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ELEMENTARY GMMMAR
OP
THE LATIN LANGUAGE,
WITH A SERIES OF
LATIN AND ENGLISH EXERCISES FOR TRANSLATION AND
A COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS,
WITH THE REQUISITE VOCABULARIES.
DR. RAPHAEL KUHNER,
CONRECTOR OF THE LYCEUM, HANOVKK.
TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN
J. T. CHAMPLIN,
PROFESSOR OF GREEK AND LATIN IN WATERVILLE COLLEGE.
BOSTON:
JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY.
1845.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by
J. T. Champlin,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Maine.
ANDOVER:
ALLEN, MORRILL AND WARDWELL,
PRINTERS.
PREFACE
The unrivalled reputation of KiJhner as a grammarian in both
the Greek and Latin languages, renders it unnecessary that any
apology should be made for presenting to the American public the
following translation of his Elementary Latin Grammar. His mer-
its, before Known to a few of our riper scholars, have lately been
made familiar to all through the excellent translation of his Greek
School Grammar by Messrs. Edwards and Taylor. It is understood
also, that the same gentlemen have in preparation his Elementary
Greek Grammar.
It seemed but proper, therefore, that a beginning should be made
towards bringing before the public some of the results of his gram-
matical labors (equally profound and ingenious) in the Latin lan-
guage. And no one, it is to be presumed, who duly considers the
state of Latin learning among us, will deem it improper that a begin-
ning has been made with an elementary treatise. The publication,
within a few years past, of a translation of Krebs' Guide for Writ-
ing Latin and a new and enlarged edition of Beck's Latin Syntax,
has done much towards supplying American students with the gram-
matical helps for studying the language critically. But with the ex-
ception of the Ciceronian by Dr. Sears, which, admirably adapted
as it is to its purpose, is not designed to supply the place of a gram-
mar, nothing of importance has been pubhshed during this period to
supply the deficiencies for elementary instruction.
There is needed then, more especially, an elementary work on
Latin Grammar, which shall give a right start to our scholars and
put them in possession of the essential principles of the language in
the shortest and most effectual way. Such a grammar, it is believ-
ed, the present will be found to be. No one can take a class over
it, without being impressed with its admirable order, precision and
adaptedness to the purposes of elementary instruction. The pupil
IV PREFACE.
will here find the most happy arrangement of parts., each preparing
the way for the following, the simplest and most philosophical state-
ment of principles, and every expedient resorted to, which genius
and skill could invent, to aid the understanding and the memory.
While it does not profess to embrace every minute principle of the
language, it preseijf s a selection of principles so judiciously made, so
comprehensively stated and so extended withal, that it is believed,
that it will be found to contain quite as many principles, applicable
in reading the strictly classical writers of Latin, as many much more
extended grammars ; certainly enough to meet the demands of ordi-
nary students in the usual course of preparation for college.
The plan of the work, as given by the author, is briefly as follows.
Every grammatical form or principle of syntax, as soon as learned,
is to be rendered practical and fixed in the mind, by translations
first from the Latin into the English, and then from the English into
the Latin. To prepare the pupil for these exercises in transla-
tion, such forms of the verb as are requisite for constructing the sim-
plest sentences are given at the outset, and a few simple rules of syn-
tax as they are required, while on almost every page, lists of Latin
words with their definitions are given to be committed to memory,
most of which, also, are collected and arranged in alphabetical Vo-
cabularies at the end of the book. As many of the examples for
translation as possible, were selected unaltered from the classics, oth-
ers were slightly altered to suit the cases for which they were em-
ployed, and the remainder composed by the author, yet always so as
to embody classical ideas and turns of thought. The examples in
English may be translated into Latin, either viva voce or by writing,
at the discretion of the teacher.
The translation here presented is from the second edition of the
original work, published in 1844. Previously to receiving this edi-
tion, the translator had completed, within a few pages, the entire trans-
lation of the first ; but on comparing the two editions, the alterations
were found to be so great as to make the last almost a new work.
He abandoned, therefore, his first translation, and commenced with
the second edition de novo. Although this has delayed the publica-
tion of the work a few months, no one, it is presumed, will regret it,
when he reflects, that he is thereby put in possession of a vastly bet-
ter book, and probably of a somewhat better translation. During
the interval between the publication of the first and second editions,
PREFACE. y
the author had prepared a larger Latin Grammar and been daily em-
ployed in teaching his elementary work, all which prepared him for
making very important changes in a second edition. By this pro-
cess, the book has been brought to the high state of perfection in
which it here appears. Besides its general office as a grammar, it
is designed to contain all that the pupil will need during the first
year or more of his study of the language, serving as grammar, read-
ing-book and lexicon. The adaptedness of such a book to the wants
of beginners, the experienced teacher will not fail to perceive.
It should be stated, however, that while the translation has
been made from the second edition throughout, the translator has ta-
ken the hberty to introduce a few remarks and paragraphs (in one
or two instances with slight modifications) from the first edition,
which had been omitted in the second, apparently, because they were
considered more appropriate to the author's larger grammar to which
this was to serve exclusively as an introduction. The different po-
sition which the book will occupy in this country rendered it proper
that these should be retained in the translation, even though, in one
or two instances, they may appear a Jittle inconsistent with the gen-
eral plan of the work. For the same reason, the translator has ad-
ded three short Appendices, chiefly from KUhner's larger Latin
Grammar, of which that on Prosody, as it will be perceived, is de-
signed only for the scanning of Hexameter verse.
With regard to the mode of using the book, the intelligent teach-
er will be the best judge. The author, however, suggests that, after
completing the Etymology, the pupil should commence the more
simple of the Latin reading lessons in connection with the study of
the Syntax. And it may be added, that in some cases it will prob-
ably be found best, to take the pupil over the first and perhaps the
second Course, omitting the English exercises at first, and then re-
turn and take them up in connection with a thorough review of the
whole. Perhaps also, a judicious teacher, following out the general
plan of the author, of diminishing difficulties by division and distri-
bution, will think best, with very young pupils in particular, to
omit some other things the first time over and take them up at sub-
sequent reviews. But whatever course is pursued in teaching the
book, a complete mastery of all that it contains should be aimed at
from the beginning, and should be actually attained before it is
left.
1*
VI PEEFACE.
In conclusion, the translator would express his obligations to the
Kev. Dr. Sears, of the Newton Theological Institution, who very
kindly listened to the reading of the greater part of the manuscript
and suggested such corrections as his superior knowledge of German
enabled him to do, and to Mr. James H. Hanson, Principal of the
Waterville Academy, who has given very important assistance in
correcting the sheets as they passed through the press.
Waterville College, )
Feb. 1845. i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
ETYMOLOGY.
FIRST COURSE.
CHAPTER I.
Or THE Sounds ard Letters of the Language.
Division of the Letters § 1
Pronunciation of the Letters 2
CHAPTER II.
Of Syllables.
Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables 3
Of Accent 4
Of the Division of Syllables 5
CHAPTER HL
Parts of Speech. — Inflection ... 6
Partial treatment of the Verb 7-^11
First Conjugation 8
Second Conjugation 9
Third Conjugation 10
Fourth Conjugation 11
CHAPTER IV.
Of the Substantive and Adjective.
Classification of Substantives 12
Gender of the Substantive 13
Number, Case and Declension 14
Gender and Declension of the Adjective 15
First Declension 16
Second Declension 17
Third Declension 18—21
YJii CONTENTS.
Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension . . • . § 22
Fourth Declension
Fifth Declension
Comparison of Adjectives and Participles 25
CHAPTER. V.
Of the Adverb.
Classification and Formation of Adverbs 26
Comparison of Adverbs
CHAPTER VI.
Of the Pronoun.
28
Personal Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns "^
Relative and Interrogative Pronouns ^"
Indefinite Pronouns
on
Correlative Pronouns
CHAPTER VII.
Of the Numerals ^^
CHAPTER VIII.
Table of the Prepositions ........ 34
SECOND COURSE.
Greek Nouns of the First Declension 35
Of the Gender of the Second Declension 36
Remarks on Particular Case-endings of the Third Declension . . 37
Of the Gender of the Third Declension 38—40
Masculine 38
Feminine . . . . . . • 39
Neuter 40
Of the Gender of the Fourth Declension 41
THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER I.
Of the Verb.
Classes of Verbs
Tenses of the Verb
Modes of the Verb
Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive
CONTENTS. ^
Persons and Numbers of the Verb §46
Conjugation ........... 47
Formation of the Tenses 48
Conjugation of the x\uxiliary verb 5J/7M 49
Active of the Four Regular Conjugations ..... 50
Passive ............ 51
Inflection of Verbs in io after the Third Conjugation ... 52
Deponents of the Four Conjugations . ^ 53
Periphrastic Conjugation 54
Catalogue of verbs which vary in the formation of their tenses from
the paradigms given in §§ 50 and 51 55 — 69
First Conjugation ........ 55 — 57
Second Conjugation 58 — 60
Third Conjugation 61 — 68
Fourth Conjugation 69
Particular Irregular Verbs 70 — 76
1) Possum 70
2) Edo 71
3) Fero 72
4) Volo, nolo, male ......... 73
5) Eo 74
6) Queo, nequeo - . . 75
7) Fio 76
Defective Verbs 77
Impersonal Verbs 78
CHAPTER II.
Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection .... 79
CHAPTER III.
The Formation of Words
80
SYNTAX.
Sentence. Subject. Predicate
Limitation of the Subject and Predicate
Agreement
Double Nominative
Classes of Verbs
Tenses of the Verb
Modes of the Verb
Of the Cases
Genitive
Accusative
Dative
Ablative
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
-91
90
91
X CONTENTS.
Construction of names of Towns § 92
Remarks on the use of the Prepositions , . . . . . 93
Of the use of the Pronouns 94
Of the use of the Numerals 95
Infinitive 9b
Supine 97
Gerund 98
Gerundive 99
Participle • • • • • .100
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
A, Coordinate Sentences 101
B. Subordinate Sentences 102
Of the usp of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences . . . 103
Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate Sentences 104
I. Substantive Sentences 105 — 108
A. Accusative with the Infinitive 105
B. Ut, ne, ut ne, ut non, with the Subjunctive . . . 106
C. Quo, quominus, quin, with the Subjunctive . . . 107
D. Quod, thatj with the Indicative ..... 108
II. Adjective Sentences . .109
III. Adverbial Sentences 110 — 114
a. Adverbial Sentences of Time 110
b. Causal Adverbial Sentences Ill
c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences 112
d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences 113
e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison . . . .114
Of Interrogative Sentences 115
Of the Form of Oblique Discourse . . . . . . 116
First Appendix.
Of Prosody :
Of Syllables 117
Hexameter Verse 118
Scansion 119
Second Appendix.
Of Abbreviations 120
Third Appendix.
Of the Roman Calendar 121
Collection of Latin Reading Lessons.
Vocabularies.
ETYMOLOGY.
FIRST COURSE.
CHAPTER I.
Of the Sounds and Letters of the Language.
§ 1. Division of the Letters,
1. The Latin Language has as signs of its sounds,
twenty-five letters, viz. six vowels and nineteen consonants.
abcdefghijklm
nopq rs t uvxyz
ABCDEFGHIJKLM
NOPQRSTUVXYZ
Remark 1. The capital letters are used only : a) at the beginning
of a sentence, after a period, an interrogation or exclamation point and
after a colon (:), where the words of another are quoted ; — ^b) in proper
names, as : Romulus. — The letter k is used in but very few words.
2. The vowels are either short or long'. The short vowels
are distinguished by *.y, the long ones by -, as : a, a, perpla-
ces. The sign u signifies, that the vowel over which it
stands can be used either as short or long, as : a.
3. The Latin Language has the following diphthongs :
ae. oe. au. etc. ei, e. g. aequitas, equity^ foedus, league^
aurum, gold^ Eurus, the east ivind, hei, alas.
Rem. 2. When ae and oe are to be pronounced separately, this is in-
dicated by two points (puncta diaeresis, points of separation) placed over
the second vowel (e), as : aer, the air, poeta, a poet. The diphthong eu
is found in only a few Latin, but in many Greek words, as: Eurotas ;
in general, therefore, eu should be separated in pronunciation, as:
deus (pronounced, deiis) God. In like manner, also, must ei be almost
invariably pronounced separately, as: dei (pronounced, dei) of God, for
ei as a diphthong occurs in but a very few words, as : hei, alas.
12 PRONUNCIATION. QUANTITY. [^ 2, 3.
4. The consonants, according to the greater or less influ-
ence of the organs of speech in their pronunciation, are
divided into :
a) Liquids : 1, m, n, r ;
b) Spirants :* h, s, v, j ;
c) Mutes : b, c, d, f, g, k, p, q, t, x, z.
§ 2. Pronunciation of the Letters.
C before e, t, y, ae^ oe, eu, is pronounced like s, but- in
other cases like k, as : ceisus (selsus) cicer, cymba, caecus,
ceu, coelum; but, caro (karo), collum, custos, clamor;
Ch is pronounced like k ;
Gu before a vowel in the same syllable likeg-ii?, as : lingua ;
Ph like our/, as : pharetra ;
Rh as a simple r, as : K-hea ;
Sch like sk^ as : schola (skola) ;
Qu is pronounced like to, as : aqua ;
Sa before a vowel in the same syllable like siv^ as : suasor ;
Ti before a vowel is pronounced like shi^ as: actio
(acshio). But if the i is long^ the hissing sound disappears,
as : totius. Besides, ti (with the i short) is pronounced
without the hissing sound : a) if there is immediately be-
fore the t another ^, an 5, or an x^ as : Attius, ostium, mix-
tio ; b) in Greek words as : Miltiades, tiara.
CHAPTER n.
Of Syllables.
§ 3. Of the Measure or Quantity of Syllables,
1 . A syllable is short by nature^ when its vowel is short
and this short vowel is followed either by another vowel or
a single consonant, as : deiis, God^ ^3,{er, father.
2. A syllable is long by nature^ when its vowel is long,
as : mater, a mother, murus, a loall. Particularly, all sylla-
bles are long in which there is a diphthong, as: plausus,
* SpirantSy i. e. fetters formed principally by the breath. — Tr.
$ 4.] QUANTITY. ACCENT. 13
applause^ and in which two vowels are contracted into one,
as: lacus, o/* a lake^ (contracted from lacuis, the original
form of the genitive of lacus, a lake).
3. A syllable, which ends with a long vowel, is short by
position^ i. e. by the position of the vowel, when the follow-
ing syllable begins with a vowel, as: de in deamliilo, J
take a tualk^pro in proavu, a great- grand-father^ prae in
praeacutus, very sharp.
4. A syllable with a short vowel is long by position^
when this short vowel is followed by two or more conso-
nants, or by j, or x, or z, as : per in perdo ; alicujus ; but
in the compounds oi jugiim^ the vowel before y remains
short, as : bijugus. JT with a consonant, forms no position,
as : stomachus, the stomach.
Remark. The position before a mute tvith a liquid (§ 1, 4), for the
most part, does not make the short vowel long, as : cerebrum, the brain,
arbitror, / thivk, locuples, rich. But in two cases the position of a
mute with a liquid makes the preceding short vowel long: a) in com-
pounds, as : abrumpo, from db ; h) when one of the three liquids : I, m,
n, follows one of the three mutes: b, d, g, as: hiblus, agmen, a march
(from dgo\ magnus, great.
§ 4. O/* Accent.^
1. Monosyllables with a vowel short by nature, are pro-
nounced with the acute accent ('), monosyllables with a
vowel long by nature, with the circumflex accent (a), as: et,
vir (viri), ut, dux (ducis) ; mos (moris), jus (juris), lex (legis),
mons.
2. Dissyllables have the accent upon the penult, and in-
deed :
a) The acute accent, when the penult is short by nature,
as: virum (i), ducem (u), homo (o), arte; or when the ulti-
mate is long, whether the penult is long or short, as : Musae
(u) mores (o) bonae (6) ;
b) The circumflex accent, when the penult is long by
nature and the ultimate short, as : mater (a), Musa.
3. Words of three or more syllables have the accent :
* This paragraph may be passed over, provided the teacher will see that
the right pronunciation of the words is given in reading.
3
14 ACCENT. DIVISION OF SYLLABLES. [§ 5.
a) Upon the antepenult, and indeed, the acute accent,
when the penult is short, whether the last syllable is short or
long, as : homine, homines, hominibus, mediocris, tenebrae ;
b) Upon the penult, and indeed, the acute accent, when
both the penult and ultimate are long, as: acuto (u), amares
(a) ; or when the penult is long only by position, in which
case the ultimate may be either long or short, as : amantur,
amantes ; — ^but the circumflex accent, if the penult is lojig by
nature and the ultimate short, as : acutiis, amare *
Remark. The short monosyllabic enclitics (i. e. particles which
always stand annexed to other words, and therefore lose their accent) :
que^ ve, lie, ce, met, etc. draw the accent of the word to which they are
attached from the antepenult to the ultimate, as : sc^lera sceleraqne,
homines homin/sque, hominibus hominibiisque. But if the accent is
upon the penult, the drawing back of the accent to tlie last syllable,
takes place only when this is already long, or by its union with the
enclitic becomes long by position ; but if the last syllable is short and
remains so, the accent does not change syllables, as : scel6stus sceles-
tiisque, sceltsta scel^staque, pleiique pleraeque pleraque, litraque ut-
dtque.
^ 5. Of the Division of Syllables.^
1. General Rule. Syllables end with a vowel, and be-
gin with a consonant. When, therefore, a consonant stands
between two vowels, it belongs to the following- syllable,
as : pa-ter, a-ma-mus.
2. Subordinate Rule. When two or three consonants,
with which a Latin word can begin, stand between the
vowels of two syllables, they are to be joined to the second
syllable. The most common combinations of consonants
are : a mute with a liquid, and s with a mute or with a
mute and a liquid, as: ma-gnus, great, ^-^i, fields, pe-stis,
plague, a-stra, the stars. In all other cases, the consonants
* That is to say, in general, if the penult is long it has the accent, but if
not, the antepenult. — Tr.
t These rules for the division of syllables are drawn from the ancient
grammarians and are generally observed in Europe. In this country, it is
more common (and perhaps better, especially for beginners) to follow the
analogies of our own language in dividing a Latin word into syllables. For
a fuller account of the principles of division here adop,ted, see Appendix to
Beck's Latin Syntax. — Tr.
$ 6.] PARTS OF SPEECH. INFLECTION. 15
between two vowels are divided, as : an-nus, a year^ am-
nis, a river, mon-tes, mountains.
Remark. A compound word must be divided according to its com-
ponent parts, as : ab-avus, a great-great-grandfather. If a letter is in-
serted, it is attached to the first word, as : prod-esse, to profit.
CHAPTER m.
§ 6. Parts of Speech. — Inflection,
1. The Substantive designates an object (a person or
thing), as: ma7i, ivoman, house.
2. The Verb expresses an action (something which an
object does), as: to bloom, to dance, to sleep, to love, to
praise, e. g. the rose blooms; the boy dances; the child
sleeps ; God loves men ; the teacher praises the scholars.
3. The Adjective expresses a property or quality, as:
small, great, beautiful, e. g. a small boy ; a beautiful rose ; a
great house.
4. The Adverb expresses the tvay and manner in which
an action takes place, as ; beautifully, sweetly, e. g. the rose
blooms beautifully ; the child sleeps sioeetly.
Rem. 1. There are adverbs also, which express the place where, and
the time when the action takes place, as : here, there, yesterday, to-day.
5. The Pronoun points to an object, as : /, thou, he, this
that.
6. The Numeral expresses number or multitude, as : one,
two, three, many, few.
7. The Preposition is a word which stands before a noun,
and expresses the relations oi place, of time and other rela-
tions which an object sustains to an action, as : the boy
stands before the house; the child laughs /or joy.
8. The Conjunction is a word which serves to connect
words and sentences, as : and, but, because.
Rem. 2. Besides, there are other words which are barely signs of
emotion, and are called Literjections.
9. By inflection we understand the variation or modifica-
16
PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.
[H 7, 8.
tion of a word in order to express a particular relation, as :
thou lovest, he loves, the child's clothes, the man's hat
The inflection of the substantive, adjective, pronoun an4
numeral, is called declension, that of verbs, conjugation.
The remaining parts of speech do not admit of inflection.
§ 7. Partial Treatment of the Verb,
All the verbs of the Latin Language are divided into
four classes or conjugations, which are distinguished by the
termination of the infinitive as follows:
First Conjugation : — are as : amdre, to love,
Second " — ere " monere, to admonish,
Tliird " — ere " regere, to govern,
Fourth " — ^ire " audire, to hear.
§ 8. First Conjugation : amare, to love.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
h
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
amo, Hove
amd.f, thou lovest
amdt, he, she, it loves
amdmus, we love
amdtis, you love
amant, they love.
amor, 1 am loved
amdris, thou art loved
amdtur, he, she, it is loved
amdmur, we are loved
amdmlni, you are loved
amantur, they are loved.
2.
2.
Imperative,
amd, love thou
amdte, love ye.
L Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
aro 1. I plough.
delecto I. 1 ddight.
educo 1, / bring up.
iaudo 1. I praise.
Laudo. Vituperas.
vexo 1. I annoy.
vigilo 1. I watch.
vitiipero 1. / censure.
vulnero 1. / wound.
Pugnatis. A rant. Lauda.
orno I. I adorn.
pugno 1. I fight.
salto 1. I dance.
tento 1. I try.
Saltat. Vigilamus.
Pugnate. Tentat saltare. Delector. Vulneraris. Vexatur. Lauda-
mur. Vituperamlni. Ornantur. Laudaris. Educamlni. Vitupera-
mur. Educor. Edilcantur. Delectamur. Ornaris. Saltatis. Vul-
nerantur. Laudamini. Viglla. Saltate.
I watch. Thou fightest. He ploughs. We praise. You censure.
*9.]
PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.
17
They dance. Fight thou. Praise ye. They try to fight. I am
praised. Thou art censured. He is adorned. We are delighted.
You are wounded. They are annoyed. They are praised. Thou
art brought up. They are censured. We are brought up. You praise.
We are adorned. He is wounded. They praise.
§ 9. Second Conjugation :
monere, to admonish.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
L
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
2.
2.
moneo, £ admonish
mones, ihou admonishest
monet, he, site, it admonishes
monemus, we admonish
monetis, you admonish
monent, they admonish.
Imperative,
mone, admonish thou
monete, admonish ye.
moncor, / am admonished
moneris, thou art admonished
monetur, he, she it is admonished
monemur, we are admonished
monemini, you are admonished
mouentur, they are admonished.
II. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
D#beo 2. I must, ought, gaudeo 2. I rejoice. rid^o 2. I laugh.
doceo 2. I teach, instruct, maneo 2. / remain. taceo 2. I am silent.
exerceo 2. / exercise. mordeo 2. / hite. terreo 2. IfrigJden,
fleo 2. / weep. raoveo 2. / move. et, and.
floreo 2. / bloom. pareo 2. / obey. si, if.
Doceo. Taces. Ridet. Gaudemus. Exercetis. Flent Tace.
Manete. Tacere debes. Terreor. Exerceris. Movetur. Docemur.
Mordemini. Docentur. Doces. Tacemus. Doceris. Parere debent.
Florent. Exercemur. Manetis. Educaris et doceris. Moventur.
Tacent. Parete. Si paretis, laudamlni. Si tacemus, laudamur. Sal-
tamus et gaudemus. Tentate docere. Mordentur et vulnerantur.
I rejoice. Thou exercisest. He weeps. We teach. You are silent.
They laugh. Remain thou. Be ye silent. You must remain. I am
bitten. Thou art frightened. He is instructed. You teach. I am
silent. We are moved. We must be silent. I exercise my self (= am
exercised). Rejoice ye. You are brought up and instructed. I am
instructed. I laugh. Obey thou. If thou obeyest thou art praised.
You dance and rejoice. We try to teach. We are bitten and wound-
ed. If you weep you are censured.
2*
18
PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.
[HO.
§ 10. Third Conjugation : regere, to govern.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
2.
2.
rego, I govern
regis, thou gove
regit, he, she, it
regimus, we gov
regttis, you govi
regunt, th^y gov
Impera
rege, govern tho
regite, govern yi
mest
governs
regor,
regerwf
regitur
I am governed
, thou art governed
, he, she, it is governed
r, we are governed
ni, you are governed
itr, they are governed. -
zrn
em.
live.
u
regvmi
regurd\
Bibo^
cano {
cedo {
defem
diligo
edo 3
TIT. Words to
i. I drink,
i. I sing.
J. I give way.
io 3. / defend.
3. / esteem, love.
I eat.
he learned and
fallo 3. I deceit
laedo3. /Awrf
lego 3. / read.
ludo 3. I play.
pingo 3. I pail
Exercises
e.
it.
for translation.
pungo 3. I prick, sting.
scribo 3. / write.
vinco 3. / conquer^ van-
quish.
bene adv. well.
male, adv. HI, hadly.
Scribo. Legis. Laedit. Cantmus. Editis. Bibunt. Pinge. Scri-
bite. Scribfire debes. Fallor. Vinceris. Defenditur. Diligimur.
Pungimini. Laeduntur. Ede et bibe. Lude. Leglte. Canere ten-
tat Pingis. Defendimur. Diligeris. Vincimini. Si vincitis, lauda-
mini. Bene scribunt. Laederis. Edunt. Si cedis, vinceris. Si male
ficribis, vituperaris. Si bene pingltis, laudamini.
I sing. Thou eatest. He drinks. We vi^rite. You read. They
defend. Write thou. Paint ye. You must read. I am esteemed.
Thou art stung. He is hurt. We are deceived. We are vanquished.
You defend. They esteem. Eat ye and drink. He is conquered.
Play ye. They try to read. You paint. They are defended. You
are esteemed. If thou singest well, thou art praised. He writes well.
You are hurt If you write well you are praised. If you give way
jou are conquered. If you write badly you are censured.
HI.]
PARTIAL TREATMENT OF THE VERB.
19
§ 11. Fourth Conjugation : audire, to hear.
PRESENT ACTIVE.
Indicative.
PRESENT PASSIVE.
Indicative.
1.
2.
3.
J.
2.
3.
2.
2.
audio, / hear
audf5, thou htarest
audit, he, she, it hears
audtmiw, we hear
B-uditis you hear
audiunt, they hear.
Imperative,
audi, hear thou
audite hear ye.
audior, / am heard
audlris, thou art heard
audltur, he, she, it is heard
aud imwr, we are heard
audimlm, you are Jieard
audiuntur, they are heard.
Besides, the following forms of the irregular verb sum
should be noted :
est, he, she, it is,
erat, he, she, it was.
sunt, they are,
erant, they were.
esse, to be,
rV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Custodio 4. Igtmrd.
<lormio 4. / sleep.
erudio 4. I instruct.
ferio 4. / beat, strike.
lulcio 4. I support.
Erudio. Garris.
Salite. Tento
ganio 4. I chatter. salio 4. Heap.
nutrio 4. / nourish. venio 4. / come.
punio 4. I punish. vestio 4. / dothe,
reperlo 4. IJind. vincio 4. / bind, chain.
valde adv. greatly.
Dormit. Ferimus. Punitis. Saliunt. Veni.
reperire. Vincior. Custodiris. Feritur. Vestimur.
Nutrimlni. Fulciuntur. Audi. Dormite. Bene erudimur. Si bene
erudis, laudaris ; si male erudis, vituperaris. Si vinceris, yinciris.
Vestiuntur. Si male scribimus, punimur. Bene custodimlni. Dor-
rrfimus. Salitis. Bene erudiuntur. Audite. Vincimus. Vincimus.
Valde ferimur. Valde vituperamini et punimini.
I strike. Thou punishest. He leaps. We instruct. You chatter.
They sleep. Leap thou. Come ye. They try to instruct. I clothe
myself (= am clothed). Thou art nourished. He supports himself
(=is supported). We are bound. You are guarded. They are
beaten. Hear ye. You are well instructed. He leaps. He is well
instructed. If you are vanquished, you are bound. We are well
guarded. He clothes himself (= is clothed). They are badly in-
structed.
1 praise, I teach, I give way, I guard. Thou praisest, thou teachest,
20
SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. [^ 12.
thou givest way, thou guardest. He praises, he teaches, he gives
way, he guards. We censure, we exercise, we read, we sleep.
You censure, you exercise, you read, you sleep. They censure,
they exercise, they read, they sleep. Adorn thou, obey thou, write
thou, punish thou. Adorn ye, obey ye, write ye, punish ye. We
must adorn, we must obey, we must write, we must punish. I
am annoyed, I am bitten, I am pricked, I am bound. Thou art an-
noyed, thou art bitten, thou art pricked, thou art bound. He is an-
noyed, he is bitten, he is pricked, he is bound. We are well brought
up, we are greatly frightened, we are greatly esteemed, we are well
instructed. You are well brought up, you are greatly frightened, you
are greatly esteemed, you are well instructed. They are well brought
up, they are greatly frightened, they are greatly esteemed, they are
well instructed.
CHAPTER IV.
Of the Substantive and Adjective.
§ 12. Classification of Substantives.
1. The substantive (§ 6, 1.) is called concrete^ when it
designates 2i person or thing which has an actual and inde-
pendent existence, as: nianj lion, flower , army; it is called
abstract, on the contrary, when it signifies an action or qual-
ity conceived of as independent of a subject, as : virtue,
tvisdom.
2, The Concretes are :
a) Appelative nouns, when they indicate a whole spe-
cies, or an individual of a class, as : man, ivornan, floiver,
lion ;
b) Proper nouns, when they designate only single per-
sons as things which do not belong to a class, as: Marius,
Rome ;
c) Material nouns, when they indicate the simple ma-
terial, as : milk, dust, water, gold;
d) Collective nouns, when they designate a number of
single persons or things as one whole, as : ar?ny, cavalry,
fleet, herd.
^ 13, 14.] SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 21
§ 13. Gender of the Substantive,
The Gender of Substantives, which is three-fold, as in
English, is determined partly by their meaning' and partly
by their endings. The rules of gender founded upon the
endings will be treated of under the particular declensions.
With reference to the meaning the following general rules
obtain :
1. Of the masculine gender, are the names and designa*
tions of males, nations, winds, months, most rivers and
mountains.
2. Of the feminine gender, are the names and designa-
tions of females, of most countries, islands, towns and
trees, shrubs and small plants.
Of the neuter gender, are the names of the letters of the
alphabet, the infinitive, all indeclinable words (excepting,
however, the names of persons from foreign languages)
and every word used as the mere symbol of a sound, as :
man is a monosyllable.
4. Of the common gender, are the names of persons
which have but one form for the masculine and feminine,
as : dux, a male or female leader.
1. Nations, men, rivers, winds
These atid months are masculines.
2. Women, isles, lands, trees and town'
These as feminine are found.
3. Whatever cannot be declined
This is of the neuter kind.
4. Common is whatever can
Include a woman and a man.
§ 14. Number, Case and Declension.
1. The substantive and adjective have, like the verb, two
numbers, the Sing., which denotes a unitij, and the Plur.,
which denotes 3. plurality, and six cases in each number,
viz.:
1. Nominative, answering the question tuho? or what?
2. Genitive, answering the question, lohose ?
22 FIRST DECLENSION. [H 15, 16.
3. Dative, answering the question, to or for lohom ? or
lohat ?
4. Accusative, answering the question, ichom ? or lohat ?
5. Vocative, the case of direct address ;
6. Ablative, answering the questions, whence? ivhere-
with ? whereby ? luhen ? at lohat time, etc.
Remark. The Norn, and Voc. are called casus recti; the other
cases, casus ohllqui. Substantives and adjectives of the netder gender
have the Nom. Ace. and Voc. alike.
2. The Latin language hasj^t;e declensions.
§ 15. Gender and Declension of the Adjective.
1. The adjective, in Latin, agrees with its substantive in
gender, number and case, as: filia bona, the good daughter,
filial est bona, the daughter is good, ^Wus honus, the good
son, filius est honus, the son is good, heWum malwm, the evil
tear, helium est malum, the loar is evil,
2. Hence, the adjective, like the substantive, has a three-
fold gender. Still, not all adjectives have separate forms
for the three genders, but many have only two distinct end-
ings, viz. one for the Masc. and Fem. and the other for the
Neut., some, indeed, have only one form for all genders.
3. The declension of the adjective corresponds with the
first three declensions of nouns.
§ 16. First Declension.
Nouns of the first declension ending in a are all femi-
nine. The feminine of adjectives of the second declension
is declined like nouns in a, see § 17.
Rem. 1. Exceptions to this rule occur only out of regard to the gen-
eral rules of gender (§ 13.), thus, e. g. agricola, a husbandman, is Masc. ;
so also are most names of rivers of this declension, as : Matrona, the
Mame, Trebia, Sequana, the Seine. But the names of mountains, as :
Aetna, Ossa, remain Feminine.
$ 16.
FIRST DECLENSION.
23
Case-E
n (] in gs.
Singular
Nominative
a
Plural
Nominative
ae
Genitive
ae
Genitive
ariim
Dative
ae
Dative
is
Accusative
am
Accusative
as
Vocative
a
Vocative
ae
Ablative
a
Ablative
is
Paradigms.
Singular.
Plural.
Nominative
mensa, the table
mensae, the tables
Genitive
mensae, of the table
mensdrum, of the tables
Dative
mensae, to the table
mensl5, to the tables
Accusative
mensdm, the table
mensds, the tables
Vocative
menstf, table
mensae, tables
Ablative
mensd, by the table.
mensis, by the tables.
Rem. 2. As the Latin language has neither tlie definite article the
nor the indefinite article a or an, mensa may signify either in a general
sense table, or a table, or the table.
Rem. 3. Some nouns are used only in the plural, as : nuptiae, a
wedding, nuptiarum, of a wedding.
Rem. 4. The dative and ablative plural have the ending dhus (for is)
in : dea, a goddess, filia, a daughter, when they are to be distinguished
from corresponding masculine forms, e. g. filiis et filiabus, to sons and
daughters, diis et deabus, to gods and goddesses.
Rem. 5. Concerning Greek nouns of the first Dec. see § 35.
V. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Agricola, husbandman.
aqua, wcder.
ciconia, a stork.
querela, complaint,
plaintive cry.
rana, a frog.
copia, abundance, wiMZh'-' terra, the earth.
tude.
herba, an herb.
planta, a plant.
procella, a storm.
Rule of Syntax.
is green, has two parts :
coaxo 1. I croak.
devoro 1. / devour.
turbo 1. I disturb.
noceo 2. / injure.
Every sentence, e. g. the plant blooms, the meadow
gigno 3. / beget, pro-
duce.
pulchre, adv. beautiful-
quam, hoiv ! "
a, ab (with the abl.) by
{a stands only before
24
SECOND DECLENSION.
[U7.
a) The subject, i. e. the person or thing of wliich something is as-
serted (the plant ; the meadow) ;
b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the subject {blooms ;
is green).
The subject is commonly a substantive and stands in the nomina-
tive ; the predicate is commonly a verb (e. g. blooms), or an adjective
in connection with the verb to be (e. g. is green).
Rana coaxat. Agricola delectatur querela ranae. Cicoma nocet
ranae. Cicoma devorat ranam. O rana, coaxa! Aqua turbatur a
rana. Plantae florent. Terra vestitur copia plantarum. Procellae
nocent plantis. Terra gignit plantas. O plantae, quam pulchre orna-
tis terram ! Terra vestitur plantis.
The plant blooms. The herb of the })lant blooms. The storm
injures the plant. I love the plant. O plant how beautifully thou
bloomest. I am delighted with (abl.) the plant. The frogs croak.
The plaintive cry of the frogs delights the husbandmen. The storks
injure the frogs. The storks devour the frogs. O frogs, croak ye.
The water is disturbed by the frogs.
§ 17. Second Declension,
Words of the second declension (substantives and ad-
jectives) end in the Nom. in us, er, ir, and um, of which
those in ns, er, and ir are of the masculine and those in um
of the neuter gender. For the exceptions see § 36.
Case-E
n dings.
Singular
Nom.
us (er, ir) , um
Plural
Nom.
i;
a
Gen.
i
Gen.
orum
Dat.
Dat.
is
Ace.
um
Ace.
6s;
a
Voc.
e (er, ir) ; um
Voc.
i;
a
Abl.
6
Abl.
is
U7.]
SECOND DECLENSION.
25
Paradigms.
Singular.
N. hortw5, the garden puer, the boy ager^ the field
hom^of the garden pueri, of the hoy agri, of the field
horto^/.o the garden puero, to the boy agro, to the field
hoxium^the garden puemm, the boy a-grum, the field
hortc, garden puer, boy ager, O field
horio, by the garden puero, by the boy agro, by the field
vir, the man
virf, of the man
viro, to the rnan
virwra, t/ie man
vir, man
viro, by the man.
Plural.
hortt, the gardens pueri, the boys agrt, the fields virf, the men
bortorum, of the pueroriim, of the agrorwm, of the x'ngriim, of the
gardens boys fields men
horiiSy to the gar- pu§ri5, to the boys agTis, to the fields viTis, to the men
dens
horios, the gardens pu&Tds, the boys SLgros, the fields virds^ the men
hortt, gardens pueri, boys agri, O fields virt, O men
horUs, by the gar- ipneris^by the boys. agri5, by the fields viris^by the men
dens.
beWum, the war
belli, of the war
bello, to the war
bellwm, the war
bellwyn, O war
hello, by the war.
bonw5, good
bont
bono
bonwm
bone
bond
Singular.
bona, good
bonae
bonrtc
bonam
bona
bona
Plural.
bella, the wars bont
bello/w7W, of the bonoriim
vmrs
be 11 15, to the wars bom^
bella, the wars bono*
bella, O wars boni
be]lt5, by the wars, bom*
bona«
bonarilTn
bont5
bonds
bonac
boni*
boniim, good
boni
bono
bonitm
bonwwi
bono
bona
bonorilm
bonf5
bona
bona
boni*.
free
free
libera
free
liber
liberwm
liber?
liberae
liberi
libero
liberae
libero
liberiiw
liberdjn
liberiim
liber
libera
liberwAre
libero
libera
libero
libgr? liberae libgrS
liberorttm liberdrwrn liberoriim
liberie liberis liberie
libero* libera* libera
liberi liberae libera
liberi* liberi* libgri*.
Singular.
beautiful beautiful beautiful
pulcher pulchra pulchrwm
pulchri pulchrac pulchri
pulchro pulchrae pulchro
pulchritm pulchrawi pulchriim
pulcher pulchra pulchrixm
pulchro pulchra pulchro
Plural,
pulchri pulchrac pulchrd
pulchroriiwt pulchrdrtiz/i pulchroriim
pulchri* pulchri* pulchri*
pulchro* pulchra* pulchri
pulchri pulchiac pulchrd
pulchri* pulchri* pulchri*.
26 SECOND DECLENSION. [$ 17.
In like manner decline :
Vir bonus, a good man, femina bona, a good woman, exemplum bon-
um, a good example, hortus pulcher, a beautiful garden, rosa pulchra, a
beautiful rose, ovum pulchruin, a beautiful egg, ager fecundus, the pro-
ductive fkld, vir liber, a free man, scriba bonus, a good scribe.
Rem. 1. Most words in er reject the e in all the oblique cases except
in the vocative singular, as : ager, G. agr-i ; only the following retain
the c ; puer, G. pueri, socer, father-in-law, gener, son-in-law, vesper,
evening, liberi, children, and the adjectives: asper, aspera, asperum,
rough, lacer, torn, liber, /rec, miser, miserable, prosper, fortunate, tener,
tender, QX\di the compounds of/er and g-er, as: frugifer,/rmY bearings
corniger, homed. Dexter, right, has both forms : dexter, dextra, dex-
trum, G. dextri, dextrae; also, though less frequently: dexter, dextera,
dext6rum, G. dexteri.-^
Rem. 2. The Voc. Sing, offlius, (a son) is fli and that of meus (my)
is mi, as : O mi fli, (but, O mea flia, O meum offidum). This Voc. in t
also, is found in proper names in \us, aius and eius, hence : I (for 1e),
al (for aie), el (for eie), as : Tulllus Tulli, Virgillus VirglU. Mercurius
MercUrl, Antonius Antonl, Gains Gal, Pompeius Pompei.
Rem. 3. The word deus (God) is deus also in the Voc; in the plu-
ral it is thus declined : N. dii, G. deorum, D. diis. Ace. deos, V. rfii,
Abl. diis.
Rem. 4. The Gen. plural of some nouns has the ending um (for
orum), e. g. nummum (from nummus), of money, talentum (from talen-
tUm), of talents.
Rem. 5. Some Greek words, but rarely except in poetry, have the
ending os (Ace. on) for the masculine and feminine, and on for the
newfer gender, as : Ilios, llion. Greek words in eus (one syllable) are
thus declined: N. Orpheus (two syllables), G. Orphei, D. Orpheo, Ace.
Orpheum, Voc. Orpheu (two syllables), Abl. Orpheo.
VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
"Equua, i, m. horse. molestus, a, um,<row6Zc- committo 3. I commit
frumentum, i, n. grain. some. to.
granum, i, n. corn. varius, a, um, various, curro 3. I run.
juba, ae,f. mane. vireo 2. Ifourish. hinnio 4. I neigh.
musca, ae,f.fy. colo 3. / attend to, cvl- celeriter, adv. swiftly.
fecundus, a, um, pro- tivate, honor, revere. in (with the abl.), in,
ductive. upon.
Rule or Syntax. A noun in the Gen., Dat, or Ace, which is con-
nected with the predicate and limits it, is called the object ; e. g. in the
sentence : the man guides the horse, " man" is the subject and " horse" the
object which limits " guides." When the noun is in the Ace. it is called
the suffering object (receiving the direct action).
Eqiius hinnit. Juba equi est pulchra. Muscae sunt molestae equo.
§ 17.] SECOND DECLENSION. 27
Vir regit equum. Eque, celeriter curre. Equo pulchro delector.
Agi'i sunt fecundi. Herbae agroriim sunt variae. Agricola committit
agris grana frumenti. Agricola colit agros. Agri, quam pulchi'e vire-
tis ! In agris multae herbae florent.
* The field is productive. The herbs of the field are various. The
husbandman commits the corns of grain to the field. The husband-
man cultivates the field. O field, how beautifully thou flourishest!
Various herbs bloom in the field. The horses neigh. The mane of
the horse is beautiful. Flies are troublesome to horses. Men govern
horses. O horses, run swiftly. We are delighted with (abl.) beauti-
ful horses.
I*'
Vn. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation,
Deus, see Rem. 3. mundus, i, m. world. magnus, a, urn, great.
dea, see §16. Rem. 4. praesidium, i, n. pro- propitius, a, um, pro-
fill us, see Rem. 2. tedion, aid. pitious, favorable.
filia, see § 16. Rem. 4. templum, i, n. temple. meus, a, um, see Rem.
levir, i, m. hrother-in- benevolentia, ae, /. be- 2.
law. nevolence. miser, era,erum,tDretchf
socer, i, m. father-in- carus, a, um, dear. ed.
laia. improbus, a, um, toick- praebeo 2. / afford.
gener, i, m. son-in-law. ed. exstruo 3. / build.
Dii mundum regunt. Deos propitios collte. Praebe, o deus bone,
miseris praesidium. Dii improbos puniunt. Diis et deabus templa
exstruuntur. Benevolentia deorum est magna. Filius leviri bene legit.
Socero est hortus pulcher. Boni viri bonis viris cari sunt. Filia gen-
eri pulchre pin git
The gods are propitious to men. Good men are dear to the gods.
* With regard to the arrangement of the words in forming a Latin sen-
tence, the teacher must be the principal guide. The rigid laws of arrange-
ment in the English language, allowed of but little being done in the way of
imitating the Latin arrangement in the English exercises. Something,
however, has been attempted in this way, which, together with a desire to
preserve a strictly literal and grammatical expression of the thoughts, will
account for the apparently awkward construction of many of the sentences.
— It may be suggested, also, that a close study of the position of the words
in the Latin exercises, will very often guide the student in translating the
English exercises. As to particular rules on this subject, it would not be
proper, perhaps, to state more than the following, applicable where no em-
phasis rests upon any word in the sentence. In this case, 1) The predicate
follows the subject, as in English, 2) the adjective, or noun in the Genitive,
comes after its noun, \\) the verb follows the case or cases which it governs,
4) the adverb pricedes the word which it limits. But when these words
are emphatic, the order in each case is reversed. For fuller directions on
this subject, see Krebs' Guide for writing Latin, §§ 468 — 514. — Tr.
28
THIRD DECLENSION.
[U8.
The wicked are punished by (ab) the gods. The world is governed
by (ab) the gods. Afford, O good gods, protection to the wretched.
The gods honor the temples. The gods love the good. O God, pun-
bh tlje wicked. Write, my sons. Sons-in-law are dear to fathers-in-
law. God is propitious to good sons and good daughters. Write, my
son, paint, my daughter.
§ 18. Third Declension.
1. The third Declension has the following case-endings :
Sing.
Nom.
Plur.
Nom.
es JVeut. a (ia)
Gen.
IS
Gen.
um (ium)
Dat.
i
Dat.
ibus
Ace.
era, JVtut. like Nom.
Ace.
es a (ia)
Voc.
like the Nom.
Voc.
es a (ia)
Abl.
e(i)
Abl.
ibus
Rem. 1. In the Nom. the pure stem is often changed. It may al-
ways be found, however, by removing from the Gen. is, the ending of
that case, as: rex, king, G. reg-is the stem therefore is reg. Also t, rf,
fi and nt, are rejected from the stem in the Nom. before s, as : laus,
praise, G. laud-is, stem : laud ; Salamis, G. Salamin-is, Atlas, G. Atlant-
is. The r, of the stem, often passes over into s, as : mos, custom, G.
mor-is. Most masculines and feminines whose stem ends in n, have
rejected this letter in the Nom. as : leo, a lion, G. leon-is. Greek proper
names whose stem ends in ont reject the t in the nominative, as : Xen-
ophon, Xenophont-is.
Rem. 2. J^euters, as a general thing, present the pure stem in the
Nom., as: exemplar, a pattern, G. exemplar-is. Still, variations from
this are introduced into many words out of regard to the laws of eu-
phony in the Latin language, as : carmen, a poem (for carmin), G. carmin-
is, ebur, ivory (for ehor), G. ebor-is, corpus, the body (instead of corpor\
G. corp6r-is, caput, the head (for capit), G. capit-is. When the stem
of a Greek word ends in ai, the t is rejected in the Nom., as: poema
(for po€mat), a poem, G. poemat-is ; so also in the neuters : cor, cord-is,
(he heart, lac, lact-is, milk.
Rem. 3. Concerning the endings c and i, a and ia, um and ium, see
§37.
2. Concerning the gender^ the following general rules ob-
tain :
1) Of the masculine gender are the nouns in o, or, 05,
cr, and imparisyllahles^ m es.
Rem. 4. Parisyllahles are words with the same number of syllables
in the Gen. as in the Nom., as : nubes, a cloud, G. nubis ; imparisyUa-
^ 19—20.]
THIRD DECLENSION.
29
bles, on the contrary, are words which have more syllables in the Gen.
tlian in the Noin., as : miles, soldier^ G. militis.
2) Of the feminine gender are nouns in, as^ is, aus, us
(Gen. utis or udis), x, s with a consonant before it and pari-
syllables in es. ^
3) Of the neuter gender are nouns in a, e, c, /, ew, ar, wr,
ut and us (Gen. oris, eris, uris).
Rem. 4. For the exceptions to these rules see §§ 38 — 40.
§
19. I. The Nominative presents tht pure
stem.
colour (m.)
goose (m.)
father (m.)
animal (n.)
spur (n.)
S.N.
color
anser
pater
animal
calcar
G.
co\bris
anseri*
patri*
animali*
calcari*
D.
colon
ansen'
patri
animali
calcan
A.
colorem
anserem
patrew
animal
calcar
V.
color
anser
pater
animal
calcar
A.
colore
an sere
patre
animali
calcari
P.N.
colore*
ansere*
patre*
animalla
calcarta
G.
colorwm
anserum
patrwm
animaliwm
calcarlMm
D.
colduhus
anserl6u5
patriftu*
animali6u*
calcarl6i«
A.
colore*
ansere*
patre*
animal?a
calcarta
V.
colore"*
an sere*
patre*
animalla
cal carta
A.
Q.o\oYlhus
anserlhus
patribus
animaliftu*
calcartfeit*.
§ 20. II. The Nominative presents the stem changed accord'
ing to the laics of euphony.
name (wf.)
lion (m.)
body (n.)
sea (n.)
S. Nom. and Voc.
nomen
leo
corpus
mare
Genitive
nomini*
leoni*
corpori*
maris
Dative
nomlm
leoni
corpdri
man*
Accusative
nomen
leonem
corpus
mare
Ablative
nomine
leonc
corpore
man*
P. N. Ace. and V.
nomina
leone*
corpora
mar7a
Genitive
nomlnwm
leonuwi
corporMm
mar? um
Dat. and Abl.
womlrulus
\e6inbus
corponftit*
manbus.
3*
THIRD DECLENSION.
[*21.
§21. III.
The Nominative adds s to the stem.
root if.) city (/.)
praise (/.)
cloud (/.)
S. Nom. and Voc.
radix urbs
laus
nube-5
Genitive
radicis urhis
laudw
nubi-5
Dative
radici urbi
laudt
nubi
Accusative
radicem urbcm
laudem
nubewi
Ablative
radicc urbe
laude
nube
P. N. Ace. and V.
radices urbej?
\dudes
nube-5
Genitive
radicwm urbZum
]au(\um
nubi-wm
Dat. and Abl.
radicibus urhlbm
\'dU(\ihtis
nuhi-bus.
Rem. 1. Nouns in ter and ber, as: pater, /afAer, mater, mother, frater,
brother, as well as adjectives in ber and cer, as: celeber, celebrated, acer,
sharp, reject the e in the oblique cases ; see pater above.
Rem. 2. Greek proper names whose stem ends in on or on, in good
prose, form their Nom. almost always in a, as: Agamemno, G. 6n-is;
Plato. Solo, Bito, G. on-is ; those, on the contrary, whose stem ends in
ont form their Nom., in the best writers, in on, as : Xenophon, G.
ont-ls.
VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Dolor, oris, m. ^ain, suf- populus, i, m. people. vester, tra, trum, your,
fering. tormentum, i, n. torture, praedico 1. / extol,
orator, oris, m. orator, acerbus, a,um,j5wn^enf. tolero \. I endure.
imimus, i, w. soitZ, mint?, disertus, a,um, eZo^weni. succumbo 3. / sink
courage. [quence. ignavus, a, um, indo- under.
eloquentla, ae, f. elo- lent, cowardly. graviter, adv. heavily,
facundla, ae, f. Jluency praeclarus, a, um, noble. violently.
of speech. tuus, a, um, thy.
numSrus, i, m. number, noster, tra, trum, our.
quantity.
Orator est disertus. Eloquentia oratoris movet animos nostros. Ora-
tori paret populus. Oratorem praedicamus ob facundlam. O orator,
quam praeclara est tua eloquentia ! Ab oratore populus regltur. Do-
lores sunt acerbi. Numerus dolorum est magnus. Doloribus succum-
bltis. Vir patienter tolerat dolores. O dolores, quam graviter pungltis !
Doloribus vincuntur ignavi viri.
The pain is pungent. Bear ye the tortures of the pain. Thou sink-
est under the suffering. The man endures the pain patiently. O pain,
how violently thou stingest. A cowardly man is vanquished by (abl.)
pain. Orators are eloquent. The eloquence of the orator movies our
minds. The people obey the orators. Orators are extolled on ac-
count of their fluency of speech. O orators, how noble is your elo-
quence ! The world is governed by (ab) the orators.
patienter, patiently.
ob, on account of
$22.1
THIRD DECLENSION.
31
§ 22. Paradigms of Adjectives of the Third Declension,
Preliminary Remark. The following paradigms present the forms
of the three classes of adjectives of the third Dec. with one, two and
three endings. Adjectives of one ending terminate in Z, r, s, a:, and par-
ticiples (Present Participles only) in ns, G. ntis, as: amans, loving, G.
amantis. For the irregular adjectives of the second Dec. : unus, ullus,
etc., duo and ambo, see § 33.
Singular. |
N. and V.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
sharp.
(m.) (f.) Cn.)
acer acris acre
acris acris acris
acri acri aeri
acrem acrem acre
acri acri acri
delightful,
(m. & f.) (n.)
suavis suave
suavis suavis
suavi suavi
suavem suave
suavi suavi
greater.
(m.&f.) (n.)
major majus,
majoris majoris
majuri majori
majorera majus
majore majore
Plural 1
N.V.&Ac.
Genitive
D. &Abl.
acres acres acria
acrium acrium acrium
acribus acribus acribus
suaves suavia
suavium suavium
suavibussuavibus
majores majora
majorum majorum
majoribus majoribus.
Nom. & Voc.
Genitive
Dat. & Abl.
Ace.
Singular,
audax (m.f. n.) bold
audacis
audaci
audaeem (m./.), audax (w.)
Plural.
audaces (m.f) audaeia (n.)
audaciuni audacium
audacibus audacibus
audaces audaeia.
In like manner decline :
odor acer, sharp odor.,
odoris acris
campus viridis, green
campi viridis [field,
vir major, greater man,
viri majoris
miles audax, bold sol-
militis audacis [dicr,
aqua acris, sharp water,
aquae acris
silva viridis, green
silvae viridis [wood,
femina major, greater
feminae majoris[70om£n
leaena audax, bold lion-
leaenae audacis [ess.
acetum acre, sharp vin-
aceti acris [^g^'>'t
pratum viride, green
prati viridis [meadow^
corpus majus, greater
corporis majoris [body,
animal audax, bold an-
animalis audacis [imal.
Remark. For the Abl. Sing, in i and c, the Nom. Plur. in ia and a,
and the Gen. Plur. in ium and um, see § 36.
IX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Alacer, cris, ere, lively, litterae, arum,/, litera- virtus, utis,/. virtue.
spirited. ture. vox, ocis,/ voice.
fortis, e, brave. ' discipulus, i, m. scholar, consto 1. 1 consist in, of
gravis, e, severe, serious, fundamentum, i, n. habeo 2. / have.
mortalis, e, mortal. foundation. incumbo 3. (with in and
immortalis, e,immortal. avis, is,/, bird. the ace.) / apply my-
omnis, e, each, the whole, homo, inis, m. man. self to.
plur. all. hostis, is, m. enemy. non, not.
industria,ae,/. inrfiwfrj/. mos, oris, m. custom. ne fwith the Imper.)
pittas, atis,/.j9ie<i/. not.
32
FOURTH DECLENSION.
[^23.
Miles forti animo pugnare debet. Suavi avium voce delcctamur.
Discipiili laus constat bonis moribus et acri industrla. Pittas est funda-
mentum omnium virtutum. Viri fortes non vincuntur doloribus gravi-
bus. Ne cedrte hostibus audacibus. Puer alacri animp in litteras ia-
cumb^re debet Homines corpora mortalia habent, animos immortales
§ 23. Fourth Declension.
Nouns of the fourth Dec. have in the Nom. the two end-
ings : us and w, of these the first is of the masculine and the
last of \\\v fgmimnr gender. For the exceptions, see § 41.
Case-En dings.
Sing.
Nom.
us; MvJt.
u
Plur. Nom.
us;
Mut.
ua
Gen.
us; us or
u
Gen.
uum
Dat.
ui or u ;
u
Dat.
ibus
Ace.
um;
u
Ace.
us;
u^
Voc.
us;
u
Voc.
us;
ua
Abl.
u
Abl.
ibus
Paradigms.
Singular.
Plural. 1
N.
fructM5 {vi.), fruit.
cornw (n.), horn.
fructM5
corniid
G.
fructus
cornus or u
fructMwm
corn uum
D.
fructui or u
cornu
fructlbus
corn ibus
A.
fructum
cornu
fructus
corntltt
V.
fructus
cornu
fructiw
cornud
A.
fructM
cornii
fructl6u5
cornl6u5.
Rem. 1. The following words in the Dat. and Abl. Plur. have the end-
ing ubus for Ibus : acus (f ), a needle, arcus (m.), a bow, artus (m.), a
joint, limb, partus (m.), a birth, lacus (m.), a lake, pond, quercus, (f), fJie
oak, specus (m.), a den, grotto, tribus (f ), a tribe, company, pecu (n.), cat-
tle, (as a species), and veru (n.), a spit. Ficus (f ), us, ajigtree, forms
the Dat. and Abl. Plur. according to the second Dec. : ficis.
Rem. 2. The word domus (f ) a house, is declined as follows :
Sing. N. V.
domu5
Plur.N. V.
domii5
Gen.
domus
Gen.
domimm and domorum
Dat.
donmi
Dat.
(\onubus
Ace.
domuwi
Ace.
domes rarely domiw
Abl.
donid
Abl.
domibus
The form domi is used only in the meaning at home, at the house ;
thus : domi meae, domi tuae, domi alienae, ai my, thy, another's house.
f 23.] FOURTH DECLENSION. 33
X. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatioru
Luctus, us, m. grief. amarus, a, um, hitter, indulgeo 2. /g^vc my«cZ/*
lusus, us, m. sport. gratus, a, um, agreeable^ up to.
sensus, us, m. sense^ grateful. frango 3. / hreak, break
feeling. praedltus, a, um, (with doum.
besiia, ae./. ammaZ. Ah\.) endowed with. succumbo 3. / w'nfe «n-
vis (only Ace. vim and quantus, a, um, how der.
Abl. vi) power ^ force, great. libenter, adv. with de-
might, puerilis, e, childish. light.
voluptas, atis, /. pleas- sapiens, tis, tme ; subst. suay Iter, adv. pleasantly,
ure. a wise man. vehementer, adv. vio-
genus, eris, n. gender, evito 1. I avoid. lently.
kind, i>aro ^ . I provide.
Lusus pueris gratus est. Genera lusus sunt varia. Pueri libenter in-
dulgent lusui. Vir gravis evitat lusum puerilem. O lusus, quam sua-
viter animos puerorum delectas ! Pueri delectantur lusu. Sensus sunt
acres. Vis sensuum est magna. Vir fortis non succumbit sensibus
doloris. Bestiae habent sensus acres. O sensus, quantas voluptates
hominibus paratis ! Animalia sunt praedita sensibus.
The feeling of pain is bitter. The power of grief is great. The
brave man does not sink under grief. The wise man endures grief
patiently. O grief, how violently thou tormentest the minds of men !
The wise man is not broken down by (abl.) grief The sports of chil-
dren are agreeable. There are various kinds of sport. The boys give
themselves up to sports with delight The serious man avoids child-
ish sports. O sports, how pleasantly you delight the minds of boys !
In (abl.) sports the boys are delighted.
XI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Fremitus, us, m. noise, tuus, a, um, thy. resono 1. / resound.
genu, us or u, n. knee, noster, tra, trum, our. vacillo 1. / waver.
tonitru, us or u, n. thun- vester, tra, trum, your, permoveo 2. / move.
der. validus, a, um, strong, antecedo 3. I precede.
vigor, oris, m. power. horribllis, e, frightful, extimesco 3. 1 fear.
fulmen, inis, n. light- terribilis, e, terrible. flecto 3. / bend.
ning. supplex, icis, suppliant ; procu mbo 3. 1 fall down.
robur, oris, n. strength. subst. the suppliant, in (with Ace. and Abl.)
multus, a, um, much, indico 1. / indicate. in, upon.
many.
Tonitru terribile animos hominum permovet. Fremitus tonitrus
(tonitru) est horribllis. Fulmen antec6dit tonitru. Multi homines ex-
timescunt tonitru. O tonitru, quam horribllis est fremitus tuus. Do-
34 FIFTH DECLENSION. [$ 24.
mus res6nat tonitru. Genua virorum sunt valida. Vigor genuum indi-
cat robur corporis. Magna vis est genlbus. Supplices procumbuut in
genua. O genua, ne vacillate ! In genibus est magna vis.
The knee of man is strong. Power of the knee indicates strength
of body. The knee has great power (== to the knee there is great
power). The supphant bends the knee. O knee, waver not ! In the
knee is great power. The thunder is terrible. The noise of the
thunder is frightful. Lightnings precede the thunders. Fear thou
not the thunder. O thunder, how terrible is thy noise. The house re-
sounds with (abl.) frightful thunderings (== thunders).
Xn. JVords to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Pin us, us,/ jnne. perniciosus, a, urn, cfe- sedeo '2. 1 sit.
puella, ae,/. girl. strudive. cingo 3. / gird, sur-
Bagitta, ae./. arrow. timidus, a, um, timid. round.
frater, tris, m. brother, insignis, e, reinarkable. contremisco 3. /<rewi6Ze,
Boror, oris,/ sister. aedifico 1. / build. quake.
imber, bris, ?m. rain. habito 1. I dwell. pingo 3. / paint; acu
piscis, is, m.Jish. adjaceo 2. (with Dat.) / pingo, I embroider.
rex, regis, m. king. lie by. saepe, adv. often.
venator, dris, m. hunter, contorqueo 2. / hurl, sub (with Abl.), under*
continuus, a, um, con- shoot.
tinux)us.
Aestate sub quercubus et in specubus libenter sedemus. Hortus re-
gis ornatur multis pinlbus, ficis et lacubus. Puellae acubus pingunt.
Oratores timldi saepe omnibus artubus contremiscunt. Venatores ar-
cubus sagittas contorquent Dornus altitudo est insignis. Domui nos-
trae adjacet lacus. Frater aedificat domum. Magnus numerus est
domuum (domorum) in urbe. Domibus perniciosi sunt imbres con-
tinui. Domos regis chigunt multae pinus.
Oaks and pines surround our house. The king dwells in a beauti-
ful house. We dwell in beautiful houses. The height of the house
is remarkable. In the lake are fishes. The king has many and beau-
tiful houses. I tremble in all [my] limbs. A great lake lies by our
houses. My sisters embroider. Many houses are built in the city
My brothers sit in the garden under oaks, and my sisters in grottos.
Many arrows are shot by bows.
§ 24. Fifth Declension.
All nouns of the fifth declension end in the Nom. in es
and are of the feminine gender.
*24.]
FIFTH DECLENSION.
35
Exceptions: MascuHtie are, dies, a day, and meridies, mid-day; yet
dies in the Sing, is feminine when it signifies a definite day, a dayjbced
upon or appointed, as : dies dicta, dies constituta, a day appointed, also,
when it signifies length of time, as : dies perexigua, a very short space ;
still, in both these meanings it is sometimes used as masculine.
Case-Endings and Paradigms.
affair, thing.
day.
S. N. es
PI. es
S. res, PI. res
dies, PI.
die-5
G.ei
erum
rei rerum
diei
die'riim
D.ei
ebus
ret rebiis
diei
die6:s
A. em
es
rem res
diem
dic5
V. es
es
res res
die*
die-5
A. e
ebus
re rebus
die-
diebvs.
Rem. 1. The c in ei, the ending of the Gen. and Dat. is short when
a consonant stands before it, as : rei, fidei ; but long when a vowel
stands before it, as: diei, faciei.
Rem. 2. Only res and dies form all the cases of the Sing, and Plur. ;
all the other nouns of the fifth declension are destitute of the Gen., Dat.
and Abl. Plur., these cases being supplied by the corresponding cases
of synonymous nouns of the other declensions.
Xin. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Spes, 6i,y*. hope. ad versus, a, um, ad- dulcis, e, sweet.
Sierumna, aef. hardship, verse; res adversae, felicior, m. and^!, feli-
trouble. adversity, cius, n., oris, more
vita, ae,/. life. certus, a, um, certain. fortunate.
solatium, i, n. consola- incertus, a, um, uncer- afflicto 1. / overwhelm.
tion. tain. recreo 1. I refresh.
conditio, onis, f. con- dubius, a, um, doubtful, amitto 3. / lose.
dition, state. humanus, a,um,/i7iman. oppouo S. I oppose.
tempus, oris, n. time. vanus, a, um, vain. facile, adv. easily.
Spes incerta et dubia est. Vis spei est magna in animis hominum.
Homines facile indulgent spei vanae. Spem feliciorum temporum non
debemus amittere in aerumnis vitae. O spes, dulci solatio animos mis-
erorum hominum recreas ! Spe vana saepe fallimur. Res humanae
sunt incertae et dubiae. Conditio rerum humanurum est dubia. Re-
bus adversis opponite virtutem. Ne extimescite res adversas. O res
humanae, quam saepe animos hominum fallitis ! Animus sapientis
non afflictatur rebus adveris.
36 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. ^ 35.
XIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Fides, 6i, / Jidelity. rarus, a, u m, rare. servo 1 . / preserve.
amicitia, ae, /. friend- serenus, a, um, bright, debeo 2. / owe.
ship. tutus, a, um, safe. conquiesco 3. Ifndsat-
exemplum,i, n.exam/)Ze. verus, a, um, true. isfadion.
salus, utis,/. safety, wel- tristis, e, lowery, sad. succedo 3. I follow.
fare. avolo 1. Ify away, van- cito, adv. swiftly.
ver, eris, n. spring. ish. cupide, adv. eagerly.
adventus, us, m. arrival, convoco 1. 1 call togeth- etiam, conj. also.
portus, us, m. haven. er. modo — modo, now —
incorruptus, a, um, un- exspecto 1. / expect, now.
corrupted. await.
The fidelity of friends refreshes our minds in the hardships of life.
Examples of true fidelity of friendship are rare. To the fidelity of
our friends we owe our safety. The true friend preserves [his] fidelity
also in adversity. O fidelity, thou providest for unfortunate men a
safe haven ! In the fidelity of friends we find satisfaction. The days
are now bright, now lowery. The arrival of the bright days of spring
are to all men agreeable. Lowery days follow bright days. We
eagerly await the bright days of spring. O ye beautiful days of spring,
how swiftly you fly away! In (abl.) the bright days of spring we are
delighted. Mid-day is bright. On (abl.) a certain day, the soldiers
of the city are called together.
§ 25. Comparison of Adjectives and Participles,
1. There are three degrees of quality :
1) The positive^ as : the man is learned (vir est doctus);
2) The comparative^ as : the father is more learned than
the son (pater est doct-ior qumm fflius) ;
3) The superlative^ as : Cicero was the most learned of
all the Romans (Cicero erat doct-issimus omnium Roman-
orum).
2. The superlative, in Latin, is also used to express in
general, a very high degree of a quality, as : pater tuus est
doct-issimus^ thy father is very learned.
8. For indicating the comparative and superlative, the
Latin language has the following forms :
a) For the comparative : tor, Masc. and Fern., his, neuter]
b) For the superlative : isstmusy isstm,a, issimum.
^25.1
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PAETICIPLES.
37
4. These endings are joined directly to the stem, which
may be found, in all cases, by removing, in words of the
second Declension, the Nominative-ending us, and in those
of the third, the Genitive-ending is, as
Laet-us, joiifvl
doct-us, learned
pudic-us, bashful^ modest
imbecill-us, feeble
lev-is, light
fertll-is, fertile
dives (G. divit-is), rich
prudens (G. prudent-is),
prudent
amaiis (G. amant-is),
loving
felix (G. felic-is), happy
Comp. laet-ior, ius
— doct-ior
— pudic-ior
— imbecill-tor
— lev-ior
— fertil-ior
— divit-ior
— prudent-ior
Sup. \^eX-issimus, a, um
— dioci-issimus
— YiudXc-issimus
— imbecill-miwiiw
— \ew-issimus
— {erxW-issimus
— AWxi-isaimus
— prudent-i*5imi«
— amant-ior — amant-wMmiw
— felic-ior — felic-mmw*
5. Adjectives in er have the ending rimus, a, um in the
superlative, as :
miser (G. miser-i), a, um [unhappy) celer (G. cel6r-is), is, e, [sim/l)
miser-ior, ius celer-ior, ius
miser-nmw5, a, um ; celer-nmiw, a, um ;
pulcher (G. pulchr-i), a, um {heauii- pauper (G. pauper-is), {poor)
ful) pauper-ior, ius
pulchr-ior, ius pauper-rimws, a, um.
pulcher-rimiw, a, um.
So also : vetus, G. veter-is, old (Comp. veterior, ius, is rarely used)
Sup. veter-rimus ; and nuper-us, a, um, recenty (Comp. wanting) Sup.
nuper-rimus.
6. The six following adjectives in ilis form the superla-
tive by adding limus to the stem, viz : facTlis, easy, difficTlis,
difficult, similis, like, dissimilis, unlike, gracilis, slim, slender^
and humilis, loiu, as:
facil-is, e C. facil-ior, ius S. facil-Zmii5, a, um.
7. Compound adjectives in dicus ficus and volus, form
the comparative by adding entior, ius, and the superlative
by adding entissimus, a, um to the root, as :
maledlcus, slanderous C. maledic-eniior S. msX^AiQ-entissimus
magnificus, magnifcent magnific-en^ior magmfic-entissimus
benevolus, benevolent benevol-enfior hcne}fo\-entissimus
38
COMPAEISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.
P25.
But those in dicus (i long) are compared regularly, as :
pudicus, bashful^ modesty pudic-ior, pudic-issimus.
8. Besides, the following adjectives of irregular compari-
son are to be observed :
bonus, good
C
. mel^oVf iuSj better
S. optimus, a, Mm, best
malus, had
pej-or
pesslmus
magnus, great
maj-or
maximus
parvus, small
min-or
minimum
multus, much
plus (neutr.) more
plurimus, most
plures (m. and f. ),plura plurimi^ most
(n. ) more
nequam, wuhed
C.
, nequ-ior,
S. nequissimus
senex, old
sen-ior,
wanting
juvenis, young
jun-ior
wanting
exterus, outward
exter-iovj
extremus, outermost
inferus, helow
infer-ior^ ^
infimus and imus^ lowest
superus, above
super-ior^
supremus, and summvs
posterus, hind
poster-ior,
postrtmuSj Undermost
9. Finally, there are several adjectives of which the posi-
tive is wanting, e. g. :
(citra, on this side) citer-ior, ius citimus, nearest
(intra, within) inter-ior, ius intlmus, inmost
(ultra, beyond) ulter-ior, ius ultimus, last
(prope, near) prop-ior, ius proximus, next
Rem. 1. Instead of the comparison by terminations, the Latin lan-
guage often expresses the comparative by the positive with magis
(more), and the superlative by the positive with maxime (most). This
periphrastic form is necessary in those adjectives which want the ter-
minational comparative and superlative.
Rem. 2. Some adjectives have a superlative but not a comparative
form, as: novus, new, novissimus; invictus, invincible, invictissimus.
On the contrary, others have a comparative but not a superlative form,
as : diuturnus, lasting, diuturnior, maxime diuturnus ; procHvis, sloping^
inclined, proclivior, maxime proclivis ; especially, nearly all in "dis, llis,
dlis, bilis, as : agllis, nimble, agilior, maxime agilis.
Rem. 3. To the adjectives which have not the terminational com-
parison, belong: a) those which have a vowel before the ending us, as;
idoneus, fit, magis idoneus, maxime idoneus ; plus, pious, affectionate ;
perspicuus, clear; egregius, excellent; necessanus, necessary ; — b) nearly
all in, Icus, \mus, Inus, Ivus, orus, undus, andus, bundus, as : lubricus,
slippery ; legitimus, lawful, matutinus, early, fugitivus, fugitive, canorus,
harmonious, venerandus, worthy of veneration, moribundus, dying ; — c)
several of no particular class, as : almus, nourishing, canus, hoary, cicur,
tam^f claudus, lam£, compos, powerfvlj impos, impotent of curvus, bent^
^ 25.] COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 39
ferus, hiUd, gnarus, acquainted with, mediocris, mediocre, inemor, mind-
fid of, mirus, wonderful, par, equal, proedltus, endowed with, rudis, rude,
etc. ; — finally, some, which, on account of their signification, admit of
no degrees; e. g. those which denote a material; those compounded
•with per, prae (except praeclarus) and suh, as : permagnus, very great,
praedives, very rich, subdifficilis, somewhat difficult ; those having the
diminutive form, as : parvulus, tiny, vetulus, oldish.
XV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Beneficentia, ae,/. he- lux, lucis,/. light. munificus, a, um, mu-
neficence. ratio, on is,/, reason. nificent
luna, ae, f the nwon. simulatio, onis,/. ^re- secundus, a, um,/avor-
natura, ae,/ nature. tence. able; res secundae,
sa\)\entm,ae,f. wisdom, sol, solis, m. swn. prosperity.
odium, i, n. hatred. sonltus, us, m. sound. amabllis, e, amiable.
amor, oris, m. love. accommodatus, a, um, velox, ocis, surijl.
hirundo, inis, / swal- suited to. nihil, indecl., nothing,
low. garrulus, a, um, chatter- quam, conj., than.
liberalitas, atis,/ liber- ing, loquacious,
ality.
Nihil est naturae hominis accommodatius, quam beneficentia. Nihil
est amabilius, quam virtus. Lux est velocior, quam sonitus. Nihil est
melius, quam sapientia. Multi magis garruli sunt, quam hirundines.
Pauperes saepe sunt munificentiores, quam divites. In adversis rebus
saepe sunt homines prudentiores, quam in secundis. Divitissimorum
vita saepe est miserrima. Simulatio amoris pejor est, quam odium.
Nihil est melius, quam ratio. Sol major est, quam terra ; luna minor
est, quam terra.
XVI. Words to be learned and Exercises far translation.
Patria, ae, /. native adulatio, 6nis,y!/af<e- beneficus, a, um, 6ene/*-
country. ry. icent.
poeta, ae, m. a poet. similitudo, inis,/. simi- Graecus, a, um, Greek.
simia, ae,/. an ape. larity. suus, a, um, his, her^
Syracusae, arum, / valetudo, inis, / health. its.
Syracuse. affinitas, atis,/ relation- niger, gra, grum, black,
corvus, i, m. a crow. ship. celeber, bris, bre, fre-
malum, i, n. evil. virgo, inis, / a young quented.
murus, i, m. a wall. woman. bre vis, e, short.
Homerus, i, m. Homer, crus, uris, n. shin, leg. simplex, icis, simple.
Lacedaemonius, i, m. beatus, a, um, peaceful, valeo 2. I am strong,
a Lacedemonian happy. avail.
labor, oris, m. labor. contemno 3. / despise.
Omnium beatissimus est sapiens. Homerus omnium Graecorum
40 CLASSIFICATION AND FORMATION OF ADVERBS. [§ 26.
poetarum est veterrimus. Adulatio est pessimum malum. Urbs Syra-
cusae maxima et pulcherrima erat omnium Graecarum urbium. Pes-
simi homines sunt maledicentissimi. In amicitia plus valet similitude
morum, quam affinitas.
Nothing is better than virtue. God is the greatest, best and wisest
-of all. The customs of the Lacedemonians were very simple. The
horse is very swift. Crows are very black. The haven is very much
frequented. The father is very benevolent and very beneficent. The
king is building a very magnificent palace (=house). Young women
should (= must) be veiy modest. The ape is very much like man.
The leg of the stork is very slender. Nothing is sweeter than friend-
ship. The Lacedemonians were very brave. Light is very swift.
Nothing is worse than the pretence of love. The sun is very great
The life of man is veiy short. The richest are often the most wretch-
ed. The poorest are often the happiest. The labor is very easy. The
customs of men are very unlike. The king is very munificent. The
worst men are often very happy. The best men are often despised
by (ab) the worst. The health of my friend is very feeble. The
garden of thy father is very beautiful. The labor is very hard. The
walls of the city are very low. Most men love their native countiy.
CHAPTER V.
Of the Adverb.
§ 26. Classification and Formation of Adverbs.
1. The common endings of adverbs (§ 6, 4.) are e and er
{iter) ; those derived from adjectives of the second declen-
sion, axe formed by annexing e to the root of the adjective,
as: clarns, clar-e, liber (G. liber-i), liber-e, pulcher (G. pul-
chr-i), pulchr-e. Only bene (well) from bonus, and male
(badly), from malus have a short e.
2. Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declen-
sion are formed, by adding er to the stem of those in ans
and ens, and iter to the stem of all others, as :
clar-us, a, um, dear^ renoumed clar-c
liber, a, um, (G. Iib6r-i),/ree lib^r-e
$27.]
COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
41
pulcher, chra, chrum (G. pulchr-i) pulchr-e
prudens (G. prudent-is), knowing prudent-cr
amans (G. amant-is), loving amant-er
fortis (G. fort-is), brave fort-iter
Audax (G. audac-is), bold, has audac-fer (for audac-lter).
3. Besides adverbs of the above-named endings, there
are a number which have the termination of neuter adjec-
tives in either the accusative or ablative case, as : multum,
micch, plurimum, most, solum and tantum, ow/?/, facile, easily^
difficile (and difficulter), 26;tYA difficulti/, lecens, recently ,•'—>
tuto, safely, raro, rarely, continuo, immediately, cTehro, fre-
quently, f also, falsely, subito, suddenly, perpeiuo, continually,
4. There are still other adverbial terminations, as : coel-
itus, from heaven, penitus, deeply, entirely; sensim, by de-
grees, passm, everyivhere ; caterva^im, by troops, grega^m,
by flocks, etc.
§ 27. Comparison of Adverbs,
Adverbs derived from adjectives use for the comparative,
the neuter singular of the comparative of the adjectives
from which they are derived, and in the superlative change
us of the superlative of their adjectives into e, as :
laet-e, joijfvlly Comp. \aet-ius Sup
. laet-mime, most joyfully
doct-e, learnedly
doct-ius
doct-issime
lev-iter, lightly
lev-ius
lev-issime
felic-Iter, happily
feVic-ius
felic-issim^
magnific-e, magnificently
magnific-entitis
magnific-cn^wsi'mc
simil-iter, alike
sinn\-ius
simil-Zme
ben-e, well
mel-ius better
optime, best
mal-e, badly
pejus
pessimje.
42
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
[^28.
CHAPTER VI.
Of the Pronoun (Comp. § 6, 5).
§ 28. I. Personal Pronouns.
a. Substanti
ve Personal Pronouns.
Singular.
Nom.
6g6,/
tu, thou
wanting
Gen.
mei, of me
tui, of thee
sui, of himself her-
Dat.
mlhi, to me
tibi, to thee
self etc.
Ace.
me, me
te, thee
sibi, to himself etc.
Abl.
me, by me
te, by thee
Plural.
se, himself etc.
se, by himself etc.
Nom.
DOS, we
vos, you
wanting
<5en.
nostri, of \jls
vestri, of you
sui, of themselves
nostrum, of armng
vestrum, of among
us
you
Dat.
nobis, to us
vobis to you
sibi, to themselves
Ace.
nos, u^
vos, you
se, themselves
Abl.
nobis, by us.
vobis, by you.
se, by themselves.
Rem. 1. The Voc. of all the pronouns, if used, is like the Nom.
The preposition cum (with), which governs the Abl., is joined to me, te,
etc., thus : mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobiscum, unth me, wiih
thee, wiih one's self with us, with you.
Rem. 2. In order to give more emphasis to the personal pronouns,
the syllable met is added to all the forms given in the above table, with
the exception of tu and the Gen. Plur. of ego and tu, as : egomet, te-
met, siblmet, nosmet, vosmet ;^to tu is added te : tute, thou thyself
— se is doubled to render it more emphatic : sese. For the difference
of meaning between nostri, vestri and nostrum, vestrum, see § 94.
b. Adjective Personal Pronouns or Possessive
Pronouns.
Adjective-personal pronouns are formed from the Gen.
of Substantive-personal pronouns. They are called pos-
sessive, because they represent an object(B|as the possession
of an individual of the first, second or third person.
From wiei comes mens, mea, meum, my. (For the Voc. mi see §
iV. Rem. 1.)
— tui — tuus, tua, tuum, thy.
— sui — suus, sua, suum, his, her, its.
— nostri — noster, nostra, nostrum, our.
— vestri — vester, vestra, vestrum, your.
$ 28.] PERSONAL PRONOUNS. 43
Remark 3. For giving greater force and emphasis, the ending pte
is joined to the Abl. Sing, of suits, as : suopte manu, udth his (own, very)
hand, suopte gladio (with his sword). For the same reason also, met
(see Rem. 2) is joined to the oblique cases of suus, as : suismet capitibus.
XVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Magister, tri, m. teacher, aequalis, e. eqv^il. laboro 1. / labor.
praeceptum, i, n. pre- SRlutAils, e. salutary. narro 1. I relate.
cept, principle. [er. canto 1. / sing. voco 1. / call.
praeceptor,6ris, m.imcA- clamo 1. I cry. doleo 2. I grieve.
tractatio, onis, f. hand- impero 1. (with Dat.) / disco 3. / learn.
ling, pursuit. ^ command, govern. ludo 3. I play.
Veritas, atis,/ truth. imperium, i, n. com- attente, adv. attentively,
gratus, a, urn, agreeable. mxind, dominion. inter, praep. (with Ace),
iratus, a, um, offended, between, among.
angry.
Rule of Syntax. The personal pronouns in the Nom., 6g*o, tu, etc.,
are used only when there is some emphasis to be placed upon them,
hence especially in antitheses. The same is true of the possessive
pronouns, meus, tuus, etc., e. g. meus frater diligens est, <mw5 piger ; but:
frater me amat (not : frater meus me amat).
Ego canto, tu clamas, amicus vocat. Nos narramus, vos saltatis,
fratres laborant. Ego fleo, tu rides, frater dolet. Nos, praeceptores,
docemus, vos, discipuli, discitis. Ego ludo, tu discis, soror acu pingit
Nos scribimus, vos legltis, fratres pingunt. Ego salio, tu feris, puer
dormit Nos, magistri, vos, o discipuli, erudimus ; vos, boni discipuli,
attente auditis praecepta nostra. Virtutes inter se aequales sunt. Im-
perare sibi maximum imperium est. Iratus non est apud se. Tracta-
tio litterarum nobis salutaris est. Veritas semper mihi grata est.
XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Modus, i, m. measure, proximus, a, um, next, obrepo 3. (with dat.) 1
manner. par, aris, equal. creap up, steal upon.
vitium, i, n. a fault. dimico 1. I fight. acrlter, adv. spiHtedly.
civis, is, m. citizen. discordo 1. I am at va- per, praep. (with ace),
parentes, ium, m. pa- riance with. through.
rents. porto 1. / bear, carry. propter, praep. (with
caput, itis, n. head. faveo 2. I favor. ace), on account of.
cantus, us/fn^ong-. splendeo 2. / shine. - de,praep. (with abl), of,
redltus, iis, m. return. expeto 3. / strive to ob- concerning, over, at.
tain.
Vitia nobis virtutum nomine obrepunt. Nos favemus vobis, vos fa-
vetis nobis. Tu me amas, ego te amo. Mihi mea vita, tibi, tua cara
est Virtus splendet per se semper. Cantus nos delectat. Parentes
44 PERSONAL PRONOUNS. [^28.
a nobis diliguntur. O mi fili, semper mihi pare ! Frater me et te
amat. Egomet mihi sum proximus. Tute tibi impera. Virtus prop-
ter sese colitur. Suapte natura virtus expetitur. Gives de suismet
capitibus dimicant. Sapiens omnia sua secum portat Nos vobiscum
de patris reditu gaudemus. Tu tecum pugnas. Oratio tua tecum pug-
nat. Deus tecum est. Saepe animus secum discordat Hostes nobis-
cum acrlter pugnant.
I relate, thou dancest, the brother labors. We sing, you write, the
friends call. I, the teacher, teach ; thou, the scholar, learnest. We
weep, you laugh, the brothers grieve. I write, thou readest, the broth-
er paints. We play, you learn, the sisters embroider. I, the teacher,
instruct thee, O scholar ; thou, O good scholar, hearest attentively my
precepts. The enemies fight spiritedly with you. Angry [men] are
not in tJieir right mind (= by themselves). God is with us. You re-
joice with us at the return of [our] father.
I carry all my [secrets] with myself. O my son and my daughter,
always obey me ! You love us, we love you. Our life is dear to us,
yours to you. Bad men are always at variance with themselves. The
pursuit of literature is salutary to me. Truth is always agreeable to
us. Our parents love thee and me in (abl.) like (= equal) manner.
Men love themselves. Virtue is beautiful in (per) itself I favor thee,
thou favorest me. Our native country is dear to us.
XIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Cura, ae, /. care, con- industrius, a, um, in- immemor, oris, un-
cern. dustrious, diligent. mindful of.
ira, ae,/. anger. mirus, a, um, wonder- potens, ntis, powerful,
desiderium, i. n. long- ful, extraordinary. master of.
ing, desire. perfidus, a, um, /aifft.- impotens, ntis, nofjsot^;-
conservatrix, icis, f. less. erful, not master of.
preserver. absens, ntis, absent. teneo 2. / hold, possess.
judex, icis, m. judge. insiplens, ntis, unwise, ango 3. 1 trouble.
benignus, a, um, kind, memor,^ oris, mindful
of
Omnis natura est conservatrix sui (presei*ver of herself). Mirum
desiderium urbis, meorum et tui me tenet (longing after the city, etc.).
Pater vehementer tua sui memoria delectatur (by thy remembrance of
him). Ira est impotens sui. Sapiens semper potens sui est. Vestri
cura me angit (concern for you). Omnes homines sunt benigni judi-
cessui. Vehementer grata mihi est memoria nostri tua (thy remem-
brance of us). Amicus mei et tui est memor. Pater absens magno
$29.1
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
45
desiderio tenetur mei, et tui, mi frater, et vestri, o sorores. Amici sunt
nostri memores. Multi vestrum mihi placent. Plurimi nostrum te
valde diligunt.
The absent father has a great concern /or us (= of us). The unwise
[man] is not master of himself. The faithless friend is unmindful of
me. Your remembrance of me is very agreeable. Care about thee
(= of thee) troubles me. The most of you, my scholars, are diligent.
The most of us love [our] native country.
§ 29. II. Demonstrative Pronouns.
Singular. |
Nom.
IS, ea, id, Ae, she, it ; the same
i-dem, ea-dem, i-dem, the very
same
Gen.
ejus, of him, her, it; of the
same
ejus-dem, ofth£ very same
Dat.
ei, to him, her, it ; to the same
ei-dem, to the very same
Ace.
eum, eam, id, him, her, it ; the
eun-dem, ean-dem, idem, the
same
very same
Abl.
eo, ea, eo, ly him, her, it ; by
eo-dem, ea-dem, eo-dem, by the
the same.
very same.
Plural. 1
Nom.
ii, eae, ea, they ; the same
ii-dem, eae-dem, ea-dem, the
very same
Gen.
eorum, earum, eorum, of them ;
eorun-dem, earun-dem, eorun-
of the same
dem, o/ the very same
Dat.
iis (seldom eis), to them; to
iis-dem (eis-dem), to tJie very
the sarne
same
Ace.
eos, eas, ea, them ; the same
eos-dem, eas-dem, ea-dem, the
very same
Abl.
iis (seldom mj, by them ; by
iis-dem (eis-dem), by the very
the same.
same.
Remark. 1. The pronoun is, ea, id may be translated as follows :
1) the same (the one just mentioned); 2) Gen. e. g. filius ejus, his or her
son. Dat., to him, to her, to it. Ace. him, her, it ; Plur. Nom. they, Gen.
e. g. filius eorum or earum, their son, Dat. to them, Ace. them ; — 3) in
connection with a noun : this, e. g. eum regem, this king; ; — 4) he, shCf
it (who). In the oblique cases, it is distinguished from sui and suus in
meaning, by not referring back, as they do, to the subject of the
sentence.
46
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
[§29.
Singular.
Norn.
istg, ista, istad, this, that
ill6, ilia, illud, thM
Gen.
istius, of this, of that
illi us, of that
Dat.
istI, to this, to that
illi, to that
Ace.
istum, islam, istud, this, that
ilium, illam, illud, that
Abl.
isto, ista, isto, by this, by that.
illo, ilia, illo, by that.
Plural (after the II. Dec.)
N. isti, ae, a; G. istorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. istis; A. istos, as, a ;
N. illi, ae, a ; G. illorum, arum, orum ; D. and Abl. illis ; A. illos, as, a.
Singular.
Nom.|hIc, haec, hoc, this
ipse, ipsa, ipsum, self
Gen.
hujus, of this
ipslus
Dat.
huic, to this
ipsi
Ace.
hunc, banc, hoc, this
ipsum, ipsam, ipsum
Abl.
hoc, hac, hoc, by this.
ipso, ipsa, ipso.
Plural.
N. hi,hae,Aacc; G. horum,harum, horum; D. and Abl. his; A. hos, has, Aace;
N. ipsi, ipsae, ipsa ; G. ipsorum, arum, orum; D. and Abl. ipsis; A. ipsos,as,a.
Remark 2. The enclitic ce is joined to hie, haec, hoc in order to in-
crease its demonstrative power : hicce, haecce, hocce, this here ; the
following forms occur most frequently : hujusce, hosce, hisce. From
these forms connected with the interrogative particle ne we have : hic-
cine, haeccine, hoccine, this ? but in general only after a foregoing c.
Also from the connection of this ce with iste and ille we have the fol-
lowing forms : Sing. N. istic, istaec, istuc ; illic, illaec, illuc ; Ace. is-
tunc, istanc, istuc ; illunc, illanc, illuc ; Abl. istoc, istac, istoc ; illoc, iliac,
illoc ; PL N. and Ace. Neut istaec, illaec.
The student may decline :
idem equus, the very same horse, eadem rana, the very same frog, idem
vitium, the very same fault, G. ejusdem equi, ejusdem ranae, ejusdem
vitii ;
iste vir, this man, ista femina, this woman, istud nomen, this name, istius
viri, istius feminae, istius nomlnis ;
hie puer, this boy, haec puella, this girl, hoc praeceptum, this precept,
hujus pueri, hujus puellae, hujus praecepti ;
ille sensus, that feeling, ilia res, that thing, illud cornu, titat horn^
illius sensus, illius rei, illius cornus (u).
Rem. 3. Hie, haec, hoc, refers to an object in the presence of the one speak-
ing, which pertains to the one speaking or which he calls attention to ; iste,
ista, istud refers to an object in the presence of the one addressed or which
pertains to the one addressed ; ille, ilia, illud refers to an object which lies
remote from the speaker and forms a contrast with hie, haec, hoc.
</■
$ 29.] DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 47
XX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Diligentia, ae, f. dili- dux, uc\s,m. leader, gen- mendax, acis, lying,
gence, exactness. eral. liar.
ignavia, ae,/. indolence. Xenophon, ontis, m. hebeto 1. / hlunt, en-
litterae, arum,/. a^e</er. Xenophon. feeble.
memoria, ae,/. memory, carmen, mis, n. poem, firmo 1. / make firm^
scliola, ae,/. a school, addictus, a, um^ devoted strengthen.
sententia, ae,/ opinion, to. vito ] . / avoid.
view. fidus, a, um, faithful. placeo 2. I please.
scriptor, oris, m. writer, saevus, a, um, fierce, displiceo 2. / displease,
auctoritas, atis, / au- cruel. faveo 2. I am favorable
thority. elegans, ntis, elegant. to.
tarditas, atis, /. sloto- iners, ertis, awkward, credo 3. / believe, trust.
ness, indolence. inactive.
Xenophon est elegantissimus scriptor ; ejus libros libenter lego.
Amicum fidum babeo ; ei addictissimus sum. Fratris carmen valde
mihi placet ; lege id. Ignavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat ; illam vita,
hunc expgte. Hae litterae graviter me movent. Haec carmlna suavis-
sima sunt. Isti homini mendaci ne crede. Huic duci milites libenter
parent. Illi viro omnes favent. Praeclarum est istud tuum praceptum.
Haec sententia mihi placet, ilia displicet. Hoc bellum est saevissi-
mum. Hie puer industrlus est, ille iners. Memoria teneo praeclarum
illud praeceptum. Iste tuus amicus est vir oj>timus. Ista vestra auc-
toritas est maxima. Hujus discipuli diligentia m kudo, illius tarditatem
vitup&ro ; illi schola est gratissima, huic molestissima.
XXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Fortuna, ae,//oriwne. clarus, a, um, clear, re- tracto 1. I pursue.
Alexander, dri, m. Alex- nowned. obsideo 2. / besiege.
ander. Delphicus, a um, Del- studeo 2. I strive.
Pompeius, i, m. Pom- phic. fido 3. I trust.
pey. inimicus, a, um,^05<t7e; d'lffido. I distrust.
factum, i, n. deed. subst. enemy. nosco 3. I am acquaint-
meritum, i, n. desert. seditiosus, a, um, sedi- ed urlth, know.
oraculum, i, n. oracle. tious. agnosco 3. [understand.
Caesar, aris, m. Caesar, admirabilis, e, wonder- resisto 3. Iresist.
imperator, oris, m. gen- ful. sentio 4. / feel, think,
eral. laudabllis, e,praisewor- judge. [.fr.
virtus, litis,/ bravery. thy. pro, praep. (with abl.)
opus, eris, n. work. expugno 1. 1 capture. quia, conj. because.
Multi homines de iisdem rebus eodem die non eadem sentiunt. In-
sipiens eidem sententiae modo fidit, modo difFidit. Ipsi imperatori se-
ditiosi milites resistunt. Animus ipse se movet. Virtus est per se ipsa
48 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. [^ 30.
laudabilis. Saepe nihil est homini inimicius, quam sibi ipse. Omne
animal se ipsum diligit. Carior nobis esse debet patria, quam nosmet
ipsi. Praeclarum est illud praeceptum oraculi Delphici : Nosce te ip-
sum. Mendax saepe sibi ipsi difFidit
Xenophon is a very elegant writer, I read him with very great de-
light (libentissime). The brother and his friend are very dear to me.
The teacher praises and censures the scholars according to {pro with
abl.) their desert. We perceive God from his works. We honor [our]
parents, because their deserts to [de with abl.) us are very great. The
enemies besiege the city and strive to capture it.
This book I read with delight. This poem pleases me, that dis-
pleases. I praise the industry of this scholar. The deeds of that great
Alexander are extolled by (ab) all writers. Caesar and Pompey were
very renowned generals ; to that, fortune was more favorable than to
this ; the bravery of this and that [one] was wonderful.
The king himself is leader of the army. Thou dost not always
judge the very same concerning the very same thing. The father and
the son pursue the very same literary studies (= literature). The
virtues are of (per) themselves praiseworthy. Man loves himself.
[Thy] native country ought to be dearer to thee than thou thyself
Understand yourselves. Liars often distrust themselves.
§ 30. III. Relative Pronouns.
IV. Interrogative Pronouns.
Singular.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
qui, quae, quod, who, which
cujus, whose, of whom, of which
cui, to whom, to which
quern, quam, quod, whom, which
quo, qua, quo, by whom, by which
Plural.
' qui, quae, quae, who, which
quorum, quarum, quorum,
whose, of whom, ofivhich
qiiibus, to whom, to which
quos, quas, quae, ivhom, which
quibus, by whom, by which.
quis{m. &/),.quid, who ? whaf^
cujus, whose ? of whom ? of what ?
cui, to whom'^ to whaf?
quern, quam, quid, ivhom ? what?
quo, qua, quo, by whom, by what ?
qui, quae, quae, who ? what ?
quorum, quarum, quorum
whose? of whom? of what?
quibus, to whom ? to what ?
quos, quas, quae, ivhom? what?
quibus, by whom? by what?
Rem. 1. The preposition cum is joined to the Abl., as: quocum, for
which quicum is often used.
Rem. 2. In quisquis [quaequae rare), 92ac9iac?( whoever, whatever) both
pronouns are declined, as: quoquo, quibusquibiis, e. g. quoquo modo
§ 30.] RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 49
res se habet, in whatever way the thing has itself; quicquid id est, what^
ever it is ; On the contrary, in quicunque^ quaecunque, quodcunque (which-
soever, whatsoever) cunque is barely annexed to the different cases of
^M?, quae^ quod, as : G. cujuscunque, etc. :
Rem. 3. Quis, quid, are used substantively, as : quis scribit ? quid
scribitiH' ? So also in the Ace, as : quid agis ? The remaining forms
do not differ from qui, quae, quod used interrogatively ; but qui, quae,
quod in this case, is always an adjective, e. g. quern vides ? whom do you
see ? quem houiinem vides ? what man do you see ? For the purpose of
strengthening the interrogation, nam is annexed to the above mention-
ed interrogative pronouns, as: quisnam clamat ? who cries out thenf
quidnam agis? what do you do then'^ quinam homo clamat.^ quaenam.
mulier venit.^^ quodnam genus est.^ and so through all the cases.
XXII. fVords to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Civitas, atis,/. state. probus, a, um, upright, honoro 1. 1 honor.
lex, egis,/. law. sanctus, a, um, sacred, gero 3. I carry on.
mors, rtis, /. death. ' mitis, e, mild. succurro 3. / assist.
immaturus, a, um, wn- euro 1. (with ace.) I ex'dudlo 4. I listen to.
timely. care for, look out for. ardenter, adv. ardently y
Justus, a, um, just. devasto 1. I lay waste. eagerly.
maleficus, a, um, evil ; guberno 1. / govern,
subst. evil-doer. rule.
Rex, qui civitatem gubernat, civium salutem curare debet. Regi, cu-^
jus imperium mite et justum est, omnes cives libenter parent. Regem,
cui leges sunt sanctae, cives colunt Felix est rex, quem omnes cives
amant. O rex, qui civitatem nostram gubernas, honora bonos cives,
terre maleficos, succurre miseris, exaudi probos ! Acerba et immatura
est mors eorum, qui immortale opus parant. Non semper est illud
bonum, quod ardenter expetimus. Beati sunt ii, quorum vita virtutia
praeceptis regitur. Hostis, quocum bellum geritur, terram nostram de-^
vastat.
The kings who govern the states, ought to look out for (ace.) the
welfare of the citizens. The kings, whose government is mild and
just, all citizens obey with delight The kings, to whom the laws are
sacred, are obeyed by all the citizens. The kings are fortunate, who
are loved by all the citizens. O kings, who govern our states, honor
the good citizens, frighten the evil, assist the wretched, listen to the
upright ! The enemies, with whom you carry on war, lay waste our
land.
XXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Luscinia, ae, /. night- ij^eccki\im,\,n. sin, fault, honestus, a, um, w»/m-
ingale. opinio, onis, /. opinion. ous.
5
50 INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. [$ 31.
falsus, a, um, false. cogito 1. I think of. indulgeo 2. 1 am indul-
ingiatus, a, um, disa- excrucio I . / torment. gent to.
greeable, ungrateful, repugno 1. I am repug- ago 3. / drive^ do, treat,
utilis, e, useful. nant to. dico 3. / say, tell.
ambulo 1. I go to walk, habeo 2. 7 have; me quaero 3. I seek.
take a walk. habeo, / have myself, cur, why.
Quis me vocat ? Quid agis, mi amice ? Quis scribit has litteras ?
Quid cogltas ? Quid ago? cur me excrucio? Quae amieitia est inter
ingratos ? Quod carmen legis ? Quis homo venit ? Quis poeta dul-
cior est, quam Homerus ? Cujus vox suavior est, quam vox lusciniae ?
Quibus peccatis facillime indulgemus ?
Quicquid est honestum, idem est utile. Quicquid vides, currit cum
tempore. Quoquo modo res sese habet, ego sententiam meam defen-
do. Quaecunque opinio veritati repugnat, falsa est.
What sayest thou ? Who is that man ? Who is that woman ?
With whom does thy friend go to walk ? Whom seekest thou ? What
book readest thou ? To whom dost thou write this letter ? In what-
ever manner the thing has itselfj we praise thy view.
§ 31. V. Indefinite Pronouns.
1) quis, qua, quid, any one^ any thing (substantively),
Ace. quem, quam, quid. Nom. Pi. qui, quae, qua; the re-
maining cases are the same as those of the relative qui^
quae, quod;—<im, quae, quod, any one, any thing-, (adjective-
ly), is declined like the relative qui, quae, quod;
2) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid, some one, something, (substan-
tively). Ace. aliquem, aliquam, aliquid, Nom. PI. aliqui,
ae, a; — aliqui, aliqua (aliquae very seldom), aliquod, (used
adjectively). PL aliqui, ae,, a;
3) quispiam, quaepiam^ quidpiam, any one, some one,
any thing, some thing (i. e. any one, etc., indifferently from
a larger number), used substantively ;—qm^^mm, quaepiam,
quodpiam, (used adjectively), G. cujuspiam, etc.;
4) quisquam, quicquam, (scarcely, hardly,) one, any one,
any thing, used substantively; quisquam, (quaequam. rare),
quodquam, used a^yec^iz;e/y, G. cujusquam, etc.; this pro-
noun is used principally in negative sentences ;
5) ecquis, ecqua, ecquod, lohether any one ? any thiiig?
$ 32.] CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. 61
used substantively ; ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, used adjectively,
G. eccujus, etc. ;
6) quidam, quaedam, quiddam, ct certain one^a certain
things used substantively ; quidam, quaedam, quodam, used
adjectively^ G. cujusdam, etc.;
7) quisque, quaeque, quidque, (as subst.)^ and quodque,
(as adj.) each one^ each., G. cuj usque, etc. ; unusquisque,
unaquaeque, unumquidque (as subst.), and unumquodque,
(as adj.), each one (to a man), G. uniuscujusque, etc.; qui-
vis, quaevis, quidvis (as subst.), and quodvis (as adj.), any
one, any thing you choose, without exception, G. cujusvis,
etc. ; quilibet, quaelTbet, quidlibet (as subst.), and quodlibet
(as adj.), any one, any thing you please, indifferently, G. cu-
juslibet, etc. ;
8) alius, alter, ullus, wullus, neuter, see in <5> 33, Rem. 5.
XXIV. Words to be kamed and Exercises for translation.
Graecia, ae,y! Greece. d\gmta.s,a.t\s, f. dignity, impendeo 2. I threaten.
pecunia, ae,y! monei/. mens, t\s, f. understand- inhaereo 2. I inJiere.
locus, i, m. a place, sit- ing, intellect. adlmo 3. / take away.
tuition. jus, uris, n. wfuit is just, tribuo 3. I give.
augurium, i, n. presage, justitia, slg, f. justice. idcirco, adv. on this ac-
saecdlum, i, n. hundred futurus, a, um, future. count.
years, an age. insitus, a, um, inborn, quasi, adv. as if.
terror, oris, m. terror.
Si mortem timemus, semper aliqui terror nobis impendet. Si cui-
piam pecuniam fortuna adimit, idcirco miser non est Graecia parvum
quendam locum Europae tenet Inhaeret in mentibus nostris quasi
quoddam augurium futurorum saeculorum. In unoquoque virorum bo-
norum habitat deus. Justitia jus unicuique tribiiit pro dignitate cujus-
que. Cuique nostrum amor vitae est insitus,
§ 32. Correlative Pronouns.
Under correlative pronouns are embraced all those pro-
nouns which express a reciprocal relation (correlation) to
each other and exhibit this relation by corresponding forms.
Thus e. g.
52 OF THE NUMERAL. P 32.
Interrogative.
Demonstrat.
Indefinite.
Relative.
fndef. Relative.
qualis, of what
talis, of such
qualis,o/icAaf
qualiscunque, of
kind?
a kind^such
/cmrf, as
tchatever kind
quantus, how
tantus, so
aliquantiis.
quantus, as
quantuscunque,
great?
great
somewhat
great
great
however great
1
quot,* hoto
tot,* 50 many
aliquot,*
qnot,* as
quotunque*, or
many ?
totidem,*jwsf
so many
some
many
quotquot,* how-
ever many.
XXV. Jfords to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Bonum, i, n. the good, respubllca, reipubllcae, princeps, ipis, m. first,
Aristides, is. m. Jtisti- the state. prince. [fault.
des. permultus, a, um, very pecco 1. I sin, commit a
.grex, egis, nu a herd. much, many. soleo 2. lam accustomed.
imitator, oris, m. imita- fragilis, e, perishable. exsisto 3. / exist, am.
tor. quod, conj. because, thai.
Quot sunt homines, tot sunt sententiae. Non tantum malum est hoc,
-quod peccant principes, quantum illud, quod permulti imitatores prin-
cipum exsistunt. Quot genera orationum sunt, totldem oratorum ge-
nera reperiuntur. Quales sunt duces, tales sunt milltes. Qualis est
rex, talis est grex. Quales in republica sunt principes, tales solent
■esse cives. Ne contemne homines miseros, qualescunque sunt Cor-
poris et fortunae bona, quantacunque sunt, incerta ac fragilia sunt.
Quotquot homines sunt, omnes vitam amant. Quotcunque sunt scrip-
^res, omnes Aristidis justitiam praedicant
CHAPTER Vn.
Of the Numeral.
§ 33. Classification and Tabular View of the Numerals,
Numerals (§ 6, 6) according to their meaning, may be
divided into the following classes :
a) Cardinals, which answer the question, hoio many?
quot ? as : one, two, etc.
* All these words are indeclinable and are used only in the plural, as :
^uot homines sunt ? tothominumnumerus j aliquot hominibus ; tot homines,
<luot video, so many men as I see; homines, quotcunque or quotquot video,
<omnes boni sunt.
$33.] OF THE NUMERAL. |RB
Rem. 1. The first three cardinal numbers are declined (Remarks
5 and 6, pp. 56, 57) ; but from 4 to 100 they are indeclinable, while
from 200 to 900 they are declined like the phiral of adjectives of three
endings in i, ae, a. For mUle see Rem. 4. p. 56.
b) Ordinals^ which answer the question, ivhich in order ?
lohich in a series? quotus? as: firsts second^ etc.
They are all declined like adjectives of three endings
in W5, a, um,
c) Distributives, which answer the question, hoio many
at a time ? how many a-piece ? quoteni ? as : one by
one, two by two, etc.
d) Numeral adverbs, which answer the question, how
many times ? quoties ? as, once, tivice, etc.
Rem. 2. The numeral adverbs derived from the ordinals ; viz. : pri-
mum (rarely primo), secundo (for which iterum is generally used ; se-
cundum'is very rare), tertium, quartum, etc., answer the question, what
place in order ? as : in the first place, second place, etc.
e) Multiplicatives, which answer the question, hoiv many
fold? quotuplex. They end mplex and are declined
after the third Dec. as: duplex (for all genders), ^i<;o
fold, double, G. duplicis.
f ) Proportionals, which answer the question, how many
times as great ? quotuplus ? They end in plus, pla,
plum, as : duplus, a, um, tivice as g^reat, (as something
else taken as a unit of measure).
All these classes of numerals, except the last two, which
are merely numeral adjectives and but little used in com-
parison with the others, are exhibited in parallel columns
in the following table.
5*
54
NUMERALS.
[$33.
TABLE OF
1 Cardinal (how many ?)
1 Ordinal (what one in order ?)
1.
unus, a, um, one
primus, a, um, first
2.
duo, ae, o, two
secundus, second
3.
ties, ia, three
tertius, third
4.
quattuor,/oMr
quartus, /oMr</i
5.
quinque,j?ce
quintuSj^/zA
6.
sex, six
sextus, sixth
7.
septem, seven
Septimus, seventh
8.
octo, eight
octavus, eighth
9.
novem, nine
nonus, ninth
10.
decem, ten
decimus, tenth
11.
undecim, eleven
undecimus, eleventh
12.
duodgcim, twelve
duodecimus, twelfth
13.
tredecim, thirteen
tertius (a, um) decimus (a, um)
14.
qadit\uoTdecim, fourteen
quartus decimus, fourteenth
15.
qu\ndec\m^ fifteen
quintus decimus, fifteenth
16.
sedecim, sixteen
sextus decimus, sixteenth
17.
septendecim, seventeen
Septimus decimus, seventeenth
18.
duodeviginti, eighteen
duode vicesimus, eighteenth
19.
undeviginti, nineteen
undevicesimus, nineteenth
20.
viginti, twenty
vicesimus, twentieth
21.
unus (a, um) et viginti or v. un.
tmus (a, um) et vicesimus (a, um)
22.
duo (ae, o) et viginti or v. d.
alter (a, um)et vicesimus (a, um)^
28.
duodetriginta
"duodetricesimus
29.
undetriginta
undetricesimus
30.
triginta
tricesimus
40.
quadraginta
quadragesimus
50.
quinquaginta
quinquagesimua
60.
sexaginta
sex age Sim us
70.
septuaginta
septuagesimus
80.
octoginla
octogesimus
90.
nonaginta
nonagesimus
99.
undecentum.
undecentesimus
100.
centum
centesimus
101.
centum et unus (a, um) or c. un.
c. (a,um) et primus (a,um)or c.pr.
102.
centum et duo (ae, o) or c. d.
c. (a, um) et alter (a, um) or c.alt.
200.
ducenti, ae, a
ducentesimus
300.
trecenti
tiecentesimus
400.
quadringenti
quadringentesimus
500.
quingenti
quingentesimus
600.
sexcenti
sexcentesimus
700.
septingenti
septingentesimus
800.
octingenti
octingentesimus
900.
nongenti
nongentesimus
1000.
mille
millesimus
2000.
duo milia ; 3000 tria milia, etc.
bis millesimus ; 3000 ter m. etc.
100,000.
centum milia
centies millesimus
1,000000.
decies centum milia
decies centies millesimus
2,000 000.
vicies centum milia.
vicies centies millesimus.
1 Or vicesimus (a, um) et alter (a, um).
U31
NUMERALS.
06
NUMERALS
"
Distribu. (how many at a time ?)
.Adverbial (how many times ?)
singtili, ae, a,*^ one at a time
semel, once
I.
bini, ae, a, two at a time
bis, twice
II.
terni, three at a time
ter, thrice
III.
quaterni, /owr at a time
quaier^ four times
IV.
quini,^»c ai a time
quinquies^re times
V.
seni, six at a time
sexies, six times
VI.
septeni, seven at a time
septies, seven times
VIL
ocion],' eight at a time
octles, eight times
VIII.
noveni, nine at a time
novies, nine times
IX.
deni, ten at a time
decies, ten times
X.
undeni, eleven at a time
undecies, eleven times
XI.
duodeni, twelve at a tim,e
duodecies, tice/ve times
XII.
terni deni, thirteen at a time
terdecies or tredecies
XIII.
quaterni den\, fourteen at a time
quatterdecies
XIV.
quini deni,^/i!eere at a time
quindecies
XV.
seni deni, sixteen at a time
sedecies
XVI.
septeni, deni, seventeen at a time
septiesdecies
XVll.
duodeviceni, eighteen at a time
duodevicies
XVIII.
undeviceni, nineteen at a time
unde vicies
XIX.
viceni, twenty at a time
vicies, twenty times
XX.
viceni (ae, a) singuli (ae, a)
vicies semel or semel et vicies
XXI.
viceni (ae, a) bini (ae, a)
vicies bis
XXII.
diiodetriceni
duodetricies
XXVIII.
undetriceni
undetricies
XXIX.
triceni
tricies
XXX.
quadrageni
quadragies
XL.
quinquageni
quinquagies
L.
sexageni
sexagies
LX.
septuageni
septuagies
LXX.
octogeni
octogies
LXXX.
nonageni
nonagies
XC.
undecenteni
undecenties
IC.
centeni
centies
C.
centeni (ae, a) singuli (ae,a)
centies semel
CI.
centeni (ae^ a) bini (ae, a)
centies bis
CII.
duceni
ducenties
cc.
triceni
trecenties
ccc.
quadringeni
quadringenties
CD.
quingeni
quingenties
D.
sexceni
sexcenties
DC.
septingeni
septingenties
DCC.
octingeni
octingenties
DCCC.
nongeni
nongenties
DCCCC.
singula milia
millies
M. or do.
bina milia; 3000 terna m,, etc.
bis millies; 3000 ter m., etc.
I1M;I1IM.
centena milia
centies millies
CCc1d33.
decies centena milia
decies centies millies
ccccloooa.
vicies centena milia
vicies centies millies.
^) Singulus, a, um is not used in the Singular.
if$ NUMERALS. [$ 33.
Remarks.
1. The compound numbers into which 8 and 9 enter as one of the
components, are expressed in a subtractive form, as : 38, duodequadra-
ginta, duodequadragesimus, 39 undequadraginta, undequadragesimus,
48 duodequinquaginta, duodequinquagesimus, 59 undesexaginta, unde-
sexagesimus, etc.
2. In the other compound numbers from 13 to 17, the smaller number
is placed first without tt, as : Sedecim ; but from 20 to 100, either the
smaller number is placed first with et following it, or the larger without
et, as :
23 tres et viginti or viginti tres
tertius et vicesimus or vicesimus tertius.
3. In compounding smaller numbers with hundreds and thousands,
the smaller number follows either with or without et, as :
103 centum et tres or centum tres,
centesimus et tertius or centesimus tertius.
If, however, such a number contains a unit and a ten, the unit is
placed last without tt, as :
486 quadringenti et octoginta sex or quadringenti octoginta sex,
quadringentesimus et octogesimus
sextus or quadringentesimus octo-
gesimus sextus.
4. Mille, a thousand (i. e. one thousand) is indeclinable, as : dux cum
mUle militibus ; but the Plur. milia (always of more than one thousand),
is a neuter noun of the third Dec. and is followed by a noun in the
'Gen. case, as: tria milia hominum, cum tribus milibus militum.
5. The nine following numeral adjectives in us, a, um, and er, a, urn
form their Gen. Sing, in all three genders in tus* and their Dat Sing.
in i:
unus, ullus, nuUuSj
solus, totus, alius,
uter, alter, neuter,
and the compounds of Uter, as : uterque, alteriiter ;
E. g. solus, a, um, G. soltus, D. soli. — Alius has aliud in the neuter
and in the Gen. alius (for aliius), in Dat. aUl. In the compounds:
Titerque, utervis, utercunque, uterlibet, uter is declined and que, cunque,
etc. are joined to the different cases, as : utriusqne, utrlvis, utrumcun-
que M^ralibet. In alteriUer (one of the two), commonly only uter is de-
clined and alter is placed before it without change ; but sometimes
both alter and uter are declined, thus :
commonly: alteriiter, alterutra, alterutrum, G. alteriitrius,
occasionally : alter uter, altera utra, altfirum utrum, G. alterius utrius.
* So also alterius, not (as is inferred from the poets) alterius.
§ 33.] NUMERALS. 57
Alius, alia, aliud, an- totus, a, urn, the whole, uterllbet, utralibet,
other uUus, a, um, any one. utrumllbet, whoever,
alter, era, ♦^rum, <Ae one iinus, a, um, one. 'W^tcAever (you please
or the other of two. uter, tra, trum, which of of the two.
neuter, tra, trum, neith- the two ? uterque, utraque,
er of (he two. utercunque, utracun- utrumque,eacfe o/*f)ic
nullus, a, um, no one; que, utrumcunque, two^ both,
no. whoever, whichever, of
solus, a, um, alone. the two.
6. The numerals: duo, two, ambo, both and tres, three, are declined
as follows :
Nora, and V.
Gen.
D. and Abl.
Ace.
duo, two duae, duo
duorum, duarum, duorum
duobus, dudbus, duobus
duo and duos, duas, duo
tres, three N. tria
trium
tribus
tres, tria
So : ambo, ae, o, both. Like tria is declined the
PI. of mille : milieu
XXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Hora, ae,yi 7u)ur. mensis, is, m. month. . pono 3. 1 place, arrange,
summa, ae,y*. sum. hebdomas, adis,y*. week, sepono 3. I lay aside,
annus, i, m. year. nux, ucis,y*. nut. jam, adv. already, now,
calculus, i, m. a pebble, in promtu esse, to be in memoriter, adv. from
Camlus, i, m. Charles. readiness. memory.
codicilli, orum, m. writ- exspecto 1. / wait, paulisper, adv. a little,
ing tablet. await. recte, adv. correctly.
thalerus, i, m. dollar. respondeo 2. / answer, deinde, adv, then, there'
cerasum, i, n. cherry. responsio, onis, f an- upon.
malum, i, n. apple. swer. denique, adv.fnaUy,
pirum, i, n. pear. ad do 3. I add to. porro, adv. besides,
prunum, i, n. plum. attendo 3. I give aiten- turn, adv. then,
exemplum, i, n. exam- tion.
pie.
Pater. Attende, mi fili ! Scribe in codicillos tuos hoc exemplum :
Si habes decem mala, tria pruna, unum pirum, sex cerasa ; et his ad-
duntur duo mala, quattuor pruna, septem pira, 6cto cerasa; deinde
quinque mala, novem pruna, sedecim pira, undecim cerasa ; turn duo-
decim mala, quindecim pruna, tredecim pira,quattuord€cim cerasa;
porro viginti mala, undeviginti pruna, duodeviginti pira, septendecim
cerasa ; denique quattuor et viginti mala, unum et viginti pruna, duo
et viginti pira, tria et viginti cerasa: quot sunt mala.^ quot pruna?
quot pira ? quot cerasa ? Carolus. Exspecta paulisper, mi pater ! Jam
responsio est in promtu. Sunt tria et spetuaginta mala ; unum et sep-
tuaginta pruna; septem et septuaginta pira; novem et septuaginta
68 NUMERALS. [$ 33-
cerasa. P. Recte, mi Carole! Jam sepone codcillos et memoriter
mihi responde : Quot menses habet unus annus ? C. Duodecim.
P. Quot hebdomades habet unus mensis ? C. Quattuor. P. Quot
dies habet unus annus ? C. Trecentos sexaginta quinque. P. Quot
boras habet unus dies? C. Quattuor et viginti. P. Quot dies habent
tres anni ? C Mille nonaginta quinque. P. Quot boras habet unus
annus ? C. Octo milia septingentas sexaginta. P. Si tres nuces quater
ponis, quanta summa exsistit ? C. Duodecim. P. Si quinque calcu-
los ter millies sexcenties quinquagies septies ponis? C. Duodeviginti
milia ducenti octoginta quinque. P. Si septingenta quadraginta tria
milia trecentos quinquaginta duo thaleros bis ponis ? C. Decies cen-
tum milia quadringenta octoginta sex milia septingenti quattuor.
Father. Give attention, my son ! write upon your writing-tablet the
following (= this) example: If thou hast 20 apples, 6 plums, 2 pears,
12 cherries, and to these are added 4 apples, 8 plums, 14 pears, 16
cherries ; then 10 apples, 18 plums, 32 pears, 22 cherries ; then 24
apples, 30 plums, 26 pears, 28 cherries; besides, 40 apples, 38 plums,
36 pears, 34 cherries ; finally, 48 apples, 42 plums, 44 pears, 46 cher-
ries: how many apples are [there] ? how many plums? how many
pears ? how many cherries ? — Charles. Wait a little, my father ! al-
ready is the answer in readiness. There are 146 apples, 142 plums,
154 pears, 158 cherries. — Father. Correctly, my Charles !
XXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Incola, ae, m. inlmhi- jor(natu)o7</cr, minor annum ago, / am in
tant. (natu) younger. the year.
victoria, ae,/. victory, fides, ei, /. Jidelity ; fi- irrumpo 3. / make an
pretium, i, n. value. dem habeo, / have irruption.
assentator, oris, m.Jlat- confidence in. nunc, adv. now.
terer. cognltus, a, um, known, vix, adv. scarcely.
moderator, oris, m. gov- inf idus, a, um, wn/at7^- de (with abl.) of, con-
emor. ful. cerning.
%(\UQS,\\\s,m. horseman, natus, a, um, horn; ex (with a&Z.)/rom.
pedes, itis, m. footman, post Christum na- post (with ace.) after.
pars, tis,/. part, side. tum, after the hirth of et — et, both — and.
societas, atis,/. alliance. Christ. [what ? neque, and not ; neque
exercitus, us, m. army, quotus, a, um, what one. — neque, neither — nor.
natus, us, m. hirth ; ma- ago 3. / drive, pass ;
Quota bora est? Decima. Annus, quo nunc vivimus, est millesl-
mus octingentesimus quadragesimus tertius post Christum natum.
Pater meus agit annum quartum et sexagesimum (or sexagesimura
$ 34.] PREPOSITIONS. 69
quartun) ; mater octavum et quinquagesimum (or quinquagesimum oc-
tavum) ; frater major natu tertium et tricesimum (or tricesimum ter-
tium) ; frater minor natu alterum et tricesimum (or tricesimum alter-
um) ; soror major duodetricesimum ; soror minor vicesimum. In urbe
sunt mille milites. Duo milia hostium urbem obsident.
The enemy makes an irruption into our country (= land), with
10,000 soldiers. A thousand soldiers defend the city. 28,000 footmen
and 13,000 horsemen defend the country.
My father is in [his] seventy-ffth year (= is passing his seventy-fifth
year) ; my mother in her sixty-second ; my older brother in his forty-
first ; my younger brother in his thirty-ninth ; my older sister in her
thirty-fourth and my younger sister in her twenty-sixth. What hour
is it? the eleventh hour. How old art thou? (= what year art thou
passing?), fifty-eight years old (= I am passing the fifty-eighth year).
Aliud alii placet (one thing pleases one and another another), aliud
alii displicet. Milites utriusque exercitus sunt fortissimi. Utrumque
est vitium : et omnibus credere, et nulli. Perf idus homo vix ulli fidem
habet. Unius fidi hominis amicitia habet plus pretii (has more value),
quam multorum infidorum societas. Soli sapienti vera vis virtutis est
cognita. Incolae totius urbis de victoria exercitus laeti erant. Nullius
hominis vita ex {in) omni parte beata est. Habeo duo amicos ; ambo
valde diligo. Amicus meus habet duo filios et duas filias.
We trust to neither of the two, neither to the wicked [man] nor the
flatterer. The life of no man is more peaceful than the life of the wise
[man]. God is the governor of the whole world. The father goes to
walk with [his] two sons and [his] two daughters. Two faithful
friends are as it were (quasi) one soul in two bodies. Two thousand
soldiers (gen.) defend the city.
CHAPTER VIII.
§ 34. Table of the Prepositions.
1. Prepositions governing the Accusative.
Ad, to, unto, according propter, near by, on ac- ante, before.
to, for, at. count of. post, behind, after.
apud, ai, &3/. penes, i^7A (in the pow- secundum, q/2er, oZowg*,
juxta, next to, by. er of some one). according to.
prope, near by. ob, before, on account of. versus, towards.
60 PREPOSITIONS. [^ 34.
adversus and adver- cis, citra, on this side. extra, beyond, without.
sum, against. trans, over, on that side, infra, beneath, below.
contra, contrary to, on ultra, beyond, on that supra, over, above,
the contrary, against. side. per, through.
erga, towards, [around, inter, between, among, praeier, hard by, besides.
circa, circum, about.- intra, urithin.
Rem. 1. Versus generally stands in connection with the prepositions
ad or in ; the Ace. is placed between ad {in) and versus, as: in Italiam
versus, ad Oceanum versus, toioards Italy, towards the Ocean. But with
names of cities ad and in are omitted, as: Roman versus, towards
Rome.
2. Prepositions governing the Ablative.
A, ab, abs, /rom, by. iprae,hefore,by reason of. sine, unthout.
de, doum from, away ^ro, before, for. clam, unthout the know-
from, of, concerning, coram, before, in the ledge of.
over. presence of, tenus, up to.
e, ex, out of, from. cum, urith.
Rem. 2. A and e never stand before a vowel or h ; abs is rarely used,
most frequently before t — Tertus is placed after the ^bl. For the
forms mecum, tecum, quocum, etc., see § 28. Rem. 1. and § 30. Rem. 1,
3. Prepositions governing the Abl. (in answer to the
question where^) and the Ace. (in answer to the
question, whither'?)
In, c. abl. in, at, by, upon ; c. ace. super, over, concerning (generally
into, upon, against, towards. with ace. in answer to both ques-
sub, under. tions).
subter, beneath, (generally with ace.
in answer to both questions).
XXVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Ripa, ae,/. &anfe. libertas, atis,/.yrcef/om. effundo 3. I pour out,
via, ae,/ way. altus, a, um, high, deep. discharge.
castra, orum, n. camp, video 2. / see. fugio 3. I flee.
agger, eris, m. mound, duco 3. / lead. pello 3. / drive, repel.
pes, edis, m.foot. munio 4. I fortify.
Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions.
Frogs live in the water and upon (in) the land. The soldiers fight
spiritedly against (in) the enemy. The enemies make an irruption into
our borders. In the fields, bloom various herbs. In (abl.) summer we
sit with delight under oaks. The enemies flee within (= among) the
walls. Parents are loved by (ab) good sons and daughters. Orators
§ 35.] GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION. 61
we extol on account of {^h) fiuency of speech. The earth moves (= i»
moved) around the sun. Repel cares from [your] minds. Suppliants-
fall down upon the knees. Eloquence adorns those with (penes)-
whom it is. Live thou according to nature. The soldiers fight be-
fore (pro) the camp. The river is discharged over the banks. Virtue
has all [things] beneath (subter) itself. Who is peaceful without vir-
tue ? Above the city is a very high oak. Below our garden a very
magnificent house is built.
The army marches (iter facit) towards Rome. The general leads
the soldiers against the city. Near by the walls of the city, the enemies
fortify the camp. The enemies build a high mound around the city.
Our soldiers fight with the enemies very spiritedly. The citizens fight
spiritedly for the freedom of their native country. The enemies flee
over the river. On account of virtue men are esteemed. The ene-
mies within the walls of the city fortify a camp. The love of parents
towards [their] children is very great. Many men act contrary to (con-
tra) the precepts of virtue. On this side of the city a camp is fortified
by (ab)the enemies. -Frogs live within and without the water. All the
citizens were joyful concerning (de) the victory of our soldiers. The
way, which leads from the city up to our garden, is very beautiful.
Avoid the man, who by reason of (prae) anger is not in his right mind
(= with himself). Before (ante) our house are many pines, behind the
same, is a very beautiful garden. Often we do not see that which is
before (ante) our feet. Between the city and our garden are very
beautiful fields. The enemies flee through the city. Who is peace-
ful besides the wise [man] ?
SECOND COURSE.
§ 35. Greek Nouns of the First Declension.
Several nouns adopted from the Greek, have in the Nom.
the ending, e Fern., as and es IMasc. The declension of
these differs from the Latin first Dec, only in the Sing. ; in
the Plur. they are the same.
GREEK NOUNS OF THE FIRST DECLENSION.
[^35.
Paradigms.
Feminine.
Masculine.
Sing. N. crambe", cabbage
G. crambe*, of cabbage
D. crarabae, to cabbage
A. crambe'n, cabbage
V. crambo, cabbage
A. crambe", by cabbage.
Aeneds, Mneas Anahmes^ATichises
Aeneae Anchisae
Aeneae Anchisae
x\eneam Anchisen
Aened Anchise
Aened. Anchise".
XXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Aloe, es,/. the aloe.
Circe, es,/. Circe,
astutia, ae,/. cunning.
coqua, ae, f. (female)
cook
culina, ae,/. kitchen.
gloria„ ae, /. renown.
historia, ae,/. history.
Stella, ae,/ star.
nauta, ae, m. sailor.
cometes, ae, m. comet, erraticns, a, um, wan-
planetes, ae, m. planet. dering.
Boreas, Epaminondas, tener, era, em rn, fenrfer.
Gorgias, Pythagoras, celebro 1. I celebrate.
Orestes, Pylades, ae, abstineo 2. (with abl.)
m. are proper names / abstain from.
and remain as in strideo 2. / whistle.
Latin. antepono 3. I prefer.
crinitus, a,um, wiih long coquo 3. / cook.
hair. pie,a6?i;. tenderly, piously.
Aloe est amara. Aloes herba est amara. Crambae est tenera herba.
Cramben coqua in culina coquit O Circe, quanta erat astutia tua !
Crambe tenera delectamur. Boreas vexat nautas. Boreae procellae
nautis perniciosae sunt. Boream fugiunt nautae. O Borea, quam ve-
hementer strides ! A Borea vexantur nautae. Planetes est Stella er-
ratica- Cometes est Stella crinita. Oresten et Pyladen ob amicitiam
proedicamus. O Epaminonda, quanta est tua gloria ! Anchises pie
amatur ab Aena. Pythagorae sapientia praedicatur. O Anchises,
quam pie amaris ab Aenea ! Epaminondam et Pelopidam omnes
scriptores celebrant.
Cabbage is tender. The herb of cabbage is tender. The aloe is
a bitter herb. We prefer the tender cabbage to the bitter aloe.
O Circe, how by (abl.) thy cunning thou deceivest the minds of men !
We abstain from the bitter aloe. Gorgias had {erat with dat.) great
eloquence. The cunning of Circe was great, .^neas loves Anchises
tenderly. Pythagoras we extol on account of [his] wisdom. O Ores-
tes and Pylades, how great was your friendship ! Concerning (de)
Orestes and Pylades, concerning Epaminondas and Pelopidas history
relates.
§ 36.] GENDER OF THE SECOND DECLENSION. 63
§ 36. Of the Gender of the Second Declension.
Rule.
Us, er and ir are masculine^
But wn is of the neuter kind.
Exceptions.
Isles, lands, towns and trees in us,
These aveftminine in use.
Also alvuSj cohfs, hunms,
Vannus, ptriodus and carhdsuSy
Dipthongus too and dialectus.
The neuter has but three in usz
Virus, vulgus, ptldgus.
Alvus, i, /. belly. periodiis, 'i,f. period. virus, i, n. juice, poison.
colus, i,f. distaff. carbasus, i,/. linen. vulgus, i, n. the com-
humus, i, /. ground, dipthongus, i. /. diph- mon people.
earth. , thong. pelagus, i, n. (a poetic
vannus, i./. corn-fan. dialectus, i,f. dialect. word) sea.
Remark. The following are jnasculine contrary to the general rule
(§ 13.) for countries, towns and trees: Pontus, Hellespontus, Isthmus,
Bosporus ; also plurals in i, as : Delphi, Delphorum ; also names of
trees in er, as : oleaster, tri, wild olive tree. Besides, all names of coun-
tries, cities and mountains in um (on), G, i, and plurals in a, G. orum
are neuter, as: Latium, Saguntum, Pelion, Leuctra (drum.)
XXX. Wards to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Lingua, ae, /. iong-uc, pirus, i, jomr-^ree. ignavus, a, um,incfoZe7rf,
language. ^ruwu^, \, plum-tree. lazy, cowardly.
silva, ae,/. a wood. ulmus, i, an elm. ligneus, a, una, wooden,
cibus, i, m./oorf. avidus, a, um, (with of wood.
Aegyptus, i. Egypt. g^n.), greedy. longus, a, um, long.
Del us, i, I>eZo5 (island). frugifer,era,6rum/rui<- maturus, a, um, ripe,
Rhodus, i, Rhodes (an ful. early.
island). compositus, a, um, com- procerus, a, um, slim.
populiis, i, apoplar. posed. rotundus, a, um, round.
cerasus, i, cherry-tree. fecundus, a, um, pro- stultus, a, um, foolish.
fagus, i, beech-tree. ductive. compesco 3. / check,
malus, i, apple-tree. humldus, a, um, moist. curb.
Vulgus est stultum. Diphthongus est longa. Periodus bene com-
posita est. Populi sunt procerae. Ignavi populi facile vincuntur. In
silvis sunt ulmi et fagi altae. Vanni sunt lign^ae. In horto nostro
64 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37.
magnus est numerus frugiferarum cerasorum, malorum, pirorum et
prunorum.
In our garden are many cherry-trees, many apple-trees, many plum-
trees and many pear-trees. The foolish people (vulgus) are easily de-
ceived. Diphthongs are long. The periods are well composed. The
poplar is slim. A cowardly people (populus) is easily conquered. In
our garden are many slim poplars. The corn-fan is of wood.
Matura cerasa, mala, pira, pruna sunt dulcia. Virus est perniciosum.
Humus humida varias plantas gignit. Alvus est ciborum avida. De-
lus est clara. Coli sunt rotundae. Dialecti sunt variae. Carbasus
<est tenSra.
Avoid the pernicious poison. One language has many dialects.
The linen is beautiful. Egypt is productive. These apples, cherries,
plums and pears are beautiful. See those high elms and slim poplars.
Rhodes was renowned. The distaff is round. The earth (humus) is
productive. Check the greedy appetite {= belly).
§ 37. Remarks on the several Case-endings of the Third
Declension.*
1. Gen, Sing. Proper names in es often have in the Gen.
the termination i instead of is, as : Ulixi, also, Pericli, Aris-
toteli, Neocli, Carneadi, etc. Some Greek nouns in o (but
only of the feminine gender) as : Argo, Sappho, echo, lo,
have us in the genitive as : echiis from echo, Argus from
Argo (the remaining cases are like the Nom. or are formed
with Latin endings, as Dido, -onis, -oni, -onem, -one.)
* Greek nouns, sometimes, but generally only in poetry, retain their pecu-
liar terminations in Latin, viz.. Gen. os for is ; Ace. a for em^ or in (yn)^ en
for im, idem, em ; Voc. i, y (from Nom, is, ys) for is, ys ; Abl. i for ide (rare).
Plur. Nom. Neut. c (from Nom. Sing, ds) ; Gen. on for um (rare and only
poetic) ; Dat. si, sin for dilms, tihus, ibus (rare and only poetic) ; Ace. a^for
€s. Thus: Gen. Sing. PaUdd-os {from Pallas), Panos (from Pan), Thety-os
(from Thetys) ; Ace. Platona (from Plato), Lyr.orida, (from Lycoris), basin
(basis), Parin (Paris), Thetyn ; Voc. Lycori, Coty ; Abl. Daphni for ide.
Plur. Nom. Neut. mele, epe (from melos, epos) ; Gen. Chalybon (Chalybs) ;
Dat. Drydsi (Dryas, ad\s), metamorphosesi ; Ace. Senonas (Senones), Cyclopas
(Cyclops.) The Gen. eos, for is from Nom. is as : baseos for basis is not
classical, and from Nom. -eus only poetic, as : Peleus, Peleos (in prose, Pe-
leus, Pelei). Good prose rejects the Greek genitive-form in os ; the Ace.
in a, in, yn, en is very rare in good prose, as : Pana, aethera, Zeuxin, po&sin^
Sophoden. The Ace. Plur. in as is found in prose writers of the golden
period of the Latin language, only in barbarous names, as : Senonas, Mlo-
brdgas. Caes. — Kuhner's Larger Latin Grammar.
§ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 65
2. Acc, Sing, The Ace. has in the following nouns in is
G. t5, the ending im (for em). First, invariably in :
amussis,/. a rwZe. ravis, f. Jioarseness. tussis, f. a cough.
huriSf f. a plough-tail, sinapis, /. mwsfarrf. vis,f. force, power, abun-
cannabis,/. Aernp. sids,/. thirst. dance, multitude.
Second, commonly in :
febris,/. a fever. puppis,/. <^e sfcrn q/*a securis,/ an axe,
pelvis,/, a basin, ship. turrisj/. a tower,
restis,/. a ro/7e.
Also in the following names of rivers : Albis, the Elbe,
Athesis, the Adig-e, Araris, the Saone, Liris, the Liris, Ta-
mesis, the Thames, Tiberis, the Tiber, Tigris, the Tiger, Vi-
surgis, the Weser (all Masc. according to § 13) ; and finally,
in Greek nouns in is Gen. is, as : basis, /. (a pedestal),
basim, and in several words in is G. idis, as : Paris, Parim,
3. Voc. Sing. The vocative of Greek nouns in s with a
vowel before it, commonly drops the 5, as : O Pericle but
also Pericles, O Socrate also Socrates, O Perseu also Per-
seus, O Pan also Paris. The same is true of those in as
G. antis, as : Atla ; others in as, but with a different form of
the Gen., have the vocative like the nominative.
4. Abl. Sing. The ablative has the ending e in most
nouns ; but in a few it has the ending i, and indeed inva-
riably :
a) In neuters in e, al, G. dlis, ar, G. ans, as marz, anima-
K, caloari. But those in ar, G* aris have e, as : nectar (nec-
tar), nectar e.
Exceptions : sal (salt), far, and the names of towns in e, as : Praneste,
Caere, have c in the ablative.
b) In nouns in is which always have im in the Ace. as :
vis, vim, vi.
5. The following nouns in is G. is have i oftener than ^,
or i and e together :
civis, m. a citizen. ignis, m.fire. pelvis,/, a basin.
clavis,/. a key. navis,/. a ship. puppis,/. the stem,
febris,/. a fever. neptis, / a grand- securis,/ an axe.
fustis, m. a dub, daughter, turris,/. a tower,
6* "
66 CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37.
Rem. 1. Also the names of rivers enumerated in No. 2. have in gen-
eral i.
6. In the Nom. Ace. and Voc. Plur. neuters in e, al, G.
^liSy ar G. aris have ia instead of a, as : maria, animalia^
icalcaria.
7. In the Gen. Plur. the following have ium instead of um:
a) Neuters in e, aZ, G. dlis, ar, G. am, as : marium, anima-
lium, calcarium. Lar, lar (lar-is), a household-god, the fire-
place, has Larum and Larium ;
b) Parisyllahles in es and is, as : navium (navis), nu-
bium, and in er : imber, rain, linter, a boat, uter, leather hag,
venter, the belly ; but, canis, a dog, panis, bread, proles, an
offspring, strues, a heap, vates, a prophet, juvenis, a youth^
and commonly, apis, a bee, volucris, a bird, have um;
c) Monosyllables in s and x with a consonant preceding
them, as : mons, montium, arx, arcium ; (but, [ops] opes,
poiver, has opum and lynx, /. lyncum) ; and the following :
[faux] fauces, the throat, faucium, glis, a dormouse, glirium^
lis, strife, litium, mus, a mouse, murium, nox, night, noctium.
Strix, a horned oiol, strigium; on the contrary, dux, (a lead-
er) has ducum, vox, the voice has vocum, nux, a nut has wt^
cum, and so of others with a vowel before the x;
d) Words of more than one syllable in s, or x, with an
r or w preceding them, as : cohors, a cohort, cohortium,
aliens, a client, clientium, quincunx, quincuncium ; common-
ly dX^o, parentium (p^irens), of parents, sapientium (sapiens),
of loise men, adolescentium (adolescens), of the youth; final-
ly, always, compedium (from compes, generally in the plural
compedes), of fetters ; on the contrary, pes, pedum;
e) For the most part gentile nouns (national denomina-
tions) in as, dtis, is, itis, as : Arpinas, Arpinatium, Samnis,
Samnitium. So also nostras, optimas pendtes, as : nostra-
tium, finally, ci vitas, a state, civitatium.
8. In the Dat. and Abl Plur. Greek neuters in ma have
mat4s more commonly than mat-ibus, e. g. po'ematis, instead
of po'ematibus.
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 67
9, Concerning the case-endings of adjectives^ the follow-
ing rules may be given :
a) The AbL Sing, of all adjectives, even when used as
nouns, has the ending ^■, as : am, facili^ pari (from par),
fellci, memori (see § 22.) ; natdli from natdlis (viz. dies),
birth-day, Aprili from Aprllis (viz. mensis), April, Decembri
from December,
Exceptions. The Abl. has e in the following cases: 1) Juvenis, a
young man^ aedilis, edUcy and the adjectives in is used as proper names,
as : Martialis, Martiale ;
2) The following adjectives of one ending :
caelebs, ibis, unmarried, dives, itis, rich, \guest. princeps, ipis, chief,
cicur, uris, tame. hospes, itis, foreign^ a pauper, eris, poor.
compos, Otis, powerful, pubes, eris, grou;n up. sospes, itis, safe, secure,
possessed of. im pubes, eris, beardless, superstes, itis, surviv-
impos, Otis, impotent, particeps, ipis, partak- ing.
deses, idis, idk. ing of.
3) Comparatives, as : major, majus (greater) majore ;
4) Compounds of corpus, color and pes, as : bicorpor (having two
bodies), bicorpore, discolor (variegated), discolore, bipes (two-footed), bi-
pede ;
5) Adjectives of one ending used as nouns, as : sapiens, a vnse man,
infans, a child, Pertinax, Clemens, Felix, Abl. — c ;
6) Participles in ns have as participles c, but as adjectives, generally
i, as : ftorente rosa, the rose blooming, in florenti rosa, in a blooming rose,
b) The Norn. Ace. and Voc, Plur, Neut., have in adjec-
tives and participles, the ending ia, and the Gen. Plur, the
ending ium, as : acria, facilia, felicia, acrium, facilium, feli-
eium (§ 22.), hebetia, ium (from hebes).
Remark. In the strictly classical period, all adjectives which have the
Gen. Plur. in ium, had the Ace Plur. Masc. and Fem. in is, as : omnia
homines.
Exceptions. Vetus, old, has Vetera, veterum and all comparatives, as:
majora, majorum (but plu^, plura has plurium) ; complures, very many,
several, has complwra and ia (Gen. always, complurium). Besides, the
following have um in Gen. : celer, sivift, consors, partaking of, degener,
degenerate, dives, rich, inops, helpless, memor, immemor, supplex, sup-
pliant, uber, rich, vigil, watching. To these may be adde<l comjjounds
in ceps and/ea:, as : anceps, twofold, double, uncertain, G. PL ancipUum,
artifex, skilful, artist, artificum; finally, all which have only e in the
Abl., as : pauper, pauperum.
68 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [$ 37.
XXXI. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation.
The words introduced on the three preceding pages, are omitted.
Fama, ae, /. rfpori^ re- fundamentum, i, n. exascio 1. 1 hew (rough-
noun. foundation. ly.)
Btatua, ae,/ statue. lignum, i, n. ivood. levo 1. 1 lighten.
carpentarius. i, m. a cos, otis,/ whet-stone, mitlgo 1. / soften^ miti-
wheel-wright. quies, etis, f quiet. gate.
funambulus, i,. m. rope- durus, a, um, hard. navigo ]. Inavigate.
dancer. argenteus, a, um, q/" 5i7- op\iugno 1. I assaidt.
laurus, i,f. laurel. ver, silver. [iron, acuo 3. Isharpen.
faber, bri, m. artisan. ferreus, a, um, of iron, expello 3. I expel.
faber ligiiarius, carpen- dono 1. I present. incedo 3. I walk upon.
ter. edolo 1. / hew properly, peto 3. I seek.
folium, i, n. leaf. fashion. sero 3. I sow.
Echus vox saepe homines faliit. ^rgus navis fama est magna. Vis
vim expellit. Sitim tolerare difficile est. Faber lignarius ad amussim
lignum exasciat Hi pueri ad ravim clamant. Carpentarius hurim e
dura ulmo edolat. Agricola burim regit. Agricola c a n n a b i m serit
Folia lauri tusssim levant. Ftbrim quiete mitigamus. Pater matri pel-
vim argenteam donat Funambuli per restim incedunt. Per Alhim,
Tamesim, Fisurgim, Tigrim multae naves navigant. Milites oppugnant
altam turrim. Seciirim ferream cote acuimus. Fundamentum statu-
arum vocamus basim. Apes petunt sindpim.
The poems of Sappho w^jie very delightful. The wanderings
(error, oris) of lo wei'c related by (ab) many poets. By (abl.) the echo
we are often deceived. Against (contra) hoarseness, cough and fever,
thou must apply (adhlbeo 2.) fitting (aptus, a, um) remedies (remedium,
i, n.) The soldiers defend spiritedly the high tower. The statue
has a solid pedestal. The wood (plur.) is hewed by (ab) the carpen-
ter according to (ad) rule. The carpenter handles (tracto 1.) the sharp
axe with a skilful hand. Soldiers must endure hunger (fames, is) and
thirst patiently.
XXXII. Words to be learned a?ul Exercises for translation.
Porta, ae,/. gate. onus, eris, n. load. incito 1. I urge on.
tragoedia, ae,/ ^og-erfy. nectar, aris, n. nectar, \-dh6ro 1. {with ab.) I suf-
humenis, i, m. shx)ulder. (drink for the gods). fer (fi-om something),
gubernator, oris, m. pi- acQtus, a, um, sharp. prospecto 1. / look
iot. dignus,a,um, (with a6Z.) forth.
vigil, liis, m. watchman, worthy, deserving of. abigo 3. / drive away.
sal, alis, m. salt. frigidus, a, um, cold. claudo 3. / dose.
admiratio.oiiis,/ arfmt- sumnms, a, um, highest, occludo 3. J lock.
ration. mordax, acis, biting^, conspergo 3. / sprinkle.
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OP THE THIRD DECLENSION. 69
O Socrdte, quam salutaris erat generi humane tua sapientia ! O
Sophocle, tragoediae tuae summa admiratione dignae sunt. O AUttf
quantum onus humeris tuis portas! CaZcdn* incitamus equos. Nee-
tare delectantur dii. Sale consperglmus cibos. Hostes vi in urbem
irrumpunt. Clavi porta clauditur. Febri laborat rater. Fusti abigl-
mus canes mordaces. Igni coquimus cibos. A bono dvi patria ama-
tur. Ex alta turri vigiles prospectant. In puppi sedet gubemator.
Acuta secitri faber lignarius lignum exasciat.
Force expels force by (abl.) force. The customs of men are oftener
improved by admonition and example than by force. When (quum)
thou art suffering (= sufferest) from (abl.) a fever, abstain from cold
v»^ater. O Themistocles, O Pericles, O Socrates, your deserts relative to
(de) the city of the Athenians w^ere very great. The pilot, who sits
upon the stern, governs the ship. With (abl.) a sharp axe we split
(diffindo 3.) the wood (plur.). In a civil war (bellum civile) citizen
fights against citizen. With (abl.) an iron key we lock the gate. The
enemies lay waste the country with (abl.) fire and sword.
XXXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation,
Satira, ae,/. satire. aetas, atis,/. age. procure 1. I furnish,
Indus, i, m. sport. liiems, emis,/. winter, perago 3. / carry
Romanus, i, m. a Bo- longinquus, a, um, dis- through, perform.
man. tant. perstringo 3. I grazes
ingenium, i, n. genius, publicus, a, um, public. satirize.
intellect. docilis, e, teachable. veho 3. / carry, bring,
merx, cis,/. wares. aestimo 1. / value, es- sperno 3. I spurn.
mercator, oris, m. tra- teem. sed, conj. bid.
der, merchant.
Avus cum nepti ambulat. Mercator navi merces in longinquas terras
vehit. Discipuli in schola non genere, sed bonis moribus, doclli in-
genio, et acri industria aestimautur. Hostes celeri pede fugiunt.
XXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Autumnus, i,m. auiwmn. nepos, 6tis,m. grancfeon. juventus, utis,/. i/oit/^.
coelum, i, n. the sky. parentes, ium, m. par- juvenilis, e, youthjfvl.
initium, i, n. beginning. ents. senilis, e, advanced,
gaudium, i, n.joy. mensis, is, m. a month. aetas senilis, old age,
monumentum, i, n. munus, 6ris, n. service^ exhilaro 1. / exhilarate,
monument. office, present. delight.
negotium, \,n, business, gelidus, a, um, cold. saevio 4. I rage.
oblectamentum, i, n. de- insipiens, ntis, ununse.
light.
70 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [^ 37.
Mense Maitio initium est veris, mense Jnnio aestatis, mense Sep-
tembri autumni, mense Decembri hiemis. Boni regis natdli omnis civi-
tas laeta est Mense Jlprili coelum modo serenum est, modo triste,
Mense JVbvembri gelldae procellae saeviunt. Juvenili aetate alacriore
animo difRcilia negotia peraglraus, quam senili. A Juvendle, satirarum
scriptore, Romanorum vitia perstringuntur. Ab aedile ludi publici pro-
curantur. A juvene saepe virorum praecepta spernuntur.
XXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Culpa, ae,/ guilt. acceptus, a, um, re- expers, tis (c. gen.),
immodestia, ae, f. im- ceived. [humblest. destitute of, unihout.
modesty. inflmiis, a, um, lowest^ pertlnax, acis, obstinate,
beueficium, i, n. kind- clemens, lis, mild. dispar, aris, unequal,
ness, favor. consors, tis (c. gen.), different.
consilium, i, n. counsel. sharing in. domo 1. / tame.
etudium, i, n. effort, exsors, tis (c. gen.), tracto 1. 1 treat.
study, zeal. destitute of, without. atque, and; 2) as.
A sapiente bona praecepta discimus. Quicquid agis, sapienti consilio
age. A Felice felld fortuna bellum gerltur. A Clemente dementi animo
infimi homines tractantur. A Pertindce pertindd studio urbs defendi-
tur.
The grand-father is delighted by (ab) the little ^rand-son and the
neat grand-daughter. Old age ought to be, honored by the young
man. A good boy, on (abl.) his birth day, is delighted by (abl.) pre-
sents from (ab) liis parents. When the state is ruled by (ab) a wise
king, it is happy. By (ab) a wise man virtue is loved.
Virtus amatur ab homine rationis participe, contemnltur ab homine
rationis experti. A viro virtutis compote deus pie colltur. Praecepior a
discipulo beneficii accepti memori colltur. Abstine amico beneficiorum
acceptorum immemori. Gaudemus amico omnis culpae exsorti et
laborum nostrorum consorti. Virtus pari studio a princlpe et divlte, at-
que ab humlli et paupere colltur. Discipuli dispdri studio litteras
tractant. Magiii viri digni sunt gloria vitae suae superstite. De sospite
amico gaudemus. Hospes ab hospite colltur. Et in impubere, et in
pubere aetate displicet immodestia.
XXXVI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
'Penna,Sie,f. feather. emolumentum, i. n. wse, rM%-e (of mountain),
campus, i, m. plain. advantage. saxum, i, n. rock.
detrimentum, i, n. in- horreum, i, n. granary, vinum, i, n. loine.
jury, disadvantage. jugum, i, n. yoke, top, venator, oris, m. hunter.
§37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 71
amnis, is, m. stream, locuples, etis (c. abl.), redundo 1. I redound,
river. wealthy, rich. volito 1. IJly around.
rupes, \s, f. rock. petulans, ntis, licen- abhorreo 2. (ab) / Aave
agmen, inis, n. band, tious. an aversion to.
Jlock. praeceps, cipitis, in- provideo 2. I foresee.
examen, inis, n. swarm. dined, steep. alo 3. / nourish, support
rete, is, n. net, toil. praecox, ocis, prima- (keep).
discolor, oris, party- ture. tendo 3. / stretch, ex-
colored, variegated. occupo 1 . I take posses- tend.
hebes, 6tis, obtuse, dull. sion of.
Venator retla tendit. Hebetia ingenia a litterarum studio abhorrent.
Saxa sunt praecipitla. Onera sunt gravia. Horrea frumentis locupletia
sunt. Pira praececia non sunt dulda. Cervus et equus sunt celena
animalia. Disparia sunt hominum studia. Haec vina sunt Vetera.
Majora emolumenta, quam detrimenta, a bestiis ad homines redundant
Cui plura beneficia debemus, quam diis ? Compliira [compluria] sunt
genera avium.
Good scholars keep the precepts of [their] teachers with (abl.)
thoughtful (memor) minds. By (ab) rational (rationis particeps) men,
irrational (rationis expers) animals are tamed. The virtues of great
men are adorned by (abl.) a renown surviving their life. The way
leads over (per) steep rocks (saxum). The ancient (vetus) monu-
ments of the Greeks and Romans are worthy of admiration. In the
blooming age of youth very many (complures) delights are afforded us.
The life of good and wise men has more and greater joys than the
life of the wicked and unwise.
Plurimarum avium pennae sunt discolores. Rupium juga hostis
occupat. Venatores magnum canum numfirum alunt. Multorum
juvenum animi sunt petulantes. Vatum animi futura provident. Nubes
magnam imbrium vim effundunt. Lintrlum magnus in amne numerus
est. Multa apum examlna per campos volitant. Multa agmina volU-
crum in silvis sunt.
XXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. pax, acis,/ ^cace. • ignorant of, unac-
tenebrae, arum,/. rfarA:- regio, onis,/. region. quainted with.
ness. via, ae,/. way. consultus, a, um (c.
ars, artis,/ art. viator, oris, m. traveller. gen ),acquainted unth.
frugea, um, f fruit. conscius, a, um (c. cupldus,a, um (c. gen.),
gens, gentis,/. people. gen.), conscious of. desirous.
improbltas, atis,/. mcA;- inscius,a, um (c. gen.), gnarus, a, um, (c.
edness.
72 CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. [§ 37.
gen.), (Kquaivied ^^^-^ versed in, skil- fertilis, e (c. gen.), pro-
tvith. ful. dudive.
ignarus, a, um, (c. plenus, a, um (c. gen.), rudis, e (c. gen.), rude,
gen.), unacquainted full. ignorant of.
ivith. studiosus, a, um (c. remeo 1. I return.
infirmus, a, um, weak. gen.), zealous; stu- que (always attached to
pauci, ae, a, a few. dious sum (c. gen.), a word), and.
peritus, a, um, (c. I pursue earnestly.
Ingrati nobis sunt homines, qui litium sunt cuptdi. Divites majorum
opum avldi sunt. Haec regiofaucium plena est. Bonus discipulus lit-
terarum artlumque est studiosus. Gallia frugum hominumque fertilis
est. Sapientlum et bonorum hominum animi nullius improbitatis sunt
conscii. Samnitium gens belli perita erat. JVostratlum pauci littera-
rum ignari sunt. Civitatlum fundamenta infirma sunt, si cives belli
pacisque artium rudes sunt. Arpinatlum cives erant Marius et Cicero ;
Marius belli artium, Cicero pacis artium gnarus erat. Optimatium in
civitate auctoritas magna est, si juris atque eloquentlae consulti sunt
JVocMum tenebrae viatoribus viae insciis perniciosae sunt.
There are many (complures) kinds of (gen.) dogs. In (abl.) the
month [of] November great flocks of birds of passage (valucris adven-
titia) return from our regions to warmer. Upon (in) the Thames, the
Weser and the Elbe there are a great number of great ships and small
boats. The people of the Samnites were very brave. Boys of a lively
genius and happy memory, apply themselves zealously to (in) the
study of literature and the arts. The fame of Marius and Cicero,
citizens of Jhrpinum (Arpinas) was diflTerent.
XXXVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Capra, ae,/ goof. aedes, ium,/. AoMse. Romanus, a, um, Jf2o-
custodia, ae, /. guard- celeritas, atis, / swift- man.
ianship. ness. ingens, ntis, very great,
misericordia, ae,/. jw7y. consuetude, inis, /. immense.
nundlnae, arum, /. practice, intercourse. prudens, ntis, ivise, in-
market,fair. cacumen, inis, n. top. telligent ; c. gen. vers-
libfiri, orum, m. children culmen, inis, n. top. ed in.
(in relation to their fof titudo^Jnis, /. &rirt;e- frequenio' 1. //re^wenf.
parents). ry. [ents. nidifico 1. / make a
consilium, i,n.wze«5wre. parentes, ium, w. ^ar- nest.
fatum, i, n. fate, for- idon^us, a, \im, fitted. tego 3. / cover.
tune. obscurus, a, um, oh- minus, adv. less.
Achilles, is, m, Achilles. scure.
$ 37.] CASE-ENDINGS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 73
Caprae montium cacumina petunt Multi corvi nidifYcant in altarum
ardum culminlbus. Vocum miilta genera sunt. Glirium magnus est
niimerus. Ingens murium, numerus in horreis est. Strigium vox in-
grata est. Roinanarum cohortium fortitudo ab omnibus scriptoribus
praedicatur. Parentlum in liberos amor est magnus. ' Compedium fer ,
rearum onus grave est. Pedum eeleritate Achilles insignis erat. Pe-
natium custodiae aedes committuntur.
Homlnmn iur'is prudentium consiliis civitas regitur. Alacfium disci^-
pulorum ingenla ad litterarum stndia sunt idonea. Celehrium urbium
nundinae a multis hominibus frequentantur. Celerum equorum crura
sunt tenera. Amicorum laboris nostri consortum consuetudine delecta-
mur. Homlnum omnis amicorum consuetudinis exsortum* fortuna mis-
era est. Degenerum filiorum patres misericordia nostra digni sunt
SuppUcum preces exaiidi. Urbs plena est locupletum homlnum. Hom-
inum artificwn opera laudamus. Praedpitum montium juga nubibus
teguntur. Andpitum fatorum via est obsciira.
The captives are pressed by (abl.) the load of hard fetters. On (ad)
the banks of the Rhine (Rhenus, i) are a great number of ancient (vetus-
tue) castles (arx). The works of the ancient (vetus) artists are
worthy of admiration. Human life is full of (gen.) uncertain (anceps)
fortunes. The way leads over (per) the ridge of steep rocks. The
friendship of men sharing in (consors) all our toils is a very great
good. Great presents from (gen.) the rich, often delight our minds less
than small presents from (gen.) the poor.
XXXIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Bivitiae, arum,/, ric/ie*. levltas, atis,/, levity. immoderatus, a, um, in-
Centaurus, i, m.. centaur, pavo, onis, m. peacock. temperate.
do\\\\m,\.,n. gift, present, sors, rtis, f. lot. optabllis, e, rfe^VaWc.
oraculum, i, n. oracle, Delphicus, a, um, Del- vigeo 2. / am strong,
announcement. phic. active, vigorous.
certamen, inis, n. con- moderatus, a, um, tern- ut, as, even as, — ita, 5aj.
test, fight. perate. thus,
Cicurum elephantorum ars magna est. Bicorporum Centaurorum
multa a poetis narrantur certamlna. Discolorum pavonum pennae pul-
chrae sunt. Homlnum virtutis compotum vita laudabllis est. Puero-
rum impuberum levitas a praeceptore coercetur. Ut hominum rationia
participum vita moderata est, ita hominum rationis expertium immodera-
ta est. Hominum glorlae suae superstUum sors non est optabilis. Pu-
herum et corpora et anlmi vigent. Prudentioriim hominum consilio pa-
* Or exsortium is doubtful.
7
74 MASCULINE. [^ 38.
rere debemus. Plunum hominum animi divitias magis, quam virtutem
expetunt. Compluflum discipulorum ingenia a litterarum studio ab-
horrent. PoBmdtis delectamur. Oracula Delphica similia sunt ob-
scuris aenigmdtis.
Who is not delighted by (abl.) the poems of Horace? The num-
ber of men surviving their fame is very great. Obey, O boys, the pre-
cepts of wise and virtuous (= possessed of virtue, compos) men !
Many of the tame elephants walk upon (per) a rope. As we pronounce
(praedico) happy the life of those sharing in friendship, so we de-
plore the life of those destitute of friendship. The announcements of
the ancient prophets were often ambiguous (anceps) and like enigmas.
Determination of Gender according to the
^, , * • endings. . . »
§ 38. Masculine.
Of the masculine gender are the nouns in : o, or, os^ er,
and imparisyllahles (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es.
Examples. 1) O: le-o generosus, the magnanimous lion; 2) Or:
dol-or acerbus, a severe pain ; 3) Os : A-os pulcher, a beautiful Jlower ;
4) Er : agg-er altus, a kigh mound; 5) Es m imparisyllahles : pai*i-c5
altuSy a high wall.
Exceptions.
1)0: 1)0;
Feminine are echo, cdrOf Cardo, inis, m. a hinge.
Also nouns in : do, go, U ; caro, carnis,/.^c5^.
But mascidine : cardo, harpdgo, echo, echus,/. reverberation, echo.
Margo too, and ordo, ligo, harpago, onis, m. a grappling hook.
Together with concretes in lo. ligo, onis, m. a hoe; mattock.
margo, Inis, m. a margin, edge.
ordo, inis, m. order, series, rank.
Rem. 1. The feminines in io are either abstract or collective nouns,
as: actio, an action, legio, onis, a legion, natio, onis, a nation ; still some
have acquired a concrete meaning, as : regio, aregion, (originally, a direct-
ing or direction). The concretes in io are all masculine, as : scipio, a staff, '
papilio, a bidterfly, pugio, a dagger.
J
2) Or: 2) Or:
OP the feminine gender is, Ador, orisn. spelt.
Barely, arbor, arboris ; aequor, oris, n. a level surface, (es-
The n/cvier has but four in or ; pecially of the sea).
Marmjor, aequor^ ador, cor. arbor, oris,/ a tree.
cor, cordis, n. the heart.
marmor, oris, n. marble.
U8.]
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
7fi
3) Os:
Of the feminine are in o5,
Only these two : cos and dos.
t)s, a bone^ and 6s, the face,
These are of the neuter class.
4) Er:
The neuter has many in, er,
Ver, cadaver, iter, tuber,
Cicer, piper, siser, uber,
Zingiber, papdver, suber,
Acer, siler, verber, spintker.
But only feminine is linter.
5) Es imparisyllable :
Impansyllables in es.
Give but one as neuter : aes ;
But as feminine we have merces,
Quies, requies and compes,
Also, seges, teges, merges.
3) Os:
Cos, 6tis,y*. a flint-stone, whetstone.
dos, 6tis,y. dowry, portion.
OS, ossis, n. a bone, {pi. ossa, lum).
OS, oris, n. the countenance, brow,
mouth.
4) Er:
Acer, firis, n. a maple-tree.
cadaver, eris, n. a corpse.
cicer, eris, n. a chick-pea.
iter, itineris, n. a way, journey,
inarch.
linter, tris,/. a boat, skiff.
papa ver, €ris, n. a poppy.
piper, eris, n. pepper.
siler, eris, n. the willow. [res, m).
siser, eris, n. a carrot (but pi. 5wc-
spinther, eris, n. a bracelet.
suber, eris, n. the,cork-tree.
tuber, eris, n. tumor, hump.
uber, eris, n. a dug, udder.
ver, eris, n. the spring.
verber, (commonly plur. verbera,)
n. stripes, blows.
zingiber, eris, n. ginger.
5) Imparisyllables in es.
Aes, aeris, n. brass. merges, itis,/. a sheaf, seges, etis,/. a crop.
comi)es, edis, f fetters, quies, etis,/. quiet. teges, etis,/. a?nat
merces, edis, /. recom- requies, etis (ace. requi-
pense. cm),/, rest, relaxation.
Remark 2. Contrary to the general rule (§ 13.), some names of cities
in remain masculine, as : Croto ; also, those in as, G. antis, as : Taras,
antis, Tarentum ; those in es, G. etis, as : Tunes, etis, Tunis, and those
in 165, G. wnfis, as : SeHnus, untis.
XL. *Wbrds to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Assyria, ae,/ Assyria, amoenus, a, um, pleas- existimo ]. I judge, re-
ant, gard as.
eburneus, a, um, of judico 1. I judge, re-
senator, oris, m. senator.
scipio, onis, m. a staff.
legio, 6nis,y! a legion.
imago, inis, image.
insigne, is, n. badge.
caput, itis, n. head.
chief city.
aeternus, a, um, eternal.
ivory, ivory.
regius, a, um, royal.
resonus, a, um, rever-
berating.
superbus, a, um, proud,
magnificent.
gard as.
nomino 1. I call.
habeo2. I have, regard
as.
maneo 2. / remain.
76r MASCULINE. [$38.
(Comp. § § 84, 89. 5.)
Pavo vocatur superbus. Echo resona ab Horatio vocis imago voca-
tur. Hirundinem vocamus garrulain. Legionuni Romanarum gloria
manet aeterna. Babylon, caput Assyriae, iiominatur superba. Mala
•consuetudo saepe homiiiibus exsistit perniciosa. Scipto eburneus in-
signe regium habetur. Regiones montium plenas judicamus amoenas.
Seiiatorum ordo existimatur sanctus.
The peacock we call proud. Horace calls the reverberating echo
the image of the voice. Swallows are called loquacious. Babylon, the
chief city of Assyria, writers call proud. The citizens regard the or-
der of senators as sacred. The ivoi*y staff we regard as a royal badge.
Avoid, O boys, a bad practice ! The bravery of the Roman legions is
extolled by (ab) writers. This region is very pleasant.
XL I. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Pugna uavalis, naval natio, on is,/, nation. firmus, a, um,/rw*
hattlt. ^ origo, inis,/. origin. modestus, a, um, mod-
vacca, ae, f. coiv. ]ia\n\io, onis, m. butter- est.
fluvius, i, m. river. Jiy. [thage. opulentus, a, um, pou)-
vitiilus, i, m. calf. Carthago, inis, / Carr, erfid, rich.
vitulinus, a, um, o/ caZ/. Croto, onis, m. Croton. pallldus, a, um, pale^
agger, eris, m. a ram- amplus,a, um, spaa'oiw, livid.
part. extended, liberal. sapidus, a, um, sapid,
honos, oris, m. honor, conspicuus, a, um, con- ruber, bra, brum, rerf.
post of honor. spicuous. "• hostiWs, e, hostile.
proceres, um, m. chief extremus, a^um,duter- effundo, I pour forth.
men. most, last.
Croto erat clams. Carthago opulenta erat. Caro vitulina tenera est.
Multarum nationum ac gentium origo obscura est. A deo omnia ori-
ginem suam ducunt. Fluvius super extremum marginem effunditur,
Portae cardines sunt firmi. Harpagone ferreo in pugna navali hostiles
naves petuntur. Discolores papiliones sunt pulchri.
Milo (Milo, onis) was a citizen of the renowned Croton. Writers
call Carthage powerful. The origin of the Roman natioulis obscure.
Upon (in) the remotest margin ♦of the river tMere are many trees. The
hinges of the door are iron. The variegated butterfly is beautiful.
The grappling hooks are of iron.
Multae procerae arbores in silva sunt. Proceres honorum dignitate
conspicui sunt. Sorores fratribus caraesunt. Marmor estsplendidum.
Corda rubra sunt. Camporum aequor amplum est. Ador maturum
est. Mores hominum varii sunt. Dura cote acuimus securim ferream.
Filia a parentibus ampla dote donatur. Durum est os. Juv6nis os
^ 38.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 77
modestum esse debet Ver nobis gratum est Multae lintres in fluvio
sunt. Mater liberis cara est Garruli sunt anseres. Hostes circa ur-
bem aggerem altum exstriiunt Cadavera sunt pallida. Zingiber est
sapldum. Vacca vitulo turgida ubera praebet
High trees surround the house of my father. The udder of the cow
is swollen. The corpse is pale. A high rampart is built by (ab) the ene-
mies around the city. The heart is red. The bones are hard. The
countenances of men are various. The goose is cackling (= loqua-
cious). The good customs of men are praised, the bad are censured.
With delight we take a walk in (abl.) the spring over (per) the extended
surface of the pleasant plains. Splendid marble adorns the palace
(= house) of the king. Whetstones are hard. The parents present
the daughter a liberal dowry. The pleasant spring exhilarates our
minds. On (in) the pond in (gen.) our garden, are many and beauti-
ful boats.
XLII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Camelus, i, m. camel. domesticus, a, um, do- pilosus, a, um, covered
condimentum, i, n. mestic, private. ivith hair^ hairy.
seasoning. fessus, a, um, ivearied. pretiosus, a um, pre-
membrum, i, n. member, hoiiestus, a, um, hon- dous, costly.
paries, etis, m. wall, (of orable. crudelis, e, crud.
house). nocturnus, a, um, noc- excolo 3. / cultivate.
celebrltas, at\s, f. con- turnal. infligo 3. (with dat) /
course, multitude. inflict upon.
Sorores meae^spinthera aurea habent Iter est longura. Siser est
dulce. Silera sunt utilia. Camelus habet tubera pilosa. Subera sunt
dura. Piper est acre. Papavera rubra sunt pulchra. Cicera parva
sunt Acera sunt dura. Crudelis homo equo dura verbera fusti in-
fligit Orator non intra domestlcos parietes excolitur, sed in luce vitae
et hominum celebritate. Aera varia sunt Campi segete laeta ornan-
tur. Compedes durae sunt Laborum requies grata est Quiete noc-
turna hominum fessa membra recreantur. Merces laborum honesta
existimatur.
The sharp pepper and sapid ginger are regarded as the seasonings
of food (plur.) The walls of this house are high. The brass is splen-
did. The carrot is sweet The cork tree is hard. Chickpeas are
round. The ass endures hard blows patiently. Maple trees are hard.
My sister has a golden bracelet Long is the way through precepts,
short and effectual through examples. The red poppy fe beautiful.
The willow is useful. Recompense for (gen.) labor (pi.) we regar^ as
7* • %•»•■■ ^
78 FEMININE. P 39.
honorable. Nocturnal rest refreshes the wearied limbs of men. Iron
fetters press tender feet. Sleep is an agreeable (gratus, a, um) relaxation
from (gen.) cares. The hump of the camel is hairy. Joyful crops adorn
the plains of the extended country. The willow is useful.
§ 39. Feminine,
Of the fejninine gender are nouns in : as, is, aus, us, G.
Mis or udis, x, those in s with a consonant before it and pari'
syllables (§ 18. Rem. 4.) in es.
Examples. 1) As: aest-a* calida, a warm summer; 2) Is: a\-is
pulchra, a beautiful bird ; 3) Aus , 1-aits magna, great praise ; 4) f/s,
G. litis, udis: juvent-M5(utis) \aeia, joijful youth, inc-us (udis) ferrea, iron
anvil, pal-iiw, (udis) alta, deep pool, pec-its (udis), single head of cattle, but
perns, pecoris (cattle) ; 5) X : \u-x clara, clear light ; 6) .S with a con-
sonant before it : hie-wi5 aspera, rough winter ; 7) Es in parisyllables :
nub-es nigra, black cloud.
Exceptions.
l)^s: l)^s:
Three are masculine in as: Adamas, antis, m. a diamond.
As, adamas and elephas, as, assis, m. an as (a coin).
And one is neuter namely, vas. elephas, antis, m. (commonly ele-
phantus, i, m.) elephant.
vas, asis, n. a vessel, vase.
^)Is: 2) Is:
Masculine are these in is : Amnis, is, m. a river.
Panis, piscis, crinis, finis, axis, is, m. an axletree.
Ignis, lapis, pulvis, cinis, caUis, is, m. a f oof-path, path. •'
Orbis, amnis and candlis, canalis, is, m. canal, water-course.
Sanguis, unguis, glis, annalis, cassis, generally plur. casses, ium,
Fascis, axis, funis, ensis, m. hunter's net. [cabbage.
Fustis, vectis, vermis, Tnensis, caulis, is, m. a stalk, cabbage-stalk,
Postis,follis, cucUmis, cinis, eris, m. ashes. •*'
Cassis, collis, collis, coll is, is, m. a hill.
rSerUis, caulis, pollis. crinis, is, m. hair.
cuciimis, eris, m. a cu- glis, iris, m. a dormouse, pulvis, eris, m. dust.
cumber. ignis, is, m.^re. sanguis, inis, m. 6/oorf.
ensis, is, m. a sword. lapis, idis, m. a stone. sentis, is, m. a bramble,
fascis, is, m. a bundle, mensis, is, m. a month. generally plur. sen-
finis, is, m. the end ; orbis, is, m. a circle. tes, a thorn bush.
plur. borders, territo- panis, is, m. bread. unguis, is, m. a naU,
ry. piscis, is, m. afi^h. claw.
foUis, is, m. bellows. pollis, inis, m. fine flour vectis, is, m. a lever,
funis, is, m. a rope, cable. (Nom. wanting). bolt.
fustisj is, m. a club. postis, is, m. a post. vermis, is, m. worm.
$39.
GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
70
Scrobis, is, a pit and torquis, a neck-cludn are mostly Masc. but some-
times Feminine.
3)X;
Masculine there are in ar,
Fornix^ onyx and cdlix^
Varix, calyx, coccyx, oryx,
Tradux, hombyx, also sorix ;
Add to these most in ex,
Grex, apex, codex, and murex,
Gaudex, frutex, pollex, pulex,
Sorex, vei-vex ; and then in ax
All Greek nouns, except climax.
S)X:
Apex, icis, m. a tufl, summit,
bombyx, ycis, m. the sUk-worm.
calix, icis, m. a cup.
calyx, ycis, m. a hud, sJiell.
caudex, icis, m. trunk of a tree.
climax, acis,/. a ladder, climax.
coccyx, ygis, m. a cuckoo.
codex, icis, m. a book.
fornix, icis, m. arch, vault.
frutex, icis, m. a shrub, onyx, ychis, m. the onyx.
plur. a thicket. oryx,yg\s,m. the gazelle.
grex, egis, m. a Jlock, pollex, icis, m. thumb.
crowd. pulex, icis, m. ajlea.
murex, icis, m. a pur- sorex, icis, m. Jield-
ple fish, purple. mouse.
JRemark. Styx, Stygis, a river in the lower world, contrary to the
general rule (§ 13.) is of the /emmi'ne gender.
sorix or sourix, icis, m.
a kind of owl.
tradux, ucis, m. a vine-
branch.
varix, icis, m. a varix.
vervex, ecis, m. a wether.
4) Es parisyllable :
Masculine parisyllahles in es,
Are only two: pdlumbes and ve-
pres.
5) 5^ with a consonant before it.
Masculine are in' ons and ens,
Fons, mons, pons, dens, confiiiens,
Bidens, tridens, occidens, ^ • »
Rudens, torrens, oriens ;
Two in ops and ybs.
Hydrops an<J chdlybs.
mons, tis, m. a moun-
tain.
occidens, (sc. sol), tis,
m. sun-set, the west
western countries.
oriens (sc. sol), tis, m
sun-iise, the east, east-
em countries.
])ons, tis, m. a bridge.
rudens, (sc. funis), tis
m. a rope, cable.
4) Es parisyllable :
palumbes, is, m. wood-pigeon.
vepres, is, m. a bramble.
5) 5* with a consonant before it.
bidens, tis, m. a hoe, mattock.
chalybs, ybis, m. steel.
confluens, tis, m. a confluence.
dens, tis, m. a tooth.
fons, tis, m. a fountain.
hydrops, opis, tmb^iBsy.
torl^^lpcil amnis), a
torrent, impetuous
sfream.
tridens, tis, m. a trident.
XLIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Nummus, i, m. money. Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. Venus, firis,/. Venus.
aurum, i, n. gold. anas, atis,/ a duck. angustus, a, um, nar-
Albis, is, m. Elbe. cassis, idis,/. helmet. row, contracted.
80 FEMININE. P 39.
flavus, a, um, yellow j occultus, a, um, con- gesto 1. / carry, hear,
flaxen. cealed. cresco 3. 1 grow.
latus, a, um, broad. sordidus, a, um, foul. volvo 3. I roll ; volvor,
limpidus, a, um, cZear. sacer, cra,crum, sacrec?. I am rolled, roll.
Anas timida est. Veritas auro digna est. Albis latus habet ripas
fecundas. Tiberis est flavus. Aprilis sacer est Veneri. As Romanus
parvus est nummus. Adamas durissimus est. Vas est aureum. Im-
perator auream cassidem gestat. Multae aves pulchre canunt. Vena-
tor in alto coUe occultos casses tendit In patris hoito multi cucum6-
res crescunt. Amnis est limpidus. Amnis altus multos alit pisces.
Callis est angiistus. Multi parvi vermes in sordido pulvere volvuntur.
Validi sunt portarum postes. Vectis est ferreus.
The Elbe is broad. The worm is small. These paths are very
narrow. Many fish are in that clear river. That gate has strong
posts. The ducks are timid. The general wears (= bears) a golden
neck-chain. This river is broad and deep. The cucumbers in the
garden of my father, are ripe. Diamonds are very hard. The rivers
are clear. These cucumbers are ripe. These hills are very high.
Upon that high hill the nets concealed by the hunter are spread.
The helmet of the general is* q/* goZrf (= golden). These vases are
very beautiful. In this wood are many birds. These bolts are of iron
(= iron). Old age is strong, youth weak. Anvils are o/" iron (= iron).
These pools are very deep.
XLIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Bibliotheca, ae,/. lihra- Apollo, ini^^. ApoUo. triticeig, a, um, of
ry^ Juno, 6nis,f. Juno. wheat, wheaten.
chorda, &eif. chord, ov'is, is, f. sheep. r4y^ universus, a, um, the
columba, ae,/. dove. densus, a, um, dense. whole.
ecclesin, ae, f. church, excelsus, a, um, lofty, asper, era, erum, rough.
India, ae,/. Ii^fM^L ferus, a, um, wUd. coWustrol.. I illuminate.
rosa, ae,/. ^<^^^H frondosus, a, um, leafy, dilacero 1. / tear in
musicus, i, m^KKcian. igneus, a, um, fiery. pieces.
Vesuvius, i, m. T^u- lapideus, a, um, of excito I. I excite, raise,
vius. ' stone. converto 3.' / turn
sarmentum, i, n. twig, opimus, a, um, fat. around. [forth,
branch. rapidus, a, um, rapid, evomo 3. / emit, belch
solum, i, 71. the ground, tortus, a, um, twisted. tango 3. / touch.
Leo teneram ovem ungue acuto dilacerat. Sanguis ruber est. Miles
ensem ferreum gestat. Torquis est aureus. Sentes asperi sunt.
Scrobis est altus. Panis triticeus est dulcis. Universus terrarum
orbis sole coUustratur. Mensis Junius a Junone nomen habet. Oc-
$39.] GENDER OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 81
cultus est caiialis. Lapldes sunt duri. Ignis magnus in monte alto
excitatur. Follis est plenus venti. Fustis est durus. Funis tortus
est. Hostes in fines nostros irrumpunt. Mors omnium malorum cer-
tus finis ^st. E silvis multi sarmentorura fasces portantur. Poetae
Apollini flavos crines tribuunt. Vesuvius igneos cineres evomit. Cau-
les teneri sunt. Terra circum axem suum summa celeritate converti-
tur.
The teeth of the lion are sharp. ,The tender sheep are torn in
pieces by (ab) the lions. Man has red. blood. Axle-trees are round.
The sword is sharp. This cabbage is tender. From Vesuvius, fiery
ashes are belched forth. Avoid ye the rough thorn-bushes. The end
of life is uncertain. The soldiers defend our borders against (contra),
the enemies. Flaxen hair (plur.) is given to Apollo by (ab) the poets.
This bread is good, that bad. The ropes are twisted. The sun illu-
minates the whole circle of the world. The clubs are hard. The
month [of] June is very pleasant. The bellows are full of wind (gen.).
The enemies raised a great fire in the city. The canals are concealed.
High stones surround that way. Bundles [of twigs] bound with laurd
(laureatus, a, um), with the Romans, were a badge of a victorious
(victor, oris) general, y
Nox est nigra. Leges sunt justae. In excelso montis apice est
turris alta. Pulices molesti vexant columbam. Magnus avium grex
petit frutices frondosos. Verveces opimi sunt. Timldos sorlces petunt
avidi sorlces. In India sunt multi bombyces. Traduces teneros solo
inserimus. Murex est pretiosus. Varices sanguinis pleni sunt. Musi-
cus docto poUice tangit chordas. Oryges sunt velocissimi. Onyx est
pulcherrimus. Alti sunt ecclesiae fornices. In bibliotheca regis mag-
nus optimorum codlcum numerus est. Rosae calyx pulcher est. Calix
est plenus vini.
The cups are full of wine (gen.) The nights are dark (= black).
Just laws are salutary to the state. My father has many books. On
(in) the plains are many flocks of (gen.) sheep. The shrubs are leafy.
In the church are high arches. Onyxes are very beautiful. Silk-
worms are very useful. The varix is full of blood (gen.). Vine-
branches are tender. Purple-fishes are very costly. Field-mice are
very timid. Husband-men have many wethers. The depressed (pres-
sus, a, um) thumb was a sign of favor (favor, oris) to the Romans.
The trunks of trees are full of branches (= branchy, ramosus, a, um).
The gazelle is very swift. The wealthy husbandmen nourish many
flocks of (gen.) sheep.
82 NEUTER. [^ 40.
Nubes sunt higrae. Palumbes sunt timidi. Vepres sunt densi.
Hiems est aspera. Limpidus fons in alto monte est. Super rapidum
torrentem pons lipideus ducit. Omnes ferae bestiae duros et acutos
dentes habent. Durus est chalybs. Multi nautae ab exiremo oriente
ad extremum occidentem navigant. Ru dentes torti sunt. Neptunus
magnum tridentem gestat.
The cloud is black. The wood-pigeon is timid. The cable is
twisted. Dense brambles surround the clear fountain. This bridge
is of stone. Many wares are carried (vehere) by (ab) the traders, from
the remotest east to (ad) the remotest west and from the remotest west
to the remotest east. The teeth of wild beasts are hard and sharp.
Torrents are rapid. The rough winter is disagreeable. Clear foun-
tains are upon that high mountain. Steel is very hard.
§ 40. Neuter,
Of the neuter gender are nouns in : a, e, c, /, en^ ar, ur,
ut, us, G. eris, oris, uris.
Examples: \) A: poem-rt pulchrum, a beautiful poem ; 2) E: mar-
e magnum, a great sea; 3) C: only la-c (lact-is), and ale-c (ecis), end in
this letter, as : lac tepldum, warm milk, alec sapidum, salt Jish-brine ;
4) L: fe-Z amarum, bitter gall; 5) En nom-en clarum, a renowned
nam£ ; 6) Ar : calc-ar acutum, a sharp spur ; 7) Ur : rob-wr (oris) mag-
num, greaf sfreng^^ ; 8) Ul: caput humanum, a human head; 9) Us:
gen-iis (6ris) clarum, a renowned race.
Exceptions :
From the neuter are rejected, Furfur, uris, m. bran.
By the masculine accepted, lepiis, oris, m. a hare.
Two in I : sol and sal, lien, enis, m. (ancient form for
With four in en : splen), the spleen.
Ren, splen, pecten, lien. mus, uris, m. mouse.
Masculine too are three in ur : pecten, inis, m. comb.
Furfur, turtur and vvltur ; ren, commonly plur. renes, kidney.
Add to these two words in us : sal, is, m. salt, wit.
Lepus, leporis and mus. sol, is, m. sun.
But feminine there is in us, splen, enis, m. spleen.
Barely the single word telliis. tellus, uris,/. the earth.
turtur, uris, m. turtle-dove.
vultur, uris, m. a vulture.
Remark. Contraiy to the general rule (§ 13.) the names of cities in
e remain neuter, as : Praeueste, and besides, Anxur, Tibur ; also, robur,
oris, live-oak.
$ 41.] GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 83
XLV. Words to be learned and Eizercises for translation.
Liber, bri, m. 600^. fulgur, uris, n. light- pavidus, a, um, shy,
lector, oris, m. reader. ning. rutllus, a, um^Jiery red.
l0por, oris, m. pleasant- Atticus, a, um, Mic. mollis, e, sojl.
ry,jest. dentaXus, a, um, toothed, perrodo 3. / gnaw
Hannibal, alis, m. Han- festivus, a, um, delicate. through.
nibal. jocosus, a,u m,facetious.
Calcaria sunt acuta. Sol igneus est. Sal est sapid us. Sales Plauti,
poetae comici Romanorum sunt, valde jocosi. Splen tener est. Renea
humidi sunt. Pecten est dentatus. Fulgur est rutilum. Hannibalis
nomen est clarum. Furfur triticeus est moUissimus. Vultures saevi
unguibus dilacerant turtures pavidos. Juvenum corpora sunt valida.
Timidos lepores venator quaerit in silvis, festivos lepores lector in libris.
Mures parvi saepe validos muros perrodunt.
The sapid salt serves (= is) for many dishes (== foods) for season-
ing. Attic wit (plur.) is extolled by writers. Vultures are destructive
to turtle-doves. Mice are very small. Turtle-doves and wood-pigeons
are very shy. Hares are veiy swift. The warm sun illuminates the
whole circle of the earth. Combs are toothed.
§ 41. Of the gender of the Fourth Declension.
Us of the fourth is masculine ,
And u is of the neuter kind ;
But feminine there are in us :
Tribus, acus^ porticus^
Domus, idus and mamis.
Tribus, us,/, fri&e, com- domus, us,/ house, May, July and Oct.,
pany. palace. but 13th of the oth-
acus, us,/ needle. idus, uum,/ the Ides er months),
porttcus, us,/ por/ico. (15th day of March, manns, us, f. hand.
XL VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Anus, us, old man. Juppiter, Jovis, m. Ju- urbanus, a, um, of the
nurus, us, daughttr-in- piter (ahl. Jove). city.
law. marmoreus, a, um, of certo I . I contend.
socrus, us, motJier-in- marble, marble. aut, or ; aut — aut, eith-
law. rusllcus, a, um, of the er — or.
country.
Magnificam regis domum amplae et marmoreae ornant porticus.
Tribus sunt aut urbanae, aut rusticae. In silva sunt multae vetustae
84 GENDER OF THE FOURTH DECLENSION. [Ml.
et altae quercus. Anus sunt garriilae. Socribus carae sunt nurus
bonae. Puella acutam acum perita manu regit Cum rusticis tribu-
bus certant urbanae.
The magnificent palace of the king is adorned with (abl.) spacious
and marble porticos. The royal palaces are surrounded by (abl.) high
pines. The portico of the royal palace is very magnificent. Dogs
guard our houses. The king is building (= builds) a very magnificent
palace. The Ides are sacred to Jupiter.
Promiscuous examples from all the Declensions.
XL VII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation,
Aquila, ae,/ ert^/e. jecur, jecoris or jeci- Vis, /.'power, force, qunn-
insidiae, arum,/.snarcs, noris, n. liver. tity, (forms only ace.
ambush. nix,nivis,y! snow (abl. c). vim and abl. vi ; pi.
petulantia, ae, /. lictn- pectus, oris, n. breast. vires, powers, virium,
tionsness, wayward- Mars, tis, m. Mors. etc.).
ness. [cury. sedes, is,/, a seat. clausus, a, um, shut up.
Mercurius, i, m. Mer- s6nex, senis, old, old contentus, a, um, (c.
rusticus, i. m. farmer, man, {abl. sene ; pi. abl.), contented.
rustic. senes, senum, etc.). promtus, a, um, ready.
pratum, i. n. meadow, supellex, ectllis, /. virldis, e, green.
bilis, is, /. bile. household furniture, compleo 2. If II.
bos, bovis, c. ox, cow ; utensils [abl. -e. gen. tumeo 2. 1 swell.
pi. boves, boum, bo- pi. -ium). pasco 3. I pasture.
bus or bubus.
Sapiens parva supellectile est contentus. Divites magnam habent
copiam supellectilium. Juvenilis aetas viget corporis viribus. In sene
valde displicet petulantia. Hieme terra nivlbus completur. A Jove
coelum, terrae et maria reguntur. Jecinora saepe tument bile amara.
Rustici multos boum greges alunt. Agricolae bobus agros arant.
Multi homines aliud clausum in pectore habent, aliud promtum in
lingua. Primus hebdomadis dies appellatur dies Lunae, alter dies
Martis, tertius dies Mercurii, quartus dies Jovis, quintus dies Veneris,
Septimus dies Solis.
The powers of the lion are great. To Jupiter the eagle is sacred.
There are various kinds of house-furniture (pL). Keep, O boys, in (abl.)
memory, the precepts of wise old men. Modest manners (= customs)
please in the boy, the young man and the old man. In the months
November and December the clouds discharge a great quantity (vis) of
(gen.) rain (plur.) and snow. In the liver is the seat of anger. Lions
^ 42.] CLASSES OF VERBS. 85
prepare snares for cows. Upon (in) the green meadows are pastured
a great herd of (gen.) cows.
XLVIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Praeniium, i, n. reword, voluntas, atis,/. will. lavo 1. I wash.
principium, i, w. feeg-tn- casus, us, m. Jail, ca- immmeo 2. [threaten.
ning. lamity, chance. eligo 3. I choose.
vincuhim, i, n. bond, consensus, us, m. agree- quoudie, adv. daily.
chain. ment. autem, conj. but.
hebd6mas,adis,/ tiJceA:. arduus, a, um, c?t/^jiZf. an (in questions), or.
vitiositas, atis,/. vice. appello 1. I calL
Certus amicus in re incerta cernitur. Manus manum lavat. Honos
praemium virtutis est. Mors pro[)ter incertos casus quotidie nobis
immlnet. Omnium rerum a deo immortali principia ducuntur. Nul-
him est certius amicitiae vinciilum, quam consensus et societas consi'-
liorum et voluiitatum Duae sunt vitae viae : virtutis et vitiositatis ;
alterutram eligere debes, o puer !
Firm (= certain) friends are seen in an uncertain thing. There
are two ways of life, of virtue and of vice ; the way of the one (alter)
is troublesome and difficult, but leads to a peaceful life ; the way of
the other (alter) is easy and agreeable, but leads to a wretched life ;
which way (utra via = which of the two ways) dost thou choose, [that]
of virtue, or [that] of vice ?
THIRD COURSE.
CHAPTER I.
Of the Verb.
§ 42. Classes of verbs, (§ 6, 2.).
a) Active verbs, or the form expressing activity, as : laudo,
floreo ; those active verbs which take an object in the accu-
sative, are called transitive, as : laudo puerum ; all other
active verbs are called intransitive, as : floreo, dormio, pareo
(alicui), gaudeo (de aliqua re).
b) Passive verbs, or the form expressing passivity or the
receiving of an action.
8
86 TENSES. MODES. INFINITIVE, ETC. [H 43, 44, 45.
c) Deponent verbs are such as have the passive form but
the active signification.
§43. Tenses of the Verb,
I. 1) Present, am-o, I love,
2) Perfect, am-a-vi, /Aai;e /ovec?;
II. 3) Imperfect, ani-a-bam, //oy^c?, ?«;a5 /ovmo*,
4) Pluperfect, am-a-veram, I had loved;
III. 5) Future (simple), am-a-bo, I shall love,
6) Future Perfect, am-a-vero, I shall have loved.
Remark. The Pres., the Perf. and the two Futures are called princi-
pal tenses, the others historical or narrative tenses. — The Perf. in Latin,
is used in a two-fold way ; a) hke the English Perf as : deus mundum
creavit, (God has created the earth) ; b) like the English Imperf in nar-
rating, as : Romulus Roman condidit, (Romulus built Rome). In the
first case it is called the Perf present, and is considered as belonging
to the principal tenses, in the last the Perf historical, and belongs to the
historical tenses.
§44. Modes of the Verb.
I. The Indicative, which expresses a fact, phenomenon,
reality, as : the rose blooms, bloomed, ivill bloom ;
II. The Subjunctive, which expresses what is imagined,
supposed, conceived of, as : he may come, he might come not-
loithstanding ;
III. The Imperative, which is used in direct expressions
of the ivill, as : hear thou, teach thou.
§ 45. Infinitive, Participle, Supine, Gerund and Gerundive.
Besides the Modes, the verb has the following forms :
a) The Infinitive, which is of an intermediate nature be-
tween the verb and the noun, as : cupio te adspice-
re, I desire to see thee (comp. cupio adspectum tui, /
desire a sight of thee) ;
b) The Participle, which presents the idea of the verb in
the form of an adjective, as : puer scribens (the boy
writing), filia amata (the daughter beloved) ;
c) The Supine in um and u, which presents the idea of
m6, 47.] CONJUGATION OF THE VERB. &f
the verb in the form of a noun in either the Ace.
or Abl. case, as: canes venatum duco, / take the dogs
to hunt (to hunting,) or, res est jucunda auditu^ the
thing' is pleasant to hear (in the hearing) ;
d) The Gerund, which also presents the idea of the verb
under the form of a noun, and indeed, in all the
cases, as : Nom. scribendum est, ive (one) must ivrite^
Gen. ars scribendi, the art of ivriting, or to ivrite^ Dat..
scribendo aptus est^fit for ivriting, or to write^ Ace.
with a preposition, inter scribendum^ while loritingy
Abl. scribendo exerceor, / am exercised by (in, etc.)
writing ;
e) The Gerundive (or Part. Fut. Pass.), which presents
the idea of the verb in an adjective form, precisely as
the Gerund presents it in a substantive form, as :
epistola scribenda est, the letter is to be loritten, and
so through all the cases.
Remark. The Indicative, Subjunctive and Imperative are called the
finite or definite verb, because they always refer to a definite subject;
the Inf. Part. Su}3. Ger. and Gerundive, on the contrary, are called the
indefinite verb, because these forms, on account of their meaning, do
not admit of such a reference.
§ 46. Persons and Numbers of the Verb.
The verb has, like the noun, two numbers, Sing, and
Plur., and three persons both in the Sing, and in the Plur.,
as : /, thou, he (she, it) and lue, you, they, which are express-
ed by the endings, as: ^cnh-imus, ive write.
Remark. Those verbs which are used only in the third person Sing,
are called Impersonal verbs, as : pluit, it rains, tonat, it thunders.
§47. Conjugation.
Conjugation is the inflection of a verb according to its
Persons, Numbers, Modes, Tenses and Voice. The Latin
language has/owr Conjugations, which are distinguished ac-
cording to the ending of the Inf. as follows :
88 FORMATION OF THE TENSES. [§ 48.
I. Conj.: — are, as: am-are, to love, Characteristic: a
II. " — ere, " mon-ere, to adjjionish, " e
III. " — ere, " reg-ere, to g-overn, " e
IV. " — ^ire, " aud-ire, to hear. " i.
Rem. 1. In parsing a verbal form, the beginner should accustom
himself to observe the following order : a) the person, b) the number, c)
the mode, d) the tense, e) the voice, f) from whot verb, g) the meaning. F.. g.
What kind of a verbal form is amdtis^ Aniatis is Sec. Pers. Plur. of
the Indie. Pres. Act. from the verb : amo, amavi, amatum, amare, to love.
Rem. 2. Every verbal form consists of two parts, the stem, which
is the ground-form of the verb, remaining unchanged through all its
modifications, and the inflection-ending which varies to express the
number, person, etc. The last letter of the stem is called the charac-
teristic to which the inflection-endings are joined sometimes with and
sometimes without change. In the paradigms of the verbs, the char-
acteristic and inflection-endings are printed in italics.
§ 48. Formation of the Tenses.
In every verb there are four forms to be observed, from
which, by adding different endings, all the remaining forms
are derived, viz. :
1) Ind. Pres. Ad.
2) Ind. Perfect
Act.
3) Supine.
4) Infinitive Act.
I. amo
amavi
amatum
amare
II. moneo
monui
monitum
m on ere
III. rego
rexi
rectum
regere
IV. audio
audivi
auditum
audire.
A. From the Indicative Present Active : amo ; moneo ; rego, capio (I
take) ; audio, as the stem, are derived :
a) Indicative Present Passive : amor; moneor; regor, capior; audior;
b) Subjunctive Present Active and from this SubJ. Pres. Pass. : amem ;
moneam ; regam, capiam ; audiam ; — amcr; monear; regcrr, ca-
piar; audiar;
c) Fut. Active and Passive: regam [es, et, etc.), capiam; audiam; —
regar (eris, etc.), capiar ; audiar; — amabo ; mone.bo ; — amaior;
Xfionebor ;
d) Indicative Imperfect Active and Passive : amkbam ; monebam ; reg^-
6am, capieftam ; aud\ebam; — amabar; mone6ar; regeJar, capieftar ;
audif fear ;
e) Participle Present Active : a mans ; moncTW ; regerw, capierw ; au-
diens ;
§ 48.] FORMATION OF THE TENSES. 89
f) Gerundive and Gerund : amarw^iw, amandum ; mouendv^ ; regen-
dv^, c&piendus ; aud'iendus,
B. Injiniiive Active : amare ; monere ; regfire, capere ; audire, as stem,
are derived:
a) Imperative Active : ama ; mone ; rege, cape ; audi ; and Imperat,
Passive, which agrees in form with the Infin. Act : amare ; mone-
re ; regere, capere ; audire ;
h) Infinitive Present Pass, of I, II. and IV. Conj. : amari, moneri,
audiri; the III. Conj. adds to the stem the ending i; regi, capi;
c) Subjunct. Imperf. Act. and Passive : amarewi ; monerem ; regerem,
caperem; audirewi; — amarer; monerer; regcrer; caperer; audircr.
C. From the Perfect Active: amavi ; monui ; rexi, cepi; audivi, as a
stem, are derived :
a) Subjunctive Perfect Active : amaverim ; monuerim ; rexmm, ce-
perim ; aud interim;
h) Indicative Pluperfect Active: amaveram; monueram; rexeram, ce-
peram; audiveram ;
c) Future Perfect : amavero ; monuero ; rexero, cepero ; audivero ;
d) Infin. Perf. Ad. : amavisse ; monuisse ; rexisse, cepisse ; audivmc ;
t) Subjunctive Pluperfect Active : amavissem ; monuissem ; rerisscm,
cepmem ; audivissem.
D. From the Supine : amatum ; monitum ; rectum, captum ; auditum,
as a stem, are derived :
a) Partic. Perf. Pass. : amatus ; monitus ; rectus, captus ; audi^iw ;
b) Part. Fat. Act. : amaturus ; moniturus ; recturvs ; audi^Mriw.
8#
90
CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm.
[H9.
§ 49. Conjugation of the Auxiliary Verb, sum, fui,
esse, to be.
This verb is extensively employed in forming the tenses
of the verb in Latin, both by furnishing various endings to
the stem of the verb, and by being joined to the participle of
the verb. Thus e. g. amsiY-istis, you have loved, is com-
posed of the stem amav and estis (you are), amav-eraw, of
amav and eram, so : by aj^amatus sumy I have loved, etc.
Indicative
Subjunctive.
Present.
su-m, / am
si-ra, / may be
es, thou art
sl-s, thou mayest be
es-t, ke, she, it is
Sit, he, she, it may be
su-inus, we are
sl-mus, we may be
es-tis, you are
sl-tis, you may be
su-nt, they are
si-nt, they may be.
Imperfect.
gr-a-m, r7cas
es-sg-ra, I might be
gr-a-s, thou wast
es-se-s, thou mightest be ^
er-a-t, Ae, she, it loas
es-se-t, he, she, it might be
er-a-mus, we were
es-se-nius, we might be
er-a-tis, you were
es-se-tis, you might be
er-a-nt, they were
es-se-nt, they might be.
Perfect.
fu-i, / have been
fu-eri-m, / may have been
fu-isli, thou hast been
fu-eri-s, thou mayest have been
fu-Tt, he, she, it has been
fii-eri-t, he, she, it may have been]
fii-iinus, we have been
fii-6rT-mus, ?oe may have been
fu-istis, you have been
1 fu-6ri-tis, you may have been
fu-erunt (ere), they have been
fu-eri-nt, they may have been.
Pluperfect.
fu-era-m, / had been
fu-isse-m, [might have been
fu-era-s, thou hadst been
fu-isse-s, thou mightest have been
fu-era t, he, she, it had been
fu-isse-t, he, she, it might have been
fu-era-mus, we had been
fu-isse-mus, we might have been
fu-6ra-tTs, you had been
fu-isse-lTs, you might have been
fQ-era-nt, they had been
fu-isse-nt, they might have been.
H9.1 CONJUGATION OP THE AUXILIARY VERB mm. 91
Future Indicative.*
6r-b, / shall be gr-I-miis, we shall be
6r-i-s, thou wilt be 6r-i-tTs, you will be
er-i-t, he, she, it will be 6r-u-nt, they will be.
Future Perfect Indicative.*
fu-ero, / shall have been fu-eri-mus, we shall have been
fu-eri-s, thou wilt have been fu-eri-tis, you will have been
fu-6ri-t, he, she, it will have been fu-eri-nt, they tcilL have been.
Imperative.
2. gs, be thou 2. es te, he ye
2. es-to, thou shouldest be 2. es-tote, you should be
3. es-to, he should be 3. su-nto, they should be.
Infinitive.
Present esse, to be
Perfect fuisse, to have been
Future futurus, a, um esse, to will he, (that something) will be. The
first of these forms is not used in English.
Participle.
Present only: absent, absent, from ttiswrre ; ^x^esens, -present, ^rompraes
sum = praesto sum.
Future futurus, a, um, one who (what) toill, is about to be, a\30,future.
* The Subj. of the Fut ia wanting. See Rem. 1 to the following table of paradigms.
Rem. 1. In the compound pro-sum (I benefit), in all the forms where
a vowel follows pro, d is introduced between them, as : pro-d-esse,
pro-d-es, pro-d-est, pro-d-eram, pro-d-ero, pro-d-essem.
Rem. 2. Besides the above-mentioned forms, two others occur, viz. :
forem (fores, foret, etc.), I would 6e, and the corresponding Infin. ybre in-
stead offuturum esse.
XL IX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Absum, abfdi, abesse, prosum, profiii, prod- foris, adv. without.
I am absent, removed esse, / am useful, heri, adv. yesterday.
from, heneft, (see Rem. 1). longe, adv. far.
adsum, affui, adesse, concilio 1. / unite. peregre, adv. abroad.
I am present. fera, ae,/. wild beast. quamdiu, adv. and conj.
intersum, fui, esse, (c. ])ngna, (ie,f fght, battle. how long; so [as)
dat.) to be in, present arma, orum, n. arms. long as.
at (something). oratio, oiiis, /. speech, ubi, adv. where.
praesum, fui, esse, lam discourse. dum, conj. while.
before, preside over, mag'istrams, us, m.mx^- msi, conj. unless.
attend to. istrate, magistrcLcy. quutri, conj. when, as,
Deus omnibus locis adest. Parvi pretii sunt foris arma, nisi est con-
silium domi. Contemnuutiir ii, qui nee sibi, nee altSri prosunt Ut
92 THE AUXILIARY VEEB 5Wm. [H9.
magistratibus leges, ita populo praesunt magistratus. Ratio et oratio
conciliant inter se homines, neque ulla re longlus absiimus a natiira
ferarum. Ego laetus sum, tu tristris es. Si sorte vestra contenti estis,
beati estis.
Dum ego, tu et amicus in schola erdmuSy sorores nostrae in horto
erant. Quum tu et Carolus heri domi nostrae erdlis^ ego peregre eram.
Quamdiu tu et frater tuus domi nostrae erdtis, tu laetus eras, sed frater
tuus tristis erat. Quamdiu tu et pater aberdtis, ego et frater tristes
erdmus.
Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Quia cum patre peregre fui. Quam-
diu tu et pater tuus domo abfuistis ? Sex menses abfuimus. Cur mil-
ites nostri pugnae non interfuerunt ? Quia longius abfuerunt. Ubi
heri fueras, quum domi tuae eram ?
I am useful to thee, and thou to me. Wherefore are you sad ? We
are joyful. If thou art contented with thy lot, thou art happy. While
I was in the school, my sister was iii the garden. As yesterday thou
wast at home, I was abroad. Why were (perf ) you not in the school
yesterday ? because we were (perf.) abroad. How long hast thou been
absent from (abl.) home? Ten months (ace.) have 1 been absent
Where had you been yesterday, as we were in your house ? While
we and you were in the school, our sisters were in the garden. While
you and Charles were in Our house yesterday, we were abroad.
L. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Desum, defui, deesse, aetas, atis, /. age^ gen- antea, adv. before.
I am wanting. eraiion. postea, adv. afterwards,
obsum, fui, esse, / am nemo (Inis), no-body^ nuper, adv. lately.
against^ injure. no one. repente, adv. suddenly.
occupo 1. / take pos- aegrotus, a, um, sick. propterea, adv. for this
session of seize. avarus, a, um, avari- reason.
periculum, i, n. danger. cious. [ble. quo- — eo (with compa-
praedium, i, n./arwi. invictus, a, um, tnmTici- tive), the — so much
adolescens, tis, m. atrox, ocis, terriblCf the.
young man, yoxdh. bloody.
Quamdiu felix eris, multi tibi erunt amici. Tota civltas in summa
laetitia fuerat, quum repente ingens terror omnium animos occupat.
Pugna fuit atiocissima, propterea quod utriusqne exercitus milites for-
tissimi fufirauL Ante belli initium in urbe fueramus. Demosthenis
aetate multi oratores magni et clari fuerunt, et antea fuerant, nee
post6a defuerunt Ante tres annos apud amicum fui, in cujus praedio
iHiper per duo menses fueratis. Haec res non profuit nobis, sed ob-
§ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm, 93
fuit. Quo minus honoris apud Romanos erat poetis, eo minora studia
fuerunt. Si quis virtutis compos erit, semper beatus erit. Quamdiu
sorte mea contentus ero, felix ero. Qualis in alios fueris, tales hi in te
erunt. Si in hac vita semper virtutis studios! fuerimus, etiam post
mortem beati erimus.
So long as you shall be fortunate, you will not want friends. The
upright always benefit the upright. My enemies (immicus) have not
injured me, but benefited If men will be virtuous, they will be happy.
So long as we shall be contented with our lot, we shall be happy. If
men always shall haye been virtuous, the reward of virtue will not
fail them.
Rule of Syntax. In questions, to which the asker expects an an-
swer by yes or no, the interrogative particle ne is attached to the word
upon which the emphasis of the question is placed, as: Fuistine heri in
schola ? wast thou in school yesterday ?
Erasne in schola, quum heri domi tuae eram ? Eram. Miserne
sapiens erit, quum pauper erit? Non erit. Laetusne, an tristis es?
Unusne, an plures sunt mundi ? Cur heri in schola non fuisti ? Ae-
grotusne fuisti? Non, sed quia cum patre peregre eram. Fuerasne
nuper in horto nostro ? Deeritue tibi hominum laus, si semper pro-
bus fueris ?
Were you in school, as* we were at your house yesterday ? Yes
(= we were). Will the wise be unhappy, if they shall be poor ? No
(= they will not be). No one of (gen.) us is the very same in old-age,
wl\ich he was (perf ) [as] a young man. Pelopidas was in (perf ) all
dangers. Aristides was in (perf) the battle of Salamis (pugna Salami-
ma). Poets not merely delight, but also benefit us.
Yesterday I was (perf) at thy house, but thou wast abroad. The
avaricious in the abundance of all things, will be very poor. Thou,
thy father and thy mother have benefited us much (multum). We,
you and your sister were very joyful yesterday, as we were at your
house. Were you yesterday abroad, as I was at your house ? Yes
(= we were). While my brother was in the garden, I was in the
school. Were our soldiers in the battle? No (:= they were not in
it). We were (perf) not at home yesterday, but abroad.
Our soul after death will be immortal. So long as we shall be con-
tented with our fortune, we shall be happy. Where had you been
* For the reason of using as in this and many other places in these exer-
cises, where when would seem to be required, see Synt. § 110, 1, 1.— Tr.
94 THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. \k 49.
yesterday, as T was at your house ? We had been abroad. So long
as thou hadst been fortunate, thou hadst had (= there were to thee)
many friends. The more modest thou shalt be, so much the more
agreeable thou wilt be to men. If I shall benefit others, they [also]
will benefit me.
As (qualis) I shall have been to (in with ace.) others, so (talis) they
will be to me. If we shall have benefited others, they [also] will bene-
fit us. If thou, in this life, shalt have zealously pursued virtue, thou
shalt also, after death, be happy.
LI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Cogito 1, I think, reflect nescius, a, urn, igno- attentus, a, um, atten-
upon. rant ; non sum ne- live.
dubito 1. I doubt. scius, / know per- praeteritus, a, um,pa»^
pondero I. I weigh,con- ftdly well. eras, adv. to-morrow.
sider. parsiniouia, ae, /. fru- parutn, adv, too little.
provideo 2. I foresee; gality. \n'\\\s, adv. previously.
c. dat. look out for. mens, tis, /. state of plane, adv. wholly.
intelll»f0 3. / under- mind. ne — quidem, not in-
stand. vectigal, alis, n. tax, in- deed, not even.
repeto 3. / run over. come. turn, then.
Bcio 4. / know. victor, oris, m. conquer- non solum — sed etiam,
nescio 4. / do not know. or. not merely, hut also.
Rule of Syntax. In questions which depend upon a foregoing
sentence [indirect questions), the subjunctive* is always used, as: Narra
mihi, uh'xfueris, relate to me, where thou hast been. — In indirect questions
the enclitic ne is translated by whether, as: Dubito, laetusne sis, I doubt,
whether thou art joyful.
Non sum nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos fueris, et nunc sis, et
semper futiir us sis. Non eram nescius, qua mente tu et prius in nos
fuisses, et turn esses, et semper futurus esses. Qualis sit animus, ipse
animus nescit. Deus non est nescius, qua mente quisque sit. CogUa,
quantum nobis exempla bona prosint. Prae gaudio, ubi sim, nescio.
Non intelVigunt homines, quam magnum vectigal sit parsimonia. Non,
quantum quisque prosit, sed quanti pretii quisque sit, pondera. Quo
quisque an'imo futurus sit, nescio. Incertus eram, profuturusne tibi essem.
Saepe ne utile quidem est scire, quid futurum sit. Pecunia, honores,
valetudo quamdlu affutura sint, incertum est. Incertus eram, et ubi
esselis, et ubi fuissetis. JVdrro tibi, et ubi her i fuerimus, et ubi eras
futuri simus. Dubitamus, fuerinine milites nostri in piigna laude digni.
* As the subjunctive form is not so extensively used in English as in
Latin, the Subj. must often be translated into English by the forms of the
Indie, as will be seen in the following examples. — Tr.
$ 49.] THE AUXILIARY VERB SUm. 95
Diibium erat^ civesne nostri, an hostes in ilia pugna victores faisaent,
Dubium eraty profuissetne Alcibiades patriae suae, an ob/uisset.
What to-day is and yesterday was (perf ), we know ; but what will
be to-tnorrow, we know not. How long we shall be in this life, is un-
certain. I knew perfectly well, both of what state of mind towards us
you then were, and had been previously, and always would be (= were
about to be). I rejoice, when I think, how much you have benefited
the state, both now and before, and still will benefit [it]. It was un-
ceitain, where the enemies were and had been, and where they would
be.
Adestote omnes animis, qui adestis corporibus ! Attenti este, dis-
cipuli ! Homines mortis memores sunto. Contenti estote sorte vestra !
Parum provident multi tempori futuro, sed plane in diem vivunt Vir
prudens non solum praesentia curat, sed etiam praeterita mente repetit
et futura ex praeteritis provldet.
Scholars, not merely with (abl.) the body (plur.), but also with the
mind (plur.), should be in the school. Man should be mindful of
death.
In school, you should be attentive, O scholars ! Thou shouldest be
contented with (abl.) thy lot! Men should always be mindful of the
precepts of virtue.
96
ACTIVE OP THE FOUR EEGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
[^50.
Preliminary Remark.
§50. AC
Of the four re^lar
The following paradigms need not all be
1. A mo, dwi, amd<«m, amdre.
Characteristic : a long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
amo, I love
amd-s, thou lovest
amd-f, he, she, it
loves
amd-7nM5, we love
amd-it5, you love
ama-n<, they love
ame-m, I may love
ame-5, thou mayest
love
am^-f, he, she, it
may love
ame-ww5, we may
love
amc-tw, you may
love
ame-nf, they may
love.
II. Imperfect.
amd-idTO, I loved,
was loving
amd bdSy thou lov-
edst, wast loving
amd-//df, he, she, it
loved, was loving
amd-6dwm5, we lov-
ed, were loving
a.md-batis^ you lov-
ed, were loving
amd-^anf, they lov-
ed, were loving
might
amd-rcm, f
love
amd-rc5, thou
mightest love
amd-7-e<, he, she,
might love
amd-rcTnit^, we
might love
dimd-retls^ you
might love
amd-renf, they
might love.
III. Future {Indicative). *
amd-fco, I shall love
amd-ii5, thou wilt love
amd-65^f, he, she, it will love
amd-iir/m5, we shall love
dLind-hltis^ you will love
amd-6M7it, they will love.
IV. Perfect.
amd-ut, I have lov-
ed
a,md-{vi)stl, thou
hast loved
amd-w<, he, she, it
has loved
amd-t>lmw5, we
have loved
amd-(»i)sft5, you
have loved
dimd-{v€)runt{vtre)^
they have loved
amd-(r^)r?m, I may
have loved
amd-(we)ri5, thou
mayest have 1.
amd-(re)ri«,he,she,
i' may have 1.
amd-(re)r?mw5, we
may have loved
amd-(»c)r?f?5, you
may have loved
amd-(?5g)7m<, they
may have loved.
II. Mon^o, monwi, xnonUum^ monere.
Characteristic : e long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
monco, I admonish
moncsjtiiou admon-
ishest
moncf, he, she, it
admonishes
monemws, we
monish
monc^i^, you
monish
moncnf, they
monish
ad-
ad-
ad-
moncdwi, I may ad,
moncd5, thou may-
est admonish
moncdf, he, she, it
may admonish
monedmws, we may
admonish
monedtis^ you may
admonish
monewnf, they may
admonish.
II. Imperfect.
monc6flm, I admon-
ished, was ad.
mone^as, thou ad-
monishedst, was a.
raone6«f, he, she, it
admonished, was a.
xtionehdmtLS^ we ad-
monished,were a.
xnonebdtis^ you ad-
monished, were a.
xwonebanty they ad-
monished.were a.
monercrw, I might
admonish
mo«erc5, thou
mightest ad.
monercf, he, she, it
might admonish
monercmw5, we
might admonish
monerc<^s, you
might admonish
monercni, they
might admonish.
III. Future (Indicative). ^
monefco, I shall amonish
monebis^ thou wilt admonish
vaonebit^ he, she, it will admonish
monebXmus, we shall admonish
monebltis., you will admonish
monebunt., they will admonish.
IV. Perfect.
monui, I have ad-
monished
rxionuisli^ thou hast
admonished
montiif, he, she, it
has admonished
monMi7nM5,we have
admonished
vdonuistis^ you
have admonished
vcyoxiuerunt (ere),
they have ad.
may
mouMerm, I
have admonished
monueris^ thou
mayest have ad.
monucrif, he, she,
it may have ad.
monMcrim«5, we
may have ad.
monuerUis^ you
may have ad.
monMC7m<, they
may have ad.
$50.1
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
97
TIVE.
Conjugations.
learned at once but in the order of the exercises which follow.
ill. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere.
Characteristic : e short.
IV. Audio, audi??i, audifwrn, audire.
Characteristic : i long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
regOj I govern
regis, thou govern-
est
reg^^, he, she, it
governs.
regimus, we govern
regitis, you govern
regunt, they govern
regam,! maygovern
rega5, thou mayest
govern
regdt, he, she, it
may govern
regdmus, we may
govern
regdtis, you may
govern
regant, they may
govern.
II. Imperfect.
legebam, I govern-
ed, was gov.
regebas, thou gov-
ernedst, wast g.
regebaty he, she, it
governed, was g.
regebdmus, we gov-
erned, were gov.
vegebdtis, you gov-
erned, were gov.
regebant, they gov-
erned, were gov.
regerem, I might
govern
regeres^ihou might-
est govern
regeret, he, she, it
might govern
regeremus, we
migiit govern
regeretis, you
might govern
regerentj they
might govern.
III. Future (Indicative).^
regam, I shall govern
regc5, thou wilt govern
regef, he, she, it will govern
regemus, we shall govern
regetis, you will govern
regent, they will govern.
IV. Perfect.
text, 1 have govern
ed
xexisti, thou hast
governed
rexity he, she, it
has governed
rexhnus, we have
governed
lexistis, you have
governed
Texerunt (ere), they
have governed
rexen'm, 1 may
have governed
rexeris, thou may
est have govern
rexerit, he, she, it
may have gov.
rexertmus, we may
have governed
xexeritis, you may
have governed
vexerint, they may
have governed.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
aud?o, I hear
aud?5, thou hearest
audW, he, she, it
hears
a-udimuSj we hear
Siuditis, you hear
emdtunt, they hear
aud^am, I may hear
aud?a5, thou may-
est hear
a.adidt, he, she, it
may hear
audtaww5, we may
hear
SLudMtis, you may
hear
SLudiant, they may
hear.
II. Imperfect,
diudiebam, I heard
was hearing hear
audie6a5,thou heard Audires,
est, wast hearing miffhe
viudiebat, he, she, it
heard, was h.
dindiebdmus., we
heard, were h.
a.ndiebdtis, you
heard, were h.
diudiebant, they
heard, were h.
audircm, 1 might
, thou
mighesthear
audircf, he, she, it
might hear
SLudlremus, we
might hear
audiretis, you
might hear
audirent, they
might hear.
III. Future (Indicative).^
aud?am, I shall hear
audie^, thou wilt hear
audiei, he, she, it will hear
aud«C7ftM5, we shall hear
a.adietis, you will hear
audien^, they will hear.
IV. Perfect.
audiri, .(aud?i) 1
have heard
Siudi(vi)sti, thou
hast heard
audivit, he, she, it
has heard
a.adivimus, we
have heard
a.udi(vi)stis, you
have heard
audi (v) erunt (ere),
they have heard
a,udi(v)erim, I may
have heard
3.\3di(v)eris, thou
mayest have h.
a,udi{v)erit, he, she,
it may have h.
a.udi(v)erimus, we
may have heard
diVidi(v)eritis, you
may have heard
a.udi(v)erintj they
may have heard.
98
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR llEGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
U50.
I. Amo, dLinavi, amatum^ amare.
Characteristic : a long.
II. Moneo, monui, monitum, monere.
Characteristic : e long.
Indicj
lUBJUNCTIVE.
Indicative:
Subjunctive.
V. Pluperfect.
V. Pluperfect.
ama-(t?e)rdm, I had
loved
a.md-(ve)rdSy thou
hadst loved
aina-(?;e)raf,he,she,
it had loved
dimd-{ve) ramus, we
had loved
a.md-{ve)rdtiSj you
had loved
simd-(ve)rant, they
had loved
a.md-(vi)ssem, I
might have loved
a.md-{vi)sses, thou
mightest have 1.
araa-(w)ssc<,he,she,
it might have 1.
a.md-(vi)ssemus, we
might have loved
a.md-{vi)ssetis, you
might have loved
amd-{vi)ssent, they
might have loved.
monwgram, I had
admonished
monwcm*, thou
hadst admonished
monuerat, he, she,
it had admonish.
tnonuerdmus, we
had admonished
monuerdtis, you
had admonished
monuerant, they
had admonished
monuissem^ I might
have admonished
monuisseSy thou
mightest have ad.
monulsset, he, she,
it might have ad.
monuissemus, we
might have ad.
monuissetis, you
might have ad.
monuisscnt, they
might have ad.
VI. Future Perfect.^
monuero, I shall have admonished
monueris, thou wilt have admonished
mouuerit, he, she, it will have admon.
monuenmws, we shall have admonished
monueritis, you will have admonished
monuerint, they will have admonished.
Imperative.
mone, admonish thou
monefo, thou shouldest admonish
moneto, he, she, it should admonish
moncfc, admonish ye
monetote, you should admonish
monento, they should admonish.
Supine.
1) moh^^Mm, in order to admonish
2) momtu, to admonish, be admon.
Infinitive.
Pres. monere, to admonish
Peif. monuisse, to have admonished
Fut. moniturvs, a, um, esse, to will
admonish, (that one) will ad.
Participle.
Pres. monens, admonishing
Fut. moniturus, a, urn, intending,
wishing, about to admonish.
Gerund.
N. monendum est, one (we) must ad.
G. monendi, of admonishing, or to ad.
D. moncnrfo, to admonishing, or to ad.
A. monendum (e. g. ad), admonishing
A. mone7tdo, by admonishing.
') The Subjunctive Future is expressed periphrastically : amaturus, moniturus*
rectutus, auditurus (a, um) sim, sis, etc., I will love, thou wilt love, etc., or ama-
turus, etc., essem, / wjomW ^oce. ') Also the Future Perfect has no Subjunctive.
VI. Future Perfect.^
amd-(c^)rd, I shall have loved
a.md-(ve)ris, thou wilt have loved
a.md-(ve)rU, he, she, it will have loved
a.md-{vg)rimus, we shall have loved
a.md-{ve)rUis, you will have loved
dimd-lvi)rint, they will have loved.
Imperative.
amd, love thou
amd-io, thou shouldest love
VLind-to, he, she, it should love
amd-fe, love ye
a.md-t6te, you should love
a.md-ntOy they should love.
Supine.
1) a.md-tum, in order to love
2) amd-iw, to love, be loved.
Infinitive.
amd-re, to love
amd-(vi)sse, to have loved
Simd-turus, a, um, esse, to will
love,* (that one) will love.
Participle,
ama-ns, loving
dimd-turus, a, um, intending,
wishing, about to love.
Gerund,
dima-ndum est, one (we) must 1.
s.ma-ndi, of loving, or to love
axna-ndo, to loving, or to love
ama-ndum (e. g. arf), loving
dima-ndo, by loving.
Pres.
Perf
Fut.
Pres.
Fut.
Norn.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Abl.
§50.1
ACTIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAL CONJUGATIONS.
99
lil. Rego, rexi, rectum, regere.
Characteristic : e short.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
V. Pluperfect.
rexeram, I had
governed
rexeras, thou hadst
governed
Texerat, he, she, it
had governed
rexerdrnus, we had
governed
rexerdtis, you had
governed
rexissem, I might
have governed
rexisses, thou
mightest have g.
rexisset, he, she, it
might have gov.
rexissemus , we
might have gov.
vexissetis, you
might have gov.
rexerant, they had rexissent, they
governed j might have gov.
VI. Future Perfect.^
rexero, I shall have governed
rexeris, thou wilt have governed
rexerit, he, she, it will have governed
lexerijnus, we shall have governed
rexerttus, you will have governed
rexerint, they will have governed.
Imperative.^
rege, govern thou
regito, thou shouldest govern
regito, he, she, it should govern
regite, govern ye
regitote, you should govern
reguntOj they should govern.
Supine.
1) rectum, in order to govern
2) rec^M, to govern, be governed.
Injinitive.
Pres. regere, to govern
Perf. rexisse, to have governed
Fut. recturus, a, um esse, to will
govern,* (that one) will gov.
Participle.
Pres, regens, governing
Fut. rccturus, a, um, intending,
wishing, about to govern.
IV. Audio, audiri, audtfwm, audtre.
Characteristic : i long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
V. Pluperfect.
audi(r)gram, I had
heard
dindi{v)eras, thou
hadst heard
audi(c)era«, he,she,
it had heard
audi (?5)erdmu5, we
had heard
a.\x(ii{v)erdtisy you
had heard
audi(»)cr«ni, they
had heard
di\xdi{vi)ssem, I
might have h.
diVidi{vi)sses, thou
mightest have h.
audi(?;i)55ef,he,she,
it might have h.
dMAi(vi)sse,mus, we
might have h.
dMdii{vi)ssetis, you
might have h,
dMdi{vi)ssent, they
might have h.
Gerund.
N. regendum est, one (we) must gov.
G. regendi, of governing, or to govern
D. regendo, to governing, or to govern
A. regendum (e. g. ad), governing
A. regendo, by governing.
^) These four imperatives without e are to be noted : die, duc,fac,fer, from: di
CO, duco, facio, fero. ■*) The English language has no Infin. Future (to wil
love) but uses in its stead the Inf. Present.
VI. Future Perfect.^
audi(r) cro, I shall have heard
?i[xdi{v)eris, thou wilt have heard
a.vidilv)erit, he, she, it will have heard
aindilv)erimus, we shall have heard
a.udi,{v)critis, you will have heard
di\idi{v)erint, they will have heard.
Imperative.
audt, hear thou
andito, thou shouldst hear
diudito, he, she, it should hear
audi^e, hear ye
diuditote, you should hear
Sixidiunto, they should hear.
Supine.
1) diuditum, in order to hear
2) audt^M, to hear, be heard.
Injinitive.
Pres. audtre, to hear
Perf. aiudi{vi)sse, to have heard
Fut. diuditurus, a, um esse, to will
hear,* (that one) will hear.
Participle.
Pres. audicn*, hearing
Fut. Siuditurus, a, um, intending,
wishing, about to hear.
Gerund.
N. SLadiendum est, one (we) must hear
G. audicndi, of hearing, or to hear
D. a.\idiendo, to hearing, or to hear
A. ?iudiendum (e. g. ad), hearing.
A. R\xdiendo, by hearing.
100
PASSIVE OP THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
[^51.
§ 51. PAS
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
amor, 1 am loved
amari5, thou art
loved
ama^wr, he, she, it
is loved
amamiir, we are
loved
amammt, you are
loved
aman^wr, they are
loved
amer, 1 may be
loved
amcr?5(c), thou
mayest be loved
amcfiir, he, she, it
may be loved
amc7ri'ur, w^e may
be loved
amem?nl, you may
be loved
amcwiwr, they may
be loved.
II.
ama/yar, 1 was
loved
a.mdbdris (e), thou
wast loved
a.mabdtur, he, she,
it was loved
dLvadbdmur^ we
were loved
a.mdbdminl, you
were loved
a.mdbantur, they
were loved
Imperfect.
amarer, I might be
loved
dimdreris(e) thou
mightest be 1.
a.mdretur, he, she,
it might be loved
amdremwr, we
might be loved
amarcminl, you
might be loved
amdrentur., ihey
might be loved.
III. Future.
amaftor, I shall be loved
dimdberls (e), thou wilt be loved
a.mdbUur, he, she, it will be loved
a.mdblmur, we shall be loved
ama/nm?7ti, you will be loved
dimdbuntur, they will be loved.
II.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
monear, 1 may be
admonished
monSdris{e), ihou
mayest be ad,
monea^wr, he, she,
it may be ad.
moneamwr, we may
be admonished
monSdmini^ you
may be admon.
monSayitur, they
may be admon.
II. Imperfect.
monger, 1 am ad-
monished
moneris, thou art
admonished
monefwr, he, she,
it is admonished
monemwr, we are
admonished
moncmmi, you are
admonished
monentur^ they are
admonished
mone^ar, I was ad-
monished
mone:bdris(e), thou
wast admonished
monebdtur^ he, she,
it was admon.
mone^amwr, we
were admonished
monebdmini, you
were admonished
monebantur, they
were admonished
monerer, 1 might
be admonished
moncreri5(e), thou
mightest be ad.
moneretur, he, she,
it might be ad.
moneremMr, we
might be ad.
moneremmi, you
might be ad.
monerentur, they
might be ad.
III. Future,
monebor, I shall be admonished
moneieris(e), thou wilt be admonished
monebltur^ he, she, it will be admon.
monebimur, we shall be admonished
monebimini^ you will be admonished
monebuntur^ they will be admonished
IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.
amatiis,
a,
um
amati,
ae.
amatus,
a,
um
amati,
ae,
a
sum, 1 have been loved
es, thou hast been loved
est, he, she, it has been loved
sumus, we have been loved
estis, you have been loved
sunt, they have been loved.
monitus.
a,
um
momti,
ae.
b) Subjunctive.
sim, I may have been loved
sis, thou mayest have been 1.
sU,he, she, it may have been 1,
simiis, we may have been 1.
sUis, you may have been 1.
sint, they may have been 1.
monitus,
a,
um
moniti,
ae.
sum, I have been admonished
es, thou hast been admonished
est, he, she, it has been ad.
sumus, we have been admon
estis, you have been admon.
sunt, they have been admon.
sim, I may have been admon
sis, thou mayest have been ad
si7,he,she, it may have been a
simus, we may have been ad.
sitis, you may have been ad.
sint, they may have been ad.
^51.]
PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
101
SIVE.
regor, I am govern-
ed
regem, thou art
governed
regitur^ he, she, it
is governed
regimur, we are
governed
xegiraini^ you are
governed
reguntury they are
governed
III.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
regar, I may be
governed
regdris(e)^ thou
rnayest be gov.
regdtur, he, she, it
may be governed
regdmur^ we may
be governed
regdmini, you may
be governed
regantur, they may
be governed.
II. Imperfect.
regebar, I was gov-
erned
xege,bdris{e), thou
wast governed
xegebdtur^ he, she,
it was governed
regebdmur^we were
governed
regebdmlni^ you
were governed
regebantur^ they
were governed
III. Future,
regdr, I shall be governed
regerls{e), thou wilt be governed
regetur, he, she, ii will be governed
regemur^ we shall be governed
rege/n?n.i, you will be governed
regentur, they will be governed.
regerer, I might be
governed
vegereris(e)^ thou
mightest be gov.
vegeretur, he, she,
it might be gov.
vegeremvr, we
might be gov.
xegerernini^ you
might be gov.
regSrentur, they
might be gov.
IV.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
1. Present.
audeor, 1 am heard
audtW^, thou art
heard
audt^wr, he, she, it
is heard
aud? mwr, we are
heard
a.ndi7nini, you are
heard
a,udiuntur, they are
heard
aud^ar, I may be
heard
3.udidris(e) thou
mayest be heard
audiaiwr, he, she,
it may be heard
audittT/mr, we may
be heard
a.adidmini, you
may be heard
audianiwr, they
may be heard.
II. Imperfect.
diudiehar, 1 was
heard
s.udiebdris(e), thou
wast heard
a.ndiebdtiir, he, she,
it was heard
di\idiebdmur^ we
were heard
a.udiebd7ninij you
were heard
Siudiebantur, they
were heard
audircr, I might be
heard
audi;rer?!5(e), thou
mightest be heard
audtre/wr, he, she,
it might be heard
audircTOMr, we
might be heard
SLudiremini, you
might be heard
diudirentur, they
might be heard.
III. Future.
aud^ar, I shall be heard
audien5(c), thou wilt be heard
a.udietur, he, she, it will be heard
a.\jdiemur, we shall be heard
audjemmi, you will be heard
audicnfwr, they will be heard.
IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.
rectus,
a,
um
recti,
ae.
rectus,
a,
um
recti,
ae.
sum, I have been governed
es, thou hast been governed
est^ he, she, it has been govern'd
sumus, we have been govern'd
estis, you have been governed
sunt, they have been governed
auditus,
a,
um
auditi,
ae,
b) Subjunctive.
sim, 1 may have been govern'd
sis, thou mayest have been g.
sit, he, she, it may have been g.
simns, we may have been g.
sitis, you may have been g.
sint, tliey may have been g.
auditus,
a,
um
auditi,
ae,
a
sum, I have been heard
es, thou hast been heard
est, he, she, it has been heard
sumus, we have been heard
estis, you have been heard
sunt, they have been heard.
sim, 1 may have been heard
sis, thou mayest have been h.
sit, he, she, it may have been h.
simus, we may have been h.
sitis, you may have been h.
sint, they may have been h.
102
PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REGULAR CONJUGATIONS.
[551.
V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.
amatus,
a,
um
amati,
ae,
a
amatus,
amati,
ae,
a
amatus.
eram^ I had been loved
Iras^ thou hadst been loved
irat^ he, she, it had been loved
erdmuSy we had been loved
erdtis, you had been loved
Srant, they had been loved.
monitus,
a,
um
moniti,
ae,
a
b) Subjunctive.
essem, I might have been loved
esses, thou mightesthave been
loved
esset, he, she, it, might have
been loved
essemus, we might have been
loved
essetis, you might have been 1.
essent, they might have been 1.
monitus.
moniti,
ae,
a
eram, I had been admonished
eras, thou hadst been ad,
erat, he, she, it had been ad.
eramus, we had been ad.
eratis, you had been ad.
erantj they had been ad.
essem, 1 might have been ad.
esses, thou mightest have been
admonished
esset, he, she, it might have
been admonished
essemus, we might have been
admonished
essetis,y ovi might have been ad.
essent,\hey might have been ad.
VI. Future Perfect, {Indicative).
ero, I shall have been loved
eris, thou wilt have been
loved
ertt, he, she, it will have been
loved
amati, erimus, we shall have been
loved
erlils, you will have been
loved
erunt, they will have been
loved.
Imperative.
amare, be thou loved
ama^or, thou shouldest be loved
a.mdtdr, he, she, it should be loved
amawitrat, be ye loved
amamtftor, you should be loved
dimantdr, they should be loved.
Infinitive.
Pres. amdrl, to be loved
Perf. a.mdtus, a, um esse, to have been
loved
Fut. dimdtum irl,^ to will be loved,
(that one) will be loved.
Participle.
Perf. a.mdtus, a, um, loved
Fut. umandus, a, um, what should be
loved.
monitus, ero, I shall have been admon-
ished
eris, thou wilt have been ad-
monished
erit, he, she, it will have been
admonished
moniti, erimus, we shall have been ad-
monished
eritis, you will have been ad-
monished
erunt, they will have been ad-
monished.
Imperative.
monerg, be thou admonished
monetor, thou shouldst be admonished
monetor, he, she, it should be adra'd
monemini, be ye admonished
moneminor, you should be admonished
monentor, they should be admonished.
Infinitive.
Pres. monen, to be admonished
Perf monUus, a, um esse, to have been
admonished
Fut, monUum iri,^ to will be admonish-
ed, (that one) will be admonished.
Participle.
Perf. monitus, a, um, admonished
Fut. monendus, a, um, what should be
admonished.
*) amatum, monitum, rectum, auditum are Supines and hence cannot be de-
$51.]
PASSIVE OF THE FOUR REQUL^AR CONJUGATIONS.
103
V. Pluperfect. 1
a) Indicative. |
rectus,
eram, I had been governed
auditus.
eram, I had been heard
a,
eras, thou hadst been governed
a.
eras, thou hadst been heard
um
erat, he, she, it had been g.
um
erat, he, she, it had been heard
recti,
eramus, we had been governed
auditi.
eramus, we had been heard
ae,
eratis, you had been governed
ae.
eratis, you had been heard
a
erant, they had been governed
a
erant, they had been heard.
b) Subjunctive. |
rectus,
essem, I might have been g.
auditus,
essem, 1 might have been heard
a,
esses, thou mighlest have been
governed
a,
esses, thou mightest have been
heard
um
esstt, he, she, it might have
been governed
um
esset, he, she, it might have
been heard
recti,
essemus, we might have been
governed
auditi.
essemus, we might have been
heard
ae,
essetis, you might have been g.
ae.
essetis, you might have been h.
a
C55e7ii, they might have beeng.
a
essent, they might have been h.
VI. Future Perfect^ {Indicative). \
rectus,
ero, 1 shall have been gov-
erned
auditus,
ero, I shall have been heard
a,
eris, thou wilt have been gov-
erned
a.
eris, thou wilt have been heard
um
erit, he, she, it will have been
governed
um
erit, he, she, it will have been
heard
recti.
erimus, we shall have been
governed
auditi.
erimus, we shall have been
heard
ae,
eritis, you will have been gov-
erned
ae,
eritis, you will have been
heard
a
erunt, they will have been
governed.
a
ermit, they will have been
heard.
Imperative, i
Imperative.
reg^re, be thou governed
audtre, be thou heard
regifor, thou shouldst be governed
auditor, thou shouldst be heard
regttor, he, she, it should be governed
auditor, he, she, it should be heard
reglvdni, be ye governed
a-udimini, be ye heard
regl minor, you should be governed
SLuduainor, you should be heard
reguntor, they should be governed.
a.ndiuntor, they should be heard.
Infinitive.
Infinitive.
Pres. regi, to be governed
Pres. audtri, to be heard
Perf. rectus, a, um esse, to have been
Perf dLudUus, a, um esse, to have been
governed
heard
Fut rectum iri,^ to will be governed.
Fut. unditum iri,^ to will be heard.
(that one) will be governed.
(that one) will be heard.
Participle.
Participle.
Perf. rectus, a, um, governed
Perf. VLudltus, a, um heard
Fut. regendus, a, um, what should
Fut. a.xidiendus, a, um, what should
be go
verned.
be he
ard.
clined. That the English language has no Inf. Fut. has already been stated.
104
VfiRBS IN W OF THE THIRD CONJUGATION.
[k62.
§ 52. Inflection of verbs in To of the Third Conjugation.
ACTIVE, Infill, capere, to take. PASSIVE, Infiii. capi. |
*2
1
Indicative.
cap-i-o
cap-?s, cop-ii
cap-imus, capitis
cap-r-unt.
Suhjunct.
cap-i-am
cap-i-as
etc.
Indicative.
cap-i-or
cap-eris, cap-Uur
cap-lmur, cap-imlni
cap-i-untur.
Subjunct.
cap-i-ar
cap-I-aris
etc.
S
1— t
s
cap-i-ebam
cap-erem
cap-i-ebar
cap-erer
cap-i-am, -i-es, etc.
cap-i-ar, -i-eris, etc.
s
cap-e, cap-ito, cap-Ue, cap-Uote,
cap-i-unto.
cap-ere, cap-itor, cap-imini,
cap-iminor, cap-i-untor.
Pres, cap-i-ens, Fut. cap-turus
Perf. cap-tus, Fut. cap-
i-endus
Supine: cop-fwm, cap-<M. |
LII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
ram navo (c. dat.) / interitus, us, m. destruc-
Decerto 1. / contend.
elaboro 1. {in c. abl.)
/ labor (zealously).
flo 1. / blow, wave.
iritro 1. (o. ace.) / go
into, enter.
liber, era, erum,/ree.
libero 1. / deliver.
navo 1. / pursue some-
thing ardently; ope-
occupy myself with.
numero I. I number.
opera, ae,y! toil, labor.
somnus, i, m. sleep.
ventus, i, m. loind.
timor, oris, m.fear.
cupiditas, atis,/. desire,
passion.
tion.
aptus, a, um,JUted.
placldus, a, urn, gentle.
vehemens, tis, violent.
potissimum, adv. es-
pecially.
quomodo, in what man-
ner, how.
A) Active of the first Conjugation.
Quum milites urbem intra bant, omnes cives timoris pleni erant.
Quum in silva ambulabamus, vehemens ventus per altas quercus
flabat. Quamdiu tu in horto ambulabas, ego domi litteris operam
navabam. Dum nos placidus somnus recreabat, vos vigilabatis.
Quomodo is libero imperabit, qui non suis cupiditatibus imperat?
Ad quas res aptissimi erimus, in iis potissimum elaborabimus. Quam-
diu eris felix, multos amicos numerabis. Bonos semper laudabo,
§ 50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 106
improbos semper vituperabo. Si acriter armis decertabitis, o milites,
patriam ab interim liberabitis. Si virtutem amabis, omnes boni te
emabimt.
LIU. Words to be learned and Zeroises for translation.
Comparro 1. / prepare, philosophia, ae, f. phi- jucundus, a, um, pleas^
acquire. losophy. ant, agreeable.
conjugo 1. / join to- career, eris, m. prison, adhuc, adv. stUl. [ally,
gether, unite. narratio, ouis,/. narra- perpetuo, adv. continu-
devoco 1. / call down. tive. tanquam, as if, as.
migro 1. / migrate. rus, ruris, n. country ; num, (an interrogative
emlgro 1. I Tmve out. ruri, in the country, word used when a
e\6\o 1. I fy out from, rure, from the country, negative answer is
escape. ace. rus, into the expected), is it pos-
mterrogo 1. I ask. country. sible thaf^
observo 1. / observe.
Ea est jucundissima amicitia, quam similitude morum conjugavit.
Vivunt ii, qui ex corporum vinculis, tanquam carcere, evolaverunt.
Socrates primus philosophiam devocavit e coelo. Quia semper virtu-
tis praecepta observastis, magnam vobis Jaudem comparastis. Cur per
totem noctem vigilasti ? Praeceptores meos semper amavi. Acriter
contra hostes pugnavimus. Quum milites urbem intraverant, ingens
terror omnium civium animos occupabat. Narratio, quam mihi nuper
narraveras, vehementer me delectaverat. Quum exercitus hostilis
urbem oppugnaverat, nos jam emigraveramus. Si animum virtutibus
ornaveris, semper beatus eris. Ut alios homines tractaverimus, ita hi
nos tractabunt. Si quis te interrogaverit, qualis sit animus, num dubia
erit responsio ? Si perpetuo in hac vita virtutum servaveritis, etiam
in altera vita beati eritis. Quum hostes agros devastaverint, urbem
ipsam oppugnabunt Quum ego rus migravero, tu adhuc in urbe
eris.
LIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
"Recito 1. 1 read to, supplicium, i, n. capi- scelus, eris, n. offence,
revoco 1. I recall. tal punishment, 2) crime.
caussa, ae, /. cause ; (any severe) punish- quaestus, us, m. gain,
abl. cau55d withg-en., m^nt. diligenter, adv. dUigent-
on account of. Atheniensis, is, m. ly, carefully.
sophista, ae, m. sophist. an Athenian. fortiter, adv. bravely,
Francogallus, i, m. approbatio, onis, / ap- studiose, adv. zealously.
Frenchman. \man. probation. \tation.
Germanus, i, m. a Ger- ostentatio, onis,/. osten-
How many has the fear of the divine punishment reclaimed (= re-
called) from crimes ! The Germans have fought bravely against the
106 ACTIVE VOICE. [^ 50.
French (== Frenchmen). So long as we frequented school, we pur-
sued literature dihgently. The Athenians called those sophists, who
for the sake of ostentation or gain pursued philosophy. To-morrow we
will celebrate the birth-day of our father. So long as you shall be
fortunate, you will number many friends. The more any one (quis)
shall love virtue, so much the more peaceful he will be. The more
zealously thou shalt occupy thyself with literature, so much the more
agreeable wilt thou be to thy teachers. When [their] native country
shall be in danger, the citizens will fight spiritedly against the ene-
mies.
As thou shalt have treated others, so will they treat thee. We have
always loved our teachers. Because thou hast always kept the precepts
of virtue, thou hast acquired for thyself great praise. As the hostile ar-
my were entering the city, all the citizens were full of (gen.) fear. You
have fought spiritedly against the enemies. When we shall have migra-
ted into the country, you will still be in the city. When the hostile army
shall have laid waste the fields, it will assault the city itself If you shall
have adorned [your] souls with virtues, you will always be happy.
As the enemies had assaulted the city, a great part of the citizens
had already moved out. While thou wast watching, me gentle sleep
refreshed. While we were taking a walk in the garden, you occupied
yourselves with literature. The whole day I have eagerly expected
my friend. When the enemies shall have assaulted the city, the con-
dition of the citizens will be very wretched. If I shall have carefully
observed the precepts of virtue, the approbation of the good will never
be wanting to me. Scarcely hadst thou read to me the letter of the
friend, as he entered (perf } my house (ace). If thou shalt pursue lit-
erature diligently, I shall praise thee.
LV. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Opto 1. / wish. mihi est, / am anx- utilitas, atis, /. advan-
persano 1. / cure per- ious. tage.
ftctly. fabula, ae,/./a6/e. statio, oniSy f. post.
postulo 1. / demand. opera, ae,/. pains ; op- animal, alis, n. living
redamo 1. / love in re- eram do, I take pains, being.
turn. occupy myself with. rectus, a, um, right ;
rogo \. I entreat, ask. condiscipulus, i, m./eZ- conscientia recta, a
supero 1. / surpass, low-student. good conscience.
overcome. me(\icus,\,m. physician, persaepe, adv. very of-
evfenit, 4. it happens. cognitio, onis, /. know- ten.
conscientia, ae, /. con- ledge. ut (with Subj.), that, in
sdousntss, conscience, honestas, atis, /. up- order tfiat. See Syni.
cura, ae,/. care ; curae rightness. § 106.
$50.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 107
Persaepe evfinit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet. Vide, ne peccea
contra virtutis praecepta. Omnes parentes optant, ut filii litteris dili-
genter operam navent. Ita vivere debemus, ut in omni re rectam con-
scientiam servemus. Omnibus viribus elaborate, ut litteras diligenter
tractetis. Medicus omnem curam adhibet, ut aegrotum persanet. Ni-
hil magis mihi curae est, quam ut animum virtutibus ornem. Amo tc,
ut me redames. Cura, ut condiscipulos bonis moribus et diligentia
superes. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Quam-
diu scholam frequentabamus, nihil magis nobis curae erat, quam ut
animos bonarum rerum cognitione ornaremus. Heri ambulabam, ut
tristem animum exhilararera. Exercitus noster acerrime pugnabat, ut
urbem ab interitu servaret.
Every living being looks to this (id agit), that it may preserve itself.
You ought to take pains, that you acquire for yourselves the praise of
the good. You love us, in order that we may love you in return. I
labored (peif ) with all [my] powers, in order that my teachers might
praise me. The laws of this state demand, that the citizens should
obey them (sibi). I entreat thee, that thou wouldst relate to me the
fable. I pursue literature very zealously, in order that I may delight
my parents. We ought always so to live, that we may observe the pre-
cepts of virtue.
We fought very spiritedly, in order that we might save our native
country from destruction. You were more anxious for nothing, than
that you might adorn [your] souls with virtues. The general com-
manded (perf), that the army might enter the city (ace). So long as I
frequented the school, I labored with all [my] powers, that I might
adorn [my] mind with (abl.) the knowledge of literature.
LVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Accelero \.Iliasttn. perturbo 1. / throw in- scholastica, scholastic
advento 1. / approach^ to confusion. instruction.
arrive. specto 1. / behold, con- multitudo, inis,/. mul-
castigo 1. / reprove, template. titude. [tacking.
punish. vasto 1. 1 lay waste. oppugnatio, onis, /. at-
colloco 1. (in aliqua re) mitto3. 1 send, dispatch, ortus, us, m. rising.
I place, bestoiv (upon uva, ae,/. grape. risus, us, m. laugh.
something). argumentum, i, n. con- praepropere, adv. pre-
congrego 1. / assemble. tents (of a book). dpitately. [lously.
delibero 1. / deliberate, auxilium, i, n. aid. religiose, adv. sa^upu-
explico 1. I explain. institutio, onis, f. in- ubi, where; when, so
gusto 1. / taste, relish. struction ; institutio (as) soon as.
Rule of Syntax. The conjunction quin, with the meaning that, takes
108 ACTIVE VOICE. [^ 50.
the subjunctive after : non dubito, / do not douht^ nemo dubitat, nohody
douhts, dubium non est, it is not doubtful^ and quis dubitat ? who doubts ?
See Syntax § 107, 3.
Non est dubium, quin cives, ubi patria in periciilo futura sit, fortiter
pugnaturi sint. Quis dubitat, quin e scholastica institutione pulcherri-
mus ad pueros redundaturus sit fructus ? Dubium non est, quin bono-
rum animi post mortem in sedem beatorum migraturi sint Non dubi-
to, quin milites nostri hostes superaverint. Non dubitabam, quin vos
patriam a servitute liberaturi essetis. Cui dubium erat, quin exercitus
noster omnes labores et aerumnas facile toleraturus esset ? Quis dubi-
tat, quin Hannibal contra Romanos fortissime pugnaverit ? Non dubi-
tabrtis, quin ego vos semper amaverim. Quis dubitat, quin bonos sem-
per laudaverimus, malos semper vituperaverimus ? Non est dubium,
quin in omni vitae conditione fidem servaiitis. Non dubito, quin lit-
tfiris maximam operam navaris. Nemo dubitabat, quin hostes urbem
expugnavissent. Nemini civium dubium erat, quin pro patriae libertate
acerrime pugnavissetis. Nemo dubitabat, quin omnem operam in eo
collocavissemus, ut hostes superaremus. Quum hostes urbem oppug-
nabant, non erat dubium, quin ingens terror omnium civium animos
occupavisset. Nemo dubitabat, quin tu risum ilium excitasses. Ne-
mini eorum qui aderant, dubium erat, quin recte de illius libri argu-
mento judicavissem.
It is doubtful to no one of those w^ho are present, that concerning
(de) the character of that man, thou hast judged correctly. Nobody
doubts, that the enemies have taken the city. It is not doubtful, that
from scholastic instruction the fairest advantages (= fruits) redound to
the young. Who doubts, that we shall deliver the land from servitude ?
Nobody doubted, that all citizens, so soon as their native country should
be in danger, would fight bravely. Who doubts, that you have raised
a laugh ? Nobody doubts, that our army will endure all the toils and
hardships of war patiently. It is not doubtful, that the attacking of
the city, has thrown all the citizens into confusion. No one of (gen.)
us doubted, that our soldiers had overcome the enemies. No one of
the Romans doubted, that Hannibal had fought very bravely against
them (se). Who doubts, that we have bestowed all pains upon this
(in eo), that we might overcome the enemy ? Who doubts, that I have
always loved thee ? Nobody doubted, that we had always praised
the good, [but] had always censured the bad. Who doubts, that I
have kept my word (= fidelity)? Nobody doubted, that thou hadst
occupied thyself earnestly with literature. To no one was it doubtful,
that you had always kept the precepts of virtue.
§50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 100
Diligenter cura, mi amice, valetudinem tuam ! Ne praepropere de
rebus judicate,o piieri ! Ne dublta de animorum immortalitate ! Per-
petuo servato, mi fili, conscientiam rectam ! Discipulus amato prae-
ceptores. Laudatote probos homines, castigatote improbos! Omnes
homines amanto deum.
Look out carefully, friends, for your health ! Judge not precipitate-
ly concerning men and things, O boy! Doubt ye not concerning
the immortality of the soul (plur.)! Scholars should love their teach-
ers. Thou shouldest praise the upright, [but] reprove the wicked.
You should always, my sons, preserve a good conscience.
(Comp. Synt. § 97.)
Parentes mei in urbem migraverunt habiiatum. Legati in urbem
nostram acceleraverunt auxilium postulatum Hannibalem invictum
cives sui ex Italia revocaverunt patriam ab hostibus liberatum. Hos-
tes pacem postulatum legatos ad nos mittunt. Exercitus hostilis ad-
ventavit agros nostros vastatum. Ingens hominum multitude in urbem
congregatur ludos publicos spectatum.
Uva immatura est peracerba gustatu. Multa sunt dura toleratu.
Quaestio de animi natura difficillima est explicatu. Sitis non facilis
est toleratu. Pira dulcia sunt gustatu.
The soldiers hastened (perf), in order to relieve the city from
the siege of the enemies. The ambassadors assembled themselves
(== were assembled), in order to deliberate concerning the peace. The
hostile army approached, in order to assault the city. To-morrow my
parents will go (= migrate) into (ace.) the country in order to dwell
[there] through the summer.
A ripe grape is sweet to taste. The rising of the sun is beautiful to
behold. This thing is easy to explain.
LVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Duro 1. / endure, con- avaritia, ae,/. avarice. ornatus, us, m. oma-
tinue. momentum, i, n. cir- ment.
exprobro 1. / reproach cumstance, particular, alienus, a, um, foreign,
[one) for. officium, i,n. duty, ser- exiguus, a, um, little.
investigo 1. / trace out, vice. odiosus, a, um, odious,
investigate. calamitas, atis, f. loss, teter, tra, trum, foul.
mico 1. I glitter. misfortune. coelestis, e, heavenly.
obtempero 1. I obey. actio, onis,/. action. praesertim, adv. espe-
sxido \. I sweat. jpoftio, ouis, f. drinking, dally.
supplico 1. I implore. drink.
Luscinia cantans animos nostros delectat. Coelum plenum est stel-
10
110 FIRST CONJUGATION. [^50.
larum niicantium. Nullum vitium tetrius est, quam avaritia, praeser-
tim in principibus rem publicam gubemantibus. Cogitantes coelestia,
haec nostra ut exigua et minima contemnimus. Odiosum est genus
hominum ofRcia exprobrantium. Ex (after) labore sudanti frigldae
aquae potio perniciosissima est. Vir bonus viro bono non supplicanti
succurrit. Rei veritatem investigaturi omnia ejus momenta ponderare
debemus. Sapiens bona sibi comparare studet perpetilo duratura.
Ciconiae, in alienas terras migraturae, in unum locum congregantur.
Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem congregatur ludos publlcos spec-
tatura.
How great is the wisdom of God who governs (= governing) the
whole world! The larks sing as they Jly (= flying). Man does not
love God, when he does not observe (= not observing) the precepts of
virtue. The power of virtue is very great, since it adorns (= adorning)
the souls of men with the fairest ornaments. How great are the bene-
fits of the sun, since it illuminates (= illuminating) the whole earth !
The citizens fought spiritedly with the enemies, who were assaulting
{= assaulting) the city. The hostile army came up in order to assault
(== intending to assault) the city. The invincible Hannibal, his fellow-
citizens (= citizens) recalled from Italy, that he might deliver (= about
to deliver) his native country from the enemies.
Rule of Syntax. The Gerund takes the same case as its verb.
In the Nom. with est and the Dat. of the agent, it should be translated
by : / [thou, he) must, ought, should, we (you, they) must, ought, should,
etc. ; but without the Dat. of the agent by : one [ive) must, ought,
should (comp. Synt. § 98.).
De animorum immortalitate nobis non est dubitandum. Obtempe-
randum est virtutis praeceptis. Propter belli calamitates multis civibus
e patria in alienas terras migrandum est. Si beati esse studemus, dili-
genter nobis est elaborandum, ut in omni actione virtutis praecepta
observemus. Quis dubltat, quin nobis pro patriae libertate pugnan-
dum sit.
LVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Avoco 1. I call away. fortem), I show my- occasio, onis, f. occa-
d\iu(]icoli. I distinguish. self [hraye). sion.
nato 1. I swim. teneo 2. / hold, under- planities, ei,/. plain.
praebeo, 2. / afford; stand. [lectics. idoneus, a^ un\, suited.
praebeo me (e. g. dialectica, ae, /. dia- prudenter, adv. unsely.
Rule of Syntax. The oblique cases of the Gerund form the cases
of the Infinitive ; the Ace, however, can be used only in connection
with a preposition. Comp. Synt. § 98.
§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. Ill
Nom. JVatdre est utile, stvimming is useful.
Gen. JVatandi sum peritus, / am skilful in stvimming, or to sivim ; natan-
di ars utllis est, the art of swimming or to swim is usefid. Ars
civitatern guhernandi, the art of governing a state is difficult.
Dat. JVatando homo aptus est, man is fitted to swimming, or to swim.
Ace. JVatdre disco, / learn swimming or to swim, but : ad naiandum ho-
mo aptus est, man is fitted for swimming or to swim.
Abl. JVatando corporis vires exerceiitiu*, by sivimming the powers of the
body are exercised.
Navigare utilissimum est, sed ars navigandi est difRcillima. Boni
discipuli cupidi sunt Htteras diHgenter tractandi. Principes civitatis
periti esse debent civitatem gubernandi. Dialectica est ars vera ac
falsa dijudicandi. Haec planities apta est pqgnando. Ego fratrera
tuum natare doceo, gaudeoque, quod tam aptum se praebet ad natan-
dum. Pauci homines idonei sunt ad aliis imperandum. Virtus hom-
ines avocat a peccando. Acriter pugnando milites urbem ab interitu
liberaverunt.
To govern a state, is very difficult; [only] a few understand the
art of governing a state wisely. Avoid thou every occasion of sin-
ning. Thy brother is very skilful in (gen.) riding. The human intel-
lect is nourished by (abl.) thinking.
LIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
CrucAO \. I torment. person and abl. of effusus, a, um, unre-
cruciatus, us, m. torture. thing), / deprive of. strained.
emendo 1. I improve. poena, ae, f. punish- piger, gra, grum, indo-
nuntio 1. / announce. ment. lent, slothful.
obscuro 1. / obscure. morbus, i, m. disease. benevole, adv. kindly,
probo 1. / approve ; incendium i, n. con/la- benevolently.
probor (c. dat.) I gration. hodie, adv. to-day.
please. ohVivio, onia, f. oblivion, misere, adv. loretchedly,
spolio 1. (with ace. of decus, oris, n. honor. in a loretched way.
B.) Passive or the First Conjugation.
Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, omnium civium animi ingen-
ti teiTore occupabantur. Dum ego cantando delectabar, tu saltando
delectabare (delectabaris). Quum pugna atrocissima erat, sol nubibus
obscurabatur. Quamdlu virtus decore et dignitate sua non spoliabitur,
tamdlu homines virtutis compotes etiam in summis cruciatibus beati
erunt. Malefici post mortem justis poenis castigabuntur. Ut alios
tractaverltis, ita ab iis tractabimini. Si litteris diligenter operam nava-
verimus, a parentibus nostris pulchris muneribus donablmur. Quo re-
112 FIRST CONJUGATION. [f 51.
ligiosius virtutis praecepta servabo, eo magis dec probabor. Quum
urbs ab hostibus expugnata erat, omnes cives acerbissimo dolore cru-
ciabantur. Si liberi vestri bene a vobis educati erunt, magna ad vos
laus redundabit.
As yesterday thou wast with me, I was tormented by (abl.) violent
pains, but to-day I am dehvered from them. If thou lovest (= shalt
love) men, thou wilt be loved by them. The remembrance of renown-
ed men is obscured by (abl.) no oblivion. The wise will even then be
happy, when they shall be tormented by the severest (acerbus) pains.
While we delighted ourselves (= were delighted) in (abl.) song (Ge-
rund), you delighted yourselves in the dance (Gerund). The more
scrupulously you shall observe the precepts of virtue, so much the
more will you please God. As the victory of our army was announc-
ed, unrestrained joy prevailed (agitarij through the whole city. As
the city had been taken possession of by the enemy, at (abl.) the very
same time three conflagrations were raised. Rejoice, boys, lo-morrow
Christmas (= the birth day of Christ) will be celebrated, and by your
good parents you will be presented with (abl.) beautiful presents. If
thou shalt please (fut. perf ) all good men, thou wilt also please God.
The more kindly I shall have treated others, so much the more kindly
shall I also be treated by them. As thou enteredst the house (ace.)
thou wast delighted by (abl.) the arrival of thy father.
LX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Conformo 1. I form. metus, us, m. apprehen- ignavia, ae,/ cowardice,
obsto 1. / oppose, am a sion,Jear. otium, i, n. ease.
hindrance. officio 3. / hinder, stand infirmitas, atis,/. weak-
praeparo J. /prepare. in the way. [tiniie. ness.
reporto 1. I hear off. pergo 3. / go on, con- timidltas, atis,/. timidi-
sollicito 1. I disturb. impedio 4. I prevent. ty.
soUicitus, a, um, dis- impedimentum, i, n. divlnus, a, um, divine.
turhed, apprehensive. hindrance ; impedi- immanis, e, cruel.
expleo 2. I fulfil. mento est, it is a terrestris, e, earthly.
prohlbeo 2. I prevent. hindrance. temere, adv. inconsid-
metuo 3. / apprehend, constantia, ae, f.firm- erately, vnthout rea-
fear. ness. son.
Rule of Syntax. The conjunction g'Momiwtts with the Subj. stands
after the verbs and phrases which signify a hindrance, and is to be
translated into English by that.* (Comp. Synt. § 107, 2.).
* Or more elegantly, often, by the prepositions, of, from, to, with a corres-
ponding modification of the words which stand in connection with it.— Tr.
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 113
Levitas animi miiltis pueris impedimento est, quominus eorum
mores emendentur et ingenia litterarum studio conformentur. Mili-
tum ignavia obstabat, quominus hostilis exercitus superaretur. Unius
ducis constantia obstabat, quominus cives ab immanibus militibus mi-
sere vexarentur. Terrestrium rerum cura saepe prohibet, quominus
res divinae a nobis curentur. Infirmitas vocis et timiditas animi saepe
oratori officiunt, quominus laude dignus judicetur. Senectus non im-
pedit, quominus litterarum studia studiose a nobis tractentur. Timidi-
tas saepe impedit, quominus animus noster contra pericula, quae nobis
imminent, praeparetur.
Weakness of voice stood in the way of your being accounted (= hin-
dered you, that you should be accounted) a great orator. The firm-
ness of the general alone prevents the citizens from being annoyed by
the cruel soldiers. Already has levity been an hindrance to many
boys, that their manners should be improved and their minds be formed
by the study of literature. The cowardice of the soldiers hindered,
that the hostile army should be overcome.
Rule of Syntax. After the words and phrases which express j/^ar
or apprehension, ne with the Subj. is to be translated by that, and ut with
the Subj. by that not. (Comp. Synt. § 106, 3.).
Piger discipiilus semper metuit, ne a praeceptoribus castigetur. Me-
tuo, ne a te vituperer. Timeo, ut victoria ab exercitu nostro de hos-
tibus reportetur. Si tam fortiter contra hostem dimicare pergimus,
non est periculum, ne ab iis superemur. Si officia vestra semper reli-
giose expletis ; ne metuite, ut omnibus probemini. In metu eramus,
ut morbo liberaremini. Vehemens cura animos nostros sollicitabat, ne
ab hostibus vexaremur. Sollicitus eram, ne in otio turbarer.
I was in apprehension that I should be censured by thee. I appre-
hended, that I should be disturbed in my ease. The soldiers were in
apprehension that victory over the enemy would not be borne off. A
violent apprehension (= care) disturbs our minds, that we may be an-
noyed by the' enemies. Why did they apprehend, that they should
not be delivered from sickness ? If thou hast always fulfilled thy
duties, do not fear that thou may est not please (probor) all. If our
army continues to fight so bravely against the enemies, there is no
( = not) fear, that it may be overcome by them. Indolent scholars always
fear, that they shall be punished by [their] teachers. We were in ap-
prehension, that we should be accounted ungrateful by you. Not with-
out reason so oppressive an apprehension seized you, that you would
be annoyed by the enemies.
10*
114 FIRST CONJUGATION. [$51.
LXI. Words to be learned and JEkercises for translation.
Contamino 1. Icon- ignominia, ae, /. ^tm)- aequus, a, iim, equal;
taminate. miny. aequus animus,
exoro 1. I prevail upon flagitium, i, n. foul equanimity.
hy entreaty. deed. sceleratus, a, um,
migro 1. c. ace. I trans- proditor, oris, m. traitor. wicked.
gress. splendor, oris, m. splen- sancte, adv. sacredly,
multo 1. 1 punish. dor. sanctitas, atis,/. sacre^t-
noto 1. I mark, brand, civitas, atis, f. citizen- ness.
occo 1. / harrow. ship, right of citizen- sin, conj. but if
reparo 1. / repair. ship.
Si industrius es, laudator ; sin piger, vitupei*ator ! Si leges civitatis
migraveritis, multaminor ! Ager justo tempore arator et- occator ! Pro-
diiores patriae civitate spoliantor ! Vos, o scelerati cives, ignominia
notaminor ! Leges divinae ab hominibus sancte observantor ! Si quid
peccaveris, aequo animo vituperare ! Exoramini, o mei parentes !
O mi puer, delectare litterarurn studio ! Precibus nostris exorare, o
judex ! Ne flagitiis contaminaminor !
Be prevailed upon by entreaty, my father ! O my boys, delight
yourselves (= be delighted) in (abl.) the study of literature. If you
have committed a fault (fut. perf ) allow yourselves to be {= be ye) cen-
sured with equanimity ! Thou shouldest not be contaminated with
foul deeds. If you are diligent, you will be praised ; but if you are
indolent, you will be censured. Virtue should always be sacredly
observed. The fields, at the right time, should be ploughed and
harrowed. If thou transgressest (fut. perf) the laws of the state, thou
shouldst be punished. Thou, O wicked citizen, shouldst be branded
with ignominy !
LXII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Adaequo 1 . / ZeveZ. spero 1 . 1 hope. humamtas, atis,/. hu-
appropinquo 1. / ap- violo 1. I violate. manity.
proach. succenseo 2. 1 am offen- pernicies, ei, f destruc-
exstirpo 1. / extirpate. ded. lion.
extermino 1. / expel. accido 3. I happen. eximius, a, um, distin-
fundo 1. I found. dimitto 3. I dismiss. guished, excellent.
labefacto 1. / shake. efforesco 3. I flourish, jam pridem, adv. long
muto 1. / change^ ex- ruo 3. / rush. since.
cJiange. pueritia, ae,/. boyhood, interdlu, adv. by day.
regno 1. I rule, reign. solum, i. n, the ground.
Melior est certa pax, quam sperata victoria. Terra mutata non
§ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 115
mutat mores. Multa in hac vita accidunt non exspectata. Omnes
dolores patienter tolerati minus acerbi sunt. Dux dimittit milites ob
eximiam virtutem laudatos. Multi juvenes, in prima pueritia a paren-
tibus male educati, in perniciem ruunt. (J
The friendship formed (= united) between good and wise [men] is
disturbed by (abl.) nothing (= no thing). Dangers, which were not ex-
pected (=^ not expected) by us, discompose our minds more (magis)
than dangers which were long since expected. JVhen thou art censur-
ed (= having been censured) on account of a fault, be not offended at
the censurer ( = the one censuring). After the walls had been leveled
(=: the walls having been leveled) to the ground by the enemies, they
are repaired by the citizens. By day we do not see the stars, because
they are obscured (= they having been obscured) by the splendor of the
Bun.
(Concerning the Ablative absolute Comp. Synt. 100, 4, b).
Regnante Xerxe^), Graeci de Persis splendidissimam victoriam re-
portaverunt. Inter bonos viros et deum amicitia est, conciliante natu-
ral). Appropinquante hieme-'), multae aves mitiores regiones petunt.
Recuperata pace*), artes efflorescunt. Regibus exterminatis^), Ro-
mani liberam rempublicam fuudaverunt. Terra mutata^), mores homi-
num non mutantur. Legibus divinis sancte observatis"), vita nostra
beata erit.
While Numa Pompilius reigned, the Romans were very prosperous.
While the larks sing, we go to walk over (per) the plains. While Au-
gustus reigned, the splendor of the empire was the greatest. When
a just king administers the state, the laws also are just. When the
swallows migrate into milder regions, winter approaches.
After the plains were laid waste, the enemies assaulted (perf ) the
city. When the sacredness of the laws is violated, the foundation of
the state is shaken. When the city had been taken, an immense con-
flagration was raised.
«
LXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Coerceo, ui, itum 2. / deleo, evi, etum 2. / pareo, ui 2. I obey, am
restrain. destroy. obedient, follow.
^) While Xerxes reigned, or : under the reign of Xerxes. ^) Since na-
ture forms (it). ^) When the winter approaches, or : on the approach of
winter. *) After peace is restored, or : on the restoration of peace. *) After
the kings had been expelled, or : after the expulsion of the kings. ^) When
the country has been exchanged, or : after an exchange of countries. ')
When the divine laws are sacredly observed.
116 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS, [^50.
pat6o, ui 2. / stand
upon.
valeo, ui, itum 2. / am
strong, well.
absumo, sumpsi, sump-
tum 3. to consume.
cingo, nxi, nctum 3.
to surround.
detego xi, ctum 3. to
detect.
excello, ui 3. to he dis-
tinguished.
instruo, uxi, uctum 3.
to furnish, to arrange.
scribo, psi, ptum 3. to
write.
esurio 4. / hunger.
sitio 4. / thirst.
corona, ae,/. garland.
membrana, ae,/. mem-
brane.
oculus, i, m. eye.
incendium, i, n. confla-
gration.
conjuratio, onis,/. con-
spiracy.
aditus, us, m. approach.
acies, ei,/. 1) edge; 2)
line-of-hattle.
tenuis, e, thin.
quoad, conj. so long as,
fere, adv. almost.
probe adv. excellently^
properly.
C) Parallel exercises for all the Conjugations.
a) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Active of all the Conjugations.
Laudo, exerceo, duco, erudio. Laudas, exerces, ducis, erudis,
Laudat, exercet, ducit, emdit. Laudabam, exercebam, ducebam,
erudiebam. Laudabas, exercebas, ducebas, erudiebas. Laudebat,
exercebat, ducebat, erudiebat. Laudabo, exercebo, ducam, erudiam.
Laudabis, exercebis, duces, erudies. Laudabit, exercebit, ducet,
erudlet. Gaudebam, quod tu et pater tuus valebatis. Dum ego pin-
gebam, tu scribebas, et frater legebat. Milites nostri castra muniebant.
Hostes aciem instruebant.
Praeceptor gaudebat, quod vos ejus praeceptis parebatis. Dum nos
legebamus, vos scribebatis et sorores acu pingebant. Quum hostes
urbem nostram obsidione cingebant, cives earn custodiebant. Tibi
placebas, aliis displicebas. Dum tu dormiebas, ego te custodiebam.
Omnes boni legibus divinis semper parebunt. Quoad vives, bene
vives. Dum tu dormies, ego te custodiam. Virtutis honorem nulla
oblivio delebit. Si virtutem coletis, aditus in coelum vobis patebit
We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. You praise, you
exercise, you lead, you instruct. They praise, they exercise, they lead,
they instruct. We praised, we exercised, we led, we instructed. You
praised, you exercised, you led, you instructed. They praised, they
exercised, they led, they instructed. We will praise, we will exercise,
we will lead, we will instruct. You will praise, you will exercise, you
will lead, you will instruct. They will praise, they will exercise, they
will lead, they will instruct. We rejoiced, that (quod) thou wast well.
While we wrote, you read, and the brothers painted.
While the enemies were arranging the line-of-battle, our soldiers
fortified the camp. The teachers rejoiced, that (quod) the scholars
§ 50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 117
obeyed their (eorum) precepts. While I was singing, thou wast learn-
ing, and the sister embroidering. While the enemy surrounded our
city with a blockade, we guarded it. You pleased yourselves, others
you displeased. While you slept, we guarded you. So long as you
shall live, you will live well. While you shall sleep, we will guard
you.
b) Indicative Perfect Active of all the Conjugations.
Laudavi, exercui, duxi, erudivif^ Lauda(vi)sti, exercuisti, duxisti,
erudi(vi)sti. Laudavit, exercuit, * duxit, erudivit. Graecia omnibus
artibus floruit. Hostes aciem instruxerunt. Milltes per totum diem
sitierunt et esurierunt Laudo vos, quod mentes vestras in litterarum
studio probe exercuistis. Multas litteras hodie scripslmus. Natura
oculos tenuissimis membranis vestivit. Duces cupiditates milltum
coercuerunt. Bellum atrocissimum gessimus. Cur domQs vestrae
parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? Cur taciiistis? Bellum
urbis nostrae opes absumpsit. Cicero conjurationem Catilinae detexit
Incendium totam fere urbem absumpsit.
We have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instruct-
ed. You have praised, you have exercised, you have led, you have
instructed. They have praised, they have exercised, they have led,
they have instructed. The general has arranged the line of battle before
(ante) the city. The Greeks were (perf) distinguished by (abl.)
the glory of [their] arts and literature. I praise thee, that (quod) thou
hast exercised thy mind properly in the study of literature.- I had
written the letter. The general has restrained the passions of the
soldiers. We have carried on a very bloody war. Wherefore hast
thou adorned and hung (== clothed) the walls of thy house with gar-
lands ? Why hast thou been silent ? The wars have consumed our
resources.
LXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Convolo 1. Iflytogeth- excolo, olui, ultum 3. temeritas, atis,/ incon-
er^ hasten together. to cultivate. siderateness, rashness.
specto 1. / hehold, have metuo, ui 3. to fear. diu, adv. long time.
in view. negligo, exi, ectum 3. vix, adv. scarcely.
caveo, cavi, cautum 2. to neglect. priusquam {or prius,
to be on one^s guard, expedio 4. / disentan- quam) conj. sooner
contemno,mpsi,mptum gle, get ready. . . . than.
3. to despise. finio 4. / end, conclude, simulatque, conj. so
educo, xi, ctum 3. to obedio 4. / obey. [as) soon as.
lead out.
118 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50.
c) Indicative Pluperfect Active of all the Qonjugations.
Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, dux^ram, erudi(v)eram. Lauda(v6)ras,
exercueras, duxeras, erudi(v)eras. Lauda(ve)rat, exercuerat, duxerat
erudi(v)erat. Haec civltas diu floruerat, quia semper legibus paruerat.
Vix Caesar aciem instruxerat, quum hostes in unum locum convola-
verunt. Praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper eorum prae-
ceptis obedieratis. Tu nobis valde nocueras, quia temeritatem tuam
non coercueras. Incendium totlJfi fere urbem absumpserat. Vix
milites nostri castra muniverant, quum Caesar aciem instruxit.
We had praised, we had exercised, we had led, we had instructed.
You had praised, you had exercised, you had led, you had instructed.
They had praised, they had exercised, they had led, they had instruct-'
ed. Why hadst thou been silent ? Scarcely had the enemies arrang-
ed the line of b/ittle, as Caesar led out (perf) the soldiers from the
camp. The war had consumed the resources of our state. Thou
hadst pleased thy teacher, because thou hadst always obeyed his pre-
cepts. You had injured that [man] greatly, because you had not res-
trained your rashness.
d) Indicative Future Perfect Active of all the Conjugations.
Lauda(ve)ro,^ exercuero, duxero, erudi(v)ero. Lauda(ve)ris, exercue-
ris, duxeris, erudi(v)eris. Lauda(ve)rit, exercuerit, duxerit, erudi(v)erit
Nisi virtutis praeceptis parueritis, adltus in coelum vobis non patebit.
Divites eritis, si divitias contempseritis. Non prius dormiemus, quam
negotia nostra finierimus. Si cupiditates vestras coercuerltis, beati
eritis. Simulatque litteras scripserlmus, ambulablmus. Quum milites
castra muniverint, ad pugnam se expedient.
We shall have praised, we shall have exercised, we shall have led,
"we shall have instructed. You will have praised, you will have exer-
cised, you will have led, you will have instructed. They will have
praised, they will have exercised, they will have led, they will have
instructed. If thou shalt have obeyed (parere) the precepts of virtue,
thou wilt be loved by all. Thou wilt be rich, if thou shalt 'have
despised riches. Not sooner shall I sleep, than I shall have concluded
my business (plur.). If thou shalt have restrained thy passions, thou
wilt be peaceful. So soon as I shall have written the letter, I will go
to walk. So soon as the soldiers shall have got ready for battle, the
general will lead them out of the camp.
^50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 119
e) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Active of all the Conjugations.
Curo, ut pueri mores emendem, corpus exerc6am, animum excolam,
mentem erudiam. Curo, ut piWi'i. rh3re[S emenrffes, corpus exerceas,
animum excolas, mentem ^ei*ufl^as.*''^uro, ut praeceptor pueri mores
emendet, corpus exerceat, animum excolat, mentem erudiat. Cura-
bam, ut pueri mores emendarem, corpus exercerem, animum excole-
rem, mentem erudirem. Curabam, ut pueri mores emendares, corpus
exerceres, animum excoleres, mentem erudires. Curabam, ut praecep-
tor pueri mores emendaret, corpus exerceret, animum excoleret, men-
tem erudiret. Non dubitamus, quin nobis fidem habeatis. Moneo
vos, ne parentium praecepta negligatis. Cavete, pueri, ne garriatis !
Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant, ut laboribus erudiant juventutem.
Metuebam, ne vobis displicerem. Timebam, ne inimicus mihi noceret.
Metuebam, ne taceres. Cur metuis, ne taceam ? Hostes timent, ne
dux milites e castris educat.
We look out [for this], that we may improve the manners of the
boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] in-
tellects. We look out [for this], that you may improve the manners of
the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their]
intellects. We look out [for this], that the teachers may improve the
manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds,
instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that we might im-
prove the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cultivate [their]
minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this], that you
might improve the manners of the boys, exercise [their] bodies, cul-
tivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects. We looked out [for this],
that the teachers might improve the manners of the boys, exercise
[their] bodies, cultivate [their] minds, instruct [their] intellects.
I doubt not, that thou hast confidence in me. I admonish thee, that
thou shouldest not (ne) neglect the precepts of thy parents. Be on
your guard, boy, how (= that, ne) thou chatterest. The laws of the
Lacedemonians had this in view, that they might instruct youth in la-
bors. We feared, that (ne) we might displease you. We feared, that
(ne) the enemies might injure us. We feared, that (ne) you might be
silent. Why did you fear, that (ne) we might be silent ? The ene-
mies feared, that (ne) the general might lead out the soldiers from the
camp. I fear, that (ne) I may displease you. Why dost thou fear, that
(ne) thou mayest displease us ?
120 PARALLEL EXERCISES FOR ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$50.
LXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Constat 1. it is known, lenio 4. / relieve, soothe, aeger, gra, grum, sick
puto 1. 1 believe, think, mollio ^.. / render pit- (of the mind),
adspicio, spexi, spec-* ■> *ant^.(ibaie. > ^ gnaviter, adv. zealoiisly.
turn 3. to look at. nuntius, ij wi. nSim.- unde, adv. whence.
comburo, ussi, ustum consolatio, 6nis,y. con-
3. to burn up. solution.
corrigo, exi, ectum 3. longinquitas, atis, /.
to correct, improve. length, distance.
f ) Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Active of all the Con-
jugations.
Nemo dubitat, quin ego puerum semper bene educa(ve)rim, benevole
monuerim, diligenter correxerim, gnaviter custodi(v)erim. Nemo du-
bitat, quin puerum semper bene educa(ve)ris, benevole monueris, dili-
genter correxeris, gnaviter custodi(v)eris. Nemo dubitat, quin pater
puerum semper bene educa(ve)rit, benevole monuerit, diligenter cor-
rexerit, gnaviter custodi(v)erit. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper
bene educa(vi)ssem, benevole monuissem, dilligenter correxissem,
gnaviter custodi(vi)ssem. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper bene
educa(vi)sses, benevole monuisses, diligenter correxisses, gnaviter cu-
stodi(vi)sses. Nemo dubitabat, quin pater puerum semper bene edu-
ca(vi)sset, benevole monuisset, diligenter correxisset, gnaviter custodi-
(vi)sset.
Nescio, cur tacueritis. Metmmus, ne hostes urbem combusserint.
Narrate mihi, qua consolatione aegrum amici animum leniveritis. Non
dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercuerit. Nescio, cur puerum
puniveritis. Narrate nobis, quid parentes scripserint. Nescimus,
unde amici hunc nuntium audiverint. Non dubito, quin pueri prae-
cepta mea memoria custodierint. Hostes timent, ne dux milites e
castris eduxerit. Nesciebam, cur tacuissetis. Metuebamus, ne hostes
urbem obsidione cinxissent. Non dubitabam, quin praecepta mea
memoria custodivissetis. Non dubito, quin puerum bene educaturus
sis. Non dubito, quin dux temeritatem militum coercitiirus sit. Ne-
mo dubitat, quin hostes urbem obsidione cincturi sint. Non dubita-
bam, quin longinquitas temporis dolorem tuum mollitura esset. Non
dubitabam, quin praecepta mea memoria servaturus esses.
Nobody doubts, that v^^e have always brought up the boys well, have
kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected them, have zealous-
ly guarded them. Nobody doubts, that you have always brought up
the boys well, have kindly admonished them, have carefully corrected
^50.] ACTIVE VOICE. 121
them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody doubts, that the teachers
have always brought up the boys w^ell, have kindly admonished them,
have carefully corrected them, have zealously guarded them. Nobody
doubted, that v^^e had always brought up the boys well, had kindly ad-
monished them, had carefully corrected them, had zealously guarded
them. Nobody doubted, that you had always brought up the boys
well, had kindly admonished them, had carefully corrected them, had
zealously guarded them. Nobody doubted, that the parents had al-
ways brought up the boys well, had kindly admonished them, had care-
fully corrected them, had zealously guarded them.
We know not, why thou hast been silent. I feared, that (ne) the
enemy had burned the city. Relate to me, by (abl.) what consolation
thou hast relieved the sick mind of thy friend. I doubted not, that the
general had restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We know not,
why thou hast punished the boy. Relate to me what the father has
written. I know not, whence the enemies have heard the news. I
doubt not, that the boy has kept my precepts in (abl.) remembrance;
The enemies feared, that the general had led out the soldiers from the
camp. We knew not, why thou hadst been silent. We feared, that
the enemies had surrounded the city with (abl.) a blockade. I doubted
not, that thou wouldst bring up the boy well. I doubted not, that the
general would restrain the rashness of the soldiers. We doubted not,
that the enemies would surround the city with a blockade. I doubt
not, that length of time will abate thy suffering.
g) Imperative and Supine Active of all the Conjugations,
Lauda, exerce, scribe, obedi. Laudato, exerceto, scribito, obedito.
Praeceptor puerorum mores emendato, corpora exerceto, animos exco-
Iito, mentes erudito ! Tacete, pueri ! Disce, puer ! Ne garrite, pueri !
Liberi parentibus obediunto. Coelestia semper spectato, liumana con-
temnlto ! Cupiditates coercitote ! Puer, ne contemnito praecepta ma-
gistrorum tuorum ! Die, quid pater scripserit. Educ nos, O dux, con-
tra hostes ! Venio te rogatum, ut mecum ambules. Uva matura dul-
cis est gustatu. Cupiditates difficlles sunt coercitu. Haec regie pul-
chra est adspectu. Vox lusciniae est suavis auditu.
Praise ye, exercise, write, obey. You should praise, exercise, write,
obey. Teachers should improve the manners of the boys, should ex-
ercise [their] bodies, should cultivate [their] minds, should instruct
[their] intellects. Be silent, boy ! Learn, O boys ! Do not chatter,
boy! The boy should obey the precepts of [his] teachers. You
11
122 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 50.
should always regard heavenly, [but] despise human [things]. Thou
shouldst restrain the passions. Say, what thou hast written. Lead, O
general, the soldiers against the enemies. We come, in order (Supine)
to ask you, that you would go to walk with us. An unripe grape is pun-
gent to taste. The rashness of the soldiers was difficult to restrain.
These regions are beautiful to look at The city is difficult to guard.
h) Participle, Gerund and Infinitive Active of all the Conjugations.
Exercitus pugnans urbem intravii. Animus, se non videns, alia
cernit. Miles, se fortiter contra hostes defendens, laudatur. Hostes,
urbem oppugnaturi, castra muniverunt. Sapiens bona semper placitu-
ra laudat Hostes veniunt, urbem obsidione cincturi. Venio auditu-
rus, quid pater scripserit. Ars navigandi utilissima est. Sensus vi-
dendi acerrimus est. Sapientia est ars vivendi. Obediendum est
praeceptis virtutis. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare student. Cupi-
ditates coercere debemus. Liberi parentes suos colore debent. Mi-
lites urbem custodire debent.
The soldiers fighting entered the city. Souls, not seeing themselves,
see other [things]. The soldiers, who defend (= defending) themselves
bravely against the enemies, are jjraised. Boys, who chatter (= chat-
tering) in school, are troublesome. The enemies come wishing to as-
sault the city. Strive, O boys, to obtain goods, ever about to please.
The enemies came wishing to assault the city. We come wishing to
hear what the friend has written thee. The art of writing is very
difficult. By thinking and learning, the intellect (mens) is nourished.
The opportunity to hear {:= of hearing) is rarer than the opportunity
to see (= of seeing).
(Concerning the Ace. with the Infin., comp. Synt. § 105.)
Scimus, deum mundum gubemare (we know that God governs the
world). Credo, meum consilium tibi placere (I believe that my plan
pleases thee). Credo, fratrem pingere. Audimus, hostes ante urbem
castra munire. Audivi, milites nostrosacerrime pugnasse. Quis nes-
cit, Socratem semper virtutis praeceptis paruisse ? Constat, Ciceronem
conjurationem Catilinae detexisse. Credo, te dormisse. Spero, vos
consilium meum probaturos esse. Credimus, ducem temeritatem mil-
itum coerciturum esse. Puto, patrem eras scripturum esse. Omnes
cives sperant, milites urbem custodituros esse.
I believe, that thou approvest my plan. I know, that you obey me.
I believe, that the father writes. I believe, that the boy sleeps. The
$ 51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 128
brother relates to me, that thou hast approved my plan. We hear,
that the general has restrained the rashness of the soldiers. We be-
lieve, that the father has written. We have heard, that the enemies
have fortified a camp before the city. I believe, that the soldiers will
fight spiritedly. I hope, that the plan will please thee. All Romans
hoped, that Cicero would detect the conspiracy of Catiline. I hope,
that I shall soon hear this news.
LXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Despero ]. I despair. jungo, nxi, nctum 3. naturalis, e, natural.
augeo, xi, ctum 2. to tojoin^ connect. extemplo, adv. imme-
increase, enrich. vivo, xi, ctum 3. to live. diately.
deterreo 2. / frighten propositum, i, n. pur- strenue, adv. vigorous'-
from. [fU. pose. ly.
oppleo, evi, etum 2. to difficultas, atis, / diffi- postquam, conj. ajler
conspicio, exi, ectum 3. culty. thai.
to discover. subitus, a, um, sudden.
i) Indicative Present, Imperfect and Future Passive of all the Conjugations.
Laudor, exerceor, ducor, erudior. Laudaris, exerceris, duceris, eru-
diris. Laudatur, exercetur, ducitur, eruditur. Laudabar, exercebar,
ducebar, erudiebar. Laudabare, exercebare, ducebare, erudiebare.
Laudabatur, exercebatur, ducebatur, erudiebatur. Laudabor, exerce-
bor, ducar, erudiar. Laudabere, exercebere, ducere, erudiere. Lau-
dabitur, exercebitur, ducetur, erudietur.
We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed.
You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed.
They are praised, they are exercised, they are led, they are instructed.
We were praised, we were exercised, we were led, we were instruct-
ed. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were
instructed. They were praised, they were exercised, they were led,
they were instructed. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we
shall be led, we shall be instructed. You will be praised, you will be
exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. They will be prais-
ed, they will be exercised, they will be led, they will be instructed.
Quum in litteris exercemur, animi nostri multarum rerum utilium
cognitione augentur. Quum subito periciiio terremur, non debemus
extemplo de salute nostra desperare. Quoad litteris honos suus erit,
Graeci et Latini scriptores in scholis legentur. Si semper bene
vixeris, ab omnibus diligere. Virtutis honos nulla oblivione delebitur.
Quum urbs ab hostibus oppugnabatur, a civibus acriter defendebatur.
124 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 51.
When you are exercised in literature, your souls are enriched by
(abl.) the kno.wledge of many useful things. When thou art frighten-
ed by (abl.) a sudden fear, thou shouldest not immediately despair of
thy safety. The Greek and Latin writers are read in the schools. If
you shall always have lived well, you will be esteemed by all. The
city which was assaulted by the enemies, was defended spiritedly by
the citizens.
k) Subjunctive Present and Imperfect Passive of all the Conjugations,
Pater curat, ut ego bene educer strenue exercear, probe excolar, dil-
igenter erudlar. Curo, ut bene educere, strenue exerceare, probe exco-
lare, diligenter erudiare. Curo, ut puer bene educetur, strenue exer-
ceatur, probe excolatur, diligenter erudiatur. Pater curabat, ut ego
bene educarer, strenue exercerer, probe excolerer, diligenter erudirer.
Curabam, ut bene educarere, strenue exercerere, probe excolerere, dil-
igenter erudirere. Curabam, ut filius tuus bene educaretur, strenue
exerceretur, probe excoleretur, diligenter erudiretur.
Our father looks out [for this], that we may be well brought up,
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your
father looks out [for this], that you may be well brought up, vigorously
exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed. Parents look out
[for this], that the manners of [their] children (liberi) may be improved,
[their] bodies vigorously exercised, [their] minds properly cultivated,
[their] understandings carefully instructed. Our father looked out [for
this], that we might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, proper-
ly cultivated, carefully instructed. Your father looked out [for this],
that you might be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cul-
tivated, carefully instructed. The parents looked out [for this], that
the manners of [their] children might be improved, [their] bodies
exercised, [their] minds cultivated, [their] understandings instructed.
Quis nescit, quam praeclaris fructibus animi nostri in litterarum
studiis augeantur? Timemus, ne exercitus noster ab hostibus vinca-
tur. Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingere-
tur. Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectabant, ut laboribus erudiretur
juventus. Curae mihi est, ut a te diligar. Cives metuunt, ne castra ab
hostibus ante urbem muniantur.
I doubt not, that the soul may be enriched with (abl.) excellent fruit
in the study of literature. We feared, that our army might be con-
quered by the enemies. All citizens fear, that the city may be sur-
rounded by the enemies with (abl.) a blockade. We look out [for
$51.] PASSIVE VOICE. 125
this], that the youth may be instructed in (abl.) labors. We are anx-
ious, that we may be esteemed by you. The citizens apprehended,
that a camp might be fortified by the enemies before the city.
1) Indicative and Subjunctive Perfect, Pluperfect and Future Perfect
Passive of aU the Conjugations.
MiHtes ob fortitudinem a duce laudati sunt. Pueri in litterarum
studiis gnaviter exerciti sunt. Conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta
est. Oculi tenuissimis membranis a natura vestiti sunt. Cupiditates
militum a duce fortissimo coercitae sunt. Tria bella atrocissima gesta
sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses. Quum rex urbem intrabat,
omnium civiura domus coronis et floribus vestltae et ornatae erant.
Maximo incendio tota fere urbs absumpta erat. Vix acies a Caesere
instructa erat, quum hostes in unum locum convolaverunt. Non eris
dives, nisi divitiae a te contemptae erunt.
Non prius dormiemus, quam negotia vestra finita erunt. Beati non
eritis, nisi cupiditates vestrae a vobis coercitae erunt. Simulac castra
munita, erunt, milites se ad pugnam expedient. Labor voluptasque
naturaii quadam societate inter se juncta sunt. Multae urbes ab
hostibus combustae sunt. Vix hostes conspecti erant, quum milites a
duce e castris in aciem educti sunt. Metuebamus, ne urbs ab hostibus
obsidione cincta esset. Die mihi, quid tibi a sorore scriptum sit. Die
nobis, qua consolatione aeger amici animus lenitus sit. Die, cur puer
punitus sit. Metuo, ne milites subito periculo territi sint.
I have been tormented by (abl.) the most pungent pains. The en-
mies have been frightened by (abl.) sudden fear. The upright man
lia^-been loved and esteemed by all. The sick mind of the friend has
been soothed by (abl.) our consolation. I doubt not, that the passions
of the soldiers have been restrained by the bravest general. The sol-
diers have been led out of the camp by the general. I know not, why
the boys have been (subj.) punisLed by you. We apprehended, that,
(ne) the soldiers had been frightened by (abl.) tlie sudden danger.
I know not what may have been written you by the sister. We
fear, that (ne) the city may be encompassed by (abl.) a blockade. The
enemies were discovered (perf ) before (ante) the gates of the city.
After my business (plur.) shall be concluded I will go to walk. So
soon as the enemies shall be seen, we will get ready for battle. I
doubt not, that riches have been despised by thee. We feared, that,
by the conflagration, many houses had been consumed. We fear, that
many cities have been burned up by the enemies.
11* v4. • *
126 PARALLEL EXERCISES OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 51.
m) Imperative, Infinitive and Participle Passive of all the Conjugations.
O puer, bene educare, strenue exercere, probe excolere, diligenter
erudire ! O puer, bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe excolitor,
diligenter eruditor ! Puer bene educator, strenue exercetor, probe ex-
colitor, diligenter eruditor. Si quid peccaveris, aequo animo castigare.
Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterremini ! Deus pie colitor !
Ne vincimini cupiditatibus. Leges divinae ne contemnuntor. Impro-
bi puniuntor. Temeritas ratione coercetor. O puer, strenue exercere
in litterarum studiis ! Bonus discipulus studet laudari. Boni disci-
puli student exerceri in litterarum studiis. Sapientes semper ratione
regi student.
Bonus discipulus litterarum cognitione erudiri studet. Puer, bene
educatus, omnibus placet. Hostes territi in castris manent. Urbs,
obsidione cincta, multis malis vexatur. Homo eruditus non solum sibi,
sed etiam aliis prodest. Pueri bene educandi, strenue exercendi, probe
excolendi, diligenter erudiendi sunt.
Scimus, mundum a deo gubernari. Audimus, castra ab hostibus
ante urbem muniri. Constat, conjurationem Catilinae a Cicerone de-
tectam esse. Speramus, vos rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterri-
tum non iri.
O boys, be ye well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly culti-
vated, carefully instructed ! O boys, you should be well brought up,
vigorously exercised, properly cultivated, carefully instructed ! Boys
should be well brought up, vigorously exercised, properly cultivated,
carefully instructed. If you shall have committed a fault in anything
(quid), be reproved with equanimity. Be thou not frightened from
thy purpose by (abl.) the difficulty of the thing. Be ye guided by (abl.)
reason. Be thou not overcome by the passions. The divine law
should not be despised. The impious [man] should be punished.
The passions should be restrained by (abl.) reason.
O boys, exercise yourselves {= he ye exercised) vigorously in the
study of literature ! Good scholars seek to be praised. The good
scholar seeks to exercise himself {= to be exercised) in the study of
literature. The wise [man] seeks, always to be governed by (abl.) rea-
son. Good scholars seek to be instructed in (abl.) the knowledge of
literature. Well-brought-up boys please all. The frightened enemy
remains in the camp. Cities encompassed by (abl.) a blockade are
annoyed by (abl.) many evils. Instructed men benefit not merely
themselves, but others also. The boy is to be brought up well, to be
vigorously exercised, to be properly cultivated, to be carefully in-
structed*.
5 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 127
We hear, that a camp is fortified by the enemies before the city.
We hope, that the conspiracy will d| detected. We believe that we
have not been frightened from our purpose.
LXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Careo2.(c.abl.)/t^anf. caplo, cepi, captum 3. machinatio, onis, /.
cohaereo, haesi, hae- to take. machination, artijke.
sum 2. to hold to- duco, xi, ctum 3. to diuturnus, a, um, long
gether. lead ; 2) to believe, to continued.
jaceo, ui 2. to lie, be in account (as some- nefarius, a, um, execra-
a low state. thing). ble.
permaneo, mansi, man- caussa, ae, / a reason, stabilis, e, stable, firm.
sum 2. to last. cause ; ea caussa, ob nimium, adv. too much,
torpeo, ui 2. to be torpid, eam caussam,ybr this eo, adv. on this account.
inactive. reason. nam, conj.for.
DJ Exercises to the Second Conjugation in particular.
a) Active of the Second Conjugation.
(Concerning the conjunction quod (that), see Synt. § 108.)
Multa sunt admirabiha, sed nihil magis, quam quod ita stabilis est
mundus atque tarn praeclare cohaeret ad permanendum. Non ea res
me deterruit a proposlto, quod civium nefariorum contra me machina-
tiones timebam. Gaudeo, quod tu et pater tuus valetis. Non vitupero
te, quod tuum tibi consilium maxime placet ; nam plurimi nihil rectum,
nisi quod placuit sibi, ducunt. Vehementer dolebdmus, quod litterae ob
diuturnum bellum jacebant. Laudo te, quod mentem tuam in littera-
rum studio tam probe exercuisti.
Omnes cives gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt.
Magna laude digni estis, quod malef icos deterruistis, quomlnus nefaria
consilia contra rempublicam caperent. Ob eam caussam aliis displicebas,
quad tibi ipsi placebas. Ingens in urbe laetitia erat, quod milites fortis-
simos se praebuerant. Haec civitas ed caussa diu floruerat, quod sem-
per legibus paruerat. Eo me deterrueratis a proposito meo, quod
ignavia torpebatis. Tu nobis ea re nocueras, quod temerltatem tuam
non coercueras. Gaudebant parentes, quod ego tibi placueram.
I rejoice, that thou hast always followed the precepts of thy teach-
ers. I rejoiced, that thou and thy father were well. On this account
(eo) he has displeased us, because he pleased himself too much. This
thing has frightened me from my purpose, that thou hast wanted all
courage. I rejoice, that you have maintained (tenere) well your
opinion. We praise you, that you had always obeyed the precepts of
128 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 60 52.
your parents. We grieve, that thou hast displeased thy teacher. The
father rejoices, that [his] sons ha^always shown themselves diligent
scholars in school. I have grieved, that my counsel has displeased
thee. The teacher praised me, that I had obeyed his precepts. We
grieve, that we have not obeyed the precepts of our parents.
L XVIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation,
Placo 1. I appease. persuadeo, si, sum 2. nervus, i, m. nerve^
veto, ui, itum 1. to (c. dat.), to persuade^ sinue.
forbid. convince. impius, a, um, impious.
audeo, ausus sum, pigritia, ae, /. slothful- nullus, a, um, no one ;
audere, to dare. ness. nullus non, every one.
emineo, ui 2. to be end- prudentia, ae, f pru- praesens, ntis, present.
nent. dence, unsdom. nunquam, adv, never.
jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. satis, adv. enough.
to bid, command.
Legi divinae et humanae omnes parfebunt, qui secundum naturam
vivere studSbunt. Si virtutis praeceptis semper parebis, in coelum
tibi aditus patebit. Si ignavia torpebitis, praeclaris rebus nunquam
eminebltis. Si virtute carebimus, bonis non placeblmus. Si cupidita-
tes vestras coercueritis, in virtutis via nunquam vacillabitis. Quo quia
magis mentem litterarum studio exercuerit, eo magis iis delectabltur.
Quo plura beneficia parentibus nostris debuerimus, eo gratiores ani-
mos in eos habere debebimus. Si milites nostri fortes se in pugna
praebuerint, victoria non erit dubia.
The more we shall have exercised our minds in the study of litera-
ture, so much the more shall we be delighted by (abl.) the same. If
you shall not have obeyed the precepts of virtue, you will not please
good men. If thou shalt have shown thyself an upright man, thou
wilt please all the good. If I shall have afforded refuge and consola-
tion to my enemies, they will restrain their anger against me.
Vide, ne ob pigritiam a praeceptoribus castigere ! Parete, pueri !
Illud tenete, nervos atque artus esse sapientiae, non temere credere !
Impius ne audeto placare donis iram deorum ! Pueri mentes litteris
exercento! Ut ocul us, sic animus, se non videns, alia cernit. Metus
est opinio magni mali inipendentis, et aegritudo est opinio magni mali
praesentis. NuUi non ad nocendum satis virium est. Acerrimus ex
omnibus nostris sensibus est sensus videndi. Prudentia ex providen-
do est appellata. Lex est recta ratio in jubendo et vetando. Liberi
parentibus parere debent. Persuadeto tibi, tuum consilium mihi
vehementer et placuisse, et semper placiturum esse !
§ 50 52.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 129
Be silent, boys ! See [to it], that, on account of [your] slothf^jlness,
you are not censured by your teachers. Thou shouldest obey thy
parents and teachers. The boy should exercise [his] mind in litera-
ture. The impious should not dare to appease the anger of God by
presents. The citizens feared the threatening danger. Youth is a
thing, destined (= about) ever to please, never to displease.
LXIX. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Concito 1. I raise. torqueo, rsi, rtum 2. exercitatio, onis, f,
ejulo 1. / complain. to twist, torment, tor- exercise, practice.
reputo 1. / consider. ture. seditio, 6nis,y*. sedition.
commoneo 2. / remind, video, vidi, visum 2. impetus, us, m. attack.
commoveo, ovi, otum to see; videor, I am ohltus, us, m. departure,
2. to move. seen, seem. death.
edoceo, cui, ctum 2. concordia, ae,^/tarmo- pristlnus, a, um, ybrmer.
to instruct, inform. ny. diligens, tis, diligent.
misceo, miscui, mistum discordia, ae,y! discord, continuo, adv.forthivith,
orinixt[im,tomix,dis- fuga, a.e,f. fight. sedulo, adv. bibsily.
turb. moeror, oris, m. grief, mirif ice, adv. wonder-
perterreo 2. to frighten, crudelitas, atis,/. crttcZ- , fully,
put in fear, ty. quoque, con/, afoo.
b) Passive of the Second Conjugation.
(Concerning the temporal conjunction quum (when, as), see Synt. § 110. 1.)
Quum docemur, tacert dehemus. Quum optdmus, ne respublica mis-
ceatur, civium concordiam omnibus modis servare dehemus. Quum in
schola diligens eris, dubitahisne, quin bonus discipulus a praeceptori-
bus habeare ? Quum nobiscum reputamus, quantis et quam praeclaris
fructibus animi nostri in litterarum studiis augeantur, mirifice delecta-
mur. Quum magnorum virorum laudes legimus, optamus, ut eadem
gloria nos quoque digni habeamur. Quum militum crudelitas ducis
consilio co&rcebdtur, tota civitas laeta erat. Litterae, quum ob bellum
diujacuerunt, nunc, recuperata pace, eo acriore studio exercentur..
Quum hostes urbem oppugnaverant, omnes cives maximo timore
opplebantur. Quum acerbissimae calamitatis nuntio terrebar, omne
meum perfugium ac solatium in te collocatum esse existimdbam. Quum
tristissimo de amici carissimi obitu nuntio graviter, commovebdre animo,
etiam nos moerore opplebdmur. Quum de culpa nostra a parentibus
commonebdmur, acerbus dolor animos nostros occupdbat. Quum artes
atque litterae in civitate nostra forebunt, ejus splendor augebUur. Quum
milites nostri de hostium adventu edocebuntur, pugnandi ardore^c^d-
bunt. Ne turn quidem ejvidbo, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquebor.
130 SECOND CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52.
Quum hostium impetu perterrehiminiy urbi nostrae magnum periculuni
imminebit.
Quum milites seditionem condtassent, ducis consilio et virtute coemh*
sunt. Quum hostes terrlti essent et jam in fugam se dareni^ dux eos
monuit, ut pristinae virtu tis memores essent. Quum exercitus de hos-
tium adventu edoceretur^ continue summo pugnandi ardore JlagrdvU.
Ne tum quidem ejuldvi, quum acerbissimis doloribus torquerer.
When thou art taught, thou oughtest to be silent. The wise [man]
is happy, even when he is tortured. When good scholars are exer-
cised in literature, they are delighted. When I see by how great
pains thou art tortured, I am deeply {= violently) moved (commoveo).
When you consider by (== with) yourselves, how many (quot) and how
great (quantus) toils and cares have been bestowed by your parents
for yoi^ good (= welfare); you ought to be moved by (abl.) gratitude.
When thou shall see how actively I am exercised in the Latin language,
thou wilt rejoice. As we were pressed by the severest (acerbus) mis- ^
fortune, we placed (coUoco) our whole hope in {in with abl.) our friends.
As the enemy seemed to approach the city, each one (unusquisque)
of the citizens was filled with fear. As you were informed of the ar-
rival of the enemies, you were not frightened. As I read the life of
Agricola, I was violently moved within (animus). As thou wast tor-
tured with severe pains, I was filled with pity.
As the cruelty of the soldiers was restrained (subj.) by the wisdom
and firmness of the general, [there] was (perf) great joy in the city.
As the city was assaulted (subj.) by the enemies, all the citizens were
put in fear (perf) As the camp of the enemies was moved (subj.), we
exulted (perf). As we were frightened from (subj.) our purpose by
the difficulty of the thing, thou hast recalled us to the same. As I
was moved (subj.) within (animus) by the sad news of the death of my
friend,* thy pity was very agreeable to me. As thou se'emedst (subj.)
to desert us, I was grieved (perf) very much.
When the army ^all be infc«-med of the arrival of the enemies, it
will burn with a desire to fight (gen. of Ger.). Wise rpen will be
happy, even if tortured by the bitterest pains. When we shall be put in
fear by tfie attack &f^. eneniies, great danger will threaten our.city.
If thou shalt be yifeious(= partaking of virtue), thou wilt not even
then complain, wheti thou shalt be tortured by the severest pains.
Ne rerum difficultatibus a proposito deterrere ! Milites, ne hostium
impetu perterremlni! ® puer, strenue exercetor in litterarum studiis!
Milites, ne inani timore oppleminor! Leges civitatis ne discordia
$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 131
civium miscentor ! Territis hostibus, nostri milites victoriam reporta-
verunt.
Be ye not frightened from [your] purpose by the difficulty of the
thing. Soldiers, you should not be put in fear by the attack of the
enemies ! The evil passions should be restrained by the reason. It
is known, that all the powers of the body and of the soul are strength-
ened (= increased) by exercise.
LXX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Versol. /fwm; versor, surgo, surrexi, surrec- perversitas, atis,/. j9cr-
/ turn myself^ find tum 3. to arise. verseness.
myself^ live. sugo, xi, ctum 3. to pravitas, atis, /. per-
confligo, xi, ctum 3. suck, suck out. verseness, wickedness.
I fight. pomum, i, n. eatable paene, adv. nearly, <il-
decerpo, psi, ptum 3. fruit; plur. /rmV. most.
to pluck off. pavor, oris, m. fright, protlnus, adv. forthurith.
pergo, perrexi, perrec- trepidation. statim, adv. immediate'
tum 3. to go, con- lac, ctis, n. milk. ly.
tinue. nutrix, ids, f. nurse. ut, conj. just as, as.
E) Exercises to the Third Conjugation in particular.
a) Active of the Third Conjugation.
(Concerning the temporal conjunctions postquam, ut, ubi, simulac, see Synt.
§ 110, a.)
Hostes, uhi primum nostros equltes conspexerunt, (eos) celeriter per-
turhaverunt. Ut surreximus, proilnus ad te perrexlmus. Simulatque lu-
cem adspeximus, in omni continuo pravitate et in summa opinionum
perversitate versamur, ut paene cum lacte nutricis errorem suxisse
videamur. Postquam Caesar aciem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum
locum convolaverunt. Ut nostri cum hostibus confiixerunt, magnus eos
occupdvit pavor. SimUlac litteras scripsi, cum fratre amhuldvi. Post-
quam amicum in hortum duxero, dicam tibi, quid pater mihi scripserit.
Uhi poma decerpsenmus, edemus. Ut surrexistis, statim ad negotia vestra
accedere debetis.
LXXI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Exploro 1. /search 0M<, elicio, ui, itum 3. <o recipio, cepi, ceptum
examine. draw out, elicit. 3. to receive, se reci-
propulso 1. I repel. coquo, xi, ctum 3. to pere, to hetake one^s
allicio, exi, ectum 3. to cook. self back.
draw to, allure ; but, ningo, xi 3. to snow. restinguo, nxi, nctum
132 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 — 52.
er^^ ■■' ■
3. to extinguish, put coenf, ae,/. a meaL pluviosus, a, um, rmny.
out. sollicitudo, mis,/ 5oZia- heaXe, adv. peacefully.
relinquo, liqui, lictiim tude. antequam, conj. before
3. to leave behind, de- tempestas, atis,/. w>eaf A- that, ere, before,
sert. er, storm.
(Concerning the particles of time : priusquam and antequam, see Synt. 8
110, 3.)
a) Priusquam animum tuum sollicitudlne angas et crudes, explo-
rare debes, quid sit, quod te angat et cruciet.
b) Priusquam bellum atrocissimum gessimus, artes et litterae in
civitate nostra floruerunt. Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes ab-
sumpsit, potentissima fuit Antequam ninxit, tempestas fuit valde
pluviosa.
c) Non beate vivetis, antequam omninm cupiditatum ardorem res-
tinxentis. Non dives eris, jsnWg-uam divitias contempseris. Non prius
edetisj quam coqua coenam coxerit. Non prius te illi relinquent, quam
te ad misericordiam allexerint. Exercitus noster non prius domum se
recipiet, quam hostes ad pugnam elicuerit.
d) Hostes propidsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione cingerent.
Milites nostri urbem liberaverunt, priusquam eam hostes combussissent.
Dies obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent.
LXXII. Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Contraho, xi, ctum 3. figura, ae, /. figure, donee, conj. so [as] long
to draw together. form. as, until, until that,
demo, mpsi, mptum, 3. eonjuratus, i, m. a con- even until.
to take away. spirator. dum, conj. while, so {as)
describo, psi, ptum 3. gladius, i, m. sword. long as, until, until
to describe, point out. mathematicus, i, m. that.
stringo, inxi, ictum 3. mathematician. quoad, conj. so {as) long
to touch upon, to geometrlcus, a, um, as, until, until that,
draw (a sword). geometrical. even until that.
cop'm, ae,f. abundance ; nobllis, e, known, re- tsundiu, adv. so long as.
plur. troops. nowned.
(Concerning the particles of time : dum, quod, donee, see Synt. § 110. 4, 5.)
Dum ego scribebam,, tu legebas, et frater ludebat. Dum nos canebd-
mus, vos discebatis, et sorores pingebant. Quoad vives, omnibus tuis
gratus vives. Homines, dum docent, discunt. Archimedes, nobilissi-
mus mathematicus, dum in pulvere figQras georaetricas descrlbit atten-
tius, Syracusae a Romanis expugnatae sunt. Dum consul litteras
legit, conjurati gladios strinxerant. Dum dux aciem instrUit, hostis
totam urbem cinxerat. Cicero omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae
$ 50 52.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 133
conjurationem detexisset. Exspectamus, dtim nobis dicdtis, quid paren-
tes scripserint. Milites cupide expectabant, dum dux se e castris con-
tra hostes educeret. Tamdiu interrogasii, quoad omnem meam senten-
tiam elicuisti. Tamdiu manebo, dum omnem sollicitudinem tibi demp-
sero.
While I was singing, thou wast learning, and the sister was paint-
ing. While we were writing, you were reading, and the brothers
were playing. So long as Cicero lived, he occupied himself with
[navo operam c. dat.) literature. So long as I live, I shall be mind-
ful of this kindness. While the general arranged the army in order of
battle, the enemies had drawn together all [their] forces. Wait, until
we tell you, what the father has written. The general waited, until
the enemies had placed the army in order of battle. I waited, until
thou saidst to me what the father had written.
As soon as I had arisen (perf ), I went (perf ) immediately to you.
After Caesar had led out (perf.) the soldiers, the enemies arranged
[their] army in order of battle. As soon as we shall have written, we
will take a walk with you. As soon as thou art arisen, thou oughtest
to go (accedere) forthwith to thy business. Before the enemies had
drawn together (perf ) their troops, Caesar had captured (perf) the city.
Thou wilt not live peacefully, before thou shalt have extinguished the
ardor of all passions. You will not be rich, before you shall have de-
spised riches. My friend will not leave thee, before he shall have
moved (= allured, cdlicere) thee to sympathy. Our soldiers will not
betake themselves home, before that they have allured the enemies to
battle. Before we trouble and torpient our mind with solicitude, we
ought to,inquife what [it] may be, which vexes and troubles us. Tho
enemies were repelled (perf), before they had arranged the army in
order of battle. Night overtook (perf) us, before we had extinguished
the conflagration.
L XXIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Separo 1. / separate, fabricator, oris, m. arcanus, a, um, secret ;
divide. framer. arcanum, i. n. a
benefacio, feci, factum sermo, onis, m. conver- secret.
3. to do well. sation, speech. ceteri, ae, a, the rest
circumspicio, spexi, afFabilitas, atis, /. qffa- perfectus, a, um, per-
spectum 3. to look bility. fed.
around, regard. comltas, atis,/. courte- ante, adv. before, rather.
maledico 3. (c. dat.) ousness. quantop^re, adv. how
I reproach. facultas, atia,f.foLCulty ; much.
praedico 3. 1 foretell. plur. means. simpliciter, adv. simply.
vesper, €ri, m. evening.
12
134 THIRD CONJUGATION. [^ 50 52.
Ignis urbem absumpsit. Mihi crede, nunquam vir perfectus fortimae
maledixit. Nimium ne crede colori ! Fac, lit ante circumspicias, qui-
buscum edas et bibas, quam quid edas et bibas! Die, quid patri scrip-
seris ! O stulte, ne praedic futura ! Ne credlte mendaribus ! Pueri,
strenue litteras discitote ! Puer in schola attendito ! Principes civita-
tis concordiae consulunto ! Difficile dictu est, quantopere conciliet ani-
mos hominurn comltas afFabilltasque sermonis. Mendaci homini, ne
verum quidem dicenti, credere solemus. Venio tibi dicturus, quid
amicus mihi scripserit. Deus, fabricator mundi, nulla re magis homi-
nem separavit a ceteris animalibus, quam dicendi facnltate. Ex dis-
cendo maxima ad nos redundat voluptas. Optiraus est orator, qui di-
cendo animos nostros et docet, et delectat, et permovet. Mores puero-
rum se inter ludendum simplicius detegunt. Hominis mens discendo
et cogitando alitur. Tamdiu discendum est, quamdiu vivas. Pulchrum
est e virtute (conformably to virtue) vivere. Scisne, patrem scrpisisse ?^
Quis scit, se ad vesperum esse victurum ? Speramus, nos vobis arca-
na elicituros esse.
Eat and drink thou, moderately. Trust ye not too much to color.
Do thou well to try friends. Tell me, what the father has written
thee. Boy, thou shouldst zealously learn literature. The boys should
be attentive in school. It is incredible to say (Sup. in u), how bravely
our soldiers have fought with the enemies. Lying men we are not
even accustomed to believe, when they tell the truth (part.). We mrgp, in
order to tell (= wishing to tell) thee, what our brothers have written
(subj.) us. By diligently learning (gerund), scholars acquire for them-
selves the approbation of [their] parents and teachers.
■ y . .
LXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translatwn.
Urgeo, ursi, ursum 2. 3. to break ; mola wanting ; c. dat. to
to press, oppress. frangere, to grind. neglect.
conjungo, nxi, nctum frigo, xi, ctum 3. to mola, ae, /. mi'W. [lance.
3. to join {together). roast, parch. vigilantia, ae, /. vigi-
expingo, pinxi, pictum, insculpo, psi, ptum 3. gladiator, oris, m. fen-
3. to paint out, draw. to engrave. cer, gladiator.
fingo, finxi, fictum 3. ungo, xi, ctum 3. to novus, a, um, new.
to form, feign. anoint. profecto, adv. surely.
frango, fregi, fractum desum, fui, esse, to he quoniam, conj. because.
b) Passive of the Third Conjugation.
conjunctions: quod, quia, quoniam, (h
§11J.)
Quia semper e virtutis praeceptis vixisti, ab omnibus diligeris. Ci-
(Concerning the conjunctions: quod, quia, qiwniam, (heca.use), see Synt
§11J.)
^ 50 52.*! THIRD CONJUGATION. 135
ves summa inopia urgebantur, quia omnes eorum facultates bello ab-
sumptae erant. Quoniam de hac re satis dictum est, jam accedamus
ad novam. Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et
vigilantia conjuratio Catilinae detecta est. Omnes oi^^es- angebantur,
quia metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cingeretur.
Multae fabulae a poetis fictae sunt. Gladiatores uncti decertabant
Apud Homerum omnia ita descripta sunt, ut quasi expicta videantur.
Omnibus in animo quasi insculptum est, esse deum. Omnia suntpro-
fecto laudanda, quae conjuncta cum virtute sunt, et, quae cum vitiis (so.
conjuncta sunt), vituperanda. Quoad urbs obsidione cingebatur, mag-
no metu angebamur. Milites cupide exspectant, dum a duce e castris
contra hostes educantur. Cave, ne fallarj^ ! Timebamus, ne exercitus
noster vinceretur. Nihil magis mihi curae est, quam ut a te diligar.
Si ceditis, metuo, fte"*vincamini. Non dubito, quin fortiter a militibus
defendamur. Quum milites nosiri conspicerentur, hostes ingens pa-
yor occnpavit. Quoad honeste vives, omnibus diligere. Exercitus
noster, quoad bonus dux ei praeerit, non vincetur. Ab omnibus con-
temnemini, si officiis vestris deerltis. Quamdiu tu aberis, ego de te an-
gar et cruciabor. Si tam fortiter pugnare pergemus, non vincemur.
Postquam hostes conspecti erunt, nostri milites e castris educentur.
Postquam hordeum frictum erit, molis fragetur. Ubi poma decerpta
erunt, a nobis edentur.
Take care (= be on thy guard), that thou art not troubled without
reason. I fear tliat(ne)I shall be deceived. We are more anxious for
nothing than that we shall be esteemed by you. If we give way, I fear
that we shall be conquered. It often happens (accidit), that the good
are injlired by the bad. I was troubled, because I feared that I should
be deceived. We feared that the city would be burnt up by the enemies.
All desired (opto), that the conspirators might be discovered. We wait-
ed anxiously, until we were led against the enemies. The enemies did
not doubt, that we should be conquered. Why didst thou fear, that thou
shouldst be injured by us ? So long as the city was surrounded by a
blockade, you were oppressed with great want. So long as the ene-
mies were seen, our [soldiers] remained in the camp. So long as the
war was carried on, literature was in a low state. So long as the ene-
mies besieged the city, we were troubled with great fear. As, lately,
thou wast sick, thou wast very much troubled. If you shall continue
to fight so bravely, you will not be conquered by the enemies. So
long as you shall be absent, we shall be troubled concerning (de) you.
Thou wilt be despised by all, if thou shalt neglect {desum) thy duties.
Our soldiers will not be conquered, so long as a good general shall
136 THIRD CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52.
preside over them. Homer will always be read in the schools. As
soon as the letter shall be written, we will take a walk with you.
When the army shall be led out from the camp, it will fight with the
LXXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Administro 1. / man- detraho, xi, ctum .3. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad-
age, to draw away, remove. vantage.
perpetro 1. I perform, distraho, xi, ctum 3. existimatio, onis,/. c«-
perpetrate. to draw asunder, timation, opinion.
praesto, iti, itum or waste. obsessio, 6ms, f. siege.
atum 1. (c. dat.) to tingo, xi, ctum 3. to faclnus, oris, n. deed,
be superior to. color, form. foul deed.
adduco 3. to lead to, elegantia, ae, /. ele- appetitus, us, m. desire,
move. gance. " longing.
como, compsi, comp- fortuna, ae, /. /orfwne ; diversus, a, um, diverse,
tum 3. to comb, adorn. plur. gifts of fortune. different.
consumo, mpsi, mptum ]uxuria, ae,f. luxury. finitlmus, a, um, neig-^-
3. to consume. miseria, ae, f. misery, boring.
conveho, xi, ctum 3. want. nitidus, a, um, splendid,
to bear together, bring providentia, ae,f.fore- innumerabilis, e, rnnw-
together. sight, providence. merable.
destruo, xi, ctum 3. curriculum, i, n. circuit, tantopere, adv. so much,
to destroy. course.
Regere ratione! Ne angltor, amice! O cives, ne lucri cupiditate,
sed virtutis studio regimlnor ! Animi appetitus ratione reguntor ! Ju-
v^nis, litterarum morumque elegantia tinctus, omnibus placebit. Com-
busta urbe, omnes cives maxima miseria vexantur. Romani multis
rebus praeclare gestis summam sibi comparaverunt gloriam. Cofttemp-
ta virtute, vita beata nulla est. Multi homines, omnibus fortunis per
luxuriam consumptis et distractis, reliquam vitam miserrime agunt.
Dempta omni sollicitudine, laetitiae indulgeamus ! Isocrates in di-
Terso genere dicendi nitidus fuit et comptus. Aciem instructam dux
contra hostes eduxit. Frumento ex finitlmis regionibus in urbem con-
vecto, cives urbis obsessionem acquis animis exspectaverunt Caesar,
contractis copiis in unum locum, hostium impetum exspectavit. Stric-
to gladio, dux milites contra hostes eduxit. Urbs, obsidione cincta,
multis malis urgetur. Gloria detracta, quid est, quod in hoc tam ex-
igiio vitae curriculo tantis nos in laboribus exerceamus ?
Si bona existimatio divitiis praestat, et pecunia tantopere expetitur ;
quauto gloria magis est expeteuda ! Justitia propter sese colenda est.
Certum est, universum mundum divina providentia regi et administrari.
Quis ignorat, innumerabiles urbes a Romanis destruclas esse } Om-
[^ 50 52. FOURTH CONJUGATION. 137
nes sciunt, viros bonos nimquam spe mercedis adductum iri, ut facimis
aliquod perpetrent.
Be thou not conquered by the passions. Be ye governed by reason.
Thou shouldst not be governed by the desire of gain, but by the pur-
suit of virtue. You should not be troubled, friends. The divine law
should not be despised. Parents should be honored by children. I
hope that all solicitude will soon be taken away from thee. The ora-
tions of Isocrates were splendid and adorned. The soldiers believed,
that the troops of the enemies would be drawn together. The soldiers
having been led out of the camp, fought (perf ) bravely with the ene-
mies. In Homer, we see all things not described, but, as it were,
painted out. Who does not know, that all the virtues are connected
loith each other (inter se). I hope, that you will be led to my views.
LXXVI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Degusto, 1. / taste. gestio 4. / demean my- m£nt ; plur. demen-
contingo, tlgi, tactum self, am transported. tary principles.
3. to touch ; contin- sepelio, ivi, ultum 4. aequltas, atis, /. equity.
git, it falls to my lot. I inter, hury. jucunditas, atis, /. de-
licet 2. it is permitted. servio 4. / serve. lightfulness, agreea-
minuo, ui, utum 3. / di- iracundia, ae,/. irasd- hleness.
minish, Tnake less. hility, anger. accuratus, a, um, accu-
fastidio, 4. (c. ace.) / numerus, i, m. number ; rate.
feel disgust, spurn. 2) harmony, rhythm, grammaticus, a, um,
elementum, i, n. eZe- grammatical.
F) Exercises to the Fourth Conjugation in Particular.
Sic vive cum hominibus, tanquam deus videat ; et videt. Cave, ne
tanquam parva fastidias grammatica elementa! Philosophiae servire
debemus, ut nobis contingat vera libertas. Nullus dolor est, quem non
longinquitas temporis minuat ac molllat. Nihil magis mihi curae est,
quam ut obediam praeceptis magistrorum meorum.
Quum milites nostri castra muniebant, hostes aciem instruebant.
Dum urbem nostram custodiebamus, hostis eam oppugnare non aude-
bat. Celeritas equltum nostrorum impediebat, quominus hostis se ad
pugnam expediret. Quum milites ducem sepelirent, ingens luctus om-
nium animos occupavit. Litterae tuae mihi tam gratae fuerunt, ut lae-
titia plane gestirem. Semper operam navavimus, ut orationem nostram
verborum numerorumque jucunditate condiremus.
Nihil vos impedivimus, quominus negotia vestra finiretis. Nescivi,
cur tantopere laetitia gestires. Scisne, cur hunc puerum puniv^rim?
Nescio, unde hunc nuntium audiveritis. Dicam tibi, cur domum nos-
12*
138 FOURTH CONJUGATION. [§ 50 52.
tram coronis ornaverinius et vestiverimus. Die, cur ferierltis hunc
puerum.
Placebas praeceptoribus tuis, quia semper eorum praeceptis obe-
di^ras. Vix milites nostri castra munierant, quum hostis conspectus
est. Jam laetitia gestieramus, quum repente tristissimus nuntius ani-
mos nostros summo moerore opplevit Quum milites totum diem siti-
vissent et esurivissent, ne nocte quidem quieti indulgere iis licuit.
Quum hostis se ad pugnam expedivisset, milites nostri laetitia gestie-
runt.
Non prius dormiam, quam negotia mea finivero. Quum exercitus
castra muniverit, se ad pugnam expedlet. Si grammatica elementa
fastidies, nunquam accuratam linguae Latinae cognitionem tibi compa-
rabis. Si quid novi audiverimus, curabimus, ut brevi sciatis. Non
dubitabam, quin, si semel philosophiam degustavisses, toto animo ei
serviturus esses. Ne garri, puer! Audite, pueri: si praeceptoribus
vestris obedieritis, a parentibus vestriiS praemiis ornabimini ! Puer obe-
dito praeceptoribus ! Homo ne servito cupiditatibus ! Milites urbem
custodiunto !
Puer, in scholis garriens, molestus est. Bonus discipiilus semper
praeceptis magistrorum obedire studet. Quis nescit, Ciceronem toto
animo philosophiae servisse ? Spero, vos grammatica elementa non
esse fastidituros. Prohibenda est ira in puniendo. Optandum est, ut
ii, qui praesunt rei publicae, legum similes sint, quae ad puniendum
non iracundia, sed aequitate ducuntur. Legendi semper occasio est,
audiendi non semper.
Terra vestita est floribus, herbis, arboribus, frugibus. Urbs a militi-
bus custoditor. Speramus, urbem a militibus custoditum iri.
To good parents, nothing is a source of greater care [est with dat),
than that they may instruct their children in (abl.) literature. Be on
your guard, boy, that thou dost not chatter ! I punished the boy, be-
cause he chattered. As the enemies were discovered, our soldiers
were transported with (abl.) joy. So long as I was in school, I was
anxious (= it was for a care to me), that I might obey the precepts of
my teachers. Many with their whole soul, have given themselves up
to (= served) philosophy. Often already has length of time abated
the severest sufferings. We have kept in memory the precepts of our
teachers.
Tell me, whence thoigjgaaj^ heard this news. I doubt not, that the
teachers have punished/lfejj^s with (abl.) justice. The soldiers had
hungered and thirsted the whole day. Scarcely had our soldiers got
ready for battle, when the enemies were discovered (perf .). As the
§ 50 52.] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 139
king entered into the city, all the citizens had adorned (^ clothed) the
houses with flowers and garlands. The soldiers did not doubt, that the
enemies had already fortified [their] camp. I knew not whence thou
hadst heard this news. ^
The good will always obey the principles of virtue. Length of time
will abate thy suflTering. The precepts of our teachers are always
kept in (abl.) remembrance. When you shall have heard this news,
you will be transported with joy. If we shall always have obeyed the
principles of virtue, the approach to heaven will stand open to us.
Serve wisdom, not the passions. Do not chatter, boys. Thou
shouldst not rage against [in c. ace.) the enemies, O soldier. You
should obey [your] teachers and parents. The scholar should keep
the principles of his teacher in remembrance. Men should not serve
their passions. The boys, who chatter (part.) in school, are troublesome
to the teacher. Soldiers ought (oportet) to guard the city. I hope that
length of time will abate thy suffering. Hast thou heard, that the
enemies have fortified the camp ? We come in order to (sup. in um)
guard the city. A thoughtless boy is difficult to instruct (sup. in u).
We must (gerund) serve virtue.
140
DEPONENTS OF THE POUR CONJUGATIONS.
[§53.
§ 53. DEPO
Of the four
1. Hortor, hoxXatus sum, hortdri.
Characteristic : a long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
hortor, I exhort horte-r, I may ex-
hort
hoxid-ris^ thou ex- horte-ri5(e), thou
hortest. mayest exhort
hortd-iwr, he, she, horte-fwr, he, she,
it exhorts it may exhort
hortd-mwr, we ex- hortc-wmr, we may
hort
hortd-?»?wf , you ex-
hort
horta-ntwr, they ex-
hort
exhort
horte-rn?ni, you
may exhort
horte-Kiitr, they
may exhort.
II. Imperfect.
hortd-^dr, I exhort- hortd-rer, I might
II. Vereor, vexltus sum, vereri.
Characteristic : e long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
vereor, I rever-
ence
verc-ri5, thou rev-
erencest
vere-fwr, he, she,
it reverences
yere-mur^ we rev-
erence
vere-mini, you rev-
ence
\ere-nlur^ they rev-
erence
vere-dr, I may rev-
erence
verg-dHs(c) thou
mayest rev.
vere-diar, he, she,
it may reverence
veve-dmur, we may
reverence
vere-dw^ni.) you
may- reverence
vere-antur, they
may rev-erence.
II. Imperfect.
ed, was exhorting exhort
hoTtd-bdris{e), thou horid-rer1.s(e), thou
exh., wast exh. mightest exhort
hortd-^dZwr,he, she, hortd-reiwr, he,she,
it exh., was exh. it might exhort
hortd-^dmur, w ' hortd-rcr/mr, we
exh., were exh. might exhort
hortd-^/drnint, you hortd-remiwi, you
exh., were exh. might exhort
hortd-bantur, they horidrentur, they
exh., were exh. might exhort.
III. Future [Indicative). ^
hortd-bor, I shall exhort
hortd-bSris{e), thou wilt exhort
horid-bitur^ he, she, it will exhort
hortd-bimur., we shall exhort
hoi id- biminii^ you will exhort
hortd-buntur, they will exhort.
IV
a) Indicative
vere-iflr, I reveren-
ced, was rev.
yere-bdris(e), thou
reverenc'dst,wast r
vere-bdtur, he, she,
it rev. was rev.
vere-bdmur^we rev.
were rev.
vere-bdmini^ you
rev. were rev.
\ere-bantur., they
rev. were rev.
III. Future (Indicative).^
yere-bor, I shall reverence
yere-beris{e), thou wilt reverence
yere-bitvr^ he, she, it will reverence
yere-bimur, we shall reverence
yere-himlni, you will reverence
vere-buntur., they will reverence.
Perfect.
vere-rcr, I might
reverence
yeTe-reris{e) thou
mightest rev.
vere-retur, he, she,
it might rev.
vere-rcmwr, we
might reverence
yeie-rem1,ni, you
might reverence
yere-rentur, they
might reverence.
horta-tus,
a,
um
horta-ti,
ae.
horta-tus,
a,
um
horta-ti,
ae,
a
sum, I have exhorted veri-tus
es, thou hast exhorted a,
est, he, she, it has exhorted um
sumus, we have exhorted veri-ti,
cstls, you have exhorted ae,
sunt, they have exhorted a
b) Subjunctive.
sIm, I may have exhorted
sis, thou mayest have ex.
sV, he, she, it may have ex.
simus, we may have exhorted
sltls, you may have exhorted
sint, they may have exhorted.
veri-tus,
a,
um
veri-ti,
ae,
a
sum, I have reverenced
es, thou hast reverenced
est, he, she, it has reverenced
sumus, we have reverenced
estis, you have reverenced
sunt, they have reverenced
sim, I may have reverenced
sis, thou mayest have rev.
sit, he, she, it may have rev
simus, we may have rev.
sitis, you may have rev.
sint, they may have rev.
^53.]
DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
141
NENTS
Conjugations.
III.
Fungor, funcfu5 sum, fungi.
Characteristic : c short.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
I. Present.
fung-or, I manage
fung-er?5, thou
managest
inng-ltur^ he, she,
it manages
fung-^mwr, we
manage
fung-imtni, you
manage
fung-Mwf r/r, they
manage
fung-ar,I may man-
age
fung-ari5(c), thou
mayest manage
fung-afwr, he, she,
it may manage
fung-am^r, we
may manage
fung-dwim, you
may manage
fung-aniwr, they
may manage.
11. Imperfect.
fung-ebar, I man-
aged, was m.
fung-e/;dr/5(e),thou
managedst,was m.
fung-e6diMr,he,she,
itm., was m,
fung-ebdmur^ we
managed, were m.
fvLng-ebdvUni, you
managed, were m.
fung-ebantur, they
managed, were m.
111. Future (^Indicative. y
fung-ar, I shall manage
fung-m5(c), thou wilt manage
fung-etur, he, she, it will manage
fung-cmur, we shall manage
fung-e^mm, you will manage
fung-cTifMr, they will manage.
fung-erer, I might
manage
fung-erer is(e), thou
mightest manage
f ung-ereiMr,he, she,
it, might manage
fung-eremr/r, we
might manage
fung-^rer/i?/ii, you
might manage
fung-ercreiwr, they
might manage.
IV. Partior, pdniitus sum, parttri.
Characteristic : t long.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
1. Present.
part?-or, 1 divide
parti-ri5, thou di-
videst
parti-^«r, he, she,
it divides
partt-rnur, we di-
vide
partl-mTni, you di-
vide
]^a.r ti-untur, they
divide
parti-or, 1 may di-
vide
parti-dm(e), thou
mayest divide
parti-d^M7-, he, she,
it may divide
parti-d77mr, we
may divide
psLxii-dmlniy you
may divide
parti-aniur, they
may divide.
II. Imperfect.
might
part?-c6a?',ldivided, parti-rer, 1
was dividing divide
parti-e^ttri5(e),thou partt-rem(c), thou
dividedst, was d. mightest divide
part?-e^dZur-,he,she, parti-reZwr, he, she,
it divided, was d. it might divide
psLTii-ebdmur, we parti-rewwr, we
divided, were d. might divide
psiTii-ebdmlni, you parti-rernJm, you
divided, were d. might divide
pdiTti-ebantur, they parti-rentur, they
divided, were d, might divide.
III. Future (Indicative.)^
part?-dr, 1 shall divide
parti-eri5(c), thou wilt divide
parti-c^wr, he, she, it will divide
parti-C7«Mr, we shall divide
parti-cmim", you will divide
parti-cnfur, they will divide.
IV. Perfect.
a) Indicative.
func-tus,
a,
ura
func-ti,
ae,
a
func-tus,
a,
um
func-ti,
ae,
a
partl-tus.
5M771, I have managed
65, thou hast managed
est^ he, she, it has managed
sumus, we have managed
estis^ you have managed
sunt, they have managed.
b) Subjunctive.
sim, 1 may have managed
sis, thou mayest have m.
sit, he, she, it may have m.
simus, we may have m.
sitis, you may have managed
sint, they may have managed.
um
partl-ti,
ae,
a
partl-tus,
a,
um
partl-ti,
ae,
a
sum, I have divided
es, thou hast divided
est, he, she, it has divided
sumus, we have divided
estis, you have divided
sunt, they have divided.
sim, 1 may have divided
sis, thou mayest have divided
sit, he, she, it may have d.
simus, we may have divided
sitis, you may have divided
sint, they may have divided.
142
DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
[§53
horta-tus,
a,
um
horta-ti,
ae.
horta-tus,
a,
um
horta-ti,
ae.
V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.
erdm^ I had exhorted veri-tus,
irds., thou hadst exhorted a,
^rdt., he, she, it had exhorted um
Srdmus, we had exhorted veri-ti,
erdtis^ you had exhorted ae,
erant, they had exhorted a
b) Subjunctive.
essem, J might have exhorted veri-tus,
esses, thou mightesthave ex. a,
e5se/,he,she,it might have ex. um
essemus, we might have ex. veri-ti,
essetis, you might have ex. ae,
essent, they might have ex. a
vr
eram, I had reverenced
eras, thou hadst reverenced
erat, he, she, it had rev.
eramus, we had reverenced
eratis, you had reverenced
erant, they had reverenced.
essem, 1 might have rev.
esses, thou mightest have rev.
es5c<,he,she,it might have re V.
essemus, we might have rev,
essetis, you might have rev,
essent, they might have rev
have
to will
horta-tus, Sro, I shall have exhorted
a, erts, thou wilt have exhorted
um erit, he, she, it will have ex.
horta-ti, erimus, we shall have ex.
ae, eritls, you w ill have exhorted
a irunt, they will have ex.
Imperative.
hortd-re, exhort thou
hoxid-t6r, thou shouldest exhort
horid-tor, he, she, it should exhort
hortd-m?nl, exhort ye
hoxtd-minor, you should exhort
hortd-nfor, they should exhort.
Infinitive.
Pres. hortd-rl, to exhort
Perf. hoxid-tus, d, ww, esse, to
exhorted
Fut. hortd-turus, d, um
exhort^, (that one) will exhort,
Participle.
Pres. horia-ns, exhorting
Perf. hortd-«w5, d, um, having exhorted
Fut. 1) Act. hovXd-lurus, d, um, intend-
ing, wishing, about to exhort
Fut. 2) Pass, horiandus, d, um, what
should be exhorted.
Gerund.
N. horta-7irfi/.m est, one (we) must ex.
G. horia-ndi, of exhorting, to exhort
D. horia-ndo, to exhorting, to exhort
A. horla-ndam (e. g. a</),exhorang,
to exhort
A. horta-nrfo, by exhorting.
Supine.
Ace. hoxid-tum, in order to exhort
Abl. hortd-iw, to exhort, be exhorted.
Future Perfect {Indicativey
veri-tus,
um
veri-ti.
ero, I shall have reverenced
eris, thou wilt have rev.
erit, he, she, it will have rev
erimus, we shall have rev.
eritis, you will have rev.
erunt, they will have rev.
Imperative,
vere-re, reverence thou
vere-^or, thou shouldest reverence
\ere-tor, he, she, it should reverence
vere-mlni, reverence ye
vere-mlnor, you should reverence
veve-ntor, they should reverence.
Infinitive.
Pres. vere-ri, to reverence
Perf. ver-Uus, a, um, esse, to have rev-
enced
Fut. veH-turus, a, um, esse, to will
reverence'^, (that onej will rev.
Participle.
Pres. were-ns, reverencing '
Perf. yerl-tus, a, um, having reverenced
Fut. 1) Act. weri-turus, a, um, intend-
ing, wishing, about to reverence
Fut. 2) Pass, vere ndus, a, um, what
should be reverenced.
Gerund. !
N. vere-ndum est, one (we) must rev.
G. yexe-ndi, of reverencing, to rev.
D. vere-ndo, to reverencing, to rev.
A. vere-ndum (e. g. ad), reverencing,
to reverence
A. vexe-ndo, by reverencing.
Supine.
Ace. vexi-tum, in order to reverence
Abl. ven-tu.to reverence, be reverenced.
I) The Subjunctive of both the futures is wanting. See Remark 1) and 2) to $ 50.— 2) Set
$53.1
DEPONENTS OF THE FOUR CONJUGATIONS.
143
func-tus,
a,
um
func-ti,
'ae,
a
func-tus,
a,
uin
func-ti,
ae,
a
eram^ I had managed
eras^ thou hadst managed
erat^ he, she, it had managed
eramus^ we had managed
eratis, you had managed
erantj they had managed
V. Pluperfect.
a) Indicative.
partl-tus,
urn
partl-ti,
ae.
b) Subjunctive.
essem, 1 might have managed
esses, thou mightest have m.
esset, he,she, it might have m
essemus, we might have m.
esscds, you might have m.
essentj they might have m.
partl-tus,
a,
um
partl-ti,
ae.
eram, I had divided
eras, thou hadst divided
erat, he, she, it had divided
eramus, we had divided
eratis, you had divided
erant, they had divided.
esserrij 1 might have divided
esses^ thou mightest have d.
esset, he,she, it might have d.
esseinus, we might have d.
essetis, you might have d.
essent, they might have d.
VI. Future Perfect (Indicative).
'
func-tus, !cro, I shall have managed
a, eris, thou wilt have managed
um erit, he, she, it will have man.
func-ti, erimuSj we shall have man.
ae, eritis, you will have man.
a erunt, they will have man.
Imperative.
fung-^rc, manage thou
fung-itor, thou shouldest manage
fung-i^or, he, she, it should manage
i'ung-imini, manage ye
fung-trnmor, you should manage
i'ung-untor, they should manage.
Infinitive.
Pres. fung-z, to manage
Perf. func-<M5, a, um, esse, to have
managed
Fut. {yxnc-turus, a, um, esse, to will
manage^, (that one) will man.
Participle.
Pres. fung-ens, managing
Perf. func-fw5, a, um, having managed
Fut. 1) Jict. func-tiirus, a, um,, intend-
ing, wishing, about to manage
Fut. 2) Pass, fnng-endus, a, um, what
should be managed.
Gerund.
N. fang-endum est, one (we) must m-
G. fung-cfidi, of managing, to manage
D. fung-ewrfo, to managing, to manage
A. fying-endum (e. g. ad), managing,
to manage
A. fung-ewdo, by managing.
Supine.
Ace. func-^wm, in order to manage
Ml. func-«M, to manage, be managed.
cmark 4) to $ 50.
partl-tus, ero, 1 shall have divided
a, eris, thou wilt have divided
um crit, he, she, it will have d
partl-ti, erimus, we shall have divided
ae, eritis, you will have divided
a erunt, they will have divided
Imperative.
parti-re, divide thou
parii-tur, thou shouldest divide
pa.rti-tor, he, she, it should divide
pa,rti-mlni, divide ye
parti-mwior, you should divide
psitti-untor, they should divide.
Infinitive.
Pres. partl-ri, to divide
Perf. partt-tus, a, um, esse, to have
divided
Fut. pa.rti-t1irus, a, um, esse, to will
divide^, (that one) will divide.
Participle.
Pres. pdiTii-ens, dividing
Peif. partl-iM5, a, um, having divided
Fut. 1) Act. pa.rii-turus, a, um, intend
ing, wishing, about to divide
Fut. 2) Pass, pairii-endus, a, um, what
should be divided.
Gerund.
N. pa.Yii-endum est, one (we) must d
G. pa.rVi-endi, of dividing, to divide
D. part?-e«rfo, to dividing, to divide
A. pavtl-cndum, (e. g. ad.), dividing
to divide
A. parti-cnrfo, by dividing.
Supine.
Ace. partl-iMw, in order to divide
Abl. parti-fM, to divide, be divided.
144 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53.
LXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Admiror ] . / admire. conor 1. / attempt, ven- somnium, i, n. dream,
aspernor 1. I spurn. ture. pulcliritudo, inis, /.
comltor 1. 1 accompany, interpreter 1. / iriter- beauty.
contemplor 1. /confem.- pret. demum, adv. Jirstf at
plate, consider. consigno 1. 1 point out. length.
PART FIRST.
Quis non admiretur splendorem pulchritudinemque virtutis ? Dux
milites hortatus est, ut hostium aciem pertubare conarentur. Jam hos-
tes urbem oppugnare conati erant, quum repente a civibus propulsati
sunt. Turn demum beatus eris, quum aspernatus eris voluptatem. Con-
templamlnor praeclara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata
sunt! Venio te comitatum in hortum. Somnia difficilia sunt inter-
pretatu.
We admire the splendor and the beauty of virtue. The general ex-
horted the soldiers, that they should attempt to throw the line of
battle of the enemies into confusion. I have accompanied the brother
into the garden. The enemies have ventured to assault the city. Thou
shouldst contemplate the noble examples of virtue, which are pointed
out in history. The citizens apprehended, that the enemies might as-
sault the city. I doubt not, that thou hast interpreted the dream right-
ly. Tell me, why thou hast not accompanied the father into the gar-
den.
LXXVI]I. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Fateor, fassus sum, fa- aggredior,gressus, gre- labor, lapsus sum, labi
teri 2. to acknowledge, di 3. to attack. 3. to glide, fall.
admit. expergiscor, perrectus loquor, locutus sum,
tueor 2. I keep, protect. sum 3. to awaken. loqui 3. to speak.
intueor 2. / look upon, fruor, fructus or frui- morior, mortuus sum,
contemplate. tus sum, frui 3. (c. mori 3. to die (part,
misereor, misertus or abl.) to enjoy (part. fut. moriturus).
ritus sum, misereri fnX.. fruiturus). sequor, secutus sum,
2. [c. gen) to pity. fungor, functus sum, sequi 3. (c. ace.) to
polliceor 2. 1 promise. fungi 3. (c- abl.) to follow.
abator, usus sum, uti administer. inops, opis, destitute.
3. (c. abl.) to abuse. irascor, iratus sum 3. audacter, adv. boldly,
adipiscor, adeptus sum to be angry. confidently.
3. to obtain.
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 145
Artes se ipsae tuentur. Semper miserorum hominum miserebimur,
Veremini, o pueri, senectutem ! Fatetor, o puer, verum ! Miseremi-
nor inopum ! Discipuli verentor praeceptores. Non dubito, quin tuura
praesidium mihi polliciturus sis. Cum magna voluptate intuemur prae*
clara virtutis exempla, quae in historia consignata sunt.
Quis nescit, quam miilti eloquentia abutantur ? Per rnultos annoa
pace fruiti sumus. Omnes cives metuunt, ne hostes urbem aggredian-
tur. Simulatque experrecti sumus, ad negotia nostra accedimus. Ci-
ves, libertatem adepti, sumraa laetitia fruentur. Succurre lapsia^
Tani audacter cum amico loquere, quam tecum. Ne irasciminor iis,
quos amare debetis ! Si virtutis viam semper sequemur, aditus in coe-
lum aliquando nobis patebit. Munere tuo bene fungere. Metuo, ne
amicus moriatur.
The arts themselves will always protect themselves. I doubt not,
that thou wilt always pity the poor. Reverence, O boy, old age ! The
rich should pity the destitute. You should acknowledge the truth
(==what is true,) O boys! A good scholar will always reverence his
teacher. I doubt not, that thou hast promised thy protection to the
destitute friend. Contemplate ye the noble examples of virtue, which
are pointed out in history. Many have abused eloquence. We desire
(opto), that we may enjoy peace. All the citizens apprehended, that
the enemies might attack the city. You are fallen. You should speak
with a friend as confidently, as with yourselves. Thou shouldst not be
angry with those, whom thou oughtest to love. I doubt not, that thou
wilt always follow the way of virtue. All know, how well thou hast
always managed thy office.
LXXIX. Words to be learned and Eoixrcises for translation.
Dilabor, lapsus sum, ficisci 3. to depart, mentior 4. / Zie.
labi 3. to go to ruin. proceed, march. metior, mensus sum,
obliviscor, litus sum, li- assentior, sensus sum metiri 4. to measure.
visci 3. (c. gen. and 4. to assent to. decet 2. (c. ace. pers.)
ace.) to forget. blandior 4. I fatter. it is ft.
obsequor, secutus sum, experior, pertus sum modestia, ae,/. modesty..
sequi 3. to comply 4. to try. umbra, ae,/. shade.
with, obey. largior 4. / give freely, commendatio, onis, /.
proficiscor, fectus sum, bestow. commendation.
Quum aegrotus es, obsequi debes praeceptis medici. Stulti aliorum
vitia cernunt, obliviscuntur suorum. Prima pueri commendatio profi-
ciscitur a modestia. Concordia res parvae erescunt, discordia maximae
dilabuntur. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur.
13
146 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 53.
Ne blandire malis hominibus ! Puer, lie mentitor ! Natura honiini-
bus multa bona largita est. Magnos homines virtute metimur, non for-
tuna. Voluptasblanditursensibusnostris. Postquam orator orationem
finivit, omnes ejus sententiae assensi sunt. Omnia prius experiri verbis,
quam armis, sapientem decet.
I doubt not, that thou wilt obey me. We shall never forget thee.
Tell me, why thy father has proceeded to (in) Italy. We feared,
that by (abl.) discord the resources (opes) of the citizens might go to
ruin. Boys, you should not lie ! Who does not know, how often the
discourse of men deceives (== lies)! Measure men according to (abl.)
virtue, not according to fortune. Always follow the way of virtue.
PART SECOND.
a) Deponents of the First Conjugation.
LXXX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Adulor I. (c. dat. or opitulor 1 . / Zenrf mW. libido, inis,y'.wnre5irain-
acc.) IJlatter. recorder 1. (generally ed desire, caprice.
arbitror \. I think. with ace.) I remem- eventus, us, m. event
auspicor 1. / commence. her. libens, tis, delighted.
auxilior 1. / ai</. innocentia, ae,y! inTio- aliquando, adv. some-
dominor 1. 1 reign. cence. time.
mod6ror I.e. dat. Imod- angor, oris, m. vexation, aliter, adv. otherwise,
eraie; c. ace. govern. rite, adv. properly.
Boni viri non voluptate, sed officio consilia moderantur. Homo im-
probus aliquando cum dolore flagi^ sua recordabltur. Socrates totius
mundi se incolam et civem arbitrabatur. Disce libens : quid dulcius est,
quam discere multa? Discentem comitantur opes, comitantur hono-
res. Ubi libido dominatur, innocentiae leve praesidium est. Eventus
fallit, quum aliter accidit, atque homines arbitrati sunt. Atticus poten-
ti Antonio non est adulatus. Nihil rite sine dei immortahs ope, con-
silio, honore auspicab^re.
LXXXI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Aemulor 1. (c. ace.)/ cunctor 1. /rfeZa?/. veneror 1. /revere.
emulate. imltor 1. (c. ace.) I im- venor 1. I hunt.
auguror 1. 1 divine, fore- itate. occulto 1. / conceal.
tell. jocor 1. I jest. rivulus, i, m. stream.
aversor I. I turn from, laetor 1. (c. abl.) Ire- majores, urn, ancestors.
shun. joice. mediocris, e, moderate.
consector 1. 1 pursue, precor 1. / entreat. quotidie, adv. daily.
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJtTGATIONS. 147
Venerare deum, venerare parentes. Virtutes majorum aemulamini,
vJtia eorum aversamini ! In silvis venator venatur lepores ; in scholia,
pueri, venainini lepores ! Ubi res bona Iractanda est, ne cunctator !
Discipuli bonos condiscipulos imitantor, malos aversantor. Quotidie,
puer, precator a deo immortali, ut servet tibi tuos parentes ! Tardi in-
genii est, rivulos conseclari, fontes rerum non videre. Nulla re tam
laetari soleo, quain meorum officiorum conscientia. In ira moderari
animo et orationi, non mediocris ingenii est. Nescisne, Socratem in
carcere paucis diebus ante mortem jocatum esse ? Quis speret, se au-
guraturum esse ea, quae menti humanae a deo sunt occultata.
L XX XII Words to he learned and Exercises for transition.
Adhortor 1. /encottrag-e, insidior 1. I lie in wait immodestus, a, uni,im-
exhort. for. modest,
cohortoxl. I encourage, suspicor 1. / suspect, ingenuus, a, um, noft/e-
exhortor 1. / encour- conjecture, born, dignified.
age, exhort. vagor \. I wander. profusus, a, um, unre-
consolor 1. / console. praecludo 3. / dose. strained.
consplcor J. I discover, temperantia, &e,f. tern- nemo non, every one.
sex. [late, perance, moderation, excors, cordis, senseless.
gratulor 1. / congi'atu- aper, pri, m. wild boar, admodum, adv. very.
indignor 1. (with ace. legatus, i. m. ambassa- aperte,ac?v. openly.
or de with abl.) lam dor. nequicquam, adv. in
dissatisfied with some- facetus, a, um, delicate, vain, to no effect.
thing. witty.
Aperte adulantem nemo non vidit, nisi qui admodum est excors.
Menti nihil est tam inimicum, quam voluptas ; nee enim, libidine domi-
nante, temperantiae locus est. Caesar, cohortatus milites, ut acrlter
contra hostes dimicarent, urbem oppugnavit. Aliorum miseriam con-
solaturi exempla laudare debemus viprum fortlum, qui in acerbissimis
fortunae tormentis non sunt indignati sortem suam. Genus jocandi non
profusum, nee immodestum, sed ingenuum et facetum esse debet. A
venatore insidiandum est apris. Multi legati congregati sunt in urbem
ad gratulandum nobis de recuperata libertate. Quern neque gloria, ne-
que pericula excitant, nequicquam hortere : timor animi aures praeclu-
dit. Narra, ubi per tam longum tempus vagatus sis. Non dubitabam,
quin hujus hominis consuetudmem aversatus esses. Non dubito, quin,
istum adolescentem conspicatus, continuo de ejus ingenio praeclarum
quiddam suspicaturus sis.
We rejoice at.(abl.) the joy of friends in like nmnner (aequae) as (ac)
at our own (= ourg), and grieve in like manner at [their] grief
(=s vexations). Be convinced that thou art dear to me, but that thou
148 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [^ 53.
wilt be much (miilto) dearer, if thou wilt rejoice in good principles.
^-vThe example of the leader encouraged (perf.) the soldiers, that they
might imitate him. I doubt not, that thou wilt ever assist the good,
[but] wilt shun the bad. I doubted not, that he would sometime remem-
ber his foul deeds (ace.) with pain. Flatter thou not a powerful [man] !
Be convinced that you will commence nothing properly without the
aid, counsel [and] honor of God. I exhort thee, that thou shouldst im-
itate good men, [but] shun the bad. Relate to me, why thou hast been
dissatisfied with thy fortune. I doubted not that the enemies had
lain in wait for thee.
When thou pursuest history, O boy, thou shouldst contemplate both
the examples of virtue and of vice, and emulate those, [but] shun these.
In a good thing, thou shouldst not delay. The rich should lend aid to
the destitute. The soldiers hasten, in order to lend aid (sup.) to us
against the enemies. When evil desires reign (abl. abs.), there is no
(= not) place for (dat.) virtue.
b) Deponents of the Second Conjugation.
LXXXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Confiteor, fessus sum reor, ratus sum, reri, venia, ae,/ pardon.
2. to confess. 2. to think. exemplar, aris, n. pat-
profiteor, fessus sum 2. dublto 1. c. inf I hesi- tern, model.
to acknowledge freely, tale, entertain scru- c«mctus, a, um, all
promise. pies. (combined), whole.
medeor (without perf.) impetro 1. I obtain. inanis, e, empty, vain.
c. dat. to cure, rem- imploro 1. I implore. cito, adv. quickly ; ci-
edy. informo 1. / instruct. tins, more quickly^
mereor, Itus sum 2. to nego 1. I deny. more easily.
deserve; dealiquare, trado, didi, ditum 3. to liberaliter, adv. freely.
to deserve of som^e- deliver vp, give up to. nondum, adv. not yet.
thing. malitia, ae, f. wicked- penitus, adv.thoroughly^
ness. wholly.
Vix peccatum tuum fassus eras, quum pater tui misertus est. Jam
te errasse confessus eras, quum denuo negasti. Nondum vestrum auxi-
lum imploraveramus, quum jam id nobis professi estis. Vix inopiam
nostram fassi eramus, quurn liberalissime vestrum praesidinm nobis
polliciti estis.
Magna est vis philosophiae, quum medetur animis, inanes sollicitudi-
nes detrahit, cupiditatibus liberal. Artes magnum nobis praebent prae-
sidinm, quum se ipsae per se tuentur «ingulae. Praeclare de patria
merentuf ^jraeceptores, quum juventutem bonarum litterarum studiis
informant.
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 140
Rule of Syntax. When the conjunction quum expresses a sup-
posed ground and may be translated by the causal since (seeing that,)
or although, it is connected with the subjunctive. (Comp. Synt. 110, 1.)
Quum philosophia animis mededtur, totos nos penitusque ei tradSre
debemus. Omnes miserebantur vestri, quum non propter mahtiam, sed
propter fortunam in miseriis essetis. Quum mihtes periciila verereniur^
non audebant cum Iiostibus confligere. Quum is, qui verum amicum
intuetur, tanquam exemplar aliquod intuedtur sui ; talem amicum aeque
ac nosmet ipsos amare debemus. Avarus, quum in omnium rerum
affluentia sit, fatebiturne, se esse satiatum ? Quum, virtutem satis in
se praesidii habere ad vitam beatam, /a/edre; etiam confiteb^re, sapien-
tem in cruciatibus beatum esse. Id si confessus eris, non dttblto, quin
professurus sis, sapientem in omni vitae conditione beatum esse.
When we freely acknowledge our guilt, we more easily obtain par-
don. Since you have acknowledged, that virtue may have in itself
sufficient of (gen.) protection for a happy life, you will also confess,
that the wise [man] may be happy under (in) tortures ; and when
you shall have confessed this, I doubt not, that you will freely acknow-
ledge, that the wise [man] is happy in every condition of life. Scarce-
ly had I acknowledged my fault to thee, as I obtained (perf ) pardon
from thee. Thou hast acquired for thyself great praise, inasmuch as
(quum) thou hast pitied the destitute citizens.
Miserere nostri! Medemlnor, O cives, inopiae nostrae! Suum
quisque tuetor munus. Nemo, cunctam intuens terram, de divina pro-
videntia dubitabit. Cives, hostes urbem oppugnaturos esse, rati, eos
acriter propulsare studuerunt. Venio meum praesidium tibi pollicitu-
rus. Omnibus modis a vobis inopiae civium medendum est. Adol-
escentis officium est, majores natu vereri. Quis nescit, te praeclare de
republica meritum esse ? Spero, te mei miserturum esse.
Reverence, O boy, old age ! Pity ye me ! Thou shouldst cure the
want of others. The scholar should reverence his teacher. Shall we,
when we contemplate (= contemplating) the whole earth, doubt as to
(de) the foresight of God ? Thinking (part. perf.), that thou hast prom-
ised me thy protection, I have not hesitated to undertake (accedere) the
business. Believe me, who will freely acknowledge (part, fut.) what is
true ! Thou must remedy (Ger.)the want of thy friend. I hope, that
thou wilt promise to me thy protection. It is beautiful, to remedy the
want of others. Who does not know, that Cicero deserved nobly of
the Roman state ^
13*
150 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [$ 53.
c) Deponents of the third Conjugation.
LXXXIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Complector, plexus adnitor 3. 1 endeavor, reddo, didi, ditum 3. to
«um, plecti 3. to em- exert myself. restore ; 2) to make,
hrace. paciscor, pactus sum, gratia, ae f. thank.
congredior, gressus pacisci 3. to make an angulus, i. m. corner.
sum, gredi 3. to en- agreement. philosophus, i, m. phi-
gage, reverter, pf. reverti, losopher.
nascor, natus sum, nas- part, reversus, inf. pestis, is, /. pest, de-
ci 3. to be born, to reverti 3. to return. siriiction.
spring from, (part, ulciscor, ultus sum, ul- semen, mis, n. seed.
fut. nasciturus). cisci 3. (c. ace.) to visum, i, n. appearance.
innascor 3. to be in- avenge one^s self on detestabilis, e, detesta-
born, implanted. one. ble.
nitor, uixus or nisus cuumlo \. 1 heap, load, superior, us, superior;
«um, urti 3. (c. abl.), persevero 1. I continue. conqueror.
io rest upon ; 2) ad discedo, cessi, cessum quotiescunque, conj.
aliquid, to strive after 3. to go away, depart. however often,
something.
Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed eliam fama nititur. Gives,
cum hostibus pacti, pace fruiti sunt. Deum et divinum animum cogi-
tatione complectimur. Lacte, carne multisque aliis rebus vescimur.
Ne ulciscimini inimicos vestros ! Romani Numidis poUiciti sunt, si
perseverarent bello urgere Carthaginienses, se adnisuros esse, ut bene
cumulatam gratiam redderent. Nemo parum diu vixit, qui virtutis per-
fectae perfecto functus est munere. Simulatque experrecti sumus, visa
in somnio contemnlmus. Aristoteles, Theophrastus, Zeno, innumera-
biles alii philosophi nunquam domum reverterunt. Nulla tam detes-
tabilis est pestis, quae non homini ab homine nascatur. Non sum uni
angulo natus : patria mea totus hie est mundus. Sunt ingeniis nostris
semina innata virtutum. Hannibal, quotiescunque cum Romanis con-
gressus est in Italia, semper discessit superior.
LXXXV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Defetiscor, fessus sum, patior, passus sum, pati stultitia, ae,y!/o%.
fetisci 3. to be weary, 3. to suffer. dominus, i, m. lord,
tired out. excedo, cessi, cessum master. \ter,
elabor, lapsus sum, la- 3. (c. abl) to retire. proelium, i, n. encoun-
bi 3. to glide away. tendo, tetendi, tentum diuturnitas, at\s,f.long
enitor, nisus or nixus 3. to stretch out ; ad continuance.
sum, niti 3. to exert aliquid, to strive after vicinitas, atis, /. neigh-
one's self. something. borhood.
$ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 151
ne£a:s{indecl.),n. wrong, quo, adv. whither. gentium, wherever in
proprius, a, um (c.gen.), ubicunque, adv. wher- the world,
one's oivn, peculiar. ever; ubicunque.
Optimi cujusque animus maxime ad immortalem gloriam nititur.
Hostes, diuturnitate pugnae defessi, proelio excedebant. Qui virtutem
adeptus erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Avida est pe-
riculi virtus, et, quo tendat, non quid passura sit, cogitat. Augustus
domlnum se appellari non est passus. Animalia alia sunt rationis ex-
pertia, alia ratione utentia. Animo elapso, corpus nihil valet. Valet
apud nos clarorum hominum memoria, etiam mortuorum. Reg-
ia res est, succurrere lapsis. Proprium est stultiliae, aliorum vitia
cernere,. oblivisci suorum. Ut plurimis prosimus, eniti debemus.
Irasci iis nefas est, quos amare debemus. Amicitiae, consuetu dines,
vicinitates quid habeant voluptatis, carendo magis intelligimus, quam
fruendo. Juveni parandum, seni utendum est. Suo cuique judicio
utendum est.
L XX XVI. Words to be learned and JElxercises for translation.
Ingredior, gressus sum, accuso 1. / complain of, usitatus, a, um, usual,
gredi 3. (c. ace.) I go accuse. common,
into, enter, enter upon, deflagro 1. / hum up diu, adv. long time ;
perfungor, functus (intrans.). diutius, longer.
sum, fungi 3. (e. abl.) vices plur. {gen. not intemperanter, adv. in-
to pass through. used,) f. vidsitudes. temperately, without
persequor, cutus sum, perexiguus, a, um, very moderation.
sequi 3. to pursue. small. plerumque, adv. gen-
erally.
All wish, that they may reach (adipisci) old age, but when they have
reached {== having reached), they complain of it. The soldiers tired
out by the long march, gave themselves up to rest. Boys, you should
follow the example of the good. We have enjoyed a long-continued
peace. Common things escape easily from the memory, remarkable
and new things remain longer. Many abuse without moderation
leisure and literature. Those appear to me to have lived happily, to
whom it has been permitted to enjoy the praise of wisdom. We favor
those, who have entered upon the very same dangers which we have
passed through. All strive after joy, but many do not know, whence
they may obtain permanent (stabilis, e) and great joy. Alexander pur-
sued (perf.) the enemies eagerly. Fortune is not merely blind itselfj
but it generally makes those blind also, whom it embraces. Man is
not born for himself alone, but for his country and for his [friends],
so that (ut) a very small part is left to himself. The condition of
152 DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. [§ 53.
mortals has such (is) vicisitudes, that adversity (res adversae) springs
from prosperity (res secundae), and prosperity from adversity. He
lives the best, who obeys the law^s not on account of fear, but follow^s
them, because he thinks that this may be most salutary. In (abl.) the
very same night in vs^hich Alexander w^as born, the temple of the
Ephesian (Ephesius, a. um) Diana burned up.
d) Deponents of the fourth Conjugation.
LXXXVII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Potior 4. (c. abl.) I pos- tempt), which fol- calor, oris, m. kta^t.
sess myself of. lows throughout the frons, tis, /. forehead.
opperior, pertus sum, fourth Conj. praeparatio, onis, /.
periri 4. to mvait. coorior 4. / arise, break preparation.
ordior or exordior, or- out, break forth. vultus, us, m. expres-
sus sum, ordiri 4. exorior 4. / appear, sion, countenance.
to begin. spring from, arise. privatus, a, um, priva/c.
orior, ortus sum, oriri demolior 4. / demolish, ferox, 6c\s, ferce.
4. to spring from, rise eblandior 4. / obtain by necesse est (c. sub-
from ; part. fut. ori- flattery. junctive or c. ace. et
turus (not orturus); praeloquor, locutus inf.), it is necessary.
the Ind. Pres. fol- sum, loqui 3. <o j^rem- eo, adv. thither, so far.
lows the third Conj. ; ise. grate, adv. gratefully.
oreris, oritur, ori- animadverto, ti, sum tamen, conj. yet.
mur; so its com- S. to observe, perceive, vero (after the first
pounds except ado- praeda, ae,/. booty. word of its clause)
rior (I attack, at- tergum, i, n. back. conj. but.
Frons, ociili, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime.
Quicquid oritur, qualecunque est, caussam habeat a nitura necesse
est. Sol universis eandem lucem eundemque calorem largitur. Quam
multi indigni luce sunt ! et tamen dies oritur. Unde tandem tam re-
pente nobis exoreris^ Mihtes, si feroci impetu in hostem cooHmur,
victoria in manibus nostris est! Dmn urbem oppugnare adorimur,
hoBtes a tergo nos aggressi sunt. Suo quisque metu periciila metitur.
Sapiens et praeterita grate recordatur, et praesentibus ita potitur, ut
animadvertat, quanta sint ea quamque jucunda.
Cave, ne honores eblandiare ! Oratores, priusquam exordiantur,
quaedam praeloquuntur. In omnibus negotiis, priusquam ordiamur,
adhibenda nobis est praeparatio diligens. Omnes cives domos suas
floribus et coronis ornaverant et vestiverant, quia regem opperiebantur.
Dum exercitus hostilis urbis domos privatas publicasque demoliebatur,
cives maximo moerore opplebantur. Quum hostes praedam inter se
partiebantur, nos vehementissimo impetu eos adoriebamur. Dux mill-
§ 53.] DEPONENTS OF ALL THE CONJUGATIONS. 153
tes coliortatus est, ut omnia experirentur, qiiibus urbem obsidioiie lib-
erarent. Quiiin saeva tempestas cooriretur, ingens pavor omnes nau-
tas occupavit.
LXXXVIII. Words to be learned and Ejcercises for translation.
Etnentior 4. / state coriservo 1. / preserve, prodigiosiis, a, um,
falsely. commoditas, atis, f wonderful.
emetior, mensus sum, convenience. ridiculus, a, um, ridicu-
metiri 4. / measure ubertas, atis,/. boimti- lous.
off, travel through. fulness. tantus, a, um, so great.
molior 4. to move, ex- adspectus, us, wi. consulto, adv. designed-
cite, attempt. sight. ly.
advolo 1. I Jly up, has- usus, us, m. use, want, fortuito, adv. by chance.
ten up.
Ridiculi sunt, qui, quod ipsi experti non sunt, id decent ceteros.
Omne animal se ipsum diltgit ac, simulatque ortum est, id agit, ut se
conservet. Ad hominum commoditates et usus tantanr rerum uberta-
tem natura largita est, ut ea, quae gignuntur, dQiiata consulto nobis,
non fortuito nata videantur. Herod6tus, multasAerras em^nsus, multas
quidem res prodigiosas narravit, sed eas non ipse ementitus est, sed
alii, ex quibus audivit. Jam per tres menses opperti eramus amicum,
quum nobis ejus mors nuntiata est. Repente Romanis Sulla exortus et
atrocisslmum bellum civile exorsus est. ''
Sapiens nunquam malis hominibus blandietur, nunquam aliquid
falsi ementietur, nunquam fortunam experietur, nunquam aliis calami-
tatem molietur. Si celerlter hostem adoriemur, non est dubium, quin
brevi tempore urbe potituri simus. Simulatque sol ortus erit, pro-
ficificemur. Ne blandire malis hominibus. Ne opperimini fortunam !
Hostes advolaverunt urbe potiturn. Nume«i|s aequalis facilis est par-
titu. Sole oriente, profecti sumus. Coorta saeva tempestate, omnes
nautas ingens pavor occupavit. Solem oritiirum cum maxima volup-
tate spectamus.
. *• ->■'-
The sun does not always rise and set in the verj^ s^^jg pla^JK,
Scarcely had the enemy been discovered, as we ijqse (^Jerf J* and at-^.
tacked (perf ) them spiritedly. ,^en measure the yelir by (abl.) the re-%
turn of the sun.
Nothing prevented you, that you ■ should begin your business.
Three days long (== through three days) have we awaited the ai-rival of
the friend. Every living being, as soog^s it is born (= sprung), loves
(diligo) both itself and all its parts. "Manj having travelled through
many countries, have stated falsely ma^^ wonderful * things. History
154 PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION. [^ 54.
relates, that Sulla arose (perf.) suddenly against (dat.) the Romans and
began (perf.) the civil war. Tell me, why thou hast not assented to
my opinion. Hast thou heard that the enemies have tried all [means],
in order to possess themselves of {= ad with gerund) the city ?
LxA^tA-^We will not begin a new business, before that the previous [business]
shall have been completed. When the camp shall be fortified, the
soldiers will attack the enemy. If thou shalt lie, nobody will trust
thee, even i/*(etiamsi) thou speakest (subj.) the truth. Our soldiers did
not doubt, that, if they attacked (subj.) the enemy quickly, they might
in (abl.) a short time possess themselves of the city. Await thou not
fortune ! Flatter ye not bad men ! As the sun rose (abl. abs.), the
soldiers marched against the enemies. The sun, on the point of rising
(= about to rise), presents a splendid sight. I hope, that thou wilt
never lie. All believed, that a storm would arise.
§ 54. Periphrastic Conjagation.
By joining the verb esse with the participles and with the
gerund, a new conjugation is formed, called the periphras-
tic conjugation; under this the following forms are to be
noted:
1) AmatHruSj a, um sum, / luish, intend^ am about to
(ivill) love.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
Present.
amaturus sum, I am about to {will) SimaturussimJ may he about to {tvill)
amaturus es, [love, amaturus sis, [love.
amaturus est, amaturus sit,
hortaturi samu8,we are about to{will) hortaturi simus, we may be about to
hortaturi estis, [exhort, hortaturi sitis, [{iviU) exhort.
hortaturi sunt. hortaturi sint.
Imperfect.
moniturus eram, / would admanish. moniturus essem, / would admonish.
Perfect,
veritarusfm,! would have reverenced, veriturus fuerim, T would have rev.
Pluperfect.
recturas fueram, / ivould have gov. recturus fuissem, / would have gov.
Future.
functurus ero J shall be about to manage, wanting.
54.]
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
155
auditurus fuero, I shall
Future Perfect,
have been
wanting.
partiturus fueris. [aboiU to hear.
Pres.
Per/.
Fut
Infinitive.
amaturus esse, to he about to {will) love
amaturus fuisse, to' have been about to love
amaturus fore, to tvill love, (that one) will be ready to love.
2) Amandus, a, um sum, / must be loved, one must love
me :
Indicative.
Pres.
Per/.
Plupf.
Fut
FP.
amandus sum, I must be loved,
one must love me
amandus es, thou must beloved,
one must love thee
amandus est, he must be loved,
one must love him
hortandi sumus, we must be ex-
horted, one must exhort us
hortandi estis, you must be ex-
horted, one must exhort you
hortandi sunt, they must be ex-
horted, one must exhort them.
Imperf. monendus eram, / was to be
admonished, one was to ad-
monish me
verendus fui, / should have
been reverenced, one should
have reverenced me
regendus fueram, I ought to
have been governed, one ought
to have governed me
persequendus ero, / shall be
to be pursued, one unll be un-
der obligation to pursue me
audiendus fuero, / shall have
been to he heard, one will have
been under obligation to hear
me
metlendus fueris, thou unit have
been to be measured, one will
have been under obligation to
measure thee.
Subjunctive.
amandus sim, / must be loved,
one must love me
amandus sis, thou must be loved,
one must love thee
amandus sit, he must be loved,
one must love him
hortandi simus, we must be ex-
horted, one must exhort us.
hortandi sitis, you must he ex-
horted, one must exhort you
liortandi sint, they must he ex-
horted, one must exhort them.
monendus essem, / might be to
he admonished, one might be
to admonish me
verendus fuerim, / may have
been to he admonished, one
may have been to admonish me
regendus fuissem, I might have
been to be admonished, one
might have been to admonish me.
wanting.
wanting.
Pres.
Perf.
Fat.
Infinitive.
amandus esse, to he under obligation to he loved.
amandus fuisse, to have been under obligation to be loved.
amandus fore, to will he under obligation to he loved, (that one)etc.
156
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATION.
[§54'
J) Amandum est one must love, mihi amandum est, / must
w, Comp. Synt. § 98.
Imperf.
Perf.
Plupf.
Fid.
F.P.
■^r.. Indicative.
ium est, one must love
amandum est, / must love
tibi hortandmn est thou must
exhort
illi timendum est, he must fear
nobis fatendum est, we must
confess
vobisjegendmn est, you must
read
illis loquendum est, they must
speak
puero audiendum est, the hoy
vw^iS^lendum est, the man
must tiy^
amjw^ijjffitf rat, one was to love
mihi amandmn erat, / was to
love
amandum fuit, one should have
loved
amandum fuerat, one ought to
have loved
amandum erit, one shall be to
love
amandum fuerit, one shall have
been to love.
Subjunctive.
amandum sit, one should love
mihi amandum sit, I should love
tibi hortandum sit, tJmu shouldst
exhort
illi timendum sit, he should fear
nobis fatendum sit, we should
confess
vobis legendmii sit, you should
read
illis loquendum sit, they should
speak
puero audiendum sit, the boy
should hear
viris experiendum sit, men
should try.
amandum esset, one might be
to love
mihi amandmn esset, / might
be to love
amandum fuerit, / mny have
been to love
amandum fuisset, / might have
been to love.
wanting.
wanting.
Patria amanda est, ' one's native country should be loved, one should
love his native country ;'
patria nobis amanda est, ' we should love our native country ;'
hie liber tibi legendus est, ' thou shouldst read this book ;'
milites dud adhortandi fuerunt, ' the general should have incited tho
soldiers.'
Examples for the Gen., Dat., Jlcc. and Abl. of the Gerundive. Comp.
Synt. k 99.
Ars navis gubemandae, ' the art of governing a ship ;'"
peritus sum equorum regendorum, ' I am skilful m governing horses ;'
asiritus idoneus est magnis oneribus portandis, ' the ass is fitted to bear-
ing great loads,' or, ' to bear great loads.'
corporis exerdtationes plurimum valent ad valetudinem firmandam, * exer-
cise of the body avails much for confirming the health.'
4 55^ IRREGULAR FIRST CONJUGATION. 157
enstt
littens tradandis animus excoUtuTj ' by the pursuit of letters the
cultivated.'
Catalogue of the verbs, ichich in the formation o^heir tenses.
paradigms given in § 50 "rf 51.
FIRST CONJUGATION. •.■r^^ar'-
§ 55. T. The Perfect ivith R^tplicatiom^f^
^ Remark. The reduplication in do, consists in repe ating thei first
fconsonant of the stem with e, but in sto, in ^^P^^t>"§|ii|j||^H|K'^ ^^^'
^Bpnants of the stem with e, and then the s is dropj^P'f^WFF'XIiB stem,
Hrence : steti for ste-sti. Comp. sp(indeo, spopondi (§ ^, 7). "
r 3. Do J dedi, datum, dare, to give. The n of the stem-
syllable is short throughout, as : dabam, dabo, darem ; ex-
cept das and da. .^MHjpk.
So its compounds of which the first part is a word of two syllableSt
as : circumdo, circumdedi, circumdatum, cireumdare, to surround. Its
compounds with monosyllables, on the contrary, have : -do, -didi,
-ditum, -dere, and follow the third Conj., as :' addOj^ addidi, gddltum,
addere, <o arfc?. ,.>.?
2. Sto, steti, stdtum, stare, to stand ; (c. abrtS^e gained
at the expense of, cost).
Its compounds with monosyllahic prepositions have sUti in the Per£,
as : adsto (I stand by), adstiti, but those compounded with dissyllabic
prepositions retain the steti, as: circumsto (I stand around), circum-
steti. The Sup. of only a few of the compounds is used and is std-
tum ; only praesto (to stand before, bestow), has both praestitum and
praestdtum. The Part. Fut. on the contrary, is always stdtiirus, as :
praestaturus, constaturus, obstaturus, etc.
L XX XIX. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation." \"
Circumdo, dedi, datum, atum 1. to stand be- vestis, is, f. garment.
dare (c. dat. et ace, fore, be distinguish- conservatio, 6ms,f.pre-
or c. ace. et abl.), to ed ; c. dat. to sur- servation.
swrrownc? (something pass, to make good, invitus, a, um, untvU-
with something), to pay ; se praestare (e. ling,
place (something g. fortem) to show insperans, tis, not hop-
around something). one's self [brave). ing, contrary to ex-
consto, iti, atum 1. (c. forum, i, n. market. pectation.
abl.) to consist of, to stipendium, i, n. wages, uber, eris, c. rich, val-
be gained at the ex- interfector, oris, m. mwr- uable.
pense of, cost. derer. certo, adv. certainly.
persto, iti, atum 1. to propugnator, oris, m. extrinsecus, adv. wOh
persist. champion. ouii.
praesto, iti, itum and classis, is, f. fleet.
14
i
IRREGULAR VERBS. ^^56.
nobis dedit animum, quoi nihil est praestantius. Multo san-
'^ictoria stetit. Mater omnium bonarum artium sapientia
est : qHS**hiA a deo immortali uberius, nihil praestabilius hominum
vitae datum |^B Deus ^pus, ut quandam vestem, animo circumd^-
T et vestivifiHFtrinsecus. Quorum patres, aut majores aliqua gloria
praestiteruiit,' n student plerumque eodem in genere laud is excellere.
i'arcntes cm issimos hai^re debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita tradlta est.
N(fn dedit heneficium, qui invitus profuit. Quinam magis sunt tui
quam {jjjtkfffiki^ tu salutem insperantibus reddidisti ? Gives acerri
I
»
mos pflKignatore^libertatis se praestiterunt. Ingens hominum mul
tudo (^j^BMHttKoro circumstetit. Quid est tam inhumanum, qua
eloquenlHHPmtura ad salutem hominum et ad conservationem da
tam, ad bonorum pestem perniciemque convertere ? Quum stipen-
dium ejyM|flH|ta|pore non esset praestitum, seditio inter milites orta
est^^^^^^^^^kaihi fidem praestaturum esse. Credo, nihil nobis
obstptnr»OT^Si^^^B|rnus victoriam adipiscamur. Non dubitabamus,
quill (imltorum v^^Ri fortium morte victoria constatura esset. Nes-
cio, ]ii rstaturusn^^PRi sententia tua.
The Tft^pppi^^ave (perf.) to Miltiades a fleet of (gen.) 70 ships.
No pest has cost the human race (= race of men) more (pluris) than
anger. Darius promised, that he vs^ould give 1000 talents to the mur-
derer of Alexander. What of (gen.) time is given to each one for liv-
ing, with (abl.) this he should be contented. Who does not know, that
Socrates surpassed (perf) all the philosophers of antiquity in (abl.) wis-
dom ? I fear, that the victory will cost us much blood. The body,
as a garment, has been placed by God around (dat.) the soul. You
should hold [your] parents very dear, because they have given (trado)
life to you. Who is more thine, than [he], to whom, contrary to ex-
pectation, thou hast restored life (i^'feaf^^)?' History relates, that
Hannibal, so long as he may have been in Italy, surpassed (perf subj.)
all the Roman generals. Since the general for (ex) a long time had
not paid the soldiers [their] wages, a sedition arose (perf) among them
against him. I doubt not that thou wilt make good thy word (= fidel-
ity). Believest thou, that thy brother will persist in his opinion ?
§56. 11. Perfect: — ui ; Supine: — itum,
1. CrepOj crepuij crept tu m, crepdre^ to creak.
2. Cubo, cubuij cubit um, cubdrCy to recline.
• — — — j
* than which (aoul). ' than which (wisdom).
§ 56.] FIRST CONJUGATION. 159
3. Domo, domui, domttum, domdre, to tame, curb,
subdue.
4. Mico, micu t. Sup. wanting, micdre, to glitter ;
So : emico, emlcui, eniicdtum, emicdrey to gush forth ; but, di-
mico, IJight, has dimicavi, atum, are.
5. Plico, pUcdvi and pltcui, pticdtum and plicitum,
plicdre, to fold. This verb is used only in compo-
sition, as : ext^|*^avi and ui, atum and itum, are, to
explain. Cl^^K^e^ers the regular form : — avi, atum.
6. Sono, sonui, somtum, sondre, to sound, (but Part. Fut.
sonaturus).
• 7. Tono^ tonui, (Sup. wanting); ^o/^are, to thunder.
8. Veto, vetui vetttum, vetdre, to forbid.
XC. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Increpare, to reproach. ply oner's self (to verecundia, ae^f. re-
percrepare, to resound. something). sped. ^
accuhare, to recline by ; complicare, to fold to- notlo, onis,/. notion.
to sit at table. gether ; compHcatus, s^aturigo, inis, f
excubare, to keep watch. complicated^ obscure. spring.
perdornare, curb, sub- replicare, to roll back, gemitus, us, m. groan.
due. recall. nutus, us, m. nod, com-
applicare, to lean upon ; cremo 1. / burn up. mand.
se appHc, to ap- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. ploratus, us, m. cry.
proach, to attc^h oriels to set on fire, to* burn passim, adv. far and
self (to one), to ap- up. [3. to unfold. wide.
evolvo, volvi, volutum
Quis venit ? Fores crepuerunt. Dux nnhtes vehementer increpiiit.
Tota urbs vocibus civium de victoria ex hostibus reportata exsultantium
percrepiiit. Age, cubitum discedamus ! Romani multas gentes ac
nationes armis perdomuerunt. Docemur auctoritate nutuque legum,
domitas habere hbidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Ex hoc fonte
ingentes scaturiglnes aquae emicuerunt. Indorum sapientes, quum ad
flammam se applicaverunt, sine gemitu aduruntur. Cicero Rhodii ad
Molonem philosophum se applicdvit. Sapiens studet animi sui compli-
cdtam notionem evolvere. Quum metnoriam temporum replicaveris, et
virtutum et vitiorum multa exempla reperies. Quum urbs expugnata
esset, omnia passim mulierum pnerorumque ploratibus sonuerunt.
Terremur, quum serena tempestate tonuit. Nitimur in vetifum. Au-
» at Rhodes. See Synt. § 92.
160 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 57.
gustus carmina Virgilii cremari contra testamenti ejus verecundiam
vetuit.
I have forbidden thee to go to walk, but 'precisely because (ob id ipsum,
quod) I have forbidden [it], thou hast striven against (in) what has been
forbidden (= the forbidden). The question concerning (de) the im-
mortality of the soul (plur.), is nobly explained by Cicero in the first book
■of the Tusculau Disputations. Cicero appHed (perf.) himself with
[his] whole soul to the study of eloquence. ^Hm^ hundred soldiers kept
watch before the camp. Who does not H^^-lhat many nations and
peoples were subdued by the Romans. If thou shalt have curbed thy
passions (libido) and restrained (teneo) thy desires, thou wilt live hap-
pily. Already we were sitting (pluperf ) at the table, when suddenly s^
flame gushed forth (perf. of emico) from the roof Scarcely had we
retired (discedere) to sleep (= in order to recline, sup.), when the whole
city resounded (perf of persono) with discordant cries. Thy brother
related to me, that it thundered (perf) yesterday in (abl.) clear weather.
As th^oors had creaked (subj.), I doubted not (perf) that thou wast
eomi^(subj.).
§ 57. IH. Perfect : — ui ; Bupine : — turn.
1. Frico^ fricui, fricdtum (raxely frictum), f near e^ to
rub.
2. Ne6"o, dviy atum, are, to kill ; but eneco^ enecui, e ne-
at um, enecdre^ to kill by inches, to ve^ to death, to
entirely exhaust.
3. >Seco, secui, sectum^ secdre, to cut (but Part. Fut
secaiurtis).
IV. Perfect: — i; Sujnne : — turn.
1. Juvo, juvij jiitum, juvdre (c. ace), to aid, assist.
2. Ldvo, Idvi^ Idvdtum and lautum^ IdvdrCj to wash.
XCI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Adjuvare (c. ace), to refrlcare, to rub again, oleum, i, n. oil.
r aid, assist, support. renew. principium, i, n. begin-
desecstre, to cut off. aWlgo 1. I bind. ning ; principio, in
resecare, to cut off, re- coeno 1 . / sup. the beginning.
move. attingo, tigi, tactum 3. garrulitas, atis, /. lo-
perfricare, to rub thor- to touch. [fetch. quacity.
oughly. peto, ivi, itum 3. to seek, purus, a, urn, jpure.
$58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 161
solatus,a,um,Mn&oMnrf. est; summa aqua, vivus, a, um, living,
summus, a, um, high- surface of the water. fresh.
frustra, adv. in vain.
Vereor, ne refricuerim meis litteris desiderium ac dolorem tuum.
Dubium non est, quin tuis sceleribus reipublicae praeterita fata refri-
caturus sis. Tantalus summam aquam attingens, enectus siti fingitur
a poetis. Nescisne, quantopfire garrulus iste homo me garriendo en-
ecuerit ? Caius Marius quum secaretur, principio vetuit se alligari,
nee quisquam ante Marium solutus diciiur esse sectus. Agricolae fru-
menta desecta in horrea congerunt. Nisi libidines resecueris, frustra
studebis beate viv6re. Quis nescit, quantopere Cicero patriam suam
juv^rit ? Non solum fortuna, sed etiam tua industria te in negotio tuo
adjuvit. Si quid fortuna milites nostros adjuverit, non dubitamus, quin
splendidam de hostibus reportaturi simus victoriam. Exercitus maxi-
mis itineribus profectus est, cives obsidione cinctos adjutum. Ne prius
coena, quam manus laveris. Corpus lavaturus aquam puram e vivo
flumine pete.
Boys, rise right early (bene mane), wash yourselves, and, when you
have washed (fut. perf.), proceed immediately to your business. This
(iste) man has vexed me to death by his loquacity. After the soldiers
had marched (perf.) the whole day, they were (perf) entirely exhausted
by hunger and thirst. It is known, that the gladiators of the Romans
and Greeks, rubbed (perf) their bodies thoroughly with oil. If we
shall be assisted (fut. perf) by fort^une, we shall bear off a splendid
victory over (de) the enemy. It is known, that Cicero assisted (perf)
his native country very much (permultum). By (abl.) the war carried
on between Caesar and Pompy, the recollection of the horrid (foedus,
a, um) war of Marius and Sulla was (perf) renewed. The farmers
have already cut the grain. Unless the passions and desires are re-
moved, we strive in vain to live happily.
SECOND CONJUGATION.
§ 58. I. Perfect : — Hi ; Supine : — turn.
Preliminary Remark. Many verbs of the second Conj. have no
Sup., viz. those from which adjectives in use, chiefly in idus, are form-
ed, as : horreo, ui, to shudder, horridus, hideous, paveo, pavi, to dread,
pavidus, timid.
1. Arceo, arciii, (Sup. wanting), arcere, to keep from.
^he i*art. artus, (strait), is used as an adjective. The com-
pounds, in which a of the stem passes into c, follow mjoneo, as :
coerceo, ui, itum, ere, to keep together.
14*
162 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 58
2. DoceOj docuij doc turn, docere (with two ace), to
teach.
3. Misceo, miscui, mix turn and mi stum, miscere,
to mix.
4. TeneOj tenuis tentum, Unere, to hold.
5. Torreo, torrui, to stum^ tornre^ to dry, Ijake.
II. Perfect : — ui ; Rapine : — wm, only :
Censeo, censui, censum^ censere^ to rate, judge.
So its compounds, but with the associate form of the Sup. in
Uum, as : receiiseo, recensui, recensum and recensitum, to exam-
amine ; except succensere, (to be displeased), jaerccTwere (to examine
accurately, go through), which have no Sup.
Remark. Taedet (it disgusts), has together with taeduit, also taesum
€st, but this is not used in the classical language ; the compound per-
iaedet, has in the Perf only pertaesum est, e. g. pertaesum est (me) levi-
tatis, whence by later writers pertaesus, a, um (c. gen. or ace), disgusted.
III. Perfect: — evi; Supimim: — etum.
1. Deleo, evi, etum, ere, to destroy.
2. Flere, to weep.
3. Nere, to spin.
4. The compounds of the obsolete plere (to fill), as : com-
plere. Here belongs the compound of the obsolete
oleo (I grow) :
5. Aboleo, abolevi, abolitum, ahoUre, to abolish ;
still this verb does not occur till after the Augustan
period.
Finally we have in this class :
6. Cieo, clvi, citum, ciere, to stir, raise.
So also the compounds, as : concieo, ivi, itum, iere, or regu-
lar, according to the fourth Conj. : concio, ivi, itum, ire, to excite,
excieo, ivi, itum, iere or excio, ivi, itum, ire, to arouse, percieo,
ivi, Itum, iere or percio, ivi, itum, ire, to stir up, raise ; but, accio,
accivi, accitum, accire, to send for, desire to come, is of the fourth
Conj. alone.
IV. Perfect: — i; Supine: — turn.
Preliminary Remark. The short vowel of the stem is lengthened
in the Perf.
1. Caveo, cdvi, cautum, cdvere, to be on one's guard
■'.'4
$58.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 163
(ab aliquo, against some one) ; to give security, pro-
vide.
2. Faveo,fdvi, (fautum T3xe)favere (c. dat.), to be
favorable, to favor.
3. Foveo, fo V % fotu w, fov're, to warm, nurse, cherish.
4. Moveo movi mo turn, movere, to move.
5. Voveo, V ovi, v 5 turn, vovere, to vow, offer.
Also the following without a Supine :
6. Ferveo, fervi and ferbui^ fervere, to boil.
7. Paveo, pdvi, pavere, to dread (commonly expaveS'
Cere).
8. Connlveo, (-nlvi and -nixi^ neither of them used in
good prose), conmvere, to close (the eijes)^ wink.
XCII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Admiscere, fo intermix, deprehendo, di, sum 3. gravitas, atis, /.grav%,
mingle. [occupy. to seize, take. dignity.
distinere, to hold apart, excludo, si, sum 3. to testis, is, c. witness.
sustlnere, to hear. exclude, hatch. ascensus, us, m. ascent,
removere, to remove. gallina, ae, /. a hen. anxie, adv. anxiously.
dedico 1. I consecrate, vigiliae, arum, f. ivatch- horno, adv. this year.
implico 1. / involve. es, night watches. publice, adv. publicly^
respiro 1. / breathe. pullus, i, m. the young on the part of the
Bedo 1. I quiet. (of animals), c^ic^en. state, at the expense
amplexor 1. I embrace, clades, is,/, defeat. of the state.
Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Gravitas modestiae mista
maxime admirabllis est. Tot tantisque negotiis distentus sum, ut mi-
hi non liceat libere respirare. Nescisne, quot labores, quot pericula,
quot miserias milites in itinere sustinuerint? Si virtus te a malis cu-
piditatibus arcuerit, vita tua beata erit. Cicero, per legatos cuncta
edoctus, praetoribus imperat, ut in ponte Allobroges deprehendant.
Quo minus animi se admiscuerint atque implicaverint hominum vitiis
atque erroribus, eo facilior illis ascensus in coelum erit. Simplex ani-
mi natura est, nee habet in se quicquam admixtum. Vescimur uvis
sole tostis. Horno multas uvas torruimus. Cato, Carthaglnem delen-
dam esse, censuit. Quinto quoque anno tota Sicilia censa est.
Duae urbes potentissimae, Carthago et Numantia, a Scipione sunt
deletae. Graecorum Romanorumque gloriam nulla unquam oblivio
delevit, nee unquam delebit. Deus bonis omnibus mundum implevit,
mali nihil admiscuit. Dum Jujsest dux, milites seditionem civerunt
164 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 59.
Nuntiata clades majorem, quam res erat, terrorem in urbe excivit.
Catilina neque vigiliis, neque quietibus sedabatur : ita conscientia men-
tem excitam vastabat.
Cautum est legibus, ut mortui post tertium diem sepelirentur. Non
dubito, quin semper ab hominum impurorum consuetudine caveris.
Non ignore, te mihi meisque semper favisse. Pulli a matribus exclusi
fotique anxie custodiuntur. Dubitabisne, quin summum semper in te
foverim amorem ? Me sic amplexati estis, sic in manibus habuistis,
sic fovistis, ut nunquam illius diei obliviscerer. Brutus et Cassius,
interfectores Caesaris, ingens bellum moverunt. Ingratus est, qui, re-
motis testibus, agit gratias. Multi Romanorum imperatores pro salute
patriae sua capita voverunt. Eodem anno tria templa sunt publico
vota et dedicata.
Cicero was instructed (perf!) by Minerva in (ace.) all literature.
Tell me, who has taught thee (ace.) grammar. If thou shalt have join-
ed (= mixed) dignity with modesty, thou wilt please all. If thou hadst
abstained from the intercourse of bad men, thou wouldst now be con-
tented with thy lot. If virtue had restrained thee from bad passions,
thou wouldst now be happy. By the war all [things] have been con-
founded (= mixed). Knowest thou not, that we have dried many
grapes this year? Under the reign of Augustus (abl. abs.) the Roman
empire was rated (perf).
All the senators judged (perf), that they should (Gerund) lend aid to
the citizens of the city destroyed by the enemies. It is known, that
Scipio destroyed (perf) two very powerful cities, Carthage and Numan-
tia. Tell me, why thou hast wept. The death of the good king has
been lamented (= wept) by all the citizens. When I shall have spun
two hours, I will take a walk. The world is filled (complere) by God
with all good [things], nothing of evil is intermixed. When thou hast
filled thy body with food and drink, thou wilt not use thy mind well.
Hast thou heard that the soldiers have raised a conspiracy against the
general ? It is not [possible] to quiet a mind stirred up by an evil
conscience.
When I shall have sent for (accio) you, you will not delay to come.
My brother, sent for by a letter, will come to-morrow. Philip, king of
the Macedonians (Macedo, onis), sent for (perf) Aristotle [as] teacher
for his son Alexander. The laws have established, that (ut) the dead
should be buried after the third day. I know, that thou hast always
been on thy guard against the intercourse of bad men. It was es-
tablished (perf)»by the will of the king, that grain should be distribu-
$ 59.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 165
ted to the destitute citizens on his birth-day. I rejoice, that (quod)
thou hast always favored me and my studies. I know that thou hast
always cherished great love for {in c. ace) me. The hen anxiously
guards the chickens which she has hatched and nursed. An im-
mense war w^as raised (perf. of moveo) by Brutus and Cassius, the
murderers of Caesar. I doubt not, that thou hast been greatly moved
(commovere) by the news. History relates, that many generals of the
Romans, offered (perf.) their heads for the welfare of their country.
Livy relates, that in the same year three temples were vowed and
dedicated at tlie expense of the state.
§ 59. V. Perfect — i; Supine — sum.
(Comp. Prelim. Rem. to § 58. IV.)
1. Prandeo, prandi, pransum, prandh'e^ to breakfast.
2. 8edeo, sediy s e s sum, sedere, to sit.
So the compounds with dissyllabic prepositions, as : circum-
sedeo, edi, essum, ere, to sit around, to beset ; but those with mono-
syllabic propositions change the e of the stem-syllable into ?, as :
assideo assedi, assessum, assidere, to sit by.
3. Strideoj stridi, (Sup. wanting), ^^nt/ere, to whiz.
4. VtdeOy vidi, visum, videre, to see.
Also the following, of which the Perf. takes the Re-
duplication.
5. Mordeo, momordi, mo r sum, mordere, to bite, af-
flict.
6. Pendeo, pependi, (Sup. uncertain), pendere, to hang.
7. Spondeo, spopondi, sponsum, spondere, to prom-
ise, to become responsible for.
8. Tondeo, totondi, ton sum, tondere, to shear, cut.
The reduplication in these verbs, consists in a repetition of the
first consonant of the stem with the first vowel of the stem.
Concerning spopondi, see § 55. Rem. — The compounds of these
verbs follow the simples, but are without the reduplication, as :
admordeo, admordi, admorsum, to bite into; praependeo, pendi,
to hang before, respondeo, respondi, responsum, to answer; de-
tondeo, detondi, detonsum, to shave off.
VI. Perfect: — si; Supine: — turn,
1. Aug-eo, auxi, auctum, augere, to increase.
166 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 59.
2. Indulg-eoy indulsi, (indulttim rare), indidgere^ to
be indulgent, to give one's self up to.
3. Lug-eo^ luxi (without Sup.) lUg-ere, to mourn, lament.
4. Torqueo, torsi, tor turn, torquere, to twist, torture.
XCIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Extorquere, to wrest lacrima, ae,/ tmr. occasus, us, m. setting.
from. sica, ae,f dagger. rabies, ei,/. madness.
pervidere, to contem- sicarius, i, m. assassin, rabiosus, a, um, mad.
plate, examine. collum, i, n. neck. exterus, a, um, external,
residere, to remain be- tonsor, oris, m. barber. foreign.
hind. tonstricula, ae ,/. a fe- aricillaris, e, of a maid,
locupleto 1. / enrich. male barber. servile.
barba, ae,/. beard. probltas, atis,f upright- acute, adv. sharply,
epistola, ae,y. letter. ness. acutely.
Postquam prandero, ambulabo. Audistine, nos eras in horto pran-
suros esse ? Quoad uUa spes in animo meo resedit, pro patriae liber-
tate dimicavi. Jam tres menses obsederunt hostes nostram urbem.
Non ego sum ille ferreus, qui (= ut ego) non movear horum omnium
lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. Multi putant, se bene-
fices in suos amicos visum iri, si locupletent eos quacunque ratione.
Ne prius de re aliqua judica, quam eam diligenter pervideris. Episto-
lae tuae valde me momordenmt. Si quis a cane rabioso morsus est,
rabies eum occupat. Quoad tu locutus es, puer ab ore tuo pependit.
Spopondistine pro amico ? Spopoudi. Multa a Laelio et in senatu et
in foro vel provisa prudenter, vel acute responsa sunt Cicero narra-
vit, Dionysium, ne tonsori collum committeret, tondere filias suas
docuisse : ita sordido ancillarique officio regias virgines ut tonstriculas
totondisse barbam et capilium patris. Tanta vis probitatis est, ut eam
vel in iis, quos nunquam vidimus, vel, quod majus est, in hoste etiam
diligamus.
Callisthenem Alexander non tantum necavit, sed eiiam torsit. Ro-
manae reipublicae magnitudo atque amplitudo bellis cum exteris gen-
tibus ac nationibus gestis mirum in modum aucta est. Sicario sica de
manibus est extorta. Quo magis indulseris dolori, eo intolerabilior
erit. Occasum atque interitum reipublicae Romanae optimi quique
maxime luxerunt.
Come to me to day, in order to breakfast (sup.). When we shall
have breakfasted, we will take a walk. Our ciiy has already been
beset three months by the enemies. The enemies have beset the
whole city. Hast thou already seen the friend ? no, but I hope that I
$ 60.] SECOND CONJUGATION. 167
shall see him to-morrow. I grieve, that my letter has afflicted thee.
I fear that the dog will bite me. So long as thou hast been absent,
we have felt anxiety for thee (pendere animis de te). My friend has not
yet indeed become responsible for me, but I hope that he will become
responsible for me. I have heard with great pleasure, that your friend
has answered your letter quickly. The captives have cut (= sheared)
neither the beard nor the hair for (ex) three months.
History relates, that Callisthenes was (perf.) not only killed by Alex-
ander, but before also was tortured. The soldiers wrested (perf.) a
dagger from the hands of the assassin. Catiline emboldened (= in-
creased) [his] fierce mind and [his] consciousness of foul deeds by
wicked arts. By the discourse of the generals, the courage of the
soldiers was increased (perf). I rejoice, that thou hast not been in-
dulgent towards (dat.) the faults of thy son. Thou knowest, how very
much we have lamented the death of our friend.
§ 60. VII. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum.
1. Miilceo, mulsi, mulsum, mitlcere, to sttoke.
2. Mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum, mulgere, to milk.
3. Tergeo. ter si, tersum, tergere, to wipe.
4. Ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, to burn, take fire.
5. Rideo, r'lsi, r'xsuw,, r'ldere, to laugh.
6. Suddeo, sua si, sua sum, suddere, to advise.
7. Mdneo, man si, man sum, mdnere, to remain.
8. Jubeo, jussi, jussu m, jubere, to bid, command, order.
9. Haereo, haesi, haesum, haerere, to hang, stick.
The following also without a Supine :
10. Algeo, alsi, algere, to suffer from cold, freeze.
11. Fulgeo, fulsi, fulgere, to glitter, lighten.
12. Turgeo, tursi, turgere, io ^weW.
13. TJrgeo, ursi, wr^ere, to press, oppress.
14. Frigeo, (frixi x^cre) fngere, to freeze.
15. Liiceo, luxi, lucere, to shine.
VIII. Perfect with ^^^^i^e ioxm (Neuter Passives) ; with-
out a Supine.
1. Audeo, ausus sum, audere, to dare.
2. Gaudeo, g avis us sum, gaudere, to rejoice.
3. Soleo, solltus sum, sdlere, to be accustomed (to do
something).
168 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^60,
XCIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Abstergere, to wipe off, remanere, to remain be- scintilla, ae, /. a spark.
dispel, remove. hind, remain. exsilium, i, n. hanish-
detergere, to wipe off. oblecto 1 . / delight. ment.
afFulgere, to shine upon, convivor 1. / eat in caducus, a, um, destin-
deridere 2. to deride. commx>n. ed to fall, Jailing.
dissuadere, to dissuade, lateo, ui 2. I remain canfectio, onis,^! mak-
elucere, to shine forth. concealed. ing, composition.
permulcere, to stroke, perpetior, pessus sum,
charm, soothe. peti 3. to endure.
Dux mitibus verbis excitos militum animos permulsit. Legendo
Virgilii carmina animus meus miriflce oblectatus et permulsus est.
Ita jucunda mihi hujus libri confectio fuit, ut omnes absterserit senec-
tutis molestias. Non prius ad te veniam, quam luctum omnem abster-
eero. Detersane jam est tabula ? Quadraginta milia librorum Alex-
andriaei arserunt. Non dubito, quin brevi tota Germania bello arsura
sit. Quis est, cui semper arriserit fortuna ? Nescio, cur a te derisus
sim. Sic mihi persuasi, sic sentio, non esse animos nostros mortales.
Quis credat, cives pacem dissuasuros esse ? Quis conf idit, semper
sibi illud stabile et firmum permansurum esse, quod fragile et caducum
sit ? Romanorum gloria usque ad nostram memoriam remansit. Ly-
curgus convivari omnes cives publlce jussit. Non qui jussus aliqjjid
facit, miser est, sed qui invitus facit. Persuasum mihi est, memoriam
hujus atrocissimi belli non modo in hoc populo, sed etiam in omnium
gentium sermonibus semper haesuram esse.
Milltes in itineribus multos labores perpessi sunt, sudaverunt et al-
serunt. Superatis hostibus, nova spes salutis civitati afFulsit. Pater
litteris me ursit, ut primo quoque tempore litteras ad se darem. Quo-
modo in viro latebit scintilla ingenii, quae jam in puero eluxit! Tu
me tantis beneficiis auxisti, quanta nunquam ausus sum optare. De
amici tui comitate valde gavisus sum. Athenis^ optimo cuique acci-
dfire solltum est, ut in exsilium pelleretur. ^\.
The poems of Virgil have delighted and charmed my mitid wonder-
fully. The orator hoped, that he should soothe the excited minds of
the citizens by mild words. Hast thou wiped off the table ? it has
already been wiped off. I give (ago) thee very great thanks, that thou
hast removed from me all pain by thy consolation. Under tlie reign
{imperare, abl. abs.) of Napoleon (Napoleo, onis) nearly all Europe
burned (perf ) with war. I hope, that all citizens, will burn with a
desire, to fight (gen. of gerund) for the safety of [their] country. Who
» at Alexandria. See Synt. § 92. 2 ^t Athens. See Synt. § 92.
^ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 169'
knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him (sibine). I know
not, why you have derided me. I have not dissuaded the peace, and
have been convinced, that neither will you dissuade it. We hope, that
our souls will remain after death. Tell me, why thou hast persisted in
thy opinion. The general ordered the soldiers to attack the city. The
soldiers, having been commanded (part. perf. i^ass. of jvieo) to assault
the city, forthwith executed the command (= what had been com-
manded). I fear, that this pain will ever stick in my mind. The re-
membrance of (gen.) this bloody war, has rernamed (= stuck) in the
minds of all.
The hunters have sweated and frozen. After it has lightened, it
thunders. The soldiers have pressed the enemies veiy much. From
the countenance of the man, shone (perf) dignity ana modera-
tion. I have rejoiced, that (quod) thou hast dared to speak thy opin-
ion freely. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf) formerly to
use elephants in war.
THIRD CONJUGATION.
^ 61. I. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — sum ;
a) The stem ends in d or t:
1. Claudo, clausi, clausum, daudere, to close.
In the compounds au passes into w, as : includo, usi, usum,
ud^re, to include.
2. Divido, (^ivlsi, di visum, dividere, to divide.
3. Laedo, laesi, laesum, laedere, to hurt.
In the compounds ae passes into i, as : iUido, isi, isum, idere,
to strike against.
4. Litdo, lusi, lit sum, Ivdere, to play.
5. Flaudo, p la usi, plausum, plaudere, to clap.
So also applaudo (I applaud) ; in the remaining compounds
au passes into o, as : explodo, osi, osum, odere, to clap off^ drive off.
6. Rddo, rdsi, rdsum, rddere, to shave, shear.
7. Rodo, rosi, r osum, rodere, to gnaw, slander.
8. Triido, trusi, trusum, trudere, to thrust.
9. Vddo, vddere, to go ; without Perf and Sup.
But the compounds have both, as : evado, e v a s i, e v a-
s u m, evadere, to come out, escape.
To these succeed the following :
10. Cedo, cessi, cessum, ce<5?c/g, to give way.
•• 11. Mitto, mi si, mis sum, mittere, to send.
15
170 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61.
12. Qudtio, (Perf. wanting,) quassum, ^^a^e/*^, to shake.
The compounds change qua into cu and form the Perf., as :
decutio, decussi, decussum, decutere, to shake down,
b) The stem ends in g^ c, or ct :
13. Mergo, mersi, mer sum, wer^e/e, to phinge.
14. SpargOy spar si, spar sum, spargere,\o scatter (sow).
In the compounds a of the stem passes into c, as : consper-
go, ersi, ersum, ergere, to besprinkle.
15. Tergo, tersi, t ersum, tergere, to wipe, (kindred form
oUerg^e HO. VII 3).
16. F'lgo, fi X i, fi xum, f'lgere, to fix.
17. Flecto, flexi, flexu m, fiecttre, to bend.
18. Necto, nexui, nexu m, neater e^ to unite, plait.
19. Pecto, pexiy pexum, pectere, to comb.
20. Plecto, (plexi,) pie xum, plectere, to iplait
c) Finally, the two following belong here.
21. Fremo, pr e s si, pres sum, premere, to press.
In the compounds e of the stem before m passes into i, as :
comprimo, essi, essum, imere, to press together.
22. Fluo (for Jluvo), fl u xi, fluxu m, fluere, to flow.
XC V. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Committere, to commit. elidere,.<o ffctsft, break, spectator, oris, m. spec-
concedere, to concede^ imprlmere, to impress. tator.
allow. copulare, to join. cachinnatio, onis,^. an
connectere, to join to- I'ocare {in c. abl.), to unrestrained laugh.
gether, connect. place, set. histrio, on is, m. actor.
corradere, to scrape fe- Hbra, ae,/. a pound. perpetuitas, atis,/. sta-
gether. modms^ i, m. a bushel. bility, perpetuity.
deludere, to deceive. regnum, i, n. reign, imprudens, tis, una-
eludere to mock. kingdom. tvares.
discludere, to separate, praecordia, orum, n. viritim, adv. man by
diaphragm. man.
Temphim Jani bis post Numae regnum clausum est. Si ridere con-
cessum sit, vituperatur tamen cachinnatio. Si concesseris, esse deum ;
confitendum tibi est, ejus consiho mundum administrari. In omnium
animis dei notionem impressit ipsa natura. Magna vis est conscien-
tiae, et magna in utramque partem, ut neque timeant [ii], qui nihil com-
miserint, et poenam semper ante oculos versari putent [ii], qui pec-
carint. Virtutes ita copulatae connexaeque sunt, ut omnes omnium
particlpes sint. Caesar populo praeter frumenti denos medics ac toj
$ 61.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 171
tidem olei libras trecenos quoque nummos virritim divisit Qui difFi-
dit perpetuitati bonorum suorum, timeat necesse est, ne aliquando,
amissis illis, sit miser. Plato duas partes amnmi, iram et cupiditatem,
locis disclusit : iram in pectore, cupiditatem subter praecordia locavit,
Omnis Gallia in tres partes divisa est. Si quis irnprudens te laeserit,
ne ei irascere. Si vitae molli et efFeminatae te dederis, brevi tempore
omnes nervi virtutis elisi erunt. Cur me elusistis ! Nescisne, a perf ido
amico me delusum esse 7 Histrionibus, qui heri praeclare partes suas
sustinuerunt, omnes spectatores applauserunt. Epicuri de vita beata
sententia ab omnibus acutioribus philosophis explosa est Sunt multi,
qui in pecunia corrasa vitae felicitatem »collocatam esse putent
XC VI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Concludere, to include, emergere, to emerge^ exagitare, to disquiet
confluere, to Jlow to- rise up^ work one's exanimare to kill,
gether^ assemble. self out. exsibilare, to hiss off.
diffluere, tofowasun- detrudfire, to thrust fugare, to put to fight.
der, run into. down. hasta, ae,/. spear.
defigere, to fix, render extrudere, to thrust nebula, ae,f. a mist.
firm^ to turn upon from. [dispel, clypeus, i, m. a shield.
something. discutere, to drive away, stimulus, i, m. goad.
transfigere, to transfix, dispergere, to disperse, caligo, in is,/, darkness.
deflectere, to deviate. dispicio, spexi, spec- salvus, a, um, safe.
demergere, to plunge tum 3. to open the mobilis, e, changeable.
under, sink, suppress. eyes. quondam, adv formerly.
Te in tantum luctum et laborem detrusum esse, graviter doleo. Cur
aedibus istum extrusisti ? Spero, amicum aegrotum e morbo evasurum
esse. Si animus e corpore evaserit, tum demum vivet et vigebit. Sole
orto, caligo discussa est. Omnia pericula, quae urbi irapendebant,
ducis fortitudo et consilium discussit Marius senile corpus paludibus
demersum occultavit. Animus coelestis ex altissimo domicilio depres-
sus et in terram quasi demersus est. Leges, per longum tempus hos-
tium vi demersae, tandem emerserunt. Deus immortalis sparsit ani-
mos in corpora humana. Omnia, quae nunc artibus conclusa sunt,
quondam dispersa et dissipata fuerunt. Epaminondas quum superas-
set Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam, atque ipse gravi vulnere exani-
mari se videret, ut primum dispexit, interrogavit, salvusne esset clypeus.
Quum salvum esse a flentibus suis audisset, rogavit, essentne fugati
hostes. Quum id quoque audivisset, evelli jussit eam, qua erat .traiis-
fixus, hastam. Alia omnia incerta sunt, caduca, mobilia: virtus est
una altissimis defixa radicibus. Cicero omnes suas curas cogitationes-
172 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 61.
\
que in reipublicae salute^ defixit. Qui serael a veritate deflexit, ei ne
Terum quidem dicenti fides haberi solet. Non credo, te unquam de
virtutis via deflexurum esse. Die, cui banc coronatn nexueris. Ingens
hominuin multitudo in urbem confluxit, ludos publicos spectatum. ,^
The Romans closed (perf.) the temple of Janus twice after the reign
of Numa. If it is conceded to me by thee, that there is a God,
ihou must confess that the world is managed by his counsel. What thou
hast promised, thou must hold to [tenere, gerundive). The idea(= no-
tion) of God, is impressed upon (abl.) the souls of all men by nature
lierself. Men, by whom crimes have been committed, are disquieted
by the goads of conscience. God has connected all parts of the world
together (inter se). Hast ♦hoji heard, that grain has been distributed
to (dat.) the poor by the king? • A virtuous (= partaking of virtue)
man will be happy, even when he shall have lost all the gifts of for-
tune. Plato believes, that anger and passion are separated from
the reason and understandin;^ The general has divided all the troops
into four parts. It is not doubtful, that a soft and efifeminate^life will,
in a short time, enfeeble all the powers (= nei-ves^t of virtue. Know-
est thou not, that the faithless friend has deceived me ?^~]tjasi'{i= -yes^^^
terday) evening, the actors were (perf) applauded by all. Hast thou ^
heard, that lately all the actors have been hissed and clapped off?
Many think, that, if they have scraped together (subj.) much gold, they
may be happy. The heads of the captives were sheared (perf) by the
fioldiers. What misery has brought thee (= thrust thee down) into so
great grief? That (iste) man hast justly been thrust from the house.
I hope, that we shall escape the danger. When once (quando) a
(aliquod) dream has turned out (evadere) true, many men believe, that
this has not happened by chance. The sun has driven away the mists.
All dangers which threatened the state, are dispelled by the wisdom
and bravery of the general. I hope, that thou wilt soon emerge from
the misfortune into which fortune has plunged thee. Immortal souls
have been placed (= sown) by God, in mortal bodies. Our soldiers
attacked (perf) the enemies dispersed and put them to flight. All the
cares and thoughts of Cicero were turned upon the welfare of the re-
public. I know, that thou wilt never deviate from the path of virtue
through wickedness. For (dat.) whom is this crown plaited? I be-
lieve there is a great multitude of men assembled in the city, in order
to behold (sup.) the public games. It is known, that the Romans ^
later (posterior) times, ran into (diffluere) luxury.
$62.] THIRD CONJUGATIOIC. 173
§ 62. II. Perfect : — ui ; Supine : — tum^ — \tiim^ — sum,
1. Colo, colui, cultum, colere, to attend to, cultivate,
honor.
2. Consulo, consului, cdnsultum, consulere, to deliber-
ate ; c. ace, to consult some one ; c. dat, to consult for
some one.
3. Occvlo, occiilui, oc cultum, occvlere, to conceal.
4. Rdpio, rapui, raptum, rapere, to snatch, plunder, carry off
Compounds: — ripio, — ripui, — reptum, — ripere, as: arrlpio, /
seize, appropriate to myself.
6. Sero, s erui, s ertum, serere, to join together.
6. Texo, texui, textum, texere, to weave.
7. Ah, ahii, altum, dlere, to nourish.
8. Cumbo, cuhui, cuhltum, cumber e, to lie.
The simple verb is not used, but its compounds, as: discum-
bfire, to lie down.
9. Depso, depsui, depstum, depsere^ to knead.
10. Fremo, fremui, fr emitum, fremere, to murmur,
grumble.
1 1. Gem/), g emui, g emitum, gemere, to groan, deplore.
1 2. Gigno, genui, genltum, gignere, to beget, produce.
13. Molo, molui, m, oil turn, molere, to grind.
14. Pinso, pinsui, pinsltum (and pinsum, pistum), pin-
sere, to bray, pound.
15. Pono, posui, posltum, ponere {in c. abl. ), to place, lay.
Pono arises from posino, and posui from posivi.
16. V^TTW, vomui, vomltum, vomer e, to vomit.
17. Frendo, frendui, fresum or fr essu m, frendere, to
gnash.
1 8. Meto, messui, messu m^ metere, to mow, reap.
Remark. The following want the Sup. : sterto, stertui, stertere, to
snore, strepo, ui, ere, to rustle, sound, resound ; tremo, ui, ere, to trem-
ble ; the compounds of pesco, as : compesco, compeseui, compescere,
to restrain ; volo, ui, velle, to unsh ; and the compounds of cdlo except
percellere : excello, antecello, praecello / excel, Pf cellui ; excelsus and
praecelsus (lofty, distinguished) are used adjectively.
15*
174 IRREGULAR VEEBS. [§ 62.
XCVIL Wards to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Ampere, to seize upon, depugnare, to fight (for sepulcrum, i, n. grave^
dirlpere, to plunder. life or death). burial.
conserere, to join to- jurare, to swed^. tegumentum, i, n. cover,
gether, to be hand to suo, sui, sufiim 3. to covering,
hand. sew. commutatio, onis, f,
demetere, to cut down, progredior, gressus change.
demittere, to let down, sum, gredi 3. to step migratio, onis,/. m^ra-
letfail. Jorth. tion.
disserere, to discuss, caerimonia, ae,yi sane- recordatio, onis, f. re-
speak, tity, religious cere- collection.
ingignere, to implant. many. mutus, a, um, dumb.
praeponere, to place be- praetorium, i, n. gener- supremus, a, um, last,
fore. aPs tent. mature, adv. speedily.
In omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, consulto opus estl;
ubi autem consulueris, mature rem ipsam aggredere. Socrates supre-
mo vitae die multa de immortalitate animorum disseruit. Manibus
consertis, milites nostri fortitudlne excelluerunt Animus moderatur
et movet id corpus, cui praepositus est. Zeno in una virtute beatam
vitam posuit. Natura ingeniiit homini cupiditatem verum inveniendL
Omnibus animalibus a natura ingemta est conservandi sui custodia.
Alexander, victor tot regum atque populorum, irae succubuit. Spero,
te semper maximo studio in litteras incubiturum esse. Caerimonias
sepulcrorum homines, maximis ingeniis praediti, non tanta cura coluis-
sent, nisi haerferet in eorum mentibus, mortem non interltum esse om-
nia delentem, sed quandam quasi migrationem commutationemque
vitae, quae in claris viris et feminis dux in coelum soleret esse. Si
ingenium tuum artibus litterisque excultum erit, et tibi et aliis utilis
eris. Dux, ne milites animum demitterent, vulnera sibi inflicta occu-
luit Ne crede, uilum peccatum deo occukum manere. Tegumenta
corpdrum vel texta, vel suta sunt. Quis pulchram illam vestem texiiit ?
Oratio tua totos nos ad se rapiiit. Quaerit Socrates, unde animum ar-
ripuerimus, si nullus fuerit in mundo. Expugnata urbs ab hostibiis
direpta est. Scipio pugnavit cum Hannibale, prope nato in praeforio
patris, fortissimi ducis, alto atque educato inter arma. Cui non locus
ille mutus, ubi altus aut doctus est, cum grata recordatione in mente
versetur? Agricolae frumentum non solum jam demessuerunt, sed
etiam demessum in horrea congesserunt Ipse Hector toto pectore tre-
mCiit, quum Ajax multa cum hilaritate progrederetur depugnaturus cum
illo.
there is need of one's deliberating.
J 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 175
Tne Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors, in order io consult (part fut
act.) the oracle. I know, that thou hast cared for me and mine. The
soldiers were (perf.) hand to hand with the enemies. The soldiers
swore, that they would not desert [their] general. God has placed
the soul before the body. Nature has produced gold, silver, brass, iron,
in short (denique) all metals for the use of men. The desire tojind
(gen. of the gerund) the truth (= what is true), is implanted in the
human race by nature. I rejoice, that thou hast applied thyself with
so great zeal to literature. I doubt not, that the wise [man] w ill never
sink under the pains of the body. If thou shalt have cultivated thy
genius by arts and literature, thou wilt be useful both to thyself and to
[thy] native land. I hope, that thou wilt always honor thy parents.
Why hast thou concealed thy faults from me ? didst thou think, that
thou wouldst always conceal them from me ? The enemies, ajler they
had taken the city, (abl. abs.), killed (perf) the citizens and plundered
their goods. The wise [man] will be happy, even when all the gifts
of fortune may be snatched from him. Gratefully we remember the
place (ace.) where we were nourished and brought up.
§ 63. III. Perfect : — vi ; Supine : — turn.
The stem of the Pres. is strengthened by n or r ;
1. Li-n-o, I e V i, lltum, /iwe?-g, to besmear.
2. Si-n-o, sivi, situm, sinere, to let, permit.
3. Se-r-Oy sevi, sdtum, screre, io sow.
In the compounds, a of the Sup. passes into i, as : consCro,
consevi, consltum, conserere, to seed down, plant.
The following have suffered a transposition of letters in the
Perf and Sap. :
4. Cer-n-o, crevi, cretu m, cernere, to sift, discern.
The Perf and Sup. occur only in the compounds.
5. Sper-n-o, sprevi, spr etu?n, spernere, to spurn.
6. Ster-n-o, strdvi, stratum, sternere, to spread.
Finally there belong here the following in sco :
7. Cre-sc-o, crev i, cr etum, crescere, to grow.
So : accrescere, to grow to, increase, excrescere, to grow up,
decrescere, to decrease, recrescere, to grow again, concrescere, to
grow together ; the remaining compounds want the Sup.
8. No-sC'O, novi, no turn, noscere, to be acquainted with.
176 IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 63.
So : internosc^re, to distinguish, ignoscere, to pardon, pernos-
cere, to become thorovgMy acquainted with, praenoscere, to become
acquainted with before ; but, cognoscere, to become acquainted with,
agnoscere, to perceive, praecognoscere, to become acquainted with
previously, recognoscere, to become acquainted with again, to re-
view, form the Sup. in ilum, as : cogmtum.
^. Pa-sc-o, pdvi, pa stum, pascere, to pasture, feed-
10. Quie-sc-o, guievi, quietum^ quiescere, to rest.
11. Sci-sc-o, sclvi, scitum, 5mce/e, to decide.
12. Sue-sc-o, suevi, sue turn, 5we5cere, to be accustomed.
XCVIII. Wbi'ds to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Decemere, to deter- under, place under, to obtrectatio, onis, /. de-
mine, to discern. subject. traction, grudge.
seceriiere, to sever, sep- importare, to import. venustas, aUs,f loveli-
arate. concionari, to har- ness.
inserere, to sow in, im- rangue the people. corpor«us, a, um, cor-
plant. invidia, ae, f envy, poreal.
oblinere, to besmear, hatred. communis, e, common,
daub. vinea, ae,/. the vine. known by all.
prosternere, to pros- butyrutn, i, n. butter. ibi, adv. there.
trate. comitia, orum, n. as- opportune, adv. oppor-
consternere, to strow. sembly of the people. tundy.
substernere, to spread messis, is,/, crop. sublto, adv. suddenly.
Insita est nobis corporis nostri carltas. Ibi messis non est, ubi
satum non est. Omne, quod erat concretum atque corporeum, deus
substravit animo. Vita tua malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias
prostravisti. Probus, imperator, Aureum montem apud Moesiam su-
periorem vineis consevit, Proelio commisso, omnia longe lateque telia,
armis, cadaveribus constrata erant. Sceleratum hominem conscientia
spretae virtulis exagitat. Die, cur consilium meum spreveris. Audi,
puer! Mater te rogat, tiur panem butyro oblitum oblUus sis edere.
Displicet, qui se externis moribus oblevit. Rem dubiam decrevit saepe
vox opportune emissa. Venustas et pulchritudo corporis secreta non
est a valetudlne. Cato concionatus est, se comitia haberi non siturum
(esse). Galli vinum ad se omnino importari non siverunt. Cur desisti
(desivisti) istum librum leg6re ? Thebanorum potentia, quoad iis
Epaminondas et Pelopldas praefuerunt, mirum in modum crevit. Ami-
citia nostra cum aetate accrevit. Non dubitamus, quin flumen, quod
sublto accrevit, etiam sublto decreturum sit
$ 63.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 177
XCIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Adsciscere, to adopt. deponere, to lay aside, luxuries, ei,/. extrava-
assuescere, (c. dat.) to sacra, orum, n. sacred gance.
accustom one's self, to rites. alienigena, ae, foreign,
he accustomed (to auctor, oris, m. author, from another country,
something). adviser; me auctore, assiduus, a, urn, iinre-
consuescere, to accus- on my advice. mitting, constant.
torn one^s self, to be reWgxo, on'is, f religion, dilucidus, a, um, dear.
accustomed. scrupulousness. quotidianus, a, um,
approbare^fo approve, superstitio, oiiis,/ su- daily,
levare [c. ahl.) to relieve, perstition. fiitlVis, e, frivolous.
free. suavitas, atis,/. amia- paululum, adv. a little,
privare (c. abl.), to de- hleness, amiable dispo-
prive. sition.
Multi homines, labori assiduo et quotidiano assueti, quum tempesta-
tis caussa prodire prohibentur, ludis delectantur. Demosthenes sum-
ma voce versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuevit. Numam
Pompilium, regem alienigenam, patribus auctoribus, sibi ipse populus
adscivit. Cereris sacra populus Romanus a Graecis adscita maxima
religione coluit. Ubi animus paululum e negotiis requieverit, ad te
advolabo, in cujus amore et suavitate spero me conquieturum omnes-
que curas doloresque depositurum esse. Si amici mei mores perno-
veris, spero, te ejus innocentiam agniturum eique ignoturum esse. Si
luxuriem orationis tuae depaveris, magni oratoris laudem tiiebere.
Bestiae, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum, ubi pastae aliquan-
do sunt, revertuntur. Cave, ne incognita pro cognitis habeas iisque
temere assentiare. Quid est tarn futile, quam quicquam approbare
noncognitum? Populus Romanus eo magnitudinis (= ad earn
magnitudinera) crevit, ut viribus suis conficeretur. Quid est tarn
jucundum cognitu atque auditu, quam sapientibus sententiis gravibus-
que verbis ornata oratio ? Quo brevior, eo dilucidior et cognitu facilior
narratio est. Cato, quoad vixit, virtutum laude crevit. Omnium re-
rum natura cognita, levamur superstitione. ^
Nature has implanted in us a love for (gen.) our body. Where thou
hast not sown, there is not a crop. Believe not, that thou wilt put an
end to (== prostrate) the detraction (plur.) and envy (plur.) of the wicked.
We feared, that the soldiers had prostrated all [things]. If thou hast
(fut. perf ) spurned virtue, thou wilt not be happy. Tell me, why ray
advice has been spurned by thee. Boy, hast thou eaten the bread
spread with butter by thy mother? I thought (= believed) that
mother had not spread it It has been determined by the general, to
178 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 64.
attack the enemy. Before thou shalt have separated thyself from the
wicked, thou wilt seek in vain the intercourse of the good. It is cer-
tain, that tlie rivers which have decreased in winter, will increase in
the spring. I am accustomed (perf. act. of consuesco), to read some-
thing from (gen.) Homer daily. Numa P|rnpilius was adopted (perf)
by the Roman people [as] king. It is known, that the Roman people
adopted (perf.) the sacred rites of Ceres from the Greeks. Cicero, de-
. prived of public offices, found satisfaction in the study of literature.
When thou shalt have become intimately acquainted with my brother,
I doubt not, that thou wilt perceive his preeminence. The sheep
have eaten down the herbs of the field. The shepherd drives (agere)
the sheep to pasture (= in order to pasture, sup.),
§ 64. IV. Perf. : — ivi ; Supine : — itum (like the fourth
Conj.).
1. Cupio, c up Ivi, c up Itum, cupere, to desire, wish.
2. Peto, petlvi, p etituvi, petere, to seek, strive after
something, .to attack something; cd) aliquo, to request of
some one.
3. Quaero, quaeslvi, quae sltuni, quaerere, to seek.
In the compounds, ae passes into i, as: exquiro, isivi, isitum,
irere, to examine, trace out.
4. Rudo, rudivi and rudi, rUdltum, rudere, to roar.
5. Tiiro, tr'ivi (for terwi ) , trltuni (for teritum) , terere, to
rub.
The following also in esso :
6. Arcesso, arcesslvi, ar c e ssitum, arcessere, to bring.
7. Capesso, Ivi, itum, ere, to seize.
8. Facesso, ivi, itum, ere, to make {nego\\\\ra.facessere, tp
make trouble, tp vex) ; to take one's self off
9. Incesso, ivi, (Sup. wanting,) ere, to attack.
10. Lacesso, ivi, Itum, ere, to provoke.
Saepe homines res, quas vehemter cupiverunt, adepti fastidiunt.
Audistine, ut leones rudiverint.? Bellum ita suscipiatur, ut nihil alilid,
nisi pax quaesita videatur. Quum omnem antiquitatem memoria re-
petiveris, tria vix amicorum paria invenies, qui alter pro altero vitam
deponere parati erant. Ne judlca de re prius, quam eam accurate
exquisiveris ! Erechthei filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro vita
civium. Omnis Romanorum philosophla repetita est a Graecis. So-
^ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 179
crates totam vitam aique aetatem contrivit in emendandis aliorum mo-
ribus. Praecepta virtutis, quamvis contrita sint et communia, tamen a
paucis observantur. Constat, bello Punlco secundo Hannibalem Italiae
opes attrivisse. Importunus iste homo multa mihi facessivic negotia.
Non dubito, quin nova lege civibus negotium facessitum sit. Nisi
milites propere ex urbe facessivissent fugamque capessivissent, cives
eos armis incessivissent. Vix hostes milites nostros ad pugnam laces-
siverunt, quum arma capessiverunt eosque incessiverunt. Leglmus, Ro-
mauos saepe consules suos ab aratro arcessivisse. Multa sacra, ab ex-
teris nationibus adscita atque arcessita, Romani religiosissime coluerunt.
Scarcely had the lion roared, when all the other (ceterae omnes)
beasts took (perf.) flight. The soldiers, provoked by the enemies,
w^ished (perf.) to fight, and asked (perf.) of tiie general, that he would
lead them (se) forth from the camp against the enemies. We have
sought peace, not war. Do not judge concerning a thing, before it
shall have been sufficiently examined by thee. History relates, that
death was sought by the daughters of Erectheus for the life of
the citizens. W!g^read, that the consuls were brought from the
plough by the RomaHS. It is known that the Romans have brought
many sacred rites from foreign nations. As so6n as the enemies
attacked (perf ) our soldiers, they seized their arms and fought. I
have taken myself'so hastily from the city, because troublesome
men vexed (perf ) me daily. I fear, that thou hast provoked the
friend by thy licentious jests. It is known, that the power (opes) of
Italy was (perf) formerly wasted by Hannibal.
§ 65. V. Perfect : — i ; Siipvne : — turn.
a) TheVtein ends in h or p : /
1. Capio, dpi, capt%m, copere, to take, seize, receive.
Compounds : — cipio,^^ — cepi, — ceptum, — cipere, as : perci-
pio, 1 perceive, incipio, I begin.
2. Rumpo, riipi, ritptu tyi, rumpere, to break.
Scdho, scdhi, scdbere, to stitch, and lambo, Iambi, lambere^
to lick, want the Supine. *^
b) The stem ends in c, g or qii ;
3. Ago, egi, actum, age7-e, to lead, drive, do, act, make;
of time : to spend.
So: circumagere, to drive round, peragere, to cari-y through,
satag^re, to have enough to do ; the other compounds on the con-
trary, have : — ^igo, egi, actum, igere, as : ablgo, / drive away, exigo,
180 lEREGTTLAR VERBS. [^ 65.
/ expel, (of time) I pass, subigo, I subjugate ; cogere, to compel (from
codgere), has coegi, coadum.
4. Fdcio, feci, factum, facer e, to make, do.
Concerning the Pass. : fio, factus sum, fieri, and its compounds
see § 76. The compounds with prepositions have in the Imper.
—flee, as: perfice; the rest retain /ac; from calfacere, however,
we have calfdce.
5. Ico, lei, ictum, icere, to strike ; of a league : to con-
clude.
6. Jacio, j eci, j actu m, jdcere, to throw.
Compounds: — -jicio, — jeci, — jectum, — jicere, as: rejicio, /
throio hack, reject, subjicio, / throw under, subject.
7. J^ego, legi, lectum, legere, to collect, read.
So, allego, / elect to, perlego, / read through, praelego, / read
before, relego, I read again, snblego, I gather from below ; the fol-
lowing, on the contrar}', have in the Pres., — ligo, as : colligo, /
collect, (coUegi, coUectum, colligere), deligo and eligo, / choose, re-
colligo, / collect again, seligo, / select ; but : diligo, Hove, intelligo, /
understand, negligo, / neglect, have in the Pei*f exi, as : diligo,
dilexi, dilectum, diligere.
8. Frango, fregi, fr actum, f r anger e, to break.
The compounds : — fringo, — ^fregi, — fractum, — fringere, as :
perfringo, perfregi, perfractum, perfringere, to break through.
9. Lmquo, 1 1 qui, lictum, linquere, to \eB.ve.
10. Vinco, v'lci, victum, t;mce7e, to conquer, overcome.
Fugio, fugi, fUgere, to flee, has no Supine.
c) The stem ends in m :
11. F^mo, emi, em turn, emere, io buy.
Compounds: — Imo, Imere, as: eximo, exemi, exemtum, exI-
mere, to except ; but in coemo, / buy in quantiiies, the e remains,
d) The stem ends in u or r .•
12. AcOo, dciii, dcutum, dcOere, to sharpen.
The comjwunds want the Supine.
13. ArgOo, argui, argutum, ar^uere, to accuse.
14. Fxuo, ex Hi, exutum, exuere, to put off.
15. Indm, etc. I put on, clothe.
16. Imbuo, etc. I dip in ; c. abl. I imbue with.
17. Lao, lui, lit turn, /were, to wash.
18. Minuo, etc. I diminish.
$ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 181
19. Nuo, etc. I nod, in compounds, as : adniio, I nod to.
20. Riio, rui, rutum, ruere, to rush (but Part. Fut. ruiturus),
21. Spuo, spui, sputum, .spitere, to spit.
22. Statuo, etc. I place firmly.
The compounds change the a of the stem into i, as : destituo,
/ desert.
23. Suo, etc. I sew.
24. TribOo, etc. I gfve.
25. Solvo, s olvi, soliitum, solvere, to loose;
26. Volvo, volvi, voliLtum, volver e, io xoW.
Metuere (ui), to fear, pliiere (plui), to rain, sternuere (ui), to
sneeze, want the Supine.
C. Words to be learned and Exercises for translati&n.
Afficere, to affect ; af- transigere, to spend foedus, eris, n. league.
fectus, affected. (time). potestas, atis,y. ^ot^^cr.
delinquere, to do some- excerpere, to make ex- furiosus, a, urn, mad,
thing wrong, to be tracts from. insane.
delinquent. benefactum, i,n./avor. modo, adv. only, jvst»
disjicere, to throw a- dominatio, onis,/. si/jai/.
sunder, scatter.
Eodem modo erga amicos affecti simus, quo erga nosmet ipsos.
Priusquam incipias consult© et, ubi consulueris, mature f a c-
to opus est.* Acti labores jucundi sunt. Sola virtus in sua po-
testate est ; omnia praeter eam subjecta sum fortunae dominationi.
Unus dies, bene et ex praeceptis philosophiae actus, peccanti immor-
talitati anteponendus est. Conscientia bene actae vitae multorumque
benefactorum recordatio jucundissima est. Appetitus rationi sunt sub-
ject! lege naturae. Victus est Xerxes magis consilio Themistoclis,
quam armis Graeciae. Quid hominem octoginta anni juvant, per in-
ertiam exacti ? Quos viceris, amicos tibi esse cave (ne) credas. Pro-
fecto beati erimus, quum, corporibus relictis, cupiditatum erimus ex-
pertes. Quid est tam furiosum, quam verborum vel optimorum atque
ornatissimorum sonitus inanis, nulla subjecta sententia ? Pecuniam
si cuipiam fortuna ademit, tamen, dum existimatio est integra, facilo
consolatur honestas egestatem. Milites, captis armis, impetum fece-
runt in hostes ; hi autem propere fugam ceperunt. Hostes, foed^re,
quod modo ic6rant, rupto, sublto in castra nostra irruperunt. Si quid
philosophus in ratio ne vitae deliquerit, eo turpior est, quod artein vitae
* There is need that you should consult, and act.
16
182 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 65.
profitetur. Plinius nullum librum legit, quern non excerperet. Gives,
ab hostibus subacti, omni libertatisrecuperandae spe adempta, mis^ram
transegerunt vitam. Milites yiostium aciem perfregerunt et disjecerunt
Foedera icta ab hostibus fracta sunt.
CI. Wards to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Destituere, to desert, gloriari, to glory. pallium, i, n. cloak,
leave behind. 'mdu\gent'm,ae,f.indid- discrimen, inis, n. c?w-
instituere, to instruct. gence. tinction.
effiigere c. ace. to escape, tunica, ae,y. under gar- prosperitas, atis,/.j9ro5-
exacu6re, to sharpen. ment. perity. \posite.
involvere, to involve, annulus, i, m. ring. contrarius, a, um, op-
envelope, soccus, i, m. sock, shoe, liberalis, e, liberal.
redarguere, to disprove, obsequium, i, n. obe- ingenue, adv. nobly, re-
respuere, to reject. dience. spectably.
Quis, honesta in familia institutus et educatus ingenue, non ipsa
turpitudine, etiamsi eum laesnra non sit, ofFendltur.? Carthago diruta
est, quum stetisset annos sexcentos sexaginta septem. Pacis nomine
bellum involutum reformido. Philosophi involutam multarum rerum
naturam evolverunt. Num tibi unquam placebit, quod omnium mentes
aspernatae sunt et respuerunt? Milites in ipso discrimine periculi
cives inermes destituerunt. Quum animus, cognitis perceptisque virtu-
tibus, a corporis obsequio indulgentiaque discesserit, voluptatemque op-
presserit, omnemque mortis dolorisque timorem effugerit, cultumque
dei et puram religionem susceperit, et exacuerit ingenii aciem ad bona
deligenda et rejiciendacontraria: turn vita nobis erit beatissima. Num
credis, improborum prosperitates redarguisse dei bonitatem ? Dejanj-
ra Herciili sanguine Centauri tinctam tunlcam induit. Hippias sophis-
ta gloriatus est, se non solum omnes artes, quibus liberales doctrinae
atque ingenuae continerentur, scire, sed annulum, quem haberet, pal-
lium, quo vestitus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confecisse.
CII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Deflcere, to fail. dissolvere, <o reZcrx. extenuare, to extenuate^
praef icere, to set over, persolvere, to pay. lessen,
deminuere, to diminish, evuere, to dig up. severitas, iitis,/. sever-
diluere, to dilute, wea- obruere, to cover up. ity.
ken. designare, to designate.
Homines metalla terra obruta eruerunt. Milites in expugnatae ur-
bis cives ita saevierunt, ut omnem humanitatem exuisse viderentur.
Divina lex non scripta est, sed nata : qua non instituti, sed imbuti su-
$ 65.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 183
mus. Nemo est tam immanis, cujus mentem non imbuerit deorutn
opinio. Pueri aiiimum tenerum virtutis praeceptis imbiiinius. Cog-
itatio, omnes res humanas fragiles et caducas esse, omnes meas moles-
tias exteniiavit et diluit. Quae observata sunt in usu ac tractatione
dicendi, haec ab hominibus doctis verbis designata et partibus distribu-
ta sunt. Divitiae, quae ad exteris nationibus Romam confluxerunt,
morum disciplinam severitatemque dissolverunt. Stipendiis, quae dux
militibus promiserat, non persolutis, seditio concitata est.
The passions ought to be subjected to the reason. If thou shall
have spent thy hfe according to (ex) the precepts of virtue, the en-
trance to heaven will stand open to thee. It is hard to retain (tenere)
friendship, when thou shalt have fallen from virtue. God has set the
soul over the body. Some doubt, whether the world may be made by
chance (ne whether^ attached to casu) or (an) by the divine reason. It was
uncertain, whether the Romans had (subj.) conquered, or had been con-
quered. Then (tum) first (demum) will the soul enjoy a happy life, when
it shall have deserted the body. The enemies have broken (rumpere)
the concluded league. When anything has been done wrong by a philo-
sopher, it is so much the more base, because he teaches (= professes)
the art of life. If any one (quis) has taken (fut. perf.) from us liberty,
the light of life will be taken from us. Caesar, after the line-of-battle
of the enemy was broken and scattered (abl. abs.), led his soldiers back
into the camp. Thou wilt not enjoy a peaceful life, before that thou
shalt have subjected the passions to the reason. The defenceless cit-
izens were (perf.) deserted by the soldiers, in the very (ipse) crisis of
danger. It is known, that the Romans destroyed (perf) Carthage.
The soldiers fled because they feared (perf of metuo), that they
should be conquered by the enemies. The metals, which nature has
hid in (abl.) the earth, are dug up by man. Who is not imbued with
the belief in (gen.) God ? Parents, who have imbued the minds of
their children with the principles of virtue and have instructed them in
literature, deserve well, not only of (de) their children, but also of the
state. We have weakened the wine by (abl.) water. I hope that this
reflection will weaken all thy troubles. Already the powers of our
soldiers were diminished, when the enemies made (perf) an attack.
By the riches, which flowed together (perf) to (ace.) Rome after
the destruction (abl.) of Corinth, the ancient discipline and severity
were relaxed (perf).
Since the general had not paid [their] wages to the soldiers for (per)
two months, a sedition was excited (perf ) in the camp. Hast thou
heard, that the city has concluded a league with the enemies, but that
184 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 66.
they have broken (frangere) it? After the troops were collected
(abl. abs.), the general determined (perf.) to attack the camp of the
enemies. I believe, that I have sufficiently disproved thy reasons.
§ 66. VI. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — sum.
a) The stem ends m d or t:
1. Cando in compounds, as: accendo, accendi, ace en-
sum, accendere, to kindle, inflame.
2. Ciido, cudi, cusum, ciidere, to forge.
3. Edo, e d i, esum, edere, to eat.
4. Fendo in compounds as : defendo, d efe ndi, d efe n-
sum, defendere, to defend.
5. Fodio, fo d i, fo ssum, foderCy to dig.
6. Fundo, fu di, fusu m. f under e, to pour.
7. Mandoy mandi, man sum, mandere, to chew.
8. Fando, pa ndi, pa ssum, pander e, to spread.
9. Prehendo, pr ehendi, prehensum, prehendere, to
grasp.
10. Scando, scandi, scan sum, scandere, to mount.
In the compounds : — scendo, — scendi, — scensum, — scendere,
as : adscendere, to ascend, scale, descendere, to descend.
11. Sido, sldi, (Sup. wanting,) sldere, to sit.
In the compounds : — sido, — sedi, — sessum, — sidere, as : con-
sidere, to sit down.
12. Str'ido, str'idi, (Sup. wanting,) strldere, to hiss.
13. Verto, verti, versum, vertere, to turn.
Finally, there belongs here the neuter passive :
14. Fido, f'lsus sum, fidere, to trust.
So : conf idere, to confide in, diffidere, to distrust, despair.
b) The stem ends inlorr:
15. Velio, vein, vulsum, vellere, to pluck.
16. Psalh, psalli, (Sup. wanting, )j05a//e?"e, to play the lyre,
17. Verro, verri, (Sup. wanting,) verrere, to sweep.
Remark. It is to be noticed, that the stem-vowel of these verbs,
when short in the other parts, is long in the perf. The two follow-
ing verbs form an apparent exception :
Findo, JMif fissum, iindSre, to split, (so also its compounds),
$ 66.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 185
Scindo, scidi, scissum, scindere, to ad (so also its compounds).
But both these verbs originally took the reduplication. The same is
true of the compound : percello, perciUi, perculsum, percellere, to strike
violently (from the obsolete cellere, to impel). See § 62, II. Rem.
CIII. Words to he learned and Exercises for transkition.
Comprehendere, to em- exedere, to consume, liquefacere, to make
brace. corrode. liquid.
confbdere, to stab. incendere, to enkindle, proficere, to benefit.
effbdere, to dig out. inflame. pervehi,<o bear through,
diffundere, to diffuse, procudere, to forge ; (of convey.
disperse. money) to coin. colonia, ae,y! colony.
efFundere, to pour forth ; lacerare, to Utcerate,tear. velum, i, n. sail.
2) throw q^(the rider), digerere, to dispose, di- furor, oris, m. madness,
offundere, to flow a- gest. vetustas, atis,/. age.
gainst, diffuse, spread inscribere (c. dat.) to conspectus, us, m. sig*^.
over. inscribe, write upon, antiqultus, adv. anderU-
ly, formerly.
Constat, Tyriorum colonias paene toto orbe terrarum diffusas fuisse.
In morte portum nobis paratum [esse] et perfugium putemus. Quo
utinam velis passis pervehi liceat ! Hannibal patriam defensum ex
Italia revocatus est. Nihil proficiunt praecepta, quamdiu menti error
offusus est. Beate vivendi cupiditate incensi omnes sumus. Ingens
nummorum numerus hoc anno procusus est. Aegritudo animum
meum laceravit, exedit planeque confecit. Epigrammatis, monumento
inscripti, litterae vetustate exesae erant. Milites urbem, ab hostibus
oppugnatam, acerrime defenderunt. Antiquitus magna auri argentique
vis in Hispania est efFossa. Milites, furore capti, ducem confoderunt.
Equus repente corruit consulemque lapsum super caput efiudit. Cibos
mansos ac prope liquefactos demittimus, quo (= ut eo) facilius digeran-
tur. Quo magis virtutis vim animo et cogitatione comprehenderimus,
eo magis eam admirablmur. Proditores urbis deprehensi in conspectu
omnium civium necati sunt. Nonne vides omnium ora atque oculos
in te conversos ? Multi facultatem dicendi ad hominum perniciera
converterunt.
CIV. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Convellere,<o tear away, rescindere, to tear, to motus, us, m. motion.
convulse. break doum. motus terrae, earth-
desidere, to sink down, transgredi, to pass over. quake. [ersoever.
diffindere, to split. mora, &e,f. delay. quocunque, adv. whith-
discindSre, to tear in nodus, i, m. a knot. scilicet, adv. namdyt
pieces. scrupuhis, i. m. anxiety. doubtless.
16*
Wl$ IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67.
Qiuocunque te vel oculis, vel animo converteris, divinae bonitatis
plena esse omnia, intelliges. Alexander, rex Macedonum, Gordli no-
dum ense diffidit, scilicet diffisus, eum a se solutum iri. Quum Han-
nibal Alpes transgredei-etur, multa ingentis magnitudinis saxa diffissa
sunt. Quis tibi vestern discidit? Quid? discissane est? Pompeii
terrae motu desederunt. Quis nescit, apud Romanes eloquentiam ad
summum honorem adscendisse ? Caesar, militum virtuti coufisus,
sine mora hostilem exercitum adortus est. Litterae tuae omnem
scrupialum mihi ex animo evellerunt. Est boni regis oflEicium, quum
rempubllcam labefactatem eonvulsamque videt, opitulari patriae.
The goodness of God is diffused through (abl.) the whole world.
The sails are spread. Superstition has spread (offundere) darkness
over (dat.) the souls of men. The king has coined a great quantity of-
money this year. My mind is torn and consumed by grief (aegritu-
do). When we shall have eaten, we will take a walk. The city,
which was assaulted by the enemy, was (perf ) very bravely defended
by the citizens. Anciently, the Spanish (Hispanus, i) dug up much
gold and silver (= much of gold and silver). By thy bravery, thou
hast turned all eyes and minds upon (in) thee. Never has a wise [man]
trusted to the stability of the gifts of fortune, but rather, has always
distrusted them. It is known, that the knot of Gordius was not loosed
by Alexander, but severed by the sword. The general was stabbed by
the soldiers, because he ventured to quiet their sedition.
How often has the faculty of speaking (gen. of ger.) been turned to (ad)
the destruction of men ! The enemies have broken down the bridges.
Mountains and cities have been sunk down by earthquakes. We had
already descended from the mountain, as we heard (perf), that you
were ascending (subj.) it. All anxiety has been removed (evellere)
from my mind by thy letter. Who does not know, that the long war
has shaken the state violently ? Caesar by a few words inflamed the
soldiers for the battle.
§ 67. VIII. Perfect with the Reduplication.
Preliminary Remark. The Reduplication consists here, in those
verbs of which the first vowel of the stem is i, o, or m, in the repeti-
tion of the first consonant of the stem with this vowel, but with the
remaining verbs, in the repetition of the first stem-consonant with c
1. CddOy cecidi, cd5wm, cd^^ere, to fall, to happen.
Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — casura, — cidere ; so : occido, /
$ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 187
go to ruin, incido, I fall upon and recldo, I fall back ; the others
want the Supine, as: concido, idi, idere, tofaU togeihtr.
2. Caedo, cec'idi, caesMWi, caec?eYe, to fell, kill.
Compounds : — cido, — cidi, — cisum, — cidftre, as : occido, /JfciK.
3. Cdno, cecini, cantum, canere, to sing.
Compounds : — cino, — cinui, — cinere, as : conclno, ui, ere.
4. Curro, cucurri, cursum, currtrCy to run.
Most of its compounds are both with and without the redupli-
cation.
5. Disco, didlciy (Sup. wanting,) discere, to learn.
So also its compounds, as : perdisco, perdidici, perdiscere, to
learn thoroughly.
6. Fcdh^ fefelli, falsum,fallere, to deceive.
Fallit me, U escapes me. — The Part, falsus is commonly used
as an adjective, /a?5e. Compound: refello, refelli, (Sup. want-
ing), refellere, to refute.
7. Pango, peplgi, pactum, pangere, to fasten, to bargain,
agree to on condition.
Compounds : — pingo, — pegi, — ^pactum, pingere, as : compin-
go, to fasten together.
8. Parco, peperci, parsum, parcere (c. dat), to spare.
9. Pdfio, pep eri, partum, par ere, to bear (ova parere, to
lay eggs), to acquire. Particip. Fut.^an^Mrw5 (for^ar^u-
rws).
10. Pelh, pepuli, pulsum, pellere, to drive, repel.
Compounds : — pello, — puH, — pulsum, — ^pellere, as : expello,
expuh, expulsum, expellere, to drive away.
11. Pendo, pep end i, pensum,pendere,io^\xspend.,wei^,Xo
pay, compensate.
The compounds have no reduplication, as : appendo, appendi,
appensum, appendere, to hang to, append.
12. Posco, poppsci, (Sup. wanting,) joo5ce re, to demand.
So also its compounds, as: exposco, expoposci, exposcere, to
demand of request of
13. Pungo, pupugi, punctum,pungere, to prick, hax^LSS.
Compounds: — pungo, — punxi, — punctum, — ^pungere, as: in-
terpungo, to distinguish.
188 IRREGULAR VERBS. [} 67.
14. Tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, to touch.
Compounds: — tingo, — tigi, — tactum, tingere, as: attingo, at-
tigi, attactum, attingere, to touch, reach.
15. Tendo, tetendi, tentum smd temum, tender e, to stretch,
spread, extend (tendere insidias, to lay snares).
The compounds are without the reduplication and generally
with the Sup. : — tentum, as : contendo, contendi, contentum,
contendere, to draw together, exert one's self, strive.
16. Tundo, tutudiy tuns'um, tmidere, to beat, stun.
Compounds : — tundo, — tudi — tusum — tundere, as : contundo,
contudi, contusum, contundere, to break in pieces, crush.
Rem. 1. The two following verbs have the reduplication in the Pres.
and retain it in the other tenses :
brbo, bibi, bibltum, bibere, to drink (so also its compounds),
sisto, stiti, statum sistere, to place, stop (so its compounds).
Rem. 2. The compounds of dare with monosyllabic words (comp ^
55, II, 1.) also belong to this class, as : addo, addidi, additum, addere,
to add,
C V. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Concinere, to sing to- evertere, to ovtrthrow, proverbium, i, n. pro-
gether, sound to- demolish. verb.
gether. inspicere, to look upon, fides, is,/ siring; fidi-
excidere, to cut off, des- view. bus, canere, to play
troy. recedere, to go back, with a stringed in-
obtingere, to fall to retire. strument.
one^s lot. restituere, to restore. frigus, oris, n. cold.
confirmare, to render emollire, to soften. innoxius, a, um, inno-
pemianent. epulae, arum, /. a cent.
devolare, tofy away. meal, feast. noctu, adv. by night.
populari, to lay waste. praesto, adv. present.
Et discas oportet, et, quod didicisti, agendo confirmes. Male parta
male dilabuntur. Ut hirundines aestivo tempore praesto sunt, frigore
pulsae recedunt ; ita falsi amici sereno vitae tempore praesto sunt ;
simulatque hiemem fortunae viderint, devolant omnes. Quid casurum
sit, incertum est. Quod cuique obtlgit, id quisque teneat. Clitum
amicum senem et innoxium a se occisum esse, Alexander dolebat.
Ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes, emollit mores, nee sinit esse feros
(eos). Non tarn utilitas, parta per amicum, quam amici amor ipse
delectat. Hannibalem non fefellit, ferocius, quam consultius rem hos-
tes gesturos esse. Ex quo (sc. tempore) pecunia in honoi-e fuit, verus
reruni honor occidit Silva vetus ceddit, ferro quam nemo cecidit.
$ 67.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 189
Epaminondas fidibns praeclare ceciiiisse dicitur. Cato scribit, pris-
cos Romanos in epulis cecinisse ad tibiam clarorum virorum laudes
atque virtutes. Datur cohortibus signum cornuaque ac tubae con-'
cinuerunt. In pugna, ad Trasimenum anno CCXVII ante Christum'
natum commissa, quindecirn milia Romanorum in acie caesa sunt;
decern milia, sparsa fuga per omnem Etruriam, diversis itineribus
urbem petierunt.
Constat, Numantiam a Scipione excisam et eversam esse. Si id,
quod dixi, falsiim erat ; cur me non refellisti ? Hostes pacem nobis-
cum pepigerunt, ut milites a nobis captos restitueremus. Cleomenes,
Lacedaemonius, quum triginta dierum essent cum hoste pactae indu-
tiae, noctu populabatur agros, quod dierum essent pactae, non noctium
indutiae. Dux, quum urbem cepisset, aedificiis omnibus, publicis et
privatis, sacris et profanis, sic pepercit, quasi ad ea defendenda, non
expugnanda cum exercitu, urbem intrasset. Urbe expugnata, milites,
furore capti, juraverunt se non aetate confectis, non mulieribus, non
infantibus parsuros esse. Ovorum inter se similitudo est in proverbio ;
tamen Deli* fuerunt complures, qui, permultas gallinas alentes, quum
ovum inspexerant, quae id gallina peperisset, dicere solebant. Mihi
crede, te tua virtute maximam laudem tibi pariturum
C VI. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Compungere, to prick, conclamare, to cry out doliarium, i, n. cellar.
mark. together. festivitas, atis,/. agree-
condere, to found, pre- stimulare, to goad. ahleness.
serve. sustentare, to preserve, loquacltas, atis, /. lo-
distinguere, to distin- sustain. [forth. quacity.
guish. erumpere, to break potus, us, m. drink.
percurrere, to run nota, ae, /. sign, mark, spurius, a^ um, spuri-
through. adversarius, i, m. ad- ous.
perdere, to destroy, ruin. versary.
Catilina multas insidias Ciceronis vitae tetendit, sed hie omnes illius
machinationes contudit. Admiramur praeclaros illos viros, qui sem-
per summis laboribus et periculis ad summam laudem gloriamque
contenderunt. Garrulus homo loquaciiate sua aures meas plane tu-
tudit. Die, a quo haec grana tunsa sint. Metellus in Numidiam pro-
ficiscitur magna spe civium ; avaritia enim magistratuum ante id tem-
pus in Numidia Romanorum opes contusae hostiumque (opes) auctae
erant. Verres, simulac tetigit provinciam, maximae avaritiae totum
se tradidit. Totum librum legendo percucurri. Duae in Capitolio
* at Delos. See Synt. § 92.
190 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 67.
aedes multaque alia aedificia uno anno de coelo tacta snnt Agesilaus,
quotiescunque congressus est cum hostibus, multo majores adversario-
rum copias pepulit. Tu temeritatis tuae maximas poenas pependisti.
Conclamabant omnes Carthaginienses, satissuppliciorumase pro te-
meritate unius hominis, Hannibalis, pensum esse. Milites, nrbem in-
gress!, non cibum, aut potum poposcerunt, non armorum onus depo-
Buerunt. Tu ex animo scrupuluni evellisti, qui me dies noctesque sti-
mulavitac pupugit. Philosophia, si pau[)ertas moniordit, si ignominia
pupugit, si quid tenebrarum ofFudit exsilium, singularum rerum pro-
prias consolationes adhibet. Festivitatem habet narratio, distincta per-
sonis et interpuncta sermonibus. Aristarchus, grammaticus, eos
Homeri versus, qui spurii ei videbantur, notis quibusdam compunxit.
Omnes cives, belli calamitatibus confecti, paceni expoposcerunt. Ro-
mani in doliariis cond^ta habebantvina, pipere et melle condUa. Grae-
ciae civitates, dum imperare singulae cupiunt, iniperium omnes perdi-
derunt. Perdltis rebus omnibus, ipsa virtus se sustentat.
The Gauls (Gallus, i,) have learned from the Greeks, to surround
[their] cities with walls. If any one has acquired (fut. perf ) riches in
a bad way (male), he will also lose them in a bad way. The thing
has turned out otherwise than (atque) I had expected. Alexander,
seized (capere) by anger, killed (perf.) [his] friend Clitus, an old man.
Thy friendship has always afforded me the greatest pleasure. The
faithless friend has deceived me. After my sister had sung (perf)
alone (solus), we all sang together (perf). It is known, that Scipio
demolished (perf) Numantia. The old oak, which stood before (ante)
our house, was (perf) felled yesterday. Since Cleomenes had agreed
upon a truce of thirty days with the enemy, he laid waste the fields by
night, because he had agreed upon a truce of days, not of nights.
We have heard, that peace has been agreed upon (= bargained) with
the enemy. The ship having struck against a rock, made (perf of
facere) shipwreck.
The citizens of the city hoped, that Caesar, who had already spared
other captured cities, would also spare theirs. It is not to be doubted,
that our army, which under the conduct of a bad genercd (duce malo im-
peratore) has acquired for itself great praise by its bravery, under the
conduct of a good general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) greater
praise. A victory gained by treachery, redounds (= is) to (dat.) the
conqueror not for praise but for disgrace. The rashness of Catiline
was crushed by the prudence of Cicero. The dart will be discharged
(emittere) so much the more violently, the more (magis) the bow has
been drawn together (contendere) and drawn up (adducere). As
$ 68.] THIRD CONJUGATION. 191
Caesar entered (ingredi, subj.) the captured city, the inhabitants extend-
ed (perf!) [their] hands to (ad) him, and entreated [orare, perf.) him,
that he would spare them. Why dost thou weep boy ? because I have
been struck. Who has struck thee ?
The firmness of the general and the bravery of the soldiers, have
weakened the attack of the forth-breaking enemies. Scarcely had I
reached the house, when it was (perf.) struck (= touched) by lightning
(de coelo). Our soldiers repulsed the enemies at (abl.) the first attack.
The whole book has been run through by me [in] reading (abl. of ge-
rund). The traitor has paid just punishment for his offence. As soon
as the horns sounded (perf. of canere\ all the soldiers ran (perf.) to-
gether. Virtue sustains itself, even if (etiamsi) it may have lost all.
§ 68. VIII. Inchoative Verbs.
All inchoative verbs (in sco), i. e. verbs which express a he-
coming or beginning of the idea contained in the primitive, fol-
low the third Conj. and coincide in the Perf. and Sup. with
their primitives, as :
inveterasco (from inveterare), inveteravi, inveteratum, invete-
rascere, to grow old;
exardesco (from ardere), exarsi, exarsum, exardescere, to be-
come inflamed, to be kindled ;
indolesco (from doUre), indolui, indolitum, indolescere, to feel
pain ;
revivisco (from vivere), revixi, revictiim, reviviscere, to come
to life again, revive ;
concupisco (from cupere), conciipivi, concupitum, concupis-
cere, to desire (earnestly) ;
obdormisco (from dormlre), obdormivi, obdormitum, obdor-
miscere, to fall asleep.
Remark. The inchoative verbs from the absolete oleo, ui, olere, to
grow., (§ 58, HI, 4.) vary in their formation in the following way :
adolesco, adolevi, adultum, adolescere, to grow up.
exolesco, exolevi, exoletum, exolescere, to become old,
inolesco, inolevi, (Sup. wanting), inolescere, to grow into.
Also, obsolesco, obsolevi, obsoletum, obsolescere, to grow old, obsolete^
varies from its primitive, solere. Very many inchoative verbs want the
Sup., as : incalesco, incalui, incalescere, to become warm (from caleo, ui,
itum, ere, to be warm). Some want both Perf and Sup., as : ni.gesco,
/increase (from, augeo, xi, ctum, ere). Here especially, belong the
inchoatives which are derived from substantives and adjectives, as :
192 IRREGULAR VERBS. [§ 68.
repuerascere, to become a boy again ; only a small number of these
form the Perf. which is in ui, as : maturesco, maturui, maturescere,
to become mature.
C VII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Coalesce, lui, lltum 3. illucesco, luxi 3. to be- adv^rtere, to turn (hith-
to grow together, coa- come light, daivn. er).
lesce. recrudesce, dui 3. to auditor, oris, m. hearer.
consanesco, nui 3. to be- break out afresh. viscus, eris, n. bowels.
come well. rescisco, ivi or ii, itum adulterinus, a, um,adtU-
consenesco, nui 3. to 3. to ascertain. teraied, counterjeit.
grow old. condemnare, to can- contra, adv. on the con-
convalesco, lui 3. to be- demn ; capitis, to trary, other side.
come better, recover. death. quando, adv. when.
defervesco, vi 3. to burn permanare, to Jiow
out, subside. through, Jlow along.
Crede, omnem diem tibi illuxisse supremum. Socratis responso
sic judices exarserunt, ut capitis hominem innocentissimum condem-
narent. Ratio, quum adolevit atque perfecta est, norainatur rite sa-
pientia. Quaeritur, si sapiens adulterinos nummos acceperit impru-
dens pro bonis, quum id rescierit, soluturusne sit eos pro bonis. Incre-
dibile memoratu est, quam facile Romnai ei Aborigines coaluerint.
Quum est concupita pecunia, nee adhibita continuo ratio, quae sanet
earn cupiditatem : permanat in venas et inhaeret in visceribus illud ma-
lum. Endymio, nescio quando, in Latmo, Carlae monte, obdormlvit, nec-
dum est experrectus. Oratori abstinendum est verbis, quae propter ve-
tustatem obsoleverunt. Convaluistine tandem ex morbo, quo tamdiu la-
borasti ? Ulius oratoris ardor animi, qui prius omnium auditorum ani-
mos ad se advertebat rapiebatque, jam plane defervit. Vulnus meum,
quod jam consanuisse videbatur, nunc recruduit.
Scarcely had the day dawned, when I commenced ( perf. of ag-
gredi) my journey. A bloody war broke out (= was kindled) between
(inter) the Romans and Carthaginians. Catiline addressed (perf.) his
associates with these words: Our (= to us) age is vigorous (vigere),
the soul is strong (valere) ; on the other side, all is grown old by years
and riches. As soon as Caesar ascertained (perf), that the enemies
were approaching, he led out (perf) the soldiers from the camp. In
a short time, the minds of all had coalesced into (abl.) so great (tan-
tus) friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus) was for-
gotten. I have perceived with great pleasure from thy letter, that thou
hast recovered from thy long continued sickness. The sedition of the
$ 69.] FOURTH CONJUGATION. 1935
soldiers, which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the
general, broke out afresh (perf) during his absence (eo absente.)
§ 69. Fourth Conjugation.
L Perfect : — ivi and — Hi ; Supine : — turn.
1. Sepelioy sep el'ivi, s epultum, "sepellre, to bury.
2. Sdlio, sdlui, sal turn, sdlire, to leap.
The compounds have : — silio, — silui, — sultum, — silire, as :
assilio, assilui, assultum, assilire, to leap upon.
II. Perfect : — i ; Supine : — turn.
1. Competio, comperi, compertum, comptrlre, to as-
certain.
2. Reperio, reperi, r epertum, reperire, to find, dis-
cover.
But : aperio, rut, rtum, rire, to open, uncover, operio, rm*, rtum,
rire, to cover.
3. Ve7iio, V eni, ventum, venire, to come.
III. Perfect : — si ; Supine : — turn.
1. Amicio, {a mix i and amicui, both rare), amictum, ami-
clre, to clothe.
2. Farcio, fa rsi, fartum, farclre, to stuiF.
The compounds have : — fercio, — fersi, — fertum, fercire, as :
refercire, to stuff full, JUl up.
3. Fulcio, fulsi, fultum, fulcire, to support.
4. Haurio, hausi, haustum, haurlre, to draw.
5. Sancio, sanxi, sancltum (rare sanctum ; but sanctus,
a, um, as adjective, sacred), sancire, to sanction.
6. Sarcio, sarsi, sartum, sarcire, to patch, repair, re-
store.
7. Sepio, sep si, septum, sepire, to hedge around.
8. Vindo, vinxi, vine turn, vinclre, to bind, confine.
IV. Perfect: — si; Supine: — sum.
Sentio, sen si, sen sum, sentire, to feel, think, suppose.
C VIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translaMon.
Consentire, to agree dissentire, to disagree, desilire, to leap down,
with. dissent. transilire,'to leap over.
17
194 IRREGULAR VERBS. [$ 69.
exhaurire, to exhaust. dumfetum, i, n. thicket, coetus, us, m. assembly.
indagare, to search out. ludibrium, i, n. sport. affluenter, adv. plenti-
d\spe]]ere,to drive asun- parricidium, i, n. par- fully.
der, disperse. ricide. immortaliter, adv. im-
cateiia, ae,/. chain. ciiratio, 6nis,y! cure. mortally.
munificentia, ae,/. mw- explorator, oris, m. a rursus, arfu. again.
nijkence. spy. \nor. undique, adv. from all
documentum,], n.proo/I rector, oris, m. gover- sides.
Regis sepulcro haec verba inscripta sunt : Probe vixit, improbos vin-
xity hostes vicit. Hostes victi et catenis vincti in servitutem abducti
sunt. Imperium justis Icgibus fultum esse debet. Rex, pace compos-
ita, rempublicam labefactatam sua virtute fuJsit. Virtus difficilis inven-
tu est : rectorem ducemque desiderat. Artes innuinerabiles repertae
sunt, docente natura. Vita, si undique referta bonis est, beata dicitur.
Homines urbes moenibus sepserunt. Occultae inimicitiae magis timen-
dae sunt, quam apertae. Quis est tarn miser, ut non dei munificentiam
senserit 7 Dii, induti specie humana, fabulas poetis suppeditaverunt,
hominum autem vitam superstitione omni referserunt. Continuis bel-
lis reipublicae opes exhaustae sunt. Quo quis affluentius voluptates
undique hauserit, eo graviusardenti usque sitiet. Spero, te mecumcon-
sensurum esse. Cicero Archimedis sepulcrum, septum undique et ves-
titum vepribus et dumetis, indagavit. Fama est, ludibrio fratris Re-
mum novos urbis muros transiluisse. Lycurgus nihil lege ulla in alios
sanxit, cujus non ipse primus in se documenta daret. Hipplas gloria-
tus est, pallium, quo amictus esset, se manu sua confecisse. Spera-
mus, pacem omnia belli damna brevi sarturam esse. Una victoria
omnia prius accepta detrimenta sarsit. Caesar, ubi per exploratores
comperit, hostes adventare, protinus milites e castris eduxit. Nebula,
liora quarta sole dispulsa, aperHit diem. Plato Athenis* in Academia
sepultus est. Eodem loco nostra memoria sepultus est Carolus Odo-
fredus Mlillerus, professor Gottingensis, vir praestantissimus et de an-
tiquitatis disciplina immortaliter meritus.
The state shaken by the war, has been supported by the virtue of
the king. Trajan alone of (gen.) all the citizens is buried with-
in (intra) the city [of] Rome. Men have invented innumerable arts,
nature teaching them (abl. abs.). Cicero's writings upon (de) philoso-
phy, are filled up with the most excellent principles of virtue. The
just king has supported his government by just laws. O king, thou
art to be pronounced (= extolled) happy, who hast always lived up-
rightly, hast bound the wicked, hast conquered the enemies. The
cities are surrounded (= hedged around) with walls. Many philoso-
* at Athens. See Synt. § 92.
no.]
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
195
pliers say, that tlie soul of man has been drawn from (ab) the divine
nature. The horsemen leaped down (perf.) from (ex) their horses and
fought (perf) on foot (= footmen). I know not, what thou hast thought
(sentire) concerning my plan ; but I hope, that thou wilt not dissent
from it. What has been sanctioned by the laws, must be observed by
men. Solon (Solo, onis) ordained (= sanctioned perf.) nothing con-
cerning parricide, because it had not been committed before his tirm
(=r him). Peace, in a short [time], has repaired all the losses of the
war. All the former (superior) losses are repaired by one victory.
Whence hast thou ascertained, that my brother will come to-day ?
Just as physicians, when they have discovered the cause of the sickness
(abl. abs.) believing that they have discovered the cure, so shall we,
when the cause of sorrow is discovered, find the ability of curing (gen.
of gerund) [it]. As the old man entered (subj.) the assembly, all un-
covered (perf) [their] heads; but as he left (subj.) it, all covered (perf)
[their] heads again. God has enclosed (== hedged in) and covered the
eyes with (abl.) very delicate membranes.
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
§ 70. 1) Pos-sam^ pot-Hi, posse, to be able (can).
Preliminary Remark. Possum is composed of pot-is, e (able), and
the verb sunu
Indicative. Subjunctive.
Indicative. Subjunctive.
Present.
Perfect.
pos-*um, I am
pos-sim, I may
pot-m, I have
pot-uerim, I may
able (can)
be able
been able
have been able
p6t-e5,
pos-sw.
pot-uisti
pot-ueris
pot-est,
pos-sit,
p6t-uU
pot-uerit
pos-sumuSf
pos-simus,
pot-uimus
pot-uerlmus
^t-estiSf
pos-sUis,
pot-uistis
pot-ueritis
pos-sunt.
pos-sint.
p6t-uerunt{ere)
pot-uerint.
Imperfect.
Pluperfect. |
pot-eram, I was pos-scm, I might
pot-Meram, 1 had
pot-uissem, I
able (could) be able
been able
m'ht have been a.
pot-eras, etc. pos-se*, etc.
pot-ueras, et<5.
p6t-uiss€S, etc.
Future.
Future Perfect.
pot-ero, I shall be able
p6t'Uero, I shall have been able
pot-erw, etc.
pot-ueris, etc.
Infinitive.
Participle.
Pres. pos-5e, to be able
p6t-en5 (only as adjective), able.
Peif. pot-wme, to have been able
The remaining Part are wanting.
Fut. wanting.
Imperative
wanting.
196 PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. [^ 70.
CIX. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Celare (aliquem ali- constitiiere, io establish, effector, oris, m. crea-
quid), io conceal constitute. tor. [situation,
(something from desistere, to desist, cease, situs, us, m. condition,
some one). [ate. inducere, to lead to, adeo, adv. so, so very.
enumerare, to enumer- induce. injuste, adv. unjustly.
meditari (c. ace), to mitescere (without \mnium,adv.Jirst.
think [of something). Perf or Sup.) <o be- proinde quasi,jw5< a* i/*.
pejerare, to swear false- come mild, tame.
b-
Pergite, pueri, atque in id studium, in quo estis, incumbite, ut et vo-
bis honori, et amicis utihtati, et reipublicae emohmiento esse possitis !
Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. Hoc quotidfe meditare,
ut possis aequo animo vitara relinquere. Quidam idciico, deum esse,
Bon putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur : proinde quasi nostram
ipsam mentem videre possimus. Universum mundum quum cermmus,
possumusne dubitare, quin ei praesit aliquis effector et moderator ?
Nihil tarn difficile est, quin (= ut non) quaerendo investigari possit.
Sic cogitandum est, tanquam aliquis in pectus intimum inspicere pos-
sit ; et potest Satis nobis persuasum esse debet, etiamsi deum hom-
inesque celare possimus, nihil tamen injuste esse faciendum. Potes-
tisne dubitare, quin deus universum mundum gubernet ? Non possu-
mus. Cur nobiscum ambulare non potes ?
Alcibiades Athenas Lacedaemoniis servire non poterat pati. Marcel-
lus pedites primum, deinde equites, quanto maximo possent, impetu
in hostem erumpere jussit. Agesilaus non destitit, quibuscunque rebus
j>osset, patriam juvare. Caesar, quam potuit maximis itineribus, exer-
citum contra hostes duxit. Casus est, quum sic aliquid evenit, ut vel
non evenire, vel aliter evenire potuerit. Omnes mundi partes ita con-
stitutae sunt, ut neque ad usum meliores potuerint esse, neque ad spe-
ciem pulchriores. Ante occupatur animus ab iracundia, quam provi-
dere satis potuit, ne occuparetur. Vix Caesar milites e castris educere
potuerat, quum hostes impfitum fecerunt. Quid enumerem artium
multitudinem, sine quibus vita omnis nulla esse potuisset ? Quern, ut
mentiatur, inducere possumus ; [eum,] ut pejeret, exorare facile poter-
imus. Dolorem, si non potero frangere, occultabo. Facile intelligitur,
nee figuram situmque membrorum nosirorum, nee ingenii mentisque
vim effici potuisse fortuna. Hoc primum sentio, nisi in bonis, amici-
tiam esse non posse.
If you earnestly apply (fut) yourselves to the study of literature, you
will be able to be useful, as well to yourselves as to [your] friends and
^71.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 197
the state. Socrates thought daily of this, that he might be able to die
with equanimity. Canst thou tell me, why thy brother is not able to
come to me to-day ? No. When you contemplate the whole world, you
are not able to doubt, that it is ruled by a divine mind (mens). The
wise can be happy, even when they are tortured. If we cultivate (co-
lere) virtue, we can always be happy.
Why cannot thy brothers come to me to-day ? 1 do not know, why
they cannot. But why could they not come yesterday ? They could
not come yesterday on account (per) of much business (plur.). What
could have been (= has been able to be) given to the human race,
fairer and more noble than reason ? The enemies had not as yet been
able to draw their troops together, as Caesar made (perf ) an attack
upon (in) them. Who believes, that the world can have been (= may
have been a We to be) made by chance ?
§ 71. 2) Edo^ edi, essum, edere and esse, to eat.
The whole irregularity of this verb, arises from its having forms like
those beginning with es of the verb sum, which are used at the same
time with the regular form ; but the form es from edo is long, from sum
short.
Pres. Ind.
fmperf. Subj.
6do, Sdis and es, edit and est, ediinus, editis and cslis, edunt.
ederem and essem, ederes and esses, ederet and esset,
ederemus and essemus. ederetis and essetis. edereni and essent
Imperative.
Sing. 2. ede and es Plur. 2. edite and este. 3. edunto.
2. and 3. ediio a.nd esto . ediioie a-nd estate.
Remark. So also its compounds, as : comedo, / eat, consume, comedis
and comes, etc. The forms not given in the above table are regular.
ex. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Symbola, ae, /. a con- argentum vivum, n. familiaris, e, belonging
tribution of money quicksilver, to the family ; res fa-
orfood; de symbo- spatium, i, n. space. miliaris, estefe.
lis edere, to eat at curculio, onis, m. com- perrumpere, to break
common expense. worm. through.
adolescentulus, i, m. moles, is,/, mxiss. vae, interj. alas!
young man, yovih.
Esse oportet, ut vivamus ; non viv6re, ut edamus. Modice bibite et
este. Heri aliquot adolescentuli convenerunt, ut de symbolis essent.
Haec herba acerba esu est. Aegritudo lacerat, exest animimi planeque
17*
198
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
[^2.
confitciL Curculiones frumentum exesse incipiunt Argentum vivum
exest ac perrumpit vasa. Majores nostri cavere non potuerunt, ne ve-
tustas monumenta exesset. Quae unquam moles tarn firma fiiit, quam
non exessent undae ? Vae vobis, qui oranem rem familiarem luxuria
comestis ! Saturnus ex se natos comesse fingltur solitus, quia consu-
mit aetas temporum spatia.
Eat thou and drink moderately. Ye should eat moderately. Age
consumes all monuments. Where dost thou eat to-day ? I came, that
(ut) I might eat with thee. I know not, where you ate yesterday. My
brother had called us in order to eat (sup.). An unripe grape is bitter
to eat (sup. in w). I feared that the sorrow (aegritudo) would con-
sume thy mind. Alas to thee, who consumest thy whole estate !
§ 72. 3) Fero^ tuli, latum^ferre^ to bear, bring.
Present Active.
Ind. ferOjferSfJert,
ferim u s, fertis, fer u nt.
Present Passive.
Ind. ^ror, ferrisj fertur,
ferimur, ferlmini, feruntur.
Infinitive, ferre, to bear.
Infinitive, ferri, to be borne.
Im-
per.
S. ^.ferJeHo PI. 2.ferte,fert6te
S.ferto. 3. ferunto.
S. 2.ferre,fertor PI. 2. ferimrni,-nor
S.fertor. 3. feruntor.
Imperf. Subj. Active,
ferrem, ferres, ferret,
ferremus, ferretis, ferrent.
Imperf. Subj. Passive,
ferrer, ferreris (e), ferretur,
ferremur, fen-emini, ferrentur.
Rem. 1. The remaining forms are derived regularly from fero, tuli,
latum : Subj. Pres. feram, as, ferar, aris (e) ; Ind. Imperf. ferebam, fere-
bar; Fut. feram, es, ferar, eris (e) ; Subj. Perf. tulerim ; Plupf tuleram,
tulissem ; Inf. Perf. tulisse ; Inf. Fut. laturus, a, um esse ; Part. Ad.
ferens, ntis, laturus, a, um ; Pass, latus, a, um, ferendus, a, um ; Ger,
ferendum.
Rem. 2. In the same manner the compounds, as : offero, obtuli,
oblatum, ofFerre, to offer. From the stem of the Perf. tuli is derived :
tollo, sus-tuli, sub-latum, tollere, to raise, take away, carry off.
The Perf and Sup. are from sufiero (i. e. sursum fero, / carry aloft),
from which, suffer© (L e. sub. and fero), sustuli, sufferre, to bear, endure^
is to be carefully dietinguished.
CXI. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Affero, attuli, allatum 3. to bear away, take tum 3. to bring to-
3. to bring to, bring. away. gether, compare.
aufero, abstuli, ablatum confero, contuli, coUa- defero, detuli, delatum
} 72.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 190
3. to bring down, praefero, tuli, latum 3. gigas, antis, m. giant.
offer. to prefer. aeternttas, atis, /. eter-
efFero, extuli, elatum refero, tuli, latum 3. nity.
3. to bear forth, bury. to bring back, refer. funditus, adv. from the
infero, intuli, illatum, decedere, to go forth, foundation, wholly.
to bring against ; bel- die. qui (for quo), how, by
lum infero alicui, / doctor, oris, m. teacher. whom, by what, etc.
make war upon one.
Ferte misero atque inopi auxilium. Confer nostram longissimam
aetatem cum aeternitate, et brevissima videbitur. Quid quaeque nox,
aut dies ferat, incertum est. Incumbe in earn curam et cogitationem,
quae tibi summam dignitatem et gloriam afFerat Ferre laborem con-
suetudo docet. Pecuniam praeferre amicitiae sordidum est. Ut quis-
que maxime ad suum commodum refert, quaecunque agit ; ita minime
est vir bonus. Bonum civem reipublicae dignitatem suis omnibus
commodis praeferre oportet. Hoc doctoris intelligentis est, videre,
quo ferat natura sua quemque. Is denique honos mihi videtur, qui
non propter spem futuri beneficii, sed propter magna merita claris
viris defertur et datur. ..
Aristides in tanta paupertate decessit, ut, qui efFerretur, vix reliqu^-
rit. Poetae ferunt, gigantes bellum diis intulisse. Socrates eundem
vultum domum referebat, quern domo extulerat. Quod auri, quod
argenti, quod ornamentorum in urbibus Siciliae fuit, id Verres abstulit.
Multi etiam naturae vitium meditatione atque exercitatione sustulerunt.
Pietate ad versus deum sublata, fides etiam et societas humani generis
tollitur. Qui, deum esse, negant, nonne omnem religionem funditus
sustulerunt ? Caritate benevolentiaque sublata, omnis est e vita sub-
lata jucunditas.
Bring thou aid to the wretched and the destitute! If we compare
our longest age with eternity, it will be necessary that we acknowledge
(subj.) that it is very short. What can bring to us a fairer joy, than
virtue. The noble (probus) youth bore (fero) and did all, he sweated
and shivered {perf. in each case). Julius Caesar took away (perf ) from
king Ptolemy, almost six thousand talents (gen.). What bringest thou,
my boy ? I bring a present which my father presents to thee. Dost
thou not know, that Epicurus has referred all [things] to (ad) plea-
sure ? Pleasure is i)referred by many to virtue. All (plur.) that we
do, must be referred to virtue. The giants are said (feror) to have
made war upon the gods. Cicero relates, that immense treasures
were taken by Verres from the cities of Italy. A fault of nature has
often been removed (= taken away) by exercise. The enemies were
200
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
[U3.
SO cowardly, that they did not even bear an attack of our soldiers. I
did not doubt, that you would (imperf.) bear the injustice offered
(affero) you with equanimity. Through cruelty we are borne [on] to
the foulest crimes. We feared, that war would be preferred by you
to peace. Thou wilt be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. Soli-
tude takes away the enjoyment of all pleasures. Thou shouldst not
be borne [away] by avarice to base gain. When the news was
brought (subj.) that the enemy approached, Caesar led out (perf ) his
soldiers from the camp. The wretched [man] asked us, that we
would bring aid to him (sibi).
§ 73. 4) Voloj volui^ velle, to will, wish.
no/o (from ne volo), nolui nolle ^ to be unwilling ;
mala (from magis volo), mdlui^ malle^ to choose
(would) rather.
Indicative,
Subjunctive. 1
volo
nolo malo
velim
nolim mdlim
.
vis
non vis mavis
veils
noils malls
g
vult
non vult mavult
velit
nollt xnallt
i^
vo\ii,mus
nolwmiw maliimus
vellmus
nollmus malimus
'^
vultis
non vultis mavultis velUis
nolUis malltis
volunt
nolunt malunt. velint
nolint rmdint.
'^
volebam
nolebam malebam \vellem
nollem mallem
•-^
volebas,etc. nolebas,etc.malebas,etc.'veWc5, etc
. nolles, etc. malles^ etc.
volam, es.
etc. nolam, es, etc.
malam, es, etc.
Imperative (of volo and malo wanting). 1
S. 2. nol i, nol i 1 ; 3. nol i t o ; PI. 2. nol i t e, nol i to t e ; a nolunto. |
-
Participle.
volens, ntis ; nolens, ntis ;
of malo it is wanting.
Remark. The forms derived from the Perf are regular: volui, nolui,
malui ; voluerim, noluerim, maluerim ; Inf. voluisse, noluisse, inaluisse ;
Plupf. volueram, nolueram, malueram ; voluissem, noluissem, maluis-
sem ; Fut. Perf. voluero, noluero, maluero. The remaining forms are
wanting. / / q i a/- ,
<*fi' CXII. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Defatigare, to weary, nobilitare, to make
maM weary ; pass, to knoum, renowned,
become weary.
publicare, to make pub-
lic.
^ 73.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 201
sectari (c. ace), to fol- make Unding. serius, a, um, serious.
low after ^ pursue. necessitas, atis, /. ne- ejusniodi, of this sortf
adstringere, /o bind, to cessity. of this nature.
Qui virtutein suarn publicari vult, non virtuti laborat, sed gloriae.
Nonne poetae post mortem uobilitari volunt? Ego non eadem volo
senex, quae volui, adolescens. Si vis amari, ama. Bono mentis fru-
euduin est, si beati esse volumus. Docilis est, qui attente vult audire.
Omnia benefacta in luce se collocari volunt. Si acres ac diligentes
esse vultis, magna saepe intelligetis ex parvis. Quem docilem velis
facere, simul attentunr facias o})ortet. Sic cum inferiore vivamus,
quemadmodum nobiscum superiorem velimus vivere. Praeclare So-
crates banc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse, si quis id ageret,
ut, qualis haberi vellet, talis esset. Si quis veram gloriam adipisci
volet, virtutis officiis fungi debebit.
Nolilmus in conservandis bonis viris defatigari. Homines nolunt,
eundem pluribus rebus excellere. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in
serium convertere. Libero sum judicio, nulla ejusmodi adstrictus ne-
cessitate, ut mihi, velim nolim, sit certa tuenda sententia. Socrates
noluit ex carcere educi, quum facile posset. Ego me Phidiam esse
mallem, quam vel optimum fabrum lignarium. Utrum corporis, an
ingenii vires tibi augeri mavis? Multi sibi malunt melius esse, quam
alteri. Virtute in alia alius mavult excellere. Quibus id persuasum
est, ut nihil malint se esse, quam bonos viros ; iis reliqua facilis est
doctrina. Amicitiae est ea vis, ut, simulatque sibi aliquid, quam alteri,
malueritrtrHUa-&it. Vae vobis, qui divitias, quam virtutem sectari ma-
vultis! Malumus cum virtute paucis contenti esse, quam sine virtute
multa habere. Aristldes, Atheniensis, bonus esse malebat, quam
videri.
If w^e wish to bear (fero) our virtue before (prae) ourselves, we do
not labor for virtue but for glory. Men [when] old, do not wish the
very same which they wished (perf ) [when] ypung. If you wish to
be loved by others, you must also love others. If thou wishest to be
happy, thou must cultivate virtue. Why does not thy brother wish
to take a walk with us ? Thou askest why he does not wish ; he does
wish indeed, but he cannot on account of (per) business. If you wish
to undertake a great undertaking (negotium), you must make (adhib-
ere) diligent preparation. Wilt thou come to us to-day, or (an) wilt
thou not? we wish (Sub. pres.) to know. May you (= you will svhj.
pres. of volo) also [when] absent, love us as you are accustomed to love.
If it is not allowed to live as we wish, we live as we can. We know
not, why you did not wish to come to us yesterday.
202
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
[^4.
Be thou unwilling to become weary in the preservation (gerund) of
good men. We are unwilling, that the very same [man] should ex-
cel in several things. They, who are bound by a certain (certus) sen-
timent, must defend it, [whether] they will [or] not Wouldst thou
live in the country, rather than in the city ? Many would (= choose
to) acquire riches, rather than virtue. Timoleon chose (perf.) to be
esteemed, rather than to be feared (metuo). The wise choose to
stand upon (abl.) their own judgment, rather than [upon that] of an-
other. Who would not rather be virtuous (=: partaking of virtue,
compos), than rich? Would you rather live in the city, than in the
country ? we would rather live in the country.
§ 74. 5) Eoy ivi, itum, ire, lo go.
Ten-
ses.
Indicative.
Subpmdive.
Pres.
Ifnpf
Futur.
Perf.
Plpf
F. Perf
eo, is, It, i-mus, itis, eunt
i-bam, i-bas, i-bat, etc.
l-6o, i-bis, i-bit, etc. i-bunt
i-vi, i-visti, i-vit, etc.
i-veram, i-veras, i-verat, etc.
i-v6ro, i-veris, i-verit, etc.
earn, eas, eat, edmus, edtis, eant
i-rem, i-res, i-ret, etc.
I-turus, a, uni sim, etc.
i-verim, i-veris, i-verit, etc.
i-vissem, i-visses, I-visset, etc.
Imperative.
S. 2. i, i-to, 3. i-to
P. 2. i-te, i-tote,
3. eunto.
Supine.
t-tura,
l-tu.
Participle.
Pres. I-ens,
Gen. euntis.
Fut.i-turus,a,um.
Gerund,
eundum
eundi
eundo etc.
Rem. I. In the same manner the compounds are declined, as : exeo,
/ go out, go foHh, abeo, / go away, redeo, / return. So also : ven-eo,
ven-ii, (see Rem. 2.), ven-Itum, ven-ire, <o be 5oW(Imper. Part, and Ger.
wanting). Ambire, to go around something, surround, forms an excep-
tion, it being entirely regular according to the fourth Conj., as: Pres.
ambio, ambiam, Impf -ambieftam, ambirem. Part, anibiens, G. amhientis,
Perf ambm. Sup. amhltum, Part, amhitus (but the substantive is : am-
bitus, us, a going around), Ger. amhiendum.
Rem. 2. The compounds generally drop the v in the ending of the
Perf and the parts derived from it and vi if an s follows it, as : abii,
abisti, abiit, abierim, abisse, abissem, etc., venii, venieram, veniero.
Rem. 3. In the simple verb of this class, only the third Pers. Sing, is
used of the passive forms, as: itur, one goes, ibatur, one went, Itum est,
one has gone ; the Infin. Fut. Pass, of all verbs is formed by the Infin.
in joined to their Supines, as : amatum iri. But the compounds with a
transitive meaning, form a complete Pass, like other transitive verbs, as :
praeterire, to pass by before, pass over, praetereor, / am passed by^ prae-
^ 74.] PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS. 303
teriris, — ^itur, — ^imnr, — imlni, — euntur; praeteribar, etc.; amlnor {am-
biuntur, ambiebar) also in the Pass, is regular according to the fourth
Conjugation.
CXIII. Words to be learned and Exercises for translation.
Adire, to corm to. emori, 3. to die. aliquando, adv. some-
c'lrcumire, to go aroundy casa, ae,/. a hut. time.
surround. angustiae, arum, y.nar- foede, adv. basely, in a
interire, to decay. row pass. base way.
obire, to die. silentium, i, n. silence, intempestive, adv. un-
perire, to go to ruin, excessus, us, m. depar- timely.
perish. tare. obviam, adv. against, to
transire, to pass over, praealtus, a, um, very meet.
thj'ough, away. high, very deep. sero, adv. late, too late.
Qui ad nos intempestive adeunt, molesti saepe sunt. Pleraque, ante
ociilos posita, transimus. Abeunt hirundines hibernis mensibus. Cor-
pus mortale allquo temi)6re interire necesse est. Pereunt aliquando
innocentes; quis neget.^ nocentes tamen saepius pereunt. Omnes
homines summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. Quis du-
bitet, quin ex casa vir magnus exire possit? Potius sero, quam nun-
quam, obviam eundum est audaciae temeritatique. Omnes cives mili-
tibus, qui e bello domum redibant, laeti obviam ibant. Si ita natura
paratum esset, ut ea dormientes agei-ent, quae somniarent, alligandi
omnes essent, qui cubitum irent. Illud erat insitum priscis, esse in
morte sensum, neque excessu vitae sic deleri hominem, ut funditus
interiret. Augustias Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitudine hostium
circumiretur. Romulus ad deos transisse credltus est. Augustus obiit
septuagesimo et sexto aetatis anno. Mihi nunquam persuaded potuit,
animos, dum in corporibus essent mortalibus, vivere ; quum exissent
ex iis, emori. Quicquid translit temporis, perlit. Quum rure rediero,
statim te adibo. Pompeius multique alii clari viri foede perierunt. I,
quo te fata vocant. Abiit ad deos Hercules : nunquam abisset, nisi,
quum inter homines esset, cam sibi viam munivisset. Muros turresque
urbis praealtum mare ambiebat.
Be on thy guard, that thou dost not go to one untimely. Very
much which is set before our eyes, is passed over by us. Our body
will decay at some time; but that our soul will decay, we cannot be-
lieve. Go spiritedly against self-confidence and rashness. Who does
not know, how often great men come (= go) forth from huts! As
the soldiers were returning (subj.) home from the war, all the citizens
went (perf ) to meet them. In the spring the swallows return to us,
204
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
[§75.
in the autumn they go away. As Caesar was coming out (subj.) of
the woods, he was (perf.) surrounded by the enemies. When the
soul shall have left the body, it will be happy. We shall go out to
meet our parents, who are returning from the country to the city.
Hast thou not heard, that Pompey has perished in a base way ? The
orators pass over all (plur.) that appears base to speak (sup. in u).
The men, who pass (part, of transire) their lives in silence, die (obire)
without fame.
§ 75. 6) QueOj quivi^ quitiim, qmre, to be able (can) ; and ne-
qneo, nequivi, neqiiitum, neqvlre, not to be able (cannot).
Both these verbs are inflected throughout like eo, ivi, itum, ire, to go.
Many of their forms, however, occur but rarely and, indeed, in good
prose, not at all. These forms are omitted in the following table.
Indicative
Subjunctive.
Pres.
queo
nequeo
queam
nequearn
nequls
queas
nequeas
nequit
queat
nequeat
nequlii^us
queamus
nequeamus
nequltis
queatis •
nequeatis
queunt
nequeunt
queant
nequeant
Impf.
nequlbam
nequTrem
Perf.
quivi
nequivi
quiverim
nequlverim
Plpf.
quivfiram
nequlveram
quivissem
nequissem
F. Perf.
quivero
nequlvero
Infinitive.
wanting.
Participle.
nequiens
Perf.
quivisse
nequivisse
nequeuntis, etc.
Supine :
quitum,
quitu (of nequeo it is ^
vanting).
The remaining forms
are w
antinsj, or
occur but rarely.
^76.]
PARTICULAR IRREGULAR VERBS.
2^S
§ 76. 7) Flo, f actus sum, fieri, to become, to happen.
Preliminary Remark. This verb forms the Pass, of fado, (See
§65,
4.)
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Infinitive.
Pr.
Imp.
Fut.
Prf
PJpf
Fut.
Prf
fl-o, fl-s, fi-t, fl-unt
fi-ebam, fi-ebas, etc.
fl-am, fi-es, fi-et,
fi-emus, fi-etis, fi-ent
factus, a, um sura
factus, a, um eram
factus, a, um ero
fl-am, f i-as, f i-at,
fl-amus, fl-atis, flant
fi-erem, fi-eres, etc.
Participle.
Pres. wanting.
Perf factus, a, um
Fut. faciendus (a, um)
be done.
futurus (a, um), 70
All the remaining for
cur but rarely.
Pres. fieri ;
Pf factus, a, um esse ;
Fut. factum iri, or fu-
tftrura esse, or fore.
what should or must
hat will come to pass.
ms are wanting or oc-
Remark. The compounds ofjacio, which are formed from verbs, re-
tain /acio in the Act. and Jio in the Pass., as: calefScio, calefeci, cale-
factum, calefacere, to make warm (calere), calefio, calefactus sum, cal-
fieri, to become warm ; but the compounds with prepositions have in the
Act. — ficio, — feci, — fectum, — ficere, and in the Pass. — ficior, — fectus
sum, — fici, as : perficio, perfeci, perfectum, perficere, to accomplish, per-
ficior, perfectus sum, perfici. Only a few compounds with prepositions
form the Pass, with Jio and these only in particular forms, as: confit
(for conjicitur], it is accomplished, confieri ; defit, it is wanting, de/iet.
CXIV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Exulcerare, fo imtefe, e\6(\u\, to pronoxmce. crebro, adv. frequently,
make worse. adversus, a, um, oppo- fataliter, adv. conforma-
generare, to make. site. bly to fate. [times.
retinere, to hold back, cogitato, adv. with pre- interdum, adv. some-
prevent, meditation. polite, adv. elegantly.
Intueri solem adversum neqmmus. Decori vis ea est, ut ab honesto
non queat separari. Risus interdum ita repente erumpit, ut eum cu-
pientes tenere nequeamus. Die, utriim queas, an nequeas mecum ire.
Quum hostes exercitum nostrum fundere nequirent, in castra munita
sese receperunt. Quum dux precibus retinere militem nequiret, vim
adhibendam censuit. Saepe imperiti medici ea, quaesanare nequeunt,
exulcerant. Quum Demosthenes " rho" dicere nequiret, exercitatione
fecit, ut planissime diceret
Ex inimico cogita posse fieri amicum. Nemo fit casu bonus. Si
18
206 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77.
fato omnia fiunt ; nihil nos adnionere potest, ut cautiores fiamus. Ne-
mo ignavia immortalis factus est. Permultum interest, utrurn pertur-
batione aliqua animi, quae plerumque brevis est, an consulto et cogita-
to fiat injuria. Homo, quod crebro videt, non miratur, etiamsi, cur
fiat, nesciat. Non ita generati a natura sumus, ut ad ludum ei jocum
facti esse videamur, sed ad severitatem potius et ad quaedam studia
graviora atque majora. Prudentior fis, accedente senectute. Nego
esse fortunam, et omnia, quae fiunt, quaeque futura sunt, ex omni ae-
ternitate definita dico esse fataliter. Qua de caussa dicebas, omnia,
quae fierent futurave essent, fato contineri ? Fieri potest, ut recte
quis sentiat, et id, quod sentit, polite eloqui nequeat.
Men cannot look upon the opposite sun. The virtues are so (ita)
connected and joined together (inter se), that they cannot be separated
from each other. Ofl;en we cannot prevent a laugh, although (quam-
vis with Subj.) we would. Say, whether you can go with us, or can-
not There are many diseases which cannot (subj.) be cured. De-
mosthenes could not (perf ) at first pronounce " rho," but by exercise
he effected (= made), that he pronounced [it] very plainly.
If thou wishest to be learned, learn early. From an enemy, [onej
often becomes suddenly a friend. Men do not become good by chance.
If all [things] happen (subj.) by chance, all (omnis) foresight is
useless. Dost thou believe, that a man may ever become immortal by
cowardice ? Men become wiser by age. Some philosophers were
uncertain, whether all (omniane) might happen by chance ; I am con-
vinced, that nothing happens by chance.
§ 77. Defective Verbs, i. e. verbs of which only a few forms
are used.
1) Aio, I say, affirm, say yes, assent.
Trts. Ind. aio, ais, ait and aiunt. Subj. aias, aiat and aiant.
hnpf. Ind. aiebam, has, bat ; bamus, batis, bant. (Subj. wholly wanting.)
Part, aiens, aientis (as adjective, affirming, affirmative).
2) Inquam, I say.
Pres. inquam, inquis, inquit; inqulmus, inquiunt. [Subj. inquiam].
Impf. inquiebat or inquibat, inquiebant (Subj. wanting).
Put. inquies and inquiet. Perf. inquisti and inquit.
Memini, meminisse (c. gen. and ace), to remember.
Odi, odisse, to hate.
Coepi, coepisse, to have begun.
Novi, n&visse (nosse), to be acquainted with, know.
3)
a-
ni]
DEFECTIVE VERBS.
207
All four Perfects and the forms derived from them are entirely reg-
ular.
Perf. Ind.
memlni, / re-
memher
odi, / hate
coepi, I have
begun
novi, I know
Subj.
meminerim
odgrira
coeperim
novgrim (no-
rim)
Plpf. Ind.
memineram, /
odgram, I hated
coeperam, /
noveram (no-
remembered
hud begun
ram), / knew
Subj.
meminissem
odissem
coepissem
novissem (nos-
sem)
Fut. Ind.
memingro, /
odero, 1 will
coepero, I shall
novero (noro), 7
shall remem-
hate
have begun
shall know
ber
Imperat.
memento, re-
member thou
mementute, re-
member ye
wanting.
wanting.
wanting.
Inf. Perf.
meminisse
odisse
coepisse
novisse (nosse)
Fut.
wanting.
osurus esse
coepturus esse
wanting.
Particip.
wanting.
osus, exosus,
perusus, one
who hates, or
has hated very
much.
coepturus, one
xcho will begin
coeptus, begun.
wanting.
Remark. Kovi is nothing else than the Perf. of nosco (I am ac-
quainted with). Instead o^ coepi, coeperam, etc., coeptus sum, coeptua
eram, etc., must be used, when the accompanying Inf is in the Pass.,
as: urbs aedificari coepta est, the city has begun to be built. The same
is the case with desino.
commemorare, to men-
tion, call to mind.
evanesco, nui 3. to dis-
CXV. Words to he learned and Exercises for translation.
Abominari, to execrate, comoedia, ae,/. comedy, credulus, a, um. credu-
institutum, i, n. an insti-
tution.
probrura, i. n, reproach,
appear. haruspex, icis, m. sooth-
hebesco (without Perf. sayer.
and Sup.). I am in- bellus, a, um, beatdifvl.
operative. consentaneus, a, um
proferre 3. to produce. suitable.
sapio, ui 3. to be wise.
Rule of Syntax. When the words of some one are quoted pre-
cisely as he spoke them, inquam is used, and is introduced among the
words quoted ; but if only the sense of what one has said is quoted,
aio is used.
Contraria ea sunt, quorum alterum ait quid, alt^rum negat Cato
mirari se aiebat, quod non rideret haruspex, haruspicem quum vidisset.
lovs.
invidus, a, um, envious.
dum, conj. (with the
Subj.) provided that.
sive (seu), or ; sive
(seu) — sive (seu),
whether — or, either
208 DEFECTIVE VERBS. [^77.
Ut quimus, aiunt, quando, ut voliiinus, non licet. Sus, ut aiunt, docet
Minervam. Tu ais, ego nego. Negat Epicurus, quenquam, qui hon-
este non vivat, jucunde posse vivere. Quasi ego id curem, quid ille
aiat, aut neget ; illud quaero, quid ei, qui in voluptate summum bonum
putat, consentaneum sit dicere. Sive tu hoc ais, sive negas ; ego tue-
bor sententiam meam. Negantia contraria sunt aientibus. Ain' (for
aisne) tu ? quum res occultissimas aperueris in lucemque protuleris :
negabis, esse rem ullam, quae cognosci possit ? Aisne ? Aio. Ne-
gasne ? Nego. Agricola serit arbores, quae alieri saeculo prosint, ut
ait ilJe in Menandri comoedia. Non credlmus, inqultis, vera esse, quae
dicimus. Tu vero, inquisti, mihi molestus niinquam eris. Amicus
mens, inquies, nonne est homo beHus? Praeclare Plato: Beatum, in-
quit, cui etiam in senectute contigerit, ut sajjientiam verasque opin-
iones assequi possit.
I deny that, which thou assertest. If I say yes, he [also] says yes ;
if I say, no (deny), he also says no. It is said, that thou wilt leave the
city. I know not, whether thou affirniist the thing, or deniest [it].
Affirmative (== affirming) opinions (sententia), are contrary to negative
(= denying) [opinions]. They said, that thy father set out for (ad)
Rome. It is delightful and becoming, says Horace, to die for one's
country. Thou hast erred, thou wilt say perhaps. Never, says he, is
a friend troublesome to me.
Meminerimus, etiam ad versus infimos justitiam esse servandam.
Animus memlnit praeteritorum, praesentia cernit, futura provldet. Be-
neficia meminisse debet is, in quern colJata sunt, non commemorare,
qui contulit. Illud semper memento: Qui ipse sibi sapiens prodesse
nequit, nequicquam sapit. Quod tu mihi dixisti, pulchre meminero.
Qui patriae beneficia meminerint, semper pro ejus salute arma capes-
sere parati erunt. Memento mori.
Omnes oderunt eum, qui immemor est beneficii. Libertatis inimi-
cos, effTci non potest, quin (= ut non) odgrim. Invidi virtutem et bo-
num alienum oderunt. Virtus necesse est res sibi contrarias aspernetur
atque oderit. Probos amamus, improbos odimus. Non dubito, quin
mali me oderint. Vox dira et abominanda : Oderint, dum metuant.
Cicero, penitus oderat Clodium. Judicem neque studere cuiquam de-
cet, neque odisse, neque irasci. Non ita amare debemus, ut si aliquan-
do osuri simus. Romani regum nomen perosi sunt.
Dimidium facti, qui bene coepit, habet, Oracula evanuerunt, post-
quam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt. Postquam divitiae ho-
nori esse coeperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebalur : he-
^8.] IMPERSONAL VERBS. 209
bescere virtus, paupertas probro esse coepit. Turpe est, rem bene
coeptam male finire. Undique in murum lapldes conjici coepti sunt
Urbs obsideri coepta est,
Deum colit, qui novit. Nihil milii stultius videtur, quam existimare
eum studiosum tui, quern non noris. Qui se ipse norit, aliquid sen-
tiet se habere divinura, tantoque munere dei semper dignum aliquid et
faciet et sentiet. Quam quisque norit artem, in hac se exerceat.
You should forget favors conferred, [but] remember those received.
We shall remember thee, even when thou art absent. If we remem-
ber the favors conferred upon us (in nos) by our parents, we shall nev-
er be ungrateful towards (adversus) them. When we remember youth
happily passed (agere), we are delighted. As often as (quotiescunque)
I remembered the good principles of my teachers, a desire after (gen.)
those excellent men seized (occupare) me.
We hate the men, who are unmindful of favors received. Who is
there, who does not (quin) hate (subj.) the enemies of freedom ? We
did not know, why he hated us. Men love the upright, [and] hate the
wicked. I doubt not, that the wicked hate me. The (is) friend is not
agreeable (gratus) to us, who loves us as one about to hate us. It is
known, that the Romans hated (perf ) the name of kings very much.
Him, who is unfortunate, all hate.
Thou hast begun the thing well, but ended badly. Scarcely had
the soldiers begun to fortify the camp, when the enemies were (perf.)
discovered. Already had the enemies begun to assault the city, as
suddenly our soldiers came (perf) for (dat.) aid to the citizens. After
the banishment of the kings, (abl. abs.), two consuls began to be chosen
yearly.
I know not, whether (ne attached to the verb) thou art acquainted
with my friend, but if thou shall become acquainted with him, thou
wilt love him. Judge not concerning a man, before you know him.
Do you know the way ? we do not know it. When any one wishes
to preside over the republic, he should (oportet with Suhj.) be acquaint-
ed with its laws and institutions. Art thou personally (= from ap-
pearance, de facie) acquainted with my friend? (= I am not acquaint-
ed with him), but I desire (opto) to know (= that I may know) him.
§ 78. Impersonal Verbs (46. Rem.)
1) Verbs which indicate certain appearances of Nature.
fulgurat, it lightens, [it fulminat, it lightens, gelat, it freezes.
thunders, grandinat, it hails,
18*
210 IMPERSONAL VERBS. [^ 78.
illucescit, uxit, it he- ningit, xit, it snows. vesperascit, ravit, it he-
comes light, day. ptiit, it rains. comes evening.
Rem. I. These verbs may be inflected through all the modes and
tenses, as :
tonat tonet tonuit tonu^rit tonare
tonabat tonaret tSnnerat tonuisset tonuisse.
The other Impersonal Verbs here introduced of the first Conjugation,
have avit.
2) decet, uit (c. ace.) licet, it is allowed. pertaesum est, it dis-
it is becoming. miseret, uit it excites gusts.
dedec^et, uit (c. ace.) it (one's) pity. piget, uit, it irks.
is not becoming. miseretur, rltum est, it poenitet, uit, it repents.
Ubet or lubet, uit, it excites pity. [fid. pudet, uit, it shames,
pleases. oportet, uit, it is need- taedet, uit, it disgusts.
3) There are also many personal verbs used as impersonal
in a particular meaning, as :
accedit, essit {ut or contingit, igit, it falls juvat, juvit, it delights.
quod), it is added to one's lot. liquet, quit, it is clear.
{that). convenit, ehit, it is Jit. patet, uit, it is obvious.
accfdit, it happens. evenit, enit, it Imppens. placet, uit, it pleases.
apparet, uit ; it is evi- expedit, it is useful. praestat, itit, it is het-
dent. fallit, fefellit(me), i7 65- ter. [cape^ {me).
attinet, uit, it pertains capes {me). praeterit, iit (me), it es-
to. fugit, fugii, (me), it es- refert,retulit, i<co?icerrw
conducit, xit, it is ser- capes (me), it is un- restat, it remains.
viceable. known. sufFicit, ecit, it is suffir
constat, stltit, it is interest, fuit, it con- dent.
known. cerns. superest, it remains.
Rem. 2. These impersonals, also, can be inflected in all the modes
and tenses.
4) Finally there belong here the third Pers. Sing. Pass, of
all verbs, especially of intransitive verbs, through all the modes
and tenses, as :
Aratur, they plough, aretur, they may plough ; arabatur, they ploughed,
araretur, they might plough; aratum est, they have ploughed, aratum sit,
they may have ploughed; aratum erat, they had ploughed, aratum esset,
they might have ploughed, aratum erit, they will have ploughed ; Inf in
dependent discourse : arari, (that) they plough, aratum esse, (that) they
have ploughed, aratum iri, (that) they will plough. — Ridetur, they laugh;
ludebatur, they played; dormietur, they will sleep ; itur, they go ; ventum
est, they have com^.
$^9, 80.] prep6sition, etc. — formation of words. 211
CHAPTER n.
§ 79. Preposition. — Conjunction. — Interjection.
1. In addition to the parts of speech which have already-
been treated of, there remain the conjunction and interjection.
Of these, the conjunction, as it is employed in connecting sen-
tences, will be more properly treated of in the Syntax, and
the interjection needs no special treatment beyond a mere defi-
nition ; for which see ^ 6. Rem. 2.
2. The preposition, in addition to the table of prepositions
given in ^ 34, and the remarks upon its use in the Syntax (^ 93.),
requires some additional illustration ' here. Most prepositions
are used also as adverbs, as: ante, post, prope, juxta, infra, su-
pra, citra, ultra, intra, extra, contra, circa (circum). Nearly all
prepositions are used in compositixyn, as : m^errogo, c/ecedo, com-
pono i^com, con, co = cum in composition), etc. Inseparable
prepositions are those which occur only in composition, viz :
anil> (ann, an) around, as : amb-ire, am-plector, an-fractus ; — dis
(di), asunder, from each other, as : dis-cedo, di-spergo ; — re (back,
again), as : re-vertor, re-cludo ; — se (aside, apart), as: se-p6no;
— sits (su), up, upon, as : sus-cipio, su-spicio ; finally, the nega-
tive ne, as : ne-scire.
CHAPTER III.
§ 80. Formation of Words.
I. Verbs.
1. Frequentatives, i. e. verbs which express a repetition of the
action, are formed from other verbs by adding Uare to the stem
of the Pres., as : ago, I drive, ag-lto, / drive hither and thither ^
clam-o, I cry, clam-ito, I cry continually.
2. Intensives, i. e. verbs which ex[)ress a permanence or con'
tinuance in an action, are formed from the Sup. of other verbs,
as : verto, verti, versum, vertere, to turn, verso, to tarn hither
and thither ; they follow the first Conjugation.
212 FORMATION OF WORDS. [$ 80«
3. Desideratives, i. e. verbs which express a desire or striving
after the thing indicated by their primitives, have the ending
urio, as : esu-rio, I desire to eat (from edo, edi, essum), coenat-
urio, Ilong far supper (from coeno, avi, atum); they follow the
fourth Conjugation.
4. Inchoatives, i. e. verbs which express a becoming or begin-
ning of that which their primitives express, have the endings
asco, esco, isco, as ; exhorr-esco, I shudder (from horreo), con-
cup-isco, I desire (from cupio), repuer-asco, I become a boy again
(from puer) ; they follow the third Conjugation.
5. Diminutives, i. e. verbs which express a diminution of
the idea expressed by their primitives, have the ending, illo,
as : (canto) cantillo, 1 chant.
n. Substantives.
1. Nouns in tor (fem. tdx), are formed from the supines of
verbs and designate j^er^ow^ in active relations (actors), as: vic-
tor, victrix, a conqueror (from vinco, vici, victum).
2. Those ill io, are formed from the supines of verbs, and
like English substantives in ing, express the action of the verbs
from which they are formed as taking place, as : laesio, an in-
juring (from laedo, laesi, laesum), emendatio, an emeruiing (from
emendo, avi, atum). j
3. Those in o, miis, are derived either from verbs or nouns,
and designate persons with an idea of contempt, as : caplto
(from caput), blockhead.
4. Those in its (gen. us), are derived from supines, and sig-
nify mostly a completed action, an effect, as : morsus, a bite
(from mordeo, momordi, morsum).
5. Those in ulus, \da, vlum ; bias, dla, olum ; elhis, eUa, eUum;
iUus, ilia, ilium, indicate an object as small (diminutives), as :
hortulus, a little garden, vocula, a slight voice (from vox) ; filio-
lus, a little son, filiola, a little daughter, assellus, an ass colt.
Remark. The gender of diminutives follows the gender of their
primitives.
6. Those in etum, signify a place abounding in thai expressed
by their primitives, as : quercetum, oun oak-grove, dumetum, a
thorn-thicket (from dumus, a thorn bush).
§ 80.] FORMATION OF WORDS. 213
7. Those ill la (itla), G. lae; — tds, G. tdtis ; tus, G. tutis ; tudoj
G. tudimis; — edo and ido, G. inis, express an abstract quality, as :
audacia (from aadax,) boldness, sapientia (from sapiens), wis-
dom; laetitia (from laetas),joy, avaritia (from avdrus), avarice;
— bonitas (from bonus), good?iess, celeritas (from celer), swift-
ness ; — servitus (from servics), servitude; — fortitudo (from fortis),
bravery, magnitiido (from magnus), greatness; — dulcedo (fiom
dulcis), sweetness, cnpido (from cupldus), desire.
8. Gentile Nouns, i. e. names o^ peoples and countries. Names
of countries are mostly formed from the names of peoples, with
the ending ia, as: (Macedo, 6n-is) Macedonia; (Thrax, ac-is)
Thracia, etc. On the contrary, names of peoples having the
adjective-endings : lus, dnus^ inus, enus, ensis (iensis), ds{G. dtis),
icus, idcus, alcus, aire formed either from names of countries or
cities, as: (Cyprus) Cyprius; (Roma) Romdnus; ( Venusia)
Venusmiis ; (Pergamus) Pergamenus ; (Athenae) Athenicasis ;
(Arpinum) Arpiiias; (Colchis) Colchicus; (Aegyptus) Aegyp-
tide us ; (Thebae) Thebdicus.
9. Patrmiymics, i. e. personal appellations derived from one's
descent. These have the endings : ides, G. idae, Fem. is (from
primitives in its and or) ; ides, F. eis (from primitives in eiis) ;
ddes or iddes, F. as (ias) (from primitives in as or es of the first
Dec. or in ius),dis: (Priamus) Priamides ; (Agenor) Agenori-
des; (Tantalus) F Tantdlis ; — (Peleus) Pelides; (Theseus) F.
Theseis; — (Aeneas) J.ewed<5fe5; (Thestius) Thestiddes; F. Thes-
tias.
III. Adjectives.
1. Those in e'us, a, um, are adjectives o{ material, as: ferreus,
iron, ligneus, wooden, marmoreus, of marble.
2. Those in inus, a, um, and ntus, a, um, are principally de-
rived from the names of plants and minerals, as : faglnus, heech-
en, of beech, querneus, of oak, crystallinus, of crystal; aburneus,
of ivory.
3. Those in nv^, a, um, emus, a, um, and inus, a, um, relate
to designations of time and place, as: vernus, behmging to
spring; externus, external ; hodiernus, of to-day, Sieieinus, eter-
nal; diutinus, of long duration.
4. Those in inus, a, um, relate, mostly, to the different kinds
214 FORMATION OP WORDS. [^ 80.
of animals, as : leporinus (lepus, leporis, the hare), of the hare^
caro anserina, goose-meat.
6. Those in Uis and bilis, express a capability or fitness, as :
utilis, 'useful, docllis, teachable; amabllis, amiable.
6. Those in hundus, express the idea of a present participle
but with more intensity, as : popiilabundus, ravaging (stronger
i}[\aLXi populans), mirabiindiis,yi^// ofwcmder; those in cwidus ex-
press Q, permanent quality or Iwbit, as : facundus, fluent, iracim-
dus, passionate, verecundus, respectful.
7. Those in osus, tus, olentus or ulentus, Idu^ express fulness,
abundance or excess, as : arenosus, sandy (abounding in sand),
auritus, long-eared, auratus, gilt (furnished with gold), onestus,
loaded down, vetustus, ancient, violentus, impetuaus, turbulen-
iViS, full of commotion, herbidus, covered with grass.
SYNTAX
OR THE PRE^CIPLES OF SENTENCES.
§ 81. Sentence, — Subject. — Predicate.
1. A thought expressed in words, is called a sentence^ as :
the rose blooms^ rosa floret ; the rose is beautiful, rosa pul-
chra est.
2. The necessary parts of a sentence are :
a) The subject, i. e. that of which something is as-
serted, as : the rose, rosa ;
b) The predicate, i. e. that which is asserted of the
subject, as: blooms, floret; is beautiful, pulchra est.
3. The subject is a substantive, as : rose, rosa, or some
other word or clause used substantively, e. g. a pronoun, an
adjective, an Infin., as : /, thou, he, this, the ivise. The sub-
ject stands in the nominative.
4. The predicate is a verb, or an adjective or substantive
in connection with the verb esse, which in this case is call-
ed the copula (bond).
TXossi foret. — Rosa pulchra est. — Rosa^o* est.
Remark. In the Latin language each form of the Jlnite verb may
form a sentence ; for it signifies at the same time, a person of whom
something is said, and that which is said of him, as : amo, / love.
§ 82. Limitation of the Subject and Predicate.
1. The predicate may be limited in the following ways:
a) By a case of the substantive which is then called
the object, as : virtutem amo ;
b) By the preposition with a substantive, as : pro patria
pugnamus;
c) By the infinitive, as : scribere cupio ;
d) By an adverb, as : bene scribis.
216 AGREEMENT. [$ 83.
2. The subject, or object may be limited in the following
ways :
a) By an adjective [attributive adjective), as : rosa
pulchra ;
b) By the genitive of a substantive (attributive gen.),
as : hortus regis ;
c) By a substantive which stands in the same case
as the word which it limits, as : Alexander, rex
Macedonum, Magnus appellatur. A substantive of
this kind is said to be in apposition.
Remark. The attributive adjective agrees with the noun which it
limits in gender, number and case. This is so even in the adjectives :
prinms, ultimus, extremus, postremus, intimiis, summus, medius, inJimuSy
imus and reliquus, although they designate only particular parts of ob-
jects and are rendered into English by partitive phrases [Jirst part, last
part, etc. of a thing).
§ 83. Agreement.
1. The verb agrees with its subject in person and number;
the adjective in gender, number and case (nominative).
Ego scribo ; tu scribis ; ille scribit. Rosa floret. Rosae florent.
Amicus fidus est. Virtus pulchra est. Corpus caducum est. Puer
magnus. Puella parva. Corpus caducum. Indus omnium flumi-
num maximus est.
Rem. 1. Sometimes, however, the predicate does not agree with
the grammatical form of the subject, but with a noun implied in it
(Constructio ad intellectum), which is particularly the case in collective
nouns, as : pars bestiis ohjedi sunt. — Magna multitudo convenerant.
2. The substantive, as predicate, agrees with the subject
only in case ; it agrees with it in gender, number and case,
only w*hen it signifies a person, and hence, either has sepa-
rate forms for the masculine and feminine, or is of the com-
mon gender. The same is the case with the substantive
in apposition.
Rosa flos est. Athenae fuerunt urbs. Romulus fuit rex. Tomyris
fuit regina. Tomyris, reglna Scytharum, Cyrum, regem Persarum,
devicit. Bactra, regionis caput, sita sunt sub monte Parapamiso.
Rem. 2. When the neuters of adjectives, pronouns and numerals are
used as nouns, and signify a number of single things, they do not, as is
§ 83.] AGREEMENT. 21'?
generally the case in English, stand in the singular, but in the plural.
Omnia humana sunt fragilia (everything human). FiUura incerta sunt
(the future). Haec sunt vera, iUa falsa (this — that). Multa, pauca, etc.
3. When there are two or more subjects in one sentence,
the verb stands in the plural. If the subjects have the same
gender, the adjective as predicate, takes the same gender
and stands in the plural ; but if they have different genders^
in designations of persons, the adjective agrees with the
masculine subject in preference to the feminine, but in names
of things the adjective generally stands in the neuter plural,
PompeiuSf Scipio, Afranius foede perierunt Caesar et Pompeitts for-
tissimi fuerunt. Terra et luna sunt glohosae. Pater et mater mihi cari
sunt. Inter se contraria sunt benefidum et injuria.
Rem. 3. When, however, the subjects are connected by aut—aut, et
— et (as well — as also), nee — nee, or when it is designed lo make one
subject more prominent than the others, the predicate agrees with the
nearest subject, which, in the last case, is always the subject to be ren-
dered prominent.
4. When subjects o^ different persons are connected, the
first person predominates over the second and third persons,
and the second over the third, and the predicate stands in
the plural.
Ego et tu scribimus. Ego et frater scribimus. Ego, tu et frater
Bcribimus. Tu et frater scribitis. Ego et fratres scribimus. Tu et
fratres scribitis. Nos et fratres scribimus. Vos et fratres scribitis.
CXVI. Exercises for translation. ($§ 81 — 83.)
I. Our body is mortal, our soul immortal. The forehead, the eyes,
the expressions often lie. God is the creator and governor of the
whole world. History is a good instructress. The Scythians were
a very warlike people. Alexander, king of the Macedonians, carried
on (perf ) a war with Darius, king of the Persians. The divine is eter-
nal, the human frail. We often hold the unknown for (pro) known
and assent to it inconsiderately. O boy, hear much [but] speak little!
Gold, silver, brass, iron, in short (denlque) all metals are produced
(gign^re) for the use of men. The father, the mother and the sister
of my friend, have all died within a year. Thy son and thy daughter
are very dear to me. Lahor and pleasure, by a (quidam) natural alli-
ance, are united togetlier (inter se). Arrogance, hatred and envy are
19
J|18 DOUBLE NOMINATIVE. [J 84.
foreign to the mind of the wise. I and my brother returned (perf.)
yesterday from the journey. I and my brother learn, thou and thy
brother play. We and my parents rejoice at (de) your return.
II. Life is short, art is long. The lark and the nightingale sing de-
lightfully. Experience is the best instructress. The Carthaginians
were a treacherous people. Wisdom is tlie governess of all things.
Writers extol Solon, the law-giver of the Athenians, on account of
his wisdom. Everything earthly is fleeting. The past we cannot
change. The future is uncertain. Corinth and Charthage were (perf)
destroyed by the Romans. Dominion (plur.), posts of honor, riches,
power (opes) are fortuitous. The walls and gates of the taken city
were destroyed (perf) by the soldiers. The king and queen are very
dear to all the citizens. The father and mother have set out on a
journey. Thy brother and sister are very good. I rejoice, that (quod),
thou and thy brother are well. We and our parents shall set out on a
journey to-morrow. Thou and thy sister remain in the city.
§ 84. Double Nominative,
As there are two nominatives with the copula esse, the
nominative of the subject and the nominative of the predi-
cate, so also the following verbs take two nominatives :
a) The verbs of becoyning : fio^ evado, existo, nascor;
b) The verb maneo (I remain), and videor (I seem, ap-
pear) ;
c) The verbs which mean : / am called, as : appellor,
vocor, dicor, etc. ;
d) The verbs which signify, I am made, chosen, appointed
something, as : creor, eligor, etc. ;
e) The verbs which mean : I am considered, accounted
something, I am recognized, found as something, and
the like, as : putor, existimor, judicor, habeor, cognos-
cor, inventor, etc.
Brutus Romanorum libertatis vindex exstitit. JVemo dodus nascitur.
Gloria Romanorum aetema manet. Cicero consul creatus est. Cicero
pater patriae appellatus est. Virtus summum bonum judicanda est.
CXVII. Exercises for translation. ($84.)
L No one has become immortal by cowardice. Cicero, in the
Catilinian (Catilinarius) war, appeared (existere) [as] the defender of
^ 85, 86.] CLASSES OF VERBS. TENSES. i3l#
the state. The rich often become (evadere) beggars. No one is
born rich. After Romulus, Numa Pompilius was elected (perf.)
king by the Romans. Piety is justly considered the foundation of
all the virtues. The renown of Roman bravery will remain forever
(= eternal). Philosophy is called by Cicero, the guide {== leader) of
life, the investigator (fem ) of virtue and the banisher (fem.) of vice, the
inventress of laws, the instructress of customs and of discipline. Un-
expected evils appear greater than [those] expected. Demosthenes is
justly considered the most distinguished orator of the Greeks. Cicero
and Anthony were elected consuls.
II. Quintus Fabius was chosen (perf.) general by the Romans.
Men beconie wiser by age. The orations of Demosthenes and Cicero
are considered models of eloquence. A bad poet never becomes
(evadere) a good [one]. Lycurgus came forward (perf. of exisiere) as
the law-giver of the Lacedemonians. Virtue is justly considered the
highest good. Aristides was called the just by the Athenians. The
renown of some will remain eternal. Cyrus was elected the first king
of the Persians The sun appears to us smaller than it is. Thou
wast born good, but hast become bad.
§ 85. Classes of Verbs.
1. There are two kinds of verbs, active and passive.
In an active verb, the subject appears as active^ as: ro-
sa floret; — puer epistolarn scribit. Those active verbs
which take an accusative are called transitive^ as: puer
epistolarn scribit ; but the rest are called intransitive, as : ro-
^di floret; — sapiens meminit mortis: — pater \.ih\ favet; — ami-
cus g-audet adventu amici; — eo in urbem.
2. In \he passive the subject appears as suffering' (receiv-
ing the action), as : bonus discipulus laudatur a preceptori-
bus, malus vituperatur.
3. Deponent verbs are those which have a passive form
but an active signification, as: dux hortatur milites; —
morior.
I
§86. Tenses of the Verb,
1. The tenses are divided into two classes :
a) Principal Tenses: the Pres. Perf. and Future:
220 MODES OF THE VERB. { 87.]
scribo, Iivrite, scripsi, I have loritlen^ scribo, 1 shall
ivrite, scripsero, I shall have icritten;
b) Historical Tenses: Imperf. Piuperf. and the nar-
rative Perf. : scnbeb3.m, I ivrote, ivas ivriting-^ scrip-
seram, I had turitten, scripsi, I lurote.
Rem. The narrative Perf. is called the Perf. historical and is trans-
lated into English by the Imperf ; the pro{)er Perf is called the PerC
present, and is translated into English by the Perf The Latin histori-
cal Perf ^ways expresses the action as past, and so also does the
Latin Imperf but yet always as standing in relation to another past ac-
tion to which it corresponds in time, as : scribebam, qimm veniebas (vene-
ras). Hence the Perf is used in relating principal events, the ImperC
in relating accompanying circumstances. Caesar urbem intravit ; omnes
cives laetabantur victoriamque de hostibus reportatam ei gratulabantur,
CXVIIL Exercises/or translation. (^ 86.)
L God has made the whole world. Romulus built Rome. Hannibal
vanquished the Romans in (abl.) the second Punic war. The enemies
assaulted the city, which lay upon a hill. The city was captured by
the enemies, but the citizens had already deserted it. So long as thou
shall be fortunate, thou wilt number many friends. In a short [time]
I shall have finished this business. If we shall have fulfilled our duties,
we shall be hap])y (beatus). Even as we shall have treated others,
will they treat us.
II. The book, which you sent me, I have read through carefully.
Carthage and Corinth were destroyed by the Romans. The Romans
carried on many wars with the Germans, who were a very brave peo-
ple. An immense number of men had come together into [in with
ace.) the city. The remembrance of renowned men will be obscured
by no oblivion. After a few days I shall have returned. As thou
shall have sown (sementem facere), [so] thou wilt reap(metere). The
more we shall have exercised our minds by the study of literature, so
much the more we shall delight in it. If thou shall have adorned the
Boul with virtues, thou will be happy.
§ 87. Modes of the Verb.
1. The Indicative is the mode which expresses /ac^5, re-
alities,
'Rosa.Jloret. Pater epistolam scripsit. Ambulaho.
2. The Subjunctive is the mode which is employed in
expressing what is imagined or barely conceived of.
$ 87.] MODES OP THE VERB.
a) The Subjunctive of the principal tenses^ especially
of the Pres., is used in principal sentences to express
a supposition or presumption, a doubting question, an
encouragement, exhortation, a wish. We may often
translate this Subjunctive into English, by the Subj.
Imperf. or by the auxiliaries, ought, might, could^
should, loould with the Infin.
Nemo sanus de virtutis pretio duhittt Quis de animorum immorta-
litate duhittt ? Eamiis ! (let us go ! or : we would go !) Utlnam ami-
cus convcdescat !
b) The Subjunctive of the historical tenses is used in
principal sentences to express a supposition the opposite
of tohat really is, or is not, as : errares, thou loouldst
err ; errasses, thou ivouldst have erred; si hoc diceres,
errares, if thou shouldst say this, thou icoiildst err^
sic hoc dixisses, errasses, if thou hadst said this,
thou ivouldst have erred; so : non erra/res, non erraS'
ses] hence crederes, putares, cerneres, videres (one
might believe, might see) ; besides, the Subj. of these
tenses is used to express a ivish of which one knows
that it loill not be realized (imperfect), or has not been
realized (pluperfect), as : utinam amicus convalesce-
ret ! utinam amicus convaluisset I finally, the Subj.
Imperf. is used in a doubting question in reference to
past time, as : quid facerem ? (what should I have
done?)
3. The Imperative is used to express commands, as : scri-
be. The two forms of the second person of the imperative
are thus distinguished : the shorter forms (ama, amate) have
a milder, the longer forms (amato, amatote) a stronger mean-
ing ; hence these last should be translated by should or must
and are used especially in directions and injunctions.
Ferte misero atque iuopi auxilium. Cotito virtutem. Leges obser-
varUor. Discipulus amato praeceptores.
Remark. The negative with the Imper. and also with the Subj. of
encouraging and exhorting, is expressed by ne (not by non), as : we scribe ;
19*
222 s GENITIVE. [^88,
ne eamus. However, instead of ne with the Imper. nolij nolite with the
lufinitive are often used, as: noli scribere, do not im-ite; nolite garrire,
puerii
GXIX. Exercises for translation. (^87.)
I. The view of Epicurus concerning the highest good, I could not
approve. Why should we doubt concerning (de) the immortality of
the soul (pi ur.)? We should love our native country! We would
bear with equanimity, all which happens to us ! The principles of
virtue we would not neglect! The beginning (principium plur.) of all
things should be taken (ducere) from the immortal gods! What has
fallen to the lot (obtingere) of each one, this each one should hold fast
(tenere). O that all would strive after virtue ! Without thy aid, I
had been the most unhappy man. O that thou hadst been silent !
What should I have answered ? Flatter ye not bad men. Thou
shouldst obej [thy] parents and teachers. Scholars should respect
(vereri) their teachers. O boys, you should be present at school not
only with (abl.) your bodies, but also with your minds.
II. The betraying of his country no one should praise. Nobody
should believe a lying man. Who should not admire the beauty of
the world ! We would not without reason expose (offerre) ourselves
to dangers. We should rejoice at the prosperity of others ! We
should be affected in the very same way towards friends as (quo)
towards ourselves. O that all men would honor virtue ! Mayest thou
always live happily (beate) ! The sedition of the soldiers, a word of
the general would have quieted. O that thou hadst been present soon-
er! I should not now be so unhappy. Whither should we have fled !
Do not .chatter, boys ! We should always contemplate the heavenly
and despise the human. Evil desires should always be restrained by
the reason. We should contemplate the illustrious (illustris, e) ex-
amples of virtue whrck ?ire pointed out i||. history.
OF THE C^^i:S. Jr.,
§ 88. A. The Genitive.
The o-em^tW stands in answer to the quesiionn tohose ?
of ivhom ? of lohat ? and indeed, with the following words
and expressions : ^y.
1. With misereor^ I pity^ and the impersonals me pudetj
$ 88.] GENITIVE. 223
piget, poemtetj taedet and miser et^ I am ashamed of^ disgust-
ed at^ repent of^ loathe^ pity (something).
Infelicium hominum misereor. Me miseret tui. Nunquam primi consir
Hi deum poenltd. Me vUae taedet.
2. With egere and indigere^ to need^ ivant, (which also
sometimes take the a^/a^we), and the adjectives: cupidus^
aviduSy studiosus.
Aegrotus medicinae eget. Virtus plurimae exercitationis indiget, Vir
sapiens veritatis est studiosus.
3. With the verbs : memini^ reminiscor, ohliviscor ; — admO'
neoy commoneo^ commonefacio aliquem ; — with the adjectives :
memor, immemor ; conscius, nesciu^, inscius ; gnarus, ignd-
rus ; prudens, imprudens; perltusy imperltus ; consuttuSy
rudis,
Pueri, meminerint verecundiae. Boni homines pradenti temporis cum
voluptate reminiscuntur. Verus amicus amid nunquam ohlivisdiur,
Veteris te amicitiae commonefado. Cono prudens rei mUitaris fuit. Be-
ne/idorum memores estote.
Remark 1. Memini, reminiscor, ohliviscor are often, and recordor al-
most always connected with the accusative.
4. With many participles in ans and ens, when they have
the meaning of adjectives, and with many verbal adjectives
in ax.
Homo gloriae appetens saepe a virtutis via deflectit. Quis famulus
amantior domini est, quam canis ? Ciceronis aetas virtutum ferax fuit
Vir probus tenax est propositorum bonorum.
5. With verbs of accusing, criminating, condemning, con-
victing and acquitting, the charge or crime is put in the gen-
itive (occasionally in Abl.).
Rem. 2. The punishment when capital (caput) or when it is a Jiive is
sometimes in the Gen. and sometimes in the Abl. Other punishments
are generally put in the Ace. after ad.
Miltiades proditionis est accusatus. Cicero Verrem avaritiae coarguit.
Themistocles absens proditionis est damnatus. Judex absolvit reum cri-
minis. Athenienses Socratem capitis condemnarunt. Roscius parriddii
accusatus est.
6. With the adjectives : particeps, expers, consors, exsors^
JK^' GENITIVE. [$ 88.
proprius ; similis^ dissimilis^ superstes (which are also found
with the dative) ; polens^ impolens^ compos ; plenusj fertilis^
inops (which are aJso found with the ablative).
Bestiae rationis et orationis sunt expertes. Homo raiionis est pariiceps,
Omnes virtvtis compotes beati sunt. Ira impotens sui est. Viri propria
maxima fortitude est. Terra variorum herbarum plena est
7. The genitive with esse signifies : a) the object (person
or thing) in which something is inherent, or to which some-
thing belongs (possessive genitive) ; b) the object to which
something is peculiar, in which case, that which is peculiar
to the object is commonly expressed by the infinitive ; this
last genitive may be translated by : It is the part, manner,
custom, characteristic, duty, sign, mark of some one ; it is in-
cumbent on one, and the like.
Hie liber yrflrfriff md est (belongs to my brother). Petulantia est ado-
lescentium (is inherent in). Imbedlli animi est superstitio (belongs to).
Virorum fortium est, toleranter dolorern pati.
Rem. 3. Instead of: mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri est, we must use
here, meum, tuum, sunm, nostrum, vestrum est, as : nostrum est, parentes
amare.
8. The genitive or ablative of a substantive joined with
an adjective stands with esse, in order to express the nature
or quality of the subject (genitive or ablative of quality) ;
this Gen. or Abl. may also, without esse, be joined to a noun
as an attributive.
The Gen. denotes essential, the Abl. accidental qualities, hence, the
the designations of m£asure by number, time and space are always ex-
pressed by the genitive (never by the ablative), these being essential
qualities of an object.
Vir bonus summat pietatis (or summa, pietate) erga deum est. Xerxis
classis mille et ducentarum navium longarum fuit. Tarquinius fratrem
habuit Aruntem, mitis ingenii (or miti ingenio) hominem. Aristoteles,
\ir summo ingenio (or summi ingenu,) prudentiam cum eloquentia junxit
9. The Genitive stands as an expression of the value,
with verbs of valuing and esteeming, of buying and selling,
as : puto, duco, aestimo. — pendo, facio, habeo, — emo, vendo,
veneo. Of this kind are the genitives: magm,pluris, pluri-
$88.] GENITIVE. 22^4
mi, — parvi, Jloccij minimi^ — tanti, quanti^ niliili (much, more,
very much, little, etc.) (Genitive of price).
Si prata et areas quasdam mngni aestimamus, quanti est aestimanda
virtus ! Divitias minuris aestimare debemus, quarri virtutem. Divitine
a sapienti viro viinimi putantur. Quanti emisti hunc librum ? Discipuli
praeceptores />/Mrimi (or maximi) facere debeiit.
10. With the impers6nal verb interest (it concerns), the
person whom something concerns, stands in the genitive.
Instead of the genitive of the personal pronouns: mei, tui,
sui, nostri, veslri : 7ned, tud, sua, nostra, vesird, are always
used, and in this case refert can be used instead of interest
in the same sense.
Hoio much or hoiv little one is interested in a thing is
expressed : a) by adverbs, as : magnopere, multum, magis^
maxime, nihil, paritm, minime ; — b) by the adverbial neu-
ters : multum, plus, plurimum, minus, minimum, tantum,
etc. — c) by the genitives : magni, pluris, parvi, tantiy
quanti.
The thing which interests or concerns one, is not ex-
pressed by a substantive, but ; a) by an infitdtive ; b) by
the accusative luith an infinitive ; c) by a subsidiary sen-
tence with ut (that), ne (that not) and the Subjunctive;
d) by an indirect question (in the Subj.). — The general
expressions ; this, that, what one is interested in, are ex-
pressed by the accusatives : id, illud, quod, quid.
Interest omnium, rede facere. Quid nostra refert [interest,) vidum esse
Anionium'^ Praeceptoris midtum interest, discipulos sunirno studio in lit-
teras incumbere. Magni mea interest [refert), ut te videam. Omnium
m/igni interest feliciter vivere.
1 1. Finally, the genitive stands with a substantive as a
nearer definition of it, as : hortus regis (= hortus regius).
Comp. § 82, 2, b.)
Rem. 4. Hence the genitive with the substantives: caussd, gratia,
ergo which we render by on account of for the sake of and with instar,
like. Instead of the genitives : mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri : med ivd,
sua, nostra, vestrd, are used with caussd and gratia, as : med, tud^ sudf
nustrd, vestrd caussd or gratid (on my account, thy account, etc.).
880 GENITIVE. [$ 88.
12. This attributive genitive signifies :
a) the author or cause, as : conjuratio Catilinae ; de-
sideriurn patriae (longing after (excited by) one's
country) ;
b) the possessor, as: hortus regis;
c) the ivhole, from which a part is taken (partitive
genitive), as : partes corporis.
The partitive Gen. stands also with other words besides
nouns, when they signify apart of a lohole, viz : with com-
paratives and superlatives, pronouns and numerals, and the
neuters: multum, plus, plurium; nihil, minus, minimum;
tantum, quantum, and the like used substantively, with ad-
verbs of quantity, as : satis parum, and with adverbs of place
in certain connections.
Duorum fratrum major natu. Cicero omnium Romanorum praestan-
tissimus fuit orator. Romanorum unus, Multum pecuniae. Satis elo-
quentiae. Ubi terrarum ? where in all the worlds JS/usquam terrarum,
nowhere in the world.
Rem. 5. The genitive in these cases must often be rendered into
English by the prepositions: ofjor, after, about, concerning, before, with,
as : memoria praeteriti temporis (of), desiderium patriae (for), consuetu-
do amicorum (with).
CXX. Exercises for translation. (^88.)
L a. We pity those who repent (= whom it repents) of their faults.
A scholar, who loathes labor, will not make progress in literature.
Who would not be ashamed of ignorance ? Many are dissatisfied with
their fortune. I pity thee my boy ! We should pity those, who, by
fortune not by wickedness, find themselves (esse) in adversity (miser-
iae, arum). The truth needs not approbation. The rich are often
greedy after greater riches. A good scholar occupies himself zealously
(studiosus sum) with literature. The ancient Germans were very
eager for war. The people (gens) of the Gauls were very greedy for
gold.
I. b. Who repent of their sins, may hope [for] pardon (venia). No
one will repent of a good deed (actio). The indolent [man] will some
time repent his indolence. Just as God pities thee, so thou shouldst
pity others. Pity thou the destitute. Bad men are often wearied (tae-
det) of life. Thou wilt some time be ashamed of thy bad life. The
^ 88.] GENITIVE. 227
powers of the body and the soul need exercise. Caesar and Pompey
were very eager for fame. The wise [man] earnestly seeks (studiosua
sum) a quiet life. We hate the men who are greedy of gold. Cati-
line was eager for a revolution (res novae).
II. a. Vespasian was unmindful of injuries (ofFensa, ae). Those
men live happily who are conscious of no wickedness. The mind re-
members the past, perceives (cernere) the present [and] foresees the
future. The Romans were very skilful in war. Deserters (perfuga,
ae) very familiar (= acquainted) with the country, had spied out (ex-
plorare) the march of the enemies. The spirit of man is ignorant of
(nescius) [its] future fortune (fatum). Cinna forgot (perf ) the favors
which he had received of Augustus. Remind not the wretched of his
wretchedness (plur.). The soldiers, mindful of [their] former bravery,
fought (perf) spiritedly. We should forget favors conferred (conferre),
[but] remember [those] received. The people of the Samnites were
very skilful in war. The Scythians were unskilful in literature and
the arts. The Romans always longed (appetens sum) after fame and
were eager for praise. We hate the man despising divine and human
laws. Camels endure (patiens sum) hunger and thirst.
II. b. The mind conscious of crimes cannot be quiet A good man
easily forgets an injury, [but] always remembers a favor. We hate
those men. who are unmindful of favors received. The ancient Ger-
mans were rude in the arts and literature. Already the youth should
be mindful of age. Dionysius, the older, tyrant of Syracuse, was brave
and acquainted with war. The wise [man] is always mindful of
human frailty. Caesar and Pompey were two generals very skilful in
warfare. Foolish men forget their faults, but see (cernere) the faults
of others. Pursue those things diligently in which thou art skilful,
but abstain from those in which thou art unskilful. The general re-
minded (perf) the soldiers of [their] former bravery. It is not neces-
sary to remind an upright man of a favor. Cicero was versed (consul-
tus) in justice and eloquence. The fate (fatum) of many peoi)les re-
minds us of human infirmity (infirmitas). The ancient Germans did
not love (amans sum) arts and literature, but endured (patiens sum)
thu-st, cold, heat and labors. Man, by (abl.) nature, seeks (appetens
sum) after propriety of conduct. We esteem a man loving virtue.
III. a. Many men accuse (insimulare) themselves of a sin, if they
have spoken anything cheeiful (= bright) in grief Catiline was con-
victed (perf) by Cicero of a conspiracy against [his] native country.
Alcibiades, while absent (absens), was condemned to death. Brutus,
228 GENITIVE. [^ 88.
the vindicator (vindex) of Roman freedom, condemned even (etiam) his
sons to death. Phocion was accused of treason, because he had con-
sulted (consulere) badly for (dat.) his country. The judge Coelius ab-
solved him from injury, who had expressly (nominatim) injured (lae-
dere) the poet Lucilius on the stage (scena). The human soul is par-
taking of reason. Alexander, not master of [his] anger, killed (perf )
his friend Clitus. Germany is very fruitful of grain. It is incumbent
upon an orator, to speak fitly, clearly (distincte) and ornately. Wretch-
ed is he, who is destitute of friends. Fish are destitute of a voice.
Greece, at the time of the Trojan war, was very productive of brave
men. Human life is full of cares and troubles.
III. b. Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, was accused of trea-
son. The Athenians charged (insimulare) Socrates with impiety (im-
pietas adversus deos) and condemned him to death. Cicero charged
(coarguere) Verres with the greatest avarice. Roscius was accused of
parricide. Miltiades was accused of treachery and condemned to
death, but afterwards was absolved from capital punishment (caput).
Man alone of (ex) so many kinds of living beings is partaking of rea-
son. The drunken [man] is not master of his understanding (mens).
Alexander, king of the Macedonians, was not master of his anger.
Beasts are destitute of reason and speech. Bravery is peculiar to man
in the highest degree (maxime). The earth is full of various herbs,
flowers and trees. The period of Augustus was productive of good
poets, [but] destitute of good orators. Sicily is very productive of
grain.
IV. a. Inconsiderateness is inherent in youth, providence in old age.
To the Romans, in (abk) the time of Augustus, belonged almost the
whole of the then known circle of the earth. What belongs to me,
belongs also to my friends. Great bravery was inherent in the Ro-
man soldiers. It is the duty of the wise to teach the ignorant. It is
a sign of inconstancy, now to trust and now to distrust the very same
' men. It is our duty to defend our country. It is the duty of the
scholar, to apply himself with all his powers, to. the study of the lib-
eral arts and letters. It is not always a quality of the very same man,
to think correctly and to express his thoughts elegantly in (abl.) dis-
course. A man of elevated soul despises riches. Caesar was not of
large stature, but of a brave mind and a fierce spirit. The fleet of
the enemies consisted of 253 ships. Cato possessed (= was of) a re-
markable (singularis) wisdom in all things.
IV. b. In boys and youths waywardness is inherent, in men and old
i 88.] GENITIVE. 28#
men seriousness. All Syria belonged to the Macedonians. It is the
duty of the intelligent, to guide the unintelligent by counsel. In th9
people of the Samnites, a great knowledge of war was inherent. It
is the duty of parents to bring up [their] children well. It is incum-
bent on you, O boys, to obey the precepts of your teachers ! Evei^
man may (by esse) err, but no one, except (nisi) the unwise, is wont (by
esse) to persist in error. It is incumbent on the chiefs (princeps) in
(gen.) the state, to look out for the welfare of the humble and poor.
It is the duty of the wealthy, to relieve the want of the destitute. It
is incumbent on young men, to honor old age. It is not the part of
the wise [man], now to trust and now to distrust the very same view.
It is your duty, O boys, to esteem your parents and teachers. It is in-
cumbent on the principal men of the state (optimates), to listen to the
prayers of suppliants with benevolent hearts. Agesilaus was of hum-
ble stature and small body. Boys of a quick genius and happy mem-
ory are adapted to (ad) the study of literature. The fleet of Xerxes
consisted of 1200 ships. The ancient Germans possessed (= were o^
etc.) an immense size of body, incredible bravery and familiaritjr
(^ exercise) with war.
V. a. In every (omnis) service, we should value the will of the giver
the highest. Alexander valued Hephaestion very high. For hour
much has thy father sold [his] gRrden? for just so much (tantumdem)^
as (quantum) he gave for (= bought) it. We despise the men who
esteem virtue [but] little. Pericles valued Anaxagoras, his teacher,
very much. For how much did you buy this book ? Parents are
much interested, that [their] children be brought up well. I am much
interested, that you apply yourselves with all zeal to the study of lit-
erature. All good men are much interested, to be loved by others.
We are much interested in this, what good men judge concerning us.
V. b. We should value that (is) victory much, which is gained
(parere) not by arms but by words. We value those (is) men much,
who love virtue. The wise [man] esteems riches very little. Many
esteem their own little, [but] desire another's. The traders sell [their]
wares not so dearly (tantundem), as (quantum) they have bought them.
How much has thy father bought the horse [for] ? All citizens are
much interested, that peace be restored. We are much interested,
that we be instructed by good teachers. I am much interested, that
thou mayest soon return from (ex) the journey. The state is much in-
terested, that literature flourish (= bloom). h\\ good citizens should
be much interested, carefully to observe the laws.
20
230 ACCUSATIVE. P 89.
VI. a. Homer is the oldest (vetus) of all the Greek poets. Socra-
tes was the wisest of all the Greeks. No one of the Romans surpass-
ed Cicero in (abl.) eloquence. Tarquinius Superbus was the last of
the Roman kings. Virtue has in itself sufficient assistance for a peace-
ful life. The less honor there is to literature, so much the less studies
there are. We draw much pleasure from literature. What kind
(quid) of business are you pursuing? The scholar should be diligent
in school, not so much (tam) on account of his teachers, as on his own
account. We do much on account of friends, which we should not
do on our own account. The Greeks built before Troy, a house like
a mountain. Many Romans had houses like mountains. Misfortune
is an occasion for virtue. We should strive to obtain intercourse with
(gen.) good men. Not the fear of punishment, but the love of virtue
should keep us from wrong. The memory of renowned men will be
obscured by no oblivion. The passion for honor is a hard mistress.
VI. b. The city Syracuse was the greatest and fairest of all the
Greek cities. Anciently the Spaniards dug up much gold and silver.
Who lives in prosperity, has sufficient joy. From the reading of a
good book, we draw very much (plurimum) pleasure. Hannibal was the
most renowned general of the Carthaginians. Crassus had sufficient
money, but too little (parum) prudence. More disadvantage lies (est)
in the wrong itself, than advantage in the (is) things acquired by the
wrong. Those were called sophists by the Athenians, who pursued
philosophy on account of gain or os^tentation. The Egyptians built
pyramids like mountains. Plato in\^ estimation ^Cicero (= was to
Cicero) equal to (instar) all philosophers. He is beneficent who acts
(facere) kindly (benigne), not on his own, but on our account. True
virtue desires (desiderare) no recompense for labors and dangers. In-
tercourse with true friends is agreeable. The remembrance of time
happily spent (exigere) is agreeable. Hannibal burned (ardere) with
(abl.) great hatred against the Romans.
§ 89. B. Accusative.
1. The accusative stands in answer to the question,
whom ? or ivhat ? It signifies a passive object^ as : rex civi-
tatem regit, or that which is produced by an action (effect),
as: scribo epistolam. Hence it stands with all transitive
verbs,
2. The following verbs take the accusative, although they
might seem from their meaning to require a different case.
^ 89.] ACCUSATIVE. 23'1
and some of them are in fact accasionally constructed with
prepositions in English : juvo and adjuvo ; deficio and fug'io;
aequo and aequiparo ; decet and dedecet ; sequor, sector, ae-
mulor and imttor.
Atticus adolescenUm Marium juvit opibus suis. Fortes fortuna adjuvat.
Tempus nm deficit. Mnlusfugit bonum (flees before the good == flees
the good.) So also: defugio, effugio, suhterfugio. Pedi'tes equitem cur-
su aegwafeani (kept up with). So also adaequo, Yerecund'ia deoet pue-
rum. Gloria mrtutem taiiquam umbra sequitur. So also: consequoVj
subsequor. Equites regem sectabardur. So also consector. Quis. Sidlam
imitetur'^ Virtutes niajorum aemulemur!
Rem. 1. Many strictly intransitive verbs, also, govern the Ace. in Latin,
when compounded with prepositions which govern the Ace. ; or un-
compounded when used transitively, or when the noun is from the
same stem as the verb, as : vivere vitam.
3. The accusative stands in answer to the questions :
hoia long ? hoiu far ? Jioio luide (broad) ? hoiu high ? hoio
deep ? hoio thick ? how many (much) ? hoio great ? etc. ; as
to ivhat 1 (Greek, Ace).
Quaedam bestiolae unum diem vivunt. Cato annos quinque et octoginta
natus (old) excessit e vita. Zama quinque dierum iter ab Carthagine
abest Turris pedes ducentos alta est. Vite caput tegitur.
4. The accusative stands in an exclamation either with or
without an interjection.
Me miserum ! Ofallacem hominum spem !
5. A double accusative stands in the following cases :
a) With verbs which signify to call (name) ; to make,
choose^ appoint one something ; to account, consider as
something; to show one^s self as something ; to give,
take, have as something.
Julius Caesar dictatorem se fecit. Homines caecos reddit cupiditas et
avaritia. Romulus urbem ex nomine suo Romam vocavit. Ciceronem
universus populus consulem declaravit. Sapientem beatum habemus. An-
tistius se praestitit acerrimum propugnatorem communis libertatis. Athe-
nienses Miltiadem sibi imperatorem sumpserunt. Epaminondas praecep-
torem habuit Lysim. Romani Ciceronem patrem patriae appdlaverunt.
Rem. 2. The passive of these verbs has a double nominative (§ 84),
as : pavo superbus dicitur.
232 ACCUSATIVE. [$ 89.
b) With the verbs : celo^ doceo, interrogo ; — oro^rogo^fla-
gito ; finally, posco, postulo.
Ciceronem Minerva omnes artes edocuit. Ne quid turpe amicum roga !
Ego te sententiam tuam rogo, JVullam rem te celo.
Rem. 3. But peto (properly : / strive after), I request, entreat, is con-
structed with ab, and quaero (properly : I seek), I ask, with ab or ex, as :
peto a te librum, quaero a (ex) te sententiam.
Rem. 4. With most of the above verbs, in the passive construction,
the personal object becomes the nominative and the accusative of the thing
remains. Cicero a Minerva omnes artes edoctus est. Cato rogatus est sen-
tentiam. Still with verbs of demanding, the accusative of the thing be-
comes the nominative, and the accusative of the person remains and is
governed by a preposition, as : pecunia a me poscitur, flagitatur.
CXXI. Eoi^rcises for translation. (^89.)
I. a. It is the duty of intelligent men to assist others with counsel.
It is honorable (honestus) to emulate the good, [but] base to imitate the
bad. No people of antiquity equalled (aequiparare) the Romans in
(abl.) bravery. It becomes us to follow the example of good men.
Time often fails the orator sooner (citius) than words (= the discourse).
Fortune assists the bold. The soul escapes the view of the eyes.
The women and children were accustomed to follow the army of the
Germans. The temple of the Ephesian Diana was 400 feet long and
200 broad. No one of the Grecian orators equalled Demosthenes in
power of discourse. Want and contempt follow indolence. Mithri-
dates reigned 60 years, lived 72, [and] carried on (perf ) war 40 years
with the Romans. Alcibiades died (perf) about 40 years old (natus).
Much becomes a boy, which does not become a man. Saguntum, the
most powerful city of Spain, which Hannibal destroyed, was removed
something like 1000 paces from the sea.
I. b. We assist him with delight who has assisted us. No one of
the Thebans could equal Alcibiades in bodily powers. The enemies,
whom the Romans followed swiftly, could not escape their hands.
We should imitate those who love virtue. What becomes boys, often
does not become men. It is our duty to assist the wretched. Flee
the bad and emulate the good. The soldiers made (= drew) a
trench 600 feet long, 8 feet broad, 10" feet deep. Death no one can
escape. Not courage, but strength (plur.) failed our soldiers. Troy
was besieged (perf) 10 years .by the Greeks. A long time the Lace-
demonians held (perf) the supremacy of Greece. Theophrastus died
§ 89.] ACCUSATIVE. 233
(perf.) 84 years old (natus). In hatred against the Romans, no one
equalled Hannibal.
II. a. Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, by his will, made the Roman
people his heir. The Romans called the supreme (summus) council
(= counsel) senate. The people chose Ancus Martins king. Duty
demands, that {ut with Subj.) we behave (praestare) ourselves religious-
ly and uprightly not only in great but also in small matters. We
should acknowledge virtue as the greatest good to men. Children
should conceal nothing from [their] parents. Jugurtha, by ambassa-
dors, entreated Metellus for peace. The ambassadors of Darius re-
quested (petere) help of the Carthaginians against Greece. Give me
the book, which I long since (jam pridem) requested (perf) of thee. I
ask of thee thy opinion. Grain was demanded by the citizens. Rea-
son makes man lord of the earth. Recompense for labor we con-
sider honorable. The Parian marble the Greeks considered precious.
[They] are ridiculous, who teach others what they have not them-
selves learned (=ascertained). Eumenes concealed from all, the jour-
ney, which he ivns designing to make {Subj. periphrast.). The greatest
affairs were concealed from me by thee. Cicero, informed (= instruct-
ed) by the ambassadors of all [things], commanded (imperare) the
pretors, that they should take (deprehendere) the Allobroges by am-
buscade. The ambassadors demanded back of the enemies, all which
had been taken from the citizens during (per) the truce. Socrates de-
manded of those, who enjoyed his instruction (ejus consuetudine ute-
bantur), no money for his instruction. Caesar demanded of the Edui,
the grain which they had promised (polliceri). Cicero was asked his
opinion in the senate.
II. b. Friendship makes prosperity more splendid, and adversity
lighter (levis). The resounding echo, Horace calls the image of the
voice. Prosperity is not merely itself blind, but also generally makes
(efficere) [those] blind, whom it has embraced. The soldiers demand-
ed all the arms of the citizens of the captured city. All arms were de-
manded of the citizens. I ask thy opinion of this object. The am-
bassadors of the Gauls requested peace of Caesar. The Romans elect-
ed Camillus dictator. Eloquence effects, thnt{ut with Subj.) we maybe
able to teach others what we know. The Tarentines demanded of
Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, aid against the Romans. The future has
rightly been concealed from men, by the divine Providence. I have
given thy brother the book which he had requested of me. The
Athenians requested (petere) a general of the Lacedemonians. He is a
20*
834 DATIVE. P 90.
true friend, who conceals nothing from us. Many youths were taught
wisdom by Socrates. My friend, asked by me [as to] his opinion, con-
cealed nothing from me. We esteem those (is) men much, who con-
sider virtue the highest good. Cicero showed himself the most spirit-
ed defender (propugnator) of the common freedom. Catiline instructed
(edocere) the youth, whom he had led away (illicere), in all bad deeds.
The Tarentiues, involved in (abl.) a war with the Romans, requested
aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus.
§ 90. C. Dative.
1. The dative stands in answer to the questions: to
whom ? to lohat 1 for luhom 1 for luhat 1 for whose advan-
tage 1 for ivhose disadvantage ? for what end 1 It general-
ly stands with verbs and adjectives where, in English, the
prepositions to ox for are used to govern the case, or where
the relation involved is similar to that expressed by these
prepositions, as : do^ placeo^ prosum^ noceo etc., uitlis, inutilis,
aptus, idoneus, gratus, similis^ par^ aequdlis, communis, etc.
Rem. 1. Hence all transitive verbs may take together with the Ace,
the Dat. of the person (or thing) who shares in the action (Dat. of the
remote olyect).
Do tibi donum. Epistolam tibi scribo. Non scholar, sed vitae dis-
cimus. Litterarum studium hominibus utillissimum est. Canis lupo
similis est. Ratio omnibus hominibus communis est.
Rem. 2. Similis and dissimilis are often also connected with the gen-
itive.
2. The following verbs take the dative in Latin, while in
English they take the accusative: nubo^parco, benedicOy—'
maledico, supplico, — ohtrecto, studeo, — arrldeo, invideo per-
suadeo, — medeor 3,nd patrocinor.
Y eims nupsit Vulcano. Parce mihi. Ne infantibus qmdem parceba-
tur (not even chiklren were spared). Benedidmus (praise) bonis^ male-
dicimus (censure) malis. Donum tuum valde mihi arrisit. Probus in-
vldet n£mlni. Mihi invidetur (I am envied). Omnibus amicis pro te
libentissime supplicabo (entreat). Mali bonis obtredare (disparage) solent.
Nunquam tibi persuadebo. Mihi persuadetur (I am persuaded). Pueri
litteris studere debent (study). Omnes homines libertati student (strive
after). Philosophia m^detur animis. Bonus bono pairocinatur (protects).
$90.] DATIVE. 235
Rem. 3. Also, many verbs by composition with prepositions, espe-
cially with the following : ab, ad, ante, cum [con], de, ex, in, inter, ob, post,
prae, pro, sub and super, acquire a meaning which makes them take the
dative.
3. The dative stands with est and sunt to express the per-
son or thing who has or possesses something. The thing
possessed stands in the nominative as subject.
Suus cuique mos est. Semper in civitate [ii], quibus opes nullae
sunt, bonis invident. Multi mihi sunt libri.
Rem. 4. In nomen mihi est (I have the name, am called), the name
stands either in the dative or nominative, as : nomen mihi est Carole
{Carolus).
4. The dative of the end (in answer to the question :
for ivhat end ?), to which besides, a dative of the person
is commonly added, stands :
a) With sum^ which, in this case, is to be rendered con-
duce to^ serve for ;
b) With do^ accipioy relinquo, deligo^ mitto, venio, habeo,
etc ; also with do, duco, tribuo, verto in the meaning :
to impute to.
Bonum non potest esse cuiquam malo. Virtutes hominibus decori
gloriaeque sunt. Virtus sola neque datur dono, neque acdpitur. Pau-
sanias venit Atticis auxUio. Vitio mihi dant, quod mortem hominis
necessarii graviter fero.
CXXII. Exercises for translation. ($ 90.)
I. a. Nobody errs for himself alone, but spreads (spargere) folly (de-
mentia) [also] among (in) those next [to him]. Pleasure flatters our
senses. A good man labors for virtue, not for fame. Sleep is very
much like death. Socrates, conscious of no wickedness to himself,
did not supplicate the judges. Julia, daughter of Augustus Caesar,
first married Marcellus, then Marcus Agrippa, finally (postremum) Ti-
berius. Time cures grief best. The more fortune smiles upon one
(quis), so many the more friends he has. It is base, to disparage (ob-
trectare) the fame of a great man. The Germans /rowi childhood (ab
parvulis) earnestly pursued labor and hardness (duritia). No i)hysi-
cian can cure all diseases. The sister of Atticus married (perf ) Cicero.
Death spares no mortal. Bad men reproach the good. Neither of
the two should we praise (benedicere), neither the impious nor the
236 DATIVE. [?90.
flatterer. The orator convinced the citizens of the advantage of his
counsel. The wise [man] envies no one.
I. b. We live not merely for ourselves, but also for our country and
other men. The dog is like the wolf A good citizen obeys the laws
with delight. Whoever reviles others, reviles himself [also]. It is
easy to convince a good man of the value of virtue. It is base to dis-
parage others (aker). It is ^ mark of an ill-disposed man, never to
praise a good man. They have many friends, upon whom fortune
smiles. Philosophy cures sick (aeger, gra, grum) souls. We are attach-
ed (studere) to those, who preserve (conservare) [their] fidelity. The
upright [man] envies nobody, [but] is envied by many. Save time, O
boys! Scarcely any one (ullus) of mortals, does fortune always
smile upon. It is better (praestat), by the capital punishment of one
wicked man, to restrain the wickedness of many, than on account
of (propter) many wicked [men] to spare one. To the priestesses
(sacerdos, otis) of Vesta, it was not permitted to marry a man.
II, a. Cicero possessed a remarkable eloquence. Man has many
faculties of body and soul. In Sicily there is a volcanic mountain,
called Aetna. Riches conduce to the destruction of (= are for de-
struction to, etc.) many men. Bad customs conduce to the destruction
of a state. Just laws serve for safety to a state. Attains, a king of
Asia, gave his kingdom to the Romans for a present. Caesar left be-
hind 500 soldiers for protection to the camp. Bravery is imputed to
the Romans for praise. Caesar came to the city, besieged by the
enemies, for aid. Poverty should be imputed to no man for a reproach.
From whom hast thou received this book as a present? The father
has given me the book for a present. ^-Xerxes, king of the Persians,
gave to Themistocles Myus (Myus, untis), a city of Asia, for a pres-
ent. Industry is imputed for praise to the scholar.
II. b. Where caprice reigns (dominari), innocence has [but] little
(levis) protection (praesidium). Man has a mortal body, [but] an im-
mortal soul. My friend is called Charles. The struggle (= effort)
after truth serves all men for ornament. God is not accustomed to
aid(auxilio esse) those who thrust (immittere) themselves inconsiderate-
ly into danger. A victoiy won (parere) by treachery, does not con-
duce to the praise of the conqueror, but to [his] reproach. It is our
duty to come for aid to the wretched. Caesar chose a fit place for the
camp. Two thousand footmen and a thousand horsemen were left
behind for protection to the city. The desire after dominion is im-
puted to Caesar for a fault. Modesty is imputed to a boy for praise,
$ 91.] ABLATIVE. 237
immodesty for censure. Contempt of money is imputed to men for
praise. Caesar sent 3000 soldiers as aid to tlie besieged city.
§ 91. D. Ablative.
The ablative expresses :
1. The place in which something takes place (where?),
as : terra marique, hoc loco, also in connection with totus
mid omnis, as: totis campis^ tola urLe, and so in many other
similar expressions ; but otherwise in generally stands with
ablatives of this kind.
2. The time in or ivithin ivhich something happens (when ?
and at or ivithin ivhat time ?)
Qua node natus Alexander est, eddem Dianae Ephesiae templum de-
flagravit. Agamemno cum universa GTraecia vix decern annis unam
cepit urbem. Epaminondas die uno Graeciam liberavit.
3. The ground or cause (wherebij? on tvhat account?
whence ?) ; hence it stands with : gaudeo^ laetor, glorior, — -
labor o, valeo, floreo, — excello^praesto, supero, — -f^do, confldo,
nitor ; — laetus^fretus, contentus, natus ^ ortus, genitusj etc.
In culpa sunt, qui officia deserunt moUitid animi (from). Guberna-
toris ars utilitate, non arte laudatur (on account of). Concordia res par-
vae crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur. Delicto dolere, corrections
gaudere oportet. Salus hominum non veritate solum, sed etiam fama
nitiiur. Nemo potest aut corporis Jirmitatty aut fortunae stabilitate con-
Jidere. [Fido and confido are quite as often, and difftdo almost always
joined with the Dat) Conienti estote sorte vestra.
4. The means and instrument, also the material (where-
with? wherefrom? whence?).
Octdis videmus, auribus audimus. Britanni lads et came vivunt
Rem. 1. When a person is employed as a means or instrument, the ac-
cusative is generally used with per, as : per tuum patrem miseria libera-
tus sum. With passive or intransitive verbs, the agent or doer is ex-
pressed by the ablative with the preposition o, as : mundus a deo crea-
tus est. The accompanying person is expressed by the ablative with cum,
as: cumfraire ambulavi.
5. Hence the ablative of the instrument or material stands
more particularly :
238 ABLATIVE. [§ 91.
a) With verbs o^ fwrnishin^, formings instructing^ be-
ing accustomed.
Natura oculos tenuissimis memhrdnis vestivit et sepsit. So also with
affido, I affect (fill). Litterae tuae summo gaudio me aff^cerunt Pater
filium litteris erudivit (or instituit, imbuit, instruxit). Milites continuo
labore assueti [assuefadi] erant.
b) With expressions of fulness^ plenty and loant^ as :
abundo, affluo, and scateo, — compleo, satio, and ca-
reo, — egeo and indigeo ; refertus, inops, praeditus.
Germania abundat Jluminibus. Quid afFerre consilii potest [is], qui
ipse eget consUio ? Miserum est carere consuetudine amicorum. Insula
Delos referta erat divitiis.
Rem. 2. Egere and indigere are oftener found with the genitive. See
§88,2.
c) With the impersonal opus est (there is need of), the
thing stands in the ablative, the person in the dative.
' But when opus est is used personally, the thing
stands as subject in the nominative.
Multis non duce tantum opus est, sed adjutore et coadore. Dux nobis
opus est. Duces nobis opus sunt.
Rem. 3. When the thing which is needed is a verb, it is generally the
infinitive or the ace. with the infinitive. Nihil opus est, rem pluribus ver-
bis commemorare. Si quid erit, quod te scire opus sit, scribam.
d) With, utor, fncor, fungor, potior and vescor.
Multi henefijcio dei })erverse utuntur. Augustus Alexandria brevi poti-
tus est. Vescimur bestiis. Cicero consulatu bene functus est.
Rem. 4. Potiri rerum means, to appropriate to one's self {obtain) supreme
power.
6. The ablative expresses that according to ivhich some-
thing is measured ox judged of {according to ivhat ?)
Magnos homines virtute metimur, nonfortund. Quod rectum est, nee
magnitudine aestimdtur, nee numero, nee tempore.
7. Hence with the comparative, the object with which
another is compared is put in the ablative instead of quam
with the Nom. or Ace.
Pater ^M? doctior est, than the son, or pater doctior est, quam filius
Patrem^io modestiorem cognovi.
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 239
8. Especially is the ablative used to express a respect or
nearer definition (vjherein 1 in %uhat respect 1).
Epaminondae nemo Thebanus par fuit eloquentid. Multi sunt corpo-
re validi, mente infirmi. Magnus, major, maximus natu. JVatione Me-
duB fuit.
9. The ablative expresses the measure, and indeed :
a) In answer to the question : bp hoiv much (many) ?
particularly with comparatives and superlatives.
Sol multis partihus major atque amplior est, quam terra. Here belong
the ablatives : multo, by much, much, parvo, paullo, by little, little, quo
and quanta, the, eo and tanto, so much the.
b) In answer to the question: hoio long before or
after 1 before the prepositions ante and post,
Numa Pompilius annis permultis ante fuit, quam Pythagoras. Lae-
lius sermonem de amicitia habuit pauds diebus post mortem Africani.
Rem. 5. But in the question : how long before or after the present time ?
the accusative is used with either ante, abhinc or post, as : ante tres an-
nos te vidi. Post paucos dies te videbo. Tres abhinc dies amicum vidi.
c) With expressions of buying and selling, costing,
hiring, exchanging, the price, and with dignus and
indignus, the thing of ivhich something \^ worthy or
unioorthy, worth or not ivorth stands in the ablative.
Hunc librum parvo prctio emi. Multorum sanguine et vulneribus ea
Poenis stetit victoria. Excellentium hominum virtus imitatione, non
invidia digna est. Veritas auro digna est.
Rem. 6. Here belong also the ablatives : magna (for much, dear),
parvo (for little, cheap), plurimo, minima, tanto, quanta and the Kke, with
verbs of buying and selling. Instead of the Abl. the Gen. is also used,
as : magni, parvi, etc. ($ 88, 9).
10. The ablative signifies the toay and manner in which
something takes place.
Vir sapiens aequx) animx) injuriam fert.
11. Finally, the ablative stands with expressions of remov-
ing and separating, oi freeing and depriving. '
Caesar castra loco mavit. Hospitem arcere tedo nefas est. Cognitio
naturae nos levat suptrstitione, liberal mortis mttu. Robustus animus et
excelsus omni est liber aura et angore.
240 ABLATIVE. [$ 91.
CXXIII Exercises for translation. ($ 91.)
I. a. Xerxes brought (perf ) war upon Greece by land and by sea
(mare). The enemies were discovered upon all the plains. In the
second Punic war Hannibal wasted (perf! ) the power (opes) of Italy.
Socrates, on the last (supremus) day of his life, spoke (disserere, perf.)
much concerning the immortality of the soul(plur.). Xerxes was con-
quered (perf) more by the wisdom of Themistocles than by the arms
of Greece. The minds of men are often tormented by distressing
(acerbus, a, um) cares. We ought to grieve at faults, to rejoice at
[their] correction (correctio). It is the part of a bad man to glory in
his faults. Greece formerly flourished (== bloomed) in power (opes),
dominion [and] gloiy. Crassus suffered from an immoderate desire
for riches. Caesar, by his arrival, humbled (frangere, perf.) the Gauls
trusting to (fretus) their bravery. The wise [man] does not trust to the
stability of fortune. Upon the goods of the soul alone (solus, a, um)
can we depend (niti). Nature is satisfied with little attention.
I. b. The Romans by sea (mare) and by land have carried on many
wars. The colonies of the Syrians were spread (difFundere) over al-
most the whole circle of the world. The Romans awaited in a suita-
ble place the attack of the enemies. In the spring the swallows re-
turn to us, in the autumn they go away. In the months October and
November the fruits are collected from (ex) the trees. Not from fear
but from choice the upright man avoids (= flees) wicked deeds.
Navigation is praised on account of the advantage. Who would glory
in his ignorance ? Parents rejoice at the welfare of [their] children
and grieve at their adversity. At nothing are we accustomed to re-
joice so much (tam) as at the consciousness of our duties. The Roman
state suffered from two vices, avarice and luxury. Aristides was dis-
tinguished (floreo) by the fame of [his] justice. Happy is he who
trusts to virtue, unhappy [he] who rests upon riches or any other
goods of fortune. The enemies, trusting to (fretus) the number of
their ti'oops, desired to fight. If we are contented with our lot, we
shall be happy (beatus).
II. a. The sun illuminates the whole earth with its light. The ox
defends himself with the horns, the horse with the feet, the boar with
the teeth. Cicero, by his eloquence, had acquired for himself immor-
tal fame. Cicero was expelled from Rome by Clodius. Parents, who
have imbued the minds of their children with the principles of virtue,
and instructed them in literature, deserve well (= deserve) not only
of their children but also of the state. The earth, in the spring, is
§ 91.] ABLATIVE. 241
clothed with herbs and flowers. Crassus, king of Syria, abounded in
gold and silver. Spain anciently abounded in lead, iron, silver [and]
gold. God has filled the world with all good [things]. The sea is
full of [scatere) fishes. It is a misfortune (miserurn), to be deprived of
(carere) the intercourse of friends. We all need (egere) the aid of
' others. The earth abounds in all things which men need (egere).
Man is endowed with reason and speech. There is need of a wise
general to even the bravest army. There is need of repose after
labors, to the body and the soul. There was need of ready aid to the
captured city. The Carthaginians were accustomed (perf.) formerly
to use elephants in war. Pronounce (= extol) him happy who en-
joys good health. Use the powers which God has given thee. Who-
ever (= who) wishes to obtain true renown, must perform the duties
of virtue. The Numidians generally /e</ upon (vesci) milk and venison.
Cimon, the son of Miltiades, had (uti) a very hard beginning of youtli
(adolescentia, ae). Alexander, king of the Macedonians, possessed
himself of the whole Persian kingdom.
II. b. We see with the eyes, hear with the ears, smell with the nose
(nares, ium), taste with the palate, feel with the nerves. Very high
mountains are covered with perpetual (perennis) snow and ice. We
often attain more by goodness than by force. The Roman state was
delivered from destruction by Cicero. God has enclosed (sepire) and
covered (vestire) the eyes with very delicate membranes. We ought
to aid those most, who need (indigere) our aid most. They are all
rich who are endowed with virtue. The fortunate abound with friends,
the unfortunate are destitute (carere) of friends. The sun fills all
[things] with its light. The Roman consul, Aemilius, enriched (di-
tare) his soldiers with great booty. Our mind is filled (afficere) with
joy when we have done something good. Greece abounded in great
poets. The body has need of food and drink (potio). When we act
rightly, we have need of neither dissimulation (simulatio) nor de-
ception (fallacia). Any one you please of the sailors can govern
the ship in (abl.) a quiet sea, [but] when (ubi) a violent (saevus)
storm has arisen, then they have need of a pilot The Helots
(Helota, ae) with the Lacedemonians, performed the oflSce of slaves.
That (is) ship performs (confic6re) the course best, which has (uti)
the most skilful pilot. Many men abuse reason. Discharge scrupu-
lously the oflfice committed to thee. The covetous [man] does not en-
joy the riches which he has. The Greeks anciently ate acorns. Alex-
ander possessed himself of the kingdom of Darius.
III. a. Scholars in school, are judged of and estimated not accord-
21
242 ABLATIVE. [§ 91.
ing to rank (= genus), but good manners, a teachable spirit and ac-
tive (acer) industry. The wise man measures men not according to
fortune but according to character. There is nothing more amiable
than virtue. Ireland is smaller by a half than Britain. Carthage was
founded eighty-two years before Rome. Cimon, five years after he had
been expelled, was recalled to [his] native country. In the sixty-sec-
ond year after the founding of the city Rome (post urbem conditam), the
third war against the Carthaginians was undertaken. The friend,
whose an'ival I had expected three days before, has come to day, and
will depart again after ten days. Chrysogonus bought (perf ) a Corin-
thian vase for an immense price. For how much has thy father sold
his horse? he has sold it for so much (tantum), as (quantum) he
bought it for. The war has cost (stare) us much blood. An un-
grateful mind is unworthy of favors. Virtue and wisdom are worthy
of man. Receive those into friendship whom thou shalt consider
worthy of thy love. The wise man endures the hardships of life with
equanimity. Cicero, deprived of public offices, found satisfaction in
the study of philosophy. The winds purify the air from noxious vapors.
Timoleon, with incredible success (fortuna), expelled Dionysius from
all Sicily.
ni. b. Not according to greatness of stature, but from a brave and
fierce mind we judge of a soldier. According to character, not accord-
ing to property (facultates) we should estimate men. Nothing is
more excellent than truth. No (nemo) Theban was equal to Epami-
nondas in eloquence. Pompy was only two years (biennium) older
than Cicero. Carthage was founded eighty-two years after Rome and
destroyed in the 700dth year afterwards. Agricola died in the fifty-
sixth year of his age, the tenth day hefore the Calends of September (ante
Kalendas Septembres). My brother, who departed six days ago, will
return after two years. The trader sells the wares for a greater price
than he has bought them for from others. Thou canst buy neither
virtue nor wisdom for gold. They are unworthy of favors who are un-
mindful of them. The victory over the Romans cost Pyrrhus, king of
Epirus, much. The deeds of Caesar are worthy of eternal renown.
They deserve praise who honor virtue. Folly is unworthy of man.
Pausanias, king of the Lacedemonians, lived, after the custom of the
Persians, more luxuriously than was proper (par). Jugurtha expelled
(perf) Ad herbal, an ally and friend of the Roman people, from his
kingdom and all [his] possessions (fortunae). Themistocles, a general
of the Athenians, delivered Greece from servitude.
^ 92.] CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. 243
§ 92. Construction of the Names of Cities,
1. The names of cities (toivns, villages and small islands)
of the first and second Dec. Sing-, stand, in answer to the
question where ? in the genitive; but the names of cities of
the third Dec. and of the Plur. of the first and second Dec,
in the ablative, without in. In answer to the question,
ivhither ? they all stand in the accusative, and in answer to
the question, lohence ? in the ablative, in each case without
a preposition.
Ut Romae consules, sic Carthagine quotannis bini reges creabantur.
Talis Romae Fabricius, qiialis Aristides Aihenis fuit Pompeius hie-
mare Dyn-hachii et Apolloniae constituerat. Delphis Apollinis oraculum
fuit. Cono plurimum Cypri vixit, Iphicrates in Thracia, Timotheus
Lesbi. Curiiis primus Romam elephantos quattuor duxit. Pompeius
Lucerid proficiscitur Canusium atque inde Brundisium. Lycurgus Cre-
tam profectus est ibique perpetuum exsilium egit Aeschines cessit
Mhenis et se Rhodum contullt. Consul Roma Athenas profectus est,
Rem. Domus and rus have the same construction as the names of
cities: domi (at home), domi meae, tuue, suae, nostrae, vestrae, alienae,
(at my house, etc.), domum (to the house), domo (from the house,
home); — run (not rare), in the country, rws (into, to, the country),
rure (from the country). Besides, humi (on the ground), domi militi-
aeque or domi bellique (at home and abroad, in peace and in war).
2. The words in apposition with the names of cities, as :
urbs, oppidum, caput (chief city), in answer to the question,
where ? stand in the ablative generally without in ; in an-
swer to the question, ivhither ? in the accusative without in ;
in answer to the question, ivhence ? in the ablative without
ab.
Archias poeta Antiochlae natus est, celebri quondam urhe et copiosa.
Cicero profectus est Athenas, urbem celeberrimmn. Demaratus Corintho,
urbe amplissima, Tarquinios fugit
CXXIV. Exercises for translation. ($ 92.)
I. As long as Cicero was at Athens, he earnestly pursued philoso-
phy. At Ephesus, a city of Asia, was a very renowned (celeber) tem-
ple of Diana. At Sparta was the most honorable (honestus) abode of
244 CONSTRUCTION OF NAMES OF CITIES. [§ 92.
old age. The arts and literature flourished (= bloomed) at Athens.
Demaratus fled from Corinth, a city of Greece, to Tarquinii, a city
of Etruria. Timoiheus, compelled by the hatred of the ungrateful
state, betook (perf) himself to Chalcis. Marius was born'and brought
up (perf.) at Arpinum, a city of Latium. At Alexandria, a city of
Egypt, was a renowned (eximius) library. Brutus proceeded to Ar-
dea to the camp. Hannibal proceeded from Carthage to Spain. Dio-
oysius, the tyrant, sent for (arcessere, perf) Plato from Athens. Au-
gustus died at Nola, a city of lower Italy (Italia inferior). I have
idved three years at Rome, one year at Corinth, two years at Athens,
:two at Philippi, three at Sparta. My father will return home to-
morrow from the country, and, after three days, will go again from
home into the country and will pass the whole summer in the countiy.
When I am in my house, I do not trouble myself (curare) about (ace.)
tvhat is without (alienus, plur.). When a friend is in the house of a
friend, he is (versari) as it were, in his own house, not in anothers.
The Egyptians embalmed (condire) the dead and laid them away (con-
dere) at home. The Athenians were very renowned in peace (domus)
and in war (militia). Many men would rather (malo) live in the
country than in the city. By good counsels, the welfare of the state
will be secured (constituere) at home and abroad. I shall remain at
home, [but] my brother will go into the country.
n. In Sparta, the boys were scourged (caedere) with thongs (lorum)
at the altar of Diana. Cicero, in Rhodes, attached himself (se applica-
re) to Molon. Artemisia, the wife of a king of Caria, built at Halicar-
nassus a famous (nobilis) sepulchre. In the times of Pericles, many
renowned men lived at Athens. Hannibal was born at Carthage.
Themistocles, presented with great presents by Artaxerxes, returned
(perf) to Asia and established (constituere) his abode at Magnesia.
The corpse of Alexander was removed (transferre, perf.) from Baby-
lon, the chief city of Assyria, to Alexandria, a city of Egypt. Dionysius,
the tyrant, fled (perf) from Syracuse, the most powerful city of Sicily,
to Corinth, a very renowned (celeber) city of Greece. Cato took away
(perf) his life at Utica, a city of Africa. Hannibal was recalled from
Italy to Carthage. Scipio often hurried away (evolare) from the city
into the country, [and] then returned to business from the country into
the city. Alexander died (perf.) at Babylon, the chief city of Assyria.
The soldiers returned (perf.) home joyful at the victoiy. The soul in
the body is, as it were, in a foreign house. In the time of Pyrrhus,
the first elephants came to Rome. Nowhere dots one live (vivltur) so
conveniently (commode) as at home. Archimedes was killed (perf.)
§ 93.] REMARKS ON THE USE OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 245
at Syracuse, a city of Sicily, by a Roman soldier. Marius died at his
house an old man. Laelius hastened forth (evolare) into the country
from the city, as if (tanquam) from ehains. The superiority (virtus)
of Caesar had been acknowledged at home and abroad. Socrates
brought back to the house the very same expression which he had
carried forth from it. Cicero often lived in the country. The poet
Ovid lived a long time (aliquamdiu) at Tomi, a city of Moesia, in exile.
§ 93. Remarks on the use of the Prepositions,
1. Ab and de (from, by, of) differ thus : a) of place, ah
means, aivay from a place, de, doivn from, or away from, —
b) ah is used with an active object, and hence stands with
the agent or doer after passive verbs, de on the contrary, is
used with Si passive object.
Milites ab urhe profecti sunt. Lucretius de muro se dejecit. Deforo
cives discesserunt (away from the forum). Multae fabulae de Hercule a
pottis fictae sunt (many fables have been invented concerning Hercu-
les by the poets). Multa de te a fraJtre tuo audivi (I have heard much
of thee from thy brother).
2. Circimi is used only of place (not of time), as : terra
se circum axem convertit
3. The verbs : pono, loco, colloco, constittk), defigo and
some others take m with the ablative where the accusative
seems to be required, since they express motion. — Super
and suhter are very rarely used with the ablative.
CXXV. Exercises for translation. (^ 93.)
I. The Gauls were conquered (perf ) by Caesar. Caesar has related
much of the Gauls. Cornelius Nepos wrote (perf) a book concerning
the life and customs of Cato. The life and customs of Cato were
written by Cornelius Nepos. The citizens, besieged by the enemies,
placed all hope in the wisdom and firmness of the general. From
whom hast thou heard this news concerning the arrival of my father ?
from thy brother. We would place the highest good in virtue ! The
wise man fixes (defigere) his thoughts not upon pleasure, but upon virtue.
n. Cicero wrote (perf) three books concerning duties. Three books
concerning duties were written by Cicero. Excellent precepts have
been left (tradere) us by Plutarch concerning the instruction of children
21*
246 OF THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [$ 94.
(puer). Plato placed the reason in the head, anger in the breast
Cicero, in the first book of the Tusculan Disputations, speaks (disputa-
re) of the immortality of the soul. Much has been related to us by
our teacher of the bravery of the Romans. Cicero fixed (defigere) all
his cares and thoughts upon the welfare of his country. Let us place
a peaceful life in virtue !
§ 94. Of the use of the Pronouns.
1. The personal pronouns in the Norn. : eg-o, tu^ nos^ vos
are expressed with the verb, only when a particular stress
rest upon them, hence, especially in contrasts. The pos-
sessive pronouns also : meus, tmis, etc. are used only in this
case, or for the sake of perspicuity.
Ego fieo, tu rides. Mens frater diligens est, tuus piger. But : Fra-
ter me amat (not: frater meus me amat).
2. The genitives nostri and vestri, like met, tui, sui are
objective (not possessive), but nostrum and vestrum are used
partitively.
Memoria nostri (of us). Memor sum vtstri. Memini vesiri. Quis
nostrum haec dixit ? Nemo vestrum, sua officia explevit. Besides, we
should distinguish : pars nostri, vestri (a part of us, you, = of our, your
being), e. g. animus est pars nostrij from : pars nostrum, vestrum, a part
or some of us.
3. The pronouns : sui, sibi, se ; suus, a, um, are used when
an object (person or thing), is opposed to itself.
Omnia animalia se diligunt. Haec oratio sibi repugnat. JUexander,
quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum, vix a se man us abstinuit.
Hannibalem sui cives e civitate ejecerunt. Dux cum militibus suis
fiigit. Oravi amicum, ut sibi consuleret.
4. When these reflexive pronouns stand as the subject of
an Infin., or with a Part., or in dependent clauses and refer
to the subject of the leading clause, they may generally be
translated into English by, he, she, it, to him, to her, to it,
him, her, it, they, them, to them.
Animus sentit, se sua vi moveri (the soul is conscious, that it is moved
by its own power). Caesar exercitu per se comparato rempublicam
$ 94.] OP THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS. 247
liberavit (with an army collected by him). Caesar milites adhortatus
est, ut se sequerentur (that they should follow him).
5. The oblique cases of 15, ea, id, on the contrary, are
used, when an object is not opposed to itself, but to another
object ; ejus, eorimi, and earum in this case, are translated
into English by his, her, their.
Pater ei ignovit [him, e. g. his son, or her^ e. g. his daughter ; but :
pater sihi ignovit, himself). Pater semper ejus memor erit [his, e. g.
friends). Pater eum valde diligit. Mater eam valde amat. Dux et
milites ejus fugerunt (and his soldiers ; but : dux cum militibus suis
fugit). Caesar fortissimus fuit : ejus facta admiramur [his deeds). Hos-
tes multas urbes exciderunt, earwwique incolas in servitutem abduxe-
runt (and their inhabitants).
6. The pronoun ipse, a, um often stands with the person-
al pronouns, either in the same case with the subject, when
the subject is contrasted ivith other subjects, or in the same
as the object, when the object is contrasted ivith other objects.
Ego me ipse vitupero (/ and not another). Ego me ipsum vitupero
[myself and not another). Saepe ii homines, qui sibi ipsis maxime pla-
cent, aliis maxime displicent. De m£ ipse loquor. De me ipso loquor.
7. The genitives: ipsius, ipsorum and ipsarum, which
often stand in connection with the possessive pronouns, axe
to be translated into English by, otvn.
Meus ipsius pater (my own father). Mea ipsius mater (my ot^n moth-
er). Meum ipsius consilium (my oum counsel). Tuus ipsius frater.
Dux sua ipsius culpa victus est. JVoster ipsorum pater. Vestra ipso-
rum mater. Duces sua ipsorum culpa victi sunt. Sorores mea »ud
ipsarum voluntate domi manent.
8. Besides what was said of the difference in usage be-
tween the interrogatives quis ? quid ? and qui ? quae 1
quod ? in Rem. 3. § 30 ; it should be here stated, that, when
quis has a noun with it, the noun is to be regarded as in
apposition with it ; that quis inquires barely after the name of
the person or thing (what), qui after its nature (what sort of),
as: quis philosophus ? (what philosopher?), ^m philoso-
phus ? (what sort of a philosopher ?),
248 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUN. P 94.
Rem. 1. For the distinction between the double forms of the inde-
finite pronouns quisy qua, quid, qui, quae quod, etc. See k 31.
9. The indefinite pronoun quis (qui), qua (quae), quid
(quod), some one^ one, is less emphatic than aliquis, etc., and
stands most commonly after si, nisi, ne, num, quum, qui^
quae, quod, quo or quanto (the, with the comparative).
iSi quis de immortalitate aniraorum dubitat, insanus est. Vide, we
quem laedas. iN'um quis dubitat hac de re ? Qito {quanto) quis sapien-
tior est, eo (tanto) modestior est.
1 0. When quisque is connected with the pronouns sui,
sibi, se, suus, it stands immediately after them.
Trahit sua quemque voluptas. Minime sibi quisqae notus est.
11. When quisque stands after superlatives, it may be
translated by precisely the, the very, and when it stands after
ordinal numbers by each, every.
Sapientissimus quisque virtutem maxime amat (precisely the wisest).
(Quarto quoque anno (every fourth year).
12. Uterque (each of two, both) in connection with a
noun takes the same gender, number and case as the noun ;
but when uterque is connected with a pronoun, this pro-
noun stands in the genitive. In both cases the predicate is
in the singular.
Uterque dux clarus fuit (both leaders were renowned). Uterque
eorum clarus fuit (both these were renowned). Uterque nostrum, ves-
trum (we both, you both). Quorum uterque (both of whom).
Rem. 2. The plural of uterque is used when two parties are spoken
of, to both or at least, one of which, several belong, or when it stands in
connection with nouns used only in the plural, as : utrique duces (the
generals, of which there are several on both sides). Utrique, Caesar et
hostes. Utrdque castra (both camps).
13. liter, alter, neuter are used when the discourse is of
only tivo; quis, alius, nullus, on the contrary, when the dis-
cpurse is of several.
,,• Uter fratrum ad te venit (which of the two brothers) ? Uter vestrum
'■hoc dixit (which of you two) ? Duo sunt fratres : alter (the one) litteris
operam dat ; alter (the other) miles est. JVeuter nostrum (neither of
$ 94.] OF THE USE OP THE PRONOUNS. 249
US two). When a comparison occurs with uter^ alter, neuter, the com-
parative is used where we sometimes use the superlative, as: uter
fortior est ? which of the two is the bravest ?
14. The phrases, alius aliud, alius aliter^ etc., are trans-
lated : tke one this, the other that; the one in this iv ay, the
other in that.
Alii aliud probant. JUii allter vivuht.
Rem. 3. The indefinite pronouns, one, they, we are expressed in
Latin :
a) By the third Pers. Plur. Act. as: dicunt, ferunt, tradunt ;
b) By the third Pers. Sing. Pass., as : narratur ; bene, vivttur ;
c) By the personal Pass., as : amor, one loves me, amaris, one loves
thee, sapientes beati existimantur, we account the wise happy ;
d) By the first Pers. Plur. Act. (in this case the speaker must be in-
cluded under the one), as: viro sapienti libenter paremws ;
e) By the second Pers. Sing. Act., particularly of the Subj., as : cre-
dos (one may believe).
CXXVI. Exercises/or translation. ($ 94.)
I. a. Parents love their children. Manlius punished (multare) the
bravery of his son with death. The remembrance of you will always
be agreeable to us. To each of us the love of life is inborn. The
soul is the governor of us. The hand is a part of us. A part of us,
to-morrow, will betake ourselves into the country. Pity thou me,
wretched. Few of us have fulfilled their duties. A good king cares
less for himself than for the welfare of the citizens. The wise man
zealously corrects the faults inborn in him. So long as Hannibal was
in Italy, nobody resisted him in battle (acies). After the general had
fallen (perf ) in battle, the soldiers fled. My friend and his son have
set out for Rome. The Allobroges entreated (orare) Umbrenus, that
(ut with Svhj.) he would pity them. Cicero had eflfected by Fulvia,
that [ut with Subj.) Curius might disclose (aperire) to him the plans of
Catiline. The Germans occupied themselves (studere) with agriculture,
and the greatest part of their food (victus, us) consisted of [consistere
with abl.) milk, cheese and flesh. I have often reflected (cogitare)
with myself concerning the immortality of the soul (plur.). We see
(cernere) faults (delictum) in others more than in ourselves. The
soul itself moves itself. Our soldiers have conquered the enemies, not
by the wisdom (consilium) of their general, but by their own bravery.
We ought to care (inservire, c. dat) not only for our own advantage,
but also for [that] of others.
250 OP THE USE OF THE PRONOUNS. [^ 94.
I. b. Children love their parents. It is the duty of the king to look
out for the welfare of his subjects. Lysander, king of the Lacede-
monians, left behind (perf ) a great report of himself With delight
we pity thee. Each of us will always recollect thee and thine. I
shall always preserve a recollection of you. The best part of us is
immortal. A part of us had remained at home. Many of us have de-
served [well] of (de) our country. The general and his soldiers have
distinguished themselves in battle by bravery. Men use beasts for
their advantage. [His] friends exhorted Darius, that [ut with Suhj.)
he should subject Greece to himself The king Eurystheus command-
ed (imperare) Hercules, that (ut with Suhj.) he should bring (afFerre)
to him the arms of the queen of the Amazons. Cleopatra admitted
(admittere) a viper (aspis, idis) to herself and was killed (extinguere,
perf.) by its poison. After the encounter at Issus, the mother of Da-
rius, his wife and his daughter, were taken captives. We ourselves
ought to govern (imperare) ourselves. Virtue itself protects itself
Many are wise for themselves indeed, but not for others. The (is)
general cannot restrain (continere) [his] army, who does not restrain
himself (se ipsum). The companions of Ulysses perished (perf) by
their own folly. Many evils happen to us by our own fault (culpa).
II. a. Each one is the architect (faber) Of his fortune. Assign to
each his ovm. With the greatest difficulty (= most difficulty) does
each one judge correctly of himself Each one ought to protect his
own. Precisely the best [man] undertakes most easily dangers and
labors for his country. Money has always been despised by the very
best [men]. Every fifth yeai', all Sicily was rated (perf) Demosthe-
nes and Cicero were the most renowned orators of antiquity ; to
which dost thou give the preeminence (palma) ? Virgil, Ovid and
Horace were very distinguished poets of Rome ; which dost thou con-
sider the best ? Each is a fault, both to believe each and [to believe]
neither. I believe neither, neither thee nor thy brother. Both, Ho-
mer and Virgil, were distinguished poets; the one of them was a
Greek and the other a Roman. Both, the Romans and the enemies,
fought bravely. One excels in this, another in that. One occupies
himself with this, another with that.
IL b. Each virtue deserves (deberi) its particular (proprius) praise.
Each has (by esse) his way. Each is accustomed to measure dangers
according to his fear. Fortune will form each one by his character.
The veiy best, we ought always to place before (proponere) others
for imitation. The olive (olea) does not bear every year, but general-
$ 95.] OP THE NUMERALS. 251
ly every two (alter) years. Who of you has heai*d this news ? Who
is the greatest orator of antiquity ? Scipio and Hannibal were very
renowned generals, the one was the general of the Romans, the other
of the Carthaginians ; which dost thou prefer ? The very most learn-
ed men are the most modest. Both, Caesar and Pompey were great
men ; which dost thou consider the gi-eatest ? Both the Romans and
the Germans were very brave ; which considerest thou the bravest ?
Neither of us all is free from faults. Neither, neither the wicked
[man] nor the flatterer, ought we to praise. Dangers threaten one
from here (= hence), another /rom there (= thence). This pleases
one, that another.
III. a. Justly one censures those who act rightly from (prae) fear.
All is uncertain, when one departs (discedere) from right. One
laughs. They praise me. One has praised me. The earth is sur-
rounded (circumfundi) by that sea which we (= one) call ocean.
We prepare the mind for (ad) all. He who fears what one can avoid,
can in no manner live with a quiet mind. In prosperity, let us flee
pride and arrogance. Without virtue we cannot be happy. What is
sweeter, than to have [a friend] with whom one may dare to speak
as with himself? It is becoming, to do religiously what one does.
III. b. They called those philosophers sophists, who pursued philo-
sophy for gain or ostentation. They run. Honorable conduct (= the
honorable) excites (movere) the approbation of those with whom one
lives. They will censure me. We deride fools. The perversities
(pravitas) of the soul, one properly (= correctly) calls faults. Hi^
means oj living (victus) and care of the body, we refer to health and
strength, not to property. How short is the longest life of man,
when one compares (subj.) it to eternity! What one has promised,
he must make good. By entreaties, one often effects (perficere) more
than by force. It is becoming, not to censure that which one does not
understand (intelligere, Subj.).
§ 9o. O/" the Numerals.
1. Concerning mille and milia, see § 33. Rem. 4.
2. The distributives, which answer the question, hoio
many each 1 or how many at a time ? are used when one
wishes to express, that a number is divided equally among'
several objects, or a certain number of times.
Pater filiis senos libros dat (six books a piece, i. e. the father gives
each of his sous six books ; hence, if we suppose three sons, the father
252 OF THE NUMERALS. [$ 95.
divides eighteen books into three equal parts). Sex fossae, quinos pe-
des altae, ducebantur (each six feet deep).
3. Besides, the distributives are used for the cardinal
numbers with nouns which have only the plural, as : bina
castra, tivo camps. For singulis ae, a, in this case, uni, ae, a
is used, as : una castra, one camp, iinae nuptiae, one tued-
ding, unae litterae, one letter, trina castra, three camps (but :
terna castra, three camps a-piece).
CXXVII Exercises for translation. (§95.)
L A thousand soldiers have defended the city spiritedly against
3000 enemies which assaulted it. All (oninis) Gaul which is em-
braced (continere) by the Pyrenees mountains, the Alps and the Se-
venns (mons Gehenna) is 3,200,000 paces. The leader of our army
has pursued the enemy with 1000 soldiers. As at Rome two consuls,
so at Carthage two kings, were annually elected. The Roman legions
consisted (esse) at certain times of 5000 footmen and 300 horsemen.
The army of the enemies had pitched 2 camps, ours 3. The father
wrote a letter to each of his 4 sons. Veiy often by a truce, have the
already enfeebled powers of an army been restored (reparare). Two
acres of land a-piece were divided (perf ) to the people. The mother
gave to each child 1 apple, 6 pears, 7 plums, 8 cherries. The enemies
pitched (perf) 3 camps, each of which 3 trenches surrounded.
IL The army of the enemies consisted (esse) of 28,000 footmen
and 13,500 horsemen. According to (ex) the opinion of Posidonius,
there are 20,000,000 stadia from the earth to the moon [andj 5,000,000
stadia thence to the sun. The citizens with 1000 soldiers have de-
fended the city against the enemy. The mother gave (perf) to each
boy 2 apples, 3 pears, 4 plums and 12 cherries. Caesar divided (perf.)
among (dat.) the people, man for man, 10 bushels of grain and just
so many pounds of oil and 300 sesterces (nummus). The enemies
drew (perf) around the camp 3 trenches, 11 feet deep and 6 feet
broad. Two walls surround the city, 18 feet high and 8 feet broad.
The towers upon the walls of Babylon, were about 10 feet higher than
the walls. In each camp of the enemies, there were 7000 footmen and
4000 horsemen. Cicero received (perf) in one day, 3 letters from (ex)
each of three different places. How many scholars are in a class in
(gen.) your school? about 30. The fingers of men have 3 joints, tlie
thumb 2. A father divided (perf) equally among (dat.) his 4 sons
^ 96, 97.] INFINITIVE. SUPINE. 253
4444 dollars, how many dollars did each receive (perf.) ? 1111. My
brother has 3 writing-tablets. Yesterday I received (perf.) 2 letters.
The city has 6 towers, each of which is 268 feet high. After a long
time, at length (tandem) a letter came, and this whole letter consisted
(esse) of these 22 letters : Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo.
§ 96. Infinitive.
The Infinitive is used :
a) As subject, as : dulce et decorum est pro patria mori;
b) As object ; this is especially the case with verbs sig-
nifying to ivill) to be able, ought, should, as: volo (cupio,
studeo, possum, debeo) discere.
Rem. 1. In animated description, the Latins often used the Infin.
Pres. for the finite verb (historical infinitive)^ as: multum ipse jpwgnore,
saepe hostemyenVe.
Rem. 2. For the Ace. with the Infin., see § 105.
§97. Supine.
1. The Supine in um stands with verbs of going, com-
ing, sending, calling, in order to express the end of these
verbs. It takes the same case as its verb.
In urbem migravi hahitatum. Ingens hominum multitudo in urbem
convenit ludos publicos spedatum.
2. The Supine in u stands : a) with many adjectives as
a nearer definition of them, as : dulcis, jucundus, molestus,
dignus, indignus, facilis, difficilis ; b) with fas est (it is law-
ful), nefas est (it is not lawful) and opus est.
Pira dulcia sunt gustatu. Fas est dictu. Nefas est didu. Ddiber'-
atu opus est.
CXXVIII. Exercises far translation. (^ 96, 97.)
I. To a cultivated and learned man, to think is to live. They, whose
fathers or ancestors have distinguished (praestare) themselves by
some renown, seek to excel in the veiy same kind of praise. Practice
teaches to bear (ferre) labor. Without virtue nobody can be happy.
The army hastens, in order to deliver the city from the siege. The
Romans sent (perf.) ambassadors to Delphi, in order to consult the
oracle. What is so pleasant (jucundus) to perceive and to hear, as a
22
254 GERUND. [^98.
discourse adorned with wise thoughts and weighty (gravis) words ?
An unripe grape is bitter to taste. The fish is easy to catch in disturb-
ed water.
11. To prefer money lo friendship is base. Poets wish both to de-
light and to profit. The soul cannot decay. It is easier to see errors
than to correct [them]. All that comes to pass by our fault (culpa),
we ought to bear patiently. A great multitude of men assembled
(perf ) in [in with ace.) the city, in order to see (spectare) the public
games. The shorter a narrative is, the plainer (dilucidus) and easier
it is to understand (cognoscfire). The orators pass over all which is
base to speak.
§ 98. Gerund.
1. The gerund in the Nom. in connection with est, as :
scribendum est, is translated into English : it is to be (writ-
ten) or: one must, one should (write). The person which
must or should do something is put in the dative. Hence
we may translate it into English by : /, thou, he, she, it must,
should (write), 2oe must, should (write), etc.
2. The gerund, like the infinitive, takes the same case as
its verb. But instead of the gerund with an object in the
accusative, the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1.
Obtemperandum est virtutis praeceptis. Suo cuique judicio utendum
est (each one must use his own judgment).
3. The remaining cases of the gerund supply the cases
of the Infin. Still the Ace. of the gerund is used only in
connection with a preposition. The use of the cases of the
gerund is the same as the use of the cases of substantives.
Nom. JVatare est utile (swimming is useful).
Gen. jVaiandi ara utilis est (the art of swimming is useful). JVatandi
sum peritus (1 am skilled in swimming).
Dat. JVatando homo aptus est (man is fitted for swimming).
Ace. JVatare disco (I learn to swim, or swimming) ; but : ad natandum
homo aptus est (is fitted for swimming, or: to swim).
Inter natandum [whWe swimming); ob natandum (on ac-
count of swimming).
Abl. JVatando cori)oris vires exercentur (by swimming). In natando
(in swimming), a natando (by swimming), ex natando, de
natando.
§ 99.] GERUNDIVE. %55
Remark. The Gerund being of the nature of a noun, is governed
in its different cases in the same manner as a noun.
4. The gerund in the oblique cases also, like the Infin.,
takes the same case as its verb. Still, instead of the ge-
rund in the Dat. and Ace. with an object in the accusative,
the gerundive is used. See § 99. 1.
Ara pueros bene educandi difficilis est. Pauci idoni sunt ad cdiis im-
perandum.
CXXIX. Exercises for translation. (^ 98.)
I. Man should always think that life is short. The laws of Lycur-
gus formed (erudire) the youth by labors, by hunting, running, hun-
gering, thirsting, freezing, sweating. The effort to relieve the misery
of others, is very agreeable to good men. Avoid thou all enticements
to (gen.) sinning (peccare). Not for (dat.) the school, but for life we
should learn. A good scholar is desirous of learning nmch. During
(inter) the deliberation (consultare) one ought not to contend (decertare)
with arms. One must not spare an enemy. Boys and youths should
use exercise of body and mind. Who has not learned to obey, is not
fit (idoneus) to command. Caesar and Pompey were inclined (propen-
sus ad) to spare the enemies. By nothing do men approach (accedere)
nearer to God, than by giving safety to men. By teaching we learn.
II. It is sufficiently known, that good men must contend with the
bad. Socrates was accustomed, by inquiry (percontari) and question-
ing (= asking) to elicit the sentiments (opinio) of those with whom he
discoursed (disserere). One must come for aid, not merely to the
body, but much (multo) more to the understanding and the mind.
We should forget injuries. Who does not know, that the hope of im-
punity is a very great enticement to (gen.) sin (peccare). All the citi-
zens burned (exardescere, per/.) with desire to fight for the safety of
their country. One must use the occasion. Learn, O boys, early the
art of using time wisely ! Few men are fitted [idoneus with dat) to
speak. Man is born to act. The Persians were very skilful in (gen.)
riding. The character (mos, plur.) is discovered (= uncovered) in
(inter) playing freely. From delaying (cunctari) Fabius was called the
delayer. One must abstain from ignoble pleasures.
§ 99. Gerundive,
1. When the gerund would take an object in the accusative^
256 GERUNDIVE. [^ 99.
the gerundive is commonly used instead of the gerund in the
Gen. and Abl. and always instead of the gerund in the
Nom., Dat. and Ace. The agent or doer^ as with the ge-
rand, stands in the dative.
2. The change of the construction of the gerund into
that of the gerundive takes place in the following manner :
a) The noun standing in the Ace. with the gerund, is
put in the same case in tvhich the gerund stands ;
b) The gerund is changed into the gerundive.
c) But the gerundive is put in the same case, number and
gender as the noun.
E. g. If in the phrase : ars pueros educandi one would use the ge-
rundive instead of the gerund, he must : a) put the Ace. pueros in the
case of the gerund educandi, hence in the Gen. : puerorum (ars puer-
orum) ; b) he must then change the gerund educandi into the gerundive
educandus, a, um ; c) finally, must put this gerundive in the same gen-
der, number and case as puerorum, hence educandorum.
Nom. Nobis bene educandum est pue- Pueri nobis bene educandi sunt.
ros, must be changed into :
Gen. Ars dvitatem gubernandi est dif-
ficillima ; for which common-
Dat. Asinus idoneus est oneraportan-
do, must be changed into :
Ace. Puer aptus est ad Htteras trac-
tandum,must be changed into :
.Mbl. Litteras tractando ingenium acui-
tur, for which commonly :
Remark. But the gerund in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. is not changed
into the Gerundive when the object in the Ace. is the neuter of an ad-
jective or pronoun, as : studium vera cognoscendi (not verorum cognoscen-
dorum), cupidus sum hoc audiendi (not huju^ audiendi).
3. The gerundive stands also with verbs signifying to
take, to give, care, attend to, give up, cause and the like, in
order to express an intention or end.
Urbs a duce mihtibus diripienda data est (for plundering). Urbem
dux militibus diripiendam dedit. Perfugam Fabricius reducendum cura-
vit (caused to be led back).
Ars civitatis gubemandae est dif-
ficillima.
Asinus idoneus gbX oneribus por-
tandis.
Puer aptus est ad litteras trac-
tandas.
Idtteris tradandis ingenium acui-
tur.
$ 99.] GERUNDIVE. 267
CXXX. Exercises for translation. (§99.)
I. When wrath moves thee very much (maxime), thou must curb
thy tongue very carefully. The art of governhig (gubernare) a state
well and wisely, is very difficult. Many are more desirous of increas-
ing [their] riches than of exercising [their] virtue. One must account
wisdom the art of living well and peacefully. The camel is fitted
(aptus, a, um, with dat.) for bearing great loads. Water is very useful
for preserving our health. Gymnastic exercises avail very much (plu-
rimum) for (ad) confirming the health. The Phenicians were very
skilful in the art of governing ships. No possession is to be esteemed
higher than virtue. The soldiers tried (experiri) all [things] in order to
(ad) capture the city. The first book of Cicero's Tusculan Disputations
treats (est) of the contempt of death ; the second of the enduring of
pain ; the third of the relieving of sorrow. Socrates passed (perf.)
[his] whole life in improving the morals of others. To be drawn
(abduci) from active duties (res gerere) by the eflfort to investigate truth,
is inconsistent with duty (contra officium). The life of the wise man
consists in the exercise of virtue. Good parents bestow [collocare in
with abl.) all care upon the proper (= good) bringing up of their chil-
dren. Some (nonnulli) sports are not unprofitable for (dat.) sharpening
(acuere) the wits (ingenium) of boys. The contempt of death avails
veiy much in delivering the soul from fear. Nature has given (tradere)
to woman, the attending to (procurare) and managing (administrare) the
domestic affairs (res). Caesar gave up (concedere) the taken city to
the soldiers, for plundering (diripere). Good parents take care (curare)
to instruct then' children well.
II. He (is) is to be accounted (existimare) free, who serves no vice
(turpitudo). The desire (cura) to preserve itself, is inborn by nature
in every living being. In joking (jocari), we must preserve (adhibere)
temperance. The faculty of curbing the tongue is very useful. Many,
on account of a desire for fame, are desirous to carry on war. We
should pronounce nobody happy before death. Virtue has the greatest
power of freeing minds from the passions. Soldiers should know
how (= be acquainted with) to endure hunger and thirst. Innumera-
ble things have been created by God in order (dat.) to delight men.
Many plants are useful for (dat.) healing wounds. How many things
are necessary for the preservation of life ! Thou must try all [things]
in order to obtain the praise of the good. The winds are very useful
for (ad) dispersing the injurious dust. By the pursuit (tractare) of
literature, we should become (evadere) not merely more learned, but
22*
258 PARTICIPLE. [^ lOa
better also. The book of Plutarch concerning the bringing up of
children (puer) contains many useful precepts. In the performance
(persequi) of all duties, one must bestow an effort (contentio) of the
soul. Be unwilling to receive an office to the management (adminis-
trare) of which thou art not competent (= hast not grown). In the se-
lection (eligere) of friends, we should bestow the greatest foresight.
Conon caused (curare) the walls of Athens, destroyed by Lysander,
to be repaired (reficere). We give the boys good books to read.
Mithridates took means (curare) to kill all Roman citizens in (abl.) the
whole of Asia in one day.
§ 100. Participle.
1. The participle, like the Infin., governs the same case as
its verb, as : epistolam scribens, hostibus parcerts, and like an
adjective, agrees in gender, number and case with its noun,
as : puer laudatus^ puella laudata.
2. The participle is used as follows :
a) Wholly as an adjective^ as : rosa florens pulchra est
(the blooming rose). Rosa est florens (the rose is
blooming) ;
b) Instead of the relative toho^ lohich with some form of
the finite verb, as : cives acriter cum hostibus dimica-
bant urbem oppugnantibus (who were assaulting the
city);
c) Instead of the conjunctions, lohile, as, after, lohen, if,
because, since, although with the finite verb, as : cog-
itantes coelestia, haec nostra ut exigua et minima con-
temnimus (when we think upon heavenly things).
Hostes, amnem transgressi, castra muniverunt (after
they had passed over the river).
3. The Part. Fut. Act. is often used in order to express a
design or purpose, and in this case is to be rendered by that,
in order that with the finite verb, or by in order to with the
Infin.
Ingens horainum multitudo in urbem convenit ludos publicos speda-
tura.
4. There are two kinds of participial construction in
$ 100.] PARTICIPLE. 259
Latin : the one is called the conjunctive participial construe-
tion^ the other the ablative absolute. Since we generally
translate the participle into English by a subordinate clause,
the difference between these two constructions may be ex-
plained as follows :
a) The conjunctive participial construction is used, when
the subordinate clause has no subject of its own, but
has for its subject either the subject or object of the
principal clause. In this case, the participle agrees in
gender, number and case with this subject or object.
Sol oriens pellit noctem (when the sun rises, it (i. e. the sun) chases
away the night). Jlristldes, patria pulsus, Lacedaemonem fugit (as Aris-
tides had been expelled from his country, he (Aristides) fled to Lace-
demon). Hostes, victoriam adepti, in castra se receperunt (after the
enemy had obtained the victory, they (the enemy) returned to the
camp). Caesar hostes fugatos persecutiis est, after the enemy had been
put to flight, Caesar pursued them (the enemy).
b) The ablative absolute is used, when the subordinate
clause has its own subject, which is neither the subject
nor the object of the principal clause. In this case
the subject of the subordinate clause stands in the
ablative and the participle is added in the same case.
Sole oriente, nox fugit (when the sun rises, the night flees). Recupera'
td pace, artes efflorescunt (as soon as peace is regained, the arts
flourish).
Rem. Very often both the conjunctive participle and the ablative
absolute may be translated by a substantive with or without a pre-
position, as : the rising of the sun dispels the night ; after obtaining
the victory, the enemy returned to the camp ; with the setting of the
sun night flees.
Rem. 2. Substantives and adjectives also, are often used in the same
way as participles, as : bellum Gallicum, Caesare imperatore, gestum
est (under the conduct of Caesar). JVaturd duce, errare nullo pacto
potest (under the guidance of nature). Natus est Augustus, Cicerone
et Antonio consulibus (in the consulship of Cicero and Anthony).
CXXXI Exercises for translation. ($100.)
I. a. What is so inhuman, as to convert (convertere) eloquence,
which is given by nature for the safety and preservation of men, to the
260 PARTICIPLE. [§ 100.
destruction of the good ? Change of country does not always change
the morals. The enemies pitched a camp in a place which was sur-
rounded by marshes (palus) and woods. When we wish to begin
(exordior) a work, we must (gerundive) bestow a careful preparation.
Tarquinius Superbus was deprived of [his] dominion, as he was besieg-
ing Ardea. Since the Romans feared the snares of the Germans, they
returned over the Rhine. After Dionysius the tyrant had been expell-
ed from Syracuse, he instructed (docere) boys at Corinth. A laugh
sometimes breaks forth so violently, that we cannot, even when we
desire, restrain (tenere) [it]. Hephaestion, of all the friends of Alexan-
der, was the most dear, because he had been brought up in like man-
ner with himself. When the storks wish to migrate (abire) they as-
semble at [in with ace.) one place. In the third Punic war, Scipio
passed over to Africa in order to destroy Chathage.
I. b. What do eighty years, which are spent (exig^re) in (per) in-
activity (inertia), profit (juvare) a man ? Two friends are like one soul
which dwells in two bodies. When Alexander had possessed himself
of Egypt, he built Alexandria. Hipparchus, a son of Pisistratus, fell
in the battle of Marathon (Marathonius, a, um), while he was bearing
arms against his country. Sulla was sent to Asia, in order to carry
on war with the king Mithridates. After the enemies had possessed
themselves of the city, they plundered it. By day (interdiu) we do not
see the stars, because they are obscured by the light of the sun. We
have confidence in upright men, even if they are not sworn. The ene-
mies dispersed (dilabi, per/.) into the city, in order to protect them-
selves, by (abl.) the walls (moenia). We cannot live happily (beate),
if we fear death.
n. a. When we strive against nature, the labor is vain. Men have
invented innumerable arts, while nature taught [them]. What solici-
tude would torment the wicked, if the fear of capital punishment were
taken away ? Since God guides human affairs, we should be destitute
of all fear. When humanity is extirpated from the soul, the man
ceases to be man. When Cato had read through (passive) the Phedo
of Plato, he took his life. Under the reign of Augustus, the Roman
empire was rated (perf ). After the troops were drawn together, the
general determined (perf) to attack the camp of the enemies. After
taking away piety and religion, disturbance of life and a great confu-
sion follow. At the instigation (by audor) of the magians, Xerxes was
to have burned (inflamare) the temples of Greece. The wise man re-
mains rich even after the loss (amittere) of all the goods of fortune.
We hope, that our army, which has distinguished itself under the con-
^ 101.] COORDINATE SENTENCES. 261
duct (regere) of a bad general, will acquire for itself still (etiam) great-
er glory under the conduct of a good general.
IL b. When pleasure (voluptas) reigns (dominari), all great virtues
are in a low condition. The wise man will not be unhappy, after the
loss of all his goods. After the rising of the sun, the mists were
scattered (discuti, per/.). After a knowledge (cognoscere) of the nature
of all things, we are freed (levare) from (abl.) superstition. Caesar,
after the line-of-battle of the enemies was broken through and scatter-
ed, led back his soldiers into the camp. The sedition of the soldiers,
which had been quieted by the wisdom (consilium) of the general,
broke out again (recrudescere, per/.) in his absence. After the expul-
sion of the kings, Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were made
consuls. Under the reign of Augustus, Christ was born ; under the
reign of Tiberius, he died. The Greeks took possession of Thermo-
pylae as the Persians approached. Caesar, although he had conquered
(passive) the Gauls, did not dismiss the army. The Greeks, under
the conduct of Cimon, fought against the Persians at Marathon. Be-
cause the night came on (ingruere), Caesar led back his soldiers into
the camp.
COMPOUND SENTENCES.
§ 101. A. Coordinate Sentences.
1. Coordinate sentences are those which have a common
reference to each other, but otherwise are independent of
each other, as : Demosthenes was a great orator, Cicero also
was a great orator.
2. The relation of coordinate sentences is :
1) Copulative, which is expressed : a) by : et, atque,
ac (never before a vowel or h), que, and; b) by:
etiam, quoque, also; c) neque or nee (and not,
also not); d) et — et, both — and, as loell — as also;
e) non modo (solum, tantum) — sed etiam, not only
{merely) — hut also; f) quum — tum, so ivell — as
especially; g) modo — modo, or nunc — nunc, or
tum — tum, now — now, then — then; h) neque (nee)
— ne(\ViQ (nQc), neither — nor;
2) Adversative, which is expressed by : sed, but, hut
262 SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. [§ 102.
rather; autem, at, vero, verum, hut; tamen, yet;
attamen, veruntamen, but yet ;
3) Disjunctive^ which is expressed by : a) aut, vel, ve,
sive (seu), or ; b) aut — aut, vel — vel, either — or ;
sive — sive, whether — or, either — or;
4) Causal^ which is expressed by nam and enim (for) ;
5) Deductive^ which is expressed by: igitur, itaque,
ergo, hence^ therefore ; ideo, on this account^ and
the like.
Rem. 1. ^ue and ve always stand attached to the word to which they
belong, as : pater matergwe, pater msXerve ; autem, vero, enim, quoque^
igitur do not stand at the beginning of the sentence, but after the first
word.
Rem. 2. Sive — sive are used with the indicative, as : sive id verum est,
sive falsum (whether it be true or false). Aut — aut and vel — vel differ
from each other in this, that in aut — aut the one clause really and ne-
ce55an7?/ excludes the other, so that one can be conceived of as hold-
ing good only when the idea of the other is excluded ; but in vel — vel
the exclusion is only allowable or optional.
§ 102. B. Subordinate Sentences.
1. Subordinate sentences are those which complete or de-
fine other sentences and hence are dependent.
2. The sentence to which another belongs as a dependent
part, is called the principal sentence, the dependent sentences
or clause, on the contrary, is called the sudordinate sentence.
E. g. in the compound sentence : " when the spring comes,
the trees bloom," the last clause : " the trees bloom," is the
principal sentence, and the first " when the spring comes,"
the subordinate sentence.
3. Subordinate sentences are:
a) Substantive sentences, i. e. such as are but the ex-
panded idea of some case of a 'substantive, as : I re-
joice, that thou art in health (=1 rejoice at thy
health) ;
b) Adjective sentences, i. e. such as are but the ex-
panded idea of an adjective (or participle), as: the
$ 103.] USE OP MODES IN SUBORDINATE SENTENCES. ' 263
rose, lohich blooms^ is beautiful (= the blooming'
rose) ;
c) Adverbial sentences^ i. e. such as are only an expan-
sion of an adverb or an expression of the nature of
an adverb^ as: after the enemij loas conquered,
our soldiers returned (= after the conquering' of
the enemy).
§ 103. Of the use of the Modes in Subordinate Sentences,
1. In the subordinate sentences which are introduced by
the indefinite relative pronouns : quisquis, quicunque, qualis-
cimque^ quotcunque, ubicunqite, quocuqnue, quotiescunque,
utcunque, quotquot^ etc. the indicative is used in Latin, while
we, in English, generally use the pronoun ivhoever, etc. with
the subjunctive.
Sapiens, ubicunque est, beatus est (wherever he may be). Quoquo
modo res sese hahet, in sententia mea permanebo (however the thing
may be). Quicquid est, ego te non deseram (whatever it may be).
2. The use of the Subj. in subordinate sentences will be
more fully explained in treating of particular subordinate
sentences. For the present the following may suffice :
a) Ut, that, in order that, ne, in order that not, that
not, quin (after the phrases : it is not doubtful, I do
not doubt), that, always take the Subj. ;
b) In questions depending upon another sentence (in-
direct questions) the. Subj. is always used, as : die
mihi, cur rideas (tell me, why you laugh). Nes-
cio, ubi fueris (I do not know, where you have
been).
§ 104. Succession of the Tenses in Subjunctive Subordinate
Sentences.
The following rules may be given for the succession of
the tenses in subjunctive subordinate sentences :
a) Upon a principal tense: Pres. Perfect-present and
264 SUCCESSION OF THE TENSES. [{ 104.
Fut., there follows again a principal Tense : Pres. Perfect,
present and the Future Periphrastic Present, according as
the discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed,
completed ox future action;
b) Upon an historical tense: Imperf. Perfect-historical
and Plupf., there follows again an historical tense : Imperf.
Plupf. and Future Periphrastic Imperf., according as the
discourse in the subordinate sentence is of a like timed,
completed or future action.
Sdebam, quid ageres.
Sciebam, quid egisses.
Sdebam, quid adurus esses.
Cognovi (I learned), quid ageres.
Cognovi, quid egisses.
Cognovi, quid adurus esses.
Cognoveram, quid ageres.
Cognoveram, quid egisses.
CognQ^eram, quid adurus esses.
Sdo, quid agas.
Sdo, quid egeris.
Sdo, quid adurus sis.
Cognovi (I have learned), quid agas.
Cognovi, quid egeris.
Cognovi, quid audurus sis.
Audiam, quid agas.
Jludiam, quid egeris.
Jludiam, quid adurus sis,
Opto, ut ad me venias. Optabam, ut ad me venires. Te rogo, ne
mihi succenseas. Te rogabam, ne mihi succenseres. Non dubito, quin
rem tuam bene geras. Non dubitavi (I have not doubted), quin rem
tuam bene geras. Non dubiiabo, quin rem tuam bene gesturus sis.
Non dubitabam [dubitavi,! doubted, dubitaveram), quin rem tuam bene
gereres (gessisses, gesturus Besses).
CXXXII. Exercises for translation. {§ 103, lp|.)
I. In whatever M^ay the thing has itself, it is not permitted to thee
to desert (deserere) the post cornrnitted to thee. Whoever that wretch-
ed [man] may be, we would l^d aid to him ! The goods of the body
and of fortune, however great they may be, are uncertain and frail.
Wherever thou mayest be, thou shouldst live uprightly. Who is so
powerful, that he can dispense with (carere) the aid of others. Telt me,
what thou doest now, did yesterday, and wilt do to-morrow. The
friend related to me, whjere he had been, where he was, and where he
would be. Who doubts, that Hannibal fought very bravely against
the Romans? Nobody doubted, that Hannibal fought very bravely
against the Romans. I do not doubt, that our soldiers will bear off
the victory over the enemy. Nobody doubted, that we should bear off
the victory over the enemy.
II. Whatever the opinion of the philosophers may be concerning
§ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 266
the highest good, virtue has in itself sufficient protection for a peace-
ful life. Whatever we may do, we should do it deliberately. I do not
doubt, that you have benefited your country. However great thy
wisdom may be, thou shouldst still always be modest. Whithersoever
thou mayest turn thy eyes, thou seest the traces of the divine wisdom.
What man is so wise, that he can never be deceived ? I do not doubt
that thou art now contented with thy lot. I did not doubt, that thou
wast contented with thy lot. Tell me where thou hast journied and
whither thou art about to [journey]. It is not doubtful, that, when (ubi)
[their] country may be in danger, the citizens will fight bravely. It
was not doubtful, that, when [their] country was in danger, the citi-
zens would fight bravely.
L SUBSTANTIVE SENTENCES.
Preliminary Remark. In the English language, substantive sentences
are introduced by the conjunctions: that, that not, in order that, in order
that not. In Latin they are expressed by : a) the accusative with the
Infin. ; b) by substantive sentences with ut, ne, quo, quommus, quiny
quod.
§ 105. A. Accusative ivith Infinitive.
1. When a sentence, as : rosa floret, is the object of one
of the verbs mentioned below (No. 2.), in Latin, the subject
(rosa) is changed into the Ace. (rosam) and the finite verb
into the Infin., as: video rosam florere (I see, that the rose
blooms). When the predicate is expressed by an adjective
or substantive with the verb sum^ fio^ etc. (§§ 84.), the adjec-
tive or substantive is also put in the Ace, as: aqua/rtg'^<ia
est; sentio aquam frigidam esse (I perceive, that the water
is cold). Audimus, Cyrum regem Persarum fuisse (we
hear, that Cyrus was king of the Persians). This construc-
tion is called the Ace. with the Infinitive.
Rem. 1. In English, this construction is generally expressed by that
with a Jinite verb and a noun, adjective or participle in the nominative.
2. The AcG, with the Infin. is used in the following cases :
a) After verbs of believing', thinking, feeling and per-
ceiving; of saying and relating;
23
266 ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. [^ 105.
b) After verbs of loilling, desiring', letting, bidding and
forbidding- ; volo, nolo, mala, ctfpio, stndeo ; sino
and patior ; jubeo and veto ;
c) After the expressions : apparet, (it is evident), con-
stat, (it is known), and the like ; opus est, (it is
necessary), licet, justum est, aequum est, mos est, and
the like.
Sentlmus calere ignem^ nivem esse albam, dulce mtl. Historia narrate
Romam a Romulo contMtam esse. Folo te ex iiinere mox redire. Virtus
non patitur nos luxuria indulgere. Caesar milites castra munire jussit.
Caesar milites ponteni rescindere vetuit. Constat inter omnes, Romanos
fuisst fortissimos.
Rem. 2. When no agent is expressed after juhere, vetare, sinere and
pati in the Infin., the Infin. Pass, is used in Latin. Caesar castra
mmiiri jussit. Caesar pontem resdndi vetuit. Caesar urbem diripi pas-
sus est.
Rem. 3. With licet (it is permitted) there is commonly found the
Dat. (of the person) with the Infin., instead of the Ace. with the Infin.
as: quieto esse tibi licet.
Rem. 4. Oportet and necesse est are connected either with the Ace.
tvith the Infin. or with the Subjunctive without ut, as : oportet nos virtuti
stvdere, or, virtuti studeamm oportet. Necesse est sapientem semper bea-
tum esse, or : sapiens semper beatus sit necesse est.
'3. The Nom. with the Infin. stands with the passives :
dicor, trador, feror (they say that I, or / am said) ; putor,
credor, existimor (they believe that I), videor (it seems that
\),jubeor, vetor (they bid me, forbid me).
(Ego) bonus esse dicor (they say, that I am good, or : I am said, etc.)
(Tu) bonus esse diceris (they say, that thou art good, or : thou art
said, etc.)
Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur) .
(JVos) boni esse putamur (they beUeve, that we are good),
(Vos) boni esse putamini (credimini, existimamini, judicamini) . ^
Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur (traduntur, putantur).
Romulus ad deos transisse creditus est.
(Ego) rem intelhgere videor (I seem to understand the thing, or: it
seems that I understand). (Tu) laetus esse videris. Ilk laetus
esse videtur. (JVos) laeti esse videmur. (Vos) laeti esse videmini.
lUi laeti esse videntur. (Ego) laetus esse videbar, etc.
^ 105.] ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE. 267
(Ego) jubeor scribere (they bid me write). (Tii) vetaris scribere
(they forbid thee to write). Milites pontem facere jussi sunt (they
commanded the soldiers to build a bridge).
CXXXIII Exercises/or translation. (§ 105.)
I. I know that my body is mortal, [but] that my soul is immortal.
Aristotle shows, that the poet Orpheus never existed. It is known, that
the Romans destroyed Carthage. Some philosophers believed, that
the world came into existence (nasci) by chance. Titus was unwilling,
that any one (quisquam) should go away from him sad. We hope,
that thou wilt soon return from (ex) the journey. Who can deny, that
God governs the whole world ? It is known, that Hannibal fought
very bravely against the Romans. History relates, that, in the Persian
wars (bella Persica), innumerable troops of the Persians were routed
by the Greeks. Darius promised, that he would give 1000 talents to
the murderer of Alexander. It is not permitted to many men, to be
idle. The Germans suffered no (non) wine to be imported (importare,
see Rem. 2.) to them. We should be willing (velle) to live with an
inferior (inferior), as we wish a superior (superior) to live with us.
There is no one, who should not wish, that his children should be
happy. Demosthenes did not permit, that the Athenians should make
peace with Philip, king of Macedon. It is related (tradi) that Aristides,
was the most just of all the Athenians. They relate that the Milesian
Thales first (primus) predicted an eclipse of the sun (defectio solis).
Who reigns well, must (necesse est) sometime (aliquando) have obey-
ed. We should (oportet) serve philosophy, in order that true freedom
may fall to our lot. A good citizen should (oportet) prefer the digni-
ty of the state to all his own advantages. Caesar bade (perf.) his
soldiers to assault the city. Caesar caused (jubere) the city to be as-
saulted. The general forbade his soldiers, to plunder the taken city.
The general forbade, to plunder the taken city. They say, that Ceres
first (prima) taught the use of grain to men. Alexander allowed the
grave of Cyrus to be opened. It seems, as though the sun were small-
er than the earth. It is said, that the war is finished.
II. W^ho does not know, that the wise man is peaceful in every (om-
nis) condition of life ? Who can deny, that he has ever done wrong ?
It is known of all, that Athens was the inventress of most arts and
literature. It is better (satius) that we benefit even the bad on ac-
count of the good, than that we be wanting (deesse) to the good on
account of the bad. The wise man frankly (ingenue) acknowledges,
UT, NE, UT NE, UT NON. [§ 106.
that he does not know much. Thales said, that water is the beginning
of all things. We know, that the course of life is short, [but] that [the
course] of fame will be eternal. It is known, that the conspiracy of
Catiline was detected by Cicero, Who does not know, that the health
is strengthened by the exercise of the body ? The laws do not permit,
that an injury should bo done to the citizens. I would rather, that the
•enemies should hate me, than that I them. Hadrian wished, that the
Euphrates (Euphrates, is) might be the border of his kingdom. I
hope, that by length of time, thy sorrow will be abated. Alcibiades
could not endure (pati), that Athens should serve the Lacedemonians.
Men are not willing, that the very same [man] should be distinguished
in very many things. It was not permitted to the Romans, to depart
uninjured from the country of the enemy. It is related (tradi), that
Romulus and Remus, the founders of Rome, were brought Up by
Faustulus, a royal shepherd. They relate (ferri), that the giants made
war upon the gods. It is believed, that letters were invented by the
Phenicians. It is necessary (necesse est), that the world be ruled by
God. It is needful (oportet), both that thou shouldst learn, and that
thou shouldst establish (confirmare) what thou hast learned by deed
(agere, gerund). Whom you (second pers. subj.) would make learned,
you must (oportet) at the same time make attentive. It is necessary
(oportet), that virtue should despise (aspernari) and hate what is op-
posed (= opposite) to ii. Marcellus first bade (perf ) the footmen,
then the horsemen to break forth against the enemies. Reason forbids
us, to obey (obtemperare) the passions. The general caused (jubere)
three camps to be fortified. Caesar forbade the soldiers, to desert the
camp. It appears, as if thou hast not understood the thing. It ap-
pears, that you have read this book carefully. It is said, that the enemy
have broken into our camp.
§ 106. B. 67, ne, ut ne^ lit non with the Subjunctive.
1. Ut, that (ne, ul ne, that not, neve (neu), and thai not,
nor), in the first place, is used to express the end or object
{ut final), and stands after expressions oi making m\d effect-
ing- ; caring and striving; asking, demanding, exhorting,
persuading, advising, exciting, urging, commanding (impe-
ro), ordering; of wishing, alloivivg or permitting (concedo,
permitto); finally, after every sentence, in order to express
an end or object (ut = in order that, ne = in order that not).
§ 106.] UT, NE, UT NE, TJT NON. 269
Sol effidt, ut omn'm Jloreant. Ante senectutem curavi, ut bene vive-
rem; in senectute, ut bene moriar. Oro te, vt mihi succurras. Te
rogo, ne defatigere, neu diffidas. Caesar milites hortatus est, ut acritef
dimicarent. Dux imperavit, ut milites stationes suas servarent. Edimus,
ut vivamus ; non vivimus, ut edamus.
Rem. The verbs : tolo, nolo, mala, cupio are more frequently used
with the Ace. with the Infin., than with ut and the Subj. Comp. §§ 105,
2. b}. Impero is used with the Ace. with the Infin. only when the
Infin. is in the passive, as : dux imperavit urbem difipi. Concerning
jubeo and veto see § 105, 2. b.) and Rem. 2.
2. In the second place, ut (that), ut non, that not., is used
in order to express a, result (ut consecutive)^ and stands es-
pecially after: est^fit., acctdit, everiit, conting-it ; reliquum estj
restat and the like ; after ita^ sic, adeo, tam, tantus, talis, etc. ;
finally, after any sentence, in order to express a result {ut
= so that).
Persaepe evenit, ut utilitas cum honestate certet, Restat, ut de litter-
arum utilitate Zo9?<ar. Ita vivere debemus, ut m omni re recti conscien-
tiam servemus.
8. After expressions of fear and solicitude, ne is to be
translated by that and ut and ne non by that not.
Omnes cives metuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. Ti?neo,
ut hos labores sustineas. Vtreor, ne non perfidani, quod suscepi.
C XXXIV. Exercises for translation. ($ 106.)
I. Cicero, informed (edocere) of all [things] by the ambassadors,
commanded the pretors, that they should seize the Allobroges at the
bridge. The laws of the Lacedemonians looked (spectare) to this (id),
that the youth should be formed by labors. Virtue alone eflfects, that
we may please God and man. It often happens, that advantage contends
with uprightness. The teacher exhorted the scholars, that they should
not devote themselves to indolence. Reason demands, that we should
restrain the desnes. The citizens of the captured city entreated
Caesar, that he would spare their children. Love virtue, in order that
thou mayest live happily (beate). Themistocles sought a narrow pass,
in order that he might not be surrounded by the multitude of the ene-
mies. At Athens it was accustomed to happen to the very best, that
he was banished (in exilium pelli). The wise man is excited (movere)
to act rightly by virtue itself, not by advantage. The power of upright-
23*
270 ^ QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIM. [^ 107.
ness is so great, that we esteem it, whether (vel) in those whom we
have never seen, or (vel) even in an enemy. Aristides died in so
great poverty, that he scarcely left behind wherewith (qui) he might
be buried (efFerre). It is possible, that one (quis) may think (sentire)
correctly, and [yet] that which he thinks may not be expressed (eloqui)
elegantly (polite). I fear (vereor), that I may have renewed (refrlcare)
thy pain by my letter. A great (ingens) fear had seized the Roman
senate, that a tribune of the people would be chosen from the plebeians
(plebs). We feared, that our measures had displeased you. The ene-
mies apprehended, that their allies could not bear the attack of the
Romans.
IL Before old age, we should look out, that we live well, in old age,
that we die well. If all [things] happen (fieri) by fate, nothing can
admonish us, that we should be more cautious. Nature incites us, to
strive to obtain the agreeable, to flee the disagreeable. The sun effects,
that all trees, plants and herbs bloom and reach maturity. It comes to
pass by (abl.) nature, that children are loved by [their] parents. Pa-
rents look out, that [their] children are not surrounded by bad men.
Themistocles advised, that the Athenians should desert the walls and
defend themselves with ships. The soldiers demanded, that the citi-
zens should deliver up their arms. Many praise others, in order that
they may be praised [in turn] by them. The Gauls, after they had
received the gold of the Romans (abl. abs.), returned, in order to
besiege the capitol. Caesar commanded the soldiers, not to go out
from the camp. He is happy (beatus), to whom it happens, to obtain
(ass^qui) wisdom. The composing of the book concerning old age,
was so delightful to Cicero, that it took from (abstergere) him all the
burdens (onus) of age. In a short time, the minds coalesced into
(abl.) so great friendship, that every distinction of rank (ordo et locus)
was forgotten. So great is the multitude of stars, that they cannot be
counted. It happened, that the very same night in which Alexander
the great was born, the temple of the Ephesian Diana was burned
(conflagrare). There was very great fear at Rome, that the Gauls
would return the second time (iterum) to Rome. The Romans fear-
ed, that the victory would cost them much blood. AD the citizens
ieared, that the peace would not be of longer continuance.
§ 107. C. Quo, quo7nmus and quin with the Subjunctive.
1. Quo is used for ut eo, and indeed : a) in the meaning,
in order that thereby ; b) in the meaning, that [in order that,
so that) so much the, when a comparative follows.
§ 107.] QUO, QUOMINUS AND QUIN. 271,
Haec lex data est, quo malefici deterrerentur. Caesar milites cohor-
tatiis est, quo animo foriiore essent.
2. Quommus stands after expressions of hindering', pre-
venting', resisting, refusing- and is to be translated into En-
glish by that.
Aetas non impedit, quominus litteras trademus. Quid sapienti potest
ohstare, quominus beatus sit ? Non repugnabo, quominus hunc librura
legas.
3. Quin is used :
a) In the meaning that not, instead of ut non after a
negative principal clause.
Facere non possum, quin quotidie ad te mittam litteras (I cannot for-
bear to write to you daily). Fieri non potuit, quin urbs ab hostibus
caperetur. JVihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. JVun mulium abfuit, quin
hostes vinccreniur. Homines barbari sibi non iemperabant, quin in
Italiam contenderent.
b) In the meaning that, after non dubito, nemo dubitat,
quis dnbitat? dubium non est
JVon dubito, quin verum dixeris. Quis dubitat, quin in virtute divi-
tiae shU positae ? Dubium non erat, quin victoriam de hostibus reporta-
turi essemus.
Rem. Besides, quin is used after a principal negative clause instead
of qui non, quae non, quod non, as : nemo est, quin optet, ut liberi sui
virtutem ament.
CXXXV. Exercises for translation, {k 107.)
I. Good scholars bestow all toil and care, that they may make the
better progress in literature. Pride did not stand in the way to our
ancestors, to imitate foreign institutions. Indolence prevents, that
scholars should make progress in literature. Not even faults of nature
could deter Demosthenes from studying eloquence. By the swiftness
of our horsemen it was prevented, that the enemies should attack our
troops. Caesar could not forbear, to reprove the seditious soldiers.
It is not possible, that we should not consider (judicare) him foolish,
who is (subj.) not master of himself Nothing is so sacred, that rash-
ness may not violate it. It cannot be doubted, that already before
Homer, poets Hved (esse). Who can doubt, that the whole world is
ruled by God ? It is not doubtful, that all which is considered evil,
272 QUOD WITH THE INDICATIVE. [$ 108.
seems severer (gravior, us) [when] unforeseen. There is nobody
who may not wish, that his children may love virtue. Nothing is
found in nature, which is not very wisely constituted by God.
II. Good parents do not cease (intermittunt) to exhort [their]
children to virtue, in order that they may grow better daily (in dies).
All the soldiers believed, that nothing would stand in the way of
their gaining (adipisci) the victory. Superstition prevents attaining
(= reaching) much true knowledge of things. No hindrance deterred
Alexander from penetrating (penetrare) to the Ocean. Nothing keeps
a wise man from pursuing (studere) virtue. Avarice prevents men
from enjoying the good [things] which they possess. Who [ever]
contemplates (fut.) the heavens, the earth and the order of the whole
world, will not doubt, that there is a God. We do not doubt, that our
souls are immortal. The soldiers did not doubt, that they should bear
off a victory over the enemies. It is not possible, that they who are
contented with their lot do not live happy. We cannot forbear des-
pising those who prefer money to virtue. Nothing was so sacred to
the enemies who had captured the city, that they might not violate it.
There was then no one in the city, who did not desire peace. There
is almost nothing so difficult, that man, by the exertion of his powers,
cannot do it.
§ 108. D. Quod (that) with the Indicative.
1. Quod (that) introduces a substantive sentence, which
gives the explanation or ground of the predicate or some
other word of the principal clause. The subjunctive stands
with quod^ only when the sentence is expressed as the sen-
timent of another. The cases in which quod is used are
the following:
a) After certain expressions, as : bene^ male, prudenter
facio ; bene, male evenit, accidit and the like ;
b) In order to introduce the explanation of a substan-
tive or pronoun in the principal sentence ;
c) After verbs signifying a7i affection of the mind, as J
laetor, gaudeo, doleo, indig-nor, aegre fero, moleste
fero, queror, miror, glorior ; also after verbs oi prais-
ing, censuring, accusing, thanking.
Bent feuds, quod me adjuvas. Magnum beneficium est naturae, quod
§ 109.] ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 273
necesse est mori. Gaudeo, quod vcdes. Laudo te, quod rem tuam bene
gessisti. Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quodfueiit abstinens.
Remark. Verbs signifying an affection of the mind are more fre-
quently connected with an Ace. with the Infin., as: te vcdere, gaudeo,
CXXXVL Exercises for translation. (^ 108.)
I. Thou hast done me a jrreat favor, that thou hast sent me {ad me)
this book. The generals of the king of Persia sent ambassadors to
Athens, in order (sup.) to complain (queri), that Chabrias was carrying
on war against the king of Egypt. The Lacedemonians sent ambas-
sadors to Athens, who should accuse Alcibiades, that he had made a
league with the king of the Persians, for subjecting (opprimere) Greece.
I rejoice, that thou and thy brother are well. We wonder, that Greece,
which excelled in fame, glory, learning (doctrina), the greatest number
of arts, in dominion and warlike (bellicus) praise (laus), occupied (tene-
re) so small a place in Europe. Nobody will censure thee, that thou
hast aided thy friend.
n. It is very agreeable to me, that thou hast already returned from
(ex) the journey. Thou doest well, that thou wishest to live in the
country for the strengthening (gerundive) of thy health. We rejoice,
that thou and thy brother are returned safe. It is a great kindness to
boys, that they are instructed in literature in school. We grieve very
much, that you are not able to come. Unjustly was Socrates accused
by the Athenians, that he corrupted (corrumpere) the youth. Caesar
praised the soldiers, that they had fought so spiritedly against the ene-
mies. All citizens rejoiced, that the city was delivered from the siege.
That Caesar was killed by Brutus, we complain (= censure). How
great is the goodness of nature, that she produces so many, so various
and so agreeable [things] !
§ 109. II. Adjective Sentences.
1. The relative qui, quae, quod agrees in gender and num-
her with the word to which it refers ; the case of the rela-
tive, on the contrary, depends upon the construction of the
clause to which it belongs.
Beati sunt ii komines^ quorum vita virtutis praeceptis regitur. Deus
est, qui omnem hunc mundum regit.
2. The person of the verb in adjective sentences, is deter-
274 ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. [$ 109.
mined by the person of the substantive or pronoun, to which
the relative refers.
Ego, qui scribo ; tu, qui scribis ; pater, qui scribit ; nos, qui scribimus ;
vos, qui scribitis ; fratres, qui scribunt.
3. The subjunctive stands in adjective sentences in the
following cases :
a) When the adjective sentence expresses an aim or
result, and qui seems to stand for tit eg'O, ut tu, ut
is ; especially after dignus, indignus, aptus, idoneus ;,
after is (such), talis, ejusmodi, tarn-, tantus;
b) With the indefinite expressions: est, sunt, qui; re-
periuntur, inveniuntur, qui; nemo est, nullus est,
qui ; nemo est, nullus est, qui ; nihil est, quod ;
c) With the expressions, est, quod; non est, quod:
nihil est (quid est?), quod; habeo, non habeo, nihil
habeo, quod, there is reason (no reason), I have
reason (no reason), that (with the finite verb) or to
(with the Infin.), etc.
d) When the adjective sentence gives a reason, where
qui can be translated by since I, since you, since
he,
Hostes ad Caesarem legates miserunt, qui pacem ab eo peterent (who
were to ask). Vir probus dignus est, cui fidem habeamus (deserves,
that we give him our confidence). Sunt, qui censeant, una animum et
corpus occidere. JYuUum est animal praeter hominem, quod habeat no-
titiam aliquam dei. Non is tram, qui ahorum miseriam ad me non
pertinere censerem. O fortunate adolescens, ^mi tuae virtutis Homerum
praeconem inveneris !
CXXXVII. Exercises for translation. {§ 109.)
L Thou art worthy (dignus es) on account of thy uprightness, that
ice should have confidence in thee (= to whom). Who does not love
his parents, is unworthy, that he should be loved by any one (ullus).
God has given us reason, in order that by it we may govern the ap-
petites (appetitus, us) of the soul. There is no duty so sacred, that
avarice is not accustomed to infringe (comminuere) and violate it.
There are men, who think (censere), that the soul is mortal. There is
^ 109.] ' ADJECTIVE SENTENCES. 275
nothing so difficult, that it cannot be traced out (investigare) by search-
ing (==seeking). Who does not honor virtue, is not fit, that we should
receive him into our friendship. The Romans sent ambassadors to
Antiochus, who might remind him of the Roman alliance. Many
have been found, who were ready to devote (profundere) not only
money but life even to their country. What is sweeter, than to have
[a friend] with whom thou canst share every thing (= all) as with thy-
self? There is no living being, except man, which has any knowl-
edge (notitia) of God. There is no reason, that one should envy those,
whom the people (populus) call great and good. Innocence is such a
state of the soul, as injures nobody. You have always been such, that
you considered life without the pursuits of literature disagreeable (in-
suavis). You are worthy, that we should obey your will in all things.
O fortunate (fortunatus) youth, since you are eminent among all by so
many noble deeds !
II. Who obeys modestly, seems worthy sometime (aliquando) to
command. Every upright man is undeserving (non dignus est), that
the ungrateful citizens should deride him. Fabricius was such, that
he could not be corrupted by the money of Pyrrhus. The husband-
men cultivate the earth, in order that it may bear fi-uit. Caesar sent
horsemen, who might pursue the fleeing enemy. History is of thai
nature (idoneus), that by it the mind of the boy may be cultivated.
There are and have been philosophers, who think (censere), that God
has no concern (procuratio) at all (omnino) about human affairs. Thou
art worthy, that we should have confidence in thee in all things.
There is no grief of the soul, which may not be abated by length of
time. There were philosophers, who said, that property is the high-
est good. Nero was not worthy, to reign over the Romans. What
(quis) so great advantange was there in prosperity, when thou hadst
not a friend who would rejoice at it in like manner (aeque) as (ac) thy-
self? There was nothing so sacred, that it was not violated by the
insolence of the enemy. You are not such (ii), that we should obey
you. There is nothing by which a boy can please others more, than
by modesty. I pronounce myself happy, that I have [a friend], who
rejoices at my prosperity even as (aeque atque) I myself. There is no
reason, that we should fear death.
276 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [$ llO.
III. ADVERBIAL SENTENCES.
§ 110. a. Adverbial Sentences of Time,
1 . Adverbial sentences of time are introduced by the con-
junctions : guum,postquam,ui,ubi, simulatque, ex quo (since),
priusquam and antequam^ dum, quoad^ donee. These con-
junctions generally take the Indie, but sometimes the Subj.
1) Quum is used either of titne or cause. The temporal
quum (when, while, as) is used with the indicative of all the
tenses, yet almost invariably with the subjunctive of the
imperfect ^n^ pluperfect^ when 3. perfect stands in the prin-
pal clause. The causal quwn (since), is always cottflected
with the subjunctive.
a) Quum coelum contemplamur^ dei magwtudinem ad-
miramur (ivhen). Ager, quum multos annos quievit,
uberiores fructus efFerre solet {ivhen, after). Sapiens
non ejulabit, qmim doloribus torquebitur (lohen).
Quum ad me litteras dederis, ad le proficiscar (ivhen),
b) Quum milites de hostium adventu edocerentur, con-
tinuo summo pugnandi wcdorejlagraverunt (as). Al-
exander, quum interemisset Clitum, familiarem suum,
vix a se manus abstinuit (as).
c) Quum philosophia animis medeatur, totos nos peni-
tusque ei trad ere debemus (since). Quum milites pe-
ricula vererentur, non audebant cum hostibus confli-
gere (since).
2) Postquam (after that), ut (jusj as = as soon as), ubi
(as), simulatque (simulac never before a vowel or A), as soon
as, are connected with the indicative, and indeed, most fre-
quently with the perfect which we commonly translate into
English by the Plupf.
Postquam Caesar aciem inst/uxit, omnes hostes in unum locum con-
volaverunt. Ut dies illvxit, profectus sum. Hostes, ubi nostros equi-
tes conspexerunt, fugerunt. Simulatque aliquid audiero, ad te scribam.
3) Priusquam and anttquam (before that, ere, before), are
connected ;
§ 110.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP TIME. 277
a) With the Subj. Pres., more rarely with the Indie.
Pres. ;
b) With the Indicative Perfect ;
c) With the Indicative Fut Perf. ;
d) With the Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf.
a) Tempestas minatur, antequam surgat.
b) Antequam bellum urbis nostrae opes absumpsit, potentissima ftiit.
c) Non dives eris, priusquam divitias contempseris.
d) Hostes propulvsati sunt, antequam urbem obsidione cingermf. Dies
obrepsit hostibus, priusquam aggerem exstruxissent.
4) Dum in the meaning ivhile, at the same time^ as long"
as, and quoad in the meaning as long' as are connected with
the indicative.
Dum haec geruntur, hostiurn copiae conveniunt. Lacedaemoniorum
gens fortis fuit, dum Lycurgi leges vigehant. Cato, quoad vixit, virtu-
tum laude crevit.
Remark. Dum in the meaning at the same t{m£ that is commonly
used with the Indie. Pres., whatever tense stands in the principal sen-
tence, as : dum dux aciem instruit, hostis totam urbem cinxerat.
5) Dum, quoad and donee in the meaning till, until, till
that are generally connected with the subjunctive of the
Pres., Imperf. and Pluperf., or with the indicative of the
Perf. and Fut. Perf.
Milites exspectant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educat. Mili-
tes exspectabant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes educeret. Cicero
omni quiete abstinuit, donee Catilinae conjurationem detexisset. Milites
tamdiu restiterunt, quoad hostes fugam cupessiverunt. Tamdiu manebo,
dum omnem rem cognovero.
C XXXVIII. Exercises for translation. (HlO.)
I. a. When we contemplate the lives of abandoned men (maleficus)
we are deterred from vices. When a wise man is derided (fiit.) by
the foolish people, he will not be indignant As Caesar entered (in-
gredi) the captured city, the inhabitants extended [their] hands to (ad)
him, and intreated (orare) him, that he would spare them. Health we
are then at length (turn demum) accustomed to estimate high (multum),
when we have recovered from a severe sickness. As Tullus Hostilius
had reigned 32 years, he was struck (icere, perf.) by lightning. As
24
278 ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF TIME. [HlO.
(ubi) Caesar had ascertained (perf.) by spies, that the enemies ap-
proached, he led (perf.) forth his soldiers out of the camp. As
(quum) the enemies could not rout the army of the Romans, they
betook (perf) themselves back to the fortified camp. As soon as the
enemies were discovered (perf.), the soldiers seized (capess6re, perf.)
their arms. Why should vfe fear death, since our souls W\\\ not de-
cay at the same time w^ith our bodies ? After Caesar had seen (perf.)
that the troops of the enemies approached, he hastened (maturare,
perf.) to conduct (transducere) his army over (ace.) the river.
I. b. We shall be happy, when we shall be free from passion (plur.).
He, who does not prevent (defendere) injustice nor repel (propulsare)
it when he can, acts (facere) unjustly. A virtuous man will be happy
(beatus), even when he shall have lost all the gifts of fortune. Since
the weather is clear, we will take a walk. As Caesar came out of the
wood, he was surrounded (perf) by the enemies. As Alexander had
taken Thebes, he spared (perf) the family of the poet Pindar. As
soon as Verres had reached (perf) the province, he gave (tradere)
himself wholly (totus) to avarice. After the general had fallen, the
soldiers fled (perf). As (ubi) the Romans heard, that the enemies
approached, they went (perf) spiritedly against them.
II. a. The enemies did not cease (desistere) to flee, before they
came (perf) to the Rhine. When Epaminondas went to a [social]
circle, in which a conversation was (subj.) held (habere) either con-
cerning the state or concerning philosophy, he never went away from
there before the conversation had been brought to an end. Before
thou reapest, thou must (oportet) sow. Mithridates thrust through
(transfigere) Datamas with a sword, and before any one (quisquam)
could come to his aassistance (succurrere), killed [him]. As long as
(quoad) the city was guarded by the citizens, the enemies did not dare
(perf) to assault it. I shall wait until thou returnest. Epaminondas
held back the iron in [his] body, until (quoad) it was announced (re-
nuntiare, perf.) that the Boeotians had conquered. The Romans
waited, until the enemies had approached the camp. The soldiers re-
mained in the camp, until the day dawned (illucescere).
II. b. The storm threatens before it arises ; buildings creak before
they fall (corruere). In all business (plur.), before thou enterest upon
[it], thou shouldst make (adhibere) careful preparation. The Gauls
came into (transcendere) Italy 200 years before they took (imperf.)
Rome. Ere Ariovistus had arranged the line of battle, Caesar at-
tacked (perf.) the Germans. The Romans pursued the enemies until
it was evening (advesperascere). Wait thou, till I come. As long as
^H 11, 112.] ABVERBIAL SENTENCES. 279
Hannibal lived, he burned (flagrare) with anger against the Romans.
As long as (quoad) Epaminondas and Pelopidas presided (perf!) over the
Thebans, their power increased (perf.) in a wonderful (unicus) manner.
I remained at home yesterday, till my brother had returned. Until the
citadel was suirandered {dedere per/.), slaughters took place {caedes At)
every where (passim) through (abl.) the whole city. We should (ge-
rundive) remove (subtrahere) from the enraged, those whom they are
offended at, till [their] anger burns out (defervesc6re).
^ § 111. b. Causal Adverbial Sentences.
Adverbial sentences expressing the cause ox ground., diXe
introduced by the conjunctions : quod., quia., quoniam.
These conjunctions are properly used with the indicative ;
the subjunctive is used with them, only when the cause is
given as the sentiment or from the view of another. (Con-
cerning the causal quum see § 110, 1).
Cicero pater patriae appellatus est, quod ejus consilio et vigilantia
Catilinae conjuratio deteda est. Quia natura mutari non potest, idcirco
verae amicitiae sempiternae sunt. Quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tec-
ta discedite.
§ 112. c. Conditional Adverbial Sentences.
1. Conditional adverbial sentences are introduced by : si
(if), nisi and si non (if not, unless).
2. The indicative is used in sentences of this kind, when
the condition is expressed as real and certain. In this case
the Indie, is generally used in the principal sentence also.
Si hoc dicis, erras. Si hoc dicebas, errabas.
3. The subjunctive is used, when the condition is spoken
of as something barely imagined; and in the principal sen-
tence, in this case, the subjunctive is used also.
a) The Subj. Pres. and Perf. is used, when the condition
is represented as a mere supposition ;
b) The Subj. Imperf. and Pluperf., when the condition
is represented as a supposition the contrary of ivhat
actually is or is not.
280 CONCESSIVE ADVERBIAL SENTENCES. [Hl3.
Si hoc dicas, erres (if thou shouldst say this, thou wouldst err.) Si
hoc diceres^ errares (if thou saidst this, thou erredst ; but I know thou
didst not say it ; hence thou didst not err). Si hoc dixissts, errasses (if
thou hadst said this, thou wouldst have erred ; but I know thou hast
not said it; hence thou hast not erred).
Remark. JVisi makes a supposition negatively but leaves the thing
supposed affirmative : " if it be not su])posed, that something is ;" but
si non makes a supposition affirmatively while the thing supposed i^
negative : " if it be supposed, that something is nof." Non potes ju-
cunde vivere, nisi cum virtute vivis. Homo beatus est, si cupidatibus
non succumbit.
4. Dum, dummodo, modo in the meaning provided that, if
only; dum ne, dummodo ne, modo ne (provided that not, if
only not) always take the subjunctive.
Multi omnia recta et honesta negllgunt, dummodo potentiam conse-
quantur.
§113. d. Concessive Adverbial Sentences.
Concessive sentences are introduced by :
a) etsij tametsi (even if, although), quamquam (although),
commonly with the indicative ;
b) etiamsi (even if, although), more frequently with the
subjunctive than with the Indie. ;
c) quamvis (although, however), and licet (although) are
always connected with the subjunctive of one of the
principal tenses.
Viri boni recte agunt, etsi nullum consecuturum emolumentum vi-
dent. Etiamsi secundissimis rebus vtdre, tamen beatus non eris, si vir-
tute cares. Sapiens dolorem patienter tolerat, quamvis acerbus sit.
CXXXIX. Exercises/or translation. (§§ 111, 112, 113.)
I. Themistocles said, that he walked (ambulare) by night, because
he could not sleep (somnum capere). If we shall always follow the
way of virtue, the entrance to heaven will sometime stand open to us.
If our friend had obeyed (obsequi) the prescriptions (praeceptum) of
the physician, he surely would not have died. If we shall not have
removed (resecare) the passions, we shall strive in vain to be happy.
Men desirous of fame endure all hardships, if they may only obtain
what they wish (subj.). Although (etsi) the place was unfavorable,
§ 114.] ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OF COMPARISON. 281
nevertheless Caesar determined to attack the enemy. However thou
mayest have suffered under misfortune (incommodum, plur.)j thou
shouldst not be offended at fortune. Even if the body is bound, yet
no chains are placed (injicere) upon the soul. Who is not offended
(offendere) by a foul deed itself, even if it does not hurt him ?
n. The lavt^s we obey, not from (propter) fear, but we follow them,
because we judge, that this is most salutary. As Xenocrates was ask-
ed, why he was almost always silent (silere), he answered : Because it
has often (aliquando) repented me to have spoken (dicere), but never to
have been silent (tacere). If you hate those whom you should love,
you act wickedly. If we discharge our office religiously, we shall en-
joy the good opinion (bona existimatio) of men. If we do not follow
virtue, we cannot live peacefully (beate). If all [things] happened by
fate, all (omnis) foresight would be useless. Fire becomes extinct, if
it is not nourished. We are ready to endure toils and burdens, if we
may oply obtain (adipisci) tlie victory. Folly thinks (credere), that
it has never obtained (consequi) enough, although (etsi) it has ob-
tained (adipisci) what it desires (concupiscere). Nobody, however
wealthy he may be, can be without the aid of others. We should cul-
tivate virtue (honestas), even if no advantage may follow it. The
good [man] does not avenge himself on his enemies, even if he has
obtained (nancisci) an opportunity. It is a terrible (dims) and abom-
inable (abominandus) saying (= word): They may hate, if only they
fear.
§ 114. e. Adverbial Sentences of Comparison.
1. The comparing of the subject of the principal sen-
tence in respect to manner, or greatness and degree is ex-
pressed :
a) By : ut (uti, sicut, quemadmodum) with the indicative
— ita (sic), as, even as — so; tarn (tantopere, tantum)
— qua77i (quantopere, quantum), so great — as ; nan tarn
— quam, not so much — as.
Rem. 1. In a barely iwic^'nari/ comparison, the subordinate sentence
is introduced by: quasi, tanquam and the like, with the subjunctive.
The succession of the tenses in this case is according to the principles
already stated (^ 104.).
b) By the comparative with quam (than).
Mdior tuiiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria.
24*
288: ADVERBIAL SENTENCES OP COMPARISON. [$ 114.
Rem. 2. Instead of quam with the Nom. or Ace, the ablative without
quam may be used with the comparative of the first member. See
101, 7. The Enghsh eren, still with tlie comparative, is expressed by
etiam, as: etiam major or major etiam.
2. When two qualities or actions of one object are com-
pared with each other, both adjectives or adverbs are put in
the comparative and the last is connected to the other by
quam.
Pestilentia minador quam pemidosior, cogitationes hominum a cer-
taminibus publicis avertit (a more threatening than destructive pesti-
lence). Belhim a civibus nostris fortius, quam fdicius gestum est (with
more bravery than success).
Rem. 3. The comparative is very often used without the second
member of the comparison, and may then be translated by too, too
much, very, somewhat with the positive, as : senectus est loquacior (some-
what loquacious ; properly : more loquacious i. e. more loquacious than
is proper).
Rem. 4. When the comparison is limited definitely to two objects,
in Latin, the comparative and not the superlative is used, as : uter ves-
trum est major natu ? (which of you two is the older ?)
3. Quo — eo, or quanto — tanto (the — so much the) in con-
nection with two comparatives, express a uniform proportion
between two qualities or actions.
Quo plura habent homines, to ampliora expetere solent.
4. When the discourse is of an indefinite subject, instead
of the last mentioned mode of expressions we commonly
find : ut quisque — ita with two superlatives.
Ut quisque est sapientissimus ita est modestissimus (the wiser a man
is, the more modest he is).
CXL. Exercises for translaZion. {h 114.)
I. Many men, forgetting (perf. part.) the precepts of virtue, com-
plain of their lot, as if it had not been permitted (perf.) them to en-
ter (ingredi) the way of virtue. Many men live, as though they had
been born to pleasures. One should so think, as if (tanquam) some
one (aliquis) could look into his inmost breast. A more threat-
ening than destructive disease turned the minds of men from public
duties (munus,eris). Alexander pursued the enemies more cautiously
(prudenter) than eagerly. When pleasure is too great and too long.
ni5,] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 283
it extinguishes all (oninis) the light of the soul. Old men are too lo-
quacious. The au* (aer) is so much the thicker, the nearer it is to the
eai-th (plur.). The better any thing is, so much the rarer it is. We
are all influenced (trahere) by the struggle (= effort) after praise;
and the better one is, so much the more is he governed by fame. The
more prudent one is, the more cautious he is. The more one refers
whatever (quaecunque) he does (agere) to (ad) his own advantage,
so much the less is he a good man.
n. Most men strive eagerly to obtain riches and power, [and] neg-
lect virtue, as if true prosperity rested not upon virtue, but upon rich-
es. Always act thus (sic), as though thou wast seen and heard by
others. The words of the orator were more acute than true. It did
not escape Hannibal (fallo, ptrf.), that the enemies would dispatch
(gerere) affairs, loith more spirit (ferociter) than deliberation (consulto).
The wise man abstains from too violent emotions of the soul. This
book is somewhat difficult to understand. The greater and more di-
vine the excellence in minds, so much the greater care they need (in-
digere). The more eminent (== higher) men are, so much the more
condescending they should be to the more humble. The better one is,
so much the more he serves his descendants. The better one is, so
much the more his mind strives to obtain immortal fame. The better
one is, with so much the rmre difficulty (difficile) he considers others
bad.
§ 115. Of Interrogative Sentences.
1. Questions are either independent (direct), as : Wast
thou at school yesterday ? or dependent upon another sen-
tence going before (indirect questions), as: I do not know,
ivhether thou toast at school yesterday,
2. In the direct question the indicative is used, when it is
asked positively, the subjunctive when it is asked doubtingly.
In the indirect question the subjunctive is always used.
Quid a^is") Quid agamus ? (what can we do.?). Die, quid agas.
3. Both direct and indirect questions are introduced :
a. By interrogative and relative pronouns, as: quis,
uter, qualis, quantus, ubi, unde, qux), quando, quomo'
do, cur, etc.
Qwis hunc librum legit ? liter vestrum major natu est ? Cur ad
284 INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. [$ 115.
me non venisti ? Die, quis hunc librum legerit. Nescio, vier vestrum
major natu sit. Narra, cur ad me nou veneris.
b. By the interrogative words ne, nonne, num, utrum.
a) iVe, which is always attached to the accented
word, leaves it undecided whether the interroga-
tor expects an affirmative or negative answer ;
b) Nonne (not ?) always implies that the interroga-
tor expects an affirmative answer ;
c) Num (is it possible that?) always implies that
the interrogator expects a negative answer ;
d) Utrum is used only in double questions.
Rem. 1. JVe and utrum, in direct questions, can be translated into
English by no particular word. In indirect questions, ne^ vtrum, num,
may be translated by whether, and nonnz by whether not.
Fuistine lieri in schola? Tiic, futrisne heri in schola ? JStonne sapi-
ens beatus est? Quaeris ex me, nonne putem sapientem beatum esse?
J^um vitabeata in divitiis posita est ? Duhito, num vita beata in divitiis
posita sit.
4. In disjunctive questions, in which one member ex-
cludes the other, the first member is introduced by utrum or
the enclitic we, and the second by an (or), both in direct and
indirect questions.
Utrum unus, an plures sunt mundi? Quaeritur, utrum unus, an
plures sint mundi. Mortalisne, an immortalis est animus humanus ?
Quaeritur, mortalisne, an immortalis sit animus humanus.
Rem. 2. Or Twt is expressed in Latin, by annon in dired, by necne
in indirect questions.
5. The answer yes or no is expressed :
a) Yes : by a repetition of the word upon which the
stress of the question lies ; and no in the same way,
but with non placed before it ;
b) Yes : by, ita, ita est, sane, vero and the like ; no :
by, non, non ita, minime and the like ; Yes (no)
rather, by, immo with the addition of a word ex-
pressing the opposite of what is implied in the
question.
§ 115.] INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. 285
Fuistine heri in schola ? Fui. Fuistine heri domi ? Vero. Estne
frater domi ? JVon est. Venitne pater tuus? Minime. Egebat ami-
cus tuus ? Immo locuples erat.
CXLI Exercises far translation. (§ 115.)
I. What each night and each day may bring [with itself], is uncer-
tain. On account of fear, I know not who I am. Who has said this ?
I know not, who has said this. When (quum) we behold (cernere) the
whole earth, we cannot doubt, that a governor presides over it. Is the
sun greater, or smaller, than the earth ? Is it possible that thou be-
lievest, that our souls decay after death ? I doubt, whether the news
is true. Ere thou beginnest a thing, deliberate, whether it be good or
bad. Has not God filled the earth with all good things ? Was the
world made (efficere) by chance, or by a divine power ? Is thy brother
at home ? Yes. Is it possible that the three-headed Cerberus in the
lower regions frightens thee ? Wast thou yesterday at my house, or
not.^ Tell me, whether thou hast been at my house or not? I know
not, whether I can come to thee to-morrow. Wilt thou go to walk to-
day, or not ? Tell me, whether thou wilt go to walk to-day, or not ?
Who knows, whether fortune will always smile upon him. There
were philosophers, who doubted, whether the world was made by
chance, or by the divine reason. Hast thou read the book, which I
lately sent thee ? No. It is a question, whether wisdom makes men
happy, or not. Will thy father return to-morrow from (ex) [his]
journey ? Yes. Is the wise man alone to be accounted happy ? Yes.
Wast thou at home yesterday ? no rather I was far from home.
II. What will be to-morrow, we know not. Is lead, or gold the
heavier ? Did (perf.) Philip, or his son accomplish (efficere) the great-
est deeds ? Is not virtue to be preferred to the greatest riches ? Is it
possible that thou doubtest concerning the immortality of the soul ?
Who wrote (perf.) this letter ? Tell me, who wrote this letter. Is it
possible that thou believest, that I do not know where thou wast yes-
terday ? We would first see, whether the world is governed by the
providencQ of God ; then, whether he [also] cares (consulere) for hu-
man affairs. Among the generals of the Athenians there was a great
strife, whether they should defend themselves by (abl.) the walls, or
should go against the enemies. Hast thou read Cicero's book concern-
ing friendship ? Yes. It is a question, whether wisdom alone makes
us happy (beatus), or not. Hast thou read this book, or not ? I do
not know, whether I shall approve thy view or reject it Dost thou
approve my view, or not ? I do not know, whether I shall approve
-886 DIRECT AND INDIRECT DISCOrRSE. [^ 116.
thy view, or not. It was uncertain, whether the Romans had con-
quered, or been conquered. Anciently many doubted, whether, the
earth was round. Wast thou in school yesterday ? Yes. Canst thou
tell me, what the soul is.'' No. Hast thou received joyful news con-
cerning the health of thy brother ? No rather, very sad [news].
§ 116. Of the Form of direct and Indirect Discourse.
1. Oratio recta {direct discoarse), is that kind of discourse,
in which the words of a person are repeated precisely as
they were pronounced by him, as : The messenger an-
nounced : peace is concluded.
2. Oratio obliqua {indirect discourse), is that kind of dis-
course, in which the words of a person are made dependent
upon some verb of perceiving' or communicating^ as : The
messenger announced : that peace vms concluded.
Remark. Of the two verbs : inquam and aio, the first is used in
direct and the second in indirect discourse. Inquam is never placed
before the words quoted, but is introduced among them.
3. Principal sentences in indirect discourse, are express-
ed:
a) By the Ace. with Infin., when they express a sim-
ple statement, as : nuntius allatus est, pacem esse
compositam {direct discourse : pax est composita) ;
b) By the subjunctive, when they express a command
or ivish, as: dux dixit, omnia esse perdita; milites
suae saluti consulerent (direct discourse : omnia
sunt perdita; consulate, milites, vestrae saluti).
4. Subordinate sentences in indirect discourse are express-
ed by the subjunctive.
Caesar dixit, se, postquam hostes fusi essent, castra muniturum esse.
Apud Hypanim fluvium Aristoteles ait bestiolas quasdam nasci, quae
unum diem vivant.
CXLII. Exercises for translation. ($ 11 G.)
We should be sufficiently convinced, that, [even] if we could con-
ceal [it] from God and men, still nothing should be done unjustly (in-
jusie). I can never be persuaded, that the soul (plur.), while it is in
§*117.] PROSODY. 287
the mortal body, lives, [but] when it has departed from it, dies. The
Lacedemonians wrote to Pausanias, that, if he did not return home,
they would condemn him to death. Tanaquil said. The king still lives ;
let the Romans be quiet and obey Servius TuHius.
II. Nobly Socrates said, that the nearest way to renown is, when
one exerts himself [id agere) that he may be such as (qualis) he wishes
to be considered. When ambassadors had come from king Mithrida-
tes requesting peace, Sulla answered, that he would not give it unless
(nisi) he, after deserting the fields which he had taken, should return
into his own kingdom (regnum). The ambassadors announced to the
senate. That the Aeduans had pitched their tent in their territory and
were laying waste the country ; that the Romans should come and
bring aid to them.
FIRST APPENDIX.
OF PROSODY.
§ 117. Quantity of Syllables.
Preliminary Remark. The general rules of quantity have already
been given ($ 3.) and should be reviewed before proceeding to the fol-
lowing special rules.
1. The derived word generally follows the quantity of its
primitive^ as : amor, amabilis, amicus, amator, redamo.
Rem. 1. In declension are excepted; Idr, par, sal, Gen. laris, paris,
salis ; — In the verb it is a general principal, that, the forms of the dif-
ferent tenses, have the same quantity as the tense-forms from which
they are derived, i. e. either as the Pres. Perf Sup. or Infin. accord-
ing as they are derived from the one or the other; e g. (divido), divl-
dam ; (divisi), diviseram ; (divisum), divisurus ; (dividere), dividerem.
Rem. 2. Concerning the quantity of the Perf and Slip, the following
should be observed:
1) All dissyllabic perfects and supines lengthen the short syllable of
the stem, as : video, vidi visum ; moveo, movi m^tum, etc. (but, Mi, ^m,
SMI according to § 3, 3).
Ten dissyllabic supines have the stem-syllable short: datum, statum,
ratum, satum, itum, qultum, cituni, litum, situm, rutum, from : do, sisto,
PROSODY. [$ 117.
reor, sero, eo, queo, cieo, lino, sino, riio. The compounds of sto have
together with stdtum, sUtum also ; two compounds of nosco, notum also :
cognosce and agnosco, have in the supine : cognitum, agnitum.
2) Reduplicated perfects, besides the short syllable of reduplication,
have also the stem-syllable following its short, as : cado, ceddi, disco,
didici, etc. (but momordi, cuciirri from: mordeo, curro are long accord-
ing to § 3, 4).
To reduplicated perfects belong also : dedi, steti, stlti ; tuli is con-
tracted from tetiili; bibi comes, apparently, from an obsolete stem
bo ; fina\]y,fidi and sddi have rejected their syllable of reduplication.
Rem. 3. In derivation and composition also, there are some departures
from the general rule (rule 1), as : sopor and sopire, due (in dux ducis)
and diico, reg (in rex, regis) and rego, etc.
2. For the quantity of the penult we have the following
alphabetical list. (The quantity of the penult in declension
and conjugation is best learned from the paradigms).
-dcus, -iicus, -uca, as : meracus, caducus, lactuca ; Exc. : -acus in :
Aegyptiacus, Corinthiacus and others of the kind^
-ddes, and -Ides in Patronymics, as : Priamides, Atlantiades ; but Ides
in Patronymics from primitives in eus and cles, as : Pelides, Atrides,
Heraclides, and in Belides, Lycurgides, Amphiarides, Coronides ;
-ago, -ego, -igo, -ugo in nouns, as : vorago, vertigo, lanugo (but the
Greek harpdgo has a short) ;
-dis, -eis, -Uis, -otis, -ois, -me, -one in Patronymics, as : Ptolemais, Chry-
seis, Memphitis, Icariotis, Minois, Nerine, Acrisione ; Exc. : Danais,
Thebais, Phocais, Nereis ;
-alis, -elis, -ela, -ulis, -ura, as : canalis, conjugalis, fidelis, querela, edu-
lis, pictura ;
-amen, as : examen, flamen ;
-dnv^, -ana, -enus, -ena, -inus, -Ina, -onus, -ona, -imus, -una, as : monta-
nus, membrana, egenus, habena, peregrinus, caninus, Gabinus, sagi-
na, piscina (except pagina), patronus, annona, tribunus, lacuna ;
but inus is short in adjectives which express time or material, as :
crastinus, diutinus, cedrinus, elephantinus, except in : vespertinus,
matutinus, repentinus ;
-drus, -dris, -orus, -osus, as ; avarus, singularis, canorus, pilosus ; Exc. :
barbarus, opiparus, hilaris ;
-dtim, -itim, -utim, as : privatim, viritim, tributim (in affatim, stdtim the
a belongs to the stem);
-dvus, -Ivus, -Iva, as : octavus, aestivus, saliva ;
-edo, -ido, -iido in substantives, as : albedo, cupido, consuetude ;
-ego, see ago;
-eis, see ais ;
-elis, -ela, see alis ;
-emus, as : extremus ;
^ 117.] QUANTITY. 289
-e'm and -Ini in distributive adjectives, as : bini, viceni ;
-enus, -entty see anus ;
-ero, -ICO {icor), -igOj -ino {inor, cinor), -ilo, -vlo [ulor\ -i/o, verbal endings,
as: vitupero, claudico, rustieor, levigo, fulmino, destino, criminor,
patrocinor, mutilo, pullulo, gratiilor, ventito ; but the i is long when
it belongs to the stem and is long there, as : cornicor (from comix^
lds\ festino, sagino, opinor, propino, inclino, from : festinus, sagina,
opinio, TTivco, nXtvco ; — besides, i in the ending ito is long when the
stem has an i immediately before it, as : dormito (for dormi -ito) ;
-etuSy as : fletus ;
-erusy as: inferi, posteri; but erus in: austerus, sincerus, severus, pro-
cerus ;
-etum, -eta, as : dumetum, moneta ;
-ICO, see ero ;
-icus, -lea, as : modicus, famellcus, so also adverbs in icus, as : modi-
cus ; Exc. : amicus, pudicus, apricus, anticus, posticus mendicus,
umbilicus ; formica, lectica, lorica, urtica vesica ;
-ides, see ades ;
-ido, see edo;
-idus, as : cupidus ;
-Igo, see ago ;
-igo, see ero;
-His, -ilus (a, urn), -olus (a, um), -vl\is (a, um), as: humilis, parilis, simi-
lis, utilis, and all in His which come from verhs, as: facllis, fertilis,
sterilis ; rutilus, filiolus, filiola, catulus, canicula, baculum ; adjectives
derived from personal appellations have the i long, as : servilis, pue-
rilis ; also, exilis, subtilis, and the names of the months, as : Aprilis ;
-ilo, see ero ;
-imen, as : specimen, regimen ; Exc. : those derived from verbs of the
fourth Conj. have Imen, as : lenimen, farcimen ;
-imus in : bimus, trimus, quadrimus, of two, three, four years, and in :
opimus, matrimus, patrimus, primus, imus (lowest) ; but -Imus in
superlative-endings, as : probissimus, and in finitimus and intimus ;
-ine, see ais ;
-Ini, see eni;
•^no [inor], see ero ;
-Inus, ina, see anus ;
-Uim, see atim ;
■^is, see ais ;
-ito, see ero ;
-itor and itus retain the quantity of the supine from which they are
derived, as : monitor (from monitum) auditor (from audUum), exTtua
(from exiturn) ;
-itus, -iter, adverbial endings, as : divinitus, acriter ;
-Ivus, -iva, see avus ;
-ois, see ais ;
-one, see ais;
-onus, -ona, see anus ;
25 ^
290 PROSODY. P 117.
-orus, -osus, see arus;
-otisy see ais;
-ucus, -ilea, see acus ;
-udo, see edo ;
-iigo, see ago ;
-ulis, see alls ;
-iUo {ulor\ see ero ;
-umen in tegumen (for tegimen), but -umen in : acumen, cacumen, flu-
men (contracted from^uvtmen);
-iinus, -una, see anus :
-lira, see alis ;
-utim, see atim ;
3. For the quantity of Jinal syllables ending in a vowel,
we have the following general rule : a, e, y, are short; i, o,
u are long. To this rule there are the following exceptions :
a is long: 1) the Abl. of the first Dec, as: mensa; 2) in the Voc. of
Greek proper names in as, as : Aenea (from Aeneas, ae), Palla (from
Pallas, antis) ; the Voc. of those in es has partly a and partly a, as :
Anchisa, Atrida ; 3) in the Imper. of the fii'st Conj., as : ama, except
pvid in the meaning namely, to wit ; — 4) in adverbs, prepositions and
conjunctions of two or more syllables, as : circa, juxta, intra, infra,
supra, antea, postea, praeterea, frustra ; Exc. : ita, quia and the in-
terjection eid ; 5) in the indeclinable numerals, as : triginta ;
c is long: 1) in the Abl. of the fifth Dec. as: re, specie, die (hence
also, hodie, postridie, pridie, quare ; also fame) ; — ^2) in all Greek
words of the first Dec, as : crambe, epitome, and those used in the
plural only, as : Tempe, mele, cete ; — ^) in the Imper. of the second
Conj., as : doce ; but e is double-timed in : cave, habe, tace, mane,
vale, jube, vide (hence virfesis for: vide, si vis) ; — 4) in adverbs de-
rived from adjectives of the second Dec, pulchre, longe, acerbe, val-
de (from vcdidus) ; so also : fere, ferme and the interjection ohe ;
but fc is short in : bene, male, temere, as well as in all adverbs de-
rived from adjectives of the third Dec, as : facile, impune ;
t is short: 1) in : mihi, tibi, sibi (in the arsis sometimes long), and cut
when it is two syllables; but it is commonly one syllable and is long,
so also its compounds : cuidam, cuilibet ; — 2) in the Voc. of Greek
words, as : Alexi, and in the Dat. of Greek imparisyllabic words, as :
Paridi (from Paris, idis);— 3) in : nisi and quasi (although si is long),
sicubl, necubi ; but ubi and ibi are double-timed, in : ubinam, ubivis,
ubicunque i is generally short, while in : ubique, ibique it is always
long, generally also in ibidem ; — 4) in : utique, utinam the i is short,
although they come from uti ;
is short : 1) in the adverbs : cito, immo, illico, cedo (give here, say), mo-
ds with its compounds, as : dummodo, postmodo, quomodo (but sepa-
rated, quo modo) ; — ^2) in : ego, duo, octo ; but commonly ambo ; — 3) in
verbal endings and in the Nom. and Vocative-endings of Latin words
H17.] QUANTITY. 291
of the third Dec. the poets of the golden age generally made o long,
as : amo, araavero, amato, scribo, scribito, scripsero ; origo, consuetu-
de ; in Greek words o is always long, as : echo, Argo ;
u is always long and y always short according to the rule, except in
the contracted Dat, as : Coty for Cotyi.
4. For the quantity of final syllables in words of two or
more syllables ending in a consonant^ we have the following
general rules :
I. c final makes the preceding vowel lo7ig^ as : alec, illuc ;
Exc. : donee:
II. 05, e^, OS are long ; w, us^ ys are short ; to this gener-
al rule, there are the following exceptions :
a) as is short : 1) in the Nom. of Greek words of the third Dec.
which have adis in the Gen., as : lampas, adis, Pallas, adis ; so
anas, atis ; — ^2) in the Ace. Plur. of Greek words of the third
Dec. as : heroas, Arcadas from heros, Areas ;
b) es is short : 1) in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, of imparisyllabic
words of the third Dec. whose genitive has the penult short, as:
miles, itis, seges, etis, praeses, idis, hebes, 6tis ; Exc. : Ceres,
abies, aries, paries and the compounds of pes, as : tripes, except
praepes, etis ; — 2) in the Voc. Sing, of Greek words in C5, where
in Greek the termination is fc, as: Demosthenes (but Demosthe-
nes in the Nom. = ijg) ; — 3) in the Nom. and Voc. Plur. of
Greek words, as : Arcades, Troades ; but in Latin words, or such
as were naturalized in the language, es is long, as : patres, matres ;
— 4) in the compounds of es (thou art), as : ades, abes, potes ;
— 5) in the preposition penes ;
c) OS is short: 1) in : compos, impos (otis), exos (from os, ossis) ; — 2)
in Greek words, when os corresponds to og in Greek, as : Delos,
chads, melds; Pallados, Gen. of Pallas (but: heros = ijgag, Minos
= Mlv(og, Nicocleos = NixoxXswg ;
d) is is long: 1) in the Dat and Abl. Plur., as: mensis, pueris, no-
bis, vobis ; hence also, in the adverbs : gratis, foris ; — 2) in the
Ace. of the third Dec. (for es), as : omnis ; — 3) in the Nom. Sing,
of proper names of the third Dec. which have the penult of the
Gen. long, as : Samnis, itis, Salamis, inis, Simois, entis ; — 4) in
the second person Sing. Pres. of those verbs which have itis in
the second person Plur., as : audls, possis (as well as : sis from
sum), velis, nolis, malis ; also in : mavis, quivis, quamvis, utervis,
since vis (from volo) is long ; in the second person Sing, of the
Fut. Perf is of itself is short, but by the necessity of the verse is
often made long, as : dixeris , so also is the i in the plural-end-
ings imus, itis of the Fut Perf. often made long by the poets
for the same reason, as: scripserimus, scripseritis ; riii,-i
e) us is long: 1) in the Nom. Sing, of words of the aecwid Dec.
298 QUANTITY. [§ 118.
which have u long in the penult of the Gen., as: virtus,
utis, palus, udis, tellus, uris, (but: corpus, oris, vetus, eris,
etc.); — 2) in the Gen. Sing, and in the Nom. Ace. Voc. Phir. of
the fourth Dec, as : fructus (contracted from fruduis and frudu-
es) ; — 3) in Greek words, wlien us corresponds to ovg in Greek,
as : tripus, odis [rfjinovg), Panthus ; in the Gen. : Sapphus from
Sappho {2an(povg), C\ma from Celio. etc. ; but in: Oedipus,!,
polypus, i, the Greek ovg becomes W5, in Latin ;
f ) t/5 is long: 1) in words which have an associate form in yn, as:
Phorcys and Phorcyn ; — 2) when ys stands by contraction for
yes and yas, as : Erinnys.
III. /, w, w, /*, </, t final, make the vowel of the final
syllable short, as : animal, tectum, circum-ago, carmen, car-
eer, amor, apud, viden (for videsne), nostin (for nostine),
Thetin, Pylon, Ilion, illud, caput, amat, monet, regit, audit.
To this general rule there are the following exceptions, in
which the vowel before these consonants is long :
a) I: in Hebrew proper names in el, as : Daniel;
b) n: 1) in the Greek Ace. of words in as, es, e, as: Aenean, An-
chisen, Calliopen, epitomen ; — 2) in the Nom. of mascuhne and
feminine nouns which come from the Greek, as : titan, hymen,
Salamin, Pandion (except Lacedaemon and some others), and in
the Latin lien;
c) r: in the compounds of par, as: dispar, and in Greek impari-
syllables in er, as : aer, aether, crater, Iber.
6. Monosyllabic words are long, as: sal, sol, mos, spes,
par, hoc, etc.
Exceptions : 1) the substantives : mel, fel, 6s (ossis), a hone, (but :
OS, oris, the face), cor (rarely cor); — ^2) the pronouns: quis, quid, quod;
fo, id ; qu6t, tot ; hie, this, is generally, and hie, here, always long ; — 3)
the adverbs : bis, tfir, sat ; — 4) the verbal forms in t : fit, sit, scit, dat,
d6t, Stat, stet, it ; the imperatives Jer,Jac and es thou art (but es, thou
ecttest) ; — 5) the particles : ab, ad, an, at, cis, et, in, nee, 6b, per, pol,
s6d, sub, lit, v6l, and the suffixes (enclitics) : que, v€, ce, n6 (but : ne,
that not, in order tlmt not), tetute), pte (suopte).
§ 118. Hexameter Verse.
1. A verse is a series of poetic feet forming, in general,
a line of poetry. The particular feet or members of which
it is composed are called metres.
H18.] HEXAMETER VERSE. 293
2. When the last foot of a verse is complete, the verse is
called acatalectic ; but when incomplete, catalectic.
3. Every foot or metre consists of an arsis and a thesis.
The arsis is that part of the foot (in hexameter verse, the
first syllable of the foot), oh which the stress or elevation of
the voice is placed in pronouncing it. The rest of the
foot (whether one syllable or more) is called thesis, and is to
be pronounced in a falling tone of voice. The stress of
voice laid on the arsis is called the ictus (beat) and may be
regarded as the poetic accent ; hence it is often marked as
such by the sign (/). A succession of feet pronounced
with due regard to arsis and thesis constitutes rhythm.
4. Hence it will be apparent, that a line of poetry, in a
given kind of measure, consists of a fixed number of feet
and a variable number of words, which, of course, must
occasion a disagreement between the terminations of the
feet and words. Besides, as rhythm was the leading ele-
ment in ancient poetry, it was not, except for a given pur-
pose, attempted to produce a coincidence between the feet
and words, that it might be apparent that the rhythm was
independent of the words as such. This division of the
feet by the terminations of the words is called caesura^ as :
Infandiim | regina | jubes | renovare | dolorem.
In feet of three syllables, as : - - ^ , the word may end either
after the arsis (- | "") or in the middle of the thesis (- *- 1 ").
In the first case it is called the masculine, in the second the
feminine caesura. The coincidence of the termination of a
word with the termination of a foot is called diaeresis, as :
Perseqvkr | <^t raris habitata, mapalia, tectis.
In certain kinds of verse, certain caesuras and diaereses are
necessary, and are to be especially observed in reading the
verse ; these are called principal caesuras and diaereses,
5. Hexameter verse is measured by six feet which may
be either spondees or dactyles, except the last foot, which is
a dissyllabic catalectus (No. 2). A spondee consists of
25*
294
PROSODY.
[U19.
two long syllables, designated thus
long and two short, designated thus :
; a dactyle of one
Hence we have :
Sed fugit
Adspici
mtere
unt ocu
a fugit
lis Supe
irrepa
ri mor
rabile
talia
tempus.
justis.
Rem. 1. The fifth foot is generally a dactyle, rarely a spondee, and
only when the poet wishes to give the line a character of slowness, se-
riousness and solemnity ; such a verse is called a spondaic verse, a dac-
tyle usually precedes the spondee and the verse generally closes with
a word of three or four syllables, as :
Cara deum suboles, magnum Jovis | incre j mentum.
Rem. 2. Dadyles often express a rapid and brisk, as spondees do a
slow and heavy motion, as :
Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungulo campum
Illi inter sese magna vi brachia tollunt.
Rem. 3. The principal caesura in Hexameter verse, generally oc-
curs after the arsis of the third foot and sometimes in the thesis of the
same foot ; but occasionally also, after the arsis in the fourth foot, in
which case another caesura generally precedes, after the arsis of the
second foot. Sometimes, also, several caesuras of this kind are found
in the same verse ; in which case the sense must determine which is
to be observed as the principal one. Besides the principal caesura,
there may be other subordinate caesuras, e. g.
Sed I fugit interea, || fugit irrepabile tempus.
Dum vires | annique | sinunt, || tolerate labores.
Oderunt | peccare | boni, || virtutis | amore.
Nudus I ara, | sere | nudus; || hiems | ignava | colono.
Infandum j regina | jubes || renovare j dolorem.
Rem. 4. The commonest and most graceful close of an hexameter
verse is made by a word of two or three syllables.
§ 119. Scansion.
Scansion is the division of a verse into the feet or mem-
bers of which it is made up. In doing this, however, the
proper terminations of the words must not be wholly over-
looked, but should be observed by making a slight pause
at each of the caesuras and a marked pause at the princi-
pal; caesura, as far as this can be done without obscuring
the proper division into feet. In scanning, the following
things are to be observed :
HI 9.] SCANSION. 295
a) A vowel at the end of a word before another vowel
or an h in the following word is absorbed (elision), as:
Nulla n(e) hab^s viti(a)? imm(o) ali(a), haiid fortasse minora.
Rem. 1. Elision rarely takes place at the end of a line, as :
O'mnia M^rcurio similis vocemque colorem^we
E't crin^s flavos et membra decora juventae.
In this case, the last syllable is to be joined to the first of the follow-
ing line. Such a line is called versus hypermeter.
Rem. 2. When elision is neglected in the beginning or middle of a
verse, there arises what is called the hiatus (gaping, difficulty of pro-
nunciation). This the poets endeavor if possible to avoid ; yet it is
allowable before monosyllables, before one of the stronger punctuation
marks, and in a long vowel followed by a short one ; also in the arsis,
the hiatus occasions less difficulty of pronunciation, as :
O' et d6 Latia, O et de gente Sabina.
E't succus pecori et lac subducitur agris.
Posthabita coluisse Samo : hie illius arma.
Nubibus esse sol6t aut purpurea^ Aurorae.
Rem. 3. Occasionally a long vowel in the thesis before another vow-
el is shortj as :
I'nsulac I'onio in magno.
b) An m at the end of a word with a vowel before it and
before a vowel in the following word long by nature or po-
sition, is, together with the vowel before it, omitted in read-
ing (ecthlipsis), as:
Quod latet, ignot (um) ^st; ignoti nulla cupido.
Rem. 4. In monosyllabic words which stand in the arsis, principally
before a strong punctuation mark or in the caesura, the ectlilipsis is
sometimes omitted. Before a short syllable the ecthlipsis is difficult.
c) When the last syllable of a word ends with a conso-
nant and the following word in the same line begins with
a consonant, that final syllable is uniformly long; as:
Nemo adeo ferus 6st, ut nan mit^scere possit.
d) The ictus oden makes a short syllable long; still this
is generally the case only : a) when the short syllable ends
in a consonant, especially r, s or t; — b) when the caesura
follows it ; — c) when upon a vowel in the close of a word,
a word follows beginning with two consonants; e. g.
O innia vincit Amor, et nos redamus Amori.
T ■. canit agricola, | magna quum v^nerii lirbe.
Nil opus 6st mort^ pro m6, sed amore fid^que.
ABBREVIATIONS. [§ 120.
e) Two vowels in two successive syllables are often con-
tracted into one (Synaeresis or Si/nizesis), as: Phaethon,
Thesei, deerunt, vehemens (two syllables), particularly, huic,
cui, ii, iidem; so also, dein, dehinc, deinceps, deinde,
proinde, prout ; so also those vowels which are pronounced
with more difficulty in one sound, as : quoad, postea, alveo
pueri.
f ) A short u or i is often rejected before / and m, as : pe-
riclum for periculum, teg-men for tegimen*ox tegumen.
g) The letters i and u^ having been originally both con-
sonants and vowels, when they follow another consonant
and are followed by a vowel, make the preceding vowel
long by position^ as : fluviorum (= fluvjorum) ; genwa
(= genva), etc.
h) From the necessity of the verse, a long syllable is
sometimes used as short (Systole), and, on the contrary, a
short syllable as long (Diastole). The systole is very com-
mon in the third person Plur. Indie. Perf. Act., and in alte^
rius and in names, as : Aeneades ; — the diastole is used es-
pecially in the Subj. Perf. Act. and Fut. Perf. Act, (audi-
vertlis), also in names, in which three short syllables follow
one another, of which the first is then made long by the
ictus, as :
O'bstupui, stderunti\\JiQ comae, vox faiicibua haesit.
SECOND APPENDIX.
§ 120. Of Abbreviations,
1) Personal Names: A. Aulus. App. Appius. C. or
G. Cains or Gains. Cn. or Gn. Cnaens (G'tiaeus). D.
Decimus. K. Kaeso. L. Lucius. M. Marcus. M'. Manius.
N. Namerius. P. Publius. Q. Quintus. Ser. Servius,
Sex. or S. Sextus. Sp. Spurius. T. Titus. Ti. Tiberius,
2) Appellatives: P. Pater. F. Filius. Fr. Prater, etc.
3) Designations of honor and office : Aed. Aedilis. Cos.
CJos, Coss. Consules, Cos. d. Consul designatus. D.
^ 12 1.] ABBREVIATIONS. ROMAN CALENDAR. 29f
Divus. Imp. Imperator. O. M. Oplimus maximus. P. C.
Patres conscripti. P. R. Populiis Romanus. Pr. Praetor.
Praef. Praefectus. P. M. Pontifex Maximus. P. S. Plehis-
citum. S. P. Q. R. Senatas populusque Romanus. S. C.
Senatus consultum. Tr. PI. Tribunus plebis.
4) Designations of money and weight : HS. or H-S.
Sestertius (Sestertium). L. Libra. L. 1j. Dupondius.
5) Designations of time : A. D. Ante diem. A. U. C.
Ab urbe condita. C. or K. Calendae (Kalendae). Id. Idus.
Non. Nonae.
6) Abbreviations in letters : S. Salutem. S. D. Salutem
dicit. S. P. D. Salutem pluriinam. dicit. S. V. B. E. E. V.
Si vales, bene est ; ego valeo.
THIRD APPENDIX.
§ 121. Of the Roman Calendar.
1 Kalendae means thej^r^^ day of each month; Nonae
the seventh day of March, May, July and October, but the
fifth of the remaining eight months; Idus was the fifteenth
of the four months named above, and the thirteenth of the
other eight.
2. Since the names of the months are properly adjectives,
they generally agree with Kalendae, Nonae and Idus in
gender, number and case, and are rarely governed by them
in the Gen. as: Calendis Juniis, on the first day of June;
Nonis Octobribus, on the seventh of October ; Idibus Sep-
tembribus, on the thirteenth of September,
3. The days lying between the three fixed days just men-
tioned, were reckoned backwards from each of these fixed
days, as, the 1st, 2d, 8d etc., day before the Kalends, Nones,
or Ides as the case might be, and dies and ante w^ere gen-
erally omitted. The day from which one began to reck-
on was always included in the number mentioned, as :
Claudius excessit III. Idus Octobres, i. e. tertio die ante
Idus Octobres, onthe thirteenth of October. Hence, in order
to get the true day before one of the divisions, we must
subtract one from the number mentioned.
S96
ROMAN CALENDAR.
P 121.
4. In determining what day of the previous month any
day before the Calends of a given month is, we must know
how many days the month has (see table) and reckon back
from the Calends of the month mentioned (i. e. the month
following), as : tertio Calendas Apriles, on the SOth of
March; tertio Calendas Maias, on the 29th of April; tertio
Calendas Martias, on the 21th (2Sth) of February ; since
March has 31, April 30 and February 28 (in leap year 29)
days.
The days
March, May,
July, and October
January, August,
April, June, Sep-
February (has 28,
of our
and December
tember,andNovem-
and in Leap Years
months.
(have 31 days).
(have also 31 days.)
ber (have 30 days).
29 days).
1
Kalendis.
Kalendis.
Kalendis.
Kalendis.
2
vn
IV )ante
III 5 Nonas.
IV )ante
IV >ante
III 5 Nonas
3
V ante
III 5 Nonas.
4
IV )>Nonas.
Pridie Nonas.
Pridie Nonas
Pridie Nonas.
5
lllj
J^onis.
JVonis.
J^onis.
6
Pridie Nonas.
viin
viin
«
viin
7
J^onis.
VII
VII
VII
8
viin
VI
ante
VI
ante
'Idus
VI
ante
9
VII
V
^Idus
V
V
'Idus.
10
VI
ante
*Idus.
IV
IV
IV
11
V
III
III
III J
12
IV
Pridie Idus.
Prid
ie Idus.
Pridie Idus.
13
III J
Idibus.
Idibi
is.
Idibus.
14
Pridie Idus.
XIX 1
XVIII 1
p
XVI 1
15
Idibus.
XVllI
3
XVII
s
XV
16
XV Vi 1
§
XVII
S-
XVI
fS"
XIV
p
3
17
XVI
fT
XVI
^
XV
?
XIII
^
18
XV
W
XV
P,
XIV
cT
XII
P^
19
XIV
fa
XIV
13
XIII
B
Cl
XI
P^
20
XIII
XIII
t
XII
g
X
> 1
21
XII
P
XII
m
XI
IX
22
XI
09
XI
> 3
X
<-*)
VIII
S
23
X
- X
X
tj"
IX
^
VII
S
24
IX
B-
IX
X
VIII
rb
VI
p
25
VIII
n
VIII
g
Vll
g
V
S"
26
VII
g
VII
3
o
VI
3
§
IV
.*
27
VI
i
VI
V
111 J
28
V
V
B
IV
B
Prid. Kalendas
29
IV
»
IV
?*
""
III
Martias.
30
III J
p-
III
Prid. Kal
endas
31
Prid. Ka
endas.
Prid. Kalendas
of the fol.
of the fol.
of the fol.
month.
month.
month.
COLLECTION OF LATIN READING LESSONS.
I FABLES.
1. Lupus et capra.
Lupus, capram conspicatus, quae in rupe pascebatur, quum ad earn
accedere non posset, earn, ut de rupe descenderet, hortabatur, apud se
mollia prata ac varias herbas esse praedicans. Ei vero capra respon-
dit: Mi amice, non me ad pascua vocas, sed ipse cibi indiges!
2. Lupus et opUiones.
Opilionea aliquot, caesa atque assata ove, convivium agebant. Quod
quum lupus, qui praedandi caussa forte stabula circumibat, videret, ad
opiliones conversus : Quos clamores, inquit, et quantos tumultus voa
contra me excitaretis, si ego facerem, quod vos facitis ? Tum unus ex
iis : Hoc interest, inquit : nos, quae nostra sunt, comedimus ; tu vero
aliena furaris.
'■ "3; Vulpes et uva.
Vulpes, extrema fame coacta, uvam appetebat ex alta vite dependen-
tem. Quam quum, summis viribus saliens, attingere non posset, tan-
dem discedens : Nondum matura est, inquit ; nolo acerbam sumere.
Sic saepe homines, quae facere non possunt, verbis elevant.
2. Opilio, onis, m.^/tepAcrrf. z.%9ol. to roast, convivium, i, n./easf; conv.
agere, to have a feast, stabulum, i, n. stable, tumultus, us, m. ado. furor
1. steal.
8. Vitis, is,/, vine, dependeo, di, 2. to hang down from, elevo 1. to raise
up ; 2) to disparage.
300 FABLES.
4. Rusttcm et canisjlddis.
Rusiicus in agros exiit ad opus suum. Filiolum, qui in cunis jace-
bat, reliquit custodiendum cani fideli atque valido. Arrepsit anguis
immanis, qui puemlum exstincturus erat. Sed custos fidelis corripit
eum dentibus acutis, et, dum necare studet, cunas simul evertit super
exstinctum anguem. Mox ex arvo rediit agricola ; ut videt cunas ever-
sas cruentumque canis rictum, ira accenditur. Temere igitur custo-
dem filioli interficit ligone, quem manibus tenebat. Sed ubi cunas
restituit, supra anguem occisum reperit puerum vivum et incolumem.
Sera turn poenitentia fuit facinoris temere patrati.
5, Leo, asinus et vulpes.
Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum iverant. Ampla praeda facta, leo asi-
num illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis singulas partes poneret
aequales, leo eum correptum dilaniavit et vulpi negotium partiendi tri-
buit. Ilia astutior leoni maximam partem apposuit, sibi vix minimam
reservans particulam. Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, et,
unde hoc didicerit, interrogare coepit. Et vulpes: Hujus me, inquit,
calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant.
6. Asinus pelle leonlna indutus.
Asinus fugitivus reperit forte in silva pellem leoninam, eaque indu-
tus territare coepit homines et bestias. Venit is, qui asinum perdide-
rat, eumque quaerit. Asinus, quum herura vidisset, horrendum in
modum rugire coepit, ut ilium quoque falleret. At herus, comprehen-
sis auriculis, quae exstabant : Etiamsi alios, inquit, fallas, me tamen
non falles. Ita probe verberat domumque abigit.
7. Rustlcus etfdii.
Inter filios rustici cujusdam grave dissidium ortum erat. Diu frustra
operam impenderat pater, hortans, ut pacem atque concordiam cole-
rent Tandem filiis : Virgulas, inquit, mihi afferte quinquaginta et con-
4. Arrepo, psi, ptum 3. to creep up. corrTpio, ripui, reptum 3. to seize.
cruentus, a, um, bloody, rictus, us, m. mouth, poenitentia, ae,/. repen-
tance.
6. Pellis, is,/, sicin; p. leonlna, lion's skin, fugitivus, a, um, run-away.
territo 1. to frighten, auricula, ae,/. ear-lap. rugio 4. to roar, exsto, stiti
i. project.
7. Dissidium, i, n. disagreement, virgula, ae, /, stick, fasciciilus, i, »n.
bundle. coUigo 1. to collect, concors, rdis, uniled.
FABLES. 301
sidite. Turn omnes virguias in unum fasciGiilum colligavit, eumque
constrictum singulis filiis obtulit, hortans, ut frangerent. Illi autem
quanquam vim omnem adhibebant, frustra laborarunt, nee quicquam
profecerunt. Turn pater nodum discldit singulasque illis virguias-
dedit, quas sine ullo labore confregerunt. Quo facto, rusticus filios ita
allocutus est : Haec res vobis exemplo sit. Tuti eritis ab inimicorum
injuriis, quamdiu vos amabitis et Concordes eritis; at, sitnulac facta erit
dissensio atque discordia, inimici securi in vos irrumpent.
8. Luscinia et cuculus,
Luscinia verno quodam die dulcissime canere coepit. Pueri aliquot
baud procul aberant in valle ludentes. Hi quum lusui essent intenti,
lusciniae cantu nihil movebantur. Non multo post cuculus coepit cu-
culare. Continuo pueri, lusu neglecto, ei acclamabant vocemque cu-
culi identidem imitabantur. Audisne, luscinia, inquit cuculus, quanta
me isti plausu excipiant et quantopere cantu meo delectentur ? Lus-
cinia, quae noUet cum eo altercari, nihil impediebat, quominus ille
suani vocem miraretur. Interea pastor fistula canens cum puella lento
gradu praeteriit
Cuculus iterum vociferatur, novas laudes captans. At puella pasto-
rem allocuta: Male sit, inquit, huic cuculo, qui cantui tuo odiusam
vocem intermiscet. Quo audito, quum cuculus in pudorem conjectus
conticuisset, luscinia tam suaviter canere coepit, ut se ipsam superare
velle videretur. Pastor, fistula deposita : Considamus hie, inquit, sub
arbore et lusciniam audiamus. Turn pastor et puella cantum lusciniae
certatim laudare coeperunt, et diu taciti intentis auribus sedent. Ad
postremum adeo capta est puella sonorum dulcedine, ut etiam laerimae
erumperent. Tum luscinia ad cuculum conversa: Videsne, inquit,
quantum ab imperitorum opinionibus prudentiorum judicia distent?
Una sane ex istis lacrimis, quamvis muta sit, locupletior tamen est
artis meae testis, quam inconditus iste puerorum clamor, quem tanto-
pere jaetabas. Monet fabula, magnorum artiflcum opera non vulgi
opinione, sed prudentium existimatione esse censenda.
8. Cuculus, i, m. cuckoo, vallis, is, /. valley, cuculo 1. to coo. acclamo
1. to cry out to, altercor 1. to quarrel, fistula, ae, /. pipe, lentus, a, urn,
sloio. gradus, us, m. step, vociferor 1. to screech, intermisceo, miscui
mixtum or mistum 2. to intermingle, certatim, adv. emulously. disto I
without Perf. and Sup. to differ.
26
3^ FABLES.
9. Auceps et vipera.
Auceps ibat venatum et mox vidit in altissima arbore palumbem ;
approperat eum capturus, sed inter eundum premit forte pedQ altero
viperam in herba latentem, quae ilium mordet. Me mlserum, inquit,
dum alteri instdior, ipse dispereo.
10. Mendax.
Puer in prato oves pascebat atque per jocum clamitabat, ut sibi auxi-
lium ferretur, quasi lupus gregem esset adortus. Agricolae undlque
succurrebant, neque lupum inveniebant. Ita ter quaterque se elusos
a puero viderunt. Deinde, quum ipse lupus aggrederetur, et puer
revera imploraret auxilium ; nemo gregi subvenit, et oves lupi praeda
sunt facta. Mendaci homini non credimus, etiam vera quum dicit.
11. Formica et coluniba.
Formica sitiens descenderat ad fontem ; sed undae eam abripuerunt,
nee multum ab^rat, quin misera periret. Quum vero columba sortem
ejus videret, misericordia tacta ramulum in aquam injecit. Hunc as-
secuta (Bst formica in eoque natans eflfugit mortem. Paullo post vena-
tor, arcu instructus, illuc venit, columbamque telo suo transfixurus fuit.
Periculum sentit formica, et, ut piae columbae opem ferret, accurrit
atque venatoris talum momordit. Dolore impeditus ille telum non
recte misit, et columba incolumis avolavit. Juva et juvabere ; raro be-
neficium perit.
12. Vulpes et corvits.
Corvus, quum frustum carnis rapuisset, in arbore quadam consedit.
Quo conspecto, vulpes, carnem cupiens, accurrit eumque callidis verbis
adoritur. O corve, inquit, quam pulchra es avis, quam speciosa ! Te
decuit esse avium regem. Sane omnes aves regiis virtutibus antece-
deres, si vocem haberes. His corvus laudibus inflatus, ne mutus ha-
beretur, clamorem edidit, sed simul, aperto rostro, carnem amisit;
quum vulpes statim rapuit, atque irridens dixit'. Heus, corve ! Nihil
tibi deest praeter mentem.
9. Auceps, tipis, m. fowler. vip§ra, ae,/. viper, appropgro 1. to approach.
dispereo, ii, 4. to perish.
10. Clamito 1. to cry out often, revera, adv. in earnest.
11. Formica, ae,/. ant. ramtilus, i, m. branch, talus, i, m. ankle^
DIALOGUES. 303
II. DIALOGUES.
1. Excitsatio.
Geta. Quid caussae est, quod tani diu nos noii iiiviseris? Quid im-
pedimento fuit, quominus jam diu feceris nobis tui videndi copiam ?
Syrus. Volui quidem saepe te convenire, sed non licuit mihi per mea
negotia; non licuit per valetudinem ; laboravi enim aliquamdiu febri;
non licuit denique per tempestatem, quae saepe fuit pluviosa. G.
Equidem accipio tuam excusationem, sed hac lege, ne saepius utare.
Excusatio tua justior est, quam vellem, siquidemvaletudo fuit in caus-
sa. Ha|c lege mihi purgatus eris, si, quod cessatum est, me saepe in-
visendo compenses. (S. Tu nihil moraris istius modi officia nimium
vulgaria. Amicitia nostra firmior est, quam ut sit officiis istis vulgari-
bus alenda. Satis crebro invisit, qui constanter amat. G. Male sit is-
tis curis, quae te nobis adimunt. Quid imprecer istis negotiis, quae
talem amicum nobis invident ? Pessime sit isti febri, quae nos tarn
gravi desiderio torsit tui. Male pereat ista febris, le quidem incolumi.
2. Colloquium jocosum.
Andreas. Salve, mi Mauriti. Mauritius. Gratias ago, mi Andrea.
Quid affers ? A. Me ipsum. M. Sic rem baud magni pretii hue altulis-
ti. A. At magno constiti patri meo. M. Credo pluris, quam quisquam
te aestimet. A. Sed Rudolphus estne domi ? M. Nescio. Pulsa fores
ejus et videbis. A. Heus, Rudolphe ! domine es ? jR. Non sum. A.
Impudens ! Non ego audio te loquentem ? R. Immo tu es impudens.
Nuper ancillae vestrae credidi, te non esse domi, quum tamen esses,
et tu non credis mihi ipsi? A. Aequum dicis; par pari retulisti. R.
Equidem ut non omnibus dormio, ita non omnibus sum domi. Nunc
vero adsum. A. Sed tu mihi videris cochleae vitam agere. R. Quid
ita ? A. Quia perpetuo domi latitas, nee unquam prorepis. R. Foris ni-
hil est negotii. A. At serenum coelum nunc invitat ad deambulandum.
R. Ita est. Si igitur deambulare libet, te comitabor ; nam per totum
hunc mensem pedem porta non extuli. Vocabo Mauritium, ut una
nobiscum eat. A. Placet. Sic enim jucundior erit ambulatio.
1. Cesso 1. to omit, compenso 1. to make up. impr^cor 1. to imprecate.
2. Aestimo 1. to estimate. p\i\so I. to beat. la.iiio I. to keep one's self con-
cealed.
304 DIALOGUES.
3. Colloquium ejusdem generis.
Syrus. Opto tibi multani felicitatem. Geta. Et ego tibi duplicatum
opto, quicquid optas mihi. S. Quid agis rei ? G. Confabulor. S,
Quid ? confabularis solus ? G. Ut vides. aS. Fortasse tecum. Proin-
ile tibi videndum est, ut cum homine probo confabulere. G. Immo
cum lepidissimo congerrone confabulor ; lego enim librum joci plenum.
^Sl Tu perpetuo litteris studes. G. Non est ulla studiorum satietas.
S. Verum ; sed est tamen modus quidam. Non omittenda quidem
sunt studia, sed tamen intermittenda nonnunquam. Nihil suave, quod
perpetuum. Voluptates commendat rarior usus. Tu litteris studes
noctes ac dies. G. Age, tuo more facis. Rides me, ut soles. Non
me fallit tuus jocus. Ipsi codices pulvere sitnque obducti loquuntur,
quam sim immodicus in studio. jS. Emoriar, ni loquor ex animo.
4. Ladies.
Cardlus. Veni, mi Ludovice! Ludovlcus. Quo tandem? C. In hor-
tum ; satis jam legimus et scripsimus ; ludamus quoque. L. Ego pen-
sum meum ante absolvam. C. Nondum absolvisti? L. Nondum
omnia. Tune jam omnia didicisti et scripsisti, quae praeceptor nos
discere et scribere jussit? C. Non omnia. L. Ergo nondum licet lu-
dere. C. Cur non liceat ? Reliqua discam et scribam post ludum. L.
Sed praestat, primum discere, deinde ludere. C. Quam morosum so-
dalem habeo ! L. Non sum morosus, sed facere volo, quae jussa sunt.
C. Ergo una ediscamus. Ego tibi recitabo, tu mihi. Deinde, quum
omnia didicerimus, statim ad ludum properabimus. L. Placet; nam
peracti labores jucundi sunt.
5. De surgendo.
Frider'icus. Heus, heus, Carole ! expergiscere ! Tempus est surgere.
Audisne? C. Non audio. F. Ubi ergo babes aures? C. In lecto.
F. Hoc video. Sed quid facis adhuc in lecto ? C Quid faciam ?
Dormio. F. Dormis? et loqueris tamen mecum? C. Saltem volo
dormire. F. Nunc autem non est tempus dormiendi, sed surgendi.
C. Quota est hora ? F. Septima. C. Quando tu surrexisti e lecto ?
F. Jam ante duas boras. C. Num sorores meae jam surrexerunt.?
F. lam pridem. C. Sed fi-ater mens certe adhuc jacet in lecto. F.
Erras. Quum expergefacerem eum, statim reliquit nidum suum. C
Mox igitur surgam.
3. Uuplico 1. to double, confabulor 1. to chat, conge rro, onis, m. com-
rade^ play-fellow, satietas, atis,/. satiety, intermitto 3. to intermit.
DIALOGUES. 305
6. Amhulatio.
Fridericus. Age, mi frater, ambulemus ; tempestas serena est. Au-
gustus. Placet ; sed ubi ambulabimus ? Num in pratis ? F. Minime ;
prata enim pluvia inundavit, et viae lutulentae sunt. Placetne adscen-
dere in montem, quern e fenestra prospicimus ? A. Placet ; jam pri-
dem enim in monte non fuimus. F. Hiems nos prohibuit; hieme
enim mons glacie et nive tectus erat. Quid stas autem ? A. Duae
viae ducunt ad montem : altera recta, altera flexuosa. Utram elige-
mus ? F. Flexuosam censeo ; est enim umbrosior, et sol fervet. Des-
cendentes altera ibimus et ambulationem variabimus. Vesperi enim
sol minus fervet A. Eamus igitur!
7. Naufragium.
Mauritius, Redisti nobis obesior ac procerior. Cyprianus. At equi-
dem niallem prudentior, aut doctior. M. Imberbis abieras, redisti bar-
batiilus. At quid sibi vult hie pallor ? qmd frons corrugata ? C. Ut
est fortuna, sic est corporis habitus. M. Num adversa ? C Nunquam
mihi quidem alias secunda ; sed nunquam, quam nunc, reflavit odio-
sius. M. Dolet mihi tua calamitas. Sed quid hoc mali est? C, Uni-
versae pecuniae naufragium feci. M. In mari ? C, Non, sed in littore,
nondum navem ingressus. M. Ubinam? C. In littore Britannico.
M. Bene habet, quod ipse nobis vivus enatasti. Praestat pecuniae jac-
turam facere, quam vitae. Levius est pecuniae damnum, quam famae.
C Vita famaque incolumi, periit pecunia. M. Vita sarciri nullo pacto
potest, fama aegre potest, peciniia facile alicunde sarcietur. Qui ma-
lum hoc accidit ? C. Nescio, nisi quod sic erat in fatis meis. Sic
visum est superis. M. Vides igitur, doctrinam ac virtutem tutissimas
esse divitias, quae nee eripi possunt, nee onerant circumferentem.
C Pulchre tu quidem philosopharis ; sed interim ego ringor,
8. Jussum her'ile.
Rahinus. Prefer ocreas ; nam equitandum est. Syrus. En adsunt,
6. Pluvia, 3.6,/. rain, inundo 1. to overfloio. lutulentus, a, urn, muddy.
fenestra, ae,/. window, flexuosus, a, nm.^ winding, umbrosus, a, um, shady.
ferveo, vi 2. to burn (intrans). vario 1. to vary.
7. Obesus, a, um,/««. imberbis, e, beardless, barbatulus, a, um, slightly
bearded, pallor, oris, m.^^a/cnes*-. corrugatus, a, um, tcrin^/erf. reflo 1. <o
bloio against, odiose, ado. odiously. Britannicus, a, um, British. ehSto, 1.
to sxoim out. circumfero, tuli, latum 3. to carry around, philosophor 1. to
philosophize, ringor 3. to show the teeth; 2) to be fretful.
8. Albeo 2. to be clean, rigeo 2. to be stiff, siccitas, atis,/. dryness, uvi-
26*
w$
DIALOGUES.
R. Probe quidem abs te curatae ; totae albent situ. Opinor nee de-
tersas, nee unctas hoc anno, adeo rigent prae siccitate. Deterge uvi-
dulo panno : mox unge ad ignem diligenter, ac macera, donee moUian-
tur. iS. Curabitiir. R. Ubi calcaria ? S. Adsunt. R. Verum ; sed
obducta riibigine. Ubi frenum et ephippia? *S. Sunt in promptu.
R. Vide, ne quid desit, aut ne quid ruptuni, aut mox rumpendum, ne
quid nobis sit in mora, quum erimus in cursu. Propere hoc lorum
sarciendum cura. Reversus inspice soleas equorum, num qui clavi de-
sint, aut vacillent. Quam macri sunt equi, quamque strigosi ! Quoties
absterges, aut pectis illos in anno ? 6". Immo quotidie. R. Nimirum
res ipsa loquitur. Jejunia colunt, opinor, nonnumquam totum triduum.
S. Minime. R Negas tu quidem, sed aliud dicturi sint equi, si loqui
liceat : quanquam satis loquuntur ipsa macie. <S. Curo sedulo. R.
Cur igitur tu habitior equis ? iS. Quia non pascor foeno. jR. Hoc
igitur restat. Adorna mantlcam celeriter. S. Fiet.
9. Monita paedagogi.
Patdagogus. Tu mihi videris non in aula natus, sed in caula : adeo
moribus es agrestibus. Puerum ingenuum decent ingenui mores.
(Quoties alloquitur te quispiam, cui debes honorem, compone te in rec-
tum corporis statum, aperi caput. Vultus sit nee tristis, nee torvus,
nee impudeus, nee protervus, nee instabilis, sed hilari modestia tem-
peratus: oculi verecundi, semper intenti in eum, quocum loqueris:
juneti pedes, quietae manus. Nee vacilles alternis tibiis, nee manus
agant gestus, nee mordeto labrum, nee scabito caput, nee fodito aures.
Vestis item ad decorum componatur, ut totus cultus, vultus, gestus et
habitus corporis ingenuam modestiam et verecundam indolem prae se
ferat. Puer. Quid, si mediter ? Pae. Fac. Pu. Siccine satis ? Pae.
Nondum. Pu. Quid, si sic ? Pae. Propemodum. Pu. Quid, si sic ?
Pae. Hem satis est; hoc tene, ne sis inepte loquax, aut praeceps.
Neve vagetur animus interim, sed sis attentus, quid alter dicat. Si
dulus, a, um, slightly moist, pannus, i, m. rag. macero 1. to soak, rublgo,
inis, /. rust, ephippium, i, n. horse-doth, (corresponding to our saddles),
clavus, i. m. nail, macer, era, crum, lean, strigusus, a, um, lank, nimirum,
adv. doubtless, jejunium, i, n.fast^ ^ej. colere, to keep fast, triduum, i, w.
the space of three days. meic\es, e\^f. leanness, hahitas, a, um, fleshy, foe-
num, i, n. hay. mantica, ae,/. portmanteaa.
9. Monitum, i. n. admonition, instruction, paedagogus, i. m. private tutor.
caula, ae, /. sheep-cote, agrestis, e, rustic, rude, torvus, a, um, stern, pro-
tervus, a, um, shameless, inslabilis, e, unstable, verecundus, a, um, re-
spectful. alternus, a, um, alternate, gestus, us, gesture; gestus agere, to
make gestures, labrum, i. n. lip. scabo, 3. to scratch, fodio, odi, ossum, 3.
DIALOGUES. S07
quid erit respondendum, id facito paucis ac prudenter, interdum prae-
fatus honorem, nonnunquam etiam addito cognomine, honoris gratia :
atque identidem modice flectas alterum genu, praesertim ubi respon-
sum absolveris. Neve abeas, nisi praefatus veniam, aut ab ipso dimis-
sus. Nunc age, specimen aliquod hujus rei nobis praebe !
Quantum temporis abfuisti a maternis aedibus ? Pw. Jam sex fer-
me menses. Pm. Addendum erat: domine. Pu. Jam sex ferme
menses, domine. Pae. Non tangeris desiderio matris ? Pu. Non-
nunquam sane. Pae. Cupis eam revisere? Pu. Cupio, domine, si
id pace liceat tua. Pae. Nunc^f iectendum erat genu. Bene habet.
Sic ])ergito ! Quum loqueris, cave, ne praecipites sermonem, aut haesi-
tes lingua, aut palato murmures, sed distincte, clare, articulatim con-
suescito proferre verba tua. Si quem praeteribis natu grandem, ma-
gistratum, sacerdotem, doctorem, aut alioqui virum gravem, memento
aperire caput. In convivio sic te praebebis liilarem, ut semper me-
mineris, quid deceat aetatem tuam : postremus omnium adraoveto man-
um patinae. Si quid datur lautius, recusato modeste : si instabitur,
accipe, et age gratias : mox, decerpta particula, quod reliquum est, illi
reddito, aut alicui proximo accubanti. Si quis praebibet, hilariter illi
bene precator, sed ipse bibito modice. Si non sitis, tamen admoveto
calicem labris. Arride loquentibus : ipse ne quid loquare, nisi rogatus.
Ne cui obtrectato, ne cui temet anteponito, ne tua jactato, ne aliena
despicito. Esto comis, etiam erga tenuis fortunae sodales. Ita fiet,
ut sine invidia laudem invenias, et amicos pares. Si videris, convivium
extrahi, precatus veniam, ac, salutatis convivis, subducito te a mensa.
Vide, ut horum memineris. Pu. Dabitur opera, mi praeceptor ! Num-
quid aliud vis ^ Pae. Adito nunc libros tuos. Pu. Fiet.
10. Venatio.
PauUus. Trahit sua quemque voluptas ; mihi placet venatio. Thorn'
to dig ; f . aures, to p^ick the ears, indoles, is,/, natural disposition, nature.
propemodum, adv. almost, hem, inter] . hem! ah! inepte, adv. foolishly.
praefor 1. to premise ; praefatus honorem, -premising : with your leave be it said ;
praefari veniam, to first ask permission, cognomen, inis, n. title, specimen,
inis, n. specimen.
maternus, a, um, mother's, reviso, visi, Isum 3. to revisit, praecipito l.to
hasten, haesito 1. to hesitate, palatum, i, n. throat, murmtiro 1. to mutter.
distincte, adv. distinctly, articulatim, adv. articulately, alioqui, adv. other-
wise, patina, ae,/. dish, lautus a, um, dainty, recuso 1. to refuse, prae-
bibo, i, 3. to drink to. extraho, traxi, tractum 3. to protract, subduco, xi,
ctura 3. to withdraw.
10. Venabulum, i, n. hunting-spear, cuniculus, i, r/i. rabbit, laqueus, i,
303 ' DIALOGUES.
as. Placet etiam mihi ; sed ubi canes, ubi venabula, ubi casses ? P.
Valeant apri, ursi, cervi et vulpes ! no3 insidiabimur cuniculis. Vin-
centius. At ego laqueos injiciam locustis. Lavrentius. Ego ranas
captabo. Bariholus. Ego papiliones venabor. L. Difficile est sec-
tari volantia. B. Difficile, sed pulchrum ; nisi pulchrius esse ducis
sectari lumbricos aut cochleas, quia carent alis. L. Equidem malo
insidiari piscibus ; est mihi hamus elegans. B. Sed unde parabis es-
cam ? L. Lumbricorum ubi vis magna est copia. B. Est, si tibi ve-
lint prorepere e terra. L. At ego mox efficiam, ut multa milia prosi-
liant. B. Quo pacto? incantamentis ? L. Videbis artem. Imple
banc situlam aqua. Hos juglandium summos cortices virentes con-
fractos immittito. Hac aqua perfunde solum. Nunc observa paullis-
per. Vides emergentes? B. Rem prodigiosam video. Sic olim,
opinor, exsiliebant armati ex satis serpentis dentibus. Sed plerique
pisces delicatioris et elegantioris sunt palati, quam ut esca tarn vulgari
capiantur. L. Novi quoddam insecti genus, quo talibus insidiari so-
le©. B. Tu vide, possisne imponere piscibus; ego ranis facessam
negotium. L. Quomodo ? reti ? B. Non ; sed arcu. L. Novum
piscandi genus. B. At non injucundum. Videbis et fatebere. V.
Quid, si certemus nucibus ? P. Nuces pueris relinquamus ; nos
grandiores sumus. V. Et tamen nihil aliud adhuc, quam pueri sum-
us. P. Sed quibus decorum est ludere nucibus, iisdem non indeco-
rum est equitare arundine longa. V, Tu igitur praescribito lusus
genus ; sequar, quocunque vocav^ris. P. Et ego futurus sum omnium
horarum homo.
11. Reditus patris.
Petrus. Quid ita laetus es, mi Sigismunde ? Sigismundus. Quia
pater domum rediit. P. Ubinam fuit ? iS. Lipsiae. P. Cur eo fuerat
profectus ? S. Nescisne, mercatum ibi esse habitum, eumque frequen-
tari a mercatoribus negotiandi caussa ? P. Utrum pedes, an eques
rediit, an in rheda? & Equo vectus est. P. Quando advenit ? iS.
m. noose. locusta, ae, /. locust, lumbricus, i, m. earth-worm, ala, ae,/.
vnng. hamus, i, m. fishing-hook, esca, ae,/. bait, prosilio, lui 4. to leap
forth, incantamentura, i, n. magic influence, situla, ae, /. ■pail, juglans,
ndis,/. walnut, immitto, misi, missum 3. to put in. perfundo, fudi, fusum
3. to wet. exsilio, lui 4. to spring forth, serpens, lis, serpent, delicatus, a,
\xm^ delicate, impono, posui, positum 3. to impose upon ; c. AdX. to deceive.
piscor 1. to fish, indecorus, a, um, unbecoming, arundo, inis,/. reed, praes-
cribo, psi, ptum 3. to prescribe.
11. Lipsia, ae,/. Leipsic. mercatus, us, m. a fair, rheda, ae,/. wagon.
DIALOGUES. 309
Ante horam. P. Quia tibi tarn cito nuntiavit ? 5^. Famulus, qui eum
jam e longinquo venientem viderat. P. Jamne salutasti ? ,S. Saluta-
vi, quum vix ex equo descendisset. P. Quid amplius illi fecisti ? S.
Calcaria detraxi et ocreas. P. Bene fecisti ; sed miror, te propter ad-
ventum ejus non domi mansisse. iS. Id nee pater permisisset, nee ego
ipse vellem, quum nunc tempus adsit in scholam eundi. P. Id qui-
dem laude dignum est ; sed quomodo valet pater tuus ? jS. Optima
dei beneficio. P. Ego gaudeo tecum, quod salvus rediit. 5^. Sed
alias pluribus colloquemur. Nunc in scholam eamus !
12. Colloquium scholasticum.
Cornelius. Scite tu quidem scribis ; sed cliarta tua perflait Charta
subhumlda est ac transmittit atramentum. Andreas. Quaeso, ut ap-
pares mihi pen nam banc. C. Deest mihi scalprum librarium. A. En
tibi. C. Hui, quam obtusum ! A. Accipe cotem. C. Utrum soles
scribere cuspide duriore, an molliore ? A. Accommoda ad manum
tuam. C. Ego molliore soleo. A. Quaeso, ut mihi describas ordine,
figuras elementorum. C. Graecas, an Latinas ? A. Latinas primum
conabor imitari. C. Suppedlta chartam. A. Accipe. C. Sed meum
atramentum dilutius est saepius infusa aqua. A. At meum atramen-
tarium prorsus exaruit. Rogabo alicunde. C. Praestat habere domi,
quam rogare mutuum. A. Quid est discipulus sine calamo et atra-
mento ? C. Quod miles sine clipeo et gladio. A. Utinam mihi sint
digiti tam celeres ! Equidem non possum dictantis vocem scribendo
assequi. C. Prima cura sit, ut bene scribas ; proxima, ut celeriter.
Sat cito, si sat bene. A. Belle ; sed istam cantionem cane praeceptori,
quum dictat : Sat cito, si sat bene.
12. Scite, adv. skilfully, charta, ae, /. paper, perfluo, uxi, uxum 3. io
flow through, subhumidus, a, um, somewhat moist, transmitto, isi, issum
3. to let through, atramentum, i, w. in/i;. quaeso, / as A;. appSro I. to pre-
pare ; app. pennam, to mend a pen. scalprum librarium, i, n. pen-knife, hui,
interj. Oh! obtusus, a, um, dull. — cusp'is^idis^ f point. a.ccomm6do I. to
fit. infundo, fudi, fusura 3. to pour in. atramentarium, i, n. inkstand.
exaresco, arui 3. to become dry. mutuus, a, um, reciprocal; mutuum rogare,
to borrow, calamus, i, rn. stalk, quill, dicto 1. to dictate, belle, adv. finely.
cantio, onis,/. song.
310 REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
Ill REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
1. E Lacedaemoniis unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset
glorians : Soletn prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non videbi-
tis: In umbra igitur, inquit^ pugnabimus. — C. Tusc. 1, 42, 101.
2. Lacaena quum filium in proelium misisset et interfectum audis-
set: Idcirco, inquit, genueram, id esset, qui pro patria mortem non dubita-
ret occumbere. — Ibid. 102.
3. Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosfophum non ignobilem, nonne mi-
ramur ? cui quum Lysimachus, rex Thraciae et Macedoniae, crucem
minaretur : Mis quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare purpuratis tuis !
Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine, an sublime putescat. — Ibid. 43, 102.
4. Diogenes, Cynlcus, projici se post mortem jussit inhumatum.
Tum amici: Volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit; sed badUum
propter me, qw) abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris ? illi (quaesiverunt) ; non
enim senties. Quid igitur mihi ferarum laniatus oberit nihil sentienti ?
—Ibid, 43, 104.
5. Praeclare Anaxagoras, quum Lampsaci moreretur, quaerentibus
amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid accidisset, auferri : JVi-
hil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad inferos tantundem viae est. — Ibid,
6. Anaxagoram ferunt, nuntiata morte filii, dixisse : Sdebam, me ge-
nuisse mortalem. — Ibid. 3. 14, 30.
7. Noctu ambulabat in publico Themistocles, quod somnum capere
non posset: quaerentibusque respondebat, Miltiddis tropaeis se e somno
suscitari' — Ibid. 4. 19, 44.
8. Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Arcfaelaum, Perdiccae
filium, qui tum fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum putaret : Hand
scio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocutus sum. Ain' tu ? aliter id
scire non potes ? Mdlo modo. Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem
rege magno potes dicere, beatusne sit ? An ego possim, quum ignorem,
quam sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam beatam
1. Perses, ae, m. a Persian; adj. Persian, jactilum, i, n. javelin.
3. Cyrenaeus, i, m. Cyrenean,from Cyrene, chief city of Lybia. crux, ucJs,
/. cross, purpuratus, \, m. a courtier, sublime, adv. in the air. putesco,
tui 3. to rot.
4. Cynicus, i, m. the Cynic, projicio, jeci, jectum 3. to cast forth, inhu-
matus, a, urn, unburied. bacillum, i, n. staff, laniatus, us, m. the tearing.
5. LampsScus, i,/. Lampsacus, city of Mysia. Clazomenae, arum,/. Cla-
zomenae, city of Ionia, si quid accidisset, if any thing should happen to him,
i. e, if perchance he should die. tantundem viae, jm5/ as long a way.
REMARKABLE SAYINGS. 311
putas ? Ita prorsus eocistimo : bonos, heatos ; improhos, miseros. Miser
ergo Archelaus ? Certe, si injustus. — C. Tusc. 5. 12, 34. 35.
9. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia, quae co-
narentur, prohibiturum, quaesiverimt, num se esset etiam mori prohihitu-
rus.—lbid. 14, 42.
10. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei talenta
attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis praesertim, max-
ima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Academiam ; iis apposuit tantum,
quod satis esset, nuUo apparatu. Quum postridie rogarent eum, cui
numerari (sc. pecuniam) juberet : Quid ? vos hesternd, inquit, coenvM
non intelleristis, me pecunia non egere ? Quos quum tristiores vidisset,
triginta minas accepit, ne aspernari regis liberalitatem videretur. — Ibid.
32,91.
11. Lacedaemone quum tyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit, se
jure illo nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Tum is, qui ilia
coxerat: Mlnime mirum; condimenta enim defuerunt. Quae tandem?
inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eurotam, fames, sitis;
his enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epulae condiuntur. — Ibid. 34, 98.
12. Quum Athenis, ludis, quidam in theatrum grandis natu venisset,
in magno consessu locus ei a suis civibus nusquam est datus. Quum
autem ad Lacedaemonios accessisset, qui, legati quum essent, certo in
loco consederant, consurrexerunt omnes et senem ilium sessum re-
ceperunt. Quibus quum a cuncto consessu plausus esset multiplex
datus, dixit ex iis quidam: Athenienses sdunt, quae recta sunt ; sedfacere
nolunt.^C. Sen. 18, 63.
13. Bias, qui numeratur in septem sapientibus, quum ejus patriam
Prienen cepisset hostis, ceterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis rebus
secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut idem ipse
faceret : Ego vero, inquit, yoao ; nam omnia mecumporto mea. — C. Parad.
1. 2, 8.
14. Quum tyrannus Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, quid Deus esset,
[hie] deliberandi sibi unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo pos-
10. Appono, posui, posTtum 3. to place before, apparatus, us, m, fitting out.
hesternus, a, um, of yesterday, coeniila, ae, /, a spare meal, mina, ae,/.
mina (worth about 17^ dollars).
11. Jus, uris, n. broth, soup, venatus, us, m. hunting. Eurotas, ae, m.
Eurotas, river in Sparta.
12. Ludis, games, theatrum, i, n. theatre, consessus, us. m. assembly.
consurgo, surrexi, surrectum 3. to arise, senem sessum receperunt, received
the old man, in order to scat him, i. e. took him to their seat, multiplex, Icis,
manifold.
318 REMARKABLE SAYINGS.
tridie quaereret, biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum
dierum, admii'ansque Hiero requireret, cur ita faceret : Quia, quardo,
inquit, diutius considero, tanto mihi res videtur ohscurior. — C. A^. D. 1. c.
22.
15. Quum Hannibal, Carthagine expulsus, Ephesum ad Antiochum
venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna apud omnes
gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phormionem philosophum
audiret ; quumque is se non nolle dixisset : locutus esse dicitur homo
copiosus aliquot horas de imperatoris officio et de omni re militari.
Tum, quum ceteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati,
quaerebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judicaret.
Hie Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respondisse fertur,
mvltos se deliros senes saepe vidisse ; sed qui magis, quam Phormio, deli-
raret, vidisse neminem. Neque mehercule injuria ! Quid enim aut ar-
rogantius, aut loquacius fieri potuit, quam Hannibali, qui tot annos de
imperio cum populo Romano, omnium gentium victore, certasset,
Graecum hominem, qui nunquam hostem, nunquam castra vidisset,
nunquam denique minimam partem ullius publici muneris attigisset,
praecepta de re militari dare ? — C. De Or. 2, 18, 75.
16. Quum, Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Salinator retinuisset,
multaque ex ea proelia praeclara fecisset, quum aliquot post annos
Maximus id oppidum recepisset, rogaretque eum Salinator, ut mera-
inisset, opera sua se Tarentum recepisse : Quidni, inquit, meminerim ?
nunquam enim recepissem, nisi tu perdidisses. — C. De. Or. 2. 67, 273.
17. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab ostio quae-
renti Ennium ancilla dixisset domi non esse ; Nasica sensit illam domi-
ni jussii, dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Paucis post diebus quum ad
Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a janua quaereret, exclamat Nasica,
se domi non esse. Tum Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem,
inquit, tuam ? Hie Nasica : Homo [inquit] es impudens. Ego quum te
qtiaererem, ancillae time credidi, te domi non esse ; tu mihi non credis ipsi ?
—lb. 68, 276.
18. Orator quidam malus quum in epil6go misericordiam se movisse
putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum, videreturne misericordiam
movisse : Ac magnam quidem, inquit ; neminem enim puto esse tam du-
rum, cui non oratio tua miseranda visa sit. — C. De Or. 2. 69, 278.
15. Exsul, ulis, m. exile, proque eo, quod, and on account of this, that non.
nolle, to will with pleasure, res militaris, warfare, hie, here. Poenus,
i, m. Carthaginian. Graece, adv. in Greek, delirus, a, um, silly, deliro 1.
to be silly, mehercule, adv. by Hercules, indeed, arrogans, lis, arrogant.
NARRATIVES. 313
IV. NARRATIVES.
1. Xerxes. Leonidas. Themistocles. (Cf. Justin. 2, 10. 11.)
Xerxes belliim a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam per quinquen-
nium instruxit. Septingenta niilia de regno armaverat et trecenta milia
de auxiliis, ut non immerito proditum sit, flumina ab exercitu ejus sic-
cata, Graeciamque omnem vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves
quoque milia ducentas numero habuisse dicitur.
Ut introitus Xerxis in Graeciam terribilis fuit, ita turpis ac foedus
discessus. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, cum quat-
tuor milibus militum angustias Thermopylarum occupasset, Xerxes
contemptu paucitatis eos pugnam capessere jubet, quorum cognati
Marathonia pugna interfecti fuerant : qui, dum ulcisci suos cupiunt,
principium cladis fuere : succedente deinde inutili turba, major caedes
editur. Triduum ibi cum dolore et indignatione Persarum dimicatum :
quarto die, quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, a viginti milibus hostium
summum cacumen teneri, tunc hortatur socios, recedant, et se ad
meliora patriae tempora reservent : sibi cum Lacedaemoniis fortunam
experiendam : plura se patriae, quam vitae, debere : ceteros ad praesi-
dia Graeciae servandos. Audito regis imperio, discessere ceteri, soli
Lacedaemonii remanserunt. Initio hujus belli sciscitantibus Delphis
oracula responsum fuerat, aut regi Lacedaemoniorum, aut urbi caden-
dum esse.
Et idcirco rex Leonidas, quum in bellum proficisceretur, ita suos
firmaverat, ut ire se parato ad moriendam animo scirent. Angustias
propterea occupaverat, ut cum paucis aut majore gloria vinceret, aut
minore damno reipublicae caderet. Dimissis igitur sociis, hortatur
Lacedaemonios, meminerint, quocunque modo proeliaturi sint, caden-
dum esse : caverent, ne fortius mansisse, quam dimicasse viderentur ;
nee exspectandum, donee ab hoste circumvenirentur, sed, dum nox
occasionem daret, securis et laetis superveniendum; nusquam victores
honestius, quam in castris hostium perituros. Nihil erat difficile per-
suadere paratis mori : statim arma capiunt, et sexcenti viri castra quin-
gentorum milium irrumpunt; statimque regis praetorium petunt, aut
1. Quinquennium, i, n. the space of four years, armo 1. to arm. immeri-
to, adv. not ^cithout justice, numero, aW., in number. Thermopylae, arum,
/. Thermopylae, a narrow pass in Thessaly. contemtus, us, m. contempt.
paucitas, atis,/. feloness, cognatus, i, m. relative. Marathonius, a, um, of
Marathon. tr\dii.am/i^n. space of three days, indignatio, onis,/. indignation.
sciscKtor 1. to inquire, proelior 1. to fight. circumvSnio, veni, ventum 4. to
27
314 NARRATIVES.
cum illo, aut, si ipsi oppress! essent, in ipsius potissimum sede moritu-
ri. Tiimultus totis castris oritur. Lacedaemonii posteaquam regem
non inveniunt, per omnia castra victores vagantur, caedunt sternuntque
omnia, ut qui sciant se pugnare non spe victoriae, sed in mortis poe-
nam. Proelium a principio noctis in majorem partem diei tractum.
Ad postremum non victi, sed vincendo fatigati, inter ingentes strato-
rum hostium catervas occiderunt.
Xerxes, duobus vulneribus terrestri proelio acceptis, experiri maris
fortunam statu it. Ante navalis proelii congressionem miserat Xerxes
quattuor milia armatorum Delphos ad templum A[)ollinis diripiendum :
prorsus, quasi non cum Graecis tantum, sed etiam cum diis immortali-
bus bellum gereret : quae manus tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta
est, ut intelligeret, quam nuUae essent hominum adversqs deos vires.
Post haec Thespias, et Plataeas, et Athenas vacuas hominibus incendit :
et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, in aedificia igne grassatur.
Namque Athenienses post pugnam Marathoniam, })raemonente Them-
istocle, victoriam illam de Persis reportatam, non finem, sed caussam
majoris belli fore, ducentas naves fabricati erant. Adventante igitur
Xerxe, consulentibus Delphis oraculum responsum fuerat: Salutem
muris ligneis tuerentur.
Themistocles, navium praesidium demonstratum ratus, persuadet
omnibus, patriam municipes esse, non moenia ; civitatemque non in
aedificiis, sed in civibus positam. Itaque melius salutem navibus,
quam urbi commissuros. Hujus sententiae etiam Deum auctorem esse.
Probato consilio, conjuges liberosque cum pretiosissimis rebus abditis
insulis, relicta urbe, demandant ; ipsi naves armati conscendunt. Ex-
emplum Atheniensium etiam aliae urbes imitatae sunt. Itaque quum
conjuncta omnis sociorum classis, et intenta in bellum navale esset,
angustiasque Salaminii freti, ne circumveniri a multitudine posset,
occupasset ; dissensio inter civitatium principes oritur. Qui quum,
deserto bello, ad sua tuenda dilabi vellent, timens Themistocles, ne
discessu sociorum vires minuerentur, per servum fidelem Xerxi nuntiat,
uno in loco eum contractam Graeciam capere facilime posse. Quodsi
civitates, quae jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, majore labore ei sin-
gulas consectandas. Hoc dolo impellit regem, ut signum pugnae daret.
go around^ surround, supervenire, to surprise, sterno, stravi, stratum 3.
to prostrate, ut qui, as those., who. fatlgo 1. to weary, caterva, ae,/. troop.
statuo, ui, utum 3. to determine, quam nullae essent hominum vires, how
insignificant the power of man might be. congressio, onis, /. engagement.
Thespiae and Plataeae, arum,/. ciYies m Boeofta. vacuus, a, um (c. abl.),
empty. gra.ssor I. to loalk ; in aliquid gr. to rage against, praemoneo, tii,
NARRATIVES. 315
Graeci quoque, adventu hostium occupati, proelium collatis viribus
capessunt.
Interea rex, velut spectator pugnae, cum parte navium in littore
remanet ; Artemisia autem, regiiia Halicarnassi, quae in auxilium Xerxi
vfenerat, inter primos duces bellum acerrime ciebat : quippe ut in viro
muliebrem timorem, ita in muliere virilem audaciam cerneres. Quum
anceps proelium esset, lones ex praecepto Themistoclis pugnae se
paullatim subtrahere coeperunt : quorum defectio animos ceterorum
fregiL Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Persae et mox, proelio
victi, in fugam vertuntur. In qua trepidatione multae captae sunt na-
ves, multae mersae ; plures tamen, non minus saevitiam regis, quam
hostem, timentes, domiim dilabuntur.
2. Piso orator et servus.
Marcus Piso, orator Romanus, servis praeceperat, ut tantum ad inter-
rogata responderent, neve quicquam praeterea dicerent. Evenit, ut
Clodium ad coeham invitari juberet. Hora coenae instabat ; aderant
ceteri convivae omnes, solus Clodius exspectabatur. Piso sei vum, qui
solebat convivas vocare, aliquoties emisit, ut videret, veniretne. Quum
tandem jam desperaretur ejus adventus, Piso servo : Die, inquit, num
forte non invitasti Clodium ? Invitavi, respondit ille. Cur ergo non
venit? Quia venturum se negavit. Tum Piso: Cur id non statim
dixisti ? Respondit Servus : Quia non sum a te interrogatus.
3. Canis fdelis.
Pyrrhus rex in itinere incldit in canem, qui interfecti hominis cor-
pus custodiebat. Quum audisset, eum jam tres dies cibi expertem
assidere, nee a cadavere discedere, mortuum jussit humari, canem ve-
ro deduci et curari diligenter. Paucis post diebus militum iustratio
habetur. Transeunt singuli, sedente rege. Aderat canis. Is quum
itura 2. pre-admonish. fabricor 1. tu make, mumceps, ipis, m. citizen of a
free city ; 2) citizen, conjux, ugis,/. icife. abdo, didi, ditum 3. to conceal.
demando J. to commit. Salaminium fretum, i, n. bay of Salamis. Halicar-
nassus, i.f. city in Caria. muliebris, e, of a woman, cerneres, one might
see. lones, um, m. lonians. paullatim, adv. gradually, subtraho, traxi,
tractum 3. to withdraw, defectio, onis,/. desertion, trepidatio, onis,/. trepi-
dation^ haste, mergo, mersi, mersum 3. to sink, saevitia, ae,/. cruelty.
2. Praecipio, cepi, ceptum 3. to direct, praeterea, adv. besides, aliquo-
ties, adv. several times, num forte non invitasti ? can it be possible that thou
hast not invited.
3. Assideo, sedi 2. to sit by. humo I. to bury, deduco, xi, ctum 3. to
lead away. Iustratio, onis,/. rerieic. tacitus, a, um, fi^en^. percussor, oris,
316 ' NARRATIVES.
antea quietus et tacitus fuisset, simulac vidit, domini sui percussores
transire, procurrit furens eosque allatravit, saepius se ad Pyrrhum con-
vertens, ita quidem, ut non modo rex, sed omnes, qui aderant, suspi-
cionem de iis conciperent. Ergo comprehensi et examinati, levibus
quibusdam signis aliunde accedentibus, fassi caedem poenas dederunt.
4. Archimedis mors.
Captis Syracusis, quas Archimedes machinationibus suis mirificis diu
defenderat, Marcellus, imperator Romaiius, gravissime edixit, ne quis
Archimedi vim faceret. At is, dum animo et oculis in terra defixis,
formas in pulvere describit, militi Romano, qui praedandi caussa in
domum irruperat strictoque gladio, quisnara esset, interrogabat, propter
nimium ardorem studii nihil respondet, nisi hoc : JVoli tubare drculos
7M0S ! A milite igitur, ignaro, quis esset, intei-ficitur.
5. Amicus itifidelis.
Duo amici una iter faciunt atque, solitudinem peragrantes, ursum
ingentem vident advenientem. Alter celeriter in arborem adscendit ;
alter recordatus, illam bestiam Cadavera non attingere, nisi fame efFera-
tam, humise pl'osternitanimamque continet, simulans seesse mortuum.
Accedit ursus, contrectat jacentem, os suum ad hominis os et aures
admovet et cadaver esse ratus discedit. Tunc ambo metu liberati in-
ceptum iter persequuntur. Inter eundum autem interrogat is, qui in
arborem adscenderat, alterum, quidnam ursus ei in aurem insusurrasset.
Mijlta, inquit ille, quae non recordor ; sed imprimis hoc praeceptum
dedit, ne quem pro amico haberem, cujus fidem ad verso tempore non
«ssem expertus.
6. Demosthenes.
Demosthenes caussam orans quum judices parum attentos videret:
Paullisper, inquit, aures mihi praebete : rem vobis novam et jucundam
narrabo. Quum aures arrexissent : Juvenis, inquit, quispiam asinum
conduxerat, quo Athenis Megaram profecturus uteretur. In itinere
quum sol flagraret, neque esset umbraculum, deposuit clitellas et sub
m. murderer, procurro, cucurri, cursum 3. to rush forth, furo 3. to rage.
allatro 1. to bark at. suspicio, onis,/. suspicion.
4. EdTco, xi, ctum 3. to give out command, vim facere, to inflict violence.
forma, vie,f. figure.
5. Infidelis, e, unfaithful, ursus, i, m. bear, effero 1. to render fierce.
anima, ae,/. breath, contrecto 1. to handle, insusurro, io whisper.
6. Arrigo, rexi, rectum 3. to prick up. conduco, xi, ctum 3. to take with ',
NARRATIVES. 317
asino consedit, cujus umbra tegeretur. Id vero agaso vetabat, claraaiis,
asinum locatum esse, non umbram asini. Alter quum contra conten-
deret, tandem in jus ambulant. Haec locutus Demosthenes, ubi hom-
ines diligenter auscultantes vidit, abiit. Turn revocatus a judicibus
rogatusque, ut reliquam fabulam enarraret : Quid ? inquit. De asini
umbra licet audire ? caussam hominis de vita periclitantis non audietis ?
7. Cyri mors.
Postquam Asiam Cyrus subegit, Scythis bellum infert, quibus eo
tempe Tomyris regina praeerat. Rex aliquantum in Scythia progres-
sus, quasi refugiens, castra deseruit atque in iis vini affatim et quae
epulis erant necessaria reliquit. Tum regina filium adolescentem
tertia parte copiarum ad hostes insequendos misit ; is vero, rei militaris
ignarus, omisit hostes et milites in castris Cyri vino se onerare patitur.
Cyrus autem noctu redit omnesque Scythas cum ipso reginae filio in
casti'is interficit. Sed Tomyris, poenam meditata, hostes, recenti vic-
toria exsultantes, pari fraude decipit. Quippe simulato timore refu-
giens Cyrum ad angustias pertraxit ibique in insidiis regem cum innu-
merabilibus Persarum copiis occidit. Tum caput Cyri amputatum in
utrem, sanguine humano repletum, conjecit, crudelitatem his verbis
exprobrans: Satia te sanguine, quem sitisti, et quo nunquam satiari
potuisti !
8. Androdi leo. (Cf. Gell. N. A. 5, 14, 5—30.)
Romae in circo maximo venationis amplissimae pugna populo daba-
tur. Multae ibi sa«vientes ferae erant ; sed praeter alia omnia leonum
immanitas admirationi fuit, praeterque ceteros omnes eminebat unus.
Is leo corporis impetu et ingenti magnitudine terribilique fremltu, toris
comisque cervicum fluctuantibus, animos oculosque omnium in sese
converterat. Introductus erat inter complures ceteros ad pugnam bes-
tiarum servus viri consularis. Ei servo Androclus nomen fuit. Hunc
2) to hire, umbraculum, n. shade, clitellae, arum, /. pack-saddle, agaso,
onis, m. hostler, loco 1. to hire, enarro 1, to relate through, periclitor 1.
to be in danger of.
7. Aliquantum, ^0 some extent, refugio, fugi 3. to flee back, affatim, a^Zu.
abundantly; affl vini, abundance of wine, insequor, secutus sum 3. <o pur-
sue. recens, tis, recent. decTpio, cepi, ceplum 3. to deceive, pertraho, axi,
actum 3. to draw, ampiito 1, to cut off. uter, utris, m. leather bag.
8. Circus maximus, i, m. the Circus Maximus., a great race-course, im-
manitas, atis, /. Aw^ewe^^. torus, i, m. protuberance ; 2) muscle, coma, ae,
/. hair; 2) mane, cervix, icis,/. neck, fluctuor 1. to wave, introdaco, xi,
21^
318 NARRATIVES.
ille leo ubi vidit procul, repente, quasi admirans, stetit ; ac deinde sen-
sim atque placide tanquam exploratiirus ad hominem accedit ; turn
caudam more adulantium canum clementer et blande movet hominis-
que fere corpori adjungit cruraque ejus et manus prope jam exanimati
metu lingua leniter demulcet Homo Androclus inter ilia tam atrocis
ferae blandimenta amissum animum receperat ; pauUatim oculos ad
contuendum leonem refert. Turn, quasi mutua recognitione facta, lae-
tos et gratulabundos videres hominem et leonem. Ea re prorsus admi-
rabili maximi a populo clamores excitantur, arcessiturque a Caesare
Androclus, quaeriturque ex eo, cur ille atrocissimus leonum uni peper-
cisset.
Hie Androclus rem mirificam narrat atque admirandam. Quum pro-
vinciam, inquit, Africam proconsulari imperio meus dominus obtineret,
ego ibi iniquis ejus et quotidianis verberibus ad fugam sum coactus;
et, ut mihi a domino terrae illius praeside tutiores latebrae essent, in
camporum et arenarum solitudines concessi: ac, si defuisset cibus,
consilium fuit mortem aliquo pacto quaerere. Tum, sole flagrante,
specum quendam nactus remotum latebrosumque, in eum me recondo.
Neqiie multo post ad eundem specum venit hie leo, debili uno et
cruento pede, gemitus edens et murmura, dolorem cruciatumque vul-
neris indicantia. Ac primum quideni conspectu advenientis leonis
animus meus summo terrore impletur; sed postquam leo, introgressus
in latibulum illud suum, vidit me procul delitescentem, mitis et man-
suetus accessit : ac sublatum pedem ostendere et porrigere, quasi opis
petendae gratia, visus est. Ibi, ego stirpem ingentem vestigio pedis
ejus haerentem revelli conceptamque saniem vulnere intimo express!
accuratiusque sine magna jam formidine siccavi pemtus atque detersi
cruorem. Ille tunc mea opera et medicina levatus, pede in manibus
meis posito, recubuit et quievit. Atque ex eo die triennium totum ego
et leo in eodem specu eodemque victu viximus. Nam, quas venaba-
tHr feras, membra opimiora ad specum mihi suggerebat: quae ego,
'Ctum 3. to introduce, vir consularis, m. a man of consular rank, sensim,
adv. by degrees, cauda, ae,/. tail, adjungo, xi, ctum 3. to join to. demul-
ceo, mulsi, mulsum 2. to soothe ; 2) to lick, blandimentum, i, n. caressing.
inutuiis, a, um, mutual, recognitio, onis, /. recognition, gratulabundus, a,
um, congratulating. Hie, here, proconsulare imperium, n. proconsular pow-
er, latebrae, arum,/, lurking places, arena, ae,/. sand, latebrosus, a, um,
full of lurking places, recondo, idi, itum 3. to conceal, introgredior, gres-
sus sum 3. to enter, latibulum, i, n. den. delitesco, tui 3. to conceal one's
self, mansuetus, a, um, tame, ostendo, di, sum 3. to shoio. porrigo, rexi,
rectum 3. to extend, vestigium, i, n. sole, revello, elli, ulsum 3. to tear out.
sanies, ei,/. bloody matter . formido, in\s, f. fear, sugggro, gessi, gestura 3.
NARRATIVES. ^ 319
ignis copiam non habens, sole meridiano torrens edebam. Sed ubi
me vitae illius ferinae jam pertaesum est, leone in venatum profecto,
rellqui specum : et, viam fere tridui permensus, a militibus visus com-
prehensusque sum et ad dominum ex Africa Romam deductus. Is me
statim rei capitalis damnandum dandumque ad bestias curavit. Intel-
ligo autem hunc quoque leonem, me tunc separate, captum gratiam
mihi nunc etiam beneficii et medicinae referre. Itaque, cunctis peten-
tibus, dimissus est Androclus et poena solutus, leoque et suffragiis
populi donatus.
9. Somnium mirum.
Quum duo quidam Arcades familiares iter una facerent et Megaram
venissent, alter ad cauponem devertit ; ad hospitem alter. Qui ut
coenati quieverunt, concubia nocte visus est in somnis ei, qui erat in
hospitio, ille alter orare, ut subveniret, quod sibi a caupone interltus
pararetur : is primus perterritus somnio surrexit; dein, quum se col-
legisset idque visum pro nihilo habendum esse duxisset, recubuit ; turn
ei dormienti idem ille visus est rogare, ut, quoniam sibi vivo non sub-
venisset, mortem suam ne inultam esse pateretur ; se interfectum in
plaustrum a caupone esse conjectum, et supra stercus injectum: pe-
tere, ut mane ad portam adesset, priusquam pl&ustrum ex oppido ex-
iret. Hoc vero somnio is commotus mane bubulco praesto ad portam
fuit ; quaesivit ex eo, quid esset in plaustro : ille perterritus fugit ; mor-
tuus erutus est : caupo, re patefacta, poenas dedit. — C. Div. 1. 27, 57.
10. Cleobis et Bito. Tropftonlus et Aga/medes.
Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Bito, filii, praedicantur. Nota fabula
est. Quum enim illam ad sollenne et statum sacrificium curru vehi
jus esset satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, morarenturque jumenta ;
tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste posita, corpora oleo perun-
xerunt: ad jugum accesserunt. Ita sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum
currus esset ductus a filiis, precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium
daret pro pietate, quod maxifnum homini dari posset a deo. Post,
to bring, sol meridianus, m, midday sun. ferinus, a, um, wild, me per-
taesum est alicujus rei, / had become very tired of, (from pertaedet). perme-
tior, mensus sum 4. to pass over, rei capitalis damnare, to condemn for a
capital offence. sufFraglum, i, re. potsherd ; 2) vote, voice.
9. Caupo, onis, ?«. inn-keeper, devertor, ti, 3. to put up. concubia nocte,
dead of night, hospitium, i, n. hospitality, supra, adv. upon that, bubulcus,
i, m. teamster.
10. Arglus, a, um, Argive. solennis,e, customary, solemn, status, a, um,
320 ^ NARRATIVES.
epulatos cum matre adolescentes somno se dedisse, mane inven-
tos esse mortuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi di-
cuntur: qui, quum Apollini Delphis templum exaedificavissent, ve-
nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem operis et la-
boris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. Quibus Apollo
se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei diem tertium : qui ut
illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. — C. Tusc. 1. 47, 113, 114.
11. Dolus Pythii.
C. Canius, eques Romanus, quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse di-
cere solebat), non negotiandi caussa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos
aliquos velle em ere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine inter-
pellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei quidam,
qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit venales quidem se hortos non
habere, sed licere uti Canjo, si vellet, ut suis : et simul ad coenam
hominem in hortos invitavit in posterum diem. Quum ille promisis-
set, tum Pythius, qui esset ut argentarius apud omnes ordines gi*atio-
sus, piscatores ad se convocavii et ab iis petivit, ut ante suos hortulos
postridie piscarentur : dixitque, quid eos facere vellet. Ad coenam
tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum convivium : cym-
barum ante occulos multitudo : pro se quisque quod ceperat, afFerebat :
ante pedes Pythii pisces abjiciebantur. Tum Canius : Quaeso, inquit,
quid est hoc, Pythi? tantumne piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et
ille : Quid mirum ? inquit. Hoc loco est, Syracusis quicquid est pis-
cium : hie aquatio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius
cupiditate contendit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. Quid
multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti, quanti Pythius
voluit, et emit instructos : negotium conficit Invitat Canius postridie
familiares suos ; venit ipse mature : scalmum nullum videt. Quaerit
ex proximo vicino, num feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos
nuUos videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille, sed hie piscari nuUi
stated, sacrificium, i, 71. 5/icr«/ice. ']vxmer\\.wrc\^\.n. beast of burden, peiun-
go, xi, ctura 3. to anoint, precatio, onis, /. prayer. exaedifico 1. to build.
11. C=Caius. oi\or I. to be unoccupied, hortulus, i, m. a little garden ;
2) small country house, interpellator, oris, m. disturber, percrebesco, cre-
bui, to become known, argentaria, ae,/. banking ; argentariam facere, to fol-
low banking. vendXis., for sale, qui esset, since he was. gratiosus, a, um, be-
loved, opipare, adv. splendidly. appSro 1. to prepare, pro se quisque, each
for himself. abjTcio, eci, ectum 3. to cast down, tantumne piscium ^ so many
fish? aquatio, onis, /. watering -place, villa, ae, country-seat, scalmus, i,
m.thowl; 2) boat. qviodsc\dimyas far as I know. sioma.cha.Ti, to be indignant.
The Infin. here stands for stomachatur. formula, ae,/. legal form.
NARRATIVES. 321
soleut. Itaque lieri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomachari Canius.
Sed quid faceret ? nondum enim Aquillius protulerat de dolo malo
formulas.— C. Off. 3. 14, 58—60.
12. Ardtus.
Aratus Sicyonius jure laudatur, qui, quum ejus civitas quinquaginta
aiinos a tyrannis tenerelur, profectus Argis Sicyonem, clandestino in-
troitu urbe est potitus, quumque tyrannum Nicoclem improviso oppres-
sisset, sexcentos exsQles, qui fuerant ejus civitatis locupletissimi, res-
tituit, remqiie publicam adveutu suo liberavit. Sed quum magnam
animadverteret in bonis et possessionibus difficultatem, quod et eos,
quos ipse restituerat, quorum bona alii possederant, egere iniquissimum
arbitrabatur, et quinquaginta annorum possessiones moveri non nimis
aequum putabat, propterea quod tarn longo spatio multa hereditatibus,
multa emptionibus, multa dotibus tenebantur sine injuria : judicavit,
neque illis admi, nee iis non satisfieri, quorum ilia fuerant, oportere.
Quum igitur statuisset, opus esse ad earn rem constituendam pecunia,
Alexandrlam se proficisci velle dixit, remque integram ad reditum
suum jussit esse : isque celeriter ad Ptolemaeum, suum hospitem, ve-
nit, qui tum regnabat alter post Alexandriam conditam. Cui quum ex-
posuisset, patriam se liberare velle, caussamque docuisset ; a rege op-
ulento vir summus facile impetravit, ut grandi pecunia adjuvaretur.
Quam quum Sicyonem attulisset, adhibuit sibi in consilium quindecim
principes, cum quibus caussas cognovit et eorum, qui aliena tenebant,
et eorum, qui sua amiserant : perfecitque aestimandis possessionibus,
ut persuaderet aliis, ut pecuniam accipere mallent, possessionibus ce-
derent; aliis, ut commodius putarent, numerari sibi, quod tanti esset,
quam suum recuperare. Ita perfectum est, ut omnes, concordia con-
stituta, sine querela discederent. O virum magnum dignumque, qui
in nostra republica natus esset ! — C. Off. 2. 23, 81, 82.
12. Sicyonius, Sicyonian, (from Sicyon, a city of Achaia). Argi, orum,
m. Jlrgos^ chief city of Arorolis. clandestinus, a, um, secret, improviso, adv.
unexpectedly, possideo, sedi, sessum 2. to possess, hereditas, atis,/. inheri-
tance, satisfacio, feci, factum 3. to make satisfaction. expono,posui,positum
3. to explain.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
The numbers 1 , 2, 3, 4 written after the verbs, denote the conjugation
which they follow : the numerals, which are introduced in § 33, and the pre-
positions which are introduced in § 34, are omitted. The adjectives of three
endings in us., o, mw, instead of their endings have the figure 3 after them.
A. absumo, sumpsl, sump- accuse 1. to complain of,
Abduco, xi, ctum 3. turn 3. to consume. accuse.
to lead away, draw abundo, 1. c. abl. to acer, eris, n. maple-tree.
away. have an abundance of, acer, cris, ere, sharp,
abSo, li, itum A. to go a6oMnc?m( something). zealous, fierce.
away, depart. abutor, usus, sum 3. c. acerbus 3. bitter, pun-
abhorreo, ui 2. ah. c. abl. to use up; 2) gent.
abl. to shun, to have abuse. Achilles, is, m. Achilles.
a strong aversion (to ac, conj. (never before acies, ei, /. edge ; 'z)
something). a vow^el or h), and ; as. line-of-battle.
abigo, egi, actum 3. to Academia, /. Academy, acriter, adv. spiritedly.
drive away. accedo, cessi, cessum actio, onis,/. action.
abominor 1. <o ea:ecra<e. S. to approach. aciio, m,utumS. to shar-
abrlpio, ripui, reptum accelero 1. to hasten. pen.
3. to take away, carry accendo, di, sum, 3. to acus, us, f. needle.
off. enkindle, inflame. acute, adv. sharply, ac-
absens, tis, absent. acceptus 3. received. utely.
absolve, vi, utum 3. to accidit 3. it happens. acutus 3. sharp, pointed,
complete, 2) to dis- accipio, cepi, ceptum 3. acute.
charge. to take, receive. adaequo 1. to level to.
abstergeo, si, sum, 2. <o accommodatus 3. c. dat. adamas, antis, m. dia-
wipe off, take away, filed to, suited to. mond.
remove. accresco, evi, etum 3. addictus 3. devoted to.
abstinens, tis, temperate. to increase, to aug- addo, dldi, ditum 3. to
abstineo, tinui, tentum ment. join to, add.
2. to keep off; 2) c. accubo, bui, bitum 1, to adduco, xi, ctum 3. to
abl. to abstain, (from recline by, to sit {at bring to, induce.
something). table). adeo, adv. so much, so
absum, fui, esse, to be accurate, adv. accurate- very.
absent, to be removed; ly,Jully. adeo, ii, itum 4. to come
nihil abest, (non accuratus 3. exact. to, approach.
multum) abest, quin, accurro, cucurri, cur- adhibeo 2. to apply, he-
it wants nothing [not sum 3. to run up, to stow, give.
much), that. hasten up. adhuc, adv. as yet, stiU.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 323
adjac^o, iii 2. c. dat. to adsum, fui, esse c. dat. aequus 3. just, equal ;
lie upon, hy, near (a to he present at (some- aequus animus, equa-
thing). thing), to he present. nimity.
adimo, emi, emtum 3. adulatio, 6nis,/.^a<<en/. aerumna, ae,/ Wcfe^ip.
to take, take away. adulor 1. c. dat. to fiat- aes, aeris, n. hrass.
adipiscor, adeptus sum ter. Aeschlnes, is, m. MscM-
3. to obtain. adulterinus 3. false, nes.
aditus, us, m. approach. counterfeit. aestas, atis, /. summer.
adjutor, oris, m. assis- aduro, ussi, ustum 3. aestlrao 1. to value, es-
tant. to set on fire, hum. teem.
adjuvo, uvi, utum 1. c. advenio, veni, ventum aestivus 3. pertaining to
ace. to aid, assist, sup- 4. to come to, arrive. summer ; aestivum
port. [hie. advento 1. to approach. tempus, summer sea-
admirabilis, e, admira- ad\entus,us, m. arrival. son.
admiratio, onis,/. admi- adversarius, i, m. oppo- aetas, atis, f age, period.
ration. nent. aeternitas, atis, /. eter-
admiror 1. to admire. adversus, 3. placed nity.
admisceo, iscui, istum against, contrary, op- aeteinus 3. eternal.
or ixtum 2. to inter- posite ; res adversae, afFabilitas, atis, /. afi^a-
mingle. adversity. hility.
admodum, adv. very. adverto, ti, sum 3. to afFero, attuli, allatum 3.
admoneo 2. to admjon- turn to. to hear to, hring.
ish. advolo 1. to hasten to. afflcio, eci, ectum 3. to
admoveo, movi, motum aedes, is, /. temple ; pi. affect ; Part. afFectus
2. c. dat. to hring up house. 3. affected.
to. aedificium, i, n. edifice, affinltas, atis,/. relation-
adnitor, nixus or nisus aedifico li.to build. ship.
sum 3. to endeavor. aedilis, is, m. Edile. afflicto 1. to afiiict.
adolescens,tis,m.t/0Mng- aeger, gra, grum, sick, affluenter, adv. abun-
man, youth, young. aegritudo, inis, /. sick- dantly.
adolescentulus, i, wi. ness, sorrow. affluentia, ae, /. abun-
young man, youth. aegre, adv. reluctantly, dance.
adolesco, adolevi, adul- with difficulty ; aegre afffiio, uxi, uxum 3. to
turn 3. to grow up. fero, to he dissatisfied, fiow to ; overflow, have
ador, oris, n. wheat. aegrotus, 3. sick. an abundance.
adorior, ortus sum 4. aemulor 1. c. ace. to affulgeo, si 2. to shine.
to attack, undertake. emulate. Afranius, i. m. Afra-
adorno 1. to put in or- Aeneas, ae, m. Mneas. nius.
der, adorn. aenigma,atis,n. emg?na. Africanus, i, to. Africa-
adscendo, di, sum 3. aequalis, e, equal. nus.
to ascend. aeque — atque (ac), in Agamemno, onis, m.
adscisco, ivi, itum 3. like manner — as. Agamemnon.
to adopt, receive. aequiparo 1. to equal. ager, gri, m. field, land.
adspicio, exi, ectum 3. aquitas, atis,/ equity. Agesilaus, i, m. Agesi-
to look upon, discover, aequo 1. to equal. laus.
adstringo, inxi, ictum 3. aequor, oris, n. surface, agger, eris, to. rampart.
to draw up tight ; 2\ espec. : surface of aggredior, gressus sum
hind, to make binding. the sea. 3. rem, to approach,
324 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
begin something ; 2) alius — alius, one, an- amplus 3. bruad liber-
attack, other. al, magnificent.
agmen, inis, n. band, allicio, exi, ectum 3. amussis, is,/, a rtde (of
Jlock. to allure. mechanics),
agnosco, novi, nitum 3. alligo 1. to fasten, tie an, (in questions) or.
recognize. up. anas, atis, /. a duck.
ago, egi, actum 3. to Allobroges, um, m. Al- anceps, cipitis, twofold,
drive, make, do, pass ; lobroges. double, doubtful.
agere annum, to be in alloquor, cutus sum 3. Anchises, ae, m. An-
the year ; age, come to address. chises.
on. alo, alui, (alltum) 3. to apcilla, ae,/. a maid.
agricola, ae, m. husband- nourish. ancillaris, e, pertaining
man, farmer. aloe, es,/ th^aloe. to a maid, sei-vile.
Ajax, acis, m. Ajax. Alpes, ium,/ Alps. ango, xi, 3. to trouble.
aio, I say, say yes, assert, alter, era, erum, the one angor, oris, m. vexation.
affirm. or other of tivo. angulus, i, m. an angle,
alacer, ens, ere, spirited, alteruter, utra, utrum, angustiae, arum,/. ?iar-
lively. one of the two. row pass.
Albis, is, m. the Elbe. altitudo, inis, /. height, angustus 3. narrow.
albus 3. white. depth. animadverto, ti, sum 3.
Alcibiades, is, m. Aid- altus 3. high, deep. to observe, perceive.
biades. alvus, i,/. belly. animal, alis, n. animal.
Alexander, dri, m. Alex- amabllis, e, amiable. animus, i, m. soul, spirit,
ander. amarus 3. bitter. mind, heart, courage.
Alexandria, ae, Alexan- amblo, ivi, itum 4. to annulus, i, m. a ring.
dria. go around (some- annus, i, m. a year.
algeo, si 2. to feel cold, thing), surround. anser, eris, m. a goose.
freeze. ambo, ae, o, both. ante, adv. before.
alias, adv. at another ambulatio, onis, / a antea, adv. before.
time. walk. antecedo, cessi, cessum
alicunde, adv.from some ambulo 1. to go to walk, 3. c. dat. or ace. to go
place or other. to stroll. before, be superior to
alienigena, ae, m. stran- amicitia, ae, / friend- (some one).
ger from another coun- ship. antepono, posui, posl-
try. amicus, i, m. friend. turn 3. to prefer.
alienus 3. foreign, an- amitto, misi, missum 3. antequam, conj. before
other^s. to lose. that, ere, before.
aliquamdiu, adv. a long amnis, is, m. river. Antiochia, ae,/ Antioch.
time. amo 1. to love. antiqultas, atis, / an-
aliquando, adv. some amoenus 3. pleasant (of tiquity.
time. countries), agreeable, antiqultus, adv. ancient-
aliquis, a, id or aliqui, a, amor, oris, m. love. ly, formerly.
od, some one. amplexor 1. to embrace, AnUstius, i,m. Antistius.
aliquot [indecl.), some. cherish. Antonius, i, m. Antony.
aliter, adv. otherwise. amplitude, inis, / au- anus, us, / old ivoman.
aliunde, adv. from an- thority, dignity. anxie, adv. anxiously.
other source, place. ampllus, adv. more, fur- aper, pri, m. boar, wild
alius, a, ud, another ; ther. boar.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 325
aperio, rui, rtum 4. to arcus, us, m. a bow. assidiius 3. unremitting^
openj (caput) to un- ardenter, adv. glowing- persevering.
cover ; apertus 3. ly, ardently. assuefacio, fbci, factum
open. ardeo, si, sum 2. to 3. c. dat. to accustom
aperte, adv. openly. burn, glow. to.
apex, icis, m. summit. ardor, oris, m. keat, de- assuesco, evi, etum 3.
apis, is,f. a bee. sire. c. dat. or abl. to dc-
Apollo, inis, m. Apollo, area, ae, f. open space. custom one's self to,
ApoUonia, ae, /. Apol- argenteus 3. of silver. be accustomed to
Ionia. [evident, argentum, i, n. silver ; (something),
appareo 2. to appear^ be arg. vivum, quicksil- Assyria, ae,/. Assyria.
appello 1. to call. ver. astutia, ae,/ cunning,
appeto, ivi, itum 3. to Argo, us,/ theArgo. at, conj. but, yet.
strive to obtain. argumentum, i, n. con- Athenae,arum J". Athens.
appetens, ntis, c. gen. tents. Atheniensis, e, Atkerii-
eager for something. Aristides, is, m. Aristi- ian ; subst. an Athe-
appetitus, us, m. desire. des. nian.
applaudo, si, sum 3. c. Aristoteies, is, m. Aris- Atlas, antis, m. Atlas.
dat to applaud. totle. atque, conj. and, as.
applico 1. to rest upon ; arma, orum, n. arms. atrox, 6cis,/erce, violent.,
se applicare, to ap- aro 1. to plough. frightful, bloody.
proach, join one^s self Arpinas, atis, m. inhab- attendo, di, tum 3. to
to (some one)j apply itant of Arpinum. attend to, give (dkti-
one^s self to (some- arrideo, si, sum 2. c. tion.
thing). dat. to smile upon. attente, adv. attentively.
aj)pdno, posui, positum ars, tis,/ art. attentus 3. attentive.
3. to place by, before, artifex, icis, skilful ; attero, trivi, tritum 3.
approbo 1. to approve. subst. artist. to impair, exhaust.
appropinquo 1. to ap- artus, us, m. joint, limb. Atticus 3. Attic, inhab-
proach. Aruns, ntis, m. Aruns. itant of Attica.
Aprilis, is, m. April. arvum, i, n. a ploughed Atticus, i, m. Atticus.
aptus 3. c. dat. or ad c. feld. attingo, igi, actum 3.
ace, ft, ftted. arx, cis,/ citadel. to touch.
aqua, ae,/ water. as, assis, m. an as (a auctor, oris, m. author,
aratrum, i, n. a plough. Roman copper coin.) adviser ; me auctore,
arbitror 1. to think, to ascendo, di, sum 3. to upon my advice.
account (one some- ascend, mount. auctoritas, atis, / au-
thing). ascensus, us, m. ascent. thority.
arbor, oris,/ a tree. asinus, i, m. an ass. audacla, ae, / self con-
arcanum, i. n. a secret, asper, era, erum, rough, fdence. [bold.
Areas, adis, m. an Ar- aspernor 1. to spurn. audax, acis, confident,
cadian. asporto ] . to carry away, aud^o, ausus sum 2. to
arceo, ui 2. to keep off. assentior, sensus sum dare, venture.
arcesso, ivi, itum 3. to 4. c. dat. to assent to. audio 4. to hear.
send for, bring. assequor, secutus sum auditor, oris, m. hearer.
Archias, ae, m. Archias. 3. to attain. auffero, abstuH, ablatum
Archimedes, is, m. Ar- assido, edi, essum 3. 3. to take away, bear
chimedes. to sit doum. away.
326 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
augeo, xi, ctiim 2. to beate, adv. peacefully, buris, is, /. a plough-
increase, enrich. beatus 3. peaceful, hap- tail.
augurium, i, n. augury, py. buty rum, i, n. butter,
divination. bellum, i, n. war.
auguror ] . to divine, pre- bellus 3. hecmtiful, neat. C.
did. bene, adv. well, rightly. Cachinnatlo, onis, f.
Augustus, i, m. Augus- benedico 3. c. dat. to loud, unrestrained
tus. praise. laugh.
Siuisi, ae, f. court. beneficentia, ae, / 6e- cacumen, inis, n. to;?.
aureus 3. golden. ne/icence. cadaver, eris, n. carcass,
Aureus, i, m. Aureus beneficium, i, n. kind- corpse.
(mountain). ness, favour. cado, cecidi, casum 3.
auris, is,/, the ear. beneficus 3. beneficent. to fall, happen.
aurum, i, n. gold. benevole, adv. kindly, caducus 3. ready to fall,
ausculto 1. to listen. benevolentia, ae, f be- falling.
ausplcor 1. to commence. nevolence. caecus 3. blind.
aut, conj. or; aut — ^aut, benignus 2. kind. caedes, is,/, slaughter,
either — or. bestia, ae,/. beast. caedo, cecidi, caesum
autem, conj. but (takes bestiola, ae, /. a little 3. to fell, to kill.
the second place in animal. caerimonia, ae, / cere-
its sentence). bibliotheca, ae, /. li- mony.
autumnus, i, m. axdumn. brary. Caesar, aris, m. Caesar ;
auxilium, i, n. aid; pi. bibo, bibi, bibitum 3. 2) an emperor.
auxiliary troops. to drink. [bodied. Caius Marius, Caius
avaritia, ae,/. avarice, bicorpor, oris, double- Marius.
avarus 3. c. gen. ava- bidiium, i, n. the space calamitas, atis,/.caZam-
ricious, covetous, gree- of two days. . ity, loss, misfortune,
dy. bilis, is, f the gall. calcar, aris, n. a spur.
aversor 1. to shun. blande, adv. gently. calculus, i, m. pebble.
averto, ti, sum 3. to blandior, itus sum 4. to caleo 2. to be warm,
turn away, to avert. fatter. caligo, inis, f darkness.
avidus 3. c. gen. desir- bombyx, ycis, m. the calix, icis, m. a cup.
ous, greedy. silk worm. callidus 3. cunning.
avis, is,/, a bird. bonitas, atis, / good- Callisthenes, is, m. Cal-
avoco 1. to call off. ness. listhenes.
avolo 1. tojly away. bonus 3. g-oorf ; bonum, calor, oris, m. heat.
avus, j, m. a grandfa- i, n. the good, good, calyx, ycis, m. the bud.
ther. Boreas, ae, m. Boreas, camelus, i, m. camel.
axis, is, m. an axle. north udnd. campus, i, m. a plain.
bos, ovis, c. ox, cow. canalis, is, m. a caned.
B. brevis, e, short ; brevi, canis, is, c. a dog.
Babylon, onis,/ Baby- (sc. tempore), in a cannabis, is,/ hemp.
Ion. short time, soon. cano, cecini, cantum 3.
Bactra, orum,n. Badra. Britannus, i, m. a Bri- to sing.
barba, ae,/ beard. ton. canto 1. to sing.
barbarus 3. barbarian. Brundusiixni/i. n.Brun- cantus, us, m. song.
basis, is, / foundation, dusium. Canusium, i, n. Canu-
Brutus, i, m. Brutus. sium.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 327
capesso, ivi, itum 3. to to he on one's guard, circumdo, d6di, datura,
seize ; proelium, to ab aliquo, before some dare, to place around,
commence battle. one ; 2) establish, pro- surround, (c. dat. of
capillus, i, m. the hair. vide. [to give way. pers. and ace. of
capio, cepi, captum 3. cede, cessi, cessum 3. thing,orc.acc.ofpers.
to take, seize, capture, celeber, bris, bre, fre- and abl. of thing),
capra, ae,/, she-goat. quented. , circumeo (circueo), li,
capto 1. to catch, strive celebrltas, atis, /. great itum 4. to go around.
to catch. number, great multi- circumsedeo, sedi, ses-
caput, itis, n.head, chap- tude. sum 2. to sit around,
ter, chief city. celebro 1. to celebrate. besiege.
carbasus, i,f.Jlax. celer, eris, ere, swift. circumspicio, spexi,
career, eris, m. a pmon. celeritas, SiXis, f. celerity, spectum 3. (c. ace.)
cardo, inis, m. hinge. swiftness. to look around (after
careo 2. c. abl. to want, eelerlter adv. sudftly. something).
Caria, ae,/. Caria. celo 1. e. dupl. aec. to eircumsto, 6ti 1. to
caritas, atis, /. love. conceal. stand around.
carmen, inis,/ poem. censeo, sui, sum 2. to cito, adv. quickly,
csoco, ca.Yms,f.fesh. vatv£, account, think, eivilis, e, cim/ ; bellum
Carolus, i, m. Charles. Centaurus, i, m. a Cen- civile, civil war.
carpentarius i, m. wheel- taur. civis, is, c. citizen, suh-
unight. cerasum, i, n. cherry. ject.
Carthago, inis, /. Car- cerasus, i,/ cherry-tree, civitas, atis, /. dtizen-
thage. Ceres, eris,/. Ceres. ship, state; 2) right
Carthaginiensis, is, m. eerno, crevi, cretum 3. of citizenship.
a Carthaginian. to see, judge. [test, elades, is,/, defeat.
earus 3. beloved, dear. eertamen, inis, n. con- clamo '[.to cry out.
casa, ae,/. a hut. certe, adv. surely. clamor, oris, m. a cry.
cassis, idis,/. helmet. certo, 1. to contend. clare, adv. clearly, cm-
cassis, is (commonly certo, adv. surely. dently. [ed.
pi. casses, ium), ?». certus 3. sure, certain, clarus 3. clear, renown-
hunter^s net. definite, positive. classis, is, f feet.
Cassius, i, m. Cassius. eervus, i, m. stag. claudo, si, sum 3. to
eastigo 1. to reprove. ceteri, ae, a, the rest. close.
castra, orum, n. camp, chalybs, y bis, m. steel, clausus 3. closed.
casus, us, m. fall, mis- chorda, ae,/. string. rlavis, is,/, key.
fortune, chance. Christus, i. m. Christ, elemens, tis, mild.
catena, ae,/ chain. cibus, i, m.food. elementer, adv, mildly.
Catilina, ae, m. Catiline, cicer, eris, n. chick-pea. Cleomenes, is, m. Cleo-
caulis, is, m. cabbage. Cicero, onis, m. Cicero. menes.
Cato, onis, m. Cato. ciconia, ae,/. stork. Clitus, i, m. Clitus.
caussa, ae, /. ground, cicur, uris, tame. Clodius, i. m. Clodius.
cause, civil process ; cieo, ivi, itum 2. to raise, clypeus, i, m. shield.
(with a gen. preced- cingo, xi, ctum 3. to coactor, oris, m. collec-
ing) on account of. gii'd, surround. tor.
cautus 3. cautious, care- cinis, eris, m. ashes. coalesco, lui, litum 3.
ful. cireulus, i, m. circle, cir- to grow together, to
caveo, cavi, cautum 3. cuit. coalesce.
^ LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
coaxo 1. to croak. to attend to, cultivate, comperio, peri, pertum
cochlea, ae,/. a snail. revere, honor. 1. to ascertain,
codex, Ic'is, m. book. co\oma, ae,f. colony. compea, ed\s,f. a fetter.
codicilli, orura, m. writ- color, oris, m. color. complector, exus sum
ing-tahlet. columba, ae,/. dove. 3. to embrace.
coelestis, e, heavenly. colus, \,f. distaff. compleo, evi, etum 2.
coelum, i, n. heaven. comburo, ussi, ustum toJiU.
coena, ae,/. a meal. 3. to hum up, hum. complico, avi, atum 1.
coeno 1. to partake of comedo, edi, esum 3. to fold together ; corn-
food ; coenatus 3. to eat, consume. plicatus 3. involved.
having eaten. cometes, ae, m. comet, compliires, a or ia, gen.
coepi, pisse, to have be- comicus 3. comic ; poe- ium, very many.
gun. tsi comicus, comic poet, compono, sui, sltum 3.
coerceo 2. to restrain, comis, e, courteous. to put together, dis-
cogitatio, onis,/ re/kc- comitas, atis, / kind- pose; pacem, to es-
tion. ness. tahlish peace ; se
cogitato, adv. ivith re- comitia, orum, n. as- comp. in aliquid, to
Jlection. sembly of the people. set one's self right.
cogito 1. to think, con- comltor 1. to accompa- compos, otis, c. gen.
»irfcr. ny. powerful, possessed of.
cognitio, onis, / know- commemoro 1. to men- compositus 3. composed.
ledge. tion. comprehend©, di, sum
cognitus 3. known. commendatio, onis, /. 3. to seize.
cognosco, novi, mtum commendation. compungo, xi, ctum 3.
3. to become acquaint- commendo 1. to recom- to prick.
ed until, perceive, un- mend. concedo, essi, essum 3.
derstand. committo, misi, mis- to allow, confess, 2) to
cogo, coegi, coactum 3. sum 3. to commit to ; surrender one's self.
to compel. 2) to commit. concilio 1. to concUiaie,
cohaereo, si, sum 2. to commoditas, atis,/. con- unite.
hold together. venience. concino, inui, entum 3.
cohors, tis./. co^r^. commodum, i, n. ad- to sing together, sound
cohortor 1. to encourage, vantage, use. together.
incite. commodus S.convenient. concionor 1. to ha-
colligo, egi, ectum 3. commonefacio, feci, rangue the people.
to collect. factum 3. to remind, concipio, cepi, ceptum
collis, is, m. a hSll. coramoneo 2. to remind, 3. to conceive, receive ;
colloco 1. in c. abl. to admonish. suspicionem, conceive
place in, bestow upon commoveo 2. to move. a suspicion.
something. communis, e, common, concito 1. to excite, raise.
colloquium, i, n. con- known by all. conclamo 1. to call out.
ference. commutatio, onis, /. concludo, si, sum 3. to
colloquor, locutus sum change. include.
S. to converse. como, compsi, comp- concordia, ae. /. harmo-
collum, i, n. neck. tum 3. to comb, adorn. my.
collustro 1. to illumi- comoedia, ae,/. comedy, concresco, crevi, cre-
nate. comparo 1. to prepare, tum 3. to grow to-
colo, colui, cultum 3. acquire. gether.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 329
concupisco, pivi, pitum congrego 1. to assemble. conservatio,6nis,/.p'C-
3. to desire. conjicio jeci, jectum 3. servation.
condemno 1. to con- to throw ; in piido- conservator, oris, m ;
demn ; capiiis,to death. rem coniic'i, to be dis- conservatrix, icis, /.
condimentum, i. n. seers- graced. preserver,
oning. conjugo, ]. to unite. conservo 1. to preserve.
condio 4. to season. conjungo, nxi, nctumS. considero 1. to consider.
condiscipulus, i, m.fel- to join. consido, edi, essum 3.
low-student. conjuratio, 6nis,y! con- to sit down.
conditio, onis,/. condi- spiracy. consigno 1. to note^
lion. conjuratus 3. conspired^ point out.
condo, idi, itum 3. to a conspirator. consilium, i, n. counsel^
preserve, conceal, connecto, exui, exum 3. deliberation, purpose,
found. to connect. plan, wisdom.
confectio, onis, /. mak- Cono, onis, m. Conon. consolatlo, onis, /. con-
ing, composing. conor 1. to undertake, soling, consolation.
confero, contuli, colla- venture, try. consolor 1. to console.
turn 3. to bring to- conquiesco, evi, etum 3. consors, tis c. gen. par-
gether, join, compare, in c. abl. to find taking of.
2) to confer (e. g. fa- consolation in some- conspectus, us, m. sight.
vors) ; se conferre, thing, conspergo, rsi, rsum 3.
to betake one's self. consanesco, nui 3. to to besprinkle, strew.
conficio, feci, fectum become well. conspicio, exi, ectum 3.
3. to perform, con- couscendo, di, sum, 3. to discover,
dude ; 2) to impair, to mount up, to as- conspicor 1. to discover,
consume. cend. see. [cimus.
confido, Isus sum 3, c. conscientia, ae, / con- conspicuus 3. conspi-
dat. or abl. to trust to, sdousness, conscience, constanter, adv. with
confide in. consclus 3. c. gen. con- constancy, constantly.
confirmo 1. to confirm. scious of constantia, ae, /. stead-
confiteor, fessus sum consector 1. to pursue. fastness.
2.to acknowledge, con- consenesco, nui 3. to consterno, stravi, stra-
ps, grow old. tum 3. to strew.
confligo, xi, ctum 3. to consensus, us, m. agree- constituo, ui, utum 3.
fight. ment. to establish, determine,
confluo, xi, xum 3. to consentaneus 3. suited constitute,
fiow together. to. consto, iti, atum 1. c.
confodio, odi, ossum 3. consentio, nsi, nsum 4. abl. or ex c. abl. to
to stab. to agree with. consist of; to cost ;
conformo 1. to form. consequor, secutus sum constat, it is known.
confringo, fregi, frac- 3. to follow, to attain, constringo, inxi, ictum
tum 3. to break in consero, rui, rtum 3. 3. to draw togetlier,
pieces. to join together ; ma- bind together.
congero, essi, estum 3. num cum aliquo, to consuesco, evi, etum 3.
to collect together. be hand to hand with to accustom one's self,
congredior,gressus sum some one. be accustomed.
3. to meet (with one), consero, sevi, situm 3. consuetQdo, inis,/. hab-
fight. to set with plants. ity intercourse.
28*
330 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. '
consul, ulis, m. consul, contremisco, tremui 3. corrado, si, sum 3. to
consulatus, us, m. con- to tremble. scrape together.
sulship. contueor, tuitus sum 2. correctio, onis, /. cor-
consulo, liii, hum 3. to to consider. rection.
deliberate; c. ace. to contundo, udi, usum 3. corrigo, rexi, rectum 3.
consult some one ; c. to crush, bring to to correct, improve.
dat. to consult for naught. [cover, corriio, ui 3. to rush to-
some one. convalesce, lui 3. to re- gether.
consulto, adv. designed- conveho, exi, ectum 3. cortex, icis, m. rind,
lif. to bring together, car- bark.
consultus 3. c. gen. ac- ry together. corvus, i, m. a crow.
quainted ivith. convello, velli, vulsum cos, cotis, /. whetaione,
consumo, mpsi, mptum 3. to rend, convulse. grindstone.
3. to consume. convenio, veni, ventum crambe, es,/. cabbage.
contamlno 1. to contam- 4. to comje together ; eras, adv. tomorrow.
inate. c. ace. to visit crebro, adv. frequently.
contemno, mpsi, mp- converto, rti, rsum 3. credo, dldi, ditum 3.
tum 3. to despise. to turn around, turn to believe, to trust.
comtemplor 1. to con- to, turn. credulus 3. credulous.
sider. eonviva, ae, m. guest. cremo 1. to burn.
contendo, di, tum 3. to convivium, i, n. enter- creo 1. to create, choose.
stretch, stretch one's tainment. crepo, ui, itum 1. to
self, strive after some- convivor 1. to eat with. creak.
thing ; in locum, to convoco 1. to call togeth- cresco, crevi, cretum 3.
march ; to contend ; er. to increase, grow,
ab aliquo, to demand, convolo 1. tojly, hasten Creta, ae,/. Crete.
contentus 3. c. abl. con- together. crimen, inis, n. crime
tented. coorior, ortus sum 4. crinis, is, m. hair.
contero, trivi, tritum 3. to arise, burst forth, crinitus 3. hairy.
to break in pieces; copla, ae,/. abundance, Croto, onis, m. Croton,
contritus 3. threshed. multitude ; opportu- cruciatus, us, m. torture,
conticesco, ticui 3. to nity ; pi. troops. crucio 1. to torment, tor-
bt silent. copiosus 3. abundant ; ture.
contineo, inui, entum 2) rich in expression, crudelis, e, cruel.
2. to hold together ; fluent. cru dell tas, atis,/ cmeZ-
animam, to stop the copulo 1. to join. ty.
breath; abstain. coqua, ae,/ a cook. cruentus 3. bloody,
contingo, tigi, tactum eoquo, xi, etum 3. to cruor, oris, m. blood.
3. to fall to on£s lot. cook. crus, uris, n. shin, leg.
continiio, adv.forthwith. cor, cordis, n. heart. cubo, iii, itum 1. to re-
continiius 3. continuous. Corinthius 3. Corin- dine.
contorqueo, rsi, rtum 2. thian. cuciimis, eris, m. cu-
to hurl, shoot. Corinthus, i,/ Corin^^. cumber.
contra, adv. on the con- corneus 3. of horn. culina, ae,/. kitchen.
trary. cornu, us, n. ^«m. culmen, Inis, ti. i<?p.
contraho, axi, actum 3. corona, ae,/. garland, culpa, ae, f guilt, fault,
to draw together. corpor6us 3. corporeal, cultus, us, m. attention
contrarius 3. opposite, corpus, oris, n, body, to, clothing, worship.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 2Z%
cumulo 1. to heap up, decerno, crevi, cretum dejicio, jeci, jectum 3.
load, 3. to determine, dis- to cast down.
cunae, arum, /a crcMfie. cem. delecto 1. to delight;
cunctor 1. to delay. decerpo, psi, ptum 3. pass. c. abl. to he de-
cunctus 3. the whole ; to pluck off, break off, lighted, to rejoice.
pi. all, all together. take from. deleo, evi, etiim 2. to
cupiditas, atis,/. desire, decerto 1. to contend. destroy, annihilate.
cupidus 3. c. gen. de- decet 2. c. ace. it is delibero I. to deliberate,
sirous. proper. consider.
cuplo, pivi, pitum 3. to declare 1. to declare. delictum, i, n. offence.
desire, imsh. decorus 3. becoming ; dellgo, egi, ectum 3. to
cur, adv. why ? decorum, propriety. select.
cura, ae,/, care; curae decresco, crevi, cretum Delphi, orum, m. Del-
mihi est, 1 am anx- 3. to decrease. phi.
ious. decus, oris, n. honor. Delphicus 3. Delphic
curculio, onis, m. the dedecet 2. c. ace. it is delinquo, iqui, ictum 3.
corn-worm. not proper. to do wrong.
Curius, i, m. Curius. dedico 1. to.dedicaie. delude, si, sum 3. to
euro 1. to care ; c. ace. to dedo, idi, itum, 3. to de- deceive.
be concerned, to look liver up. Delus (os), i. / Delos
out for something; c. defatigo 1. to weary, to (an island).
gerundive, to cause. make weary ; pass, to Demaratus, i, m. De-
curriculum, i, n. race become weary. maratus.
course, course. defende, di, sum 3. to demerge, si, sum 3. to
curre, cucurri, cursum defend. plunge under, sink.
3. to run. defere, detuli, delatum, demete, ssui, ssum 3.
currus, us, m. chariot. deferre 3. to offer. to cut down.
cursus, us, m. a course, defervesce, bui, 3. to demitte, misi, missum
custedia, ae,f. watch cease boiling, cease 3. to send down, let
custedie 4. to guard, raging. fall.
watch, keep. defetiscer, fessus sum deme, mpsi, mptum 3.
custes, odis, m. keeper, 3. to become weary, be to take away.
cymba, ae,/. boat. wearied. [to fail, demolier, itus sum 4.
Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. deficle, feci, fectum 3. to demolish
Cyprus, i,/. Cyprus. defige xi, xum 3. in c. demenstre 1. to point
abl. to fix firmly, fix out.
D. upon something. Demosthenes, is, m,
Damne 1. to condemn, definie 4. to define. Demosthenes.
damnum, i, n. injury, deflagre 1. to bum up. demum, adv. first, at
dea, ae,/ goddess. deflectd, xi, xum 3. to length.
deambulo 1. to go to turn from, deviate. denique, adv. at last,
walk. [must, defugio, ugi, ugitura 3. finally.
deb6e 2. to owe, ought, c. ace. to escape. dens, tis, m. tooth.
debilis, e, weak. degener, ris, degenerate, densus 3. thick.
decede, cessi, cessum deguste 1. to taste. dentatus 3. toothed,
3. to go away, die, deinde, thereupon, then, denue, adv. anew.
December, bris, m. De- Deianira, ae, f, Deja- depasce, pavi, pastum
cember. nira, 3. to feed down.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
depono, posui, posjtum detraho, axi, actum 3. diligo, lexi, ler.tum 3. to
3. to lay down, lay to draw from, remove. esteem, love.
aside. detrimentum, i, n. in- dilucidus 3. dear.
deprehendo, di, sum 3. jury. diluo, ui, utum 3. forfi-
to seize, catch. detrudo, si, sum 3. to lute, weaken.
deprimo, pressi, pres- thrust down. dimico 1. tojight.
sum 3. to depress. deus, i, m. God. dimidium, i, n. half.
depugno 1. to fight (for devasto 1. to lay waste, dimitto 3. to dismiss.
life or death). devinco 3. to conquer. Dionysius, i, m. Diony-
derideo, isi, isum 2. to devoco 1. to call down. sius.
deride. devolo 1. to fiy forth, diphthongus, i, / diph-
descendo, di, sum 3. hasten away. thong.
to descend. devoro 1. to devour. diriplo, ipui, eptum 3.
describo, psi, ptum 3. dialectica, ae,/. Zog-tc. to plunder.
to describe, note. dialectus, i, /. dialect. diriio, iii, uium 3. to de-
deseco, cui, ctum 1. Diana, ae,/ Diana. stroy.
to cut off. dico, xi, ctum 3. to say, dirus 3. horrible.
desero, rui, rtum 3. to caU. discedo, cessi, cessum
desert. dictator, oris, m. dicta- 3. to go away, depart.
desiderium, i, n. long- tor. discessus, us, m. de-
ing, earnest desire. dictlto 1 . to say often. parture.
desidero 1. to long for, dies, ei, m. day. discindo, cidi, cissum
feel the want ofsoms- difRcIlis, e, difficult. 3. to tear in pieces,
something. difficultas, atis, /. diffi- rend.
desido, edi 3. to fall cidty. disciplina, ae, f disd-
down. difFido, isus sum 3. to pline.
designo 1. to designate. distrust. discipulus, i, m. disciple.
desino, sii, situm 3. to diffindo, fidi, fissum 3. discludo, si, sum 3. to
cease. to split. separate.
desisto, stiti, stitum 3. difFundo, fudi, fusum 3. disco, didici 3. to learn.
to desist, cease. to diffuse, disperse. discolor, oris, party-col-
despero 1. to despair of. digero, essi, estum 3. to ored, variegated.
despicio, spexi, spec- separate, digest. discordia, ae,/ discord.
tum 3. to despise. digitus, i, m. finger. discordo 1. cum aliquo,
destituo, ui, utum 3. to dignltas, atis,/. dignity. to disagree with some
desert, leave behind. dignus 3. c. abl. worthy, one.
destruo, uxi, uctum 3. deserving. discrimen, inis, n. dis-
to destroy. dijudico 1. to distin- tinction, danger.
desum, fui, esse, to be guish. discutlo, ussi, ussum 3.
wanting ; c. dat. rei, dilabor, lapsus sum 3. to disperse, to dispel.
to neglect. to glide away, disap- disertus 3. eloquent.
detego, xi, ctum 3. to pear. [pieces, disjicio, jeci, jectum 3.
detect. . dilacero 1. to tear in to scatter.
detergeo, rsi, rsum 2. dilanio 1. to lacerate. dispar, aris, unequal,
to wipe off. dilrgens, tis, diligent. diverse.
deterreo 2. to frighten diligenter adv.diligently. dispello, puli, pulsum
from, deter. diligentia, ae, / dili- 3. to drive asunder,
detestabilis,e,(i!efe5toWe. gence, exactness. to dispel.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 333
dispergo,rsi,rsum 3. fo documentum,i,n. ^roq/*. Dyrrhachium, i, n,
disperse, scatter. doleo 2. to grieve, feel Dyrrhachium.
displcio, exi, ectum 3. pain.
to open the eyes. doliarium, i, n. cellar. E.
displiceo 2. to displease, dolor, oris, m. pain, Eblandior itus sum 4.
dissenslo, onis, /. dis- grief. to gain hy flattery.
sension. dolus, i, m.fravd. eburneus 3. of ivory,
dissero, rui, rtum 3. to domesticus 3. domestic. ivory.
discuss, discourse. domicilium, i, n. resi- ecclesia, ae, f. church.
dissimilis, e, dissimilar. dence. echo, us,f. echo.
dissipo 1. to scatter. dominatlo, onis, /. do- edisco, didlci 3. to com-
dissolvo, vi, utum 3. to minion. mit to memory.
dissolve. [dissuade, dorninor 1. to reign. edo, di, sum 3. to eat.
dissuadeo, si, sum 2. to dominus, i, m. lord, mas- edo, idi, itum 3. to put
distineo, inui, entum 2. ter. forth, proclaim, per'
to hold from each oth- domo, ui, Itum 1. to form.
er, occupy, detain. subdue. edoceo, cui, ctum 2. to
distinguo, nxi, nctum 3. domus, us, f house, pal- instruct, inform.
to distinguish. ace.; do mi, at horm ; edolo 1. to hew properly ,
distraho, axi, actum 3. domo, /rom home. to square.
to draw asunder, dis- donee, cunj. until, until educo 1. to bring up.
solve, waste. that, even until. educo, xi, ctum 3. to
distribiio, ui, utum 3. dono 1. to give, present. lead forth.
c. dat. to distribute. donum, i, n. present. effector, oris, m. maker,
diu, adv. a long timje ; dormio 4. to sleep. efFeminatus 3. efftmi-
diutius, Zong'cr. dos, dotis, f. dowry, por- nite.
diuturnitas, atis,/. Zong" tion. effero, extuli, elatum 3.
continuance. dublto 1. to dr^ubt. to carry forth, bury.
diuturnus 3. long-con- dubius 3. doubiful. efFicio, feci, fectum 3.
tinned. duco, xi, ctum 3. to to effect, make.
diversus 3. different. lead, draw, lead away ; effloresco, rui 3. to
dives, itis, rich. 2) to consider, regard flourish. [dig up,
divido, isi, isum 3. to as something. effodio, odi, ossum 3. to
divide. dulcedo, inis /. siveet- efFiiglo, fugi, fugltum
divinus 3. divine. ness, pleasantness. 3. c. ace. to flee away,
divitiae, arum,/, riches, dulcis, e, sweet, lovely. efTundo, udi, usum 3.
do, dedi, datum, dare, dum, conj. while, so long to pour forth, throw
to give, attribute ; lit- as ; with subj. until, off.
teras dare, to write a untU that, so {as) long efFusus 3. unrestrained,
letter. as ; provided that. egeo, ui 2. to want, he
doc^o, cui, ctum 2. to dumetum, i, n. a thicket. in want.
teach, inform. dummodo, conj. with egestas, atis, /. want,
docilis, e, teachable. subj. provided that. ego, pron. I.
doctor, oris, m. teacher, duplico 1. to double. ejicio, eci, ectum 3. to
doctrina, ae,/. doctrine, duro 1. to last, endure. cast forth.
instruction, science. durus 3. hard. ejulo 1. to complain,
ductus 3. learned, versed dux, cis, c. leader, gen- ejusmodi, of this kind,
lit eroL of like kind.
334 ' LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
elabor, lapsus sum 3. emolumentum, i, n. ad- eruo, iii, utum 3. to dig
to glide away. vantage. up.
elaborol.to bestow pains emorior, ortuus sum 3. esurio 4. to be hungry.
upon ; in c. abl. to to die. [chase, et, conj. and ; et — et,
occupy one's self with emptio, onis, / pur- both — and, so [as)
something. en, adv. behold ! well — as also.
elegans, tis, elegant. Endymlo, onis, m. En- etiam, conj. also.
elegantla, ae,/. elegance. dymion. etiamsi, conj. even if.
elementum, i, n. ele- eneco, cui, ctum 1. to Etruria, ae, /. Etruria.
ment, beginnings de- kill by inches, vex to etsi, conj. even if, al-
mentary principle, let- death. though.
ter (of the alphabet). enim,/or (^ 101. R. 1). Europa, ae,/. Europe.
elephantus, i, m. ele- enitor, isus or ixus sunt evado, asi, asum 3. to
phant. 3. to exert one's self, go out, become.
elicio, ui, itum 3. to strive. evanesco, niii 3. to dis-
draw out, elicit. ensis, is, m. sword. appear.
elido, isi, isum 3. to enumero 1. to enumer- evello, velli, vulsum 3.
dash, break, weaken. ate. to pluck out.
eligo, egi, ectum 3. to eo, adv. thither, so far. evenit 4. it happens.
select out, elect, choose, eo, ivi, itum, ire, to go. eventus, us, m. event, re-
eloquentia, ae, f do- Epaminondas, ae, m. suit.
quence. Epaminondas. everto, ti, sum 3. to
eloquor, cutus sum 3. Epheslus 3. Ephesian. overturn, prostrate, de-
to pronounce. Ephesus, i, /. Ephesus. stray.
eluceo, xi 2. to shine Epicurus, i, m. Epicu- evito 1 . to avoid.
forth. rus. [gram, evolo 1. to fly forth.
eludo, usi, usum 3. to epigramma, atis,n. epi- evolvo, Ivi, latum 3. to
dude, deride. epilogus, i, m. epilogue. unfold, bring out.
emendo 1. to improve, epistola, ae,/. letter. evomo, iii, Itum 3. to
ementior, itus sum 4. to epulae, arum,/ a meal, belch forth, send forth.
state falsely. feast. exaciio, ui, utum 3. to
emergo, rsi, rsum 3. to eques, itis, wi. horseman ; sharpen.
emerge, to work one's cavalry, knight. exagito 1. to harass.
self out. equidem, adv. indeed. ex&men, ims, n. swarm.
emetior, emensus sum equito 1. to ride. exammo 1. to examine.
4. to measure off; equus, i, m. horse, steed, exanlmo 1. to deprive of
travd through. Erechtheus, ei, m. Erec- life, to kill.
emico, ui, atum 1. to theus. exardesco, arsi, arsum
gush forth. ergo, conj. therefore. 3. to take fire. [ion.
emigro 1. to move out. erlplo, ipui, eptum 3. to exascio 1. to hew, fash-
emineo, ui 2. to be emi- snatch Jrom. exaudio 4. to listen to.
nent. erraticus 3. wandering, excedo, cessi, cessum
emitto, misi, missum 3. erro 1. to wander, err. 3. c. abl. or ex c. abl.
to send forth, thrust error, 6ris,wi. error; pi. to go forth, depart.
out. wanderings. excello, iii 3. to excel.
emo, emi, emptum 3. eriidio 4. to instrud. excelsus 3. elevated.
to purclvase. erumpo, rupi, ruptum excerpo, psi, ptum 3.
emoUio 4. to soften. 3. to break forth. to take out, extrad.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 335
excessus, us, m. depar- exoro 1. to erUreat ear- exsul, ulis, c. an exUe,
ture. nestly, obtain hy en- exsulto 1. to leap up,
excido, idi, isum 3. to treaty. exult.
destroy. expedio 4. to disengage ; extemplo adv. immedi-
excieo, ivi, itum 2. or se exp. to get ready. ately.
excio, ivi, itum 4. to expello, pull, pulsum 3. extenuo 1. to lessen.
excite, arouse. to expel. extermmo 1. to exter-
exclpio, cepi, ceptum expergefacio, feci, fac- minate.
3. to receive. turn 3. to arouse extern us 3. external.
excito 1. to excite, raise. (from sleep). exterus 3. foreign.
exclamo 1. to cry out. expergiscor, perrectus extimesco, mui 3. c.
excludo, usi, usum 3. sum 3. to wake up. ace. to be afraid of
to shut out, hatch. experior, pertus sum 4. something.
excolo, olui, ultum 3. to ascertain, to try. extorqueo, rsi, rtum 2.
to cultivate. expers, rtis, c. gen. des- to wrest from, extort.
excors, rdis, senseless. titute of. extremus 3. outerrmst,
excrucio ] . to torment, expeto, ivi, itum 3. to last.
excusatio, onis, / ex- strive to obtain. extrinsecus, adv. from
cuse. expingo, nxi, ctum 3. without.
exedo, edi, esum 3. to to paint out. extrudo, si, sum 3. to
consume, corrode. expleo, evi, etum 2. to thrust from, out.
exemplar, aris, n. mod- jUl up, fulfil. exulcero 1. to make sore,
el, pattern. explico 1. to explain. render worse.
exemplum, i, n. exam- explode, si, sum 3. to exuo, ui, utum 3. to
pie, instance. clap off, drive off. draw off, take off.
exeo, ii, itum, ire, to go explorator, oris, m. spy.
out, go forth. exploro 1. to search out, F.
exerceo 2. to exercise. explore. . Faber, bri, m. artisan
exercitatio, onis,/ cxer- exposco, poposci 3. to (of each art); faber
me, practice. demand, request. lignarius, carpenter.
exercltus, us, m. army, exprimo, pressi, pres- fabricator, oris, m. mak-
exhaurlo, si, stum 4. sum 3. to express. er,framer.
to exhaust. exprobro 1. to reproach. Fabricius, i, m. Fabri-
exhilaro 1. to exhilarate, expugno 1. to take. cius.
exigo, egi, actum 3. to exquiro, isivi, isitum 3. fabiXla, ae, f. Jable.
pass (time). to examine. facesso, ssivi, ssitum 3.
exiguus 3. little, paltry, exsilium, i, n. banish- to make ; negotium,
eximius 3. distinguish- ment. [become, be. to make trouble, vex ;
ed, excellent. exsisto, stiti 3. to arise, 2) to take one's self
existimatio, onis, /. es- exsors, rtis, c. gen. des- off
timation, opinion, titute of. facetus 3. delicate, witty.
judgment. exspecto 1. to expect, facile, adv. easily.
existimo l.to esteem, con- await, wait. facilis, e, easy.
sider one something. exstinguo, nxi, nctum facinus, oris, n. deed,
exordior, orsus sum 4. 3. to extinguish, ob- foul deed.
to begin. literate, kill. facio, feci, factum 3. to
exorlor, ortus sum 4. to extruo, uxi, uctum 3. make, to esteem.
appear, arise. to erect, construct. factum, i, n. deed.
S0I5 LATIN-ENQLISH VOCABULARY.
facultas, 2it\3ff. faculty, ferrum i, n. iron, sword, flagro 1. to bum,
power. fertilis,e, c. gen. fertile, flam ma, ae,fjlame.
facundia, ae, f. fluency ferus 3. wild; ferae, flavus 3. yellow, fair.
of speech arum,/, wild beasts, fleo, evi, etum 2. to
fagus, i./. beech tree. fessus 3. wearied, fa- weep.
fallax, acis, deceptive. tigued. flo 1. to blow, wave.
fallo, fefelli, falsum 3. festivitas, atis, /. pieas- flocci faeere, to consid-
to deceive. antness. er of no account.
falsus 3. /oZse. festivus 3. fne, sprightly. ($88.9.)
fama, ae, /. fame, re- ficus, i and us, /. fg- floreo, ui 2. to bloom.
nown, rumor. tree. flos, floris, m. a flower.
fames, is,/, hunger. fidelis, e, faithful. flumen, inis, n. river.
femilia, ae,f. family. fideliter, adv. faithfidly. fluvius i, m. river.
familiaris, e, belonging fides, ei, / fidelity ; fi- foede, adv. basely, in a
to a family ; res fa- dem habere c. dat. base manner.
jmlsins, property ; fa- to trust, have confi- foedus 3. base, foul.
miliaris, subst. friend. dence in some one. foedus, eris, n. league.
famulus, i, m. servant, fides, is,/, string; fidi- folium, i, n. leaf.
fanum, i, n. temple. bus canere, to play follis, is, m. bellows.
fascis, is, m. bundle. on a stringed instru- fens, ntis, m. fountain.
fastidio 4. c. ace. to ment. foris, is,/, in plur. fold-
loathe, spurn. fido, fisus sum 3. to ing doors.
fatallter, adv. according trust. foris, adv. ivithout.
to fate. fidus 3. faithful, true, fornix, icis, m. vault,
fateor, fassum sum 2. figura, ae, / flgure, arch.
to acknowledge, allow, form. fortasse, adv. perchance.
fatum, i, n.fate. filla, ae,/. daughter. forte,^ adv. by chance,
f&MX, cia, f throat. fi\i6\u8, i, m. little son. perhaps.
feveo, avi, autum 2. c. fillus, i, m. son. fortis, e, strong, bold.
dat to be favorable fingo, finxi, fictum 3. to forttter, adv. bravely.
to, favor some one. form, feign. fortitiido, ims,f bravery.
febris, is, f. fever. finlo 4. to finish. fortuito, adv. fortui-
fecundus 3. fruitful. finis, is, m. end. tously.
felicitas, atis, / happi- finitimus 3. neighbour- fortuna, ae, f fate, for-
ness. ing. tune.
felix, icis, happy. fio, factus sum, fieri to fortunatus 3. fortunate.
ferax, acis. c. gen. pro- be made, become, hap- foinim, i, n. market, mar-
ductiveof. pen; fieri non po- ket place.
fere, adv. almost. test, quin, it is not fossa, ae,/ ditch.
feriae, arum, / holi- possible, but that. foveo, ovi, otum 2. to
days. [strike, firmltas, atis, f firmness. warm, cherish, attend
ferio, ire, to thrust, firmlter, adv. firmly. to.
ferme, adv. almost. firmo 1. to render firm, fragilis, e, frail.
fero, tuli, latum, ferre, strengthen, to har- frango, egi, actum 3. to
to bear, bring, relate. den. break, break in pieces;
ferociter, adv. fiercely. firmus 3. firm. molis frangere, to
ferox, 6c'i8, fierce. flagitlum, i, n.foul deed. grind.
ferrous 3. of iron. flagito 1. to demand. frater, tris, m. brother.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 337
fraus, di8,f. fraud. furor, oris, m. rage. Gordius, i, m. Gordins.
fi-emitus, us, m. noise, fustis, is, m. a cudgel. Gottingensis, e, of Got-
frenum, i, n. [plur. fre- futilis, e. useless. tingen.
ni anc?frena)6iV, rein, futurus 3. /M^urc. Graecia, ae,/. Greece.
frequento \. to frequent Graecus, i. m. a Greek.
fretus 3. c. abl. relying G. Graecus 3. Greek.
upon something. Gallia, ae,/. Gaul. grammatfcus 3. gram-
frigidus 3. cold. Gallus, i, m. a Gaul. matical ; grammati-
frigus, oris, n. coZc?. gallina, ae, /. a hen, cuSyi^m. grammarian
frondosus 3. leafy. fowl. grandis, e, great ; natu
frons, ntis, f. forehead, garrio 4. to chatter. grandis, aged.
fructus, us, m. advan- garrulus 3. loquacious, granum, i. m. a grain.
iage. gaudeo, gavisus sum, grate, adv. gratefully.
fruges, um, /. fruit (of gaudere c. abl. or de gratia, ae, /. favour.
field and trees.) * c. abl. to rejoice. thank ; gratias agere,
frugifer, era, erum, gaudium, i, n. joy. to thank, give thanks .
fruitful. gelldus 3. ice-cold, cold. gratiam referre, to rc-
frumentum, i, n. grain, gemitus, us, m. groan. turn a favour ; gra-
fruor, fructus or fruitus gener, eri, m. son-in- tia (with a foregoing
sum 3. c. abl. to en- laiv. gen.), on account of
joy. genero 1. to produce. gratulor 1. to congrat-
frustra, adv. in vain. gens, ntla, f a people. ulate.
frutex, icis, m. shrub ; genu, us, n. knee. gratus 3. agreeable ; 2)
ip]. bushes, shrubbery, genus, eris,n. race, kind. grateful. [ly.
fuga, ae, f flight. geometricus S. geomet- grasaXe, adv. unwilling-
fugio, gi, gitum 3. c. rical. gravis, e, heavy, difficult ;
ace. to fee. Germania, ae, /. Ger- serious.
fugo 1. to put to fight. many. gra vitas, ati8,f. serious-
fulcio, Isi, Itum 4. to gero, gessi, gestum 3. ness, dignity.
support. to carry, carry on. graviter, adv. heavily,
fulgur, \ms,n. a fash of gestio 4. to make ges- violently, forcibly;
lightning. tures, be transported. graviter ferre, to be
fulmen, inis, n. light- gesto 1. to bear. displeased.
ning. gigas, antis, m. giant, grex, gis, m. herd,fock.
funambulus, i, m. rope- gigno, genui, genitum gubernator, oris, m. pi-
dancer. 3. to beget, bring Jorth, lot.
fundamentum, i, n. to bear. guberno 1. to govern,
foundation. glacies, e\,f. ice. rule.
fundltus, adv. from the gladiator, oris, m. fen- gusto 1. to taste, rdish.
foundation, wholly. cer, gladiator.
fundo 1. to found. gladius, i, m. sword. H.
fundo, fudi, fusum 3. glis, iris, m. a dormouse. Habeo 2. to have, hold;
(of an army), to rout, globosus 3. globular. consider ; sese ha-
fungor, nctus sum 3. c. gloria, ae,/. glory. bere, to be ; bene ha-
abl. to discharge. glorior 1. to glory. bet, it is well.
funis, is, m. a rope. gnarus 3. c. gen. ac- habito 1. to dwell.
furfur, uris, n. bran. quainted unth. habitus, us, m. hjabit,
furiosus 3. raving. gnaviter, adv. zealously. bearing, condition.
29
338 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
haereo, haesi, haesum Hispania, ae,/. Spain, identidem, adv. repeat-
2. to adhere, to stick, historia, ae,/. history. edly.
Hannibal, alis, m. Han- histrio, onis, m. actor, idon^us S. Jit, JUted.
nibal. hodie, adv. to-day. igitur, conj. ihereforCj
harpago, onis, m. hook, Homerus, i, m. Homer. hence.
grappling-iron. homo, inis, m. man. ignarus 3. c. gen. unac-
haruspx, icis, m. sooth- honest-dS,2itis,f.integrity. quainted with.
sayer. honeste, adv. decently, ignavla, ae,/. indolence,
hasta, ae, / spear. honorably, virtuously. cowardice.
baud, adv. not. honestus 3. honest, up- ignavus 3. indolent, in-
hauiio, bausi, haustum right, honorable, vir- active, sluggish, cow-
4. to draiv. ^ tuous. ardly.
hebdomas, adis, /. a honoro 1. to honor. igneus S.Jiery.
week. honos, oris, m. honor, ignis, is, to. /re.
bebes, etis, blunt, dull, post of honor, mmk of igitobibs, e, unknown.
obtuse. 4 honor. ignominla, ae, / dis-
hebesco 3. to become bora, ae,/ hour. grace.
dull, torpid. Horatius, i, m. Horace, ignoro 1. not to know;
hebeto 1. to stupify, hordeurn, i, n. barley. non ignorare, to know
weaken. borno, adv. of this year, perfectly well.
Hector, oris, m. Hector, borrendus 3. dreadful, ignosco, novi, notum 3.
herba, ae, f. herb. horreum, i, n. granary. to pardon.
Hercules, is, m. Hercu- borribllis, e, horrible. ille, a, ud, that.
les. hortor 1. to exhort. iliuc, adv. thither.
heri, adv. yesterday. bortus, i, m. garden. illucesco, luxi 3. to be-
herilis, e, of, pertaining bospes, itis, m. a guest. come light, dawn.
to a master. bostilis, e, hostile. imago, inis, / image.
Herodotus, i, m. Hero- bostis, is, m. enemy. imbecillus 3. weak.
dotus. hue, adv. hither. imber, bris, m. shower,
herus, i, m. master. humanitas, atis, / hu- rain.
heus, adv. ho there ! manity. . imbuo, ui, utum 3. to
hibernus 3. belonging bumanus 3. human. immerse ; c. abl. to
to winter. humerus, i, m. shoulder, fit with, imbue.
hie, haecj hoc, this ; hie, humidus, moist. imitatio, onis, / imvla-
adv. here ; upon this humilis e, low. tion.
occasion. humus, i, / ground, imitator, oris. m. imita-
hiemo 1. to pass the earth. tor.
winter. imltor 1. c. ace. to im-
hiems, emis, / unnter. I. itate.
hilaris, e, cheerful. Ibi, adv. at that, place, immanis, e, vast, cruel.
bilarltas, atis, /. hilari- there. immaturus 3. unripe,
ty. ico, ici, ictum 3. to immature, untimely.
bilariter, adv. cheerfully, strike ; (of a league), immemor, oris, c. gen.
joyfully. to conclude. [count. unmindful.
binnio 4. to neigh. idcirco, adv. on that ac- immineo 2. to threaten,
llipinas, ae,m. Hippias. idem, eadem, idem, immo, adv. yes rather,
birundo, Inis, / swal- pron. the very same, nay rather, on the con-
low, same. trary.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 339
immoderalus 3. intern- ing ; c. gen. unac- indulgentia, ae, /. in-
perate. quainted with. dulgence.
immodestus S.immodest. impubes, eris, youthful, indulgeo, Isi, Itum 2. c.
immodicus 3. excessive. immature. dat. to give one's self
immortalis, e, immoHal. impudens, ntis, impu- to, be indulgent.
immortalitas, atis, /. dent, shameless. induo, iii, utum 3. to
immortality. inipurus 3. impure. put on, clothe.
immortaliter, adv. in- inanis, e, empty, vain. Indus, i, m. an Indian ;
finitely. incedo, cessi, cessum 2) the Indus (a river),
impedimentum, i, n. 3. to walk upon. industrla, ae, f. indus-
hindrance. incendium, i, n. con/la- try.
impedio 4. to hinder. gration. industrius 3. active, in-
impello, puli, pul^m 3. incendo, di, sum 3. to dustnous.
to impel. enkindle, inflame. indutiae,arum,y!a irwce.
impendeo 2. to impend, incertus 3. uncertain. iuermis, e, unarmed, de-
impendo, pendi, pen- jncesso, ivi, itum 3. to fenceless.
sum 3. to bestow. attack. iners, rtis, unskilled, in-
imperator, oris, m. gen- incido, idi 3. to fall up- active.
eral, emperor. on. inertia, ae,/. inactivity.
imperitus 3. inexperien- incipio, cepi, ceptum 3. infans, ntis, c. a child,
ced. to begin. minor.
imperium, i. n. com- inclto 1. to spur on, in- infero, intuli, illatum,
mand, reign. cite. inferre, to bring ; bel-
impero I. c.dat. to reign, incognitus 3. unknoion. lum inferre alicui, to
reign over, command, incola, ae, m. inhabitant. make ivar upon one..
impetro 1. to obtain. incolumis, e, unhurt. interns 3. being below,
impetus, us, m. attack ; inconditus 3. unarrang- low, inferior ; inferi,
2) vast extent. ed. [ble. the dead in the lower
impius 3. impious. incredibilis, e, incredi- world.
impleo, evi, etum 2. to increpo, ui, itum 1. c. infidus 3. unfaithful.
fill. ace. to berate, re- infimus 3. the lowest,
jmplico, avi, atum 1. to proach. meanest.
involve. incumbo, cubui, cubi- infirmitas, atis, /. infir-
imploro 1. to implore. turn 3. in aliquid, to mity.
importo 1. to import. lay one^s self upon, at- infirmus 3. weak.
importunus 3. trouble- tend to something. infligo, xi, etum 3. c.
some. indago ] . to trace out. dat. to strike upon, in-
impotens, ntis, c. gen. inde, adv. thence. fiict.
not master of. India, ae,/ India. inflo 1. to inflate.
imprimis, adv.especially. indico 1. to indicate. informo 1. to instruct.
imprimo, pressi, pres- indigeo, ui 2. c. gen. et ingenlum, i, n. genius,
sum 3. to press into, abl. to be in want. spirit.
impress. indignor 1. to be indig- ingens, ntis, immense,
improbitas, atis,/. wick- nant. very greM.
edness. indignus 3. c. abl. un- ingenue, adv. nobly, re-
improbus 3. wicked. worthy. spectably.
imprudens, ntis, not induco, xi, etum 3. to ingeniius 3. free-bom,
foreseeing, not know- bring in, induce. noble.
340 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
jngjgno, geniii, geni- insectum, i, n. insect. intereo, li, itum, ire, to
turn 3. to implant. insero, sevi, situm 3. c. decay, cometo naught.
ingratus 3. ungrateful ; dat. to sow in, in- intei-fector, oris, m. mur-
2) disagreeable. P'^ft- derer.
ingredlor, gressus sum irisidlae, arum, /. am- interflcio, eci, ectum 3.
3. c. ace. to go into, buscade, snares. to kill.
enter upon. insidior 1 . to lie in wait, interim, adv. in the mean
iubaereo, haesi, hac- insignis, e, distinguish- time.
sum 2. in c. abl. to ed; suhst. insigpe, is, interlmo, emi, emptum
inhere. n. badge. 3. to kill.
inhumanus3. inhuman, iiisipiens, ntis, unwise, interitus, us, m. destruc-
injmicitia, ae, /. hostil- in situs 3. implanted, in- tion.
iiy. born. interpreter 1. to inter-
iuimicus 3. hostile ; ini- insperans, tis, not ex- pret, explain.
micus, i, m. enemy. peeling, contrary to interpungo, nxi, nctum
iniqiius 3. unjust. . expectation. to distinguish.
initium, i, n, beginning, inspicio, exi, ectum 3. interrogo 1. to ask.
HijiCio, jeci, jecium 3. to look into, inspect, intersum, ftii, esse c.
to throw into ; la- instituo, iii, utum 3. to dat. to he in, to be
queos, to lay snares. instruct. presented at; interest,
jnjucundus 3. unpleas- iustitutlo, onis, /. in- there is a difference ;
ani, disagreeable. struction ; inst. scho- c. gen. it concerns
injuria, ae,/ injustice, lastica, sclwlastic in- one (^ 88, 10).
injury. struction. intimus 3. inmost.
injuste, adv. unjustly. insto, stiti 1. to threat- intolerabllis, e, intolera-
jnnascor, natus sum 3. en, press upon, com- ble.
to be implanted. pel (some one). intro 1. c. ace. to go
innocens, ntis, innocent, instruo, xi, ctum 3. to into, to enter,
mnocentia, ae, f. inno- furnish; aclem in- introltus, us, m. en-
cence. struere, to arrange trance,
innoxius S. harmless. thelineof battle ; he\- intueor, tuitus sum 2.
innumerabilis, e, innu- lum instr. to prepare • to look upon, consider.
merable. for war. intus, adv. within, in
inopla, ae, /. helpless- insula, ae,/. island. the house.
ness, need, want, in- integer, gra, grum, inultus 3. unrevenged,
digence. sound. inutilis, e, useless.
inops, 6])is,helpless,poor, intelllgo, exi, ectum 2. invenio, veni, ventum
destitute, needy. to understand. 4. to find, find out.
inquam, / say. intempestive, adv. un- investlgo 1. to trace out^
insanus 3. insane. timely. investigate.
rascius 3. c. gen. not intentus 3. stretched ; invictus 3. invincible.
knowing,not acquaint- c. dat. or in c. ace. invideo, vidi, visum 2.
ed with. attentive, fixed upon e. dat. to entry.
inscribo, psi, ptiim 3. something. invidia, ae,/ envy^ ha-
c. dat. to write in or interdum, adv. some- tred.
upon something, in- times. invidus 3. envious.
scribe. [to engrave, interea, adv. in the mean inviso, isi, isum 3. to
jnsculpo, psi, ptum 3. time. ' visit
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULART. 341
invito 1. to invite, juba, ae,/. m. mane. lac, ctis, n. milk.
invitus 3. unwilling. jubeo, jussi, jussum 2. Lacaena, ae, /. Lace-
involve, vi, utum 3. to to bid, order. demonian woman.
involve ; involutus 3. jucunde, adv. pleasant- Lacedaemon, onis, /,
difficult to understand. ly, agreeably. Lacedemx)n, Sparta.
Iphicrates, is, m. ipAi- jucunditas, atis,/.j»Zea5- Lacedaemomus, i, m.
crates. antness, agreeableness. a Lacedemonian.
ipse, a, um, pron. self, jucundus 3. pleasant, lacero 1. to lacerate, tear
ira, ae,f. anger. agreeable. in pieces.
iracundia, ae, f. anger, judex, icis, m. judge. lacesso, ivi, itum 3. to
irascibility. judicium, i, n. judg- provoke.
irascor, iratus sum 3. ment. lacrlma, ae,/. tear.
c. dat. to be enraged, judico 1. to judge ; c. lacus, us, m. lake, pond.
iratus 3. enraged, an- dupl. ace. ^o con5ic?er laedo, si, sum 3. fo ^wr^
gry. on something. Laellus, m. Laelius.
irrideo, si, sum 2. <o jugum, i, n. yoke, top, laetitla, ae, f. joy.
mock, deride. ri^g-e (of a mountain), laetor 1. c. abl. to re-
iiTumpo, rupi, ruptum Julius (i) Caesar (aris) joice.
3. to burst in. m. Julius Caesar. laetus 3. joyful, delight-
is, ea, id, pron. he, she, jungo, nxi, nctum 3. to ed.
it ; that one ; the same, join, unite. lapideus 3. of stone.
Isocrates, is, m. Isocra- Junius, i, m. June. lapis, idis, m. a stone.
tes. Juno, 6ms, f. Juno. larglor, itus sum 4. to
iste, a, ud, pron. that. Jupplter, Jovis, m. Ju- bestow largely.
ita, adv. so, thus. piter. late, adv. widely.
Italia, ae,/. Italy. juro 1. to swear. lateo, ui 2. to be con-
itaque, conj. therefore, jus, juris, n. right. cealed.
item, adv. likeivise. jussum, i, n. command. Latinus 3. Latin.
iter, itineris, n. course, jussus, us, m. command. Latmus, i, m. Latmus
way, journey, march, justitia, ae,f. justice. (mountain in Caria).
'iterum, adv. again, the Justus 3. just. lat us 3. fcroac?.
second time. Juvenilis, is, m. Juve- laudabilis, e, praise-
nal. loorthy.
J. juvenilis, e, youthful. laudo 1. to praise.
Jaceo 2. to lie low. juvenis, is, m. a youth, laurus, i or us, / the
jacto 1. to throw hither young man. laurel.
and thither, extol. juventus, utis, /. youth, laus, dis,/. praise.
jactura, ae,/ loss ; jac- juvo, juvi, jutum 1. c. lavo, lavi, lavatum 1.
turam facere, to suf- ace. to assist. to wash.
fer loss. lectus, i, m. bed.
jam, adv. now, already. L. legatus, i, m. amhassa-
jam pridem, long since. Labefacto 1. to cause to dor.
]aiiua, ae, J. gate. totter, shake. lector, oris m. reacfer.
jecur, jecinoris, n. Ae. labor, lapsus sum 3. legio, onis,/ Zegion.
liver. to Jail. lego, gi, ctum 3. <o read
jocor, 1. to jest. labor, oris, m. labor, toil, lenio 4. to soothe.
jocosus 3. sportive. laboro 1. to labor ; c. leniter, adv. mildly,
^ocus, i, m. a jest. ah\. to suffer from. leo, onis, m. Zion.
29*
3^' LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
lepidus 3. elegant, neat, littus, oris, n. sea-shore, magis, adv. more.
lepor, Oris, m. agreea- loco 1. to place, set. magister, tri, m. teacher,
bleness, jest. locuples, etis, wealthy, magistratus, us, m. ma-
lepus, oris, m. a hare. rich. gistracy, authority ;
Lesbus, i,f. Leshos. locupleto 1. to enrich. magistrate.
levir, Iri, m. hrother-in- locus, i, m. place, situa- magniflcus 3. magni-
law. tion, room ; pi. loca. Jicent.
levis, e, light. loiige, adv. far, widely, magnitude, inis,/. mag-
levitas, atis,/ levity. longinquitas, atis, /. nitude.
levo 1. to lighten, re- length, extent. magnopere, adv. great-
lieve; c. abl, to free longinquus 3. remote, ly.
^ from. [tion. distant ; e longinquo, magnus S.great ; comp.
le^-gis, /. law, condi- from afar. major, us, greater,
libens, n\\s, willing. longus 3. long. older.
libenter, adv. willingly, loquacitas, atis,/. loqua- majores, um, m. ances-
with delight. city. tors.
liber, bri, m. book. loquax, acis, loquaciotts. male, adv. badly.
liber, era, erurn,/ree. loquor, locutiis 3. to maledico 3 c. dat. to
liberalis, e,free. speak. reproach.
liberalitas, atis,/ liber- Luceria, ae, / Luceria. ma\edicus S. slanderotis.
aliiy. Lucretius, i, m. Lucre- maleflcus 3. doing evil,
liberalrter, adv. liberally. tins. evil, wicked ; subst.
libere, adv. freely. lucrum, i, n. gain, ad- evil-doer.
Iib6ri,6rum, m. children vaniage. malevolus 3. ill dispos-
(in relation to their luctus, Qs, m. grief. ed, malicious.
parents). ludibrlu m i, n.spor^ malitla, ae, /. malice,
libero 1. to liberate. ludo, si, sum 3. to play. wickedness.
libertas, atis,/ liberty. Indus, i, m. play. malo, malui, malle, to
liliet, uit 2. it pleases. lugeo, xi 2. to grieve, la- wish rather, prefer.
libido, inis, / desire, mtnt. mh\\im, \, n. apple.
passion, lust. luna, ae,/ moon. malum, i, n. evil, mis-
liha-a, ae,/ a pound. lupus, i, m. wolf. fortune.
licet, uit 2. it is allowed, luscinia, ae, / nightin- mains, i,/ apple-tree.
ligneus 3. wooden, of gale. mains 3. evil, bad.
wood. lusus, us, m. sport. mando, di, sum 3. to
Wgnum, \, n. ivuod. \ux,\nc\s,f. light. chew.
Iimpidus3. limpid, clear, luxuria, ae,/ luxury. mane, adv. in the mom-
lingna, ae, / tongue, Lycnrgns, i, m. Lycur- ing.
language. gus. maneo, nsi, nsum 2.
linter, tris,/ boat, skiff. Lysis, is, m. Lysis. to remain', c. ace. to
liquetacio, feci, factum await.
3. to m^lt. M. Mantinea, ae, / Man-
lis, litis, / civil process, Macedo, onis, m. a tinea.
strife. Macedonian. manus, us,/ hand; 2)
llttera, ae, / letter (of Macedonia, ae, / Ma- a company.
alpliabet); litterae, cedonia. Marcell us, i, m. JkfarccZ-
arum,/ letter, litera- machinatio, onis,/ ma- Zm5.
ture. chine ; device, artifice, mare, is, n. sea.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. S43i,
margo, inis, m. margin, mentior 4. to lie. misere, adv. wretchedly,
Marius, i, m. Marius. mercator, oris, m. tra- misereor, misertus or
marmor, oris, n. marble. der. miseritus sum 2. c.
marmoreusS. o/*»MirWe, merces, edis,/. recom- gen. to pity.
marhle. pense. miseret me alicujusrei,
Marilus, \, m. Mars. mereor, merltus sura2. it excites my pity for
mater, tris,/. mother. to deserve; de aliqua something.
mathematicus, i, m. re mereri, to deserve miseria, ae, /. misery,
mnthemntidan. of something. want.
mature, adv. speedily, in meritum, i. n. desert. misericordia, ae,/.jnft/.
season. merx, rc'is, f. wares. mkescoS. to render soft,
maturus 3. ripe. messis, is,/, crop. tame.
medeor 2. c. dat. to cure. Metellus, i. m. Metellm. mitigo 1. to soften,
medicina, ae, /. medi- metior, meiisus sum 4. mitigate.
cine, remedy. to measure. mitis, e, soft, mild.
medicus,i,m. physician, metuo, ui 3. fo/ear. mitto, misi, missum 3.
mediocris, e, middling, metus, us, m. apprehen- to send.
meditatio, onis,/. medi- sion,fear. mobllis^ e, movable.
tation. meus, 3. mine. moderator, oris, m. gov-
meditor 1. to reflect mico, ui 1. to glitter. ernor.
upon, study into. migratio, onis,/. migra- moderaius 3. temperate.
Medus, i, m. a Mede. tion. moderor 1. c. ace. to
Megara, ae, /. Megara. migro 1. to migrate ; c. govern, rule.
mel, mellis, n. honey. ace. to transgress. modestia, ae, f modesty,
membrana, ae,/ mem- miles, itis, m. warrior, modestus 3. modest.
brane. soldier. modlce, adv. temper-
membrum, i, n. limb. Miltiades, is, m. Miltia- ately.
memini, isse, c. gen. or des. modius, i, m. bushel,
ace. to remember. minax, acis, threatening, modo, adv. only, now ;
memor, oris, c. gen. Minerva, aG,f Minerva. conj. c. Subj. if only,
mindful of. minime, adv. least, not modo — modo, now —
memoria, ae, /. memon/, at all. now.
remembrance, time ; minXior 1. to threaten, modus, i, m. manner,
memoria tenere, to minor 1. to threaten. way.
hold in remembrance, minuo, ui, utum 3. to moenia, lum, n. walls
memoriter, adv. from lessen, diminish. (as defence).
memory, by heart. mmus, adv. less. moeror, oris, m. grief,
memoro 1. to mention, mirificus 3. wonderful. sorrow.
relate. miror 1. to wonder ; 2) Moesia, ae, J. Moesia,
Menander, dri, m. Me- to admire. moles, is,/ mass.
nander. mirus 3. wonderful, ex- moleste, adv. grievovS'
mendax, acis, lying ; traordinary. ly ; mol. fero, take it
subst. liar. . misceo, scui, stum or ill.
mena,tis, f sense, mind, xt\im2. to mix, to dis- molestia., ae, f. annoy-
under standing, spirit, turb. ance.
state of mind. miser, era, erum, lorcfc^- molesius 3. trouble-
mensa, ae, / table. ed. some.
mensis, is, m. month. miserandus 3. pitiable, molior, itus sum 4. to
344 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
prepare, get ready. munio 4. to fortify. lum navale, naval-
mollio 4. to soften, make munus, eris, n. service ; war.
soft, alleviate. 2) present. navigo 1. to navigate.
mollis, e, soft. murex, icis, m. a pur- navis, is,/ ship ; navis
inoWitia, ae, f softness. pie fish, purple. \oiiga, war-ship.
Molo, onis, m. Molon. murmur, uris, n. mur- ne, adv. not (with Im-
momentum, i, n. cir- mur. perat., and Subj. of
cuvistance. murus, i, m. wall (as a exhorting),
moneo 2 to admonish, structure). ne, conj. that not ; that
mons, ntis, m. moun- mus, muris, m. mouse. [^ 106, 1 and 3.)
tain. musca, Sie,f. a fiy. ne, interrogative particle,
monumentum, i, n. musicus, \,m. musician. (^ 115. 3. b. a.)
monun.ent. muto 1. to change, ex- ne — quidem not even,
mora, ae,/. delay. change. not also, (has the
morbus, i, m. disease. mutus 3. dumb. word on which the
mordax, acis, biting. emphasis rests be-
mordeo, momordi, mor- N. tween its parts).
sum 2. to bite,toback- Nam, namque, conj. for nebula, ae,/. mist.
bite. nanciscor, nactus sum nee (neque), and not,
morior, mortuus sum, 3. to obtain. also not ; nee (ne-
mon, to die. narratio, onis,/ narra- que) — nee (neque),
moror 1. to delay, re- tion, narrative. neither — nor.
main; c. ace. to narro 1. to relcite. necdum, and not yet.
make nothing of. nascor, natus sum 3. to necessarlus 3. neces-
morosus 3. morose. be born, to spring. sary ; related ; homo
mors, tis,/ death. natalis, is, m. birth-day. necessarius, friend.
mortalis, e, mortal. natio, onis, / nation, necesse est, it is neces-
mos, oris, m. custom, tribe. sary {§ 105. R. 4.)
manner ; plur. charac- nato 1. to swim. necessitas, atis,/ neces-
ter. natura, ae,/ nature. sity.
motus, us, m. move- naturalis, e, natural. neco 1. to kill.
ment ; motus terrae, natus, us, m. birth ; ma- nectar, aris, n. nectar.
earthquake. jor natu, older; minor necto, xui, xum 3. to
moveo, vi, turn 2. to natu, younger. join together, weave.
move. natus 3. bom ; post nefaiius 3. infamous.
mox, adv. thereupon, Christum natum, af nefas, (indecl.) n. wrong.
(i/lerwards. ter the birth of Christ ; negligo, lexi, lectum 3.
muller, eris, / woman, old (when the year to neglect.
wife. has been specified, nego 1. to deny, say no.
MiJIlerus, i, m. Midler. which in this case negotlor 1. to pursue
multitudo, Inis, / mul- stands in the ace.) business, trade.
titude. naufragium, i, n. ship- negoiium, i, n. busi-
muho 1. to fine, punish. wreck; naufr. facere, n£ss.
multus 3. much, many. to suffer shipwreck. nemo (in is) c. nobody,
mundus, i, m. world. nauta, ae, m. sailor. no one, (gen. andabl.
munificentia, ae,/ mw- \\a\a\\B,e,naval,pertain- not used).
nificenre. ing to a ship ; pugna neptis, is, / grand-
munificus 3. munificent. navalis, sea-fight; bel- daughter.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 345
Neptunus, i. m. JVep- do) — sed etiam, no< ble that any one f any
tune. only — hut also. thing ?
nequeo, ivi, itum, ire, nondum, adv. not yet. nunc, adv. now.
not to be able. nonne ? not ? not in- nundlnae, arum, f,
nequicquam, adv. in deed"^ whether not. market.
vain, to no effect. nonnunquam,arfv.some- nunquam, adv. never.
nervus,\,m.nerve, sinew. times. nuntlo 1. to announce.
nescio 4. not to know, nosco, novi, notum 3. nuntius, i, m. message,
nescius 3. not knowing ; to become acquainted news ; messenger.
non sum nescius, / ivith. nuper, lately.
know full well. noster, tra, trum, our. nurus, us, f. daughter-
m [nisi), conj. if not, nostras, atis, m. of our in-law.
unless. country, fellow-conn- nusquam, ac?v. no-tu^cre.
nidifico 1. to build a tryman. nutrio 4. to nourish.
nest. nota, ae,/. mark, sign, nutrix, icis,/. nurse.
nidus, i, m. nest. notio, onis,/. notion. nutus, us, m. nod, com-
niger, gra, grum, black, notitia, ae, /. knowl- mand.
nihil (indecl.) n. nothing. edge. nux, nucis,/ a nvt.
nihilum, i, n. nothing, nolo 1. to mark, brand.
nimls, adv. too much, notus S. known. O.
nimlum, adv. too much, November, bris, m. Obdormisco, mivi, mi-
too very. JVovember. tum 3. to fall asleep.
ningo, xi, 3. to snoiv. novi, isse, to know. obduco, xi, ctum 3. to
nisi, conj. if not ; ex- novus 3. new. overspread, cover,
cept. nox, noctis,y! night. obedio 4. to obey.
nitrdus 3. shining, nubes, is, /. doud. obeo, li, itum, ire, to
splendid. nubo, psi, ptum 3. c. die.
nitor, nisus or nixus dat. to marry (of the obitus, us, m. departure,
sum 3. c. abl. to rely woman). death.
upon something ; ad nullus 3. no one, no ; oblecto 1. to delight.
aliquid, to strive after nullus non, every one. oblino, evi, itum 3. to
something ; in aliquid num,interrogative word besmear, contaminate.
to strive against some- [§ 1 15, 3, b, c,]. oblivio, onis, /. ohliv-
thing. Numa, ae, m. JVuma. ion.
nix, nivis,/ sn/}w. Numantia, ae, /. JVu- obliviscor, oblitus sum
nobilis, e, known, re- mantia. 3. c. gen. or ace. to
nowned. numero 1. to number, forget.
nohWito 1. to make knoivn, reckon. obrepo, repsi, reptum
renowned. numerus, i, m. numher,' 3. c. dat. to creep
noceo 2. to injure. multitude, rhythm. upon, steal upon, sur-
noctu, adv. by night. Numida, ae, m. a JVu- prise some one.
nocturnus 3. nocturnal. midian. obruo, ui, utum 3. to
nodus, i, m. knot. Numidia, ae, /. JVu- cover over, overwhelm.
nomen, Inis, n. name. midia. obscuro 1. to obscure.
nomino 1. to name. nummus, i, m. money, a obscurus 3. obscure.
non, adv. not (stands sesterce. obsequium, i, n. sub-
before its verb) ; non numquis, numqua, mission, obedience.
solum (tantum, mo- numquid, is U possi- obsequor, secutus sum
346 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
3. c. dat. to obey, occupo 1. to take pas- opinor 1. to think.
comply with. session of, fall upon, opitulor 1. to lend aid.
observo 1. to observe. to surprise. oportet 2. it is necessary,
obsessio, onis,/. block- October, bris, m. Oc- (§ 105. R. 4.)
ade, siege. tober. opperior, pertus sum 4.
obsideo, sessi, sessura oculus, i, m. eye. to await.
2. to besiege. odi, isse, to hate. oppidum, i, n. town.
obsidio, onis,/ siege. odiosus S. hateful, hated, oppleo, evi, etum 2. to
obsolesco, levi 3. to odium, i, n. fUl up,fll.
pass away, become an- Odofredus, i, m. Ott- op])6no S. to oppose.
tiquated. fned. opportune, adv. oppor-
obsto, stiti, statum 1. c. ofFendo, di, sum 3. to tunely.
to stand against, in offend. opprlmo, pressi, pres-
ide way of, to be a ofFero, obtiili, oblatum, sum 3. to oppress.
hindrance, hinder. 3. to offer. oppugno 1. to attack.
obsum, fui, esse c. dat. officio, feci, fectura 3. ops (not used), gen.
to be against, injure. to hinder, prevent. op\s,f. aid.
obtempero 1. to obey. officium, i, n. duty, ser- optabilis, e, desirable.
obtineo, 2. to maintain. vice. optimas, atis, m. chief
obtingo, igi 3. to fall to offundo, fudi, fusum 3. man.
one's lot. c. dat. to fow against; opto 1. to wish.
obtrectatio, onis, f. de- pass, to spread one's opulentus 3. powerful,
traction. self upon, surround rich.
obtrecto 1. c. d. to dis- something ; c. ace. to opus, eris, n. icork.
parage. cover. opus est, it is necessary,
obviam, adv. against, to oleum, i, n. oil. [k 91. 5, c]
meet. oYim, adv. formerly. oraciil um, i, n. oracZe.
occasio, onis, f. oppor- omitto, misi, missum3. oratio, onis,/. speech.
tunity. to let go, pass over, orator, oris, m. orator.
occasus, us, m. setting, postpone. orbis, is, m. circle.
downfall. omnino, adv. wholly, al- ordior, orsus sum 4. to
Occidens, ntis, m. set- together. begin.
ting sun, western re- omnis, e, each, whole ; ordo, inis, m. order, suc-
gions, west. plur. all. cession, rank.
occido, cidi, casum 3. onero 1. to load, burden. Orestes, ae, m. Orestes.
to fall. onus, eris, n. load. Oriens, ntis, m. sun-
occido, cidi, cisum 3. to onyx, ychis, m. onyx. rising, east, eastern
kill. opera, ae,/ service ren- regions.
occo 1. to harrow. dered, labour ; ope- origo, inis,/ origin.
occulo, uliii, ultum 3. ram dare, navare c. orior, ortus sum 4. to
to conceal. dat. to occupy one's rise, spring from.
occulio 1. to conceal. sdfwith. ornamentum, i, n. oma-
occultus 3. concealed. opes, um, / power, ment, jewel.
occumbo, cubiii, cubi- property, goods, trea- ornol. to adorn.
tum 3. to fall, die. sures. oro 1. to speak; caus-
Gcr6a, a.e,f.greave (cor- opimus 3. /of, rich. sam orare, to plead;
responding to our opinio, onis,/ opinion, 2) to entreat.
boot). belief. oryx, ygisy m. gazette.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 347
OS, 6ris, n. /ace. paries, etis, /. if^aZZ (of pauper ^ris, jooor.
OS, ossis, n. bone ; pi. a house). paupertas, atis, f. pov-
ossa, bones. pario, peperi, partum 3. erty.
ostium, 1, n. door. to bear, produce ; ova Pausanias, ae, Paw-
otium, i, n. leisure. parere, to lay eggs. sanias.
ovis, is,/, sh^ep. paro 1. to prepare. pavidus ^.fearful.
ovum, i, n. egg. parricldium, i, n. parri- pavo, onis, m. peacock,
dde, wicked deed. pavor, oris, m. fear,
P. pars, rtis, /. part, side, fright.
Paciscor, pactussum 3. plur. the characters in pax, pacis,/. peace ; 2)
to make a bargain. a play. permission.
pactum, i, n. bargain ; parsimonia, ae, /. fru- peccatum, i, n. sin,
nullo pacto, in no gality. fault.
way. particeps, clpis, par- pecco 1. to sin, do
paene, adv. nearly, al- tidpating in. wrong.
most. particula, ae, /. a par- pecten, inis, m. comb.
pallrdus 3. pale, limd. tide. pecto, xi, xum 3. to
pallium, i, n. cloak. partior 4. to divide. comb.
palumbes, is, m. wood- parum, adv. too little. pectus, oris, n. breast.
pigeon. parvus, 3. small. pecuDia, ae,/ money.
palus, udis. /. marsh, pasco, pavi, pastum 3. pedes, itis, in. footman,
pool. to pasture (of herds- foot-soldier.
pando, andi, assum, 3. men), <o/eerf; pascor, \)Q]GTo\.to swear falsdy.
to open. pastus sum, pasci, to pello, pepuli, pulsum 3.
pango, peplgi, pactum be fed, pastured, (of to drive.
3. to fix in, to fasten, herds). Pelopidas, ae, m. Pdo-
bargain, agree to on pascuum, i, n. pasture. pidas.
condition. passim, far and wide, pelvis, is,/ basin, bowl.
panis, is, m. bread. pastor, oris, m. herds- penates, lum, m. pena-
papaver, eris, n. pop- man. tts, household gods.
py. patefacio, feci, factum pendeo, pependi [sup,
papWio, 6ms, ly,. abutter- 3. to makeknown. wanting) 2. to hang.
fly. pateo, ui 2. to stand pendo, pependi, pen-
par, aris, eqmd ; par open. sum 3. to pay for,
sum c. dat. 1 am a pater, ti'is, m. father. value.
match for some one. patienter, adv. patiently, penitus, adv. wholly.
par, aris, w. a pair. patior, passus sum 3. penna, ae,/./fa<^r.
Parapamisus, i. m. to suffer, allow. pensum, i, n. thread.
Parapamisus. patria, ae, / native peracerbus 3. very bit-
paratus 3. prepared, rea- country. ter, severe.
dy. patrocinor 1. c. dat. to perago, egi, actum 3. to
parco, peperci, parsum proted. accomplish.
3. c. dat. to spare, pauci, ae, a. few. peragro 1. to pass
forbear. paullisper, adv. a little through.
parens, ntis, c. father or while. percipio, cepi, ceptum
mother ; plur. pa- paullulum, adv. a little. 3. to perceive.
rents. pauUus 3. little ; paulo percrepo, ul, itum 1. to
par^o 2. to obey. post, a little after. resound.
348 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
percurro, cucurri or perpetIor,pessussum3. perversTtas, atis, /! jper-
curri, cursum 3. to to endure. versify.
run through. perpetro ]. to perform, pervideo, idi, isum 2.
perdo, didi, ditum 3. perpetuitas, atis,/. per- to consider, examine.
to ruin, destroy, lose. petuity, duration. pes, pedis, m.foot.
perdomo, ui, itum 1, to perpetuo, adv. contin- peslilentla, ae,/. pesti-
tame, suhdut. ually. lence.
peregre, adv. abroad. perpetuus 3. continued, pestis, is,/, pest, destruc-
pereo, ii, Itum, ire, to constant. tion.
go to ruin, perish. perrodo, si, sum 3. to peto, ivi, itum 3. c. ace.
perfectus S. perfect. eat through. to strive to obtain,
perficio, feci, fectum3. perrumpo, rupi, rup- strive after, attack,
to finish, effect. turn 3. to break fetch.
perftdus 3 faithless. through. petulans, tis, wanton.
perfringo, fregi, fractum Persa, ae, m. a Per- petulantia, ae,/. wan-
3. to break through. sian. tonness,licentiousness.
perfuga, ae, m. deserter, persaepe, adv. very of- Phidias, ae, m. Phidias.
perfugium, i, n. refuge. ten. philosophla, ae,/ phi-
pergo, perrexi, perrec- ^ers&no l.tocurewholly, losophy.
turn 3. to go, proceed, persequor, secutus sum philosophus, i, m. phi-
periculum, i, n. danger. 3. to follow up, pur- lusopher.
periodus, i,/ ^criorf. sue. pie, adv. tenderly, pious-
peritus 3. c. gen. ex- perse vero l.fo AoZdf owf. ly.
perienced, skilled in. persolvo, vi, utum 3. pietas, atis, / pidy,
permaneo, mansi, man- to pay. filial love.
sum 2. to continue, ])ers6na, ae, f person, ip'iger, gra, grum, sloth-
hold out. persto, iti, atum 1. to ful, dull.
permano 1. to fiow persist. pigritia, ae, / inactivity.
through. perstringo, inxi, ictum pilosus 3. hairy, covered
permitto, isi, issum 3. 3. to draw through, with hair.
to permit. censure. pi'^go, inxi, ictum 3.
permoveo, movi, mo- persuadeo, si, sum 2. c. to paiut ; acu pin-
tum 2. to move, stir dat. to persuade, con- gere, to embroider.
up. vince. pin us, us,/ pine,
permulcfio, Isi, Isum 2. perterreo 2. to frighten, piper, eris, n. pepper.
to stroke, please, put in fear. \imim, \, n, pear.
charm, soothe. pertinax, acis, obstin- ip'irus, i, f pear-tree.
ipennuhusS. very many. ate. piscator, oris, m.fisher-
pernicies, ei,/ destruc- pertlneo, 2. to extend; man.
tion. ad aliquem, to per- piscis, is, m.fish.
perniciosus 3. perni- tain to some one. piscor i. to fish.
cious, destructive. perturbatio, onis,/ dis- pius 3. pious, grateful.
pernosco, novi, notum turbance. placeo 2. to please.
3. to become thorough- perturbo 1. to disturb, placide, adv. gently.
ly acquainted with. pervehor, vectus sum 3. placidus 3. gentle.
perosus 3. hating great- to be conveyed off. placo 1. to appease.
ly. perverse, adv. perverse- plane, adv. wholly;
ly. plainly.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
349
planetes, ae, m. planet.
planitles, ei,y! a plain.
planta, ae, /. plant.
Plato, onis, m. Plato.
plaustrum, i, n. draught-
ivagon.
plausus, us, m. applause.
Plautus, i, m. Plautus.
plenus 3. c. gen. full.
plerique, aeque, aque,
very many, most.
plerumque, adv. com-
monly.
Plinius, i, m. Pliny.
ploratus, us, m. com-
plaint, [many.
plures, a, G.ium. 7nore,
plurlmus 3. most.
plus, uris, n. more.
pluviosus 8. rainy.
poema, atis, n. poem.
l>oeusi,fie, /.punishment ;
poenas dare, to be
punished ; 2) revenge.
poemtetme alicujusrei,
it repents me of some-
thing.
Poenus, i, m. a Cartha-
ginian.
poeta, ae, m. poet.
polite, adv. elegantly.
pel lex, icis, m. thumb.
polliceor, citus sum 2.
to promise.
Pompeii, drum, m. Pom-
peii (a city).
Pompeius, i, m. Pom-
pey.
Ponipilius, i, m. Pom-
pilius.
pomum, i, n. i^\m'. eata-
ble fruit.
pondero 1. to ponder.
pono, sui, situm 3. to
lay, place ; ponere in
aliqua re, to set, place
upon something.
pons, lis, m. bridge.
populor 1. to lay waste.
popillus, i, m. people.
populus, \,f. poplar.
porro, adv. moreover.
porta, ae,y! gate.
j)ortrcus, lis,/, portico.
porto ]. to bear.
portus, us, m. haven.
posco, poposci 3. to de-
mand.
possesslo, onis, f pos-
session, possessing.
possum, potui, posse, to
be able {can).
postea, adv. afterwards.
posteaquam, conj. after
that.
postero die, on thefol-
loioing day ; in po-
sterum diem, till the
following day.
postis, is, m.post.
postquam, conj. after
that.
postremus 3. last ; ad
postremum, lastly.
postulo 1. to demand.
potens, lis, c. gen. pow-
erful, master of.
potentia, ae,/ power.
potestas, atis, /. power.
potio, onis, / drinking,
drink.
potior, titus sum 4. c.
abl. to possess one's
self of.
potissimum, adv. es-
pecially, principally.
potius, adv. much more,
rather.
potus, us, m. drink.
praealtus 3. very deep.
praebeo 2. to afford,
lend; se praebere, to
prove, show one's self.
praeceps, cipitis, inclin-
ing, rugged, steep ;
precipitous.
ao
praeceptor, 6ns, m.
teacher.
praeceptum,i,n. precept,
principle.
praeclare, adv. nobly..
praeclarus 3. noble.
praechido 3. to shut:
praeco, onis, m. enca-
miast.
praecordia, onim, «.
diaphragm.
praecox, cdcis, preco-
cious.
praeda, ae,/. booty.
[)raedico 1. to extol.
praedico 3. to predict.
praedltus 3. c. abl. en-
dowed with.
praedium, i, n.farm.
praedor 1. to make booty.
praefero, tuli, latum,
ferre 3. to prefer.
prael6quor,locutus sum
3. to speak before.
praemium, i, n. reward.
praeparatio, 6u\s, f pre-
paration.
praeparo 1 . to prepare.
praepono, osiii, ositum
3. to prefer. [tily.
praepropere, adv. has-
praesens, tis, present.
praesertim, adv. espec-
ially, [dent.
praeses. Id is, m, presi-
])raesidium, i, n. aid^
protection, support.
praestabllis, e, excelletU.
superior.
praestans, tis, excellent.
praesto, iti, atum 1. <•
be distinguished; ali-
ciii, to surpass ; to be
better; to bestow; to
pay ; se praestare, to
show one's self.
praesto, adv. present, at
hand.
350 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
praesiim, fui, esse, to probari alicui, to prohlbeo, bui, bitum 2.
be placed before, pre- please some one. to prevent, keep off.
side over. probrum, i, n. disgrace, proinde, adv. therefore ;
praetereo, ii, itum, ire, probus 3. vpright, ex- proinde quasi, just as
to pass by before. cellent. if.
praeterltus 3. past. Probus, i, m. Probus. promitto, misi, missum
praetor, oris, w. ^rae^or. procella, ae,/. s/orm. 3. to promise.
praetoriiim, i, n. gener- proceres, um, m. the no- promptu, in promptu
aVs tent. bles. esse, to be ready.
prandeo, di, sum 2. to procerus 3. slim, tall. promptus3. ready.
breakfast. procudo, di, sum 3. (of pronuntio 1. to pro-
pratum, i, n. meadow. money) to coin. nounce.
pra vitas, atis,/. deprav- procul, adv. far off, from prope, adv. near: 2)
iiy. a distance. nearly, almost.
preces, um,/. entreaties procumbo, cubili, cubi- propere, adv. hastily.
precor 1. to entreat; turn S. to fall doivn. propitius 3. propitious,
bene pr. alicui, to procuro 1. to take care of. favorable.
ivish well to one. prodeo, li, Itum, ire, to propositu m, i, 7i. pur-
premo, pressi, pressum go forth, depart. pose, design.
3. to press. prodigiosus 3. wonder- proprius 3. otvn, pecu-
pretiosus 3. precious. fid. liar.
pretium, i, n. price, proditio, 6ms,f. treach- propterea, adv. on this
value. ery. account.
pridem, adv. long ago ; prodltor, oris, m. traitor, propugnator, oris, m.
jam pridem, long prodo, didi, ditum, 3. to champion, defender.
since. deliver up, betray. propulso 1. to drive
Priene, es, /. Priene (a proellum, i, n. en^oun- back.
city of Ionia). ter. prorepo 3. to creep forth.
primo, adv. in the first profanus 3. profane. prorsus adv. entirely.
place. profecto, adv. indeed, prospecto 1. to look
primum, adv. in the first truly. forth.
place. profero, tuli, latum, fer- prosperitas, a.t\8,f.pros-
princeps, ipis, m. first ; re, 3. to bring for- perity.
the first. ward. [fessor. prospicio, spexi, spec-
principium, i, n. be- professor, oris, m. pro- tum 3. to see before
ginning ; principio, proficio, feci, fectum 3, one's self.
in the beginning. to profit, accomplish, prosterno, stravi, stra-
priscus 3. old. i)roficiscor, fectus sijm, tum 3. to prostrate.
pristfnus 3. former. 3. to set out (on a prosum, fui, desse c.
prius, adv. sooner. journey), march, de- dat. to be useful, ben-
priusquam, conj. before part. eftt.
that, ere, before. profiteor, fessus sum 2. prothma, adv. immediate-
privatus 3. private. to acknowledge freely, ly.
I)robe, adv. excellently, promise, offer freely. proverbium, i, n. prov-
suitably, uprightly. profusus 3. unrestrained. erb.
prohltas, SLtis,f. upright- progredior, gressussum providentia, ae, f.fore-
ness. 3. to step forth, ad- sight, providence.
probo 1. to approve ; vance. provideo, vidi, visum 2.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 351
to foresee ; c. tiat. to ctum 3. to sting, to que, conj. and (always
provide for something; harass. attached to its word).
2) to be on one's Punic us 3. P//mc. quemadmodum, adv. in
guard, look out. punio 4. to punish, cor- what manner, as.
provincia, ae, / pro- red. qued ivi, itum, ire, to
vince. puppis, is,y*. the stern of be able {can).
proxime, adv. next. a ship. quercus, us,/, oak.
proxlrnus 3. next. purgo 1. to purify, justi- querela, ae,/ complaint,
prudens, tis, wise, pru- fy. plaintive cry.
dent, skilful. purus 3. pure. queror, questus sum 3.
prudenter, adv. wisely, puto I. to think, believe, to complain.
prudently. consider. qui, quae, quod, who.
prudentia, ae,/. ivisdom, Pylades, ae, m. Pylades. qui, how, whence, whereby.
prudence. Pythagoras, ae, m. Py- quia, conj. because.
prunum, i, n. a plum. thagoras. quicunque, quaecun-
prunus, i,/ /)^Mm<ree. que, quodcunque,
pubes, eris, grown up. Q. whosoever.
publice, adv. publicly, Quaere, sivi, situm 3. quidam,quaedarn, quid-
on behalf of the State, to seek, nh or ex ali- dam and quoddam.
at tlie cost of the State. quo, to ask of one. [§ 31. 6)].
publico 1. to make pub- quaeso, I pray, beseech, quidem, indeed (is
lie. quaestio, oriis, / ques- placedafler its word),
publicus 3. public ; in tion. quidni, why not.
publico, in a public qualis, e, of what sort, quies, etis,/ quid.
street. character ; as. quiesco, evi, etura 3.
pudor, oris, m. shame. qualiscunque, of what- to rest.
puella, ae,/ mmd. ever sort, character. quietus 3. quiet.
puer, eri, wi. 6o^ ; pueri, quam, adv. how, as; quin, [$ 107, 3. b)].
children. conj. (with the com- quinam ? who then'^
puerilis, e, childish. parative) than. quippe, adv. indeed,^
pueritia, ae, / child- quamdiu, how long, so namely.
hood. long as. quis ? quid ? who ? what ?
puerulus, i, m. little boy. quamvis, conj. with the quis, qua, quid anrf qui,
pugnai, ae, f. fight, bat- subj. how much soever, quae, quod [31,1)]
tie. although. any one.
pugno 1. to fight. quando, adv. when. quisnam, quaenam,
pulcher, chra, chrum, quanquam, conj. with quidnam, ivho, what
beautiful, fair. indie, though, at- then%
pulchre, adv. beautiful- though. quispiam, quaepiam,
ly. quanto, (with comp.) qiiidpiam and quod-
pulchritudo,inis/1 6caM- the. piam [§ 31, 3)].
ty. quantoiiere, fu)w greatly, quisquam, quicquam
pulex, icis, m. afiea. quantus 3. how great ; and quodquam,
pullus, i, m. th£ young quantum, how much. (scarcely) any one,
(of animals), c^/cA:en. quantuscunque, how [§31,4)].
pulvis, eris, m. sand, great soever. quisque, quaeque, quid-
dusi. quasi, as it were, as if, que and quodque [§
pungo, pupiigi, pun- as though. 31,7)].
352 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
quisqiiis, quicquid,ifj/io- recipio, cepi, ceptum refrico, cui, catum 1. to
ever. {§ 30. R. 2). 3. to take hack., re- rub again, renew.
quo,adv, whither; quo- ceivt ; se recipere, regina, ae,y! queen.
eo, (in cornp.) the — to betake one's self regio, onis,/. region.
so much the. back. reglus 3. royal.
quoad, so long as, until, recito 1. to read to. regno 1. to reign.
until that, even until, recordatio, onis, /. re- regnum, i, n. reign,
tjuocunque, adv. whith- collection. kingdom.
ersoever. rccordor 1. c. ace. to rego, xi, ctum 3. to
quod, conj. that, because. remember, call to mind. govern, guide, rule,
■quodsi, if now, but if . recreo 1. to renew, re- rejiclo, jeci, jecturn 3.
<juominus,Maf (^07,2). fresh. to throw away, reject.
quoniodo, adv. how. recrudesce, dui 3. to religlo, onis,/. religion,
quondam, adv. once, break open afresh. conscientiousness.
formerly. recte, adv. rightly, cor- religiose, adv. scrupu-
quoniani, conj. because. rectly. lously.
quoque, adv. also. rector, oris, m. governor, relinquo, liqui,licturn3.
quot.^ how many 7 rectus S. straight, direct, to leave behind, desert.
quotannis, adv. yearly. right ; recta consci- reliquus 3. remaining.
quotcunque, however entia, a good con- remaneo, nsi, nsum 2.
many. science. to remain behind, re-
quotidianus 3. daily. recumbo, cubui, cubl- main,
quotidle, adv. daily. turn 3, to lie cfoti^n reminiscor (without the
quotles, adv. how often. again. P^Kf-) '^' ^' S®"* ^
quotlescunque, adv. recupero 1. to recover. ace. to remember.
however ojten. redamo 1. to love in re- reinoveo, ovi, otum 2.
quotqi\ot,however many. turn. to remove.
quotus 3. tvhat one in redarguo, ui, utum 3. Remus, i. m. Remus.
order. to refute. ren, (commonly plur.
qiuim, conj. wlien ; as, reddo, idi, itum 3. to renes, um, m.) kid-
since, give back again, give, neys.
make. [turn, reor, ratus sum, reri, ^.
R. redeo, u, itum 4. tore- to be persuaded, think.
Raines, ci,f madness, raditus, us, m. rettirn. repente, adv. suddenly.
rabiosus 3. mad. reduco, xi, ctum 3. to reperio, peri, pertum 4.
radix, icis, /. rooi. lead back. to find, find out.
rana, iie,f.frog. redundo 1. to redound, repeto, ivi, itum 3. to
rapid us 3. tearing away, refello, elli 3. to refute. call back, retrace.
rapid. refercio, rsi, rtum 3. to repleo, evi, etum 2. to
rapio, pui, ptum 3. to stuff, fill up. fill up.
snatch, carry off. refero, tuli, latum, ferre replico 1. to repeat.
raro, adv. rarely. 3. to bring back, re- reporto ]. to bear off.
rarus 3. seldom. turn again ; requite ; repugno 1. to contend
ratio, onis, /. reason ; refer to. against.
manner. refert 3. c. gen. it con- reputo 1. to iveigh, con-
ravis, \s,f. hoarseness. cerns. (§ 88. 10). sider.
recedo, cessi, cessum reformido 1. c. ace. <o requles, etis, (ace. requi-
3. to go bade, retire. fear something. em),/, rest, relaxation.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 353
requiesco, evi, etum 3. Rhodus, i./. Rhodes. saevio 4. to rage.
(ex) c. abl. to repose, rideo, risi, risutn 2. to saevus S.Jlerce.
requiro, quisivi, quisi- laugh ; c. ace. to sagitta, ae,/. arrow.
turn 3. to search after, laugh at, deride. sal, salis, m. salt ; loit.
inquire for. ridiculus 3. ridiculous, salio, lui, hum 4^. to leap,
res, rei,/. affair, thing, ripa, ae,/. 6anA;. saltern, adv. at least.
rescindo, idi, issum 3. risus, us, m. laugh. salto 1. to dance.
to tear off, break off. rite, adv. in a proper salus, ut\s, f. prosperity,
rescisco, ivi or li, itum manner. welfare, safety.
3. to ascertain. rivulus, i, m. stream. salularis, e, salutary.
reseco, ciii, ctum 2. to robur, oris, n. strength, saluto 1. to salute.
cut off. robustus 3. strong. salve, hail ! (Imper. of
reservo 1. to reserve. rogo 1. to entreat, ask. salveo 2. to he well).
resldeo, edi, essum 2. Rotrianus 3. Roman ; salvus 3. safe, well.
to remain behind. Rornanus, i, m. a Samnis, itis, m. a Sam-
resisto, stiti, stitum 3. Roman. nite.
to resist. Romulus, i, m. Romu- sanclo, nxi, ncitum 4.
resono 1 , to resound. lus. to sanction.
resonus 3. resounding, rosa, ae, /. rose. sancte, adv. sacredly,
echoing. Rosclus, i, m. Roscius. conscientiously.
respiro 1. to breathe. rostrum, i, n. beak. sanctus 3. sacred.
respondeo, di, sum 2. rotundus 3. round. sane, adv. truly.
to answer, reply. ruber, bra, brum, red. sarrguis, inis, m. blood.
responsio, onis, /. an- rudens, tis, m. rope, sano 1. to heal, cure.
swer. stay. sapid us 3. palatable.
respf)nsum, i, n. an- rudis, e, c. gen. crude, sapiens, tis, wise ; subst
swer. unacquainted with, wise num.
respublica, G. rei pub- rudo, ivi (i), itum 3. to sapientia, ae,y. ivisdom.
licae,/. State. roar. sapTo, ui 3. to be wise.
respuo, ui, utum 3. to rumpo, rupi, ruptum 3. sarcio, rsi, rtum 4. to
reject. to break, tear. make good again, re-
restingiio, nxi, nctum, ruo, riii, rutum 3. to pair. [bi'anch.
3. to smother, to ex- rush. sarmentum, i, n. shoot,
tinguish. rupes, \s,f rock, diff. sat, adv. sufficiently.
restis, is,/, rope. rus, ruris, n. country. satlo 1. to satiate.
restituo, iii, utum 3. to rustlcus3,rwsh*c,- subst. sattra, ae,/. satire.
restore. countryman, boor. satis, adv. sufficiently.
resto, stiti 1. to be left ; ruXx\u^ ^. fkry red. Saturnus, i, 7n. Saturn.
2) resist. saxum, i, n. rock.
rete, is, n. net, toil. S. scateo, ere, c. abl. to he
retineo, inui, entum 2. Sacer, era, crum, sa- full of something.
to hold back, retain. cred; sacra, orum, n. seaturigo, inis/. spring.
reus, i, m. defendant. sacred rites. seeleratus 3. wicked.
reverter, Perf! : reverti sacerdos, otis, c. priest, seelus, eris, n. crime,
3. to return. priestess. transgression.
revoco I. to recall. saeculum, i, n. a hun- schola, ae,/ school,
rex, g'ls, m. king. dred years. scholasticus3. q/" or ^er-
Rhenus, i, m. Rhine. saepe, adv. often. taining to a school.
30*
354 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
scilicet, adv. truli/^ to sententia, ae, /. senti- similitudo, inis, /. like-
wit. merit, opinion. ness.
scintilla, ae,f. spark. sentio, nsi, nsum 4. to simplex, icis, simple,
ecio 4. to know. feel, think, judge. s\nm\, adv. at the sam£
scipio, onis, m. staff. sentis, is, m. (common- time.
Scipio, onis, m. Scipio. ly plur. semes), thorn- simulac, conj, (never
scribo, psi, ptum 3. to hush. before a vowel or h)
write. separo 1. to separate, as soon as.
scriptor, oris, m. writer. disjoin. simulatio, onis, f. pre-
scrobis, is, m. hole, ditch, sepelio, pelivi, piiltum tence.
iscrupulus, i, m. scruple. 4. to inter, bury. simulatque = simulac.
Scytha, ae, m. a Say- seplo, sepsi, septum 4. simulo 1. to liken one^s
thian. to hedge in, inclose. self to ; to feign.
secerno, crevi, cretum sepono, posui, posltum sin, conj. but if.
3. to sunder, separate. 3. to lay aside. sinapis, is,y! mustard.
seco, cui, ctum 1. to September, bris,m.*S'e/>- singuli, ae, a, sing-^e.
cut. tember. sino, sivi, situm 3. to
sector 1. c. ace. to pur- sepulcrum, i, n. grave, permit, allow.
sue, strive after. burial. siquidem, conj. if in-'
secundus 3. favorable, sequor, secutus sum 3. deed.
fortunate ; res secun- c. ace. tojollow. siser, eris, n. carrot.
dae, prospeiity. serenus 3. clear, bright, sitio 4. to thirst ; c. ace.
securis, is, /. axe, hatch- serius 3. grave. to thirst after some-
et. sermo, onis, m. conver- thing.
securus 3. secure, sctfe. sation, discourse. sitis, is,/, thirst.
!4ed, conj. but. sero, sevi, satum 3. to situs, us, m. situation ;
fledeo, sedi, sessum 2. sow, plant. 2)mould,fUth.
to sit. serus 3. /oo iaie. situs, 3. placed; situm
sedes, is,/ seat. servlo 4. to serve. esse, tobe placed, bu-
seditlo, onis,/ sedition, servitus, utis, / servi- ried.
sedo 1. to quiet. tude. sive — sive, conj. wheth-
sedulo, adv. busily. servo 1. fo preserve. er — or, either — or,
seges, etis,/ crop. servus, i, m. slave. soccus, i, m. sock, shoe.
semen, Inis, n. seed. seu, conj. see sive. socer, eri, m. father-in-
seniper, adv. alivays. se Veritas, atis,/ sever- law.
sempiternus 3. ever-dur- ity. societas, atis, / union,
ing, eternal. si, conj. if, if also. league, alliance, as-
eenator, oris, m. seimtor. sic, adv. so, thus. sociaiion.
senatus, us, m. senate, sica, ae,/ dagger. socius, i, m. ally.
senectus, utis, / age, sicanus, i, m. assassin. Socrates, is, m. Socra-
old age. siccine, adv. is it so ? tes.
senex, senis, oW;subst. sicco 1. to dry. socrus, us,/ mother-in-
old man. Sicilla, ae,/ Sicily. law. [ion.
senilis, e, belonging to signum, i, n. sign. sodalis, is, m. compan-
old age; aetas seni- silentinm, i, n. silence, sol, solis, m. sun.
lis,/ old age. siler, -eris, n. willow. solatium, i, n. solace.
sensus, us, m. sense, sWva, an, f. a wood. solea, ae, / sole; so-
feeling, simllis, €, like. 16a equi, horseshoe.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
355
soleo, solitus sum 2.
1o he wont
solitudo, inis,/. solitude.
sellers, tis, dextrous,
skilful.
solliclto 1. to disquiet.
soUicitudo, Inis, /. soli-
citude, anxiety.
sollicitiis 3. anxious.
solum, i, n. ground.
solus 3. alone.
solutus 3. unbound.
solvo, vi, utum 3. to
loose,free.
somnio 1. to dream.
somnium, i, n. dream.
somniis, i, m. sleep.
sonltus, us, m. sound.
sono, ui, itum 1. to
sound.
sonus, i, m. tone.
sophista, ae, m. sophist.
Sophocles, is, m. Sopho-
cles.
sordid us 3. mean.
sorex, icis, m. a Jkld-
mouse.
sorix, icis, 771. an owl.
soror, oris,/ sister.
sors, tis,/. lot.
sospes, Itis, safe, sound.
spargo, rsi, rsum 3. to
strow, scatter, spread.
spatium, i, n. space,
length of time.
species, eA,f.form.
speciosus 3. striking,
beautiful. [tator.
spectator, oris, m. spec-
specto 1. c. ace. to look
at, belvold, have some-
thing in view.
spec us, us, m. cave.
sperno, sprevi, spretum
3. to spurn,
spero 1. to hope.
spes, ei,/ hope. \lei.
spiuther, eris, n. brace-
spiritus, us, m. breath.
splen, enis, m. the spleen.
splendeo, ui 2. to shine.
splendid us 3. splendid.
splendor, oris, ?n. mag-
nificence, splendor.
spolio 1. to deprive, rob.
spondeo, spopondi,
sponsum 2. to be re-
sponsible for.
spurius 3. spurious.
stabilis, e, stable, firm.
stabilitas, atis,/. stabil-
ity.
statim, adv. immediately.
statio, onis, station.
statiia, ae,y! statue.
status, us, m. posture.
Stella, ae,/. star.
stercus, oris, n. dung.
stimulo 1. to goad.
stipendium, i, n. pay.
stirps, pis, / stem, ori-
gin.
sto, steti, statum 1. to
stand, be gained by,
cost.
strenue, adv. vigorously.
strideo di, 2. to whistle.
stringo, inxi, ictum 3.
tograze,draw{s\No\'A).
strix, igis,/ horned owl.
studeo, ui 2. to strive,
exert one's self, en-
deavor ; c. dat. to oc-
cupy one's self zea-
lously toith, favour
some one.
studiose, adv. zealously,
studiosus 3. c. gen. de-
voted to ; stud, esse
c. gen. to occupy one's
self zealously with,
to apply one's self to
something.
studlum i, n. effort, zeal,
study.
stuliitia, ae,f folly.
stultus S. foolish, silly.
suavis, e, lovely, agreea-
ble.
suavitas, atis, / sweet-
ness, loveliness of
character.
suaviter, adv. sweetly j
agreeably.
suber, eris, n. cork tree.
subigo, egi, actum 3. to
work; subjugate.
subitus 3. suddenly.
subjicio, jeci, jectum 3.
to subject.
subrideo, risi, risum 2.
to smile.
subsequor, secutus sum
3. to follow.
substerno, stravi, stra-
tum 3. to spread un-
der.
subterfugio, ugi, ugi-
tura 3. to escape.
subvenio, veni, ventum
4. to come to help.
succedo, essi, essum 3.
to succeed.
succenseo, ui, 2. to be
enraged.
succumbo, cubui, cubi-
tum 3., to sink under.
succurro, cursi, cursura
3. c. dat. to aid, as-
sist.
sudo 1. to sweat.
sudor, oris, m. sweat.
sugo, xi, ctum, 3. to
suck.
em, p7'on. of him, [her^
it) self.
Sulla, ae, m. SvlUt.
sum, fui, esse, to he, he
peculiar, belong, per-
tain to ; c. gen. or
dat. to possess ; cum
dupl. dat. to tend tOy
serve for somethings
some one.
356 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
summa, ae,/. sum. Syracusae, arum./. Sy- tego, xi, ctum 3. to
Bummus 3. greatest, racuse. cover. [ering,
highest. Syius, i, m. a Syrian, tegumentum, i, n. cov-
surnma aqua, surface of teluni, i, n. arrow, dart,
the water. T. temere, adv. rashly^
sumo, mpsi, mptum 3. Tabula, ae, /. board, without reason.
to take. [sew. table. temeritas, atis, /. rash-
suo, sui, sutum 3. to taceo, 2. to be silent. ness, hastiness.
supellex, ectrlis, f.fur- tacitus 3. silent. temperantia, ae, / tem-
niture, utensils. taedet me alicujus rei, peranrx.
su^erhus S. proud, mag- it excites disgust in tempero 1. to modercUe ;
nifcent. me at something. non temp, mihi quin,
superior, us, higher ; talentum, i, n. talent 1 cannot refrain from.
subst. conquerer. (sum of money). tempestas, atis,/. time;
supero 1. to overcome, talis, e, of such sort, 2) weather, storm.
surpass. character ; such. templum, i, n. temple.
superstes, itis, c. dat. tam, so; tam — quam, tempus, oris, n. tim£;
surviving. so — as. tempore, at the right
Buperstitio, onis, /. su- tamdiu, adv. so long. time.
perstition. tamen, conj. yet, stiU. tenax, acis, c. gen. per-
Buperus 3. above ; su- Tamesis, is, m. Thames. severing, tenacious.
peri, the gods. tandem, adv. finally, tendo, tetendi, tensum
suppedito 1. to furnish. then. and tentum 3. to ex-
supplex, icis, suppliant, tango, tetigi, tactum 3. tend, distend ; ad ali-
suppliclum, i, n. pun- to touch ; tangi de quid, to strive qfier
ishm^nt. coelo, to be struck by something.
suppilco 1. c. dat. to lightning. tenebrae, arum,/. cfarA:-
entreat. tanquam, just as, as, as ness.
supra, adv. above. if, as though, as it teneo, nui, ntum 2. to
gupremus 3. last. were. hold, holdfast, occupy,
surgo, surrexi, surrec- Tantalus i, m. Tanta- restrain.
tum 3. to arise. lus. tener, era, erum, tender.
sus, suis,/ sow, swine, tanto, (in comp.) so tento 1. to try.
suscipio, cepi, ceptum much the. tenuis, e, slender, smaU,
3. to undertake, re- tantop^re, adv. so great- slight.
ceive. ly. tergum, i, n. back.
Buscito 1. to arouse. tantum, only. terra, ae,/ earth, land.
BUspTcor 1. to suspect, tantus 3. so great. terreo 2. to frighten.
imagine. tardltas, atis, / slow- terrestris, e, earthly;
sustento 1. to support. ness. proelium terrestre,
sustineo, inui, entum 2. tardus 3. slow. landfight.
to sustain ; sust. par- Tareutum, i, n. Taren- terribtlis, e, terrible.
tes, to act a part. turn (a city). terror, oris, m. terror.
suus 3. his {her, its), his Tarquinlus, i, m. Tar- testamentum, i, n. tes-
own. quinius. lament, tvill.
symbolis, de symbolis Tarquinii, orum, m. testis, is, c. witness.
edere, to eat at com- Tarquinii (a city). teter, tra, trum, fotd^
mon expense. tectum, i, n. house, roof hideous.
LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY. 357
texo, xui, xtum 3. to totus 3. the whole. tundo, tutudi, tunsum
weave, braid. tractatlo, onis, /. hand- 3. to heat, stun.
Thebanus, i, j/i. a The- ling, pursuit. tunica, ae, /. under-
ban. tracto 1. to handle, pur- garment.
Themistocles, is, m. su£, perjorm. turba, ae,/. crowd.
Themistocles. trado, didi, ditum 3. to turbo 1. to cause confur
Theophrastus, i, m. deliver over, give, sur- sion, disturb.
Theophrastus. render, relate. turgidus 3. swollen.
Thracia, ae,/. Thrace, tradux, ucis, m. a vine turpis, e, disgraceful^
Tiberis, is, m. Tiber. branch, vine-layer. base.
tibia, ae, / shin-hone, tragoedfa, ae,/ tragedy, turpitude, Tnis,/. base-
pipe, Jlute. traho, traxi, tractum 3. ness.
Tigris, is,/ Tigris. to draw. turris, is,/ tower.
tiiiieo, ui 2. to fear. transeo, li, Itum, ire, to turtur, iiris, m. turtle
timiditas, atis,/ /mM^i- pass by, pass over. dove.
ty. transfigo, xi, xum 3. to tussis, is,/ cough.
titnidus 3. timid. transfix, stab. tutus 3. safe.
tittior, oris, m.fear. transgredior, gressus tuus 3. thy, thine.
Timotheus, i, m. Timo- sum 3. to pass over, tyrannus i, m. tyrant.
theus. transigo, egi, actum 3. Tyrlus, i, m. Tyrian.
tingo, nxi, nctum 3. to to bring about, tran-
color. sact. U.
toleranter, adv. pati- transllio, silui, sultum Uber, uberis, abound-
ently. 4. to leap over. ing in, rich.
tolero 1. to endure. Trasimenus, i, m. Tra- uber, eris, n. udder.
tollo, sustuli, sublatum, simenus (a lake). ubertas, atis,/ richness^
3. to raise up, bear trenio, ui 3. to tremble. copiousness.
away. tribuo, ui, utum 3. to uh'i, adv. where ; 2) con/,
tondeo, totondi, tonsum distribute, give, im- as soon as, when.
2. to shear. putt. [pc^ny. ubicunque, wherever ;
tonitru, u, n. thunder. tribus, us,/ tribe, com- ubicunque gentium
tono, ui 1. to thunde?'. tridens, tis, m. trident. where in all the world,
tonsor, oris, tn. barber. triennTum, i, n. the space ubinam, adv. where then.
tonstricula, ae, / afe- of three years. Ubius, i, n. a Ubian.
mole barber. tristis, e, sad, lowering, ubivis, adv. where you
tormentum, i, n. torture, triticeus 3. of wheat. will.
torpeo, ui, 2. to be tor- tropaeum, i, n. trophy, ulciscor, ultus sum 3. c.
pid, inactive. tu, pron. thou. ace. to take revenge
torqueo, torsi, tortum tuber, eris, n. hump. upon some one.
2. to torment, torture, tueor, tultus sura 2. to ullus 3. any one.
torquis, is, m. neck- behold, keep, protect, ulmus, i,/ elm.
chain. defend. umbra, ae,/ shade.
torrens, tis, m. torrent, turn, adv. thereupon, una, adv. at the same
torreo, torriii, tostum 2. then ; at that time. time, together.
to dry, roast. tumfio, ui, 2. to swell, unda, ae,/ wave.
tortus 3. twisted. tumultus, us, m, tumult, unde, adv. whence.
tot, so many. tunc, adv. at that time, undique, adv. from all
totidem, just so many. then, there. sides.
358 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
ungo, (unguo), nxi, valetudo, inis, /. health, verbero 1. to heat.
nctum 3. to anoint. valldus 3. strong. verbum, i, n. word.
unguis, \s, m. nail, claw, vaiinus, i,/. corn-fan. verecimdia, ae, /. res-
universus 3. whok. varius 3. various. pect.
unqiiam, adv. ever. varix, icis, m. swollen vereor, veritus sum 2.
unus 3. one ; only, alone. vein. to reverence, have res-
unusquisque, uuaquae- vas, vasis, w. (plur. vasa, pect for, to fear.
que, unumquidque drum, n.) vessel, vase. Veritas, atis,/. truth.
end- unumquodque, vasto ]. to lay waste. vermis, is, m. worm.
each one {^S\, 7). wates, \s, prophet. vernus 3. vernal; ver-
urbanus 3. belonging to vectigal, alis, n. toll, nus dies, a spring
ike city, city-like. tax, income. day.
urbs, bis,/, city. vectis, is, m. lever, holt, vero, conj. hut; 2) adv.
urgeo, rsi, 2. to press, vehemens, tis, vehement. (as an answer) yes.
oppress. vehementer, adv. vehe- Verres, is, m. Verres.
ursus, i, m. a hear. inently, violently, versor 1. inc. abl. to be
usus, us, m. use. greatly. occupied in a thing.
ut, adv. as, even as. veho, vexi, vectum 3. versus, us, m. a verse.
ut, conj. that, in order to carry, bring, equo verto, rti, rsum 3. to
that, thai not, {§ }06); \eh\, to ride, he borne turn; v. in fugam,
as[HlO, 1. 2)]; ut off. to put to fight.
primurn, as soon as. vel, conj. or ; even ; vel verus 3. true.
uter, tra, trum, which of — vel, either — or. vervex, ecis, m. a weth"
the two. velox, ocis, swift. er.
uterque, utraque, u- vellum, i, n. sail. vescor (without perf!)
trumque, each (of the velut, adv. even as, as. 3. c. abl. to eat.
two), both. vena, ae,/. vein. vesper, eri and ens, m.
utilis, e, useful. venatio, 6ms, f. a hunt. evening ; vesperi, at
utilltas, atis, /. use, ad- venatus, iis, m. a hunt. evening.
vantage. venator, oris, m. hunter, vester, Ira, trum, your.
utinam, conj. with suhj. vendo, didi, ditum 3. vestio 4. to clothe, attire.
Othat. [to use. to sell. vestis, is,/, a garments,
utor, usus sum 3. c. abl. veneo, li, ire, to he for cloth.
utrum, interrogative sale. Vesuvius, i, m. Vesu-
word [115, 3. b, d)]. veneror 1. to revere. vius.
uva, ae,/ grape. venlo, veni, ventum 4. veto, ui, itum 1. to for-
to come. bid.
V. venor 1. to hunt. vems, eris, old.
Vacca, ae,/ cow. ventus, i, m. wind. vetustas, atis,/ age.
vacillo 1. to rock, waver. Venus, eris,/ Venus, vetustus 3. old.
vae, alas! veuustas, atis,/ grace- vexo 1. to vex, annoy.
vagor 1. to wander. fulness. via, ae,/ way.
valde, adv. very much. vepres, is, m. thorn- viator, oris, m. traveller.
valeo 2. to he well; be hush, bramble. vicinus, i, m. neighbor.
sound, strong, able ; ver, veris, n. spring. victor, oris, victorious ;
valeat, valeant, adieu verber, eris, n. (com- subst. conqueror.
to something; 2) to monly plur. vtrbera,) \\ctor\a, ae,f. victoi-y.
avail. blows. victus, us, m.food.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
SS9
vid§o, vidi, visum 2.
to see ; pass, seem,
appear.
vigeo, ui 2. to be vigor-
ous.
vigil, Ills, ?n. watchman.
vigilantla, ae, f. tvatch-
fulness.
vigilla, ae, /. watch,
night-watch.
vigilu 1. to watch.
vigor, oris, m. power.
vincTo, nxi, nctum 4. to
bind, restrain.
vinco, vici, victum 3.
to conquer, vanquish,
overcome.
vineulutn, i, n. bond,
clmin.
vinea, a vine.
vinum, i. n. wine.
violo 1. to violate.
vir, viri, m. man.
vireo, ui 2. to flourish.
Virgilius, i, m. Virgil.
virgo, rnis,y. virgin.
viridis, e, green.
viritim, man hj man.
virtus, utis, /. virtue,
bravery.
virus, i, n. poison.
vis, [gen. and dat. want-
ing ; plur. vireSjium),
f. power, force, mul-
titude.
viscus, eris, n. (com-
monly \A\ir.) inwards.
visum, i, n. appearance.
Visurgis, is, m. the We-
ser.
vita, ae,/. life.
vitiositas, atis, /. vice,
vidousntss.
vitiosus 3. defective.
vitium, i, n. fault, vice.
vilo 1. to avoid.
vitulinus 3. of calf.
vitulus, i, m. calf.
vitupero 1. to censure.
vivo, vixi, victum 3. to
live.
vivus 3. living.
vix, adv scarcely.
voco 1. to call, invite.
volito 1. to fly, flutter.
volo 1. to fly.
volo, volui, velle, to
wish (would).
voliicris, is,/ bird.
voluntas, atis,/. urill.
voluptas, atis, /. pleas-
ure, sensuality.
volvo, vi, utum 3. to
roll.
voveo, vovi, votum 2. to
vow.
vox, vocis,/ voice.
Vulcanus, i, m. Vulcan,
vulgaris, e, common,
vulgus, i. n. people, the
common people.
vulnero 1. to ivound.
vulnus, eris, n. wound.
vulpes, is,/ fox.
vultLir, uris, m. vulture.
vultus, us, m. expres-
sion, feature, counte-
nance.
Xenophon, ontis, m.
Xenophon.
Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes.
Zama, ae,/ Zama,
Zeno, onis, m. Zeno.
zingiber, eris, n. ginger.
II. ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
A.
Abate, mollire.
Ability, facultas, atis,/
Able (to be), posse, qui-
re, valere ; not able.
nequire.
Abode, domicllium, i, n.
Abound, abundare.
Abounding in, locuples,
etis.
About, circiter.
Above, superus.
Abroad, peregre.
Absent, absens, tis.
Absent (to be), abesse.
Absolve, absolvere.
Abstain, abstinere.
Abundance, abundantia,
ae, / copia, ae,/; to
have abundare
c, abl.
Accompany, comitari.
Accomplished, eruditus 3.
Accounted (to be), exis-
timari, haberi.
Accustomed (to be), so-
lere, consuescere.
Acknowledge, confiteri,
fateri; f^^^Vi
profitiri.
Acorn, glans, dis,/
Acquainted with, peritus
3. consultus 3. gna-
rus 3. c. gen.
Acquainted unth (to be),
360 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
novisse [§ 77, 3)] ; Agree to (on condition), Ancus Martius, Ancus
thoroughly, per- pangere. Martins, i. m.
noscere. Agreeable, grains 3. ju- And, et, ac, atque, que.
Acquire, parare, compa- cundus 3. suavis, e. ^^d not, neqne (nee).
rare (sibi). Agricola, Agricola, ae, Anger, ira, ae,/. iracun-
Acre, jugerum, i, n. m. dia, ae,/.
Act, agere. Agriculture, agricultura, Angry, iratus 3.
Actor, histrlo, onis, m. ae,/. Announce, annuntiare.
Acute, aeutus 3. subti- .^rrf, auxilium,i,n.prae- Annoy, vexare.
lis, e. sidinm, i, n. Announcement, oracu-
Adapted, accommoda- Aid, adjuvare c. ace. lum, i, n.
tus 3. c. dat. or ad c. . succurere c. dat. ; to Another (of several), a-
acc. lend aid, opitulari. llus, a, ud.
Add, addere. AlotS ! vae I Another, alienus 3.
Address, alloqni. Alcibiades, Alcibiades, Answer, respondere.
./3//^er6aZ, Adherbal, alis, is, m. Antiochus, Antiochus^
m. Alexander, Alexander, i, m.
w^c?mim&Ze,admirabilis,e. dri, m. Antiquity ( = ancient-
Admiration, admiratio, .^/exanrfria, Alexandria, ness), vetustas, aiis,/.
onis,/ ae,/ *6!n7;iZ, incus, ud is, /
Admire, admirari. All, ornnes, ia. Anxious (am), curae,
Admonish, monere, ad- Alliance, societas, atis, niihi est.
monere. / foedus, eris, w. Anxiotishf, anxie.
Admonition, adinonitio, Allohroges, Allobroges, Any, ullus 3.
onis,/ um, m. Ape, siniia, ae,/
Adopt, adsciscere. Allow, jubere. Apollo, Apollo, inis, m.
^tforn, ornare,adornare. Ally, socius, i, m. Appear, apparere, vi-
comare. Almost, fere, ferme, pe- deri.
Advantage, lucrum, i, ne, prope. Appease, placare.
n. commodum, i, n. Aloe, a]oe, es, f. Applaud, ayplaud^re, c.
emolumentum, i, n. Alone, solus 3. unus 3. dat.
fructus, us, m. Alps, Alpes, ium,/ Apple, malum, i, n.
Adversity, res adversae. Already, jam. Apple-tree, nialus, i,/
Advise, suadere. Also, etiam, quoque. Apply one's self to some-
Mduan, jiEduus, i, m. Although, quamvis. thing, incurabere in
Mmilius, iEmilius, i, m. Always, semper. or ad aliquid.
^neas, iEneas, ae, m. w3mazon,Amazon,6nis/. Apprehend, vereri, me-
Affair, res, rei,/ Ambassador, \egktus^\,m. tuere.
.^^dct/, affectus 3. Ambuscade, insidiae, a- Appreliension, metU9,us,
Affirm, aio. rum,/ wi. .
Afford, praebere. Amiable, arr>abilrs, e. Approach, appropin-
Africa, Africa,/ Ample, amplus 3. quare, adventare.
Jlfler that, iwstquam, c. Anaxagoras, Anaxago- Appi'oach, aditus, us,m.
ind. perf. ras, ae, m. Approbation, approba-
Against (prep.), adver- Ancestors, majores, um. tio, onis,/
sus. Ancient, antlquus 3. ve- Approve, approbare,
Age, aetas, atis,/ [m. tus, eris, priscus 3. i)robare.
Agesilaus, Agesilaus, i, Anciently, antiqultus. Arch, fornix, icis, m.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. ~361
Archimedes, Archime- aliquo), interrogare, Await, opperiii.
des, is, m. rogare (aliquem). Axe, securis, is,f.
Ardea, Ardea, ae,/. Ass, asinns, i,m. Axle, axis, is, m:
Ardor, ardor, oris, m. Assassin, sicarlus, i, m.
Ariovistus, Ariovistus,i, Assaidt, oppugnare. B.
m. Assemble, convocare, ^«6?/Zon, Babylon, onis,
Arise, surgere, cooriri, congregare, conflu- f. [3.
exorlri. ere. B abylonia?i Jiahy\oni[ia
Aristides, Aristides, is, Assembly, coetus, us, m. Bad, mains 3.
m. Assent to, assentiri. Badge, insigne, is, n.
Aristotle, Aristoteles, is. Assiduously, assidfle. Bake, torrere.
m. Assign, tribuere. Band, agmeii, inis, n.
.^rms, arma, orum, w. ./355isf,juvare, adjuvare manus, uSjjT.
Army, exercitus, us, m. c. ace. succurreri, Banisher, expultrix,
Arpinum, Arpinum, i, auxiliaric.dat. icis,y. [ae,/!
n. Assyria, Assyria, ae,f. 5anA- (of a river), ripa.
Arpinum (of), subst. Ar- Athenian (a. and s.) Bargain (to make), pa-
pinas, atis, m. Atheniensis, is, m. cisci.
Artist, artifex, icis, m. Attach on£s self to some Bargain, pangere.
^/. one, se applicare ad Base, foedus 3. turpis,
Arrange (line of battle), aliquem. e, sordidus, a, urn.
aciem instruere. Attack, impetus, us, m. Basely, foede.
Arrival, adventus, us. Attack, aggredi, adorlri. Battle, pugna, ae J.
m. Attacking, oppiignatio, proelium, i, n.
Arrogance, arrogantia, onis, f. Be, esse ; in somt-
ae, /. Attain, assequi. thing, versari in ali-
Airow, sagitta, ae,/. Attains, Attains, i, m. qua re ; present,
AH, ars, tis, f. Attempt, conari, moliri, adesse, intere;^se ;
Artaxerxes, Ariaxerxes, suscTpere. wanting, desse,
is, m. Attend to, attendere. deficere.
Artificer, artifex, icis, m. Attention to, cultus, us, Bear, portare, gestare,
and/I m. ferre; o^,repor-
As, ut, quuin, velut. Attentive, attentus 3. tare.
quomodo, quemad- Attentively, attente. Beard, barba, ae,/*.
modum, ac (atque). Atticus, Atticus, i, m. Beast, bestia, ae,/*.
As if, quasi, ac si, tan- Attic, Atticus 3. Beat, ferire.
quam. Augustus, Augustus, i, jBeaiffijf«/,pulcher,chra,
As often as, quoties. m. clirum.
As soon as, ubi, atque. Autumn, autumnus, i, Beauty, pulchritudo,
[§ no, 2)] m.^ lms,f.
As well — as (also), et — Avail, valere. Beautifully, pulchre.
et. Avarice, avaritia, ae,/*. Because, quia, quod,
Ascend, ascendere. Avaricious, avarus 3, c. quoniam.
Ascertain, experiri, res- gen. Become, fieri, evadere ;
ciscere, comperire. Avenge (one's self on it becomes, de-
Ashes, cinis, eris, m. one), ulcisci. cet ; it does not
Asia, Asia, ae,/*. Avert, avertere. become, dedecet. {k
Ask, quaerere [ex, ab, Avoid, vitare, evitare. 89, 2).
31
362
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Becoming, decorus 3.
Before, ante, prius, an-
tea, antequam, prkis-
quam ; that, an-
tequam, priusqiiam.
Beget, gignere.
Begin, inclpere, ordiri,
exordiri.
Begun (to have), cepis-
se.
Beginning, initium,
principium, i, n.
Beggar, mendicus, i, m.
Behold, adsplcere, tueri,
spectare.
Belief, opinio, 6nis,y.
Believe, credere, putare.
Bellows, follis, is, m.
Belly, alvus, \,f.
Belong to some one, es-
se alicujus (§ 88, 7).
Bend, flectere.
Benefit, utilitas, atis, f.
Benefit, prodesse.
Beset, circumsedere.
Besides, porro.
Besiege, obsidere, cir-
cumsldere.
Besmear, oblinere.
Bestow, largiri, adhibe-
re, praestare ;
upon, collocare in c.
abl.
Betake one's self, se con-
ferre ; back, se
recipere.
Betraying, proditio,
onis,/.
Bid, jubere.
Bind, vincire.
Binding (to make), ad-
stringere.
Bird, axis, is,f.
Birds of passage, volu-
cres adventitiae.
Birthday, natalis, is, m.
Bite, mordere.
Bithynia, Bithyniajae^/".
Bitter, amarus, 3. acer-
bus 3.
Black, niger, gra, grum.
Blind, coecus 3.
Blockade, obsideo, onis,
/
Blood, sanguis, inis, m.
Bloody, atrox, ocis.
Bloom, jflorere.
Blooming, florens, tis.
Blows, verbera, n.
Boar, aper, pri,m ;
ivild, aper, pri, m.
Boat, linter, tris,/.
Body, corpus, oris, n.
Bodily powers, corporis
vires.
Boeotian (s.), Boeotus, i,
m.
Bold, audax, acis.
Boldness, audacia, ae,f.
Bolt, vectis, is, m.
Bone, OS, ossis, n.
Book, liber, bri, m., co-
dex, icis, m.
Booty, praeda, ae,f.
Border, finis, is, m.
Born (to be), nasci.
Born, natus 3.
Both — and, et — et.
Boiv, arcus, us, m.
Boy, puer, eri, m.
Bracelet, spinther, eris,
n.
Bramble, sentis, is, m.
vepres, is, m.
Brand, notare.
Brass, aes, aeris, n.
Brave, fortis, e.
Bravely, fortiter.
Bravery, fortitudo, inis,
J. virtus, utis,/.
Bread, pan is, is, m.
Break down (= over-
come), frangere.
Break down, rescindere ;
forth, erumpe-
re, cooriri ; in,
irrump6re ;
break out afresh, den-
uocrumpere;
through, perrumpere.
Breakfast, prandere.
Breast, pectus, oris, n.
Bridge, pons, tis, m.
Bright (= clear), sere-
nus 3.
Bring, ferre, arcessere ;
about, efficere ;
forward, affer-
re ; up, edu-
care.
Bring war upon some
one, bellum inferre,
alicui.
Britain, Britania, ae,/.
Broad, latus 3.
Brother, frater, tris, m.
Brutus, Brutus, i, m.
Build, aedificare.
Building, aedeficium,
i, n.
Bundle, fascis, is, m.
Burn, ardere, flagrare ;
up, deflagrare,
comburere.
Bushel, modius, i, m.
Busily, sedulo.
Business, negotium, i, n.
Business, it is the busi-
ness of some one, est,
alicujus.
Busy, sedulus 3.
But, autem, sed, at (^
101. R.).
But if, sin.
Butter, butyrum, i, n.
Butterfiy, papilio, onis,
m.
Cabbage, crambe, es,/.
caulis, is, m.
Caesar, Caesar, aris, m.
Call, appellare, vocare,
nominare, dicere :
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 363
to mind, recoY- thing), curare with Choice, voluntas, atis,/.
dari c. ace. and gen. ; gerundive. Choose, ellgere, creare ;
together, con- Cautious, cautus 3. rather, raalle.
vocare. Cease, deslnere, desis- Christ, Christus, i, m.
Called (to be), vocari, tere. Church, ecclesia, ae, /.
nominari, appellari. Celebrate, celebrare. Chrysogonus, Chryso-
[^ 84. c)]. Censure, vituperatio, gonus, i, m.
Callisthenes, Callisthe- onis,/ Cicero, Cicero, onis, ?w.
nes, is, m. Censure, vituperare. Cimon, Cimo, onis, m.
Camel, camelus, i, m. Cerberus, Cerberus,i, rn. Cinna, Cinna, ae, m.
Camillus, Caniillus,i, m. Ceres, Ceres, eris,/. Circe, Circe, es,/.
Camp, castra, pi. Certain, certus 3. Circle, orbis, is, m.
Can, posse, quire. Chabrias, Chabrias, ae, Circle of the earth, orbis
Cannot, nequire. m. terrarum.
Canal, canalis, is, m. Chain, vinculum, i, n. Circuit, circuitus, us,m.
Capital punishment, su^- Chain, vincire. Citadel, arx, cis,/.
plicium, i, n. Chalcis, Chalcis, idis,/. Citizen, civis, is, c.
CopiYo/, Capitolium, i,n. Chance, casus, us, m ; Citizenship, cixitas, atis,
Caprice, libido, inis,jr. by chance, fortuito. /.
arbitrium, i, n. Change, vicis, is,/. City, ui'bs, bis,/.
Caph'vc (to take),capere. Change, mutare. Civil, civilis, e.
Capture, expugnare. Character, mores, urn, Cm7ii?ar, bell nm civile.
Care, cura, ae,/. m. Class, classis, is,/.
Care, take care, curare, Charge one with some- Claw, unguis, is, wi.
cavere. thing, insimulare ali- Clear, liinpidus, 3.
Careful, diligens, tis. quern alicujus rei. Clear (not cloudy), se-
Carefully, diligenter. Charles, Carol us, i, m. renus, 3.
Carefulness, diligentia. Chatter, garrire. Cleomenes, Cleomenes,
ae,/ CAecA:, compesci. is, m.
Caria, Caria, ae,/ Cheer, exhilarare, del- Cleopatra, Cleopatra,
Carpenter, faber ligna- ectare. ae,/
rius. CAee?/M^/?/, hilariter, se- Cliff, rupes, is,/.
Carrot, siser, eris, n. rene. Clitus, Clitus, i, m.
Carry, portare, ferre ; Cheese, caseus, i, m. Clodius, Clodius, i, m.
on, gerere ; — Cherish, fovere. Close, claudere.
over, trajicere ; Cherry, cerasum, i, n. Clothe, vestire.
forth, e&erre. Cherry-tree, cersisus,i,f. Cloud, nuhes, is, f.
Carthage, Carthago, Chicken, pullus, i, m. Club, fustis, is, m.
inis,/ Chick-pea, cicer, eris, Coalesce, coalescere.
Carthaginian, Cartha- n. Coelius, Coelius, i, m.
giniensis, is, m. Chief-city, caput, itis, n. Coin, procudere.
Cassius, Cassius, i, m. Childish, puerilis, e. Colchis, Colchis, idis,/.
Catch, capere, depren- Children (in reference Cold, frigidus, 3.
dere. to their parents), li- Cold (s.), frigus oris, n.
Catiline, Catilina, ae, m. beti, orum, m. ; Collect, colligere.
Cato, Cato, onis, m, (without such ref- Colony, colonia, ae, /.
Cause, causa, ae,/ erence), pueri. Color, color, oris, m.
Cause (to do some- m. Comb, pecten, inis, m.
364
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
ComCj venire ; desire to
come, acclre ;
out, evadere, fugere,
effugere ; to, ad-
venire ; together,
convenire ; — — to
pass, fieri, incidere.
Command, imperare c.
dat.
Commence, aggredi, aus-
picari.
Commit, committere ;
to, committere.
Common, communis, e.
Companion, socius, i. m.
Compare, comparare,
conferre.
Compel, cogere.
Complain, queri;
of, acciisare.
Complain (= weep),
ejulare.
Comply with, ohsequi.
Composed, compositus,
3.
Composition, confectio,
onis,/.
Conceal, occultare, oc-
culare, celare c.
dupLacc. [§91.5.6)].
Concealed, occultus 3.
Concede, concede re.
Concern, cura, ae,/!
Conclude (of a league),
icere.
Condemn, damnare,
condemnare ; to
death, capitis.
Condescending, submis-
sus 3.
Condition, conditio,
onis, /.
Conduce to something,
for some one, esse c.
dupl. dat. [§ 90. 4.
a)].
Confer, conferre.
Confess, confiteri.
Confidence (to have), fi-
dem habere.
Confidently, audacter.
Confirm, confirmare.
Confiagration, incendi-
ura, i. n.
Confused, dissonus 3.
Confusion, confusio,
6nis,y.
Confusion (to throw in-
to), pertubare.
Connect, connectere.
Conqueror, victor, oris,
m.
Conscience, conscientia,
ae, f, ; a good con-
science, conscientia
recta.
Conscious, consclus 3.
Consciousness, consci-
entia, ae,y.
Consider, intueri, pervj-
dere, reputare.
Consider as, existimare,
habere, judTcare, ar-
bltrari, ducere c.
dupl. ace. [§ 89. 5.
a)].
Consolation, solatium,
i, n. consolatio, onis,
/
Consort, uxor, oris,/!
Conspiracy, conjuratio,
6nis,y! [i, wi.
Conspirator, conjuratus.
Constitute, constituere.
Consul, consul, lilis, m.
Consult, consultare.
Consume, absumere, ex-
edere, comedere.
Contempt, contemptio,
onis,/.
Contend, certare, de-
certare.
Contented, contentus 3.
Continue, pergere.
Continuous, continuus
3.
Contracted, angustus 3.
Contrary (on the), con-
tra.
Conversation, sermo,
onis, m.
Convict, convincere.
Convince, persuadere c.
dat.
Corinth, Corinthus, i,/.
Corinthian, Corinthius
3.
Cork-tree, suber, eris, n.
Corn (a), granum, i, n.
Cornelius JVepos, Cor-
nelius (i)Nepos (otis),
m.
Corn-fan, vannus, i, /.
Corpse, cadaver, eris, n.
Correct, corrigere.
Correctly, recte.
Corrode, exedere.
Corrupt, corrumpere.
Cost, stare, constare.
Costly, pretiosus 3.
Cover, tegere ; up^
obruere.
Covetous, avarus 3.
Cough, tussis, is, f.
Counsel, conslUum, i, n.
Countenance, 6s, oris, n.
vultus, us, m.
Country, terra, ae./. re-
gio, onis, /. rus, ru-
ris, n. ager, gri, m.
Countryman, rustlcus,
i, TO.
Courage, animus, i, m.
Courageously, aequo
animo.
Course, cursus, us, m.
Cow, vacca, ae,/ bos,
bovis,c.
Cowardice,\gn-dyia, ae,/.
Cowardly, ignavus 3.
Crassus, Crassus, i, m.
Creaky crepare.
Create, creare.
Creator, creator, oris, m.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
365
Crime, scelus, eris, n.
Croak, coaxare.
Croesus, Croesus, i. in.
Crop, messis, is, f. se-
ges, etis,/.
Croton, Croto, on is, m.
Crow, corvus, i, m.
Cruel, saevus 3. imma-
nis, e.
Cruelty, crudelitas, atis,
/.
Crush, contimdere.
Cry, clamare.
Cry (plaintive), querela,
ae,/.
Cucumber, cucun\is,
eris, m.
Cultivate, colere, exco-
lere.
Cultivation, culture,
cultus, us, m.
Cunning, astutia, ae, f.
Cup, calix, icis, m.
Curb, continere, com-
pescere, perdomare.
Cure, curatio, onis,/.
Cure, sanare c. ace;
mederi c. dat.
Curius, Curius, i, m.
Custom, mos, oris, m.
Customary, usitatus 3.
Cut off, resecare, dese-
care.
Cyrus, Cyrus, i, m.
D.
Dagger, sica, ae,/.
Daily, quotidie.
Dance, saltare.
Danger, periculum, \,n.
Dare, audere.
Darius, Darius, i, m.
Darkness, caligo, inis,/
Dart, telum, i, n.
Datamas, Datamas, an-
tis, m.
Daughter, filia, ae,/.
Dawn, illucescere.
Day, dies, ei, m. ; by day,
interdiu.
Dead body, cadaver,
eris, n.
Dear, carus 3. ; to hold
dear, carum habere.
Death, mors, lis, /.
Decay, interire, occi-
dere.
Deceive, fallere, delu-
dere.
December, December,
bris, m.
Deaxase, decrescere.
Dedicate, dedicare.
Deed, factum, i, n.
Deep, altus 3.
Defend, defendere.
Delay, cunctari.
Deliberate, deliberare,
consultare.
Deliberately, consulto.
Delicate, tenuis, e.
Delight, oblectamen-
tum, i, n.
Delight, delectare, ob-
lectare, permulcere.
Delight (with), libenter.
Delightful, jucundus 3.
suavis, e.
Delightfully, suavlter.
Deliver from something,
liberare aliqua re, le-
vare c. abl ; up,
iradere.
Delphi, Delphi, orum,
m.
Demand, postulare, pos-
cere, deposcere ;
back, reposcere,
Demaratus, Demaratus,
i, m.
Demolish, evertere.
Demosthenes, Demos-
thenes, is, m.
Dense, densus 3.
Deny, negare.
Deplore, deplorare.
31*
Deprive, privare, spo-
liare c. abl.
Deride, deridere, irri-
dere.
Descend, descendere.
Descendant, proles, is,/.
Desert, deserere, relin-
quere.
Desert, meritum, i, n.
Deserve, mereri, dig-
num esse ; of
something, mereri de
aliqua re.
Designedly, consulto.
Desire, cupido, inis,/,
cupiditas, atis,/, ap-
petitns, us, m., ardor,
oris, m. ; unre-
strained, libido, inis,/
Desire, concupiscere,
cupere. [pldus 3.
Desirous, avidus 3. cu-
Despair, desperare.
Despise, contemnere.
Destitute, inops, opis;
of, expers, rtis,
exsors, rtis, c. gen.
Destroy, delere, destru-
ere, dimere, evertere,
excidere.
Destruction, exitlum, i,
n. pernicies, ei,/
Destructive, perniciosus
3.
Deled, detegere.
Deter, deterrere, abste-
rere.
Determine, constituere,
decernere.
Detraction, obtrectatio,
onis,/
Deviate, deflectere.
Devote one^s self, se de-
dere.
Devour, devorare.
Dialect, dialectus, i,/
Diamond, adamas, an-
tis, m.
366 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Dtan«, Diana, ae,/. Dismiss, dimhtere. haurire ; forthf
Dictator, dictator, oris, Disparage, obtrectare ellcere ; together,
m. c. dat. contrahere.
Die, mori, obire. Dispel, discutere, ab- Dream, somnlum, i, n.
Dionysius, Dionysius i, stergere. Dress, vestire.
m. Disperse, dispergere. Drink, potus, us, m.
Different, diversus 3. Displease, displlcere. Drink, bibere.
Difficult, difficllis, e, Disprove, redarguere. Drive hack, propulsare.
gravis, e. arduus 3. Disputation, disputatio, Drive off, explodere.
Difficulty, difficultas, onis,^! Drunken, ebrius 3.
atis,/. Disquiet, exagitare. Duck, anas, atis,/.
Difficulty, ivith difficulty, Dissatisjied (to be) with Duty, oiSicrum, i, n. mu-
difficiliter. something, indignari nus eris, n. ; it is th£
Diffuse, diffundere. c. ace. ; / am dissat- duty of some one, ali-
Dig, defodere ; out isjied ivith something, cujus est.
or up, efFodere, eru- poenitet me alicujus Dwell, habltare.
6re. rei.
Dignity, dignitas, atis, Dissent, dissentire. E.
/ amplitudo, inis, /., Dissolve, dissolvere. Each, omnis, e, quisque.
gra vitas, atis,/. Dissuade, dissiiadere. Each of two, uterque,
Diligence, diligentla. Distaff, colus, i,/. utraqiie, utrumque.
ae,/. Distinction, discrimen, Eager, avidus 3.
Diligent, diligens, tis, inis, n. Eagerly, avide, cupide.
industrius 3. Distinguish, dijudlcare, Eagle, aquila, ae,/.
Diligently, diligenter. distingufire. Ear, auris, is,/.
Diminish, deminuere, Distribute, distribiiere, Early, maturus 3 ; too
comniinuere, minu- dispertire, dividere early, praematurus 3.
ere. c. dat. Early (adv.), mature.
Diphthong, diphthon- Distrust^ diftidere. Earth, terra, ae,/. tel-
gus, i./ Disturb, turbare, solli- lus,uris,/ humus, i/.
Disadvantage, incom- citare. Earthly, terrestris, e.
modum, i, n. dam- Disturbance, perturba- Earthquake,ten'a.e mo-
num, i, n. tio, onis,/. tus.
Disagreeable, injucun- Divine, divinus 3. Easily, facile.
dus 3. ingratus 3. in- Do, agere, faceye. Easy, facllis, e.
suavis, e. J^og, canis, is, c. East, orlens, ntis, m.
Discharge, fungi. Ddlar, thalerus, i, m. Eat, edere, vesci;
Discipline, disciplina, Domestic, domesticus3. down, depascere.
ae, /. Dominion, dominatio, iJc/jo, echo, us,/
Discord, discordia, ae, onis, / imperium. Edifice, aedificlum, i, n.
/ i, n. Effect, efFicere, creare.
Discover, prosplcere. Door, fores, pi./. Effectual, efFicax, acis.
Discourse, loqui. Doubt, dubltare. Effeminate, effemina-
Discourse, oratio, onis, Doubtful, dublus 3. an- tus 3.
/ ceps, cipltis. Effort, studlum, i, n.
Disease, morbus, i, m. Dowry, dos, dotis,/ Either — or, aut — aut.
Dishonorable, inhones- Draught, potus, us, »n. vel — vel.
tus 3. Draw, trahere, ducere, Elbe, Albis, is, m.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
367
Eled^ eligere, deligere.
Elegant J eligans, tis.
Elegantly, eleganter.
Elephant, elephantus,
i, m.
Elicit, elicere.
Elm, ulmus, i,/.
Eloquence, eloquentla,
ae,/.
Eloquent, disertus 3.
Embrace, amplecti,
complecti.
Embr aider, Q.CU pingere.
Eminent (to be), eml-
nere.
Emit, evomere.
Emotion, perturbatio
onis,/.
Emperor, imperator, 6-
vis, m.
Emulate, aemiilari.
Encompass, cingere.
Encounter, proeljum, i,
n.
Encourage, hortari, ad-
hortari, cohortari.
End, finis, is, m.
End, finire.
Endeavor, studere.
Endowed, praedltus 3.
Endure, ferre, tolerare,
sustlnere, perferre ;
(= last), du-
rare.
Enemy, hostis, is, m.
inimicus, i, m,.
Enfeeble, hebltare, di-
liiere, elidere.
Enigma, aenigma, atis,
n.
Enjoy, frui, perfrui c.
abl.
Enjoyment, fructus, us,
m.
Enough, sat, satis.
Enraged, irritatus 3.
Enrich, augere.
Enter, intrare.
Enter upon, ingredi.
Enticement, illecebra,
ae,/.
Entreat, rogare, preca-
ri, petere (ab aliquo).
Entreaty (to obtain
by), exorare.
Envy, invidia, ae,/.
Epaminondas, Epami-
nondas, ae, m.
Ephesian, Ephesius, 3.
Ephesus, Ephesus, i,/.
Epicurus, Epicurus, i,
m.
Epirus, Epirus, i,/.
Equal, aequalis, e, par,
paris.
Equally, aeque.
Equanimity,a.equus an-
imus.
Ere, antequam, prius-
quam.
Erectheus, Erectheus,
ei, m.
Erect, aedificare, stm-
ere.
Err, errare.
Error, error, oris, m.
Escape, effugere c. ace.
Establish, cavere.
Estate, res familiaris.
Esteem,a.Qs\iu\kve (mag-
ni etc.), diligere.
Estimate, aestimare,
censere.
Eternal, aeternus 3.
sempiturnus 3.
Eternity, aeternltas, a-
tis,/.
Etruria, Etrurla, ae,/.
Eumenes, Eumenes, is,
m.
Eurystheus, Erystheus,
ei, m.
Europe, Europa, ae, /.
Evening, vesper, eri,
and eris, m.
Even if, etiam si.
Ever, unquam.
Every, omnis, e, (^ 94.
11).
Evidently, plane.
Evil, malus 3.
Evil (s.), malum.
Evil-doer, maleficus, i,
m.
Examine, exquirere.
Example, exemplum, i,
n.
Excel, excellere.
Excellence, praestantia,
ae,/.
Excellent, praestabilis,
e, eximlus 3. prae-
stans, tis.
Excite, excitare, excie-
re and excire.
Exercise, exercitatio, o-
nis,/.
Exercise, exercere.
Exert one^s self, con-
tendere, intendere.
Exertion, contentio, 6-
nis,/. labor, oris, m.
Exhaust, exhaurire ;
entirely, eneca-
re.
Exhilarate, exhilarare.
Exhort, hortari, adhor-
tari.
Exist, esse.
Expect, expectare.
Expel, exterminare, ab-
igere.
Experience, experien-
tia, ae,/.
Explain, expllcare, in-
terpretari.
Explore, explorare.
Expression, vultus, us,
m.
Extend, tendere.
Extirpate, exstirpare.
Extinct (to become),
extingui.
Extinguish, extinguere,
368 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Extolj praedicare. Fear exceedingly, exti- Flax, carbasus, \,f.
Extracts (to make mesc6re. Flaxen, flavus 3.
from), excerpere. Fear (to put in), per- Flee, fugere c. ace.
ExuU,\aet\imexu\ta.re, terere. Fled, classis, is,/.
Eye, oculus, i, m. Feel, sentire. Fleeting, fluxus 3.
Feeling, sensus, us, m. Flesh, caro, carnis,/.
F. Fell, caedere. Flight, fuga, ae,/.
Fabius, Fablus, i, m. Fencer, gladiator, oris. Flight (to put to), fu-
Fable, fabula, ae,/. m. gave.
Fabncins,F'dhncius, \,m. Fetter, compes, idis, /. Flock, grex, gis, m. ag-
Faculty, facultas, atis,/. Fever, febris, is,/. men, inis, n.
Fail, def icere. Few, pauci, ae, a, pi. Flourish, virere.
Fair, pulcher, chra, Fidelity, fides, ei,/ Flow together, conflu-
ehrum. Field, ager, gri, m. 6re.
Faithful, fidus 3. Field-mouse, sorex, icis, Flower, flos, floris, m.
Faithless, perf idus 3. m. Fluency of speech, fa-
Fall, labi ; (in war). Fierce, saevus 3. cundia, ae,/.
occidere ; down, Fiery, ignfius 3. Fly, musca, ae,/.
procumbere ; Fight, pugna, ae,/. Fly, volare.
to one^s lot, contin- Fight, pugnare, dimi- Follow, sequi, conse-
gere, obtingere ali- care, confligere, con- qui c. ace.
cui. gredi. Folly, stultitia, ae./
False, falsus 3. Fill, implere, complere. Food, cibus, i, m.
Far, longe. refercire ; up, Fool, stultus, i, m.
Fate, fatium, i, n. for- explere, opplere. Foolish, stultus 3. in-
tuna, ae, / Finally, denlque. sipiens, ntis.
Father, pater, tris, m. Find, invenire, reperire. Foot, pes, pedis, m.
Father-in-law, socer, Find satisfaction in. Footman, soldier, ^edes,
eri, m. acquiegcere c. abl. or itis, m.
Fault, vitlum, i, n. pec- in c. abl. conquies- Forbear (can not), fa-
catum, i, n. cere c. abl. cere non possequin.
Fault (to commit), pec- Finger, digitus, i, m. Forbid, vetare.
care. Finish, finire. Force, vis, vim,/
Faustulus, Faustulus, i, Fire, ignis, is, m. Forehead, frons, ntis,/
m. Firm (to make), confir- For how much ? (with
Favor, beneficium, i, n. mare. verbs of buying and
benefactum, i, n. Firmness, constantla, selling), quanti.
Favor (to do), gratiam ae,/ Foreign, alienigena, ae,
facere. First, at first, primum. m. alienus 3.
Favor, favere. Fish, piscis, is, m. Foresee, providere.
Favorable (to be), fave- Fit, aptus 3. idoneus 3. Foresight, providentia,
re. Fitted, aptus 3. ido- ae,/
Fear, metus, us, m. ti- neus 3. Forget, oblivisci c. gen.
raor, oris, m. pavor. Fitly, apte. or ace. [g^re.
oris, 7/z. i^/omf, flamma, ae,/ jPorm, conformare, fin-
Fear, timere, vereri. Flatter, adulari, blan- Former, pristinus 3 ; in
metuere, reformida- diri. [oris, m. former times, anti-
re. Flatterer, assentator, quitus.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 369
Formerly, quondam. G. Gordius, Gordius, i, m.
Forthwith, continuo. Gain, lucrum, i, n. Gorgias, Gorgias, ae,
Fortify, munire. quaestus, us, m. m.
Fortuitous, fortuitus 3. Garden, hortus, i, m. Govern, gubernare, mo-
Fortunate, hesitusS. fe- Garland, corona, ae,/. derari.
lix, icis, prosper, era. Garment, vestis, is,/. Governess, moderatrix,
erum. Gate, porta, ae,/ icis,/.
Fortunately, feliciter. Gaul, Gallus, i, m. Government, imperium,
Foi^tune, i'ortuna, ae,/. Gazelle, oryx, yg'is, m. \, n.
Fortune (gifts of), for- General, imperator. Governor, moderator,
tunae. oris, m., dux, cis, c. oris, m. rector, oris,
Foul, foedus 3. teter, Generally, plerumque. m.
tra, trum; (= Genius, genius, ii, m. Gram, frumentum, i,n.
filthy), sordidus 3. ingenium, i, n. Grammar, grammatica,
Foul deed, flagitium, i. Gentle, placidus 3. ae,/.
n. German, Germanus, i. Grand-son, nepos, otis,
Found, condere. m. m.
JPozmc?a^2ow,fundamen- Germany, Germania, Grand-daughter, nep-
tum, i, n. \m. ae,/. tis, is,/.
Founder, conditor, oris. Get one^s self ready. Grand-father, avus, i,
Fountain, fons, ntis, m. expedire. m.
Frail, fragllis, e. Giant, gigas, antis, m. Grape, uva, ae,/.
Frailty, fragilitas,atis,/ Ginger, zingiber, eris,n. Grappling-iron, harpa-
in^'eerfom, liber tas,atis./. Give, dare, tribiiere; go, onis, »«.
Freely, libere. attention, at- Gravity, gra vitas, atis,/.
Freeze, frigere, algere. tendere ; one^s Great, magnus 3 ;
Frenchman, Francogal- self up to, indulgere very, ingens, ntis.
lus, i, m. c. dat. ; way. Greatly, valde, vehe-
Frequent, frequentare. cedere. menter, admodum.
Frequented, celeber, Glide away, dilabi, ela- Greatness, magnitude,
bris, bre. bi. inis,/
Friend, amicus, i, m. Glory, glorlari. Greece, Graecia, ae,/I
Friendship, amicitia, ae. Go, ire, pergere ; Greedy, avidus 3.
/ around, circumire ; Greedily, avlde.
Frighten, terrere, per- 6acA;, recedere ; Gree^ (s.), Graecus, i,m,
terrere. forth, exire ; Greek, Graecus 3.
Frightful, horibllis, e. out, excedere ; Green, virldis, e.
atrox, ocis. to, accedere ; Green (to be), virere.
Frog, rana, ae,/ away, abire. Grief, moeror, oris, m.
Fruit, fructus, us, m. Goad, stimulus, i, m. luctus, us, m.
Fruitful, ferax, acis c. God, deus, i, m. Grieve, dolere.
gen. Gold, aurum, i, n. Grotto, specus, us, m.
Fulfil, explere. Golden, aureus 3. Ground, solum, i, n.
Full, plenus 3. Good, bonus 3. Grow, crescere ;
Full (to be), scatere. Good (s.), bonum, i, n. old, consenescere.
Fulvia,Yu\\'m,SLQ,f. Goodness, honitas, atis. Guard, custodire ; he
Furniture, suppellex, /. ' on one's guard, ca-
ectilis,/. Goose, anser, eris, m. vere.
370' ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Guide, regere. He, she, it, is, ea, id. Homer, Homerus, i, m.
Guilt, culpa, ae,J'. Head, caput, Itis, n. Honor, honos, oris, m.
GymnastiCjgymnicus 3. Health, valitudo, inis, jT. decus, oris, n.
Hear, an dire. Honor, honorare, co-
ll. Heart, cor, cordis, n., lere.
Hadrian, Hadrianus, i, animus, i, m. Honorable, honestus 3.
m. Heat, calor, oris, m. honoriftciis 3.
Hair, crinis, is, m. ca- Heaven, coelum, i, n. Hope, spes, ei,/.
pillus, i, m. Heavenly, coelestis, e. Hope, sperare.
Hah-y, pilosiis 3. Heavy, gravis, e. Horace, Horatius, i, m.
Half, dimidium, i, n. Hedge around, sepire. Horn, cornu, us, n.
Halicarnassus,lia\\car- Height, altitudo, inis,jr. Horse, equus, i, m.
nassus, i,f. Heir, haeres, edis, c. Horseman, eques, itis,
Hand, manus, us,/*. Helmet,. ca^^\s, idis,/". m.
Hand in hand, manum Helplessness, inopia, ae. Hostile, hostilis, e.
conserfire cum ali- f. Hour, hora, ae,f.
quo. Hen, gallina, ae, /. House, domus, us, /.
Hannibal, Hannibal, Hence, hinc. aedes, is,y.
alis, m. Hephaeston, Hephaes- How, qui.
Happen, acddere, even- tlo, onis, m. How long, quamdiu.
ire, cadere ; it hap- Herb, herba, ae, f. How many ? quot ?
J9ens, accidit, contin- Hercules, Hercules, is. How much? quantum?
git. m. Hoiv often ? quoiles ?
Happily, feliciter. Jferrf, grex, gis, m. However much, quam-
Happy, felix, ic\9,hea.- Hesitate, duhltavec. inf. vis.
tus 3. Hew, exasciare. Human, humanus 3.
Hard, durus 3. High, altus 3. ; very Humanity, humanitas.
Hardship, aerumna, ae, A/g-^, praealtus 3. aX\s,f.
f Highest, summus 3. Humble, humllis, e.
Hare, lepus, oris, m. Hill, collis, is, m. Hump, tuber, eris, n.
Harrow, occare. Himself, of himself, sui. Hunger, fames, is,jr.
Hasten, accellerare ; etc. Hunger, esurire.
up, advolare. Hindrance, impedi- Hunt, venari.
Hastily, propere, prae- mentum, i, n. Hunter, venator, oris, m.
propere. Hindrance (to be), ob- Hunter'' s-net, cassis, is
Hatch, excludere. stare, impedimento (commonly j?/wr.), m.
Hate, odisse, [k 77. 3). esse. Hurt, laedere.
Hated greatly, perosus Hipparchus, Hippar- Husbandman, agricola,
3. chus, i, m. ae, m., rusticus, i, wi.
Hating greatly, pero- His, her, its, suus, ejus. Hut, casa, ae,f
sus 3. (§ 94. 3—5).
Hatred, odium, i, n. Hiss off, exsibilare. I.
Have, habere, esse (§ History, historta, ae,f I, ego.
90. 3), in, te- Hoarseness, ravis, is,y. Ice, glacies, ei,jf.
nere ; in use. Hold, tenere, obtmere ; Ides, Idus, ium,jf.
uti c. abl. ; one^s back, retlnere. Idle, otiosus 3.
self, sese habere. Home (at), domi. (§ 92. If, si.
Haven, ponus, us, m. R.). Ifnot,nm.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 371
If alsOf etsi, tametsi, Increase, augere, ac- Intelligent, prudens, tis.
etiamsi. crescere. Intercourse, consuetu-
i^no6/e, illiberalis, e, in- Incredihle,\ncredihl\l8,e. do, inis,/".
honestus 3. Incumbent on some one Interest, one is interest-
Ignominy, ignomima, (to be), esse aliciijus. ed in, interest, refert.
a.e,f. • •• • Indeed, quidem (stands (§88.10). ^,
Ignorance, ignorantia, after the word to Ijitermix, admiscere. ,
ae,y. which it refers). Invent, invenire, re-
Ignorant, ignarus 3. Indicate, indicare. perire.
Ignorant (to be), igno- Indignant (to be), in- Inventress, inventrix,
rare, nesrire. dignari. icis,y.
//Z (adv.), male. Indolence, ignavla, ^e. Investigator, mdrngiiXYW.
Ill disposed, malevolus f. pigritia, ae,/". in- icis,/!
3. ertia, ae, f. segni- Invincible, invictus 3.
Illuminate, collustrare. ties, ei,y. Invite, invitare.
Image, imago, Inis,/*. Indolent, piger, gra, lo, lo, us,/.
Imitate, imitari c. ace. grum, tardus 3. ig- Irascible, iracundus 3.
(§ 89. 2). [y. navus 3. Irascibility, iracundia,
Imitation,\\mt2itlo,bms, Indulgent to [to hG),\n- ae,/.
Immature, imm^tnru^^. dulgerec.dat. [/. /reZawc?, Hi berma, ae,/.
Immediately, extemplo. Industry, industri'a, ae, Iron, ferrum, i, n.
statim, protinus. Inflame, accendere, in- Iron, of iron, ferreus 3.
Immense, ingens, ntis. cendere. Irruption (to make), ir-
Immodesty, immodestia, Inform, edocere. rumpere.
ae,/. Inhabitant, incola, ae,m. Is it possible that ? num
/wmorZ«Z, imraortalis, e. Injure, nocere, obesse. [§ 115. 3. b. (c)].
Immortality, immortal- Injurious, noxlus 3. Isocrates, Isocrates, is,
itas, atis,/. perniciosus 3. dam- m.
Impious, impius 3. nosus 3. Issus, Issus, i,/.
Implant, igignere. ^wjwn/, injuria, ae, /. It is the part of some
Import, importare. ofFensio, onis,/. one, est alicujus.
Impress, inipremere. Inmost, intimus 3. Italy, Italia, ae,/.
Improve, emendare. Innocence, innocentia, Ivory, of ivory, ebur-
Impunify, impunitas, ae,/. n€u»;;3.
atis,/. Insolence, temeritas, , : v^^
Impute, dare, ducere, atis,/. ' .J.
vertere c. dupl. dat. Innumerable, innumer- Jest, lepor, oris, m.
In like manner — as, ae- abllis, e. Join together, conjun-
que — atque(ac). Inquiry, quaestio, onis, gere. """"'■•'-v.^^
Inborn, insitus 3. /. disputatio,6nis,/. Joint, aiticulus, i, m."'^
Incite, incitare. Instruct, erudire, infor- Journey, iter, itineris, n.
Include, contTnere. mare, edocere. Journey, proficisci.
/wcoMf", vectigal, alis,n. Instruction, institutio, J<w/, laetitia, ae,/.
Inconsideratencss, te- onis,/. Joyfidorjoyous,\aetus3.
meritas, atis,/. • Instructress, magistra, /ttrfg^, judex, icis, »i.
Inconsiderately, temere. ae,/*. Judge, judicare, existi-
Inconstancy, inconstan- Intellect, mens, tis, f. mare, sentire.
tia, ae,/. ingenium. Judgment,'}udiCium,\,n.
372
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Jnguriha, Jugurtha, ae,
m.
Julia, Julia, ae,f.
Julius Caesar, Julius, i,
Caesar, aris, m.
June, Junius, i, m.
Junius, Junius, i, m.
navare alicui rei, o- Length (of time), lon-
peram collicare in ginquttas, atis, f.
aliqua re. Less (adv.), minus.
Labor, laborare, elabo- Letter (epistle), epistola,
rare. ae,y. litterae, arum,/".
Lacedemon, Lacedae- Letter ^6f ' the alpha-
mon, 6nis,y. bet), littera, ae,/.
Jupiter, Juppiter, Jovis, Lacedemonian, Lace- Level, adaequare.
m. daemonius, i, m. Liar, rnendax, acis.
Just, Justus 3. Lake, lacus, us, m. Liberal, ingeniius 3.
Just as, ut, sicut Lament, lugere. Licentious, petulans,tis.
Just so many, totldem. Land, by land and by Licentiousness, petulan-
Just so much, adv. (with sea, terra marlque. tia, ae, jf.
verbs of valuing, es- Language, lingua, ae. Lie, situm esse ;
teeming, buying, sell- f. oratio, 6nis,y. by, adjacere.
ing), tantidem. Lark, alauda, ae,/. Lie (to state a false-
Last, extremus .3.
Lasting, diuturnus 3.
Later, posterior.
Latin, Latinus 3.
Latium, Latium, i, n.
K
Keep, servare.
Keep from, arcere.
Key, clavis, is,/.
Kill, occidere, exani-
mare, necare :
hood), menth-i.
Lije, vita, ae,/.
lAght, lux, lucis,y.
Lightning, fulgur, uris,
n. fulmen, Inis, n.
Laudable, laudablhs, e. Like, similis, e.
Laugh, ridere. Limb, membrum, i, n.
Laugh, risus, us, m. artus, us, m.
Law, lex, gis,f. Line (of battle), acies,
Lawgiver, legislator, 6- ei,/. ; to arrange in a
ris, m. line, aciem instruere.
outright, enecare.
Kind, genus, eris, n.
Kind, benignus 3.
Kindly, benevole.
Kindness, beneficium, i. Lay before, proponere ; Liofi, leo, onis, m.
n. bene factum, i, n.
King, rex, regis, m.
Kingdom, regnum, i, n.
Knee, genu, us, n.
Knot, nodus, i, m.
open, apenre, Listen to, exaudire.
waste, devasta- Literature,Viterae,a.rum,
Know, scire
■per-
fectly well, non ig-
nare, non esse nes-
re, popular i.
Lead, plumbum, i, n.
Lead, ducere ;
back, rediicere ;
out, educeie.
/•
Little, exiguus 3; very
little, perexigiius 3.
Little (adv.), paullulum.
Little (to esteem), par-
vi aestlmare.
Live, vivere, ver^ari.
Leader, dux, cis, m.
cius ; not to know, ig- Leafy, frondosus 3.
n6rare,j3k(eseire. League, foedus, eris, n. Lively, alacer, cris, ere.
tedge, peritia, ae. Leap, salire ?=: down iwer, jecur, jecinoriSjW.
f cognitio, onis,/. desilire ; over. Living being, animans,
Known, cognltus 3 ; — transilire. antis.
— U is known, con-- Learn, discere. Liivy, Livius, i, m. ^^
Stat. Learned, doctus 3. Load, onus, eris, j^
Leave behind, destitue- Loathe, I loathe some-
L. re, relinquere. ^hing, me taedet ali-
Labof, labor, oris, m. Leg, crus, unH^n. cujus rei.
Labor (to bestow on Legion, legio, onis,/. Lofty, excelsus 3. \m.
something), operam Leisure, o\\um, \, n. Z(0?7cre;', cunctator, oris,
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 373
Long, longus 3 ; of Magnesia, Magnesia,ae, Maturity, Maturitas,
long continuance, d\u- f. atis,/.
turnus 3. Magnificent, magnifi- Means, opes, um, /.
Longing, desiderium, i, cus 3., snperbiis3. facultates, um,/
n. ^^ Make, facere, reddere ; Measure, consilium, i,n.
Look ouTjorsmiel'liSi^^^ good, praesta- Measure, metiri.
curare c. ace. curam re ; — — ivar upon. Meet (adv.), obvlam.
habere, c. gen. pros- inferre helium all- Membrane, membrana,
picSre, provide re, cui. ae,/.
consulere, c. dat. Malice, malitia, ae,/. Memory, memoria, ae,/.
Look upon intueri ; Malicious, malevolus 3. Metal, metallum, i, n.
into, inspicere. Man, homo, inis, m. Metellus, Metellus, i, m.
iroo5e, solvere. vir, viri, m. Mid-day, xneriAXeB, t,i,m.
Loquacious, loquax, Man hy man, viritim. Migrate, migrare.
acis, garrulus 3. Manage, administrare. Mild,m\i\s, e; to
Loquacity, garrulitas. Mane, juba, ae,/ become, mitescere.
atis,/. Manlius, Manlius, i, m. Milesian, Milesius, i, m.
Lose, perdere, emittere. Manner, modus, i, m. ; Milk, lac, ctis, n.
Loss, damnum, i, n. (with a moral Milo, Milo, onis, m.
Lot, sors, tis,/ reference), majoris, Miltiades, Miltiades, is.
Love, amor, oris, m. m. m.
caritas, atis,/ Many, multi, ornm'. Mind, animus, i, m.;
Love, amare, diligere ; very many, complu- (state of ), mens,
in return, reda- res, a and ia, plures, tis,/
mare. a, gen. ium. Mindful, memor, oris.
Low, humilis, e., infer- Maple-tree, acer, eris, n, Minerva, Minerva, ae,/
Us 3. Marble, marmor, oris, n. Misfortune, calamltas,
Low state (to be in), ja- Marathon, Maratho, atis,/ malum, i, n.
cere. onis, m. Mist, nebula, ae,/
Lower regions, inferi, Marble, of marble, mar- Mistress, domina, ae,/
orum, m. moreus 3. Misuse, abuti c. abl.
Lowery, tristis, e. Marcellus, Marcellus, i, Mithridates, Mithrida-
Ludlius, Lucilius, i, m. m. tes, is, m.
Luxuriously, luxuriose. March, iter, itineris. Mix, miscere.
Luxury, luxuria, ae,/ Mxrc/t, proficisci.iter fa- Moderately, modice.
Lycurgus, Lycur^us, i, cere. Moderation, moderatio,
m. * Marcus Agrippa, Mar- onis,/ without
Lydia, Lydia, ae,/ cus, i, Agrippa, ae, m. moderation,'mtemper-
Lying, mendax, acis. Margin, margo, inis, m. anter.
Lysander, Lysander, Marsh, pal us, udis,/ Modest, modestus 3.,
dri, m. Marry (of the woman), pudlcus 3.
nubere c. dat. Modestly, modeste.
M. Massagete, Massagetes, Modesty, modesiia,ae,f.
Macedonia, Macedonia, ae, m. Molon, Molo, onis, mr^
ae,/ Master, not of, im- Money, pecunia, ae,/
Macedonian, Macedo, pos, otis, impotens. Month, mensis, is, m.
onis, 7rt. ntis. [/ Monument, monumen-
Magian, magus, i, m. Matter (glairs), res, r6i, turn, i, n.
32
I
374 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Moon, luna, ae,/. JVeck-chain, torquis, is, JVot even, ne-quidem.
More, plures, a, gen. m. JVot only — hut also, non
lum. JVeed, indigere c. abl. ; modo (tantum) — sed
Mortal, mortalis, e. there is need of, opus etiam.
Most, plurimus 3. est. JVot yet, nondum.
Must (adv.), plurlme. JVeedy, inops, opis. ^i^ r i (iy ii ' ii ij_^ i;lM iiliilt -
Mother, mater, tris,/. JVeglect, negligere. JVotion, notio, onis,/.
Move, movere, commo- JVeigh, hinnire. J^ourish, nutrire, alere.
vere ; out, emi- JVeighhor, proximus, i, JVovember, November,
grare. m. bris, m.
Mound, ager, gri, m. JVeither (of two), neu- JVow, nunc, jam.
Mountain, mons, ntis, ter, tra, trum. JVow — now, modo —
m. JVeither — nor, nee (ne- modo.
Mov^e, mus, muris, m. que) — nee (neque). JVoxious, noxius, a,
Mow, metere. JVero, Nero, onis, m. urn.
Much, multus 3 ; for JVerve, nervus, i, m. JVuma PompUius, Nu-
much, (with verbs of JVever, nunquam. ma (ae) Pomilius (i),
buying and selling), JVevertheless, taraen. m.
magni (§ 88, 9). JVews, nuntius, i, m. JVumantia, Numantia,
Much (with verbs of A^ex<, proximus 3. ae,/.
valueing and es- JVicomedes, Nicomedes, JVumber, numerare.
teeming), magni. is, m. JVurse, fovere.
Multitude, multitude, J\ight, nox, noctis, /.;
inis,/. copia, ae,y. by night, noctu. O.
JWitnt^cen^jmunif reus 3. JVigUingcde, luscinia, O, O that! utinam c.
Murderer, interfector, ae,/. Subj.
oris, m. JVo (a.) nullus 3. nemo Obey, obedire, obsequi,
Must, debere. (inis) c. obtemperare parere.
JVo, see § 115, 5 ; no. Object, res, ei,/.
N. nay, rather, (in opp.). Oblivion, oblivto, onis,
JVame, nominare. immo (§ 1 15, 5). /.
JVapoleon, Napoleo, JVoble, praeclarus 3. Obscure, obscurus 3.
onis, m. JVoble (= noble born) Observe, observare.
JVarrative, narratio,6nis, ingenuus 3. Obtain, adipisci.
/ JVobly, praeclare. Occasion, occasio, onis,
JVarrow pass, angustiae, JVobody, nemo (gen. /.
arum,/. and abl. not used). Occupy one's self zeal-
JVaiion, ivdtio, 6ms, f JVoctumal, nocturnus S. ously unth something,
JVatnral, naturalis, e. JVoise, fremitus us, m. studiosus esse alicu-
A^a^ire, natura, ae,/. jVb/a, Nola, ae,/ jus rei, studere ali-
JVavigate, navigare, JVo one, nullus 3. ne- cui rei, operam na-
JVavigation, navigatio, mo (Inis) c. vare alicui rei.
onis,/. JVot, non; (with Imper. Ocean, oceanus, i, m.
J^ear, prope. and Subj. of encour- Offended (to be), suc-
Jvearly, prope, paene. aging), ne. censere, irasci c. dat
J^eat, lepldus 3. JVot merely — but also, Offer, deferre.
JVecessary (it is), opor- non solum — sed eti- Office, munus, eris, n.
tet, opus est res or re. am. Offspring, proles, is,/.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 375
Oftener^ saepius ; very Ought, debere. Peac{to make), pacem^
often, saepisslme. Our, ours, noster, tra, coipOnere.
Oil, oleum, i, n. trum. Peac^l, beatus 3.
Old man, senex, senis, Outliving, susperstes, Peacejdly, beate.
m. itis, c. dat. Peacok, pavo, onis, m.
Old age, senectus, iitis. Overcome, superare. Pear, jTrum, i. n.
f. Ovid, Ovidius, i, m. Pear-tie, pyrus, i,/.
Older, major, major na- Owe, debere. Peculia, proprlus 3.
tu. Oum, proprlus 3. ip- Peculiaity, it is a pecu-
On account of, causa sius, ipsorum, ipsa- liarit[ of some one,
(§ 88, R. 3). rum, (§ 94. 7). alicujis est.
One, unus 3. Ox, bos, ovis, c. Pedestcd^hasis, is,/.
One of the two, alteru- Pelopida, Pelopidas,
ter, utra, utrum. P. ae, m.
One, the one — the other. Pain, dolor, oris, m. People, jopulus, i, m.
alter — alter. Paint, pingere ; gens, Uis, /. ; com-
Onyx, onyx, ychis, m. out, expingere. mon p©ple, vulgus,
Open, aperire ; to stand Palace, domus, us,/. i, n.
open, patere. Palate, palatum, i, n. Pepper, piier, eris, n.
Opinion, opinio, onis, /. Pale, pallidus 3. Perceive, ajnoscere.
sententia, ae,/ exis- Pardon, venia, ae,/ Perform, fingi, perpe-
timatio, onis,/ Parents, parentes, ium, trare.
Opposite, ad versus 3. c. Perhaps, fotasse.
contrarius 3. Parian, Partus 3. Pericles, Pe*icles, is, m.
Oppress, urgere. Parricide, (a.), parrici- Period, perlidus, i,/
Or, aut ; (in a double da, ae, c. Perish, pere;e.
question), an ; or not. Parricide, parricidium, PermiV, sineie.
nee ne, annon. i, n. Permitted (it is), licet.
Oracle, oraciilum, i, n. Part, pars, rtis,/ Pernicious, perniciosus
Orator, orator, oris, m. Partaking of, particeps, 3.
Order, ordo, inis, m. ; cipis. Persevere, permanere,
of battle, acies. Partner, soclus, i, m. perstare.
ei,/ Pass over, trausire, Persia, Persia, ae,/
Orrfer, jube re. praeterere. Persian [s), Persa, ae.
Order, in order that, ut; Pass (time), agere, ex- m.
in order that not, ne. igere, Persian, Perslcus 3.
Orestes, Orestes, ae, m. Passion, cupiditas, Persian war, bellum
Ori^'n, origo, inis,/ atis,/ appetitus, us, Persicum.
Ornament, ornatus, us, m. libido, inis,/ Pest, peat'is, \s,f
m. Past, praeteritus 3. Phaedo, Phaedo, onis,
Ornately, ornate. Pasture, pasci. m.
Orpheus, Orpheus, ei, P«</t, callis, is, c. P/iiZ?)?, Philippus, i, w.
m. Patiently, patienter. Philippi, Philippi,
Ostentation, ostentatio, Pausanias, Pausanlas, orum, ?«. ,
onis,/ ae, m. Philosopher, '^philosd-
Other, the other of two, Paij^ |>end6re, praes- phus, i, m.
alter, era, erum. tare. Philosophise, philosfi-
Olherwise, aliter. Peace, pax, pacis,/ pliari.
376 /ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
PhUosophy,i>h{\oshhia, Poet, poeta, ae, m. Precept, preceptum, i,n.
ae,/ I Point out, consigiiare, Precious, pretiosua S.
Pkocion, Pliociojonis, describere. Precipitately, praepro-
Poison, venenum, i, n. pere.
Phoenician, Phjbnix, virus, i, n. Predict, praedicere.
icis, m. I [m. Pompey, Pompeius, i,m. Preeminence, virtus,
Physician, medcus, i, Pond, lacus, us, m. uiis,yi
Piety, pietas, all,/. Pool, palus, udis,/ Prefer, praeferre, an-
Pilot, gubernatr, oris, Poor,;?awj9er, er is, in ops, teponere.
m. I opis. Prepare, parare.
PiWar, Pindaas, \, m. Po/j/ar, popul us, i,/. Present, praesens, lis;
Pine, [)inus, i,|. P^WIJj papaver, eris, n. to be, adesse.
Pisisfratus, Piistratus, Portico, porticus, us,/. Present, donum, i, n.
i, m. I Posidonius, Posidonlus, munus, eris, n.
Pitch (of a c?iip), po- i, m. [esse c. gen. Present with, donare.
nere. Po55es5, tenere, habere ; Preserve, servare ; (=
P%, miseric^rdia,ae,/. Possess one's self of, po- i)rotect), conservare.
Pity (it excitis my), me tiri c. abl. Preside over, ])raestare,
miseret (a|icujus). Possessed of, compos, praeesse c. dat.
Pity, mlser^i c. gen. ; otis c. gen. [onis,/ Press, premere.
to have ^ity, mise- Possession, possesslo. Pretence, simulatio,
reri. Possible (it is), fieri po- onis, /.
Place, locua i, m. test ; it is not possi- Pretor, praetor, oris, m.
Place, ponire, — in c. ble but that, fieri non Prevail upon by entrea-
abl. I potest quin. ty, exorare.
Place somening around Post, pot?tis, is, m. Prevent, itnpedire, pro-
somethink or sur- Post (of honor), honos, hibere ; obstare c.
round 8(}mthing ivith oris, w. dat.
something, cii'cumda- Pound, libra, ae,/. Previously, prius.
re ahquid alicui, or Pour forth, effundere. Prick, pungere.
aliquem aliqua re. Poverty, inopla, ae, /. Pride, superbia, ae,/
PZam, campus, i, m. paupertas, atis, / Principle, preceptum,
P/an, consiliurp, i, n. Poifjer, vis, (nom. and i, n. doctrina, ae,/
Plant, planta, »e,/ dat. plur. vires, ium). Proceed, proficisci.
Plato, Plato, ojiis, m. vigor, oris, m. poten- Produce, gignere.
Play, ludere. tia, ae,/ opes, um,/ Productive, fecundus 3.
P/efl5an/, amoenus 3. Poiyer/w/, poten s c. gen. frugifer, era, erum.
Please, placere, probare opulentus 3. fertilis, e. [ficere.
alicui. [m^ Practice, exercitatio. Progress (to make), pro-
PZe«5wre, voluptas, atis, onis, / ( = habit). Promise, piomittere,
Plough, arare. • consuetudo, inis,/ polliceri profiteri.
P/mcA:, eve Here. Praise, laus, dis,/ Pronowwce,pronuntiare,
Plumtree, prunus, i,/ Praise, laudare, collau- eloqui ; — one hap-
Plunder, dirlpere. dare ; bene dicere c. py, fortunatum prae-
Pluiarch, Plutarchus, i, dat. dicare aliquem.
m. Prayers, preces,um,f. Proper, it is proper for
Poem, carmen, inis, n. Precede some one, prae- me, decet c. ace. it is
poema, atis, n. cedere alicui. not proper, dedecet.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY. 377
Properly, rite, probe. Pythagoras, Pythago- Recently, nuper.
Prophet, vates, is, m. ras, ae, m. Recollect, recordari.
Propitious, propitius 3. Recompense, merces,
Proportionately, aequa- Q. edis,/.
biliter. Quantity, numerus, i. Recover, convalescere.
Propose, proponere. m. vis (gen. and dat. Red, ruber, bra, brum.
Propriety (of conduct), wanting, plur. vires. Redound, redundare.
honestas, atis,/ lum),/. Refer, referre.
Prosperity, res secun- Queen, regina, ae,/. Reflect upon, cogitare.
dae, fortuna, ae,/. Question, quaestio, 6- Reflection, cogitatio, 6-
Prosperous, prosper, era, nis,/. jois,/.
erum. Quickly, cito. Refresh, recreare.
Prostrate, prosternere. Quiet [s.), quies, etis,/. JRe/w^e, receptus, us, 7».
Protect, custodire. Quiet (a.), quietus 3. Region, reglo, onis,/.
Protection, tutela, ae,/ tranquillus 3. Reject, rejicere, respue-
praesidiurn, i, n. Quiet, sedare. re.
Proud, superbus 3. Quietly, quiete, tran- Reign, regnum, i, n.
Provided that, modo, quille. Reign, regnare, domi-
dummodo. [ae,/ nare, imperare.
Providence, providentla, R. Rejoice, delectare, gau-
Provident, cautus 3. Race, genus, 6ris, n. dere.
Province, provincia, ae. Rage, saevire. Relate, narrare, memo-
/ Rain, imber, bris, m. rare.
Provoke, lacessere. [/. Raise, perciere, or per- Relieve, levare.
Prudence, prudentia ae, cire. Religion, religlo, onis,/.
Prudent, prudens, tis. Rank, ordo, inis, m. Religiously, religiose.
Ptolemy, Ptolemaeus, i. Rapid, rapidus 3. Remain, manere, re-
m. Rare, rarus 3. [tis,/ manere.
Pungent, acerbus 3. Rashness, temeritas, a- Remarkable, insignis, e.
Punic, Punicus 3. Rather, potlus. Remedy, remedium, i, n.
Punish, punire, multa- Reach, pervenire. Remedy, mederi.
re. Read, legere ; Remember, remi nisei,
Punishment, poena, ae, through, perlegere ; memini, recordari c.
/ supplicium, i, n. to, recitare. gen. or ace.
I*urplefsh, niurex, ic'is, Reading, lectio, onis,/ Remembrance, memor^af
m. \n. Ready, p'romptus 3., ae,/
Purpose, propositum, i, paratus 3. [us, m. Remind, commonere,
Pursue, persequi, con- Readiness, promptus, commonefacere.
sectari ; some- Reap, metere. Remove, resecare.
thing earnestly, studi- Reason, ratio, onis,/ Removed (to be), abesse.
osum esse alicujus Reason, there is no reas- Remus, Remus, i, m.
rei ; literature, on that, non est quod, Renew, refricare.
literas tractare. nihil est quod ; with- Renown, fama, ae, /,
Pursuit, tractatio, onis, out reason, temere. gloria, ae,/
/ studium, i, n. Recall, revocare. Renowned, clarus 3., no-
Pylades, Pylades, ae, m. Receive, accipere, susci- bllis, e.
Pyrenean, Pyrenaeus 3. pere. Repair, sarcire. [re.
Pyrrhus, Pyrrhus, i, m. Received, exceptus 3. Repd, pellere, repelld-
32*
378 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Repent, poenitere ; I Ripe, maturus 3. Sailor, nauta, ae, m.
repent of something, Rise, oriri. Salt, sal, salis, m.
poenitet me alicujus Rising, ortus 3. Salutary, salutaris, e.
rei. River, fluvius, i, m. am- saluber or bris, bre.
Report, fama, ae,/. nis, is, m. flumen, Same, is, ea, id ; very
Repose, requies, etis,f. inis, n. same, idem, eadem.
Reproach, probrum, i. Roar, rudere. idem ; at the same
n. opprobrium, i, n. Rock, rupes, is,/., sax- time, simul, una.
turpitudo, inis,/. um, i, n. Samnite (s.), Samnis,
Reproach, maledicere. Rome, Roma, ae,/. itis, m.
Reprove, castigare. Roman (s.), Romanus, Sanction, sancire.
Reputable, honestus 3. i, m. Sapid, sapidus 3.
Request, petere, rogare J2omaw (a.), Romanus 3. Sappho, Sappho, us,/
(ab aliquo). Romulus, Romuhjs, i,wi. Satirize, perstringere.
Resist, resistere. Roof, tectum, i, n. Save, parcere c. dat.
Resound, resouare. Rope, restis, is,/ Save from something.
Resounding, resonus. jRowg-/i, asper, era, erum. servare ex or ab al-
Resource, opes, um. Round, rotund us 3. iqua re.
Responsible, to become Rout, fundere. Say, dicere, inquam (§
responsible, spondere. Royal, regius 3. 77. Rule).
Rest, quies, etis,/ Rub off, detergere. Scarcely, vix.
Rest upon something. Rub thoroughly, perfri- Scatter, disjicere.
niti c. abl. care. Scholar, discipulus, i, m.
Restore, reparare, re- Rude ( = unskilful). Scholastic instruction,
cuperare, rudis e, c. gen. institiitio scholastica.
Restrain, coercere. Ruin, to go to, dilabi. School, schola, ae,/
Retain, retinere. Rule (a carpenter's), Scipi,o, Scipio, onis, m.
Retire, recedere, disce- amussis, is,/ Scrape together, conra-
dere. Rule, regere, guberna- dere.
Return, reditus, us, m. re. [dat. Scruple, scrupulus, i, m.
jRe/urn, redire, reverte- Rule over, imperare c. Scrupulously, sancte, re-
re, remeare. Run, currere ; in- ligiose. [m.
Reverence, \ereri. to, diffliiere ; Scythian {s.),Scytha,Sie,
Revile, maledicere, c. through, percurrere. Sea, mare, is, n.
dat. Rush in, irruere. Season, in season, ma-
Reivard, praemlum, i,n. z*'*^ ^^^'^*
Rhine, Rhenus, i, m. / J§M Seasoning, condimen-
Rhodes, Rhodus, i,/ Sacred ntes, sacra,6rum, tum, i, n.
Rich, dives, itis, locu- n. Seat, sedes, is,/ [m.
pies, etis. Sacredly, sancte. Sedition, seditio, onis.
Riches, divitiae, arum,/ Sacredness, sanctitas. Seditious, seditiosus 3.
Ride, equltare. . atis,/ »See, videre, conspicari,
Ridge (of mountains). Sad, tristia, e. [itis. carnere.
jugum, i, n. Safe, tutus 3. sospes. Seek, quaerere.
Ridiculous, ridiculus 3. Safety, salus, litis,/ >S'eize, deprehendere.
Right, jus, juris, n. Saguntum, Saguntum, comprehendere, ca-
Right (a.), rectus 3. i, n. pere, occupare, ca-
Rightly, recte. Sail, velum, i, n. pessere.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
379
Self, ipse (§ 94. 6).
Self confidence, audacia,
ae,/.
Sell, vendere.
Senate, senatus, us, m.
Send, mittere ; for,
accire.
Sense, sensus, us, m.
mens, tis,/.
Sensible, prudens, tis.
Sentiment, sententia, ae,
/•
Separate, separare, dis-
ci ude re, secerriere.
Sepulchre, sepulcrum, i,
n.
Serious, gravis, e.
Serve, servire.
Service, officium, i, n.
Servitude, servitus, Otis,
/
Set out on a journey,
proficisci.
Several, plures, a, com-
plures, a and ia.
Severe, gravis, e. [f
Severity, severitas, atis.
Shake, convellere, labe-
factare.
Sliame, lam ashamed of
something, me pudet
alicujus rei (§ 88. 1).
Share with some one,
communlcare cum
aliquo.
Sharing in, particeps,
ipis, cousors, tis.
Shear, tondere, radere.
Shepherd, pastor, oris,
m.
Shin, crus, uris, n.
Shine forth, elucere.
(S/ti/?, navis, is,/! [i,n.
Shipwreck, naufraglum.
Short, brevis, e ; in
short time, brevi
(sc. tempore).
Short time, paulisper.
Should, debere.
Shout, clamor, oris, m.
Show one's self se prae-
bere, se praestare.
Shun something, aver-
sari.
Shut, claudere.
Sick, aeger, gra, grum.
Side (on the other), con-
tra.
Siege, obisdio, onis, f
obsessio, 6nis,jr.
Sight, conspectus, us,m.
Sign, signum, i, n. ; it
is the sign of some
one, est alicujus.
Silence, silentia, ae,y.
Silent (to be), tacere.
Silkworm, bombyx,ycis,
m.
Silver, argentum, i, n.
Simple, simplex, Icis.
Sin, peccatum, i, n.
Sin, peccare.
Since, quum.
Sing, cantare, canere.
Sink, demergere ;
doivn, desidere ;
under, succumbere.
Sister, soror, dns,f
Sit, sedere ; at
table, accubare.
Situation, locus, i, m.
Size, magnitudo, inis,/.
Skilful, peritus 3., pru-
dens, tis c. gen.
Sky, coelum, i, n.
Slave, servus, i, m..
Slay, occidere, interfi-
cere:
Sleep, somnus, i, m.
Sleep, dormire.
Slender, gracilis, e.
Slim, procerus 3.
Small, parvus, 3.
Small, olfacere.
Smile upon, arridere.
Smith, faber, bri, m.
Snares, insidrae,arum,/.
Snow, nix, nivis,y*. i
So, ita ; so — so as, tarn- I
quam ; great,
tantus 3 ; l^^ng,
tamdiu ;
as, dum, quamdiu,
quoad [§ 110, 4)];
many, tot, in-
decl. ; soon as,
ubi, simulac (atque)
[§ 110, 2)].
Socrates, Socrates, is,m.
Soldier, miles, itis, m.
Solicitude, soUicitudo,
inis,/.
Solid, solid us 3.
Solon, Solo, onis, m.
Some, nonnulli.
Some one, allquis, a, id.
Sometime, aliquando.
Sometimes, interdum.
Son, fillus. i, m.
Son-in-law, gener, eri,
m. [pore).
Soon, mox, brevi (tem-
Sooner, prior.
Soothe^ lenire.
Sophist, sophista, ae, m.
Sorrow, aegritudo, Inis,
/
Soul, animus, i, m.
Sound, integer, gra,
grum.
Sow, serere.
Spain, Hispanla, ae,y.
Spaniard, Hispanus, i,
m.
Spare, parcere c. dat.
Sparta, Sparta, ae,f.
Speak, dicere, loqui.
Spectator, spectator,
oris, m.
Speech, sermo, onis, m.
oratio, onis,y.
Spirit, animus, i. m.
mens, tis,/. ingen-
ium, i, n.
380
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
Spiritedly, acriter.
Splendid, splendidus 3.,
nitidus 3. \m.
Splendor, splendor, oris,
Split, diffindere.
Sport, ludus, i, m.
Spread, pandere; — (=
cover), oblinere.
Spring, oriri, casci, ex-
oriri.
Spurn, spern6re, asper-
nere, fastidire.
Spy, explorator, oris, m.
Stab, confodere.
Stability, stabilitas, atis,
f. perpetuitas, atis,y;
Stadium, stadium, i, n.
Staff, scipio, onis, m.
Stand, stare.
Star, Stella, ae,y.
State, respublica, rei-
publicae, f. ci vitas,
atis,y. ; at the cost
of the State, publice.
Station, statlo, onis, f.
Statue, statua, ae,y.
Stay {= large rope),
rudens, tis, m.
Steel, chalybs, ybis, m.
Steep, praeceps, cipitis,
arduus 3.
Step, passu s, Qs, m.
Stern, puppis, is,y*.
Stick, haerere.
Still, adhuc, porro.
Stone, lapis, idis, m.
Stone, of stone, lapi-
deus 3.
Stork, ciconia, ae,y.
Storm, procella, ae, f.
tempestas, atis,y!
Strengthen, firmare.
Stretch, tendere.
Strife, lis, litis,/.
Strike, ferire.
Strive, studere c. dat.,
petere c. ace, niti ad
aliquid„tendere, con-
tendere ; — against,
reluctari ; — against
something, niti, in ali-
quid ; to obtain,
petere, expetere, sec-
tari.
Strong, valid us 3.
Study, studium, i, n.
Subdue, domare, perdo-
mare.
Subject, civis, is, c.
Subjugate, subigere.
Succeed, succedere.
Such, talis, e ; is, ea, id.
Sudden, subitus 3.
Suddenly, subito.
Suffer, pati, perpfiti ;
from, laborare
c. abl.
Sufficiently, satis.
Suitable, idoneus, a,um.
Sulla, Sullae, ae, m.
Summer, aestas, atis, f
Sun, sol, sol is, m.
Superstition,8uper8titio,
onis,/.
Suppliant, supplex,icis.
Supplicate, supplicare.
Supply, suppeditare.
Support, fulcire.
Supremacy, principatus,
us, m. summum im-
perium.
Surely, certe, sane.
Surface, aequor, oris, n.
Surpass, praestare, c.
dat.
Surprise, obrepere c.dat.
Surrender, tradere.
Surround, circumdare,
cingere, ambire ; of-
fundi alicui rei.
Surviving, superstes,
itis c. dat.
Sustain, sustentare. [/
Swalloiv, hirundo, inis.
Swear, jurare.
Sweat, sudare.
Sweet, dulcis, e.
Swift, celer, eris, ere,
velox, ocis.
Swiftly, celeiiter, cito.
Swiftness, celeritas,ati8,
/•
Swollen, turgidus 3.
Sword, gladius, i, m. en-
sis, is, m. ferrum, j,n.
Syracuse, Syracusae,
arum,/.
Syria, Syria, ae,/!
T.
Tabu, tabula, ae,/.
Table (to sit at), accu-
bare.
Take, capere, adimere ;
away, toll^re,
auferre, demere, ad-
imere ; Jire, ex-
ardescere; — from^
eripere ; one^s
self off, facessere ;
possession of,
occupare ; tip.
tollere ;
upon
one's self suscipere.
Talent (sum of money),
talentum, i, n.
Tame, cicur, uris.
Tame, domare.
Tanaquil, Tanaquil,
[ilis,/.
Tarentum, Tarentum,
i, m. [m.
Tarquin, Tarquinius, i,
Tarquinius Superbus,
Tarquinius Supe^-
bus, m.
Tarquinius, Collatinus,
Tarquinius, Collati-
nus, m. [tare.
Taste, gustare, degus-
Teach, docere c. dupl.
ace. [^ 89, 5. b)].
Teachable, docilis 3.
Teacher, praeceptor,
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
381
6ris, m. magister, tri, Thornbush, sentes, ium,
Tear in pieces^ lac^rare,
dilacerare.
Tell, dicere.
Temple, templum, i, n,
aedes, is,/".
Tender, tener, era,
erum.
Tenderly, pie.
Terrible, terribilis, e.
Territory, finis, is, m.
Thales, Thales, is, m.
Thames, Tamesis, is,
m.
Than, quam.
Thanks (to give), gra-
tias agere.
That, ille, a, ud ; is, ea,
id ; iste, a, ud.
T^t, that not, see §
105—108.
The — so much the (with
the comparative), quo
— eo, quanto — tanto.
Theban Thebanus, i, m.
Thebes, Thebae,arum,y.
Themistocles, Themisto-
cles, is, m.
Then, turn, deinde.
Thence, illinc, inde.
Theophrastus, Theo-
pii^-uPhrastus, i, m.
^- There, ibi.
There are, sunt ; — is,
est.
J%ermopylae, Thermo-
pylae, arum,y.
"^^k, crassLis 3,
7liicktt, frutex, icis, m.
Thing, res, rei,^*.
Think, putare, arbltra-
ri, exist! ma re, cogi-
tare; of, med-
itari.
Thirst, sitis, is,/.
Thirst, si tire.
This, hie, haec, hoc.
Thou, tu.
Thoughtless, levis, e.
Threaten, minari; — (=
impend), impendere,
immin^re.
Threatening, minax, a-
cis.
Three-headed, triceps,
cipjtis.
Thrust doum, detrude-
re ; out, extru-
dere.
Thumb, pollex, icis, m.
Thunder, tonitru, u, n.
Thunder, tonare.
Thus, ita. [um.
Thy or thine, tuus, a,
Tiberius, Tiberius, i, m.
Time, tempus, oris, n.
Time, long time, diu.
Timid, timldus 3.
Timoleon, Timoleon,
ntis, m.
Timotheus, Timotheus,
i, m.
Tire out, defatigare, de-
fetisci.
Titus, Titus, i, m.
Together, una.
Toil, labor, oris, m.
opera, a,/.
Tomi, Tomi, orum, m.
Tomorrow, eras.
Tongue, lingua, ae, /.
Too much, nimium.
Tooth, dens, tis, m.
Torment, cruclare, vex-
are, torquere.
Torrent, torrens, tis, m.
Torture, cruciatus, us,
m. tormentum, i, n.
Torture, cruciare, tor-
quere.
Tourh, tangere attin-
gere, conting6re.
Tower, turris, is, /*.
Trace, vestigium, i, n.
Track, vestigium, i, n.
Trader, mercator, oris,
m. [m.
Traitor, proditor, oris,
Trajan, Trajanus, i, m.
Transgress, migrare, c.
ace. [gestire.
Transported (to be),
Travel through, emetiri.
Treachery, proditio, 6-
nis,/. [J,
Treason, proditio, onis,
Treat, tractare.
Tree, arbor, oris,/
Tremble, contremiscere.
Trench, fossa, ae,/.
Tribune of the people,
tribunusplebis.
Trojan, Trojanus 3.
TVoop, agmen, inis, n.
Troops, copiae, arum,/
Trouble, molestia, ae,/
aerumna, ae,/.
Trouble, angere ;
one's self about some-
thing, curare altquid,
operam dare.
Troublesome, molestus
3., impoi tunus 3.
Troy, Troja, ae,/.
Truce, indutiae, arum,
/•
True, verus 3.
Trunk (of a tree), cau-
dex, icis, m.
Trust in, fidere c. abl.
Trust one, credere, fi-
dere, fidem habere,
alicui.
Truth, Veritas, atis,/I
Try, tentare, conari,
experiri.
Tullus Hostilius, Tul-
lus Hostilius, m.
Turn out, evadere ; —
out well, continggre ;
— towards. cDuver-
382
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
tere ; — upon some-
things defigere in c.
abl.
Twisted, tortus 3.
7)jrant, Tyrannus i, m.
p- Tyrian (s.), Tyrlus, i, m.
U.
Udder, uber, eris, n.
Ulysses, TJlixes, is, m.
Umhrenus, Umbrenus,
i, m.
Unacquainted ivith, ig-
narus 3. imprudens,
litis.
Unarmed, inermis, e.
Uncertain, incertus 3.,
anceps, cipitis.
Uncover, detegere.
Understand, intelligere,
tenere.
Understanding, mens,
tis,/.
Undertake, snscip^re,
moliri.
Unfavorable, iniqilus 3.
C7rj/bre5cen,i mpro visus3.
Unfortunate, calamito-
sus 3., miser 3.
Ungrateful, ingratus 3.
Uninjured, integer, gra,
grurn.
Unintelligent, impru-
dens, tis.
Unite, conjungere, con-
cilia re.
Unjustly, injuste.
Unknown, incognitus.
Unless, nisi.
Unlike, dissimllis, e.
Unmindful of, imme-
mor c. gen.
Unprnfitahle, inutllis, e.
Unrestrained, effusus 3.
Unripe, immaturus 3.
Unskilful, imperitus 3.
Until, donee, quoad,
dum.
Untimely (adv.), intem-
pestive.
Unwise, insipiens, tis.
Unworthy, indignus 3.
c. abl.
Upright, probus 3. hon-
estus 3.
Uprightly, probe.
Uprightness, probitas,
atis,y!honestas,atis,/.
Use, usus, us, m.
Use, uti c. abl.
Useful, utTlis, e.
Useless, inutllis, e.
Utica, Utlca, ae,/.
V.
Vain, irrltus 3.
Vain, in vain, nequic-
quam.
Valuable, carus 3.
Value, preiium, i, n.
Value, aestlmare, cen-
sere magnietc.
Vanish, a vol are.
Vanquish, vincere, de-
vincere.
Vapor, vapor, oris, m.
Variance (to be at), dis-
cordare.
Variegated, discolor,
oris.
Various, varius 3.
Vein (swollen), varix,
icis, m.
Venison, caro ferina,
earn is ferinae.
Veires, Verres, is, m.
Versed in, peritus 3.,
consultus 3.
Very, admodum, valde.
Very often, persaepe.
Vespasian, Vespasia-
nus, i, m.
Vessel, vas, vasis, n.
Vesta, vesta, ae,/.
Vesuvius, Vesuvius, i, m.
Vex, angere, negotium
facessere ; vex
to death, ei\eciive.
Vexation, angor, 6ris,w.
Vice (= viciousness),
vitiositas, atis,/.
Vice, vitium, i, ?«.
Vicissitude,v\c\s, vicis,/.
Victory, victoria, ae,/.
Vieiv, conspectus, us,m.
Vieiv {== sentiment),
sententia, ae,/.
Vigorously, strenue.
Vint-hranch, tradux, u-
cis, m.
Violate, violare.
Violant, violentus 3.,
vehcmens, tis, atrox,
ocis.
Violently, graviter.
Virgil, Virgilius, i, m.
Virgin, virgo, inis,/.
Virtue, virtus, utis,/.
Virtuous, honestus 3.
Voice, vox, vocis,/.
Volcanic, ignivomus 3.
Vow, yovere.
Vulture, vultur, uris, m.
W.
Wages, stipendium, f^n.
Wait, expectare. *'
Walk (to take), ambd-
lare ; — go to walk,
ambulare.
Walk upon, inceder©.
Wall (of a house), ''pa-
ries, etis,/! — (S6 a
protection ), moenia,
ium, n. — (a*
structure), munus,
eris, w.
Waneler, errare.
Wandering, error, oris,
m.
Want, egestas, atis, /.,
inopia, ae,/.
Wemi, carere c. abl.
War, bellum, \,n.
ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY.
383
I
Warfare, res militaris.
Wares, merx, rcis,/.
Warlike, bellicosus 3.
Warm, callldus 3.
Wash, lavare.
Waste, atterere, corifi-
cere.
Watch, vigllare; keep
watch, excubare.
Water, aqua, ae,/.
Waver, vacillare.
Way, vfa, ae,/. iter, iti-
iieris, n.
Way {= manner), mo-
dus, j, m.
Way (to stand in), ob-
stare, ofFicere c. dat.
Weak, infirmus 3., ini-
potens, tis.
Weaken, diluere.
^i'eakness, infirmitas, a-
tis,/.
Wealthy, locuples, etis.
Wearied, fessus, 3.
fVeary (to be), defetisci,
defatigari.
^''eather, tempestas,atis,
/•
Weqf>, flere.
Welfare, salus, utis,/*.
Well {to be), valere.
Weser, Visurgis, is, m.
West, occidens, ntis.
Wether, vervex, ecis, m.
What (in number or
order) ? quotus ? 3.
When, quum.
Whence, unde.
m^, ubi.
Wr, ewith, qui.
Whether (in indirect
questions), num,
ne, utrum.
Whetstone, cos, cotis,/.
Which of the two, uter,
tra, trum.
♦ While, dum.
Whither, quo.
Who, qui, quae, quod.
Who ? inter, quis, quae,
quid ?
Whoever you please,
quilibet.
Whole, universus 3.,
omnis, e.
Wholly, omnino.
Why, cur.
Wicked, implus 3., sce-
leratus 3., im{)r6bus
3., maleflcus3.
Wickedly, improbe.
Wickedness, pravilas,
atis,/.
Wide, amplus 3.
Widely, late.
Wife, uxor, ons,f.
Wild, ferus 3.
Will, testamentura, i, n.
voluntas, atis,/.
Will, velle ; not to will,
nolle.
Willow, siler, eris, n.
Wind, ventus, i, m.
Wine, vinum, i, n.
Winter, hiems, eims,f.
Wisdom, consilium, i, n.
Wise, sapiens, tis, pru-
dens, tis.
Wisely, sapienter, pru-
denter.
Wise man, sapiens, tis,
m.
Wish, optare, velle, cu-
pere.
Wit, sal, salis, m.
Without (to be), carere.
Wolf, lupus, i, m.
Woman, muller, eris, /.
femlna ae,y.
Wonder, mirari.
Wood, lignum, i, n.
Wood (a.), silva, ae, f.
Wooden, of wood, lig-
neus 3.
Wood-pigeon,Yia\umhes,
is, m.
Word, verbum, i, n.
Work, opus, eris, n.
World, niundus, i, m.
Worm, vermis, is, m.
Worthy, dignus 3. c.
abl.
Wrest from, extorquere.
Wretched, miser, ei*a,
erum.
Wretchedness, miseria,
ae,/. aerumna, ae,/.
Write, scribere.
Writer, scriptor, oris, m»
Writing, scriptum, i, n.
Writing-tablet, codicil-
li, orum, m.
Wrong, injuria, ae,/.
Wrong[Ao), delinquere.
Xenocrates, Xenocra-
tes, is, m.
Xenophon, Xenophon,
ontis, m.
Xerxes, Xerxes, is, m.
Year, annus, i, m. this
year, (adv.), homo.
Yes, see ^ 115. 5.
Yes, (to say), aio, [§ 77.
Yesterday, heri, hodie.
Yet, at, tamen.
Young man, juvenis, is,
m. [inis,/
Young woman, virgo,
Younger, natu minor.
Your, vester, tra, trum.
Youth, ju ventus, utis,/
adolescentla, ae,/.
Youth (a), adolescens,
tis, m. adolescentu-
lus, i, w. juvenis, is,m.
Z.
Zeal, studium, i, n.
Zealously, naviter.
ERRATA.
Page 13, line 7, read proavus for proavu. p. 17, 1. 18, debeo for dobSo.
23, 34, consonants for vowels. 25, 24, bona for bona. 29, 25, name (m.) for
name (n.). 32, 9, neuter for feminine. 33, 39, antecedet for antecedet. 34,
20, venator, oris for venator, oris. 35, 38, adversis for adveris. 39, 1, wild
for mild. 42, 33, object for objective. 43, 36, cantus, us, m. for cantus. us
n. 47, 25, vitupero for vitupero. 51, 5, quoddam for quodam. 60, 10, Ro-
mam for Roman. 61. 1, (ob) for (ab). 62, 26, Aenea for Aena. 63, 25, n"**
for were. 69,5, frater for fater. 71, 7, premature for primature. 83,29,
portTcus for porllcus. 83, 31, old woman for old man. 90, 8, amatus for
amamatus. 105, 5, compSro for coraparo. 109, 37, potio for portio. 132, 1,^
coena for coeno. 146, 24, flagitia for flagita. 152, 9, heat for heart. 157, 10,
spondeo for spandeo. 210, 2, pliiit for puit. 253, 23, molest.iis for mola-fus^
255, 7, idonei for idoni. 263, ^^sentence for sentences. 291, 'bottom, third
for second. 303, 10, Hac for Haec. 307, 10,flectendum for lectendum. 307,
note, pick for prick. 310, 8, philosophum for philospophum. 320, 14, Ci^nio
or Canto.
i
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