
 S.fertor. 3. feruntor. 
 
 Imperf. Subj. Active, 
 ferrem, ferres, ferret, 
 ferremus, ferretis, ferrent. 
 
 Imperf. Subj. Passive, 
 ferrer, ferreris (e), ferretur, 
 ferremur, fen-emini, ferrentur. 
 
 Rem. 1. The remaining forms are derived regularly from fero, tuli, 
 latum : Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e) ; Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere- 
 bar; Fut. feram, es, ferar, eris (e) ; Subj. Perf. tulerim ; Plupf tuleram, 
 tulissem ; Inf. Perf. tulisse ; Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse ; Part. Ad. 
 ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um ; Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, um ; Ger, 
 ferendum. 
 
 Rem. 2. In the same manner the compounds, as : offero, obtuli, 
 oblatum, ofFerre, to offer. From the stem of the Perf. tuli is derived : 
 tollo, sus-tuli, sub-latum, tollere, to raise, take away, carry off. 
 
 The Perf and Sup. are from sufiero (i. e. sursum fero, / carry aloft), 
 from which, suffer© (L e. sub. and fero), sustuli, sufferre, to bear, endure^ 
 is to be carefully dietinguished. 
 
 CXI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Affero, attuli, allatum 3. to bear away, take tum 3. to bring to- 
 
 3. to bring to, bring. away. gether, compare. 
 
 aufero, abstuli, ablatum confero, contuli, coUa- defero, detuli, delatum 
 
} 72.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 190 
 
 3. to bring down, praefero, tuli, latum 3. gigas, antis, m. giant. 
 
 offer. to prefer. aeternttas, atis, /. eter- 
 
 efFero, extuli, elatum refero, tuli, latum 3. nity. 
 
 3. to bear forth, bury. to bring back, refer. funditus, adv. from the 
 
 infero, intuli, illatum, decedere, to go forth, foundation, wholly. 
 
 to bring against ; bel- die. qui (for quo), how, by 
 
 lum infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher. whom, by what, etc. 
 
 make war upon one. 
 
 Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium. Confer nostram longissimam 
 aetatem cum aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur. Quid quaeque nox, 
 aut dies ferat, incertum est. Incumbe in earn curam et cogitationem, 
 quae tibi summam dignitatem et gloriam afFerat Ferre laborem con- 
 suetudo docet. Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quis- 
 que maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ; ita minime 
 est vir bonus. Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus 
 commodis praeferre oportet. Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre, 
 quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui 
 non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita claris 
 viris defertur et datur. .. 
 
 Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efFerretur, vix reliqu^- 
 rit. Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum diis intulisse. Socrates eundem 
 vultum domum referebat, quern domo extulerat. Quod auri, quod 
 argenti, quod ornamentorum in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id Verres abstulit. 
 Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt. 
 Pietate ad versus deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani generis 
 tollitur. Qui, deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem funditus 
 sustulerunt ? Caritate benevolentiaque sublata, omnis est e vita sub- 
 lata jucunditas. 
 
 Bring thou aid to the wretched and the destitute! If we compare 
 our longest age with eternity, it will be necessary that we acknowledge 
 (subj.) that it is very short. What can bring to us a fairer joy, than 
 virtue. The noble (probus) youth bore (fero) and did all, he sweated 
 and shivered {perf. in each case). Julius Caesar took away (perf ) from 
 king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents (gen.). What bringest thou, 
 my boy ? I bring a present which my father presents to thee. Dost 
 thou not know, that Epicurus has referred all [things] to (ad) plea- 
 sure ? Pleasure is i)referred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we 
 do, must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have 
 made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures 
 were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has 
 often been removed (= taken away) by exercise. The enemies were 
 
200 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [U3. 
 
 SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers. I 
 did not doubt, that you would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered 
 (affero) you with equanimity. Through cruelty we are borne [on] to 
 the foulest crimes. We feared, that war would be preferred by you 
 to peace. Thou wilt be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. Soli- 
 tude takes away the enjoyment of all pleasures. Thou shouldst not 
 be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. When the news was 
 brought (subj.) that the enemy approached, Caesar led out (perf ) his 
 soldiers from the camp. The wretched [man] asked us, that we 
 would bring aid to him (sibi). 
 
 § 73. 4) Voloj volui^ velle, to will, wish. 
 
 no/o (from ne volo), nolui nolle ^ to be unwilling ; 
 mala (from magis volo), mdlui^ malle^ to choose 
 (would) rather. 
 
 Indicative, 
 
 Subjunctive. 1 
 
 
 volo 
 
 nolo malo 
 
 velim 
 
 nolim mdlim 
 
 . 
 
 vis 
 
 non vis mavis 
 
 veils 
 
 noils malls 
 
 g 
 
 vult 
 
 non vult mavult 
 
 velit 
 
 nollt xnallt 
 
 i^ 
 
 vo\ii,mus 
 
 nolwmiw maliimus 
 
 vellmus 
 
 nollmus malimus 
 
 '^ 
 
 vultis 
 
 non vultis mavultis velUis 
 
 nolUis malltis 
 
 
 volunt 
 
 nolunt malunt. velint 
 
 nolint rmdint. 
 
 '^ 
 
 volebam 
 
 nolebam malebam \vellem 
 
 nollem mallem 
 
 •-^ 
 
 volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.'veWc5, etc 
 
 . nolles, etc. malles^ etc. 
 
 
 volam, es. 
 
 etc. nolam, es, etc. 
 
 malam, es, etc. 
 
 
 Imperative (of volo and malo wanting). 1 
 
 S. 2. nol i, nol i 1 ; 3. nol i t o ; PI. 2. nol i t e, nol i to t e ; a nolunto. | 
 
 - 
 
 Participle. 
 
 
 volens, ntis ; nolens, ntis ; 
 
 of malo it is wanting. 
 
 Remark. The forms derived from the Perf are regular: volui, nolui, 
 malui ; voluerim, noluerim, maluerim ; Inf. voluisse, noluisse, inaluisse ; 
 Plupf. volueram, nolueram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluis- 
 sem ; Fut. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are 
 wanting. / / q i a/- , 
 
 <*fi' CXII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Defatigare, to weary, nobilitare, to make 
 maM weary ; pass, to knoum, renowned, 
 become weary. 
 
 publicare, to make pub- 
 lic. 
 
^ 73.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 201 
 
 sectari (c. ace), to fol- make Unding. serius, a, um, serious. 
 
 low after ^ pursue. necessitas, atis, /. ne- ejusniodi, of this sortf 
 
 adstringere, /o bind, to cessity. of this nature. 
 
 Qui virtutein suarn publicari vult, non virtuti laborat, sed gloriae. 
 Nonne poetae post mortem uobilitari volunt? Ego non eadem volo 
 senex, quae volui, adolescens. Si vis amari, ama. Bono mentis fru- 
 euduin est, si beati esse volumus. Docilis est, qui attente vult audire. 
 Omnia benefacta in luce se collocari volunt. Si acres ac diligentes 
 esse vultis, magna saepe intelligetis ex parvis. Quem docilem velis 
 facere, simul attentunr facias o})ortet. Sic cum inferiore vivamus, 
 quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem velimus vivere. Praeclare So- 
 crates banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret, 
 ut, qualis haberi vellet, talis esset. Si quis veram gloriam adipisci 
 volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit. 
 
 Nolilmus in conservandis bonis viris defatigari. Homines nolunt, 
 eundem pluribus rebus excellere. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in 
 serium convertere. Libero sum judicio, nulla ejusmodi adstrictus ne- 
 cessitate, ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa tuenda sententia. Socrates 
 noluit ex carcere educi, quum facile posset. Ego me Phidiam esse 
 mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an 
 ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis? Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam 
 alteri. Virtute in alia alius mavult excellere. Quibus id persuasum 
 est, ut nihil malint se esse, quam bonos viros ; iis reliqua facilis est 
 doctrina. Amicitiae est ea vis, ut, simulatque sibi aliquid, quam alteri, 
 malueritrtrHUa-&it. Vae vobis, qui divitias, quam virtutem sectari ma- 
 vultis! Malumus cum virtute paucis contenti esse, quam sine virtute 
 multa habere. Aristldes, Atheniensis, bonus esse malebat, quam 
 videri. 
 
 If w^e wish to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves, we do 
 not labor for virtue but for glory. Men [when] old, do not wish the 
 very same which they wished (perf ) [when] ypung. If you wish to 
 be loved by others, you must also love others. If thou wishest to be 
 happy, thou must cultivate virtue. Why does not thy brother wish 
 to take a walk with us ? Thou askest why he does not wish ; he does 
 wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business. If you wish 
 to undertake a great undertaking (negotium), you must make (adhib- 
 ere) diligent preparation. Wilt thou come to us to-day, or (an) wilt 
 thou not? we wish (Sub. pres.) to know. May you (= you will svhj. 
 pres. of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love. 
 If it is not allowed to live as we wish, we live as we can. We know 
 not, why you did not wish to come to us yesterday. 
 
202 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [^4. 
 
 Be thou unwilling to become weary in the preservation (gerund) of 
 good men. We are unwilling, that the very same [man] should ex- 
 cel in several things. They, who are bound by a certain (certus) sen- 
 timent, must defend it, [whether] they will [or] not Wouldst thou 
 live in the country, rather than in the city ? Many would (= choose 
 to) acquire riches, rather than virtue. Timoleon chose (perf.) to be 
 esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo). The wise choose to 
 stand upon (abl.) their own judgment, rather than [upon that] of an- 
 other. Who would not rather be virtuous (=: partaking of virtue, 
 compos), than rich? Would you rather live in the city, than in the 
 country ? we would rather live in the country. 
 
 § 74. 5) Eoy ivi, itum, ire, lo go. 
 
 Ten- 
 ses. 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subpmdive. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 Ifnpf 
 Futur. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Plpf 
 F. Perf 
 
 eo, is, It, i-mus, itis, eunt 
 i-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc. 
 l-6o, i-bis, i-bit, etc. i-bunt 
 i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc. 
 i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc. 
 i-v6ro, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 
 
 earn, eas, eat, edmus, edtis, eant 
 i-rem, i-res, i-ret, etc. 
 I-turus, a, uni sim, etc. 
 i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc. 
 i-vissem, i-visses, I-visset, etc. 
 
 Imperative. 
 S. 2. i, i-to, 3. i-to 
 P. 2. i-te, i-tote, 
 
 3. eunto. 
 
 Supine. 
 t-tura, 
 l-tu. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. I-ens, 
 Gen. euntis. 
 Fut.i-turus,a,um. 
 
 Gerund, 
 eundum 
 eundi 
 eundo etc. 
 
 Rem. I. In the same manner the compounds are declined, as : exeo, 
 / go out, go foHh, abeo, / go away, redeo, / return. So also : ven-eo, 
 ven-ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-Itum, ven-ire, <o be 5oW(Imper. Part, and Ger. 
 wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep- 
 tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres. 
 ambio, ambiam, Impf -ambieftam, ambirem. Part, anibiens, G. amhientis, 
 Perf ambm. Sup. amhltum, Part, amhitus (but the substantive is : am- 
 bitus, us, a going around), Ger. amhiendum. 
 
 Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the 
 Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as : abii, 
 abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero. 
 
 Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is 
 used of the passive forms, as: itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, Itum est, 
 one has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin. 
 in joined to their Supines, as : amatum iri. But the compounds with a 
 transitive meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as : 
 praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by^ prae- 
 
^ 74.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 303 
 
 teriris, — ^itur, — ^imnr, — imlni, — euntur; praeteribar, etc.; amlnor {am- 
 biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth 
 Conjugation. 
 
 CXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Adire, to corm to. emori, 3. to die. aliquando, adv. some- 
 c'lrcumire, to go aroundy casa, ae,/. a hut. time. 
 
 surround. angustiae, arum, y.nar- foede, adv. basely, in a 
 
 interire, to decay. row pass. base way. 
 
 obire, to die. silentium, i, n. silence, intempestive, adv. un- 
 
 perire, to go to ruin, excessus, us, m. depar- timely. 
 
 perish. tare. obviam, adv. against, to 
 
 transire, to pass over, praealtus, a, um, very meet. 
 
 thj'ough, away. high, very deep. sero, adv. late, too late. 
 
 Qui ad nos intempestive adeunt, molesti saepe sunt. Pleraque, ante 
 ociilos posita, transimus. Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus. Cor- 
 pus mortale allquo temi)6re interire necesse est. Pereunt aliquando 
 innocentes; quis neget.^ nocentes tamen saepius pereunt. Omnes 
 homines summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. Quis du- 
 bitet, quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit? Potius sero, quam nun- 
 quam, obviam eundum est audaciae temeritatique. Omnes cives mili- 
 tibus, qui e bello domum redibant, laeti obviam ibant. Si ita natura 
 paratum esset, ut ea dormientes agei-ent, quae somniarent, alligandi 
 omnes essent, qui cubitum irent. Illud erat insitum priscis, esse in 
 morte sensum, neque excessu vitae sic deleri hominem, ut funditus 
 interiret. Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hostium 
 circumiretur. Romulus ad deos transisse credltus est. Augustus obiit 
 septuagesimo et sexto aetatis anno. Mihi nunquam persuaded potuit, 
 animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere ; quum exissent 
 ex iis, emori. Quicquid translit temporis, perlit. Quum rure rediero, 
 statim te adibo. Pompeius multique alii clari viri foede perierunt. I, 
 quo te fata vocant. Abiit ad deos Hercules : nunquam abisset, nisi, 
 quum inter homines esset, cam sibi viam munivisset. Muros turresque 
 urbis praealtum mare ambiebat. 
 
 Be on thy guard, that thou dost not go to one untimely. Very 
 much which is set before our eyes, is passed over by us. Our body 
 will decay at some time; but that our soul will decay, we cannot be- 
 lieve. Go spiritedly against self-confidence and rashness. Who does 
 not know, how often great men come (= go) forth from huts! As 
 the soldiers were returning (subj.) home from the war, all the citizens 
 went (perf ) to meet them. In the spring the swallows return to us, 
 
204 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 [§75. 
 
 in the autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of 
 the woods, he was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the 
 soul shall have left the body, it will be happy. We shall go out to 
 meet our parents, who are returning from the country to the city. 
 Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished in a base way ? The 
 orators pass over all (plur.) that appears base to speak (sup. in u). 
 The men, who pass (part, of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire) 
 without fame. 
 
 § 75. 6) QueOj quivi^ quitiim, qmre, to be able (can) ; and ne- 
 qneo, nequivi, neqiiitum, neqvlre, not to be able (cannot). 
 
 Both these verbs are inflected throughout like eo, ivi, itum, ire, to go. 
 Many of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good 
 prose, not at all. These forms are omitted in the following table. 
 
 Indicative 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Pres. 
 
 queo 
 
 nequeo 
 
 queam 
 
 nequearn 
 
 
 
 nequls 
 
 queas 
 
 nequeas 
 
 
 
 nequit 
 
 queat 
 
 nequeat 
 
 
 
 nequlii^us 
 
 queamus 
 
 nequeamus 
 
 
 
 nequltis 
 
 queatis • 
 
 nequeatis 
 
 
 queunt 
 
 nequeunt 
 
 queant 
 
 nequeant 
 
 Impf. 
 
 
 nequlbam 
 
 
 nequTrem 
 
 Perf. 
 
 quivi 
 
 nequivi 
 
 quiverim 
 
 nequlverim 
 
 Plpf. 
 
 quivfiram 
 
 nequlveram 
 
 quivissem 
 
 nequissem 
 
 F. Perf. 
 
 quivero 
 
 nequlvero 
 Infinitive. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Participle. 
 
 nequiens 
 
 Perf. 
 
 quivisse 
 
 nequivisse 
 
 
 nequeuntis, etc. 
 
 Supine : 
 
 quitum, 
 
 quitu (of nequeo it is ^ 
 
 vanting). 
 
 The remaining forms 
 
 are w 
 
 antinsj, or 
 
 occur but rarely. 
 
 
 
^76.] 
 
 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 2^S 
 
 § 76. 7) Flo, f actus sum, fieri, to become, to happen. 
 Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the Pass, of fado, (See 
 
 §65, 
 
 4.) 
 
 
 
 
 Indicative. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 
 Pr. 
 
 Imp. 
 Fut. 
 
 Prf 
 
 PJpf 
 
 Fut. 
 Prf 
 
 fl-o, fl-s, fi-t, fl-unt 
 
 fi-ebam, fi-ebas, etc. 
 
 fl-am, fi-es, fi-et, 
 fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent 
 
 factus, a, um sura 
 
 factus, a, um eram 
 
 factus, a, um ero 
 
 fl-am, f i-as, f i-at, 
 fl-amus, fl-atis, flant 
 
 fi-erem, fi-eres, etc. 
 
 Participle. 
 Pres. wanting. 
 
 Perf factus, a, um 
 
 Fut. faciendus (a, um) 
 be done. 
 futurus (a, um), 70 
 All the remaining for 
 cur but rarely. 
 
 Pres. fieri ; 
 Pf factus, a, um esse ; 
 Fut. factum iri, or fu- 
 tftrura esse, or fore. 
 
 
 what should or must 
 
 hat will come to pass. 
 ms are wanting or oc- 
 
 
 Remark. The compounds ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, re- 
 tain /acio in the Act. and Jio in the Pass., as: calefScio, calefeci, cale- 
 factum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, cal- 
 fieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the 
 Act. — ficio, — feci, — fectum, — ficere, and in the Pass. — ficior, — fectus 
 sum, — fici, as : perficio, perfeci, perfectum, perficere, to accomplish, per- 
 ficior, perfectus sum, perfici. Only a few compounds with prepositions 
 form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit 
 (for conjicitur], it is accomplished, confieri ; defit, it is wanting, de/iet. 
 
 CXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Exulcerare, fo imtefe, e\6(\u\, to pronoxmce. crebro, adv. frequently, 
 
 make worse. adversus, a, um, oppo- fataliter, adv. conforma- 
 
 generare, to make. site. bly to fate. [times. 
 
 retinere, to hold back, cogitato, adv. with pre- interdum, adv. some- 
 prevent, meditation. polite, adv. elegantly. 
 
 Intueri solem adversum neqmmus. Decori vis ea est, ut ab honesto 
 non queat separari. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cu- 
 pientes tenere nequeamus. Die, utriim queas, an nequeas mecum ire. 
 Quum hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita 
 sese receperunt. Quum dux precibus retinere militem nequiret, vim 
 adhibendam censuit. Saepe imperiti medici ea, quaesanare nequeunt, 
 exulcerant. Quum Demosthenes " rho" dicere nequiret, exercitatione 
 fecit, ut planissime diceret 
 
 Ex inimico cogita posse fieri amicum. Nemo fit casu bonus. Si 
 18 
 
206 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77. 
 
 fato omnia fiunt ; nihil nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus. Ne- 
 mo ignavia immortalis factus est. Permultum interest, utrurn pertur- 
 batione aliqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, an consulto et cogita- 
 to fiat injuria. Homo, quod crebro videt, non miratur, etiamsi, cur 
 fiat, nesciat. Non ita generati a natura sumus, ut ad ludum ei jocum 
 facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia 
 graviora atque majora. Prudentior fis, accedente senectute. Nego 
 esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex omni ae- 
 ternitate definita dico esse fataliter. Qua de caussa dicebas, omnia, 
 quae fierent futurave essent, fato contineri ? Fieri potest, ut recte 
 quis sentiat, et id, quod sentit, polite eloqui nequeat. 
 
 Men cannot look upon the opposite sun. The virtues are so (ita) 
 connected and joined together (inter se), that they cannot be separated 
 from each other. Ofl;en we cannot prevent a laugh, although (quam- 
 vis with Subj.) we would. Say, whether you can go with us, or can- 
 not There are many diseases which cannot (subj.) be cured. De- 
 mosthenes could not (perf ) at first pronounce " rho," but by exercise 
 he effected (= made), that he pronounced [it] very plainly. 
 
 If thou wishest to be learned, learn early. From an enemy, [onej 
 often becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance. 
 If all [things] happen (subj.) by chance, all (omnis) foresight is 
 useless. Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by 
 cowardice ? Men become wiser by age. Some philosophers were 
 uncertain, whether all (omniane) might happen by chance ; I am con- 
 vinced, that nothing happens by chance. 
 
 § 77. Defective Verbs, i. e. verbs of which only a few forms 
 
 are used. 
 1) Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent. 
 Trts. Ind. aio, ais, ait and aiunt. Subj. aias, aiat and aiant. 
 hnpf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat ; bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. wholly wanting.) 
 Part, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative). 
 
 2) Inquam, I say. 
 Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit; inqulmus, inquiunt. [Subj. inquiam]. 
 Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Subj. wanting). 
 Put. inquies and inquiet. Perf. inquisti and inquit. 
 
 Memini, meminisse (c. gen. and ace), to remember. 
 
 Odi, odisse, to hate. 
 
 Coepi, coepisse, to have begun. 
 
 Novi, n&visse (nosse), to be acquainted with, know. 
 
 3) 
 
 a- 
 
ni] 
 
 DEFECTIVE VERBS. 
 
 207 
 
 All four Perfects and the forms derived from them are entirely reg- 
 ular. 
 
 Perf. Ind. 
 
 memlni, / re- 
 memher 
 
 odi, / hate 
 
 coepi, I have 
 begun 
 
 novi, I know 
 
 Subj. 
 
 meminerim 
 
 odgrira 
 
 coeperim 
 
 novgrim (no- 
 rim) 
 
 Plpf. Ind. 
 
 memineram, / 
 
 odgram, I hated 
 
 coeperam, / 
 
 noveram (no- 
 
 
 remembered 
 
 
 hud begun 
 
 ram), / knew 
 
 Subj. 
 
 meminissem 
 
 odissem 
 
 coepissem 
 
 novissem (nos- 
 sem) 
 
 Fut. Ind. 
 
 memingro, / 
 
 odero, 1 will 
 
 coepero, I shall 
 
 novero (noro), 7 
 
 
 shall remem- 
 
 hate 
 
 have begun 
 
 shall know 
 
 
 ber 
 
 
 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 memento, re- 
 member thou 
 
 mementute, re- 
 member ye 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Inf. Perf. 
 
 meminisse 
 
 odisse 
 
 coepisse 
 
 novisse (nosse) 
 
 Fut. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 osurus esse 
 
 coepturus esse 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Particip. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 osus, exosus, 
 perusus, one 
 who hates, or 
 has hated very 
 much. 
 
 coepturus, one 
 
 xcho will begin 
 
 coeptus, begun. 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Remark. Kovi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am ac- 
 quainted with). Instead o^ coepi, coeperam, etc., coeptus sum, coeptua 
 eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass., 
 as: urbs aedificari coepta est, the city has begun to be built. The same 
 is the case with desino. 
 
 commemorare, to men- 
 tion, call to mind. 
 evanesco, nui 3. to dis- 
 
 CXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation. 
 
 Abominari, to execrate, comoedia, ae,/. comedy, credulus, a, um. credu- 
 institutum, i, n. an insti- 
 tution. 
 probrura, i. n, reproach, 
 appear. haruspex, icis, m. sooth- 
 
 hebesco (without Perf. sayer. 
 
 and Sup.). I am in- bellus, a, um, beatdifvl. 
 operative. consentaneus, a, um 
 
 proferre 3. to produce. suitable. 
 
 sapio, ui 3. to be wise. 
 
 Rule of Syntax. When the words of some one are quoted pre- 
 cisely as he spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the 
 words quoted ; but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted, 
 aio is used. 
 
 Contraria ea sunt, quorum alterum ait quid, alt^rum negat Cato 
 mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, haruspicem quum vidisset. 
 
 lovs. 
 
 invidus, a, um, envious. 
 dum, conj. (with the 
 
 Subj.) provided that. 
 sive (seu), or ; sive 
 
 (seu) — sive (seu), 
 
 whether — or, either 
 
208 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77. 
 
 Ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut voliiinus, non licet. Sus, ut aiunt, docet 
 Minervam. Tu ais, ego nego. Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui hon- 
 este non vivat, jucunde posse vivere. Quasi ego id curem, quid ille 
 aiat, aut neget ; illud quaero, quid ei, qui in voluptate summum bonum 
 putat, consentaneum sit dicere. Sive tu hoc ais, sive negas ; ego tue- 
 bor sententiam meam. Negantia contraria sunt aientibus. Ain' (for 
 aisne) tu ? quum res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris : 
 negabis, esse rem ullam, quae cognosci possit ? Aisne ? Aio. Ne- 
 gasne ? Nego. Agricola serit arbores, quae alieri saeculo prosint, ut 
 ait ilJe in Menandri comoedia. Non credlmus, inqultis, vera esse, quae 
 dicimus. Tu vero, inquisti, mihi molestus niinquam eris. Amicus 
 mens, inquies, nonne est homo beHus? Praeclare Plato: Beatum, in- 
 quit, cui etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sajjientiam verasque opin- 
 iones assequi possit. 
 
 I deny that, which thou assertest. If I say yes, he [also] says yes ; 
 if I say, no (deny), he also says no. It is said, that thou wilt leave the 
 city. I know not, whether thou affirniist the thing, or deniest [it]. 
 Affirmative (== affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative 
 (= denying) [opinions]. They said, that thy father set out for (ad) 
 Rome. It is delightful and becoming, says Horace, to die for one's 
 country. Thou hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps. Never, says he, is 
 a friend troublesome to me. 
 
 Meminerimus, etiam ad versus infimos justitiam esse servandam. 
 Animus memlnit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura provldet. Be- 
 neficia meminisse debet is, in quern colJata sunt, non commemorare, 
 qui contulit. Illud semper memento: Qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse 
 nequit, nequicquam sapit. Quod tu mihi dixisti, pulchre meminero. 
 Qui patriae beneficia meminerint, semper pro ejus salute arma capes- 
 sere parati erunt. Memento mori. 
 
 Omnes oderunt eum, qui immemor est beneficii. Libertatis inimi- 
 cos, effTci non potest, quin (= ut non) odgrim. Invidi virtutem et bo- 
 num alienum oderunt. Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur 
 atque oderit. Probos amamus, improbos odimus. Non dubito, quin 
 mali me oderint. Vox dira et abominanda : Oderint, dum metuant. 
 Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium. Judicem neque studere cuiquam de- 
 cet, neque odisse, neque irasci. Non ita amare debemus, ut si aliquan- 
 do osuri simus. Romani regum nomen perosi sunt. 
 
 Dimidium facti, qui bene coepit, habet, Oracula evanuerunt, post- 
 quam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt. Postquam divitiae ho- 
 nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebalur : he- 
 
^8.] IMPERSONAL VERBS. 209 
 
 bescere virtus, paupertas probro esse coepit. Turpe est, rem bene 
 coeptam male finire. Undique in murum lapldes conjici coepti sunt 
 Urbs obsideri coepta est, 
 
 Deum colit, qui novit. Nihil milii stultius videtur, quam existimare 
 eum studiosum tui, quern non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sen- 
 tiet se habere divinura, tantoque munere dei semper dignum aliquid et 
 faciet et sentiet. Quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat. 
 
 You should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received. 
 We shall remember thee, even when thou art absent. If we remem- 
 ber the favors conferred upon us (in nos) by our parents, we shall nev- 
 er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them. When we remember youth 
 happily passed (agere), we are delighted. As often as (quotiescunque) 
 I remembered the good principles of my teachers, a desire after (gen.) 
 those excellent men seized (occupare) me. 
 
 We hate the men, who are unmindful of favors received. Who is 
 there, who does not (quin) hate (subj.) the enemies of freedom ? We 
 did not know, why he hated us. Men love the upright, [and] hate the 
 wicked. I doubt not, that the wicked hate me. The (is) friend is not 
 agreeable (gratus) to us, who loves us as one about to hate us. It is 
 known, that the Romans hated (perf ) the name of kings very much. 
 Him, who is unfortunate, all hate. 
 
 Thou hast begun the thing well, but ended badly. Scarcely had 
 the soldiers begun to fortify the camp, when the enemies were (perf.) 
 discovered. Already had the enemies begun to assault the city, as 
 suddenly our soldiers came (perf) for (dat.) aid to the citizens. After 
 the banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen 
 yearly. 
 
 I know not, whether (ne attached to the verb) thou art acquainted 
 with my friend, but if thou shall become acquainted with him, thou 
 wilt love him. Judge not concerning a man, before you know him. 
 Do you know the way ? we do not know it. When any one wishes 
 to preside over the republic, he should (oportet with Suhj.) be acquaint- 
 ed with its laws and institutions. Art thou personally (= from ap- 
 pearance, de facie) acquainted with my friend? (= I am not acquaint- 
 ed with him), but I desire (opto) to know (= that I may know) him. 
 
 § 78. Impersonal Verbs (46. Rem.) 
 
 1) Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature. 
 
 fulgurat, it lightens, [it fulminat, it lightens, gelat, it freezes. 
 
 thunders, grandinat, it hails, 
 
 18* 
 
210 IMPERSONAL VERBS. [^ 78. 
 
 illucescit, uxit, it he- ningit, xit, it snows. vesperascit, ravit, it he- 
 comes light, day. ptiit, it rains. comes evening. 
 
 Rem. I. These verbs may be inflected through all the modes and 
 tenses, as : 
 
 tonat tonet tonuit tonu^rit tonare 
 
 tonabat tonaret tSnnerat tonuisset tonuisse. 
 
 The other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the first Conjugation, 
 have avit. 
 
 2) decet, uit (c. ace.) licet, it is allowed. pertaesum est, it dis- 
 
 it is becoming. miseret, uit it excites gusts. 
 
 dedec^et, uit (c. ace.) it (one's) pity. piget, uit, it irks. 
 
 is not becoming. miseretur, rltum est, it poenitet, uit, it repents. 
 
 Ubet or lubet, uit, it excites pity. [fid. pudet, uit, it shames, 
 
 pleases. oportet, uit, it is need- taedet, uit, it disgusts. 
 
 3) There are also many personal verbs used as impersonal 
 in a particular meaning, as : 
 
 accedit, essit {ut or contingit, igit, it falls juvat, juvit, it delights. 
 
 quod), it is added to one's lot. liquet, quit, it is clear. 
 
 {that). convenit, ehit, it is Jit. patet, uit, it is obvious. 
 
 accfdit, it happens. evenit, enit, it Imppens. placet, uit, it pleases. 
 
 apparet, uit ; it is evi- expedit, it is useful. praestat, itit, it is het- 
 
 dent. fallit, fefellit(me), i7 65- ter. [cape^ {me). 
 
 attinet, uit, it pertains capes {me). praeterit, iit (me), it es- 
 
 to. fugit, fugii, (me), it es- refert,retulit, i<co?icerrw 
 
 conducit, xit, it is ser- capes (me), it is un- restat, it remains. 
 
 viceable. known. sufFicit, ecit, it is suffir 
 
 constat, stltit, it is interest, fuit, it con- dent. 
 
 known. cerns. superest, it remains. 
 
 Rem. 2. These impersonals, also, can be inflected in all the modes 
 and tenses. 
 
 4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of 
 all verbs, especially of intransitive verbs, through all the modes 
 and tenses, as : 
 
 Aratur, they plough, aretur, they may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed, 
 araretur, they might plough; aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit, 
 they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset, 
 they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed ; Inf in 
 dependent discourse : arari, (that) they plough, aratum esse, (that) they 
 have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough. — Ridetur, they laugh; 
 ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum 
 est, they have com^. 
 
$^9, 80.] prep6sition, etc. — formation of words. 211 
 
 CHAPTER n. 
 
 § 79. Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection. 
 
 1. In addition to the parts of speech which have already- 
 been treated of, there remain the conjunction and interjection. 
 Of these, the conjunction, as it is employed in connecting sen- 
 tences, will be more properly treated of in the Syntax, and 
 the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a mere defi- 
 nition ; for which see ^ 6. Rem. 2. 
 
 2. The preposition, in addition to the table of prepositions 
 given in ^ 34, and the remarks upon its use in the Syntax (^ 93.), 
 requires some additional illustration ' here. Most prepositions 
 are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta, infra, su- 
 pra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa (circum). Nearly all 
 prepositions are used in compositixyn, as : m^errogo, c/ecedo, com- 
 pono i^com, con, co = cum in composition), etc. Inseparable 
 prepositions are those which occur only in composition, viz : 
 anil> (ann, an) around, as : amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus ; — dis 
 (di), asunder, from each other, as : dis-cedo, di-spergo ; — re (back, 
 again), as : re-vertor, re-cludo ; — se (aside, apart), as: se-p6no; 
 — sits (su), up, upon, as : sus-cipio, su-spicio ; finally, the nega- 
 tive ne, as : ne-scire. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 § 80. Formation of Words. 
 I. Verbs. 
 
 1. Frequentatives, i. e. verbs which express a repetition of the 
 action, are formed from other verbs by adding Uare to the stem 
 of the Pres., as : ago, I drive, ag-lto, / drive hither and thither ^ 
 clam-o, I cry, clam-ito, I cry continually. 
 
 2. Intensives, i. e. verbs which ex[)ress a permanence or con' 
 tinuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs, 
 as : verto, verti, versum, vertere, to turn, verso, to tarn hither 
 and thither ; they follow the first Conjugation. 
 
212 FORMATION OF WORDS. [$ 80« 
 
 3. Desideratives, i. e. verbs which express a desire or striving 
 after the thing indicated by their primitives, have the ending 
 urio, as : esu-rio, I desire to eat (from edo, edi, essum), coenat- 
 urio, Ilong far supper (from coeno, avi, atum); they follow the 
 fourth Conjugation. 
 
 4. Inchoatives, i. e. verbs which express a becoming or begin- 
 ning of that which their primitives express, have the endings 
 asco, esco, isco, as ; exhorr-esco, I shudder (from horreo), con- 
 cup-isco, I desire (from cupio), repuer-asco, I become a boy again 
 (from puer) ; they follow the third Conjugation. 
 
 5. Diminutives, i. e. verbs which express a diminution of 
 the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending, illo, 
 as : (canto) cantillo, 1 chant. 
 
 n. Substantives. 
 
 1. Nouns in tor (fem. tdx), are formed from the supines of 
 verbs and designate j^er^ow^ in active relations (actors), as: vic- 
 tor, victrix, a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum). 
 
 2. Those ill io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and 
 like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs 
 from which they are formed as taking place, as : laesio, an in- 
 juring (from laedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emeruiing (from 
 emendo, avi, atum). j 
 
 3. Those in o, miis, are derived either from verbs or nouns, 
 and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as : caplto 
 (from caput), blockhead. 
 
 4. Those in its (gen. us), are derived from supines, and sig- 
 nify mostly a completed action, an effect, as : morsus, a bite 
 (from mordeo, momordi, morsum). 
 
 5. Those in ulus, \da, vlum ; bias, dla, olum ; elhis, eUa, eUum; 
 iUus, ilia, ilium, indicate an object as small (diminutives), as : 
 hortulus, a little garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox) ; filio- 
 lus, a little son, filiola, a little daughter, assellus, an ass colt. 
 
 Remark. The gender of diminutives follows the gender of their 
 primitives. 
 
 6. Those in etum, signify a place abounding in thai expressed 
 by their primitives, as : quercetum, oun oak-grove, dumetum, a 
 thorn-thicket (from dumus, a thorn bush). 
 
§ 80.] FORMATION OF WORDS. 213 
 
 7. Those ill la (itla), G. lae; — tds, G. tdtis ; tus, G. tutis ; tudoj 
 G. tudimis; — edo and ido, G. inis, express an abstract quality, as : 
 audacia (from aadax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wis- 
 dom; laetitia (from laetas),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice; 
 — bonitas (from bonus), good?iess, celeritas (from celer), swift- 
 ness ; — servitus (from servics), servitude; — fortitudo (from fortis), 
 bravery, magnitiido (from magnus), greatness; — dulcedo (fiom 
 dulcis), sweetness, cnpido (from cupldus), desire. 
 
 8. Gentile Nouns, i. e. names o^ peoples and countries. Names 
 of countries are mostly formed from the names of peoples, with 
 the ending ia, as: (Macedo, 6n-is) Macedonia; (Thrax, ac-is) 
 Thracia, etc. On the contrary, names of peoples having the 
 adjective-endings : lus, dnus^ inus, enus, ensis (iensis), ds{G. dtis), 
 icus, idcus, alcus, aire formed either from names of countries or 
 cities, as: (Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; ( Venusia) 
 Venusmiis ; (Pergamus) Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicasis ; 
 (Arpinum) Arpiiias; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegyp- 
 tide us ; (Thebae) Thebdicus. 
 
 9. Patrmiymics, i. e. personal appellations derived from one's 
 descent. These have the endings : ides, G. idae, Fem. is (from 
 primitives in its and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eiis) ; 
 ddes or iddes, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the first 
 Dec. or in ius),dis: (Priamus) Priamides ; (Agenor) Agenori- 
 des; (Tantalus) F Tantdlis ; — (Peleus) Pelides; (Theseus) F. 
 Theseis; — (Aeneas) J.ewed<5fe5; (Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes- 
 tias. 
 
 III. Adjectives. 
 
 1. Those in e'us, a, um, are adjectives o{ material, as: ferreus, 
 iron, ligneus, wooden, marmoreus, of marble. 
 
 2. Those in inus, a, um, and ntus, a, um, are principally de- 
 rived from the names of plants and minerals, as : faglnus, heech- 
 en, of beech, querneus, of oak, crystallinus, of crystal; aburneus, 
 of ivory. 
 
 3. Those in nv^, a, um, emus, a, um, and inus, a, um, relate 
 to designations of time and place, as: vernus, behmging to 
 spring; externus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eter- 
 nal; diutinus, of long duration. 
 
 4. Those in inus, a, um, relate, mostly, to the different kinds 
 
214 FORMATION OP WORDS. [^ 80. 
 
 of animals, as : leporinus (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare^ 
 caro anserina, goose-meat. 
 
 6. Those in Uis and bilis, express a capability or fitness, as : 
 utilis, 'useful, docllis, teachable; amabllis, amiable. 
 
 6. Those in hundus, express the idea of a present participle 
 but with more intensity, as : popiilabundus, ravaging (stronger 
 i}[\aLXi populans), mirabiindiis,yi^// ofwcmder; those in cwidus ex- 
 press Q, permanent quality or Iwbit, as : facundus, fluent, iracim- 
 dus, passionate, verecundus, respectful. 
 
 7. Those in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, Idu^ express fulness, 
 abundance or excess, as : arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand), 
 auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished with gold), onestus, 
 loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuaus, turbulen- 
 iViS, full of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass. 
 
SYNTAX 
 
 OR THE PRE^CIPLES OF SENTENCES. 
 
 § 81. Sentence, — Subject. — Predicate. 
 
 1. A thought expressed in words, is called a sentence^ as : 
 the rose blooms^ rosa floret ; the rose is beautiful, rosa pul- 
 chra est. 
 
 2. The necessary parts of a sentence are : 
 
 a) The subject, i. e. that of which something is as- 
 serted, as : the rose, rosa ; 
 
 b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the 
 subject, as: blooms, floret; is beautiful, pulchra est. 
 
 3. The subject is a substantive, as : rose, rosa, or some 
 other word or clause used substantively, e. g. a pronoun, an 
 adjective, an Infin., as : /, thou, he, this, the ivise. The sub- 
 ject stands in the nominative. 
 
 4. The predicate is a verb, or an adjective or substantive 
 in connection with the verb esse, which in this case is call- 
 ed the copula (bond). 
 
 TXossi foret. — Rosa pulchra est. — Rosa^o* est. 
 
 Remark. In the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb may 
 form a sentence ; for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom 
 something is said, and that which is said of him, as : amo, / love. 
 
 § 82. Limitation of the Subject and Predicate. 
 
 1. The predicate may be limited in the following ways: 
 
 a) By a case of the substantive which is then called 
 the object, as : virtutem amo ; 
 
 b) By the preposition with a substantive, as : pro patria 
 pugnamus; 
 
 c) By the infinitive, as : scribere cupio ; 
 
 d) By an adverb, as : bene scribis. 
 
216 AGREEMENT. [$ 83. 
 
 2. The subject, or object may be limited in the following 
 ways : 
 
 a) By an adjective [attributive adjective), as : rosa 
 pulchra ; 
 
 b) By the genitive of a substantive (attributive gen.), 
 as : hortus regis ; 
 
 c) By a substantive which stands in the same case 
 
 as the word which it limits, as : Alexander, rex 
 
 Macedonum, Magnus appellatur. A substantive of 
 
 this kind is said to be in apposition. 
 
 Remark. The attributive adjective agrees with the noun which it 
 limits in gender, number and case. This is so even in the adjectives : 
 prinms, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimiis, summus, medius, inJimuSy 
 imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of ob- 
 jects and are rendered into English by partitive phrases [Jirst part, last 
 part, etc. of a thing). 
 
 § 83. Agreement. 
 
 1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number; 
 the adjective in gender, number and case (nominative). 
 
 Ego scribo ; tu scribis ; ille scribit. Rosa floret. Rosae florent. 
 Amicus fidus est. Virtus pulchra est. Corpus caducum est. Puer 
 magnus. Puella parva. Corpus caducum. Indus omnium flumi- 
 num maximus est. 
 
 Rem. 1. Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with 
 the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it 
 (Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective 
 nouns, as : pars bestiis ohjedi sunt. — Magna multitudo convenerant. 
 
 2. The substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject 
 only in case ; it agrees with it in gender, number and case, 
 only w*hen it signifies a person, and hence, either has sepa- 
 rate forms for the masculine and feminine, or is of the com- 
 mon gender. The same is the case with the substantive 
 in apposition. 
 
 Rosa flos est. Athenae fuerunt urbs. Romulus fuit rex. Tomyris 
 fuit regina. Tomyris, reglna Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum, 
 devicit. Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub monte Parapamiso. 
 
 Rem. 2. When the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are 
 used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as is 
 
§ 83.] AGREEMENT. 21'? 
 
 generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the plural. 
 Omnia humana sunt fragilia (everything human). FiUura incerta sunt 
 (the future). Haec sunt vera, iUa falsa (this — that). Multa, pauca, etc. 
 
 3. When there are two or more subjects in one sentence, 
 the verb stands in the plural. If the subjects have the same 
 gender, the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender 
 and stands in the plural ; but if they have different genders^ 
 in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the 
 masculine subject in preference to the feminine, but in names 
 of things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural, 
 
 PompeiuSf Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt Caesar et Pompeitts for- 
 tissimi fuerunt. Terra et luna sunt glohosae. Pater et mater mihi cari 
 sunt. Inter se contraria sunt benefidum et injuria. 
 
 Rem. 3. When, however, the subjects are connected by aut—aut, et 
 — et (as well — as also), nee — nee, or when it is designed lo make one 
 subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the 
 nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be ren- 
 dered prominent. 
 
 4. When subjects o^ different persons are connected, the 
 first person predominates over the second and third persons, 
 and the second over the third, and the predicate stands in 
 the plural. 
 
 Ego et tu scribimus. Ego et frater scribimus. Ego, tu et frater 
 Bcribimus. Tu et frater scribitis. Ego et fratres scribimus. Tu et 
 fratres scribitis. Nos et fratres scribimus. Vos et fratres scribitis. 
 
 CXVI. Exercises for translation. ($§ 81 — 83.) 
 I. Our body is mortal, our soul immortal. The forehead, the eyes, 
 the expressions often lie. God is the creator and governor of the 
 whole world. History is a good instructress. The Scythians were 
 a very warlike people. Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried 
 on (perf ) a war with Darius, king of the Persians. The divine is eter- 
 nal, the human frail. We often hold the unknown for (pro) known 
 and assent to it inconsiderately. O boy, hear much [but] speak little! 
 Gold, silver, brass, iron, in short (denlque) all metals are produced 
 (gign^re) for the use of men. The father, the mother and the sister 
 of my friend, have all died within a year. Thy son and thy daughter 
 are very dear to me. Lahor and pleasure, by a (quidam) natural alli- 
 ance, are united togetlier (inter se). Arrogance, hatred and envy are 
 19 
 
J|18 DOUBLE NOMINATIVE. [J 84. 
 
 foreign to the mind of the wise. I and my brother returned (perf.) 
 yesterday from the journey. I and my brother learn, thou and thy 
 brother play. We and my parents rejoice at (de) your return. 
 
 II. Life is short, art is long. The lark and the nightingale sing de- 
 lightfully. Experience is the best instructress. The Carthaginians 
 were a treacherous people. Wisdom is tlie governess of all things. 
 Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of 
 his wisdom. Everything earthly is fleeting. The past we cannot 
 change. The future is uncertain. Corinth and Charthage were (perf) 
 destroyed by the Romans. Dominion (plur.), posts of honor, riches, 
 power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city 
 were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are very 
 dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a 
 journey. Thy brother and sister are very good. I rejoice, that (quod), 
 thou and thy brother are well. We and our parents shall set out on a 
 journey to-morrow. Thou and thy sister remain in the city. 
 
 § 84. Double Nominative, 
 As there are two nominatives with the copula esse, the 
 nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predi- 
 cate, so also the following verbs take two nominatives : 
 
 a) The verbs of becoyning : fio^ evado, existo, nascor; 
 
 b) The verb maneo (I remain), and videor (I seem, ap- 
 pear) ; 
 
 c) The verbs which mean : / am called, as : appellor, 
 vocor, dicor, etc. ; 
 
 d) The verbs which signify, I am made, chosen, appointed 
 something, as : creor, eligor, etc. ; 
 
 e) The verbs which mean : I am considered, accounted 
 something, I am recognized, found as something, and 
 the like, as : putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos- 
 cor, inventor, etc. 
 
 Brutus Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. JVemo dodus nascitur. 
 Gloria Romanorum aetema manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero 
 pater patriae appellatus est. Virtus summum bonum judicanda est. 
 
 CXVII. Exercises for translation. ($84.) 
 
 L No one has become immortal by cowardice. Cicero, in the 
 Catilinian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of 
 
^ 85, 86.] CLASSES OF VERBS. TENSES. i3l# 
 
 the state. The rich often become (evadere) beggars. No one is 
 born rich. After Romulus, Numa Pompilius was elected (perf.) 
 king by the Romans. Piety is justly considered the foundation of 
 all the virtues. The renown of Roman bravery will remain forever 
 (= eternal). Philosophy is called by Cicero, the guide {== leader) of 
 life, the investigator (fem ) of virtue and the banisher (fem.) of vice, the 
 inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline. Un- 
 expected evils appear greater than [those] expected. Demosthenes is 
 justly considered the most distinguished orator of the Greeks. Cicero 
 and Anthony were elected consuls. 
 
 II. Quintus Fabius was chosen (perf.) general by the Romans. 
 Men beconie wiser by age. The orations of Demosthenes and Cicero 
 are considered models of eloquence. A bad poet never becomes 
 (evadere) a good [one]. Lycurgus came forward (perf. of exisiere) as 
 the law-giver of the Lacedemonians. Virtue is justly considered the 
 highest good. Aristides was called the just by the Athenians. The 
 renown of some will remain eternal. Cyrus was elected the first king 
 of the Persians The sun appears to us smaller than it is. Thou 
 wast born good, but hast become bad. 
 
 § 85. Classes of Verbs. 
 
 1. There are two kinds of verbs, active and passive. 
 In an active verb, the subject appears as active^ as: ro- 
 sa floret; — puer epistolarn scribit. Those active verbs 
 which take an accusative are called transitive^ as: puer 
 epistolarn scribit ; but the rest are called intransitive, as : ro- 
 ^di floret; — sapiens meminit mortis: — pater \.ih\ favet; — ami- 
 cus g-audet adventu amici; — eo in urbem. 
 
 2. In \he passive the subject appears as suffering' (receiv- 
 ing the action), as : bonus discipulus laudatur a preceptori- 
 bus, malus vituperatur. 
 
 3. Deponent verbs are those which have a passive form 
 but an active signification, as: dux hortatur milites; — 
 
 morior. 
 
 I 
 
 §86. Tenses of the Verb, 
 
 1. The tenses are divided into two classes : 
 
 a) Principal Tenses: the Pres. Perf. and Future: 
 
220 MODES OF THE VERB. { 87.] 
 
 scribo, Iivrite, scripsi, I have loritlen^ scribo, 1 shall 
 ivrite, scripsero, I shall have icritten; 
 b) Historical Tenses: Imperf. Piuperf. and the nar- 
 rative Perf. : scnbeb3.m, I ivrote, ivas ivriting-^ scrip- 
 seram, I had turitten, scripsi, I lurote. 
 
 Rem. The narrative Perf. is called the Perf. historical and is trans- 
 lated into English by the Imperf ; the pro{)er Perf is called the PerC 
 present, and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin histori- 
 cal Perf ^ways expresses the action as past, and so also does the 
 Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation to another past ac- 
 tion to which it corresponds in time, as : scribebam, qimm veniebas (vene- 
 ras). Hence the Perf is used in relating principal events, the ImperC 
 in relating accompanying circumstances. Caesar urbem intravit ; omnes 
 cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur, 
 
 CXVIIL Exercises/or translation. (^ 86.) 
 L God has made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal 
 vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies 
 assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill. The city was captured by 
 the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted it. So long as thou 
 shall be fortunate, thou wilt number many friends. In a short [time] 
 I shall have finished this business. If we shall have fulfilled our duties, 
 we shall be hap])y (beatus). Even as we shall have treated others, 
 will they treat us. 
 
 II. The book, which you sent me, I have read through carefully. 
 Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans. The Romans 
 carried on many wars with the Germans, who were a very brave peo- 
 ple. An immense number of men had come together into [in with 
 ace.) the city. The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured 
 by no oblivion. After a few days I shall have returned. As thou 
 shall have sown (sementem facere), [so] thou wilt reap(metere). The 
 more we shall have exercised our minds by the study of literature, so 
 much the more we shall delight in it. If thou shall have adorned the 
 Boul with virtues, thou will be happy. 
 
 § 87. Modes of the Verb. 
 
 1. The Indicative is the mode which expresses /ac^5, re- 
 alities, 
 
 'Rosa.Jloret. Pater epistolam scripsit. Ambulaho. 
 2. The Subjunctive is the mode which is employed in 
 expressing what is imagined or barely conceived of. 
 
$ 87.] MODES OP THE VERB. 
 
 a) The Subjunctive of the principal tenses^ especially 
 of the Pres., is used in principal sentences to express 
 a supposition or presumption, a doubting question, an 
 encouragement, exhortation, a wish. We may often 
 translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj. 
 Imperf. or by the auxiliaries, ought, might, could^ 
 should, loould with the Infin. 
 
 Nemo sanus de virtutis pretio duhittt Quis de animorum immorta- 
 litate duhittt ? Eamiis ! (let us go ! or : we would go !) Utlnam ami- 
 cus convcdescat ! 
 
 b) The Subjunctive of the historical tenses is used in 
 principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite 
 of tohat really is, or is not, as : errares, thou loouldst 
 err ; errasses, thou ivouldst have erred; si hoc diceres, 
 errares, if thou shouldst say this, thou icoiildst err^ 
 sic hoc dixisses, errasses, if thou hadst said this, 
 thou ivouldst have erred; so : non erra/res, non erraS' 
 ses] hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one 
 might believe, might see) ; besides, the Subj. of these 
 tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knows 
 that it loill not be realized (imperfect), or has not been 
 realized (pluperfect), as : utinam amicus convalesce- 
 ret ! utinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj. 
 Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to 
 past time, as : quid facerem ? (what should I have 
 done?) 
 
 3. The Imperative is used to express commands, as : scri- 
 be. The two forms of the second person of the imperative 
 are thus distinguished : the shorter forms (ama, amate) have 
 a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) a stronger mean- 
 ing ; hence these last should be translated by should or must 
 and are used especially in directions and injunctions. 
 
 Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium. Cotito virtutem. Leges obser- 
 varUor. Discipulus amato praeceptores. 
 
 Remark. The negative with the Imper. and also with the Subj. of 
 encouraging and exhorting, is expressed by ne (not by non), as : we scribe ; 
 19* 
 
222 s GENITIVE. [^88, 
 
 ne eamus. However, instead of ne with the Imper. nolij nolite with the 
 lufinitive are often used, as: noli scribere, do not im-ite; nolite garrire, 
 puerii 
 
 GXIX. Exercises for translation. (^87.) 
 
 I. The view of Epicurus concerning the highest good, I could not 
 approve. Why should we doubt concerning (de) the immortality of 
 the soul (pi ur.)? We should love our native country! We would 
 bear with equanimity, all which happens to us ! The principles of 
 virtue we would not neglect! The beginning (principium plur.) of all 
 things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods! What has 
 fallen to the lot (obtingere) of each one, this each one should hold fast 
 
 (tenere). O that all would strive after virtue ! Without thy aid, I 
 had been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been silent ! 
 What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men. Thou 
 shouldst obej [thy] parents and teachers. Scholars should respect 
 (vereri) their teachers. O boys, you should be present at school not 
 only with (abl.) your bodies, but also with your minds. 
 
 II. The betraying of his country no one should praise. Nobody 
 should believe a lying man. Who should not admire the beauty of 
 the world ! We would not without reason expose (offerre) ourselves 
 to dangers. We should rejoice at the prosperity of others ! We 
 should be affected in the very same way towards friends as (quo) 
 towards ourselves. O that all men would honor virtue ! Mayest thou 
 always live happily (beate) ! The sedition of the soldiers, a word of 
 the general would have quieted. O that thou hadst been present soon- 
 er! I should not now be so unhappy. Whither should we have fled ! 
 Do not .chatter, boys ! We should always contemplate the heavenly 
 and despise the human. Evil desires should always be restrained by 
 the reason. We should contemplate the illustrious (illustris, e) ex- 
 amples of virtue whrck ?ire pointed out i||. history. 
 
 OF THE C^^i:S. Jr., 
 
 § 88. A. The Genitive. 
 
 The o-em^tW stands in answer to the quesiionn tohose ? 
 of ivhom ? of lohat ? and indeed, with the following words 
 and expressions : ^y. 
 
 1. With misereor^ I pity^ and the impersonals me pudetj 
 
$ 88.] GENITIVE. 223 
 
 piget, poemtetj taedet and miser et^ I am ashamed of^ disgust- 
 ed at^ repent of^ loathe^ pity (something). 
 
 Infelicium hominum misereor. Me miseret tui. Nunquam primi consir 
 Hi deum poenltd. Me vUae taedet. 
 
 2. With egere and indigere^ to need^ ivant, (which also 
 sometimes take the a^/a^we), and the adjectives: cupidus^ 
 aviduSy studiosus. 
 
 Aegrotus medicinae eget. Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget, Vir 
 sapiens veritatis est studiosus. 
 
 3. With the verbs : memini^ reminiscor, ohliviscor ; — admO' 
 neoy commoneo^ commonefacio aliquem ; — with the adjectives : 
 memor, immemor ; conscius, nesciu^, inscius ; gnarus, ignd- 
 rus ; prudens, imprudens; perltusy imperltus ; consuttuSy 
 rudis, 
 
 Pueri, meminerint verecundiae. Boni homines pradenti temporis cum 
 
 voluptate reminiscuntur. Verus amicus amid nunquam ohlivisdiur, 
 
 Veteris te amicitiae commonefado. Cono prudens rei mUitaris fuit. Be- 
 ne/idorum memores estote. 
 
 Remark 1. Memini, reminiscor, ohliviscor are often, and recordor al- 
 most always connected with the accusative. 
 
 4. With many participles in ans and ens, when they have 
 the meaning of adjectives, and with many verbal adjectives 
 in ax. 
 
 Homo gloriae appetens saepe a virtutis via deflectit. Quis famulus 
 amantior domini est, quam canis ? Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax fuit 
 Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum. 
 
 5. With verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, con- 
 victing and acquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen- 
 itive (occasionally in Abl.). 
 
 Rem. 2. The punishment when capital (caput) or when it is a Jiive is 
 sometimes in the Gen. and sometimes in the Abl. Other punishments 
 are generally put in the Ace. after ad. 
 
 Miltiades proditionis est accusatus. Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit. 
 Themistocles absens proditionis est damnatus. Judex absolvit reum cri- 
 minis. Athenienses Socratem capitis condemnarunt. Roscius parriddii 
 accusatus est. 
 
 6. With the adjectives : particeps, expers, consors, exsors^ 
 
JK^' GENITIVE. [$ 88. 
 
 proprius ; similis^ dissimilis^ superstes (which are also found 
 with the dative) ; polens^ impolens^ compos ; plenusj fertilis^ 
 inops (which are aJso found with the ablative). 
 
 Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes. Homo raiionis est pariiceps, 
 Omnes virtvtis compotes beati sunt. Ira impotens sui est. Viri propria 
 maxima fortitude est. Terra variorum herbarum plena est 
 
 7. The genitive with esse signifies : a) the object (person 
 or thing) in which something is inherent, or to which some- 
 thing belongs (possessive genitive) ; b) the object to which 
 something is peculiar, in which case, that which is peculiar 
 to the object is commonly expressed by the infinitive ; this 
 last genitive may be translated by : It is the part, manner, 
 custom, characteristic, duty, sign, mark of some one ; it is in- 
 cumbent on one, and the like. 
 
 Hie liber yrflrfriff md est (belongs to my brother). Petulantia est ado- 
 lescentium (is inherent in). Imbedlli animi est superstitio (belongs to). 
 Virorum fortium est, toleranter dolorern pati. 
 
 Rem. 3. Instead of: mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri est, we must use 
 here, meum, tuum, sunm, nostrum, vestrum est, as : nostrum est, parentes 
 amare. 
 
 8. The genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with 
 an adjective stands with esse, in order to express the nature 
 or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality) ; 
 this Gen. or Abl. may also, without esse, be joined to a noun 
 as an attributive. 
 
 The Gen. denotes essential, the Abl. accidental qualities, hence, the 
 the designations of m£asure by number, time and space are always ex- 
 pressed by the genitive (never by the ablative), these being essential 
 qualities of an object. 
 
 Vir bonus summat pietatis (or summa, pietate) erga deum est. Xerxis 
 classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit. Tarquinius fratrem 
 habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem. Aristoteles, 
 \ir summo ingenio (or summi ingenu,) prudentiam cum eloquentia junxit 
 
 9. The Genitive stands as an expression of the value, 
 with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and selling, 
 as : puto, duco, aestimo. — pendo, facio, habeo, — emo, vendo, 
 veneo. Of this kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri- 
 
$88.] GENITIVE. 22^4 
 
 mi, — parvi, Jloccij minimi^ — tanti, quanti^ niliili (much, more, 
 very much, little, etc.) (Genitive of price). 
 
 Si prata et areas quasdam mngni aestimamus, quanti est aestimanda 
 virtus ! Divitias minuris aestimare debemus, quarri virtutem. Divitine 
 a sapienti viro viinimi putantur. Quanti emisti hunc librum ? Discipuli 
 praeceptores />/Mrimi (or maximi) facere debeiit. 
 
 10. With the impers6nal verb interest (it concerns), the 
 person whom something concerns, stands in the genitive. 
 Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui, 
 sui, nostri, veslri : 7ned, tud, sua, nostra, vesird, are always 
 used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest 
 in the same sense. 
 
 Hoio much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is 
 expressed : a) by adverbs, as : magnopere, multum, magis^ 
 maxime, nihil, paritm, minime ; — b) by the adverbial neu- 
 ters : multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum, 
 etc. — c) by the genitives : magni, pluris, parvi, tantiy 
 quanti. 
 
 The thing which interests or concerns one, is not ex- 
 pressed by a substantive, but ; a) by an infitdtive ; b) by 
 the accusative luith an infinitive ; c) by a subsidiary sen- 
 tence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive; 
 d) by an indirect question (in the Subj.). — The general 
 expressions ; this, that, what one is interested in, are ex- 
 pressed by the accusatives : id, illud, quod, quid. 
 
 Interest omnium, rede facere. Quid nostra refert [interest,) vidum esse 
 Anionium'^ Praeceptoris midtum interest, discipulos sunirno studio in lit- 
 teras incumbere. Magni mea interest [refert), ut te videam. Omnium 
 m/igni interest feliciter vivere. 
 
 1 1. Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a 
 nearer definition of it, as : hortus regis (= hortus regius). 
 Comp. § 82, 2, b.) 
 
 Rem. 4. Hence the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia, 
 ergo which we render by on account of for the sake of and with instar, 
 like. Instead of the genitives : mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri : med ivd, 
 sua, nostra, vestrd, are used with caussd and gratia, as : med, tud^ sudf 
 nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on my account, thy account, etc.). 
 
880 GENITIVE. [$ 88. 
 
 12. This attributive genitive signifies : 
 
 a) the author or cause, as : conjuratio Catilinae ; de- 
 sideriurn patriae (longing after (excited by) one's 
 country) ; 
 
 b) the possessor, as: hortus regis; 
 
 c) the ivhole, from which a part is taken (partitive 
 genitive), as : partes corporis. 
 
 The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides 
 nouns, when they signify apart of a lohole, viz : with com- 
 paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the 
 neuters: multum, plus, plurium; nihil, minus, minimum; 
 tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with ad- 
 verbs of quantity, as : satis parum, and with adverbs of place 
 in certain connections. 
 
 Duorum fratrum major natu. Cicero omnium Romanorum praestan- 
 tissimus fuit orator. Romanorum unus, Multum pecuniae. Satis elo- 
 quentiae. Ubi terrarum ? where in all the worlds JS/usquam terrarum, 
 nowhere in the world. 
 
 Rem. 5. The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into 
 English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with, 
 as : memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetu- 
 do amicorum (with). 
 
 CXX. Exercises for translation. (^88.) 
 L a. We pity those who repent (= whom it repents) of their faults. 
 A scholar, who loathes labor, will not make progress in literature. 
 Who would not be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with 
 their fortune. I pity thee my boy ! We should pity those, who, by 
 fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miser- 
 iae, arum). The truth needs not approbation. The rich are often 
 greedy after greater riches. A good scholar occupies himself zealously 
 (studiosus sum) with literature. The ancient Germans were very 
 eager for war. The people (gens) of the Gauls were very greedy for 
 gold. 
 
 I. b. Who repent of their sins, may hope [for] pardon (venia). No 
 one will repent of a good deed (actio). The indolent [man] will some 
 time repent his indolence. Just as God pities thee, so thou shouldst 
 pity others. Pity thou the destitute. Bad men are often wearied (tae- 
 det) of life. Thou wilt some time be ashamed of thy bad life. The 
 
^ 88.] GENITIVE. 227 
 
 powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey 
 were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosua 
 sum) a quiet life. We hate the men who are greedy of gold. Cati- 
 line was eager for a revolution (res novae). 
 
 II. a. Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (ofFensa, ae). Those 
 men live happily who are conscious of no wickedness. The mind re- 
 members the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees the 
 future. The Romans were very skilful in war. Deserters (perfuga, 
 ae) very familiar (= acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex- 
 plorare) the march of the enemies. The spirit of man is ignorant of 
 (nescius) [its] future fortune (fatum). Cinna forgot (perf ) the favors 
 which he had received of Augustus. Remind not the wretched of his 
 wretchedness (plur.). The soldiers, mindful of [their] former bravery, 
 fought (perf) spiritedly. We should forget favors conferred (conferre), 
 [but] remember [those] received. The people of the Samnites were 
 very skilful in war. The Scythians were unskilful in literature and 
 the arts. The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and 
 were eager for praise. We hate the man despising divine and human 
 laws. Camels endure (patiens sum) hunger and thirst. 
 
 II. b. The mind conscious of crimes cannot be quiet A good man 
 easily forgets an injury, [but] always remembers a favor. We hate 
 those men. who are unmindful of favors received. The ancient Ger- 
 mans were rude in the arts and literature. Already the youth should 
 be mindful of age. Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse, was brave 
 and acquainted with war. The wise [man] is always mindful of 
 human frailty. Caesar and Pompey were two generals very skilful in 
 warfare. Foolish men forget their faults, but see (cernere) the faults 
 of others. Pursue those things diligently in which thou art skilful, 
 but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful. The general re- 
 minded (perf) the soldiers of [their] former bravery. It is not neces- 
 sary to remind an upright man of a favor. Cicero was versed (consul- 
 tus) in justice and eloquence. The fate (fatum) of many peoi)les re- 
 minds us of human infirmity (infirmitas). The ancient Germans did 
 not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum) 
 thu-st, cold, heat and labors. Man, by (abl.) nature, seeks (appetens 
 sum) after propriety of conduct. We esteem a man loving virtue. 
 
 III. a. Many men accuse (insimulare) themselves of a sin, if they 
 have spoken anything cheeiful (= bright) in grief Catiline was con- 
 victed (perf) by Cicero of a conspiracy against [his] native country. 
 Alcibiades, while absent (absens), was condemned to death. Brutus, 
 
228 GENITIVE. [^ 88. 
 
 the vindicator (vindex) of Roman freedom, condemned even (etiam) his 
 sons to death. Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con- 
 sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country. The judge Coelius ab- 
 solved him from injury, who had expressly (nominatim) injured (lae- 
 dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena). The human soul is par- 
 taking of reason. Alexander, not master of [his] anger, killed (perf ) 
 his friend Clitus. Germany is very fruitful of grain. It is incumbent 
 upon an orator, to speak fitly, clearly (distincte) and ornately. Wretch- 
 ed is he, who is destitute of friends. Fish are destitute of a voice. 
 Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave 
 men. Human life is full of cares and troubles. 
 
 III. b. Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, was accused of trea- 
 son. The Athenians charged (insimulare) Socrates with impiety (im- 
 pietas adversus deos) and condemned him to death. Cicero charged 
 (coarguere) Verres with the greatest avarice. Roscius was accused of 
 parricide. Miltiades was accused of treachery and condemned to 
 death, but afterwards was absolved from capital punishment (caput). 
 Man alone of (ex) so many kinds of living beings is partaking of rea- 
 son. The drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens). 
 Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger. 
 Beasts are destitute of reason and speech. Bravery is peculiar to man 
 in the highest degree (maxime). The earth is full of various herbs, 
 flowers and trees. The period of Augustus was productive of good 
 poets, [but] destitute of good orators. Sicily is very productive of 
 grain. 
 
 IV. a. Inconsiderateness is inherent in youth, providence in old age. 
 To the Romans, in (abk) the time of Augustus, belonged almost the 
 whole of the then known circle of the earth. What belongs to me, 
 belongs also to my friends. Great bravery was inherent in the Ro- 
 man soldiers. It is the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant. It is 
 a sign of inconstancy, now to trust and now to distrust the very same 
 
 ' men. It is our duty to defend our country. It is the duty of the 
 scholar, to apply himself with all his powers, to. the study of the lib- 
 eral arts and letters. It is not always a quality of the very same man, 
 to think correctly and to express his thoughts elegantly in (abl.) dis- 
 course. A man of elevated soul despises riches. Caesar was not of 
 large stature, but of a brave mind and a fierce spirit. The fleet of 
 the enemies consisted of 253 ships. Cato possessed (= was of) a re- 
 markable (singularis) wisdom in all things. 
 
 IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness is inherent, in men and old 
 
i 88.] GENITIVE. 28# 
 
 men seriousness. All Syria belonged to the Macedonians. It is the 
 duty of the intelligent, to guide the unintelligent by counsel. In th9 
 people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent. It 
 is the duty of parents to bring up [their] children well. It is incum- 
 bent on you, O boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers ! Evei^ 
 man may (by esse) err, but no one, except (nisi) the unwise, is wont (by 
 esse) to persist in error. It is incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) in 
 (gen.) the state, to look out for the welfare of the humble and poor. 
 It is the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the want of the destitute. It 
 is incumbent on young men, to honor old age. It is not the part of 
 the wise [man], now to trust and now to distrust the very same view. 
 It is your duty, O boys, to esteem your parents and teachers. It is in- 
 cumbent on the principal men of the state (optimates), to listen to the 
 prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts. Agesilaus was of hum- 
 ble stature and small body. Boys of a quick genius and happy mem- 
 ory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature. The fleet of Xerxes 
 consisted of 1200 ships. The ancient Germans possessed (= were o^ 
 etc.) an immense size of body, incredible bravery and familiaritjr 
 (^ exercise) with war. 
 
 V. a. In every (omnis) service, we should value the will of the giver 
 the highest. Alexander valued Hephaestion very high. For hour 
 much has thy father sold [his] gRrden? for just so much (tantumdem)^ 
 as (quantum) he gave for (= bought) it. We despise the men who 
 esteem virtue [but] little. Pericles valued Anaxagoras, his teacher, 
 very much. For how much did you buy this book ? Parents are 
 much interested, that [their] children be brought up well. I am much 
 interested, that you apply yourselves with all zeal to the study of lit- 
 erature. All good men are much interested, to be loved by others. 
 We are much interested in this, what good men judge concerning us. 
 V. b. We should value that (is) victory much, which is gained 
 (parere) not by arms but by words. We value those (is) men much, 
 who love virtue. The wise [man] esteems riches very little. Many 
 esteem their own little, [but] desire another's. The traders sell [their] 
 wares not so dearly (tantundem), as (quantum) they have bought them. 
 How much has thy father bought the horse [for] ? All citizens are 
 much interested, that peace be restored. We are much interested, 
 that we be instructed by good teachers. I am much interested, that 
 thou mayest soon return from (ex) the journey. The state is much in- 
 terested, that literature flourish (= bloom). h\\ good citizens should 
 be much interested, carefully to observe the laws. 
 20 
 
230 ACCUSATIVE. P 89. 
 
 VI. a. Homer is the oldest (vetus) of all the Greek poets. Socra- 
 tes was the wisest of all the Greeks. No one of the Romans surpass- 
 ed Cicero in (abl.) eloquence. Tarquinius Superbus was the last of 
 the Roman kings. Virtue has in itself sufficient assistance for a peace- 
 ful life. The less honor there is to literature, so much the less studies 
 there are. We draw much pleasure from literature. What kind 
 (quid) of business are you pursuing? The scholar should be diligent 
 in school, not so much (tam) on account of his teachers, as on his own 
 account. We do much on account of friends, which we should not 
 do on our own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like 
 a mountain. Many Romans had houses like mountains. Misfortune 
 is an occasion for virtue. We should strive to obtain intercourse with 
 (gen.) good men. Not the fear of punishment, but the love of virtue 
 should keep us from wrong. The memory of renowned men will be 
 obscured by no oblivion. The passion for honor is a hard mistress. 
 
 VI. b. The city Syracuse was the greatest and fairest of all the 
 Greek cities. Anciently the Spaniards dug up much gold and silver. 
 Who lives in prosperity, has sufficient joy. From the reading of a 
 good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure. Hannibal was the 
 most renowned general of the Carthaginians. Crassus had sufficient 
 money, but too little (parum) prudence. More disadvantage lies (est) 
 in the wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the 
 wrong. Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued 
 philosophy on account of gain or os^tentation. The Egyptians built 
 pyramids like mountains. Plato in\^ estimation ^Cicero (= was to 
 Cicero) equal to (instar) all philosophers. He is beneficent who acts 
 (facere) kindly (benigne), not on his own, but on our account. True 
 virtue desires (desiderare) no recompense for labors and dangers. In- 
 tercourse with true friends is agreeable. The remembrance of time 
 happily spent (exigere) is agreeable. Hannibal burned (ardere) with 
 (abl.) great hatred against the Romans. 
 
 § 89. B. Accusative. 
 
 1. The accusative stands in answer to the question, 
 whom ? or ivhat ? It signifies a passive object^ as : rex civi- 
 tatem regit, or that which is produced by an action (effect), 
 as: scribo epistolam. Hence it stands with all transitive 
 verbs, 
 
 2. The following verbs take the accusative, although they 
 might seem from their meaning to require a different case. 
 
^ 89.] ACCUSATIVE. 23'1 
 
 and some of them are in fact accasionally constructed with 
 prepositions in English : juvo and adjuvo ; deficio and fug'io; 
 aequo and aequiparo ; decet and dedecet ; sequor, sector, ae- 
 mulor and imttor. 
 
 Atticus adolescenUm Marium juvit opibus suis. Fortes fortuna adjuvat. 
 Tempus nm deficit. Mnlusfugit bonum (flees before the good == flees 
 the good.) So also: defugio, effugio, suhterfugio. Pedi'tes equitem cur- 
 su aegwafeani (kept up with). So also adaequo, Yerecund'ia deoet pue- 
 rum. Gloria mrtutem taiiquam umbra sequitur. So also: consequoVj 
 subsequor. Equites regem sectabardur. So also consector. Quis. Sidlam 
 imitetur'^ Virtutes niajorum aemulemur! 
 
 Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin, 
 when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. ; or un- 
 compounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the 
 same stem as the verb, as : vivere vitam. 
 
 3. The accusative stands in answer to the questions : 
 hoia long ? hoiu far ? Jioio luide (broad) ? hoiu high ? hoio 
 deep ? hoio thick ? how many (much) ? hoio great ? etc. ; as 
 to ivhat 1 (Greek, Ace). 
 
 Quaedam bestiolae unum diem vivunt. Cato annos quinque et octoginta 
 natus (old) excessit e vita. Zama quinque dierum iter ab Carthagine 
 abest Turris pedes ducentos alta est. Vite caput tegitur. 
 
 4. The accusative stands in an exclamation either with or 
 without an interjection. 
 
 Me miserum ! Ofallacem hominum spem ! 
 
 5. A double accusative stands in the following cases : 
 
 a) With verbs which signify to call (name) ; to make, 
 choose^ appoint one something ; to account, consider as 
 something; to show one^s self as something ; to give, 
 take, have as something. 
 
 Julius Caesar dictatorem se fecit. Homines caecos reddit cupiditas et 
 avaritia. Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam vocavit. Ciceronem 
 universus populus consulem declaravit. Sapientem beatum habemus. An- 
 tistius se praestitit acerrimum propugnatorem communis libertatis. Athe- 
 nienses Miltiadem sibi imperatorem sumpserunt. Epaminondas praecep- 
 torem habuit Lysim. Romani Ciceronem patrem patriae appdlaverunt. 
 
 Rem. 2. The passive of these verbs has a double nominative (§ 84), 
 as : pavo superbus dicitur. 
 
232 ACCUSATIVE. [$ 89. 
 
 b) With the verbs : celo^ doceo, interrogo ; — oro^rogo^fla- 
 gito ; finally, posco, postulo. 
 
 Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Ne quid turpe amicum roga ! 
 Ego te sententiam tuam rogo, JVullam rem te celo. 
 
 Rem. 3. But peto (properly : / strive after), I request, entreat, is con- 
 structed with ab, and quaero (properly : I seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as : 
 peto a te librum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam. 
 
 Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction, 
 the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing 
 remains. Cicero a Minerva omnes artes edoctus est. Cato rogatus est sen- 
 tentiam. Still with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing be- 
 comes the nominative, and the accusative of the person remains and is 
 governed by a preposition, as : pecunia a me poscitur, flagitatur. 
 
 CXXI. Eoi^rcises for translation. (^89.) 
 
 I. a. It is the duty of intelligent men to assist others with counsel. 
 It is honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the 
 bad. No people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the Romans in 
 (abl.) bravery. It becomes us to follow the example of good men. 
 Time often fails the orator sooner (citius) than words (= the discourse). 
 Fortune assists the bold. The soul escapes the view of the eyes. 
 The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the 
 Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and 
 200 broad. No one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in 
 power of discourse. Want and contempt follow indolence. Mithri- 
 dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf ) war 40 years 
 with the Romans. Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus). 
 Much becomes a boy, which does not become a man. Saguntum, the 
 most powerful city of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed 
 something like 1000 paces from the sea. 
 
 I. b. We assist him with delight who has assisted us. No one of 
 the Thebans could equal Alcibiades in bodily powers. The enemies, 
 whom the Romans followed swiftly, could not escape their hands. 
 We should imitate those who love virtue. What becomes boys, often 
 does not become men. It is our duty to assist the wretched. Flee 
 the bad and emulate the good. The soldiers made (= drew) a 
 trench 600 feet long, 8 feet broad, 10" feet deep. Death no one can 
 escape. Not courage, but strength (plur.) failed our soldiers. Troy 
 was besieged (perf) 10 years .by the Greeks. A long time the Lace- 
 demonians held (perf) the supremacy of Greece. Theophrastus died 
 
§ 89.] ACCUSATIVE. 233 
 
 (perf.) 84 years old (natus). In hatred against the Romans, no one 
 equalled Hannibal. 
 
 II. a. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his will, made the Roman 
 people his heir. The Romans called the supreme (summus) council 
 (= counsel) senate. The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty 
 demands, that {ut with Subj.) we behave (praestare) ourselves religious- 
 ly and uprightly not only in great but also in small matters. We 
 should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men. Children 
 should conceal nothing from [their] parents. Jugurtha, by ambassa- 
 dors, entreated Metellus for peace. The ambassadors of Darius re- 
 quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece. Give me 
 the book, which I long since (jam pridem) requested (perf) of thee. I 
 ask of thee thy opinion. Grain was demanded by the citizens. Rea- 
 son makes man lord of the earth. Recompense for labor we con- 
 sider honorable. The Parian marble the Greeks considered precious. 
 [They] are ridiculous, who teach others what they have not them- 
 selves learned (=ascertained). Eumenes concealed from all, the jour- 
 ney, which he ivns designing to make {Subj. periphrast.). The greatest 
 affairs were concealed from me by thee. Cicero, informed (= instruct- 
 ed) by the ambassadors of all [things], commanded (imperare) the 
 pretors, that they should take (deprehendere) the Allobroges by am- 
 buscade. The ambassadors demanded back of the enemies, all which 
 had been taken from the citizens during (per) the truce. Socrates de- 
 manded of those, who enjoyed his instruction (ejus consuetudine ute- 
 bantur), no money for his instruction. Caesar demanded of the Edui, 
 the grain which they had promised (polliceri). Cicero was asked his 
 opinion in the senate. 
 
 II. b. Friendship makes prosperity more splendid, and adversity 
 lighter (levis). The resounding echo, Horace calls the image of the 
 voice. Prosperity is not merely itself blind, but also generally makes 
 (efficere) [those] blind, whom it has embraced. The soldiers demand- 
 ed all the arms of the citizens of the captured city. All arms were de- 
 manded of the citizens. I ask thy opinion of this object. The am- 
 bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar. The Romans elect- 
 ed Camillus dictator. Eloquence effects, thnt{ut with Subj.) we maybe 
 able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of 
 Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has 
 rightly been concealed from men, by the divine Providence. I have 
 given thy brother the book which he had requested of me. The 
 Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians. He is a 
 20* 
 
834 DATIVE. P 90. 
 
 true friend, who conceals nothing from us. Many youths were taught 
 wisdom by Socrates. My friend, asked by me [as to] his opinion, con- 
 cealed nothing from me. We esteem those (is) men much, who con- 
 sider virtue the highest good. Cicero showed himself the most spirit- 
 ed defender (propugnator) of the common freedom. Catiline instructed 
 (edocere) the youth, whom he had led away (illicere), in all bad deeds. 
 The Tarentiues, involved in (abl.) a war with the Romans, requested 
 aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 
 
 § 90. C. Dative. 
 
 1. The dative stands in answer to the questions: to 
 whom ? to lohat 1 for luhom 1 for luhat 1 for whose advan- 
 tage 1 for ivhose disadvantage ? for what end 1 It general- 
 ly stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the 
 prepositions to ox for are used to govern the case, or where 
 the relation involved is similar to that expressed by these 
 prepositions, as : do^ placeo^ prosum^ noceo etc., uitlis, inutilis, 
 aptus, idoneus, gratus, similis^ par^ aequdlis, communis, etc. 
 
 Rem. 1. Hence all transitive verbs may take together with the Ace, 
 the Dat. of the person (or thing) who shares in the action (Dat. of the 
 remote olyect). 
 
 Do tibi donum. Epistolam tibi scribo. Non scholar, sed vitae dis- 
 cimus. Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum est. Canis lupo 
 similis est. Ratio omnibus hominibus communis est. 
 
 Rem. 2. Similis and dissimilis are often also connected with the gen- 
 itive. 
 
 2. The following verbs take the dative in Latin, while in 
 English they take the accusative: nubo^parco, benedicOy—' 
 maledico, supplico, — ohtrecto, studeo, — arrldeo, invideo per- 
 suadeo, — medeor 3,nd patrocinor. 
 
 Y eims nupsit Vulcano. Parce mihi. Ne infantibus qmdem parceba- 
 tur (not even chiklren were spared). Benedidmus (praise) bonis^ male- 
 dicimus (censure) malis. Donum tuum valde mihi arrisit. Probus in- 
 vldet n£mlni. Mihi invidetur (I am envied). Omnibus amicis pro te 
 libentissime supplicabo (entreat). Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent. 
 Nunquam tibi persuadebo. Mihi persuadetur (I am persuaded). Pueri 
 litteris studere debent (study). Omnes homines libertati student (strive 
 after). Philosophia m^detur animis. Bonus bono pairocinatur (protects). 
 
$90.] DATIVE. 235 
 
 Rem. 3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espe- 
 cially with the following : ab, ad, ante, cum [con], de, ex, in, inter, ob, post, 
 prae, pro, sub and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the 
 dative. 
 
 3. The dative stands with est and sunt to express the per- 
 son or thing who has or possesses something. The thing 
 possessed stands in the nominative as subject. 
 
 Suus cuique mos est. Semper in civitate [ii], quibus opes nullae 
 sunt, bonis invident. Multi mihi sunt libri. 
 
 Rem. 4. In nomen mihi est (I have the name, am called), the name 
 stands either in the dative or nominative, as : nomen mihi est Carole 
 {Carolus). 
 
 4. The dative of the end (in answer to the question : 
 for ivhat end ?), to which besides, a dative of the person 
 is commonly added, stands : 
 
 a) With sum^ which, in this case, is to be rendered con- 
 duce to^ serve for ; 
 
 b) With do^ accipioy relinquo, deligo^ mitto, venio, habeo, 
 etc ; also with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the meaning : 
 to impute to. 
 
 Bonum non potest esse cuiquam malo. Virtutes hominibus decori 
 gloriaeque sunt. Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque acdpitur. Pau- 
 sanias venit Atticis auxUio. Vitio mihi dant, quod mortem hominis 
 necessarii graviter fero. 
 
 CXXII. Exercises for translation. ($ 90.) 
 
 I. a. Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (de- 
 mentia) [also] among (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our 
 senses. A good man labors for virtue, not for fame. Sleep is very 
 much like death. Socrates, conscious of no wickedness to himself, 
 did not supplicate the judges. Julia, daughter of Augustus Caesar, 
 first married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa, finally (postremum) Ti- 
 berius. Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one 
 (quis), so many the more friends he has. It is base, to disparage (ob- 
 trectare) the fame of a great man. The Germans /rowi childhood (ab 
 parvulis) earnestly pursued labor and hardness (duritia). No i)hysi- 
 cian can cure all diseases. The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero. 
 Death spares no mortal. Bad men reproach the good. Neither of 
 the two should we praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the 
 
236 DATIVE. [?90. 
 
 flatterer. The orator convinced the citizens of the advantage of his 
 counsel. The wise [man] envies no one. 
 
 I. b. We live not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and 
 other men. The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws 
 with delight. Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is 
 easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to dis- 
 parage others (aker). It is ^ mark of an ill-disposed man, never to 
 praise a good man. They have many friends, upon whom fortune 
 smiles. Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls. We are attach- 
 ed (studere) to those, who preserve (conservare) [their] fidelity. The 
 upright [man] envies nobody, [but] is envied by many. Save time, O 
 boys! Scarcely any one (ullus) of mortals, does fortune always 
 smile upon. It is better (praestat), by the capital punishment of one 
 wicked man, to restrain the wickedness of many, than on account 
 of (propter) many wicked [men] to spare one. To the priestesses 
 (sacerdos, otis) of Vesta, it was not permitted to marry a man. 
 
 II, a. Cicero possessed a remarkable eloquence. Man has many 
 faculties of body and soul. In Sicily there is a volcanic mountain, 
 called Aetna. Riches conduce to the destruction of (= are for de- 
 struction to, etc.) many men. Bad customs conduce to the destruction 
 of a state. Just laws serve for safety to a state. Attains, a king of 
 Asia, gave his kingdom to the Romans for a present. Caesar left be- 
 hind 500 soldiers for protection to the camp. Bravery is imputed to 
 the Romans for praise. Caesar came to the city, besieged by the 
 enemies, for aid. Poverty should be imputed to no man for a reproach. 
 From whom hast thou received this book as a present? The father 
 has given me the book for a present. ^-Xerxes, king of the Persians, 
 gave to Themistocles Myus (Myus, untis), a city of Asia, for a pres- 
 ent. Industry is imputed for praise to the scholar. 
 
 II. b. Where caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but] little 
 (levis) protection (praesidium). Man has a mortal body, [but] an im- 
 mortal soul. My friend is called Charles. The struggle (= effort) 
 after truth serves all men for ornament. God is not accustomed to 
 aid(auxilio esse) those who thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate- 
 ly into danger. A victoiy won (parere) by treachery, does not con- 
 duce to the praise of the conqueror, but to [his] reproach. It is our 
 duty to come for aid to the wretched. Caesar chose a fit place for the 
 camp. Two thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were left 
 behind for protection to the city. The desire after dominion is im- 
 puted to Caesar for a fault. Modesty is imputed to a boy for praise, 
 
$ 91.] ABLATIVE. 237 
 
 immodesty for censure. Contempt of money is imputed to men for 
 praise. Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to tlie besieged city. 
 
 § 91. D. Ablative. 
 
 The ablative expresses : 
 
 1. The place in which something takes place (where?), 
 as : terra marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus 
 mid omnis, as: totis campis^ tola urLe, and so in many other 
 similar expressions ; but otherwise in generally stands with 
 ablatives of this kind. 
 
 2. The time in or ivithin ivhich something happens (when ? 
 and at or ivithin ivhat time ?) 
 
 Qua node natus Alexander est, eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de- 
 flagravit. Agamemno cum universa GTraecia vix decern annis unam 
 cepit urbem. Epaminondas die uno Graeciam liberavit. 
 
 3. The ground or cause (wherebij? on tvhat account? 
 whence ?) ; hence it stands with : gaudeo^ laetor, glorior, — - 
 labor o, valeo, floreo, — excello^praesto, supero, — -f^do, confldo, 
 nitor ; — laetus^fretus, contentus, natus ^ ortus, genitusj etc. 
 
 In culpa sunt, qui officia deserunt moUitid animi (from). Guberna- 
 toris ars utilitate, non arte laudatur (on account of). Concordia res par- 
 vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Delicto dolere, corrections 
 gaudere oportet. Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama 
 nitiiur. Nemo potest aut corporis Jirmitatty aut fortunae stabilitate con- 
 Jidere. [Fido and confido are quite as often, and difftdo almost always 
 joined with the Dat) Conienti estote sorte vestra. 
 
 4. The means and instrument, also the material (where- 
 with? wherefrom? whence?). 
 
 Octdis videmus, auribus audimus. Britanni lads et came vivunt 
 
 Rem. 1. When a person is employed as a means or instrument, the ac- 
 cusative is generally used with per, as : per tuum patrem miseria libera- 
 tus sum. With passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is ex- 
 pressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as : mundus a deo crea- 
 tus est. The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum, 
 as: cumfraire ambulavi. 
 
 5. Hence the ablative of the instrument or material stands 
 more particularly : 
 
238 ABLATIVE. [§ 91. 
 
 a) With verbs o^ fwrnishin^, formings instructing^ be- 
 ing accustomed. 
 
 Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis vestivit et sepsit. So also with 
 affido, I affect (fill). Litterae tuae summo gaudio me aff^cerunt Pater 
 filium litteris erudivit (or instituit, imbuit, instruxit). Milites continuo 
 labore assueti [assuefadi] erant. 
 
 b) With expressions of fulness^ plenty and loant^ as : 
 abundo, affluo, and scateo, — compleo, satio, and ca- 
 reo, — egeo and indigeo ; refertus, inops, praeditus. 
 
 Germania abundat Jluminibus. Quid afFerre consilii potest [is], qui 
 ipse eget consUio ? Miserum est carere consuetudine amicorum. Insula 
 Delos referta erat divitiis. 
 
 Rem. 2. Egere and indigere are oftener found with the genitive. See 
 §88,2. 
 
 c) With the impersonal opus est (there is need of), the 
 thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative. 
 
 ' But when opus est is used personally, the thing 
 stands as subject in the nominative. 
 
 Multis non duce tantum opus est, sed adjutore et coadore. Dux nobis 
 opus est. Duces nobis opus sunt. 
 
 Rem. 3. When the thing which is needed is a verb, it is generally the 
 infinitive or the ace. with the infinitive. Nihil opus est, rem pluribus ver- 
 bis commemorare. Si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam. 
 
 d) With, utor, fncor, fungor, potior and vescor. 
 
 Multi henefijcio dei })erverse utuntur. Augustus Alexandria brevi poti- 
 tus est. Vescimur bestiis. Cicero consulatu bene functus est. 
 
 Rem. 4. Potiri rerum means, to appropriate to one's self {obtain) supreme 
 power. 
 
 6. The ablative expresses that according to ivhich some- 
 thing is measured ox judged of {according to ivhat ?) 
 
 Magnos homines virtute metimur, nonfortund. Quod rectum est, nee 
 magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore. 
 
 7. Hence with the comparative, the object with which 
 another is compared is put in the ablative instead of quam 
 with the Nom. or Ace. 
 
 Pater ^M? doctior est, than the son, or pater doctior est, quam filius 
 Patrem^io modestiorem cognovi. 
 
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 239 
 
 8. Especially is the ablative used to express a respect or 
 nearer definition (vjherein 1 in %uhat respect 1). 
 
 Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par fuit eloquentid. Multi sunt corpo- 
 re validi, mente infirmi. Magnus, major, maximus natu. JVatione Me- 
 duB fuit. 
 
 9. The ablative expresses the measure, and indeed : 
 
 a) In answer to the question : bp hoiv much (many) ? 
 particularly with comparatives and superlatives. 
 
 Sol multis partihus major atque amplior est, quam terra. Here belong 
 the ablatives : multo, by much, much, parvo, paullo, by little, little, quo 
 and quanta, the, eo and tanto, so much the. 
 
 b) In answer to the question: hoio long before or 
 after 1 before the prepositions ante and post, 
 
 Numa Pompilius annis permultis ante fuit, quam Pythagoras. Lae- 
 lius sermonem de amicitia habuit pauds diebus post mortem Africani. 
 
 Rem. 5. But in the question : how long before or after the present time ? 
 the accusative is used with either ante, abhinc or post, as : ante tres an- 
 nos te vidi. Post paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi. 
 
 c) With expressions of buying and selling, costing, 
 hiring, exchanging, the price, and with dignus and 
 indignus, the thing of ivhich something \^ worthy or 
 unioorthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative. 
 
 Hunc librum parvo prctio emi. Multorum sanguine et vulneribus ea 
 Poenis stetit victoria. Excellentium hominum virtus imitatione, non 
 invidia digna est. Veritas auro digna est. 
 
 Rem. 6. Here belong also the ablatives : magna (for much, dear), 
 parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the Kke, with 
 verbs of buying and selling. Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used, 
 as : magni, parvi, etc. ($ 88, 9). 
 
 10. The ablative signifies the toay and manner in which 
 something takes place. 
 
 Vir sapiens aequx) animx) injuriam fert. 
 
 11. Finally, the ablative stands with expressions of remov- 
 ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving. ' 
 
 Caesar castra loco mavit. Hospitem arcere tedo nefas est. Cognitio 
 naturae nos levat suptrstitione, liberal mortis mttu. Robustus animus et 
 excelsus omni est liber aura et angore. 
 
240 ABLATIVE. [$ 91. 
 
 CXXIII Exercises for translation. ($ 91.) 
 I. a. Xerxes brought (perf ) war upon Greece by land and by sea 
 (mare). The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the 
 second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf! ) the power (opes) of Italy. 
 Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his life, spoke (disserere, perf.) 
 much concerning the immortality of the soul(plur.). Xerxes was con- 
 quered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms 
 of Greece. The minds of men are often tormented by distressing 
 (acerbus, a, um) cares. We ought to grieve at faults, to rejoice at 
 [their] correction (correctio). It is the part of a bad man to glory in 
 his faults. Greece formerly flourished (== bloomed) in power (opes), 
 dominion [and] gloiy. Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire 
 for riches. Caesar, by his arrival, humbled (frangere, perf.) the Gauls 
 trusting to (fretus) their bravery. The wise [man] does not trust to the 
 stability of fortune. Upon the goods of the soul alone (solus, a, um) 
 can we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention. 
 
 I. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many 
 wars. The colonies of the Syrians were spread (difFundere) over al- 
 most the whole circle of the world. The Romans awaited in a suita- 
 ble place the attack of the enemies. In the spring the swallows re- 
 turn to us, in the autumn they go away. In the months October and 
 November the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees. Not from fear 
 but from choice the upright man avoids (= flees) wicked deeds. 
 Navigation is praised on account of the advantage. Who would glory 
 in his ignorance ? Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children 
 and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to re- 
 joice so much (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman 
 state suffered from two vices, avarice and luxury. Aristides was dis- 
 tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice. Happy is he who 
 trusts to virtue, unhappy [he] who rests upon riches or any other 
 goods of fortune. The enemies, trusting to (fretus) the number of 
 their ti'oops, desired to fight. If we are contented with our lot, we 
 shall be happy (beatus). 
 
 II. a. The sun illuminates the whole earth with its light. The ox 
 defends himself with the horns, the horse with the feet, the boar with 
 the teeth. Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself immor- 
 tal fame. Cicero was expelled from Rome by Clodius. Parents, who 
 have imbued the minds of their children with the principles of virtue, 
 and instructed them in literature, deserve well (= deserve) not only 
 of their children but also of the state. The earth, in the spring, is 
 
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 241 
 
 clothed with herbs and flowers. Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in 
 gold and silver. Spain anciently abounded in lead, iron, silver [and] 
 gold. God has filled the world with all good [things]. The sea is 
 full of [scatere) fishes. It is a misfortune (miserurn), to be deprived of 
 (carere) the intercourse of friends. We all need (egere) the aid of 
 ' others. The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere). 
 Man is endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise 
 general to even the bravest army. There is need of repose after 
 labors, to the body and the soul. There was need of ready aid to the 
 captured city. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf.) formerly 
 to use elephants in war. Pronounce (= extol) him happy who en- 
 joys good health. Use the powers which God has given thee. Who- 
 ever (= who) wishes to obtain true renown, must perform the duties 
 of virtue. The Numidians generally /e</ upon (vesci) milk and venison. 
 Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had (uti) a very hard beginning of youtli 
 (adolescentia, ae). Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed 
 himself of the whole Persian kingdom. 
 
 II. b. We see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose 
 (nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves. Very high 
 mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and ice. We 
 often attain more by goodness than by force. The Roman state was 
 delivered from destruction by Cicero. God has enclosed (sepire) and 
 covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes. We ought 
 to aid those most, who need (indigere) our aid most. They are all 
 rich who are endowed with virtue. The fortunate abound with friends, 
 the unfortunate are destitute (carere) of friends. The sun fills all 
 [things] with its light. The Roman consul, Aemilius, enriched (di- 
 tare) his soldiers with great booty. Our mind is filled (afficere) with 
 joy when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great 
 poets. The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act 
 rightly, we have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor de- 
 ception (fallacia). Any one you please of the sailors can govern 
 the ship in (abl.) a quiet sea, [but] when (ubi) a violent (saevus) 
 storm has arisen, then they have need of a pilot The Helots 
 (Helota, ae) with the Lacedemonians, performed the oflSce of slaves. 
 That (is) ship performs (confic6re) the course best, which has (uti) 
 the most skilful pilot. Many men abuse reason. Discharge scrupu- 
 lously the oflfice committed to thee. The covetous [man] does not en- 
 joy the riches which he has. The Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex- 
 ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius. 
 
 III. a. Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord- 
 
 21 
 
242 ABLATIVE. [§ 91. 
 
 ing to rank (= genus), but good manners, a teachable spirit and ac- 
 tive (acer) industry. The wise man measures men not according to 
 fortune but according to character. There is nothing more amiable 
 than virtue. Ireland is smaller by a half than Britain. Carthage was 
 founded eighty-two years before Rome. Cimon, five years after he had 
 been expelled, was recalled to [his] native country. In the sixty-sec- 
 ond year after the founding of the city Rome (post urbem conditam), the 
 third war against the Carthaginians was undertaken. The friend, 
 whose an'ival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and 
 will depart again after ten days. Chrysogonus bought (perf ) a Corin- 
 thian vase for an immense price. For how much has thy father sold 
 his horse? he has sold it for so much (tantum), as (quantum) he 
 bought it for. The war has cost (stare) us much blood. An un- 
 grateful mind is unworthy of favors. Virtue and wisdom are worthy 
 of man. Receive those into friendship whom thou shalt consider 
 worthy of thy love. The wise man endures the hardships of life with 
 equanimity. Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in 
 the study of philosophy. The winds purify the air from noxious vapors. 
 Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from 
 all Sicily. 
 
 ni. b. Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and 
 fierce mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accord- 
 ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men. Nothing is 
 more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epami- 
 nondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older 
 than Cicero. Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and 
 destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards. Agricola died in the fifty- 
 sixth year of his age, the tenth day hefore the Calends of September (ante 
 Kalendas Septembres). My brother, who departed six days ago, will 
 return after two years. The trader sells the wares for a greater price 
 than he has bought them for from others. Thou canst buy neither 
 virtue nor wisdom for gold. They are unworthy of favors who are un- 
 mindful of them. The victory over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of 
 Epirus, much. The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown. 
 They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man. 
 Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the 
 Persians, more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled 
 (perf) Ad herbal, an ally and friend of the Roman people, from his 
 kingdom and all [his] possessions (fortunae). Themistocles, a general 
 of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude. 
 
^ 92.] CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. 243 
 
 § 92. Construction of the Names of Cities, 
 
 1. The names of cities (toivns, villages and small islands) 
 of the first and second Dec. Sing-, stand, in answer to the 
 question where ? in the genitive; but the names of cities of 
 the third Dec. and of the Plur. of the first and second Dec, 
 in the ablative, without in. In answer to the question, 
 ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative, and in answer to 
 the question, lohence ? in the ablative, in each case without 
 a preposition. 
 
 Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis bini reges creabantur. 
 Talis Romae Fabricius, qiialis Aristides Aihenis fuit Pompeius hie- 
 mare Dyn-hachii et Apolloniae constituerat. Delphis Apollinis oraculum 
 fuit. Cono plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus 
 Lesbi. Curiiis primus Romam elephantos quattuor duxit. Pompeius 
 Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium. Lycurgus Cre- 
 tam profectus est ibique perpetuum exsilium egit Aeschines cessit 
 Mhenis et se Rhodum contullt. Consul Roma Athenas profectus est, 
 
 Rem. Domus and rus have the same construction as the names of 
 cities: domi (at home), domi meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae, 
 (at my house, etc.), domum (to the house), domo (from the house, 
 home); — run (not rare), in the country, rws (into, to, the country), 
 rure (from the country). Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militi- 
 aeque or domi bellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war). 
 
 2. The words in apposition with the names of cities, as : 
 urbs, oppidum, caput (chief city), in answer to the question, 
 where ? stand in the ablative generally without in ; in an- 
 swer to the question, ivhither ? in the accusative without in ; 
 in answer to the question, ivhence ? in the ablative without 
 ab. 
 
 Archias poeta Antiochlae natus est, celebri quondam urhe et copiosa. 
 Cicero profectus est Athenas, urbem celeberrimmn. Demaratus Corintho, 
 urbe amplissima, Tarquinios fugit 
 
 CXXIV. Exercises for translation. ($ 92.) 
 I. As long as Cicero was at Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso- 
 phy. At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) tem- 
 ple of Diana. At Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of 
 
244 CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. [§ 92. 
 
 old age. The arts and literature flourished (= bloomed) at Athens. 
 Demaratus fled from Corinth, a city of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city 
 of Etruria. Timoiheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful 
 state, betook (perf) himself to Chalcis. Marius was born'and brought 
 up (perf.) at Arpinum, a city of Latium. At Alexandria, a city of 
 Egypt, was a renowned (eximius) library. Brutus proceeded to Ar- 
 dea to the camp. Hannibal proceeded from Carthage to Spain. Dio- 
 oysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf) Plato from Athens. Au- 
 gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy (Italia inferior). I have 
 idved three years at Rome, one year at Corinth, two years at Athens, 
 :two at Philippi, three at Sparta. My father will return home to- 
 morrow from the country, and, after three days, will go again from 
 home into the country and will pass the whole summer in the countiy. 
 When I am in my house, I do not trouble myself (curare) about (ace.) 
 tvhat is without (alienus, plur.). When a friend is in the house of a 
 friend, he is (versari) as it were, in his own house, not in anothers. 
 The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (con- 
 dere) at home. The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus) 
 and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the 
 country than in the city. By good counsels, the welfare of the state 
 will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad. I shall remain at 
 home, [but] my brother will go into the country. 
 
 n. In Sparta, the boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum) 
 at the altar of Diana. Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica- 
 re) to Molon. Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar- 
 nassus a famous (nobilis) sepulchre. In the times of Pericles, many 
 renowned men lived at Athens. Hannibal was born at Carthage. 
 Themistocles, presented with great presents by Artaxerxes, returned 
 (perf) to Asia and established (constituere) his abode at Magnesia. 
 The corpse of Alexander was removed (transferre, perf.) from Baby- 
 lon, the chief city of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt. Dionysius, 
 the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily, 
 to Corinth, a very renowned (celeber) city of Greece. Cato took away 
 (perf) his life at Utica, a city of Africa. Hannibal was recalled from 
 Italy to Carthage. Scipio often hurried away (evolare) from the city 
 into the country, [and] then returned to business from the country into 
 the city. Alexander died (perf.) at Babylon, the chief city of Assyria. 
 The soldiers returned (perf.) home joyful at the victoiy. The soul in 
 the body is, as it were, in a foreign house. In the time of Pyrrhus, 
 the first elephants came to Rome. Nowhere dots one live (vivltur) so 
 conveniently (commode) as at home. Archimedes was killed (perf.) 
 
§ 93.] REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 245 
 
 at Syracuse, a city of Sicily, by a Roman soldier. Marius died at his 
 house an old man. Laelius hastened forth (evolare) into the country 
 from the city, as if (tanquam) from ehains. The superiority (virtus) 
 of Caesar had been acknowledged at home and abroad. Socrates 
 brought back to the house the very same expression which he had 
 carried forth from it. Cicero often lived in the country. The poet 
 Ovid lived a long time (aliquamdiu) at Tomi, a city of Moesia, in exile. 
 
 § 93. Remarks on the use of the Prepositions, 
 
 1. Ab and de (from, by, of) differ thus : a) of place, ah 
 means, aivay from a place, de, doivn from, or away from, — 
 b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with 
 the agent or doer after passive verbs, de on the contrary, is 
 used with Si passive object. 
 
 Milites ab urhe profecti sunt. Lucretius de muro se dejecit. Deforo 
 cives discesserunt (away from the forum). Multae fabulae de Hercule a 
 pottis fictae sunt (many fables have been invented concerning Hercu- 
 les by the poets). Multa de te a fraJtre tuo audivi (I have heard much 
 of thee from thy brother). 
 
 2. Circimi is used only of place (not of time), as : terra 
 se circum axem convertit 
 
 3. The verbs : pono, loco, colloco, constittk), defigo and 
 some others take m with the ablative where the accusative 
 seems to be required, since they express motion. — Super 
 and suhter are very rarely used with the ablative. 
 
 CXXV. Exercises for translation. (^ 93.) 
 
 I. The Gauls were conquered (perf ) by Caesar. Caesar has related 
 
 much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning 
 
 the life and customs of Cato. The life and customs of Cato were 
 
 written by Cornelius Nepos. The citizens, besieged by the enemies, 
 
 placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general. From 
 
 whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ? 
 
 from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue ! The 
 
 wise man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue. 
 
 n. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties. Three books 
 
 concerning duties were written by Cicero. Excellent precepts have 
 
 been left (tradere) us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children 
 
 21* 
 
246 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [$ 94. 
 
 (puer). Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast 
 Cicero, in the first book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks (disputa- 
 re) of the immortality of the soul. Much has been related to us by 
 our teacher of the bravery of the Romans. Cicero fixed (defigere) all 
 his cares and thoughts upon the welfare of his country. Let us place 
 a peaceful life in virtue ! 
 
 § 94. Of the use of the Pronouns. 
 
 1. The personal pronouns in the Norn. : eg-o, tu^ nos^ vos 
 are expressed with the verb, only when a particular stress 
 rest upon them, hence, especially in contrasts. The pos- 
 sessive pronouns also : meus, tmis, etc. are used only in this 
 case, or for the sake of perspicuity. 
 
 Ego fieo, tu rides. Mens frater diligens est, tuus piger. But : Fra- 
 ter me amat (not: frater meus me amat). 
 
 2. The genitives nostri and vestri, like met, tui, sui are 
 objective (not possessive), but nostrum and vestrum are used 
 partitively. 
 
 Memoria nostri (of us). Memor sum vtstri. Memini vesiri. Quis 
 nostrum haec dixit ? Nemo vestrum, sua officia explevit. Besides, we 
 should distinguish : pars nostri, vestri (a part of us, you, = of our, your 
 being), e. g. animus est pars nostrij from : pars nostrum, vestrum, a part 
 or some of us. 
 
 3. The pronouns : sui, sibi, se ; suus, a, um, are used when 
 an object (person or thing), is opposed to itself. 
 
 Omnia animalia se diligunt. Haec oratio sibi repugnat. JUexander, 
 quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se man us abstinuit. 
 Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. Dux cum militibus suis 
 fiigit. Oravi amicum, ut sibi consuleret. 
 
 4. When these reflexive pronouns stand as the subject of 
 an Infin., or with a Part., or in dependent clauses and refer 
 to the subject of the leading clause, they may generally be 
 translated into English by, he, she, it, to him, to her, to it, 
 him, her, it, they, them, to them. 
 
 Animus sentit, se sua vi moveri (the soul is conscious, that it is moved 
 by its own power). Caesar exercitu per se comparato rempublicam 
 
$ 94.] OP THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS. 247 
 
 liberavit (with an army collected by him). Caesar milites adhortatus 
 est, ut se sequerentur (that they should follow him). 
 
 5. The oblique cases of 15, ea, id, on the contrary, are 
 used, when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another 
 object ; ejus, eorimi, and earum in this case, are translated 
 into English by his, her, their. 
 
 Pater ei ignovit [him, e. g. his son, or her^ e. g. his daughter ; but : 
 pater sihi ignovit, himself). Pater semper ejus memor erit [his, e. g. 
 friends). Pater eum valde diligit. Mater eam valde amat. Dux et 
 milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers ; but : dux cum militibus suis 
 fugit). Caesar fortissimus fuit : ejus facta admiramur [his deeds). Hos- 
 tes multas urbes exciderunt, earwwique incolas in servitutem abduxe- 
 runt (and their inhabitants). 
 
 6. The pronoun ipse, a, um often stands with the person- 
 al pronouns, either in the same case with the subject, when 
 the subject is contrasted ivith other subjects, or in the same 
 as the object, when the object is contrasted ivith other objects. 
 
 Ego me ipse vitupero (/ and not another). Ego me ipsum vitupero 
 [myself and not another). Saepe ii homines, qui sibi ipsis maxime pla- 
 cent, aliis maxime displicent. De m£ ipse loquor. De me ipso loquor. 
 
 7. The genitives: ipsius, ipsorum and ipsarum, which 
 often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, axe 
 to be translated into English by, otvn. 
 
 Meus ipsius pater (my own father). Mea ipsius mater (my ot^n moth- 
 er). Meum ipsius consilium (my oum counsel). Tuus ipsius frater. 
 Dux sua ipsius culpa victus est. JVoster ipsorum pater. Vestra ipso- 
 rum mater. Duces sua ipsorum culpa victi sunt. Sorores mea »ud 
 ipsarum voluntate domi manent. 
 
 8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage be- 
 tween the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1 
 quod ? in Rem. 3. § 30 ; it should be here stated, that, when 
 quis has a noun with it, the noun is to be regarded as in 
 apposition with it ; that quis inquires barely after the name of 
 the person or thing (what), qui after its nature (what sort of), 
 as: quis philosophus ? (what philosopher?), ^m philoso- 
 phus ? (what sort of a philosopher ?), 
 
248 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN. P 94. 
 
 Rem. 1. For the distinction between the double forms of the inde- 
 finite pronouns quisy qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc. See k 31. 
 
 9. The indefinite pronoun quis (qui), qua (quae), quid 
 (quod), some one^ one, is less emphatic than aliquis, etc., and 
 stands most commonly after si, nisi, ne, num, quum, qui^ 
 quae, quod, quo or quanto (the, with the comparative). 
 
 iSi quis de immortalitate aniraorum dubitat, insanus est. Vide, we 
 quem laedas. iN'um quis dubitat hac de re ? Qito {quanto) quis sapien- 
 tior est, eo (tanto) modestior est. 
 
 1 0. When quisque is connected with the pronouns sui, 
 sibi, se, suus, it stands immediately after them. 
 
 Trahit sua quemque voluptas. Minime sibi quisqae notus est. 
 
 11. When quisque stands after superlatives, it may be 
 translated by precisely the, the very, and when it stands after 
 ordinal numbers by each, every. 
 
 Sapientissimus quisque virtutem maxime amat (precisely the wisest). 
 (Quarto quoque anno (every fourth year). 
 
 12. Uterque (each of two, both) in connection with a 
 noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun ; 
 but when uterque is connected with a pronoun, this pro- 
 noun stands in the genitive. In both cases the predicate is 
 in the singular. 
 
 Uterque dux clarus fuit (both leaders were renowned). Uterque 
 eorum clarus fuit (both these were renowned). Uterque nostrum, ves- 
 trum (we both, you both). Quorum uterque (both of whom). 
 
 Rem. 2. The plural of uterque is used when two parties are spoken 
 of, to both or at least, one of which, several belong, or when it stands in 
 connection with nouns used only in the plural, as : utrique duces (the 
 generals, of which there are several on both sides). Utrique, Caesar et 
 hostes. Utrdque castra (both camps). 
 
 13. liter, alter, neuter are used when the discourse is of 
 only tivo; quis, alius, nullus, on the contrary, when the dis- 
 cpurse is of several. 
 
 ,,• Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the two brothers) ? Uter vestrum 
 '■hoc dixit (which of you two) ? Duo sunt fratres : alter (the one) litteris 
 operam dat ; alter (the other) miles est. JVeuter nostrum (neither of 
 
$ 94.] OF THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS. 249 
 
 US two). When a comparison occurs with uter^ alter, neuter, the com- 
 parative is used where we sometimes use the superlative, as: uter 
 fortior est ? which of the two is the bravest ? 
 
 14. The phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter^ etc., are trans- 
 lated : tke one this, the other that; the one in this iv ay, the 
 other in that. 
 
 Alii aliud probant. JUii allter vivuht. 
 
 Rem. 3. The indefinite pronouns, one, they, we are expressed in 
 Latin : 
 
 a) By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt ; 
 
 b) By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as : narratur ; bene, vivttur ; 
 
 c) By the personal Pass., as : amor, one loves me, amaris, one loves 
 thee, sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy ; 
 
 d) By the first Pers. Plur. Act. (in this case the speaker must be in- 
 cluded under the one), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws ; 
 
 e) By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as : cre- 
 dos (one may believe). 
 
 CXXVI. Exercises/or translation. ($ 94.) 
 
 I. a. Parents love their children. Manlius punished (multare) the 
 bravery of his son with death. The remembrance of you will always 
 be agreeable to us. To each of us the love of life is inborn. The 
 soul is the governor of us. The hand is a part of us. A part of us, 
 to-morrow, will betake ourselves into the country. Pity thou me, 
 wretched. Few of us have fulfilled their duties. A good king cares 
 less for himself than for the welfare of the citizens. The wise man 
 zealously corrects the faults inborn in him. So long as Hannibal was 
 in Italy, nobody resisted him in battle (acies). After the general had 
 fallen (perf ) in battle, the soldiers fled. My friend and his son have 
 set out for Rome. The Allobroges entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that 
 (ut with Svhj.) he would pity them. Cicero had eflfected by Fulvia, 
 that [ut with Subj.) Curius might disclose (aperire) to him the plans of 
 Catiline. The Germans occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture, 
 and the greatest part of their food (victus, us) consisted of [consistere 
 with abl.) milk, cheese and flesh. I have often reflected (cogitare) 
 with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). We see 
 (cernere) faults (delictum) in others more than in ourselves. The 
 soul itself moves itself. Our soldiers have conquered the enemies, not 
 by the wisdom (consilium) of their general, but by their own bravery. 
 We ought to care (inservire, c. dat) not only for our own advantage, 
 but also for [that] of others. 
 
250 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [^ 94. 
 
 I. b. Children love their parents. It is the duty of the king to look 
 out for the welfare of his subjects. Lysander, king of the Lacede- 
 monians, left behind (perf ) a great report of himself With delight 
 we pity thee. Each of us will always recollect thee and thine. I 
 shall always preserve a recollection of you. The best part of us is 
 immortal. A part of us had remained at home. Many of us have de- 
 served [well] of (de) our country. The general and his soldiers have 
 distinguished themselves in battle by bravery. Men use beasts for 
 their advantage. [His] friends exhorted Darius, that [ut with Suhj.) 
 he should subject Greece to himself The king Eurystheus command- 
 ed (imperare) Hercules, that (ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afFerre) 
 to him the arms of the queen of the Amazons. Cleopatra admitted 
 (admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and was killed (extinguere, 
 perf.) by its poison. After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Da- 
 rius, his wife and his daughter, were taken captives. We ourselves 
 ought to govern (imperare) ourselves. Virtue itself protects itself 
 Many are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others. The (is) 
 general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army, who does not restrain 
 himself (se ipsum). The companions of Ulysses perished (perf) by 
 their own folly. Many evils happen to us by our own fault (culpa). 
 
 II. a. Each one is the architect (faber) Of his fortune. Assign to 
 each his ovm. With the greatest difficulty (= most difficulty) does 
 each one judge correctly of himself Each one ought to protect his 
 own. Precisely the best [man] undertakes most easily dangers and 
 labors for his country. Money has always been despised by the very 
 best [men]. Every fifth yeai', all Sicily was rated (perf) Demosthe- 
 nes and Cicero were the most renowned orators of antiquity ; to 
 which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and 
 Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome ; which dost thou con- 
 sider the best ? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe] 
 neither. I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother. Both, Ho- 
 mer and Virgil, were distinguished poets; the one of them was a 
 Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies, 
 fought bravely. One excels in this, another in that. One occupies 
 himself with this, another with that. 
 
 IL b. Each virtue deserves (deberi) its particular (proprius) praise. 
 Each has (by esse) his way. Each is accustomed to measure dangers 
 according to his fear. Fortune will form each one by his character. 
 The veiy best, we ought always to place before (proponere) others 
 for imitation. The olive (olea) does not bear every year, but general- 
 
$ 95.] OP THE NUMERALS. 251 
 
 ly every two (alter) years. Who of you has heai*d this news ? Who 
 is the greatest orator of antiquity ? Scipio and Hannibal were very 
 renowned generals, the one was the general of the Romans, the other 
 of the Carthaginians ; which dost thou prefer ? The very most learn- 
 ed men are the most modest. Both, Caesar and Pompey were great 
 men ; which dost thou consider the gi-eatest ? Both the Romans and 
 the Germans were very brave ; which considerest thou the bravest ? 
 Neither of us all is free from faults. Neither, neither the wicked 
 [man] nor the flatterer, ought we to praise. Dangers threaten one 
 from here (= hence), another /rom there (= thence). This pleases 
 one, that another. 
 
 III. a. Justly one censures those who act rightly from (prae) fear. 
 All is uncertain, when one departs (discedere) from right. One 
 laughs. They praise me. One has praised me. The earth is sur- 
 rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we (= one) call ocean. 
 We prepare the mind for (ad) all. He who fears what one can avoid, 
 can in no manner live with a quiet mind. In prosperity, let us flee 
 pride and arrogance. Without virtue we cannot be happy. What is 
 sweeter, than to have [a friend] with whom one may dare to speak 
 as with himself? It is becoming, to do religiously what one does. 
 
 III. b. They called those philosophers sophists, who pursued philo- 
 sophy for gain or ostentation. They run. Honorable conduct (= the 
 honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with whom one 
 lives. They will censure me. We deride fools. The perversities 
 (pravitas) of the soul, one properly (= correctly) calls faults. Hi^ 
 means oj living (victus) and care of the body, we refer to health and 
 strength, not to property. How short is the longest life of man, 
 when one compares (subj.) it to eternity! What one has promised, 
 he must make good. By entreaties, one often effects (perficere) more 
 than by force. It is becoming, not to censure that which one does not 
 understand (intelligere, Subj.). 
 
 § 9o. O/" the Numerals. 
 
 1. Concerning mille and milia, see § 33. Rem. 4. 
 
 2. The distributives, which answer the question, hoio 
 
 many each 1 or how many at a time ? are used when one 
 
 wishes to express, that a number is divided equally among' 
 
 several objects, or a certain number of times. 
 
 Pater filiis senos libros dat (six books a piece, i. e. the father gives 
 each of his sous six books ; hence, if we suppose three sons, the father 
 
252 OF THE NUMERALS. [$ 95. 
 
 divides eighteen books into three equal parts). Sex fossae, quinos pe- 
 des altae, ducebantur (each six feet deep). 
 
 3. Besides, the distributives are used for the cardinal 
 numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as : bina 
 castra, tivo camps. For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a 
 is used, as : una castra, one camp, iinae nuptiae, one tued- 
 ding, unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but : 
 terna castra, three camps a-piece). 
 
 CXXVII Exercises for translation. (§95.) 
 
 L A thousand soldiers have defended the city spiritedly against 
 3000 enemies which assaulted it. All (oninis) Gaul which is em- 
 braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Se- 
 venns (mons Gehenna) is 3,200,000 paces. The leader of our army 
 has pursued the enemy with 1000 soldiers. As at Rome two consuls, 
 so at Carthage two kings, were annually elected. The Roman legions 
 consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen. 
 The army of the enemies had pitched 2 camps, ours 3. The father 
 wrote a letter to each of his 4 sons. Veiy often by a truce, have the 
 already enfeebled powers of an army been restored (reparare). Two 
 acres of land a-piece were divided (perf ) to the people. The mother 
 gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries. The enemies 
 pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded. 
 
 IL The army of the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen 
 and 13,500 horsemen. According to (ex) the opinion of Posidonius, 
 there are 20,000,000 stadia from the earth to the moon [andj 5,000,000 
 stadia thence to the sun. The citizens with 1000 soldiers have de- 
 fended the city against the enemy. The mother gave (perf) to each 
 boy 2 apples, 3 pears, 4 plums and 12 cherries. Caesar divided (perf.) 
 among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just 
 so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies 
 drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet 
 broad. Two walls surround the city, 18 feet high and 8 feet broad. 
 The towers upon the walls of Babylon, were about 10 feet higher than 
 the walls. In each camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and 
 4000 horsemen. Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex) 
 each of three different places. How many scholars are in a class in 
 (gen.) your school? about 30. The fingers of men have 3 joints, tlie 
 thumb 2. A father divided (perf) equally among (dat.) his 4 sons 
 
^ 96, 97.] INFINITIVE. SUPINE. 253 
 
 4444 dollars, how many dollars did each receive (perf.) ? 1111. My 
 brother has 3 writing-tablets. Yesterday I received (perf.) 2 letters. 
 The city has 6 towers, each of which is 268 feet high. After a long 
 time, at length (tandem) a letter came, and this whole letter consisted 
 (esse) of these 22 letters : Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 
 
 § 96. Infinitive. 
 The Infinitive is used : 
 
 a) As subject, as : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori; 
 
 b) As object ; this is especially the case with verbs sig- 
 nifying to ivill) to be able, ought, should, as: volo (cupio, 
 studeo, possum, debeo) discere. 
 
 Rem. 1. In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin. 
 Pres. for the finite verb (historical infinitive)^ as: multum ipse jpwgnore, 
 saepe hostemyenVe. 
 
 Rem. 2. For the Ace. with the Infin., see § 105. 
 
 §97. Supine. 
 
 1. The Supine in um stands with verbs of going, com- 
 ing, sending, calling, in order to express the end of these 
 verbs. It takes the same case as its verb. 
 
 In urbem migravi hahitatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem 
 convenit ludos publicos spedatum. 
 
 2. The Supine in u stands : a) with many adjectives as 
 a nearer definition of them, as : dulcis, jucundus, molestus, 
 dignus, indignus, facilis, difficilis ; b) with fas est (it is law- 
 ful), nefas est (it is not lawful) and opus est. 
 
 Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. Fas est dictu. Nefas est didu. Ddiber'- 
 atu opus est. 
 
 CXXVIII. Exercises far translation. (^ 96, 97.) 
 
 I. To a cultivated and learned man, to think is to live. They, whose 
 fathers or ancestors have distinguished (praestare) themselves by 
 some renown, seek to excel in the veiy same kind of praise. Practice 
 teaches to bear (ferre) labor. Without virtue nobody can be happy. 
 The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The 
 Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the 
 oracle. What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a 
 22 
 
254 GERUND. [^98. 
 
 discourse adorned with wise thoughts and weighty (gravis) words ? 
 An unripe grape is bitter to taste. The fish is easy to catch in disturb- 
 ed water. 
 
 11. To prefer money lo friendship is base. Poets wish both to de- 
 light and to profit. The soul cannot decay. It is easier to see errors 
 than to correct [them]. All that comes to pass by our fault (culpa), 
 we ought to bear patiently. A great multitude of men assembled 
 (perf ) in [in with ace.) the city, in order to see (spectare) the public 
 games. The shorter a narrative is, the plainer (dilucidus) and easier 
 it is to understand (cognoscfire). The orators pass over all which is 
 base to speak. 
 
 § 98. Gerund. 
 
 1. The gerund in the Nom. in connection with est, as : 
 scribendum est, is translated into English : it is to be (writ- 
 ten) or: one must, one should (write). The person which 
 must or should do something is put in the dative. Hence 
 we may translate it into English by : /, thou, he, she, it must, 
 should (write), 2oe must, should (write), etc. 
 
 2. The gerund, like the infinitive, takes the same case as 
 its verb. But instead of the gerund with an object in the 
 accusative, the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 
 
 Obtemperandum est virtutis praeceptis. Suo cuique judicio utendum 
 est (each one must use his own judgment). 
 
 3. The remaining cases of the gerund supply the cases 
 of the Infin. Still the Ace. of the gerund is used only in 
 connection with a preposition. The use of the cases of the 
 gerund is the same as the use of the cases of substantives. 
 
 Nom. JVatare est utile (swimming is useful). 
 
 Gen. jVaiandi ara utilis est (the art of swimming is useful). JVatandi 
 sum peritus (1 am skilled in swimming). 
 
 Dat. JVatando homo aptus est (man is fitted for swimming). 
 
 Ace. JVatare disco (I learn to swim, or swimming) ; but : ad natandum 
 homo aptus est (is fitted for swimming, or: to swim). 
 Inter natandum [whWe swimming); ob natandum (on ac- 
 count of swimming). 
 
 Abl. JVatando cori)oris vires exercentur (by swimming). In natando 
 (in swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de 
 natando. 
 
§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. %55 
 
 Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun, is governed 
 in its different cases in the same manner as a noun. 
 
 4. The gerund in the oblique cases also, like the Infin., 
 takes the same case as its verb. Still, instead of the ge- 
 rund in the Dat. and Ace. with an object in the accusative, 
 the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1. 
 
 Ara pueros bene educandi difficilis est. Pauci idoni sunt ad cdiis im- 
 perandum. 
 
 CXXIX. Exercises for translation. (^ 98.) 
 
 I. Man should always think that life is short. The laws of Lycur- 
 gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hun- 
 gering, thirsting, freezing, sweating. The effort to relieve the misery 
 of others, is very agreeable to good men. Avoid thou all enticements 
 to (gen.) sinning (peccare). Not for (dat.) the school, but for life we 
 should learn. A good scholar is desirous of learning nmch. During 
 (inter) the deliberation (consultare) one ought not to contend (decertare) 
 with arms. One must not spare an enemy. Boys and youths should 
 use exercise of body and mind. Who has not learned to obey, is not 
 fit (idoneus) to command. Caesar and Pompey were inclined (propen- 
 sus ad) to spare the enemies. By nothing do men approach (accedere) 
 nearer to God, than by giving safety to men. By teaching we learn. 
 
 II. It is sufficiently known, that good men must contend with the 
 bad. Socrates was accustomed, by inquiry (percontari) and question- 
 ing (= asking) to elicit the sentiments (opinio) of those with whom he 
 discoursed (disserere). One must come for aid, not merely to the 
 body, but much (multo) more to the understanding and the mind. 
 We should forget injuries. Who does not know, that the hope of im- 
 punity is a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare). All the citi- 
 zens burned (exardescere, per/.) with desire to fight for the safety of 
 their country. One must use the occasion. Learn, O boys, early the 
 art of using time wisely ! Few men are fitted [idoneus with dat) to 
 speak. Man is born to act. The Persians were very skilful in (gen.) 
 riding. The character (mos, plur.) is discovered (= uncovered) in 
 (inter) playing freely. From delaying (cunctari) Fabius was called the 
 delayer. One must abstain from ignoble pleasures. 
 
 § 99. Gerundive, 
 1. When the gerund would take an object in the accusative^ 
 
256 GERUNDIVE. [^ 99. 
 
 the gerundive is commonly used instead of the gerund in the 
 Gen. and Abl. and always instead of the gerund in the 
 Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the ge- 
 rand, stands in the dative. 
 
 2. The change of the construction of the gerund into 
 that of the gerundive takes place in the following manner : 
 
 a) The noun standing in the Ace. with the gerund, is 
 put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands ; 
 
 b) The gerund is changed into the gerundive. 
 
 c) But the gerundive is put in the same case, number and 
 gender as the noun. 
 
 E. g. If in the phrase : ars pueros educandi one would use the ge- 
 rundive instead of the gerund, he must : a) put the Ace. pueros in the 
 case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen. : puerorum (ars puer- 
 orum) ; b) he must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive 
 educandus, a, um ; c) finally, must put this gerundive in the same gen- 
 der, number and case as puerorum, hence educandorum. 
 
 Nom. Nobis bene educandum est pue- Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt. 
 
 ros, must be changed into : 
 Gen. Ars dvitatem gubernandi est dif- 
 
 ficillima ; for which common- 
 
 Dat. Asinus idoneus est oneraportan- 
 
 do, must be changed into : 
 Ace. Puer aptus est ad Htteras trac- 
 
 tandum,must be changed into : 
 .Mbl. Litteras tractando ingenium acui- 
 
 tur, for which commonly : 
 
 Remark. But the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed 
 into the Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an ad- 
 jective or pronoun, as : studium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscen- 
 dorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not huju^ audiendi). 
 
 3. The gerundive stands also with verbs signifying to 
 take, to give, care, attend to, give up, cause and the like, in 
 order to express an intention or end. 
 
 Urbs a duce mihtibus diripienda data est (for plundering). Urbem 
 dux militibus diripiendam dedit. Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura- 
 vit (caused to be led back). 
 
 Ars civitatis gubemandae est dif- 
 ficillima. 
 
 Asinus idoneus gbX oneribus por- 
 
 tandis. 
 Puer aptus est ad litteras trac- 
 
 tandas. 
 Idtteris tradandis ingenium acui- 
 
 tur. 
 
$ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 267 
 
 CXXX. Exercises for translation. (§99.) 
 
 I. When wrath moves thee very much (maxime), thou must curb 
 thy tongue very carefully. The art of governhig (gubernare) a state 
 well and wisely, is very difficult. Many are more desirous of increas- 
 ing [their] riches than of exercising [their] virtue. One must account 
 wisdom the art of living well and peacefully. The camel is fitted 
 (aptus, a, um, with dat.) for bearing great loads. Water is very useful 
 for preserving our health. Gymnastic exercises avail very much (plu- 
 rimum) for (ad) confirming the health. The Phenicians were very 
 skilful in the art of governing ships. No possession is to be esteemed 
 higher than virtue. The soldiers tried (experiri) all [things] in order to 
 (ad) capture the city. The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations 
 treats (est) of the contempt of death ; the second of the enduring of 
 pain ; the third of the relieving of sorrow. Socrates passed (perf.) 
 [his] whole life in improving the morals of others. To be drawn 
 (abduci) from active duties (res gerere) by the eflfort to investigate truth, 
 is inconsistent with duty (contra officium). The life of the wise man 
 consists in the exercise of virtue. Good parents bestow [collocare in 
 with abl.) all care upon the proper (= good) bringing up of their chil- 
 dren. Some (nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening 
 (acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys. The contempt of death avails 
 veiy much in delivering the soul from fear. Nature has given (tradere) 
 to woman, the attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the 
 domestic affairs (res). Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city to 
 the soldiers, for plundering (diripere). Good parents take care (curare) 
 to instruct then' children well. 
 
 II. He (is) is to be accounted (existimare) free, who serves no vice 
 (turpitudo). The desire (cura) to preserve itself, is inborn by nature 
 in every living being. In joking (jocari), we must preserve (adhibere) 
 temperance. The faculty of curbing the tongue is very useful. Many, 
 on account of a desire for fame, are desirous to carry on war. We 
 should pronounce nobody happy before death. Virtue has the greatest 
 power of freeing minds from the passions. Soldiers should know 
 how (= be acquainted with) to endure hunger and thirst. Innumera- 
 ble things have been created by God in order (dat.) to delight men. 
 Many plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds. How many things 
 are necessary for the preservation of life ! Thou must try all [things] 
 in order to obtain the praise of the good. The winds are very useful 
 for (ad) dispersing the injurious dust. By the pursuit (tractare) of 
 literature, we should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but 
 
 22* 
 
258 PARTICIPLE. [^ lOa 
 
 better also. The book of Plutarch concerning the bringing up of 
 children (puer) contains many useful precepts. In the performance 
 (persequi) of all duties, one must bestow an effort (contentio) of the 
 soul. Be unwilling to receive an office to the management (adminis- 
 trare) of which thou art not competent (= hast not grown). In the se- 
 lection (eligere) of friends, we should bestow the greatest foresight. 
 Conon caused (curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander, 
 to be repaired (reficere). We give the boys good books to read. 
 Mithridates took means (curare) to kill all Roman citizens in (abl.) the 
 whole of Asia in one day. 
 
 § 100. Participle. 
 
 1. The participle, like the Infin., governs the same case as 
 its verb, as : epistolam scribens, hostibus parcerts, and like an 
 adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with its noun, 
 as : puer laudatus^ puella laudata. 
 
 2. The participle is used as follows : 
 
 a) Wholly as an adjective^ as : rosa florens pulchra est 
 (the blooming rose). Rosa est florens (the rose is 
 blooming) ; 
 
 b) Instead of the relative toho^ lohich with some form of 
 the finite verb, as : cives acriter cum hostibus dimica- 
 bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the 
 city); 
 
 c) Instead of the conjunctions, lohile, as, after, lohen, if, 
 because, since, although with the finite verb, as : cog- 
 itantes coelestia, haec nostra ut exigua et minima con- 
 temnimus (when we think upon heavenly things). 
 Hostes, amnem transgressi, castra muniverunt (after 
 they had passed over the river). 
 
 3. The Part. Fut. Act. is often used in order to express a 
 design or purpose, and in this case is to be rendered by that, 
 in order that with the finite verb, or by in order to with the 
 Infin. 
 
 Ingens horainum multitudo in urbem convenit ludos publicos speda- 
 tura. 
 
 4. There are two kinds of participial construction in 
 
$ 100.] PARTICIPLE. 259 
 
 Latin : the one is called the conjunctive participial construe- 
 tion^ the other the ablative absolute. Since we generally 
 translate the participle into English by a subordinate clause, 
 the difference between these two constructions may be ex- 
 plained as follows : 
 
 a) The conjunctive participial construction is used, when 
 the subordinate clause has no subject of its own, but 
 has for its subject either the subject or object of the 
 principal clause. In this case, the participle agrees in 
 gender, number and case with this subject or object. 
 
 Sol oriens pellit noctem (when the sun rises, it (i. e. the sun) chases 
 away the night). Jlristldes, patria pulsus, Lacedaemonem fugit (as Aris- 
 tides had been expelled from his country, he (Aristides) fled to Lace- 
 demon). Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se receperunt (after the 
 enemy had obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the 
 camp). Caesar hostes fugatos persecutiis est, after the enemy had been 
 put to flight, Caesar pursued them (the enemy). 
 
 b) The ablative absolute is used, when the subordinate 
 clause has its own subject, which is neither the subject 
 nor the object of the principal clause. In this case 
 the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the 
 ablative and the participle is added in the same case. 
 
 Sole oriente, nox fugit (when the sun rises, the night flees). Recupera' 
 td pace, artes efflorescunt (as soon as peace is regained, the arts 
 flourish). 
 
 Rem. Very often both the conjunctive participle and the ablative 
 absolute may be translated by a substantive with or without a pre- 
 position, as : the rising of the sun dispels the night ; after obtaining 
 the victory, the enemy returned to the camp ; with the setting of the 
 sun night flees. 
 
 Rem. 2. Substantives and adjectives also, are often used in the same 
 way as participles, as : bellum Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum 
 est (under the conduct of Caesar). JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto 
 potest (under the guidance of nature). Natus est Augustus, Cicerone 
 et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony). 
 
 CXXXI Exercises for translation. ($100.) 
 
 I. a. What is so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence, 
 which is given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the 
 
260 PARTICIPLE. [§ 100. 
 
 destruction of the good ? Change of country does not always change 
 the morals. The enemies pitched a camp in a place which was sur- 
 rounded by marshes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin 
 (exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation. 
 Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besieg- 
 ing Ardea. Since the Romans feared the snares of the Germans, they 
 returned over the Rhine. After Dionysius the tyrant had been expell- 
 ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys at Corinth. A laugh 
 sometimes breaks forth so violently, that we cannot, even when we 
 desire, restrain (tenere) [it]. Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan- 
 der, was the most dear, because he had been brought up in like man- 
 ner with himself. When the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as- 
 semble at [in with ace.) one place. In the third Punic war, Scipio 
 passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage. 
 
 I. b. What do eighty years, which are spent (exig^re) in (per) in- 
 activity (inertia), profit (juvare) a man ? Two friends are like one soul 
 which dwells in two bodies. When Alexander had possessed himself 
 of Egypt, he built Alexandria. Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, fell 
 in the battle of Marathon (Marathonius, a, um), while he was bearing 
 arms against his country. Sulla was sent to Asia, in order to carry 
 on war with the king Mithridates. After the enemies had possessed 
 themselves of the city, they plundered it. By day (interdiu) we do not 
 see the stars, because they are obscured by the light of the sun. We 
 have confidence in upright men, even if they are not sworn. The ene- 
 mies dispersed (dilabi, per/.) into the city, in order to protect them- 
 selves, by (abl.) the walls (moenia). We cannot live happily (beate), 
 if we fear death. 
 
 n. a. When we strive against nature, the labor is vain. Men have 
 invented innumerable arts, while nature taught [them]. What solici- 
 tude would torment the wicked, if the fear of capital punishment were 
 taken away ? Since God guides human affairs, we should be destitute 
 of all fear. When humanity is extirpated from the soul, the man 
 ceases to be man. When Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo 
 of Plato, he took his life. Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman 
 empire was rated (perf ). After the troops were drawn together, the 
 general determined (perf) to attack the camp of the enemies. After 
 taking away piety and religion, disturbance of life and a great confu- 
 sion follow. At the instigation (by audor) of the magians, Xerxes was 
 to have burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece. The wise man re- 
 mains rich even after the loss (amittere) of all the goods of fortune. 
 We hope, that our army, which has distinguished itself under the con- 
 
^ 101.] COORDINATE SENTENCES. 261 
 
 duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) great- 
 er glory under the conduct of a good general. 
 
 IL b. When pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari), all great virtues 
 are in a low condition. The wise man will not be unhappy, after the 
 loss of all his goods. After the rising of the sun, the mists were 
 scattered (discuti, per/.). After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature 
 of all things, we are freed (levare) from (abl.) superstition. Caesar, 
 after the line-of-battle of the enemies was broken through and scatter- 
 ed, led back his soldiers into the camp. The sedition of the soldiers, 
 which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the general, 
 broke out again (recrudescere, per/.) in his absence. After the expul- 
 sion of the kings, Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were made 
 consuls. Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born ; under the 
 reign of Tiberius, he died. The Greeks took possession of Thermo- 
 pylae as the Persians approached. Caesar, although he had conquered 
 (passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army. The Greeks, under 
 the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon. Be- 
 cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into 
 the camp. 
 
 COMPOUND SENTENCES. 
 § 101. A. Coordinate Sentences. 
 
 1. Coordinate sentences are those which have a common 
 reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of 
 each other, as : Demosthenes was a great orator, Cicero also 
 was a great orator. 
 
 2. The relation of coordinate sentences is : 
 
 1) Copulative, which is expressed : a) by : et, atque, 
 ac (never before a vowel or h), que, and; b) by: 
 etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not, 
 also not); d) et — et, both — and, as loell — as also; 
 e) non modo (solum, tantum) — sed etiam, not only 
 {merely) — hut also; f) quum — tum, so ivell — as 
 especially; g) modo — modo, or nunc — nunc, or 
 tum — tum, now — now, then — then; h) neque (nee) 
 — ne(\ViQ (nQc), neither — nor; 
 
 2) Adversative, which is expressed by : sed, but, hut 
 
262 SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. [§ 102. 
 
 rather; autem, at, vero, verum, hut; tamen, yet; 
 attamen, veruntamen, but yet ; 
 
 3) Disjunctive^ which is expressed by : a) aut, vel, ve, 
 sive (seu), or ; b) aut — aut, vel — vel, either — or ; 
 sive — sive, whether — or, either — or; 
 
 4) Causal^ which is expressed by nam and enim (for) ; 
 
 5) Deductive^ which is expressed by: igitur, itaque, 
 ergo, hence^ therefore ; ideo, on this account^ and 
 the like. 
 
 Rem. 1. ^ue and ve always stand attached to the word to which they 
 belong, as : pater matergwe, pater msXerve ; autem, vero, enim, quoque^ 
 igitur do not stand at the beginning of the sentence, but after the first 
 word. 
 
 Rem. 2. Sive — sive are used with the indicative, as : sive id verum est, 
 sive falsum (whether it be true or false). Aut — aut and vel — vel differ 
 from each other in this, that in aut — aut the one clause really and ne- 
 ce55an7?/ excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as hold- 
 ing good only when the idea of the other is excluded ; but in vel — vel 
 the exclusion is only allowable or optional. 
 
 § 102. B. Subordinate Sentences. 
 
 1. Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de- 
 fine other sentences and hence are dependent. 
 
 2. The sentence to which another belongs as a dependent 
 part, is called the principal sentence, the dependent sentences 
 or clause, on the contrary, is called the sudordinate sentence. 
 E. g. in the compound sentence : " when the spring comes, 
 the trees bloom," the last clause : " the trees bloom," is the 
 principal sentence, and the first " when the spring comes," 
 the subordinate sentence. 
 
 3. Subordinate sentences are: 
 
 a) Substantive sentences, i. e. such as are but the ex- 
 panded idea of some case of a 'substantive, as : I re- 
 joice, that thou art in health (=1 rejoice at thy 
 health) ; 
 
 b) Adjective sentences, i. e. such as are but the ex- 
 panded idea of an adjective (or participle), as: the 
 
$ 103.] USE OP MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. ' 263 
 
 rose, lohich blooms^ is beautiful (= the blooming' 
 rose) ; 
 c) Adverbial sentences^ i. e. such as are only an expan- 
 sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of 
 an adverb^ as: after the enemij loas conquered, 
 our soldiers returned (= after the conquering' of 
 the enemy). 
 
 § 103. Of the use of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences, 
 
 1. In the subordinate sentences which are introduced by 
 the indefinite relative pronouns : quisquis, quicunque, qualis- 
 cimque^ quotcunque, ubicunqite, quocuqnue, quotiescunque, 
 utcunque, quotquot^ etc. the indicative is used in Latin, while 
 we, in English, generally use the pronoun ivhoever, etc. with 
 the subjunctive. 
 
 Sapiens, ubicunque est, beatus est (wherever he may be). Quoquo 
 modo res sese hahet, in sententia mea permanebo (however the thing 
 may be). Quicquid est, ego te non deseram (whatever it may be). 
 
 2. The use of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be 
 more fully explained in treating of particular subordinate 
 sentences. For the present the following may suffice : 
 
 a) Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that 
 not, quin (after the phrases : it is not doubtful, I do 
 not doubt), that, always take the Subj. ; 
 
 b) In questions depending upon another sentence (in- 
 direct questions) the. Subj. is always used, as : die 
 mihi, cur rideas (tell me, why you laugh). Nes- 
 cio, ubi fueris (I do not know, where you have 
 been). 
 
 § 104. Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate 
 
 Sentences. 
 
 The following rules may be given for the succession of 
 the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences : 
 
 a) Upon a principal tense: Pres. Perfect-present and 
 
264 SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES. [{ 104. 
 
 Fut., there follows again a principal Tense : Pres. Perfect, 
 present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as 
 the discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
 completed ox future action; 
 
 b) Upon an historical tense: Imperf. Perfect-historical 
 and Plupf., there follows again an historical tense : Imperf. 
 Plupf. and Future Periphrastic Imperf., according as the 
 discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed, 
 completed or future action. 
 
 Sdebam, quid ageres. 
 Sciebam, quid egisses. 
 Sdebam, quid adurus esses. 
 Cognovi (I learned), quid ageres. 
 Cognovi, quid egisses. 
 Cognovi, quid adurus esses. 
 Cognoveram, quid ageres. 
 Cognoveram, quid egisses. 
 CognQ^eram, quid adurus esses. 
 
 Sdo, quid agas. 
 
 Sdo, quid egeris. 
 
 Sdo, quid adurus sis. 
 
 Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas. 
 
 Cognovi, quid egeris. 
 
 Cognovi, quid audurus sis. 
 
 Audiam, quid agas. 
 
 Jludiam, quid egeris. 
 
 Jludiam, quid adurus sis, 
 
 Opto, ut ad me venias. Optabam, ut ad me venires. Te rogo, ne 
 mihi succenseas. Te rogabam, ne mihi succenseres. Non dubito, quin 
 rem tuam bene geras. Non dubitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem 
 tuam bene geras. Non dubiiabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis. 
 Non dubitabam [dubitavi,! doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene 
 gereres (gessisses, gesturus Besses). 
 
 CXXXII. Exercises for translation. {§ 103, lp|.) 
 
 I. In whatever M^ay the thing has itself, it is not permitted to thee 
 to desert (deserere) the post cornrnitted to thee. Whoever that wretch- 
 ed [man] may be, we would l^d aid to him ! The goods of the body 
 and of fortune, however great they may be, are uncertain and frail. 
 Wherever thou mayest be, thou shouldst live uprightly. Who is so 
 powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others. Telt me, 
 what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The 
 friend related to me, whjere he had been, where he was, and where he 
 would be. Who doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against 
 the Romans? Nobody doubted, that Hannibal fought very bravely 
 against the Romans. I do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off 
 the victory over the enemy. Nobody doubted, that we should bear off 
 the victory over the enemy. 
 
 II. Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning 
 
§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 266 
 
 the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peace- 
 ful life. Whatever we may do, we should do it deliberately. I do not 
 doubt, that you have benefited your country. However great thy 
 wisdom may be, thou shouldst still always be modest. Whithersoever 
 thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom. 
 What man is so wise, that he can never be deceived ? I do not doubt 
 that thou art now contented with thy lot. I did not doubt, that thou 
 wast contented with thy lot. Tell me where thou hast journied and 
 whither thou art about to [journey]. It is not doubtful, that, when (ubi) 
 [their] country may be in danger, the citizens will fight bravely. It 
 was not doubtful, that, when [their] country was in danger, the citi- 
 zens would fight bravely. 
 
 L SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. In the English language, substantive sentences 
 are introduced by the conjunctions: that, that not, in order that, in order 
 that not. In Latin they are expressed by : a) the accusative with the 
 Infin. ; b) by substantive sentences with ut, ne, quo, quommus, quiny 
 quod. 
 
 § 105. A. Accusative ivith Infinitive. 
 
 1. When a sentence, as : rosa floret, is the object of one 
 of the verbs mentioned below (No. 2.), in Latin, the subject 
 (rosa) is changed into the Ace. (rosam) and the finite verb 
 into the Infin., as: video rosam florere (I see, that the rose 
 blooms). When the predicate is expressed by an adjective 
 or substantive with the verb sum^ fio^ etc. (§§ 84.), the adjec- 
 tive or substantive is also put in the Ace, as: aqua/rtg'^<ia 
 est; sentio aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water 
 is cold). Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we 
 hear, that Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construc- 
 tion is called the Ace. with the Infinitive. 
 
 Rem. 1. In English, this construction is generally expressed by that 
 with a Jinite verb and a noun, adjective or participle in the nominative. 
 
 2. The AcG, with the Infin. is used in the following cases : 
 a) After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling and per- 
 ceiving; of saying and relating; 
 
 23 
 
266 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. [^ 105. 
 
 b) After verbs of loilling, desiring', letting, bidding and 
 forbidding- ; volo, nolo, mala, ctfpio, stndeo ; sino 
 and patior ; jubeo and veto ; 
 
 c) After the expressions : apparet, (it is evident), con- 
 stat, (it is known), and the like ; opus est, (it is 
 necessary), licet, justum est, aequum est, mos est, and 
 the like. 
 
 Sentlmus calere ignem^ nivem esse albam, dulce mtl. Historia narrate 
 Romam a Romulo contMtam esse. Folo te ex iiinere mox redire. Virtus 
 non patitur nos luxuria indulgere. Caesar milites castra munire jussit. 
 Caesar milites ponteni rescindere vetuit. Constat inter omnes, Romanos 
 fuisst fortissimos. 
 
 Rem. 2. When no agent is expressed after juhere, vetare, sinere and 
 pati in the Infin., the Infin. Pass, is used in Latin. Caesar castra 
 mmiiri jussit. Caesar pontem resdndi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pas- 
 sus est. 
 
 Rem. 3. With licet (it is permitted) there is commonly found the 
 Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin. 
 as: quieto esse tibi licet. 
 
 Rem. 4. Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace. 
 tvith the Infin. or with the Subjunctive without ut, as : oportet nos virtuti 
 stvdere, or, virtuti studeamm oportet. Necesse est sapientem semper bea- 
 tum esse, or : sapiens semper beatus sit necesse est. 
 
 '3. The Nom. with the Infin. stands with the passives : 
 dicor, trador, feror (they say that I, or / am said) ; putor, 
 credor, existimor (they believe that I), videor (it seems that 
 \),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me). 
 
 (Ego) bonus esse dicor (they say, that I am good, or : I am said, etc.) 
 (Tu) bonus esse diceris (they say, that thou art good, or : thou art 
 
 said, etc.) 
 Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur) . 
 (JVos) boni esse putamur (they beUeve, that we are good), 
 (Vos) boni esse putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini) . ^ 
 Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur). 
 Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est. 
 (Ego) rem intelhgere videor (I seem to understand the thing, or: it 
 
 seems that I understand). (Tu) laetus esse videris. Ilk laetus 
 
 esse videtur. (JVos) laeti esse videmur. (Vos) laeti esse videmini. 
 
 lUi laeti esse videntur. (Ego) laetus esse videbar, etc. 
 
^ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 267 
 
 (Ego) jubeor scribere (they bid me write). (Tii) vetaris scribere 
 (they forbid thee to write). Milites pontem facere jussi sunt (they 
 commanded the soldiers to build a bridge). 
 
 CXXXIII Exercises/or translation. (§ 105.) 
 
 I. I know that my body is mortal, [but] that my soul is immortal. 
 Aristotle shows, that the poet Orpheus never existed. It is known, that 
 the Romans destroyed Carthage. Some philosophers believed, that 
 the world came into existence (nasci) by chance. Titus was unwilling, 
 that any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad. We hope, 
 that thou wilt soon return from (ex) the journey. Who can deny, that 
 God governs the whole world ? It is known, that Hannibal fought 
 very bravely against the Romans. History relates, that, in the Persian 
 wars (bella Persica), innumerable troops of the Persians were routed 
 by the Greeks. Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to 
 the murderer of Alexander. It is not permitted to many men, to be 
 idle. The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importare, 
 see Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an 
 inferior (inferior), as we wish a superior (superior) to live with us. 
 There is no one, who should not wish, that his children should be 
 happy. Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make 
 peace with Philip, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides, 
 was the most just of all the Athenians. They relate that the Milesian 
 Thales first (primus) predicted an eclipse of the sun (defectio solis). 
 Who reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey- 
 ed. We should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom 
 may fall to our lot. A good citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni- 
 ty of the state to all his own advantages. Caesar bade (perf.) his 
 soldiers to assault the city. Caesar caused (jubere) the city to be as- 
 saulted. The general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken city. 
 The general forbade, to plunder the taken city. They say, that Ceres 
 first (prima) taught the use of grain to men. Alexander allowed the 
 grave of Cyrus to be opened. It seems, as though the sun were small- 
 er than the earth. It is said, that the war is finished. 
 
 II. W^ho does not know, that the wise man is peaceful in every (om- 
 nis) condition of life ? Who can deny, that he has ever done wrong ? 
 It is known of all, that Athens was the inventress of most arts and 
 literature. It is better (satius) that we benefit even the bad on ac- 
 count of the good, than that we be wanting (deesse) to the good on 
 account of the bad. The wise man frankly (ingenue) acknowledges, 
 
UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. [§ 106. 
 
 that he does not know much. Thales said, that water is the beginning 
 of all things. We know, that the course of life is short, [but] that [the 
 course] of fame will be eternal. It is known, that the conspiracy of 
 Catiline was detected by Cicero, Who does not know, that the health 
 is strengthened by the exercise of the body ? The laws do not permit, 
 that an injury should bo done to the citizens. I would rather, that the 
 •enemies should hate me, than that I them. Hadrian wished, that the 
 Euphrates (Euphrates, is) might be the border of his kingdom. I 
 hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated. Alcibiades 
 could not endure (pati), that Athens should serve the Lacedemonians. 
 Men are not willing, that the very same [man] should be distinguished 
 in very many things. It was not permitted to the Romans, to depart 
 uninjured from the country of the enemy. It is related (tradi), that 
 Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were brought Up by 
 Faustulus, a royal shepherd. They relate (ferri), that the giants made 
 war upon the gods. It is believed, that letters were invented by the 
 Phenicians. It is necessary (necesse est), that the world be ruled by 
 God. It is needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that 
 thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed 
 (agere, gerund). Whom you (second pers. subj.) would make learned, 
 you must (oportet) at the same time make attentive. It is necessary 
 (oportet), that virtue should despise (aspernari) and hate what is op- 
 posed (= opposite) to ii. Marcellus first bade (perf ) the footmen, 
 then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies. Reason forbids 
 us, to obey (obtemperare) the passions. The general caused (jubere) 
 three camps to be fortified. Caesar forbade the soldiers, to desert the 
 camp. It appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing. It ap- 
 pears, that you have read this book carefully. It is said, that the enemy 
 have broken into our camp. 
 
 § 106. B. 67, ne, ut ne^ lit non with the Subjunctive. 
 
 1. Ut, that (ne, ul ne, that not, neve (neu), and thai not, 
 nor), in the first place, is used to express the end or object 
 {ut final), and stands after expressions oi making m\d effect- 
 ing- ; caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting, 
 persuading, advising, exciting, urging, commanding (impe- 
 ro), ordering; of wishing, alloivivg or permitting (concedo, 
 permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express 
 an end or object (ut = in order that, ne = in order that not). 
 
§ 106.] UT, NE, UT NE, TJT NON. 269 
 
 Sol effidt, ut omn'm Jloreant. Ante senectutem curavi, ut bene vive- 
 rem; in senectute, ut bene moriar. Oro te, vt mihi succurras. Te 
 rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas. Caesar milites hortatus est, ut acritef 
 dimicarent. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Edimus, 
 ut vivamus ; non vivimus, ut edamus. 
 
 Rem. The verbs : tolo, nolo, mala, cupio are more frequently used 
 with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. §§ 105, 
 2. b}. Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the 
 Infin. is in the passive, as : dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning 
 jubeo and veto see § 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2. 
 
 2. In the second place, ut (that), ut non, that not., is used 
 in order to express a, result (ut consecutive)^ and stands es- 
 pecially after: est^fit., acctdit, everiit, conting-it ; reliquum estj 
 restat and the like ; after ita^ sic, adeo, tam, tantus, talis, etc. ; 
 finally, after any sentence, in order to express a result {ut 
 = so that). 
 
 Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet, Restat, ut de litter- 
 arum utilitate Zo9?<ar. Ita vivere debemus, ut m omni re recti conscien- 
 tiam servemus. 
 
 8. After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne is to be 
 translated by that and ut and ne non by that not. 
 
 Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. Ti?neo, 
 ut hos labores sustineas. Vtreor, ne non perfidani, quod suscepi. 
 
 C XXXIV. Exercises for translation. ($ 106.) 
 
 I. Cicero, informed (edocere) of all [things] by the ambassadors, 
 commanded the pretors, that they should seize the Allobroges at the 
 bridge. The laws of the Lacedemonians looked (spectare) to this (id), 
 that the youth should be formed by labors. Virtue alone eflfects, that 
 we may please God and man. It often happens, that advantage contends 
 with uprightness. The teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should 
 not devote themselves to indolence. Reason demands, that we should 
 restrain the desnes. The citizens of the captured city entreated 
 Caesar, that he would spare their children. Love virtue, in order that 
 thou mayest live happily (beate). Themistocles sought a narrow pass, 
 in order that he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the ene- 
 mies. At Athens it was accustomed to happen to the very best, that 
 he was banished (in exilium pelli). The wise man is excited (movere) 
 to act rightly by virtue itself, not by advantage. The power of upright- 
 23* 
 
270 ^ QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIM. [^ 107. 
 
 ness is so great, that we esteem it, whether (vel) in those whom we 
 have never seen, or (vel) even in an enemy. Aristides died in so 
 great poverty, that he scarcely left behind wherewith (qui) he might 
 be buried (efFerre). It is possible, that one (quis) may think (sentire) 
 correctly, and [yet] that which he thinks may not be expressed (eloqui) 
 elegantly (polite). I fear (vereor), that I may have renewed (refrlcare) 
 thy pain by my letter. A great (ingens) fear had seized the Roman 
 senate, that a tribune of the people would be chosen from the plebeians 
 (plebs). We feared, that our measures had displeased you. The ene- 
 mies apprehended, that their allies could not bear the attack of the 
 Romans. 
 
 IL Before old age, we should look out, that we live well, in old age, 
 that we die well. If all [things] happen (fieri) by fate, nothing can 
 admonish us, that we should be more cautious. Nature incites us, to 
 strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable. The sun effects, 
 that all trees, plants and herbs bloom and reach maturity. It comes to 
 pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents. Pa- 
 rents look out, that [their] children are not surrounded by bad men. 
 Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and 
 defend themselves with ships. The soldiers demanded, that the citi- 
 zens should deliver up their arms. Many praise others, in order that 
 they may be praised [in turn] by them. The Gauls, after they had 
 received the gold of the Romans (abl. abs.), returned, in order to 
 besiege the capitol. Caesar commanded the soldiers, not to go out 
 from the camp. He is happy (beatus), to whom it happens, to obtain 
 (ass^qui) wisdom. The composing of the book concerning old age, 
 was so delightful to Cicero, that it took from (abstergere) him all the 
 burdens (onus) of age. In a short time, the minds coalesced into 
 (abl.) so great friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) 
 was forgotten. So great is the multitude of stars, that they cannot be 
 counted. It happened, that the very same night in which Alexander 
 the great was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned 
 (conflagrare). There was very great fear at Rome, that the Gauls 
 would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fear- 
 ed, that the victory would cost them much blood. AD the citizens 
 ieared, that the peace would not be of longer continuance. 
 
 § 107. C. Quo, quo7nmus and quin with the Subjunctive. 
 1. Quo is used for ut eo, and indeed : a) in the meaning, 
 in order that thereby ; b) in the meaning, that [in order that, 
 so that) so much the, when a comparative follows. 
 
§ 107.] QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN. 271, 
 
 Haec lex data est, quo malefici deterrerentur. Caesar milites cohor- 
 tatiis est, quo animo foriiore essent. 
 
 2. Quommus stands after expressions of hindering', pre- 
 venting', resisting, refusing- and is to be translated into En- 
 glish by that. 
 
 Aetas non impedit, quominus litteras trademus. Quid sapienti potest 
 ohstare, quominus beatus sit ? Non repugnabo, quominus hunc librura 
 legas. 
 
 3. Quin is used : 
 
 a) In the meaning that not, instead of ut non after a 
 negative principal clause. 
 
 Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for- 
 bear to write to you daily). Fieri non potuit, quin urbs ab hostibus 
 caperetur. JVihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. JVun mulium abfuit, quin 
 hostes vinccreniur. Homines barbari sibi non iemperabant, quin in 
 Italiam contenderent. 
 
 b) In the meaning that, after non dubito, nemo dubitat, 
 quis dnbitat? dubium non est 
 
 JVon dubito, quin verum dixeris. Quis dubitat, quin in virtute divi- 
 tiae shU positae ? Dubium non erat, quin victoriam de hostibus reporta- 
 turi essemus. 
 
 Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead 
 of qui non, quae non, quod non, as : nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui 
 virtutem ament. 
 
 CXXXV. Exercises for translation, {k 107.) 
 I. Good scholars bestow all toil and care, that they may make the 
 better progress in literature. Pride did not stand in the way to our 
 ancestors, to imitate foreign institutions. Indolence prevents, that 
 scholars should make progress in literature. Not even faults of nature 
 could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence. By the swiftness 
 of our horsemen it was prevented, that the enemies should attack our 
 troops. Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious soldiers. 
 It is not possible, that we should not consider (judicare) him foolish, 
 who is (subj.) not master of himself Nothing is so sacred, that rash- 
 ness may not violate it. It cannot be doubted, that already before 
 Homer, poets Hved (esse). Who can doubt, that the whole world is 
 ruled by God ? It is not doubtful, that all which is considered evil, 
 
272 QUOD WITH THE INDICATIVE. [$ 108. 
 
 seems severer (gravior, us) [when] unforeseen. There is nobody 
 who may not wish, that his children may love virtue. Nothing is 
 found in nature, which is not very wisely constituted by God. 
 
 II. Good parents do not cease (intermittunt) to exhort [their] 
 children to virtue, in order that they may grow better daily (in dies). 
 All the soldiers believed, that nothing would stand in the way of 
 their gaining (adipisci) the victory. Superstition prevents attaining 
 (= reaching) much true knowledge of things. No hindrance deterred 
 Alexander from penetrating (penetrare) to the Ocean. Nothing keeps 
 a wise man from pursuing (studere) virtue. Avarice prevents men 
 from enjoying the good [things] which they possess. Who [ever] 
 contemplates (fut.) the heavens, the earth and the order of the whole 
 world, will not doubt, that there is a God. We do not doubt, that our 
 souls are immortal. The soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear 
 off a victory over the enemies. It is not possible, that they who are 
 contented with their lot do not live happy. We cannot forbear des- 
 pising those who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to 
 the enemies who had captured the city, that they might not violate it. 
 There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There 
 is almost nothing so difficult, that man, by the exertion of his powers, 
 cannot do it. 
 
 § 108. D. Quod (that) with the Indicative. 
 
 1. Quod (that) introduces a substantive sentence, which 
 gives the explanation or ground of the predicate or some 
 other word of the principal clause. The subjunctive stands 
 with quod^ only when the sentence is expressed as the sen- 
 timent of another. The cases in which quod is used are 
 the following: 
 
 a) After certain expressions, as : bene^ male, prudenter 
 facio ; bene, male evenit, accidit and the like ; 
 
 b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substan- 
 tive or pronoun in the principal sentence ; 
 
 c) After verbs signifying a7i affection of the mind, as J 
 laetor, gaudeo, doleo, indig-nor, aegre fero, moleste 
 
 fero, queror, miror, glorior ; also after verbs oi prais- 
 ing, censuring, accusing, thanking. 
 Bent feuds, quod me adjuvas. Magnum beneficium est naturae, quod 
 
§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 273 
 
 necesse est mori. Gaudeo, quod vcdes. Laudo te, quod rem tuam bene 
 gessisti. Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfueiit abstinens. 
 
 Remark. Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more fre- 
 quently connected with an Ace. with the Infin., as: te vcdere, gaudeo, 
 
 CXXXVL Exercises for translation. (^ 108.) 
 
 I. Thou hast done me a jrreat favor, that thou hast sent me {ad me) 
 this book. The generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to 
 Athens, in order (sup.) to complain (queri), that Chabrias was carrying 
 on war against the king of Egypt. The Lacedemonians sent ambas- 
 sadors to Athens, who should accuse Alcibiades, that he had made a 
 league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece. 
 I rejoice, that thou and thy brother are well. We wonder, that Greece, 
 which excelled in fame, glory, learning (doctrina), the greatest number 
 of arts, in dominion and warlike (bellicus) praise (laus), occupied (tene- 
 re) so small a place in Europe. Nobody will censure thee, that thou 
 hast aided thy friend. 
 
 n. It is very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from 
 (ex) the journey. Thou doest well, that thou wishest to live in the 
 country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health. We rejoice, 
 that thou and thy brother are returned safe. It is a great kindness to 
 boys, that they are instructed in literature in school. We grieve very 
 much, that you are not able to come. Unjustly was Socrates accused 
 by the Athenians, that he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth. Caesar 
 praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the ene- 
 mies. All citizens rejoiced, that the city was delivered from the siege. 
 That Caesar was killed by Brutus, we complain (= censure). How 
 great is the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various 
 and so agreeable [things] ! 
 
 § 109. II. Adjective Sentences. 
 
 1. The relative qui, quae, quod agrees in gender and num- 
 her with the word to which it refers ; the case of the rela- 
 tive, on the contrary, depends upon the construction of the 
 clause to which it belongs. 
 
 Beati sunt ii komines^ quorum vita virtutis praeceptis regitur. Deus 
 est, qui omnem hunc mundum regit. 
 
 2. The person of the verb in adjective sentences, is deter- 
 
274 ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. [$ 109. 
 
 mined by the person of the substantive or pronoun, to which 
 the relative refers. 
 
 Ego, qui scribo ; tu, qui scribis ; pater, qui scribit ; nos, qui scribimus ; 
 vos, qui scribitis ; fratres, qui scribunt. 
 
 3. The subjunctive stands in adjective sentences in the 
 following cases : 
 
 a) When the adjective sentence expresses an aim or 
 result, and qui seems to stand for tit eg'O, ut tu, ut 
 is ; especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus ;, 
 after is (such), talis, ejusmodi, tarn-, tantus; 
 
 b) With the indefinite expressions: est, sunt, qui; re- 
 periuntur, inveniuntur, qui; nemo est, nullus est, 
 qui ; nemo est, nullus est, qui ; nihil est, quod ; 
 
 c) With the expressions, est, quod; non est, quod: 
 nihil est (quid est?), quod; habeo, non habeo, nihil 
 habeo, quod, there is reason (no reason), I have 
 reason (no reason), that (with the finite verb) or to 
 (with the Infin.), etc. 
 
 d) When the adjective sentence gives a reason, where 
 qui can be translated by since I, since you, since 
 he, 
 
 Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who 
 were to ask). Vir probus dignus est, cui fidem habeamus (deserves, 
 that we give him our confidence). Sunt, qui censeant, una animum et 
 corpus occidere. JYuUum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat no- 
 titiam aliquam dei. Non is tram, qui ahorum miseriam ad me non 
 pertinere censerem. O fortunate adolescens, ^mi tuae virtutis Homerum 
 praeconem inveneris ! 
 
 CXXXVII. Exercises for translation. {§ 109.) 
 L Thou art worthy (dignus es) on account of thy uprightness, that 
 ice should have confidence in thee (= to whom). Who does not love 
 his parents, is unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (ullus). 
 God has given us reason, in order that by it we may govern the ap- 
 petites (appetitus, us) of the soul. There is no duty so sacred, that 
 avarice is not accustomed to infringe (comminuere) and violate it. 
 There are men, who think (censere), that the soul is mortal. There is 
 
^ 109.] ' ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 275 
 
 nothing so difficult, that it cannot be traced out (investigare) by search- 
 ing (==seeking). Who does not honor virtue, is not fit, that we should 
 receive him into our friendship. The Romans sent ambassadors to 
 Antiochus, who might remind him of the Roman alliance. Many 
 have been found, who were ready to devote (profundere) not only 
 money but life even to their country. What is sweeter, than to have 
 [a friend] with whom thou canst share every thing (= all) as with thy- 
 self? There is no living being, except man, which has any knowl- 
 edge (notitia) of God. There is no reason, that one should envy those, 
 whom the people (populus) call great and good. Innocence is such a 
 state of the soul, as injures nobody. You have always been such, that 
 you considered life without the pursuits of literature disagreeable (in- 
 suavis). You are worthy, that we should obey your will in all things. 
 O fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since you are eminent among all by so 
 many noble deeds ! 
 
 II. Who obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to 
 command. Every upright man is undeserving (non dignus est), that 
 the ungrateful citizens should deride him. Fabricius was such, that 
 he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus. The husband- 
 men cultivate the earth, in order that it may bear fi-uit. Caesar sent 
 horsemen, who might pursue the fleeing enemy. History is of thai 
 nature (idoneus), that by it the mind of the boy may be cultivated. 
 There are and have been philosophers, who think (censere), that God 
 has no concern (procuratio) at all (omnino) about human affairs. Thou 
 art worthy, that we should have confidence in thee in all things. 
 There is no grief of the soul, which may not be abated by length of 
 time. There were philosophers, who said, that property is the high- 
 est good. Nero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What 
 (quis) so great advantange was there in prosperity, when thou hadst 
 not a friend who would rejoice at it in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thy- 
 self? There was nothing so sacred, that it was not violated by the 
 insolence of the enemy. You are not such (ii), that we should obey 
 you. There is nothing by which a boy can please others more, than 
 by modesty. I pronounce myself happy, that I have [a friend], who 
 rejoices at my prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself. There is no 
 reason, that we should fear death. 
 
276 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [$ llO. 
 
 III. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. 
 § 110. a. Adverbial Sentences of Time, 
 1 . Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con- 
 junctions : guum,postquam,ui,ubi, simulatque, ex quo (since), 
 priusquam and antequam^ dum, quoad^ donee. These con- 
 junctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj. 
 
 1) Quum is used either of titne or cause. The temporal 
 quum (when, while, as) is used with the indicative of all the 
 tenses, yet almost invariably with the subjunctive of the 
 imperfect ^n^ pluperfect^ when 3. perfect stands in the prin- 
 pal clause. The causal quwn (since), is always cottflected 
 with the subjunctive. 
 
 a) Quum coelum contemplamur^ dei magwtudinem ad- 
 miramur (ivhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit, 
 uberiores fructus efFerre solet {ivhen, after). Sapiens 
 non ejulabit, qmim doloribus torquebitur (lohen). 
 Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad le proficiscar (ivhen), 
 
 b) Quum milites de hostium adventu edocerentur, con- 
 tinuo summo pugnandi wcdorejlagraverunt (as). Al- 
 exander, quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, 
 vix a se manus abstinuit (as). 
 
 c) Quum philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peni- 
 tusque ei trad ere debemus (since). Quum milites pe- 
 ricula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus confli- 
 gere (since). 
 
 2) Postquam (after that), ut (jusj as = as soon as), ubi 
 (as), simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or A), as soon 
 as, are connected with the indicative, and indeed, most fre- 
 quently with the perfect which we commonly translate into 
 English by the Plupf. 
 
 Postquam Caesar aciem inst/uxit, omnes hostes in unum locum con- 
 volaverunt. Ut dies illvxit, profectus sum. Hostes, ubi nostros equi- 
 tes conspexerunt, fugerunt. Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad te scribam. 
 
 3) Priusquam and anttquam (before that, ere, before), are 
 connected ; 
 
§ 110.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP TIME. 277 
 
 a) With the Subj. Pres., more rarely with the Indie. 
 Pres. ; 
 
 b) With the Indicative Perfect ; 
 
 c) With the Indicative Fut Perf. ; 
 
 d) With the Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf. 
 
 a) Tempestas minatur, antequam surgat. 
 
 b) Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes absumpsit, potentissima ftiit. 
 
 c) Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris. 
 
 d) Hostes propulvsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione cingermf. Dies 
 obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent. 
 
 4) Dum in the meaning ivhile, at the same time^ as long" 
 as, and quoad in the meaning as long' as are connected with 
 the indicative. 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, hostiurn copiae conveniunt. Lacedaemoniorum 
 gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges vigehant. Cato, quoad vixit, virtu- 
 tum laude crevit. 
 
 Remark. Dum in the meaning at the same t{m£ that is commonly 
 used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sen- 
 tence, as : dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat. 
 
 5) Dum, quoad and donee in the meaning till, until, till 
 that are generally connected with the subjunctive of the 
 Pres., Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the 
 Perf. and Fut. Perf. 
 
 Milites exspectant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educat. Mili- 
 tes exspectabant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educeret. Cicero 
 omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjurationem detexisset. Milites 
 tamdiu restiterunt, quoad hostes fugam cupessiverunt. Tamdiu manebo, 
 dum omnem rem cognovero. 
 
 C XXXVIII. Exercises for translation. (HlO.) 
 
 I. a. When we contemplate the lives of abandoned men (maleficus) 
 we are deterred from vices. When a wise man is derided (fiit.) by 
 the foolish people, he will not be indignant As Caesar entered (in- 
 gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended [their] hands to (ad) 
 him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them. Health we 
 are then at length (turn demum) accustomed to estimate high (multum), 
 when we have recovered from a severe sickness. As Tullus Hostilius 
 had reigned 32 years, he was struck (icere, perf.) by lightning. As 
 24 
 
278 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. [HlO. 
 
 (ubi) Caesar had ascertained (perf.) by spies, that the enemies ap- 
 proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp. As 
 (quum) the enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they 
 betook (perf) themselves back to the fortified camp. As soon as the 
 enemies were discovered (perf.), the soldiers seized (capess6re, perf.) 
 their arms. Why should vfe fear death, since our souls W\\\ not de- 
 cay at the same time w^ith our bodies ? After Caesar had seen (perf.) 
 that the troops of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare, 
 perf.) to conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the river. 
 
 I. b. We shall be happy, when we shall be free from passion (plur.). 
 He, who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare) 
 it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly. A virtuous man will be happy 
 (beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune. Since 
 the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the 
 wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies. As Alexander had 
 taken Thebes, he spared (perf) the family of the poet Pindar. As 
 soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere) 
 himself wholly (totus) to avarice. After the general had fallen, the 
 soldiers fled (perf). As (ubi) the Romans heard, that the enemies 
 approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them. 
 
 II. a. The enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they 
 came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social] 
 circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either con- 
 cerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from 
 there before the conversation had been brought to an end. Before 
 thou reapest, thou must (oportet) sow. Mithridates thrust through 
 (transfigere) Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam) 
 could come to his aassistance (succurrere), killed [him]. As long as 
 (quoad) the city was guarded by the citizens, the enemies did not dare 
 (perf) to assault it. I shall wait until thou returnest. Epaminondas 
 held back the iron in [his] body, until (quoad) it was announced (re- 
 nuntiare, perf.) that the Boeotians had conquered. The Romans 
 waited, until the enemies had approached the camp. The soldiers re- 
 mained in the camp, until the day dawned (illucescere). 
 
 II. b. The storm threatens before it arises ; buildings creak before 
 they fall (corruere). In all business (plur.), before thou enterest upon 
 [it], thou shouldst make (adhibere) careful preparation. The Gauls 
 came into (transcendere) Italy 200 years before they took (imperf.) 
 Rome. Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar at- 
 tacked (perf.) the Germans. The Romans pursued the enemies until 
 it was evening (advesperascere). Wait thou, till I come. As long as 
 
^H 11, 112.] ABVERBIAL SENTENCES. 279 
 
 Hannibal lived, he burned (flagrare) with anger against the Romans. 
 As long as (quoad) Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf!) over the 
 Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner. 
 I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned. Until the 
 citadel was suirandered {dedere per/.), slaughters took place {caedes At) 
 every where (passim) through (abl.) the whole city. We should (ge- 
 rundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those whom they are 
 offended at, till [their] anger burns out (defervesc6re). 
 
 ^ § 111. b. Causal Adverbial Sentences. 
 Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground., diXe 
 introduced by the conjunctions : quod., quia., quoniam. 
 These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative ; 
 the subjunctive is used with them, only when the cause is 
 given as the sentiment or from the view of another. (Con- 
 cerning the causal quum see § 110, 1). 
 
 Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et vigilantia 
 Catilinae conjuratio deteda est. Quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco 
 verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt. Quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tec- 
 ta discedite. 
 
 § 112. c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences. 
 
 1. Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by : si 
 (if), nisi and si non (if not, unless). 
 
 2. The indicative is used in sentences of this kind, when 
 the condition is expressed as real and certain. In this case 
 the Indie, is generally used in the principal sentence also. 
 
 Si hoc dicis, erras. Si hoc dicebas, errabas. 
 
 3. The subjunctive is used, when the condition is spoken 
 of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sen- 
 tence, in this case, the subjunctive is used also. 
 
 a) The Subj. Pres. and Perf. is used, when the condition 
 is represented as a mere supposition ; 
 
 b) The Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf., when the condition 
 is represented as a supposition the contrary of ivhat 
 actually is or is not. 
 
280 CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [Hl3. 
 
 Si hoc dicas, erres (if thou shouldst say this, thou wouldst err.) Si 
 hoc diceres^ errares (if thou saidst this, thou erredst ; but I know thou 
 didst not say it ; hence thou didst not err). Si hoc dixissts, errasses (if 
 thou hadst said this, thou wouldst have erred ; but I know thou hast 
 not said it; hence thou hast not erred). 
 
 Remark. JVisi makes a supposition negatively but leaves the thing 
 supposed affirmative : " if it be not su])posed, that something is ;" but 
 si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed i^ 
 negative : " if it be supposed, that something is nof." Non potes ju- 
 cunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus 
 non succumbit. 
 
 4. Dum, dummodo, modo in the meaning provided that, if 
 only; dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if 
 only not) always take the subjunctive. 
 
 Multi omnia recta et honesta negllgunt, dummodo potentiam conse- 
 quantur. 
 
 §113. d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences. 
 Concessive sentences are introduced by : 
 
 a) etsij tametsi (even if, although), quamquam (although), 
 commonly with the indicative ; 
 
 b) etiamsi (even if, although), more frequently with the 
 subjunctive than with the Indie. ; 
 
 c) quamvis (although, however), and licet (although) are 
 always connected with the subjunctive of one of the 
 principal tenses. 
 
 Viri boni recte agunt, etsi nullum consecuturum emolumentum vi- 
 dent. Etiamsi secundissimis rebus vtdre, tamen beatus non eris, si vir- 
 tute cares. Sapiens dolorem patienter tolerat, quamvis acerbus sit. 
 
 CXXXIX. Exercises/or translation. (§§ 111, 112, 113.) 
 I. Themistocles said, that he walked (ambulare) by night, because 
 he could not sleep (somnum capere). If we shall always follow the 
 way of virtue, the entrance to heaven will sometime stand open to us. 
 If our friend had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of 
 the physician, he surely would not have died. If we shall not have 
 removed (resecare) the passions, we shall strive in vain to be happy. 
 Men desirous of fame endure all hardships, if they may only obtain 
 what they wish (subj.). Although (etsi) the place was unfavorable, 
 
§ 114.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. 281 
 
 nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the enemy. However thou 
 mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum, plur.)j thou 
 shouldst not be offended at fortune. Even if the body is bound, yet 
 no chains are placed (injicere) upon the soul. Who is not offended 
 (offendere) by a foul deed itself, even if it does not hurt him ? 
 
 n. The lavt^s we obey, not from (propter) fear, but we follow them, 
 because we judge, that this is most salutary. As Xenocrates was ask- 
 ed, why he was almost always silent (silere), he answered : Because it 
 has often (aliquando) repented me to have spoken (dicere), but never to 
 have been silent (tacere). If you hate those whom you should love, 
 you act wickedly. If we discharge our office religiously, we shall en- 
 joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men. If we do not follow 
 virtue, we cannot live peacefully (beate). If all [things] happened by 
 fate, all (omnis) foresight would be useless. Fire becomes extinct, if 
 it is not nourished. We are ready to endure toils and burdens, if we 
 may oply obtain (adipisci) tlie victory. Folly thinks (credere), that 
 it has never obtained (consequi) enough, although (etsi) it has ob- 
 tained (adipisci) what it desires (concupiscere). Nobody, however 
 wealthy he may be, can be without the aid of others. We should cul- 
 tivate virtue (honestas), even if no advantage may follow it. The 
 good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even if he has 
 obtained (nancisci) an opportunity. It is a terrible (dims) and abom- 
 inable (abominandus) saying (= word): They may hate, if only they 
 fear. 
 
 § 114. e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison. 
 1. The comparing of the subject of the principal sen- 
 tence in respect to manner, or greatness and degree is ex- 
 pressed : 
 
 a) By : ut (uti, sicut, quemadmodum) with the indicative 
 — ita (sic), as, even as — so; tarn (tantopere, tantum) 
 — qua77i (quantopere, quantum), so great — as ; nan tarn 
 — quam, not so much — as. 
 
 Rem. 1. In a barely iwic^'nari/ comparison, the subordinate sentence 
 is introduced by: quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive. 
 The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles 
 already stated (^ 104.). 
 
 b) By the comparative with quam (than). 
 Mdior tuiiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. 
 
 24* 
 
288: ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP COMPARISON. [$ 114. 
 
 Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without 
 quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See 
 101, 7. The Enghsh eren, still with tlie comparative, is expressed by 
 etiam, as: etiam major or major etiam. 
 
 2. When two qualities or actions of one object are com- 
 pared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in 
 the comparative and the last is connected to the other by 
 quam. 
 
 Pestilentia minador quam pemidosior, cogitationes hominum a cer- 
 taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti- 
 lence). Belhim a civibus nostris fortius, quam fdicius gestum est (with 
 more bravery than success). 
 
 Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second 
 member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too 
 much, very, somewhat with the positive, as : senectus est loquacior (some- 
 what loquacious ; properly : more loquacious i. e. more loquacious than 
 is proper). 
 
 Rem. 4. When the comparison is limited definitely to two objects, 
 in Latin, the comparative and not the superlative is used, as : uter ves- 
 trum est major natu ? (which of you two is the older ?) 
 
 3. Quo — eo, or quanto — tanto (the — so much the) in con- 
 nection with two comparatives, express a uniform proportion 
 between two qualities or actions. 
 
 Quo plura habent homines, to ampliora expetere solent. 
 
 4. When the discourse is of an indefinite subject, instead 
 of the last mentioned mode of expressions we commonly 
 find : ut quisque — ita with two superlatives. 
 
 Ut quisque est sapientissimus ita est modestissimus (the wiser a man 
 is, the more modest he is). 
 
 CXL. Exercises for translaZion. {h 114.) 
 
 I. Many men, forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue, com- 
 plain of their lot, as if it had not been permitted (perf.) them to en- 
 ter (ingredi) the way of virtue. Many men live, as though they had 
 been born to pleasures. One should so think, as if (tanquam) some 
 one (aliquis) could look into his inmost breast. A more threat- 
 ening than destructive disease turned the minds of men from public 
 duties (munus,eris). Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously 
 (prudenter) than eagerly. When pleasure is too great and too long. 
 
ni5,] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 283 
 
 it extinguishes all (oninis) the light of the soul. Old men are too lo- 
 quacious. The au* (aer) is so much the thicker, the nearer it is to the 
 eai-th (plur.). The better any thing is, so much the rarer it is. We 
 are all influenced (trahere) by the struggle (= effort) after praise; 
 and the better one is, so much the more is he governed by fame. The 
 more prudent one is, the more cautious he is. The more one refers 
 whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere) to (ad) his own advantage, 
 so much the less is he a good man. 
 
 n. Most men strive eagerly to obtain riches and power, [and] neg- 
 lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not upon virtue, but upon rich- 
 es. Always act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by 
 others. The words of the orator were more acute than true. It did 
 not escape Hannibal (fallo, ptrf.), that the enemies would dispatch 
 (gerere) affairs, loith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto). 
 The wise man abstains from too violent emotions of the soul. This 
 book is somewhat difficult to understand. The greater and more di- 
 vine the excellence in minds, so much the greater care they need (in- 
 digere). The more eminent (== higher) men are, so much the more 
 condescending they should be to the more humble. The better one is, 
 so much the more he serves his descendants. The better one is, so 
 much the more his mind strives to obtain immortal fame. The better 
 one is, with so much the rmre difficulty (difficile) he considers others 
 bad. 
 
 § 115. Of Interrogative Sentences. 
 
 1. Questions are either independent (direct), as : Wast 
 thou at school yesterday ? or dependent upon another sen- 
 tence going before (indirect questions), as: I do not know, 
 ivhether thou toast at school yesterday, 
 
 2. In the direct question the indicative is used, when it is 
 asked positively, the subjunctive when it is asked doubtingly. 
 In the indirect question the subjunctive is always used. 
 
 Quid a^is") Quid agamus ? (what can we do.?). Die, quid agas. 
 
 3. Both direct and indirect questions are introduced : 
 
 a. By interrogative and relative pronouns, as: quis, 
 uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, qux), quando, quomo' 
 do, cur, etc. 
 Qwis hunc librum legit ? liter vestrum major natu est ? Cur ad 
 
284 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. [$ 115. 
 
 me non venisti ? Die, quis hunc librum legerit. Nescio, vier vestrum 
 major natu sit. Narra, cur ad me nou veneris. 
 
 b. By the interrogative words ne, nonne, num, utrum. 
 
 a) iVe, which is always attached to the accented 
 word, leaves it undecided whether the interroga- 
 tor expects an affirmative or negative answer ; 
 
 b) Nonne (not ?) always implies that the interroga- 
 tor expects an affirmative answer ; 
 
 c) Num (is it possible that?) always implies that 
 the interrogator expects a negative answer ; 
 
 d) Utrum is used only in double questions. 
 
 Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into 
 English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne^ vtrum, num, 
 may be translated by whether, and nonnz by whether not. 
 
 Fuistine lieri in schola? Tiic, futrisne heri in schola ? JStonne sapi- 
 ens beatus est? Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse? 
 J^um vitabeata in divitiis posita est ? Duhito, num vita beata in divitiis 
 posita sit. 
 
 4. In disjunctive questions, in which one member ex- 
 cludes the other, the first member is introduced by utrum or 
 the enclitic we, and the second by an (or), both in direct and 
 indirect questions. 
 
 Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi? Quaeritur, utrum unus, an 
 plures sint mundi. Mortalisne, an immortalis est animus humanus ? 
 Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis sit animus humanus. 
 
 Rem. 2. Or Twt is expressed in Latin, by annon in dired, by necne 
 in indirect questions. 
 
 5. The answer yes or no is expressed : 
 
 a) Yes : by a repetition of the word upon which the 
 stress of the question lies ; and no in the same way, 
 but with non placed before it ; 
 
 b) Yes : by, ita, ita est, sane, vero and the like ; no : 
 by, non, non ita, minime and the like ; Yes (no) 
 rather, by, immo with the addition of a word ex- 
 pressing the opposite of what is implied in the 
 question. 
 
§ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 285 
 
 Fuistine heri in schola ? Fui. Fuistine heri domi ? Vero. Estne 
 frater domi ? JVon est. Venitne pater tuus? Minime. Egebat ami- 
 cus tuus ? Immo locuples erat. 
 
 CXLI Exercises far translation. (§ 115.) 
 
 I. What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncer- 
 tain. On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this ? 
 I know not, who has said this. When (quum) we behold (cernere) the 
 whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the 
 sun greater, or smaller, than the earth ? Is it possible that thou be- 
 lievest, that our souls decay after death ? I doubt, whether the news 
 is true. Ere thou beginnest a thing, deliberate, whether it be good or 
 bad. Has not God filled the earth with all good things ? Was the 
 world made (efficere) by chance, or by a divine power ? Is thy brother 
 at home ? Yes. Is it possible that the three-headed Cerberus in the 
 lower regions frightens thee ? Wast thou yesterday at my house, or 
 not.^ Tell me, whether thou hast been at my house or not? I know 
 not, whether I can come to thee to-morrow. Wilt thou go to walk to- 
 day, or not ? Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not ? 
 Who knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him. There 
 were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by 
 chance, or by the divine reason. Hast thou read the book, which I 
 lately sent thee ? No. It is a question, whether wisdom makes men 
 happy, or not. Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex) [his] 
 journey ? Yes. Is the wise man alone to be accounted happy ? Yes. 
 Wast thou at home yesterday ? no rather I was far from home. 
 
 II. What will be to-morrow, we know not. Is lead, or gold the 
 heavier ? Did (perf.) Philip, or his son accomplish (efficere) the great- 
 est deeds ? Is not virtue to be preferred to the greatest riches ? Is it 
 possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul ? 
 Who wrote (perf.) this letter ? Tell me, who wrote this letter. Is it 
 possible that thou believest, that I do not know where thou wast yes- 
 terday ? We would first see, whether the world is governed by the 
 providencQ of God ; then, whether he [also] cares (consulere) for hu- 
 man affairs. Among the generals of the Athenians there was a great 
 strife, whether they should defend themselves by (abl.) the walls, or 
 should go against the enemies. Hast thou read Cicero's book concern- 
 ing friendship ? Yes. It is a question, whether wisdom alone makes 
 us happy (beatus), or not. Hast thou read this book, or not ? I do 
 not know, whether I shall approve thy view or reject it Dost thou 
 approve my view, or not ? I do not know, whether I shall approve 
 
-886 DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOrRSE. [^ 116. 
 
 thy view, or not. It was uncertain, whether the Romans had con- 
 quered, or been conquered. Anciently many doubted, whether, the 
 earth was round. Wast thou in school yesterday ? Yes. Canst thou 
 tell me, what the soul is.'' No. Hast thou received joyful news con- 
 cerning the health of thy brother ? No rather, very sad [news]. 
 
 § 116. Of the Form of direct and Indirect Discourse. 
 
 1. Oratio recta {direct discoarse), is that kind of discourse, 
 in which the words of a person are repeated precisely as 
 they were pronounced by him, as : The messenger an- 
 nounced : peace is concluded. 
 
 2. Oratio obliqua {indirect discourse), is that kind of dis- 
 course, in which the words of a person are made dependent 
 upon some verb of perceiving' or communicating^ as : The 
 messenger announced : that peace vms concluded. 
 
 Remark. Of the two verbs : inquam and aio, the first is used in 
 direct and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed 
 before the words quoted, but is introduced among them. 
 
 3. Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express- 
 ed: 
 
 a) By the Ace. with Infin., when they express a sim- 
 ple statement, as : nuntius allatus est, pacem esse 
 compositam {direct discourse : pax est composita) ; 
 
 b) By the subjunctive, when they express a command 
 or ivish, as: dux dixit, omnia esse perdita; milites 
 suae saluti consulerent (direct discourse : omnia 
 sunt perdita; consulate, milites, vestrae saluti). 
 
 4. Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express- 
 ed by the subjunctive. 
 
 Caesar dixit, se, postquam hostes fusi essent, castra muniturum esse. 
 Apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae 
 unum diem vivant. 
 
 CXLII. Exercises for translation. ($ 11 G.) 
 We should be sufficiently convinced, that, [even] if we could con- 
 ceal [it] from God and men, still nothing should be done unjustly (in- 
 jusie). I can never be persuaded, that the soul (plur.), while it is in 
 
§*117.] PROSODY. 287 
 
 the mortal body, lives, [but] when it has departed from it, dies. The 
 Lacedemonians wrote to Pausanias, that, if he did not return home, 
 they would condemn him to death. Tanaquil said. The king still lives ; 
 let the Romans be quiet and obey Servius TuHius. 
 
 II. Nobly Socrates said, that the nearest way to renown is, when 
 one exerts himself [id agere) that he may be such as (qualis) he wishes 
 to be considered. When ambassadors had come from king Mithrida- 
 tes requesting peace, Sulla answered, that he would not give it unless 
 (nisi) he, after deserting the fields which he had taken, should return 
 into his own kingdom (regnum). The ambassadors announced to the 
 senate. That the Aeduans had pitched their tent in their territory and 
 were laying waste the country ; that the Romans should come and 
 bring aid to them. 
 
 FIRST APPENDIX. 
 
 OF PROSODY. 
 
 § 117. Quantity of Syllables. 
 
 Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already 
 been given ($ 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the fol- 
 lowing special rules. 
 
 1. The derived word generally follows the quantity of its 
 primitive^ as : amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo. 
 
 Rem. 1. In declension are excepted; Idr, par, sal, Gen. laris, paris, 
 salis ; — In the verb it is a general principal, that, the forms of the dif- 
 ferent tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which 
 they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. or Infin. accord- 
 ing as they are derived from the one or the other; e g. (divido), divl- 
 dam ; (divisi), diviseram ; (divisum), divisurus ; (dividere), dividerem. 
 
 Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Slip, the following 
 should be observed: 
 
 1) All dissyllabic perfects and supines lengthen the short syllable of 
 the stem, as : video, vidi visum ; moveo, movi m^tum, etc. (but, Mi, ^m, 
 SMI according to § 3, 3). 
 
 Ten dissyllabic supines have the stem-syllable short: datum, statum, 
 ratum, satum, itum, qultum, cituni, litum, situm, rutum, from : do, sisto, 
 
PROSODY. [$ 117. 
 
 reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sino, riio. The compounds of sto have 
 together with stdtum, sUtum also ; two compounds of nosco, notum also : 
 cognosce and agnosco, have in the supine : cognitum, agnitum. 
 
 2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the short syllable of reduplication, 
 have also the stem-syllable following its short, as : cado, ceddi, disco, 
 didici, etc. (but momordi, cuciirri from: mordeo, curro are long accord- 
 ing to § 3, 4). 
 
 To reduplicated perfects belong also : dedi, steti, stlti ; tuli is con- 
 tracted from tetiili; bibi comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem 
 bo ; fina\]y,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication. 
 
 Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures 
 from the general rule (rule 1), as : sopor and sopire, due (in dux ducis) 
 and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc. 
 
 2. For the quantity of the penult we have the following 
 alphabetical list. (The quantity of the penult in declension 
 and conjugation is best learned from the paradigms). 
 
 -dcus, -iicus, -uca, as : meracus, caducus, lactuca ; Exc. : -acus in : 
 
 Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind^ 
 -ddes, and -Ides in Patronymics, as : Priamides, Atlantiades ; but Ides 
 
 in Patronymics from primitives in eus and cles, as : Pelides, Atrides, 
 
 Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides ; 
 -ago, -ego, -igo, -ugo in nouns, as : vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the 
 
 Greek harpdgo has a short) ; 
 -dis, -eis, -Uis, -otis, -ois, -me, -one in Patronymics, as : Ptolemais, Chry- 
 
 seis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione ; Exc. : Danais, 
 
 Thebais, Phocais, Nereis ; 
 -alis, -elis, -ela, -ulis, -ura, as : canalis, conjugalis, fidelis, querela, edu- 
 
 lis, pictura ; 
 -amen, as : examen, flamen ; 
 -dnv^, -ana, -enus, -ena, -inus, -Ina, -onus, -ona, -imus, -una, as : monta- 
 
 nus, membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus, sagi- 
 
 na, piscina (except pagina), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna ; 
 
 but inus is short in adjectives which express time or material, as : 
 
 crastinus, diutinus, cedrinus, elephantinus, except in : vespertinus, 
 
 matutinus, repentinus ; 
 -drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as ; avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus ; Exc. : 
 
 barbarus, opiparus, hilaris ; 
 -dtim, -itim, -utim, as : privatim, viritim, tributim (in affatim, stdtim the 
 
 a belongs to the stem); 
 -dvus, -Ivus, -Iva, as : octavus, aestivus, saliva ; 
 -edo, -ido, -iido in substantives, as : albedo, cupido, consuetude ; 
 -ego, see ago; 
 -eis, see ais ; 
 -elis, -ela, see alis ; 
 -emus, as : extremus ; 
 
^ 117.] QUANTITY. 289 
 
 -e'm and -Ini in distributive adjectives, as : bini, viceni ; 
 
 -enus, -entty see anus ; 
 
 -ero, -ICO {icor), -igOj -ino {inor, cinor), -ilo, -vlo [ulor\ -i/o, verbal endings, 
 as: vitupero, claudico, rustieor, levigo, fulmino, destino, criminor, 
 patrocinor, mutilo, pullulo, gratiilor, ventito ; but the i is long when 
 it belongs to the stem and is long there, as : cornicor (from comix^ 
 lds\ festino, sagino, opinor, propino, inclino, from : festinus, sagina, 
 opinio, TTivco, nXtvco ; — besides, i in the ending ito is long when the 
 stem has an i immediately before it, as : dormito (for dormi -ito) ; 
 
 -etuSy as : fletus ; 
 
 -erusy as: inferi, posteri; but erus in: austerus, sincerus, severus, pro- 
 cerus ; 
 
 -etum, -eta, as : dumetum, moneta ; 
 
 -ICO, see ero ; 
 
 -icus, -lea, as : modicus, famellcus, so also adverbs in icus, as : modi- 
 cus ; Exc. : amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus, 
 umbilicus ; formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica ; 
 
 -ides, see ades ; 
 
 -ido, see edo; 
 
 -idus, as : cupidus ; 
 
 -Igo, see ago ; 
 
 -igo, see ero; 
 
 -His, -ilus (a, urn), -olus (a, um), -vl\is (a, um), as: humilis, parilis, simi- 
 lis, utilis, and all in His which come from verhs, as: facllis, fertilis, 
 sterilis ; rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula, baculum ; adjectives 
 derived from personal appellations have the i long, as : servilis, pue- 
 rilis ; also, exilis, subtilis, and the names of the months, as : Aprilis ; 
 
 -ilo, see ero ; 
 
 -imen, as : specimen, regimen ; Exc. : those derived from verbs of the 
 fourth Conj. have Imen, as : lenimen, farcimen ; 
 
 -imus in : bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in : 
 opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest) ; but -Imus in 
 superlative-endings, as : probissimus, and in finitimus and intimus ; 
 
 -ine, see ais ; 
 
 -Ini, see eni; 
 
 •^no [inor], see ero ; 
 
 -Inus, ina, see anus ; 
 
 -Uim, see atim ; 
 
 ■^is, see ais ; 
 
 -ito, see ero ; 
 
 -itor and itus retain the quantity of the supine from which they are 
 derived, as : monitor (from monitum) auditor (from audUum), exTtua 
 (from exiturn) ; 
 
 -itus, -iter, adverbial endings, as : divinitus, acriter ; 
 
 -Ivus, -iva, see avus ; 
 
 -ois, see ais ; 
 
 -one, see ais; 
 
 -onus, -ona, see anus ; 
 
 25 ^ 
 
290 PROSODY. P 117. 
 
 -orus, -osus, see arus; 
 -otisy see ais; 
 -ucus, -ilea, see acus ; 
 -udo, see edo ; 
 -iigo, see ago ; 
 -ulis, see alls ; 
 -iUo {ulor\ see ero ; 
 
 -umen in tegumen (for tegimen), but -umen in : acumen, cacumen, flu- 
 men (contracted from^uvtmen); 
 -iinus, -una, see anus : 
 -lira, see alis ; 
 -utim, see atim ; 
 
 3. For the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel, 
 
 we have the following general rule : a, e, y, are short; i, o, 
 
 u are long. To this rule there are the following exceptions : 
 
 a is long: 1) the Abl. of the first Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of 
 Greek proper names in as, as : Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (from 
 Pallas, antis) ; the Voc. of those in es has partly a and partly a, as : 
 Anchisa, Atrida ; 3) in the Imper. of the fii'st Conj., as : ama, except 
 pvid in the meaning namely, to wit ; — 4) in adverbs, prepositions and 
 conjunctions of two or more syllables, as : circa, juxta, intra, infra, 
 supra, antea, postea, praeterea, frustra ; Exc. : ita, quia and the in- 
 terjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta ; 
 
 c is long: 1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as: re, specie, die (hence 
 also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare ; also fame) ; — ^2) in all Greek 
 words of the first Dec, as : crambe, epitome, and those used in the 
 plural only, as : Tempe, mele, cete ; — ^) in the Imper. of the second 
 Conj., as : doce ; but e is double-timed in : cave, habe, tace, mane, 
 vale, jube, vide (hence virfesis for: vide, si vis) ; — 4) in adverbs de- 
 rived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, val- 
 de (from vcdidus) ; so also : fere, ferme and the interjection ohe ; 
 but fc is short in : bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs de- 
 rived from adjectives of the third Dec, as : facile, impune ; 
 
 t is short: 1) in : mihi, tibi, sibi (in the arsis sometimes long), and cut 
 when it is two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long, 
 so also its compounds : cuidam, cuilibet ; — 2) in the Voc. of Greek 
 words, as : Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as : 
 Paridi (from Paris, idis);— 3) in : nisi and quasi (although si is long), 
 sicubl, necubi ; but ubi and ibi are double-timed, in : ubinam, ubivis, 
 ubicunque i is generally short, while in : ubique, ibique it is always 
 long, generally also in ibidem ; — 4) in : utique, utinam the i is short, 
 although they come from uti ; 
 
 is short : 1) in the adverbs : cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mo- 
 ds with its compounds, as : dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but sepa- 
 rated, quo modo) ; — ^2) in : ego, duo, octo ; but commonly ambo ; — 3) in 
 verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words 
 
H17.] QUANTITY. 291 
 
 of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long, 
 as : amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero ; origo, consuetu- 
 de ; in Greek words o is always long, as : echo, Argo ; 
 
 u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in 
 the contracted Dat, as : Coty for Cotyi. 
 4. For the quantity of final syllables in words of two or 
 
 more syllables ending in a consonant^ we have the following 
 
 general rules : 
 
 I. c final makes the preceding vowel lo7ig^ as : alec, illuc ; 
 Exc. : donee: 
 
 II. 05, e^, OS are long ; w, us^ ys are short ; to this gener- 
 al rule, there are the following exceptions : 
 
 a) as is short : 1) in the Nom. of Greek words of the third Dec. 
 which have adis in the Gen., as : lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so 
 anas, atis ; — ^2) in the Ace. Plur. of Greek words of the third 
 Dec. as : heroas, Arcadas from heros, Areas ; 
 
 b) es is short : 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic 
 words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as: 
 miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, 6tis ; Exc. : Ceres, 
 abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as : tripes, except 
 praepes, etis ; — 2) in the Voc. Sing, of Greek words in C5, where 
 in Greek the termination is fc, as: Demosthenes (but Demosthe- 
 nes in the Nom. = ijg) ; — 3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of 
 Greek words, as : Arcades, Troades ; but in Latin words, or such 
 as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as : patres, matres ; 
 — 4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as : ades, abes, potes ; 
 — 5) in the preposition penes ; 
 
 c) OS is short: 1) in : compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis) ; — 2) 
 in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as : Delos, 
 chads, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros = ijgag, Minos 
 = Mlv(og, Nicocleos = NixoxXswg ; 
 
 d) is is long: 1) in the Dat and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, no- 
 bis, vobis ; hence also, in the adverbs : gratis, foris ; — 2) in the 
 Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as : omnis ; — 3) in the Nom. Sing, 
 of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the 
 Gen. long, as : Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis ; — 4) in 
 the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have itis in 
 the second person Plur., as : audls, possis (as well as : sis from 
 sum), velis, nolis, malis ; also in : mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis, 
 since vis (from volo) is long ; in the second person Sing, of the 
 Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is 
 often made long, as : dixeris , so also is the i in the plural-end- 
 ings imus, itis of the Fut Perf. often made long by the poets 
 for the same reason, as: scripserimus, scripseritis ; riii,-i 
 
 e) us is long: 1) in the Nom. Sing, of words of the aecwid Dec. 
 
298 QUANTITY. [§ 118. 
 
 which have u long in the penult of the Gen., as: virtus, 
 utis, palus, udis, tellus, uris, (but: corpus, oris, vetus, eris, 
 etc.); — 2) in the Gen. Sing, and in the Nom. Ace. Voc. Phir. of 
 the fourth Dec, as : fructus (contracted from fruduis and frudu- 
 es) ; — 3) in Greek words, wlien us corresponds to ovg in Greek, 
 as : tripus, odis [rfjinovg), Panthus ; in the Gen. : Sapphus from 
 Sappho {2an(povg), C\ma from Celio. etc. ; but in: Oedipus,!, 
 polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes W5, in Latin ; 
 f ) t/5 is long: 1) in words which have an associate form in yn, as: 
 Phorcys and Phorcyn ; — 2) when ys stands by contraction for 
 yes and yas, as : Erinnys. 
 
 III. /, w, w, /*, </, t final, make the vowel of the final 
 syllable short, as : animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car- 
 eer, amor, apud, viden (for videsne), nostin (for nostine), 
 Thetin, Pylon, Ilion, illud, caput, amat, monet, regit, audit. 
 To this general rule there are the following exceptions, in 
 which the vowel before these consonants is long : 
 
 a) I: in Hebrew proper names in el, as : Daniel; 
 
 b) n: 1) in the Greek Ace. of words in as, es, e, as: Aenean, An- 
 chisen, Calliopen, epitomen ; — 2) in the Nom. of mascuhne and 
 feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as : titan, hymen, 
 Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in 
 the Latin lien; 
 
 c) r: in the compounds of par, as: dispar, and in Greek impari- 
 syllables in er, as : aer, aether, crater, Iber. 
 
 6. Monosyllabic words are long, as: sal, sol, mos, spes, 
 par, hoc, etc. 
 
 Exceptions : 1) the substantives : mel, fel, 6s (ossis), a hone, (but : 
 OS, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor); — ^2) the pronouns: quis, quid, quod; 
 fo, id ; qu6t, tot ; hie, this, is generally, and hie, here, always long ; — 3) 
 the adverbs : bis, tfir, sat ; — 4) the verbal forms in t : fit, sit, scit, dat, 
 d6t, Stat, stet, it ; the imperatives Jer,Jac and es thou art (but es, thou 
 ecttest) ; — 5) the particles : ab, ad, an, at, cis, et, in, nee, 6b, per, pol, 
 s6d, sub, lit, v6l, and the suffixes (enclitics) : que, v€, ce, n6 (but : ne, 
 that not, in order tlmt not), tetute), pte (suopte). 
 
 § 118. Hexameter Verse. 
 
 1. A verse is a series of poetic feet forming, in general, 
 a line of poetry. The particular feet or members of which 
 it is composed are called metres. 
 
H18.] HEXAMETER VERSE. 293 
 
 2. When the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is 
 called acatalectic ; but when incomplete, catalectic. 
 
 3. Every foot or metre consists of an arsis and a thesis. 
 The arsis is that part of the foot (in hexameter verse, the 
 first syllable of the foot), oh which the stress or elevation of 
 the voice is placed in pronouncing it. The rest of the 
 foot (whether one syllable or more) is called thesis, and is to 
 be pronounced in a falling tone of voice. The stress of 
 voice laid on the arsis is called the ictus (beat) and may be 
 regarded as the poetic accent ; hence it is often marked as 
 such by the sign (/). A succession of feet pronounced 
 with due regard to arsis and thesis constitutes rhythm. 
 
 4. Hence it will be apparent, that a line of poetry, in a 
 given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet 
 and a variable number of words, which, of course, must 
 occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the 
 feet and words. Besides, as rhythm was the leading ele- 
 ment in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given pur- 
 pose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet 
 and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was 
 independent of the words as such. This division of the 
 feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as : 
 
 Infandiim | regina | jubes | renovare | dolorem. 
 In feet of three syllables, as : - - ^ , the word may end either 
 after the arsis (- | "") or in the middle of the thesis (- *- 1 "). 
 In the first case it is called the masculine, in the second the 
 feminine caesura. The coincidence of the termination of a 
 word with the termination of a foot is called diaeresis, as : 
 Perseqvkr | <^t raris habitata, mapalia, tectis. 
 
 In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are 
 necessary, and are to be especially observed in reading the 
 verse ; these are called principal caesuras and diaereses, 
 
 5. Hexameter verse is measured by six feet which may 
 be either spondees or dactyles, except the last foot, which is 
 a dissyllabic catalectus (No. 2). A spondee consists of 
 
 25* 
 
294 
 
 PROSODY. 
 
 [U19. 
 
 two long syllables, designated thus 
 long and two short, designated thus : 
 
 ; a dactyle of one 
 Hence we have : 
 
 Sed fugit 
 Adspici 
 
 mtere 
 unt ocu 
 
 a fugit 
 lis Supe 
 
 irrepa 
 ri mor 
 
 rabile 
 talia 
 
 tempus. 
 justis. 
 
 Rem. 1. The fifth foot is generally a dactyle, rarely a spondee, and 
 only when the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, se- 
 riousness and solemnity ; such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dac- 
 tyle usually precedes the spondee and the verse generally closes with 
 a word of three or four syllables, as : 
 
 Cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis | incre j mentum. 
 
 Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and brisk, as spondees do a 
 slow and heavy motion, as : 
 
 Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungulo campum 
 Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt. 
 
 Rem. 3. The principal caesura in Hexameter verse, generally oc- 
 curs after the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the thesis of the 
 same foot ; but occasionally also, after the arsis in the fourth foot, in 
 which case another caesura generally precedes, after the arsis of the 
 second foot. Sometimes, also, several caesuras of this kind are found 
 in the same verse ; in which case the sense must determine which is 
 to be observed as the principal one. Besides the principal caesura, 
 there may be other subordinate caesuras, e. g. 
 
 Sed I fugit interea, || fugit irrepabile tempus. 
 Dum vires | annique | sinunt, || tolerate labores. 
 Oderunt | peccare | boni, || virtutis | amore. 
 Nudus I ara, | sere | nudus; || hiems | ignava | colono. 
 Infandum j regina | jubes || renovare j dolorem. 
 
 Rem. 4. The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter 
 verse is made by a word of two or three syllables. 
 
 § 119. Scansion. 
 Scansion is the division of a verse into the feet or mem- 
 bers of which it is made up. In doing this, however, the 
 proper terminations of the words must not be wholly over- 
 looked, but should be observed by making a slight pause 
 at each of the caesuras and a marked pause at the princi- 
 pal; caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring 
 the proper division into feet. In scanning, the following 
 things are to be observed : 
 
HI 9.] SCANSION. 295 
 
 a) A vowel at the end of a word before another vowel 
 or an h in the following word is absorbed (elision), as: 
 
 Nulla n(e) hab^s viti(a)? imm(o) ali(a), haiid fortasse minora. 
 
 Rem. 1. Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as : 
 
 O'mnia M^rcurio similis vocemque colorem^we 
 E't crin^s flavos et membra decora juventae. 
 
 In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the follow- 
 ing line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter. 
 
 Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a 
 verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pro- 
 nunciation). This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid ; yet it is 
 allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation 
 marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one ; also in the arsis, 
 the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as : 
 
 O' et d6 Latia, O et de gente Sabina. 
 E't succus pecori et lac subducitur agris. 
 Posthabita coluisse Samo : hie illius arma. 
 Nubibus esse sol6t aut purpurea^ Aurorae. 
 
 Rem. 3. Occasionally a long vowel in the thesis before another vow- 
 el is shortj as : 
 
 I'nsulac I'onio in magno. 
 
 b) An m at the end of a word with a vowel before it and 
 before a vowel in the following word long by nature or po- 
 sition, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in read- 
 ing (ecthlipsis), as: 
 
 Quod latet, ignot (um) ^st; ignoti nulla cupido. 
 Rem. 4. In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally 
 before a strong punctuation mark or in the caesura, the ectlilipsis is 
 sometimes omitted. Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis is difficult. 
 
 c) When the last syllable of a word ends with a conso- 
 nant and the following word in the same line begins with 
 a consonant, that final syllable is uniformly long; as: 
 
 Nemo adeo ferus 6st, ut nan mit^scere possit. 
 
 d) The ictus oden makes a short syllable long; still this 
 
 is generally the case only : a) when the short syllable ends 
 
 in a consonant, especially r, s or t; — b) when the caesura 
 
 follows it ; — c) when upon a vowel in the close of a word, 
 
 a word follows beginning with two consonants; e. g. 
 
 O innia vincit Amor, et nos redamus Amori. 
 T ■. canit agricola, | magna quum v^nerii lirbe. 
 Nil opus 6st mort^ pro m6, sed amore fid^que. 
 
ABBREVIATIONS. [§ 120. 
 
 e) Two vowels in two successive syllables are often con- 
 tracted into one (Synaeresis or Si/nizesis), as: Phaethon, 
 Thesei, deerunt, vehemens (two syllables), particularly, huic, 
 cui, ii, iidem; so also, dein, dehinc, deinceps, deinde, 
 proinde, prout ; so also those vowels which are pronounced 
 with more difficulty in one sound, as : quoad, postea, alveo 
 pueri. 
 
 f ) A short u or i is often rejected before / and m, as : pe- 
 riclum for periculum, teg-men for tegimen*ox tegumen. 
 
 g) The letters i and u^ having been originally both con- 
 sonants and vowels, when they follow another consonant 
 and are followed by a vowel, make the preceding vowel 
 long by position^ as : fluviorum (= fluvjorum) ; genwa 
 (= genva), etc. 
 
 h) From the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is 
 sometimes used as short (Systole), and, on the contrary, a 
 short syllable as long (Diastole). The systole is very com- 
 mon in the third person Plur. Indie. Perf. Act., and in alte^ 
 rius and in names, as : Aeneades ; — the diastole is used es- 
 pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act. and Fut. Perf. Act, (audi- 
 vertlis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow 
 one another, of which the first is then made long by the 
 ictus, as : 
 
 O'bstupui, stderunti\\JiQ comae, vox faiicibua haesit. 
 
 SECOND APPENDIX. 
 
 § 120. Of Abbreviations, 
 
 1) Personal Names: A. Aulus. App. Appius. C. or 
 G. Cains or Gains. Cn. or Gn. Cnaens (G'tiaeus). D. 
 Decimus. K. Kaeso. L. Lucius. M. Marcus. M'. Manius. 
 N. Namerius. P. Publius. Q. Quintus. Ser. Servius, 
 Sex. or S. Sextus. Sp. Spurius. T. Titus. Ti. Tiberius, 
 
 2) Appellatives: P. Pater. F. Filius. Fr. Prater, etc. 
 
 3) Designations of honor and office : Aed. Aedilis. Cos. 
 CJos, Coss. Consules, Cos. d. Consul designatus. D. 
 
^ 12 1.] ABBREVIATIONS. ROMAN CALENDAR. 29f 
 
 Divus. Imp. Imperator. O. M. Oplimus maximus. P. C. 
 Patres conscripti. P. R. Populiis Romanus. Pr. Praetor. 
 Praef. Praefectus. P. M. Pontifex Maximus. P. S. Plehis- 
 citum. S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus. S. C. 
 Senatus consultum. Tr. PI. Tribunus plebis. 
 
 4) Designations of money and weight : HS. or H-S. 
 Sestertius (Sestertium). L. Libra. L. 1j. Dupondius. 
 
 5) Designations of time : A. D. Ante diem. A. U. C. 
 Ab urbe condita. C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae). Id. Idus. 
 Non. Nonae. 
 
 6) Abbreviations in letters : S. Salutem. S. D. Salutem 
 dicit. S. P. D. Salutem pluriinam. dicit. S. V. B. E. E. V. 
 Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo. 
 
 THIRD APPENDIX. 
 § 121. Of the Roman Calendar. 
 1 Kalendae means thej^r^^ day of each month; Nonae 
 the seventh day of March, May, July and October, but the 
 fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus was the fifteenth 
 of the four months named above, and the thirteenth of the 
 other eight. 
 
 2. Since the names of the months are properly adjectives, 
 they generally agree with Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in 
 gender, number and case, and are rarely governed by them 
 in the Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, on the first day of June; 
 Nonis Octobribus, on the seventh of October ; Idibus Sep- 
 tembribus, on the thirteenth of September, 
 
 3. The days lying between the three fixed days just men- 
 tioned, were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed 
 days, as, the 1st, 2d, 8d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones, 
 or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante w^ere gen- 
 erally omitted. The day from which one began to reck- 
 on was always included in the number mentioned, as : 
 Claudius excessit III. Idus Octobres, i. e. tertio die ante 
 Idus Octobres, onthe thirteenth of October. Hence, in order 
 to get the true day before one of the divisions, we must 
 subtract one from the number mentioned. 
 
S96 
 
 ROMAN CALENDAR. 
 
 P 121. 
 
 4. In determining what day of the previous month any 
 day before the Calends of a given month is, we must know 
 how many days the month has (see table) and reckon back 
 from the Calends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month 
 following), as : tertio Calendas Apriles, on the SOth of 
 March; tertio Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio 
 Calendas Martias, on the 21th (2Sth) of February ; since 
 March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29) 
 days. 
 
 The days 
 
 March, May, 
 July, and October 
 
 January, August, 
 
 April, June, Sep- 
 
 February (has 28, 
 
 of our 
 
 and December 
 
 tember,andNovem- 
 
 and in Leap Years 
 
 months. 
 
 (have 31 days). 
 
 (have also 31 days.) 
 
 ber (have 30 days). 
 
 29 days). 
 
 1 
 
 Kalendis. 
 
 Kalendis. 
 
 Kalendis. 
 
 Kalendis. 
 
 2 
 
 vn 
 
 IV )ante 
 III 5 Nonas. 
 
 IV )ante 
 
 IV >ante 
 III 5 Nonas 
 
 3 
 
 V ante 
 
 III 5 Nonas. 
 
 4 
 
 IV )>Nonas. 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 Pridie Nonas 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 5 
 
 lllj 
 
 J^onis. 
 
 JVonis. 
 
 J^onis. 
 
 6 
 
 Pridie Nonas. 
 
 viin 
 
 
 viin 
 
 « 
 
 viin 
 
 
 7 
 
 J^onis. 
 
 VII 
 
 
 VII 
 
 
 VII 
 
 
 8 
 
 viin 
 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 'Idus 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 
 9 
 
 VII 
 
 
 V 
 
 ^Idus 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 'Idus. 
 
 10 
 
 VI 
 
 ante 
 *Idus. 
 
 IV 
 
 
 IV 
 
 
 IV 
 
 
 11 
 
 V 
 
 III 
 
 
 III 
 
 
 III J 
 
 
 12 
 
 IV 
 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 Prid 
 
 ie Idus. 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 13 
 
 III J 
 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 Idibi 
 
 is. 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 14 
 
 Pridie Idus. 
 
 XIX 1 
 
 
 XVIII 1 
 
 p 
 
 XVI 1 
 
 
 15 
 
 Idibus. 
 
 XVllI 
 
 3 
 
 XVII 
 
 s 
 
 XV 
 
 
 16 
 
 XV Vi 1 
 
 § 
 
 XVII 
 
 S- 
 
 XVI 
 
 fS" 
 
 XIV 
 
 p 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 XVI 
 
 fT 
 
 XVI 
 
 ^ 
 
 XV 
 
 ? 
 
 XIII 
 
 ^ 
 
 18 
 
 XV 
 
 W 
 
 XV 
 
 P, 
 
 XIV 
 
 cT 
 
 XII 
 
 P^ 
 
 19 
 
 XIV 
 
 fa 
 
 XIV 
 
 13 
 
 XIII 
 
 B 
 Cl 
 
 XI 
 
 P^ 
 
 20 
 
 XIII 
 
 
 XIII 
 
 t 
 
 XII 
 
 g 
 
 X 
 
 > 1 
 
 21 
 
 XII 
 
 P 
 
 XII 
 
 m 
 
 XI 
 
 
 IX 
 
 22 
 
 XI 
 
 09 
 
 XI 
 
 > 3 
 
 X 
 
 <-*) 
 
 VIII 
 
 S 
 
 23 
 
 X 
 
 - X 
 
 X 
 
 tj" 
 
 IX 
 
 ^ 
 
 VII 
 
 S 
 
 24 
 
 IX 
 
 B- 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 VIII 
 
 rb 
 
 VI 
 
 p 
 
 25 
 
 VIII 
 
 n 
 
 VIII 
 
 g 
 
 Vll 
 
 g 
 
 V 
 
 S" 
 
 26 
 
 VII 
 
 g 
 
 VII 
 
 3 
 o 
 
 VI 
 
 3 
 § 
 
 IV 
 
 .* 
 
 27 
 
 VI 
 
 i 
 
 VI 
 
 V 
 
 111 J 
 
 
 28 
 
 V 
 
 V 
 
 B 
 
 IV 
 
 B 
 
 Prid. Kalendas 
 
 29 
 
 IV 
 
 » 
 
 IV 
 
 ?* 
 "" 
 
 III 
 
 Martias. 
 
 30 
 
 III J 
 
 p- 
 
 III 
 
 
 Prid. Kal 
 
 endas 
 
 
 31 
 
 Prid. Ka 
 
 endas. 
 
 Prid. Kalendas 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 of the fol. 
 
 month. 
 
 
 
 month. 
 
 month. 
 
 
 
COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS. 
 
 I FABLES. 
 
 1. Lupus et capra. 
 
 Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur, quum ad earn 
 accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hortabatur, apud se 
 mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedicans. Ei vero capra respon- 
 dit: Mi amice, non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi indiges! 
 
 2. Lupus et opUiones. 
 
 Opilionea aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant. Quod 
 quum lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret, ad 
 opiliones conversus : Quos clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus voa 
 contra me excitaretis, si ego facerem, quod vos facitis ? Tum unus ex 
 iis : Hoc interest, inquit : nos, quae nostra sunt, comedimus ; tu vero 
 aliena furaris. 
 
 '■ "3; Vulpes et uva. 
 
 Vulpes, extrema fame coacta, uvam appetebat ex alta vite dependen- 
 tem. Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tan- 
 dem discedens : Nondum matura est, inquit ; nolo acerbam sumere. 
 Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant. 
 
 2. Opilio, onis, m.^/tepAcrrf. z.%9ol. to roast, convivium, i, n./easf; conv. 
 agere, to have a feast, stabulum, i, n. stable, tumultus, us, m. ado. furor 
 1. steal. 
 
 8. Vitis, is,/, vine, dependeo, di, 2. to hang down from, elevo 1. to raise 
 up ; 2) to disparage. 
 
300 FABLES. 
 
 4. Rusttcm et canisjlddis. 
 Rusiicus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in cunis jace- 
 bat, reliquit custodiendum cani fideli atque valido. Arrepsit anguis 
 immanis, qui puemlum exstincturus erat. Sed custos fidelis corripit 
 eum dentibus acutis, et, dum necare studet, cunas simul evertit super 
 exstinctum anguem. Mox ex arvo rediit agricola ; ut videt cunas ever- 
 sas cruentumque canis rictum, ira accenditur. Temere igitur custo- 
 dem filioli interficit ligone, quem manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas 
 restituit, supra anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem. 
 Sera turn poenitentia fuit facinoris temere patrati. 
 
 5, Leo, asinus et vulpes. 
 Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant. Ampla praeda facta, leo asi- 
 num illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis singulas partes poneret 
 aequales, leo eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi tri- 
 buit. Ilia astutior leoni maximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam 
 reservans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et, 
 unde hoc didicerit, interrogare coepit. Et vulpes: Hujus me, inquit, 
 calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 
 
 6. Asinus pelle leonlna indutus. 
 
 Asinus fugitivus reperit forte in silva pellem leoninam, eaque indu- 
 tus territare coepit homines et bestias. Venit is, qui asinum perdide- 
 rat, eumque quaerit. Asinus, quum herura vidisset, horrendum in 
 modum rugire coepit, ut ilium quoque falleret. At herus, comprehen- 
 sis auriculis, quae exstabant : Etiamsi alios, inquit, fallas, me tamen 
 non falles. Ita probe verberat domumque abigit. 
 
 7. Rustlcus etfdii. 
 
 Inter filios rustici cujusdam grave dissidium ortum erat. Diu frustra 
 operam impenderat pater, hortans, ut pacem atque concordiam cole- 
 rent Tandem filiis : Virgulas, inquit, mihi afferte quinquaginta et con- 
 
 4. Arrepo, psi, ptum 3. to creep up. corrTpio, ripui, reptum 3. to seize. 
 cruentus, a, um, bloody, rictus, us, m. mouth, poenitentia, ae,/. repen- 
 tance. 
 
 6. Pellis, is,/, sicin; p. leonlna, lion's skin, fugitivus, a, um, run-away. 
 territo 1. to frighten, auricula, ae,/. ear-lap. rugio 4. to roar, exsto, stiti 
 i. project. 
 
 7. Dissidium, i, n. disagreement, virgula, ae, /, stick, fasciciilus, i, »n. 
 bundle. coUigo 1. to collect, concors, rdis, uniled. 
 
FABLES. 301 
 
 sidite. Turn omnes virguias in unum fasciGiilum colligavit, eumque 
 constrictum singulis filiis obtulit, hortans, ut frangerent. Illi autem 
 quanquam vim omnem adhibebant, frustra laborarunt, nee quicquam 
 profecerunt. Turn pater nodum discldit singulasque illis virguias- 
 dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto, rusticus filios ita 
 allocutus est : Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti eritis ab inimicorum 
 injuriis, quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis; at, sitnulac facta erit 
 dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent. 
 
 8. Luscinia et cuculus, 
 
 Luscinia verno quodam die dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri aliquot 
 baud procul aberant in valle ludentes. Hi quum lusui essent intenti, 
 lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Non multo post cuculus coepit cu- 
 culare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto, ei acclamabant vocemque cu- 
 culi identidem imitabantur. Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanta 
 me isti plausu excipiant et quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? Lus- 
 cinia, quae noUet cum eo altercari, nihil impediebat, quominus ille 
 suani vocem miraretur. Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento 
 gradu praeteriit 
 
 Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans. At puella pasto- 
 rem allocuta: Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiusam 
 vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus 
 conticuisset, luscinia tam suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare 
 velle videretur. Pastor, fistula deposita : Considamus hie, inquit, sub 
 arbore et lusciniam audiamus. Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae 
 certatim laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus sedent. Ad 
 postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae 
 erumperent. Tum luscinia ad cuculum conversa: Videsne, inquit, 
 quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent? 
 Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est 
 artis meae testis, quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quem tanto- 
 pere jaetabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artiflcum opera non vulgi 
 opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda. 
 
 8. Cuculus, i, m. cuckoo, vallis, is, /. valley, cuculo 1. to coo. acclamo 
 1. to cry out to, altercor 1. to quarrel, fistula, ae, /. pipe, lentus, a, urn, 
 sloio. gradus, us, m. step, vociferor 1. to screech, intermisceo, miscui 
 mixtum or mistum 2. to intermingle, certatim, adv. emulously. disto I 
 without Perf. and Sup. to differ. 
 26 
 
3^ FABLES. 
 
 9. Auceps et vipera. 
 
 Auceps ibat venatum et mox vidit in altissima arbore palumbem ; 
 approperat eum capturus, sed inter eundum premit forte pedQ altero 
 viperam in herba latentem, quae ilium mordet. Me mlserum, inquit, 
 dum alteri instdior, ipse dispereo. 
 
 10. Mendax. 
 Puer in prato oves pascebat atque per jocum clamitabat, ut sibi auxi- 
 lium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus. Agricolae undlque 
 succurrebant, neque lupum inveniebant. Ita ter quaterque se elusos 
 a puero viderunt. Deinde, quum ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer 
 revera imploraret auxilium ; nemo gregi subvenit, et oves lupi praeda 
 sunt facta. Mendaci homini non credimus, etiam vera quum dicit. 
 
 11. Formica et coluniba. 
 
 Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae eam abripuerunt, 
 nee multum ab^rat, quin misera periret. Quum vero columba sortem 
 ejus videret, misericordia tacta ramulum in aquam injecit. Hunc as- 
 secuta (Bst formica in eoque natans eflfugit mortem. Paullo post vena- 
 tor, arcu instructus, illuc venit, columbamque telo suo transfixurus fuit. 
 Periculum sentit formica, et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, accurrit 
 atque venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus ille telum non 
 recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. Juva et juvabere ; raro be- 
 neficium perit. 
 
 12. Vulpes et corvits. 
 
 Corvus, quum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit. 
 Quo conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit eumque callidis verbis 
 adoritur. O corve, inquit, quam pulchra es avis, quam speciosa ! Te 
 decuit esse avium regem. Sane omnes aves regiis virtutibus antece- 
 deres, si vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus ha- 
 beretur, clamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit; 
 quum vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens dixit'. Heus, corve ! Nihil 
 tibi deest praeter mentem. 
 
 9. Auceps, tipis, m. fowler. vip§ra, ae,/. viper, appropgro 1. to approach. 
 dispereo, ii, 4. to perish. 
 
 10. Clamito 1. to cry out often, revera, adv. in earnest. 
 
 11. Formica, ae,/. ant. ramtilus, i, m. branch, talus, i, m. ankle^ 
 
DIALOGUES. 303 
 
 II. DIALOGUES. 
 
 1. Excitsatio. 
 
 Geta. Quid caussae est, quod tani diu nos noii iiiviseris? Quid im- 
 pedimento fuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videndi copiam ? 
 Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea 
 negotia; non licuit per valetudinem ; laboravi enim aliquamdiu febri; 
 non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G. 
 Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare. 
 Excusatio tua justior est, quam vellem, siquidemvaletudo fuit in caus- 
 sa. Ha|c lege mihi purgatus eris, si, quod cessatum est, me saepe in- 
 visendo compenses. (S. Tu nihil moraris istius modi officia nimium 
 vulgaria. Amicitia nostra firmior est, quam ut sit officiis istis vulgari- 
 bus alenda. Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat. G. Male sit is- 
 tis curis, quae te nobis adimunt. Quid imprecer istis negotiis, quae 
 talem amicum nobis invident ? Pessime sit isti febri, quae nos tarn 
 gravi desiderio torsit tui. Male pereat ista febris, le quidem incolumi. 
 
 2. Colloquium jocosum. 
 
 Andreas. Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea. 
 Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue altulis- 
 ti. A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam 
 te aestimet. A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi ? M. Nescio. Pulsa fores 
 ejus et videbis. A. Heus, Rudolphe ! domine es ? jR. Non sum. A. 
 Impudens ! Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens. 
 Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses, 
 et tu non credis mihi ipsi? A. Aequum dicis; par pari retulisti. R. 
 Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc 
 vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. R. Quid 
 ita ? A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris ni- 
 hil est negotii. A. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum. 
 R. Ita est. Si igitur deambulare libet, te comitabor ; nam per totum 
 hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium, ut una 
 nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio. 
 
 1. Cesso 1. to omit, compenso 1. to make up. impr^cor 1. to imprecate. 
 
 2. Aestimo 1. to estimate. p\i\so I. to beat. la.iiio I. to keep one's self con- 
 cealed. 
 
304 DIALOGUES. 
 
 3. Colloquium ejusdem generis. 
 
 Syrus. Opto tibi multani felicitatem. Geta. Et ego tibi duplicatum 
 opto, quicquid optas mihi. S. Quid agis rei ? G. Confabulor. S, 
 Quid ? confabularis solus ? G. Ut vides. aS. Fortasse tecum. Proin- 
 ile tibi videndum est, ut cum homine probo confabulere. G. Immo 
 cum lepidissimo congerrone confabulor ; lego enim librum joci plenum. 
 ^Sl Tu perpetuo litteris studes. G. Non est ulla studiorum satietas. 
 S. Verum ; sed est tamen modus quidam. Non omittenda quidem 
 sunt studia, sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam. Nihil suave, quod 
 perpetuum. Voluptates commendat rarior usus. Tu litteris studes 
 noctes ac dies. G. Age, tuo more facis. Rides me, ut soles. Non 
 me fallit tuus jocus. Ipsi codices pulvere sitnque obducti loquuntur, 
 quam sim immodicus in studio. jS. Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo. 
 
 4. Ladies. 
 
 Cardlus. Veni, mi Ludovice! Ludovlcus. Quo tandem? C. In hor- 
 tum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus quoque. L. Ego pen- 
 sum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum 
 omnia. Tune jam omnia didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos 
 discere et scribere jussit? C. Non omnia. L. Ergo nondum licet lu- 
 dere. C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum. L. 
 Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum so- 
 dalem habeo ! L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt. 
 C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. Deinde, quum 
 omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam 
 peracti labores jucundi sunt. 
 
 5. De surgendo. 
 
 Frider'icus. Heus, heus, Carole ! expergiscere ! Tempus est surgere. 
 Audisne? C. Non audio. F. Ubi ergo babes aures? C. In lecto. 
 F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? C Quid faciam ? 
 Dormio. F. Dormis? et loqueris tamen mecum? C. Saltem volo 
 dormire. F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi. 
 C. Quota est hora ? F. Septima. C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ? 
 F. Jam ante duas boras. C. Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt.? 
 F. lam pridem. C. Sed fi-ater mens certe adhuc jacet in lecto. F. 
 Erras. Quum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit nidum suum. C 
 Mox igitur surgam. 
 
 3. Uuplico 1. to double, confabulor 1. to chat, conge rro, onis, m. com- 
 rade^ play-fellow, satietas, atis,/. satiety, intermitto 3. to intermit. 
 
DIALOGUES. 305 
 
 6. Amhulatio. 
 
 Fridericus. Age, mi frater, ambulemus ; tempestas serena est. Au- 
 gustus. Placet ; sed ubi ambulabimus ? Num in pratis ? F. Minime ; 
 prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae sunt. Placetne adscen- 
 dere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus ? A. Placet ; jam pri- 
 dem enim in monte non fuimus. F. Hiems nos prohibuit; hieme 
 enim mons glacie et nive tectus erat. Quid stas autem ? A. Duae 
 viae ducunt ad montem : altera recta, altera flexuosa. Utram elige- 
 mus ? F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. Des- 
 cendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. Vesperi enim 
 sol minus fervet A. Eamus igitur! 
 
 7. Naufragium. 
 
 Mauritius, Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior. Cyprianus. At equi- 
 dem niallem prudentior, aut doctior. M. Imberbis abieras, redisti bar- 
 batiilus. At quid sibi vult hie pallor ? qmd frons corrugata ? C. Ut 
 est fortuna, sic est corporis habitus. M. Num adversa ? C Nunquam 
 mihi quidem alias secunda ; sed nunquam, quam nunc, reflavit odio- 
 sius. M. Dolet mihi tua calamitas. Sed quid hoc mali est? C, Uni- 
 versae pecuniae naufragium feci. M. In mari ? C, Non, sed in littore, 
 nondum navem ingressus. M. Ubinam? C. In littore Britannico. 
 M. Bene habet, quod ipse nobis vivus enatasti. Praestat pecuniae jac- 
 turam facere, quam vitae. Levius est pecuniae damnum, quam famae. 
 C Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia. M. Vita sarciri nullo pacto 
 potest, fama aegre potest, peciniia facile alicunde sarcietur. Qui ma- 
 lum hoc accidit ? C. Nescio, nisi quod sic erat in fatis meis. Sic 
 visum est superis. M. Vides igitur, doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas 
 esse divitias, quae nee eripi possunt, nee onerant circumferentem. 
 C Pulchre tu quidem philosopharis ; sed interim ego ringor, 
 
 8. Jussum her'ile. 
 Rahinus. Prefer ocreas ; nam equitandum est. Syrus. En adsunt, 
 
 6. Pluvia, 3.6,/. rain, inundo 1. to overfloio. lutulentus, a, urn, muddy. 
 fenestra, ae,/. window, flexuosus, a, nm.^ winding, umbrosus, a, um, shady. 
 ferveo, vi 2. to burn (intrans). vario 1. to vary. 
 
 7. Obesus, a, um,/««. imberbis, e, beardless, barbatulus, a, um, slightly 
 bearded, pallor, oris, m.^^a/cnes*-. corrugatus, a, um, tcrin^/erf. reflo 1. <o 
 bloio against, odiose, ado. odiously. Britannicus, a, um, British. ehSto, 1. 
 to sxoim out. circumfero, tuli, latum 3. to carry around, philosophor 1. to 
 philosophize, ringor 3. to show the teeth; 2) to be fretful. 
 
 8. Albeo 2. to be clean, rigeo 2. to be stiff, siccitas, atis,/. dryness, uvi- 
 
 26* 
 
w$ 
 
 DIALOGUES. 
 
 R. Probe quidem abs te curatae ; totae albent situ. Opinor nee de- 
 tersas, nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae siccitate. Deterge uvi- 
 dulo panno : mox unge ad ignem diligenter, ac macera, donee moUian- 
 tur. iS. Curabitiir. R. Ubi calcaria ? S. Adsunt. R. Verum ; sed 
 obducta riibigine. Ubi frenum et ephippia? *S. Sunt in promptu. 
 R. Vide, ne quid desit, aut ne quid ruptuni, aut mox rumpendum, ne 
 quid nobis sit in mora, quum erimus in cursu. Propere hoc lorum 
 sarciendum cura. Reversus inspice soleas equorum, num qui clavi de- 
 sint, aut vacillent. Quam macri sunt equi, quamque strigosi ! Quoties 
 absterges, aut pectis illos in anno ? 6". Immo quotidie. R. Nimirum 
 res ipsa loquitur. Jejunia colunt, opinor, nonnumquam totum triduum. 
 S. Minime. R Negas tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi sint equi, si loqui 
 liceat : quanquam satis loquuntur ipsa macie. <S. Curo sedulo. R. 
 Cur igitur tu habitior equis ? iS. Quia non pascor foeno. jR. Hoc 
 igitur restat. Adorna mantlcam celeriter. S. Fiet. 
 
 9. Monita paedagogi. 
 
 Patdagogus. Tu mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula : adeo 
 moribus es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores. 
 (Quoties alloquitur te quispiam, cui debes honorem, compone te in rec- 
 tum corporis statum, aperi caput. Vultus sit nee tristis, nee torvus, 
 nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee instabilis, sed hilari modestia tem- 
 peratus: oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum, quocum loqueris: 
 juneti pedes, quietae manus. Nee vacilles alternis tibiis, nee manus 
 agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures. 
 Vestis item ad decorum componatur, ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et 
 habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se 
 ferat. Puer. Quid, si mediter ? Pae. Fac. Pu. Siccine satis ? Pae. 
 Nondum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? Pae. Propemodum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? 
 Pae. Hem satis est; hoc tene, ne sis inepte loquax, aut praeceps. 
 Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat. Si 
 
 dulus, a, um, slightly moist, pannus, i, m. rag. macero 1. to soak, rublgo, 
 inis, /. rust, ephippium, i, n. horse-doth, (corresponding to our saddles), 
 clavus, i. m. nail, macer, era, crum, lean, strigusus, a, um, lank, nimirum, 
 adv. doubtless, jejunium, i, n.fast^ ^ej. colere, to keep fast, triduum, i, w. 
 the space of three days. meic\es, e\^f. leanness, hahitas, a, um, fleshy, foe- 
 num, i, n. hay. mantica, ae,/. portmanteaa. 
 
 9. Monitum, i. n. admonition, instruction, paedagogus, i. m. private tutor. 
 caula, ae, /. sheep-cote, agrestis, e, rustic, rude, torvus, a, um, stern, pro- 
 tervus, a, um, shameless, inslabilis, e, unstable, verecundus, a, um, re- 
 spectful. alternus, a, um, alternate, gestus, us, gesture; gestus agere, to 
 make gestures, labrum, i. n. lip. scabo, 3. to scratch, fodio, odi, ossum, 3. 
 
DIALOGUES. S07 
 
 quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, interdum prae- 
 fatus honorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia : 
 atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon- 
 sum absolveris. Neve abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis- 
 sus. Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe ! 
 
 Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pw. Jam sex fer- 
 me menses. Pm. Addendum erat: domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme 
 menses, domine. Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Non- 
 nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis eam revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si 
 id pace liceat tua. Pae. Nunc^f iectendum erat genu. Bene habet. 
 Sic ])ergito ! Quum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesi- 
 tes lingua, aut palato murmures, sed distincte, clare, articulatim con- 
 suescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis natu grandem, ma- 
 gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem, memento 
 aperire caput. In convivio sic te praebebis liilarem, ut semper me- 
 mineris, quid deceat aetatem tuam : postremus omnium adraoveto man- 
 um patinae. Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste : si instabitur, 
 accipe, et age gratias : mox, decerpta particula, quod reliquum est, illi 
 reddito, aut alicui proximo accubanti. Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi 
 bene precator, sed ipse bibito modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto 
 calicem labris. Arride loquentibus : ipse ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus. 
 Ne cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne aliena 
 despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales. Ita fiet, 
 ut sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares. Si videris, convivium 
 extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa. 
 Vide, ut horum memineris. Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Num- 
 quid aliud vis ^ Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos. Pu. Fiet. 
 
 10. Venatio. 
 PauUus. Trahit sua quemque voluptas ; mihi placet venatio. Thorn' 
 
 to dig ; f . aures, to p^ick the ears, indoles, is,/, natural disposition, nature. 
 propemodum, adv. almost, hem, inter] . hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly. 
 praefor 1. to premise ; praefatus honorem, -premising : with your leave be it said ; 
 praefari veniam, to first ask permission, cognomen, inis, n. title, specimen, 
 inis, n. specimen. 
 
 maternus, a, um, mother's, reviso, visi, Isum 3. to revisit, praecipito l.to 
 hasten, haesito 1. to hesitate, palatum, i, n. throat, murmtiro 1. to mutter. 
 distincte, adv. distinctly, articulatim, adv. articulately, alioqui, adv. other- 
 wise, patina, ae,/. dish, lautus a, um, dainty, recuso 1. to refuse, prae- 
 bibo, i, 3. to drink to. extraho, traxi, tractum 3. to protract, subduco, xi, 
 ctura 3. to withdraw. 
 
 10. Venabulum, i, n. hunting-spear, cuniculus, i, r/i. rabbit, laqueus, i, 
 
303 ' DIALOGUES. 
 
 as. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses ? P. 
 Valeant apri, ursi, cervi et vulpes ! no3 insidiabimur cuniculis. Vin- 
 centius. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis. Lavrentius. Ego ranas 
 captabo. Bariholus. Ego papiliones venabor. L. Difficile est sec- 
 tari volantia. B. Difficile, sed pulchrum ; nisi pulchrius esse ducis 
 sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis. L. Equidem malo 
 insidiari piscibus ; est mihi hamus elegans. B. Sed unde parabis es- 
 cam ? L. Lumbricorum ubi vis magna est copia. B. Est, si tibi ve- 
 lint prorepere e terra. L. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosi- 
 liant. B. Quo pacto? incantamentis ? L. Videbis artem. Imple 
 banc situlam aqua. Hos juglandium summos cortices virentes con- 
 fractos immittito. Hac aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paullis- 
 per. Vides emergentes? B. Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olim, 
 opinor, exsiliebant armati ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique 
 pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati, quam ut esca tarn vulgari 
 capiantur. L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari so- 
 le©. B. Tu vide, possisne imponere piscibus; ego ranis facessam 
 negotium. L. Quomodo ? reti ? B. Non ; sed arcu. L. Novum 
 piscandi genus. B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere. V. 
 Quid, si certemus nucibus ? P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos 
 grandiores sumus. V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc, quam pueri sum- 
 us. P. Sed quibus decorum est ludere nucibus, iisdem non indeco- 
 rum est equitare arundine longa. V, Tu igitur praescribito lusus 
 genus ; sequar, quocunque vocav^ris. P. Et ego futurus sum omnium 
 horarum homo. 
 
 11. Reditus patris. 
 
 Petrus. Quid ita laetus es, mi Sigismunde ? Sigismundus. Quia 
 pater domum rediit. P. Ubinam fuit ? iS. Lipsiae. P. Cur eo fuerat 
 profectus ? S. Nescisne, mercatum ibi esse habitum, eumque frequen- 
 tari a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa ? P. Utrum pedes, an eques 
 rediit, an in rheda? & Equo vectus est. P. Quando advenit ? iS. 
 
 m. noose. locusta, ae, /. locust, lumbricus, i, m. earth-worm, ala, ae,/. 
 vnng. hamus, i, m. fishing-hook, esca, ae,/. bait, prosilio, lui 4. to leap 
 forth, incantamentura, i, n. magic influence, situla, ae, /. ■pail, juglans, 
 ndis,/. walnut, immitto, misi, missum 3. to put in. perfundo, fudi, fusum 
 3. to wet. exsilio, lui 4. to spring forth, serpens, lis, serpent, delicatus, a, 
 \xm^ delicate, impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon ; c. AdX. to deceive. 
 piscor 1. to fish, indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed, praes- 
 cribo, psi, ptum 3. to prescribe. 
 
 11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic. mercatus, us, m. a fair, rheda, ae,/. wagon. 
 
DIALOGUES. 309 
 
 Ante horam. P. Quia tibi tarn cito nuntiavit ? 5^. Famulus, qui eum 
 jam e longinquo venientem viderat. P. Jamne salutasti ? ,S. Saluta- 
 vi, quum vix ex equo descendisset. P. Quid amplius illi fecisti ? S. 
 Calcaria detraxi et ocreas. P. Bene fecisti ; sed miror, te propter ad- 
 ventum ejus non domi mansisse. iS. Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego 
 ipse vellem, quum nunc tempus adsit in scholam eundi. P. Id qui- 
 dem laude dignum est ; sed quomodo valet pater tuus ? jS. Optima 
 dei beneficio. P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus rediit. 5^. Sed 
 alias pluribus colloquemur. Nunc in scholam eamus ! 
 
 12. Colloquium scholasticum. 
 Cornelius. Scite tu quidem scribis ; sed cliarta tua perflait Charta 
 subhumlda est ac transmittit atramentum. Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap- 
 pares mihi pen nam banc. C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A. En 
 tibi. C. Hui, quam obtusum ! A. Accipe cotem. C. Utrum soles 
 scribere cuspide duriore, an molliore ? A. Accommoda ad manum 
 tuam. C. Ego molliore soleo. A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine, 
 figuras elementorum. C. Graecas, an Latinas ? A. Latinas primum 
 conabor imitari. C. Suppedlta chartam. A. Accipe. C. Sed meum 
 atramentum dilutius est saepius infusa aqua. A. At meum atramen- 
 tarium prorsus exaruit. Rogabo alicunde. C. Praestat habere domi, 
 quam rogare mutuum. A. Quid est discipulus sine calamo et atra- 
 mento ? C. Quod miles sine clipeo et gladio. A. Utinam mihi sint 
 digiti tam celeres ! Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo 
 assequi. C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas ; proxima, ut celeriter. 
 Sat cito, si sat bene. A. Belle ; sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori, 
 quum dictat : Sat cito, si sat bene. 
 
 12. Scite, adv. skilfully, charta, ae, /. paper, perfluo, uxi, uxum 3. io 
 flow through, subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, isi, issum 
 3. to let through, atramentum, i, w. in/i;. quaeso, / as A;. appSro I. to pre- 
 pare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui, 
 interj. Oh! obtusus, a, um, dull. — cusp'is^idis^ f point. a.ccomm6do I. to 
 fit. infundo, fudi, fusura 3. to pour in. atramentarium, i, n. inkstand. 
 exaresco, arui 3. to become dry. mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare, 
 to borrow, calamus, i, rn. stalk, quill, dicto 1. to dictate, belle, adv. finely. 
 cantio, onis,/. song. 
 
310 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 Ill REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 1. E Lacedaemoniis unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset 
 glorians : Soletn prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non videbi- 
 tis: In umbra igitur, inquit^ pugnabimus. — C. Tusc. 1, 42, 101. 
 
 2. Lacaena quum filium in proelium misisset et interfectum audis- 
 set: Idcirco, inquit, genueram, id esset, qui pro patria mortem non dubita- 
 ret occumbere. — Ibid. 102. 
 
 3. Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosfophum non ignobilem, nonne mi- 
 ramur ? cui quum Lysimachus, rex Thraciae et Macedoniae, crucem 
 minaretur : Mis quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis ! 
 Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine, an sublime putescat. — Ibid. 43, 102. 
 
 4. Diogenes, Cynlcus, projici se post mortem jussit inhumatum. 
 Tum amici: Volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit; sed badUum 
 propter me, qw) abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi (quaesiverunt) ; non 
 enim senties. Quid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ? 
 —Ibid, 43, 104. 
 
 5. Praeclare Anaxagoras, quum Lampsaci moreretur, quaerentibus 
 amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, auferri : JVi- 
 hil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae est. — Ibid, 
 
 6. Anaxagoram ferunt, nuntiata morte filii, dixisse : Sdebam, me ge- 
 nuisse mortalem. — Ibid. 3. 14, 30. 
 
 7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere 
 non posset: quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno 
 suscitari' — Ibid. 4. 19, 44. 
 
 8. Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Arcfaelaum, Perdiccae 
 filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret : Hand 
 scio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. Ain' tu ? aliter id 
 scire non potes ? Mdlo modo. Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem 
 rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? An ego possim, quum ignorem, 
 quam sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam 
 
 1. Perses, ae, m. a Persian; adj. Persian, jactilum, i, n. javelin. 
 
 3. Cyrenaeus, i, m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucJs, 
 /. cross, purpuratus, \, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco, 
 
 tui 3. to rot. 
 
 4. Cynicus, i, m. the Cynic, projicio, jeci, jectum 3. to cast forth, inhu- 
 matus, a, urn, unburied. bacillum, i, n. staff, laniatus, us, m. the tearing. 
 
 5. LampsScus, i,/. Lampsacus, city of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Cla- 
 zomenae, city of Ionia, si quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him, 
 i. e, if perchance he should die. tantundem viae, jm5/ as long a way. 
 
REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 311 
 
 putas ? Ita prorsus eocistimo : bonos, heatos ; improhos, miseros. Miser 
 ergo Archelaus ? Certe, si injustus. — C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35. 
 
 9. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia, quae co- 
 narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt, num se esset etiam mori prohihitu- 
 rus.—lbid. 14, 42. 
 
 10. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta 
 attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, max- 
 ima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Academiam ; iis apposuit tantum, 
 quod satis esset, nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui 
 numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet : Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenvM 
 non intelleristis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset, 
 triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. — Ibid. 
 32,91. 
 
 11. Lacedaemone quum tyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se 
 jure illo nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Tum is, qui ilia 
 coxerat: Mlnime mirum; condimenta enim defuerunt. Quae tandem? 
 inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis; 
 his enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur. — Ibid. 34, 98. 
 
 12. Quum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset, 
 in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est datus. Quum 
 autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in 
 loco consederant, consurrexerunt omnes et senem ilium sessum re- 
 ceperunt. Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex 
 datus, dixit ex iis quidam: Athenienses sdunt, quae recta sunt ; sedfacere 
 nolunt.^C. Sen. 18, 63. 
 
 13. Bias, qui numeratur in septem sapientibus, quum ejus patriam 
 Prienen cepisset hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis rebus 
 secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse 
 faceret : Ego vero, inquit, yoao ; nam omnia mecumporto mea. — C. Parad. 
 1. 2, 8. 
 
 14. Quum tyrannus Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus esset, 
 [hie] deliberandi sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo pos- 
 
 10. Appono, posui, posTtum 3. to place before, apparatus, us, m, fitting out. 
 hesternus, a, um, of yesterday, coeniila, ae, /, a spare meal, mina, ae,/. 
 mina (worth about 17^ dollars). 
 
 11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup, venatus, us, m. hunting. Eurotas, ae, m. 
 Eurotas, river in Sparta. 
 
 12. Ludis, games, theatrum, i, n. theatre, consessus, us. m. assembly. 
 consurgo, surrexi, surrectum 3. to arise, senem sessum receperunt, received 
 the old man, in order to scat him, i. e. took him to their seat, multiplex, Icis, 
 manifold. 
 
318 REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 
 
 tridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum 
 dierum, admii'ansque Hiero requireret, cur ita faceret : Quia, quardo, 
 inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior. — C. A^. D. 1. c. 
 22. 
 
 15. Quum Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus, Ephesum ad Antiochum 
 venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna apud omnes 
 gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phormionem philosophum 
 audiret ; quumque is se non nolle dixisset : locutus esse dicitur homo 
 copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris officio et de omni re militari. 
 Tum, quum ceteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, 
 quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judicaret. 
 Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respondisse fertur, 
 mvltos se deliros senes saepe vidisse ; sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deli- 
 raret, vidisse neminem. Neque mehercule injuria ! Quid enim aut ar- 
 rogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de 
 imperio cum populo Romano, omnium gentium victore, certasset, 
 Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset, 
 nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset, 
 praecepta de re militari dare ? — C. De Or. 2, 18, 75. 
 
 16. Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Salinator retinuisset, 
 multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, quum aliquot post annos 
 Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut mera- 
 inisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse : Quidni, inquit, meminerim ? 
 nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. — C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273. 
 
 17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quae- 
 renti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse ; Nasica sensit illam domi- 
 ni jussii, dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad 
 Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica, 
 se domi non esse. Tum Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, 
 inquit, tuam ? Hie Nasica : Homo [inquit] es impudens. Ego quum te 
 qtiaererem, ancillae time credidi, te domi non esse ; tu mihi non credis ipsi ? 
 —lb. 68, 276. 
 
 18. Orator quidam malus quum in epil6go misericordiam se movisse 
 putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum, videreturne misericordiam 
 movisse : Ac magnam quidem, inquit ; neminem enim puto esse tam du- 
 rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa sit. — C. De Or. 2. 69, 278. 
 
 15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile, proque eo, quod, and on account of this, that non. 
 nolle, to will with pleasure, res militaris, warfare, hie, here. Poenus, 
 i, m. Carthaginian. Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, deliro 1. 
 to be silly, mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed, arrogans, lis, arrogant. 
 
NARRATIVES. 313 
 
 IV. NARRATIVES. 
 
 1. Xerxes. Leonidas. Themistocles. (Cf. Justin. 2, 10. 11.) 
 Xerxes belliim a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam per quinquen- 
 nium instruxit. Septingenta niilia de regno armaverat et trecenta milia 
 de auxiliis, ut non immerito proditum sit, flumina ab exercitu ejus sic- 
 cata, Graeciamque omnem vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves 
 quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse dicitur. 
 
 Ut introitus Xerxis in Graeciam terribilis fuit, ita turpis ac foedus 
 discessus. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum quat- 
 tuor milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes 
 contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati 
 Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant : qui, dum ulcisci suos cupiunt, 
 principium cladis fuere : succedente deinde inutili turba, major caedes 
 editur. Triduum ibi cum dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum : 
 quarto die, quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a viginti milibus hostium 
 summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant, et se ad 
 meliora patriae tempora reservent : sibi cum Lacedaemoniis fortunam 
 experiendam : plura se patriae, quam vitae, debere : ceteros ad praesi- 
 dia Graeciae servandos. Audito regis imperio, discessere ceteri, soli 
 Lacedaemonii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis 
 oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden- 
 dum esse. 
 
 Et idcirco rex Leonidas, quum in bellum proficisceretur, ita suos 
 firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendam animo scirent. Angustias 
 propterea occupaverat, ut cum paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut 
 minore damno reipublicae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur 
 Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque modo proeliaturi sint, caden- 
 dum esse : caverent, ne fortius mansisse, quam dimicasse viderentur ; 
 nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circumvenirentur, sed, dum nox 
 occasionem daret, securis et laetis superveniendum; nusquam victores 
 honestius, quam in castris hostium perituros. Nihil erat difficile per- 
 suadere paratis mori : statim arma capiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quin- 
 gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut 
 
 1. Quinquennium, i, n. the space of four years, armo 1. to arm. immeri- 
 to, adv. not ^cithout justice, numero, aW., in number. Thermopylae, arum, 
 /. Thermopylae, a narrow pass in Thessaly. contemtus, us, m. contempt. 
 paucitas, atis,/. feloness, cognatus, i, m. relative. Marathonius, a, um, of 
 Marathon. tr\dii.am/i^n. space of three days, indignatio, onis,/. indignation. 
 sciscKtor 1. to inquire, proelior 1. to fight. circumvSnio, veni, ventum 4. to 
 
 27 
 
314 NARRATIVES. 
 
 cum illo, aut, si ipsi oppress! essent, in ipsius potissimum sede moritu- 
 ri. Tiimultus totis castris oritur. Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem 
 non inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantur, caedunt sternuntque 
 omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe- 
 nam. Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem diei tractum. 
 Ad postremum non victi, sed vincendo fatigati, inter ingentes strato- 
 rum hostium catervas occiderunt. 
 
 Xerxes, duobus vulneribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris 
 fortunam statu it. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes 
 quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad templum A[)ollinis diripiendum : 
 prorsus, quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum diis immortali- 
 bus bellum gereret : quae manus tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta 
 est, ut intelligeret, quam nuUae essent hominum adversqs deos vires. 
 Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit : 
 et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur. 
 Namque Athenienses post pugnam Marathoniam, })raemonente Them- 
 istocle, victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam 
 majoris belli fore, ducentas naves fabricati erant. Adventante igitur 
 Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem 
 muris ligneis tuerentur. 
 
 Themistocles, navium praesidium demonstratum ratus, persuadet 
 omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia ; civitatemque non in 
 aedificiis, sed in civibus positam. Itaque melius salutem navibus, 
 quam urbi commissuros. Hujus sententiae etiam Deum auctorem esse. 
 Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis rebus abditis 
 insulis, relicta urbe, demandant ; ipsi naves armati conscendunt. Ex- 
 emplum Atheniensium etiam aliae urbes imitatae sunt. Itaque quum 
 conjuncta omnis sociorum classis, et intenta in bellum navale esset, 
 angustiasque Salaminii freti, ne circumveniri a multitudine posset, 
 occupasset ; dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur. Qui quum, 
 deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi vellent, timens Themistocles, ne 
 discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat, 
 uno in loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse. Quodsi 
 civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin- 
 gulas consectandas. Hoc dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret. 
 
 go around^ surround, supervenire, to surprise, sterno, stravi, stratum 3. 
 to prostrate, ut qui, as those., who. fatlgo 1. to weary, caterva, ae,/. troop. 
 statuo, ui, utum 3. to determine, quam nullae essent hominum vires, how 
 insignificant the power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement. 
 Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/. ciYies m Boeofta. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.), 
 empty. gra.ssor I. to loalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, tii, 
 
NARRATIVES. 315 
 
 Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium collatis viribus 
 capessunt. 
 
 Interea rex, velut spectator pugnae, cum parte navium in littore 
 remanet ; Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi 
 vfenerat, inter primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat : quippe ut in viro 
 muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virilem audaciam cerneres. Quum 
 anceps proelium esset, lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se 
 paullatim subtrahere coeperunt : quorum defectio animos ceterorum 
 fregiL Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox, proelio 
 victi, in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt na- 
 ves, multae mersae ; plures tamen, non minus saevitiam regis, quam 
 hostem, timentes, domiim dilabuntur. 
 
 2. Piso orator et servus. 
 Marcus Piso, orator Romanus, servis praeceperat, ut tantum ad inter- 
 rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent. Evenit, ut 
 Clodium ad coeham invitari juberet. Hora coenae instabat ; aderant 
 ceteri convivae omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso sei vum, qui 
 solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne. Quum 
 tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo : Die, inquit, num 
 forte non invitasti Clodium ? Invitavi, respondit ille. Cur ergo non 
 venit? Quia venturum se negavit. Tum Piso: Cur id non statim 
 dixisti ? Respondit Servus : Quia non sum a te interrogatus. 
 
 3. Canis fdelis. 
 Pyrrhus rex in itinere incldit in canem, qui interfecti hominis cor- 
 pus custodiebat. Quum audisset, eum jam tres dies cibi expertem 
 assidere, nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum jussit humari, canem ve- 
 ro deduci et curari diligenter. Paucis post diebus militum iustratio 
 habetur. Transeunt singuli, sedente rege. Aderat canis. Is quum 
 
 itura 2. pre-admonish. fabricor 1. tu make, mumceps, ipis, m. citizen of a 
 free city ; 2) citizen, conjux, ugis,/. icife. abdo, didi, ditum 3. to conceal. 
 demando J. to commit. Salaminium fretum, i, n. bay of Salamis. Halicar- 
 nassus, i.f. city in Caria. muliebris, e, of a woman, cerneres, one might 
 see. lones, um, m. lonians. paullatim, adv. gradually, subtraho, traxi, 
 tractum 3. to withdraw, defectio, onis,/. desertion, trepidatio, onis,/. trepi- 
 dation^ haste, mergo, mersi, mersum 3. to sink, saevitia, ae,/. cruelty. 
 
 2. Praecipio, cepi, ceptum 3. to direct, praeterea, adv. besides, aliquo- 
 ties, adv. several times, num forte non invitasti ? can it be possible that thou 
 hast not invited. 
 
 3. Assideo, sedi 2. to sit by. humo I. to bury, deduco, xi, ctum 3. to 
 lead away. Iustratio, onis,/. rerieic. tacitus, a, um, fi^en^. percussor, oris, 
 
316 ' NARRATIVES. 
 
 antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac vidit, domini sui percussores 
 transire, procurrit furens eosque allatravit, saepius se ad Pyrrhum con- 
 vertens, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed omnes, qui aderant, suspi- 
 cionem de iis conciperent. Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus 
 quibusdam signis aliunde accedentibus, fassi caedem poenas dederunt. 
 
 4. Archimedis mors. 
 Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu 
 defenderat, Marcellus, imperator Romaiius, gravissime edixit, ne quis 
 Archimedi vim faceret. At is, dum animo et oculis in terra defixis, 
 formas in pulvere describit, militi Romano, qui praedandi caussa in 
 domum irruperat strictoque gladio, quisnara esset, interrogabat, propter 
 nimium ardorem studii nihil respondet, nisi hoc : JVoli tubare drculos 
 7M0S ! A milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, intei-ficitur. 
 
 5. Amicus itifidelis. 
 Duo amici una iter faciunt atque, solitudinem peragrantes, ursum 
 ingentem vident advenientem. Alter celeriter in arborem adscendit ; 
 alter recordatus, illam bestiam Cadavera non attingere, nisi fame efFera- 
 tam, humise pl'osternitanimamque continet, simulans seesse mortuum. 
 Accedit ursus, contrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os et aures 
 admovet et cadaver esse ratus discedit. Tunc ambo metu liberati in- 
 ceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in 
 arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus ei in aurem insusurrasset. 
 Mijlta, inquit ille, quae non recordor ; sed imprimis hoc praeceptum 
 dedit, ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus fidem ad verso tempore non 
 «ssem expertus. 
 
 6. Demosthenes. 
 Demosthenes caussam orans quum judices parum attentos videret: 
 Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete : rem vobis novam et jucundam 
 narrabo. Quum aures arrexissent : Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum 
 conduxerat, quo Athenis Megaram profecturus uteretur. In itinere 
 quum sol flagraret, neque esset umbraculum, deposuit clitellas et sub 
 
 m. murderer, procurro, cucurri, cursum 3. to rush forth, furo 3. to rage. 
 allatro 1. to bark at. suspicio, onis,/. suspicion. 
 
 4. EdTco, xi, ctum 3. to give out command, vim facere, to inflict violence. 
 forma, vie,f. figure. 
 
 5. Infidelis, e, unfaithful, ursus, i, m. bear, effero 1. to render fierce. 
 anima, ae,/. breath, contrecto 1. to handle, insusurro, io whisper. 
 
 6. Arrigo, rexi, rectum 3. to prick up. conduco, xi, ctum 3. to take with ', 
 
NARRATIVES. 317 
 
 asino consedit, cujus umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, claraaiis, 
 asinum locatum esse, non umbram asini. Alter quum contra conten- 
 deret, tandem in jus ambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi hom- 
 ines diligenter auscultantes vidit, abiit. Turn revocatus a judicibus 
 rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret : Quid ? inquit. De asini 
 umbra licet audire ? caussam hominis de vita periclitantis non audietis ? 
 
 7. Cyri mors. 
 Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo 
 tempe Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progres- 
 sus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque in iis vini affatim et quae 
 epulis erant necessaria reliquit. Tum regina filium adolescentem 
 tertia parte copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit ; is vero, rei militaris 
 ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur. 
 Cyrus autem noctu redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in 
 casti'is interficit. Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti vic- 
 toria exsultantes, pari fraude decipit. Quippe simulato timore refu- 
 giens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innu- 
 merabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in 
 utrem, sanguine humano repletum, conjecit, crudelitatem his verbis 
 exprobrans: Satia te sanguine, quem sitisti, et quo nunquam satiari 
 potuisti ! 
 
 8. Androdi leo. (Cf. Gell. N. A. 5, 14, 5—30.) 
 Romae in circo maximo venationis amplissimae pugna populo daba- 
 tur. Multae ibi sa«vientes ferae erant ; sed praeter alia omnia leonum 
 immanitas admirationi fuit, praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus. 
 Is leo corporis impetu et ingenti magnitudine terribilique fremltu, toris 
 comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese 
 converterat. Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad pugnam bes- 
 tiarum servus viri consularis. Ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc 
 
 2) to hire, umbraculum, n. shade, clitellae, arum, /. pack-saddle, agaso, 
 onis, m. hostler, loco 1. to hire, enarro 1, to relate through, periclitor 1. 
 to be in danger of. 
 
 7. Aliquantum, ^0 some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zu. 
 abundantly; affl vini, abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. <o pur- 
 sue. recens, tis, recent. decTpio, cepi, ceplum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi, 
 actum 3. to draw, ampiito 1, to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag. 
 
 8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus., a great race-course, im- 
 manitas, atis, /. Aw^ewe^^. torus, i, m. protuberance ; 2) muscle, coma, ae, 
 /. hair; 2) mane, cervix, icis,/. neck, fluctuor 1. to wave, introdaco, xi, 
 
 21^ 
 
318 NARRATIVES. 
 
 ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente, quasi admirans, stetit ; ac deinde sen- 
 sim atque placide tanquam exploratiirus ad hominem accedit ; turn 
 caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominis- 
 que fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimati 
 metu lingua leniter demulcet Homo Androclus inter ilia tam atrocis 
 ferae blandimenta amissum animum receperat ; pauUatim oculos ad 
 contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, lae- 
 tos et gratulabundos videres hominem et leonem. Ea re prorsus admi- 
 rabili maximi a populo clamores excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare 
 Androclus, quaeriturque ex eo, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni peper- 
 cisset. 
 
 Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam. Quum pro- 
 vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret, 
 ego ibi iniquis ejus et quotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus; 
 et, ut mihi a domino terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in 
 camporum et arenarum solitudines concessi: ac, si defuisset cibus, 
 consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante, 
 specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo. 
 Neqiie multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et 
 cruento pede, gemitus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vul- 
 neris indicantia. Ac primum quideni conspectu advenientis leonis 
 animus meus summo terrore impletur; sed postquam leo, introgressus 
 in latibulum illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et man- 
 suetus accessit : ac sublatum pedem ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis 
 petendae gratia, visus est. Ibi, ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis 
 ejus haerentem revelli conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo express! 
 accuratiusque sine magna jam formidine siccavi pemtus atque detersi 
 cruorem. Ille tunc mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus 
 meis posito, recubuit et quievit. Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego 
 et leo in eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venaba- 
 tHr feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego, 
 
 'Ctum 3. to introduce, vir consularis, m. a man of consular rank, sensim, 
 adv. by degrees, cauda, ae,/. tail, adjungo, xi, ctum 3. to join to. demul- 
 ceo, mulsi, mulsum 2. to soothe ; 2) to lick, blandimentum, i, n. caressing. 
 inutuiis, a, um, mutual, recognitio, onis, /. recognition, gratulabundus, a, 
 um, congratulating. Hie, here, proconsulare imperium, n. proconsular pow- 
 er, latebrae, arum,/, lurking places, arena, ae,/. sand, latebrosus, a, um, 
 full of lurking places, recondo, idi, itum 3. to conceal, introgredior, gres- 
 sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's 
 self, mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3. to shoio. porrigo, rexi, 
 rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello, elli, ulsum 3. to tear out. 
 sanies, ei,/. bloody matter . formido, in\s, f. fear, sugggro, gessi, gestura 3. 
 
NARRATIVES. ^ 319 
 
 ignis copiam non habens, sole meridiano torrens edebam. Sed ubi 
 me vitae illius ferinae jam pertaesum est, leone in venatum profecto, 
 rellqui specum : et, viam fere tridui permensus, a militibus visus com- 
 prehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. Is me 
 statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias curavit. Intel- 
 ligo autem hunc quoque leonem, me tunc separate, captum gratiam 
 mihi nunc etiam beneficii et medicinae referre. Itaque, cunctis peten- 
 tibus, dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque et suffragiis 
 populi donatus. 
 
 9. Somnium mirum. 
 
 Quum duo quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram 
 venissent, alter ad cauponem devertit ; ad hospitem alter. Qui ut 
 coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis ei, qui erat in 
 hospitio, ille alter orare, ut subveniret, quod sibi a caupone interltus 
 pararetur : is primus perterritus somnio surrexit; dein, quum se col- 
 legisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuit ; turn 
 ei dormienti idem ille visus est rogare, ut, quoniam sibi vivo non sub- 
 venisset, mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur ; se interfectum in 
 plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum: pe- 
 tere, ut mane ad portam adesset, priusquam pl&ustrum ex oppido ex- 
 iret. Hoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam 
 fuit ; quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro : ille perterritus fugit ; mor- 
 tuus erutus est : caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit. — C. Div. 1. 27, 57. 
 
 10. Cleobis et Bito. Tropftonlus et Aga/medes. 
 
 Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Bito, filii, praedicantur. Nota fabula 
 est. Quum enim illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi 
 jus esset satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta ; 
 tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perun- 
 xerunt: ad jugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum 
 currus esset ductus a filiis, precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium 
 daret pro pietate, quod maxifnum homini dari posset a deo. Post, 
 
 to bring, sol meridianus, m, midday sun. ferinus, a, um, wild, me per- 
 taesum est alicujus rei, / had become very tired of, (from pertaedet). perme- 
 tior, mensus sum 4. to pass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a 
 capital offence. sufFraglum, i, re. potsherd ; 2) vote, voice. 
 
 9. Caupo, onis, ?«. inn-keeper, devertor, ti, 3. to put up. concubia nocte, 
 dead of night, hospitium, i, n. hospitality, supra, adv. upon that, bubulcus, 
 i, m. teamster. 
 
 10. Arglus, a, um, Argive. solennis,e, customary, solemn, status, a, um, 
 
320 ^ NARRATIVES. 
 
 epulatos cum matre adolescentes somno se dedisse, mane inven- 
 tos esse mortuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi di- 
 cuntur: qui, quum Apollini Delphis templum exaedificavissent, ve- 
 nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem operis et la- 
 boris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo 
 se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium : qui ut 
 illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. — C. Tusc. 1. 47, 113, 114. 
 
 11. Dolus Pythii. 
 
 C. Canius, eques Romanus, quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse di- 
 cere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos 
 aliquos velle em ere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine inter- 
 pellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam, 
 qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos non 
 habere, sed licere uti Canjo, si vellet, ut suis : et simul ad coenam 
 hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisis- 
 set, tum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gi*atio- 
 sus, piscatores ad se convocavii et ab iis petivit, ut ante suos hortulos 
 postridie piscarentur : dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coenam 
 tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium : cym- 
 barum ante occulos multitudo : pro se quisque quod ceperat, afFerebat : 
 ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur. Tum Canius : Quaeso, inquit, 
 quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et 
 ille : Quid mirum ? inquit. Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est pis- 
 cium : hie aquatio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius 
 cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid 
 multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti, quanti Pythius 
 voluit, et emit instructos : negotium conficit Invitat Canius postridie 
 familiares suos ; venit ipse mature : scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit 
 ex proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos 
 nuUos videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille, sed hie piscari nuUi 
 
 stated, sacrificium, i, 71. 5/icr«/ice. ']vxmer\\.wrc\^\.n. beast of burden, peiun- 
 go, xi, ctura 3. to anoint, precatio, onis, /. prayer. exaedifico 1. to build. 
 11. C=Caius. oi\or I. to be unoccupied, hortulus, i, m. a little garden ; 
 2) small country house, interpellator, oris, m. disturber, percrebesco, cre- 
 bui, to become known, argentaria, ae,/. banking ; argentariam facere, to fol- 
 low banking. vendXis., for sale, qui esset, since he was. gratiosus, a, um, be- 
 loved, opipare, adv. splendidly. appSro 1. to prepare, pro se quisque, each 
 for himself. abjTcio, eci, ectum 3. to cast down, tantumne piscium ^ so many 
 fish? aquatio, onis, /. watering -place, villa, ae, country-seat, scalmus, i, 
 m.thowl; 2) boat. qviodsc\dimyas far as I know. sioma.cha.Ti, to be indignant. 
 The Infin. here stands for stomachatur. formula, ae,/. legal form. 
 
NARRATIVES. 321 
 
 soleut. Itaque lieri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomachari Canius. 
 Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo 
 formulas.— C. Off. 3. 14, 58—60. 
 
 12. Ardtus. 
 
 Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur, qui, quum ejus civitas quinquaginta 
 aiinos a tyrannis tenerelur, profectus Argis Sicyonem, clandestino in- 
 troitu urbe est potitus, quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso oppres- 
 sisset, sexcentos exsQles, qui fuerant ejus civitatis locupletissimi, res- 
 tituit, remqiie publicam adveutu suo liberavit. Sed quum magnam 
 animadverteret in bonis et possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos, 
 quos ipse restituerat, quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum 
 arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis 
 aequum putabat, propterea quod tarn longo spatio multa hereditatibus, 
 multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantur sine injuria : judicavit, 
 neque illis admi, nee iis non satisfieri, quorum ilia fuerant, oportere. 
 Quum igitur statuisset, opus esse ad earn rem constituendam pecunia, 
 Alexandrlam se proficisci velle dixit, remque integram ad reditum 
 suum jussit esse : isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum hospitem, ve- 
 nit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui quum ex- 
 posuisset, patriam se liberare velle, caussamque docuisset ; a rege op- 
 ulento vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur. 
 Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim 
 principes, cum quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant, 
 et eorum, qui sua amiserant : perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus, 
 ut persuaderet aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus ce- 
 derent; aliis, ut commodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset, 
 quam suum recuperare. Ita perfectum est, ut omnes, concordia con- 
 stituta, sine querela discederent. O virum magnum dignumque, qui 
 in nostra republica natus esset ! — C. Off. 2. 23, 81, 82. 
 
 12. Sicyonius, Sicyonian, (from Sicyon, a city of Achaia). Argi, orum, 
 m. Jlrgos^ chief city of Arorolis. clandestinus, a, um, secret, improviso, adv. 
 unexpectedly, possideo, sedi, sessum 2. to possess, hereditas, atis,/. inheri- 
 tance, satisfacio, feci, factum 3. to make satisfaction. expono,posui,positum 
 3. to explain. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 The numbers 1 , 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation 
 which they follow : the numerals, which are introduced in § 33, and the pre- 
 positions which are introduced in § 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three 
 endings in us., o, mw, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them. 
 
 A. absumo, sumpsl, sump- accuse 1. to complain of, 
 
 Abduco, xi, ctum 3. turn 3. to consume. accuse. 
 
 to lead away, draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree. 
 
 away. have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp, 
 
 abSo, li, itum A. to go a6oMnc?m( something). zealous, fierce. 
 
 away, depart. abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, pun- 
 
 abhorreo, ui 2. ah. c. abl. to use up; 2) gent. 
 
 abl. to shun, to have abuse. Achilles, is, m. Achilles. 
 
 a strong aversion (to ac, conj. (never before acies, ei, /. edge ; 'z) 
 
 something). a vow^el or h), and ; as. line-of-battle. 
 
 abigo, egi, actum 3. to Academia, /. Academy, acriter, adv. spiritedly. 
 
 drive away. accedo, cessi, cessum actio, onis,/. action. 
 
 abominor 1. <o ea:ecra<e. S. to approach. aciio, m,utumS. to shar- 
 
 abrlpio, ripui, reptum accelero 1. to hasten. pen. 
 
 3. to take away, carry accendo, di, sum, 3. to acus, us, f. needle. 
 
 off. enkindle, inflame. acute, adv. sharply, ac- 
 
 absens, tis, absent. acceptus 3. received. utely. 
 
 absolve, vi, utum 3. to accidit 3. it happens. acutus 3. sharp, pointed, 
 
 complete, 2) to dis- accipio, cepi, ceptum 3. acute. 
 
 charge. to take, receive. adaequo 1. to level to. 
 
 abstergeo, si, sum, 2. <o accommodatus 3. c. dat. adamas, antis, m. dia- 
 
 wipe off, take away, filed to, suited to. mond. 
 
 remove. accresco, evi, etum 3. addictus 3. devoted to. 
 
 abstinens, tis, temperate. to increase, to aug- addo, dldi, ditum 3. to 
 abstineo, tinui, tentum ment. join to, add. 
 
 2. to keep off; 2) c. accubo, bui, bitum 1, to adduco, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 abl. to abstain, (from recline by, to sit {at bring to, induce. 
 
 something). table). adeo, adv. so much, so 
 
 absum, fui, esse, to be accurate, adv. accurate- very. 
 
 absent, to be removed; ly,Jully. adeo, ii, itum 4. to come 
 
 nihil abest, (non accuratus 3. exact. to, approach. 
 
 multum) abest, quin, accurro, cucurri, cur- adhibeo 2. to apply, he- 
 it wants nothing [not sum 3. to run up, to stow, give. 
 
 much), that. hasten up. adhuc, adv. as yet, stiU. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 323 
 
 adjac^o, iii 2. c. dat. to adsum, fui, esse c. dat. aequus 3. just, equal ; 
 
 lie upon, hy, near (a to he present at (some- aequus animus, equa- 
 
 thing). thing), to he present. nimity. 
 
 adimo, emi, emtum 3. adulatio, 6nis,/.^a<<en/. aerumna, ae,/ Wcfe^ip. 
 
 to take, take away. adulor 1. c. dat. to fiat- aes, aeris, n. hrass. 
 
 adipiscor, adeptus sum ter. Aeschlnes, is, m. MscM- 
 
 3. to obtain. adulterinus 3. false, nes. 
 
 aditus, us, m. approach. counterfeit. aestas, atis, /. summer. 
 
 adjutor, oris, m. assis- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. aestlrao 1. to value, es- 
 
 tant. to set on fire, hum. teem. 
 
 adjuvo, uvi, utum 1. c. advenio, veni, ventum aestivus 3. pertaining to 
 
 ace. to aid, assist, sup- 4. to come to, arrive. summer ; aestivum 
 
 port. [hie. advento 1. to approach. tempus, summer sea- 
 
 admirabilis, e, admira- ad\entus,us, m. arrival. son. 
 
 admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius, i, m. oppo- aetas, atis, f age, period. 
 
 ration. nent. aeternitas, atis, /. eter- 
 
 admiror 1. to admire. adversus, 3. placed nity. 
 
 admisceo, iscui, istum against, contrary, op- aeteinus 3. eternal. 
 
 or ixtum 2. to inter- posite ; res adversae, afFabilitas, atis, /. afi^a- 
 
 mingle. adversity. hility. 
 
 admodum, adv. very. adverto, ti, sum 3. to afFero, attuli, allatum 3. 
 
 admoneo 2. to admjon- turn to. to hear to, hring. 
 
 ish. advolo 1. to hasten to. afflcio, eci, ectum 3. to 
 
 admoveo, movi, motum aedes, is, /. temple ; pi. affect ; Part. afFectus 
 
 2. c. dat. to hring up house. 3. affected. 
 
 to. aedificium, i, n. edifice, affinltas, atis,/. relation- 
 
 adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico li.to build. ship. 
 
 sum 3. to endeavor. aedilis, is, m. Edile. afflicto 1. to afiiict. 
 
 adolescens,tis,m.t/0Mng- aeger, gra, grum, sick, affluenter, adv. abun- 
 
 man, youth, young. aegritudo, inis, /. sick- dantly. 
 
 adolescentulus, i, wi. ness, sorrow. affluentia, ae, /. abun- 
 
 young man, youth. aegre, adv. reluctantly, dance. 
 
 adolesco, adolevi, adul- with difficulty ; aegre afffiio, uxi, uxum 3. to 
 
 turn 3. to grow up. fero, to he dissatisfied, fiow to ; overflow, have 
 
 ador, oris, n. wheat. aegrotus, 3. sick. an abundance. 
 
 adorior, ortus sum 4. aemulor 1. c. ace. to affulgeo, si 2. to shine. 
 
 to attack, undertake. emulate. Afranius, i. m. Afra- 
 
 adorno 1. to put in or- Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas. nius. 
 
 der, adorn. aenigma,atis,n. emg?na. Africanus, i, to. Africa- 
 
 adscendo, di, sum 3. aequalis, e, equal. nus. 
 
 to ascend. aeque — atque (ac), in Agamemno, onis, m. 
 
 adscisco, ivi, itum 3. like manner — as. Agamemnon. 
 
 to adopt, receive. aequiparo 1. to equal. ager, gri, m. field, land. 
 
 adspicio, exi, ectum 3. aquitas, atis,/ equity. Agesilaus, i, m. Agesi- 
 
 to look upon, discover, aequo 1. to equal. laus. 
 adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, to. rampart. 
 
 to draw up tight ; 2\ espec. : surface of aggredior, gressus sum 
 
 hind, to make binding. the sea. 3. rem, to approach, 
 
324 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 begin something ; 2) alius — alius, one, an- amplus 3. bruad liber- 
 attack, other. al, magnificent. 
 agmen, inis, n. band, allicio, exi, ectum 3. amussis, is,/, a rtde (of 
 
 Jlock. to allure. mechanics), 
 
 agnosco, novi, nitum 3. alligo 1. to fasten, tie an, (in questions) or. 
 
 recognize. up. anas, atis, /. a duck. 
 
 ago, egi, actum 3. to Allobroges, um, m. Al- anceps, cipitis, twofold, 
 
 drive, make, do, pass ; lobroges. double, doubtful. 
 
 agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus sum 3. Anchises, ae, m. An- 
 
 the year ; age, come to address. chises. 
 
 on. alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to apcilla, ae,/. a maid. 
 
 agricola, ae, m. husband- nourish. ancillaris, e, pertaining 
 
 man, farmer. aloe, es,/ th^aloe. to a maid, sei-vile. 
 
 Ajax, acis, m. Ajax. Alpes, ium,/ Alps. ango, xi, 3. to trouble. 
 aio, I say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation. 
 
 affirm. or other of tivo. angulus, i, m. an angle, 
 
 alacer, ens, ere, spirited, alteruter, utra, utrum, angustiae, arum,/. ?iar- 
 
 lively. one of the two. row pass. 
 
 Albis, is, m. the Elbe. altitudo, inis, /. height, angustus 3. narrow. 
 albus 3. white. depth. animadverto, ti, sum 3. 
 
 Alcibiades, is, m. Aid- altus 3. high, deep. to observe, perceive. 
 
 biades. alvus, i,/. belly. animal, alis, n. animal. 
 
 Alexander, dri, m. Alex- amabllis, e, amiable. animus, i, m. soul, spirit, 
 
 ander. amarus 3. bitter. mind, heart, courage. 
 
 Alexandria, ae, Alexan- amblo, ivi, itum 4. to annulus, i, m. a ring. 
 
 dria. go around (some- annus, i, m. a year. 
 
 algeo, si 2. to feel cold, thing), surround. anser, eris, m. a goose. 
 
 freeze. ambo, ae, o, both. ante, adv. before. 
 
 alias, adv. at another ambulatio, onis, / a antea, adv. before. 
 
 time. walk. antecedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 alicunde, adv.from some ambulo 1. to go to walk, 3. c. dat. or ace. to go 
 
 place or other. to stroll. before, be superior to 
 
 alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae, / friend- (some one). 
 
 ger from another coun- ship. antepono, posui, posl- 
 
 try. amicus, i, m. friend. turn 3. to prefer. 
 
 alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi, missum 3. antequam, conj. before 
 
 other^s. to lose. that, ere, before. 
 
 aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis, is, m. river. Antiochia, ae,/ Antioch. 
 
 time. amo 1. to love. antiqultas, atis, / an- 
 
 aliquando, adv. some amoenus 3. pleasant (of tiquity. 
 
 time. countries), agreeable, antiqultus, adv. ancient- 
 
 aliquis, a, id or aliqui, a, amor, oris, m. love. ly, formerly. 
 
 od, some one. amplexor 1. to embrace, AnUstius, i,m. Antistius. 
 
 aliquot [indecl.), some. cherish. Antonius, i, m. Antony. 
 
 aliter, adv. otherwise. amplitude, inis, / au- anus, us, / old ivoman. 
 aliunde, adv. from an- thority, dignity. anxie, adv. anxiously. 
 
 other source, place. ampllus, adv. more, fur- aper, pri, m. boar, wild 
 alius, a, ud, another ; ther. boar. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 325 
 
 aperio, rui, rtum 4. to arcus, us, m. a bow. assidiius 3. unremitting^ 
 
 openj (caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowing- persevering. 
 
 cover ; apertus 3. ly, ardently. assuefacio, fbci, factum 
 
 open. ardeo, si, sum 2. to 3. c. dat. to accustom 
 
 aperte, adv. openly. burn, glow. to. 
 
 apex, icis, m. summit. ardor, oris, m. keat, de- assuesco, evi, etum 3. 
 apis, is,f. a bee. sire. c. dat. or abl. to dc- 
 
 Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, area, ae, f. open space. custom one's self to, 
 ApoUonia, ae, /. Apol- argenteus 3. of silver. be accustomed to 
 
 Ionia. [evident, argentum, i, n. silver ; (something), 
 
 appareo 2. to appear^ be arg. vivum, quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria. 
 appello 1. to call. ver. astutia, ae,/ cunning, 
 
 appeto, ivi, itum 3. to Argo, us,/ theArgo. at, conj. but, yet. 
 
 strive to obtain. argumentum, i, n. con- Athenae,arum J". Athens. 
 
 appetens, ntis, c. gen. tents. Atheniensis, e, Atkerii- 
 
 eager for something. Aristides, is, m. Aristi- ian ; subst. an Athe- 
 appetitus, us, m. desire. des. nian. 
 
 applaudo, si, sum 3. c. Aristoteies, is, m. Aris- Atlas, antis, m. Atlas. 
 
 dat to applaud. totle. atque, conj. and, as. 
 
 applico 1. to rest upon ; arma, orum, n. arms. atrox, 6cis,/erce, violent., 
 
 se applicare, to ap- aro 1. to plough. frightful, bloody. 
 
 proach, join one^s self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo, di, tum 3. to 
 
 to (some one)j apply itant of Arpinum. attend to, give (dkti- 
 
 one^s self to (some- arrideo, si, sum 2. c. tion. 
 
 thing). dat. to smile upon. attente, adv. attentively. 
 
 aj)pdno, posui, positum ars, tis,/ art. attentus 3. attentive. 
 
 3. to place by, before, artifex, icis, skilful ; attero, trivi, tritum 3. 
 approbo 1. to approve. subst. artist. to impair, exhaust. 
 
 appropinquo 1. to ap- artus, us, m. joint, limb. Atticus 3. Attic, inhab- 
 
 proach. Aruns, ntis, m. Aruns. itant of Attica. 
 
 Aprilis, is, m. April. arvum, i, n. a ploughed Atticus, i, m. Atticus. 
 aptus 3. c. dat. or ad c. feld. attingo, igi, actum 3. 
 
 ace, ft, ftted. arx, cis,/ citadel. to touch. 
 
 aqua, ae,/ water. as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author, 
 
 aratrum, i, n. a plough. Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore, 
 arbitror 1. to think, to ascendo, di, sum 3. to upon my advice. 
 
 account (one some- ascend, mount. auctoritas, atis, / au- 
 
 thing). ascensus, us, m. ascent. thority. 
 
 arbor, oris,/ a tree. asinus, i, m. an ass. audacla, ae, / self con- 
 arcanum, i. n. a secret, asper, era, erum, rough, fdence. [bold. 
 Areas, adis, m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn. audax, acis, confident, 
 
 cadian. asporto ] . to carry away, aud^o, ausus sum 2. to 
 
 arceo, ui 2. to keep off. assentior, sensus sum dare, venture. 
 arcesso, ivi, itum 3. to 4. c. dat. to assent to. audio 4. to hear. 
 
 send for, bring. assequor, secutus sum auditor, oris, m. hearer. 
 
 Archias, ae, m. Archias. 3. to attain. auffero, abstuH, ablatum 
 
 Archimedes, is, m. Ar- assido, edi, essum 3. 3. to take away, bear 
 
 chimedes. to sit doum. away. 
 
326 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 augeo, xi, ctiim 2. to beate, adv. peacefully, buris, is, /. a plough- 
 increase, enrich. beatus 3. peaceful, hap- tail. 
 
 augurium, i, n. augury, py. buty rum, i, n. butter, 
 
 divination. bellum, i, n. war. 
 
 auguror ] . to divine, pre- bellus 3. hecmtiful, neat. C. 
 
 did. bene, adv. well, rightly. Cachinnatlo, onis, f. 
 
 Augustus, i, m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to loud, unrestrained 
 tus. praise. laugh. 
 
 Siuisi, ae, f. court. beneficentia, ae, / 6e- cacumen, inis, n. to;?. 
 
 aureus 3. golden. ne/icence. cadaver, eris, n. carcass, 
 
 Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium, i, n. kind- corpse. 
 
 (mountain). ness, favour. cado, cecidi, casum 3. 
 
 auris, is,/, the ear. beneficus 3. beneficent. to fall, happen. 
 
 aurum, i, n. gold. benevole, adv. kindly, caducus 3. ready to fall, 
 
 ausculto 1. to listen. benevolentia, ae, f be- falling. 
 
 ausplcor 1. to commence. nevolence. caecus 3. blind. 
 
 aut, conj. or; aut — ^aut, benignus 2. kind. caedes, is,/, slaughter, 
 
 either — or. bestia, ae,/. beast. caedo, cecidi, caesum 
 
 autem, conj. but (takes bestiola, ae, /. a little 3. to fell, to kill. 
 the second place in animal. caerimonia, ae, / cere- 
 
 its sentence). bibliotheca, ae, /. li- mony. 
 
 autumnus, i, m. axdumn. brary. Caesar, aris, m. Caesar ; 
 
 auxilium, i, n. aid; pi. bibo, bibi, bibitum 3. 2) an emperor. 
 
 auxiliary troops. to drink. [bodied. Caius Marius, Caius 
 
 avaritia, ae,/. avarice, bicorpor, oris, double- Marius. 
 
 avarus 3. c. gen. ava- bidiium, i, n. the space calamitas, atis,/.caZam- 
 ricious, covetous, gree- of two days. . ity, loss, misfortune, 
 
 dy. bilis, is, f the gall. calcar, aris, n. a spur. 
 
 aversor 1. to shun. blande, adv. gently. calculus, i, m. pebble. 
 
 averto, ti, sum 3. to blandior, itus sum 4. to caleo 2. to be warm, 
 turn away, to avert. fatter. caligo, inis, f darkness. 
 
 avidus 3. c. gen. desir- bombyx, ycis, m. the calix, icis, m. a cup. 
 ous, greedy. silk worm. callidus 3. cunning. 
 
 avis, is,/, a bird. bonitas, atis, / good- Callisthenes, is, m. Cal- 
 
 avoco 1. to call off. ness. listhenes. 
 
 avolo 1. tojly away. bonus 3. g-oorf ; bonum, calor, oris, m. heat. 
 
 avus, j, m. a grandfa- i, n. the good, good, calyx, ycis, m. the bud. 
 ther. Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camelus, i, m. camel. 
 
 axis, is, m. an axle. north udnd. campus, i, m. a plain. 
 
 bos, ovis, c. ox, cow. canalis, is, m. a caned. 
 B. brevis, e, short ; brevi, canis, is, c. a dog. 
 
 Babylon, onis,/ Baby- (sc. tempore), in a cannabis, is,/ hemp. 
 Ion. short time, soon. cano, cecini, cantum 3. 
 
 Bactra, orum,n. Badra. Britannus, i, m. a Bri- to sing. 
 
 barba, ae,/ beard. ton. canto 1. to sing. 
 
 barbarus 3. barbarian. Brundusiixni/i. n.Brun- cantus, us, m. song. 
 
 basis, is, / foundation, dusium. Canusium, i, n. Canu- 
 
 Brutus, i, m. Brutus. sium. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 327 
 
 capesso, ivi, itum 3. to to he on one's guard, circumdo, d6di, datura, 
 
 seize ; proelium, to ab aliquo, before some dare, to place around, 
 
 commence battle. one ; 2) establish, pro- surround, (c. dat. of 
 
 capillus, i, m. the hair. vide. [to give way. pers. and ace. of 
 capio, cepi, captum 3. cede, cessi, cessum 3. thing,orc.acc.ofpers. 
 
 to take, seize, capture, celeber, bris, bre, fre- and abl. of thing), 
 capra, ae,/, she-goat. quented. , circumeo (circueo), li, 
 
 capto 1. to catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /. great itum 4. to go around. 
 
 to catch. number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, ses- 
 
 caput, itis, n.head, chap- tude. sum 2. to sit around, 
 
 ter, chief city. celebro 1. to celebrate. besiege. 
 
 carbasus, i,f.Jlax. celer, eris, ere, swift. circumspicio, spexi, 
 
 career, eris, m. a pmon. celeritas, SiXis, f. celerity, spectum 3. (c. ace.) 
 cardo, inis, m. hinge. swiftness. to look around (after 
 
 careo 2. c. abl. to want, eelerlter adv. sudftly. something). 
 
 Caria, ae,/. Caria. celo 1. e. dupl. aec. to eircumsto, 6ti 1. to 
 
 caritas, atis, /. love. conceal. stand around. 
 
 carmen, inis,/ poem. censeo, sui, sum 2. to cito, adv. quickly, 
 csoco, ca.Yms,f.fesh. vatv£, account, think, eivilis, e, cim/ ; bellum 
 
 Carolus, i, m. Charles. Centaurus, i, m. a Cen- civile, civil war. 
 carpentarius i, m. wheel- taur. civis, is, c. citizen, suh- 
 
 unight. cerasum, i, n. cherry. ject. 
 
 Carthago, inis, /. Car- cerasus, i,/ cherry-tree, civitas, atis, /. dtizen- 
 
 thage. Ceres, eris,/. Ceres. ship, state; 2) right 
 
 Carthaginiensis, is, m. eerno, crevi, cretum 3. of citizenship. 
 
 a Carthaginian. to see, judge. [test, elades, is,/, defeat. 
 
 earus 3. beloved, dear. eertamen, inis, n. con- clamo '[.to cry out. 
 casa, ae,/. a hut. certe, adv. surely. clamor, oris, m. a cry. 
 
 cassis, idis,/. helmet. certo, 1. to contend. clare, adv. clearly, cm- 
 cassis, is (commonly certo, adv. surely. dently. [ed. 
 
 pi. casses, ium), ?». certus 3. sure, certain, clarus 3. clear, renown- 
 
 hunter^s net. definite, positive. classis, is, f feet. 
 
 Cassius, i, m. Cassius. eervus, i, m. stag. claudo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 eastigo 1. to reprove. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. close. 
 
 castra, orum, n. camp, chalybs, y bis, m. steel, clausus 3. closed. 
 casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda, ae,/. string. rlavis, is,/, key. 
 
 fortune, chance. Christus, i. m. Christ, elemens, tis, mild. 
 
 catena, ae,/ chain. cibus, i, m.food. elementer, adv, mildly. 
 
 Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea. Cleomenes, is, m. Cleo- 
 caulis, is, m. cabbage. Cicero, onis, m. Cicero. menes. 
 Cato, onis, m. Cato. ciconia, ae,/. stork. Clitus, i, m. Clitus. 
 caussa, ae, /. ground, cicur, uris, tame. Clodius, i. m. Clodius. 
 
 cause, civil process ; cieo, ivi, itum 2. to raise, clypeus, i, m. shield. 
 
 (with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum 3. to coactor, oris, m. collec- 
 
 ing) on account of. gii'd, surround. tor. 
 
 cautus 3. cautious, care- cinis, eris, m. ashes. coalesco, lui, litum 3. 
 
 ful. cireulus, i, m. circle, cir- to grow together, to 
 
 caveo, cavi, cautum 3. cuit. coalesce. 
 
^ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 coaxo 1. to croak. to attend to, cultivate, comperio, peri, pertum 
 
 cochlea, ae,/. a snail. revere, honor. 1. to ascertain, 
 
 codex, Ic'is, m. book. co\oma, ae,f. colony. compea, ed\s,f. a fetter. 
 codicilli, orura, m. writ- color, oris, m. color. complector, exus sum 
 
 ing-tahlet. columba, ae,/. dove. 3. to embrace. 
 
 coelestis, e, heavenly. colus, \,f. distaff. compleo, evi, etum 2. 
 
 coelum, i, n. heaven. comburo, ussi, ustum toJiU. 
 coena, ae,/. a meal. 3. to hum up, hum. complico, avi, atum 1. 
 
 coeno 1. to partake of comedo, edi, esum 3. to fold together ; corn- 
 food ; coenatus 3. to eat, consume. plicatus 3. involved. 
 
 having eaten. cometes, ae, m. comet, compliires, a or ia, gen. 
 
 coepi, pisse, to have be- comicus 3. comic ; poe- ium, very many. 
 
 gun. tsi comicus, comic poet, compono, sui, sltum 3. 
 
 coerceo 2. to restrain, comis, e, courteous. to put together, dis- 
 
 cogitatio, onis,/ re/kc- comitas, atis, / kind- pose; pacem, to es- 
 
 tion. ness. tahlish peace ; se 
 
 cogitato, adv. ivith re- comitia, orum, n. as- comp. in aliquid, to 
 
 Jlection. sembly of the people. set one's self right. 
 
 cogito 1. to think, con- comltor 1. to accompa- compos, otis, c. gen. 
 
 »irfcr. ny. powerful, possessed of. 
 
 cognitio, onis, / know- commemoro 1. to men- compositus 3. composed. 
 
 ledge. tion. comprehend©, di, sum 
 
 cognitus 3. known. commendatio, onis, /. 3. to seize. 
 
 cognosco, novi, mtum commendation. compungo, xi, ctum 3. 
 
 3. to become acquaint- commendo 1. to recom- to prick. 
 
 ed until, perceive, un- mend. concedo, essi, essum 3. 
 
 derstand. committo, misi, mis- to allow, confess, 2) to 
 
 cogo, coegi, coactum 3. sum 3. to commit to ; surrender one's self. 
 
 to compel. 2) to commit. concilio 1. to concUiaie, 
 
 cohaereo, si, sum 2. to commoditas, atis,/. con- unite. 
 
 hold together. venience. concino, inui, entum 3. 
 
 cohors, tis./. co^r^. commodum, i, n. ad- to sing together, sound 
 cohortor 1. to encourage, vantage, use. together. 
 
 incite. commodus S.convenient. concionor 1. to ha- 
 
 colligo, egi, ectum 3. commonefacio, feci, rangue the people. 
 
 to collect. factum 3. to remind, concipio, cepi, ceptum 
 
 collis, is, m. a hSll. coramoneo 2. to remind, 3. to conceive, receive ; 
 
 colloco 1. in c. abl. to admonish. suspicionem, conceive 
 
 place in, bestow upon commoveo 2. to move. a suspicion. 
 
 something. communis, e, common, concito 1. to excite, raise. 
 
 colloquium, i, n. con- known by all. conclamo 1. to call out. 
 
 ference. commutatio, onis, /. concludo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 colloquor, locutus sum change. include. 
 
 S. to converse. como, compsi, comp- concordia, ae. /. harmo- 
 
 collum, i, n. neck. tum 3. to comb, adorn. my. 
 
 collustro 1. to illumi- comoedia, ae,/. comedy, concresco, crevi, cre- 
 
 nate. comparo 1. to prepare, tum 3. to grow to- 
 
 colo, colui, cultum 3. acquire. gether. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 329 
 
 concupisco, pivi, pitum congrego 1. to assemble. conservatio,6nis,/.p'C- 
 
 3. to desire. conjicio jeci, jectum 3. servation. 
 
 condemno 1. to con- to throw ; in piido- conservator, oris, m ; 
 
 demn ; capiiis,to death. rem coniic'i, to be dis- conservatrix, icis, /. 
 
 condimentum, i. n. seers- graced. preserver, 
 
 oning. conjugo, ]. to unite. conservo 1. to preserve. 
 
 condio 4. to season. conjungo, nxi, nctumS. considero 1. to consider. 
 
 condiscipulus, i, m.fel- to join. consido, edi, essum 3. 
 
 low-student. conjuratio, 6nis,y! con- to sit down. 
 
 conditio, onis,/. condi- spiracy. consigno 1. to note^ 
 
 lion. conjuratus 3. conspired^ point out. 
 
 condo, idi, itum 3. to a conspirator. consilium, i, n. counsel^ 
 
 preserve, conceal, connecto, exui, exum 3. deliberation, purpose, 
 
 found. to connect. plan, wisdom. 
 
 confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon. consolatlo, onis, /. con- 
 ing, composing. conor 1. to undertake, soling, consolation. 
 
 confero, contuli, colla- venture, try. consolor 1. to console. 
 
 turn 3. to bring to- conquiesco, evi, etum 3. consors, tis c. gen. par- 
 
 gether, join, compare, in c. abl. to find taking of. 
 
 2) to confer (e. g. fa- consolation in some- conspectus, us, m. sight. 
 
 vors) ; se conferre, thing, conspergo, rsi, rsum 3. 
 
 to betake one's self. consanesco, nui 3. to to besprinkle, strew. 
 
 conficio, feci, fectum become well. conspicio, exi, ectum 3. 
 
 3. to perform, con- couscendo, di, sum, 3. to discover, 
 
 dude ; 2) to impair, to mount up, to as- conspicor 1. to discover, 
 
 consume. cend. see. [cimus. 
 
 confido, Isus sum 3, c. conscientia, ae, / con- conspicuus 3. conspi- 
 
 dat. or abl. to trust to, sdousness, conscience, constanter, adv. with 
 
 confide in. consclus 3. c. gen. con- constancy, constantly. 
 
 confirmo 1. to confirm. scious of constantia, ae, /. stead- 
 
 confiteor, fessus sum consector 1. to pursue. fastness. 
 
 2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui 3. to consterno, stravi, stra- 
 ps, grow old. tum 3. to strew. 
 
 confligo, xi, ctum 3. to consensus, us, m. agree- constituo, ui, utum 3. 
 
 fight. ment. to establish, determine, 
 
 confluo, xi, xum 3. to consentaneus 3. suited constitute, 
 
 fiow together. to. consto, iti, atum 1. c. 
 
 confodio, odi, ossum 3. consentio, nsi, nsum 4. abl. or ex c. abl. to 
 
 to stab. to agree with. consist of; to cost ; 
 
 conformo 1. to form. consequor, secutus sum constat, it is known. 
 
 confringo, fregi, frac- 3. to follow, to attain, constringo, inxi, ictum 
 
 tum 3. to break in consero, rui, rtum 3. 3. to draw togetlier, 
 
 pieces. to join together ; ma- bind together. 
 
 congero, essi, estum 3. num cum aliquo, to consuesco, evi, etum 3. 
 
 to collect together. be hand to hand with to accustom one's self, 
 
 congredior,gressus sum some one. be accustomed. 
 
 3. to meet (with one), consero, sevi, situm 3. consuetQdo, inis,/. hab- 
 
 fight. to set with plants. ity intercourse. 
 28* 
 
330 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. ' 
 
 consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado, si, sum 3. to 
 
 consulatus, us, m. con- to tremble. scrape together. 
 
 sulship. contueor, tuitus sum 2. correctio, onis, /. cor- 
 
 consulo, liii, hum 3. to to consider. rection. 
 
 deliberate; c. ace. to contundo, udi, usum 3. corrigo, rexi, rectum 3. 
 
 consult some one ; c. to crush, bring to to correct, improve. 
 
 dat. to consult for naught. [cover, corriio, ui 3. to rush to- 
 
 some one. convalesce, lui 3. to re- gether. 
 
 consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi, ectum 3. cortex, icis, m. rind, 
 
 lif. to bring together, car- bark. 
 
 consultus 3. c. gen. ac- ry together. corvus, i, m. a crow. 
 
 quainted ivith. convello, velli, vulsum cos, cotis, /. whetaione, 
 
 consumo, mpsi, mptum 3. to rend, convulse. grindstone. 
 
 3. to consume. convenio, veni, ventum crambe, es,/. cabbage. 
 
 contamlno 1. to contam- 4. to comje together ; eras, adv. tomorrow. 
 
 inate. c. ace. to visit crebro, adv. frequently. 
 
 contemno, mpsi, mp- converto, rti, rsum 3. credo, dldi, ditum 3. 
 
 tum 3. to despise. to turn around, turn to believe, to trust. 
 
 comtemplor 1. to con- to, turn. credulus 3. credulous. 
 
 sider. eonviva, ae, m. guest. cremo 1. to burn. 
 
 contendo, di, tum 3. to convivium, i, n. enter- creo 1. to create, choose. 
 
 stretch, stretch one's tainment. crepo, ui, itum 1. to 
 
 self, strive after some- convivor 1. to eat with. creak. 
 
 thing ; in locum, to convoco 1. to call togeth- cresco, crevi, cretum 3. 
 
 march ; to contend ; er. to increase, grow, 
 
 ab aliquo, to demand, convolo 1. tojly, hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete. 
 
 contentus 3. c. abl. con- together. crimen, inis, n. crime 
 
 tented. coorior, ortus sum 4. crinis, is, m. hair. 
 
 contero, trivi, tritum 3. to arise, burst forth, crinitus 3. hairy. 
 
 to break in pieces; copla, ae,/. abundance, Croto, onis, m. Croton, 
 
 contritus 3. threshed. multitude ; opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture, 
 
 conticesco, ticui 3. to nity ; pi. troops. crucio 1. to torment, tor- 
 
 bt silent. copiosus 3. abundant ; ture. 
 
 contineo, inui, entum 2) rich in expression, crudelis, e, cruel. 
 
 2. to hold together ; fluent. cru dell tas, atis,/ cmeZ- 
 animam, to stop the copulo 1. to join. ty. 
 
 breath; abstain. coqua, ae,/ a cook. cruentus 3. bloody, 
 
 contingo, tigi, tactum eoquo, xi, etum 3. to cruor, oris, m. blood. 
 
 3. to fall to on£s lot. cook. crus, uris, n. shin, leg. 
 continiio, adv.forthwith. cor, cordis, n. heart. cubo, iii, itum 1. to re- 
 continiius 3. continuous. Corinthius 3. Corin- dine. 
 contorqueo, rsi, rtum 2. thian. cuciimis, eris, m. cu- 
 
 to hurl, shoot. Corinthus, i,/ Corin^^. cumber. 
 
 contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn. culina, ae,/. kitchen. 
 
 trary. cornu, us, n. ^«m. culmen, Inis, ti. i<?p. 
 
 contraho, axi, actum 3. corona, ae,/. garland, culpa, ae, f guilt, fault, 
 
 to draw together. corpor6us 3. corporeal, cultus, us, m. attention 
 
 contrarius 3. opposite, corpus, oris, n, body, to, clothing, worship. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 2Z% 
 
 cumulo 1. to heap up, decerno, crevi, cretum dejicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
 
 load, 3. to determine, dis- to cast down. 
 
 cunae, arum, /a crcMfie. cem. delecto 1. to delight; 
 
 cunctor 1. to delay. decerpo, psi, ptum 3. pass. c. abl. to he de- 
 cunctus 3. the whole ; to pluck off, break off, lighted, to rejoice. 
 
 pi. all, all together. take from. deleo, evi, etiim 2. to 
 
 cupiditas, atis,/. desire, decerto 1. to contend. destroy, annihilate. 
 
 cupidus 3. c. gen. de- decet 2. c. ace. it is delibero I. to deliberate, 
 
 sirous. proper. consider. 
 
 cuplo, pivi, pitum 3. to declare 1. to declare. delictum, i, n. offence. 
 
 desire, imsh. decorus 3. becoming ; dellgo, egi, ectum 3. to 
 
 cur, adv. why ? decorum, propriety. select. 
 
 cura, ae,/, care; curae decresco, crevi, cretum Delphi, orum, m. Del- 
 
 mihi est, 1 am anx- 3. to decrease. phi. 
 
 ious. decus, oris, n. honor. Delphicus 3. Delphic 
 
 curculio, onis, m. the dedecet 2. c. ace. it is delinquo, iqui, ictum 3. 
 
 corn-worm. not proper. to do wrong. 
 
 Curius, i, m. Curius. dedico 1. to.dedicaie. delude, si, sum 3. to 
 euro 1. to care ; c. ace. to dedo, idi, itum, 3. to de- deceive. 
 
 be concerned, to look liver up. Delus (os), i. / Delos 
 
 out for something; c. defatigo 1. to weary, to (an island). 
 
 gerundive, to cause. make weary ; pass, to Demaratus, i, m. De- 
 curriculum, i, n. race become weary. maratus. 
 
 course, course. defende, di, sum 3. to demerge, si, sum 3. to 
 
 curre, cucurri, cursum defend. plunge under, sink. 
 
 3. to run. defere, detuli, delatum, demete, ssui, ssum 3. 
 
 currus, us, m. chariot. deferre 3. to offer. to cut down. 
 
 cursus, us, m. a course, defervesce, bui, 3. to demitte, misi, missum 
 custedia, ae,f. watch cease boiling, cease 3. to send down, let 
 
 custedie 4. to guard, raging. fall. 
 
 watch, keep. defetiscer, fessus sum deme, mpsi, mptum 3. 
 
 custes, odis, m. keeper, 3. to become weary, be to take away. 
 
 cymba, ae,/. boat. wearied. [to fail, demolier, itus sum 4. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. deficle, feci, fectum 3. to demolish 
 
 Cyprus, i,/. Cyprus. defige xi, xum 3. in c. demenstre 1. to point 
 abl. to fix firmly, fix out. 
 D. upon something. Demosthenes, is, m, 
 
 Damne 1. to condemn, definie 4. to define. Demosthenes. 
 
 damnum, i, n. injury, deflagre 1. to bum up. demum, adv. first, at 
 dea, ae,/ goddess. deflectd, xi, xum 3. to length. 
 
 deambulo 1. to go to turn from, deviate. denique, adv. at last, 
 
 walk. [must, defugio, ugi, ugitura 3. finally. 
 
 deb6e 2. to owe, ought, c. ace. to escape. dens, tis, m. tooth. 
 
 debilis, e, weak. degener, ris, degenerate, densus 3. thick. 
 
 decede, cessi, cessum deguste 1. to taste. dentatus 3. toothed, 
 
 3. to go away, die, deinde, thereupon, then, denue, adv. anew. 
 December, bris, m. De- Deianira, ae, f, Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum 
 
 cember. nira, 3. to feed down. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 depono, posui, posjtum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, ler.tum 3. to 
 
 3. to lay down, lay to draw from, remove. esteem, love. 
 
 aside. detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3. dear. 
 
 deprehendo, di, sum 3. jury. diluo, ui, utum 3. forfi- 
 
 to seize, catch. detrudo, si, sum 3. to lute, weaken. 
 
 deprimo, pressi, pres- thrust down. dimico 1. tojight. 
 
 sum 3. to depress. deus, i, m. God. dimidium, i, n. half. 
 
 depugno 1. to fight (for devasto 1. to lay waste, dimitto 3. to dismiss. 
 
 life or death). devinco 3. to conquer. Dionysius, i, m. Diony- 
 
 derideo, isi, isum 2. to devoco 1. to call down. sius. 
 
 deride. devolo 1. to fiy forth, diphthongus, i, / diph- 
 
 descendo, di, sum 3. hasten away. thong. 
 
 to descend. devoro 1. to devour. diriplo, ipui, eptum 3. 
 
 describo, psi, ptum 3. dialectica, ae,/. Zog-tc. to plunder. 
 
 to describe, note. dialectus, i, /. dialect. diriio, iii, uium 3. to de- 
 
 deseco, cui, ctum 1. Diana, ae,/ Diana. stroy. 
 
 to cut off. dico, xi, ctum 3. to say, dirus 3. horrible. 
 
 desero, rui, rtum 3. to caU. discedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 desert. dictator, oris, m. dicta- 3. to go away, depart. 
 
 desiderium, i, n. long- tor. discessus, us, m. de- 
 
 ing, earnest desire. dictlto 1 . to say often. parture. 
 
 desidero 1. to long for, dies, ei, m. day. discindo, cidi, cissum 
 
 feel the want ofsoms- difRcIlis, e, difficult. 3. to tear in pieces, 
 
 something. difficultas, atis, /. diffi- rend. 
 
 desido, edi 3. to fall cidty. disciplina, ae, f disd- 
 
 down. difFido, isus sum 3. to pline. 
 
 designo 1. to designate. distrust. discipulus, i, m. disciple. 
 
 desino, sii, situm 3. to diffindo, fidi, fissum 3. discludo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 cease. to split. separate. 
 
 desisto, stiti, stitum 3. difFundo, fudi, fusum 3. disco, didici 3. to learn. 
 
 to desist, cease. to diffuse, disperse. discolor, oris, party-col- 
 
 despero 1. to despair of. digero, essi, estum 3. to ored, variegated. 
 
 despicio, spexi, spec- separate, digest. discordia, ae,/ discord. 
 
 tum 3. to despise. digitus, i, m. finger. discordo 1. cum aliquo, 
 
 destituo, ui, utum 3. to dignltas, atis,/. dignity. to disagree with some 
 
 desert, leave behind. dignus 3. c. abl. worthy, one. 
 
 destruo, uxi, uctum 3. deserving. discrimen, inis, n. dis- 
 
 to destroy. dijudico 1. to distin- tinction, danger. 
 
 desum, fui, esse, to be guish. discutlo, ussi, ussum 3. 
 
 wanting ; c. dat. rei, dilabor, lapsus sum 3. to disperse, to dispel. 
 
 to neglect. to glide away, disap- disertus 3. eloquent. 
 
 detego, xi, ctum 3. to pear. [pieces, disjicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
 
 detect. . dilacero 1. to tear in to scatter. 
 
 detergeo, rsi, rsum 2. dilanio 1. to lacerate. dispar, aris, unequal, 
 
 to wipe off. dilrgens, tis, diligent. diverse. 
 
 deterreo 2. to frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispello, puli, pulsum 
 
 from, deter. diligentia, ae, / dili- 3. to drive asunder, 
 
 detestabilis,e,(i!efe5toWe. gence, exactness. to dispel. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 333 
 
 dispergo,rsi,rsum 3. fo documentum,i,n. ^roq/*. Dyrrhachium, i, n, 
 
 disperse, scatter. doleo 2. to grieve, feel Dyrrhachium. 
 
 displcio, exi, ectum 3. pain. 
 
 to open the eyes. doliarium, i, n. cellar. E. 
 
 displiceo 2. to displease, dolor, oris, m. pain, Eblandior itus sum 4. 
 
 dissenslo, onis, /. dis- grief. to gain hy flattery. 
 
 sension. dolus, i, m.fravd. eburneus 3. of ivory, 
 
 dissero, rui, rtum 3. to domesticus 3. domestic. ivory. 
 
 discuss, discourse. domicilium, i, n. resi- ecclesia, ae, f. church. 
 
 dissimilis, e, dissimilar. dence. echo, us,f. echo. 
 
 dissipo 1. to scatter. dominatlo, onis, /. do- edisco, didlci 3. to com- 
 
 dissolvo, vi, utum 3. to minion. mit to memory. 
 
 dissolve. [dissuade, dorninor 1. to reign. edo, di, sum 3. to eat. 
 
 dissuadeo, si, sum 2. to dominus, i, m. lord, mas- edo, idi, itum 3. to put 
 
 distineo, inui, entum 2. ter. forth, proclaim, per' 
 
 to hold from each oth- domo, ui, Itum 1. to form. 
 
 er, occupy, detain. subdue. edoceo, cui, ctum 2. to 
 distinguo, nxi, nctum 3. domus, us, f house, pal- instruct, inform. 
 
 to distinguish. ace.; do mi, at horm ; edolo 1. to hew properly , 
 
 distraho, axi, actum 3. domo, /rom home. to square. 
 
 to draw asunder, dis- donee, cunj. until, until educo 1. to bring up. 
 
 solve, waste. that, even until. educo, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 distribiio, ui, utum 3. dono 1. to give, present. lead forth. 
 
 c. dat. to distribute. donum, i, n. present. effector, oris, m. maker, 
 
 diu, adv. a long timje ; dormio 4. to sleep. efFeminatus 3. efftmi- 
 
 diutius, Zong'cr. dos, dotis, f. dowry, por- nite. 
 
 diuturnitas, atis,/. Zong" tion. effero, extuli, elatum 3. 
 
 continuance. dublto 1. to dr^ubt. to carry forth, bury. 
 
 diuturnus 3. long-con- dubius 3. doubiful. efFicio, feci, fectum 3. 
 
 tinned. duco, xi, ctum 3. to to effect, make. 
 
 diversus 3. different. lead, draw, lead away ; effloresco, rui 3. to 
 
 dives, itis, rich. 2) to consider, regard flourish. [dig up, 
 
 divido, isi, isum 3. to as something. effodio, odi, ossum 3. to 
 
 divide. dulcedo, inis /. siveet- efFiiglo, fugi, fugltum 
 
 divinus 3. divine. ness, pleasantness. 3. c. ace. to flee away, 
 
 divitiae, arum,/, riches, dulcis, e, sweet, lovely. efTundo, udi, usum 3. 
 
 do, dedi, datum, dare, dum, conj. while, so long to pour forth, throw 
 
 to give, attribute ; lit- as ; with subj. until, off. 
 
 teras dare, to write a untU that, so {as) long efFusus 3. unrestrained, 
 
 letter. as ; provided that. egeo, ui 2. to want, he 
 
 doc^o, cui, ctum 2. to dumetum, i, n. a thicket. in want. 
 
 teach, inform. dummodo, conj. with egestas, atis, /. want, 
 
 docilis, e, teachable. subj. provided that. ego, pron. I. 
 
 doctor, oris, m. teacher, duplico 1. to double. ejicio, eci, ectum 3. to 
 
 doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, duro 1. to last, endure. cast forth. 
 
 instruction, science. durus 3. hard. ejulo 1. to complain, 
 
 ductus 3. learned, versed dux, cis, c. leader, gen- ejusmodi, of this kind, 
 
 lit eroL of like kind. 
 
334 ' LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 elabor, lapsus sum 3. emolumentum, i, n. ad- eruo, iii, utum 3. to dig 
 
 to glide away. vantage. up. 
 
 elaborol.to bestow pains emorior, ortuus sum 3. esurio 4. to be hungry. 
 
 upon ; in c. abl. to to die. [chase, et, conj. and ; et — et, 
 
 occupy one's self with emptio, onis, / pur- both — and, so [as) 
 
 something. en, adv. behold ! well — as also. 
 
 elegans, tis, elegant. Endymlo, onis, m. En- etiam, conj. also. 
 elegantla, ae,/. elegance. dymion. etiamsi, conj. even if. 
 
 elementum, i, n. ele- eneco, cui, ctum 1. to Etruria, ae, /. Etruria. 
 
 ment, beginnings de- kill by inches, vex to etsi, conj. even if, al- 
 
 mentary principle, let- death. though. 
 
 ter (of the alphabet). enim,/or (^ 101. R. 1). Europa, ae,/. Europe. 
 elephantus, i, m. ele- enitor, isus or ixus sunt evado, asi, asum 3. to 
 
 phant. 3. to exert one's self, go out, become. 
 
 elicio, ui, itum 3. to strive. evanesco, niii 3. to dis- 
 
 draw out, elicit. ensis, is, m. sword. appear. 
 
 elido, isi, isum 3. to enumero 1. to enumer- evello, velli, vulsum 3. 
 
 dash, break, weaken. ate. to pluck out. 
 
 eligo, egi, ectum 3. to eo, adv. thither, so far. evenit 4. it happens. 
 
 select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi, itum, ire, to go. eventus, us, m. event, re- 
 eloquentia, ae, f do- Epaminondas, ae, m. suit. 
 
 quence. Epaminondas. everto, ti, sum 3. to 
 
 eloquor, cutus sum 3. Epheslus 3. Ephesian. overturn, prostrate, de- 
 
 to pronounce. Ephesus, i, /. Ephesus. stray. 
 
 eluceo, xi 2. to shine Epicurus, i, m. Epicu- evito 1 . to avoid. 
 
 forth. rus. [gram, evolo 1. to fly forth. 
 
 eludo, usi, usum 3. to epigramma, atis,n. epi- evolvo, Ivi, latum 3. to 
 
 dude, deride. epilogus, i, m. epilogue. unfold, bring out. 
 
 emendo 1. to improve, epistola, ae,/. letter. evomo, iii, Itum 3. to 
 ementior, itus sum 4. to epulae, arum,/ a meal, belch forth, send forth. 
 
 state falsely. feast. exaciio, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 emergo, rsi, rsum 3. to eques, itis, wi. horseman ; sharpen. 
 
 emerge, to work one's cavalry, knight. exagito 1. to harass. 
 
 self out. equidem, adv. indeed. ex&men, ims, n. swarm. 
 
 emetior, emensus sum equito 1. to ride. exammo 1. to examine. 
 
 4. to measure off; equus, i, m. horse, steed, exanlmo 1. to deprive of 
 
 travd through. Erechtheus, ei, m. Erec- life, to kill. 
 
 emico, ui, atum 1. to theus. exardesco, arsi, arsum 
 
 gush forth. ergo, conj. therefore. 3. to take fire. [ion. 
 
 emigro 1. to move out. erlplo, ipui, eptum 3. to exascio 1. to hew, fash- 
 emineo, ui 2. to be emi- snatch Jrom. exaudio 4. to listen to. 
 
 nent. erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi, cessum 
 
 emitto, misi, missum 3. erro 1. to wander, err. 3. c. abl. or ex c. abl. 
 
 to send forth, thrust error, 6ris,wi. error; pi. to go forth, depart. 
 
 out. wanderings. excello, iii 3. to excel. 
 
 emo, emi, emptum 3. eriidio 4. to instrud. excelsus 3. elevated. 
 
 to purclvase. erumpo, rupi, ruptum excerpo, psi, ptum 3. 
 
 emoUio 4. to soften. 3. to break forth. to take out, extrad. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 335 
 
 excessus, us, m. depar- exoro 1. to erUreat ear- exsul, ulis, c. an exUe, 
 
 ture. nestly, obtain hy en- exsulto 1. to leap up, 
 
 excido, idi, isum 3. to treaty. exult. 
 
 destroy. expedio 4. to disengage ; extemplo adv. immedi- 
 
 excieo, ivi, itum 2. or se exp. to get ready. ately. 
 
 excio, ivi, itum 4. to expello, pull, pulsum 3. extenuo 1. to lessen. 
 
 excite, arouse. to expel. extermmo 1. to exter- 
 
 exclpio, cepi, ceptum expergefacio, feci, fac- minate. 
 
 3. to receive. turn 3. to arouse extern us 3. external. 
 
 excito 1. to excite, raise. (from sleep). exterus 3. foreign. 
 
 exclamo 1. to cry out. expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3. c. 
 excludo, usi, usum 3. sum 3. to wake up. ace. to be afraid of 
 
 to shut out, hatch. experior, pertus sum 4. something. 
 excolo, olui, ultum 3. to ascertain, to try. extorqueo, rsi, rtum 2. 
 
 to cultivate. expers, rtis, c. gen. des- to wrest from, extort. 
 
 excors, rdis, senseless. titute of. extremus 3. outerrmst, 
 
 excrucio ] . to torment, expeto, ivi, itum 3. to last. 
 excusatio, onis, / ex- strive to obtain. extrinsecus, adv. from 
 
 cuse. expingo, nxi, ctum 3. without. 
 
 exedo, edi, esum 3. to to paint out. extrudo, si, sum 3. to 
 
 consume, corrode. expleo, evi, etum 2. to thrust from, out. 
 
 exemplar, aris, n. mod- jUl up, fulfil. exulcero 1. to make sore, 
 
 el, pattern. explico 1. to explain. render worse. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. exam- explode, si, sum 3. to exuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 pie, instance. clap off, drive off. draw off, take off. 
 
 exeo, ii, itum, ire, to go explorator, oris, m. spy. 
 
 out, go forth. exploro 1. to search out, F. 
 
 exerceo 2. to exercise. explore. . Faber, bri, m. artisan 
 
 exercitatio, onis,/ cxer- exposco, poposci 3. to (of each art); faber 
 
 me, practice. demand, request. lignarius, carpenter. 
 
 exercltus, us, m. army, exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. mak- 
 exhaurlo, si, stum 4. sum 3. to express. er,framer. 
 
 to exhaust. exprobro 1. to reproach. Fabricius, i, m. Fabri- 
 
 exhilaro 1. to exhilarate, expugno 1. to take. cius. 
 
 exigo, egi, actum 3. to exquiro, isivi, isitum 3. fabiXla, ae, f. Jable. 
 
 pass (time). to examine. facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3. 
 
 exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banish- to make ; negotium, 
 eximius 3. distinguish- ment. [become, be. to make trouble, vex ; 
 
 ed, excellent. exsisto, stiti 3. to arise, 2) to take one's self 
 
 existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors, rtis, c. gen. des- off 
 
 timation, opinion, titute of. facetus 3. delicate, witty. 
 
 judgment. exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily. 
 
 existimo l.to esteem, con- await, wait. facilis, e, easy. 
 
 sider one something. exstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed, 
 exordior, orsus sum 4. 3. to extinguish, ob- foul deed. 
 
 to begin. literate, kill. facio, feci, factum 3. to 
 
 exorlor, ortus sum 4. to extruo, uxi, uctum 3. make, to esteem. 
 
 appear, arise. to erect, construct. factum, i, n. deed. 
 
S0I5 LATIN-ENQLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 facultas, 2it\3ff. faculty, ferrum i, n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to bum, 
 
 power. fertilis,e, c. gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame. 
 
 facundia, ae, f. fluency ferus 3. wild; ferae, flavus 3. yellow, fair. 
 
 of speech arum,/, wild beasts, fleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 
 fagus, i./. beech tree. fessus 3. wearied, fa- weep. 
 fallax, acis, deceptive. tigued. flo 1. to blow, wave. 
 
 fallo, fefelli, falsum 3. festivitas, atis, /. pieas- flocci faeere, to consid- 
 
 to deceive. antness. er of no account. 
 
 falsus 3. /oZse. festivus 3. fne, sprightly. ($88.9.) 
 
 fama, ae, /. fame, re- ficus, i and us, /. fg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom. 
 
 nown, rumor. tree. flos, floris, m. a flower. 
 
 fames, is,/, hunger. fidelis, e, faithful. flumen, inis, n. river. 
 
 femilia, ae,f. family. fideliter, adv. faithfidly. fluvius i, m. river. 
 familiaris, e, belonging fides, ei, / fidelity ; fi- foede, adv. basely, in a 
 
 to a family ; res fa- dem habere c. dat. base manner. 
 
 jmlsins, property ; fa- to trust, have confi- foedus 3. base, foul. 
 
 miliaris, subst. friend. dence in some one. foedus, eris, n. league. 
 famulus, i, m. servant, fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium, i, n. leaf. 
 fanum, i, n. temple. bus canere, to play follis, is, m. bellows. 
 
 fascis, is, m. bundle. on a stringed instru- fens, ntis, m. fountain. 
 
 fastidio 4. c. ace. to ment. foris, is,/, in plur. fold- 
 
 loathe, spurn. fido, fisus sum 3. to ing doors. 
 
 fatallter, adv. according trust. foris, adv. ivithout. 
 
 to fate. fidus 3. faithful, true, fornix, icis, m. vault, 
 
 fateor, fassum sum 2. figura, ae, / flgure, arch. 
 
 to acknowledge, allow, form. fortasse, adv. perchance. 
 
 fatum, i, n.fate. filla, ae,/. daughter. forte,^ adv. by chance, 
 
 f&MX, cia, f throat. fi\i6\u8, i, m. little son. perhaps. 
 
 feveo, avi, autum 2. c. fillus, i, m. son. fortis, e, strong, bold. 
 
 dat to be favorable fingo, finxi, fictum 3. to forttter, adv. bravely. 
 
 to, favor some one. form, feign. fortitiido, ims,f bravery. 
 
 febris, is, f. fever. finlo 4. to finish. fortuito, adv. fortui- 
 
 fecundus 3. fruitful. finis, is, m. end. tously. 
 
 felicitas, atis, / happi- finitimus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae, f fate, for- 
 
 ness. ing. tune. 
 
 felix, icis, happy. fio, factus sum, fieri to fortunatus 3. fortunate. 
 
 ferax, acis. c. gen. pro- be made, become, hap- foinim, i, n. market, mar- 
 
 ductiveof. pen; fieri non po- ket place. 
 
 fere, adv. almost. test, quin, it is not fossa, ae,/ ditch. 
 
 feriae, arum, / holi- possible, but that. foveo, ovi, otum 2. to 
 
 days. [strike, firmltas, atis, f firmness. warm, cherish, attend 
 
 ferio, ire, to thrust, firmlter, adv. firmly. to. 
 
 ferme, adv. almost. firmo 1. to render firm, fragilis, e, frail. 
 
 fero, tuli, latum, ferre, strengthen, to har- frango, egi, actum 3. to 
 
 to bear, bring, relate. den. break, break in pieces; 
 
 ferociter, adv. fiercely. firmus 3. firm. molis frangere, to 
 
 ferox, 6c'i8, fierce. flagitlum, i, n.foul deed. grind. 
 
 ferrous 3. of iron. flagito 1. to demand. frater, tris, m. brother. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 337 
 
 fraus, di8,f. fraud. furor, oris, m. rage. Gordius, i, m. Gordins. 
 
 fi-emitus, us, m. noise, fustis, is, m. a cudgel. Gottingensis, e, of Got- 
 
 frenum, i, n. [plur. fre- futilis, e. useless. tingen. 
 
 ni anc?frena)6iV, rein, futurus 3. /M^urc. Graecia, ae,/. Greece. 
 
 frequento \. to frequent Graecus, i. m. a Greek. 
 
 fretus 3. c. abl. relying G. Graecus 3. Greek. 
 
 upon something. Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. grammatfcus 3. gram- 
 
 frigidus 3. cold. Gallus, i, m. a Gaul. matical ; grammati- 
 
 frigus, oris, n. coZc?. gallina, ae, /. a hen, cuSyi^m. grammarian 
 
 frondosus 3. leafy. fowl. grandis, e, great ; natu 
 
 frons, ntis, f. forehead, garrio 4. to chatter. grandis, aged. 
 
 fructus, us, m. advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, granum, i. m. a grain. 
 
 iage. gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully. 
 
 fruges, um, /. fruit (of gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour. 
 
 field and trees.) * c. abl. to rejoice. thank ; gratias agere, 
 
 frugifer, era, erum, gaudium, i, n. joy. to thank, give thanks . 
 
 fruitful. gelldus 3. ice-cold, cold. gratiam referre, to rc- 
 
 frumentum, i, n. grain, gemitus, us, m. groan. turn a favour ; gra- 
 fruor, fructus or fruitus gener, eri, m. son-in- tia (with a foregoing 
 
 sum 3. c. abl. to en- laiv. gen.), on account of 
 
 joy. genero 1. to produce. gratulor 1. to congrat- 
 
 frustra, adv. in vain. gens, ntla, f a people. ulate. 
 
 frutex, icis, m. shrub ; genu, us, n. knee. gratus 3. agreeable ; 2) 
 
 ip]. bushes, shrubbery, genus, eris,n. race, kind. grateful. [ly. 
 
 fuga, ae, f flight. geometricus S. geomet- grasaXe, adv. unwilling- 
 
 fugio, gi, gitum 3. c. rical. gravis, e, heavy, difficult ; 
 
 ace. to fee. Germania, ae, /. Ger- serious. 
 
 fugo 1. to put to fight. many. gra vitas, ati8,f. serious- 
 
 fulcio, Isi, Itum 4. to gero, gessi, gestum 3. ness, dignity. 
 
 support. to carry, carry on. graviter, adv. heavily, 
 
 fulgur, \ms,n. a fash of gestio 4. to make ges- violently, forcibly; 
 
 lightning. tures, be transported. graviter ferre, to be 
 
 fulmen, inis, n. light- gesto 1. to bear. displeased. 
 
 ning. gigas, antis, m. giant, grex, gis, m. herd,fock. 
 funambulus, i, m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubernator, oris, m. pi- 
 dancer. 3. to beget, bring Jorth, lot. 
 fundamentum, i, n. to bear. guberno 1. to govern, 
 
 foundation. glacies, e\,f. ice. rule. 
 
 fundltus, adv. from the gladiator, oris, m. fen- gusto 1. to taste, rdish. 
 
 foundation, wholly. cer, gladiator. 
 
 fundo 1. to found. gladius, i, m. sword. H. 
 
 fundo, fudi, fusum 3. glis, iris, m. a dormouse. Habeo 2. to have, hold; 
 
 (of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular. consider ; sese ha- 
 
 fungor, nctus sum 3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory. bere, to be ; bene ha- 
 
 abl. to discharge. glorior 1. to glory. bet, it is well. 
 
 funis, is, m. a rope. gnarus 3. c. gen. ac- habito 1. to dwell. 
 
 furfur, uris, n. bran. quainted unth. habitus, us, m. hjabit, 
 
 furiosus 3. raving. gnaviter, adv. zealously. bearing, condition. 
 29 
 
338 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 haereo, haesi, haesum Hispania, ae,/. Spain, identidem, adv. repeat- 
 
 2. to adhere, to stick, historia, ae,/. history. edly. 
 Hannibal, alis, m. Han- histrio, onis, m. actor, idon^us S. Jit, JUted. 
 
 nibal. hodie, adv. to-day. igitur, conj. ihereforCj 
 
 harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus, i, m. Homer. hence. 
 
 grappling-iron. homo, inis, m. man. ignarus 3. c. gen. unac- 
 
 haruspx, icis, m. sooth- honest-dS,2itis,f.integrity. quainted with. 
 
 sayer. honeste, adv. decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence, 
 
 hasta, ae, / spear. honorably, virtuously. cowardice. 
 
 baud, adv. not. honestus 3. honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, in- 
 
 hauiio, bausi, haustum right, honorable, vir- active, sluggish, cow- 
 
 4. to draiv. ^ tuous. ardly. 
 
 hebdomas, adis, /. a honoro 1. to honor. igneus S.Jiery. 
 
 week. honos, oris, m. honor, ignis, is, to. /re. 
 
 bebes, etis, blunt, dull, post of honor, mmk of igitobibs, e, unknown. 
 
 obtuse. 4 honor. ignominla, ae, / dis- 
 
 hebesco 3. to become bora, ae,/ hour. grace. 
 
 dull, torpid. Horatius, i, m. Horace, ignoro 1. not to know; 
 
 hebeto 1. to stupify, hordeurn, i, n. barley. non ignorare, to know 
 
 weaken. borno, adv. of this year, perfectly well. 
 
 Hector, oris, m. Hector, borrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum 3. 
 herba, ae, f. herb. horreum, i, n. granary. to pardon. 
 
 Hercules, is, m. Hercu- borribllis, e, horrible. ille, a, ud, that. 
 
 les. hortor 1. to exhort. iliuc, adv. thither. 
 
 heri, adv. yesterday. bortus, i, m. garden. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- 
 herilis, e, of, pertaining bospes, itis, m. a guest. come light, dawn. 
 
 to a master. bostilis, e, hostile. imago, inis, / image. 
 
 Herodotus, i, m. Hero- bostis, is, m. enemy. imbecillus 3. weak. 
 
 dotus. hue, adv. hither. imber, bris, m. shower, 
 
 herus, i, m. master. humanitas, atis, / hu- rain. 
 
 heus, adv. ho there ! manity. . imbuo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 hibernus 3. belonging bumanus 3. human. immerse ; c. abl. to 
 
 to winter. humerus, i, m. shoulder, fit with, imbue. 
 
 hie, haecj hoc, this ; hie, humidus, moist. imitatio, onis, / imvla- 
 
 adv. here ; upon this humilis e, low. tion. 
 
 occasion. humus, i, / ground, imitator, oris. m. imita- 
 
 hiemo 1. to pass the earth. tor. 
 
 winter. imltor 1. c. ace. to im- 
 
 hiems, emis, / unnter. I. itate. 
 
 hilaris, e, cheerful. Ibi, adv. at that, place, immanis, e, vast, cruel. 
 
 bilarltas, atis, /. hilari- there. immaturus 3. unripe, 
 
 ty. ico, ici, ictum 3. to immature, untimely. 
 
 bilariter, adv. cheerfully, strike ; (of a league), immemor, oris, c. gen. 
 
 joyfully. to conclude. [count. unmindful. 
 
 binnio 4. to neigh. idcirco, adv. on that ac- immineo 2. to threaten, 
 
 llipinas, ae,m. Hippias. idem, eadem, idem, immo, adv. yes rather, 
 birundo, Inis, / swal- pron. the very same, nay rather, on the con- 
 low, same. trary. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 339 
 
 immoderalus 3. intern- ing ; c. gen. unac- indulgentia, ae, /. in- 
 
 perate. quainted with. dulgence. 
 
 immodestus S.immodest. impubes, eris, youthful, indulgeo, Isi, Itum 2. c. 
 immodicus 3. excessive. immature. dat. to give one's self 
 
 immortalis, e, immoHal. impudens, ntis, impu- to, be indulgent. 
 immortalitas, atis, /. dent, shameless. induo, iii, utum 3. to 
 
 immortality. inipurus 3. impure. put on, clothe. 
 
 immortaliter, adv. in- inanis, e, empty, vain. Indus, i, m. an Indian ; 
 
 finitely. incedo, cessi, cessum 2) the Indus (a river), 
 
 impedimentum, i, n. 3. to walk upon. industrla, ae, f. indus- 
 
 hindrance. incendium, i, n. con/la- try. 
 
 impedio 4. to hinder. gration. industrius 3. active, in- 
 
 impello, puli, pul^m 3. incendo, di, sum 3. to dustnous. 
 
 to impel. enkindle, inflame. indutiae,arum,y!a irwce. 
 
 impendeo 2. to impend, incertus 3. uncertain. iuermis, e, unarmed, de- 
 impendo, pendi, pen- jncesso, ivi, itum 3. to fenceless. 
 
 sum 3. to bestow. attack. iners, rtis, unskilled, in- 
 
 imperator, oris, m. gen- incido, idi 3. to fall up- active. 
 
 eral, emperor. on. inertia, ae,/. inactivity. 
 
 imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum 3. infans, ntis, c. a child, 
 
 ced. to begin. minor. 
 
 imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum, 
 
 mand, reign. cite. inferre, to bring ; bel- 
 
 impero I. c.dat. to reign, incognitus 3. unknoion. lum inferre alicui, to 
 
 reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant. make ivar upon one.. 
 impetro 1. to obtain. incolumis, e, unhurt. interns 3. being below, 
 impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarrang- low, inferior ; inferi, 
 
 2) vast extent. ed. [ble. the dead in the lower 
 
 impius 3. impious. incredibilis, e, incredi- world. 
 
 impleo, evi, etum 2. to increpo, ui, itum 1. c. infidus 3. unfaithful. 
 
 fill. ace. to berate, re- infimus 3. the lowest, 
 
 jmplico, avi, atum 1. to proach. meanest. 
 
 involve. incumbo, cubui, cubi- infirmitas, atis, /. infir- 
 
 imploro 1. to implore. turn 3. in aliquid, to mity. 
 
 importo 1. to import. lay one^s self upon, at- infirmus 3. weak. 
 
 importunus 3. trouble- tend to something. infligo, xi, etum 3. c. 
 
 some. indago ] . to trace out. dat. to strike upon, in- 
 
 impotens, ntis, c. gen. inde, adv. thence. fiict. 
 
 not master of. India, ae,/ India. inflo 1. to inflate. 
 
 imprimis, adv.especially. indico 1. to indicate. informo 1. to instruct. 
 imprimo, pressi, pres- indigeo, ui 2. c. gen. et ingenlum, i, n. genius, 
 
 sum 3. to press into, abl. to be in want. spirit. 
 
 impress. indignor 1. to be indig- ingens, ntis, immense, 
 
 improbitas, atis,/. wick- nant. very greM. 
 
 edness. indignus 3. c. abl. un- ingenue, adv. nobly, re- 
 
 improbus 3. wicked. worthy. spectably. 
 
 imprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, etum 3. to ingeniius 3. free-bom, 
 
 foreseeing, not know- bring in, induce. noble. 
 
340 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 jngjgno, geniii, geni- insectum, i, n. insect. intereo, li, itum, ire, to 
 
 turn 3. to implant. insero, sevi, situm 3. c. decay, cometo naught. 
 
 ingratus 3. ungrateful ; dat. to sow in, in- intei-fector, oris, m. mur- 
 
 2) disagreeable. P'^ft- derer. 
 
 ingredlor, gressus sum irisidlae, arum, /. am- interflcio, eci, ectum 3. 
 
 3. c. ace. to go into, buscade, snares. to kill. 
 
 enter upon. insidior 1 . to lie in wait, interim, adv. in the mean 
 
 iubaereo, haesi, hac- insignis, e, distinguish- time. 
 
 sum 2. in c. abl. to ed; suhst. insigpe, is, interlmo, emi, emptum 
 
 inhere. n. badge. 3. to kill. 
 
 inhumanus3. inhuman, iiisipiens, ntis, unwise, interitus, us, m. destruc- 
 injmicitia, ae, /. hostil- in situs 3. implanted, in- tion. 
 
 iiy. born. interpreter 1. to inter- 
 
 iuimicus 3. hostile ; ini- insperans, tis, not ex- pret, explain. 
 
 micus, i, m. enemy. peeling, contrary to interpungo, nxi, nctum 
 
 iniqiius 3. unjust. . expectation. to distinguish. 
 
 initium, i, n, beginning, inspicio, exi, ectum 3. interrogo 1. to ask. 
 
 HijiCio, jeci, jecium 3. to look into, inspect, intersum, ftii, esse c. 
 
 to throw into ; la- instituo, iii, utum 3. to dat. to he in, to be 
 
 queos, to lay snares. instruct. presented at; interest, 
 
 jnjucundus 3. unpleas- iustitutlo, onis, /. in- there is a difference ; 
 
 ani, disagreeable. struction ; inst. scho- c. gen. it concerns 
 
 injuria, ae,/ injustice, lastica, sclwlastic in- one (^ 88, 10). 
 
 injury. struction. intimus 3. inmost. 
 
 injuste, adv. unjustly. insto, stiti 1. to threat- intolerabllis, e, intolera- 
 jnnascor, natus sum 3. en, press upon, com- ble. 
 
 to be implanted. pel (some one). intro 1. c. ace. to go 
 
 innocens, ntis, innocent, instruo, xi, ctum 3. to into, to enter, 
 
 mnocentia, ae, f. inno- furnish; aclem in- introltus, us, m. en- 
 
 cence. struere, to arrange trance, 
 
 innoxius S. harmless. thelineof battle ; he\- intueor, tuitus sum 2. 
 
 innumerabilis, e, innu- lum instr. to prepare • to look upon, consider. 
 
 merable. for war. intus, adv. within, in 
 
 inopla, ae, /. helpless- insula, ae,/. island. the house. 
 
 ness, need, want, in- integer, gra, grum, inultus 3. unrevenged, 
 
 digence. sound. inutilis, e, useless. 
 
 inops, 6])is,helpless,poor, intelllgo, exi, ectum 2. invenio, veni, ventum 
 
 destitute, needy. to understand. 4. to find, find out. 
 
 inquam, / say. intempestive, adv. un- investlgo 1. to trace out^ 
 
 insanus 3. insane. timely. investigate. 
 
 rascius 3. c. gen. not intentus 3. stretched ; invictus 3. invincible. 
 
 knowing,not acquaint- c. dat. or in c. ace. invideo, vidi, visum 2. 
 
 ed with. attentive, fixed upon e. dat. to entry. 
 
 inscribo, psi, ptiim 3. something. invidia, ae,/ envy^ ha- 
 
 c. dat. to write in or interdum, adv. some- tred. 
 
 upon something, in- times. invidus 3. envious. 
 
 scribe. [to engrave, interea, adv. in the mean inviso, isi, isum 3. to 
 jnsculpo, psi, ptum 3. time. ' visit 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULART. 341 
 
 invito 1. to invite, juba, ae,/. m. mane. lac, ctis, n. milk. 
 
 invitus 3. unwilling. jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena, ae, /. Lace- 
 involve, vi, utum 3. to to bid, order. demonian woman. 
 
 involve ; involutus 3. jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon, onis, /, 
 
 difficult to understand. ly, agreeably. Lacedemx)n, Sparta. 
 
 Iphicrates, is, m. ipAi- jucunditas, atis,/.j»Zea5- Lacedaemomus, i, m. 
 
 crates. antness, agreeableness. a Lacedemonian. 
 
 ipse, a, um, pron. self, jucundus 3. pleasant, lacero 1. to lacerate, tear 
 ira, ae,f. anger. agreeable. in pieces. 
 
 iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex, icis, m. judge. lacesso, ivi, itum 3. to 
 
 irascibility. judicium, i, n. judg- provoke. 
 
 irascor, iratus sum 3. ment. lacrlma, ae,/. tear. 
 
 c. dat. to be enraged, judico 1. to judge ; c. lacus, us, m. lake, pond. 
 iratus 3. enraged, an- dupl. ace. ^o con5ic?er laedo, si, sum 3. fo ^wr^ 
 
 gry. on something. Laellus, m. Laelius. 
 
 irrideo, si, sum 2. <o jugum, i, n. yoke, top, laetitla, ae, f. joy. 
 
 mock, deride. ri^g-e (of a mountain), laetor 1. c. abl. to re- 
 
 iiTumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris) joice. 
 
 3. to burst in. m. Julius Caesar. laetus 3. joyful, delight- 
 
 is, ea, id, pron. he, she, jungo, nxi, nctum 3. to ed. 
 
 it ; that one ; the same, join, unite. lapideus 3. of stone. 
 
 Isocrates, is, m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June. lapis, idis, m. a stone. 
 
 tes. Juno, 6ms, f. Juno. larglor, itus sum 4. to 
 
 iste, a, ud, pron. that. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- bestow largely. 
 ita, adv. so, thus. piter. late, adv. widely. 
 
 Italia, ae,/. Italy. juro 1. to swear. lateo, ui 2. to be con- 
 
 itaque, conj. therefore, jus, juris, n. right. cealed. 
 
 item, adv. likeivise. jussum, i, n. command. Latinus 3. Latin. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. course, jussus, us, m. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus 
 
 way, journey, march, justitia, ae,f. justice. (mountain in Caria). 
 
 'iterum, adv. again, the Justus 3. just. lat us 3. fcroac?. 
 
 second time. Juvenilis, is, m. Juve- laudabilis, e, praise- 
 
 nal. loorthy. 
 
 J. juvenilis, e, youthful. laudo 1. to praise. 
 
 Jaceo 2. to lie low. juvenis, is, m. a youth, laurus, i or us, / the 
 
 jacto 1. to throw hither young man. laurel. 
 
 and thither, extol. juventus, utis, /. youth, laus, dis,/. praise. 
 jactura, ae,/ loss ; jac- juvo, juvi, jutum 1. c. lavo, lavi, lavatum 1. 
 
 turam facere, to suf- ace. to assist. to wash. 
 
 fer loss. lectus, i, m. bed. 
 
 jam, adv. now, already. L. legatus, i, m. amhassa- 
 
 jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1. to cause to dor. 
 ]aiiua, ae, J. gate. totter, shake. lector, oris m. reacfer. 
 
 jecur, jecinoris, n. Ae. labor, lapsus sum 3. legio, onis,/ Zegion. 
 
 liver. to Jail. lego, gi, ctum 3. <o read 
 
 jocor, 1. to jest. labor, oris, m. labor, toil, lenio 4. to soothe. 
 
 jocosus 3. sportive. laboro 1. to labor ; c. leniter, adv. mildly, 
 
 ^ocus, i, m. a jest. ah\. to suffer from. leo, onis, m. Zion. 
 
 29* 
 
3^' LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 lepidus 3. elegant, neat, littus, oris, n. sea-shore, magis, adv. more. 
 
 lepor, Oris, m. agreea- loco 1. to place, set. magister, tri, m. teacher, 
 
 bleness, jest. locuples, etis, wealthy, magistratus, us, m. ma- 
 
 lepus, oris, m. a hare. rich. gistracy, authority ; 
 
 Lesbus, i,f. Leshos. locupleto 1. to enrich. magistrate. 
 
 levir, Iri, m. hrother-in- locus, i, m. place, situa- magniflcus 3. magni- 
 
 law. tion, room ; pi. loca. Jicent. 
 
 levis, e, light. loiige, adv. far, widely, magnitude, inis,/. mag- 
 
 levitas, atis,/ levity. longinquitas, atis, /. nitude. 
 
 levo 1. to lighten, re- length, extent. magnopere, adv. great- 
 
 lieve; c. abl, to free longinquus 3. remote, ly. 
 
 ^ from. [tion. distant ; e longinquo, magnus S.great ; comp. 
 
 le^-gis, /. law, condi- from afar. major, us, greater, 
 
 libens, n\\s, willing. longus 3. long. older. 
 
 libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores, um, m. ances- 
 
 with delight. city. tors. 
 
 liber, bri, m. book. loquax, acis, loquaciotts. male, adv. badly. 
 
 liber, era, erurn,/ree. loquor, locutiis 3. to maledico 3 c. dat. to 
 
 liberalis, e,free. speak. reproach. 
 
 liberalitas, atis,/ liber- Luceria, ae, / Luceria. ma\edicus S. slanderotis. 
 
 aliiy. Lucretius, i, m. Lucre- maleflcus 3. doing evil, 
 
 liberalrter, adv. liberally. tins. evil, wicked ; subst. 
 
 libere, adv. freely. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- evil-doer. 
 
 Iib6ri,6rum, m. children vaniage. malevolus 3. ill dispos- 
 
 (in relation to their luctus, Qs, m. grief. ed, malicious. 
 
 parents). ludibrlu m i, n.spor^ malitla, ae, /. malice, 
 
 libero 1. to liberate. ludo, si, sum 3. to play. wickedness. 
 
 libertas, atis,/ liberty. Indus, i, m. play. malo, malui, malle, to 
 
 liliet, uit 2. it pleases. lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la- wish rather, prefer. 
 
 libido, inis, / desire, mtnt. mh\\im, \, n. apple. 
 
 passion, lust. luna, ae,/ moon. malum, i, n. evil, mis- 
 
 liha-a, ae,/ a pound. lupus, i, m. wolf. fortune. 
 
 licet, uit 2. it is allowed, luscinia, ae, / nightin- mains, i,/ apple-tree. 
 
 ligneus 3. wooden, of gale. mains 3. evil, bad. 
 
 wood. lusus, us, m. sport. mando, di, sum 3. to 
 
 Wgnum, \, n. ivuod. \ux,\nc\s,f. light. chew. 
 
 Iimpidus3. limpid, clear, luxuria, ae,/ luxury. mane, adv. in the mom- 
 
 lingna, ae, / tongue, Lycnrgns, i, m. Lycur- ing. 
 
 language. gus. maneo, nsi, nsum 2. 
 
 linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is, m. Lysis. to remain', c. ace. to 
 
 liquetacio, feci, factum await. 
 
 3. to m^lt. M. Mantinea, ae, / Man- 
 
 lis, litis, / civil process, Macedo, onis, m. a tinea. 
 
 strife. Macedonian. manus, us,/ hand; 2) 
 llttera, ae, / letter (of Macedonia, ae, / Ma- a company. 
 
 alpliabet); litterae, cedonia. Marcell us, i, m. JkfarccZ- 
 
 arum,/ letter, litera- machinatio, onis,/ ma- Zm5. 
 
 ture. chine ; device, artifice, mare, is, n. sea. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. S43i, 
 
 margo, inis, m. margin, mentior 4. to lie. misere, adv. wretchedly, 
 
 Marius, i, m. Marius. mercator, oris, m. tra- misereor, misertus or 
 marmor, oris, n. marble. der. miseritus sum 2. c. 
 
 marmoreusS. o/*»MirWe, merces, edis,/. recom- gen. to pity. 
 
 marhle. pense. miseret me alicujusrei, 
 
 Marilus, \, m. Mars. mereor, merltus sura2. it excites my pity for 
 mater, tris,/. mother. to deserve; de aliqua something. 
 
 mathematicus, i, m. re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /. misery, 
 
 mnthemntidan. of something. want. 
 
 mature, adv. speedily, in meritum, i. n. desert. misericordia, ae,/.jnft/. 
 
 season. merx, rc'is, f. wares. mkescoS. to render soft, 
 
 maturus 3. ripe. messis, is,/, crop. tame. 
 
 medeor 2. c. dat. to cure. Metellus, i. m. Metellm. mitigo 1. to soften, 
 medicina, ae, /. medi- metior, meiisus sum 4. mitigate. 
 
 cine, remedy. to measure. mitis, e, soft, mild. 
 
 medicus,i,m. physician, metuo, ui 3. fo/ear. mitto, misi, missum 3. 
 mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehen- to send. 
 meditatio, onis,/. medi- sion,fear. mobllis^ e, movable. 
 
 tation. meus, 3. mine. moderator, oris, m. gov- 
 
 meditor 1. to reflect mico, ui 1. to glitter. ernor. 
 
 upon, study into. migratio, onis,/. migra- moderaius 3. temperate. 
 
 Medus, i, m. a Mede. tion. moderor 1. c. ace. to 
 
 Megara, ae, /. Megara. migro 1. to migrate ; c. govern, rule. 
 mel, mellis, n. honey. ace. to transgress. modestia, ae, f modesty, 
 
 membrana, ae,/ mem- miles, itis, m. warrior, modestus 3. modest. 
 
 brane. soldier. modlce, adv. temper- 
 
 membrum, i, n. limb. Miltiades, is, m. Miltia- ately. 
 memini, isse, c. gen. or des. modius, i, m. bushel, 
 
 ace. to remember. minax, acis, threatening, modo, adv. only, now ; 
 
 memor, oris, c. gen. Minerva, aG,f Minerva. conj. c. Subj. if only, 
 
 mindful of. minime, adv. least, not modo — modo, now — 
 
 memoria, ae, /. memon/, at all. now. 
 
 remembrance, time ; minXior 1. to threaten, modus, i, m. manner, 
 
 memoria tenere, to minor 1. to threaten. way. 
 
 hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utum 3. to moenia, lum, n. walls 
 memoriter, adv. from lessen, diminish. (as defence). 
 
 memory, by heart. mmus, adv. less. moeror, oris, m. grief, 
 
 memoro 1. to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful. sorrow. 
 
 relate. miror 1. to wonder ; 2) Moesia, ae, J. Moesia, 
 
 Menander, dri, m. Me- to admire. moles, is,/ mass. 
 
 nander. mirus 3. wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievovS' 
 
 mendax, acis, lying ; traordinary. ly ; mol. fero, take it 
 
 subst. liar. . misceo, scui, stum or ill. 
 
 mena,tis, f sense, mind, xt\im2. to mix, to dis- molestia., ae, f. annoy- 
 under standing, spirit, turb. ance. 
 
 state of mind. miser, era, erum, lorcfc^- molesius 3. trouble- 
 
 mensa, ae, / table. ed. some. 
 
 mensis, is, m. month. miserandus 3. pitiable, molior, itus sum 4. to 
 
344 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 prepare, get ready. munio 4. to fortify. lum navale, naval- 
 
 mollio 4. to soften, make munus, eris, n. service ; war. 
 
 soft, alleviate. 2) present. navigo 1. to navigate. 
 
 mollis, e, soft. murex, icis, m. a pur- navis, is,/ ship ; navis 
 
 inoWitia, ae, f softness. pie fish, purple. \oiiga, war-ship. 
 
 Molo, onis, m. Molon. murmur, uris, n. mur- ne, adv. not (with Im- 
 
 momentum, i, n. cir- mur. perat., and Subj. of 
 
 cuvistance. murus, i, m. wall (as a exhorting), 
 
 moneo 2 to admonish, structure). ne, conj. that not ; that 
 
 mons, ntis, m. moun- mus, muris, m. mouse. [^ 106, 1 and 3.) 
 
 tain. musca, Sie,f. a fiy. ne, interrogative particle, 
 
 monumentum, i, n. musicus, \,m. musician. (^ 115. 3. b. a.) 
 
 monun.ent. muto 1. to change, ex- ne — quidem not even, 
 
 mora, ae,/. delay. change. not also, (has the 
 
 morbus, i, m. disease. mutus 3. dumb. word on which the 
 
 mordax, acis, biting. emphasis rests be- 
 
 mordeo, momordi, mor- N. tween its parts). 
 
 sum 2. to bite,toback- Nam, namque, conj. for nebula, ae,/. mist. 
 
 bite. nanciscor, nactus sum nee (neque), and not, 
 
 morior, mortuus sum, 3. to obtain. also not ; nee (ne- 
 
 mon, to die. narratio, onis,/ narra- que) — nee (neque), 
 
 moror 1. to delay, re- tion, narrative. neither — nor. 
 
 main; c. ace. to narro 1. to relcite. necdum, and not yet. 
 
 make nothing of. nascor, natus sum 3. to necessarlus 3. neces- 
 
 morosus 3. morose. be born, to spring. sary ; related ; homo 
 
 mors, tis,/ death. natalis, is, m. birth-day. necessarius, friend. 
 
 mortalis, e, mortal. natio, onis, / nation, necesse est, it is neces- 
 
 mos, oris, m. custom, tribe. sary {§ 105. R. 4.) 
 
 manner ; plur. charac- nato 1. to swim. necessitas, atis,/ neces- 
 
 ter. natura, ae,/ nature. sity. 
 
 motus, us, m. move- naturalis, e, natural. neco 1. to kill. 
 
 ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; ma- nectar, aris, n. nectar. 
 
 earthquake. jor natu, older; minor necto, xui, xum 3. to 
 
 moveo, vi, turn 2. to natu, younger. join together, weave. 
 
 move. natus 3. bom ; post nefaiius 3. infamous. 
 
 mox, adv. thereupon, Christum natum, af nefas, (indecl.) n. wrong. 
 
 (i/lerwards. ter the birth of Christ ; negligo, lexi, lectum 3. 
 
 muller, eris, / woman, old (when the year to neglect. 
 
 wife. has been specified, nego 1. to deny, say no. 
 
 MiJIlerus, i, m. Midler. which in this case negotlor 1. to pursue 
 
 multitudo, Inis, / mul- stands in the ace.) business, trade. 
 
 titude. naufragium, i, n. ship- negoiium, i, n. busi- 
 
 muho 1. to fine, punish. wreck; naufr. facere, n£ss. 
 
 multus 3. much, many. to suffer shipwreck. nemo (in is) c. nobody, 
 
 mundus, i, m. world. nauta, ae, m. sailor. no one, (gen. andabl. 
 
 munificentia, ae,/ mw- \\a\a\\B,e,naval,pertain- not used). 
 
 nificenre. ing to a ship ; pugna neptis, is, / grand- 
 
 munificus 3. munificent. navalis, sea-fight; bel- daughter. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 345 
 
 Neptunus, i. m. JVep- do) — sed etiam, no< ble that any one f any 
 
 tune. only — hut also. thing ? 
 
 nequeo, ivi, itum, ire, nondum, adv. not yet. nunc, adv. now. 
 
 not to be able. nonne ? not ? not in- nundlnae, arum, f, 
 
 nequicquam, adv. in deed"^ whether not. market. 
 
 vain, to no effect. nonnunquam,arfv.some- nunquam, adv. never. 
 
 nervus,\,m.nerve, sinew. times. nuntlo 1. to announce. 
 
 nescio 4. not to know, nosco, novi, notum 3. nuntius, i, m. message, 
 nescius 3. not knowing ; to become acquainted news ; messenger. 
 
 non sum nescius, / ivith. nuper, lately. 
 
 know full well. noster, tra, trum, our. nurus, us, f. daughter- 
 
 m [nisi), conj. if not, nostras, atis, m. of our in-law. 
 
 unless. country, fellow-conn- nusquam, ac?v. no-tu^cre. 
 
 nidifico 1. to build a tryman. nutrio 4. to nourish. 
 
 nest. nota, ae,/. mark, sign, nutrix, icis,/. nurse. 
 
 nidus, i, m. nest. notio, onis,/. notion. nutus, us, m. nod, com- 
 
 niger, gra, grum, black, notitia, ae, /. knowl- mand. 
 nihil (indecl.) n. nothing. edge. nux, nucis,/ a nvt. 
 
 nihilum, i, n. nothing, nolo 1. to mark, brand. 
 nimls, adv. too much, notus S. known. O. 
 
 nimlum, adv. too much, November, bris, m. Obdormisco, mivi, mi- 
 
 too very. JVovember. tum 3. to fall asleep. 
 
 ningo, xi, 3. to snoiv. novi, isse, to know. obduco, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 nisi, conj. if not ; ex- novus 3. new. overspread, cover, 
 
 cept. nox, noctis,y! night. obedio 4. to obey. 
 
 nitrdus 3. shining, nubes, is, /. doud. obeo, li, itum, ire, to 
 
 splendid. nubo, psi, ptum 3. c. die. 
 
 nitor, nisus or nixus dat. to marry (of the obitus, us, m. departure, 
 
 sum 3. c. abl. to rely woman). death. 
 
 upon something ; ad nullus 3. no one, no ; oblecto 1. to delight. 
 
 aliquid, to strive after nullus non, every one. oblino, evi, itum 3. to 
 
 something ; in aliquid num,interrogative word besmear, contaminate. 
 
 to strive against some- [§ 1 15, 3, b, c,]. oblivio, onis, /. ohliv- 
 
 thing. Numa, ae, m. JVuma. ion. 
 
 nix, nivis,/ sn/}w. Numantia, ae, /. JVu- obliviscor, oblitus sum 
 
 nobilis, e, known, re- mantia. 3. c. gen. or ace. to 
 
 nowned. numero 1. to number, forget. 
 
 nohWito 1. to make knoivn, reckon. obrepo, repsi, reptum 
 
 renowned. numerus, i, m. numher,' 3. c. dat. to creep 
 
 noceo 2. to injure. multitude, rhythm. upon, steal upon, sur- 
 
 noctu, adv. by night. Numida, ae, m. a JVu- prise some one. 
 nocturnus 3. nocturnal. midian. obruo, ui, utum 3. to 
 
 nodus, i, m. knot. Numidia, ae, /. JVu- cover over, overwhelm. 
 
 nomen, Inis, n. name. midia. obscuro 1. to obscure. 
 
 nomino 1. to name. nummus, i, m. money, a obscurus 3. obscure. 
 
 non, adv. not (stands sesterce. obsequium, i, n. sub- 
 
 before its verb) ; non numquis, numqua, mission, obedience. 
 
 solum (tantum, mo- numquid, is U possi- obsequor, secutus sum 
 
346 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 3. c. dat. to obey, occupo 1. to take pas- opinor 1. to think. 
 
 comply with. session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid. 
 
 observo 1. to observe. to surprise. oportet 2. it is necessary, 
 
 obsessio, onis,/. block- October, bris, m. Oc- (§ 105. R. 4.) 
 
 ade, siege. tober. opperior, pertus sum 4. 
 
 obsideo, sessi, sessura oculus, i, m. eye. to await. 
 
 2. to besiege. odi, isse, to hate. oppidum, i, n. town. 
 
 obsidio, onis,/ siege. odiosus S. hateful, hated, oppleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 obsolesco, levi 3. to odium, i, n. fUl up,fll. 
 
 pass away, become an- Odofredus, i, m. Ott- op])6no S. to oppose. 
 
 tiquated. fned. opportune, adv. oppor- 
 
 obsto, stiti, statum 1. c. ofFendo, di, sum 3. to tunely. 
 
 to stand against, in offend. opprlmo, pressi, pres- 
 
 ide way of, to be a ofFero, obtiili, oblatum, sum 3. to oppress. 
 
 hindrance, hinder. 3. to offer. oppugno 1. to attack. 
 
 obsum, fui, esse c. dat. officio, feci, fectura 3. ops (not used), gen. 
 
 to be against, injure. to hinder, prevent. op\s,f. aid. 
 
 obtempero 1. to obey. officium, i, n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable. 
 obtineo, 2. to maintain. vice. optimas, atis, m. chief 
 
 obtingo, igi 3. to fall to offundo, fudi, fusum 3. man. 
 
 one's lot. c. dat. to fow against; opto 1. to wish. 
 
 obtrectatio, onis, f. de- pass, to spread one's opulentus 3. powerful, 
 
 traction. self upon, surround rich. 
 
 obtrecto 1. c. d. to dis- something ; c. ace. to opus, eris, n. icork. 
 
 parage. cover. opus est, it is necessary, 
 
 obviam, adv. against, to oleum, i, n. oil. [k 91. 5, c] 
 
 meet. oYim, adv. formerly. oraciil um, i, n. oracZe. 
 
 occasio, onis, f. oppor- omitto, misi, missum3. oratio, onis,/. speech. 
 
 tunity. to let go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator. 
 
 occasus, us, m. setting, postpone. orbis, is, m. circle. 
 
 downfall. omnino, adv. wholly, al- ordior, orsus sum 4. to 
 
 Occidens, ntis, m. set- together. begin. 
 
 ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole ; ordo, inis, m. order, suc- 
 
 gions, west. plur. all. cession, rank. 
 
 occido, cidi, casum 3. onero 1. to load, burden. Orestes, ae, m. Orestes. 
 
 to fall. onus, eris, n. load. Oriens, ntis, m. sun- 
 
 occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx. rising, east, eastern 
 
 kill. opera, ae,/ service ren- regions. 
 
 occo 1. to harrow. dered, labour ; ope- origo, inis,/ origin. 
 
 occulo, uliii, ultum 3. ram dare, navare c. orior, ortus sum 4. to 
 
 to conceal. dat. to occupy one's rise, spring from. 
 
 occulio 1. to conceal. sdfwith. ornamentum, i, n. oma- 
 
 occultus 3. concealed. opes, um, / power, ment, jewel. 
 occumbo, cubiii, cubi- property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn. 
 
 tum 3. to fall, die. sures. oro 1. to speak; caus- 
 
 Gcr6a, a.e,f.greave (cor- opimus 3. /of, rich. sam orare, to plead; 
 
 responding to our opinio, onis,/ opinion, 2) to entreat. 
 boot). belief. oryx, ygisy m. gazette. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 347 
 
 OS, 6ris, n. /ace. paries, etis, /. if^aZZ (of pauper ^ris, jooor. 
 
 OS, ossis, n. bone ; pi. a house). paupertas, atis, f. pov- 
 
 ossa, bones. pario, peperi, partum 3. erty. 
 
 ostium, 1, n. door. to bear, produce ; ova Pausanias, ae, Paw- 
 
 otium, i, n. leisure. parere, to lay eggs. sanias. 
 
 ovis, is,/, sh^ep. paro 1. to prepare. pavidus ^.fearful. 
 
 ovum, i, n. egg. parricldium, i, n. parri- pavo, onis, m. peacock, 
 
 dde, wicked deed. pavor, oris, m. fear, 
 
 P. pars, rtis, /. part, side, fright. 
 
 Paciscor, pactussum 3. plur. the characters in pax, pacis,/. peace ; 2) 
 
 to make a bargain. a play. permission. 
 
 pactum, i, n. bargain ; parsimonia, ae, /. fru- peccatum, i, n. sin, 
 
 nullo pacto, in no gality. fault. 
 
 way. particeps, clpis, par- pecco 1. to sin, do 
 
 paene, adv. nearly, al- tidpating in. wrong. 
 
 most. particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, m. comb. 
 
 pallrdus 3. pale, limd. tide. pecto, xi, xum 3. to 
 
 pallium, i, n. cloak. partior 4. to divide. comb. 
 
 palumbes, is, m. wood- parum, adv. too little. pectus, oris, n. breast. 
 
 pigeon. parvus, 3. small. pecuDia, ae,/ money. 
 
 palus, udis. /. marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes, itis, in. footman, 
 
 pool. to pasture (of herds- foot-soldier. 
 
 pando, andi, assum, 3. men), <o/eerf; pascor, \)Q]GTo\.to swear falsdy. 
 
 to open. pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuli, pulsum 3. 
 
 pango, peplgi, pactum be fed, pastured, (of to drive. 
 
 3. to fix in, to fasten, herds). Pelopidas, ae, m. Pdo- 
 
 bargain, agree to on pascuum, i, n. pasture. pidas. 
 
 condition. passim, far and wide, pelvis, is,/ basin, bowl. 
 
 panis, is, m. bread. pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. pena- 
 
 papaver, eris, n. pop- man. tts, household gods. 
 
 py. patefacio, feci, factum pendeo, pependi [sup, 
 
 papWio, 6ms, ly,. abutter- 3. to makeknown. wanting) 2. to hang. 
 
 fly. pateo, ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, pen- 
 
 par, aris, eqmd ; par open. sum 3. to pay for, 
 
 sum c. dat. 1 am a pater, ti'is, m. father. value. 
 
 match for some one. patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly. 
 par, aris, w. a pair. patior, passus sum 3. penna, ae,/./fa<^r. 
 
 Parapamisus, i. m. to suffer, allow. pensum, i, n. thread. 
 
 Parapamisus. patria, ae, / native peracerbus 3. very bit- 
 
 paratus 3. prepared, rea- country. ter, severe. 
 
 dy. patrocinor 1. c. dat. to perago, egi, actum 3. to 
 
 parco, peperci, parsum proted. accomplish. 
 
 3. c. dat. to spare, pauci, ae, a. few. peragro 1. to pass 
 
 forbear. paullisper, adv. a little through. 
 
 parens, ntis, c. father or while. percipio, cepi, ceptum 
 
 mother ; plur. pa- paullulum, adv. a little. 3. to perceive. 
 
 rents. pauUus 3. little ; paulo percrepo, ul, itum 1. to 
 
 par^o 2. to obey. post, a little after. resound. 
 
348 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 percurro, cucurri or perpetIor,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /! jper- 
 
 curri, cursum 3. to to endure. versify. 
 
 run through. perpetro ]. to perform, pervideo, idi, isum 2. 
 
 perdo, didi, ditum 3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per- to consider, examine. 
 
 to ruin, destroy, lose. petuity, duration. pes, pedis, m.foot. 
 perdomo, ui, itum 1, to perpetuo, adv. contin- peslilentla, ae,/. pesti- 
 
 tame, suhdut. ually. lence. 
 
 peregre, adv. abroad. perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destruc- 
 pereo, ii, Itum, ire, to constant. tion. 
 
 go to ruin, perish. perrodo, si, sum 3. to peto, ivi, itum 3. c. ace. 
 perfectus S. perfect. eat through. to strive to obtain, 
 
 perficio, feci, fectum3. perrumpo, rupi, rup- strive after, attack, 
 
 to finish, effect. turn 3. to break fetch. 
 
 perftdus 3 faithless. through. petulans, tis, wanton. 
 
 perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae, m. a Per- petulantia, ae,/. wan- 
 
 3. to break through. sian. tonness,licentiousness. 
 
 perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias. 
 perfugium, i, n. refuge. ten. philosophla, ae,/ phi- 
 
 pergo, perrexi, perrec- ^ers&no l.tocurewholly, losophy. 
 
 turn 3. to go, proceed, persequor, secutus sum philosophus, i, m. phi- 
 periculum, i, n. danger. 3. to follow up, pur- lusopher. 
 periodus, i,/ ^criorf. sue. pie, adv. tenderly, pious- 
 
 peritus 3. c. gen. ex- perse vero l.fo AoZdf owf. ly. 
 
 perienced, skilled in. persolvo, vi, utum 3. pietas, atis, / pidy, 
 permaneo, mansi, man- to pay. filial love. 
 
 sum 2. to continue, ])ers6na, ae, f person, ip'iger, gra, grum, sloth- 
 hold out. persto, iti, atum 1. to ful, dull. 
 permano 1. to fiow persist. pigritia, ae, / inactivity. 
 
 through. perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered 
 
 permitto, isi, issum 3. 3. to draw through, with hair. 
 
 to permit. censure. pi'^go, inxi, ictum 3. 
 
 permoveo, movi, mo- persuadeo, si, sum 2. c. to paiut ; acu pin- 
 
 tum 2. to move, stir dat. to persuade, con- gere, to embroider. 
 
 up. vince. pin us, us,/ pine, 
 
 permulcfio, Isi, Isum 2. perterreo 2. to frighten, piper, eris, n. pepper. 
 
 to stroke, please, put in fear. \imim, \, n, pear. 
 
 charm, soothe. pertinax, acis, obstin- ip'irus, i, f pear-tree. 
 
 ipennuhusS. very many. ate. piscator, oris, m.fisher- 
 
 pernicies, ei,/ destruc- pertlneo, 2. to extend; man. 
 
 tion. ad aliquem, to per- piscis, is, m.fish. 
 
 perniciosus 3. perni- tain to some one. piscor i. to fish. 
 
 cious, destructive. perturbatio, onis,/ dis- pius 3. pious, grateful. 
 pernosco, novi, notum turbance. placeo 2. to please. 
 
 3. to become thorough- perturbo 1. to disturb, placide, adv. gently. 
 
 ly acquainted with. pervehor, vectus sum 3. placidus 3. gentle. 
 perosus 3. hating great- to be conveyed off. placo 1. to appease. 
 
 ly. perverse, adv. perverse- plane, adv. wholly; 
 
 ly. plainly. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 349 
 
 planetes, ae, m. planet. 
 
 planitles, ei,y! a plain. 
 
 planta, ae, /. plant. 
 
 Plato, onis, m. Plato. 
 
 plaustrum, i, n. draught- 
 ivagon. 
 
 plausus, us, m. applause. 
 
 Plautus, i, m. Plautus. 
 
 plenus 3. c. gen. full. 
 
 plerique, aeque, aque, 
 very many, most. 
 
 plerumque, adv. com- 
 monly. 
 
 Plinius, i, m. Pliny. 
 
 ploratus, us, m. com- 
 plaint, [many. 
 
 plures, a, G.ium. 7nore, 
 
 plurlmus 3. most. 
 
 plus, uris, n. more. 
 
 pluviosus 8. rainy. 
 
 poema, atis, n. poem. 
 
 l>oeusi,fie, /.punishment ; 
 poenas dare, to be 
 punished ; 2) revenge. 
 
 poemtetme alicujusrei, 
 it repents me of some- 
 thing. 
 
 Poenus, i, m. a Cartha- 
 ginian. 
 
 poeta, ae, m. poet. 
 
 polite, adv. elegantly. 
 
 pel lex, icis, m. thumb. 
 
 polliceor, citus sum 2. 
 to promise. 
 
 Pompeii, drum, m. Pom- 
 peii (a city). 
 
 Pompeius, i, m. Pom- 
 pey. 
 
 Ponipilius, i, m. Pom- 
 pilius. 
 
 pomum, i, n. i^\m'. eata- 
 ble fruit. 
 
 pondero 1. to ponder. 
 
 pono, sui, situm 3. to 
 lay, place ; ponere in 
 aliqua re, to set, place 
 upon something. 
 
 pons, lis, m. bridge. 
 
 populor 1. to lay waste. 
 
 popillus, i, m. people. 
 
 populus, \,f. poplar. 
 
 porro, adv. moreover. 
 
 porta, ae,y! gate. 
 
 j)ortrcus, lis,/, portico. 
 
 porto ]. to bear. 
 
 portus, us, m. haven. 
 
 posco, poposci 3. to de- 
 mand. 
 
 possesslo, onis, f pos- 
 session, possessing. 
 
 possum, potui, posse, to 
 be able {can). 
 
 postea, adv. afterwards. 
 
 posteaquam, conj. after 
 that. 
 
 postero die, on thefol- 
 loioing day ; in po- 
 sterum diem, till the 
 following day. 
 
 postis, is, m.post. 
 
 postquam, conj. after 
 that. 
 
 postremus 3. last ; ad 
 postremum, lastly. 
 
 postulo 1. to demand. 
 
 potens, lis, c. gen. pow- 
 erful, master of. 
 
 potentia, ae,/ power. 
 
 potestas, atis, /. power. 
 
 potio, onis, / drinking, 
 drink. 
 
 potior, titus sum 4. c. 
 abl. to possess one's 
 self of. 
 
 potissimum, adv. es- 
 pecially, principally. 
 
 potius, adv. much more, 
 rather. 
 
 potus, us, m. drink. 
 
 praealtus 3. very deep. 
 
 praebeo 2. to afford, 
 lend; se praebere, to 
 prove, show one's self. 
 
 praeceps, cipitis, inclin- 
 ing, rugged, steep ; 
 precipitous. 
 
 ao 
 
 praeceptor, 6ns, m. 
 teacher. 
 
 praeceptum,i,n. precept, 
 principle. 
 
 praeclare, adv. nobly.. 
 
 praeclarus 3. noble. 
 
 praechido 3. to shut: 
 
 praeco, onis, m. enca- 
 miast. 
 
 praecordia, onim, «. 
 diaphragm. 
 
 praecox, cdcis, preco- 
 cious. 
 
 praeda, ae,/. booty. 
 
 [)raedico 1. to extol. 
 
 praedico 3. to predict. 
 
 praedltus 3. c. abl. en- 
 dowed with. 
 
 praedium, i, n.farm. 
 
 praedor 1. to make booty. 
 
 praefero, tuli, latum, 
 ferre 3. to prefer. 
 
 prael6quor,locutus sum 
 3. to speak before. 
 
 praemium, i, n. reward. 
 
 praeparatio, 6u\s, f pre- 
 paration. 
 
 praeparo 1 . to prepare. 
 
 praepono, osiii, ositum 
 3. to prefer. [tily. 
 
 praepropere, adv. has- 
 
 praesens, tis, present. 
 
 praesertim, adv. espec- 
 ially, [dent. 
 
 praeses. Id is, m, presi- 
 
 ])raesidium, i, n. aid^ 
 protection, support. 
 
 praestabllis, e, excelletU. 
 superior. 
 
 praestans, tis, excellent. 
 
 praesto, iti, atum 1. <• 
 be distinguished; ali- 
 ciii, to surpass ; to be 
 better; to bestow; to 
 pay ; se praestare, to 
 show one's self. 
 
 praesto, adv. present, at 
 hand. 
 
350 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 praesiim, fui, esse, to probari alicui, to prohlbeo, bui, bitum 2. 
 
 be placed before, pre- please some one. to prevent, keep off. 
 
 side over. probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ; 
 praetereo, ii, itum, ire, probus 3. vpright, ex- proinde quasi, just as 
 
 to pass by before. cellent. if. 
 
 praeterltus 3. past. Probus, i, m. Probus. promitto, misi, missum 
 
 praetor, oris, w. ^rae^or. procella, ae,/. s/orm. 3. to promise. 
 praetoriiim, i, n. gener- proceres, um, m. the no- promptu, in promptu 
 
 aVs tent. bles. esse, to be ready. 
 
 prandeo, di, sum 2. to procerus 3. slim, tall. promptus3. ready. 
 
 breakfast. procudo, di, sum 3. (of pronuntio 1. to pro- 
 
 pratum, i, n. meadow. money) to coin. nounce. 
 
 pra vitas, atis,/. deprav- procul, adv. far off, from prope, adv. near: 2) 
 
 iiy. a distance. nearly, almost. 
 preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubili, cubi- propere, adv. hastily. 
 
 precor 1. to entreat; turn S. to fall doivn. propitius 3. propitious, 
 
 bene pr. alicui, to procuro 1. to take care of. favorable. 
 
 ivish well to one. prodeo, li, Itum, ire, to propositu m, i, 7i. pur- 
 
 premo, pressi, pressum go forth, depart. pose, design. 
 
 3. to press. prodigiosus 3. wonder- proprius 3. otvn, pecu- 
 
 pretiosus 3. precious. fid. liar. 
 
 pretium, i, n. price, proditio, 6ms,f. treach- propterea, adv. on this 
 
 value. ery. account. 
 
 pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m. 
 
 jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to champion, defender. 
 
 since. deliver up, betray. propulso 1. to drive 
 
 Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum, i, n. en^oun- back. 
 
 city of Ionia). ter. prorepo 3. to creep forth. 
 
 primo, adv. in the first profanus 3. profane. prorsus adv. entirely. 
 
 place. profecto, adv. indeed, prospecto 1. to look 
 
 primum, adv. in the first truly. forth. 
 
 place. profero, tuli, latum, fer- prosperitas, a.t\8,f.pros- 
 
 princeps, ipis, m. first ; re, 3. to bring for- perity. 
 
 the first. ward. [fessor. prospicio, spexi, spec- 
 
 principium, i, n. be- professor, oris, m. pro- tum 3. to see before 
 
 ginning ; principio, proficio, feci, fectum 3, one's self. 
 
 in the beginning. to profit, accomplish, prosterno, stravi, stra- 
 
 priscus 3. old. i)roficiscor, fectus sijm, tum 3. to prostrate. 
 
 pristfnus 3. former. 3. to set out (on a prosum, fui, desse c. 
 
 prius, adv. sooner. journey), march, de- dat. to be useful, ben- 
 
 priusquam, conj. before part. eftt. 
 
 that, ere, before. profiteor, fessus sum 2. prothma, adv. immediate- 
 
 privatus 3. private. to acknowledge freely, ly. 
 
 I)robe, adv. excellently, promise, offer freely. proverbium, i, n. prov- 
 
 suitably, uprightly. profusus 3. unrestrained. erb. 
 
 prohltas, SLtis,f. upright- progredior, gressussum providentia, ae, f.fore- 
 
 ness. 3. to step forth, ad- sight, providence. 
 
 probo 1. to approve ; vance. provideo, vidi, visum 2. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 351 
 
 to foresee ; c. tiat. to ctum 3. to sting, to que, conj. and (always 
 
 provide for something; harass. attached to its word). 
 
 2) to be on one's Punic us 3. P//mc. quemadmodum, adv. in 
 
 guard, look out. punio 4. to punish, cor- what manner, as. 
 
 provincia, ae, / pro- red. qued ivi, itum, ire, to 
 
 vince. puppis, is,y*. the stern of be able {can). 
 
 proxime, adv. next. a ship. quercus, us,/, oak. 
 
 proxlrnus 3. next. purgo 1. to purify, justi- querela, ae,/ complaint, 
 
 prudens, tis, wise, pru- fy. plaintive cry. 
 
 dent, skilful. purus 3. pure. queror, questus sum 3. 
 
 prudenter, adv. wisely, puto I. to think, believe, to complain. 
 
 prudently. consider. qui, quae, quod, who. 
 
 prudentia, ae,/. ivisdom, Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. qui, how, whence, whereby. 
 
 prudence. Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- quia, conj. because. 
 
 prunum, i, n. a plum. thagoras. quicunque, quaecun- 
 
 prunus, i,/ /)^Mm<ree. que, quodcunque, 
 
 pubes, eris, grown up. Q. whosoever. 
 
 publice, adv. publicly, Quaere, sivi, situm 3. quidam,quaedarn, quid- 
 
 on behalf of the State, to seek, nh or ex ali- dam and quoddam. 
 
 at tlie cost of the State. quo, to ask of one. [§ 31. 6)]. 
 
 publico 1. to make pub- quaeso, I pray, beseech, quidem, indeed (is 
 
 lie. quaestio, oriis, / ques- placedafler its word), 
 
 publicus 3. public ; in tion. quidni, why not. 
 
 publico, in a public qualis, e, of what sort, quies, etis,/ quid. 
 
 street. character ; as. quiesco, evi, etura 3. 
 
 pudor, oris, m. shame. qualiscunque, of what- to rest. 
 
 puella, ae,/ mmd. ever sort, character. quietus 3. quiet. 
 
 puer, eri, wi. 6o^ ; pueri, quam, adv. how, as; quin, [$ 107, 3. b)]. 
 
 children. conj. (with the com- quinam ? who then'^ 
 
 puerilis, e, childish. parative) than. quippe, adv. indeed,^ 
 
 pueritia, ae, / child- quamdiu, how long, so namely. 
 
 hood. long as. quis ? quid ? who ? what ? 
 
 puerulus, i, m. little boy. quamvis, conj. with the quis, qua, quid anrf qui, 
 
 pugnai, ae, f. fight, bat- subj. how much soever, quae, quod [31,1)] 
 
 tie. although. any one. 
 
 pugno 1. to fight. quando, adv. when. quisnam, quaenam, 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, quanquam, conj. with quidnam, ivho, what 
 
 beautiful, fair. indie, though, at- then% 
 
 pulchre, adv. beautiful- though. quispiam, quaepiam, 
 
 ly. quanto, (with comp.) qiiidpiam and quod- 
 
 pulchritudo,inis/1 6caM- the. piam [§ 31, 3)]. 
 
 ty. quantoiiere, fu)w greatly, quisquam, quicquam 
 
 pulex, icis, m. afiea. quantus 3. how great ; and quodquam, 
 
 pullus, i, m. th£ young quantum, how much. (scarcely) any one, 
 
 (of animals), c^/cA:en. quantuscunque, how [§31,4)]. 
 
 pulvis, eris, m. sand, great soever. quisque, quaeque, quid- 
 
 dusi. quasi, as it were, as if, que and quodque [§ 
 
 pungo, pupiigi, pun- as though. 31,7)]. 
 
352 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 quisqiiis, quicquid,ifj/io- recipio, cepi, ceptum refrico, cui, catum 1. to 
 
 ever. {§ 30. R. 2). 3. to take hack., re- rub again, renew. 
 
 quo,adv, whither; quo- ceivt ; se recipere, regina, ae,y! queen. 
 
 eo, (in cornp.) the — to betake one's self regio, onis,/. region. 
 
 so much the. back. reglus 3. royal. 
 
 quoad, so long as, until, recito 1. to read to. regno 1. to reign. 
 
 until that, even until, recordatio, onis, /. re- regnum, i, n. reign, 
 tjuocunque, adv. whith- collection. kingdom. 
 
 ersoever. rccordor 1. c. ace. to rego, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 quod, conj. that, because. remember, call to mind. govern, guide, rule, 
 ■quodsi, if now, but if . recreo 1. to renew, re- rejiclo, jeci, jecturn 3. 
 <juominus,Maf (^07,2). fresh. to throw away, reject. 
 
 quoniodo, adv. how. recrudesce, dui 3. to religlo, onis,/. religion, 
 quondam, adv. once, break open afresh. conscientiousness. 
 
 formerly. recte, adv. rightly, cor- religiose, adv. scrupu- 
 
 quoniani, conj. because. rectly. lously. 
 
 quoque, adv. also. rector, oris, m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3. 
 
 quot.^ how many 7 rectus S. straight, direct, to leave behind, desert. 
 
 quotannis, adv. yearly. right ; recta consci- reliquus 3. remaining. 
 quotcunque, however entia, a good con- remaneo, nsi, nsum 2. 
 
 many. science. to remain behind, re- 
 
 quotidianus 3. daily. recumbo, cubui, cubl- main, 
 quotidle, adv. daily. turn 3, to lie cfoti^n reminiscor (without the 
 
 quotles, adv. how often. again. P^Kf-) '^' ^' S®"* ^ 
 
 quotlescunque, adv. recupero 1. to recover. ace. to remember. 
 
 however ojten. redamo 1. to love in re- reinoveo, ovi, otum 2. 
 
 quotqi\ot,however many. turn. to remove. 
 
 quotus 3. tvhat one in redarguo, ui, utum 3. Remus, i. m. Remus. 
 
 order. to refute. ren, (commonly plur. 
 
 qiuim, conj. wlien ; as, reddo, idi, itum 3. to renes, um, m.) kid- 
 since, give back again, give, neys. 
 
 make. [turn, reor, ratus sum, reri, ^. 
 
 R. redeo, u, itum 4. tore- to be persuaded, think. 
 
 Raines, ci,f madness, raditus, us, m. rettirn. repente, adv. suddenly. 
 rabiosus 3. mad. reduco, xi, ctum 3. to reperio, peri, pertum 4. 
 
 radix, icis, /. rooi. lead back. to find, find out. 
 
 rana, iie,f.frog. redundo 1. to redound, repeto, ivi, itum 3. to 
 
 rapid us 3. tearing away, refello, elli 3. to refute. call back, retrace. 
 
 rapid. refercio, rsi, rtum 3. to repleo, evi, etum 2. to 
 
 rapio, pui, ptum 3. to stuff, fill up. fill up. 
 
 snatch, carry off. refero, tuli, latum, ferre replico 1. to repeat. 
 
 raro, adv. rarely. 3. to bring back, re- reporto ]. to bear off. 
 
 rarus 3. seldom. turn again ; requite ; repugno 1. to contend 
 
 ratio, onis, /. reason ; refer to. against. 
 
 manner. refert 3. c. gen. it con- reputo 1. to iveigh, con- 
 
 ravis, \s,f. hoarseness. cerns. (§ 88. 10). sider. 
 
 recedo, cessi, cessum reformido 1. c. ace. <o requles, etis, (ace. requi- 
 
 3. to go bade, retire. fear something. em),/, rest, relaxation. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 353 
 
 requiesco, evi, etum 3. Rhodus, i./. Rhodes. saevio 4. to rage. 
 
 (ex) c. abl. to repose, rideo, risi, risutn 2. to saevus S.Jlerce. 
 
 requiro, quisivi, quisi- laugh ; c. ace. to sagitta, ae,/. arrow. 
 
 turn 3. to search after, laugh at, deride. sal, salis, m. salt ; loit. 
 
 inquire for. ridiculus 3. ridiculous, salio, lui, hum 4^. to leap, 
 
 res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. 6anA;. saltern, adv. at least. 
 
 rescindo, idi, issum 3. risus, us, m. laugh. salto 1. to dance. 
 
 to tear off, break off. rite, adv. in a proper salus, ut\s, f. prosperity, 
 
 rescisco, ivi or li, itum manner. welfare, safety. 
 
 3. to ascertain. rivulus, i, m. stream. salularis, e, salutary. 
 
 reseco, ciii, ctum 2. to robur, oris, n. strength, saluto 1. to salute. 
 
 cut off. robustus 3. strong. salve, hail ! (Imper. of 
 
 reservo 1. to reserve. rogo 1. to entreat, ask. salveo 2. to he well). 
 
 resldeo, edi, essum 2. Rotrianus 3. Roman ; salvus 3. safe, well. 
 
 to remain behind. Rornanus, i, m. a Samnis, itis, m. a Sam- 
 
 resisto, stiti, stitum 3. Roman. nite. 
 
 to resist. Romulus, i, m. Romu- sanclo, nxi, ncitum 4. 
 
 resono 1 , to resound. lus. to sanction. 
 
 resonus 3. resounding, rosa, ae, /. rose. sancte, adv. sacredly, 
 
 echoing. Rosclus, i, m. Roscius. conscientiously. 
 
 respiro 1. to breathe. rostrum, i, n. beak. sanctus 3. sacred. 
 
 respondeo, di, sum 2. rotundus 3. round. sane, adv. truly. 
 
 to answer, reply. ruber, bra, brum, red. sarrguis, inis, m. blood. 
 
 responsio, onis, /. an- rudens, tis, m. rope, sano 1. to heal, cure. 
 
 swer. stay. sapid us 3. palatable. 
 
 respf)nsum, i, n. an- rudis, e, c. gen. crude, sapiens, tis, wise ; subst 
 
 swer. unacquainted with, wise num. 
 
 respublica, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3. to sapientia, ae,y. ivisdom. 
 
 licae,/. State. roar. sapTo, ui 3. to be wise. 
 
 respuo, ui, utum 3. to rumpo, rupi, ruptum 3. sarcio, rsi, rtum 4. to 
 
 reject. to break, tear. make good again, re- 
 
 restingiio, nxi, nctum, ruo, riii, rutum 3. to pair. [bi'anch. 
 
 3. to smother, to ex- rush. sarmentum, i, n. shoot, 
 
 tinguish. rupes, \s,f rock, diff. sat, adv. sufficiently. 
 
 restis, is,/, rope. rus, ruris, n. country. satlo 1. to satiate. 
 
 restituo, iii, utum 3. to rustlcus3,rwsh*c,- subst. sattra, ae,/. satire. 
 
 restore. countryman, boor. satis, adv. sufficiently. 
 
 resto, stiti 1. to be left ; ruXx\u^ ^. fkry red. Saturnus, i, 7n. Saturn. 
 
 2) resist. saxum, i, n. rock. 
 
 rete, is, n. net, toil. S. scateo, ere, c. abl. to he 
 
 retineo, inui, entum 2. Sacer, era, crum, sa- full of something. 
 
 to hold back, retain. cred; sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, inis/. spring. 
 
 reus, i, m. defendant. sacred rites. seeleratus 3. wicked. 
 
 reverter, Perf! : reverti sacerdos, otis, c. priest, seelus, eris, n. crime, 
 
 3. to return. priestess. transgression. 
 
 revoco I. to recall. saeculum, i, n. a hun- schola, ae,/ school, 
 
 rex, g'ls, m. king. dred years. scholasticus3. q/" or ^er- 
 
 Rhenus, i, m. Rhine. saepe, adv. often. taining to a school. 
 30* 
 
354 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 scilicet, adv. truli/^ to sententia, ae, /. senti- similitudo, inis, /. like- 
 
 wit. merit, opinion. ness. 
 
 scintilla, ae,f. spark. sentio, nsi, nsum 4. to simplex, icis, simple, 
 
 ecio 4. to know. feel, think, judge. s\nm\, adv. at the sam£ 
 
 scipio, onis, m. staff. sentis, is, m. (common- time. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac, conj, (never 
 
 scribo, psi, ptum 3. to hush. before a vowel or h) 
 
 write. separo 1. to separate, as soon as. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. writer. disjoin. simulatio, onis, f. pre- 
 
 scrobis, is, m. hole, ditch, sepelio, pelivi, piiltum tence. 
 
 iscrupulus, i, m. scruple. 4. to inter, bury. simulatque = simulac. 
 
 Scytha, ae, m. a Say- seplo, sepsi, septum 4. simulo 1. to liken one^s 
 
 thian. to hedge in, inclose. self to ; to feign. 
 
 secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, posltum sin, conj. but if. 
 
 3. to sunder, separate. 3. to lay aside. sinapis, is,y! mustard. 
 
 seco, cui, ctum 1. to September, bris,m.*S'e/>- singuli, ae, a, sing-^e. 
 
 cut. tember. sino, sivi, situm 3. to 
 
 sector 1. c. ace. to pur- sepulcrum, i, n. grave, permit, allow. 
 
 sue, strive after. burial. siquidem, conj. if in-' 
 
 secundus 3. favorable, sequor, secutus sum 3. deed. 
 
 fortunate ; res secun- c. ace. tojollow. siser, eris, n. carrot. 
 
 dae, prospeiity. serenus 3. clear, bright, sitio 4. to thirst ; c. ace. 
 
 securis, is, /. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave. to thirst after some- 
 
 et. sermo, onis, m. conver- thing. 
 
 securus 3. secure, sctfe. sation, discourse. sitis, is,/, thirst. 
 
 !4ed, conj. but. sero, sevi, satum 3. to situs, us, m. situation ; 
 
 fledeo, sedi, sessum 2. sow, plant. 2)mould,fUth. 
 
 to sit. serus 3. /oo iaie. situs, 3. placed; situm 
 
 sedes, is,/ seat. servlo 4. to serve. esse, tobe placed, bu- 
 
 seditlo, onis,/ sedition, servitus, utis, / servi- ried. 
 
 sedo 1. to quiet. tude. sive — sive, conj. wheth- 
 
 sedulo, adv. busily. servo 1. fo preserve. er — or, either — or, 
 
 seges, etis,/ crop. servus, i, m. slave. soccus, i, m. sock, shoe. 
 
 semen, Inis, n. seed. seu, conj. see sive. socer, eri, m. father-in- 
 seniper, adv. alivays. se Veritas, atis,/ sever- law. 
 
 sempiternus 3. ever-dur- ity. societas, atis, / union, 
 
 ing, eternal. si, conj. if, if also. league, alliance, as- 
 
 eenator, oris, m. seimtor. sic, adv. so, thus. sociaiion. 
 
 senatus, us, m. senate, sica, ae,/ dagger. socius, i, m. ally. 
 
 senectus, utis, / age, sicanus, i, m. assassin. Socrates, is, m. Socra- 
 
 old age. siccine, adv. is it so ? tes. 
 senex, senis, oW;subst. sicco 1. to dry. socrus, us,/ mother-in- 
 old man. Sicilla, ae,/ Sicily. law. [ion. 
 senilis, e, belonging to signum, i, n. sign. sodalis, is, m. compan- 
 
 old age; aetas seni- silentinm, i, n. silence, sol, solis, m. sun. 
 
 lis,/ old age. siler, -eris, n. willow. solatium, i, n. solace. 
 sensus, us, m. sense, sWva, an, f. a wood. solea, ae, / sole; so- 
 feeling, simllis, €, like. 16a equi, horseshoe. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 355 
 
 soleo, solitus sum 2. 
 1o he wont 
 
 solitudo, inis,/. solitude. 
 
 sellers, tis, dextrous, 
 skilful. 
 
 solliclto 1. to disquiet. 
 
 soUicitudo, Inis, /. soli- 
 citude, anxiety. 
 
 sollicitiis 3. anxious. 
 
 solum, i, n. ground. 
 
 solus 3. alone. 
 
 solutus 3. unbound. 
 
 solvo, vi, utum 3. to 
 loose,free. 
 
 somnio 1. to dream. 
 
 somnium, i, n. dream. 
 
 somniis, i, m. sleep. 
 
 sonltus, us, m. sound. 
 
 sono, ui, itum 1. to 
 sound. 
 
 sonus, i, m. tone. 
 
 sophista, ae, m. sophist. 
 
 Sophocles, is, m. Sopho- 
 cles. 
 
 sordid us 3. mean. 
 
 sorex, icis, m. a Jkld- 
 mouse. 
 
 sorix, icis, 771. an owl. 
 
 soror, oris,/ sister. 
 
 sors, tis,/. lot. 
 
 sospes, Itis, safe, sound. 
 
 spargo, rsi, rsum 3. to 
 strow, scatter, spread. 
 
 spatium, i, n. space, 
 length of time. 
 
 species, eA,f.form. 
 
 speciosus 3. striking, 
 beautiful. [tator. 
 
 spectator, oris, m. spec- 
 
 specto 1. c. ace. to look 
 at, belvold, have some- 
 thing in view. 
 
 spec us, us, m. cave. 
 
 sperno, sprevi, spretum 
 3. to spurn, 
 
 spero 1. to hope. 
 
 spes, ei,/ hope. \lei. 
 
 spiuther, eris, n. brace- 
 
 spiritus, us, m. breath. 
 
 splen, enis, m. the spleen. 
 
 splendeo, ui 2. to shine. 
 
 splendid us 3. splendid. 
 
 splendor, oris, ?n. mag- 
 nificence, splendor. 
 
 spolio 1. to deprive, rob. 
 
 spondeo, spopondi, 
 sponsum 2. to be re- 
 sponsible for. 
 
 spurius 3. spurious. 
 
 stabilis, e, stable, firm. 
 
 stabilitas, atis,/. stabil- 
 ity. 
 
 statim, adv. immediately. 
 
 statio, onis, station. 
 
 statiia, ae,y! statue. 
 
 status, us, m. posture. 
 
 Stella, ae,/. star. 
 
 stercus, oris, n. dung. 
 
 stimulo 1. to goad. 
 
 stipendium, i, n. pay. 
 
 stirps, pis, / stem, ori- 
 gin. 
 
 sto, steti, statum 1. to 
 stand, be gained by, 
 cost. 
 
 strenue, adv. vigorously. 
 
 strideo di, 2. to whistle. 
 
 stringo, inxi, ictum 3. 
 tograze,draw{s\No\'A). 
 
 strix, igis,/ horned owl. 
 
 studeo, ui 2. to strive, 
 exert one's self, en- 
 deavor ; c. dat. to oc- 
 cupy one's self zea- 
 lously toith, favour 
 some one. 
 
 studiose, adv. zealously, 
 
 studiosus 3. c. gen. de- 
 voted to ; stud, esse 
 c. gen. to occupy one's 
 self zealously with, 
 to apply one's self to 
 something. 
 
 studlum i, n. effort, zeal, 
 study. 
 
 stuliitia, ae,f folly. 
 
 stultus S. foolish, silly. 
 
 suavis, e, lovely, agreea- 
 ble. 
 
 suavitas, atis, / sweet- 
 ness, loveliness of 
 character. 
 
 suaviter, adv. sweetly j 
 agreeably. 
 
 suber, eris, n. cork tree. 
 
 subigo, egi, actum 3. to 
 work; subjugate. 
 
 subitus 3. suddenly. 
 
 subjicio, jeci, jectum 3. 
 to subject. 
 
 subrideo, risi, risum 2. 
 to smile. 
 
 subsequor, secutus sum 
 
 3. to follow. 
 substerno, stravi, stra- 
 tum 3. to spread un- 
 der. 
 
 subterfugio, ugi, ugi- 
 
 tura 3. to escape. 
 subvenio, veni, ventum 
 
 4. to come to help. 
 succedo, essi, essum 3. 
 
 to succeed. 
 
 succenseo, ui, 2. to be 
 enraged. 
 
 succumbo, cubui, cubi- 
 tum 3., to sink under. 
 
 succurro, cursi, cursura 
 3. c. dat. to aid, as- 
 sist. 
 
 sudo 1. to sweat. 
 
 sudor, oris, m. sweat. 
 
 sugo, xi, ctum, 3. to 
 suck. 
 
 em, p7'on. of him, [her^ 
 it) self. 
 
 Sulla, ae, m. SvlUt. 
 
 sum, fui, esse, to he, he 
 peculiar, belong, per- 
 tain to ; c. gen. or 
 dat. to possess ; cum 
 dupl. dat. to tend tOy 
 serve for somethings 
 some one. 
 
356 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 summa, ae,/. sum. Syracusae, arum./. Sy- tego, xi, ctum 3. to 
 
 Bummus 3. greatest, racuse. cover. [ering, 
 
 highest. Syius, i, m. a Syrian, tegumentum, i, n. cov- 
 
 surnma aqua, surface of teluni, i, n. arrow, dart, 
 
 the water. T. temere, adv. rashly^ 
 
 sumo, mpsi, mptum 3. Tabula, ae, /. board, without reason. 
 
 to take. [sew. table. temeritas, atis, /. rash- 
 
 suo, sui, sutum 3. to taceo, 2. to be silent. ness, hastiness. 
 
 supellex, ectrlis, f.fur- tacitus 3. silent. temperantia, ae, / tem- 
 
 niture, utensils. taedet me alicujus rei, peranrx. 
 
 su^erhus S. proud, mag- it excites disgust in tempero 1. to modercUe ; 
 
 nifcent. me at something. non temp, mihi quin, 
 
 superior, us, higher ; talentum, i, n. talent 1 cannot refrain from. 
 
 subst. conquerer. (sum of money). tempestas, atis,/. time; 
 
 supero 1. to overcome, talis, e, of such sort, 2) weather, storm. 
 
 surpass. character ; such. templum, i, n. temple. 
 
 superstes, itis, c. dat. tam, so; tam — quam, tempus, oris, n. tim£; 
 
 surviving. so — as. tempore, at the right 
 
 Buperstitio, onis, /. su- tamdiu, adv. so long. time. 
 
 perstition. tamen, conj. yet, stiU. tenax, acis, c. gen. per- 
 
 Buperus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames. severing, tenacious. 
 
 peri, the gods. tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum 
 
 suppedito 1. to furnish. then. and tentum 3. to ex- 
 
 supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tetigi, tactum 3. tend, distend ; ad ali- 
 suppliclum, i, n. pun- to touch ; tangi de quid, to strive qfier 
 
 ishm^nt. coelo, to be struck by something. 
 
 suppilco 1. c. dat. to lightning. tenebrae, arum,/. cfarA:- 
 
 entreat. tanquam, just as, as, as ness. 
 
 supra, adv. above. if, as though, as it teneo, nui, ntum 2. to 
 
 gupremus 3. last. were. hold, holdfast, occupy, 
 
 surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus i, m. Tanta- restrain. 
 
 tum 3. to arise. lus. tener, era, erum, tender. 
 
 sus, suis,/ sow, swine, tanto, (in comp.) so tento 1. to try. 
 suscipio, cepi, ceptum much the. tenuis, e, slender, smaU, 
 
 3. to undertake, re- tantop^re, adv. so great- slight. 
 
 ceive. ly. tergum, i, n. back. 
 
 Buscito 1. to arouse. tantum, only. terra, ae,/ earth, land. 
 
 BUspTcor 1. to suspect, tantus 3. so great. terreo 2. to frighten. 
 
 imagine. tardltas, atis, / slow- terrestris, e, earthly; 
 
 sustento 1. to support. ness. proelium terrestre, 
 
 sustineo, inui, entum 2. tardus 3. slow. landfight. 
 
 to sustain ; sust. par- Tareutum, i, n. Taren- terribtlis, e, terrible. 
 
 tes, to act a part. turn (a city). terror, oris, m. terror. 
 
 suus 3. his {her, its), his Tarquinlus, i, m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. tes- 
 
 own. quinius. lament, tvill. 
 
 symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii, orum, m. testis, is, c. witness. 
 
 edere, to eat at com- Tarquinii (a city). teter, tra, trum, fotd^ 
 
 mon expense. tectum, i, n. house, roof hideous. 
 
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 357 
 
 texo, xui, xtum 3. to totus 3. the whole. tundo, tutudi, tunsum 
 
 weave, braid. tractatlo, onis, /. hand- 3. to heat, stun. 
 
 Thebanus, i, j/i. a The- ling, pursuit. tunica, ae, /. under- 
 
 ban. tracto 1. to handle, pur- garment. 
 
 Themistocles, is, m. su£, perjorm. turba, ae,/. crowd. 
 
 Themistocles. trado, didi, ditum 3. to turbo 1. to cause confur 
 
 Theophrastus, i, m. deliver over, give, sur- sion, disturb. 
 
 Theophrastus. render, relate. turgidus 3. swollen. 
 
 Thracia, ae,/. Thrace, tradux, ucis, m. a vine turpis, e, disgraceful^ 
 Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. branch, vine-layer. base. 
 
 tibia, ae, / shin-hone, tragoedfa, ae,/ tragedy, turpitude, Tnis,/. base- 
 pipe, Jlute. traho, traxi, tractum 3. ness. 
 
 Tigris, is,/ Tigris. to draw. turris, is,/ tower. 
 
 tiiiieo, ui 2. to fear. transeo, li, Itum, ire, to turtur, iiris, m. turtle 
 
 timiditas, atis,/ /mM^i- pass by, pass over. dove. 
 
 ty. transfigo, xi, xum 3. to tussis, is,/ cough. 
 
 titnidus 3. timid. transfix, stab. tutus 3. safe. 
 
 tittior, oris, m.fear. transgredior, gressus tuus 3. thy, thine. 
 
 Timotheus, i, m. Timo- sum 3. to pass over, tyrannus i, m. tyrant. 
 
 theus. transigo, egi, actum 3. Tyrlus, i, m. Tyrian. 
 
 tingo, nxi, nctum 3. to to bring about, tran- 
 
 color. sact. U. 
 
 toleranter, adv. pati- transllio, silui, sultum Uber, uberis, abound- 
 
 ently. 4. to leap over. ing in, rich. 
 
 tolero 1. to endure. Trasimenus, i, m. Tra- uber, eris, n. udder. 
 
 tollo, sustuli, sublatum, simenus (a lake). ubertas, atis,/ richness^ 
 
 3. to raise up, bear trenio, ui 3. to tremble. copiousness. 
 
 away. tribuo, ui, utum 3. to uh'i, adv. where ; 2) con/, 
 
 tondeo, totondi, tonsum distribute, give, im- as soon as, when. 
 
 2. to shear. putt. [pc^ny. ubicunque, wherever ; 
 
 tonitru, u, n. thunder. tribus, us,/ tribe, com- ubicunque gentium 
 tono, ui 1. to thunde?'. tridens, tis, m. trident. where in all the world, 
 
 tonsor, oris, tn. barber. triennTum, i, n. the space ubinam, adv. where then. 
 
 tonstricula, ae, / afe- of three years. Ubius, i, n. a Ubian. 
 
 mole barber. tristis, e, sad, lowering, ubivis, adv. where you 
 
 tormentum, i, n. torture, triticeus 3. of wheat. will. 
 
 torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- tropaeum, i, n. trophy, ulciscor, ultus sum 3. c. 
 
 pid, inactive. tu, pron. thou. ace. to take revenge 
 
 torqueo, torsi, tortum tuber, eris, n. hump. upon some one. 
 
 2. to torment, torture, tueor, tultus sura 2. to ullus 3. any one. 
 
 torquis, is, m. neck- behold, keep, protect, ulmus, i,/ elm. 
 
 chain. defend. umbra, ae,/ shade. 
 
 torrens, tis, m. torrent, turn, adv. thereupon, una, adv. at the same 
 torreo, torriii, tostum 2. then ; at that time. time, together. 
 
 to dry, roast. tumfio, ui, 2. to swell, unda, ae,/ wave. 
 
 tortus 3. twisted. tumultus, us, m, tumult, unde, adv. whence. 
 
 tot, so many. tunc, adv. at that time, undique, adv. from all 
 
 totidem, just so many. then, there. sides. 
 
358 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 
 
 ungo, (unguo), nxi, valetudo, inis, /. health, verbero 1. to heat. 
 
 nctum 3. to anoint. valldus 3. strong. verbum, i, n. word. 
 
 unguis, \s, m. nail, claw, vaiinus, i,/. corn-fan. verecimdia, ae, /. res- 
 universus 3. whok. varius 3. various. pect. 
 
 unqiiam, adv. ever. varix, icis, m. swollen vereor, veritus sum 2. 
 
 unus 3. one ; only, alone. vein. to reverence, have res- 
 
 unusquisque, uuaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa, pect for, to fear. 
 
 que, unumquidque drum, n.) vessel, vase. Veritas, atis,/. truth. 
 
 end- unumquodque, vasto ]. to lay waste. vermis, is, m. worm. 
 
 each one {^S\, 7). wates, \s, prophet. vernus 3. vernal; ver- 
 
 urbanus 3. belonging to vectigal, alis, n. toll, nus dies, a spring 
 
 ike city, city-like. tax, income. day. 
 
 urbs, bis,/, city. vectis, is, m. lever, holt, vero, conj. hut; 2) adv. 
 
 urgeo, rsi, 2. to press, vehemens, tis, vehement. (as an answer) yes. 
 
 oppress. vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres. 
 
 ursus, i, m. a hear. inently, violently, versor 1. inc. abl. to be 
 
 usus, us, m. use. greatly. occupied in a thing. 
 
 ut, adv. as, even as. veho, vexi, vectum 3. versus, us, m. a verse. 
 
 ut, conj. that, in order to carry, bring, equo verto, rti, rsum 3. to 
 
 that, thai not, {§ }06); \eh\, to ride, he borne turn; v. in fugam, 
 
 as[HlO, 1. 2)]; ut off. to put to fight. 
 
 primurn, as soon as. vel, conj. or ; even ; vel verus 3. true. 
 uter, tra, trum, which of — vel, either — or. vervex, ecis, m. a weth" 
 
 the two. velox, ocis, swift. er. 
 
 uterque, utraque, u- vellum, i, n. sail. vescor (without perf!) 
 
 trumque, each (of the velut, adv. even as, as. 3. c. abl. to eat. 
 
 two), both. vena, ae,/. vein. vesper, eri and ens, m. 
 
 utilis, e, useful. venatio, 6ms, f. a hunt. evening ; vesperi, at 
 
 utilltas, atis, /. use, ad- venatus, iis, m. a hunt. evening. 
 
 vantage. venator, oris, m. hunter, vester, Ira, trum, your. 
 
 utinam, conj. with suhj. vendo, didi, ditum 3. vestio 4. to clothe, attire. 
 Othat. [to use. to sell. vestis, is,/, a garments, 
 
 utor, usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for cloth. 
 utrum, interrogative sale. Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu- 
 
 word [115, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere. vius. 
 
 uva, ae,/ grape. venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, itum 1. to for- 
 
 to come. bid. 
 
 V. venor 1. to hunt. vems, eris, old. 
 
 Vacca, ae,/ cow. ventus, i, m. wind. vetustas, atis,/ age. 
 
 vacillo 1. to rock, waver. Venus, eris,/ Venus, vetustus 3. old. 
 vae, alas! veuustas, atis,/ grace- vexo 1. to vex, annoy. 
 
 vagor 1. to wander. fulness. via, ae,/ way. 
 
 valde, adv. very much. vepres, is, m. thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller. 
 valeo 2. to he well; be hush, bramble. vicinus, i, m. neighbor. 
 
 sound, strong, able ; ver, veris, n. spring. victor, oris, victorious ; 
 
 valeat, valeant, adieu verber, eris, n. (com- subst. conqueror. 
 
 to something; 2) to monly plur. vtrbera,) \\ctor\a, ae,f. victoi-y. 
 
 avail. blows. victus, us, m.food. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 SS9 
 
 vid§o, vidi, visum 2. 
 
 to see ; pass, seem, 
 
 appear. 
 vigeo, ui 2. to be vigor- 
 ous. 
 vigil, Ills, ?n. watchman. 
 vigilantla, ae, f. tvatch- 
 
 fulness. 
 vigilla, ae, /. watch, 
 
 night-watch. 
 vigilu 1. to watch. 
 vigor, oris, m. power. 
 vincTo, nxi, nctum 4. to 
 
 bind, restrain. 
 vinco, vici, victum 3. 
 
 to conquer, vanquish, 
 
 overcome. 
 vineulutn, i, n. bond, 
 
 clmin. 
 vinea, a vine. 
 vinum, i. n. wine. 
 violo 1. to violate. 
 vir, viri, m. man. 
 vireo, ui 2. to flourish. 
 Virgilius, i, m. Virgil. 
 virgo, rnis,y. virgin. 
 viridis, e, green. 
 viritim, man hj man. 
 virtus, utis, /. virtue, 
 
 bravery. 
 
 virus, i, n. poison. 
 
 vis, [gen. and dat. want- 
 ing ; plur. vireSjium), 
 f. power, force, mul- 
 titude. 
 
 viscus, eris, n. (com- 
 monly \A\ir.) inwards. 
 
 visum, i, n. appearance. 
 
 Visurgis, is, m. the We- 
 ser. 
 
 vita, ae,/. life. 
 
 vitiositas, atis, /. vice, 
 vidousntss. 
 
 vitiosus 3. defective. 
 
 vitium, i, n. fault, vice. 
 
 vilo 1. to avoid. 
 
 vitulinus 3. of calf. 
 
 vitulus, i, m. calf. 
 
 vitupero 1. to censure. 
 
 vivo, vixi, victum 3. to 
 live. 
 
 vivus 3. living. 
 
 vix, adv scarcely. 
 
 voco 1. to call, invite. 
 
 volito 1. to fly, flutter. 
 
 volo 1. to fly. 
 
 volo, volui, velle, to 
 wish (would). 
 
 voliicris, is,/ bird. 
 
 voluntas, atis,/. urill. 
 
 voluptas, atis, /. pleas- 
 ure, sensuality. 
 
 volvo, vi, utum 3. to 
 roll. 
 
 voveo, vovi, votum 2. to 
 vow. 
 
 vox, vocis,/ voice. 
 
 Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan, 
 
 vulgaris, e, common, 
 
 vulgus, i. n. people, the 
 common people. 
 
 vulnero 1. to ivound. 
 
 vulnus, eris, n. wound. 
 
 vulpes, is,/ fox. 
 
 vultLir, uris, m. vulture. 
 
 vultus, us, m. expres- 
 sion, feature, counte- 
 nance. 
 
 Xenophon, ontis, m. 
 
 Xenophon. 
 Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes. 
 
 Zama, ae,/ Zama, 
 Zeno, onis, m. Zeno. 
 zingiber, eris, n. ginger. 
 
 II. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abate, mollire. 
 
 Ability, facultas, atis,/ 
 
 Able (to be), posse, qui- 
 re, valere ; not able. 
 nequire. 
 
 Abode, domicllium, i, n. 
 
 Abound, abundare. 
 
 Abounding in, locuples, 
 etis. 
 
 About, circiter. 
 
 Above, superus. 
 
 Abroad, peregre. 
 
 Absent, absens, tis. 
 
 Absent (to be), abesse. 
 
 Absolve, absolvere. 
 
 Abstain, abstinere. 
 
 Abundance, abundantia, 
 ae, / copia, ae,/; to 
 
 have abundare 
 
 c, abl. 
 
 Accompany, comitari. 
 
 Accomplished, eruditus 3. 
 
 Accounted (to be), exis- 
 
 timari, haberi. 
 Accustomed (to be), so- 
 
 lere, consuescere. 
 Acknowledge, confiteri, 
 
 fateri; f^^^Vi 
 
 profitiri. 
 Acorn, glans, dis,/ 
 Acquainted with, peritus 
 
 3. consultus 3. gna- 
 
 rus 3. c. gen. 
 Acquainted unth (to be), 
 
360 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 novisse [§ 77, 3)] ; Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martius, Ancus 
 
 thoroughly, per- pangere. Martins, i. m. 
 
 noscere. Agreeable, grains 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que. 
 
 Acquire, parare, compa- cundus 3. suavis, e. ^^d not, neqne (nee). 
 
 rare (sibi). Agricola, Agricola, ae, Anger, ira, ae,/. iracun- 
 
 Acre, jugerum, i, n. m. dia, ae,/. 
 
 Act, agere. Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3. 
 
 Actor, histrlo, onis, m. ae,/. Announce, annuntiare. 
 
 Acute, aeutus 3. subti- .^rrf, auxilium,i,n.prae- Annoy, vexare. 
 
 lis, e. sidinm, i, n. Announcement, oracu- 
 
 Adapted, accommoda- Aid, adjuvare c. ace. lum, i, n. 
 
 tus 3. c. dat. or ad c. . succurere c. dat. ; to Another (of several), a- 
 
 acc. lend aid, opitulari. llus, a, ud. 
 
 Add, addere. AlotS ! vae I Another, alienus 3. 
 
 Address, alloqni. Alcibiades, Alcibiades, Answer, respondere. 
 
 ./3//^er6aZ, Adherbal, alis, is, m. Antiochus, Antiochus^ 
 
 m. Alexander, Alexander, i, m. 
 
 w^c?mim&Ze,admirabilis,e. dri, m. Antiquity ( = ancient- 
 Admiration, admiratio, .^/exanrfria, Alexandria, ness), vetustas, aiis,/. 
 
 onis,/ ae,/ *6!n7;iZ, incus, ud is, / 
 
 Admire, admirari. All, ornnes, ia. Anxious (am), curae, 
 
 Admonish, monere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis, niihi est. 
 
 monere. / foedus, eris, w. Anxiotishf, anxie. 
 
 Admonition, adinonitio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3. 
 
 onis,/ um, m. Ape, siniia, ae,/ 
 
 Adopt, adsciscere. Allow, jubere. Apollo, Apollo, inis, m. 
 
 ^tforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius, i, m. Appear, apparere, vi- 
 
 comare. Almost, fere, ferme, pe- deri. 
 
 Advantage, lucrum, i, ne, prope. Appease, placare. 
 
 n. commodum, i, n. Aloe, a]oe, es, f. Applaud, ayplaud^re, c. 
 
 emolumentum, i, n. Alone, solus 3. unus 3. dat. 
 
 fructus, us, m. Alps, Alpes, ium,/ Apple, malum, i, n. 
 
 Adversity, res adversae. Already, jam. Apple-tree, nialus, i,/ 
 
 Advise, suadere. Also, etiam, quoque. Apply one's self to some- 
 
 Mduan, jiEduus, i, m. Although, quamvis. thing, incurabere in 
 
 Mmilius, iEmilius, i, m. Always, semper. or ad aliquid. 
 
 ^neas, iEneas, ae, m. w3mazon,Amazon,6nis/. Apprehend, vereri, me- 
 Affair, res, rei,/ Ambassador, \egktus^\,m. tuere. 
 
 .^^dct/, affectus 3. Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metU9,us, 
 
 Affirm, aio. rum,/ wi. . 
 
 Afford, praebere. Amiable, arr>abilrs, e. Approach, appropin- 
 
 Africa, Africa,/ Ample, amplus 3. quare, adventare. 
 
 Jlfler that, iwstquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Appi'oach, aditus, us,m. 
 
 ind. perf. ras, ae, m. Approbation, approba- 
 
 Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um. tio, onis,/ 
 
 sus. Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve, approbare, 
 
 Age, aetas, atis,/ [m. tus, eris, priscus 3. i)robare. 
 
 Agesilaus, Agesilaus, i, Anciently, antiqultus. Arch, fornix, icis, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. ~361 
 
 Archimedes, Archime- aliquo), interrogare, Await, opperiii. 
 
 des, is, m. rogare (aliquem). Axe, securis, is,f. 
 
 Ardea, Ardea, ae,/. Ass, asinns, i,m. Axle, axis, is, m: 
 
 Ardor, ardor, oris, m. Assassin, sicarlus, i, m. 
 Ariovistus, Ariovistus,i, Assaidt, oppugnare. B. 
 
 m. Assemble, convocare, ^«6?/Zon, Babylon, onis, 
 
 Arise, surgere, cooriri, congregare, conflu- f. [3. 
 
 exorlri. ere. B abylonia?i Jiahy\oni[ia 
 
 Aristides, Aristides, is, Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3. 
 
 m. Assent to, assentiri. Badge, insigne, is, n. 
 
 Aristotle, Aristoteles, is. Assiduously, assidfle. Bake, torrere. 
 
 m. Assign, tribuere. Band, agmeii, inis, n. 
 
 .^rms, arma, orum, w. ./355isf,juvare, adjuvare manus, uSjjT. 
 Army, exercitus, us, m. c. ace. succurreri, Banisher, expultrix, 
 Arpinum, Arpinum, i, auxiliaric.dat. icis,y. [ae,/! 
 
 n. Assyria, Assyria, ae,f. 5anA- (of a river), ripa. 
 
 Arpinum (of), subst. Ar- Athenian (a. and s.) Bargain (to make), pa- 
 
 pinas, atis, m. Atheniensis, is, m. cisci. 
 
 Artist, artifex, icis, m. Attach on£s self to some Bargain, pangere. 
 
 ^/. one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis, 
 
 Arrange (line of battle), aliquem. e, sordidus, a, urn. 
 
 aciem instruere. Attack, impetus, us, m. Basely, foede. 
 
 Arrival, adventus, us. Attack, aggredi, adorlri. Battle, pugna, ae J. 
 
 m. Attacking, oppiignatio, proelium, i, n. 
 Arrogance, arrogantia, onis, f. Be, esse ; in somt- 
 
 ae, /. Attain, assequi. thing, versari in ali- 
 
 Airow, sagitta, ae,/. Attains, Attains, i, m. qua re ; present, 
 
 AH, ars, tis, f. Attempt, conari, moliri, adesse, intere;^se ; 
 Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes, suscTpere. wanting, desse, 
 
 is, m. Attend to, attendere. deficere. 
 
 Artificer, artifex, icis, m. Attention to, cultus, us, Bear, portare, gestare, 
 
 and/I m. ferre; o^,repor- 
 
 As, ut, quuin, velut. Attentive, attentus 3. tare. 
 
 quomodo, quemad- Attentively, attente. Beard, barba, ae,/*. 
 
 modum, ac (atque). Atticus, Atticus, i, m. Beast, bestia, ae,/*. 
 As if, quasi, ac si, tan- Attic, Atticus 3. Beat, ferire. 
 
 quam. Augustus, Augustus, i, jBeaiffijf«/,pulcher,chra, 
 
 As often as, quoties. m. clirum. 
 
 As soon as, ubi, atque. Autumn, autumnus, i, Beauty, pulchritudo, 
 
 [§ no, 2)] m.^ lms,f. 
 
 As well — as (also), et — Avail, valere. Beautifully, pulchre. 
 
 et. Avarice, avaritia, ae,/*. Because, quia, quod, 
 
 Ascend, ascendere. Avaricious, avarus 3, c. quoniam. 
 
 Ascertain, experiri, res- gen. Become, fieri, evadere ; 
 
 ciscere, comperire. Avenge (one's self on it becomes, de- 
 
 Ashes, cinis, eris, m. one), ulcisci. cet ; it does not 
 
 Asia, Asia, ae,/*. Avert, avertere. become, dedecet. {k 
 
 Ask, quaerere [ex, ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare. 89, 2). 
 
 31 
 
362 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Becoming, decorus 3. 
 
 Before, ante, prius, an- 
 tea, antequam, prkis- 
 quam ; that, an- 
 tequam, priusqiiam. 
 
 Beget, gignere. 
 
 Begin, inclpere, ordiri, 
 exordiri. 
 
 Begun (to have), cepis- 
 se. 
 
 Beginning, initium, 
 principium, i, n. 
 
 Beggar, mendicus, i, m. 
 
 Behold, adsplcere, tueri, 
 spectare. 
 
 Belief, opinio, 6nis,y. 
 
 Believe, credere, putare. 
 
 Bellows, follis, is, m. 
 
 Belly, alvus, \,f. 
 
 Belong to some one, es- 
 se alicujus (§ 88, 7). 
 
 Bend, flectere. 
 
 Benefit, utilitas, atis, f. 
 
 Benefit, prodesse. 
 
 Beset, circumsedere. 
 
 Besides, porro. 
 
 Besiege, obsidere, cir- 
 cumsldere. 
 
 Besmear, oblinere. 
 
 Bestow, largiri, adhibe- 
 
 re, praestare ; 
 
 upon, collocare in c. 
 abl. 
 
 Betake one's self, se con- 
 
 ferre ; back, se 
 
 recipere. 
 
 Betraying, proditio, 
 onis,/. 
 
 Bid, jubere. 
 
 Bind, vincire. 
 
 Binding (to make), ad- 
 stringere. 
 
 Bird, axis, is,f. 
 
 Birds of passage, volu- 
 cres adventitiae. 
 
 Birthday, natalis, is, m. 
 
 Bite, mordere. 
 
 Bithynia, Bithyniajae^/". 
 
 Bitter, amarus, 3. acer- 
 
 bus 3. 
 Black, niger, gra, grum. 
 Blind, coecus 3. 
 Blockade, obsideo, onis, 
 
 / 
 
 Blood, sanguis, inis, m. 
 
 Bloody, atrox, ocis. 
 
 Bloom, jflorere. 
 
 Blooming, florens, tis. 
 
 Blows, verbera, n. 
 
 Boar, aper, pri,m ; 
 
 ivild, aper, pri, m. 
 
 Boat, linter, tris,/. 
 
 Body, corpus, oris, n. 
 
 Bodily powers, corporis 
 vires. 
 
 Boeotian (s.), Boeotus, i, 
 m. 
 
 Bold, audax, acis. 
 
 Boldness, audacia, ae,f. 
 
 Bolt, vectis, is, m. 
 
 Bone, OS, ossis, n. 
 
 Book, liber, bri, m., co- 
 dex, icis, m. 
 
 Booty, praeda, ae,f. 
 
 Border, finis, is, m. 
 
 Born (to be), nasci. 
 
 Born, natus 3. 
 
 Both — and, et — et. 
 
 Boiv, arcus, us, m. 
 
 Boy, puer, eri, m. 
 
 Bracelet, spinther, eris, 
 n. 
 
 Bramble, sentis, is, m. 
 vepres, is, m. 
 
 Brand, notare. 
 
 Brass, aes, aeris, n. 
 
 Brave, fortis, e. 
 
 Bravely, fortiter. 
 
 Bravery, fortitudo, inis, 
 J. virtus, utis,/. 
 
 Bread, pan is, is, m. 
 
 Break down (= over- 
 come), frangere. 
 
 Break down, rescindere ; 
 
 forth, erumpe- 
 
 re, cooriri ; in, 
 
 irrump6re ; 
 
 break out afresh, den- 
 
 uocrumpere; 
 
 through, perrumpere. 
 
 Breakfast, prandere. 
 
 Breast, pectus, oris, n. 
 
 Bridge, pons, tis, m. 
 
 Bright (= clear), sere- 
 nus 3. 
 
 Bring, ferre, arcessere ; 
 
 about, efficere ; 
 
 forward, affer- 
 
 re ; up, edu- 
 
 care. 
 
 Bring war upon some 
 one, bellum inferre, 
 alicui. 
 
 Britain, Britania, ae,/. 
 
 Broad, latus 3. 
 
 Brother, frater, tris, m. 
 
 Brutus, Brutus, i, m. 
 
 Build, aedificare. 
 
 Building, aedeficium, 
 i, n. 
 
 Bundle, fascis, is, m. 
 
 Burn, ardere, flagrare ; 
 
 up, deflagrare, 
 
 comburere. 
 
 Bushel, modius, i, m. 
 
 Busily, sedulo. 
 
 Business, negotium, i, n. 
 
 Business, it is the busi- 
 ness of some one, est, 
 alicujus. 
 
 Busy, sedulus 3. 
 
 But, autem, sed, at (^ 
 101. R.). 
 
 But if, sin. 
 
 Butter, butyrum, i, n. 
 
 Butterfiy, papilio, onis, 
 m. 
 
 Cabbage, crambe, es,/. 
 
 caulis, is, m. 
 Caesar, Caesar, aris, m. 
 Call, appellare, vocare, 
 
 nominare, dicere : 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 363 
 
 to mind, recoY- thing), curare with Choice, voluntas, atis,/. 
 
 dari c. ace. and gen. ; gerundive. Choose, ellgere, creare ; 
 
 together, con- Cautious, cautus 3. rather, raalle. 
 
 vocare. Cease, deslnere, desis- Christ, Christus, i, m. 
 
 Called (to be), vocari, tere. Church, ecclesia, ae, /. 
 
 nominari, appellari. Celebrate, celebrare. Chrysogonus, Chryso- 
 
 [^ 84. c)]. Censure, vituperatio, gonus, i, m. 
 
 Callisthenes, Callisthe- onis,/ Cicero, Cicero, onis, ?w. 
 
 nes, is, m. Censure, vituperare. Cimon, Cimo, onis, m. 
 
 Camel, camelus, i, m. Cerberus, Cerberus,i, rn. Cinna, Cinna, ae, m. 
 
 Camillus, Caniillus,i, m. Ceres, Ceres, eris,/. Circe, Circe, es,/. 
 
 Camp, castra, pi. Certain, certus 3. Circle, orbis, is, m. 
 
 Can, posse, quire. Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis 
 
 Cannot, nequire. m. terrarum. 
 
 Canal, canalis, is, m. Chain, vinculum, i, n. Circuit, circuitus, us,m. 
 
 Capital punishment, su^- Chain, vincire. Citadel, arx, cis,/. 
 
 plicium, i, n. Chalcis, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis, is, c. 
 
 CopiYo/, Capitolium, i,n. Chance, casus, us, m ; Citizenship, cixitas, atis, 
 Caprice, libido, inis,jr. by chance, fortuito. /. 
 
 arbitrium, i, n. Change, vicis, is,/. City, ui'bs, bis,/. 
 
 Caph'vc (to take),capere. Change, mutare. Civil, civilis, e. 
 
 Capture, expugnare. Character, mores, urn, Cm7ii?ar, bell nm civile. 
 
 Care, cura, ae,/. m. Class, classis, is,/. 
 
 Care, take care, curare, Charge one with some- Claw, unguis, is, wi. 
 
 cavere. thing, insimulare ali- Clear, liinpidus, 3. 
 
 Careful, diligens, tis. quern alicujus rei. Clear (not cloudy), se- 
 
 Carefully, diligenter. Charles, Carol us, i, m. renus, 3. 
 
 Carefulness, diligentia. Chatter, garrire. Cleomenes, Cleomenes, 
 
 ae,/ CAecA:, compesci. is, m. 
 
 Caria, Caria, ae,/ Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra, Cleopatra, 
 
 Carpenter, faber ligna- ectare. ae,/ 
 
 rius. CAee?/M^/?/, hilariter, se- Cliff, rupes, is,/. 
 
 Carrot, siser, eris, n. rene. Clitus, Clitus, i, m. 
 
 Carry, portare, ferre ; Cheese, caseus, i, m. Clodius, Clodius, i, m. 
 
 on, gerere ; — Cherish, fovere. Close, claudere. 
 
 over, trajicere ; Cherry, cerasum, i, n. Clothe, vestire. 
 
 forth, e&erre. Cherry-tree, cersisus,i,f. Cloud, nuhes, is, f. 
 
 Carthage, Carthago, Chicken, pullus, i, m. Club, fustis, is, m. 
 
 inis,/ Chick-pea, cicer, eris, Coalesce, coalescere. 
 
 Carthaginian, Cartha- n. Coelius, Coelius, i, m. 
 
 giniensis, is, m. Chief-city, caput, itis, n. Coin, procudere. 
 
 Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Childish, puerilis, e. Colchis, Colchis, idis,/. 
 
 Catch, capere, depren- Children (in reference Cold, frigidus, 3. 
 
 dere. to their parents), li- Cold (s.), frigus oris, n. 
 
 Catiline, Catilina, ae, m. beti, orum, m. ; Collect, colligere. 
 
 Cato, Cato, onis, m, (without such ref- Colony, colonia, ae, /. 
 
 Cause, causa, ae,/ erence), pueri. Color, color, oris, m. 
 
 Cause (to do some- m. Comb, pecten, inis, m. 
 
364 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 ComCj venire ; desire to 
 
 come, acclre ; 
 
 out, evadere, fugere, 
 
 effugere ; to, ad- 
 
 venire ; together, 
 
 convenire ; — — to 
 
 pass, fieri, incidere. 
 Command, imperare c. 
 
 dat. 
 Commence, aggredi, aus- 
 
 picari. 
 Commit, committere ; 
 
 to, committere. 
 
 Common, communis, e. 
 Companion, socius, i. m. 
 Compare, comparare, 
 
 conferre. 
 Compel, cogere. 
 Complain, queri; 
 
 of, acciisare. 
 Complain (= weep), 
 
 ejulare. 
 Comply with, ohsequi. 
 Composed, compositus, 
 
 3. 
 Composition, confectio, 
 
 onis,/. 
 Conceal, occultare, oc- 
 
 culare, celare c. 
 
 dupLacc. [§91.5.6)]. 
 Concealed, occultus 3. 
 Concede, concede re. 
 Concern, cura, ae,/! 
 Conclude (of a league), 
 
 icere. 
 Condemn, damnare, 
 
 condemnare ; to 
 
 death, capitis. 
 Condescending, submis- 
 
 sus 3. 
 Condition, conditio, 
 
 onis, /. 
 Conduce to something, 
 
 for some one, esse c. 
 
 dupl. dat. [§ 90. 4. 
 
 a)]. 
 Confer, conferre. 
 Confess, confiteri. 
 
 Confidence (to have), fi- 
 dem habere. 
 
 Confidently, audacter. 
 
 Confirm, confirmare. 
 
 Confiagration, incendi- 
 ura, i. n. 
 
 Confused, dissonus 3. 
 
 Confusion, confusio, 
 6nis,y. 
 
 Confusion (to throw in- 
 to), pertubare. 
 
 Connect, connectere. 
 
 Conqueror, victor, oris, 
 m. 
 
 Conscience, conscientia, 
 ae, f, ; a good con- 
 science, conscientia 
 recta. 
 
 Conscious, consclus 3. 
 
 Consciousness, consci- 
 entia, ae,y. 
 
 Consider, intueri, pervj- 
 dere, reputare. 
 
 Consider as, existimare, 
 habere, judTcare, ar- 
 bltrari, ducere c. 
 dupl. ace. [§ 89. 5. 
 a)]. 
 
 Consolation, solatium, 
 i, n. consolatio, onis, 
 
 / 
 
 Consort, uxor, oris,/! 
 Conspiracy, conjuratio, 
 
 6nis,y! [i, wi. 
 
 Conspirator, conjuratus. 
 Constitute, constituere. 
 Consul, consul, lilis, m. 
 Consult, consultare. 
 Consume, absumere, ex- 
 
 edere, comedere. 
 Contempt, contemptio, 
 
 onis,/. 
 Contend, certare, de- 
 
 certare. 
 Contented, contentus 3. 
 Continue, pergere. 
 Continuous, continuus 
 
 3. 
 
 Contracted, angustus 3. 
 
 Contrary (on the), con- 
 tra. 
 
 Conversation, sermo, 
 onis, m. 
 
 Convict, convincere. 
 
 Convince, persuadere c. 
 dat. 
 
 Corinth, Corinthus, i,/. 
 
 Corinthian, Corinthius 
 3. 
 
 Cork-tree, suber, eris, n. 
 
 Corn (a), granum, i, n. 
 
 Cornelius JVepos, Cor- 
 nelius (i)Nepos (otis), 
 m. 
 
 Corn-fan, vannus, i, /. 
 
 Corpse, cadaver, eris, n. 
 
 Correct, corrigere. 
 
 Correctly, recte. 
 
 Corrode, exedere. 
 
 Corrupt, corrumpere. 
 
 Cost, stare, constare. 
 
 Costly, pretiosus 3. 
 
 Cover, tegere ; up^ 
 
 obruere. 
 
 Covetous, avarus 3. 
 
 Cough, tussis, is, f. 
 
 Counsel, conslUum, i, n. 
 
 Countenance, 6s, oris, n. 
 vultus, us, m. 
 
 Country, terra, ae./. re- 
 gio, onis, /. rus, ru- 
 ris, n. ager, gri, m. 
 
 Countryman, rustlcus, 
 i, TO. 
 
 Courage, animus, i, m. 
 
 Courageously, aequo 
 animo. 
 
 Course, cursus, us, m. 
 
 Cow, vacca, ae,/ bos, 
 bovis,c. 
 
 Cowardice,\gn-dyia, ae,/. 
 
 Cowardly, ignavus 3. 
 
 Crassus, Crassus, i, m. 
 
 Creaky crepare. 
 
 Create, creare. 
 
 Creator, creator, oris, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 365 
 
 Crime, scelus, eris, n. 
 Croak, coaxare. 
 Croesus, Croesus, i. in. 
 Crop, messis, is, f. se- 
 
 ges, etis,/. 
 Croton, Croto, on is, m. 
 Crow, corvus, i, m. 
 Cruel, saevus 3. imma- 
 
 nis, e. 
 Cruelty, crudelitas, atis, 
 
 /. 
 Crush, contimdere. 
 Cry, clamare. 
 Cry (plaintive), querela, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Cucumber, cucun\is, 
 
 eris, m. 
 Cultivate, colere, exco- 
 
 lere. 
 Cultivation, culture, 
 
 cultus, us, m. 
 Cunning, astutia, ae, f. 
 Cup, calix, icis, m. 
 Curb, continere, com- 
 
 pescere, perdomare. 
 Cure, curatio, onis,/. 
 Cure, sanare c. ace; 
 
 mederi c. dat. 
 Curius, Curius, i, m. 
 Custom, mos, oris, m. 
 Customary, usitatus 3. 
 Cut off, resecare, dese- 
 
 care. 
 Cyrus, Cyrus, i, m. 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagger, sica, ae,/. 
 Daily, quotidie. 
 Dance, saltare. 
 Danger, periculum, \,n. 
 Dare, audere. 
 Darius, Darius, i, m. 
 Darkness, caligo, inis,/ 
 Dart, telum, i, n. 
 Datamas, Datamas, an- 
 
 tis, m. 
 Daughter, filia, ae,/. 
 Dawn, illucescere. 
 
 Day, dies, ei, m. ; by day, 
 
 interdiu. 
 Dead body, cadaver, 
 
 eris, n. 
 Dear, carus 3. ; to hold 
 
 dear, carum habere. 
 Death, mors, lis, /. 
 Decay, interire, occi- 
 
 dere. 
 Deceive, fallere, delu- 
 
 dere. 
 December, December, 
 
 bris, m. 
 Deaxase, decrescere. 
 Dedicate, dedicare. 
 Deed, factum, i, n. 
 Deep, altus 3. 
 Defend, defendere. 
 Delay, cunctari. 
 Deliberate, deliberare, 
 
 consultare. 
 Deliberately, consulto. 
 Delicate, tenuis, e. 
 Delight, oblectamen- 
 
 tum, i, n. 
 Delight, delectare, ob- 
 
 lectare, permulcere. 
 Delight (with), libenter. 
 Delightful, jucundus 3. 
 
 suavis, e. 
 Delightfully, suavlter. 
 Deliver from something, 
 
 liberare aliqua re, le- 
 
 vare c. abl ; up, 
 
 iradere. 
 Delphi, Delphi, orum, 
 
 m. 
 Demand, postulare, pos- 
 
 cere, deposcere ; 
 
 back, reposcere, 
 
 Demaratus, Demaratus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Demolish, evertere. 
 Demosthenes, Demos- 
 thenes, is, m. 
 Dense, densus 3. 
 Deny, negare. 
 Deplore, deplorare. 
 31* 
 
 Deprive, privare, spo- 
 
 liare c. abl. 
 Deride, deridere, irri- 
 
 dere. 
 Descend, descendere. 
 Descendant, proles, is,/. 
 Desert, deserere, relin- 
 
 quere. 
 Desert, meritum, i, n. 
 Deserve, mereri, dig- 
 
 num esse ; of 
 
 something, mereri de 
 
 aliqua re. 
 Designedly, consulto. 
 Desire, cupido, inis,/, 
 
 cupiditas, atis,/, ap- 
 
 petitns, us, m., ardor, 
 
 oris, m. ; unre- 
 strained, libido, inis,/ 
 Desire, concupiscere, 
 
 cupere. [pldus 3. 
 Desirous, avidus 3. cu- 
 Despair, desperare. 
 Despise, contemnere. 
 Destitute, inops, opis; 
 
 of, expers, rtis, 
 
 exsors, rtis, c. gen. 
 Destroy, delere, destru- 
 
 ere, dimere, evertere, 
 
 excidere. 
 Destruction, exitlum, i, 
 
 n. pernicies, ei,/ 
 Destructive, perniciosus 
 
 3. 
 Deled, detegere. 
 Deter, deterrere, abste- 
 
 rere. 
 Determine, constituere, 
 
 decernere. 
 Detraction, obtrectatio, 
 
 onis,/ 
 Deviate, deflectere. 
 Devote one^s self, se de- 
 
 dere. 
 Devour, devorare. 
 Dialect, dialectus, i,/ 
 Diamond, adamas, an- 
 
 tis, m. 
 
366 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Dtan«, Diana, ae,/. Dismiss, dimhtere. haurire ; forthf 
 
 Dictator, dictator, oris, Disparage, obtrectare ellcere ; together, 
 
 m. c. dat. contrahere. 
 
 Die, mori, obire. Dispel, discutere, ab- Dream, somnlum, i, n. 
 
 Dionysius, Dionysius i, stergere. Dress, vestire. 
 
 m. Disperse, dispergere. Drink, potus, us, m. 
 
 Different, diversus 3. Displease, displlcere. Drink, bibere. 
 Difficult, difficllis, e, Disprove, redarguere. Drive hack, propulsare. 
 
 gravis, e. arduus 3. Disputation, disputatio, Drive off, explodere. 
 Difficulty, difficultas, onis,^! Drunken, ebrius 3. 
 
 atis,/. Disquiet, exagitare. Duck, anas, atis,/. 
 
 Difficulty, ivith difficulty, Dissatisjied (to be) with Duty, oiSicrum, i, n. mu- 
 
 difficiliter. something, indignari nus eris, n. ; it is th£ 
 
 Diffuse, diffundere. c. ace. ; / am dissat- duty of some one, ali- 
 
 Dig, defodere ; out isjied ivith something, cujus est. 
 
 or up, efFodere, eru- poenitet me alicujus Dwell, habltare. 
 
 6re. rei. 
 
 Dignity, dignitas, atis, Dissent, dissentire. E. 
 
 / amplitudo, inis, /., Dissolve, dissolvere. Each, omnis, e, quisque. 
 
 gra vitas, atis,/. Dissuade, dissiiadere. Each of two, uterque, 
 
 Diligence, diligentla. Distaff, colus, i,/. utraqiie, utrumque. 
 
 ae,/. Distinction, discrimen, Eager, avidus 3. 
 
 Diligent, diligens, tis, inis, n. Eagerly, avide, cupide. 
 
 industrius 3. Distinguish, dijudlcare, Eagle, aquila, ae,/. 
 
 Diligently, diligenter. distingufire. Ear, auris, is,/. 
 
 Diminish, deminuere, Distribute, distribiiere, Early, maturus 3 ; too 
 
 comniinuere, minu- dispertire, dividere early, praematurus 3. 
 
 ere. c. dat. Early (adv.), mature. 
 
 Diphthong, diphthon- Distrust^ diftidere. Earth, terra, ae,/. tel- 
 
 gus, i./ Disturb, turbare, solli- lus,uris,/ humus, i/. 
 
 Disadvantage, incom- citare. Earthly, terrestris, e. 
 
 modum, i, n. dam- Disturbance, perturba- Earthquake,ten'a.e mo- 
 
 num, i, n. tio, onis,/. tus. 
 
 Disagreeable, injucun- Divine, divinus 3. Easily, facile. 
 
 dus 3. ingratus 3. in- Do, agere, faceye. Easy, facllis, e. 
 
 suavis, e. J^og, canis, is, c. East, orlens, ntis, m. 
 
 Discharge, fungi. Ddlar, thalerus, i, m. Eat, edere, vesci; 
 
 Discipline, disciplina, Domestic, domesticus3. down, depascere. 
 
 ae, /. Dominion, dominatio, iJc/jo, echo, us,/ 
 
 Discord, discordia, ae, onis, / imperium. Edifice, aedificlum, i, n. 
 
 / i, n. Effect, efFicere, creare. 
 
 Discover, prosplcere. Door, fores, pi./. Effectual, efFicax, acis. 
 
 Discourse, loqui. Doubt, dubltare. Effeminate, effemina- 
 
 Discourse, oratio, onis, Doubtful, dublus 3. an- tus 3. 
 
 / ceps, cipltis. Effort, studlum, i, n. 
 
 Disease, morbus, i, m. Dowry, dos, dotis,/ Either — or, aut — aut. 
 Dishonorable, inhones- Draught, potus, us, »n. vel — vel. 
 
 tus 3. Draw, trahere, ducere, Elbe, Albis, is, m. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 367 
 
 Eled^ eligere, deligere. 
 Elegant J eligans, tis. 
 Elegantly, eleganter. 
 Elephant, elephantus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Elicit, elicere. 
 Elm, ulmus, i,/. 
 Eloquence, eloquentla, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Eloquent, disertus 3. 
 Embrace, amplecti, 
 
 complecti. 
 Embr aider, Q.CU pingere. 
 Eminent (to be), eml- 
 
 nere. 
 Emit, evomere. 
 Emotion, perturbatio 
 
 onis,/. 
 Emperor, imperator, 6- 
 
 vis, m. 
 Emulate, aemiilari. 
 Encompass, cingere. 
 Encounter, proeljum, i, 
 
 n. 
 Encourage, hortari, ad- 
 
 hortari, cohortari. 
 End, finis, is, m. 
 End, finire. 
 Endeavor, studere. 
 Endowed, praedltus 3. 
 Endure, ferre, tolerare, 
 
 sustlnere, perferre ; 
 
 (= last), du- 
 
 rare. 
 Enemy, hostis, is, m. 
 
 inimicus, i, m,. 
 Enfeeble, hebltare, di- 
 
 liiere, elidere. 
 Enigma, aenigma, atis, 
 
 n. 
 Enjoy, frui, perfrui c. 
 
 abl. 
 Enjoyment, fructus, us, 
 
 m. 
 Enough, sat, satis. 
 Enraged, irritatus 3. 
 Enrich, augere. 
 Enter, intrare. 
 
 Enter upon, ingredi. 
 Enticement, illecebra, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Entreat, rogare, preca- 
 
 ri, petere (ab aliquo). 
 Entreaty (to obtain 
 
 by), exorare. 
 Envy, invidia, ae,/. 
 Epaminondas, Epami- 
 
 nondas, ae, m. 
 Ephesian, Ephesius, 3. 
 Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/. 
 Epicurus, Epicurus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Epirus, Epirus, i,/. 
 Equal, aequalis, e, par, 
 
 paris. 
 Equally, aeque. 
 Equanimity,a.equus an- 
 imus. 
 Ere, antequam, prius- 
 
 quam. 
 Erectheus, Erectheus, 
 
 ei, m. 
 Erect, aedificare, stm- 
 
 ere. 
 Err, errare. 
 Error, error, oris, m. 
 Escape, effugere c. ace. 
 Establish, cavere. 
 Estate, res familiaris. 
 Esteem,a.Qs\iu\kve (mag- 
 
 ni etc.), diligere. 
 Estimate, aestimare, 
 
 censere. 
 Eternal, aeternus 3. 
 
 sempiturnus 3. 
 Eternity, aeternltas, a- 
 
 tis,/. 
 Etruria, Etrurla, ae,/. 
 Eumenes, Eumenes, is, 
 
 m. 
 Eurystheus, Erystheus, 
 
 ei, m. 
 Europe, Europa, ae, /. 
 Evening, vesper, eri, 
 
 and eris, m. 
 Even if, etiam si. 
 
 Ever, unquam. 
 Every, omnis, e, (^ 94. 
 
 11). 
 
 Evidently, plane. 
 Evil, malus 3. 
 Evil (s.), malum. 
 Evil-doer, maleficus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Examine, exquirere. 
 Example, exemplum, i, 
 
 n. 
 Excel, excellere. 
 Excellence, praestantia, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Excellent, praestabilis, 
 
 e, eximlus 3. prae- 
 
 stans, tis. 
 Excite, excitare, excie- 
 
 re and excire. 
 Exercise, exercitatio, o- 
 
 nis,/. 
 Exercise, exercere. 
 Exert one^s self, con- 
 tendere, intendere. 
 Exertion, contentio, 6- 
 
 nis,/. labor, oris, m. 
 Exhaust, exhaurire ; 
 
 entirely, eneca- 
 
 re. 
 Exhilarate, exhilarare. 
 Exhort, hortari, adhor- 
 
 tari. 
 Exist, esse. 
 Expect, expectare. 
 Expel, exterminare, ab- 
 
 igere. 
 Experience, experien- 
 
 tia, ae,/. 
 Explain, expllcare, in- 
 
 terpretari. 
 Explore, explorare. 
 Expression, vultus, us, 
 
 m. 
 Extend, tendere. 
 Extirpate, exstirpare. 
 Extinct (to become), 
 
 extingui. 
 Extinguish, extinguere, 
 
368 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Extolj praedicare. Fear exceedingly, exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f. 
 
 Extracts (to make mesc6re. Flaxen, flavus 3. 
 
 from), excerpere. Fear (to put in), per- Flee, fugere c. ace. 
 ExuU,\aet\imexu\ta.re, terere. Fled, classis, is,/. 
 
 Eye, oculus, i, m. Feel, sentire. Fleeting, fluxus 3. 
 
 Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/. 
 F. Fell, caedere. Flight, fuga, ae,/. 
 
 Fabius, Fablus, i, m. Fencer, gladiator, oris. Flight (to put to), fu- 
 Fable, fabula, ae,/. m. gave. 
 
 Fabncins,F'dhncius, \,m. Fetter, compes, idis, /. Flock, grex, gis, m. ag- 
 Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/. men, inis, n. 
 
 Fail, def icere. Few, pauci, ae, a, pi. Flourish, virere. 
 
 Fair, pulcher, chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/ Flow together, conflu- 
 
 ehrum. Field, ager, gri, m. 6re. 
 
 Faithful, fidus 3. Field-mouse, sorex, icis, Flower, flos, floris, m. 
 
 Faithless, perf idus 3. m. Fluency of speech, fa- 
 
 Fall, labi ; (in war). Fierce, saevus 3. cundia, ae,/. 
 
 occidere ; down, Fiery, ignfius 3. Fly, musca, ae,/. 
 
 procumbere ; Fight, pugna, ae,/. Fly, volare. 
 
 to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, dimi- Follow, sequi, conse- 
 
 gere, obtingere ali- care, confligere, con- qui c. ace. 
 
 cui. gredi. Folly, stultitia, ae./ 
 
 False, falsus 3. Fill, implere, complere. Food, cibus, i, m. 
 
 Far, longe. refercire ; up, Fool, stultus, i, m. 
 
 Fate, fatium, i, n. for- explere, opplere. Foolish, stultus 3. in- 
 
 tuna, ae, / Finally, denlque. sipiens, ntis. 
 
 Father, pater, tris, m. Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m. 
 Father-in-law, socer, Find satisfaction in. Footman, soldier, ^edes, 
 
 eri, m. acquiegcere c. abl. or itis, m. 
 
 Fault, vitlum, i, n. pec- in c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), fa- 
 
 catum, i, n. cere c. abl. cere non possequin. 
 
 Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus, i, m. Forbid, vetare. 
 
 care. Finish, finire. Force, vis, vim,/ 
 
 Faustulus, Faustulus, i, Fire, ignis, is, m. Forehead, frons, ntis,/ 
 
 m. Firm (to make), confir- For how much ? (with 
 
 Favor, beneficium, i, n. mare. verbs of buying and 
 
 benefactum, i, n. Firmness, constantla, selling), quanti. 
 Favor (to do), gratiam ae,/ Foreign, alienigena, ae, 
 
 facere. First, at first, primum. m. alienus 3. 
 
 Favor, favere. Fish, piscis, is, m. Foresee, providere. 
 
 Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia, 
 
 re. Fitted, aptus 3. ido- ae,/ 
 
 Fear, metus, us, m. ti- neus 3. Forget, oblivisci c. gen. 
 
 raor, oris, m. pavor. Fitly, apte. or ace. [g^re. 
 
 oris, 7/z. i^/omf, flamma, ae,/ jPorm, conformare, fin- 
 
 Fear, timere, vereri. Flatter, adulari, blan- Former, pristinus 3 ; in 
 
 metuere, reformida- diri. [oris, m. former times, anti- 
 
 re. Flatterer, assentator, quitus. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 369 
 
 Formerly, quondam. G. Gordius, Gordius, i, m. 
 
 Forthwith, continuo. Gain, lucrum, i, n. Gorgias, Gorgias, ae, 
 Fortify, munire. quaestus, us, m. m. 
 
 Fortuitous, fortuitus 3. Garden, hortus, i, m. Govern, gubernare, mo- 
 
 Fortunate, hesitusS. fe- Garland, corona, ae,/. derari. 
 
 lix, icis, prosper, era. Garment, vestis, is,/. Governess, moderatrix, 
 
 erum. Gate, porta, ae,/ icis,/. 
 
 Fortunately, feliciter. Gaul, Gallus, i, m. Government, imperium, 
 
 Foi^tune, i'ortuna, ae,/. Gazelle, oryx, yg'is, m. \, n. 
 
 Fortune (gifts of), for- General, imperator. Governor, moderator, 
 
 tunae. oris, m., dux, cis, c. oris, m. rector, oris, 
 
 Foul, foedus 3. teter, Generally, plerumque. m. 
 
 tra, trum; (= Genius, genius, ii, m. Gram, frumentum, i,n. 
 
 filthy), sordidus 3. ingenium, i, n. Grammar, grammatica, 
 
 Foul deed, flagitium, i. Gentle, placidus 3. ae,/. 
 
 n. German, Germanus, i. Grand-son, nepos, otis, 
 Found, condere. m. m. 
 
 JPozmc?a^2ow,fundamen- Germany, Germania, Grand-daughter, nep- 
 
 tum, i, n. \m. ae,/. tis, is,/. 
 
 Founder, conditor, oris. Get one^s self ready. Grand-father, avus, i, 
 Fountain, fons, ntis, m. expedire. m. 
 
 Frail, fragllis, e. Giant, gigas, antis, m. Grape, uva, ae,/. 
 
 Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/ Ginger, zingiber, eris,n. Grappling-iron, harpa- 
 
 in^'eerfom, liber tas,atis./. Give, dare, tribiiere; go, onis, »«. 
 
 Freely, libere. attention, at- Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/. 
 
 Freeze, frigere, algere. tendere ; one^s Great, magnus 3 ; 
 
 Frenchman, Francogal- self up to, indulgere very, ingens, ntis. 
 
 lus, i, m. c. dat. ; way. Greatly, valde, vehe- 
 
 Frequent, frequentare. cedere. menter, admodum. 
 
 Frequented, celeber, Glide away, dilabi, ela- Greatness, magnitude, 
 
 bris, bre. bi. inis,/ 
 
 Friend, amicus, i, m. Glory, glorlari. Greece, Graecia, ae,/I 
 
 Friendship, amicitia, ae. Go, ire, pergere ; Greedy, avidus 3. 
 
 / around, circumire ; Greedily, avlde. 
 Frighten, terrere, per- 6acA;, recedere ; Gree^ (s.), Graecus, i,m, 
 
 terrere. forth, exire ; Greek, Graecus 3. 
 
 Frightful, horibllis, e. out, excedere ; Green, virldis, e. 
 
 atrox, ocis. to, accedere ; Green (to be), virere. 
 
 Frog, rana, ae,/ away, abire. Grief, moeror, oris, m. 
 
 Fruit, fructus, us, m. Goad, stimulus, i, m. luctus, us, m. 
 
 Fruitful, ferax, acis c. God, deus, i, m. Grieve, dolere. 
 
 gen. Gold, aurum, i, n. Grotto, specus, us, m. 
 
 Fulfil, explere. Golden, aureus 3. Ground, solum, i, n. 
 
 Full, plenus 3. Good, bonus 3. Grow, crescere ; 
 
 Full (to be), scatere. Good (s.), bonum, i, n. old, consenescere. 
 
 Fulvia,Yu\\'m,SLQ,f. Goodness, honitas, atis. Guard, custodire ; he 
 Furniture, suppellex, /. ' on one's guard, ca- 
 
 ectilis,/. Goose, anser, eris, m. vere. 
 
370' ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Guide, regere. He, she, it, is, ea, id. Homer, Homerus, i, m. 
 
 Guilt, culpa, ae,J'. Head, caput, Itis, n. Honor, honos, oris, m. 
 GymnastiCjgymnicus 3. Health, valitudo, inis, jT. decus, oris, n. 
 
 Hear, an dire. Honor, honorare, co- 
 
 ll. Heart, cor, cordis, n., lere. 
 
 Hadrian, Hadrianus, i, animus, i, m. Honorable, honestus 3. 
 
 m. Heat, calor, oris, m. honoriftciis 3. 
 
 Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n. Hope, spes, ei,/. 
 
 pillus, i, m. Heavenly, coelestis, e. Hope, sperare. 
 
 Hah-y, pilosiis 3. Heavy, gravis, e. Horace, Horatius, i, m. 
 
 Half, dimidium, i, n. Hedge around, sepire. Horn, cornu, us, n. 
 Halicarnassus,lia\\car- Height, altitudo, inis,jr. Horse, equus, i, m. 
 
 nassus, i,f. Heir, haeres, edis, c. Horseman, eques, itis, 
 
 Hand, manus, us,/*. Helmet,. ca^^\s, idis,/". m. 
 Hand in hand, manum Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis, e. 
 
 conserfire cum ali- f. Hour, hora, ae,f. 
 
 quo. Hen, gallina, ae, /. House, domus, us, /. 
 
 Hannibal, Hannibal, Hence, hinc. aedes, is,y. 
 
 alis, m. Hephaeston, Hephaes- How, qui. 
 
 Happen, acddere, even- tlo, onis, m. How long, quamdiu. 
 
 ire, cadere ; it hap- Herb, herba, ae, f. How many ? quot ? 
 
 J9ens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules, is. How much? quantum? 
 
 git. m. Hoiv often ? quoiles ? 
 
 Happily, feliciter. Jferrf, grex, gis, m. However much, quam- 
 
 Happy, felix, ic\9,hea.- Hesitate, duhltavec. inf. vis. 
 
 tus 3. Hew, exasciare. Human, humanus 3. 
 
 Hard, durus 3. High, altus 3. ; very Humanity, humanitas. 
 
 Hardship, aerumna, ae, A/g-^, praealtus 3. aX\s,f. 
 
 f Highest, summus 3. Humble, humllis, e. 
 
 Hare, lepus, oris, m. Hill, collis, is, m. Hump, tuber, eris, n. 
 
 Harrow, occare. Himself, of himself, sui. Hunger, fames, is,jr. 
 
 Hasten, accellerare ; etc. Hunger, esurire. 
 
 up, advolare. Hindrance, impedi- Hunt, venari. 
 
 Hastily, propere, prae- mentum, i, n. Hunter, venator, oris, m. 
 
 propere. Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter'' s-net, cassis, is 
 
 Hatch, excludere. stare, impedimento (commonly j?/wr.), m. 
 
 Hate, odisse, [k 77. 3). esse. Hurt, laedere. 
 
 Hated greatly, perosus Hipparchus, Hippar- Husbandman, agricola, 
 
 3. chus, i, m. ae, m., rusticus, i, wi. 
 
 Hating greatly, pero- His, her, its, suus, ejus. Hut, casa, ae,f 
 
 sus 3. (§ 94. 3—5). 
 
 Hatred, odium, i, n. Hiss off, exsibilare. I. 
 
 Have, habere, esse (§ History, historta, ae,f I, ego. 
 
 90. 3), in, te- Hoarseness, ravis, is,y. Ice, glacies, ei,jf. 
 
 nere ; in use. Hold, tenere, obtmere ; Ides, Idus, ium,jf. 
 
 uti c. abl. ; one^s back, retlnere. Idle, otiosus 3. 
 
 self, sese habere. Home (at), domi. (§ 92. If, si. 
 Haven, ponus, us, m. R.). Ifnot,nm. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 371 
 
 If alsOf etsi, tametsi, Increase, augere, ac- Intelligent, prudens, tis. 
 
 etiamsi. crescere. Intercourse, consuetu- 
 
 i^no6/e, illiberalis, e, in- Incredihle,\ncredihl\l8,e. do, inis,/". 
 
 honestus 3. Incumbent on some one Interest, one is interest- 
 
 Ignominy, ignomima, (to be), esse aliciijus. ed in, interest, refert. 
 
 a.e,f. • •• • Indeed, quidem (stands (§88.10). ^, 
 
 Ignorance, ignorantia, after the word to Ijitermix, admiscere. , 
 
 ae,y. which it refers). Invent, invenire, re- 
 
 Ignorant, ignarus 3. Indicate, indicare. perire. 
 
 Ignorant (to be), igno- Indignant (to be), in- Inventress, inventrix, 
 
 rare, nesrire. dignari. icis,y. 
 
 //Z (adv.), male. Indolence, ignavla, ^e. Investigator, mdrngiiXYW. 
 
 Ill disposed, malevolus f. pigritia, ae,/". in- icis,/! 
 
 3. ertia, ae, f. segni- Invincible, invictus 3. 
 
 Illuminate, collustrare. ties, ei,y. Invite, invitare. 
 
 Image, imago, Inis,/*. Indolent, piger, gra, lo, lo, us,/. 
 Imitate, imitari c. ace. grum, tardus 3. ig- Irascible, iracundus 3. 
 
 (§ 89. 2). [y. navus 3. Irascibility, iracundia, 
 
 Imitation,\\mt2itlo,bms, Indulgent to [to hG),\n- ae,/. 
 Immature, imm^tnru^^. dulgerec.dat. [/. /reZawc?, Hi berma, ae,/. 
 Immediately, extemplo. Industry, industri'a, ae, Iron, ferrum, i, n. 
 
 statim, protinus. Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3. 
 
 Immense, ingens, ntis. cendere. Irruption (to make), ir- 
 
 Immodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere. rumpere. 
 
 ae,/. Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is it possible that ? num 
 
 /wmorZ«Z, imraortalis, e. Injure, nocere, obesse. [§ 115. 3. b. (c)]. 
 Immortality, immortal- Injurious, noxlus 3. Isocrates, Isocrates, is, 
 
 itas, atis,/. perniciosus 3. dam- m. 
 
 Impious, impius 3. nosus 3. Issus, Issus, i,/. 
 
 Implant, igignere. ^wjwn/, injuria, ae, /. It is the part of some 
 
 Import, importare. ofFensio, onis,/. one, est alicujus. 
 
 Impress, inipremere. Inmost, intimus 3. Italy, Italia, ae,/. 
 
 Improve, emendare. Innocence, innocentia, Ivory, of ivory, ebur- 
 Impunify, impunitas, ae,/. n€u»;;3. 
 
 atis,/. Insolence, temeritas, , : v^^ 
 
 Impute, dare, ducere, atis,/. ' .J. 
 
 vertere c. dupl. dat. Innumerable, innumer- Jest, lepor, oris, m. 
 In like manner — as, ae- abllis, e. Join together, conjun- 
 
 que — atque(ac). Inquiry, quaestio, onis, gere. """"'■•'-v.^^ 
 
 Inborn, insitus 3. /. disputatio,6nis,/. Joint, aiticulus, i, m."'^ 
 
 Incite, incitare. Instruct, erudire, infor- Journey, iter, itineris, n. 
 
 Include, contTnere. mare, edocere. Journey, proficisci. 
 
 /wcoMf", vectigal, alis,n. Instruction, institutio, J<w/, laetitia, ae,/. 
 Inconsideratencss, te- onis,/. Joyfidorjoyous,\aetus3. 
 
 meritas, atis,/. • Instructress, magistra, /ttrfg^, judex, icis, »i. 
 Inconsiderately, temere. ae,/*. Judge, judicare, existi- 
 
 Inconstancy, inconstan- Intellect, mens, tis, f. mare, sentire. 
 
 tia, ae,/. ingenium. Judgment,'}udiCium,\,n. 
 
372 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Jnguriha, Jugurtha, ae, 
 
 m. 
 Julia, Julia, ae,f. 
 Julius Caesar, Julius, i, 
 
 Caesar, aris, m. 
 June, Junius, i, m. 
 Junius, Junius, i, m. 
 
 navare alicui rei, o- Length (of time), lon- 
 peram collicare in ginquttas, atis, f. 
 aliqua re. Less (adv.), minus. 
 
 Labor, laborare, elabo- Letter (epistle), epistola, 
 rare. ae,y. litterae, arum,/". 
 
 Lacedemon, Lacedae- Letter ^6f ' the alpha- 
 mon, 6nis,y. bet), littera, ae,/. 
 
 Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, Lacedemonian, Lace- Level, adaequare. 
 
 m. daemonius, i, m. Liar, rnendax, acis. 
 
 Just, Justus 3. Lake, lacus, us, m. Liberal, ingeniius 3. 
 
 Just as, ut, sicut Lament, lugere. Licentious, petulans,tis. 
 
 Just so many, totldem. Land, by land and by Licentiousness, petulan- 
 Just so much, adv. (with sea, terra marlque. tia, ae, jf. 
 
 verbs of valuing, es- Language, lingua, ae. Lie, situm esse ; 
 
 teeming, buying, sell- f. oratio, 6nis,y. by, adjacere. 
 
 ing), tantidem. Lark, alauda, ae,/. Lie (to state a false- 
 
 Last, extremus .3. 
 Lasting, diuturnus 3. 
 Later, posterior. 
 Latin, Latinus 3. 
 Latium, Latium, i, n. 
 
 K 
 
 Keep, servare. 
 Keep from, arcere. 
 Key, clavis, is,/. 
 Kill, occidere, exani- 
 mare, necare : 
 
 hood), menth-i. 
 Lije, vita, ae,/. 
 lAght, lux, lucis,y. 
 Lightning, fulgur, uris, 
 
 n. fulmen, Inis, n. 
 
 Laudable, laudablhs, e. Like, similis, e. 
 Laugh, ridere. Limb, membrum, i, n. 
 
 Laugh, risus, us, m. artus, us, m. 
 
 Law, lex, gis,f. Line (of battle), acies, 
 
 Lawgiver, legislator, 6- ei,/. ; to arrange in a 
 ris, m. line, aciem instruere. 
 
 outright, enecare. 
 Kind, genus, eris, n. 
 Kind, benignus 3. 
 Kindly, benevole. 
 Kindness, beneficium, i. Lay before, proponere ; Liofi, leo, onis, m. 
 
 n. bene factum, i, n. 
 King, rex, regis, m. 
 Kingdom, regnum, i, n. 
 Knee, genu, us, n. 
 Knot, nodus, i, m. 
 
 open, apenre, Listen to, exaudire. 
 waste, devasta- Literature,Viterae,a.rum, 
 
 Know, scire 
 
 ■per- 
 
 fectly well, non ig- 
 nare, non esse nes- 
 
 re, popular i. 
 Lead, plumbum, i, n. 
 Lead, ducere ; 
 
 back, rediicere ; 
 
 out, educeie. 
 
 /• 
 
 Little, exiguus 3; very 
 little, perexigiius 3. 
 
 Little (adv.), paullulum. 
 
 Little (to esteem), par- 
 vi aestlmare. 
 
 Live, vivere, ver^ari. 
 
 Leader, dux, cis, m. 
 cius ; not to know, ig- Leafy, frondosus 3. 
 
 n6rare,j3k(eseire. League, foedus, eris, n. Lively, alacer, cris, ere. 
 
 tedge, peritia, ae. Leap, salire ?=: down iwer, jecur, jecinoriSjW. 
 
 f cognitio, onis,/. desilire ; over. Living being, animans, 
 
 Known, cognltus 3 ; — transilire. antis. 
 
 — U is known, con-- Learn, discere. Liivy, Livius, i, m. ^^ 
 
 Stat. Learned, doctus 3. Load, onus, eris, j^ 
 
 Leave behind, destitue- Loathe, I loathe some- 
 
 L. re, relinquere. ^hing, me taedet ali- 
 
 Labof, labor, oris, m. Leg, crus, unH^n. cujus rei. 
 
 Labor (to bestow on Legion, legio, onis,/. Lofty, excelsus 3. \m. 
 
 something), operam Leisure, o\\um, \, n. Z(0?7cre;', cunctator, oris, 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 373 
 
 Long, longus 3 ; of Magnesia, Magnesia,ae, Maturity, Maturitas, 
 
 long continuance, d\u- f. atis,/. 
 
 turnus 3. Magnificent, magnifi- Means, opes, um, /. 
 
 Longing, desiderium, i, cus 3., snperbiis3. facultates, um,/ 
 
 n. ^^ Make, facere, reddere ; Measure, consilium, i,n. 
 Look ouTjorsmiel'liSi^^^ good, praesta- Measure, metiri. 
 
 curare c. ace. curam re ; — — ivar upon. Meet (adv.), obvlam. 
 
 habere, c. gen. pros- inferre helium all- Membrane, membrana, 
 
 picSre, provide re, cui. ae,/. 
 
 consulere, c. dat. Malice, malitia, ae,/. Memory, memoria, ae,/. 
 Look upon intueri ; Malicious, malevolus 3. Metal, metallum, i, n. 
 
 into, inspicere. Man, homo, inis, m. Metellus, Metellus, i, m. 
 
 iroo5e, solvere. vir, viri, m. Mid-day, xneriAXeB, t,i,m. 
 
 Loquacious, loquax, Man hy man, viritim. Migrate, migrare. 
 
 acis, garrulus 3. Manage, administrare. Mild,m\i\s, e; to 
 
 Loquacity, garrulitas. Mane, juba, ae,/ become, mitescere. 
 
 atis,/. Manlius, Manlius, i, m. Milesian, Milesius, i, m. 
 
 Lose, perdere, emittere. Manner, modus, i, m. ; Milk, lac, ctis, n. 
 
 Loss, damnum, i, n. (with a moral Milo, Milo, onis, m. 
 
 Lot, sors, tis,/ reference), majoris, Miltiades, Miltiades, is. 
 
 Love, amor, oris, m. m. m. 
 
 caritas, atis,/ Many, multi, ornm'. Mind, animus, i, m.; 
 Love, amare, diligere ; very many, complu- (state of ), mens, 
 
 in return, reda- res, a and ia, plures, tis,/ 
 
 mare. a, gen. ium. Mindful, memor, oris. 
 
 Low, humilis, e., infer- Maple-tree, acer, eris, n, Minerva, Minerva, ae,/ 
 
 Us 3. Marble, marmor, oris, n. Misfortune, calamltas, 
 
 Low state (to be in), ja- Marathon, Maratho, atis,/ malum, i, n. 
 
 cere. onis, m. Mist, nebula, ae,/ 
 
 Lower regions, inferi, Marble, of marble, mar- Mistress, domina, ae,/ 
 
 orum, m. moreus 3. Misuse, abuti c. abl. 
 
 Lowery, tristis, e. Marcellus, Marcellus, i, Mithridates, Mithrida- 
 
 Ludlius, Lucilius, i, m. m. tes, is, m. 
 
 Luxuriously, luxuriose. March, iter, itineris. Mix, miscere. 
 Luxury, luxuria, ae,/ Mxrc/t, proficisci.iter fa- Moderately, modice. 
 Lycurgus, Lycur^us, i, cere. Moderation, moderatio, 
 
 m. * Marcus Agrippa, Mar- onis,/ without 
 
 Lydia, Lydia, ae,/ cus, i, Agrippa, ae, m. moderation,'mtemper- 
 
 Lying, mendax, acis. Margin, margo, inis, m. anter. 
 
 Lysander, Lysander, Marsh, pal us, udis,/ Modest, modestus 3., 
 
 dri, m. Marry (of the woman), pudlcus 3. 
 
 nubere c. dat. Modestly, modeste. 
 
 M. Massagete, Massagetes, Modesty, modesiia,ae,f. 
 
 Macedonia, Macedonia, ae, m. Molon, Molo, onis, mr^ 
 
 ae,/ Master, not of, im- Money, pecunia, ae,/ 
 
 Macedonian, Macedo, pos, otis, impotens. Month, mensis, is, m. 
 
 onis, 7rt. ntis. [/ Monument, monumen- 
 
 Magian, magus, i, m. Matter (glairs), res, r6i, turn, i, n. 
 32 
 
I 
 
 374 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Moon, luna, ae,/. JVeck-chain, torquis, is, JVot even, ne-quidem. 
 
 More, plures, a, gen. m. JVot only — hut also, non 
 
 lum. JVeed, indigere c. abl. ; modo (tantum) — sed 
 
 Mortal, mortalis, e. there is need of, opus etiam. 
 
 Most, plurimus 3. est. JVot yet, nondum. 
 
 Must (adv.), plurlme. JVeedy, inops, opis. ^i^ r i (iy ii ' ii ij_^ i;lM iiliilt - 
 Mother, mater, tris,/. JVeglect, negligere. JVotion, notio, onis,/. 
 
 Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, hinnire. J^ourish, nutrire, alere. 
 
 vere ; out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus, i, JVovember, November, 
 
 grare. m. bris, m. 
 
 Mound, ager, gri, m. JVeither (of two), neu- JVow, nunc, jam. 
 Mountain, mons, ntis, ter, tra, trum. JVow — now, modo — 
 
 m. JVeither — nor, nee (ne- modo. 
 
 Mov^e, mus, muris, m. que) — nee (neque). JVoxious, noxius, a, 
 Mow, metere. JVero, Nero, onis, m. urn. 
 
 Much, multus 3 ; for JVerve, nervus, i, m. JVuma PompUius, Nu- 
 
 much, (with verbs of JVever, nunquam. ma (ae) Pomilius (i), 
 
 buying and selling), JVevertheless, taraen. m. 
 
 magni (§ 88, 9). JVews, nuntius, i, m. JVumantia, Numantia, 
 
 Much (with verbs of A^ex<, proximus 3. ae,/. 
 
 valueing and es- JVicomedes, Nicomedes, JVumber, numerare. 
 
 teeming), magni. is, m. JVurse, fovere. 
 
 Multitude, multitude, J\ight, nox, noctis, /.; 
 
 inis,/. copia, ae,y. by night, noctu. O. 
 
 JWitnt^cen^jmunif reus 3. JVigUingcde, luscinia, O, O that! utinam c. 
 Murderer, interfector, ae,/. Subj. 
 
 oris, m. JVo (a.) nullus 3. nemo Obey, obedire, obsequi, 
 
 Must, debere. (inis) c. obtemperare parere. 
 
 JVo, see § 115, 5 ; no. Object, res, ei,/. 
 N. nay, rather, (in opp.). Oblivion, oblivto, onis, 
 
 JVame, nominare. immo (§ 1 15, 5). /. 
 
 JVapoleon, Napoleo, JVoble, praeclarus 3. Obscure, obscurus 3. 
 
 onis, m. JVoble (= noble born) Observe, observare. 
 
 JVarrative, narratio,6nis, ingenuus 3. Obtain, adipisci. 
 
 / JVobly, praeclare. Occasion, occasio, onis, 
 
 JVarrow pass, angustiae, JVobody, nemo (gen. /. 
 
 arum,/. and abl. not used). Occupy one's self zeal- 
 
 JVaiion, ivdtio, 6ms, f JVoctumal, nocturnus S. ously unth something, 
 JVatnral, naturalis, e. JVoise, fremitus us, m. studiosus esse alicu- 
 
 A^a^ire, natura, ae,/. jVb/a, Nola, ae,/ jus rei, studere ali- 
 
 JVavigate, navigare, JVo one, nullus 3. ne- cui rei, operam na- 
 JVavigation, navigatio, mo (Inis) c. vare alicui rei. 
 
 onis,/. JVot, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m. 
 
 J^ear, prope. and Subj. of encour- Offended (to be), suc- 
 
 Jvearly, prope, paene. aging), ne. censere, irasci c. dat 
 
 J^eat, lepldus 3. JVot merely — but also, Offer, deferre. 
 
 JVecessary (it is), opor- non solum — sed eti- Office, munus, eris, n. 
 
 tet, opus est res or re. am. Offspring, proles, is,/. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 375 
 
 Oftener^ saepius ; very Ought, debere. Peac{to make), pacem^ 
 
 often, saepisslme. Our, ours, noster, tra, coipOnere. 
 Oil, oleum, i, n. trum. Peac^l, beatus 3. 
 
 Old man, senex, senis, Outliving, susperstes, Peacejdly, beate. 
 
 m. itis, c. dat. Peacok, pavo, onis, m. 
 
 Old age, senectus, iitis. Overcome, superare. Pear, jTrum, i. n. 
 
 f. Ovid, Ovidius, i, m. Pear-tie, pyrus, i,/. 
 
 Older, major, major na- Owe, debere. Peculia, proprlus 3. 
 
 tu. Oum, proprlus 3. ip- Peculiaity, it is a pecu- 
 
 On account of, causa sius, ipsorum, ipsa- liarit[ of some one, 
 
 (§ 88, R. 3). rum, (§ 94. 7). alicujis est. 
 
 One, unus 3. Ox, bos, ovis, c. Pedestcd^hasis, is,/. 
 
 One of the two, alteru- Pelopida, Pelopidas, 
 
 ter, utra, utrum. P. ae, m. 
 
 One, the one — the other. Pain, dolor, oris, m. People, jopulus, i, m. 
 
 alter — alter. Paint, pingere ; gens, Uis, /. ; com- 
 
 Onyx, onyx, ychis, m. out, expingere. mon p©ple, vulgus, 
 
 Open, aperire ; to stand Palace, domus, us,/. i, n. 
 
 open, patere. Palate, palatum, i, n. Pepper, piier, eris, n. 
 
 Opinion, opinio, onis, /. Pale, pallidus 3. Perceive, ajnoscere. 
 
 sententia, ae,/ exis- Pardon, venia, ae,/ Perform, fingi, perpe- 
 
 timatio, onis,/ Parents, parentes, ium, trare. 
 
 Opposite, ad versus 3. c. Perhaps, fotasse. 
 
 contrarius 3. Parian, Partus 3. Pericles, Pe*icles, is, m. 
 
 Oppress, urgere. Parricide, (a.), parrici- Period, perlidus, i,/ 
 
 Or, aut ; (in a double da, ae, c. Perish, pere;e. 
 
 question), an ; or not. Parricide, parricidium, PermiV, sineie. 
 
 nee ne, annon. i, n. Permitted (it is), licet. 
 
 Oracle, oraciilum, i, n. Part, pars, rtis,/ Pernicious, perniciosus 
 
 Orator, orator, oris, m. Partaking of, particeps, 3. 
 Order, ordo, inis, m. ; cipis. Persevere, permanere, 
 
 of battle, acies. Partner, soclus, i, m. perstare. 
 
 ei,/ Pass over, trausire, Persia, Persia, ae,/ 
 
 Orrfer, jube re. praeterere. Persian [s), Persa, ae. 
 
 Order, in order that, ut; Pass (time), agere, ex- m. 
 
 in order that not, ne. igere, Persian, Perslcus 3. 
 
 Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. Passion, cupiditas, Persian war, bellum 
 Ori^'n, origo, inis,/ atis,/ appetitus, us, Persicum. 
 
 Ornament, ornatus, us, m. libido, inis,/ Pest, peat'is, \s,f 
 
 m. Past, praeteritus 3. Phaedo, Phaedo, onis, 
 
 Ornately, ornate. Pasture, pasci. m. 
 
 Orpheus, Orpheus, ei, P«</t, callis, is, c. P/iiZ?)?, Philippus, i, w. 
 
 m. Patiently, patienter. Philippi, Philippi, 
 
 Ostentation, ostentatio, Pausanias, Pausanlas, orum, ?«. , 
 
 onis,/ ae, m. Philosopher, '^philosd- 
 
 Other, the other of two, Paij^ |>end6re, praes- phus, i, m. 
 
 alter, era, erum. tare. Philosophise, philosfi- 
 
 Olherwise, aliter. Peace, pax, pacis,/ pliari. 
 
376 /ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 PhUosophy,i>h{\oshhia, Poet, poeta, ae, m. Precept, preceptum, i,n. 
 
 ae,/ I Point out, consigiiare, Precious, pretiosua S. 
 
 Pkocion, Pliociojonis, describere. Precipitately, praepro- 
 
 Poison, venenum, i, n. pere. 
 Phoenician, Phjbnix, virus, i, n. Predict, praedicere. 
 
 icis, m. I [m. Pompey, Pompeius, i,m. Preeminence, virtus, 
 
 Physician, medcus, i, Pond, lacus, us, m. uiis,yi 
 
 Piety, pietas, all,/. Pool, palus, udis,/ Prefer, praeferre, an- 
 Pilot, gubernatr, oris, Poor,;?awj9er, er is, in ops, teponere. 
 
 m. I opis. Prepare, parare. 
 
 PiWar, Pindaas, \, m. Po/j/ar, popul us, i,/. Present, praesens, lis; 
 
 Pine, [)inus, i,|. P^WIJj papaver, eris, n. to be, adesse. 
 
 Pisisfratus, Piistratus, Portico, porticus, us,/. Present, donum, i, n. 
 
 i, m. I Posidonius, Posidonlus, munus, eris, n. 
 
 Pitch (of a c?iip), po- i, m. [esse c. gen. Present with, donare. 
 
 nere. Po55es5, tenere, habere ; Preserve, servare ; (= 
 
 P%, miseric^rdia,ae,/. Possess one's self of, po- i)rotect), conservare. 
 Pity (it excitis my), me tiri c. abl. Preside over, ])raestare, 
 
 miseret (a|icujus). Possessed of, compos, praeesse c. dat. 
 Pity, mlser^i c. gen. ; otis c. gen. [onis,/ Press, premere. 
 to have ^ity, mise- Possession, possesslo. Pretence, simulatio, 
 reri. Possible (it is), fieri po- onis, /. 
 
 Place, locua i, m. test ; it is not possi- Pretor, praetor, oris, m. 
 
 Place, ponire, — in c. ble but that, fieri non Prevail upon by entrea- 
 
 abl. I potest quin. ty, exorare. 
 
 Place somening around Post, pot?tis, is, m. Prevent, itnpedire, pro- 
 
 somethink or sur- Post (of honor), honos, hibere ; obstare c. 
 round 8(}mthing ivith oris, w. dat. 
 
 something, cii'cumda- Pound, libra, ae,/. Previously, prius. 
 
 re ahquid alicui, or Pour forth, effundere. Prick, pungere. 
 aliquem aliqua re. Poverty, inopla, ae, /. Pride, superbia, ae,/ 
 PZam, campus, i, m. paupertas, atis, / Principle, preceptum, 
 
 P/an, consiliurp, i, n. Poifjer, vis, (nom. and i, n. doctrina, ae,/ 
 Plant, planta, »e,/ dat. plur. vires, ium). Proceed, proficisci. 
 
 Plato, Plato, ojiis, m. vigor, oris, m. poten- Produce, gignere. 
 
 Play, ludere. tia, ae,/ opes, um,/ Productive, fecundus 3. 
 
 P/efl5an/, amoenus 3. Poiyer/w/, poten s c. gen. frugifer, era, erum. 
 Please, placere, probare opulentus 3. fertilis, e. [ficere. 
 
 alicui. [m^ Practice, exercitatio. Progress (to make), pro- 
 
 PZe«5wre, voluptas, atis, onis, / ( = habit). Promise, piomittere, 
 Plough, arare. • consuetudo, inis,/ polliceri profiteri. 
 
 P/mcA:, eve Here. Praise, laus, dis,/ Pronowwce,pronuntiare, 
 
 Plumtree, prunus, i,/ Praise, laudare, collau- eloqui ; — one hap- 
 Plunder, dirlpere. dare ; bene dicere c. py, fortunatum prae- 
 
 Pluiarch, Plutarchus, i, dat. dicare aliquem. 
 
 m. Prayers, preces,um,f. Proper, it is proper for 
 
 Poem, carmen, inis, n. Precede some one, prae- me, decet c. ace. it is 
 
 poema, atis, n. cedere alicui. not proper, dedecet. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 377 
 
 Properly, rite, probe. Pythagoras, Pythago- Recently, nuper. 
 
 Prophet, vates, is, m. ras, ae, m. Recollect, recordari. 
 
 Propitious, propitius 3. Recompense, merces, 
 
 Proportionately, aequa- Q. edis,/. 
 
 biliter. Quantity, numerus, i. Recover, convalescere. 
 
 Propose, proponere. m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum. 
 
 Propriety (of conduct), wanting, plur. vires. Redound, redundare. 
 
 honestas, atis,/ lum),/. Refer, referre. 
 
 Prosperity, res secun- Queen, regina, ae,/. Reflect upon, cogitare. 
 
 dae, fortuna, ae,/. Question, quaestio, 6- Reflection, cogitatio, 6- 
 
 Prosperous, prosper, era, nis,/. jois,/. 
 
 erum. Quickly, cito. Refresh, recreare. 
 
 Prostrate, prosternere. Quiet [s.), quies, etis,/. JRe/w^e, receptus, us, 7». 
 
 Protect, custodire. Quiet (a.), quietus 3. Region, reglo, onis,/. 
 
 Protection, tutela, ae,/ tranquillus 3. Reject, rejicere, respue- 
 
 praesidiurn, i, n. Quiet, sedare. re. 
 
 Proud, superbus 3. Quietly, quiete, tran- Reign, regnum, i, n. 
 
 Provided that, modo, quille. Reign, regnare, domi- 
 
 dummodo. [ae,/ nare, imperare. 
 
 Providence, providentla, R. Rejoice, delectare, gau- 
 
 Provident, cautus 3. Race, genus, 6ris, n. dere. 
 
 Province, provincia, ae. Rage, saevire. Relate, narrare, memo- 
 
 / Rain, imber, bris, m. rare. 
 
 Provoke, lacessere. [/. Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare. 
 
 Prudence, prudentia ae, cire. Religion, religlo, onis,/. 
 
 Prudent, prudens, tis. Rank, ordo, inis, m. Religiously, religiose. 
 
 Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. Rapid, rapidus 3. Remain, manere, re- 
 
 m. Rare, rarus 3. [tis,/ manere. 
 
 Pungent, acerbus 3. Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e. 
 
 Punic, Punicus 3. Rather, potlus. Remedy, remedium, i, n. 
 
 Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire. Remedy, mederi. 
 
 re. Read, legere ; Remember, remi nisei, 
 
 Punishment, poena, ae, through, perlegere ; memini, recordari c. 
 
 / supplicium, i, n. to, recitare. gen. or ace. 
 
 I*urplefsh, niurex, ic'is, Reading, lectio, onis,/ Remembrance, memor^af 
 
 m. \n. Ready, p'romptus 3., ae,/ 
 
 Purpose, propositum, i, paratus 3. [us, m. Remind, commonere, 
 
 Pursue, persequi, con- Readiness, promptus, commonefacere. 
 
 sectari ; some- Reap, metere. Remove, resecare. 
 
 thing earnestly, studi- Reason, ratio, onis,/ Removed (to be), abesse. 
 
 osum esse alicujus Reason, there is no reas- Remus, Remus, i, m. 
 
 rei ; literature, on that, non est quod, Renew, refricare. 
 
 literas tractare. nihil est quod ; with- Renown, fama, ae, /, 
 
 Pursuit, tractatio, onis, out reason, temere. gloria, ae,/ 
 
 / studium, i, n. Recall, revocare. Renowned, clarus 3., no- 
 
 Pylades, Pylades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, susci- bllis, e. 
 
 Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3. pere. Repair, sarcire. [re. 
 
 Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. Received, exceptus 3. Repd, pellere, repelld- 
 32* 
 
378 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Repent, poenitere ; I Ripe, maturus 3. Sailor, nauta, ae, m. 
 
 repent of something, Rise, oriri. Salt, sal, salis, m. 
 
 poenitet me alicujus Rising, ortus 3. Salutary, salutaris, e. 
 
 rei. River, fluvius, i, m. am- saluber or bris, bre. 
 
 Report, fama, ae,/. nis, is, m. flumen, Same, is, ea, id ; very 
 
 Repose, requies, etis,f. inis, n. same, idem, eadem. 
 
 Reproach, probrum, i. Roar, rudere. idem ; at the same 
 
 n. opprobrium, i, n. Rock, rupes, is,/., sax- time, simul, una. 
 
 turpitudo, inis,/. um, i, n. Samnite (s.), Samnis, 
 
 Reproach, maledicere. Rome, Roma, ae,/. itis, m. 
 
 Reprove, castigare. Roman (s.), Romanus, Sanction, sancire. 
 
 Reputable, honestus 3. i, m. Sapid, sapidus 3. 
 
 Request, petere, rogare J2omaw (a.), Romanus 3. Sappho, Sappho, us,/ 
 
 (ab aliquo). Romulus, Romuhjs, i,wi. Satirize, perstringere. 
 
 Resist, resistere. Roof, tectum, i, n. Save, parcere c. dat. 
 
 Resound, resouare. Rope, restis, is,/ Save from something. 
 
 Resounding, resonus. jRowg-/i, asper, era, erum. servare ex or ab al- 
 Resource, opes, um. Round, rotund us 3. iqua re. 
 
 Responsible, to become Rout, fundere. Say, dicere, inquam (§ 
 
 responsible, spondere. Royal, regius 3. 77. Rule). 
 
 Rest, quies, etis,/ Rub off, detergere. Scarcely, vix. 
 
 Rest upon something. Rub thoroughly, perfri- Scatter, disjicere. 
 
 niti c. abl. care. Scholar, discipulus, i, m. 
 
 Restore, reparare, re- Rude ( = unskilful). Scholastic instruction, 
 
 cuperare, rudis e, c. gen. institiitio scholastica. 
 
 Restrain, coercere. Ruin, to go to, dilabi. School, schola, ae,/ 
 
 Retain, retinere. Rule (a carpenter's), Scipi,o, Scipio, onis, m. 
 
 Retire, recedere, disce- amussis, is,/ Scrape together, conra- 
 
 dere. Rule, regere, guberna- dere. 
 Return, reditus, us, m. re. [dat. Scruple, scrupulus, i, m. 
 jRe/urn, redire, reverte- Rule over, imperare c. Scrupulously, sancte, re- 
 re, remeare. Run, currere ; in- ligiose. [m. 
 
 Reverence, \ereri. to, diffliiere ; Scythian {s.),Scytha,Sie, 
 
 Revile, maledicere, c. through, percurrere. Sea, mare, is, n. 
 
 dat. Rush in, irruere. Season, in season, ma- 
 
 Reivard, praemlum, i,n. z*'*^ ^^^'^* 
 
 Rhine, Rhenus, i, m. / J§M Seasoning, condimen- 
 
 Rhodes, Rhodus, i,/ Sacred ntes, sacra,6rum, tum, i, n. 
 Rich, dives, itis, locu- n. Seat, sedes, is,/ [m. 
 
 pies, etis. Sacredly, sancte. Sedition, seditio, onis. 
 
 Riches, divitiae, arum,/ Sacredness, sanctitas. Seditious, seditiosus 3. 
 Ride, equltare. . atis,/ »See, videre, conspicari, 
 
 Ridge (of mountains). Sad, tristia, e. [itis. carnere. 
 
 jugum, i, n. Safe, tutus 3. sospes. Seek, quaerere. 
 
 Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. Safety, salus, litis,/ >S'eize, deprehendere. 
 Right, jus, juris, n. Saguntum, Saguntum, comprehendere, ca- 
 
 Right (a.), rectus 3. i, n. pere, occupare, ca- 
 
 Rightly, recte. Sail, velum, i, n. pessere. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 379 
 
 Self, ipse (§ 94. 6). 
 Self confidence, audacia, 
 
 ae,/. 
 Sell, vendere. 
 Senate, senatus, us, m. 
 Send, mittere ; for, 
 
 accire. 
 Sense, sensus, us, m. 
 
 mens, tis,/. 
 Sensible, prudens, tis. 
 Sentiment, sententia, ae, 
 
 /• 
 
 Separate, separare, dis- 
 ci ude re, secerriere. 
 
 Sepulchre, sepulcrum, i, 
 n. 
 
 Serious, gravis, e. 
 
 Serve, servire. 
 
 Service, officium, i, n. 
 
 Servitude, servitus, Otis, 
 
 / 
 Set out on a journey, 
 
 proficisci. 
 Several, plures, a, com- 
 
 plures, a and ia. 
 Severe, gravis, e. [f 
 Severity, severitas, atis. 
 Shake, convellere, labe- 
 
 factare. 
 Sliame, lam ashamed of 
 
 something, me pudet 
 
 alicujus rei (§ 88. 1). 
 Share with some one, 
 
 communlcare cum 
 
 aliquo. 
 Sharing in, particeps, 
 
 ipis, cousors, tis. 
 Shear, tondere, radere. 
 Shepherd, pastor, oris, 
 
 m. 
 Shin, crus, uris, n. 
 Shine forth, elucere. 
 (S/ti/?, navis, is,/! [i,n. 
 Shipwreck, naufraglum. 
 Short, brevis, e ; in 
 
 short time, brevi 
 
 (sc. tempore). 
 Short time, paulisper. 
 
 Should, debere. 
 Shout, clamor, oris, m. 
 Show one's self se prae- 
 
 bere, se praestare. 
 Shun something, aver- 
 
 sari. 
 Shut, claudere. 
 Sick, aeger, gra, grum. 
 Side (on the other), con- 
 tra. 
 
 Siege, obisdio, onis, f 
 obsessio, 6nis,jr. 
 
 Sight, conspectus, us,m. 
 
 Sign, signum, i, n. ; it 
 is the sign of some 
 one, est alicujus. 
 
 Silence, silentia, ae,y. 
 
 Silent (to be), tacere. 
 
 Silkworm, bombyx,ycis, 
 m. 
 
 Silver, argentum, i, n. 
 
 Simple, simplex, Icis. 
 
 Sin, peccatum, i, n. 
 
 Sin, peccare. 
 
 Since, quum. 
 
 Sing, cantare, canere. 
 
 Sink, demergere ; 
 
 doivn, desidere ; 
 
 under, succumbere. 
 
 Sister, soror, dns,f 
 
 Sit, sedere ; at 
 
 table, accubare. 
 
 Situation, locus, i, m. 
 
 Size, magnitudo, inis,/. 
 
 Skilful, peritus 3., pru- 
 dens, tis c. gen. 
 
 Sky, coelum, i, n. 
 
 Slave, servus, i, m.. 
 
 Slay, occidere, interfi- 
 cere: 
 
 Sleep, somnus, i, m. 
 
 Sleep, dormire. 
 
 Slender, gracilis, e. 
 
 Slim, procerus 3. 
 
 Small, parvus, 3. 
 
 Small, olfacere. 
 
 Smile upon, arridere. 
 
 Smith, faber, bri, m. 
 
 Snares, insidrae,arum,/. 
 Snow, nix, nivis,y*. i 
 
 So, ita ; so — so as, tarn- I 
 
 quam ; great, 
 
 tantus 3 ; l^^ng, 
 
 tamdiu ; 
 
 as, dum, quamdiu, 
 quoad [§ 110, 4)]; 
 
 many, tot, in- 
 
 decl. ; soon as, 
 
 ubi, simulac (atque) 
 [§ 110, 2)]. 
 
 Socrates, Socrates, is,m. 
 
 Soldier, miles, itis, m. 
 
 Solicitude, soUicitudo, 
 inis,/. 
 
 Solid, solid us 3. 
 
 Solon, Solo, onis, m. 
 
 Some, nonnulli. 
 
 Some one, allquis, a, id. 
 
 Sometime, aliquando. 
 
 Sometimes, interdum. 
 
 Son, fillus. i, m. 
 
 Son-in-law, gener, eri, 
 m. [pore). 
 
 Soon, mox, brevi (tem- 
 
 Sooner, prior. 
 
 Soothe^ lenire. 
 
 Sophist, sophista, ae, m. 
 
 Sorrow, aegritudo, Inis, 
 
 / 
 
 Soul, animus, i, m. 
 Sound, integer, gra, 
 
 grum. 
 Sow, serere. 
 Spain, Hispanla, ae,y. 
 Spaniard, Hispanus, i, 
 
 m. 
 Spare, parcere c. dat. 
 Sparta, Sparta, ae,f. 
 Speak, dicere, loqui. 
 Spectator, spectator, 
 
 oris, m. 
 Speech, sermo, onis, m. 
 
 oratio, onis,y. 
 Spirit, animus, i. m. 
 
 mens, tis,/. ingen- 
 
 ium, i, n. 
 
380 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 Spiritedly, acriter. 
 Splendid, splendidus 3., 
 
 nitidus 3. \m. 
 
 Splendor, splendor, oris, 
 Split, diffindere. 
 Sport, ludus, i, m. 
 Spread, pandere; — (= 
 
 cover), oblinere. 
 Spring, oriri, casci, ex- 
 
 oriri. 
 Spurn, spern6re, asper- 
 
 nere, fastidire. 
 Spy, explorator, oris, m. 
 Stab, confodere. 
 Stability, stabilitas, atis, 
 
 f. perpetuitas, atis,y; 
 Stadium, stadium, i, n. 
 Staff, scipio, onis, m. 
 Stand, stare. 
 Star, Stella, ae,y. 
 State, respublica, rei- 
 
 publicae, f. ci vitas, 
 
 atis,y. ; at the cost 
 
 of the State, publice. 
 Station, statlo, onis, f. 
 Statue, statua, ae,y. 
 Stay {= large rope), 
 
 rudens, tis, m. 
 Steel, chalybs, ybis, m. 
 Steep, praeceps, cipitis, 
 
 arduus 3. 
 Step, passu s, Qs, m. 
 Stern, puppis, is,y*. 
 Stick, haerere. 
 Still, adhuc, porro. 
 Stone, lapis, idis, m. 
 Stone, of stone, lapi- 
 
 deus 3. 
 Stork, ciconia, ae,y. 
 Storm, procella, ae, f. 
 
 tempestas, atis,y! 
 Strengthen, firmare. 
 Stretch, tendere. 
 Strife, lis, litis,/. 
 Strike, ferire. 
 Strive, studere c. dat., 
 
 petere c. ace, niti ad 
 
 aliquid„tendere, con- 
 
 tendere ; — against, 
 
 reluctari ; — against 
 
 something, niti, in ali- 
 
 quid ; to obtain, 
 
 petere, expetere, sec- 
 
 tari. 
 Strong, valid us 3. 
 Study, studium, i, n. 
 Subdue, domare, perdo- 
 
 mare. 
 Subject, civis, is, c. 
 Subjugate, subigere. 
 Succeed, succedere. 
 Such, talis, e ; is, ea, id. 
 Sudden, subitus 3. 
 Suddenly, subito. 
 Suffer, pati, perpfiti ; 
 
 from, laborare 
 
 c. abl. 
 Sufficiently, satis. 
 Suitable, idoneus, a,um. 
 Sulla, Sullae, ae, m. 
 Summer, aestas, atis, f 
 Sun, sol, sol is, m. 
 Superstition,8uper8titio, 
 
 onis,/. 
 Suppliant, supplex,icis. 
 Supplicate, supplicare. 
 Supply, suppeditare. 
 Support, fulcire. 
 Supremacy, principatus, 
 
 us, m. summum im- 
 
 perium. 
 Surely, certe, sane. 
 Surface, aequor, oris, n. 
 Surpass, praestare, c. 
 
 dat. 
 Surprise, obrepere c.dat. 
 Surrender, tradere. 
 Surround, circumdare, 
 
 cingere, ambire ; of- 
 
 fundi alicui rei. 
 Surviving, superstes, 
 
 itis c. dat. 
 Sustain, sustentare. [/ 
 Swalloiv, hirundo, inis. 
 Swear, jurare. 
 Sweat, sudare. 
 
 Sweet, dulcis, e. 
 Swift, celer, eris, ere, 
 
 velox, ocis. 
 Swiftly, celeiiter, cito. 
 Swiftness, celeritas,ati8, 
 
 /• 
 
 Swollen, turgidus 3. 
 
 Sword, gladius, i, m. en- 
 sis, is, m. ferrum, j,n. 
 
 Syracuse, Syracusae, 
 arum,/. 
 
 Syria, Syria, ae,/! 
 
 T. 
 
 Tabu, tabula, ae,/. 
 Table (to sit at), accu- 
 
 bare. 
 Take, capere, adimere ; 
 
 away, toll^re, 
 
 auferre, demere, ad- 
 imere ; Jire, ex- 
 
 ardescere; — from^ 
 
 eripere ; one^s 
 
 self off, facessere ; 
 
 possession of, 
 
 occupare ; tip. 
 
 tollere ; 
 
 upon 
 
 one's self suscipere. 
 
 Talent (sum of money), 
 talentum, i, n. 
 
 Tame, cicur, uris. 
 
 Tame, domare. 
 
 Tanaquil, Tanaquil, 
 [ilis,/. 
 
 Tarentum, Tarentum, 
 i, m. [m. 
 
 Tarquin, Tarquinius, i, 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus, 
 Tarquinius Supe^- 
 bus, m. 
 
 Tarquinius, Collatinus, 
 Tarquinius, Collati- 
 nus, m. [tare. 
 
 Taste, gustare, degus- 
 
 Teach, docere c. dupl. 
 ace. [^ 89, 5. b)]. 
 
 Teachable, docilis 3. 
 
 Teacher, praeceptor, 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 381 
 
 6ris, m. magister, tri, Thornbush, sentes, ium, 
 
 Tear in pieces^ lac^rare, 
 dilacerare. 
 
 Tell, dicere. 
 
 Temple, templum, i, n, 
 aedes, is,/". 
 
 Tender, tener, era, 
 erum. 
 
 Tenderly, pie. 
 
 Terrible, terribilis, e. 
 
 Territory, finis, is, m. 
 
 Thales, Thales, is, m. 
 
 Thames, Tamesis, is, 
 m. 
 
 Than, quam. 
 
 Thanks (to give), gra- 
 tias agere. 
 
 That, ille, a, ud ; is, ea, 
 id ; iste, a, ud. 
 
 T^t, that not, see § 
 105—108. 
 
 The — so much the (with 
 the comparative), quo 
 — eo, quanto — tanto. 
 
 Theban Thebanus, i, m. 
 
 Thebes, Thebae,arum,y. 
 
 Themistocles, Themisto- 
 cles, is, m. 
 
 Then, turn, deinde. 
 
 Thence, illinc, inde. 
 
 Theophrastus, Theo- 
 pii^-uPhrastus, i, m. 
 ^- There, ibi. 
 
 There are, sunt ; — is, 
 est. 
 
 J%ermopylae, Thermo- 
 pylae, arum,y. 
 
 "^^k, crassLis 3, 
 
 7liicktt, frutex, icis, m. 
 
 Thing, res, rei,^*. 
 
 Think, putare, arbltra- 
 ri, exist! ma re, cogi- 
 
 tare; of, med- 
 
 itari. 
 
 Thirst, sitis, is,/. 
 
 Thirst, si tire. 
 
 This, hie, haec, hoc. 
 
 Thou, tu. 
 
 Thoughtless, levis, e. 
 Threaten, minari; — (= 
 
 impend), impendere, 
 
 immin^re. 
 Threatening, minax, a- 
 
 cis. 
 Three-headed, triceps, 
 
 cipjtis. 
 Thrust doum, detrude- 
 
 re ; out, extru- 
 
 dere. 
 Thumb, pollex, icis, m. 
 Thunder, tonitru, u, n. 
 Thunder, tonare. 
 Thus, ita. [um. 
 
 Thy or thine, tuus, a, 
 Tiberius, Tiberius, i, m. 
 Time, tempus, oris, n. 
 Time, long time, diu. 
 Timid, timldus 3. 
 Timoleon, Timoleon, 
 
 ntis, m. 
 Timotheus, Timotheus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Tire out, defatigare, de- 
 
 fetisci. 
 Titus, Titus, i, m. 
 Together, una. 
 Toil, labor, oris, m. 
 
 opera, a,/. 
 Tomi, Tomi, orum, m. 
 Tomorrow, eras. 
 Tongue, lingua, ae, /. 
 Too much, nimium. 
 Tooth, dens, tis, m. 
 Torment, cruclare, vex- 
 
 are, torquere. 
 Torrent, torrens, tis, m. 
 Torture, cruciatus, us, 
 
 m. tormentum, i, n. 
 Torture, cruciare, tor- 
 quere. 
 Tourh, tangere attin- 
 
 gere, conting6re. 
 Tower, turris, is, /*. 
 
 Trace, vestigium, i, n. 
 
 Track, vestigium, i, n. 
 
 Trader, mercator, oris, 
 m. [m. 
 
 Traitor, proditor, oris, 
 
 Trajan, Trajanus, i, m. 
 
 Transgress, migrare, c. 
 ace. [gestire. 
 
 Transported (to be), 
 
 Travel through, emetiri. 
 
 Treachery, proditio, 6- 
 nis,/. [J, 
 
 Treason, proditio, onis, 
 
 Treat, tractare. 
 
 Tree, arbor, oris,/ 
 
 Tremble, contremiscere. 
 
 Trench, fossa, ae,/. 
 
 Tribune of the people, 
 tribunusplebis. 
 
 Trojan, Trojanus 3. 
 
 TVoop, agmen, inis, n. 
 
 Troops, copiae, arum,/ 
 
 Trouble, molestia, ae,/ 
 aerumna, ae,/. 
 
 Trouble, angere ; 
 
 one's self about some- 
 thing, curare altquid, 
 operam dare. 
 
 Troublesome, molestus 
 3., impoi tunus 3. 
 
 Troy, Troja, ae,/. 
 
 Truce, indutiae, arum, 
 
 /• 
 
 True, verus 3. 
 
 Trunk (of a tree), cau- 
 
 dex, icis, m. 
 Trust in, fidere c. abl. 
 Trust one, credere, fi- 
 dere, fidem habere, 
 
 alicui. 
 Truth, Veritas, atis,/I 
 Try, tentare, conari, 
 
 experiri. 
 Tullus Hostilius, Tul- 
 
 lus Hostilius, m. 
 Turn out, evadere ; — 
 
 out well, continggre ; 
 
 — towards. cDuver- 
 
382 
 
 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 tere ; — upon some- 
 things defigere in c. 
 abl. 
 
 Twisted, tortus 3. 
 
 7)jrant, Tyrannus i, m. 
 p- Tyrian (s.), Tyrlus, i, m. 
 
 U. 
 
 Udder, uber, eris, n. 
 Ulysses, TJlixes, is, m. 
 Umhrenus, Umbrenus, 
 
 i, m. 
 Unacquainted ivith, ig- 
 
 narus 3. imprudens, 
 
 litis. 
 Unarmed, inermis, e. 
 Uncertain, incertus 3., 
 
 anceps, cipitis. 
 Uncover, detegere. 
 Understand, intelligere, 
 
 tenere. 
 Understanding, mens, 
 
 tis,/. 
 Undertake, snscip^re, 
 
 moliri. 
 Unfavorable, iniqilus 3. 
 C7rj/bre5cen,i mpro visus3. 
 Unfortunate, calamito- 
 
 sus 3., miser 3. 
 Ungrateful, ingratus 3. 
 Uninjured, integer, gra, 
 
 grurn. 
 Unintelligent, impru- 
 dens, tis. 
 Unite, conjungere, con- 
 cilia re. 
 Unjustly, injuste. 
 Unknown, incognitus. 
 Unless, nisi. 
 Unlike, dissimllis, e. 
 Unmindful of, imme- 
 
 mor c. gen. 
 Unprnfitahle, inutllis, e. 
 Unrestrained, effusus 3. 
 Unripe, immaturus 3. 
 Unskilful, imperitus 3. 
 Until, donee, quoad, 
 
 dum. 
 
 Untimely (adv.), intem- 
 
 pestive. 
 Unwise, insipiens, tis. 
 Unworthy, indignus 3. 
 
 c. abl. 
 Upright, probus 3. hon- 
 
 estus 3. 
 Uprightly, probe. 
 Uprightness, probitas, 
 
 atis,y!honestas,atis,/. 
 Use, usus, us, m. 
 Use, uti c. abl. 
 Useful, utTlis, e. 
 Useless, inutllis, e. 
 Utica, Utlca, ae,/. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vain, irrltus 3. 
 
 Vain, in vain, nequic- 
 
 quam. 
 Valuable, carus 3. 
 Value, preiium, i, n. 
 Value, aestlmare, cen- 
 
 sere magnietc. 
 Vanish, a vol are. 
 Vanquish, vincere, de- 
 
 vincere. 
 Vapor, vapor, oris, m. 
 Variance (to be at), dis- 
 
 cordare. 
 Variegated, discolor, 
 
 oris. 
 Various, varius 3. 
 Vein (swollen), varix, 
 
 icis, m. 
 Venison, caro ferina, 
 
 earn is ferinae. 
 Veires, Verres, is, m. 
 Versed in, peritus 3., 
 
 consultus 3. 
 Very, admodum, valde. 
 Very often, persaepe. 
 Vespasian, Vespasia- 
 
 nus, i, m. 
 Vessel, vas, vasis, n. 
 Vesta, vesta, ae,/. 
 Vesuvius, Vesuvius, i, m. 
 Vex, angere, negotium 
 
 facessere ; vex 
 
 to death, ei\eciive. 
 Vexation, angor, 6ris,w. 
 Vice (= viciousness), 
 
 vitiositas, atis,/. 
 Vice, vitium, i, ?«. 
 Vicissitude,v\c\s, vicis,/. 
 Victory, victoria, ae,/. 
 Vieiv, conspectus, us,m. 
 Vieiv {== sentiment), 
 
 sententia, ae,/. 
 Vigorously, strenue. 
 Vint-hranch, tradux, u- 
 
 cis, m. 
 Violate, violare. 
 Violant, violentus 3., 
 
 vehcmens, tis, atrox, 
 
 ocis. 
 Violently, graviter. 
 Virgil, Virgilius, i, m. 
 Virgin, virgo, inis,/. 
 Virtue, virtus, utis,/. 
 Virtuous, honestus 3. 
 Voice, vox, vocis,/. 
 Volcanic, ignivomus 3. 
 Vow, yovere. 
 Vulture, vultur, uris, m. 
 
 W. 
 
 Wages, stipendium, f^n. 
 
 Wait, expectare. *' 
 
 Walk (to take), ambd- 
 lare ; — go to walk, 
 ambulare. 
 
 Walk upon, inceder©. 
 
 Wall (of a house), ''pa- 
 ries, etis,/! — (S6 a 
 protection ), moenia, 
 ium, n. — (a* 
 structure), munus, 
 eris, w. 
 
 Waneler, errare. 
 
 Wandering, error, oris, 
 m. 
 
 Want, egestas, atis, /., 
 inopia, ae,/. 
 
 Wemi, carere c. abl. 
 
 War, bellum, \,n. 
 
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 
 
 383 
 
 I 
 
 Warfare, res militaris. 
 Wares, merx, rcis,/. 
 Warlike, bellicosus 3. 
 Warm, callldus 3. 
 Wash, lavare. 
 Waste, atterere, corifi- 
 
 cere. 
 Watch, vigllare; keep 
 
 watch, excubare. 
 Water, aqua, ae,/. 
 Waver, vacillare. 
 Way, vfa, ae,/. iter, iti- 
 
 iieris, n. 
 Way {= manner), mo- 
 dus, j, m. 
 Way (to stand in), ob- 
 
 stare, ofFicere c. dat. 
 Weak, infirmus 3., ini- 
 
 potens, tis. 
 Weaken, diluere. 
 ^i'eakness, infirmitas, a- 
 
 tis,/. 
 Wealthy, locuples, etis. 
 Wearied, fessus, 3. 
 fVeary (to be), defetisci, 
 
 defatigari. 
 ^''eather, tempestas,atis, 
 
 /• 
 
 Weqf>, flere. 
 Welfare, salus, utis,/*. 
 Well {to be), valere. 
 Weser, Visurgis, is, m. 
 West, occidens, ntis. 
 Wether, vervex, ecis, m. 
 What (in number or 
 
 order) ? quotus ? 3. 
 When, quum. 
 Whence, unde. 
 
 m^, ubi. 
 
 Wr, ewith, qui. 
 Whether (in indirect 
 
 questions), num, 
 
 ne, utrum. 
 Whetstone, cos, cotis,/. 
 Which of the two, uter, 
 
 tra, trum. 
 ♦ While, dum. 
 Whither, quo. 
 
 Who, qui, quae, quod. 
 Who ? inter, quis, quae, 
 
 quid ? 
 Whoever you please, 
 
 quilibet. 
 Whole, universus 3., 
 
 omnis, e. 
 Wholly, omnino. 
 Why, cur. 
 Wicked, implus 3., sce- 
 
 leratus 3., im{)r6bus 
 
 3., maleflcus3. 
 Wickedly, improbe. 
 Wickedness, pravilas, 
 
 atis,/. 
 Wide, amplus 3. 
 Widely, late. 
 Wife, uxor, ons,f. 
 Wild, ferus 3. 
 Will, testamentura, i, n. 
 
 voluntas, atis,/. 
 Will, velle ; not to will, 
 
 nolle. 
 Willow, siler, eris, n. 
 Wind, ventus, i, m. 
 Wine, vinum, i, n. 
 Winter, hiems, eims,f. 
 Wisdom, consilium, i, n. 
 Wise, sapiens, tis, pru- 
 
 dens, tis. 
 Wisely, sapienter, pru- 
 
 denter. 
 Wise man, sapiens, tis, 
 
 m. 
 Wish, optare, velle, cu- 
 
 pere. 
 Wit, sal, salis, m. 
 Without (to be), carere. 
 Wolf, lupus, i, m. 
 Woman, muller, eris, /. 
 
 femlna ae,y. 
 Wonder, mirari. 
 Wood, lignum, i, n. 
 Wood (a.), silva, ae, f. 
 Wooden, of wood, lig- 
 
 neus 3. 
 Wood-pigeon,Yia\umhes, 
 
 is, m. 
 
 Word, verbum, i, n. 
 Work, opus, eris, n. 
 World, niundus, i, m. 
 Worm, vermis, is, m. 
 Worthy, dignus 3. c. 
 
 abl. 
 Wrest from, extorquere. 
 Wretched, miser, ei*a, 
 
 erum. 
 Wretchedness, miseria, 
 
 ae,/. aerumna, ae,/. 
 Write, scribere. 
 Writer, scriptor, oris, m» 
 Writing, scriptum, i, n. 
 Writing-tablet, codicil- 
 
 li, orum, m. 
 Wrong, injuria, ae,/. 
 Wrong[Ao), delinquere. 
 
 Xenocrates, Xenocra- 
 
 tes, is, m. 
 Xenophon, Xenophon, 
 
 ontis, m. 
 Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m. 
 
 Year, annus, i, m. this 
 
 year, (adv.), homo. 
 Yes, see ^ 115. 5. 
 Yes, (to say), aio, [§ 77. 
 
 Yesterday, heri, hodie. 
 
 Yet, at, tamen. 
 
 Young man, juvenis, is, 
 
 m. [inis,/ 
 
 Young woman, virgo, 
 Younger, natu minor. 
 Your, vester, tra, trum. 
 Youth, ju ventus, utis,/ 
 
 adolescentla, ae,/. 
 Youth (a), adolescens, 
 
 tis, m. adolescentu- 
 
 lus, i, w. juvenis, is,m. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zeal, studium, i, n. 
 Zealously, naviter. 
 
ERRATA. 
 
 Page 13, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobSo. 
 23, 34, consonants for vowels. 25, 24, bona for bona. 29, 25, name (m.) for 
 name (n.). 32, 9, neuter for feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34, 
 20, venator, oris for venator, oris. 35, 38, adversis for adveris. 39, 1, wild 
 for mild. 42, 33, object for objective. 43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus. us 
 n. 47, 25, vitupero for vitupero. 51, 5, quoddam for quodam. 60, 10, Ro- 
 mam for Roman. 61. 1, (ob) for (ab). 62, 26, Aenea for Aena. 63, 25, n"** 
 for were. 69,5, frater for fater. 71, 7, premature for primature. 83,29, 
 portTcus for porllcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man. 90, 8, amatus for 
 amamatus. 105, 5, compSro for coraparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1,^ 
 coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitia for flagita. 152, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10, 
 spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pliiit for puit. 253, 23, molest.iis for mola-fus^ 
 255, 7, idonei for idoni. 263, ^^sentence for sentences. 291, 'bottom, third 
 for second. 303, 10, Hac for Haec. 307, 10,flectendum for lectendum. 307, 
 note, pick for prick. 310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 320, 14, Ci^nio 
 or Canto. 
 
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