- LIBRARY I UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO presented to the LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO by FRIENDS OF THE LIBRARY M.F. Studebaker donor SECOND REPORT OF THE Provost Marshal General TO THE SECRETARY OF WAR ON THE OPERATIONS OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM TO DECEMBER 20, 1918 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1919 DECEMBER 20, 1918. The SECRETARY OF WAR. SIR: Herewith I submit my second report as Provost Marshal General. This report covers the operations of the selective draft from May 18, 1917, the date of the selective service act, to the present date, with special reference to the operations since December 20, 1917, the date of my first report. Provost Marshal General. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. A SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. Page. (I) Introduction 1 (II) Some lessons of experience 7 (III) The future 11 1. The necessary industries 13 2. The normal and the nonproductive employments 18 3. The local and the national viewpoints 19 4. Afterthewar 20 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. (I) First registration, ages 21-30, June 5, 1917 22 (II) Second registration, age 21, June 5- August 24, 1918 22 1. Need for this registration 22 2. Plan of registration 22 3. Supplemental registration of August 24, 1918 24 4. Results of second registration 24 (III) Third registration, ages 18-20, 32-45, September 12, 1918 24 1. Necessity for extending the draft ages 24 2. Legislative measures 25 3. Plan of registration 26 4. Securing 100 per cent registration; publicity methods 27 5. Results cf the third registration 30 6. Ratio of registrants to male population 31 (IV) Special arrangements for registration on Indian reservations, in national parks, in the Territories, and in foreign countries 32 1. Registration on Indian reservations 32 2. Registration in national parks and monuments 33 3. Registration in the Territories Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. 33 4. Registration in foreign countries 35 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. (T) Assignment of serial numbers 39 (II) Drawing of order numbers 41 (III) Determining and recording of order numbers 43 {IV) The questionnaires and the classification system 45 (V) Making and granting of claims for deferment and exemption 48 1. Method of making claims and appeals 48 2. Number of claims made and granted in local boards 49 3. Number of claims made and granted in district boards 51 4. Number of appeals to the President 52 (a) Under regulations of June 30, 1917 52 (6) Under regulations in force since Dec. 15, 1917 53 ir CONTENTS. V Page. (VI) Permits for departures abroad 54 (VID Noncombatants 56 1. Religious-creed members 56 2. Conscientious objectors 58 3. Court-martial trials of conscientious objectors 61 (VII I) The Emergency Fleet classification list 62 1. Reasons for this measure 62 2. General plan 64 (a) Functions of the office of the Provost Marshal General. ... 64 (6) Plan of operation issued by the Navy Department 65 (c) Plan of operation used by the United States Shipping Board Emergency Fleet Corporation 66 (d) Plan of operation used by the recruiting service of the United States Shipping Board 67 3. Shipbuilding labor-power obtained bv this system 68 4. Operation of the system 69 (a) Complaints 69 (b) General results of the measure 72 (IX) The "work or fight " order 75 1. Origin and purpose 75 2. Method 76 3. Provisions of the rules 77 4. Enforcement of the rules 79 (a) Formal action by boards 79 (b) Collateral evidence of the effect of the rules 80 (c) Effect on different occupations 81 (d) Baseball 82 5. Relation of the "work or fight" order to the War Industries Board priorities list 83 6. Effect on compulsory-work movenent 85 7. Industrial conscription 85 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. (I) Alienage 86 Introductory 86 (a) Loyalty of aliens 86 (b) The legal status of aliens 88 (c) Numbers of aliens 88 1. Alienage as disturbing the quota basis 92 (a) Alien nonliability to the draft 93 (b) Reciprocal treaties of conscription with cobelligerents. . . 93 (c) The classification system 93 2. Treatment of aliens by the law and by the officials as a subject of diplomatic protest by foreign representatives 94 (a) Nondeclarant aliens 94 (6) Declarants 98 (c) Naturalization 101 3. Effect of foregoing measures 101 (a) Discharges in camp 101 (6) Naturalizations in 1918 102 (c) Cobelligerent recruiting 102 (d) Localboards 102 VI CONTENTS. (I) Alienage Continued. Page. 4. Alien enemy subjects in the Army 104 (a) Alien enemies as affected by the draft 104 (6) Naturalization 107 (c) German race-stock 107 (II) Dependency 108 1. Early rulings under the method of calling and discharging 108 2. The classification system 110 3. Class II-A Married registrants with children Ill 4. Class II-B Married registrants without children Ill 5. Class I B, C 113 6. Board opinion as to the clarification 114 7. Third persons' claim 115 8. Results of the classification 116 (a) Married men 116 (6) Classes II-A, II-B, IV-A 117 (c) Single men 118 9. Recent marriages 119 (a) Change of rule 121 (b) Results of change of rule 122 (III) Military or Naval Service 123 1. Significance of this classification. . 123 2. Number classified in V-D 124 (IV) Sundry specified vocations 124 1. Exemptions and deferments in specified vocations 124 2. Federal employees designated by the President 126 3. Divinity and medical students 128 4. Firemen and policemen 129 5. County and municipal officials 132 6. Federal and State officers 133 (V) Necessary agricultural and industrial workers 135 1. Purpose of the deferment 135 2. Numerical results of the deferment system on industry and agri- culture '. 136 3. Blanket deferments of entire occupations 139 (a) United States Railway Service 139 (b) United States Fuel Administration 140 4. Industrial advisers 142 5. Industrial and agricultural furloughs 144 6. Statutory enlargement of "industries" to include "occupations and employments " 146 (VI) Moral disqualification 147 1. Definition of moral disqualification 147 2. Convicted and indicted persons entering the Army 148 (VII) Physical qualifications 150 1. Physical examination system 150 2. Physical standards of qualification 151 3. The four physical groups 151 4. Group A; Qualified for general military service 153 5. Group B; Remediables 153 6. Group C; Qualified for special or limited service 154 (a) Number called 154 (6) Uses made 155 7. Group D; Disqualified for any military service 156 8. Malingerers 157 CONTENTS. VH (VII) Physical qualifications Continued. Page. 9. Urban and rural physical rejections compared 159 10. Colored and white physical rejections compared 159 11. Alien and native physical rejections compared " 160 12. Age 21 physical rejections 161 13. Camp surgeons' revision of local board physical examinations 161 14. Specific causes of rejection , 164 15. Alcohol and drug addiction 167 16. Thyroid disease 167 17. Mental deficiency and disorders 168 (VIII) Deferments and exemptions in general 168 1. Ratio of different grounds for exemption and discharge 168 2. Ratio of different classes 169 3. Divisions within classes ; 170 4. Fluctuation of deferred classifications 171 5. Ratio of exemptions and deferments under the British system 171 (IX) Class 1 172 1. Nominal Class I : 172 2. Effective Class 1 174 (a) Delinquents and deserters 174 (b) Medical groups B and C 174 (c) Emergency Fleet entries 174 3. Elements of complication in using Class I effectives 175 4. Exhaustion of Class 1 176 5. Class I in the registration of September 12, 1918 176 6. Ratio of Class I in new registration 178 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. (I) Age groups : 179 1. Estimates of size of age groups of males liable for military serv- ice 180 (a) Total for age groups 18-20, 32-45 180 (6) Total for ages 21-30 181 (c) Total for ages 18-20 182 (d) Total for age group 32-15 182 (e) Total for age group 18-45 182 (/) Individual ages 18, 19, and 20 183 (g) Individual ages 32, 33, etc., to 36 184 (A) Age45 I 185 (i) Age32 185 2. Slackers and nonregist rants on June 5, 1917, and June 5, 1918 186 (a) June 5, 1917 186 (b) JuneS, 1918 188 3. Distribution of ages by States 188 4. Effectives in the several age groups 189 (a) Ages 21-30 189 (6) Ages 18-20, 32-36 189 (II) Race and color groups 191 1. Colored and white registration compared 191 2. Colored and white classification compared 192 3. Colored and white inductions compared 193 4. The Negro in relation to the draft 193 5. The Indian in relation to the draft. . . 197 VIII CONTENTS. Page. (Ill) Delinquents, deserters, and resistants 199 1. Evasion of the draft; slackers, delinquents, and deserters; dis- tinctions explained 199 2. Methods of detecting and apprehending slackers, delinquents, and deserters 200 3. Reported and net reported desertions 202 (a) Reported desertions 202 (6) Net reported desertions 203 (c) Desertions disposed of 204 4. Reported desertions, by color, compared 205 5. Reported desertions, by nationality, compared 206 6. Resistance to the draft 207 CHAPTER VI. QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. 1. Quotas from September to December, 1917 213 2. Quotas from January 1, 1918, to date of filling first levy of 687,000 214 3. Quotas from date of filling first levy of 687 ,000 to May 31 , 1918 214 4. Quotas from June 1, 1918, to September 1, 1918 216 5. Quotas in September 219 6. Quotas in October 219 7. Quotas in November 219 8. Calls from Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, subsequent to the first levy of 687,000 219 CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION AND INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 1. Enlistment and induction, distinguished 220 2. Time of induction 220 3 . Total inductions 222 (a) Ratio of inductions to registrants 222 (6) Induction totals by months 222 4. Effect of enlistments on Class 1 223* (a) Influence of the draft on enlistment 224 (6) Influence of enlistment on the selective service mechanism 225 5. Extension of induction to supply Navy and Marine Corps 226 6. Total armed forces raised by induction and enlistment combined 227 7. Ratio of forces raised to males of military age and to total male population. . . 228 8. Armed forces of Great Britain raised by enlistment and by conscription.. 229 CHAPTER VIII. MOBILIZATION. 1. Requisitions 232 2. Kinds of calls -. 232 3. Mode of allocating a call 236 4. Entrainment 237 (a) Assembly of selectives for entrainment 237 (b) Railroad arrangements 239 (c) Camp destinations 240 (d) Mileage 240 CONTENTS. IX CHAPTER IX. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. Page. 1. Compensation in general 242 2. Compensation of local board members 242 3. Clerical services for local boards 244 4. Appropriations 247 5. Disbursements 247 6. Per capita cost, National and State 248 7. Per capita cost in 1917 and 1918 compared 249 8. Per capita cost of induction and enlistment compared 250 9. Per capita cost in the Civil War 250 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL OF THE SELECTIVE SERVICE SYSTEM. National summary : 251 (I) The Provost Marshal General ' 253 1. Personnel 253 2. Divisions of the office 254 3. National inspectors 256 4. Correspondence with the field force 256 5. Information division 259 6. Publications 261 (a) Printing 261 (&) Distribution 262 (II) The State executives 262 1. The governors .' 262 2. The draft executives 264 3. Duties of State headquarters 265 4. State inspectors 266 5. Clerical force '. 267 6. Supervision and control 267 (III) District boards 268 1. Number and personnel 268 2. Scope of work 269 3. Necessary industries 270 4. Methods of work 274 (IV) Industrial advisers 275 (V) Local boards 276 1. Character of membership 276 2. Duties 279 3. Moral responsibility for the selective draft 283 4. Popular support 284 5. Spirit of the boards 288 (VI) Government appeal agents 290 1. Appointment under original regulations 290 2. Under the regulations of December, 1917 291 3. Performance of their duties 292 (VII) Medical advisory boards 293 (VIII) Legal advisory boards 294 1. Need for these officials 294 2. Resort to the legal profession 294 3. Organization of the boards 295 X CONTENTS. (VIII) Legal advisory boards Continued. Page. 4. Appointment of the members 295 5. Method of work 296 6. Scope of the work 297 7. Results 298 (IX) Boards of instruction 298 1. Object 299 2. Organization; local board of instruction in every area 300 3. Methods 300 4. Publications 301 5. Work of the boards 302 (X) Civic cooperating agencies 303 LIST OF TEXT TABLES. 1. Total Registration 31 2. Ratio of Males Liable for Military Service to Total Male Population 31 3. Ratio of Males Liable for Military Service to Total Male Population in Great Britain and France 32 4. Deferment Claims; Ratio of Claims Made to Claims Granted 49 5. Deferment Claims Made; Ratio to Registrants 50 5a. Claims Granted, 1917 and 1918; Compared 51 6. District Board Claims Filed 51 7. Disposition of District Board Cases 51 8. Appeals to the President under Regulations of 1917 52 9. Presidential Appeals, 1917, Compared as to Kinds of Claims 53 10. Presidential Appeals, 1918, Disposition 54 11. Presidential Appeals, 1918, Kinds of Claims 54 12. Religious Denominations Opposed to War 57 13. Noncombatant Religious Creeds and Conscientious Objectors 57 14. Disposal of Conscientious Objectors 61 15. Emergency Fleet Deferments as Reduced by Later Action 68 16. Emergency Fleet (Shipbuilding) Entries Ratio to Employees, by Districts . 09 17. Ratio of Emergency Fleet Deferments to Other Grounds for Deferment, for Shipbuilding Registrants 69 18. Work or Fight Order; Cases Disposed of 79 19. Occupational Distribution of Work or Fight Rulings 82 20. Aliens and Citizens, Registration Compared 89 21. Citizens Registered 89 22. Aliens Registered 89 23. Alien Registration Distributed as to War Status 90 24. Classification of Aliens and Citizens Compared 90 25. Classification of Aliens in General 91 26. Classification of Cobelligerent Aliens 91 27. Classification of Neutral Aliens 91 28. Nondeclarant Cobelligerent and Neutral Deferments Compared 92 29. Alien Enemies and Allied Enemies Classified 92 30. Neutral Declarants Withdrawing from Service . 102 31. Marriage Dependency as Ground for Deferment 116 32. Marriage Dependency, 1917 and 1918, Compared 117 33. Divisions of Marriage Dependency 117 34. Married and Single Registrants Compared as to Classification 118 35. Single Men Deferred for Dependency 118 36. Recent Marriages 122 37. Persons in Military or Naval Ser\:ee. 124 CONTENTS. XI Page. 38. Vocations Specifically Recognized . . . 126 39. Federal Employees Designated by President 128 40. Divinity and Medical Students 129 40a. Firemen and Policemen Deferred 130 41. Effects of Draft on Industries and Occupations for 1917 Registrants, since Dec. 15, 1917 136 42. National Occupational Summary, by Classes, for 1917 Registrants, since Dec. 15, 1917 137 43. Agricultural Workers Deferred , 137 44. Industrial Workers Deferred 137 46. Effects of Draft on 11 Skilled Railroad Employments to June, 1918 138 47. Effect of Draft on Coal-mining Industry 141 48. Morally Unfit 149 49. Physical Groups Compared 153 50. Military Status of Group C Men 154 51. Army Disposition of Group C Men Accepted 156 52. Rural and Urban Physical Rejections Compared 159 53. Colored and White Physical Rejections Compared 160 54. Physical Rejections in Alien and Native Communities Compared 160 55. Age-21 Physical Rejections, Compared with Ages 21-30 161 56. Camp Surgeons' Revision of Local Board Physical Examinations 162 57. Comparison of 1917 and 1918 Rejections 162 58. Physical Rejections by Camps, Compared 163 59. Physical Rejections by Camp Surgeons, by Selected Coterminous Camps and States, Compared 164 60. Varieties of Defects Disqualifying for Military Service, from Feb. 10, 1918, to Oct. 15, 1918 165 61. Comparison of Grounds of Deferment ' 168 62. Deferments and Exemptions in General 170 62a. Deferments in British System 172 63. Nominal Class 1 173 64 . Effective Class I in 1918 174 65. Registration, by Age Groups, Compared with Census and Actuarial Esti- mates 181 66. Registration by Individual Ages 183 66a. Overdue Registrants of Ages 21-30, 1917, Brought Out by Later Regis- trations r : 186 67. Ratio of Effectives by Ages 189 68. Effectives in Age Groups 18-20, 32-36 190 71. Colored and White Registration Compared 191 72. Colored and White Classification Compared 192 73. Colored and White Inductions Compared 193 74. Ratio of Indian Deferment Claims and Inductions 198 75. Ratio of Reported and Outstanding Desertions 203 76. Reported Desertions, by Color. Compared 205 77. Reported Desertions, by Citizenship, Compared 206 78. Inductions, Ratio to Registrants 222 79. Enlistments and Inductions, Compared by Months 223 79a. Inductions Navy and Marine Corps; Oct.-Nov., 1918 226 80. Total Strength of Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Compared as to Original Strength and Increments 227 81. Ratio of Military Strength to Males of Ages 18-45 and to Male Population All Ages 228 XII CONTENTS. 81a. Ratio of United Kingdom Forces Raised to Male Ages 18-45 and to Males All Ages 229 81b. Enlistment and Conscription in the United Kingdom 230 82. Mobilization, by Kinds of Calls Issued 234 83. Inductions Compared as to Voluntary and Involuntary 235 84. Inductions, by Branches of the Army, Compared 235 85. Mobilization by Camps, Compared 240 86. Mobilization, by Mileage 241 87. Appropriations for Registration and Selection for Military Service 247 88. Per Capita Cost of Draft 248 89. Per Capita Cost 1917 and 1918 Compared 249 90. Per Capita Cost of Induction and Enlistment Compared 250 91. Personnel of Selective Service Administration 251-2 92. Summary of Mail to Nov. 15, 1918 259 93. Printed Forms Required for the Selective Service System 261 94. Essential Industries (Priorities List) Found "Necessary" by District Boards 271^1 95. Occupations of Local Board Members 277 LIST OF APPENDIXES. Appendix A. The President's Proclamation of August 31, 1918 309 Appendix B. Estimates of Man-Power; Ages 18-20, 32-45 312 Appendix C. Territorial Returns 318 Appendix D. Conscientious Objectors A Local Board View 323 Appendix E. Sample Form of Requisition for Registrants to be Mobilized 324 Appendix F. Specimen Entrainment Schedule 325 Appendix G. Officers on Duty in Office of the Provost Marshal General, 1917-1918 335 Appendix H. List of the Principal Forms Printed for the Provost Marshal General's Office 338 Appendix I. List of District Boards showing Location and Jurisdiction 343 Appendix J. A Summary of the Civil War Draft 369 Appendix K. A Study of Conscription in the United Kingdom, 1914-1918 379 LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES. 1A. Total Registration 396 10A. Presidential Appeals to December 20, 1918 397 23 A. Registration of Aliens and Alien Enemies, by States 398 23B. Registration of Aliens, by Nationalities 399 26A. Classification of Aliens, by Nationalities 400 30A. Number of Diplomatic Requests received for discharge of Aliens, by Countries 400 31A. Married Registered, Deferred, and Deferred for Dependency 401 36A. Single Men Registered, Deferred for Dependency, and Recent Marriages. 404 CONTENTS. XIII 42A. Industrial Index Statistical Summary of Occupations, by Classes 405-16 49A. Physical Groups by States 417 52A. Causes for Physical Rejectionsin Urban and Rural Districts, Compared. . 419 56A. Physical Rejections at Camp, Compared by States 420 60A. Combined Figures and Percentages for Causes of Rejections by Local Boards and Camp Surgeons, and for Discharges from the Army of Recently Inducted Men 422-5 GOB. Causes of Physical Rejections by Local Boards, Compared by States. . 426-29 60C. Causes of Physical Rejections by Camp Surgeons, Compared by States. 430-34 60D. Physical Rejections at Camp, showing Anatomical and Pathological Defects in Detail 435-39 60E. Mental and Nervous Disorders as Cause for Rejection by Local Boards and Camp Surgeons, and for Discharge from the Army 448 62 A. Deferments and Exemptions in General, by States 449 62B. Deferments and Exemptions in General, by Divisions 451 64A. Class I, Nominal and Effective Strength, September, 1918, Registration, Ages 19-20; 32-36 453 66A. Registration ; Age Distribution by States 454-7 71A. Colored and White Registration, Compared by States 458 73A. Colored and White Inductions, Compared by States 459 75A. Desertions: Reported and Outstanding 460 76A. Reported Desertions by Color, Compared by States 461 77A. Reported Desertions by Citizenship, Compared by States 462 78A. Quota Sheet No. 1 463 78B. Quota Sheet No. 2 464 78C. Quota Sheet No. 3 465 78D. Quota Sheet No. 4 466 78E. Quota Sheet No. 5 467 79A. Enlistments and Inductions, April 2, 1917, to October 31, 1918, under First and Second Registrations, Compared by States 468 81 A. List of Requisitions for Men, Received by the Provost Marshal General from The Adjutant General of the Army 470-3 87A. Disbursements and Expenses, by States 474-5 88A. Total and per Capita Cost of Selective Service System 476 91A. Number of Personnel in the Selective Service Administration 478-9 94A. War Industries Board Priorities List Compared with District Board Rulings as to Necessary Industries 480-91 100A. Principal Statistical Data, by Local Boards 492-602 LIST OF CHARTS. Chart. A. Per cent of married registrants to total registrants (App. Ta. 31-A) 402 B. Ratio of dependency deferments and deferments on other grounds to total married (App. Ta. 31-A) 403 C. Physical rejections by local boards (App. Ta. 49-A) 418 D. Physical rejections of inducted men at camp, by States (App. Ta. 56-A). . 421 E. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Maryland (App. Ta. 60-D) 440 F. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Massachusetts (App. Ta. 60-D) 441 G. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for New York (App. Ta. 60-D) 442 H. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Alabama (App. Ta. 60-D) .'... 443 XIV CONTENTS. Page. I. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Illinois (App. Ta. 60-D) 444 J. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Colorado (App. Ta. 60-D ) 445 K. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for Texas (App. Ta. 60-D ) , 446 L. Comparison of causes of physical rejections from camp, for California (App. Ta, 60-D) 447 M. Distribution of registrants by classes (App. Ta. 62-A) 450 N. Trend line showing enlistments and inductions by months (App. Ta. 7&-A) 469 O. Selective service cost per man inducted, by States (App. Ta. 88-A) 477 Index . 603 SECOND REPORT OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL, CHAPTER I. (I) INTKODTJCTIOW. Nineteen months of war have brought to a successful conclusion our conflict with the Central Powers. Entering the struggle at a time when the prospect was decidedly dismal, we witnessed German success advance to an almost overwhelming allied defeat, until, throwing our hastily assembled forces into the balance, we saw impending catastrophe turn into brilliant and decisive victory. We are now too close upon the events accurately to assess them. How groat a part American Selective Service played in the drama of the world war, history alone can tell. That a new and untried scheme of selection could succeed at all was to many doubtful; that it should attain results beyond the fondest dreams of its most ardent supporters was unbelievable. To enroll for service over 24,000,000 men; to mobilize a selected Army of more than 2,800,000, a million of them within the space of 90 days; to have presently available for military duty 2,000,000 additional fighting men; to classify this vast group of man-power in the order of its military and industrial importance, so as to preserve the domestic and industrial life of the Nation, to speed up war-time activities, to maintain them in a sta- tus of maximum efficient production, and to pave the way to a speedy return to normal peacetime pursuits while recruiting the full fighting strength of the Nation these are results which would be instantly rejected as impossible did not the actual facts stand as irrefutable testimonials of their accomplishment. The registration. In the first report submitted to you on December 20, 1917, it was stated that the classification of the first registration group which had been enrolled on June 5, 1917, and which then num- bered 9,586,508, was just beginning. On June 5, 1918, by the regis- tration of men who had attained the age of 21 since June 5, 1917, and whose enrollment was authorized by the Joint Resolution of May 20, 1918, 735,834 were enrolled. On August 24, 1918, the registration of youths attaining their majority since June 5, 1918, was accomplished, and increased the enrollment by 159,161 men. Finally, on September 12, 1918, under the provisions of the act of August 31, 1918, a final registration of all men between the ages of 18 and 45, both inclusive, 97250 19 1 1 2 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. who had not previously registered was accomplished, and 13,228,762 men were added to lists of those available for military service. In- cluding interim accessions, a total of 24,234,021 men was enrolled and became subject to the terms of the Selective Service Law. That this vast labor should have been accomplished without fric- tion and without the slightest manifestation of antagonism on the part of any disturbing elements is in itself a complete vindication of the loyalty of the American people. The organization of each registra- tion proceeded to a completion of its task with the smoothness and facility of the perfectly adjusted machine. In contrast to riots and bloodshed attendant upon the enrollment under the civil war draft act, the cheerful and eager submission of the nation to the assumption of its military obligation is a glorious monument to the unselfish spontaniety of its patriotism. Tl\e classification. The classification of man power thus enrolled so as instantly to disclose the relative importance to the military and industrial realms of its components was the next great task. Under the scheme outlined in my former report, all available man power was to be grouped into four classes in the inverse order of its indus- trial importance; the fifth class containing those exempted from all liability under the terms of the selective service- law. Class I was to constitute the reservoir of man power, the drain of which for military duty would least disturb the domestic and economic life of the nation. The other classes were to contain the men whose domestic and indus- trial relations were such that their call to the colors should be de- ferred as long as the exigencies of the military situation would permit. My report of December 20, 1917, carried the statement that It can be announced now as the policy and belief of this Office that in all probability it will be possible to fill our military needs without ever invading any class more deferred than Class I; and this is the promise, the standard and the goal, here for the first time announced, toward which every administrative effort of this Office shall be directed. The promise has been fulfilled. Our fighting forces were supplied with men from Class I, and from Class I only. From the ordinary walks of civil life, 2,810,296 men were drawn and placed in the mili- tary service. But the deferred classes have remained intact. When hostilities closed, there remained in Class I a supply of fighting men sufficient to meet every military necessity. The classification of the twenty -four million registrants pro- ceeded rapidly. The first registration group of over nine million was disposed of in little more than 60 days, and the registrants of June 5 and August 24, 1918, were speedily classified. On Sep- tember 18, 1918, the local boards began the task of classifying the registrants of September 12 between the ages of 19 and 36, both INTRODUCTION. 3 inclusive. By November 1, this labor had been substantially completed and the boards took up the work of classifying the remaining registrants, i. e., the 18-year-old men and those above the age of 36. Their efforts were well under way when the signing of the armistice on November 11, put a halt upon their work. On November 11, the local boards were, pursuant to your direction, ordered to complete the classification of the 18- year-old men and the men between the ages of 19 and 36 but to discontinue the classification of registrants above the age of 36. Their labors were completed before December 10, 1918, when their records were sealed and their activities ended. With the accomplishment of this stupendous labor, the founda- tion and framework of the selective structure were erected. With a complete registration and classification effected, the whole field of available man-power turns, as if by magic touch, from a con- glomerate mass of potential resource into a well-ordered, easily manipulated supply, capable of ready adjustment to any military or industrial emergency, making possible the facile control of the nicest military-industrial balance, the maintenance of which the selective organization necessarily assumed. Economic necessities. But with the classification completed by successive registration stages, and the separation made between those who should properly contribute their energies to the fighting forces in the theater of war and those who for industrial or domestic reasons should be retained in their civilian status, the task of selec- tion was not completely accomplished. War makes strange stern calls upon affected nations. It not only demands its armies but requires heroic adjustments in civil walks. New industries spring up and must be continued ; the nonessential pur- suits must be curtailed or abandoned and every energy bent toward a common purpose. As time goes on, the steady drain upon man-power for the battle front increases, industrial tension quickens, the factory and the mill must yield to the sterner call of w r artime preparations. The supply of labor, skilled and unskilled, the proper maintenance and adjustment of industrial and agricultural production, the slow and careful combing of the nonfighting groups so as to yield the greatest military return with the least disturbance of civil activity, all these become matters of vital national importance. How to di- vert labor, skilled and unskilled, from the nonessential to the essential industries; how to prepare an easy transition from wartime activities to peace time conditions -such are typical of the broader problems with which selection concerned itself to the very end, each growing increas- ingly delicate as time went on. It is true that the selective draft act was primarily a means of raising armies. But there was not lacking in the minds of the proponents of the measure and of the Congress 4 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AXD POLICIES. which enacted it, an appreciation of the broader aspects to which I have alluded. This was evidenced by the provisions of the bill, as proposed by the Department, looking toward liberal deferments and exemptions because of dependency and occupation. So it was that the act, and the regulations made in aid of its execution, looked both to a military and economic classification which would not only effect the deferment of the economically useful, but would also furnish a ready means for diverting their talents into civil pursuits most directly contributing to the efficient maintenance of the military establishment. Great national issues have been affected by it. The one of ship- building was referred to in my first annual report. The war found us without the essential requirement to the conduct of an overseas campaign, namely, an immediately available merchant marine, and all the energies of our nation were exerted to the building of one. The genius of construction was ours, but labor, skilled and unskilled, was not at hand. The contributions of the selective draft of this labor and of the operative crews are statistically presented else- where in this report, and form one of its most interesting chapters. But these tasks, indispensable to the preservation of our domestic and economic life, did not proceed in the quiet isolation of peace time conditions. The burning fact was always present, that the primary purpose of the selective service law was the raising of armies. Mobilization. On January 1, we had accomplished the mobiliza- tion of 516,000 men. On September 30, 1918, 2,552,173 selected men had been mobilized. In the first nine months of the current year, therefore, we put into the camps and cantonments over 2,000,000 men. In addition, when the Student's Army Training Corps was created, 145,000 youths were inducted into the service for military training during the continuance of their studies in some 500 colleges and universities throughout the country. On Novem- ber 11, 1918, when your order directed the immediate discontin- uance of all mobilization, we had produced a selective army of 2,810,296 men. Had mobilization lasted five days longer, the selective service organization would have placed with the colors more than 3,000,000 soldiers. I call your attention to the fact that mobilization under the selec- tive plan began on September 5, 1917. At the end of the first 14 months over 2,750,000 men were put in camp, and 14 months of selective mobilization would have raised the total to more than 3,000,000 men. Many difficulties were encountered growing out of the emergent demands upon the selective service organization. The accelerated program of the War Department came in the early summer, necessi- tating calls for men far in excess of the number that had theretofore INTRODUCTION; 5 been contemplated. During the months of May, June, and July we called to the colors 1,076,151 men. In the month of July alone 401,147 men were placed in camp. In the latter part of May an emergent call was made for the immediate mobilization of 50,000 men; we called and mobilized the full number within seven days after receipt of the requisition for them. In the mobilization of these men, 1,708 separate calls were made, varying in sizes from calls for 1 man to 220,000 men. Men were sent to 283 mobilization points throughout the country. The average period of mobilization, that is, the time elapsing between the date of the demand upon this office and the date of the arrival of selected contingents at camp, was 20 days. Actual mobilization was accom- plished in an average time of 5 days. Every type of man desired by the Army, from the soldier qualified for full line service to the highly skilled specialist of limited physical qualifications only, was furnished. Of specially skilled men fur- nished, I mention only a few bricklayers, expert timbermen, ac- countants, locomotive engineers, autogenous welders, draftsmen, butchers, cabinetmakers, meteorologists, chemists, veterinarians, and watch repairmen. I have stated these facts in outline only. A full discussion of them appears later in this report. State quotas. The method of apportioning quotas was radically changed after my first report. The old rule of population, under which the first levy of 687,000 men was made, was abandoned, and, under authority of the joint resolution of May 16, 1918, Class I was made the basis of contribution among the States. The population rule early demonstrated its inequity, taking, as it did, no count of that part of the population which was exempted from draft and laying the burden of furnishing men for the Army without regard to actual availability. The population scheme was a blind rule of numerical equality only. Gross population included aliens, who under the terms of the law were exempted from draft. In districts with a large alien population, the population rule, therefore, resulted in a grossly disproportionate reduction of citizen population, which, in some instances, was little short of calamitous. The adoption of the classification scheme carried with it as a necessary corollary, the basing of quotas upon availability for mili- tary service. Without such a rule, we would soon have been con- fronted with the intolerable situation of having one community fur- nishing its contingents from Class I while a neighboring locality would be drawing upon Class IV. The concurrent operation of the classification plan and the Class I quota basis obviated the injustice that would otherwise have ensued. Class I had to be exhausted nationally before a more deferred class could be made subject to 6 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVEXTS AND POLICIES. military duty. Since Class I was the class the members of which were most easily spared from civil life, it followed that the end of the whole classification scheme, viz, the preservation of the domestic and industrial spheres, was thus, in a large measure, attained. The Class I quota basis regarded the Nation in war, not as 48 separate, jealous States, but as a firmly united whole, contributing to our fighting forces in a manner which would least disturb peace time normality, locally and nationally. Voluntary enlistment. But while the classification and mobilization under the selective service law were proceeding, the Army, the Navy, and the Marine Corps were recruiting under the old system of volun- tary enlistment. Enlistment in the Army, as to registrants, was discontinued on December 15, 1917; but recruiting in the Navy and Marine Corps, as to registrants, and in the Army, as to nonregistrants, continued until August 8, 1918, when all voluntary enlistments were- ordered discontinued. Such recruiting played havoc for a time with the orderly process of selection. During the period in which enlistments were permitted, 1,300,000 men were withdrawn from the available source of supply, upon which the selective service organization relied. The volunteer plan took no heed of economic value; it received as readily the man indispensable to production as it did the industrially worthless. We were presented with the strange anomaly of a nation which had intrusted its man power to a selective organization, at the very breath turning over the same resources to an indiscriminate with- drawal by the agencies of recruitment. The task of accounting became highly difficult ; an equitable or efficient apportionment of man power between the military and industrial realms was impos- sible. Recruitment disturbed every phase of the scientific adminis- tration of our task and impaired the efficiency of the whole organization. These facts were readily cognizable by the summer of 1918, and all recruitment was discontinued. The act of August 31, relegated the Navy and Marine Corps to selective drafts in securing additional maij power, and for the remainder of the war every branch of our fighting forces was supplied through the selective service organization. It is not certain, however, that the country as a whole, thoroughly understood the imperative necessity of eliminating indiscriminate volunteering. The desire for its continuance persisted to the last, in infrequent requests that it be reopened, at least as to registrants in Class I. Experience showed that such a course, if widely adopted, would prove most unwise, as it would have led to uncertainty hi mobilization and to substitution against which we could not guard too jealousy, if the democratic ideals, to which we had pinned our faith, were to prevail to the end- To carry selection to its logical SOME LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE. 7 and efficient end, there could be no deviation from the rule that each registrant must await his tune and perform his military obligation only when his call, in orderly process, came to him. In brief outline, this is the story of the selective draft since the last report to you and up to the cessation of hostilities, the date upon which the selective organization halted its constructive efforts. Detailed and elaborate treatment will be found in the following pages. I would be remiss in the performance of a public duty did I not, at this point, accord the credit which is so richly due to the war governors and their several State headquarters, the 155 district boards, the 4,648 local boards, the 1,319 medical advisory boards, the 3,646 legal advisory boards, as well as then- auxiliary agencies of Government appeal agents, examining physicians, boards of instruc- tion, and other civilian and enlisted assistants, upon whom has fallen the great strain of the task that has been accomplished. No labor has been so onerous and no demand so exacting but that it has been performed with a zeal and dispatch that are unparalleled in the history of free peoples. Without adequate compensation, often at great financial sacrifice, the members of the local adminis- trative organizations have bent themselves to their tasks with a devotion that spells the imperishability of our democratic instititions. I am certain that no great national undertaking was ever begun which depended so utterly upon faith in a people for its execution; and undoubtedly no faith has ever been more completely justified and no confidonco more abundantly rewarded. (H) SOME LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE. Before casting a survey into the future, I turn aside to make one or two comments suggested by the administrative experience of the draft. In the report of Brig. Gen. James Oakcs, acting assistant provost marshal general for Illinois, in 1865, printed in the report of the Provost Marshal General of the United States for the Civil War (Final Report to the Secretary of War, 1866, Pt. II, p. 37), there is a remarkable passage, in which the writer of the report expresses the hope ' ' that the great lessons of the war will not be lost upon the country," and predicts "that if these lessons are wisely improved, the Nation would embark in another war, whether foreign or domes- tic, with incomparably greater advantages for its successful prose- cution than were possessed at the commencement of the late rebel- lion." The remarkable thing about the prediction thus made is that the hope expressed was verified in a degree so complete that it merits national thankfulness. The preceding few pages of that report com- mented on nearly a dozen features of the Civil War draft in which, it was pointed out, shortcomings had been developed. The princi- 8 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. pal recommendations made for the avoidance of these shortcomings in the future were as follows: (1) Registration by personal report of - the citizen at a registration office, and not by a house-to-house cen- sus; (2) the determination of regional liability for man-power to be made by the place of residence of the citizen, and not by his casual place of registration; (3) the responsibility for furnishing quotas to be allotted to the several States, and not to the congressional dis- tricts, and the calculations of the quantities to be centralized at State headquarters; (4) substitutes to be forbidden; (5) bounties for volunteering to be forbidden; (6) short periods of service to be aban- doned, and the duration of the war to be the uniform period of service; (7) State headquarters to have a supervising medical aide; and (8) State officials to have legal advisers on the administration of the law. It is a notable fact that every one of the lessons thus pointed out in 1865 was followed in the year 1917, cither in the selective service act itself or in the regulations issued thereunder. And thus it happened that we entered upon the present war with all the advantages which the reporting officer, in his solemn warning of 1865, had hoped that we would possess "in another war, whether foreign or domestic." Fortified as we thus were by the lessons of the Civil War, and profiting as we have done since the first six months of 1917 by our initial experience in the present system, there remains indeed no large scope for critical comment based on the experience of the last 10 months. Nevertheless, a few important topics suggest themselves, upon which it is desirable here to interpolate comments; these may serve to answer questions that have occurred to the minds of observers of the system during the present year. Civilian administration. The quickness with which the American people adapted themselves to the selective service law, and their ready cooperation in carrying out its provisions, were notable. Since the foundation of this Republic our people have inherited a deep- seated prejudice against anything akin to- universal compulsory military service. This tradition, to be sure, was offset by the popular will to win the war so imbued were they all with the determination to perpetuate democratic ideals so impressed with the knowledge that not only was it necessary to raise an army but to raise it quickly. Nevertheless, such a stupendous undertaking could not have been accomplished through a system not in harmony with the National spirit. And the most influential feature in bringing about this har- mony was the fact that the selective draft system was mainly placed in the hands of men taken from the people themselves a civilian organization without previous experience except in the diverse civilian pursuits. The knowledge that the privilege and the re- sponsibility belonged to them made the draft more popular with the SOME LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE. 9 citizenry than if it had been effected by purely military processes. It was their task, and its achievement was their reward. The system was peculiarly democratic in that it lodged the maximum of authority with the smallest unit practicable. It was essentially the people's institution, subjecting our form of government to the severest test and resulting in its triumphant vindication. State agencies. The use of the State officials in administering the draft has unquestionably brought about a closer union between the States and the Central Administration, thus welding more firmly the various parts of the Union. The governors of the States have become in a sense Federal officials, with a sense of responsibility to the National Government that did not theretofore exist. The significance of this feature of the system, and its lesson for the art of American Government, receive fuller comment in Chapter X of this report. Since it became necessary to function with great rapidity under the selective service law, in order to place adequate armies in the field, speed was the controlling idea in perfecting the organization of the personnel of the various draft boards and officials throughout the country. Here it was necessary to rely upon the sound judgment and integrity of the various draft executives of the States in selecting the personnel. It would naturally have been expected, therefore, that in such a hastily constructed organization, many errors of judg- ment in making such recommendations would be committed, and that even in some instances evidence of political influence would appear. The result, however, bears out the conclusion that the execu- tives of the various States were thoroughly imbued with the patriotic desire to create a war machine of maximum efficiency, and that they made efficiency their sole watchword. In consequence, maladminis- tration in the performance of official duties was noticeably less than in the cases of officials constituted by the usual methods of election and appointment. The personnel of the Selective Service organiza- tion was perhaps its greatest possession, because upon it depended the success of every activity connected with the operation of the draft. Deferred status as a means of evasion. Not much difficulty was experienced by draft officials in determining the worth of a registrant to the Nation as affected by his industrial or domestic status prior to the initiation of the selective service system. But a just decision upon a status acquired by change of circumstances subsequent to the act was not always plain and simple of attainment. Some criti- cism developed, on the ground that there was a lack of uniformity throughout the country in the interpretation of the rules governing such cases. In the field of dependency, this was met by a ruling, issued from this office on June 13, 1918, prescribing the conditions under which claims based on recent marriages might be granted; 10 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. and the general opinion of draft officials was that this ruling brought about uniformity in the consideration of such cases. A similar ruling, governing a subsequently acquired industrial and occupa- tional status, would probably have prevented a great many evasions of military service. It is beyond doubt that thousands of registrants succeeded in evading service, by removing to farms purchased by indulgent parents, and by other like means, undertaken subsequent to the passage of the act; and that, therefore, the system did not effectively prevent on the part of registrants the evasion of its require- ments. But it is also true that, in the absence of an auxiliary system of conscription for industry, the classification of registrants according to their status at any fixed date would not have been practicable. The selective service regulations, therefore, while not being proof against the wiles of the artful evader, at least effected one of two things: Either they placed such registrants in the military service, or they forced them, through fear of such service, to engage in a useful industrial or agricultural undertaking, thus probably pre- venting the necessity for legislation that would have signified labor conscription. Jurisdiction of boards. The statutory provision vesting in dis- trict boards the original jurisdiction in industrial and agricultural cases was of doubtful wisdom. In many instances, such boards were too far removed from the locality of the individual registrant to be able to know or to ascertain the actual economic conditions of his community. Many district boards followed substantially the cur- sory recommendations of local boards in occupational cases, while other boards ignored such recommendations, relying upon data which were often incomplete and artificial. The provision made in September, 1918, for the appointment of three industrial advisers for the respective district boards, went far toward remedying these conditions, though the cessation of hostilities and the resultant suspension of mobilization prevented a full test of the wisdom of this plan. On the whole, a more just and effective classification would have been secured, had original jurisdiction in all cases been vested in local boards, reserving to district boards a jurisdiction strictly of an appellate character. This would have effected a fairer coordination of industrial and dependency deferments, and a reviewing authority other than the President would have been pro- vided for occupational cases. l * Delinquents and deserters. It must be admitted that the selective service system was not altogether successful in dealing with draft evaders, delinquents, and deserters. The fault lay not primarily in the law and regulations governing this phase of the draft. In a few regions, undoubtedly, registrants could with impunity refuse to obey the requirements of the law. The selective service officials possessed THE FUTURE. 11 t no police or penal authority of their own; and although the Depart- ment of Justice, and police officials generally, rendered valuable service in enforcing the draft, this division of responsibility naturally lessened their efficiency. By a very substantial enlargement of its field force, had that been possible, the Department of Justice could have handled the situation. But it is believed that a more effective method would have been to provide local boards with sufficient police assistance thor- oughly to cover their respective territories. Moreover, net desertion lists would have been substantially reduced had a definite scheme been adopted of requiring the regular publication, through the press, of alphabetical lists of delinquents and deserters in the same manner as casualty lists are published. Publicity. The publicity incidentally brought about by the draft process has thrown light upon practically every problem in our social and economic life, and has formed an invaluable stimulus to the progress of the Nation. The reference is not to publicity in the sense of public knowledge of once private facts, but in the sense of a conscious stirring up of universal interest in the many aspects of community life. It has been the greatest educative process in the history of the country. Ignorance has been exposed, and with its exposure the necessity for greater educational facilities has been impressed upon all the people. Disease, heretofore hidden in holes and corners, has been uncovered. With all has come, in many quarters where it was needed, the conviction on the part of all intelligent citizens that there must be new methods and new efforts. The stimulus thus given to patriotic and disinterested organization for the purposes of the common welfare will be the means hereafter of saving an hundred times the lives lost in the war. (HI) THE FUTURE. The war having now been brought to a successful conclusion, the activities of this office and of the whole selective machinery will soon come to an end. Perhaps it will not be without interest to outline the policies that were shaping and the plans that were developing when the close of the war was reached. If these mat- ters are now no longer of present value, the consideration of them may not be without worth, if the Nation is, at some future time, again presented with an emergency such as that through which it has just passed. Nor am I uncertain but that, in the administra- tion of selective service, we have evolved certain principles of national significance which can be applied as advantageously in times of peace as in time of war, and the successful execution of which was never contemplated until the impetus of war forced us to the test. That selective service can raise expeditiously a fighting force limited in numbers only by the demands of the Army and Navy has been conclusively demonstrated. In 14 months little short of 12 CHAPTEK I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AXD POLICIES. 3,000,000 selected men were mobilized, and an abundant supply still remained in Class. I. If military necessity had ever become so dire that its demands could not have been met from the supplies of Class I, there existed a simple solution for the shortage, which, happily, never arose. The primary object of the selective service law that is, the raising of a fighting force was, therefore, fully attained. But the task of selective service does not stop with the raising of armies; rather it becomes more intricate and more highly difficult. The classification scheme sorted out from over 24,000,000 regis- trants and placed in Class I those whose withdrawal from domestic and industrial connections would create the least disturbing effect upon the current of our national life. But the remainder far out- numbered those who went to the fighting forces. The residue, the deferred classes, formed the great army behind the lines whose efforts had so to be directed as to contribute most effectively to the fighting forces. How to mold this vast group of man-power; how to weave its energies into the general pattern of national effectiveness, attaining a maximum of wartime production and a minimum of peacetime dis- turbance these were the problems, herculean in magnitude, yet sus- ceptible of only the most delicate treatment, to which the selective organization had to address itself. From the wartime standpoint, occupations may be roughly grouped into three classes: 1. Those enterprises such as shipbuilding and the manufacture of munitions, which have a direct and immediate relation to the military problem. 2. Those enterprises contributing to the general good, without which the normal life of the Nation would be seriously affected and the continuance of which must be fostered to render a return to peace- time conditions easy. 3. The harmful and nonproductive employments. For the man-power between the ages of 18 and 45 in each of these groups the selective system was responsible. Let us examine each of these labor groups separately. First, how- ever, it must be stated that the ultimate aim of the selective service system was to eliminate entirely useful man-power in the third, to comb the second to the minimum consistent with the preservation of the framework of normality, and to fill the first to the utmost possible limits. The whole scheme may be envisioned as an instantaneous destruction of the third group, a gradual compression of the second and a constant expansion of the first. To the accomplishment of these ends, the selective service law provided powerfully persuasive means, holding out the alternatives of productive employment on the one hand and enforced military service on the other. THE FUTURE. 13 1. THE NECESSARY INDUSTRIES. Compulsory deferment. The first task was to preserve intact the industrial group then employed in the war time industries, the so- called "necessary" industries, which have a direct relation to the military problem. Only when we have preserved the original group may we concern ourselves with the enlargement of it. The regulations, promulgated in execution of the selective service law took abundant precaution to withhold from military duty the labor and directing talent necessary to the continuance of such industries. The regulations always contemplated the deferment of call to military service of men necessary to the continuance of them and their scope was extended from time to time. Deferment on the ground of employment alone was, therefore, the initial step in the solution of the problem. To attempt the enlargement of an indus- trial group and yet to take no precaution to preserve the original nucleus is to build with the one hand and to destroy with the other. There was at first no safeguard thrown about the industrial type, which, though indispensable to production, sought to enter the military service. Fired with a patriotism which conceives the highest obligation as service in the fighting forces, large numbers of men whose energies were of infinitely more value in the industrial world than on the battle field, abandoned their productive labors for service in the Army or Navy. It was here that the pernicious system of volunteer recruitment, to which I have already referred, dealt its most vital blow. What selection sought to establish and protect, recruitment consistently disrupted and disorganized. The industrial expert voluntarily enlisting in the Army or Navy left vacant a place in the forces of production to occupy a place which he could not fill with equal effectiveness in the fighting forces. The industrial group, which selection had been zealously building, was thus subjected to a steady and alarming drain. When viewed from this standpoint, it is inconceivable that the advocates of voluntary enlistment should have continued to press their point. If patriotism is the desire to serve one's country, then the highest type is the desire to serve one's country best. If the industrial expert is of greater value in the factory than in the field, then it is unpatriotic for him to abandon his labors in the former to resume them in the latter. Fortunately, the evil of recruitment was finally abandoned definitely for the period of the emergency. The evils of voluntary enlistment existed in a less degree in the opportunities offered to registrants in deferred industrial classes to secure voluntary induction into the service through the medium of the Selective Service organization. Originally, no restraint had been placed upon such voluntary induction and the hurtful effects 14 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVEXTS ASTD POLICIES. of recruitment were modifiedly duplicated by it. The regulations promulgated in September, 1918, however, placed additional re- straints upon the classes deferred on account of industrial useful- ness. To waive industrial deferment for the purpose of securing induction into the Army was made more difficult of accomplishment. Great pains were taken to lay before the Nation the patriotic duty both of employers and employees to claim and establish the right to deferred classification for all those whose occupation was such that necessary industrial effectiveness would have been reduced by their withdrawal for military service. Thus were established the partial means for protection of the "necessary" industries, both nuclei and accretions. But before hostilities ceased, the time was rapidly approaching when we would have been compelled to take the final step in tho process and to have denied absolutely to the registrants deferred upon industrial grounds, all rights to military service. We. had almost reached the time when it would have been necessary to make it as impossible for the man deferred for industrial reasons to secure military service as it had been for the registrants in. Class I to avoid it. This was the logical end to which we had been led and to which we had inevitably been tending. When this final step had been taken we would have effectively accomplished the end which we had set out to attain. Compulsory transfer. But it is one matter to conserve labor in the "necessary" industries from withdrawals by the army, and an- other matter to augment labor in those industries to the desired scope. Both are equally important. Wo were not prepared to accept an industrial draft, and therefore had to look elsewhere for a solution. Fortunately, the means for supplying the initial additions of labor in these industries were readily available. For two and one-half years prior to the declaration of war against Germany, our country had been serving the embattled nations of Europe. Labor had already thronged to the munition factories and the powder mills, and the rapidly rising wage scale accelerated the influx. The lure of the rising wage brought its full measure of returns. But wage com- petition became so keen, and in many instances its results were so little short of calamitous, that it was folly to believe that the ebb and flow of labor supply could or should bo governed by such means alone. Indeed the efforts of other departments of the Government had long been devoted to the elimination of the indiscriminate com- petition and to the stabilization of all wage scales. Here the selective service law furnished a powerful lever needed for forming into the "necessary" industries the needed additional supplies of labor. The operation of the "Work or fight" regula- THE FUTURE. 15 tions is fully set forth in the later pages of this report. Demanding, as these regulations did, that continuance in a deferred class on the ground of dependency should be contingent upon employment in a productive occupation and that every man should become an effective producer or a soldier, the result of the regulations was to destroy idleness and to drive from the nonproductive pursuits all registrants whose deferment hinged upon a, change of occupation. The possibilities of this principle are practically limitless. They are as wide as the field of labor itself. The "Work or fight" prin- ciple had been only sparingly applied when the war ended, but it had already succeeded in cleaning out the idle class and the small group of occupations theretofore declared to be nonproductive. The labor thus diverted turned, perforce, to the field of necessary or productive industry. The shipyards, for example, were materially aided by the augmentation of labor in them. We had only to extend the scope of the "Work or fight" regulations to produce their added effectiveness. ' As time went on, more and more occupa- tions were to be catalogued as nonproductive and the evacuation of labor from them would have been initiated. The labor thus affected turns for rcemployment naturally to the fields of highest wages. Since the highest wage scale is found in the purely war time industries, the labor thus diverted turns almost as a unit to these very indus- tries. Thus at one stroke is accomplished the elimination of the nonproducer and his transformation into the most effective producer. In time of war, we have only to apply the "Work or Fight" principle understandingly and sympathetically to attain any desired adjustment of the labor supply. Cooperation with other depart- ments of the Government to this end will prove helpful. When the war ended, the Department had under consideration the immediate extension of the scope of the "Work or Fight" regulations. It was considered that the study of this problem and the execution of the future policy in respect of it were among the most important tasks remaining for the Selective Service organization. Group transfer. The "Work or Fight" principle was effective in diverting labor from the nonproductive to the productive employ- ments. But since its purpose was persuasive only, it did not go to the length of dictating to the nonproducer the exact field of employ- ment to which he should turn his efforts upon abandoning his non- productive occupation. It is true, the consideration of higher wages in the most essential labor fields, and the economic law of supply and demand in the several industries within these fields, must have an important bearing on the ultimate location of such labor. But, when the laborer has his choice between, say, the shipyard and the munition factory, he may choose either the one or the other. It is 16 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. conceivable that situations may arise when it is possible to obtain abundant labor for the shipyard and insufficient labor for the munition factory, and when the "Work or Fight" doctrine will not adequately serve to divert the deficit of labor to the munition factory. We had, therefore, to seek some measure supplemental to the " Work or Fight" regulations which would solve the problem of diverting labor into definite branches of necessary occupations. The "Work or Fight" regulations served to turn labor from the nonproductive to the productive fields, but they did not serve to distribute productive labor among the various industries in the productive fields. How could this be accomplished when the ordinary law of supply and demand failed to produce the desired result ? There was abundant legal authority for calling into military service, through the selective service organization, any or all of a particular group of skilled industrials, regardless of their classification. It was quite feasible, therefore, to call for service all or any part of a group of skilled labor and to offer to the men thus called the options of remaining in the Army for military duty or accepting an indefinite furlough dependent, as to duration, upon the continuance of em- ployment in a certain definite work. The industrial furlough had been, in a limited way, already employed in individual cases, but it had not. been extended to an industrial group. Assume that there should have arisen a shortage of labor in the longshore labor group, which could not have been adequately filled under any of the methods in operation. Under the law it was possi- ble to call for military service all skilled longshoremen who were sub- ject to the Selective Service Law. When these men had been in- ducted into the military service, they might each have been offered an industrial furlough upon the condition that they secure and retain employment in the loading of transports and supply ships. The result of such a method is easily visualized. The necessary labor would have been secured and the uncertain shifting of it that might otherwise have ensued would have been stabilized." The adoption of such a plan to meet emergent situations arising out of labor short- age in particular fields of necessary industries was not foreign to my thoughts when hostilities ceased. Labor efficiency. But after all precautions had been taken to protect the necessary industrial classes by granting deferred classi- fication to the members thereof, and after these classes had been increased through the methods outlined, a complete solution of the problem had not yet been attained. While the ''Work or Fight" regulations, for example, succeeded in diverting such labor from nonproductive to productive fields, they had not been sufficiently broad to insure a fair and honest return from the labor thus diverted. In other words, the bartender turned shipbuilder might or might THE FUTURE. 17 not devote a decent effort to his new vocation. If ho did not, there was no recourse for the selective organization to pursue, as his nominal employment in a productive field placed him beyond the purview of the existing "Work or Fight" regulations. Many factors could and did exist which tended to slacken the efforts of labor in the necessary industries. Many of these were found in labor's conscious and willful avoidance of a full and fair measure of exertion. The habitual failure or refusal of a certain class of registrants employed in occupations not declared nonpro- ductive, to dovote a fair amount of time per week to their tasks gave rise to a distinct group which may be termed "industrial slackers." The elimination of this group was another task to which the selective organization had to bond its efforts. The "Work or Fight" regulations had received instant popular approval. The public had been more than ready to accept the doc- trine that the man who was industrially useless should lose the deferred classification which he would otherwise have continued to enjoy. But the criterion of industrial usefulness was made employment in a useful occupation. It is quite apparent, however, that a man may bo as useless to production while nominally engaged in a productive industry as if engaged in a nonproductive one. Unless ho devoted a fair and reasonable amount of time and energy to his work, no matter what that work may be, he is a slacker whose pernicious inactivity should be reached. The remedy that suggested itself was simple. We had merely to class as a noiiproducer, and make subject to the "Work or Fight" regulations, the registrant who, though employed in a useful occupa- tion, did not devote a reasonable amount of time to his work. There is no difficulty in determining what a "reasonable amount of time" is. Labor has consistently insisted, and it is generally impliedly recog- nized, that eight hours is the reasonable working day. From such a premise it "would not have been difficult to determine a "reasonable working week." Having determined a "reasonable working week," it would have been a mere matter of regulation to provide that the deferred classification of no registrant should be continued unless he devoted such reasonable length of time per week to the useful oc- cupation in which he was emplo} T ed. In other words, a minimum working week would have been established and the failure to ob- serve it would have deprived the registrant of his deferment regard- less of any other industrial or domestic connection. Regulations putting into effect the principle described above had prepared and submitted to you for approval when the signing of the armistice obviated the necessity for their promulgation. 97250 19 2 18 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. 2. THE NORMAL AND THE NONPRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENTS. The second industrial group is made up, as lias been indicated, of those enterprises contributing to the general good without which the normal life of the Nation would he seriously affected and the continu- ance of which must be fostered to render the return to peace time con- ditions easy. These are the industries which constitute the frame- work of the normal economic life in times of peace. They must not be destroyed nor ruinously injured in time of^war if the difficult return to peace is to be anything short of chaotic. We can never risk becoming a Nation without the means for supplying the ordinary necessities and the smaller comforts of civil life. Neither can the production of these things in a period of hostilities proceed along peace-time lines if war-time development is to be speeded. The task in the war just ended, was not to eliminate, but so to compress this group as to maintain its framework while at the same time producing the maximum of efficiency and production in the necessary wartime industries. There were many outside influences at work which aided the selective organization in the accomplishment of its share in this particular task. The curtailment of production in many of these industries, made possible by the action of other departments of the Government, released supplies of labor for the necessary Avar indus- tries and the higher regulated wage scales in the latter also attracted the labor which might not otherwise have been forthcoming. But there were many occupations with abundant supplies of labor in them which could be reached only by the Selective Service organ- ization. It was to these employments that the peculiar obligation of the administration of the Selective Service organization attached for example, chauffeurs. This group consisted of well over one hundred thousand men engaged in all phases of the employment. Obviously, men thus employed could not be controlled by the agencies authorized to regulate production in the various industries, for they produce nothing. But it required only an extension of the "Work or Fight" regulations so as to include chauffeurs, or certain designated types of chauffeurs, in the nonproductive employ- ments, to divert their labor to other channels. Labor groups, similar to chauffeurs in then 1 relation to the economic structure, are numerous and could be reached only through the selective organization. Regulations extending the scope of the "Work or fight" principle had been submitted to you when hostili- ties ceased and their approval became unnecessary. The third group, to which reference has been made, is the nonpro- ductive. The* extent to which the "nonproductive" field has been defined by the "Work or fight" regulations when the war ended, THE FUTURE. 19 has .already been indicated. But it had been realized that the scope of those regulations would have to be enlarged in direct ratio to the exigencies of the situations as they developed. The primary purpose was not to destroy the nonproductive occupations, but to utilize the available man-power in them. The continuance of such occupations, in time of war, with the labor of women and the physically and legally disqualified is not only possible but actual. 3. THE LOCAL AND THE NATIONAL VIEWPOINTS. In dealing with the broad questions of labor distribution by means of selective service, there is one important consideration that ought not be overlooked. It is true that all of the larger problems of a great war are national and must be solved with the end in view of obtaining the greatest national efficiency. But we can not afford to lose sight of the fact that all wars eventually come to an end, and that sooner or later the Nation must return to a peace-time basis. This Nation, at bottom, is one of local entities. It would be such for geographical reasons alone even were it not fundamentally so politi- cally. The solidarity and the prosperity of the Nation are, under our peculiar organization, dependent upon the well-being of the local community. To disrupt the whole economic structure of the com- munity for the single purpose of promoting the maximum of national production is not only a harsh rule, but, with the return of peace, a ruinous one. If the return to normal peace-time conditions is to be made anything less than impossible, we must take the steps while still at war successfully to accomplish the eventual readjustment. We cannot afford absolutely to destroy local economic life except in the direst military necessity. We must leave in each community the framework of its normal economic structure. In this way alone is an easy readjustment possible. Yet, withal, the overwhelming consideration, during an emergency, is national and not local effec- tiveness. How to attain the greatest national good with the least local harm, therefore, becomes the nicest and most delicate problem which can present itself. With this end in view the Selective Service administration consis- tently entrusted to local agencies the duty of determining the indus- trial usefulness of its registrants. The criterion was always national necessity, but no' other attempt was ever made arbitrarily to define those necessities. The American people have always appreciated the fact that national well-being is inextricably bound up in local well-being; they are too patriotic to allow local interest to impede national success during an emergency. As a result, we secured a classification of skilled labor which kept local life going, while at the same time national industrial development proceeded at a rapid pace. 'Skilled labor was classified from a national viewpoint, so tempered 20 CHAPTER I. SURVEY OF EVENTS AND POLICIES. by a local one that national development was unhampered while communities retained the roots of economic life; and these, now that peace has returned, will again blossom into pre-war fruition. We should never permit ourselves to become so imbued with nationalistic ideas about labor during a period of war as to lose sight of the local economic life to be resuscitated when war ceases. . It is perhaps to be regretted that the selective service law as originally enacted did not provide for a classification of labor upon industrial grounds as broad as industry itself. Yet the haste in which the act of May 18, 1917, was prepared, and the lack of prece- dent available at the time, precluded the enactment of a more perfect measure. The act of March, 1863, the Civil War draft measure, con- tamed no provision for industrial deferment. The British military service acts, complicated by antecedent war labor policies, succeeded so little in systematizing an. industrial classification that the results by the spring of 1917 were confusion rather than an orderly scheme for military-industrial correlation. The original selective service law was therefore an experiment so far as the scope of industrial classification was concerned. The amendment of August 31, 1918, broadened the field to the proper limits. That district boards should have been made the tribunals for the solution of industrial readjustment can no longer be doubted. The duty imposed upon them was likewise an experiment, the wisdom of which subsequent events fully justified. The evolution of selective service developed two antagonistic viewpoints respecting the proper distribution of war-time labor. On the one hand were those who would have made all labor questions matters of purely national significance; on the other hand, were those who would have tested each labor question in the light of local situations only. The district boards, standing between the two extremes, succeeded in accomplishing a distribution of labor from a viewpoint impossible alike to a national body or a purely local one. 4. AFTER THE WAR. The end of the war leads one necessarily to a contemplation of the possible changes that may be brought about in our national life by the application, after the war, of the principles evolved in the opera- tion of the selective service during the emergency. The feasibility of many theories, widely divergent from the pre-war conception of things, has been demonstrated. How far these principles should be projected after the war is a matter of vital national importance. Before the war, it would have been considered highly improbable that a law requiring all persons within designated age limits volun- tarily to present themselves at a given time for enrollment, would meet with any fair degree of success. Yet the enactment of such a THE FUTURE. 21 law resulted in the enrollment of over 24,000,000 men 13,000,000 within a single day, and a total of over 24,000,000 in four days. Not alone was the enrollment accomplished^ but a complete survey and classification as to the domestic and industrial status of those enrolled was made. The machinery for enrollment has been once established, and there is no reason to suppose that it can not be reconstituted. The taking of the decennial census has heretofore always proceeded upon the idea that no satisfactory results could be attained unless the desired information was sought out piecemeal and compiled. The possibility of having every man, woman and child report at a given place on a given day for enrollment and submitting to an exam- ination as to domestic and industrial status, was considered remote, if indeed it was considered at all. The administration of selective service has demonstrated not only the practicability of such a scheme but the superiority of it in speed, accuracy, and completeness. What under, the present census method is a matter of months, becomes under the selective procedure a, matter of days. The machinery for the taking of the census by registration is established. To apply the selective plan to the census would not be an experiment but the extending of the application of a principle already established. CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. (I) FIRST REGISTRATION AGES 21-30 JUNE 5, 1917. Results of this registration. The first registration, pursuant to the act of May 18, 1917, took place on June 5, 1917; an account of it was given in my first Report (December, 1917). The total number registered on that date (exclusive of the Territories), with accre- tions from tardy registrants and transferred cards up to Novem- ber 12, 1917, was 9,586,508 (Report for 1917, Table 1). But new accessions filtered in throughout the intervening period; complete reports were received from.' the Territories; and the total number on the eve of the third registration (Sept. 11, 1918) was 9,925,751. After that date, any additional persons presenting themselves in the ages overdue to be registered in the first registration were required to be entered as of the third registration (Sept. 12, 1918). (H) SECOND REGISTRATION AGE 21 JUNE 5-AUGUST 24, 1918. 1. Need for this registration. In the spring of 1918 it was apparent that the yield of effectives in the first registration would not suffice for the increasing demands of the military program; and a further registration for military service became necessary. On May 20, 1918, Congress passed a joint resolution (Pub. Res. No. 30, 65th Cong., S. J. Res. 124) requiring the registration of all males who had attained the age of 21 since June 5, 1917, on or before the day set by the President for their registration; and further authorizing the President to require the registration, at such intervals as he might prescribe, of all males attaining the age of 21 since the day of this second registration and on or before the next day set by him for such registration. This resolution made all such persons liable to military service under the act of May 18, 1917 ; but provided that they should be "placed at the bottom of the list of those liable to military service in the several classes to which they are assigned." June 5, 1918, was fixed by presidential proclamation as the date for this second registration. 2. Plan of registration. Anticipating the enactment of this legis- lation, a plan for conducting the registration was decided upon and communicated to the local boards three weeks in advance of the passage of the act. The registration organization was thus made ready in advance and was enabled to conduct the registration at an early date after the enactment of the law. 22 SECOND REGISTRATION. 23 An experienced and fully equipped organization the local boards was in existence to accomplish the registration, and the vast ma- chinery found to be necessary for the first registration would have been cumbersome as well as useless. It was therefore decided that every person subject to registration would be required to register under the supervision of the local board having jurisdiction of the area in which he permanently resided. In the cities, normally, the office occupied by a local board was the place of registration. If this was deemed inadequate, the local board consulted with the adjutant general or draft executive of the State and obtained such additional rooms or offices as were author- ized by him. In the rural districts the office of the local board, wherever practicable, was likewise the place of registration. It was realized that many such offices would be too small, and also, that in exceptional cases, registration offices should be established in cities and towns other than those in which the boards had their permanent offices. Whenever, in the opinion of a board, its office was too small or places for registration seemed to be necessary at other points, it consulted with the adjutant general or draft executive of the State and established such additional offices as he authorized. Of course, where the territory of a board was relatively large or travel therein was unusually difficult, registration offices were established at such points as were necessary successfully to accomplish the registration; but the fact that the board had jurisdiction over a rural district was not in itself sufficient to warrant their establishment. The determination of the necessity for additional offices depended upon the circumstances and conditions peculiar to the locality, and was a matter which was left largely to the discretion of the local boards. Offices in public buildings were procured wherever practicable, and rented buildings and rooms were not authorized unless other suitable offices were unavailable A chief registrar had immediate supervision over each place of registration. Board members acted in the capacity of chief regis- trars. If there were more than three places of registration under the supervision of one board, or for any other reason a member of the board was not available to act as chief registrar, the board designated a thoroughly reliable registrar having familiarity with the regulations to act in the capacity of chief registrar. Generally speaking, the board members and salaried attaches of the board performed the duties of registrars; but, in the event additional registrars were needed, the board recommended to the adjutant general or draft executive of the State the appointment of such additional registrars, and, upon his approval of the recommendation, proceeded to make the appointment. The duties of registrars and chief registrars are 24 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. explained in that part of the report relating to the registration held on September 12, 1918. This second registration of June 5, 1918, added to the lists approxi- mately 735,834 persons in all. 3. Supplemental registration of August 24, 191$. But the rapid and unexpected increase in shipments of troops abroad, followed by equally large calls of new contingents to camp, soon made it plain that the authority of the President, given under the joint resolution of May 20, 1918, must again be exercised to require the registration of those who arrived at age 21 since the registration of June 5, 1918. Accordingly, on August 13, 1918, the President issued a proclamation requiring the registration on August 24 of all male persons (except those exempted by law from registration) who, since June 5, 1918, and on or before August 24, 1918, had attained their twenty-first birthday. This registration was accomplished in the same general manner as that held on June 5, 1918; but, in view of the comparatively small number of persons to be registered, it was not necessary to provide as many registration places within the jurisdiction of the Local Boards as were provided for the registration held on June 5, 1918. On this supplementary second registration approximately 159,161 young men of age 21 were registered. Meantime additional tardy registrations were taking place of men due to have registered on June 5, 1918. 4. Results of second registration. The total number of men of the new age 21, thus registering between June 5 and August 24, 1918, representing the entire second registration group, was 912,564. (HI) THIRD REGISTRATION. AGES 18-20, 32-45, SEPTEMBER 12, 1918. 1. Necessity for extending the draft ages. The military situation, above alluded to, had begun to develop as early as March, 1918, when the great spring drive of the German Armies was started. The pressure of this drive on the allied forces made it apparent that the time had imperatively arrived for strengthening the defense at the earliest moment by the largest possible American contingent. Shipping was released for the purpose ; the existing monthly program for deliveries overseas was more than doubled; and the calls upon the selective service for deliveries into camp were correspondingly increased. The list of inductions by months, given in Chapter VII, Table 79 , shows the figures leaping up, from April onwards. At the same time, enlistments of men of draft age in the Navy and Marine Corps, and entries in the Emergency Fleet service, were rapidly increasing, due in part to the desire to enlist before being reached in the draft. The total of these and a few other important but unexpected items of depletion approximated 475,000 men. In other words, the 425,000 THIRD REGISTRATION. 25 men originally scheduled by the program of early June as available for the October, November, and December calls, were found by the end of July to be more than offset by these 475,000 withdrawals. Thus it was apparent that, by September, the effectives available would number onjy 100,000, and perhaps less, after filling the calls indicated for July and August and making deductions for the un- expectedly heavy losses due to the rush in June and July to the Navy, Marine Corps, and Emergency Fleet. (Memorandum of the Provost Marshal General to the Chief of Staff, dated July 27, published in the Congressional Record, August 5, and printed here in Appendix B). Class I, by the original program, would have sufficed until January, 1919. It now threatened to become exhausted in September, 1918. Even the increment from the newly registered youths of 21, on June 5-August 24, 1918, would be inadequate to replenish the gaps in Class I. Should the Nation now proceed to send into service its de- ferred Classes II, III, and IV, of the age 21-30 group, registered June 5, 1917? Or should it proceed to enlarge the age groups registered for service, and to call upon the 'Class I men obtainable from this additional registration ? In no quarter was any disposition apparent to adopt the former of these alternatives. The^latter was therefore the obviously unavoid- able one. But the question then presented itself, How far was it necessary to go, in extending the ages, to obtain the necessary additions? In round numbers, 2,000,000 more men would be needed to fulfill the military program from October, 1918, to June, 1919. What com- bination of age groups would yield at least this number of men in effectives? A computation was made by this office (Appendix B). This computation presented the estimate in three studies, covering, respectively, the age groups 19-20, 32-40; 19-20, 32-45; and 18-20, 32-45; and the net estimated yield, based on the experience of the first registration, was, for the respective age combinations, 1,569,720, 1,722,870, and 2,398,845 effectives. Obviously, only the last and most extensive of these three combinations would suffice to meet the requirements of the military program. 2. Legislative measures. A bill was therefore drafted, at the instance of the Secretary of War (S. 4856), and introduced in Con- gress on August 5, 1918, to enlarge the registration ages down to 18 and up to 45, inclusive, with a view to obtaining immediately the needed additions to military man power. There was a natural reluctance on the part of many members of Congress to direct the taking of youths of minimum military age; and the debate on this subject is an illuminating record of the weighty considerations on both sides (Congressional Record, Aug. 5, 12, 21, 22, 23, and 24, 1918). But, in the face of the military 26 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. necessity, the general policy became a matter of secondary conse- quence, and the bill was passed on August 31, 1918. Its provisions extended those of the Act of May 18, 1917, by subjecting to military service all male citizens and declarants "between the ages of 18 and 45, both inclusive." It further defined these persons as those "who shall have attained their eighteenth birthday and who shall not have attained their forty-sixth birthday on or before the day set for registration," and it provided for future expanding needs by authorizing the President to require at later intervals the regis- tration of those who from time to time attained the age of 18. On August 31, 1918, the same day of its passage, the President approved the act of Congress extending the draft ages to include all persons between 18 and 45 years of age. The date of September 12, 1918, was immediately set by the President as the registration day. In anticipation of the enactment of the legislation, a communica- tion was addressed on August 5, 1918, to the draft authorities of all States outlining the general plan -for conducting the registration, if the then pending bill became a law. Consequently, all arrange- ments for the registration were practically completed before the passage of the act, and the registration could have been held as soon thereafter as was desired. The law exempted from registration those who had previously registered, and also the following descriptions of persons: Officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army; officers commissioned in the Army of the United States, and men of the forces drafted under the provisions of the act approved May 18, 1917 (the selective service law); officers and enlisted men of the National Guard while in the service of the United States; officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps and enlisted men in the Enlisted Reserve Corps while in the service of the United States; officers and enlisted men of the Navy and Marine Corps; officers and enlisted and enrolled men of the Naval Reserve Force and Marine Corps Reserve while in the service of the United States; and diplomatic representatives, technical attaches of foreign embassies and legations, consuls general, consuls, vice consuls, and consular agents of foreign countries, residing in the United States, who were not citizens of the United States. 3 . Plan of registration. The Governors of all States and the Com- missioners of the District of Columbia were called upon to supervise the execution of the registration in their respective States and the District of Columbia. The adjutant general or draft executive in each State, acting under the direction of the governor, was the central administrative authority of the registration system within the States. The local boards had immediate supervision and direc- ; tion of the registration within their respective jurisdictions. THIRD REGISTRATION. 27 The actual registration was made in the customary voting precincts in the jurisdiction of each local board, and, generally speaking, at the place and in the manner ordinarily employed in the registration of voters. However, in exceptional cases, the boundaries of the voting; precincts were disregarded, and registration booths were established by the local board in such places as seemed most desirable within its jurisdiction, after consultation with the adjutant general or draft executive of the State. Each local board appointed a registrar or registrars for each voting precinct or place of registration within its jurisdiction. Where there was more than one registrar, one of them was designated by the local board as chief registrar; and where there was only one registrar, he performed the duties of chief registrar in addition to those of registrar. In each city and county or similar subdivision having more than one local board within its jurisdiction, this office urged that a central registration committee be organized from and by the membership of the local boards. Such committees were charged with the duty of coordinating and supervising generally the prepara- tions for the registration and directing the activities looking toward a complete registration. County and city attorneys cooperated with the members of the legal advisory boards; marshals, deputy marshals, and police officers held themselves in readiness to render assistance in the execution of the law. The responsibility for providing suitable places for registration rested upon the local boards, assisted by the Governor of the State, the mayor in cities of 30,000 population or over, the authorities of the count}' or similar subdivision (if they were not already serving on the local board), and the central registration committee in those jurisdictions where such a committee had been appointed. Regis- trars were charged in the first instance with making places ready for registration. This duty was performed under the direction of the local board. They were charged also with the duty of making the actual registration. The chief registrar, when not otherwise engaged, likewise made out registration cards, and held every person acting as registrar under him strictly accountable for the registration cards and certificates supplied to him. The chief registrar was likewise held accountable for the registration cards and certificates supplied to him by the local boards. 4. Securing 100 per cent registration; publicity methods. The exhaustion of Class I under the first two registrations was impending. The new registration act had gone to the extreme age limits, recog- nized in our law for a century and a quarter past as the ages of lia- bility for military service. And this extreme inclusion of man power was calculated to fulfill the military program up to June, 1919, only. It therefore behooved all concerned that the registration should 28 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. yield up, on the day of registration, the maximum man-power actually existing within those ages. In short, it became the task of the Provost Marshal General to insure a 100 per cent registration on September 12. The problem was this: The estimates of male population for the new ages came to 13,200,000 (as set forth later in Table 65); from these must be deducted some 400,000 already enlisted in military or naval service and therefore not required by the law to register; leaving some 12,800,000. (estimated) due to register. It was necessary to register this entire mass, and then to classify those who were entitled to exemption or discharge. Though only about one in six or seven would ultimately find his way into a uniform, yet unless these 12,800,000 men all came forward, we should lose just so many pro- portionately for the Army. The registration was voluntary, in the sense that it could not be known who these men were, and that they must voluntarily and honestly come forward and identify them- selves. If they shirked this duty, they would be lost to our registra- tion, and we should never be able to find more than a few thousand of the shirkers. Therefore, the problem for the War Department was to make it psychologically a certainty that every one of those 12,800,000 men would hear of the need, would receive the President's message proclaiming his duty to register, and would honestly and frankly come forward and register. This was where the problem of publicity began how to reach, in a startling, inspiring and universal appeal, every individual in those thirteen million. If they did not come forward under control of their own consciences, the loss would be substantially irreparable. We had to stake our whole result on the response of the men's consciences as citizens. The problem of publicity, therefore, divided itself into two: How to reach every individual so that he heard and knew of the call; and next> how to make him responsive to that call. The President's proclamation (Appendix A), dated August 31, 1918, concluded with an eloquent and inspiring appeal calculated to evoke a loyal response to the call to register. Of this proclamation 700,000 copies were printed and distributed to all officials in the selective service system as well as to all postmasters. Governors and county and municipal officials were called upon to lend their assistance in organizing the registration. But the time was short. Moreover, the selective service draft was now a well-worn theme to the public at large; they had been surfeited with announcements of its various phases. In May, 1917, the extraordinary event of our entry into the war, and the novelty of the draft, had a combined effect calculated to awaken every citi- zen to the knowledge of his duty to register. But in September, 1918, the situation was far otherwise. It was too likely that the THIKD REGISTRATION. 29 extreme nature of the step thus taken by Congress would not be known or appreciated by a large proportion of our people, and that the registration would fail of its full harvest. We were attempting to do voluntarily in one day what the Prussian autocracy had been spending nearly 50 years to perfect. There was too much at risk to permit of sparing any effort that would insure against the risk. Accordingly it was decided to invoke the assistance of the two best organized official agencies that could be counted upon to reach every inhabitant of the country every farm, every factory, every shop, and every home. These two agencies were the Council of National Defense, with its multiple State and local branches, and the Committee on Public Information, with its splendid organiza- tion for carrying publicity in every form. To the officials and staff of those two bodies particular gratitude is felt for the vigorous, unstinted, and effective assistance placed at the disposal of this office. Among the various methods used for reaching and influencing all who were due to register, there were included the daily press (63 releases going to 4,000 newspapers), farm newspapers (bulletins to 150 farm weeklies), trade newspapers (bulletins to 500 trade week- lies), sundry newspapers (bulletins to 14,000 minor newspapers), foreign language pi-ess (reading matter and telegrams to 1,400 foreign language newspapers, covering 20 languages), chambers of commerce (25,000 bulletins sent through the United States Chamber of Com- merce), manufacturers (bulletins sent to 15,000 manufacturers), labor unions (17,000 in all), libraries (9,000 in all), banks (32,000 in all), churches (125,000 ministers, priests, and rabbis), general stores (60,000 in all), Y. M. C. A. (3,500 branches in all), ad. clubs (bulletins to 8,000 advertising clubs and a similar number of Rotary clubs),, postmasters (bulletins to 56,000 postmasters), railway station agents (bulletins to 55,000 station agents), painted signs (public billboards erected by 350 firms in as many cities), window display (35,000 posters distributed through 550 chairmen of local committees of the National War Service Committee on Window Display), street cars (50,000 advertising cards posted), drug stores (bulletins to 50,000 drug stores), and American Red Cross (100,000 bulletins to local committees). To reach the population in rural districts, 7,000,- 000 leaflets were distributed by mail, one to every person on a rural free delivery or star route. In the meanwhile, several hundred cartoonists were supplied with material for cartoons in the news- papers. A film announcing the date, September 12, was furnished to 1 7,000 motion picture houses. For seven days before September 12 some 30,000 Four-minute Men spoke in all public places of resort. The Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy authorized commanding officers to loan all military bands for the day; and the 30 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. Council of National Defence notified mayors of all cities and towns of this opportunity to give patriotic emphasis to the occasion. So huge an effort at publicity, concentrated upon a single vital moment, had probably not before been made during the war. And the gratifying feature was that virtually all of this publicity effort was contributed gratuitously by the persons who took part; down to the humblest worker in the cause this readiness to contribute service was notable. For example, in the Mailers' Union of New York City, numerous volunteers, after their day's labor elsewhere was done, came over at night to the office of the Committee on Public Information and took part in this work of the War Department. Including the donations of advertising space, the aggregate value of the total contributions amounted to several millions of dollars. The actual expense amounted to slightly over $20,000; and this covered some unavoidable expense in the preparation and distribution of printed matter and films. As the day of registration arrived, it was apparent that every human being in the United States had been made fully aware of its meaning, and the occasion took on all the appearance of a public festival. The volunteer spirit prevailed over all. Every citizen seemed to feel that (in the words of the President's announcement for that day) "he owed it to himself and to his country to make the day a unanimous demonstration of loyalty, patriotism, and the will to win.'' 5. Results oftlie third registration. The registration of September 12 was indeed America's final demonstration of military efficiency. The result showed that this registration, in the President's words, "was America's announcement to the' world that we are ready to complete the task already begun with such emphatic success.' ' The provisional figures of the returns received during September from the State headquarters showed a total of 12,966,594, or nearly 200,000 above the estimated male population due to register. The total, as finally shown by the official reports directly from the local boards, including the accessions during September and October, amounted to 13,395,706 (Table 1). In so far as the excess was due to the difficulty of making correct actuarial estimates, this interesting phase is further discussed in Chapter V. But it may be supposed that a substantial portion of the excess is accounted for by the large numbers of men of ages 46 and 17 who found this opportunity to volunteer by declaring themselves within the ages for registration, as well as by the large numbers of delayed registrations from men of ages 21 to 30 who should have registered in the preceding year. Whatever the explanation, the tremendous fact remains that virtually every man due to register had done so ; and the Nation could rest assured that it was mustering the entire man-power actually in existence within the new ages. THIRD REGISTRATION. 31 This complete national response to the call to duty could hardly have been effected without the assistance of the Committee on Public Information. Its superb organization, its efficient officers, and the vast network of influential agencies voluntarily contributing at its request, demonstrated it to have been one of the most powerful and bcneficiont agencies created for war service. The total number of -persons thus registered in all three registra- tions was 24,234,021. The ratio of each registration to the whole was as follows: TABLE 1. Total registration. Total registration. Number. Per cent of total. Per cent of total. 1 Total of all three registrations 24, 234, 021 100. 00 100.00 ?, June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 9, 925, 751 40.96 3 June 5-Aug. 24, 1918 912, 564 3.77 4 Sept. 12, 1918 13, 395, 706 55. 27 f, Al;i,-':a, Hawaii, and Porto Rico (three series). . ^ 325,445' 1.34 G 7 United States without Territories (three series) . June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 23, 908, 576 9, 780, 535 100.00 40. 91 98.66 S June 5-Aug. 24, 1918 899, 279 3 76 5 32 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. The corresponding figures for Great Britain and France can not be obtained with acctErecy to date. A rough estimate to serve merely fe-r mass comparison is as follows: TABLE 3. Ratio of males litMefor military service to total male population in Grtat Britain and France. 1 2 3 Ratio ofttales liable for militaryawvice to total male population in Great Britain and France. United Kingdom. France. Number. Per cent. Number. I'er cent. Total male population 1914 Males 18-45 22, 827, 261 9, 407, 000 13, 420, 261 100. 00 41.21 19, 700, 000 8, 045, 789 11, 654, 211 100.00 40.84 BwHBainiiig ages . . A comparison of the figures for the United States and for our two principal -oobelligerents on the Western Front reveals something of the relative national capacity for bearing the burden and duty of the struggle, had the destiny of nations required its prolongation beyond the present winter. The man-power of the given military ages in the United States was equal to the total combined man-power of both France and Great Britain plus almost half as much again. If the entire reservoir of wi-power of both those countries, duplicated by an equal contribution from -this country, had been drained, we should still have had -in reserve a quantity equaling two-thirds the man-power of either of them. (IV) SPECIAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR REGISTRATION ON INDIAN RES- ERVATIONS, IN NATIONAL PARKS, IN THE TERRITORIES, AND IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES. 1 . Registration on Indian reservations. The registration of Indians and other persons residing on Indian Reservations was conducted under the direction of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, whose duties approximated as eiesely as practicable those prescribed for the adjutants general of the several States. A registration board was established on each reservation and consisted of the superintendent of the agency, the chief clerk, and the physician. The Commissioner of Indian Affairs was notified that the rules for conducting the registration of Indians were not to be inflexible, and much was left to his discretion and judgment. The effective manner in which the Indian Bureau conducted the registration is additional evidence of the whole-hearted spirit of cooperation and zeal which was mani- fested by all agencies of the Government in the administration of the draft. The registration cards of citizen Indians were allocated to local boards having jurisdiction of the area in which the reservations were located and such registrants were, classified in the same man- ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND OUTSIDE UNITED STATES. 33 ner as other citizens of the United States. The registration cards of noncitizen Indians, who were not under the law subject to mili- tary service, 'were retained by the registration boards on the Indian reservations. 2. Registration in national parks and monuments . The registration of persons residing in Yellowstone, Glacier, and Mount Rainier National Parks was conducted under the supervision of the Director of National Park Service, which bureau exercises supervision over 16 national parks and 24 national monuments, covering an area of 10,591 square miles, in a number of States, principally in the West. His duties in connection with the registration approximated as closely as was practicable those prescribed for the draft executives of the several States. A registration board was established for each of the national parks named, and consisted of the supervisor, the commissioner, and a third member who was named by the Director of National Park Service. In effecting the second and third regis- trations, the registration boards consisted, so far as practicable, of persons constituting such boards on June 5, 1917, the date of the first registration. After the registration, the cards of all persons regis- tered in the national parks were allocated to local boards adjoining and convenient to the parks. The registration of persons residing in national monuments and in national parks, other than those above named, was accomplished by the registration machinery of the local boards having jurisdiction of the county or other subdivision in which the monuments or parks were located. If not located hi any such subdivision, persons subject to registration residing therein were instructed by the Director of National Park Service to present themselves for registration at a place designated by a neighboring board. In all, 220 registrations of persons residing in national parks were recorded. 3. Registration in the Territories Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. The registration in the Territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico was not conducted on the days prescribed for the regis- tration hi the several States and the District of Columbia. In view of the desirability of holding each registration as soon as possible after the enactment of the law authorizing it, there was not suffi- cient time for the transmission of registration cards and other neces- sary forms to the Territories before the day set for registration in the States. First registration. A separate proclamation was therefore issued for each registration in each Territory. In 1917, July 5, one month after the registration held in the States, was the date fixed for conducting the registration in Porto Rico. July 31 was the day prescribed for the registration hi Hawaii. In Alaska, the period 97250 19 3 34 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. of time between July 2 and September 2 was fixed by Presidential proclamation for the registration. A period of time rather than a single day was necessary because of the magnificent distances and difficulties of travel in Alaska. So much for the registration in the Territories in 1917. Second registration. In 1918, July 5 was the day fixed for the regis- tration of the 21 -year old registrants in Porto Rico; July 31 for such registration in Hawaii, and the period between July 2 and September 3 for such registration in Alaska. It will be noted that this registra- tion in each Territory was held one year after the first registration, following the plan adopted in the States. September 3 was fixed as the end of the period of time for registration hi Alaska, inasmuch as September 2, the end of the period of the first registration, fell on Sunday. In the Territories there was no registration corresponding to that held in the States on August 24, the purpose of which was to obtain a sufficient number of registrants to fill September calls, and to bridge over the gap until the September, 1918, registrants were available. It will be remembered that legislation extending the draft ages was pending hi Congress at the tune of the August 24 registration. Third registration. The registration in the Territories of Hawaii and Porto Rico, corresponding to that conducted hi the States on September 12> 1918, was held on October 26. In Alaska, the period between October 15 and December 16 was fixed as the time for the registration. The dates for the entire series of registrations were thus as follows : Porto Rico: First registration, July 5, 1917. Second registration, July 5, 1918. Third registration, October 26, 1918. Hawaii: First registration, July 31, 1917. Second registration, July 31, 1918. . Third registration, October 26, 1918. Alaska: First registration, July 2 to September 2, 1917. Second registration, July 2 to September 3, 1918. Third registration, October 15 to December 16, 1918. The registration in the Territories was conducted along the same lines as those prescribed for the States. The Governor of each Territory was called upon to supervise the execution of the registra- tion. The adjutant general or draft executive was the central administrative authority for the registration system in each Terri- tory, and the local boards in the Territories had immediate supervi- sion and direction of the registration within their respective juris- dictions. ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND OUTSIDE UNITED STATES. 35 Owing to the territorial registrations being held at different tunes and under special circumstances, the returns for the various groups of registrants did not arrive in season for assimilation with the na- tional tables given in the ensuing chapters. Such returns as have been received are therefore set forth separately, in their original form, in Appendix C. 4. Registration in foreign countries. The registration of United States citizens and declarants residing abroad was at no tune obliga- tory. Nevertheless many citizens hi all parts of the world from time to time voluntarily chose to register, and thus patriotically placed themselves at the call of the Government. To accomplish the registration of such persons, the assistance of United States consular representatives throughout the world was invoked. It was provided by regulation that a citizen or a declarant residing abroad and desiring to register should have his registration card filled out at the nearest American consulate and certified by an official or agent of the consulate. The card was then forwarded to a local board in the place in the United States designated by the registrant as his permanent home. In practice many such cards were transmitted through the State Department to the office of the Provost Marshal General and thence to State headquarters for dis- tribution to the proper local boards. The registrant then received his registration certificate and became subject to the normal process of selection. In appraising the patriotic response of Americans to the need for men, the share of these volunteer registrants, many of them in remote parts of the world, for whom a call to service meant more than the ordinary degree of sacrifice, should not be overlooked. Great Britain and Canada. The conclusion of the reciprocal military service conventions, which under certain conditions sub- jected American citizens in Great Britain and Canada to compulsory service in the British or Canadian forces, resulted in a great increase of registration under the selective service act by American citizens in those countries. These conventions, which became effective July 30, 1918, imposed liability on male citizens of the United States in Great Britain and Canada to the compulsory service laws and regula- tions from time to time in effect, in such countries, provided they did not within certain limited periods enlist or enroll in the forces of the United States or return to the United States for service in such forces. The prescribed limit of time for the exercise of this option was 60 days, in the case of those immediately liable for service by the laws of Great Britain or Canada when the conventions became effective, and in other cases, 30 days from the time when such liability accrued. 36 CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. The question at once arose as to the status in Great Britain or Canada of Americans registered under the selective service law of the United States. Was this an "enrollment in the forces of the United States," as provided in the convention? It was thereupon agreed by the three countries concerned that, within the meaning of the option provided by the conventions, registration for service in the United States forces should be regarded as enrollment in such forces. Therefore, any American citizen in Great Britain or Canada, who registered before a consular representative prior to the expiration of the 60 or 30 day period or who had previously registered in the United States, was thereby placed outside the operation of the conventions and could not be subjected to service in the British or Canadian forces. Any other course would have placed some Ameri- cans under obligation to respond to calls by both countries; and the object of the treaties was accomplished if such persons chose liability under the laws of their native country only. Thus it came about that many thousands of Americans in Great Britain and Canada registered before consular officers subsequent to July 30, 1918. The convention also provided that the United States, through its diplomatic representatives, could grant to its citizens in Great Britain and Canada certificates of exemption from service in the armies of those countries. Such certificates were to be issued within the 60 or 30 day period above referred to. Accordingly, the ambassa- dor to Great Britain and the consul general at Ottawa were authorized by the State Department to grant such exemptions on certain specified grounds. In both Great Britain and Canada it became necessary to assure adequate publicity to all American citizens regarding their rights and liabilities under these treaties. The public press and other agencies could not be relied upon to the same extent as in the United States. The American consular representatives were, therefore, again called upon to accomplish this object. Regulations were prepared in cooper- ation with the State Department and promulgated by that department to all consulates and consular agents in Great Britain and Canada. These regulations defined the classes of Americans affected by the convention, described their privileges of enlisting or enrolling or returning to the United States, outlined the method of registration at the consulates, and stated the requisites for application for diplo- matic exemption and the grounds on which such certificates could be granted. In order to protect Americans who had registered under the selective service act from overzealous British or Canadian draft officials, a form of certificate under the seal of the consul was provided for each registered person, attesting the fact of his regis- tration. ON INDIAN RESERVATIONS AND OUTSIDE UNITED STATES. 37 Meantime authority was granted by General Pershing for the estab- lishment of a recruiting service in Great Britain; and thereafter American registrants in Great Britain who were called for service by their local boards were allowed to enlist, thus obviating the necessity of their return to the United States for induction. No complete statistics are available on the number of Americans who registered as a result of these conventions. Approximately 20,000 registration cards from Canada were transmitted through the office of the Provost Marshal General. It is believed that both in Great Britain and Canada a large majority of Americans of military age preferred registration under the Selective Service Act to the liability to service under the British flag. Conversely, it is probable (although no figures are available) that relatively few Americans actually entered the British or Canadian Armies through the opera- tion of these conventions. In both Great Britain and Canada authority of law for the draft- ing of alien Americans was provided by orders in council based on the general draft legislation already in force. These orders in council operated with the same effect as the provisions in the act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, subjecting to the draft in the United States the nationals of countries with which such reciprocal treaties were concluded. An interesting feature of the Canadian order in council, issued August 21, 1918, is that it required the registration in Canada of every American citizen residing in that country within 10 days from the expiration of the limited period within which he might be exempted by the United States. Heavy penalties for failure to register were provided, questionnaires were distributed, and Ameri- cans were required to allege and prove their prior enlistment or en- rollment (registration) in the forces of the United States, as well as any other claim for relief from service allowed by the Canadian laws. After the conventions became effective, all registration certificates, questionnaires, and other communications from local boards were sent to the registrants in Great Britain and Canada through the consular officers before whom registration occurred. Consuls were called upon to assist registrants in filling out questionnaires; and in Canada authority was given for the organization, wherever needed, of volun- teer advisory boards corresponding to the legal advisory boards in the United States. Much credit is due to the consular and diplomatic officers and other officials of the State Department for continued effec- tive cooperation in the administration of the selective service law, not only in those countries where the draft conventions made the work especially important, but throughout the entire world wherever Americans responded by voluntary registration. Other countries. A reciprocal draft convention between tjie United States and France became effective November 8, 1918, and the ratifi- 3& CHAPTER II. REGISTRATION. cations of similar conventions with Italy and Greece were exchanged November 12, the day following the armistice. The provisions of these treaties were practically identical with those affecting Ameri- cans in Great Britain and Canada. Although corresponding regula- tions were prepared and transmitted by the State Department to the American diplomatic representatives in those countries, the prompt receipt of information from the governments of France, Italy, and Greece that no effort would be made to enroll Americans in their armies under the authority of the conventions rendered it unnecessary to put these instructions into actual operation. CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. The process of selection for military service in 1918 departed in some essential respects from the process followed in 1917. It will, therefore, be worth while to call attention briefly to the specific differences. This will be done under the following heads : (1) Assignment of serial numbers; (2) drawing of order numbers; (3) determining and record- ing of order numbers; (4) the questionnaires and the classification system; (5) making and granting of claims for deferment and exemp- tion; (6) permits for departure abroad; (7) noncombatants; (8) the emergency fleet classification list; and (9) the "work or fight" order. (I) ASSIGNMENT OF SERIAL NUMBERS. A primary measure, in any registration system designed to enable large masses of persons to be handled as individuals, must be to identify the individuals by serial numbers. Accordingly, the pro- cedure followed, from the inception of the registration system, was to assign to each registrant a number, proceeding serially from one upwards, the series being separate and independent for each local board area. Thus each registrant could be identified by citing his local board name and his serial number. In affixing these serial numbers, it was necessary to make the assignment in such a manner that there could be no tampering and no confusion of identity. The method employed hi the registrations of June 5, August 24, and September 12, 1918, was not essentially different from that employed in the registration of June 5, 1917. But as the details of the method were not set forth hi my first annual report, it is desirable to place them on record here, describing the method as enployed for the registration of September 12, 1918: First and third registrations. On the day following that set for registration, each local board caused to be numbered every registration card then in its possession, beginning with No. 1, and continuing con- secutively until all registration cards were numbered. These num- bers were known as "serial numbers" and were entered hi red ink on each registration card in the space designated for such numbers. The registration cards were not alphabetically arranged for the purpose of assigning such serial numbers, but were consecutively numbered without regard to alphabetical or other arrangement. Additional registration cards of late registrants received by any local board were numbered consecutively in the order in which they were received. 39 40 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. The first of such additional cards received by a local board bore the serial number next following the last serial number placed upon a registration card theretofore received, and other or additional cards received bore the numbers next following this number in consecutive order. Immediately after the numbering of registration cards, each local board caused to be prepared five identical lists of the names of all persons whose registration cards were in its possession. Such lists contained the names and serial numbers of all such persons, arranged in the order of their consecutive serial numbers. One copy of the list was retained for the records of the board ; another copy was posted in a conspicuous place in the office of the local board; another copy was made accessible to the press with a request for publication; another copy was furnished to the State adjutant general or draft executive, and the remaining copy was transmitted to the Provost Marshal General. Each local board thereafter daily caused to be prepared in the same manner five identical lists of the names of all persons whose registration cards were thereafter received, and such additional lists were daily retained, posted, offered for publication, and transmitted to the State draft executive and the Provost Marshal General, respectively. This procedure continued until and including September 21, 1918. Thereafter, under directions previously given, local boards were not permitted to assign serial numbers to additional registration cards or to cards which lacked serial numbers. Second registration. Registrants of the second registration (of June 5, 1918), who were known as the class of June, 1918, were assigned ''registration" numbers corresponding to the "serial" numbers of the first registration. It was originally intended, in drafting registrants of the June, 1918, registration, to integrate them with those who had previously registered. However, before the enactment of the legislation authorizing their draft, an amendment was inserted in the bill providing that all persons registered pursuant to its terms were to be placed at the bottom of the list of those liable to military service in the several classes to which they were assigned. In view of this requirement of law, draft authorities were directed not to order into military service any registrant of the June, 1918, registration until those registrants of the first registration and of the corresponding class, who were available for general military service, had been ordered to report for duty. The registration cards of persons registered on August 24, 1918, were treated as those of late registrants of the class of June, 1918, and were assigned registration and order numbers in the following manner : A copy of all registration cards and a list of the names of all DRAWING OF ORDER NUMBERS. 41 registrants was forwarded by each local board to the adjutant general or draft executive of the State, together with the statement of the highest registration number on the list of persons in the class of June, 1918, whose registration cards were within the jurisdiction of the local board. Upon receipt of such registration cards and list of the names of registrants, the adjutant general or draft executive proceeded to assign registration numbers by lot, and then certified to the local boards lists showing the registration numbers so assigned. Upon receipt of such lists, the local boards entered the registration numbers on the original registration cards, and assigned the proper order numbers by consulting the master list of numbers drawn for the class of June, 1918. The registrants of the August, 1918, registration were in this manner integrated with the registrants of the class of June, 1918. (H) DRAWING OF ORDER NUMBERS. In order to designate impartially the sequence in which registrants qualified for military service should be called when needed, a single national drawing for all registrants of a given registration group was instituted. This method has been fully described in my report for 1917; and substantially the same method was followed in the draw- ings of numbers for the registration of June 5, 1918, and of Septem- ber 12, 1918; the registrants of age 21 on August 24, 1918, being treated as late registrants of the group of June 5, 1918. In brief, the method consisted in preparing a single set of numbers, beginning at one and including the highest serial number reached in the largest local board area; in inclosing the small squares of paper containing these printed numbers within a gelatin capsule; in placing the numbers in a largti glass bowl, and then causing them to be drawn from the bowl at random by a blindfolded person in a public place. The place of drawing for the three registrations was the Senate Office Building. The day of the drawing was obliged to be some three or four weeks after the day of the registration; because it was necessary that every local board should have completed the assignment of serial numbers (as already described), and should have placed the duplicate list of such serial numbers in the mail for trans- mission to the Provost Marshal General's Office. Thus only could there be a guarantee against the possible alteration of a serial num- ber, with a view to improper manipulation of the order of service, after public announcement of the order numbers. The three national drawings took place, respectively, July 20, 1917, Juno 27, 1918, and September 30, 1918. At each of these drawings, personages of national importance were invited to draw the first few numbers. The names of those who drew the first few numbers in 42 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. the several drawings, with the numbers drawn by them, were as follows : First drawing. Room No. 226, the public hearing room, of the Senate Office Building, was the scene of the first two drawings. In the first drawing, 10,500 numbers were drawn, the first capsule being taken from the glass bowl at 9.30 a. m., Friday, July 20, and the last at 2.16 a. m., Saturday, July 21, 1917; elapsed time, 16 hours 46 minutes. Those who drew the first few were: Cap- sule. Name. Title. Serial num- ber drawn. 1 Newton D Baker The Secretary of War . . . 258 2 3 George E. Chamberlain... S Hubert Dent, jr Senator from Oregon, Chairman, Senate Committee on Military Affairs. Representative from Alabama, Chair- 2522 9613 4 Francis E. Warren man, House Committee on Military Affairs. Senator from Wyoming 4532 5 JuliuB Kahn Representative from California 10218 6 Tasker H. Bliss Major general, Chief of Staff, United 458 7 Enoch H . Crowder States Army. Provost Marshal General . United States 3403 8 Henry P. McCain Army. The Adjutant General, United States 10015 Army. Second drawing. In the second drawing 1,200 numbers were drawn, the first capsule being taken from the glass globe at 9.34 a. m., and the last at 11.38 a. m., Thursday, June 27, 1918; elapsed time 2 hours, 4 minutes. These officials participated: Cap- sule. Name. Title. Serial num- ber drawn. 1 Newton D Baker . . The Secretary of War . . 246 2 3 George E. Chamberlain... Francis E Warren Senator from Oregon, Chairman, House Committee on Military Affairs. Senator from Wyoming 1168 818 4 S. Hubert Dent, jr Representative from Alabama, Chair- 1091 5 Julius Kali n man, House Committee on Military Affairs. Representative from California, mem- 479 6 Peyton C. March ber of the same committee. Major general, Acting Chief of Staff, 469 7 Enoch H . Crowder United States Army. Provost Marshal General. United States 492 8 Charles B Warren Army. Colonel Judge Advocate United 154 9 James S. Easby-Smith . . . States Army. do 529 10 Harry C. Kramer Major Infantry United States Army 355 Third drawing. The Caucus Room in the Senate Office Build- ing was the scene of the third drawing. There were 17,000 mim- DETERMINING AND RECOEDING OF ORDER NUMBERS. 43 bers drawn, the first capsule being taken from the same glass bowl that had been used in the first drawing, at noon, Monday, Sep- tember 30, and the last at 8 a. m., Tuesday, October 1, 1918; elapsed time, 20 hours. Officials who participated were: Cap- sule. Name. Title. Serial number drawn. 1 Woodrow Wilson The President of the United States 322 2 Thomas R. Marshall Vice President of the United States 7277 3 Willard Saulsbury Senator from Delaware, president pro 6708 4 Champ Clark .... tempore of the Senate. Speaker of the House of Represen- 1027 5 Josephus Daniels ... tatives. The Secretary of the Navy 16169 6 Benedict Crowell The Acting Secretary of War 8366 7 8 George E. Chamberlain... Francis E. Warren Senator from Oregon. Chairman, Sen- ate Committee on Military Affairs. Senator from Wyoming 5366 1697 9 S. Hubert Dent, jr Representative from Alabama. Chair- 7123 10 Julius Kahn man, House Committee on Military Affairs. Representative from California. Mem- 2781 11 Peyton C. March . .... ber of the same committee. General, Chief of Staff, United States 9283 12 William S. Benson Army. Admiral, chief of operations, United 6147 13 14 Samuel B. M. Young .... Enoch H. Crowd er States Navy. Lieutenant General, United States Army, retired, governor of United States Soldiers' Home. Provost Marshal General, United States 10086 438 15 ( 'harles B Warren ... . Army. Colonel, Judge Advocate, United 904 16 James S. Easby-Smith . . . States Army. do 12368 17 John H. Wigmore . . .. do 1523 (m) DETERMINING AND RECORDING OF ORDER NUMBERS. The method employed for determining the result of the national drawing, in its application to the individual registrants, was as follows, for the registration group of September 12, 1918: Master list. A schedule or " master list" was prepared by this office, containing the numbers from 1 to 17,000, placed in the exact order in which they were drawn. The first number drawn was placed at the top of column 1 of the "master list," the second number drawn was placed next below in such list, and this order was followed until all the numbers were so placed in the "master list" in the exact order in which they were drawn. The number 17,000 was in excess of the total registration of the local board having the largest registration, the excess numbers being drawn to provide for persons registered after September 21. 44 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. Determining order numbers. The method of determining the order numbers assigned to each of these registrants, who are known as the class of September, 1918, was as follows: A second list of the names of the persons in this class of September, 1918, was made by each local board. Th,e first name entered on the list prepared by each local board was the name of the person in the class of September, 1918, the serial number of whose registration card was first placed on the "master list" reading down from the top of the first column on the first page of the schedule and disregarding the numbers in the schedule which did not appear on any registration card in the pos- session of the local board. Before the name of the first person on each list was written the serial number of his registration card. The order number written on the list after the name of such first person was No. 1 . The next name to be entered on the list prepared by each local board was the name of the person in the class of September, 1918, whose serial number was next placed in such "master list," reading down the columns from the top thereof and disregarding the numbers in the schedule which did not appear on any registration card in the possession of the local board. The order number written on the list after the name of such person was No. 2. The order in which the names of all remaining persons of the class of September, 1918, were entered on the list prepared by each local board was determined in the exact manner above described for determining the names of the first and second persons on each such list; and this method was pursued by each local board until the name of every person whose registration card was in its possession and had been given a serial number on or before September 21 , 1918, had been entered upon the list. Those registration cards received after September 21, 1918, were assigned serial numbers by lot under the supervision of the adjutant general or draft executive of each State. Directions were also given for the draft executive to determine the serial numbers to be assigned to any cards lacking serial numbers or improperly, erroneously, or illegibly serially numbered. Upon the assignment of serial numbers to such cards, the method above described was followed by the local boards in determining their proper order numbers. These precautions were taken, notwithstanding the experience of this office confirmed the opinion that they were unnecessary, in order to prevent, so far as possible, any element which might give rise to a baseless charge of fraud or favoritism in the assignment of serial and order numbers, and to dispel any doubt that they were not to be impartially assigned. By prohibiting the assignment of serial numbers by local boards a number of days in advance of the drawing, local boards were saved from the suspicion, however unjust, that they did not assign serial numbers to certain registration cards until after the drawing, and that the serial numbers then assigned gave favorable order numbers to the registrants involved. THE QUESTIONNAIRES AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. 45 (IV) THE QUESTIONNAIRES AND THE CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The further procedure necessary to complete the selection of individuals for military service departed essentially in 1918 from the method originally employed in 1917. That method (which may be denominated the method of calling and discharging or accepting), rested upon the general assumption that a specific number of men were known to be needed for military service at a given time, and that, therefore, enough registrants should be called by each local board, in the sequence of the registrants' order numbers, and selected according to the terms of the Law and Regulations, until a number of qualified men had been obtained equal to that local board's share or quota of the entire specified number then needed. This plan was adapted to the exigency of the early stage of the war, and was effective for the purpose. But experience showed that it was, in some respects, wasteful; that, in other respects it would begin to be ineffective in speed as the Army needs grew larger and more pressing; and that it did not sufficiently take account of certain equitable distinctions affecting the order of liability for military service. A new method, involving several essential altera- tions, was, therefore, prepared and received the sanction of the President for promulgation on November 8, 1917, to become effective December 15, 1917 at the time when the first call for 687,000 men had been more than filled by the local boards and an opportunity for change of plan was presented. This new method was announced in my First Report, which was dated December 20, 1917, before the new plan had been put into practical operation. The essential changes were as follows: (1) The physical examination followed, instead of preceding, the determination of the claim for discharge or exemption. Under the original procedure, the first step after the giving of registration numbers and order numbers was the calling of registrants before the local boards (according to their order numbers) for physical examination. Those registrants found to be physically disqualified for general military service were given a certificate of discharge on that ground. Those who were found physically quali- fied for military service were given an opportunity to submit claims for exemption or discharge. At the conclusion of the hearings upon the claims, those men who had been found physically qualified for general military service and who failed to make claims for exemption or discharge, or whose claims were disallowed, were certified for serv- ice and subsequently were inducted according to the order numbers of men who had so been certified. This method required the calling for physical examination of more than 3,000,000 registrants and the actual physical examination of more than 2,500,000 registrants, of whom 1,780,000 were found physically qualified. Subsequent to 46 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. this, 1,420,000 claims were filed, and a very large number of men found physically qualified failed to make any claim. As a net result of the actual physical examination of 2,500,000 men and the adjudi- cation of 1,420,000 claims, there were certified for military service 1,057,000, of whom there had been actually inducted to December 15, 1917, slightly more than 500,000 men. Under the new system the procedure was reversed. The regis- trant was first required to file answers to ajquestionnaire, the filing of which might include a claim for exemption or deferred classification. The failure to make claims, or the final adjudication rejecting or granting claims, resulted in the classification of the entire registra- tion list, and it then became necessary to perform the labor of physical examination only in respect of the class liable to earliest call, viz, Class I. Thus, under the first method there were actually called for physical examination more than 3,000,000 registrants, of whom 1,057,000 were certified for service; while under the new system not only was the total number physically examined of the first registration group but slightly larger (3,200,000) than had been examined under the first process (which resulted in the net induction of slightly over 500,000 men), but the relatively much smaller labor under the new system resulted in the net induction, between December 15, 1917, and November 11, 1918, of more than 2,000,000 men. (2) Another improvement in the second plan was a greater flexi- bility in the equitable distinctions affecting the order of liability for military service. Under the original plan, the registrant was either accepted, on the one hand, or discharged or exempted on the other; whatever the varying degrees of equity in those cases, virtually there was only a choice between these two alternatives. It is true that all discharges were in form temporary or provisional, and were, therefore, revocable in case of need. Nevertheless, the method did not specifi- cally point out any grades of distinction between the various ones thus discharged; and had it become necessary to revoke the dis- charges and to resort to this group for heavier drains for military purposes, the establishment of further discriminations would have been a cumbrous and tedious process. The new plan established five groups, representing the equitable order of liability for military service, and thus made once for all an inventory of all registrants by placing them in one or another of these five groups. This made it possible to recognize, by differences in the order of liability for the different groups or classes, the equitable distinctions which might well obtain between the suitability of one or another group for earlier or later call. These several groups or classes were made by Presidential regulation, exercising the authority given by the Selective Service Act to discharge certain descriptions THE QUESTIONNAIRES AND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM. ' 47 of persons, but assigning the different order of liabilities as between these different descriptions. Nothing has done more than this measure to establish in popular conviction the equity of the whole draft system as established by the act of Congress. All the apprehension and unrest once involved hi the popular idea of a military conscription has settled down into a firm national acceptance which would have seemed incredible two years ago. (3) Another result of the classification system was that the Nation was ready from an early date in 1918 immediately to raise an army of practically any size that migjit be necessary. The whole registered man-power had been examined and was ready to be called in the order of availability. Even if the new legislation of August 31, 1918, increasing the draft ages, had not been enacted, we could nevertheless have proceeded in the order of availability, and after exhausting Class I, to call men of the first registration from Class II, III, and IV, with practically accurate knowledge that they were being called in direct order of their availability and in inverse order o"f their need for the social and economic life of the country. The classification system thus not only gave us an accurate inventory of the registered man-power, coupled with the knowledge of availibility of the several classes, so that if it was necessary to call the majority of the regis- trants they could have been called in the order of availibility; but the results undoubtedly furnished the only adequate basis for con- sideration by Congress in proceeding to extend the draft ages in August, 1918. (4) A further advantage resulting, from the classification system was that, for the first time, it enabled the respective contributions of men, due from the different areas, to be allotted in just propor- tion to the ability of each area to make that contribution. If Class I, throughout all boards, represented the reservoir of man power available equitably for the earliest call, then the quotas of each State and each board could be allotted, at the time of making each levy, in proportion to the size of that reservoir. And if it had become necessary to proceed into Class II, after exhausting Class I, then similarly the proportion of quotas could have been equitably made in ratio to the size of Class II in each State and in each board. In other words, the classification system furnished an opportunity for abandoning the inequities of the population basis for levying quotas inequities which had givon rise to complaint under the act as adminis- tered in 1917. In this respect, however, the change could not be made without amendatory legislation, which is elsewhere referred to in Chapter II and in Chapter VI of this report. The classification system, as promulgated in the Selective Service Regulations effective December 15, 1917, amply withstood the test 48 CHAPTER III. THE PSCCESS OF SELECTION. of experience throughout the year. It can be stated that, in spite of constant watchfulness with a view to detecting difficulties or inequi- ties in their operation, these regulations have proceeded without a single essential change, in principle or procedure, since December, 1917, to the present date; and that no essential change would have been needed for any further operations of the selective draft in its application to the 13,000,000 registrants added to our list on Septem- ber 12, 1918. (V) MAKING AND GRANTING OF CLAIMS FOB DEFEEMENT AND EXEMPTION. 1. Method of making claims and appeals. The method of making claims for deferment or exemption was unproved by the use of the questionnaire. Under the original plan, a registrant who made no claim for deferment or exemption placed no document on file, and thfc facts of his status appeared only upon the registration card. Under the new plan, an inventory was taken of every registrant. A questionnaire was filled out by every registrant without exception. Those who made the claims for exemption or deferment simply filled out the additional series of answers appropriate to their specific claims. There was thus on file for each registrant a single document containing all the facts and papers necessary to determine his status hi liability for military service. The questionnaire went through three editions ; the first being used beginning December 15, 1917, for the remaining registrants of the first registration not already inducted; the second edition for the registrants of age 21, registered on June 5, 1918, and August 24, 1918; and the third edition for the registrants of September 12, 1918. No essential changes were found to be necessary in the questionnaires contained in these several editions; but the second and third edition contained a few improvements of detail, dictated by experience, together with some additional series of questions made necessary by the establishment of additional divisions in the several classes pur- suant to new legislation affecting minor groups of persons. In the method of making claims, an important change took place in that a claim for deferment as a necessary worker in industry or agriculture received a notation by the local board before transmission to the district board. The district board had sole jurisdiction to adjudicate under the act of Congress; but under the original method, by which the claim was filed directly with the district board, that board lost the benefit of the knowledge and judgment of the local board as to the merits of the claim; and the requirement that the local board should append a recommendation for or against the claim was undoubtedly of material assistance to the district board in passing upon the facts and the justice of the case. MAKING AND GRANTING OF CLAIMS. 49 In respect to appqals from the district board to the President, a material innovation (S. S. R., sec. Ill) consisted in limiting the right of appeal to cases where there had been at least one dissenting vote in the district board and where one member of the local board and either the Government appeal agent or the adjutant general of the State recommended that the decision of the district board be reviewed. This innovation, with one or two minor additional details, was rendered advisable, in view of the fact disclosed by the appeals of 1917, that of the 13,000 appeals acted on up to December 19, 1917, less than 8 per cent had been granted, the fact indicating that the vast majority of appeals were not meritorious, and that measures should be taken to restrict them as nearly as possible to apparently meritorious cases. On the other hand, a contrary innovation was made by permitting an appeal to the President in claims for defer- ment on the ground of dependency, which under the. original regula- tions had not been allowed; they were now made allowable when accompanied by a statement of one member of the local board and either the Government appeal agent or the adjutant general of the State certifying that the case was one of great and unusual hardship and recommending its reconsideration. 2. Number of claims made and granted in local boards. The follow- ing Table 4 shows the total claims for deferment, made and granted, and their distribution: TABLE 4. Deferment claims; ratio of claims made to claims granted. Deferment claims; ratio of claims made to claims granted. Number. Per cent of claims made. Per cent of claims granted. 1 Total claims made Dec. 15, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 (first and second registration) 10, 085, 296 100. 00 2 Total claims granted 7, 681, 176 76.16 100.00 3 Class II claims made 1, 646, 905 -16. 33 4 Granted 1, 329, 582 17.31 5 Class MI claims made 1, 452, 266 14.40 6 Granted . . 803, 373 10.46 7 Class IV claims made 4, 450, 266 44.13 8 Granted 3, 373, 496 43.92 9 Class V claims made 2, 535, 859 25.14 10 Granted 2,174 725 28 31 11 Industrial claims made 543, 200 5.39 100. 00 12 Granted 291,078 53.59 13 Agricultural claims made 1, 051, 679 10.43 100. 00 14 Granted 544, 665 51. 79 15 Dependency claims made 4, 968, 237 49.26 100. 00 16 Granted 3, 744, 399 75.37 17 Sundry claims made 3, 522, 180 34.92 100. 00 18 Granted 3, 101, 034 88.04 (a) It appears from this table that the volume of business trans- acted by the local boards in the disposal of claims under the first and second registrations amounted to 10,085,296. 972uO 19 i 50 CHAPTER III. THE PROCESS OF SELECTION. (b) It further appears that, as between the several classes, the claims for deferment in Class IV were nearly double those for any other class. (c) As to the several specific grounds for the claims represented by the divisions within the classes and distributed according to their nature as industrial, agricultural, or domestic, it appears that the domestic claims were very largely in the majority and that the industrial claims formed a small minority. (d) In the method of calling used in 1917 it was possible to show the ratio of persons making claims to total registrants (first report, p. 48); but under the questionnaire system of 1918 the records did not permit this ratio to be computed, inasmuch as a single registrant ^ might make claims on several grounds. The records permit some idea to be gained of the ratio of claims made by the seyeral economic and domestic groups, i. e., what ratio of farmers or of nonfarmers or of married registrants made claims for deferment; this, however, can be shown only for the first regis- tration, as the economic status of the registrants, as classified, was not ascertained for the second and the third registrations. The figures are as follows (Table 5): TABLE 5. Deferrfient claims made; ratio to registrants. Deferment claims made; ratio to registrants. Numlxjr. Per cent of resist r;mts classified. Per cent of claims made. 1 Total claims made in first registration since Dec. 15, 1917 9, 493, 328 100. 00 9 Industrial registrants classified 6 068 021 100 00 3 4 Claims made on industrial grounds Agricultural registrants classified 497, 909 2, 509, 698 8.21 100 00 5.24 5 6 Claims made on agricultural grounds. . . Married registrants classified 956, 233 4, 631, 065 38. 10 100. 00 10.07 7 Claims made for married dependency. . 4, 054, 233 87.54 42. 71 (e) It is interesting to compare the years 1917 and 1918 with reference to the ratio of claims granted. There had been a belief, on the part of some, that after the first urgent rush of raising the first levy of 687,000 men, and in view of the popular superficial notion, prevailing early in 1918, that we had perhaps accomplished our part in man-power contribution, there would be seen a relaxation in the strictness in which claims were scrutinized and that the ratio of claims granted would decrease. But how little the Nation could afford to indulge in such relaxation, and how completely needed was the entire group of effectives obtainable from the first 10,000,000, was amply perceived later in the year, when our troops, from April onward, began to be rushed overseas in large numbers, and when our Class I of the first registration became exhausted. And so, in retrospect, it is interesting to observe (Table 5a) that in 1917 MAKING AND GRANTING OF CLAIMS. 51 (Report for 1917, p. 48, Table 19) the ratio of total claims granted was greater than in 1918, as also the ratio for dependency claims granted; showing that there had been no relaxation of strictness by the boards. But the substantial increase in the 1918 ratio of indus- trial and agricultural claims granted (Table 5a) was precisely what might be expected and justified in view of the increasing necessity of preserving the economic operations of the country from impairment. TABLE 5a. Claims granted, 1917 and 1918, compared. Claims granted. 1917 and 191S, compared. Per cent. JO 11 Percentage of all claims granted : 1917 1918 Percentage of dependency and sundry claims granted 1917. ' 1918 Percentage of agricultural claims granted 1!H7 1918 Percentage of industrial claims granted 1917'.' ! 1918... 77.86 76.16 81. 79 80.63 35. 89 51.79 42.81 53.59 3. Number of claims made and granted in district boards. The claims made before district boards were as follows : TABLE G. District board claims filed. 1 2 3 4 5 District board claims Pled, Dec. 15, 1917-Sept. 11, I'.iis. Number. Per cent of registrants. Per cent of claims. Total registrants classified 9, 952, 735 2, 623, 835 623, 335 1, 989, 046 11,454 100. 00 26.36 Total claims presented to district hoards. . . . Appeals from local lx>ards filed 100.00 23. 76 75.81 .43 Claims filed on agricultural and indus- trial grounds A ppeals tiled as to physical qualifications The disposition of these claims before the district boards was as follows : TABLE 7. Disposition of district board cases. Disposition of district board cases, Dec. 15, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Number. Per cent of appeals. Per c Declarants . 160, 594 29. 64 6 Nondeclarants 253, 795 21.79 7 Placed in deferred classes 1, 288, 617 75.67 8 Declarants 377, 769 71 36 9 Nondeclarants 910, 848 78.21 (7) Among the three groups of aliens, viz, cobelligerent, neutral, and enemy, the classification showed the following contrasts: TABLE 26. Classification of cobelligerent aliens. Number. Per cent of cobel- ligerents. 1 Total cobelligerents registered June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918. 1, 021, 063 2 Placed in Class I 311, 895 30 55 g Declarants 117, 842 4 Nondeclarants 194, 053 5 Placed in deferred classes 709, 168 69 45 R Declarants 203, 485 7 Nondeclarants 505, 683 TABLE 27. Classification of neutral aliens. Number. Per cent of neutrals. 1 Total neutrals registered June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 249, 034 100. 00 9 Placed in Class I ... 61, 942 24.87 s Declarants 25, 918 4 Nondeclarants 36, 024 F> Placed in deferred classes 187,092 75.13 fi Declarants .... 51, 726 7 Nondeclarants 135, 366 It thus appears that the neutrals obtained deferred classification to a slightly greater extent than the cobelligerents, viz, 6 per cent. One would perhaps have assumed that the difference of sympathies would have shown a greater readiness than these figures indicate, on the part of cobelligerents, to waive deferment and enter the combat. 92 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. That the difference, such as it is, was mainly to be ascribed to nondeclarants, appears from Table 28. TABLE 28. Nondeclarant cobelligerent and neutral deferments, compared. Number. Per c^nt of cobrl,i~er- ents. Per cent of neutrals. 1 Total, cobelligerent nondeclarant aliens regis- tered June 5 1917-Sept. 11 1918 699, 736 100. 00 9 Placed in Class I ... 194, 053 27. 73 1 Placed in deferred classes .... 505, 683 72. 27 4 Total neutral nondeclarant aliens registered June 5 1917-Sept 11, 1918 171, 390 100. 00 *) Placed in Class I ...... 36, 024 21.02 fi Placed in deferred classes 135, 366 78. 98 (8) Alien enemies and oMen allies of the enemy included, of course, a large share of anti-German aliens, belonging to other race stocks; these were usually enemies in a purely technical sense. How a certain number of them came to be placed in Class I is explained in a later paragraph of this chapter. The figures for deferments in line 8 of Table 29 show the deferments specifically made on the ground of enemy alienage; lines 6 and 7 include deferments on other grounds: TABLE 29. Alien enemies and allied enemies classified. Number. Per cent of alien enemies. 1 Total alien enemies and allied enemies registered June 5, 1917-Sept 11 1918 432, 909 100.00 9 Placed in Class I 40, 552 9.37 S Declarants 16, 834 4 Nondeclarants 23, 718 5 Placed in deferred classes . 392, 357 90.63 6 Declarants - 122, 558 Y Nondeclarants 269, 799 8 Class V E of deferments (alien enemies) 334, 949 q Alien enemies reported as discharged at camp 5,637 We are now in a position to understand the scope and bearing of the serious problems that arose in connection with alienage, and the solutions reached. Those problems were, in the main, three: (1) The problem of alien numbers as affecting the quota basis; (2) the problem of neutral and cobelligerent alien liability to service, as Involving diplomatic negotiations; and (3) the problem of enemy aliens in the armed forces. 1 . Alienage as disturbing the quota l)asis. The supposed inequity of the selective service act in requiring quotas to be based on population including aliens, while payments for quotas were obliged to be made ALIENAGE. 93 in natives and declarants only, led to great popular dissatisfaction. This situation existed as early as August, 1917, and was described in my First Report. Several remedies were proposed. (a) Alien nonliability to the draft. One remedy was to amend the law so as to make all aliens liable to the draft. This was the purport of several bills introduced in Congress. Besides its administrative difficulties, it involved opposition from diplomatic representatives, particularly of neutral treaty countries. In August, 1917, an acute situation was reached. At the request of the Department of State, the subject was temporarily withdrawn from consideration by Con- gress, pending the development of a second remedy, proposed by the Department of State, viz: (&) Reciprocal treaties of conscription with cobelligerents. This sec- ond remedy, then begun by negotiation, did not mature for almost a year; the resulting treaties are described later. The reason why this remedy, if immediately maturing, would have sufficed practically was that the cobelligerent countries represented some 700,000 of the non- declarant aliens, while the neutrals represented a few more than 170,000, and therefore the effect of the latter element on the quota basis was relatively not important. The subjection of nondeclar- ant cobelligerent aliens to mutual conscription would have furnished a substantially complete relief to the complaints of inequity. In the meanwhile, however, complete relief came about through a third remedy, adopted for other controlling reasons, viz : (c) The classification system. In December, 1917, the method of calling and examining registrants from time to time as needed to fill a requisition was replaced by the method of classifying all regis- trants in advance once for all (as already described in Chapter III). Of the five classes thus formed, nondeclarant aliens formed a division in Class V; and it was planned to apportion the quotas of the several States and subdivisions on the total numbers in Class I, respectively, as forming the most just basis for quotas. This method thus elimi- nated aliens in the computation and apportionment of quotas. The bill containing the necessary amendment to the law, though intro- duced in January, 1918, was not enacted until May (as described in Chapter VI) ; but from the time of the announcement of the plan no further complaint was heard as to the effect of alienage upon quotas. By this change of regulations nondeclarant aliens fell into Class V, and the quota basis was formed by Class I. This, therefore, reduced to an equitable basis the relative quotas of communities having large alien elements. General satisfaction is expressed by the boards with the new quota system, as disposing finally of the discontent produced by the original statutory rule. But in answering the inquiry put to them on this point many boards eagerly seize the opportunity to express in the 94 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. strongest terms the intense and widespread popular feeling that aliens, if otherwise qualified, should be compelled to serve in the Army; or, if this were impossible, that they should at least be prevented in some way (possibly by taxation) from turning their privilege of exemption to pecuniary profit. It is not too much to say that the spectacle of American boys, the finest in the community, going forth to fight for the liberty of the world while sturdy aliens -many of them born in the very countries which have been invaded by the enemy stay at home and make money has been the one notable cause of dissatisfaction with the scheme of military service embodied in the selective service act. 2. Treatment of aliens by the law and by the officials as a subject of diplomatic protest by foreign representatives (a) Nondeclarant aliens. The acceptance of many nondeclarant aliens by the selective serv- ice officials, gave rise to diplomatic protest on the ground that non- declarants, though exempt, were nevertheless made to serve. This involved both the law and procedure of the regulations, and the conduct of the officials administering them. (1) In so far as the law itself was concerned, the two great prin- ciples embodied in the selective service regulations, viz., first, that exemption is an exception, and, secondly, that an alien claiming ex- emption must prove his case, were subsequently vindicated by the courts. At the outset, this office was of the opinion that the Con- gress intended to establish and did establish the presumption that every registrant is a citizen of the United States; that this presump- tion stands until the contrary is shown; and that every registrant, therefore, is and remains subject to be drafted into the military forces unless exempted or excused by a local or district board, or by the President on review. The selective service machinery, accord- ingly, was erected by Executive regulations, the foundation of which, in respect of enemy aliens and nondeclarant aliens, rested upon the proposition that the boards must exempt, upon their own initiative if necessary, every alien enemy, and that nondeclarant aliens, after registration, are not automatically exempt from further operation of the act and the rules and regulations. The Federal courts throughout the country (with one exception only, so far as I am advised) have ruled to the same effect. 1 The courts reasoned that while alien enemies and nondeclarant aliens 1 The leading cases are: United States ex rel. Bartalini v. Capt. Mitchell, 248 Fed. 997; United States ex rel. Joseph Koopowitz, alias Jacob Koopowitz, v. John P. Finley, 245 Fed. 871; United States ex rel. George Cubyluck v. J. Franklin Bell, 248 Fed. 995; United States ex rel. Giovanni Troiani v. John E. Heyburn, sheriff, 245 Fed. 36; James Summertime v. Local Board, 248 Fed. 832; Ella H. Tinkoff et al., petitioners, Department of Justice, Bulletin No. 57; Mathias Hutflis, petitioner, 245 Fed. 789; United States ex rel. Max Pascher v. Eugene Kinkead et al. , 248 Fed. 141, affirmed on appeal by the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, 250 Fed. 692, 698, citing Arver v. United States, 245 U. S. 366; ex parte Kusweski, 251 Fed. 977; and ex parte Romano, 251 Fed. 762. Contra: Ex parte Beck, 245 Fed. 967; John Napora, petitioner, v. Jamas H. Rowe et al.. United States District Court for the District of Montana, decided October 24, 1918, not yet reported. ALIENAGE. 95 are not subject to be drafted, it is clear that whether a particular person belongs to one or the other of these classes is a question of fact, exactly the same as whether a person i? a duly ordained minister of religion or a student for the ministry in a recognized theological or divinity school; that the plain purpose of the act was that the fact should be ascertained by the administrative boards which the President was authorized to create; that it must be assumed that it was impossible for the local and district boards or any other govern- mental agencies independently to ascertain whether or not a regis- trant was a nondeclarent alien, because such an inquiry would involve a search of the records of the naturalization courts, Federal and State, throughout the entire country to ascertain a negative, viz, whether a person had not declared his intention ("an obviously impossible and absurd inquiry," as one judge has said); and that it was only when the action of the boards was without jurisdiction, or when, having jurisdiction, they failed to give the parties complaining a fair opportunity to be heard and present their evidence, that the action of sucb tribunals was subject to review by the civil courts. 1 The Federal courts further held that there is no conflict between the selective service law and the treaty stipulations in respect to non- declarent aliens, because the act and the rules and regulations expressly give such aliens the right to claim and receive exemption from the draft. 2 (2) In so far as the action of the local boards was concerned, the regulations and instructions required local and district boards to give every alien, as well as every other registrant, a full and fair hearing, or a full and fan- opportunity to be heard, on any claim of exemption that he might have. While this office believed that, when such a full and fan' opportunity was offered and no claim was made, or when a claim was made and after such a full and fair hearing the boards disallowed the claim, no one had a legal right to complain, authority was given to the boards to reopen any claim upon proper suggestion at any time before induction. Furthermore, local boards were authorized to inquire into the status of any registrant where they had reason to believe that the particular registrant was a nondeclarant alien and had failed through ignorance to claim exemption, and, if such were found to be the case, the boards were required to exempt him. 1 In ex parte Beck and in John Napora v. James H. Rowe et al., supra (the Napora case is pending on appeal in the United States Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit), the United States District Court for the Districl^of Montana held that registrants who at the time of registration stated to the registrars that they were nondeclarent aliens and claimed exemption as such on their registration cards were auto- matically exempt from further operation of the act and rules and regulations, and that all rules and regu- lations to the contrary are void as being inconsistent with the terms of the act. 2 Ex parte Dragut in Blazekovic, Department of Justice Bulletin No. 67, and Mathias Hutflis, petitioner, supra. Furthermore, the courts hold that if there be, in fact, an irreconcilable conflict between the act and any particular treaty stipulation in respect of declarent aliens, the act, the last in date, must control. Id.; id. 96 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. In order further to obviate the question which had arisen as to the advisability of acting upon implied waivers of aliens, the regulations promulgated on November 8, 1917, provided that no declarant should thereafter be inducted, the fact of such alienage having been estab- lished, unless and until he had expressly waived his right to exemp- tion. At the same time legal advisory boards were established for the purpose of aiding registrants, and this measure thereafter elimi- nated almost entirely such misunderstanding as had heretofore pre- vailed anywhere among aliens. There can be no doubt, from a perusal of the reports from local boards (summarized in my First Report, 1917, p. 53) that throughout the country, a'nd with only occasional and local excep- tions, the practice of the boards was in entire accord with the law and regulations. In the regions of 'large alien population, the personnel of the boards often included men of foreign race stock, fully aware of the conditions of alienage in their localities, as well as men of wide experience in social welfare w T ork, deeply interested in the alien immi- grant; these men took every pains to inform the ignorant and to protect the helpless. Consuls were appealed to by draft officials in an effort to surround the alien with every opportunity to establish his foreign allegiance. It is a matter of record in the Naturalization Bureau that 53,346 cases were referred to it by local boards in the effort to establish in the case of aliens whether a declaration of intention had previously been filed. Moreover, the mass of foreign-born residents were themselves per- meated by the spirit of readiness to waive their exemptions and vol- untarily accept the call to military service. Thousands of nonde- clarant aliens of cobelligerent and even of neutral origin welcomed the opportunity to take up arms against the arch enemy of all; the records of correspondence hi this office contain eloquent testimony to this spirit. The figures of alien classification already given (Tables 24 and 26) indicate this; and the local boards report explicitly that the number of nondeclarant aliens waiving then: exemption was very large (191,491). And finally, the figures of naturalizations in camp since May, 1918 (given below in par. 3(&)) refute the notion that any appreciable number of those men had entered the service unwil- lingly. That the boards occasionally allowed themselves the pa- triot's privilege of pleading with the man who had not fully reflected on his duty is not to be doubted. An Italian was about to claim exemption on account of alien citizenship. "Are you sure you want to do this?" asked the chairman of the board. "Why not?" was the inquiry. "There are two reasons," said the official. ""One is the United States, the other is Italy. Two flags call you to the colors. There's a double reason for you." "I'll go," he said. But that the ALIENAGE. 97 boards should be disparaged for thus at times taking on the attitude of a recruiting officer no one would maintain. Here, as in all other incidents of the draft, the situation varied somewhat in different localities; and without a doubt there were rare and sporadic local instances of carelessness and of bias which led to improper inductions. The zeal of some local boards, irritated by the slacker spirit of some classes of population, resulted occa- sionally in such improprieties. Moreover, in some regions, espe- cially on the border States, many ignorant aliens, not appreciating their immunity, left the country for Mexico and Canada shortly after the first registration, without filing any claim for the exemp- tion to which they were entitled; and they were thus carried on the books as delinquents and became liable to apprehension as deserters. Boards were authorized to reclassify them in proper cases, even in the absence of any formal claim for exemption; but this measure could not reach all such cases. These various instances of induction of nondeclarant aliens, whether properly or improperly made, led to a number of diplo- matic protests on their behalf by the representatives of foreign Governments. The number of these protests reaching this office from the Secretary of State was some 5,852 in all. A list by coun- tries is given with Appendix Table 30-A. (3) To allay this dissatisfaction on the part of the diplomatic representatives, however, certain administrative measures were applied. One of these consisted in authorizing inquiry into the propriety of the induction of individual nondeclarant aliens on request of their diplomatic representatives. This inv.olved an elaborate mechanism of inquiry on the part of the selective service officials and the camp commanders and the State adjutants general, and in the great majority of cases the complaints proved not to be well founded. A second measure (circular letter of Apr. 27, 1918) consisted in authorizing the discharge from the Army, by The Adjutant General of the Army, of individual nondeclarant aliens already inducted, this discharge being directed at the mere request of the diplomatic representative and without regard to the merits of the induction. This measure, applied under the President's order of April 11, quoted below, was designed to apply only to individual cases that had been called to diplomatic attention spontaneously. During the months of December, 1917, and January, 1918, only one or two cases a week had been presented. But about that time the measure received an extraordinary extent of publicity in the newspapers. The result was that ail over the camps there arose demands for discharge, stimulated by this publicity, on the part even of nondeclarant neutral aliens who had been voluntarily inducted and who had 97259 19 7 98 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. afterwards changed their minds. In consequence, the months of February and March saw such claims presented at the rate of a hundred or more per week; by October a total of nearly 6,000 had been called to the attention of this office. The method of remedy by discharge on diplomatic request became permanent, and was incorporated in certain changes in the selective service regulations as to classification. (S. S. R., 2d edition, sec. 79, (j).) The total number of discharges reported to this office from camp commanders, P. M. G. O. Form 1029-D, as having been made by reason of diplomatic request or the like, for aliens of neutral or cobelligerent nationalities, between February 10, 1918, and Novem- ber 22, 1918, was 621. The local boards were directed by the regula- tions to classify such persons in Class V-J. The numbers so classi- fied are reported as 1,344. The discrepancy between these two fig- ures is, of course, due to the different manner of keeping the records; but the figures indicate sufficiently the extent of the action taken, which was found desirable in consequence of the diplomatic repre- sentations. (&) Declarants. The selective service act placed declarants ex- pressly under liability for military service. This provision followed the tradition of the Civil War. But it led in two ways to negotiations with foreign Governments. (1) In the first place, foreign treaty countries, i. e., those having treaties providing for exemption from military service, claimed that these treaties remained in force, and that the act violated the treaties. Naturally, this claim was made by neutral countries mainly. Almost at the very beginning, the neutral nations' diplomatic representatives approached the State Department with numerous requests to relieve their nationals from the operation of the law, and many protests were filed against the induction of individual aliens into the military service, as being in violation of international law and treaty obligations. Frequently no distinction was made, in these requests of the diplomatic representatives, between declarants and nondeclarants. Desirous as this Government was to find a solution which should relieve the difficulty thus created, it was realized that the President as chief executive had no authority to go counter to the express terms of the law by declaring the nationals either of friendly or of neutral countries to be exempt from liability under the selective service law. But the extent of his authority as commander in chief of the armed forces in respect to such nationals after they had been inducted into the service was a distinct matter. The discussion was finally closed by the President, as commander in chief of the Army and Navy, promulgating his order of April 11, 1918, wherein he directed, in respect to aliens drafted into the mili- tary service of the United 'States, that ALIENAGE. 99 I. Both declarants and nondeclarants of treaty countries shall in all cases be promptly discharged upon request of the accredited diplomatic representatives of the countries of which they are citizens. II. Nondeclarants of nontreaty countries shall be promptly discharged upon the request of the Secretary of State, and also when the War Department is satisfied that a discharge should be granted in cases where a full and fair hearing has not been given by fhe local board. The first paragraph of this order, in its application to declarants, was directed to relieve the situation caused by the conflict between the selective service act and the treaties. The second paragraph, as well as the nondeclarant portion of the first paragraph, was directed to relieve the situation already described as to nondeclarants. As to declarants, relief was finally given by Congress to neutrals (but without distinction as to treaty countries or nontreaty countries) by the act approved July 9, 1918, which provided that any citizen or subject of any neutral country, who has declared his intention to become a citizen, shall be'relieved from liability to military service upon his making a declaration withdrawing such intention, which shall operate and be held to cancel his declaration, and he shall then forever be debarred from becoming a citizen of the United States. This provision was construed, so far as the Selective Service machinery was concerned, to apply only to declarant neutral aliens who had not already been inducted into the service. But for those already inducted, it was given practical effect by War Department General Orders No. 92, October 16, 1918, which authorized command- ing officers to discharge such neutral declarant aliens upon applica- tion. (2) The foregoing measures of relief applied virtually (though not literally) to neutral countries. For cobelligerent countries, the solu- tion was reached by reciprocal treaties of conscription. The negotia- tions for these treaties had their inception in the situation already described in regard to the problem of including nondeclarant aliens in computing the quota basis. But as the negotiations progressed, the proposed measure was found to contribute also to the solution of these other problems concerning the liability of declarant aliens of cobelligerent nationality. So as early as July 19, 1917, the British Embassy suggested to the Department of State the conclusion of a convention respecting the military service of the nationals of Great Britain and of the United States residing in the United States and Great Britain, respectively, this convention to authorize the reciprocal drafting of such nationals both declarant and nondeclarant. On August 29, 1917, the Secretary of State submitted to the Secretary of War the draft of a convention which it was proposed to conclude with all the allied nations; and on September 17, 1917, the Secretary of State submitted to the British, French, Italian and Greek Embassies the draft of a convention for consideration by their respective govern- 100 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. ments, having for its purpose the reciprocal drafting of the nationals of each country. The proposed conventions provided that alien residents should be allowed an opportunity to enlist in the forces of their own governments, and that, failing to do so within a prescribed time, they should become subject to the selective draft regulations of the country in which they were residing. It was agreed fhat the convention with Great Britain should be finally concluded before those proposed to our other cobelligerents were proceeded with. Necessary modifications in the proposed draft of the convention with Great Britain caused long delay in its final ratification. The con- vention with Great Britain was signed on June 3, 1918; the Senate on June 24 advised its ratification, it was ratified on the 28th of June; and the ratifications were exchanged in Washington and London on Juty 30, 1918. The convention with the French Govern- ment was signed on September 3, 1918, ratified by the Senate on September 19 and by the President on September 26; the ratifications were exchanged and the convention became effective on November 8, 1918. The Greek convention was signed on August 30, 1918, ratified by the Senate on September 19 and by the President on October 21 and exchanged on November 12, 1918. The Italian convention was signed on August 24, 1918, ratified on October 24, and exchanged on November 12, 1918. A further diplomatic situation, concerning cobelligerent declarants, particularly of the British Empire, arose in connection with those declarants who were being sought for enlistment by the recruiting missions authorized by the act of May 10, 1917, to be established in this country. Declarants who thus offered themselves for enlistment under the cobelligerent flag became a subtraction from the potential armed forces of the United States, if they were in Class I. This led to occasional local misunderstanding between cobelligerent recruiting officers and some of the local boards where the recruiting missions were stationed; negotiation between the State Department, the foreign embassies, and the Secretary of War was the result. This situation, however, was remedied by the completion, already referred to, of the British and Canadian treaties of reciprocal conscription, signed on June 3, 1918, which were given effect in the Army appro- priation act, chapter 12. By section 79 (k) of the Selective Service Regulations (2d edition, October, 1918), a cobelligerent declarant thus enlisting in the forces of the cobelligerent country under one of these conventions was placed in Class V-K, by his local board, and thus was recorded as exempt from military service in the United States forces; but this provision did not come into effect in season to apply to registrants prior to September 12, 1918. Nondeclarant aliens who had claimed exemption from the draft in this country, and whose claims had been allowed, could of course, with propriety, be enlisted ALIENAGE. 101 by the foreign missions. The hearty approval given by our Govern- ment to the efforts to secure them for their own governments, since they had been exempted from service in our forces, was exhibited in the act of Congress above cited. (c) Naturalization. Arising in part out of the foregoing last described situation and operating also as a remedial measure for both of the foregoing situations came the amendments to the naturali- zation laws, approved May 9, 1918, which removed many of the limitations of procedure and time in the process of naturalization, and were especially directed to facilitate the naturalization of aliens serving in the military or naval service of the United States. The effect of this statute was to make it possible for an alien, whether a declarant or nondeclarant who had been either enlisted or drafted into the service of the United States to change his status into that of a full citizen, thus enabling him to enter upon his military career without the handicap imposed upon him by his foreign nativity. This measure opened the way for the camp commanders, under the direc- tion of The Adjutant General of the Army, to encourage naturalization on a large scale and resulted in the conversion of the " Foreign Legion" of the Army of the United States into a host of loyal American citizen-soldiers. By this act the number of those military persons as to whom any question could henceforth be raised, either on the ground of their proper induction as nondeclarant aliens or on the ground of their nonliability as declarant aliens of treaty countries or of neutral countries was substantially diminished. 3. Effect of foregoing measures. As indicating the effect of the foregoing measures in relieving the several situations, it is worth while to note the figures obtainable as to alien discharges in camps, alien naturalization, and cobelligerent recruiting. (a) Discharges in camp. On October 5, 1918, The Adjutant Gen- eral of tho Army called for reports from the different camps as to the number and names of aliens who desired discharge or were suitable for dischgare. The reports thus far available cover only a single camp, but the proportions in the returns at hand are significant. Out of a total of 1,589 aliens in this camp in October, 1918, only 289 asked for discharge when the opportunity was thus offered, or less than 20 per cent. Of these aliens, 383 were tech- nically enemy aliens, virtually all being either of Austro-Hungarian or Turkish allegiance; and 139, or a few more than 36 per cent, applied for discharge. Of the cobelligerent aliens, 1,006 in all, and composed almost entirely of British, Italians, and Russian subjects, only 24 applied for discharge, or a little more than 2 per cent. Of the neutral aliens, 200 in all, 84 applied for discharge, or 42 per cent. These contrasts between the several groups show just such cleavage as we might expect. The general figures indicate how slight was the 102 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. disposition of these alien groups to withdraw from, the opportunity of taking arms against the world foe. Similarly, the returns from the local boards (though only partially covering the field) as to the neutral declarants who have availed themselves of the right, under the act of Congress above cited, to obtain exemption by withdrawing their declaration of intention to become citizens, are illuminating: TABLE 30. Neutral declarants withdrawing from service. Number. Per cent of neutral declarants. Per cent of Class I. 1 Total neutral alien declarants registered June 5, 1917-Sept 11 1918 77, 644 100 00 2 Placed in deferred classes 51, 726 66.62 3 Placed in Class I 25, 918 33.38 100.00 4 Exempted on withdrawal of declaration 818 1.05 3.16 (6) Naturalizations in 1918. One test of the spirit of loyalty among aliens may be found in the number of naturalizations applied for and granted to registrants since the United States entered the war. Such action inspires a sentiment of admiration for their readiness to enter the war in the service of their adopted country. The Bureau of Naturalization reports that the total number of naturalizations in the United States between October 1, 1917, and September 30, 1918, was 179,816; and that since the passage of the act of May 8, 1918, above referred to, the number of naturalizations accomplished in camp, up to November 30, 1918, was 155,246. As there were only 414,389 aliens (Table 25) placed in Class I up to September 11, 1918 (including declarants and nondeclarants), and as a large portion of these must have gone overseas prior to June, 1918, it is plain that the opportunity for naturalization found a hearty response from the great majority of aliens to whom it was offered. Unfortunately, tune has not sufficed to analyze the natural- ization papers and thus discover the variances between the different nationalities in this demonstration of loyalty to their adoptive country. (c) Cobelligerent recruiting. The results of the recruiting missions of the cobelligerents are full of significance. Under the British flag were recruited about 48,000 men. The Polish Legion raised about 18,000. The Czecho-Slovaks also recruited a considerable number; and the Slavic Legion was in active inception when the armistice arrived. (d) Local boards. In summary of the alien attitude toward the draft, and as a main explanation of the relatively large percentage inducted from this exempt class, attention may be called to the testi- ALIENAGE. 103 mony of the local boards. Apart from exceptions here and there for a particular region or a particular nationality, the general attitude is described in the following passage from a local board report: I found patriotism in all our boys; not one instance can I recall where the yellow streak was shown. Many young men with German names, whose parents were citizens of the United States, seemed to be full of fight for their country. The Italians were full of ginger and wanted to get into the fight, many coming to the board and asking to be inducted before their turn, which we, of course, could not do. The American boys, of course, were all full of fight, and the Negro was just as anxious as any. So, from observation, I believe all nationalities registered by this board were eager to be of service to the United States Government and help win the glorious victory which finally came. In spite of the indications of the figures (Table 28) that non- declarants were the least ready to go into the war, the general fact seems to be that the individual's attitude depended more on the nationality than on the legal status. A sentiment of reluctance in a particular race stock in any given community was as likely to be shared by the declarants, who were legally subject to draft, as by the nondeclarants, who were not subject. Another important explanatory circumstance for the number of alien inductions is found in the gradual change of popular attitude. As the war went forward and the sentiment in support of the draft became marked, there was a progressive change in the attitude of men of foreign race stock. They caught the spirit and swung loyally into line. The following instance is typical: That the feeling of the public toward the operation of the selective service law changed rapidly for the better as the months went by, there can be no doubt. Many, many instances came to our attention bearing out those facts. Probably one of the most significant examples of the change from slacker to patriot was shown in the case of the father of our registrant Z. Z's father was a Russian Jew; he had been in this country probably 15 or 20 years. He had the Russian Jew's horror of war, and when his son's questionnaire was mailed he made haste to claim exemption for him on the ground that the son was his only support. Investigation, however, showed that there were two other boys, one close to 21, another about 19, and a sister some 22 or 23 years old, all of whom contributed toward the support of the parents. The claim for a deferred classification for Z was therefore denied, and he was sent to camp. After being in the service some two or three months, he was discharged for physical disability. Upon his arrival home, on the strength of his discharge, he was placed in Class V-G, and a card to that effect mailed him; and some days later the father appeared, thanked the board for being, as he termed, "square with his boy," but a few days later he appeared again and stated that the boy liked the service and wanted to know if we couldn't examine him again and return him to camp. In the next two or three months both the father and the boy appeared before the board several times and made the same request; and finally, after an examination had skown us that the physical disability had disappeared, we again inducted the boy. He was sent to camp and is now in the service. In the meantime, passing the home of Z's father, we noticed, first, that a Red Cross appeared in the window, indicating that he had contributed to that fund. Later, we noticed that he had commenced contributing to the various Liberty loans. Finally, not long prior to the registration of September, 1918, the father appeared before the board and 104 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. volunteered the use of his house for the September registration. At that registration, his two remaining sons were registered. They both filed questionnaires and waived all claim for exemption. The old man was proud to have his boys in the service. The war made Z's father an American citizen. It took the war to open his eyes. 4. Alien enemy subjects in the Army. (a} Alien enemies as affected by the draft. The selective service act made only alien declarants subject to draft and by express statement made enemy alien declar- ants not subject to draft. This left the selective service regulations free to impose an absolute prohibition upon the local boards to accept for military service any enemy alien, declarant or nondeclarant, in spite of his waiver of nonliability. While the field was thus cleared of all obstacles from a legal stand- point, the problem of the enemy alien in the practical administration of the law was fraught with many difficulties and called for constant vigilance and great discernment on the part of the local and district boards. Out of the registration of 9,586,508 men on June 5, 1917, some 41,000 were subjects of Germany. These were expressly excluded from admission into the draft, but not from the operation of the act for the purpose of ascertaining the fact of alienage. As the exclusion from the service of alien enemies was demanded by international law, by public policy, and by the effective operation of our forces, local boards were strictly charged with the duty of exempting every one of them from the draft. Four peculiar situations arose, however. (1) Germany was our first enemy. As early as the first draft, which had sent 500,000 men to camp by December 15, it was found that somewhat less than 1,000 German alien nondeclarants were reported by the boards as having been sent to camp; the number of German declarants sent to camps was also doubtless an appreciable one. It thus became necessary, through The Adjutant General, to direct camp commanders to make inquiry and to discharge such German aliens. This was a matter which did not come within the jurisdiction of the Provost Marshal General's office, except so far as it raised the question how the local boards could have permitted these men to have been inducted. There are various adequate explanations for this, but they need not be here elaborated. Suffice it to say that the President's power to discharge was so exercised as to dispose of all cases meriting such action. (2) The second situation arose when Austria- Hungary became an enemy countiy, on November 11, 1917; this brought some 239,000 registrants into the 'status of enemy aliens. Up to that tune, the prohibition against induction of enemy aliens had not applied to these nationals. The camps were thus found to contain thousands of Austro-Hungarian declarants, not deferred on ordinary grounds, and also a large number (probably about 9,000) of Austro-Hungarian ALIENAGE. 105 nondeclarants, who had waived their alienage exemption. The problem was how to discriminate in the discharge of these technical aliens. This also was a problem for The Adjutant General's office and not for the Provost Marshal General's office, the inductions presumably having been completely in accordance with law. iBy the letter of October 5, 1918, above cited, The Adjutant General called for a report on the numbers of such aliens in the various camps with a view to making discharges therefrom, but the reports thus far received do not afford any clear basis for ascertaining either the exact numbers of such persons or the action taken thereon. It is certain, however, that large numbers, in fact a great majority, of these men were of the oppressed races of Austria-Hungary and therefore sympathetic with the cause of the allies and ready to remain in camp. The camp reports above cited (par. 3 (a), p. 101), and also the local board reports in Table 29, show that the majority preferred to remain in the military service of the United States. (3) The relation of Turkey and Bulgaria to the war presented a third situation. While our allies were at war with Turkey and Bulgaria, we had never declared war upon them. For all intents and purposes the registrant subjects of these two countries (some 43 , 000 in number) were alien enemies, although they were not in law enemies of the United States. This office was requested by the military author- ities to instruct local boards to treat the subjects of Turkey and Bul- garia as enemy aliens and to classify them as such, but whether Turks and Bulgars could properly be classified as enemy aliens was a matter of original determination by the Department of State. Until the State Department ruled that the subjects of Turkey and Bulgaria were enemy aliens, the agencies of the draft were not authorized to treat them as such. The State Department finally held on October 24, 1918, that the subjects of Turkey and Bulgaria for the purposes of the draft were enemy aliens, but before instructions could be published carrying into effect the decision of the department, hos- tilities against Turkey and Bulgaria were suspended and the instruc- tions were not promulgated. (4) A fourth situation, equally anomalous but tending to an oppo- site result, arose in connection w T ith the oppressed races, subjects of the Imperial Governments of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Jugo- Slavs, Czecho-Slovaks, and Ruthenians, subjects of Germany and Austria-Hungary, were technically enemy aliens, and as such must be excluded from the draft. Yet the known antipathy of these peoples to their sovereign Governments, and their eagerness to espouse the cause of the United States and our allies, brought us squarely into an inconsistency which produced the military ostracism of real patriots whose every interest was our own. No provision was made 106 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. for the removal of the technical barrier which prohibited their serving in our forces, until the act of Congress, approved July 19, 1918, author- ized the formation of a Slavic Legion. This act provided that the Slavic Legion was to be recruited by enlistment, which necessitated the* administration of an oath, rather than by the usual method of induction, which dispenses with the oath. Complete arrangements had been consummated whereby local boards were to act as recruit- ing agencies for enlistment into the Slavic Legion, when the cessation of hostilities on the western front caused the abandonment of the plan. The case of Alsace-Lorraine was never thus provided for, by law or regulations. And the case of its sons was indeed a hard one. Many of them left this country for France to join that army. Many others, waiving deferment, were reluctantly rejected by the boards. But it may be supposed that many boards took the law into their own hands, and found a way to let these men fight in the American ranks for the restoration of the lost provinces : A bright young man came from Alsace-Lorraine to Wisconsin, where he registered on June 5, 1917. Being a subject of Germany, the local board classified him as an alien enemy. He remonstrated, and told this story to the board: "It is true that I was born in Alsace-Lorraine, but my parents were French. When the order came that only German was to be spoken in my country, my father sent me to America, and the German Government confiscated our property and misused my father. In the face of all this, and the further fact that I have taken out my first papers, you call me an alien enemy and refuse to let me fight for my adopted country or help to right the wrongs that have been heaped upon my people." He found his way into the Army, and his record as a soldier is worthy of emulation. A further problem was here presented by the desire of the repre- sentatives of the oppressed races of Central Europe to organize armed forces under then' own commanders and to join immediately the allied forces in the battlefield. So far as these organizations solicited the enlistment of men without the draft age, no obstacle could arise as to the selective service law. But, so far as they solic- ited men within the draft age, they were subtracting from the poten- tial armed forces of the United States. The group thus subtracted fell into three parts, of varying utility to the American armed forces. One of these was the technically enemy aliens, who could not be admitted to the American Army, and, therefore, might well be re- leased to these foreign legions. The second part was those not technically enemy aliens (e. g., Russian Poles), who were in deferred or exempted classes on some claim of alienage or other ground of deferment; these were temporarily immune from the American draft, but, if they were willing to fight, they might as well fight in the American Army. The third part was those not technically enemy aliens who had been classified in Class I; these men would be distinct and immediate subtractions from the American armed ALIENAGE. 107 forces, though if they were permitted to enlist in the foreign legions, they might go into the field earlier than if they waited for their order numbers to be reached. The situation thus presented remained unsettled for some months. It was finally relieved in part by two measures. In the first place, the War Department conceded that aliens of the oppressed races who had already enlisted in the Polish foreign legion should not be required to be discharged and returned to the American draft; but that in future no such enlistment should be sanctioned. In the sec- ond place, the Army appropriation act authorized the organization of the Slavic legion above mentioned, into which could be enlisted aliens of the oppressed races Czecho-Slovak, Jugo-Slav, and Ruth- enian (omitting Polish), who were otherwise exempted or deferred under the draft. War Department General Orders, No. 90, October 5, 1918, gave effect to this statute. Computations made in this office, as well as by the statistician of the Carnegie Foundation, give estimates for the number of males of military age who would have been eligible for enlistment under this act ranging between 188,000 and 330,000. (6) Naturalization. The amendment to the naturalization law above mentioned operated here also to alleviate the situation by permitting alien enemy subjects enrolled in the military or naval service to obtain speedy naturalization, whether declarants or non- declarants, under certain conditions. The result of this is notable in many of the reports from camp commanders received in response to The Adjutant General's^ letter of October 5, 1918. The figures above set forth indicate that large numbers of technically alien enemies belonging to the oppressed races of Austria-Hungary or Germany had accepted the benefits of naturalization. (c) German race-stock. A final word must be added on behalf of those registrants of German stock who loyally stood by the American flag. There were thousands of them. A natural distrust at first attended them in public opinion; and the notorious intrigues of the German Government to secure their support have perhaps left in the public mind an emphasis on that feature. It is therefore worth while here to place on record the reassuring experience of the local boards, an experience which should preserve equally in our memory the other side of the picture. How large and loyal a share of genuine support was given to the draft by families of this race stock may be illustrated by the following typical letters from local boards: But 24 hours were given us to fill a call for six men to go to one of the large univer- sities, for preliminary mechanical training. The chief clerk set out with an automobile in search of six registrants who could leave on short notice. At one house his ring was answered by one of those comfortably stout matrons whom we always associate with splendid culinary talents. She absent-mindedly greeted the clerk with "Guten morgen." He asked if Fred X was home, and was told he was out for the day. 108 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. He then stated his errand, and the mother went on to tell him how four others of her eons were already in the war. Drafted? Oh, no. Two of them had enlisted in the Canadian Army, another was in the Regulars, and only one had gone with a selective contingent. "Well, as long as your boy isn't here this morning, perhaps I had better hunt up some one else." "Ach, nein, nein; he want to go. What time the train leave? I tell him. He been there already. " And he was. In this county we have had for our prosecuting attorney a young lawyer who wa.s of German descent. In 1916 he was opposed for that office by another lawyer here who had two sons. The former candidate had a very narrow margin when the votes were counted, so his opponent thought it would be a good plan probably to try to stir up a little feeling against Germany and thus help his case in the next campaign, i. e. in 1918. He sat around the barber shops, hotel lobbies, and pool rooms, and bellowed for war with Germany. This he did all the winter of 1916-17. He said that we should go to war with Germany, and that the German in this country was all dabbed with the same stick as the German across the ocean. In due time war was declared against Germany. The American's two sons registered. One of them he knew could not pass the physical examination, so that did not concern him any. The other was a young man who was a very good sand-lot baseball player; in fact that was about all he was good for; but all in a night he became the best farmer who ever lived in this county. The father transferred to him all his property, which consisted of a set of abstracts and a farm which never raised a crop and was not big enough to turn around on. A claim was filed and denied by the district board. The case was appealed to the President and denied, and afterwards the son was inducted into the service. In the drives which followed in the way of Liberty loan, Y. M. C. A. , K. of C. , thrift stamps, etc., the county war board wanted all the help they could get, naturally, and in those campaigns this man never bought a Liberty bond, a thrift stamp, nor even made a speech for the board. On the other hand, the prosecuting attorney of German descent never missed a Liberty loan drive; he bought thrift stamps; he was chairman of the Four-Minute Men of the county, was chairman of the Y. M. C. A. committee in their drives, was chairman of the county committee in the drive in November, 1918, and his speeches rang throughout the county in any way he could see it would help beat the Kaiser. In 1918 he was elected over his opponent by 2 votes to 1. (H) DEPENDENCY. 1. Early rulings under the method of calling and discharging. Under the original Presidential Rules and Regulations of June 30, 1917, every registrant was either accepted for military service or excused from liability thereto. Accordingly, a claim for discharge on the ground of dependency was either entirely rejected and the claimant held for service, or it was granted and the claimant dis- charged. The object of the selective service agencies in the early period of the draft was the expeditious creation of an army. By reason of the urgency of their task, some boards overlooked meri- torious dependency claims and held all married men for service unless there appeared a condition of total dependency; while other boards, less impressed by the seriousness of the emergency, were very liberal in discharging married registrants, releasing all such regis- trants in whose cases there was any degree of dependency. How variant was local sentiment may be seen from Appendix Table 22 in my report for 1917; for, although the national ratio of married persons accepted DEPENDENCY. 109 to married persons discharged for dependency was 18 per cent of the total, yet in the several States it ranged between 6 per cent and 38 per cent. Moreover, this variance of attitude led to requests for more de- tailed instructions to cover specific classes of cases commonly pre- sented. The case of a wife able to obtain support either from her own labor or from the assistance of relatives of herself or her hus- band was a common one. As early as the end of July, 1917, this office ruled provisionally (Compiled Killings, P. M. G. O., No. 6, par. (B), Aug. 8) that no dependency should be deemed to exist in the following cases : 1. Where the parents or other relatives of the wife or the husband are able, ready, and willing to provide adequate support for her (and children, if any) during the absence of the husband. 2. Where the wife owns land which has produced income by the husband's labor, but which could with reasonable certainty be rented during his absence to other per- sons so as to produce an adequate support. 3. Where there exists some arrangement by which the salary or wage of the hus- band is continued, in whole or in part, by third persons, being employers or insurers or others, and such portion of the salary or wage, either alone or with an allotment of his soldier's pay or with other definite income, will furnish a reasonably adequate support. The matter having been presented to the President, the following were his orders thereon:. We ought as far as practicable to raise this new National Army without creating the hardships necessarily entailed when the head of a family is taken and I hope that for the most part those accepted in the first call would be found to be men who had not yet assumed such relations. The selective service law makes the fact of depen- dents, rather than the fact of marriage, the basis for exemption, and there are un- doubtedly, many cases within the age limits fixed by law, of men who are married and yet whose accumulations or other economic surroundings are such that no de- pendency of the wife exists in fact. Plainly, the law does not contemplate exemp- tion for this class of men. The regulations promulgated on June 20, 1917, should be regarded as controlling in these cases, and the orders issued under that regulation directing exemption boards to establish the fact of dependents in addition to the fact of marriage ought not to be abrogated. Accordingly, the following ruling was announced (Compiled Rul- ings, P. M. G. O., No. 10, par. i, Aug. 27): Dependency Other sources of support. Paragraph B, Compiled Rulings of this Office, No. 6, addressed a state of affairs where the parents or other relatives of the wife or husband are able, ready, and willing adequately to support the wife and children, if any, during the absence of the husband. This ruling was responsive to a class of cases that had been brought to the attention of this office where claims of discharge had been made on the ground of dependency on a husband, who, as a matter of fact, was not dependent upon himself. The ruling directed the attention of local boards to the fact that scrutiny of cases of this kind might disclose that no discharge was advisable. It was not intended that paragraph B, Compiled Rulings No. 6, should apply to the case of the head of a family whose family, at the time of his summons and prior thereto, were and had been mainly dependent upon his labor for support. 110 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. At the same time, for the specific case of a wife able to earn a livelihood by her own skill, it was announced that "where the wife and children were actually dependent on the applicant's labor for support, and where there are no other means of support, the wife should not be put to the necessity of going to work to support her- self"; and that such claims should therefore be recognized "where in his absence they will be left without reasonably adequate support, after duly taking into consideration the soldier's wage, and support from relatives partially or totally previously extended to the appli- cant himself." It was thus apparent that though the principle of dependency, as distinguished from marriage alone, was the fundamental character- istic of the law and the regulations, yet its application developed a number of well-defined intermediary cases of varying degrees of equity, upon which the local -boards could not be expected to deal with uniformity to general satisfaction. The first system of selec- tion, therefore, while well adapted to cases where the presence or the absence of dependency was unmistakable, was found to lack sufficient flexibility to cover satisfactorily the great mass of inter- mediary cases. 2. Tlie classification system. The experience of the first months of the draft had naturally suggested various modifications which would strengthen the system. The adoption of the classification system has been already described in Chapter III. It was decided to create five general classes, in which all regis- trants would be placed for call to military service in the inverse order of their importance to the social and economic interests of the Nation. In three -of these five classes (S. S. R., 2d ed., sees. 72-76), subdivisions were established for the listing of married registrants ac- cording to the degree of dependency (Classes I, II, and IV). Class I included those married registrants, without children, whose families were not dependent on their labor for support; as well as those whose presence with their families did not promote the domestic interests of the Nation, i. e., the married man who habitually failed to sup- port his family, or who was dependent upon his wife for support, or whose family was not dependent upon his labor for support, provided the registrant was not usefully engaged. Class IV, the-class of great- est deferment by reason of dependency, included those registrants with wives, or wives and children, or fathers of motherless children, mainly dependent upon them for support. The necessary finding of a board in this class of cases was that a registrant's claimed depend- ents were mainly dependent upon his labor for support; i. e., that his removal deprived them of reasonably adequate support. Between these groups of married men those in whose cases there was a total absence of dependency and those whose removal would DEPENDENCY. Ill deprive dependents of adequate support there was a very large class of registrants, having wives, or wives and children, or mother- less children, not mainly but in some aspect dependent upon them for support. This intermediary group was placed in Class II under divisions A and- B. 3. Class II- A. Married registrants with children. Class II-A was provided for the married registrant with both wife and chil- dren, or a father of motherless children, where such persons were not mainly dependent upon his labor for support for the reason that there were other reasonably certain sources of support avail- able, such that the removal of the registrant would not deprive such dependents of reasonably adequate support. The question early arose as to the proper classification of the man, usefully em- ployed, whose wife and children or motherless children were in no degree dependent upon him for material support. Obviously he could not be classified with those registrants having persons mainly dependent upon them for support (Class IV, above); on the other hand, it was not thought that the head of a family of children, although his responsibility in providing for their livelihood was negligible, should be classified in Class I, so as to be liable for mili- tary service at the same time as was the man with no domestic obli- gations. Clearly he belonged in an intermediary class; the phrase "not mainly dependent" including the case of a married man with a wife and child or children or with motherless children where there was in fact no dependency whatever other than the natural respon- sibility which attaches to the status of the normal husband and father. 4. Class II-B. Married registrants without children. The fore- going Class II-A did not include married registrants without chil- dren; and it has been seen that married men without children whose wives were mainly dependent upon their labor for support were properly placed in Class IV. The question arose what sort of defer- ment, if any, should be given married registrants, without children, where the induction of such registrants would not deprive their wives of reasonably adequate support. In view of the demands of the Military Establishment, it was considered that the case presented sufficient distinction to justify a lower degree of classification than Class IV, the distinction thus drawn being based upon the added responsibility in the latter case attaching to the care and protection of children (S. S. H., 2d ed., sec. 74). Accordingly, it was ruled (Tel. A-1923, Dec. 29, 1917) that where a registrant had a wife, but 110 children, and there were such other sources of support available that the removal of the registrant would not deprive the wife of reasonably adequate support, he should be placed, not in Class II, but in Class I. 112 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. But, in determining whether or not there were "other sources of support available," could the wife's own labor be considered as an available source of support? This case did not seem to stand in the same degree with that of a wife (Class I, above) for whom other sources of support than her own labor were available. On the other hand, it was recognized that the wives of many registrants virtually supported themselves or were qualified by special skill so to do; and that in such a situation a wife without children could obviously spare her husband for military service with less hardship than could the wife with children who had been dependent upon her husband for support (Class IV). The argument for this view was forcibly stated hi the following letter received from a Massa- chusetts mill town : Perhaps I have no right to speak to you about this matter, and I realize I have nothing to say really about making laws concerning the Army. But did you ever stop and think of the poor, aged mothers that are giving up their boys, while next door are young married couples enjoying life to the fullest extent? That poor mother had to save and many times do without the necessaries of life to bring her boys to the age of manhood. Now, when she is old and slow and broken down in health, do you think it just right to take all her boys? There are in Class II right here men working every day demanding large salaries. Their wives also work in most cases, and the mills are paying well now. They go to the pictures, beaches, and enjoy life, while it really seems to me they could serve their country as well as young men in Class I. These mothers that I refer to, some of them have had to go to work; really it seems some laws are unjust. One young wife says "I won't work now; if I did they would take my husband in the Army. ' ' Surely she can work far more easily than those poor mothers. Now do you think it is a just law that allows these men and their lazy wives to stay at home while the poor old mother gives her three or four sons? The object of the classification system being to establish degrees of dependency corresponding to well-defined differences, it was deter- mined that this case should form a subdivision B of Class II, i. e., where the wife who was not mainly dependent upon the husband's labor for support for the reason that she was skilled in some class of work which she was physically able to perform and in which she was actually employed, or in which there was an immediate opening for her under conditions which would enable her to support herself decently and without suffering or hardship. In no case were boards required to exercise sounder judgment than hi the application of this rule; but it is believed to have received the substantial support of public sentiment. Judged by that standard it erred if at all on the side of liberality. In applying it, boards were confronted with the questions: What constitutes skill in some special class of work ? What shall be con- sidered as an immediate opening for a married woman under favorable circumstances ? Generally, what wife should be expected to assume employment outside her home duties, and what wife should be allowed DEPENDENCY. 113 to remain at home through, the deferment of her husband on depend- ency grounds ? The answer to these questions was left solely to the good sense and sympathy of the local and district boards; this office cautioning them that such cases could not be determined by a rule of thumb, but that each case must be determined upon its own merits, consideration on the one hand being given to the interests of the Government and on the other hand to the interests of the claimed dependents, and that the wife must have some actual and specific skill in some class of work before a board would be justified in causing her to seek employment. With the realization of the purpose of Divi- sion B of Class II, boards had no substantial difficulty in determining the cases meant to be therein comprehended. 5. Class I-I>, C. As to the remaining group of married men, viz, those who failed to support their families, or who were even supported by their wives or families, no doubt 'ever arose over their proper disposal in the classification, and naturally enough. The following incidents illustrate how they were often handled: The humdrum of the everyday duties of the board members was broken by a woman appearing at headquarters leading a man. She asked for the chairman, and then to see the questionnaire. Turning to the "Waiver," she directed Jim to "sign here" and then attached her name below his signature. She then demanded physical examination blanks and the way to the examining room. The chairman at this junc- ture ventured to ask the reason; for Jim had a wife and two children. The answer came immediately: "My man sits around all day while I take in washing to support him and the kids. I'm getting tired of it, and he's going to war, where he will support himself." In 30 minutes she returned with the examination papers and Jim. His examination was "O. K." She then inquired when the next contingent left for camp. Upon being informed that it was the next day at 3 o'clock p. m., she departed, saying: "V.V11 be here." She and Jim were duly on hand; and Jirn didn't get out of her sight until the train disappeared from view at the station. Her parting remark was: "Jim, don't you dare come back until the war is over!" Jim didn't. An old negro mammy of "befo' de war" type overheard her son-in-law, who had deserted his wife, trying to get her to come in and make the oath as to dependency. The old mammy took charge of him and brought him up the next morning, and, with fire in her eyes, told the board: "Dis nigger is a liar, and I says it to his face, and I foich him here to tell you. He haint gin my darter de rappin of your finger in two years, and las nite he come dar axin her to hep him, and I locked him up and fetched him here." He was asked what he had to say. He looked at his mother-in-law, and then thought of the German bullets; and with beads of perspiration on his face said that he would join the Army. One feature of this class and division, however, was its frequent use by wives as a mode of remedying the domestic situation. There" were innumerable instances of fluctuation in the classification of I-B; a man's wife would swear to his nonsupport, and he would go into Class I, then she would recant, and prove that he was resumiti" support, then he would backslide, and she would apply for a reversal of the ruling. In short, as a remedy for domestic delinquencies, 97250 19 8 114 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. Class I-B proved an effective measure. The following is a typical instance: Mrs. X came to the local board to get some advice as to how she could get support from her husband. The first question asked her was, "How old is your husband?" "Thirty-five," she answered. "How long has he failed to contribute to your sup- port?" "Two months." "Where is he at this time?" "He has gone to the city." "Do you hear from him?" "I heard one time." "What did he say?" "He said, he did not love me, as he had found so many good-looking women in the city." "Madam, I feel very sorry for you, and I will advise you to wait a short time; we are going to have a new registration; your husband will have to register somewhere; if he should come home to register, would you sign his supporting affidavit?" "No, sir; I would not." "Do you want us to send him to the Army so the Government will make him contribute to your support?" "I do." Mr. X came home to register. A questionnaire was sent to him. The poor woman forgot all she had said to the local board and now swore that he was supporting her. She was ordered to appear before the board. "Madam, I see that you have changed your mind about your husband; explain to us why you did so." "Well, he seems so good to me I don't want him sent to the Army." By unanimous vote of the board, the "good " husband drew Class I-B. Sometimes, however, even the selective draft was not able to reach these shiftless husbands, where they were not physically fit, and the grim tragedy of domestic life went on without remedy. The following appealing letter reveals the pathos of these cases : I ask you in the name of God see that my husband is sent to the front to fight the Germans and not a defendless woman. I am writing this letter to you with the worst black eye that a woman could carry, one side of my face is as it always was but the other is a sight to look. This is the second beating in six months, the 7th of January, 1918, he beat me so that the judge gave him 5 hours to get out of New York. Since then he is living in Brooklyn but will not work but sends to me to come over and give him his bed money and his eat money which I can't not stand any longer. If I ant got it he calls me the worst names and tells me to get out amd make it with men on the street wich I will not do. Well, sir; I went to his board and the girl told me she done everythink to help me but the doctor" says his back teeth are bad, but every other way he is healty, eat well, and sleeps well, but has no desire for work, only the desire he has is for rum and beating me. I dont want to have him arresseted as it ia no use he is hardened to that; what I want is let him fight men not woman. He laughs at me when I tell him to enlist and says he will go when all the generals are sent a head of him- Now for God sake pleas help me in some way to send him over there. 6. Board opinion as to the classification. With a view to obtaining the benefit of local board judgment on the wisest adjustment of these groups, the following inquiries were put: In your opinion, what should be done with Class II-A and B registrants in view of the expected need in camp for all of Class I new registration before the summer of 1919? (1) Should they be included in Class I? (2) Or, should they be called first after Class I, or before Classes II-C and D? (3) Or, should the whole of Class II, if finally reached, be called without discrimination? (4) And, in case you favor (1) or (2) above, should Class II-A and B of the old registration be given priority of call over Class II-A and B of the new registration? DEPENDENCY. 115 The Boards' answers may be summarized as follows : (1) A decisive majority of the boards the ratio is nearly 4 to 1 were opposed to the inclusion of Class II-A and B registrants in Class I. Doubtless this view springs chiefly from a belief in the wisdom and fairness of the regulation in force. (2) There was a substantially even division of opinion as to whether Class II-A and B registrants should be called first after Class I or indiscriminately with the other division of Class II possibly there is a slight preponderance in favor of the former method. It should be noted in this connection that a number of boards believed that Class II-C and D should be called before Class II-A and B. As a New York City board put it, "All American life is built around the marriage status, and great effort should be made not to dissolve the home ties." It should also be noted that there was distinctly less sympathy for Class II-B than for Class II-A, some boards believing that Class II-B registrants should be placed in Class I; others that they should be called first after Class I. The opinion was not infre- quently expressed that upon the exhaustion of Class I, as at present constituted, Class II should not be called, but there should be a re- combing of Classes II, III, and IV, with the view of placing an addi- tional number of men in Class I. A very large majority of the boards the ratio was 5 to 1 were in favor of calling Class II-A and B of the old registration in advance of Class II-A and B of the new registration. 7. Third persons' claim. It appears plainly from the chronicles of the local boards that the dependency claims were by no means merely a matter of the registrant's own choice. Under the Regulations, the consent of the wife or other dependent was necessary for validating a waiver of such a claim; and this regulation was thoroughly availed of, both by the families and by the boards. So that the determina- tion of a dependency claim became, in a real sense, just what the Regulations intended it .to be, namely, a determination as to the best interests of the nation in the domestic relations. This much is said to dismiss the impression, if such should anywhere obtain, that the granting of a dependency claim signified the registrant's unwilling- ness to serve. It was often far otherwise; and the records are full of instances where the registrant was placed in the position of being held back by a legal obstacle which he could not overcome: A young man, a registrant of this local board, was one of a family of three boys, two of whom were in the military service of the United States. Their father was dead, but he had served in the Union Army during the Civil War. The mother was very old, and lived on a large farm, and the only help she had at home was this son. This local board passed his order number under P. M. G. O. Telegram B-80, at tlio request of the supervisor of the township. One day, shortly after this, the registrant appeared at the office of this local board and asked why he was not called for entrain- ment when his order number was reached. He was informed that many people had 116 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PEINCIPLES AND RESULTS. requested that he be allowed to stay on his mother's farm as long as possible, and that it was our desire that he raise and care for his mother's crop. He thereupon stated that his two brothers who were in the service were making his mother an allotment; that she was drawing a pension; and that it seemed peculiar to him why other people had their nose in his affairs. He said that, all there was to it, he was going to get into the service, and if Uncle Sam did not want him he would go to Canada, for they wanted men there. The registrant was inducted under the next call, and is now "doing his bit" in France. A colored man who had been placed in a deferred class asked to be placed in Class I and sent to camp. He was told that his wife would have to agree. He went to see her, came back, and said she would not assent. A few days later he came again, and said he had succeeded in getting her to allow him to answer the call, asked that a release be drawn, which was done, and she signed it. A board member asked him why he wanted to go. His reply was that he wanted to go because his country needed him; that he was going into the war to kill Germans, and help win the fight or be killed. 8. Results of the classification. We may now, in the light of the foregoing explanation of the development of these definitions for the several classes of dependency, observe the results of the boards' action in applying these distinctions. (a) Married men. The total deferments of married registrants on the ground of dependency of wife or children were as follows : TABLE 31. Marriage dependency as ground for deferment. Number. Per cent of married registrants. Per cent of deferred on all grounds. 1 Total married registrants June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 4, 883, 213 100. 00- 2 3 Total married deferred on all grounds Deferred on ground of dependency of wife or children 4, 394, 676 3, 619, 466 90.00 74.12 100. 00 82.36 How a respectable percentage of married men came to figure in Class I may be easily understood from the following typical inci- dents : Mr. H., a married man, had waived all claim for deferred classification in September, 1918. A member of the local board knew H. and his circumstances, and sending for him, he said: " If it. is right that you should go into Class I, we'll put you there; but what is to become of your wife? You know, it is our business to look out for the needs of the individual just as well as for the needs of the Army." It, thereupon, leaked out that the man's son had been killed in action at Chateau Thierry on May 29, and that the wife was entitled to a small insurance ; wherefore he felt he had no right to ask for deferment. Further inquiry developed the fact that there was abso- lutely no other means of support for the wife; whereupon the board put H. in Clasa II. No shirker was H . Mr. F., a registrant, who made no claim whatsoever, was certified and received 164B. He came to the board after receiving same and gave change of address. Form 164C for October entrainment, 1917, was sent to the new address, but the card came back "not found." So we surmised that he would not answer the call. But when DEPENDENCY. 117 the roll was called Mr. F. answered and stepped in line and was entrained. That evening his wife, with her two children, came to the board to see the chairman and stated she understood her husband was sent away that morning. She was informed by the chairman that he had gone to camp. She stated he had received a colored card about a week ago, but he informed her it was simply a regular notice. We immediately proceeded to have husband recalled, which caused us considerable trouble. This registrant had in fact changed his address, so that the notice would not be seec by his wife, so as he could leave her, he not caring for his wife and children. Mr. F. was returned to his wife in two weeks. Appendix Table 31-A and Chart A show the details by States. It is interesting to compare this ratio of the boards' action in 1918, under the classification system, with that of their action in 1917, under the earlier system: TABLE 32. Marriage dependency, 1917 and 1918, compared. Ratio of married men deferred to total married registrants, June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 Ratio June 5, 1917, to Nov. 12, 1917 Ratio of married men deferred for dependency to married men deferred on all grounds, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 Ratio June 5, 1917, to Nov. 12, 1917 Ratio of married men deferred for dependency to total married regis- trants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 Ratio June 5, 1917, to Nov. 12, 1917 Per cent. 90.00 89.13 82.36 56.00 74.12 49.92 It should be noted, however, that the ratio (line 5) of married men deferred for dependency to total married registrants is perhaps hardly comparable as between 1917 and 1918, because the claims for dependency were disposed of prior to physical examination in 1918, instead of after it, as in 1917, and thus the claims for depend- ency in 1918 were relatively more numerous. (fo) Classes II-A , II-B, IV-A . Taking up now the several divisions of the dependency classes above described (II-A, II-B, IV-A), the registrants thus classified were distributed as follows: TABLE 33. 1 2 3 4 5 Divisions of marriage dependency. Number. Per cent of deferred. Per cent of Class II. Total deferred for dependency of wife or chil- dren, June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 3, 619, 466 686, 991 183, 770 503, 221 2, 932, 475 100. 00 18.98 Class II r . 100. 00 26. 75 73. 25 Division A Division R Class IV, Division A 8L02 No figures are obtainable to reveal the number classified into Clu.-s I whose wives were not dependent because of available sources of support other than their own work; such cases being merged into the general Class I without subdivision. 118 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. (c) Single men. The contrast between single and married men, in respect to the dependency deferment being generally available for the latter but not for the former, is brought out hi the following table: TABLE 34. Married and single registrants compared as to classification. Number. Per cent 3i regis- trants. Per cent of married or single. 1 Total registrants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11,1918 10, 679, 814 100.00 9 Ages 21-30, June 5, 1917 . 9 780 535 91 58 3 Married 4, 712, 622 44.13 100 00 4' Class I 442, 592 4.14 9.39 6 Deferred classes 4, 270, 030 39.98 90 61 6 Single 5, 067, 913 47.45 100 00 7 Class I 2, 741, 914 25.67 54 10 8 Deferred classes 2, 325, 999 21.78 45 90 q Age 21, June 5-Sept. 11, 1918 899, 279 8.42 10 Married . 170, 591 1.60 100 00 11 Class I . . 45, 945 .43 26 93 12 Deferred classes 124, 646 1.17 73.07 13 Single 728, 688 6.82 100.00 14 Class I 476, 093 4.46 65.34 15 Deferred classes 252, 595 23.65 34.66 16 Total married .... 4 883 213 45 72 100 00 17 Total deferred 4, 394, 676 41.15 90 00 18 Total single 5, 796, 601 54.28 100 00 1) Total deferred 2, 578, 594 24.14 44.48 These figures indicate the degree of correctness of the general assumption that single men form the group most available for seeking military effectives. It would have been useful, had the figures been available, to contrast this result with the record for organizations formed solely by voluntary enlistment. So far as single men were entitled to any claim on the ground of dependency, the results were as follows: TABLE 35. Single men deferred for dependency. Number. Per cent of single regis- trants. Per cent of depen- dency de- ferments. Per cent of single deferred. 1 Total single men registered 5, 796, 601 100.00 2 Total deferments for dependency, June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 3, 903, 733 67.35 100. 00 3 4 Single men deferred for dependency. . Class III, Division A (adopted chil- dren") 284. 267 14, 816 4.90 .26 7.28 .39 100.00 5.21 fi Ratio June 5 1917-Nov 12 1917 6 7 Class III, Division B (parents) Ratio June 5, 1917-Nov. 12, 1917, per cent 236, 553 4.08 6.05 12.26 83.22 8 Class III, Division C (brothers or sisters 1 ) 32, 898 .57 .84 11.57 9 Ratio June 5, 1917-Nov. 12, 1917, per cent . 58 DEPENDENCY. 119 Three-fourths of the boards declared upon inquiry that nothing should be done in the way of transferring to less deferred classes any portion of the registrants in Classes III and IV on dependency grounds. But a few boards expressed the opinion that registrants with depen- dent aged or infirm parents or dependent helpless brothers or sisters, now in Class III, might well have been advanced into the same class as registrants with dependent wife or children. On the other hand, a number of boards declared that Class III, Divisions A, B, and C, is a "slackers' paradise;" "Many a young man," says one board, "supported his parents after June 5, 1917, who never did before." It would, however, do an injustice to allow that impression to attach to this class in any important degree. The conflict between national and parental duty was for many a severe one; and the sacrifice was often made in favor of the former: Material being short for the July call, we gave a careful reclassification of men in Class III on ground of dependent father or mother, and immediately ordered them for physical examination. In one of these cases the registrant, living at a distance from local board headquarters, drove down, bringing his father and mother. Had he passed the examination without question, we would never have known the difference; but the local examiner, having some question about his physical qualifications, sent him up to local board headquarters to have his papers indorsed to the medical advisory board, and when the three stopped in front of the office we saw them. The young man came in and presented the papers for indorsement. We asked him who the people were with him, and he said they were his father and mother. We asked him to bring them in. The mother, somewhat crippled with rheumatism, led the totally blind father into the office, and then we began questioning the boy about the depend- ency, supposing that he would anxiously seize upon the opportunity. But he seemed to skillfully avoid the issue, while the old people maintained silence. So we asked the old gentleman if he would be able to get along without this only child. And he replied that he didn't know how they would be able to get along, but everyone must make a sacrifice and they would get along somehow. We persistently endeavored to have either party make a request for him to be put back in Class III, but without avail. Then we asked the old gentleman if he had any objection to the young man staying at home. lie manifested genuine surprise. "Objection? Why, no; the Lord knows we need him badly enough, but if the country needs him more, we will find some way to get along." So we reclassified him in Class 1 1 1-13. 9. Recent marriages. In the whole field of the draft no subject has occasioned more general interest than the classification of recently married registrants. The rulings of the Provost Marshal General during the first draft and the pertinent section of the selective service regulations (Rule V, sec. 72), promulgated December 15, 1917, were designed to prevent the institution of marriage from becoming an aid to draft evaders. Local and district boards were cautioned to scrutinize carefully all claims based upon marriage entered into since May 18, 1917, bearing in mind the probability that many were con- tracted with the primary view of evading military service, and, in the event of an affirmative finding to that effect, to disregard the dependency resultant upon such marriage as a ground for deferment 120 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. It early became apparent that in so far as a deferred classification was granted to registrants on the ground of dependency arising from, marriages entered into subsequent to the enactment of the selective service law, and even though some such marriages were not believed to have been contracted with a view to evading military service, the deferment thus obtained was extremely unpopular with the great ma- jority of local and district boards as well as with the people at large. This condition was evidenced by an immense volume of complaint from individuals and from the various State headquarters. Undoubtedly more correspondence resulted from this rule than from any other single selective service regulation. Many boards were not disposed to release any man who had married since the enactment of the law and claimed deferment by reason of the resultant dependency. Obviously, there was difficulty in procuring evidence of a sufficiently definite character to establish the fact that a marriage was entered into with an intent to evade military service; in the majority of instances, conclusions were necessarily based largely upon inference. The natural consequence of this situation was an absence of uniformity in the disposition of this great class of cases. This lack of uniformity existed not only between different States and sections of the country, but also between the boards of neigh- boring towns and cities. For instance, at one period of the admin- istration, inquiry established that in Texas 11,000 out of 18,000 claimants, or 2.7 per cent of the entire registration of the State, were granted deferred classification because of dependency result- ing from marriage entered into since May 18, 1917, while in Ten- nessee only 0.7 per cent of the registration were deferred on that ground. Again, hi one of the largest cities of Tennessee, out of approximately 300 claims based on recent marriage, none was allowed, while in a neighboring county, every one of the 150 claims filed were granted. During the spring of 1918, it became evident that Class I would be substantially smaller than had been estimated. Of the many causes responsible for this condition, one of the most conspicuous was the shelter from military service afforded by marriage con- tracted for the purpose. On May 1, 1918, an effort was made to ascertain as accurately as possible the number of registrants who had been lost to Class I because of marriage since May 18, 1917. A number of States, representative of the entire country from indus- trial and agricultural viewpoints, were requested to furnish data on the subject; figures were secured from 1,114 local boards. It appeared that an average of 69 registrants per local board had married since May 18, 1917; this average, carried throughout the country would have totaled 320,367 registrants, or 3.34 per cent of the entire registration of June 5, 1917. It further appeared that DEPENDENCY. 121 of registrants who had married subsequent to May 18, 1917, an average of 66 per local board claimed deferred classification because of dependency resulting from their marriages, making a total of 360,348 for the entire country, or 3.19 per cent of the total registra- tion. Finally, it appeared that of those who so claimed deferment, an average of 36 per board were successful in being relieved from military service, making a total of 167,148 for the entire registra- tion for the Nation: in other words 1.74 per cent of all registrants were granted deferred classification because of dependency result- ing from marriage entered into since May 18, 1917. In order, there- fore, to realize an approximation of Class I as it had originally been estimated, it was apparent that many dependency claims which had been granted must be reconsidered. Consequently it was felt that those registrants whose dependency status had been least definitely established, and in whose cases hardship would in the normal situation be most remote, should be the first to be taken from the great class of registrants having persons dependent upon them for support.. (a) Change of rule. To correct as far as possible the irregularities resulting from Rule V, section 72 (above cited), and to render avail- able for military service as many as possible of the approximately 175,000 registrants to whom deferment had been granted because of marriage contracted since May 18, 1917, the situation was, on June 7, 1918, laid before the Secretary of War, with the suggestion that the regulation be amended so as to provide that dependency resulting from a marriage contracted since May 18, 1917, should be disregarded as a ground for deferred classification, unless the dependent were a child of such marriage, born or unborn on or before a date to be designated. This suggestion was approved by the Secretary and confirmed by the President, and on June 13, the amendment in question was promul- gated to all selective service officials. Inasmuch as in the meantime the registration of June 5, 1918, had been accomplished, provisions similar to the above and covering those registrants were included in the amendment. The amendment provided in brief as follows: (1) In the case of registrants of the class of June 5, 1918, which included the registrshi; s of August 24, 1918, dependency arising. from marriage contracted since January 15, 1918 (the date of the introduction of the public resolution authorizing the registration of the above class), should be entirely disregarded as a ground for deferment; and dependency arising from marriage entered into since May 18, 1917, but prior to January 15, 1918, should also be disregarded, unless there was of such a marriage a child born or unborn on or before June 9, 1918, in which event, unless it had been found that a registrant had been placed in Class I with a finding that he had married with the primary 122 CHAPTER, IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. view of evading military service, he was entitled to be placed in Class II. (2) In the case of registrants of the class of June 5, 1917, dependency arising from marriage entered into subsequent to that date should be disregarded as a ground for deferred classification, unless the dependent were a child of the marriage, born or unborn on or before June 9, 1918, when the registrant might be placed in Class II upon the same condition as stated for the foregoing class of cases. This amendment to Rule V, section 72, of the regulations, was carried over into the second edition of the selective service regula- tions. A paragraph was added to govern particularly the classifi- cation of registrants of the new class of September, 1918, providing that the fact of dependency resulting from a marriage contracted subsequent to August 5, 1918, should not be considered as a ground for deferred classification. This disposition of the cases met with general favor, and is regarded as having been a prudent measure, not only in that it substantially augmented Class I, but also that it produced a greater uniformity and equality of classification. (6) Results of change of rule. Reports from the local boards show that action was taken, pursuant to the foregoing change of rules, with the following results: TABLE 36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Recent marriages. Number. Per cent of total recent marriages. Total recent marriages 344, 872 217, 398 91, 299 36, 630 16, 324 90,844 14, 940 122, 563 100.00 In 1917 class since May 18, 1917 Reclassified into Class I In 1918 class since Jan. 15, 1918 Reclassified into Class I In 1918 class before Jan. 15, 1918 Reclassified into Class I Recent marriages reclassified into Class I 35.54 But the complex nature of the recent marriage cases, and the injustice of regarding them as invariably evidence of evasion, is shown in the following typical incidents : A young man, in the initial stages of the draft, waived all claim. The next day his mother appeared and said that he had been the main support of his brothers and sisters and herself, as the father was incapacitated for work. Later the boy stated that he had been taking care of the family for five years, was tired, and that he looked upon this draft law as an opportunity to relieve himself of his responsibilities. He was dis- charged. Later, when questionnaires were sent to all registrants, it developed that this registrant had since married; but he continued the claim of dependent parents. An anonymous communication was received, stating that he had married to evade the draft, that his wife was employed, etc. It was a late marriage. Investigation devel- oped that the change in labor conditions brought about by the war had made i f possible MILITARY OR NAVAL SERVICE. 123 for the family to get along without his aid. The pathetic figure was the brave little wife, who came before the board and stated she was of the opinion that her husband should do his part in the world war, and that she was willing to give him up and under- take to care for herself. She had been an inmate of an orphan asylum, and had never had a home until the one they were building since their marriage. The board obtained employment for her, and sent him to camp. A registrant in Class I, limited service, did not lease a farm for this year, as he expected to be called for service at any time. He used to call at the office frequently, asking for information as to when he might expect his call. But as month after month clasped, and no call came, he began to think he would not be needed, so he leased a residence in town, bought all his household furniture, and made all arrangements for his wedding. But just the day prior to the wedding a call did come, which included his order number, and he received notice to report for service. This was quite a sur- prise to him, and he immediately came to the office and asked for further time. The board granted him a delay of 48 hours, so the marriage was celebrated: but he took all his furniture back to the store and sent his wife back to her parents until his expected return. Happily he returned a few days ago. (HI) MILITARY OB NAVAL SERVICE. The figures reported by the local boards for Class V, Division D, are 619,727. What does this signify? 1. Significance of this classification. -The act of May 18, 1917, exempted from the duty of registration all male persons who were on that date already in the military or naval service. This group of men therefore remained unrecorded. Again, when the new age 21 group registered on June 5, 1918, and August 24, 1918, and when finally the groups of ages 18-20, 32-45, registered on September 12, 1918, the same provision applied. So that the aggregate of men of these three groups who on those four dates had already entered service by enlistment in Army or Navy never entered into the classi- fication. How large that aggregate was is indicated in Chapter V, in dealing with age groups. Moreover, among the registrants of June 5, 1917, all those who by December 15, 1917, had already been inducted by selective draft (some 500,000 in all, as noted in Chapter VI, dealing with induction), were, of course, left out of the classification plan, which went into effect after that date ; their names being struck out of the classifica- tion list by a red-ink line. When, therefore, the boards came to classify the registrants after December 15, 1917, the men due to be entered in Class V, Division D ("person in the military or naval service of the United States"), the names of none of the two foregoing descriptions of persons would be due for entry in that class. In other words, the number of entries in Class V-D would not include unregistered soldiers and sailors enlisted or commissioned before any of the registration dates, IUT registered soldiers inducted by draft before December 15, 1917. This much explanation is needful to avoid misinterpretation of the meaning of the figures of Class V-D. 124 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. In one further respect, also, they fall short of telling the whole story. The act of May 18, 1917, provided that "all persons in the military and naval service of the United States shall be exempt from the selective draft;" hence, the boards could not place a reg- istrant in the exempt Class V-D on this ground unless they were satisfied of the facts in the usual manner. But the youths who thus precipitated themselves into service without waiting for the sequence of their order number in the draft were not always par- ticular to report the fact to their local boards and to send home a proper certificate. They were in the service; that satisfied them; and the formality of a report to the boards either was forgotten or was neglected as a needless piece of red tape. The boards, of course, were able from local repute to establish the fact in many cases, and felt justified in making the entry. But in thousands of other cases the entry could not be made. The anomaly, was thus presented of registrants who were actually with the colors but were nominally recorded as deserters in the books of the local board. This anomaly is further considered in dealing with the figures of desertion (Chapter V). Finally, it appears that the Class V-D entries, conversely, were unduly increased by including men inducted, not enlisted; this mis- application of the regulations is revealed by the boards' reports. The number recorded by the local boards in Class Y-D signified nothing therefore as to the number of men actually in military or naval service, nor does it represent actual enlistments. It signifies only the number of registrants recorded by the boards as being known, by formal finding, to have been enlisted or commissioned after registering and before being called in the draft, together with a certain number who were inducted. 2. Number classified in V-D. The figures representing the fore- going-described men in compared groups are as shown in Table 37, line 4; the excess of entries over estimated enlistments may be ac- counted for by the frequent error of entry above mentioned, viz, of men inducted, not enlisted. TABLE 37. Persons in military or naval service. Number. Per cent in sen-ice. 1 ' Total ases, 21-30 in military or naval service (estimated) . Enlisted before repdstration (Table 2, line 4) 3, 579, 805 364, 298 100. 00 10. 18 3 Enlisted after r castration (estimated) 548, C40 15.33 4 Placed in Class V-D . . . . ' ... 619, 727 5 Inducted . . . 2, 666, 867 74.49 (IV) SUNDRY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. 1. Exemptions and deferments in specified vocations. The selective service act directed that exemptions be granted to persons in certain vocations specifically named, as follows: Officers, legislative, judicial, SUNDRY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. 125 and executive, of the United States and of the several States ; minis- ters of religion, and divinity students (as of May 18, 1917). The act further authorized the President to discharge from military service persons in certain other vocations specifically named, as follows: County or municipal officials, customhouse clerks, United States em- ployees transmitting the mails, workmen in United States armories, arsenals, and navy yards; pilots, and mariners. By this authority the President might also designate any other persons employed in the service of the United States. The first-mentioned group above, being expressly entitled to an exemption by the terms of the act, were allotted to Class V in the classification system, as were also the pilots named in the second group. All the remainder of the second group were allotted between Classes III and IV in the classification system; that is, they occupied as a group the last place, or the next to the last place, in order of time for liability for military service. The clause giving authority to designate individuals in any other part of the Federal service was a flexible provision designed to protect indispensable positions of public service not covered by the group descriptions above mentioned. All pei-sons in the three described vocations entitled to exemption (Class V), viz, Federal and State officers, ministers, and divinity students, were, of course, entitled to obtain such exemption without any qualification ; and the President's authority under the regulations gave an unqualified deferment to all pilots (S. S. R., sec. 79), to all county or municipal officials (sec. 77) and to all mariners actually employed in sea service (including the Great Lakes) of any citizen or merchant within the United States (sec. 78). But, exercising the same authority, the regulation qualified the discharge to be granted to persons in the remaining occupations, viz. customhouse clerks, United States employees transmitting mails, and United States workmen in armories, arsenals, and navy yards, by requiring that the individuals to be granted such discharges should be necessary employees, and should not be entitled to discharge by the mere fact of belonging to the described group. The same general qualification was, of course, applied also to the remaining described groups, viz, persons employed in the service of the United States; the restriction of these discharges to necessary individuals only was effected by requiring, the filing of affidavits of necessity issued by the chief of the Government department in which the employee belonged (S. S. R. Part XIV). Apart from the mere numbers of deferments and exemptions thus granted, it is interesting to observe the extent to which this group '>f deferments and exemptions were utilized to protect the necessary vocations, official and unofficial, specially recognized in the act. For this purpose is set forth in Table 38, first the estimated number 126 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. of all persons within each vocation, and then the number of deferments or exemptions reported by the local boards to have been granted on the ground of such vocation. The estimates of the former num- bers were made independently of the local board reports, and some of the resulting ratios are incongruous. Nevertheless, this approxi- mation to the facts deserves study. TABLE 38. Vocations specifically recognized. Number. Per cent of ex- empted or deferred to total persons. Per cent of exemp- tions, etc., to total exemp- tions. 1 Total engaged in vocations specifically recognized, ages 21-30 129, 337 100.00 2 Total exempted and deferred on vocational grounds 76, 497 59. 15 100 00 3 Federal and State officers (V-A) 6,700 100. 00 4 Federal officers 4,000 5 State officers 2,700 6 Exempted 6,695 99 93 8 75 7 Ministers (V-B) . . . 17, 761 100 00 8 Exempted 18, 067 101. 72 23 62 9 Divinity and medical students (V-C) . . . 19,600 100. 00 10 Exempted 16, 673 85.07 21 80 11 Pilots (V-I) 1,900 100. 00 12 Exempted 1,705 89.74 2 23 13 Mariners (IV-B) 41, 698 100. 00 14 Deferred 16, 128 38.68 21.08 15 County or municipal officers (III-D) 3,480 100. 00 16 Deferred . .... 2,767 79 51 3 62 17 Firemen and policemen (III-E) 19, 273 100. 00 18 Deferred .... . . 2,885 14 97 3 77 19 Customhouse clerks (III F) . . (') ?0 Deferred . . 577 75 21 Mailmen (III-G) 18, 925 100 00 ??, Deferred 6,381 33 72 8 34 ?3 Artificers in arsenals etc (III H) (i) ?4 Deferred 4,619 6.04 25 Other Federal employees subject to des- ignation by the President (III-I) ( 2 .) i Not aseertainable. 2 See Table 39. 2. Federal employees designated by the President. The clause above mentioned, viz, authorizing the discharge of "such other persons employed in the service of the United States as the President may designate," was of course vital for the maintenance of the Federal civil establishment. The Government could not have been con- ducted during the emergency if it had been subject to disruption by large depletion of civil servants all along the line. Nevertheless, it was equally obvious that there must be, among the several hundred thousand Government employees, large numbers of registrants whose posts could be as well filled by other men not subject to military service or by women; and it was fair to assume SUNDRY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. that the chiefs of Government departments might well expect to exer- cise the same efforts at replacement that were obliged to be exercised by the managers of industry at large. As early as July, 1917 (Execu- tive Order of July 25, 1917), the President's direction established a method for enabling the chiefs of all departments to exercise the most careful scrutiny before approving claims for discharge based upon this ground; and in all departments the selective service adminis- tration received the most cordial and effective support by way of a strict limitation of these approvals for claims for discharge or defer- ment. However, with such an enormous number of employees, scattered throughout the country and filling positions of such variety of necessity, it was natural that a wide variance of judgment would develop in the recommendations made by officials for the discharge or deferment of employees within their jurisdiction. Occasional in- stances of what appeared to be an exaggerated sense of the importance of a particular employee led to some public discussion. As the heavy calls to camp matured in the spring of 1918, and it seemed probable that the entire strength of Class I would be needed for the Army, the attention of Congress was directed to this supposed excessive use of the above clause by Government officials as a ground for deferment of their employees. On June 3, 1918, Congressman Madden submitted to the House a series of resolutions requesting that various governmental departments report to the House of Rep- resentatives the number of men in the service of such departments who were on June 5, 1917, between the ages of 21 and 31 years, for whom requests for exemption from military duty or deferred classi- fication had been asked and allowed. Before the introduction of Mr. Madden's resolutions the possibility that deferred classification had been given Government employees who might readily be spared for military service had been discussed hi this Office, and a subsequent telegram to the draft executives of all States, while not specifically designating Class III-I (necessary employees hi service of United States), clearly contemplated that all cases hi which deferred classification had been granted should be reopened and the registrants reclassified, if there appeared to be any question as to the propriety of the original classification. Upon the publication in the Congressional Record of the reports called for by Mr. Madden's resolutions, this Office immediately com- municated to the local boards concerned the names of certain of the registrants listed and requested prompt investigation and report of any action which might result therefrom. Reports from local boards on cases to which attention had been called indicated that there had been no excessive use of certificates of necessity issued by the executives of Governmental departments, and it was considered therefore that no further action on the part of this ^Office was neces- 128 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. sary. It is interesting to note from the report submitted to the House of Representatives that deferment had been asked for only 14 employees of the Post Office Department at Washington; that the Secretary of the Navy had already voluntarily withdrawn requests for the exemption of clerical employees, and that in many of the bureaus of governmental departments no civilians within the draft ages were employed. The fact was also brought out that registrants employed in a civil capacity hi various branches of the War De- partment were constantly being released for military service, and that many branches of the civil Government had already been hampered by the loss of men who, at the call of war, had voluntarily abandoned their civil posts and enlisted in the Army. The following Table 39 shows the deferments granted under this clause for the principal departments of the Federal Government: TABLE 39. Federal employees designated by President. Number. Per cent of defer- ments to total male employ- ees, ages 21-30. Per cent of defer- ments to total de- ferments. 1 Total male Federal employees ages 21-30 in principal departments 32, 380 100.00 9 Deferred under Class III I 3,478 10.74 100 00 3 State Department 390 100. 00 4 Deferred . 176 45.13 5 06 5 Treasury Department . 3,043 100 00 ft Deferred . 607 19 95 17 45 7 Department of Justice 245 100 00 8 Deferred . 71 28.98 2 04 q War Department. 12, 825 100. 00 10 Deferred 642 5.01 18 46 11 Post Office Department 243 100.00 12 Deferred 20 8.23 58 IS Navy Department 523 100. 00 14 Deferred . . 345 65.97 9 92 15 Interior Department 2,757 100. 00 Ifi Deferred 309 11.21 8.88 17 Department of Agriculture 5,634 100. 00 IK Deferred 828 14.70 23.81 10 Commerce Department 1,639 100. 00 90 Deferred 446 27.21 12.82 91 Labor Department 1,080 100. 00 99 Deferred (i) 93 Food Commission 1,737 100. 00 94 Deferred . 27 1. 55 .78 ?5 Fuel Commission ... 2,177 100.00 9fi Deferred 6 .28 .17 97 War Industries Board . . . 87 100.00 98 Deferred 1 1.15 .03 1 No report. 3. Divinity and medical students. Under the terms of the original act of May 18, 1917, an exemption was accorded to students "who at the time of the approval of this act are preparing for the ministry SUNDEY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. 129 in a recognized theological or divinity school." But by the original act no exemption or discharge was accorded to medical students; the necessity of protection to the training of medical students for military purposes was recognized late in the summer of 1917, by pro- viding for their enlistment in the Enlisted Reserve Corps of the Medi- cal Department. One year after the passage of the original act the act of May 20, 1918, provided that an exemption should be granted to "students who are preparing for the ministry in recognized theological or divinity schools and students who are preparing for the practice of medicine and surgery in recognized medical schools at the time of the approval of this act." Therefore, under the classi- fication system as it proceeded during the spring of 1918 the exemp- tion in force up to May 20, 1918, was applicable only to divinity stu- dents of May 18, 1917; but after May 20, 1918, it was applicable to the following larger group thus defined in Selective Service Regulations: SEC. 79. A student who on May 18, 1917, or on May 20, 1918. was preparing for the ministry in a recognized theological or divinity school, -or who on May 20, 1918, was preparing for the practice of medicine and surgery in a recognized medical school. The ascertainment of the ratio of medical and divinity students thus availing themselves of exemption becomes a difficult matter in view of these legislative changes in the composition of the group. The reports from the local boards, compared with the figures of total medical students (furnished by the Surgeon General's Office) and with the figures of total divinity students (obtained from the Bureau of Education and Industrial Index of this office), -are as shown in Table 40; but some of the figures necessarily rest upon estimate only: TABLE 40. Divinity and medical students. Number. 12 Total divinity and medical students, ages 21-30, May 18, 1917, and May 20, 1918 (estimated) Exempted (divinity and medical). Reserved (medical). Total divinity students, ages 21-30 (estimated) . On May 18, 1917, ages 21-30. On May 20, 1918, all ages. Exempted Total medical students, ages 21-30 (estimated) On May 18, 1917, ages 21-30... On May 20, 1918, all ages Enlisted in Reserve Corps Exempted as medical students. 19,600 16, 673 6,194 9,900 5,387 8,618 5,161 9,700 4,714 7,984 6,194 535 4. Firemen and policemen. By the terms of the selective service act, no specific exemption was granted to firemen and policemen as a group. But under the clause of the act, authorizing the President to discharge comity and municipal officials, authority existed to include this group specifically, and with limitations, in the Selective Service 97250 19 9 130 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. Regulations providing for discharge or deferment. During the latter part of the summer of 1917, the matter was urgently called to the attention of this office by the mayors of New York City and other cities; and in the new regulations, promulgated by the President on November 8, 1917, section 77, paragraph (e), provision was made for placing in Class III, Division E, "A fireman or policeman who is highly trained as such and has been continuously employed and compensated by the municipality which he is now serving for a period of at least three years, and who can not be replaced without substan- tial and material detriment to the public safety in the municipality in which he is serving." In the spring of 1918, however, as the prospects increased for heavier calls to camp and for the utilization of the entire Class I effect- ives, renewed requests for a modification of the regulations were re- ceived from several municipalities. The prudence of acceding to this request depended, to some extent, upon the probable numbers that would thus be lost to military service on the one hand, or to the fire and police protection on the other hand, by establishing or refusing the deferment per se of all firemen and policemen. The figures were found to be as follows, as shown by the Industrial Index of this Office (based on data of January-March, 1918) : TABLE 40a. Firemen and policemen deferred. All ages. Ages 21-30 classified fci 1918. Deferred on other grounds. Class I. 1 Firemen 40, 946 8,544 6,982 1 562 9 Policemen and constables 81, 713 10, 729 8,736 1 993 It was obvious from these figures that while blanket deferment of all firemen and policemen would not result in the loss of a serious number of Class I men, additional to those already lost by deferments on other grounds, nevertheless, the number that would be saved to the fire and police systems by such a deferment would be only a trifling percentage of their total force; and that this saving was not sufficient to justify a departure from the fixed policy of the selective service system to add no more blanket deferments by entire occupations than were already specifically designated in the act of Congress. Nevertheless, as the exhaustion of Class I drew nearer and proposals were made in Congress to extend the draft ages upward and down- ward to include all men of 18 to 45 years, the demands from munici- palities for protection of the fire and police system were renewed in the summer of 1918. From New York City particularly the demand in this respect was especially strong, and representations for the exemption of the entire SUNDRY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. 131 police and fire forces of that city were made by the mayor of the city, the police commissioner, representatives of the city and State in Congress, and members of the chamber of commerce and board of trade. It was contended that, when the military age was extended to 45 years, virtually every able-bodied policeman and fireman, sooner or later, would be taken into the Army, not only because of their desirability from the standpoint of physical fitness, but because it would be impossible for them to claim deferment on dependency grounds by reason of the fact that under the law of New York State the city would pay the difference between their salaries as municipal employees and their pay as soldiers. With respect to policemen, it was set forth also that should there be a further depletion of their ranks the city would face the possibility of grave conse- quences from internal disorder, due to labor unrest, the fomenting of disturbance by enemy alien elements, and a possible uprising against authority due to dissatisfaction with the war or the Govern- ment by reason of insufficient, improper or unacceptable food, or due to the high cost of food and clothing or increased burdens. Arguments of like nature, on behalf of firemen, dwelt upon the danger of disaster and loss from conflagrations should the fire -fighting forces be reduced by the induction of firemen into the military service. The mayor of New York, in a letter to the congressional representatives of that city and State, pointed out that at that time (Aug. 9, 1918) more than 700 policemen had been drafted, that before the end of the year at least 1,000 would be drafted, and that ultimately 3,000 or 28 per cent of the entire police force would be called into the military service. In view of this circumstance, and of the special effect, to be ex- pected under the new law extending draft ages, upon the body of municipal firemen and policemen, it was deemed prudent to extend a measure of relief by amending the existing regulations so as to omit the limitation to men who had served for throe years. Selective Service Regulations, section 77, Rule X, paragraph (e) was, therefore, amended by omitting that clause, and by substituting the require- ment that such fireman or policeman must have been a "com- pensated member of a regularly organized, permanent, compensated fire department or police department, which existed as such prior to May 18, 1917." By this measure it was considered that adequate protection would be given to municipal interests, especially in view of the provisions of note 2, Rule I, section 72, Selective Service Regulations (second edition) : In considering claims for deferred classification on dependency grounds, local and district boards will disregard income provided by a State or municipality for the maintenance of dependent while the registrants upon whose labor these persons are dependent for support are in the military service of the United States. 132 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. The results of the reclassification of men of the first and second registrations, to September 11, 1918, made in view of the above amendment, were to place in Class III-E 2,885 firemen and police- men (Table 38). 5. County and municipal officials. Considerable doubt as to whether certain registrants should properly be included in the term "a county or municipal official" resulted from Rule X, paragraph (d), section 77, as it appeared in the first edition of the Selective Service Regulations. Among the offices involved were those of justice of the peace and others of similar grade. The difficulty ex- perienced by local and district boards in classifying these officials centered about that clause of the regulation which required that a county or municipal official, in order to merit classification in Class III-D, must be found: (1) ''To have been elected to such office by popular vote," and also (2) ''where the office may not be filled by appointment for an unexpired term." The purpose of this regulation was to limit deferment in Class III-D to elected officials not to grant deferment to a municipal or county official, as such, but to avoid the creation of a vacancy which could not be filled without the delay and expense of a special election. It was meant to apply in cases where the call to the colors of a county or municipal official would leave the office vacant and thereby prevent its function being exercised for a substantial period of time. The question whether such an office could be filled by appointment had to be determined, of course, by the constitutions and statutes of the respective States. A less restrictive interpretation than that adopted would have resulted in withdrawing from liability to military service a substantial number of registrants who could not be deemed abso- lutely necessary to the adequate administration of the cities, counties, or the municipalities. This was especially apparent in the cases of notaries public and other offices of similar grade. There was likewise the necessity in some States of differentiating between State officers and county and municipal officials. For example, in a certain middle-western State the judges and prosecuting attorneys of the circuit courts have a jurisdiction in certain cases inclusive of several counties. Taking into consideration the theory upon which State officers are granted greater deferment than county and municipal officials namely, that the duties of the former presumably involve matters of greater importance to the people generally than do the duties of the latter, the rule was followed that the selective service boards, within States having political subdi- visions of such character that the officials do not, under the court decisions of the respective States, clearly fall within any one of the three classes above mentioned, must determine which of the said classes should properly embrace those officers for the purposes of classification SUNDRY SPECIFIED VOCATIONS. 133 With respect to county and municipal officials specifically, a case in point was that of the classification of justices of the peace in the State of Illinois. The attorney general of that State expressed the opinion that "the office of justice of the peace under the provisions of the constitution and statutes of this State, is a municipal office and a vacancy in said office can not be filled by an appointment, where the unexpired term is for a period exceeding one year." From this it appeared that, under certain conditions, a vacancy in the office of a justice of the peace in the State of Illinois may be filled by appointment. Likewise, in the case of New York State, it was ascertained from the attorney general of that State that a vacancy in the office of a justice of the peace in New York may be filled by appointment. However, the evident doubt in the minds of draft executives in several of the States seemed to warrant a more explicit regulation, and paragraph (d), Rule X, section 77, in the second edition of Selective Service Regulations (October, 1918), was amended to read: "In Class III shall be placed any registrant found to be (d) A county or municipal official who has been elected to such office by popular vote where the vacancy may not be filled by appointment," the word "vacancy" having been substituted for the word "office," and the words "for an unexpired term" having been eliminated. Thus, the test then became: May the vacancy in a county or municipal office, where such official has been elected by popular vote, be filled by appointment ? The application of the rules governing the classification of such officers is indicated in the figures of Table 38. 6. Federal and State officers. Section 4 of the selective service act provides "that * * * the officers, legislative, executive, or judicial, of the United States and of the several States * * * shall be exempt from the selective draft herein prescribed." Under this provision (applied in Selective Service Regulations, second edition, section 79, Rule XII (a)) a specific list of Federal offices was prepared (first published in Bulletin No. 1, Compiled Rulings, and republished in subsequent editions of the Selective Service Regulations as Part XIII, with additions to include a few indispensable offices designated by the heads of the governmental departments as having an analogous status). The list was based on a simple canon, viz, all Federal offices which were elective or the appointment to which required confirmation by the Senate. This canon was formulated after an exhaustive study of the use of the term "office" in Federal legislation. The obvious purpose of Con- gress appeared to discriminate between the supreme and superior offices and the inferior offices, and to grant absolute exemption to the former only. This construction was corroborated by the cir- 134 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. cumstance that any broader definition would have granted absolute exemption to some hundreds of thousands of employees of all grades. For State offices the same simple test could not serve, as the State constitutional provisions and administrative organization varied widely in the different Commonwealths. Nevertheless the dis- tinction intended by Congress, i. e., between the supreme and superior offices and the inferior ones, applied with equal positiveness to State offices; for Congress certainly had no intention to be more liberal to State than to Federal officers. Moreover, the act of Congress also obviously emphasized the distinction between the State-wide officers and the local, i. e., county or municipal officials; the former being given an absolute exemption, and the latter only a discretionary discharge under authority of the President. A construction was therefore adopted which would incorporate these two important distinctions intended by Congress. A supreme or superior State office, to entitle the holder to exemption under the provisions of section 79, Rule XII (a), should fulfill the following requirements: (a) If elective, it should be filled by electoral vote of a political subdivision. (6) If appointive there should be no intermediate superior between it and the appointing power, i. e., the governor, the legislature, and the supreme court. (c) The function or jurisdiction of the office in question must be coextensive with the boundaries of the State. (d) Its duties must represent the principal occupation of the incumbent, requiring the substance of his daily work and time. Action of this Office has been confined to the statement of general principles of interpretation and has rarely extended to the decision of particular cases. Obviously, it was necessary to refer to the laws of the particular State in order to find whether a particular State officer held his office on such conditions, subject to the general principles outlined above. In the case of certain States where the jurisdiction of an officer was inclusive of several counties, but not coextensive with the boundaries of the State, it was held by this Office that for purposes of classification, the question whether such an officer is a State officer or a county or municipal official, should be determined by the State Selective Service authorities, in the light of the relative importance of the office in question to the community. It was estimated in 1917 that there were some 350,000 persons in Federal public service and in State public service about 450,000 persons; and that of the gross amount some 250,000 and upward were males of draft age. But it was also estimated that under the above construction of the term "officers," the Federal incumbents would amount to not more than 11,000 in all (9,000 of which were postmasters), and the State incumbents to not more than 25,000 in all, or a total of not more than 36,000. The returns received from the local boards, showing exemptions claimed and granted on this NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 135 ground, have been given above in Table 38. But it must be remem- bered that many thousand additional deferments of officials of various grades have also been granted on grounds of dependency or physical disqualifications; as to these, no returns are obtainable. (V) NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 1. Purpose of the deferment. Under the selective service act, the district boards were entrusted with a vital problem of the war namely, the duty of selecting the individuals whose engagements in industry, including agriculture, were such as to require their con- tinued service in civil life rather than in the Army. The original presidential regulations, promulgated on June 30, 1917, provided for the issuance of a certificate of discharge by the district board, which certificate could be modified or withdrawn at any time the district board should determine a change of status had been effected. On December 15, 1917, became effective the new classification system, under regulations promulgated by the President on Novem- ber 8, 1917 (Chapter III, above). The new regulations were in- tended to accomplish two principal tilings. The first was to make a scientific and most complete inventory of our man-power, with a searching inquiry into the qualifications and the industrial and domestic circumstances of each man registered; with this at hand, the second was to make a scientific classification of their relative availability for military service and for all the war-time activities of the Nation. It was to this capital purpose that the new system was addressed. It provided for an immediate classification of all regis- trants into five classes, arranged in the inverse order of their availa- bility for military service. Registrants were classified in Classes I, II, III, or IV, according to the degree of their skill and the relative necessity and importance of such an individual to a particular enterprise. In Class II was placed a registrant found by his district board to be a necessary skilled farm laborer in a necessary agricultural enterprise or a necessary skilled industrial laborer in a necessary industrial enterprise. In Class III was placed a registrant found by his district board to be a necessary assistant, associate, or hired manager of a necessary agricultural or industrial enterprise; also a registrant found to be a necessary highly specialized technical or mechanical expert of a necessary industrial enterprise. In Class IV was placed a registrant found by his district board to be a necessary sole managing, controlling, or directing head of a necessary agricultural or industrial enterprise. Examining the system more closely, we find that it was designed to list in Class I, the names of those whose immediate induction into military service would least interfere with the industrial, economic ) and agricultural life of the Nation. It excluded from that class the key and pivotal men, whether they were managers or assistant man- 136 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. agers of farms or mechanical or administrative experts in factories. The latter, it deferred into Classes III and IV, and in Class II it ex- cluded from immediate liability to draft skilled labor in both indus- try and agriculture. Furthermore, by the dependency deferments and by the fact that fully 90 per cent of workers in any particular industry, necessary or non-necessary, were removed entirely from the operation of the draft (being either women or men under or over draf table age or deferred on account of dependency) , the protection to non-necessary industry, while not nearly so effective as that offered to necessary industry, was sufficient to prevent destruction. 2. Numerical results of the deferment system on industry and agri- culture. (a) A noticeable feature must first be emphasized, viz, that the total inroad made by the draft upon agriculture and industry in 191 8 up to June (as shown by the Industrial Index) was slightly over 6 per cent, as appears in Table 41. TABLE 41. Effects of draft on industries and occupations for 1917 registrants, since Dec. 15, 1917. 1 2 3 4 All Occupations Census Key Nos. 000-999. Number. Per cent of all ages. Per cent of ages 21-30. Workers of all a?es 43, 206, 912 8, 577, 719 5, 897, 722 2, 679, 997 100. 00 19.85 13.65 6.20 Ages 21-30 within selective service law as classi- fied in 1918 to June. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selective service law.. 100. 00 68.75 31.25 To this should be added, for determining the grand total, something like 1.5 per cent for the inroad of 1917, and a little less (estimated) than that percentage for the inroad made by the age-21 group in June-August, 1918. But, on the other hand, in explanation of these, as well as of the following figures, it should be said that the final ratios of deferments in 1918 were actually somewhat larger than as shown here probably 10 per cent larger, in round numbers; be- cause the Industrial Index, from which the above figures are taken, was compiled during the spring of 1918, when the physical examina- tions were not completed; hence a small percentage of the men here shown for Class I were afterwards placed in Class V. (6) In the next place, it is to be noted the deferments on other grounds (dependency, alienage, etc.) gave an ample protection to industry and agriculture, amounting to more than 65 per cent of the total registrants; so that the relatively small 3.5 per cent of regis- trants granted deferments solely on agricultural and industrial grounds was merely an addition to this protection. The relative figures, by classes and divisions (since Dec. 15, 1917, as computed from the Industrial Index, Interim Ledger, on Aug. 9, 1918), are shown in Table 42. NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 137 TABLE 42. National occupational summary, by classes, for 1917 registrants, since Dec. 15, 1917. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Class and division. Nondefer- uients. Agricultural and industrial deferments. Other defer- ments, etc. Totals by classes. Per cent to total classified. Class I 2, 679, 997 2, 679, 997 } 466, 938 } 395,961 J3, 628, 980 1, 405, 843 31.24 5.44 4.61 42.31 16.40 Class II: Cand D 194, 972 Except C and D. 271, 966 Class III: J K , and L 65, 213 Except J, K,and L. Class IV: Cand D 330, 748 39, 238 Except C and D.. Class V 3, 589, 742 1, 405, 843 Total classified . Per cent to total classi- fied 2, 679, 997 31.24 299, 423 3.49 5, 598, 299 65.27 8, 577, 719 100. 00 100.00 (c) Comparing the two grand groups recognized in the Regula- tions, we ask, What proportion of agricultural and industrial workers were deferred under the system as applied to the first registration? For agriculture, the deferments are shown in Table 43. TABLE 43.- Agricultural workers deferred '. Per cent of total Per cent Agricultural workers deferred, for 1917 registrants, since Number. engaged of classi- Dec. 15, 1917. in agri- fied. culture. 1 Total of all ages engaged in agriculture 13, 777, 454 100.00 2 Males ages 21-30 classified in first registration . 2, 509, 698 18. 22 100.00 3 Deferments as necessary workers (II-C, III-J, IV-C) 180,363 7.19 4 Deferments on other grounds 1, 575, 937 62.79 5 Class 1, 1918 . . 753 398 30 02 For industries (other than agriculture) the deferments are shown in Table 44. TABLE 44. Industrial workers deferred. Per cent Industrial workers deferred, for 1917 registrants, since Number. of total engaged Per cent of classi- in indus- fied. tries. 1 Total of all ages engaged in industries other than agriculture 29 429 458 100 00 2 3 Males ages 21-30 classified in first registration . Deferments as necessary workers (II-D, 6, 068, 021 20.62 lOO.f'O III-K, L, I V-D) 119 060 1.96 4 Deferments on other grounds 4 022 362 G(i. 2!) 5 Class I, 1918 1 926,599 31.75 138 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. It appears, therefore, that while the total protection given by all deferments to each group was substantially the same, the protec- tion given by the specific deferment of necessary workers was nearly four times as great for agriculture as for other industries averaged (Table 43, line 3, and Table 44, line 3). (d) Furthermore, it will be seen, the protection given, by defer- ments on all grounds, to the several industries varied considerably; partly because the ratio of men of ages 21-30 to the total workers of all ages in each industry varied considerably, and also because the number of married men deferred for dependency was greater in those occupations which required greater experience and therefore were made up chiefly of men of the higher ages within the age group 21-30. A good illustration of this is seen in the railroad industry (Table 46), where the deferments for conductors and engi- neers reached 80 per cent (df all registrants), while the deferments for signalmen and mechanics reached only 63 per cent (of all registrants) . TABLE 46. Effects of draft on 11 skilled railroad employments to June, 1918. Ages 21-30, first I registration, Cen- Total within selec- tive service law. as classi- fied to June, Deferred classes with- in selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. sus key Occupation. males of all 1918. No. ages. Per Per Per Per Per Num- cent Num- cent nf cent Num- cent of cent ber. of all ber. \ji of all ber. ages of all ages. ages 21-30. ages. 21-30. ages. 2119 Railroad blacksmiths 12,000 2,581 21 2,285 88 19 296 12 2 2137-8 Railroad boiler makers 17,500 3,856 22 3,567 92 20 289 8 2 372 Car and railroad shop me- chanics 54,500 16, 412 33 10,359 63 19 6,053 36 11 527 Engine hostlers and boiler washers 12,000 1,966 16 1,293 65 10 673 33 6 529 Brakemen 105,000 42,361 40 29,853 68 28 12,508 29 11 530 Conductors 75,400 7,480 9 6,010 80 7 1,470 19 2 539 Engineers 110 700 11 356 10 8,876 78 8 2 480 21 2 540 544 Firemen . . . 86,800 42,299 48 30,233 71 34 12,066 28 13 Officials and superintend- ents, including train dispatchers 22,800 1,480 6 1,218 82 5 262 17 1 547 Signalmen, switchmen, and flagmen 84 400 15 018 17 9,542 63 11 5,476 36 6 549 Yardmasters, yardmen 11,000 1,527 13 1,281 83 11 246 16 2 Total 592, 100 146,336 24 104, 517 71 17 41, 819 28 7 Inductions before Dec. 15. 1917 6 910 6,910 Grand total . . 153,246 25 104, 517 67 17 48,729 31.8 8.2 The Industrial Index (Appendix Table 42-A) compiled by this office throws a full light on the condition of each occupation and industry as affected by the draft since December 15, 1917, up to June, 1918, and a study of it will be of the greatest value in analyzing the effect of the war upon industry NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 139 3. Blanket deferments of entire occupations. It is obvious that the classification system of the Selective Service Regulations based its deferments solely on the ground of the necessity of the individual within his necessary occupation and did not purport to grant any deferments in mass. The whole method of district board operations rested on this idea of discovering and deferring key or "pivotal'' individuals. The only exception to the principle was found in the Emergency Fleet deferments, and even these were not in name deferments, but merely conditional suspensions of a call to military service. In my report for 1917 (Dec. 20, 1917, p. 35) were em- phasized the risks involved, to the imperative needs of the Army, in establishing any mass deferments of entire occupations, and it was pointed out that whatever concessions might later become neces- sary, " the time has not yet come for this." But as the war proceeded into the year 1918, and more and more men were required for the battle line, it became evident that certain industries vital to the war were no longer adequately manned in labor power. There was more than one cause to. account for this, and more than one remedy might be the most appropriate and effec- tive one. But a number of industries and governmental agencies, such as the Railroad Administration, the Food Administration, and especially the Fuel Administration and the coal producers, looked to the draft as the source of the depletion, and urged such action as would amount to a blanket deferment of their employees. It was foreseen in this office that mass deferments would cause serious complexities and embarrassment; would afford a convenient retreat for many who should be in the military service, and would result in taking the statutory power and authority from the district boards under the President and in placing it into the hands of various civil governmental agencies and representatives of the various industries throughout the United States. Moreover, it was indubitable that the draft was not the sole, nor even the major cause of the depletion (as appears for the railway industry from the figures above given). Many industries had lost the services of a considerable number of their employees through voluntary enlistment in the Army and Navy during the early period of the war, while thousands of others had been attracted by higher wages offered in certain fields of employment, such as shipyards and munition plants. The operation of the selective service law, therefore, was not alone responsible in fact, it was responsible to a very minor degree for the loss of employees to the railroads and the coal-mining industry. (a) Deferments: United States railway service. In the early part of August, 1918, the United States Railroad Administration, main- taining that certain cases of its employees were not being prop- 140 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. erly disposed of by district boards, presented a number of instances in which registrants whom it considered necessary and entitled to deferred classification had been placed in Class I. Further complaint was made that district boards did not consider the ever-changing and restricted conditions which were constantly enlarging the class of skilled labor; that certain classes of labor, regarded as unskilled a few years ago, were now well within the skilled class when regarded in the light of the difficulty of operating railroads in the present emergency; and that many district boards in dealing with the cases of railroad .operators and workmen were far from liberal, and, in fact, were extremely severe in their interpretations, constructions, and findings. Inquiry showed that some of the claims presented were meritorious. The importance of efficiently operating the rail- roads was, of course, not questioned, and prompt measures were taken to afford relief. A general telegram to all local and district boards recommended that every Class I case of a railroad employee, not then inducted into the military service, be carefully reconsidered in the light of the statements submitted by the Railroad Admin- istration. Local and district boards were advised as follows: Applications for reconsideration of cases of railroad employees on industrial grounds, when presented to local boards, should be received up to the day and hour of induc- tion into the military service, and promptly forwarded, together with the local board's recommendation, to the district board having jurisdiction; district boards may directly receive applications for reconsideration in cases over which they have original jurisdiction, and immediately request from the proper local board the entire record of the case, and these applications may be received up to the day and hour of induction into the military service; even though a registrant employed in railroad work has not claimed deferment on industrial grounds, his employers may make that claim either through the local board or directly to the district board at any time up to the day and hour of induction, and the district board may grant the deferred classification. After this instruction, few complaints were made by the Railroad Administration; and in the majority of cases to which the attention of this Office was invited, it was found, upon investigation, that the registrants in question had been inducted into military service because claims for their deferred classification had not been properly filed with the local and district boards. (6) Deferments: United States Fuel Administration. In the spring of 1918 attention was frequently called to what appeared to be an alarming curtailment of coal production, which was attributed largely to the withdrawal of mine workers for military service through the operation of the selective service law. It was represented that the exemption of mine workers as an entire group would afford the only adequate relief in this situation. FoUowing several conferences, an officer was detailed to make a thorough investigation, particularly in the anthracite regions of Pennsylvania and the bituminous fields of West Virginia. Careful inquiry developed every evidence of NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 141 cooperation on the part of both operators and miners. The former had, in many instances, refrained from filing claims on behalf of their employees; the workers themselves were loath to claim defer- ment because of the patriotic sentiment that was found to prevail in their communities. In many cases miners were known to waive deferment and even to abandon their work in order to be inducted into the military service. As above stated, it was conclusively shown that the draft was a relatively small factor in the shortage of man-power at the mines. Table 47 gives the figures from the Indus- trial Index: TABLE 47. Effect of draft on coal-mining industry. Ages 21-30, first regis- tration, within selec- tive service law as classified to June, Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Cen- 1918. sus key Occupation. No. Total Per Per Per Per Per persons Num- cent Num- cent cent Num- cent cent of all ber. of all ber. of ages of all ber. of ages of all ages. ages. 21-30. ages. 21-30. ages. 122A Coal-mine operatives in United States 706, 012 177,502 25.0 130, 749 73.0 18.0 46,253 26.0 6.5 Coal-mine operatives in Pennsylvania 328, 081 77,120 23.8 46,597 60.4 14.2 30,523 39.5 9.3 Anthracite operatives in * Pennsylvania 159,869 37, 789 23.6 22,832 60.4 14.2 14, 956 39.5 9.2 In order to cooperate with the production program of the Fuel Administration, prompt action was taken. Local and district boards in some cases had, in their zeal to achieve a scrupulous administration of the law and regulations, been too strict in their interpretation of the letter and spirit of the selective service law. Frequently local boards had failed to give the benefit of their recommendations to district boards. In some localities district boards had failed to take advantage of the discretion vested in them, and in some instances, drew too inflexible a line between skilled and unskilled labor. Con- ferences of local and district boards were called, at which the elasticity of the regulations was pointed out. The privileges of dependents to make claims on dependency grounds and the right of employers to claim deferred classification for their workers on industrial grounds were emphasized. District boards were advised that cases within their original jurisdiction might be reopened and reconsidered up to the day and hour of induction into the military service. Local boards were likewise enjoined to aid the district boards by recom- mendations in every case and by a full presentation of the facts within their knowledge with respect to every claim. The employers were urged to exercise great care in filing claims for deferred classi- fication for their employees; to keep themselves fully informed as to their employees who had been deferred, and to inform local and 142 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. district boards of those employees whose claims for deferment were without merit. As a result of the action taken when the situation of the Railroad Administration and the Fuel Administration was first presented, the two Governmental agencies are reported to hare experienced slight difficulty in the cases of railroad employees and mine workers whose labor was necessary to these vital industries. Although no instructions were issued by this Office applying to specific industries, the general principles governing classification with respect to engagement in industries (sees. 80-89, Selective Service Regulations, second edition), a gratifying uniformity of district boards' decisions obtained. It is interesting to note in Table 94 how closely the decisions of district boards as to the "necessity" of various industries agreed with the War Industries Board's priorities list, which included a large number of industries designated as "essential." 4. Industrial advisers. The experience of the first year of the draft in these and other fields involving large industrial establishments, revealed the necessity of more systematic attention by the large employers to the deferment of necessary employees, and of more direct cooperation between them and the district boards. It was found that many employers, in their desire to conserve the interests of their own work, had treated these claims merely as individual cases of individual necessity, and had given little or no thought to the larger aspects of their establishment as an entirety, in its rela- tion to the industry as a whole, to other industries, and to military necessities. This Office found itself obliged to put certain material inquiries calculated to stimulate reflection on the part of representatives of industry: How many employers had hitherto taken pains to inform themselves systematically which of their employees are registrants and which are not? How many had studied carefully the required conditions for occupational deferment, as laid down in the President's regulations pursuant to the statute ? How many had made it a point to survey their entire plant so as to single out the really indispensable individuals? With the oncoming of a more extensive registration, an even larger outlook was necessary. The general industrial con- ditions, the supply of skilled men in the industry at large, the possi- bilities of training substitutes, the availability of women workers these were some of the considerations which bore directly on the need of occupational deferment as related to the need of the Army. Moreover, it was often forgotten that the selective draft was only one element in the depletion of a particular industry's man-power. A second and a large element was found in the voluntary withdrawals for enlistment; how large this was may be seen from the circum- stance that the total inductions by draft reached some 2,800,000, while the total enlistments in the Army and the Navy amounted to NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 143 more than 1,300,000 nearly one-half as many. A third element, very large, but unknown as to its precise extent, had been the transfer of labor power from one industry to another, i. e., into the dis- tinctively war industries offering the inducement of higher wages. These other influences were, therefore, to be kept in mind by em- ployers and others in weighing the question whether the best solu- tion in the national interest was to ask for the deferment of individuals or groups of men. Such deferments would assist the immediate situa- tion in the particular establishment, but they merely forced the Army and the Navy to seek elsewhere for the same number of men thus deferred. The quantitative needs of the military forces were known and imperative, and any given quantity of deferments would ultimately have to be made up by the depletion of some other occu- pation. Thus, it became the employer's duty to consider those largest aspects of deferment in seeking that solution of his own problems which would best comport with the national interests. With a view, therefore, to handling the industrial situation with maximum intelligence and efficiency and in view of the new registra- tion of 13,000,000 more men on September 12, provision was made, in a new regulation (sec. 80, Selective Service Regulations, second edition) published early in September, for assisting boards in rulings upon industrial claims for deferment. There were appointed by each district board three persons known as industrial advisers to the dis- trict board. These industrial advisers were to acquire full informa- tion as to the necessities of individual establishments; to keep informed as to the priority lists of industries and products as deter- mined by the War Industries Board; to observe the general condi- tions of labor and industry; and to give to the district boards the benefit of their knowledge and judgment on these matters. One of the advisers was nominated by the Department of Labor, represent- ing both employer and employee ; one was nominated by the Depart- ment of Agriculture with similar relations representing agricultural employments; and one selected by the district board, whose function was to consider the remaining employments or occupations, such as education, newspapers, insurance, banking, etc. Upon employers was urged the duty and responsibility of becoming well advised in all these matters; of equipping themselves with full information as to the extent to which their particular establishment was affected by the liability of registrants to military service; of observing the extent to which other influences of depletion had affected it and the degree in which other methods of supply could relieve that depletion; and of laying these facts and other pertinent ones before the industrial advisers now to be placed at each district board, to the end that those individuals or groups who were indis- pensable and irreplaceable would receive deferment, whether or not 144 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. they had mado claim for it, and that the Army and the Navy should not be deprived of its proper supply of man power by ill-considered deferments not absolutely demanded by the national interest. The keynote of purpose was meant to be that wise and profoundly significant phrase in the act of Congress of May 18, 1917, "the main- tenance of the Military Establishment, or the effective operation of the military forces, or the maintenance of national interest during the emergency." A thorough test of the newly devised machinery was prevented by the suspension of the work of classification by district boards shortly after the signing of the armistice on November 1 1 . 5. Industrial and agricultural furloughs. Notwithstanding the fact that the classification regulations were drawn up with scrupulous regard to the necessity of raising an army with as little as possible interference with industry and agriculture, it was found in a few instances that registrants were selected for the Army when their services were in greater need, from a national standpoint, in industry or on the farm. Such cases arose principally in two ways: First, by the failure of the registrant or his employer to present the merits of his claim and to show the importance of his connection with some industrial or agricultural enterprise; second, by the overzealousness on the part of district boards to select an army with the utmost speed. Such boards permitted themselves to apply a too strict con- struction to the term "necessary enterprise," or were overcareful in finding a registrant not "necessary" to a "necessary enterprise," as these terms are used in the regulations. As a safeguard against such a practice on the part of district boards, if in fact such a prac- tice existed to an appreciable degree, Congress passed what is popu- larly called "the furlough act." (Public, No. 105, 65th- Cong.) This act reads as follows : Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That whenever during the continuance of the present war in the opinion of the Secretary of War the interests of the service or the national security and defense render it necessary or desirable, the Secretary of War be, and he hereby is, authorized to grant furloughs to enlisted men of the Army of the United States, vith or without pay and allowances or with partial pay and allowances , and, for such periods as he may designate, to permit such enlisted men to engage in civil occupa- tions and pursuits: Provided, That such furloughs shall be granted only upon the vol- untary application of such enlisted men under regulations to be prescribed by the Secretary of War. The agricultural aspect of this law was immediately taken advan- tage of, and War Department General Orders, No. 31^"Was issued. This order recited that its purpose was to provide for furloughs of short duration "for the purpose of augmenting the agricultural pro- duction." Of course, restrictions had to be placed upon the grant- ing of these furloughs, and consequently camp commanders who NECESSARY AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL WORKERS. 145 were authorized to grant the furloughs were directed to observe the following limitations: (1) The interference to be caused in the program of military training and prepara- tion must be reduced to a minimum; "therefore whenever the furloughing of an enlisted man substantially interferes with the training or preparation of the organi- zation of which he is a member the application will be denied." (2) "Furloughs granted under this order will be for short periods, largely for seed- ing and harvesting time." (3) "Such furloughs will not be granted to enlisted incn of or above the grade of first sergeant." (4) * * * nor w jji they be granted in an organization which has been ordered or is in transit from points of mobilization or training to a port of embarkation." (5) "Furloughs granted under this order will be without pay and allowances, except that enough pay will be retained in each case to meet allotments in force on the date of this order, war risk insurance, and pledges on Liberty bonds." The order provided for the granting of furloughs to individual sol- diers whose applications showed that they were needed on some farm; to ''specially qualified experts in agriculture needed in the service of the United States Department of Agriculture;" to experts "in the service of agricultural colleges established under Federal law and regularly receiving Federal funds * * * "; and they were granted en bloc upon requests of farmers, when the time to be consumed in traveling from the post to the places of labor did not exceed 24 hours. Applications for furloughs were made upon a prescribed form (P. M. G. O. Form 1035), which contained a series of questions directed to identify the soldier and the person who desired the serv- ices of the soldier, and to show the acreage of the farm, the crops grown, the number of horses, cattle, etc., thereon, the market value of the last year's production and the current year's anticipated pro- duction, the soldier's experience in farming, and the inability of the person operating the farm to obtain otherwise the necessary labor and assistance. The application was made to his local board, and if it was approved by the local board it was placed in the hands of a county agricultural agent for his concurrence or nonconcurrence in the recommendation of the local board. The application was then sent to the soldier's camp cpmrnander, who would finally pass upon it. It is known that a great number of these agricultural furloughs were granted and that they served substantially to relieve the agri- cultural situation, especially during the different harvesting seasons. A somewhat similar scheme for the protection of industry was recently adopted, late in the summer ot 1918. There was established in the office of The Adjutant General of the Army a section known as the Industrial Furlough Section. The primary purpose of this section was to return indispensable employees to plants, factories, and concerns that were operating under Government contracts for war supplies, and materials of all sorts. 97250 19 10 146 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. When it appeared that either through enlistment or through the operation of the draft, skilled workmen had been taken from such industrial enterprises, the procedure by which it was possible for such men to be returned to their former employment was as follows: The plant or industrial enterprise would make its application through the Government department with which it had contracts; the appli- cation would show the skill and training of the soldier for whom application was being made, and the length of time he was employed by the plant prior to his entering the Army. Each Government department maintained a certifying officer, who, through his various district officers, would determine the merits of the application and if he approved the application, it would be transmitted to the Industrial Furlough Section. That section, in order to harmonize its action with that of local and district boards, and in order to make its investigation as searching and thorough as practicable, required in every application the production of the minute of the district board, entered in the questionnaire, which showed the board's reason for not granting deferred classification to the soldier. Having before it the evidence collected by the certifying officer and his recommendation thereon, and the minute of the district board, the furlough section would investigate the case, and would either approve or disapprove the application. If it was approved, and if the soldier was willing to accept it and if he was not a member of a military organization under orders for service overseas, The Adjutant General of the Army ordered the furlough. In this way, between 16,000 and 17,000 men were furloughed back to their former occupations. 6. Statutory enlargement of "Industries" to include "Occupations and Employments" The selective service act of May 18, 1917, intrusted to district boards the exclusive original jurisdiction of claims for exclusion or discharge from the selective draft of persons engaged in industries, including agriculture, found to be necessary to the maintenance of the Military Establishment, or the effective operation of the military forces, or the maintenance of national interest during the emergency. Until September, 1918, the boards had almost invariably disclaimed authority to consider certain impor- tant occupations as " necessary" under this provision. The necessity to the national interest in many instances could not be questioned; but the occupations could not be termed "industries." Thus bank- ing was held not to be an industry; claims of teachers, physicians, and individuals engaged in hospital work or care of the public health, and of those engaged in Red Cross or other welfare work, even though directly related to the Army, were barred because these registrants were held to be not engaged in industry ; and commercial enterprises were distinguished from productive undertakings. Under the terms of the original act these rulings were manifestly proper and were generally approved. MORAL DISQUALIFICATION. 147 The limitation thus imposed on industrial classifications was not so serious a matter while the draft ages remained at 21 to 30 years, inclusive. With the proposal to increase the age limit, however, came the realization that a recognition of other activities as neces- sary to the national welfare during the war was imperative. Congress therefore provided, in the act of August 31, 1918, which extended the age limits to 18 and 45, that the words "industries, including agri- culture," wherever occurring in the original law, should read "indus- tries, occupations, or employments, including agriculture." Under this amendment the district boards' jurisdiction and authority to consider claims for deferment based upon a registrant's occupation were very materially enlarged. Consequently, upon the approval of the act of August 31, 1918, district boards had full authority to determine in the broadest sense, whether or not any industry, occu- pation, or employment, including agriculture, was necessary in the national emergency, and, of course, whether or not any registrant connected therewith was necessary to it. Local and district boards were promptly informed, by special bulletins, of the changes involved by the amendment, and simulta- neously the presidential regulations were altered to enable the selective service agencies to classify all of the 13,000,000 registrants now becoming liable to military service, in accordance with the new provisions of the law. Sections 80 to 89 of the Selective Service Regulations were redrafted and a new provision incorporated therein providing for the appointment of three or more advisers to district boards, one of whom should have special charge of questions arising in this part of the field. The relief given by this amended phrasing of the act was appre- ciated in all parts of the country, and served materially to strengthen the welcome given to this supreme legislative measure for the enlarge- ment of military man power. (VI) MORAL DISQUALIFICATION. 1. Definition of moral disqualification. The act of May 18, 1917, authorized the President to "exclude or discharge from the selective draft those found to be physically or morally deficient." Moral deficiency was never attempted to be completely defined in the President's regulations. The boards no doubt exercised their own judgment, in a few cases, by excluding registrants not covered by the definition given. But the only definition given in the regula- tions was restricted to persons convicted of serious crime. This followed the analogy of the general law forbidding the enlistment of such persons (U. S. Rev. Stat., sec. 1118). The original regulation of June 30, 1917 (sec. 21) excluded "persons convicted and sentenced for felony in any court of record." But the 148 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AXD RESULTS. scope of the term "felony"' varies widely in the several States; nor was it possible to devise any term which would set any uniform moral standard. However, to remove in some degree the doubts of inter- pretation and to assist in reaching uniformity, the revised regulation (S. S. R., 2d ed., sec. 79 (h)) was thus phrased: " A person shown to have been convicted of any crime which under the law of the juris- diction of its commission is treason, felony, or an infamous crime." The traditions of the Regular Army look upon certain civil offenses as particularly intolerable in soldiers, and it was desirable to conform to these traditions. Moreover, it was unquestionable that, for the honor of the American Army, a firm stand must be taken to repudiate in the public mind the unhealthy view (not infrequently found among judges of criminal courts) that a civil offender might sometimes be released without punishment if he would enter the Army to expiate his offense. The Army was not to become a repository of scapegoats, and especially in a war inspired by the highest principles of honor and righteousness; this was an honorable cause to be fought by honorable men only. On the other hand the strictest Army tra- ditions as to unforgiveable offenses had already begun to undergo reconsideration, in some respects, among division commanders and officers dealing with court-martial records in the Judge Advocate General's Department; for it was recognized that the problem of accepting and rapidly training for military service a large mass of men, selected indiscriminately from all walks of life, presented novel conditions, in which the educative force of military life might be trusted to inculcate and preserve the best Army traditions, and to permit the probative toleration of men whose offenses might under original conditions have been a ground for instant elimination. Moreover, local board sentiment (as set forth in my First Report, p. 59) could not be made to understand with accuracy the strict Army tradition; and the anomaly might be presented of admitting men in the draft who were known to have been guilty of offenses which would be sufficient ground for discharge if committed after entrance to the Army. The foregoing definition, therefore, seemed most likely to harmonize the general public attitude represented by the local boards, on the one hand, and by the best Army traditions, on the other hand. In the calls of 1917 the number discharged from draft by local boards for conviction of felony was 2,001. In the classification of 1918 the number placed in Class V-H under the revised regulation was 18,620; this, of course, included the former number, as every registrant discharged in 1917 was classified in 1918. 2. Convicted and indicted persons entering the Army. How many registrants having a penitentiary record or a status virtually equiva- lent, nevertheless entered the Army by draft, for lack of any claim MORAL DISQUALIFICATION. 149 by them for exemption and of any knowledge by the boards of their disqualification? This question can, of course, be answered only by estimate. A careful computation was made for this purpose by the National Association for Prison Labor; the computation being based on the total numbers of persons of ages 21-30 discharged from State and Federal penitentiaries during the last 10 years, with due allow- ance for deductions of various sorts . To this number should be added the number of registrants charged with serious "offenses and released by courts on condition of being inducted (as reported by the local boards). Table 48 shows the results. TABLE 48. Morally unfit. Morally unfit, first and second registrations. Number. Per cent of total convicts. 1 Total convicts and ex-convicts, age 21-30 26, 520 100.00 9 Exempted (V-1I) 18, 620 70.21 3 Presumably inducted or enlisted . . 7,900 29. 79 4 Releases bv courts for induction or enlistment. . . 5,969 It appears, therefore, that approximately 7,900 men who had been convicted or probably charged with serious offenses were inducted by the draft or enlisted and are serving in the ranks alongside of others whose civil record contained no such blot. Had it been pos- sible to identify these men, a comparison of their Army records would have thrown interesting light on the problem of the reform of the convict. The following instance will serve to illustrate one aspect of the problem, from the local boards' point of view: He was a month out of State's prison, where he had served three years for one of a series of many burglaries. He had other black marks against him for forgery and other crimes. He came out of prison with a well-formed notion of changing his life, and he married a good girl and got a good job. But crimes continued to be committed in his city; and it was not long before he was being called into the office of the chief of police and questioned, in the old third-degree way. about every depredation that A\as committed. Tie knew that suspicion was pointing his way, and he knew that he wa-^ innocent. He came with his story to our chief clerk. He said that he had tried to do his best, that he had been steadily employed at good wages, and that he and his wife were getting along "fine. " He went on to say that he was being called away from his work PO much by the busy police official that his employers were dissatisfied, and that he was going to lose his job. He wanted to get into the Army. He was known to be a good machinist and also a skilled printer and pressman. He belonged, of course. in Class V-II. A letter was sent to headquarters fully explaining the situation and the man's mechanical qualifications. An answer was returned that the regulations could not be waived, but that it was possible that the future might work a change in the rules. A month later, after he had lost his job and was on the blacklist, he committed another burglary. Writing from prison, he was inclined to reproach the draft officials 150 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. for keeping him out of the Army, for, as he said, "This never would have happened, but we had to have things to eat and to wear. " We are wondering, if another war should come with more selective sendee, whether V-H would still be one of the classifications. (vn) PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS: 1. Physical examination system. (a) There was organized in the office of the Provost Marshal General a Medical Division, whose functions were to coordinate the medical activities associated with the selective service, and to render authoritative decisions upon technical points related to physical standards and medical examina- tions. (6) To the staff of the governor of each State, an Army medical officer was assigned as medical aide. His duties consisted in the establishment of close relations with all examining physicians of his State; in meeting examiners for the purpose of discussing the medical problems of the draft and for the clearing up of doubtful points; in visiting local and medical advisory boards, to observe their work and to advise their members; in recommending the re- placement of weak examining physicians, arranging for additional examiners, and hastening the operations of physical examinations where such were delayed; in studying causes of rejections at camps with a view to the detection of inefficiency in examiners; in the performance of such other duties in connection with the physical examinations of drafted men, as might be required of him. (c) Each local board had an examining physician. As originally constituted, this physician was a member of the board, and such continued to be the case with a majority of the boards, Frequently, the medical member did not take part in the classification of regis- trants, although he was competent so to do. His prime function was to perform the physical examinations of registrants, and to advise the board thereupon. If not a member, the report of the examining physician was advisory only. To assist in the physical examinations of registrants, additional examining physicians were appointed as needed. The services of volunteer physicians were also utilized. (d) Since doubt arose in many cases in which examining physicians for local boards would find it difficult to decide, medical advisory boards, consisting of a number of specialists were formed. These boards were carefully districted with due regard to ease of com- munication and to hospital facilities. Local boards or Government appeal agents referred doubtful cases to such boards (or to a member or members thereof) for opinions. (e) Each district board numbered a physician among its members. This physician member did not make physical examinations, but PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 151 acted as expert adviser upon the medical evidence presented with appeals to the board. (/') On arrival at Army camps or other points of mobilization, registrants were reexamined by a team of Army medical officers. Each team was made up of specialists, so that every part of the body was gone over by one who had given special study to the physical abnormalities of such part. 2. Physical standards of qualification. The physical standards adopted at first for the selective service were based on those used by the Army under the volunteer system, though differing therefrom in some particulars. It was soon found that these standards were too severe. In time of peace, when the supply of volunteers ordinarily exceeds the demand, a high physical standard may be exacted. When a necessity exists for great numbers, many minor physical defects must perforce be waived, in order to secure the requisite man-power. On request of the Provost Marshal General, a committee was therefore appointed by the Surgeon General of the Army to formulate a new set of physical standards. This was completed and promul- gated to draft boards in June, 1918. Unfortunately, it was not published to those making physical examinations at Army camps until considerably later. As a result, two standards prevailed, and much confusion resulted. The demand for men for limited or special service, which at first was negligible, began to increase rapidly. Secondly, it was found that registrants in the deferred remediable group were practically as exempt from induction as though they were totally disqualified. Thirdly, the Selective Service was called upon to furnish men for the Navy and the Marine Corps, whose physical requirements differed in some particulars from those of the Army. It thus became neces- sary, in order to meet these conditions, again to revise the standards of physical examination. In this second edition, which constitutes the present P. M. G. O. Form 75 (published Sept. 27, 1918) the greater number of conditions under Group B (remediable defects) were transferred to Group C (special or limited service), while the needs of the Navy were met by provisions relative thereto. In order to insure consistency, The Adjutant General of the Army promulgated these physical standards to the Army as Special Regulations No. 65. 3. The Four Physical Groups. The method of physical examina- tions, since December 15, 1917, was changed in two important respects. In the first place, the physical examination followed the decision upon claims for deferment, i. e., only those who were placed pro- visionally in Class I because of making no claim for deferment or because their claim was denied, were subjected to physical examina- 152 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AXD RESULTS. tion, whereas by the earlier method all registrants were physically examined when called in their order number sequence and the claims for deferment were then made by those who had been physically accepted. Thus, by the new plan, the number of physical examina- tions was relatively much reduced per 1 ,000 inducted men, as already pointed out more particularly in Chapter III, section (IV). In the second place, greater utilization of man-power was attained by establishing grades of physical qualifications. By the original plan, the registrant was either accepted or rejected for military service on the physical examination. But by the new plan four physical groups were provided; the registrants placed in any one of the first three of these groups were deemed to be accepted for military service in some capacity or other, while only those registrants placed in the fourth group were deemed to be unconditionally rejected for any form of military service. These four groups were defined for the local boards as follows (S. S. R. 2d ed., sec. 128|; Standards of Physical Examination, 2d ed., sec. 4) : (a) Registrants who on examination are found to present conditions which fall within the proper standards shall be unconditionally accepted for general military service (Group A). (6) Registrants who on examination are found to suffer from remediable defects which fall within the proper standards may be accepted for general military service in the deferred remediable group (Group B). (c) Registrants who on examination are found to present defects which fall within the proper standards may be accepted for special or limited military service (Group C). (d) Registrants who on examination are found to present defects which fall within the proper standards shall be unconditionally rejected for all military service (Group D). Group A was composed of men who are vigorous and without any physical defect which might interfere with the full performance of military duties. These men conformed to the requirements implied by the following words, quoted from the Standards of Physical Examination: * * * to make a good soldier, the registrant must be able to see well; have comparatively good hearing; his heart must be able to stand the stress, of physical exertion; he must be intelligent enough to understand and to execute military maneu- vers, obey commands, and protect himself; and must be able to transport himself by walking as the exigencies of military life may demand. Group B was made up of individuals who possessed certain physi- cal defects, diseases, or abnormalities which rendered them unfit for service, but which conditions were capable of cure by treatment, surgical or otherwise, whereby the registrants might be fitted for general military service. Group B is therefore known as the "deferred remediable" group. Group C contained those men who were physically substandard for full military duties, but who were capable of rendering services of value to the military establishment in vocations which did not impose too great strain. PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 153 Finally, Group D contained those who were found to have conditions which unfitted them for military service. The results of the physical examinations up to December 15, 1917, were set forth in my First Report. The results of the physical exam- inations since that date are as follows, by groups : TABLE 49. Physical groups compared. Physical groups compared. Number. Per cent of regis- trants. Per cent of exam- ined. 1 Total registrants Dec. 15, 1917 to Sept, 11, 1918. due to be classified 9, 952, 735 100.00 9 Not physically examined 6, 744, 289 67.76 3 Examined physically Dec. 15. 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 3, 208, 446 32. 24 100.00 4 Fully qualified (Group A) . 2, 259, 027 70.41 5 Disqualified partly or totally . ... 949, 419 29 59 g Placed in Group B 88, 436 2.76 7 s Placed in Group C Placed in Group D (Class V-G) 339, 377 521 '606 10.58 16.25 4. Group A; Qualified for general military service. The total num- ber of registrants examined was 3,208,446; the number placed by local boards in Group A, as physically fit for general military service, was 2,259,027, being 70.41 per cent of the total number examined. Appendix Table 49-A shows the variances between the different States. It will be noticed the States occupying the two highest places in their ratio of men placed in Group A were Oklahoma and Arkansas, and the States occupying the two lowest places were Rhode Island and Arizona. It is necessary to note that owing to the frequent placing of a registrant in Group D by inspection only, without physical examina- tion (i. e., where the defects were obvious, such as the lack of a limb), the records of the boards for Group D do not always signify a phys- ical examination, and hence the base used for the above percentage is to a certain extent approximate only. 5. Group B; Remediahles. The remediable group at first included, among others, those having bone and joint deformities, hernias, benign tumors, large hemorrhoids, varicoceles, hydroceles, and strictures. Although arrangements were made by hospital authori- ties and medical men in many States for having such defects corrected without expense to the registrant, comparatively few offered them- selves. The group thus sheltered many who were capable of render- ing immediate military service in a limited capacity, and general military service after the correction of their defects. It was proposed to induct these registrants, and to have their defects corrected at Army hospitals, but the Army hospitals lacked capacity for the purpose. Since the group constituted an important reservoir of 154 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AXD RESULTS. man-power, and since the presence of such individuals in communities proved to be local sources of discontent, the great majority of those in the group were made available, by the " Standards of Physical Examination" already referred to (P. M. G. O., Form 75, dated September 27, 1918), which directed tliat they be transferred to Group C. Thereafter, Group B was restricted to drug addicts, to those having deformities which might interfere with the wearing of a uniform, and to a few other special conditions. Under the standards in force to the above date, this group com- prised 88,436, being 2.76 per cent of the total number of registrants examined. As finally constituted, the group was small, and but few of its members could have been expected to become fit for military service of any kind. 6. Group C; Qualified for special or limited service. Out of 3,208,446 registrants examined, 339,377 or 10.58 per cent were reported by local boards as placed in Group C, unfit for general military service, but suitable 'for special or limited service. Some of the types of disabilities which rendered registrants acceptable for this group were : Defects of eye, ear, nose, throat, teeth or skin, of somewhat greater degree than were permitted by the standards for unconditional accept- ance; abnormalities of the extremities, such as loss of certain minor members or impairment of motion; operable hernias; small benign tumors; urethral strictures; nocturnal enuresis; stammering; tem- porary anemias and debilities. (a) Number called. By the summer of 1918, plans were perfected by the General Staff for making use of this group. The first calls issued during the month of June, 1918, and calls for such men pro- ceeded until the President's order of November 11, discontinuing all inductions into the Army. During this period the total number of such men called was 108,355. In addition to this number, there were approximately 20,000 who entered the military service through the process of individual induction. The numbers called and ac- cepted at camp are shown in the following Table 50: TABLE 50. Military status of Group C men. Military status of Group C men. Number. Per cent of Group .C placed. Per cent of Group C called. 1 Total Group Cinen Dec. 15, 1917 to Sept 11,1918 339, 377 100.00 9 Number not yet called bv Sept 11, 1918 211, 022 62. 18 3 Number individually inducted . . 20,000 5.89 4 Number called to Sept 11 1918 108, 355 31.93 100.00 5 Accepted at camp 91,867 84. 78 f; Rejected at camp 16, 488 15.22 It will be observed that nearly two-thirds of this group were never inducted. PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 155 The limited service men, and indeed also the other groups of re- jected men, often felt keen chagrin on learning of their incapacity. Many of them would besiege the offices of the boards, pleading for an opportunity to be used. There were places in the Army, they thought, where they could help, and thus set free a fighting man; and it was difficult to make them understand the necessity for having able-bodied men, of full physical qualifications, for noncombatant positions in the theater of war. The persistence of some of them in searching for an opening was a testimony to their spirit of loyalty; whether the man who wrote the following letter (and his name re- vealed a foreign nativity or ancestry) ever succeeded in his ambition does not appear: DEAR SIR: I am in the draft, and am very anxious to go, and my board won't send me because I have a very slight hernia. I went down there nearly every day, and they asked me to write you a letter, and if you say yes, they will send me. Please when you answer my letter, please put in a piece of paper for my board, and tell them to send me. \Yhen I was examined by my board they didn't know I had hernia until I told them, because it is very slight; you can hardly notice it; I am going around that way for the last 14 years. If you want to do me a favor, please have the board send me to the camp, as I am very anxious to go. Please answer my letter; by doing so you will oblige a good American citizen. The local boards found this type of registrant a frequent one, and they chronicle with intense sympathy the ceaseless efforts made to secure their indulgence: He was slightly underweight, following an illness, and a trifle deaf; and if he had been half an inch shorter he would have been entirely without the regulations. He had been rejected by every branch of the service, military and naval, but when required to register in June, 1918, he was yet in hope. The examining physicians were reluctant to make a Class A man of him; but he was importunate, and they yielded. He went to a general service camp, and was promptly rejected. He re- turned home, and asked to be reclassified as a limited service man. This was done, and he was entrained and accepted at camp. Then came this letter: "I have been 'shot' three times for inoculation in the arm, and I have got my uniform. I thank you very much." Inside of two weeks he was dead from influenza and pneumonia. (6) Uses made. What specific uses were made in the Army of those inducted? They were of especial value in filling places in headquarters offices, at camps of mobilization, at supply bases, on lines of communication, etc., where they were enabled to replace able-bodied soldiers for service at the front. Many were technical experts, in occupations valuable to the Army. The corps assign- ments (omitting the 20,000 individual inductions, as to which no data are available) are shown in the following Table 51 : 156 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. TABLE 51. Army disposition of Group C men accepted. Army disposition of Group C men accepted. Number. Number assigned on orig- inal call. Bv trans- fer. I Total Group C men called and inducted to Sept. 11, 1918 108, 355 2 Rejected, not yet reported or otherwise dis- posed of.. 32, 733 3 Assignments reported 75, 622 4 Aircraft production . 804 460 5 Chemical warfare 4,068 G Coast Artillery 2,804 7 Construction 1,355 8 Divisions 900 9 Enineers 1,521 10 Field Artillery 11 Industrial furlough 931 T> Medical Corps 314 6,704 IS Military Aeronautics 333 1 940 14 Military Intelligence 20 15 Miscellaneous 7,158 lf> Motor Transport 1,822 17 Ordnance . . . 200 4.871 18 Provost Marshal General 5, 913 19 Quartermaster General * 650 13 869 ?n Schools 1,448 ?i Spruce Production 13,800 99 Signal Corps 676 ?3 Stenographers (general assignment^ 2,000 ?4 Tank 1 ?,f> Navy 1,000 7. Group D; Disqualified for any military service. The registrants who possessed physical defects of such degree as to prevent them from rendering military service of any kind numbered 521,606 individuals, and constituted 16.25 per cent of the whole number examined. Such defects were, broadly, organic diseases of the internal organs; marked visual or aural defects; mental diseases and deficiencies; muscular paralyses; disfiguring or disabling deformities; physical underdevelopment. At the time of our entrance into the world war, and for a consid- erable period before, the standard as to minimum of height for the United States Army had been 5 feet 4 inches. In order to include many thousands of vigorous individuals who were physically compe- tent for military duty, this minimum was from time to time lowared, after April, 1917, until it reached 5 feet. For the requirement as to weight, a minimum of 110 pounds was, after some changes, finally fixed upon, and registrants of less weight were rejected. The American soldier must carry a load of about 50 pounds, and a man of less weight than the minimum cited can not be expected to bear up under such a burden. PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 157 That the examinations by local board physicians were too liberal i. e., that many more men should have been rejected into Group D might seem to be the inference from the percentage of subsequent rejections at camp of men accepted by the boards. The data on this point are more fully examined in paragraph 13. On the other hand, it is certain that in some respects and in some places the local board examinations were too strict i. e., that considerable numbers of individuals were erroneously placed in Group D (Class V-G) by local boards. A careful review of the reports of physical exam- inations in 8,166 such cases, by the medical aide of one State, indi- cated that 13.4 per cent were physically competent to perform military service. The medical aide of another State recalled and reexamined 645 Class V-G registrants. Among this number 8.18 per cent were found fit for general military service, and 26.8 per cent for limited service. Individuals having such defects as operable hernias, loss of teeth, moderate flat feet, etc., were largely suitable for limited military service and the regulations so provided. Nevertheless, very large numbers of such men were unconditionally rejected into Group D. These observations clearly indicate that, in case of need, a care- ful reexamination of all registrants placed in Group D would yield a very large number of men for military service. An overwhelming majority of the boards the ratio is seven to one declare (in answer to specific inquiry) that the medical ex- aminations, as of late conducted, reduced to a minimum the subse- quent rejections at camp. The minority boards give various reasons for their dissent, among which are the following: Suitable quarters or adequate equipment for making physical examinations were lack- ing; medical members had not sufficient time to make thorough examinations and found it difficult to obtain assistance; the rules were differently interpreted at the boards and at camp. Medical advisory boards did not function as efficiently as they should. A constructive suggestion was that board physicians should be sent to camp for instruction and conference with the camp examiners. It is possible that a considerable number of rejections at camp have been the result of a policy which is stated by a Pennsylvania board as follows: Our rejections from the beginning to the end amounted to 7 per cent rejected at camp. This percentage would have been smaller had it not seemed expedient in many cases to send certain men, even though we felt satisfied that they would bo rejected. This was done in a number of instances in order to satisfy a critical public, on the one hand, and in other instances in order to secure the men from any stigma; in other words, to give'them a better discharge than a local board discharge would amount to in the eyes of the general public. . 8. Malingerers. Not every man to whom the privilege comes is desirous of discharging his debt to his country by rendering military 158 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. service. Some magnify existing physical defects: others feign non- existent disabilities; still others purposely cause conditions which they hope may disqualify them. Malingerers may be divided into three general groups : (a) Real malingerers with nothing the matter with them, who injure themselves, or make allegations respecting diseases or such conditions as drug taking, or who counterfeit disease with full consciousness and responsibility; all for the purpose of evading military service. Many of these have been coached. (6) Psychoneurotics, who are natural complainers and try to get out of every disagreeable thing in life. Perhaps only partially conscious of the nature or the seriousness of what they do and only partly responsible. In many the motives are not persistent and many can be made into good soldiers. (c) Confirmed psychoneurotics with long history of nervous breakdowns and illnesses who behave like class (a), but more per- sistently, and from whom not much can be expected in the way of reconstruction. Men shoot or cut off their fingers or toes, practically always on the right side, to disqualify themselves for service. Sometimes they put their hands under cars for this purpose. Many men have their teeth pulled out. Retention of urine is simulated. Egg albumen is injected into the bladder or put in urine. Glucose is added to urine. Digitalis, thyroid gland preparations, and strophanthus are taken to cause disturbance of the heart and cantharides to cause albu- minuria. The skin is irritated by various substances, which are also injected under it to create abscesses. Various substances are taken to bring about purging. An appearance of hemoptysis may be produced by adding blood, either human or that of animals, to the sputa. Sometimes merely coloring matter is added. Those who can vomit voluntarily what they swallow use the same means to create the appearance of hematemesis. Similarly, coloring matters may be added to the stools. Mechanical and chemical irritants are made use of to cause inflammation about practically all the body orifices. Jaundice may be simulated by taking picric acid. Crutches, spectacles, trusses, strappings-, etc., are made use of to create the appearance of disability. The surest means of detecting malingering is a thorough under- standing by the examiner of the types of people who actually do it and the way they behave. It is only in the feigned diseases of the eye and ear that special tests are required. Observation in hospital is necessary in difficult cases. The vast bulk of malingerers are those who exaggerate some actual defect, and the problem for the medical examiner is to decide whether the defect complained of is sufficient cause for rejection for service. PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 159 It was found often necessary to accept individuals having certain defects which are ordinarily objectionable, for the reason that many purposely contracted diseases or habits or created defects in order to escape service. In such cases the registrants were inducted if not incapacitated; if rendered unfit for any military service, their cases were referred to the Department of Justice for legal action. 9. Urban and rural physical rejections compared. Table 52 con- trasts rejections in certain urban and rural communities. Urban communities were selected from boards in the cities of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Milwaukee, Seattle, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and New Orleans. Rural communities were taken from all States, using only boards having less than 1,200 registrants in the June 5, 1917, registration. The results are as follows: TABLE 52. Rural and urban physical rejections compared. Rural and urban physical rejections compared. Number. Per cent of ex- amined. 1 Total examined in 100 selected urban and rural regions. . . 200, 000 2 s Rejected in 100 selected urban and rural regions. . Examined in urban regions 38, 569 100, 000 19.28 4 Rejected in urban regions 21, 675 21 68 g Examined in rural regions ... 100, 000 fi Rejected in rural regions 16,894 16 89 For further study, Appendix Table 52-A gives a percentage com- parison of rejections, by disqualifying defects, for eight urban and eight rural districts. In this table 45,000 rejects were studied, nearly equally divided between city and country. The figures of both of these studies indicate that a considerable physical advantage accrues to the boy reared in the country. 10. Colored and white physical rejections compared. In the three groups representing partial or total disqualification, a further feature revealed by the local boards' records is to be found in the comparison of rejections of colored and white registrants. It will be remem- bered that the Report of the Provost Marshal General for the Civil War contains an elaborate study on this subject. In the present war the records for rejections in the selective draft prior to Decem- ber 15, 1917, are not yet available; but for the period between Decem- ber 15, 1917, and September 11, 1918, the figures are as follows: 160 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. TABLE 53. Colored and white physical rejections compared. Colored and white physical rejections compared. Number. Per cent of examined. Per cent of partial disquali- fications. I Total, colored and white examined Dec. 15, 1917, j to Sept. 11, 1918 ' 3, 208, 446 100. 00 2 Group A 2, 259, 027 70.41 3 Disqualified partly or totally 949, 419 100.00 4 Group B ". j 88,436 2.76 9 31 5 Group C 339 377 10 58 35 75 6 Group D 521, 606 16.25 54.94 7 Total colored examined 458 838 100 00 8 Group A 342, 277 74.60 q Disqualified partly or totally 116 561 100 00 in Group B 9, 605 2.09 8 24 11 Group C 27, 474 5.99 23.57 i? Group D 79, 482 17.32 68. 19 is Total white examined 2, 749, 608 100 00 14 Group A 1,916 750 69 71 15 Disqualified partly or totally 832,858 100 00 lf> Group B . . 78 831 2 87 9 47 17 Group C 311, 903 11.34 37.45 18 Group D 442, 124 16.08 53. 08 11. Alien and native physical rejections compared. For the purpose of comparing the physical qualifications of natives and aliens a com- parison was made of the rejections in local boards composed domi- nantly of natives and aliens, respectively. Some 85,000 examina- tions were assembled from local boards in dominant alien wards of the cities of New York, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cleveland. Milwaukee, and Cincinnati, representing a registration of 300,000. Then some 100,000 examinations were similarly assembled from other than city boards in the States of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, and Ohio, representing also a registration of 300,000. The results were as f ollows : TABLE 54. Physical rejections in alien and native communities compared. Alien and native physical rejections compared. Number. Per cent of examined. 1 Total number of records of examination compared in dominant alien and native communities 184, 854 2 Rejected (group D). 28, 184 15 25 3 Total <,om pared, alien communities 84,723 4 Rejected (group D) 14. 525 17 14 5 Total compared, native communities 100. 131 6 Rejected (group D). 13! t!59 13 64 It is interesting to note that, as might be expected, this comparison is greatly to the advantage of the native Americans. In every 100,000 men the native born would yield 3,500 more (an additional regiment at war strength) for military service than would a like num- ber of foreign born. PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 161 An additional light on this subject is thrown by a report from local board for division No. 129, New York City. This board, realizing a great opportunity, made careful anthropometric studies of about 600 registrants. The work was performed at the American Museum of Natural History, in whose building the board had its quarters. The anthropometric examination, supplementary to the physical, com- prised observations under the following six heads: (1) Ancestry and nationality; (2) measurements and observation of the head and body; (3) examination of teeth and measurement of jaws; (4) foot imprint; (5) nervous history and condition; and (6) photographs. Twenty- eight measurements of the body were taken, including 12 of the head and face. A human figure plotted according to the average from these measurements would give the main outline type of a registrant. A special blank was employed, and by following the order given in the blank all measurements could be made in about four minutes per man. Time has been lacking for a final study of the observed data. How- ever, the figures seem to indicate that the foreign born registrants were markedly less fit for service than the native born, but that there .is no marked difference between the native born of foreign parents and those of native American stock. 12. Age-21 physical rejections. Had the. armistice of November 11, 1918, not resulted in a cessation of the physical examinations (partly completed) for the September 12 registrants of ages 18-45, it would have been possible to present an exact account of the differences between the several ages as to physical qualifications. Such an account of this important phase will now only be possible when the local board records shall have been assembled and analyzed by the Surgeon General's Office. Meanwhile, an important clue to the possible difference can be found by comparing the physical examinations of the age-21 group registering June 5-August 24, 1918, with the average for ages 21-30 registering June 5, 1917. The comparison results as follows: TABLE 55. Age-21 physical rejections, compared mth ages 21-30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Age-21 physical rejections. Ages 21-30, examined Dec. 15, 1917-June 5, 1918. Age-21, examined Juno 5-Sept. 11, 1918. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Total registrants physically examined . Fully qualified (Group A) 2, 693, 448 1, 863, 047 830, 401 75, 120 284, 824 470, 457 100.00 69.17 30.83 2.79 10.57 17.47 514, 998 395, 980 119, 018 13, 316 54, 553 51, 149 100.00 76.89 23. 11 2.59 10.59 9.93 Disqualified partly or totally. . . . Group B Group C Group D . . . . 13. Camp surgeons' revision of local board physical examinations. . An appreciable proportion of inducted men found by local boards 97250 19 11 162 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. to be acceptable for military service were rejected for physical or mental defects by Army medical examiners at mobilization points. Several factors contributed to this result, namely, lack of uniformity between local board and Army standards (as already mentioned); inexperience or insufficient care on the part of examining physicians of local and medical advisory boards; errors and undue length of time elapsing between examination by local board and examination at camp, during which period changes occurred in physical conditions of registrants; particularity of Army examiners; and the varying human equation "when doctors disagree." Oddly enough, the camp rejections were largely for obvious defects, many of which, it would seem, might have been readily apparent to the examiners of local boards. Obvious defects accounted for over 50 per cent of camp rejections. Among these were deformities, flat feet, discharging ears, poor physique, defective mentality, hernias, loss of teeth, and varicose veins. (a) The national figures and percentages are shown below in Table 56 for the period February 10, 1918, to October 31, 1918. This period is determined by the fact that the present system of reporting rejections only became effective as of the earlier date cited. TABLE 56. Camp surgeons' revision of local board physical examinations. Camp surgeons' physical rejections. Number. Per cent of camp examina- tions. 1 Total selectives placed in groups A and C by local boards and sent to camp Dec. 15, 1917-Oct. 15, 1918 2, 124, 293 100.00 ? Total rejected at camps 172,000 8.10 3 Total accepted at camps 1, 952, 293 91.90 It thus appears that the national percentage of inducted men of Groups A and C afterwards rejected at camp was 8.10. The variances for the several States are shown in Appendix Table 56-A. The graphic representation for Appendix Table 56-A shows the comparison in another manner (Chart D) . (6) At this point, comparison must be made with the results in 1917, under the earlier plan of physical examination. The percent- ages of original rejections by local boards, and of subsequent rejec- tions by camp surgeons of local board accepted men, were as follows: TABLE 57. Comparison of 1917 and 1918 rejections. Rejetions, 1917 and 1918, compared. Per cent. Percentage of rejections by local boards in 191 7 29. 11 Percentage in 1918, groups B, C, D (Table 49) 29. 59 Percentage of camp rejections of local board acceptances, 1917 , 5. 80 Percentage in 1918 (Table 56) 8.10 PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 163 It will be noted that the effect of the new physical group method was not to increase the ratio of rejections, but only to subdivide the old ratio into suitable grades. (c) The possible explanations for this percentage of rejections at camp, and for the variances in different places, are numerous, as above stated. But they obviously fall under three general heads, viz, variances due to physical fitness of registrants in different locali- ties, or variances due to different action by different local boards, or variances due to different action by different camp surgeons. It is highly desirable to determine, as closely as possible, which of these three influences was the most responsible. State pride is involved in discovering whether physical manhood is better developed in one region than another; and military administration is concerned with ascertaining whether local board physicians or camp surgeons came nearer the truth on the whole. For this purpose, it is necessary to examine the rejections separately by States, then separately by principal camps, and then by a com- bination of camps and States covering an identical group of regis- trants. The first of these analyses can be found in Appendix Table 56-A, already referred to, showing the percentage of camp rejections by States. The second of these analyses is given in the following Table 58, showing the percentage of rejections for the principal camps: TABLE 58. Physical rejections by camps compared. Rejections by camps compared. Number. Per cent of ex- amined. Per cent of ex- amined. 1 Total selectives received and examined at specified camps, Feb. 10, 1918, to Oct. 1, 1918. . 326, 784 100.00 9 Rejected 25, 731 7.87 1 Accepted 301, 053 92.13 4 Examined at Camp Ouster 53, 828 100.00 5 Rejected .. 6,398 11.88 fi Accepted 47, 430 88. 12 7 Examined at Camp Dod i:r e 53, 150 100.00 s Rejected 2,207 4.15 9 Accepted . 50, 943 95.85 10 Examined at Camp Grant 71, 266 100.00 11 Reiected 6,880 9.65 12 Accepted . 64,386 90.35 ^'^ Examined at Camp Lewis ..... 59, 233 100.00 14 Rejected 5,175 8.74 TS Accepted .... 54,058 91.26 ir> Examined at Camp Riley .... 14, 665 100.00 17 Rejected .... 1,151 7.85 IS Accepted 13, 514 92.15 19 Examined at Camp Taylor .... 74, 642 100. 00 ?0 Rejected . .... 3,920 5.25 ?1 Accepted 70, 722 94.75 164 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AN.D RESULTS. The third of these analyses takes an identical group of 242,642 inducted men rejected and compares them by States of origin and by camps of rejection; this reveals whether or not men from the same States and boards were differently treated at different camps, and whether or not the same camp surgeons varied in their rejections of men from different States and boards. The table is as follows: TABLE 59. Physical rejections by camp surgeons, by selected coterminous camps and States, compared. Total. At Camp Custer. At Camp Dodge. At Camp Grant. At Camp Taylor. 1 2 From eight States: Examined 242, 642 50,725 52,419 70, 056 69 442 3 Rejected 18, 524 6,061 2,114 6,674 3 675 4 Percentage 7.63 11.95 4.03 9.53 5.29 5 6 From Illinois: Examined 47, 564 2,000 4 522 30 690 10 352 7 Rejected 3,726 225 371 2,637 493 8 Percentage 7.83 11.25 8.20 8.59 4.76 9 10 From Indiana: Examined 31, 166 3,309 3,436 1,000 23, 421 11 Rejected 1,929 451 341 149 988 1? Percentage 6.19 13.63 9.92 14.90 4 22 13 14 From Iowa: Examined 25, 801 25,801 15 Rejected .... 885 885 16 Percentage 3.43 3.43 17 18 From Kentucky: Examined - . . 35, 669 35 669 19 Rejected . . . 2,194 2 194 9 Percentage 6.15 6 15 21 99, From Michigan: Examined 42,204 42, 204 ?3 Rejected 5,021 5,021 ?4 Percentage 11.90 11.90 25 ?6 From Minnesota: Examined 28, 151 12, 796 15,355 9,7 Rejected 1,764 280 1,484 ?8 Percentage 6.27 2.19 9.66 29 30 From North Dakota: Examined 5,864 5,864 31 Rejected 237 237 39 Percentage 4.04 4.04 33 84 From Wisconsin: Examined 26, 223 3,212 23, Oil Sft Rejected 2,768 364 2,404 36 Percentage 10.56 11.33 10.45 It will be noticed by comparing each State for the several camps to which it contributed, and then comparing each camp for the con- tributing States, that some inferences can be drawn as to the correct explanation of a particular percentage of rejections, i. e., whether it was due to the peculiar standards of a specific camp, or whether it was in keeping with the general standard of physical condition contributed from that State. 14. Specific causes of rejection. A most important revelation developing from the records of rejection is, of course, found in specific PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 165 causes forming the defects on which the rejections were based. A complete study of the records will, of course, not be feasible for some time to come. But the available records are on a large enough scale to justify generalization. Their value in all aspects of medical administration, and not least in that of the Army, can not be exag- gerated. Not only do they represent the broadest basis ever avail- able for such an inquiry, but they were made under such conditions of fair unformity, both as to time, as to area, and as to physical standards employed,. that their scientific worth is unequaled by any statistics hitherto accessible. Three series of examinations were here studied. The first series (Series X) covered some 255,000 records of rejection by local boards (P. M. G. O. Form 1010); these were forwarded by the boards to the Surgeon General's Office, and represent all of the records (arriving at random) that could be examined in the time available. The second ceries (Series Y) covered 172,000 records of rejection by camp sur- geons of men accepted by local board physicians; these represent all of the records (P. M. G. O. Form 1029-B) forwarded from camps to this office between February 10 and October 31, 1918; they cover registrants of both Group A and Group C; but the former were greatly in the majority. The third series (Series Z) comprised dis- charges from the Army, after acceptance, of recently inducted registrants; the records of some 40,000 such individuals were avail- able. These three series are shown, separately and in total, for each of the 20 physical causes of rejection, in the following Table 60: TABLE GO. --Varieties of defects disqualifying for military service, from Feb. JO, 1918, to Oct. 15, 1918. 1 2 :? 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cause for rejection. Total rejections by local boards and camp surgeons. Rejected by local boards and placed in Group D (Series X). Accepted by local boards for Groups A or C, but rejected by camp surgeons (Series Y). Discharged from Army after acceptance by local boards and camp surgeons (Series Z). Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Total for all causes Alcohol and drugs . Bones and joints . . Developmental defects (height weight, chest measurements, muscles) 467, 694 2,007 57, 744 39, 166 2,476 20, 465 49, 801 18, 087 6,235 6,309 100. 00 .43 12.35 8.37 .53 4.38 10. 65 3.87 1.33 1.35 255,312 231 33, 283 27, 293 1,586 12,100 32, 775 3,342 2,042 3,054 100. 00 .09 13.04 10.69 .62 4.74 12.83 1.31 .81 1.21 172, 000 1,238 19, 623 11, 538 448 6,455 15, 367 13, 234 2,744 2,226 100.00 .72 11.41 6.71 .26 3.75 8.93 7.69 1.60 1.30 40, 382 538 4,838 335 442 1,910 1,659 1,511 1,449 1,029 100. 00 1.33 11.98 .83 1.09 4.73 4.11 3.74 3.59 2.55 Digestive system.. Ears Eyes Flat foot (patholog- ical) Genito-urinary (venereal ) Genito-urinary (non- venereal) . . 166 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. TABLE 60. Varieties of defects disqualifying for military service, from Feb. 10, 1918, to Oct. 15, 1918 Continued. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Cause for r ection. Total rejections by local boards and camp surgeons. Rejected by local boards and placed in Group D (Series X). Accepted by local boards for Groups A or C, but rejected by camo surgeons (Series Y). Discharged from Army after acceptance by local boards ana camp surgeons. (Series Z). Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Heart and blood vessels 61, 142 28, 268 24, 514 23, 728 40, 533 7,823 12, 519 14, 793 8,215 4,136 14, 314 25, 419 13.07 6.04 5.24 5.07 8.67 1.67 2.68 3.10 1.76 .88 3.06 5.44 36,470 8,473 14, 417 " 10, 945 27, 559 3,081 12, 207 i 4,314 1 3,151 3,853 12, 671 2,465 14.28 3.32 5.65 4.29 10.77 1.21 4.78 1.69 1.23 1.51 4.96 .97 19, 268 18, 353 6,293 7,319 10, 792 3,483 213 9,952 3,697 159 1,373 18, 225 11.20 10.67 3.66 4.26 6.27 2.02 .12 5.79 2.15 .09 .80 10.60 5,404 1,442 3,804 5,464 2,182 1,259 99 527 1,367 124 270 4,729 13.38 3.57 9.42 13.53 5.40 3.12 . 25 1.31 3.38 .31 .67 11.71 Hernia Mental deficiency. Nervous and men- tal disorders . . . Respiratory (tu- berculous) . Respiratory (non- tuberciilous) Skin Teeth Thvroid Tuberculosis of parts other than respiratorv All other defects . . Cause not given The variances by States are shown in Appendix Table 60-A which takes the consolidated total for the three series, covering nearly half a million individuals. In order to afford opportunity for a more careful study of the variance between localities in the recurrence of these several physical conditions, the first two series (X and Y) are set forth separately, by States and causes of rejection, in Appendix Table 60-B (local boards, P. M. G. O. Form 1010) and Appendix Table 60-C (camp surgeons, P. M. G. O. Form 1029-B). A more extended table for Series Y, showing the anatomical and pathological defects in greater detail, is given in Appendix Table 60-D. Graphic representations, showing comparisons of causes of rejec- tions for eight selected States, may be found in Charts E to L, inclusive. States were selected to contrast localities; Xew England, the Middle Atlantic, the South, the Central, the Mid- West, the Mexican border, and the Pacific sections each having a repre- sentative; Maryland is included as the State with the best record. The interesting fact is apparent that States differed widely in the principal defects for which inducted men were returned to them as rejected at camps. Thus, Texas and New York had highest rejec- tion ratios for visual defects, Maryland for deformities, Massachusetts for dental abnormalties, Alabama for mental and nervous disorders, California and Colorado for tuberculosis, Illinois for hernia. These PHYSICAL QUALIFICATIONS. 167 observations indicate either that the conditions cited were notably prevalent in the States named, or that an unusual number of failures in diagnosis occurred with respect to those conditions. 15. Alcohol and drug addiction. In order to determine the degree to which these disabilities figured in physical examinations during the processes of the draft and in early Army service, a study was made of figures from three sources, namely, the above-mentioned rejections by local boards and rejections at camps and also discharges of recently inducted men from the Army (P. M. G. O. Form 1029-D). A total of 467,694 cases of such rejections and discharges were listed. In that number, only 2,007 rejections or discharges for the above- named conditions cited were found. As was to be expected, the largest percentage of these was found among those discharged from the Army. This, of course, resulted from the fact that better oppor- tunity was afforded in the Army for observation for the detection of drunkards and addicts. Since the physical standards in force* for the local boards required that drug addicts be placed in Group B, as having defects to be re- garded as remediable, and since few Group B men were sent to camp, it is probable that most of the registrants recognized by the local board physicians as such were so placed. However, only 88,436 individuals were placed in Group B for all causes, and but a moderate part of these could have been so included on account of drug addic- tion. Thus it is evident either that such cases went unrecognized, or that the condition is not so prevalent as some have thought. A study of a selected group of 556 drug addicts by occupations gives the following data: Teamsters, drivers, and chauffeurs consti- tuted 12.8 per cent of the whole number; men who called themselves laborers yielded 11.7 per cent; waiters and hotel servants were 8 per cent; bookkeepers and office assistants gave 7 per cent. Thus 40 per cent of the whole number were included within the occupations named. From this group of 556 addicts, 311 admitted that they were addicted to morphine; 118 cited heroin; 54 used two or more of the usual drugs; 72 did not state the drug; only one individual alleged cocaine addiction. 16. Thyroid disease. As shown in the various tables pertaining to physical defeats, diseases of the thyroid gland gave remarkably high figures in some States. This class of affections was responsible for 2.15 per cent of rejections in Series Y. The 3,697 cases were classified as follows: Simple goiter, 680; hyperthyroidism, 2,599; goiter with hyperthyroidism, 418. The national average was high and the distribution of the condi- tion peculiar. The District of Columbia led the country in its percentage of rejections for thyroid disease, which was responsible for 6.2 per cent of its total rejections. Wisconsin, which is known to have a high prevalence of thyroid abnormalities, was next with 168 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. 6.1 per cent. Missouri had 5.3 per cent; West Virginia 4.8, per cent; Kansas, 4.3 per cent; and Virginia, 4 per cent. 17. Mental deficiency and disorders, Analysis of the figures and percentages of men rejected on account of deficient mentality and because of mental and nervous disorders affords some interesting data. The figures in Appendix Table 60-E are derived from the three sources heretofore described, namely, rejections by local boards, rejections at camps, and discharges from the Army. The first thing which is apparent is that most of the Southern States show high figures for the mentally deficient. This is perhaps explainable by reason of their large negro populations. Vermont, which stands nine on the list, is the only Northern State which appears among the first ten. The next point is that, among the first ten, the Northern States mainly exhibit the higher figures for mental and nervous disorders. Alabama leads for the first-named condition, the District of Columbia for the other. Maryland stands high in both. The District of Columbia has the highest combined percentages, with Maryland a close second. This table very strikingly exhibits the fact that, while compara- tively few such cases were recognized in the hurried examinations made by local boards and camps, the opportunities for observation under service conditions promptly disclosed these types of disabilities. They formed nearly 23 per cent of the entire number of discharges from the Army of recently inducted registrants whose cases were available for study. (VHI) DEFERMENTS AND EXEMPTIONS IN GENERAL. 1. Ratio of different grounds for exemption and discharge. The fore- going several grounds of deferment and exemption, grouped together under their principal heads, show the relative extent to which each ground of exemption or deferment contributed to remove registrants from immediate liability to military service. TABLE 61. Comparison of grounds of deferment. Comparison of grounds of deferment. Number. p f ce . nt ofdeTr- f *f raent, trants. 191g _' -1 Total registrants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918. 10, 679, 814 100 00 ?, Total deferments on all grounds 6, 973, 270 65 29 100 00 3 Physically disqualified 521, 606 7.48 4 Deferred on other grounds 6, 451, 664 92.52 6 Alienage 1, 033, 406 14. 82 6 Specific vocations 76, 497 1.10 7 Necessary agricultural aud industrial vocations .... 364, 876 5.23 8 Dependency 3, 903, 733 55.98 9 Military and naval service. 619, 727 8.89 10 Morally unfit 18, 620 .27 11 Undistributed in reports 434, 815 . . . . 6. 23 DEFERMENTS AND EXEMPTIONS IN GENERAL. 169 These figures, however, can be regarded as only approximate. Under the classification system, multiple claims on different grounds might be made by the same registrant, and only the most deferred ground became the effective one to place him in the class which operated to defer him. The scrutiny of the records, to disentangle with accuracy the effective claims granted from the noneffective claims granted, has not been feasible for the boards within the time limited for their reports. Nor must it be forgotten that the ground of a claim granted is not the most significant element in judging of the effects of the draft; e. g., an alien might be deferred on the ground of dependency, and a married man might be deferred on the ground of industrial necessity; and thus alienage or the married status were protected incidentally but effectually. The above figures, therefore, represent only an approximate sum- mary of the relative importance of the chief grounds for deferment. The result is useful merely as showing the relative effect of legis- latively sanctioning one or another ground of deferment. It would be natural to compare the results in 1918 with the results in 1917, for the specific grounds recognized in the law. Theoretically this might signify something of the difference between the classifi- cation system and the original method of calling and discharging or accepting. But in fact it has no significance, because of the reverse order, in 1917 and 1918, of the physical examinations and the filing of claims for deferment or exemption, already referred to in Chapter III. In 1918, claims for exemption or discharge were first granted or denied, and then physical examination followed for those not discharged or exempted; thus the ruling upon claims for exemption or discharge applied to a group of persons consisting of every regis- trant called up to a given date. But in 1917 the physical examina- tion came first, and then those found qualified physically were given an opportunity to file claims for deferment or exemption; thus the rulings upon such claims covered a group of men consisting only of those physically qualified; so that in 1917 the ratio of physical dis- qualification to all grounds of discharge or exemption was 36.08 per cent, while in 1918 it was only 7.48 per cent. The comparison therefore has no significance. 2. Ratio of different classes. Under the original plan practiced in 1917 there were but two classes of registrants; the first was those discharged or exempted, and the second was those accepted. But an important object of the classification system adopted for 1918 (as already pointed out in Chapter III) was to meet the equities of the situation by establishing as many as five classes, graded in the order of their equitable liability to immediate military service. It is, therefore, interesting to observe what was the total yield of each of these five classes, in their relation to the whole number of registrants. 170 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. One of the important questions arising in July, 1918, when the proposal for extending the draft ages to 18-45 was in contemplation, for the purpose of obtaining an additional 2,000,000 men or more, was whether this proposed course was preferable to that of going further into the original 10,000,000 registrants of ages 21-30, by taking in due sequence the higher deferred Classes II, III, and IV; and this question in turn depended somewhat on the probable yield of each of these higher classes; for, assuming that Class IV, containing chiefly registrants with dependent families, was not to be taken until a last resort, it might prove that Classes II and III, even if taken completely, would not furnish the necessary number required for the enlarged military program. The f ollowing table now supplies the answer to this, as well as a number of other interesting questions: TABLE 62. Deferments and exemptions in general. Deferments and exemptions in general. Number. Per cent of total regis- trants. Per cent of total exemp- tions. 1 Total registrants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1913, classified since Dec. 15, 1917 9, 952, 735 100 00 2 Total deferments and exemptions on all grounds 6, 973, 270 70.07 100 CO fl Class II 989, 568 14 18 4 Class III 407, 125 5 84 5 Class IV 3, 026, 178 43 40 6 Class V 2, 123, 825 30 46 7 Undistributed in reports 426, 574 6 12 8 Placed in Class I 2, 979, 465 29.93 One interesting feature of the above table is the revelation that Class IV was by far the largest of the deferred classes, and this, of course, by reason of its large element of dependency deferments. Class V's size was due chiefly to physical disqualifications, alienage, and military service. Another important feature, not obvious from the mere figures, but patent in the administration of the system, was that Classes II and III served precisely the purpose, already men- tioned, in establishing the system, viz, that of affording more elas- ticity and greater opportunity to recognize the several equitable grades in the order of liability for military service. There can be no doubt that the administration of the system by the boards was made far more satisfactory in public opinion by the recognition of these different grades; Classes II and III afforded an opportunity for recognizing the border-line groups of cases, which under the original system would have been disposed of either by an out-and-out accep- tance or by an out-and-out discharge or exemption. 3. Divisions within Classes. The several divisions within the classes, denoted on the first page of the questionnaire by letters and DEFERMENTS AND EXEMPTIONS IN GENERAL. 171 brief description, represent the more specific grounds for deferment within each class. Appendix Table 62-A and Chart M show the figures in detail. Owing to the difficulty of compiling the tables from the records of the boards without expenditure of inordinate time and labor, these figures must be regarded as only approximate; they represent the records as footed up in November, 1918, although there were, of course, constant changes during the year due to reclassifi- cations. Another approximate estimate, as of date February to April, 1918, is shown in the figures from the Industrial Index interim ledger given in Chapter IV, Table 42. 4. Fluctuation of dej'erred classifications. It has been pointed out in Chapter III that multiple claims might be and were often made by or on behalf of a single registrant, and that more than one claim might thus be granted for the same registrant. So, too, a registrant might be reclassified from one class into another as circumstances changed and thousands were at various times thus reclassified, this process going on throughout the year and all over the country. These two features of the classification system have made it diffi- cult to ascertain the statistics of classification with exact accuracy as of a specific date. The boards' records themselves will show decisively the status of an individual registrant at a given time; but the process of tracing each case through the records for the purpose of ascertaining the total results for the year is a complex and tedious one, and any form of report necessarily increases in complexity and difficulty as it gains in accuracy and completeness. For these reasons it must be noted that the totals here shown for the various branches of the classification have not always been brought into consistency by the boards. 5. Ratio of exemptions and deferments under the British system. By the British system of conscription (Appendix K) all men regis- tered but not immediately called were "deemed to be enlisted" and were " posted to the Army Reserve." The selection of tliese men for the reserve was made by passing upon individual cases, much as in our system. The several grounds for such deferment, or "posting to the reserve," are summarized in Appendix K. The registration included all ages between 15 and 60; but the successive conscription acts extended, from time to time, the ages for imme- diate liability to military service, beginning at 18 to 40, thence going to 45, and upward, with varying qualifications. The registration which took place August-September, 1915, covered some 5,000,000 men of ages 18 to 40, but did not include some 3,000,000 (estimated) who had already enlisted. The total men of military ages 18 to 45 numbered something more than 9,500,000, but the only available figures showing the deferments ("posting to the reserve") cover ages 18 to 43. Table 62a shows the result: 172 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. TABLE 62a. Deferments in British system. British deferments, ages 18 to 43. Number. Per cent. Per cent. 1 Total males, ages 18 to 43, Aug. 1914-May 1918. 9, 452, 000 100.00 o Posted to the Army Reserve, Class B, since Aug. 15, 1915 3, 586, 000 37.94 100 00 3 (1) Men, mainly of low categories, ex- empted on personal and domestic grounds 250,000 6 97 4 (2) Men exempted on grounds of industrial necessity 2 028 000 56 55 5 (a) Fit men engaged on work of national importance 670,000 6 (b) Fit men engaged on war work for Army or Navy . . . . 840,000 7 (c) Men engaged on war work for allies' armies or navies 119 000 8 (d) Fit men en^a^ed in agriculture 279 000 ( e) Men engaged in mercantil e marine 120 000 10 (3) Men of lowest categories distributed amon 01 (b), (c), and (d) 1, 003, 000 27.97 11 (4) Specific deferment not given 305, 000 8.51 (1) It will be seen that the ratio of total deferments was virtually a little more than one-half of the American ratio. This is partly accounted for (just one-half) by our large alienage exemption. The remainder may perhaps be accounted for by our liberal method of grading the deferments into four classes. (2) It will further be noted that among the deferments the ratio shown for dependency is relatively small (even including items (1) and (3) together, which seems proper). This indicates that the primary consideration was given, in the British system, to the de- termination of deferments on the grounds of war work and industrial necessity, while in the American system primary consideration was given to the dependency claims. The protection to war work and industrial necessity also resulted as an incident of the American system; but it was not attempted to be directly controlled to the same extent as in the British system; the adjustment being left in part to the general industrial trends and to the measures adopted by the War Industries Board and other agencies. (IX) CLASS I. 1. Nominal Class I. The selective service regulations, section 70, read: "Every registrant is to be considered as belonging in Class I until his status giving him the right of deferred classification is fully established." In other words, Class I represents those regis- trants that remain after all deferments or exemptions have been granted. "The effect of classification in Class I," says the regula- tion, " is to render every man so classified presently liable to military service in the order determined by the drawing." CLASS I. 173 The number of men classified into Class I fluctuated, of course, from time to time, not only because of additions from tardy regis- tration, but mainly because of the reclassifications which took place constantly, because of change of status, or, in some instances, be- cause of a change of law or regulation, or of a change of policy as to a specific ground of deferment. The numbers given in the ensuing tables represent the records as they stood in November, 1918, with such corrections as are necessary to account for known elements of change. It will be noted that in a general sense Class I, speaking retro- actively, included that body of men who were accepted and inducted into military service prior to December 15, 1917 i. e., some 500,000 men. But, technically, Class I included only those who were placed under that head after December 15, 1917, when the classification system came into effect. The registrants thus left out of the classi- fication system included, first, all those who had already been in- ducted by December 15, 1917, and, secondly, all those who had already been reported as deserters and were thus obviously not safe to rely upon in future calculations of effectives, and, thirdly, a few small additional descriptions of persons, for example, those whose names had been canceled for death, for erroneous registration, or the like. In proceeding to the classification after December 15, 1917, therefore, all the foregoing body of registrants was eliminated. The remainder formed the registrants due to be classified, and out of this remainder were formed the several Classes I, II, III, IV, and V. Classes II to V, inclusive, comprehended, therefore, not only persons not called before December 15, 1917, but also every person who had been formally discharged or exempted up to December 15, 1917, for these persons came up again for classification and might be placed in any one of the five classes. The total number thus placed in Class I between December 15, 1917, and November 1, 1918, is shown in Table 63. TABLE 63. Nominal Class I. Per cent Per cent Nominal Class I, since Dec. 15, 1917. Number. of total regis- of due to be classi- trants. fied. \ Total registrants June 5, 1917 Sept, 11, 1918 10, 679, 814 100.00 ) Inductions, cancellations, and desertions prior to Dec. 15, 1 917 727 079 6 81 3 Net due to be classified after Dec. 15, 1917. . 9, 952, 735 93.19 100. 00 4 Placed in Class I, as of records Nov. 1, 1918 2 979 465 27 90 9 9 93 5 Deferments and exemptions . . 6 973 270 65 29 70 07 Thus the nominal Class I obtained since December 15, 1917, was 29.93 per cent of those remaining to be classified. But on adding 174 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. the number already disposed of in 1917, it appears that the entire nominal Class I yielded by these two registrations was 34.71 per cent of the total registrants. 2. Effective Class I. Class I, as thus nominally constituted, viz, "those presently liable to military service," included of course a number of noneffective elements, i. e., registrants who could not be depended upon for immediate use in ordinary general calls designed to deliver any specified numbers of men called for by requisitions from the General Staff. These elements of noneffectives were as follows : (a) Delinquents and, deserters. The significance and extent of this body of registrants is fully explained in Chapter V. (&) Medical Groups B and C. These men were available either for limited service in certain capacities, or after defects had been reme- died, and therefore not immediately nor generally; the extent of these groups has already been set forth in this chapter, section (VII). (c) Emergency fleet entries. These registrants were provisionally withdrawn from liability for immediate call, so long as they were carried on the books of the Government shipbuilding agencies; the conditions of this arrangement, and the extent of this body of men, have been fully set forth in Chapter III. For the purposes, therefore, of filling the ordinary general calls, from time to time, the net effective Class I consisted of the nominal Class I with estimated deductions for the above three groups. On account of these fluctuations of Class I, from time to time, due to the causes above mentioned (and to other minor ones later described in Chapter VI), it is not possible to furnish exact figures of the net effective Class I at all times. The following Table 64 shows the net effective Class I for the first and second registration, as constituted on September 11, 1918, with the total deductions during the year for the various elements of noneffectives above mentioned: TABLE 64. Effective Class I in 19 IS. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Effective Class I in 1918. Number. Per cent of nominal Class I. Per cent oi noneflec- tives. Total nominally recorded in Class I, since Dec. 15, 1917, of registrants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918. Deductions for noneffectives 4 - 2, 979, 465 839, 315 324, 137 339, 377 88, 436 38, 991 48, 374 2, 140, 150 100.00 28.17 100.00 38.62 40.43 10.54 4.65 5.76 Reported delinquent ... Qualified physically for limited service only (Group C) Qualified only after physical remedied (Group B) defects Noncoml~>atant creeds Suspended in emergency fleet Net effectives Class I 71.83 CLASS I. 175 Thus it appears that the effective Class I, compared with the nominal Class I, yielded a ratio of 72 in 100. Otherwise stated, a nominal Class I could be depended upon for a yield of about three quarters in effectives available immediately for full military service. It will be noted that this effective Class I of 1918 represented 20.04 per cent of the total registration shown in Table 63; and that if there be added the 516,212 who went to camp in 1917, the combined effectives of the two groups represent 24.87 per cent of the total registrants in the first two registrations. 3. Elements of complication in using Class I effectives. Even when the computation of Class I was thus reduced to its net effectives, there were at different times serious complications in relying upon the computations as a basis for placing the numbers called for on requisition from the General Staff. Among these elements of com- plications may be mentioned the following: (a) Enlistments in the Army and Navy continued to be permitted for registrants within the selective draft through the year 1918, until August. But the numbers of enlistments fluctuated constantly, ranging in different months between 25,000 and 170,000, of whom a large and unknowable portion were registrants; moreover, these enlistments were often localized for one reason or another. It was impracticable to obtain prompt notice sufficient to identify either the amount or the locality of these enlistments ; and thus they formed an ever uncertain element of depletion for Class I ; so that the com- putation of Class I effectives, apparently valid for a given month might prove to be unreliable, and thus readjustments of the calls would become necessary. In Chapter VII, the changes of regulation, finally made necessary by this feature, are described. .(&) For the same reason, the entries in the Emergency Fleet proved an element of depletion from time to time, and introduced another complication, varying as they did by localities. (c) Colored and white registrants were alike effectives for the pur- pose of the selective draft; but, for the purpose of completing specific organizations of the Army, colored registrants might not be service- able at particular times; therefore, the computations of effectives in Class I had always to take account of distribution between colored and white, so that a general call which could not be filled by colored registrants had to be so levied as to include only white registrants. The complications from this cause were numerous and taxed the resourcefulness of the mobilization division. (d) In the act of Congress of May 20, 1918 (already cited in Chapter II), it was provided that regis trants becoming of age 21 since June 5, 1917, "shall be placed at the bottom of the list of those liable for military service in the several classes to which they are assigned." Thus the computation of effectives of Class I after June 5, 1918, 176 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. was obliged to keep separate for each State the Class I registrants of the new age 21, so that in no State should a call include registrants of this new class until all other registrants of Class I available for general service in that State had been exhausted. These, as well as other complications, required constant watchful- ness in the computation of the effectives of Class I. That which was simple in theory became far from simple in practice. 4. Exhaustion of Class I. At the outset of the year 1918, when the announced military program looked only to the completion of the first call of the President for 687,000 men, and when Class I promised to hold about two and a half million nominal numbers and some two million effectives, the prospect of the exhaustion of Class I seemed too remote for practical contemplation at the time. But as the for- tunes of the battlefield progressed and the military program was enlarged, and especially when the large shipments overseas marked the months of May and June and correspondingly increased requi- sitions were made upon the selective draft for deliveries to camp, it became apparent that Class I under the first registration was certain to be exhausted before long. Congress, by the act of May 20, 1918, had authorized the President to include for registration the new age- 21 men and the President had authorized their registration on June 5, 1918; but even this accession did not suffice to fill the camp needs then announced in the plans of the General Staff. It therefore became necessary either to consider the organization of ah additional Class I or to call upon the deferred Classes II, III, or IV in the sequence of their liability. The result of this situation, viz, the con- gressional legislation enlarging the ages for registration, and thus enabling a new Class I, estimated at nearly two and a half million effectives, to be made available, has already been set forth in Chapter II. 5. Class I in the registration of September 12, 1918. The date of the passage of the enabling act of August 31, 1918, extending the draft ages, left scanty time for the processes necessary to the replen- ishment of the almost exhausted Class I. Yet the enlarged military program made it absolutely necessary that a substantial portion of the new Class I should be ready at the earliest feasible date. There never had been a moment when the requisitions from the General Staff were not able to be filled by the selective service administra- tion, and such a moment must not be allowed to arrive, or even to impend. The responsibility for carrying the heavy labors now necessary would fall largely upon the local and district boards, the State execu- tives, and the other field forces of the system. A letter was there- fore addressed to the governors of all States on September 10, point- CLASS I. 177 ing out that the situation imposed an inevitable condition of prompt- ness and celerity in disposing of the huge new task, and announcing that the entirety of the operation must be compressed into the space of 100 days. Immediately after the registration day, September 12, the boards began the first stages of the operation of classification. By direction of the President on September 10, the new registrants were to be taken in two scries, the first series including registrants between 19 and 36 years of age, inclusive, and the second series including the remainder; and the boards were directed to proceed first with the classification of the first group. In order to ei}able the several States and boards to proceed at a pace consistent with then* powers, a system of telegraphic and mail communication was installed, by which each State and board together with this office were informed by daily bulletins of the progress of the classification work in all other States and boards. The loyal and devoted spirit of all of the officials without exception was exhibited in the zealous manner in which they pro- ceeded to the dispatch of their task. By the first 10 days in Novem- ber 6 States had reported the completion of the classification and physical examination of the first series of new registrants, viz, Utah, Nevada, Wisconsin, Iowa, Arkansas, and Oklahoma, in the order named. Of the remainder, all except 3 had completed the classifica- tion of the registrants (excluding the determination of district board cases) ; while among this remainder 16 had completed one- third of the physical examinations, and of these 9 had completed two-thirds of the physical examinations (Appendix Table 64-A). It is therefore apparent that, adding to the foregoing entire States the large numbers of individual boards which in other States had completed their classification and a part or a whole of their physical examinations, the selective service administration was in a position, by the first 10 days in November, to deliver on requisition approximately 270,000 effec- tives. Had not the wide prevalence of the influenza epidemic during October compelled a suspension of the physical examinations in many States, it is undoubted that the number of effectives ready for delivery on the 1st of November would have been twice as great. Meanwhile the prevalence of the epidemic had likewise made it necessary to suspend calls to camp. When this obstacle had passed away, the date fixed for delivery to camp by eiitrainment of the men called under the first substantial requisition applicable to the new registrants was Monday, November 11, 1918. On that day were ready for entrainment at their local boards the total of 140,000 men of the new registration, as well as 130,000 more men not yet requisi- tioned, together with some 110,000 or more of those still available from the first and second registrations. It was on that very day that the armistice was signed, taking effect at 11 o'clock in the 97250 19 12 178 CHAPTER IV. CLASSIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND RESULTS. morning; and by direction of the President the calls were canceled and the en trainmen t was abandoned. The selective service administration, therefore, would have continued its unbroken record of providing an ample Class I to fill all requisitions called for by the general military program. 6. Ratio of Class I in New Registration. What was the ratio of Class I, nominal and effective, that would have been developed from the newly registered 13,000,000 men? This question can never be answered with anything like accuracy. One reason is that the second series of registrants, viz, ages 18 and 37-45, had been brought into classification in only a minority of States at the time of the armistice and of the subsequent order of the Secretary of War direct- ing the suspension of further classification of this series (with the exception of the 18-year group). Another reason is that the physical examination of the first series, viz, ages 19-36, had not been completed in all the boards on those ages. A further reason is that an accurate ascertainment of the several elements that contribute to reduce a nominal Class I to an effective Class I was impracticable. Nevertheless, it is possible to make a f air estimate of the coefficient for the Nation, on the basis of such returns as have been available. It appears that the nominal strength of Class I was running to 29.7 per cent; while the effective strength of Class I was running to 17.4 per cent. Appendix Table 64-A shows the figures for the several States so far as reporting up to December 9, 1918. In Chapter VII (Induction), Table 81 shows an estimate of the total number of effec- tives to have been expected from the third registration. CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. (I) AGE GROUPS. The classification of registrants was not directly affected by the registrant's age; that is, neither the registrant's place in one or the other class, nor the sequence of his call for military service within a class, was dependent on his age. In this respect the selective service system, as it was established and operated between May 18, 1917, and September 12, 1918, differed fundamentally from the universal compulsory military service systems of the Continent, which are based essentially on the annual call of each arriving age group of 18 or 19 years, in time of peace, and a special call, in tune of war, of groups of reserves formed by uniting several age groups. To the foregoing statement as to the selective service system there were, however, two exceptions; one of which affected the system in operation in July, 1918, and the other of which was just going into effect at the time of the armistice of November 11, 1918. The first exception was that registrants arriving at age 21 on June 5 and August 24, 1918, were placed "at the bottom of the list of those liable for military service, in the several classes to which they are assigned" ; this was the explicit provision of the joint resolution approved May 20, 1918, already cited in Chapter II. The second exception was that, by direction of the President, a distinction of age groups was author- ized for the new 13,000,000 registered on September 12, 1918. There had been considerable public discussion, both in and out of Congress, upon the propriety of postponing to the very last, in the call for military service, the youths of 18 who were then to be regis- tered; and the same discussion also looked forward to a similar discrimination postponing the call of men of the oldest ages then to be registered. Without making at the outset a decision as to the relative order of call for the youngest and the oldest of these ages, the President's direction, made early in September, 1918, designated ages 19-20 and 32-36 as the groups subject to earliest call among the new registrants. The boards were, therefore, instructed- to proceed first with the classification of these ages 19-20 and 32-36; the arrival of the armistice of November 11 cut short the process of classifying the remaining age groups; and the occasion never arose for deciding finally the order of liability of the highest and lowest ages. The numbers of registrants, however, in the several age groups have several important practical aspects. In the first place, the 179 180 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. total numbers that might be expected in each age group to respond for registration go to determine the ultimate reservoir from which availables were to be drawn. Again, the number of effectives that could be counted upon as obtainable from each of these age groups is material in determining beforehand which of the age groups should be called, in view of the known military needs of the time. Further, the extent to which specific causes of deferment or exemption would affect particular age groups is important. And finally (though this was not a directly military aspect), it is desirable to test the reliability of the usual sources of information for estimating the numbers of male population within particular age groups. 1. Estimates of size of age groups of males liable for military service (a) Total for age groups 18-20, 32-45. At the time (July, 1918) of preparing for the enlargement, by legislation, of the draft ages to 18 and 45, it was necessary to make an estimate of the number of availables by the inclusion of various age groups. The estimate of July 27 furnished by this office (mentioned already in Chapter II; and printed in Appendix B of this report) indicated that the requisite number of at least 2,000,000 men for the period October, 1918, to June, 1919, could not be obtained without including the extreme ages 18 and 45 in the new registration. This estimate was based on the compared figures of insurance actuaries and the Census Bureau. The actual registration, upon September 12, now makes it possible to compare these estimates with the facts as developed on that regis- tration. The total number estimated for ages 18-20 and 32-45 was approxi- mately 13,200,000; but, deducting the estimated number of more than 400,000 already in military or naval service, and therefore not due to register, there remained some 12,800,000 due to register. The actual registration, however (excluding the Territories, later registered), totaled more than 13,200,000. It is possible that this. number is substantially less than the actual number of male popula- tion of those ages not already in military service ; but it is not probable ; because the publicity drive was so thorough that the number who failed to register, through ignorance or evasive intent, must hare been trifling, certainly less than 50,000, and probably even smaller. On the other hand, it is certain that at least that number of registrants, viz, more than 13,200,000, did exist alive outside of military or naval service. Hence, the shortage found by the difference between this number and the highest actuarial or census estimate must represent an error of underestimation. It is interesting to note, therefore, that the total number of registered males of military age 18-20 and 32-45, i. e., 13,228,762 plus upwards of 400,000 estimated to be in military or naval service, or some 13,628,000 in all, amounts to between 300,000 and 400,000 more than even the highest actuarial AGE GROUPS. 181 or census estimate. How to explain this excess must be left to further study by the experts of the Census Bureau and the actuarial depart- ments. The following Table 65 shows the summary of different com- binations of ages. TABLE 65. Registration, by aye groups, compared with census and actuarial estimates. Registration, by age groups, compared with cen- Estimates of male population. sus and actuarialestimates. Year. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Prudential Age Registration Prudential Insurance, Aetna Life Census group. for continental Insurance used by Provost Insurance Bureau United States. (observed). Marshal General (graduated). (graduated). (graduated). 1 1918 . . . 18-20 2, 458, 673 3, 129, 430 3, 171, 671 2, 817, 326 3, 131, 552 2 1918... 21 958, 739 1, 071, 261 1, 046, 598 951, 029 1, 056, 656 3 1917-18 / 21-30 { 22-31 | 9, 856, 647 9, 783, 681 9, 718, 981 9, 799, 797 9, 731, 062 4 1918... 32-36 3,966,584 4, 056. 533 4, 018, 205 4, 130, 427 4, 039, 891 5 1918 . . . 32-45 10, 349, 650 10, 095, 239 10, 028, 973 10, 507, 763 10, 062, 856 6 1918... 37-45 6, 383, 066 6, 038, 706 6, 010, 768 6, 377, 336 6, 022, 965 7 1917-18 18-36 17, 240, 643 18, 040, 905 17,955,455 17, 698, 597 17, 959, 161 8 1917-18 18-40 20, 314, 407 21, 134, 034 20, 897, 782 20, 749, 483 20, 909, 406 9 1917-18 1 18-45 23, 908, 576 24, 079, 611 23, 966, 223 24, 075, 915 23, 982, 126 {-\ OA 10 1918 ... lo ZU 32-36 6, 425, 257 7, 185, 963 7, 189, 876 6, 947, 753 7, 171, 443 11 1918 ... J 1 18-20 V 32-45 J13, 093, 190 13, 224, 669 13, 200, 644 13, 325, 089 13, 194, 408 i Includes excess of Form 101 (284,867): see par. (&). (Z>) Total for ages 21-30. The total for this age group, 9,856,647, is over 50,000 higher than any of the estimates; this is remarkable, inasmuch as probably 200,000 more should be added to the living males for men enlisted on June 5, 1917, and therefore not registered. In explanation of the figures for the age group 21-30, it must further be pointed out that the returns from the local boards for the individual ages were furnished by separate tallying of the registration cards by each age, and that this computation was made during the month of September, 1918, while tardy registrations were still proceed- ing, but that the total registration figures already given in Table 1 were derived from the official registration lists (Form 101) arriving as late as the middle of November, and composed of lists of regis- trants by name but without the indication of age; and that the total of these later lists, accumulated through September and October, thus included some 300,000 tardy accessions to the registration list. So that the entire registration for September 12 included some 300.- 000 of whose particular ages we have no report; we know only that they were somewhere between 18 and 45. Hence, the total actual registration of ages 18-45, up to November, 1918, exceeds by some 182 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OP REGISTRANTS. 300,000 the total formed by the addition of the above individual age groups in the reports of September, 1918. A small portion of these 300,000 belong presumably in the age 21-30 group. Moreover, it must be noted (Table 66a) that, in the registration of September 12, 1918, although theoretically it included only ages 18-20 and 32-45 (ages 21-30 of 1917, or ages 22-32 of 1918, having been already registered on June 5, 1917), nevertheless as many as 67,000 persons representing themselves as of ages 2130 came forward and were therefore explicitly included in the returns made by the boards for that registration; and that a similar addition, num- bering 9,000, came forward on June 5-Sept. 11, 1918. These num- bers have, therefore, been added into the figures for those ages (given in Tables 65 and 66). (c) Total for ages 18-20, The registration for the age group 18-20 fell short of the estimate used for male population by more than 700,000. Of this shortage 272,000 had already been foreseen and reckoned upon (Appendix B) as a deduction for prior enlistments. The remaining shortage of over 400,000 can in large part be attributed to enlistments, because between January and July, 1918, more than 200,000 enlisted in the Navy, and a considerable number of these were under 21. Nevertheless, of the total 1,314,000 enlistments (Table 79), nothing like 700,000 can have been under 21. Hence, the population estimates relied upon seem to have been overliberal ; but one of the three estimates here given corresponds substantially with the actual registration minus the estimated enlistments. (d) Total for age group 32-45. For the age group 32-45 the actual registration was more than 300,000 in excess of the actuarial estimate used. It was, however, 158,000 less than the other actuarial estimate given. The estimated prior enlistments for these ages were 170,000 (Appendix B). Making all allowances, therefore, it is plain that the estimate used was as much too low for this age group as it was too high for the 18-20 age group. (e) Total for age group 18-45. The total for this entire age group, 23,908,576, is within 58,000 of the estimate used, which was the near- est of the three. But it must be remembered that a large number of men had already enlisted before the dates due for the registration of their age groups, and that all enlistments fell between ages 18-45 (except a small number, down to age 16, for the Navy) ; so that all such en- listments must be added to determine the actual number of living males of those ages. What that number is can only be calculated by a combination of estimates, as the enlistment records in The Adju- tant General's Office can not at present be sorted by ages and enlist- ment dates so as to reveal the answer. This estimated number (already given in Table 2) is 1,438,901; added to the registered men, AGE GROUPS. 183 this would give 25,347,477 as the total actual males of those ages. This figure, however, is 1,250,000 in excess of the highest estimate, which seems disconcerting. The above given estimate of unregis- tered enlistments is therefore, doubtless, somewhat too high. Never- theless it was based on the best available data. The dilemma there- fore awaits a more convincing solution. (f) Individual ages 18, 19, and 20. In Table 66. are shown the figures for the individual ages: TABLE 66. Registration by individual ages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Year. Registration by indi- vidual ages. Estimates of male population. Age. (i) Total for first, second, and third registrations. (2) Prudential Insurance (observed). (3) Prudential Insurance (graduated). 1 (4) ^Elna Life Insurance (graduated). (5) Census Bureau (graduated). Total 23, 908, 576 24, 079, 611 23, 966, 223 24 ; 075, 915 23, 982, 126 1918 18 19 20 21 21-22 22-23 23-24 24-25 25-26 26-27 27-28 28-29 29-30 30-31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 939, 875 761, 007 757, 791 958, 739 1, 018, 407 978, 975 1, 010, 287 997, 544 967, 576 956, 494 960, 460 974, 555 948, 857 1, 043, 492 499, 902 927, 968 920, 355 804, 778 813, 581 823,150 836, 280 725, 416 688, 918 648 599 693; 657 654, 915 624, 129 688, 002 284, 867 1, 085, 625 1,015,896 1, 027, 909 1, 071, 261 1,057,420 1, 035, 483 1, 042, 273 1,049,846 993, 176 935, 721 1, 030, 782 840, 661 1, 112, 524 685, 795 852, 151 758, 658 769, 626 929, 454 746, 644 682, 922 816, 112 672, 737 921, 358 508, 993 677, 699 553, 128 523, 095 682, 662 1, 065. 285 1, 056, 291 1, 050, 095 1, 046, 598 1, 040, 202 1, 031, 708 1, 021, 315 1, 007, 924 990, 236 970, 849 949, 763 927, 278 902, 994 876, 712 851, 229 816, 452 802, 662 779, 577 768, 285 756, 093 743, 102 729, Oil 714, 121 679, 544 645, 667 612, 789 580, 810 549, 631 939, 301 939, 737 938, 288 951, 029 983, 350 1,011,166 1, 025, 536 1, 028. 934 1, 024; 289 1, 005, 533 976, 507 945, 465 916, 220 882, 797 854, 168 834, 507 823, 500 813, 151 805, 101 794, 004 776, 512 752, 435 727, 953 702, 637 680, 824 663, 167 648, 070 631, 734 1, 036, 959 1, 044, 177 1, 050, 416 1, 056, 656 1, 056, 688 1,047,175 1, 030, 761 1, 014, 438 998, 014 976, 771 949, 451 918, 569 886, 821 852, 374 825, 900 812, 573 807, 147 800, 051 794, 220 781, 019 755, 516 722, 416 691. 294 660, 160 632, 501 610, 997 593, 754 575, 308 1918 . . .. 1918 1918 1917-18 1917-18. ... 1917-18].... 1917-18 1917-18 1917-18 1917-18 1917-18 1917-18 1917-18 1918 . . . 1918 1918 1918 1918 . . . 1918 . . 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 1918 .... 1918 1918 . Age not re- ported Used bv Provost Marshal General's Office. For age 18, one of the estimates comes within 600 of the registration. But it will be noted that the registering number for age 18 is largely in excess of both age 19 and age 20, although in all of the three esti- mates these three ages grade very close together. This peculiarity of 184 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. the actual age 19 number must be ascribed in part to the circum- stance that the War Department announcement of early September, restricting the first classification group to 19-36 and leaving the ages 18 and 36-45 for later classification and later call, presumably had the effect of. inducing an appreciable number of less patriotic young men to postpone their calls, by representing themselves as of age 18 instead of age 19, their true age. In part, however, the excess in age 18 is due also to the effort of impetuous youngsters of 17 to get into the combat; for they were not eligible to enlistment in the Army, and the strict precautions required of recruiting officers made it less difficult to misrepresent successfully one's age to a registrar than to a recruit- ing officer. On the whole, therefore, the patriots and the nonpatriots probably contributed equally to this excess. Moreover, as regards the patriot- ism of these age groups, it must be remembered that the enlistments for all of these ages were (as already pointed -out) probably many thousands more than had been expected. The following incidents are typical: In a Connecticut town a colored citizen approached the chairman and said: "I'd like to get my nephew's name on that honor list," meaning the list of all the men gone into service from that board. The chairman replied, "Why, I didn't know F. was in the service. I thought he was too young. "Well," replied the other, "you see it is this way: He is only 16, and everybody here knows it, so he went to S., in Massa- chusetts, and swore that he was 18. He has been in France now for six months.'' F.'s name was posted. One was 17 and the other 18, when in the autumn of 1017 they heard the call of the Marines. Not being twins, they had to increase their ages at the recruiting office, in order that the younger might be accepted. They trained at Paris Island and they came home for Christmas as fine soldiers as we ever saw. They honored their uniforms and they were in love with the service and anxious for action. They went to France with the first contingent of Marines, and in our attack at Belleau Wood their platoon was all but wiped out, for the Germans got. their range. The older was killed instantly by a direct shell hit, and the other is back in a Hoboken hospital in a pitiable condition. The day after the elder one was reported dead, the father, only 42 years old, sought the recruiting station of the Marines. He interviewed, by lucky chance, the same officer who had enlisted the sons. He was accepted, and followed his sons to Paris Island. Although he is twice as old as any other man in the camp, he has qualified as a marksman and has made good in every way. He is the only man of our 4,000 in the class of September, 1918, who is marked for Class 5 D. (g) Individual ages 32, 33, etc., to 36. All these upper ages, indi- vidually, ran higher in actual registration than the estimates used, and this excess was notable up to age 38. But the most interesting circumstance is that, in comparing the registered age numbers with the observed numbers, Table 66, the ages 35 and 40 do not show the expected artificial excesses. A well- known feature of census experience (1913 Census Report, Vol. I, Chap. IV, p. 291) is that an excessive number of persons, knowing AGE GROUPS. 185 their age only approximately, give it in figures ending in 5 or ("con- centration on multiples of 5") ; hence, the actuarial custom is to seek accuracy by "smoothing" or "graduating" the observed figure, i. e., by distributing the excess over the nearest ages. This is illustrated in column 2 as contrasted with column 3 of Table 66; columns 3, 4, and 5 have been "graduated." But in the registration of September 12, 1918, this peculiar popular habit failed to exhibit itself, for the ages 35 and 40 proceeded downward in natural gradation with the adjacent ages. This singular result remains to be explained. (h) Age J^5. The special upward turn at age 45, in the registered numbers, is apparently an exception to what has just been pointed out, and a reversion to the usual census experience. Yet it can more fairly be explained, as not an exception, but rather an indication of the desire of the older men to get into the fighting ranks. Beyond a doubt, many men over 45 misrepresented their age in a patriotic attempt to register for service in the draft. X registered on September 12, 1918, and gave his age as 35 years. He was mailed a questionnaire and took it before the legal advisory board, intending to fill it out, but it appearing to the attorney before whom he went for assistance, that he was far beyond the draft age, he was refused assistance in filling out his questionnaire, and was told to report to his board. He did report to the board and admitted that he was 58 years old. On being questioned why he registered, he stated that he had made three attempts to get into the service and had been turned down. He hoped that this reg- istration would open a way for him to get into the service. He begged the board member, with tears in his eyes, to put him down at not over 45. He offered, as proof of his physical fitness, to whip anyone in the house. Nevertheless, his registration was canceled. (i) Age 32. The noticeably low figure for age 32 in round num- bers 500,000 instead of the 940,000 to be expected calls for special attention. A portion of this 440,000 shortage is obviously due to the three months' difference between the registration dates of 1917 and 1918, i. e., June 5 and September 12; for the men who became 32 after June 5, 1918, and before September 13, 1918, had already registered in 1917, being then 30 years old; thus, the total for age 32 as registered on September 12, 1918, suffered a deduction which may be estimated at one-fourth of the actual number, i. e., one- fourth of about 940,000, or 235,000. But this still leaves a shortage of some 200,000 to be accounted for. The high number for age 31 (age 30 in 1917), i. e., 1,040,000, might suggest that the same motive of patriotic misrepresentation of age had here operated to reduce age 32 (age 31 in 1917) and to raise age 31 (age 30 in 1917) the same motive that undoubtedly affected the high numbers for ages 18 and 45. But this motive here fails. It could operate on September 12, 1918, for ages 18 and 45, because the avenue of enlistment was not open to men below or above those ages, and the avenue of the draft registration offered the opportunity; 186 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. but it could hardly have operated on June 5, 1917, when age 30 was registered, for enlistment was then free to all men of age 31; more- over, the patriotic readiness to enter by the draft a readiness obvious enough in 1918 had hardly become noticeable as early as June 5, 1917. No explanation of this sort, therefore, suffices. It seems' probable that the phenomenon of "concentration on multiples of 5 or 0," above mentioned, is here the explanation for the missing 200,000; for -the age immediately following a multiple of 5 or is usually found to be correspondingly below its normal figure ; and it will be noticed that the actuarial figures for " observed" (not "graduated") age 31 (age 32 in 1918), given in column 2 of Table 66, show a shortage more than enough to account for the shortage here in question. Nevertheless, after all hypotheses have been tried, the registration figures for age 32 remain an interesting field for speculation. As possibly bearing on the solution, it may be added that approximately the same ratio of shortage appears not only in every State but also in each local board area. 2. Slackers and nonregistrants on June 5, 1917, and June 5, 1918. The foregoing figures give an opportunity for some hypotheses as to the possible extent of failures to register in the earlier two regis- trations. (a) June 5, 1917. -It is evident that the 76,112 of ages 22-31, who came forward on June 5, August 24, and September 12, 1918, were overdue to register on June 5, 1917. Table 66a shows the dis- tribution by ages. TABLE 66a. Overdue registrants of ages 21-30, 1917, brought out by later registrations. Age in 1918. Total. Arriving on June 5- Sept. 11, 1918. Arriving on Sept. 12/191S. 1 22-31 76, 112 9,098 67, 014 2 22 12, 533 4,644 7,889 3 23 7,862 870 6, 992 4 24 7,227 629 6,598 ft 25.. .. ... 7,539 628 6,911 6 26 7,069 531 6,538 7 27 6,212 489 5,723 8 28 ... 6,706 465 6,241 9 29 5,571 392 5,179 10 30 6,967 450 6,517 11 31 8 426 8,426 The local boards were asked this question in November, 1918: How do you account for the fact that some 50,000 or more persons of those who registered on September 12 gave their ages aa between 21 and 30, and, therefore, were apparently men who ought to have registered on June 5, 1917, and have gone un- . registered ever since? AGE GROUPS. 187 The answers to this question indicate that substantially all of the persons who, on September 12, 1918, gave their ages as between 21 and 30, fall within the following categories: (1) Persons who reached the age of 21 between August 24, 1918, the day of the last previous registration, and September 12, 1918; (2) persons who, on June 5, 1917, were either ignorant or neglectful of the requirements of the law, but who, largely as a result of the campaign of publicity which preceded the registration of September 12, 1918, were brought to a clear realization of the duty to register and of the consequences of default: (3) persons who were absent from the country on June 5, 1917, and who, because of ignorance or neglect, failed to register on their return; (4) persons who were in the military or naval service on June 5, 1917, and were subsequently discharged, but because of ignorance or neglect failed to register before September 12, 1918; (5) persons who evaded registration on June 5, 1917, on the pretense that they were over 30 years of age, but when the age limit was raised, realized that evasion was no longer possible and so registered on September 12, 1918, stating their age correctly; (6) aliens who immigrated to this country between June 5, 1917, and September 12, 1918; (7) persons who, on June 5, 1917, were inmates of prisons, asylums, and other institutions, but were not registered at that time because of the ignorance or neglect of the superintendent or other officer in charge. The further inquiry remains, whether there is any reason to suppose that a still larger number, due to have registered on June 5, 1917, never did register, and exist still as an undiscovered residue. It will be noted that the highest advance estimate (Table 65) for all those 'age groups 21-30 was approximately 9,800,000 and that the lowest was 9,719,000; whereas the total registration returned from the boards in November, 1917, was 9,580,000; or a shortage of 145,000-214,000; while the final figures for the first registration (up to the last moment of September 11, 1918), were 9,780,535 (Table 2) or a shortage of 20,000 from the highest estimate and an excess of 60,000 over the lowest estimate. To this figure must be added, how- ever, those who were not due to register, viz, those of ages 21-30 already hi military service; the exact military and naval strength on April 1, 1917, was 378,619 (Table 80). Therefore, if as many as one-half of these were within ages 21-30, there was not a great shortage due to slackers hi the first registration. But no figures are available to show exactly how many men of ages 21-30 were then in the military or naval forces. Hence, the answer to this question must remain for the present unsolved. We know only that at least some part of 76,000 men evaded registration at that time, but did come forward later. But the universal watchfulness for slackers in every community, and the practice of neighbors informing on each 188 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. other (as noted in Chapter X), makes it certain that the actual loss was small. ''The astounding thing about the registration" says one board, "was its unanimity. A few men tried to dodge the first one; but when the names of the registrants were published in the daily papers they were smoked out, and on one excuse or another came in to register." (&) June 5, 1918. Similarly, a question arises whether there was an extensive number of slackers in the registration of June 5, 1918, for men just arriving at age 21. The actual registration on June 5, 1918, was 735,834 (Chap. II), or some 300,000 short of the highest advance estimate, and 200,000 short of the lowest estimate. What was the explanation of this shortage? The war had then been going on more than a year, and the young men of age 21 had been among the first to enlist; so that this age group was undoubtedly depleted by a large number already in military service, and there- fore not due to register. It is, however, impossible that this num- ber amounted to 200,000 or 300,000; the grounds for this opinion are set forth hi a note to the compilation of figures in Appendix B. It must be inferred therefore that there was a large shortage in that registration. This shortage can be attributed to the circumstance that the registration affected such a relatively small part of the population, and came amid such other absorbing matters, that the ordinary means of publicity for announcing the duty to register could not have been completely effective. It was for this reason that, when the registration of September 12, 1918, approached, it was deemed indispensable (as described in Chap. II) to use a maximum effort to obtain a 100 per cent registration, and to place it beyond doubt that the Nation had obtained from' this registration the maximum possible number of registrants that were humanly obtainable. In view of the fact, therefore, that the regis- tration of June 5, 1917, fell nominally somewhat short of the advance estimates of male population, and that the registration of June 5, 1918, fell substantially short of the advance estimates, while the reg- istration of September 12, 1918, reached some 400,000 in excess of the advance estimates, it must be concluded that the measures of publicity to secure this result were well advised. It may be pointed out, finally, that inasmuch as registration is a voluntary act, in the sense that its complete success depends on the voluntary coming forward of the men who are due to register, any measures of the future, based fundamentally on an estimated number of expected registrants, must involve as a part of the problem the measures necessary to insure 100 per cent of the registration. 3. Distribution of ages by States. The distribution of age groups by States (Appendix Table 65 -A) has no particular significance in the AGE GROUPS. 189 arrangements for military service, but will be of some value for vari- ous civic purposes. 4. Effectives in the several age groups. One of the .most elusive fea- tures to estimate, but at the same time one" of the most important for military service, was the probable yield of effectives in each age group. (a) Ages 21-30. For ages 21-30 the first and second registrations supply illuminating data. Table 67 shows the results in Class I effectives for the 10 age groups thus classified. It will be noted that the youngest of the eleven ages yielded effectives in a ratio nearly three times as great as the oldest; and that the ratios descend in regular gradation. TABLE 67. Ratio of effectives, by ages. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Ages. Total regis- trants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918. Placed in Class I. Placed in deferred classes. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. 1918. 21 10, 679, 814 3, 706, 544 34.71 6, 973, 270 65.29 890, 181 1,010,518 971, 983 1, 003, 689 990. 633 961, 038- 950, 771 954, 219 969, 376 942, 340 1, 035, 066 517, 787 468, 294 424, 391 392, 377 350, 835 308, 258 280i 700 258,015 256, 489 220, 369 229, 029 58.17 46.34 43.66 39.09 35.42 32.08 29. 52 27. 04 26.46 23.39 22.12 372, 394 542, 224 547, 592 611, 312 639, 798 652, 780 670, 071 696, 204 712, 887 721, 971 806, 037 41.83 53.66 56.34 60.91 64.58 67.92 70.48 72.96 73.54 76.61 77.88 1917. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 (&) Ages 18-20, 32-36. In the estimates submitted by this office on July 27, 1918 (Appendix B), it will be noted that the estimate of effectives for the entire 14 age groups above 31 amounted to less than the estimate of effectives for the 3 age groups 18-20. Had the classification which the boards began in September been completed, we should have had an authentic basis for verifying these estimates for the different ages. But the armistice of November 11 and the consequent abandonment of the classification for ages 37-45 have made it impossible to obtain the expected data for those ages. For the ages 18-20 and 32-36, which were under classification at the time of the armistice, November 11, no detailed report could be completed by the boards at the time of the preparation of this report. But it proved possible to obtain by telegram from State headquarters an estimate of the results of this classification based on results in 90 per cent of the boards; and these results (Table 68) offer a usable supplement to the more exact results already on record for ages 21-30. 190 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. TABLE G8.E/ecticcs in age groups 18-20, 3?-36. I 2 3 4 5 6 Ages. Registrants, Sept. 12, 1918. Reported gross Class I. Effective Class I (71.83. per cent, as in Table 64). Effectives as estimated July 28, 1918. Number. Per cent of regis- trants. 18-20 2, 458, 673 939, 875 761, 007 757, 791 3, 966, 584 6, 425, 257 1, 897, 677 828, 770 ' 547, 658 521, 249 799, 979 2, 697, 656 1, 363, 101 595. 305 393, 383 374, 413 574, 625 1, 937, 726 55.44 63.34 51.69 49.41 14.49 30.16 1,797,609 18 19 20 32-36 240, 494 2,038,103 Total, 18-20, 32-36. This table is of the greatest value, because it offers a tangible clue to the man-power possibilities of the upper and the lower ages (i. e., outside the ages 21-30 of the first two registrations). (1) The first notable feature is that the estimates for the effectives of the lower ages proved to be too high by about 25 per cent. This, of course, was chiefly due to the fact that the total registering number was itself lower than expected (Table 65) ; that variance has already been commented on in paragraph 1. (2) The second notable feature is that the estimates for the effec- tives of the higher ages proved to be too low by nearly 140 per cent. In this case, however, the total registering number was virtually identical with the expected number only 52,000 short (Table 65). Hence the excessive yield of effectives over estimate was due mainly to the unexpectedly low deductions for claims of deferment. Evi- dently the men of the upper ages do not need as large an allowance as expected for this item. (3) The third notable feature is that these two variances from the estimate nearly counteracted each other for the combined ages; so that the result was a number of effectives only 100,000 short of the estimate. This result must, however, usually be expected in dealing with large masses; the errors of estimate on details tend to counteract each other. (4) The wide difference between the percentage of effectives yielded for the upper and the lower ages (14.49 per cent for ages 32-36 and 55.44 per cent for ages 18-20) merely confirms the general assump- tion that the lower ages must always be deemed the most available as a reservoir of military man power. (5) Finally, it must be pointed out that the 28 per cent discount from the reported gross Class I, here used from Table 64 (based on ages 21-30) to find the effective Class I, is perhaps not large enough for the ages 18-20, 32-36; the conditions attending the completion of RACE AND COLOR GROUPS. 191 the process of classification after November 11 were peculiar. A footnote to Appendix Table 64-A explains the qualifications which should be considered. (H) RACE AND COLOR GROUPS. Color and race were, of course, not material under the law and the regulations for the purpose of the classification (except so far as noncitizen Indians were exempt from draft). But the organiza- tion of the Army placed colored soldiers in separate units; and the several calls for mobilization were, therefore, affected by this cir- cumstance, in that no calls could be issued for colored registrants until the organizations were ready for them. In this and in some other aspects, therefore, it is worth while to note certain differences as to race and color groups. 1 . Colored and white registration compared. -The colored and white registrants, for all three registrations, numbered as shown in Table 71 following: TABLE 71. Colored and white registration compared. Colored and white registration compared. Number. Per cent of total colored and white registration. Per cent in each regis- tration. 1 Total colored and white registrants: June 5 1917-Sept 12,1918 23, 779, 997 100.00 a Colored 2, 290, 527 9. 63 s White 21, 489, 470 90.37 4 June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 10, 640, 846 100. 00 f> Colored 1, 078, 331 10.13 6 White 9 562, 515 89.87 7 Sept 12 1918 13 139 151 100 00 S Colored 1,212,196 9.23 <) White 11,926,955 90.77 In Appendix Table 71-A is shown the distribution by States. It need only be noted here that the total registration above given is not equal to the total registration set forth in Table 2, for the reason already mentioned elsewhere, viz, that the total in Table 2, taken from the final registration lists of September 12, 1918, arriving in November, 1918, did not show colored and white registrations sepa- rately and did include some 300,000 additional registrants during September and October, 1918, while the present figures are taken from earlier board reports of September, 1918, which showed colored and white registrants separately. 192 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. 2. Colored and white classification compared. The results of the classification of December 15, 1917, to September 11, 1918, in respect to colored and white registrants are shown in the following Table 72: TABLE 72. Colored and white classification compared. Colored and white classification compared. Number. Per cent of total classified. Per cent of classified. 1 2 Total colored and white registered : June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 10, 640, 846 100. 00 3 Total colored registered 1, 078, 331 10. 13 100 00 4 Class I 556 917 51 65 5 Deferred classes 521, 414 6 Total white registered 9, 562, 515 89 87 100 00 7 Class I 3, 110, 659 32 53 8 Deferred classes 6,451,856 9 Percentage accepted for service on calls J Colored 36 23 10 before Dec. 15, 1917 (report for 1917). \White . 24 75 In explanation of' the higher figures for colored registrants in Class I, three general considerations may here be pointed out. In the first place, enlistments depleted the white Class I in the South of a large proportion of its eligibles, enlistment not being avail- able for colored registrants except to a negligible degree (only 1.5 per cent of enlistments were of colored men) ; hence the colored Class I in the southern States, was certain to be large in relation to the white Class I, remaining for draft after enlistments. It is estimated that the white enlistments of ages 21-30 numbered 650,000, while the colored numbered 4,000; thus the former quantity represented a depletion of the white Class I. In the second place, the ratio of colored delinquents in the South was ratably higher than that of white delinquents, and this served to increase the nominal Class I of colored registrants (delinquents being placed in Class I under the regulations). Labor conditions and other circumstances more fully mentioned in this chapter in the section on delinquency account for this higher ratio. In the third place, social, agricultural, and industrial conditions, of course, lead to variant results of classification in different States and different groups of States. For example, the records of appeals from rulings on dependency show that in the South, as a whole, the average annual income of those making dependency claims is sur- prisingly low, and the average for the colored race is undoubtedly lower than for the whites. The result has been that many registrants both white and colored, have been put in Class I on the ground that their allotment and allowances while in the Army would furnish an equivalent support to their dependents. The net result of the first two foregoing considerations would be to readjust the ratios of the colored and the white Class I, respec- tively, to approximately 42 and 35 per cent. EACE AND COLOR GROUPS. 193 As a further indication of the closeness to which the two ratios approximate, after making all these special allowances, it should be noted that the numbers selected for full military service (Group A, as shown in Table 53) were respectively: Colored, 342,277; white, 1,916,750, and that these figures represent respectively 31.74 and 26.84 per cent of the total colored and the total white registrants (of the first two registrations), thus leaving them only 5 per cent apart. Now the same Ttfble 53 shows that, for every 100 men examined physically, the ratio of colored men found qualified physically for general military service was substantially higher than the ratio for white men, by just 5 per cent, viz, 74.60 per cent as against 69.71 per cent; this difference in physical qualifications therefore accounts for this remaining excess (5 per cent) of colored registrants over white registrants accepted for full military service. Only a careful scrutiny of these and other considerations, applica- ble under the law and regulations, will suffice in analyzing the final significance of these figures for the colored and white Class I ratio. 3. Colored and white inductions compared. The numbers for col- ored and white registrants, respectively, depended of course upon the requisitions received at this office from the War Department for men composing the different units. And this was dependent more or less on the availability of colored men for the different units under organization. The following Table 73 shows the result of these calls ; Appendix Table 73-A shows the distribution by States. TABLE 73. Colored and white inductions compared. Clr*d and white inductions compared. Number. Per cent of induc- tions. 1 9 Total colored and white inductions, June 5, 1917-Nov. 11, 1918. Colored 2, 810, 296 367, 710 100.00 13.08 ^ White 2, 442, 586 86.92 4 From registration of June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, 1918 2, 299, 157 5 From registration of Sept. 12, 1918 143, 429 4. The negro in relation to the draft. The part that has been played by the negro in the great world drama upon which the curtain is now about to fall is but another proof of the complete unity of the various elements that go to make up this great Nation. Passing through the sad and rigorous experience of slavery; ushered into a sphere of civil and political activity where he was to match his en- deavors with those of his former masters still embittered by defeat; gradually working his way toward the achievement of success that would enable both him and the world to justify his new life of free- dom ; surrounded for over hah* a century of his new life by the specter of that slavedom through which he had for centuries past laboriously 97250 19 13 194 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GBOUPS OF REGISTRANTS. toiled; met continuously by the prejudices born of tradition; still the slave, to a large extent, of superstition fed by ignorance in the light of this history, some doubt was felt and expressed, by the best friends of the negro, when the call came for a draft upon the man- power of the Nation, whether he would possess sufficient stamina to measure up to the full duty of citizenship, and would give to the Stars and Stripes, that had guaranteed for him the same liberty now sought for all nations and all races, the response that was its due. And, on the part of many of the leaders of the negro race, there was apprehension that the sense of fair play and fair dealing, which is so essentially an American characteristic, would not, nay could not, in a country of such diversified views, with sectional feeling still slumbering but not dead, be meted out to the members of the colored race. How groundless such fears, how ill considered such doubts, may be seen from the statistical record of the draft with relation to the negro. His race furnished its quota, and uncomplainingly, yes, cheerfully. History, indeed, will be unable to record the fullness of his spirit hi the war, for the reason that opportunities for enlistment were not opened to him to the same extent as to the whites. But enough can be gathered from the records to show that he was filled with the same feeling of patriotism, the same martial spirit, that fired his white fellow citizen in the cause for world freedom. As a general rule, he was fair in his dealings with draft officials ; and in the majority of cases, having the assistance of his white employers, he was able to present fairly such claims for deferment or discharge as he may have had, for the consideration of the various draft boards. In consequence, -there appears to have been no racial discrimination made in the determination of his claims. Indeed, the proportion of claims granted to claims filed by members of the negro race compare favorably with the proportion of claims granted to members of the white race. That the men of the colored race were as ready to serve as their white neighbors is amply proved by the reports from the local boards. A Pennsylvania board, remarking upon the eagerness of its colored registrants to be inducted, illustrated this by the action of one registrant, who, upon learning that his employer had had him placed upon the Emergency Fleet list, quit his job. Anotner regis- trant, who was believed by the board to be above draft age, insisted that he was not, and, in stating that he was not married, explained that he "wanted only one war at a time." The following descriptions from Oklahoma and Arkansas boards are typical, the first serving to perpetuate one of the best epigrams of the war: We tried to treat the negroes with exactly the same consideration as was shown the whites. We had the same speakers to address them. The Rotary Club presented them with small silk flags, as they did the whites. The band turned out to escort RACE AND COLOR GROUPS. 195 them to the train. Aad the negroes went to camp with as cheerful a spirit as did the white men. One of them when asked if he were going to France, said, "No, sir, I'se not gwine to France. I'se gwine through France." In dealing with the negroes, the southern boards gained a richness of experience that is without parallel. No other class of citizens was more loyal to the Government; or more ready to answer the country's call. The only blot upon their military record was the great number of delinquents among the more ignorant; but in the majority of cases this was traced to an ignorance of the regulations, or to the withholding of mail by the landlord (often himself an aristocratic slacker) in order to retain the man's labor. On October 1, 1917, in order that there might be no question of the full protection of the rights of the negroes, and that thorough examination might be made into all matters affecting their relation to the war and its many agencies, there was announced the appoint- ment of Emmett J. Scott as special assistant to the Secretary of War. Having been for 18 years confidential secretary to the late Booker T. Washington, and being at the tune of his appointment secretary of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for negroes, he was peculiarly fitted to render necessary advice to the War Department with respect to the colored people of the various States, to look after all matters affecting the interests of negro selectives and enlisted men, and to inquire into the treatment accorded them by the various officials connected with the War Department. In the position occupied by him, the special assistant to the Secretary of War was thus enabled to obtain a proper per- spective both of the attitude of selective service officials to the negro, and of the negro to the war, and especially to the draft. As the representative of his race, his expressions, therefore, have great weight. In a memorandum addressed to this office, on the subject of the relation of the negro to the war and especially to the draft, on December 12, 1918, he wrote: The attitude of the negro to the war, and especially to the draft, was one of complete acceptance to the draft, in fact, of an eagerness to accept its terms. There was a deep resentment in many quarters that he was not permitted to volunteer, as white men, by the thousands, were permitted to do in connection with National Guard unite and other branches of military service which were closed to colored men. One of the brightest chapters in the whole history of the war is the negro's eager acceptance of the draft and his splendid willingness to fight. His only resentment was due to the limited extent to which he was allowed to join and participate in combatant or "fighting" units. The number of colored draftees accepted for military duty, and the comparatively small number of them claiming exemptions, as com- pared with the total number of white and colored men called and drafted, presents an interesting study and reflects much credit upon this racial group. Many influences were brought to bear upon the negro to evade his duty to the Government. Some effort in certain sections of the country was made to induce them not to register. That the attempt to spread German propaganda was a miserable failure may be seen 196 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. from the statement of the Chief of the Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice to the United States Senate committee : The negroes didn't take to these stories, however, as they were too loyal. Money spent in the South for propaganda was thrown away. Then, too, these evil influences were more than offset by the various publicity and " promotion of morale" measures carried on through the office of the special assistant to the Secretary of War, and his assistants. Correspondence was kept up with influential negroes all over the country. Letters, circulars, and news items for the purpose of effecting and encouraging the continued loyalty of the negro citizens were regularly issued to the various papers comprising both the white and negro press. A special committee of 100 colored speakers was appointed to deliver public patriotic addresses all over the country, under the auspices of the Committee on Public Information, stating the war aims of the Government and seeking to keep unbroken the spirit of loyalty of colored American citizens. A special conference of negro editors was called to meet in Washington hi June, 1918, under the auspices of the Committee on Public Information, in order to gather and disseminate the thought and public opinion of the various leaders of the negro race. Such has been only a part of the work of the department of the special assistant to the Secretary of War hi the record of the marshaling of the man power of the American Nation. The appreciation of this representative of the colored race for the cooperation shown by the Selective Service administration, especially as it affected members of the colored race, in reference to occasional complaints received, will appear from the following extract from a memorandum written to this office on September 12 by the special assistant to the Secretary of War: Throughout my tenure here I have keenly appreciated the prompt and cordial cooperation of the Provost Marshal General's Office with that particular section of the office of the Secretary of War especially referred to herein. The Provost Marshal General's Office has carefully investigated and has furnished full and complete reports in each and every complaint or case referred to it for attention, involving discrimina- tion, race prejudice, erroneous classification of draftees, etc., and has rectified these complaints whenever it was found, upon investigation, that there was just ground for the same. Especially in the matter of applying and carrying out the Selective Service Regulations, the Provost Marshal General's Office has kept a watchful eye upon certain local exemption boards which seemed disinclined to treat negro draftees on the same basis as other Americans subject to the draft law. It is an actual fact that in a number of instances, where flagrant violations have occurred in the application of thu draft law to negro men in certain sections of the country, local exemption boards have been removed bodily and new boards have been appointed to supplant them. In several instances these new boards so appointed have been ordered by the Provost Marshal General to reclassify colored men who had been unlawfully conscripted into th Army or who had been wrongfully classified ; as a result of this action hundreds of colored men have had their complaints remedied and have been properly reclassifieii. RACE AND COLOR GROUPS. 197 It is also valuable to note the opinion of this representative of the colored race as to the results of the negroes' participation in the war: In a word, I believe tkat the negro's participation in the war, his eagerness to serve, and his great courage and demonstrated valor across the seas, have given him a new idea of Americanism and likewise have given to the white people of our country a new idea of his citizenship, his real character and capabilities, and his 100 per cent Ameri- canism. Incidentally the negro has been helped in many ways, physically and mentally and has been made into an even more satisfactory asset to the Nation. 5. TTie Indian in relation to the draft, The registration of Indians presented at the outset some difficulties, owing mainly to the cir- cumstance that noncitizen Indians were not liable to the selective draft, and that it was not always easy to ascertain the identity of the noncitizen Indians. These obstacles were, however, speedily overcome by inquiries and negotiations, particularly in the State of New York and in one or two Western States. The regulations (as already noted in Chapter II) provided that Indians domiciled in Government reservations should be registered with the Government agents and their registration returns forwarded through the Com- missioner of Indian Affairs; the cards of citizen Indians being after- wards filed with the nearest local boards; for this reason, the Sep- tember reports of race and color registration received from the local boards for the registration of September 12, 1918, were not able to indicate separately the number of Indians registered. These num- bers have been obtained from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs; but they did not discriminate between the citizen and the non- citizen Indians; it may be assumed, however, that more than one- half of the registrants reported were citizen Indians. In determining the citizenship of Indians, the rules laid down by the Bureau of Indian Affairs were followed. Generally speaking, an Indian born in the United States is a citizen if he, or his father or mother prior to his birth or before he attained the age of 21, was allotted land or received a patent in fee prior to May 8, 1906; or if he was allotted land subsequent to May 8, 1906, and received a patent in fee to his land; or if he was residing in the old Indian Territory on March 3, 1901; or if he has lived separate and apart from his tribe and has adopted the habits of civilized life. It is beyond doubt that many Indians voluntarily registered, who were not bound to do so. Moreover, the report of the Commis- sioner of Indian Affairs for 1918 (dated Sept. 30, 1918), estimates that over 8,000 Indians entered some branch of the military service. He continues: Of this number approximately 6,500 are in the Army, 1,000 in the Navy and 500 in other military work. It is also significant that fully 6,000 of these entered by enlistment. Moreover, it should go into the record that many Indians from our northern reservations enrolled in Canadian military organizations before the declara- 198 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. tion of war by the United Stales. Their letters from cantonments or abroad are full of interest and in unpretentious language sound a note of steadfast courage, opti- mism, and a broadened view of the great events in which they mingle. Considering the large number of old and infirm Indians and others not acceptable under the draft, leaving about 33,000 of military eligibility, I regard their representation of 8.000 in camp and actual warfare as furnishing a ratio to population unsurpassed, if equaled. by any other race or nation. I am very proud of their part in this war. The light here furnished, by the figures of the local board reports, upon the manner in which the members of the Indian race made their contribution to the raising of our armed forces, appears from the following Table 74 : TABLE 74. Ratio of Indian deferment claims and inductions. Ratio of Indian deferment claims and inductions. Number. Per cent of Indian regis- trants. 1 Total Indians registered 17, 313 ? First and second registration 11 803 100 00 3 June 5, 1917 10, 464 88 66 4 June 5-Aug. 24, 1918 1,339 11.34 5 Third registration of Sept. 12, 1918 5, 510 fi Indians ^lairning deferment prior to Spt. 1 1 , 1918 228 1.93 7 Indians inducted prior to Sept. 11, 1918 6,509 55. 15 Comparing these figures with the general averages (Tables 62 and 78), it will be seen that the ratio of Indians claiming deferment was negligible as compared with the average for all registrants; and that the ratio of Indian registrants inducted was more than twice as high as the average for all registrants. As the raising of the Army proceeded, and the organizations entered upon their transit overseas, it was seen that the traditional aptitude of the Indian race for the military career was being verified, and that the men of this breed were nobly showing their zeal for the great cause. The story of their share in it will some day be told in full. The following item from the Field Army newspaper, Stars and Stripes, in the November issue, 1918, suggests something of the flavor imparted to the battle field by this band of red men : It was the Prussian Guard against the American Indian on the morning of October 8 in the hills of Champagne. When it was all over, the Prussian Guards were farther on their way back toward the Aisne, and warriors of 13 Indian tribes looked down on the town of St. Etienne. The Indians one company of them were fighting with the Thirty-sixth Division, made up of Texas and Oklahoma rangers and oil men, for the most part. "The Millionaire Company" was the title that had followed the Indians from Camp Bowie, Wyo., and there followed them also a legend of $1,000 checks cashed by Indian buck privates of privates who used to spend their hours on pass in 12-cylinder motor cars of a company football team that was full of ( 'article stars and had won a camp championship. Collectively, they owned many square miles of the richest oil and mineral lands of Oklahoma, and bark home there were thousands of dollars in royalties piling up every day for the buying of Liberty bonda. DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 199 In the company were Creeks and Sioux, Seminoles, Apaches, Wyandottes, Choc- taws, Iroquois, and Mohawks. It was a company with a roll of names that was the despair of the regimental paymaster, who never could keep track of Big Bear, Rain- bow Blanket, Bacta Rind, Hohemanatubbe, and the 246 other original dialect nomenclature. The Commissioner's concluding words may here be quoted: I reluctantly withhold a detailed account of the many instances of tribal and personal patriotism and of individual valor and achievement by our Indian soldiers in the service of both Canada and the United States that came to my attention dur- ing the year, for no record here would seem fittingly impartial that did not include the hundreds of noteworthy and authenticated incidents on the reservation, in the camps, and in France that have been almost daily recounted in the public prints. The complete story would be a voluminous narration of scenes, episodes, eloquent appeal, stirring action, and glorious sacrifice that might better be written into a deathless epic by some master poet born out of the heroic travail of a world-embattled era. (IH.) DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 1. Evasion of the draft; slackers, delinquents, and deserters; distinc- tions explained. Evasion of the draft was attempted by compara- tively few persons. Nevertheless, to deal with these efforts proved to be one of the most difficult problems in the administration of the selective service law. The would-be draft evaders were in general of three kinds: Those who failed to register, those who failed to submit themselves in the interim to the jurisdiction of the local board, and those who failed to obey the orders of the local board, or other competent authority, to report for military duty. These three groups came to be termed, respectively, slackers, delinquents, and deserters. The term " slacker," meaning a person who had failed to do his part in the national defense, had come into general use by the time of the first registration on June 5, 1917. For that reason, usage of local boards came to apply that term to persons who failed to register, being the earliest stage of an attempt to evade military duty. Of those who registered, a number subsequently failed to report to the local boards for physical examination, or failed to file question- naires as required by the regulations; these were termed "delin- quents." Special orders were issued to delinquents by State adjutants general, directing them to report for military duty at a specified day and hour. Unless the order was rescinded upon the delinquent's reporting to the adjutant general, he was in the military service from and after the day and hour specified. If a delinquent failed to report, as directed, he was a "deserter." Other registrants became deserters by a different method. As the process of classification and selection proceeded, certain registrants were selected for service by their local boards and were ordered to report for military duty at a specified time; this process was termed "induction." A registrant who, upon being 200 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. inducted into the military service, failed to report for military duty, was a deserter. Briefly, then, a "slacker" was a person who failed to register; a "delinquent" was a registrant who failed to return the question- naire or to report for physical examination; and a "deserter" was a registrant who failed to obey an order to report for military duty. 2. Methods of detecting and apprehending slackers, delinquents, and deserters. The authority and duty of State and Federal police officers to apprehend slackers, delinquents, and deserters appears in the selective service law and regulations and other Federal statutes. Section 6 of the selective service act authorized the President to utilize the services of both State and Federal officers in the execution of the act. By the selective service regulations, section 49, it was made the duty of all State and Federal police officials to locate and take into custody, and to bring forthwith before local boards, all those who failed to return their questionnaires, to appear for physical examination, to report change of status, to report for any duty, or to perform any act required by the regulations or by proper direction of the local or district boards. The selective service regulations, section 57, provided that registrants must always keep in their possession, either the registration certificate, or, after classification, the final classification card, and must exhibit the same when called upon to do so by any local or district board member or police official. Desertion is, of course, an offense by military law. State and Federal police officers are by statute authorized to arrest without warrant deserters from the Army and Navy of the United States, and a reward of $50 is payable for the apprehension and delivery to military control of each draft deserter who is physically qualified for military service and whose offense the local board finds to have been willful. In addition, failure to perform any duty imposed by the selective service act or the regulations made thereunder, is a mis- demeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. The Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice is charged by statute with the detection and prosecution of crimes against the United States. Federal and State police officers alike have been very diligent in apprehending slackers, delinquents, and deserters. The agents of the Bureau of Investigation of the Department of Justice have been pioneers in this work. They have been ably assisted by State police officers, by the military and naval intelligence bureaus, by local and district board members, and by certain volunteer organizations, notably the American Protective League, working both in coopera- tion with the Department of Justice and independently. The United States attorneys have submitted reports to the Department of Justice showing that more than 10,000 prosecutions for failure to register had been instituted on or before June 30, 1918. It has been the policy of the Department of Justice to prosecute only when the failure to DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 201 register appears to have been clearly wittful. Up to that date the agents of the Bureau of Investigation of that department had made 220,747 investigations of failure to register and delinquency, resulting in the induction into military service of 23,495 persons. Many of the persons whose cases have been investigated for failure to register have asserted that they were not within registration age. Effective investigation of such assertions was made by examination of public school records, life insurance records, birth and marriage records, immigration records, records of qualified voters, and records under the liquor laws of certain States (which require the affidavit of the person obtaining intoxicants from a common carrier that he has attained his twenty-first birthday). Thousands of letters have been received by the various authorities, reporting alleged instances of failure to register, of false statements submitted on questionnaires, and of failure to perform other duties under the selective service law. How keen the local communities were to aid the boards by informing on slackers is noted in Chapter X. In addition to the general method of work on specific cases and running down complaints, as indicated in the preceding paragraph, this office made arrangements with manufacturers and other employ- ers of labor to ask all applicants for employment to exhibit their reg- istration and classification cards, and to advise the authorities of all persons who did not have them. Federal agents were stationed at large employment agencies, made visits from tune to time to large lodging houses, and otherwise endeavored to attack the problem as systematically as practicable. Under the authority of section 57, Selective Service Regulations, State and Federal police officials have demanded of persons apparently of registration age the exhibition of registration certificates and certificates of final classification. From this practice developed the occasional so-called " slacker raids." "Slacker raids." At Pittsburgh, Pa., the agents of the Depart- ment of Justice, in March, 1918, arranged the first general canvass for draft evaders taking place in a specific locality. The agents of the Department of Justice, the police of the city of Pittsburgh, and the members of the American Protective League all cooperated hi an effort to see that every man apparently within the draft age was called upon within a limited time, under authority of section 57 of the Selective Service Regulations, to exhibit a certificate showing his draft status, and that those who appeared to be delinquent were taken before the local boards for investigation. This canvass was successful and resulted in a large number of deserters being sent to mobiliza- tion camps and in many delinquents being reported to their local boards. Subsequently this plan was tried by the Department of Justice in other localities with considerable success. In Chicago and Boston 202 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. about 700 and 800 men, respectively, were found to be deserters and sent to camp. The largest canvass arranged by the Department of Justice was conducted in New York City from September 3 to September 6, 1918, the report of that department showing that in New York, Brooklyn, and Jersey City 50,187 men were examined. About 15,000 of them were found to have become delinquents and were referred to their proper local boards; 1,505 were sent to camp as deserters, making a total of 16,505 draft evaders disposed of. The agencies employed in the raid were the marshals, deputy marshals, and spe- cial agents of the Department of Justice, police and detectives of the city of New York, members of the American Protective League, as well as some soldiers and sailors. It was not intended that the soldiers and sailors should make arrests, but that they should be used for the purpose of guarding prisoners and for disposing of men apprehended who were found to be deserters from the Army and Navy. Because of the various organizations involved, the large num- ber of men engaged in the work, and the large number of men appre- hended some confusion and lack of judgment in handling individual cases resulted. The methods followed were severely criticized by certain newspapers and by Senators on the floor of the Senate; the action taken was equally vigorously defended by certain other news- papers and Senators. This raid served not only to apprehend more than 16,000 delinquents and deserters, but the publicity given it caused many registrants who had been lax in keeping in touch with their local boards suddenly to realize the danger of that course and to communicate with their boards immediately for the purpose of putting their records hi proper shape. On a survey of this occurrence it now seems that the general pur- pose and scheme of the raid was meritorious, and that good results were obtained, but that hi detail mistakes were made, which may be attributed to overzealousness on the part of officers who were making vigorous and effective efforts to accomplish the laudable purpose of apprehending draft evaders. 3. Reported and net reported desertions. (a) Reported desertions. The total number of registrants of the first and second registrations who have been reported by State adjutants general and local boards to The Adjutant General of the Army as deserters is 474,861 (Table 75). More than three-fourths of these registrants have become deserters because, having failed to return the questionnaire or to report for physical examination, and having been reported to the State adjutants general by the local boards as delinquent, they failed to obey the induction order mailed to them by that officer. The others acquired the status of desertion after classification and physical examination through failure to obey the local board's order to report for entrain- ment to camp. In other words, draft deserters became such because DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 203 they failed to perform a duty imposed on them by law, and not because they committed the affirmative act of absenting themselves from their post of duty. Generally speaking, they are passive deserters, as contrasted to active deserters, that is, to soldiers who desert after they have been mustered into the service and have acquired military training. The intent to evade military duty may be as strong in the first instance as in the second. Doubtless, how- ever, many registrants have been charged with desertion who in fact had no intention to evade military service, but through ignorance permitted themselves to become delinquent. It is difficult to believe that men of military age in the United States could have remained wholly ignorant of the obligations imposed on them by the Selective Service Law and Regulations ; but the experience of the draft officials shows that, whatever the cause, some persons did fail to comprehend them or were indifferent to their demands. (&) Net reported desertions. But the reports of desertions represent only the technical state of the record as made when the apparent default occurred. Table 75 shows the total number of desertions re- ported, and the net number of desertions remaining after deduction of those cases otherwise accounted for upon inquiry : TABLE 75. Ratio of reported and outstanding desertions. Ratio of reported and outstanding desertions. Number. Per cent of reported desertions. Per cent of cancel- lations. Per cent of net desertions. 1 Total reported desertions Jun. 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918 474, 861 100.00 ?, Otherwise accounted for as not desertions 111, 839 23.55 100.00 3 4 5 r> Enlistments explicitly accounted for Deaths Foreign service Enemy aliens 74, 228 2,726 1,778 33 107 66.36 2.44 1.60 29 60 ii 7 Net reported desertions 363 022 76 45 100 00 8 Apprehended or otherwise disposed of 67, 838 18 69 9 Net outstanding desertions 295, 184 81.31 It thus appears that of the 474,861 reports of desertion that have been made, more than 111,839 have been found to be explainable, either by the prior enlistment of the person in the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps, by his entry into the army of a country at war with the enemy of the United States, by his death, or by his citizenship in an enemy nation. (1) Enlistments. From June 5, 1917, the first registration day, until December 15, 1917, registrants were permitted to enlist in the Army, with the result that a great many did so without informing their local boards. When the boards sent out questionnaires in December, 1917, many of these registrants, being already in the Army 204 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OP REGISTRANTS. and possibly feeling that it was unnecessary to return the question- naire, failed to do so. The local board, not being advised of the enlistment and failing to receive the questionnaire, reported and ad- vertised the registrant as delinquent. Similar conditions existed with, respect to many registrants who entered the Navy or Marine Corps, enlistment in which was permitted under certain conditions until August 8, 1918. More than 74,228 such cases have been discovered. Up to this tune it has been impracticable to compare the draft deser- tion records with the personnel records of the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. When that is done, doubtless many thousand more names will be removed from the lists of reported draft deserters. Furthermore, 1,778 deserters are found to have enlisted in the armies of nations associated with the United States in the present war. Under the authority of the act of May 7, 1917, the British have recruited about 48,000 men in the United States, the Poles have recruited about 18,000, and the Czecho-Slovaks have recruited a considerable number. It is also known that many registrants went to Canada and there enlisted. Doubtless, many such regis- trants failed to advise their boards of their enlistment or to return their questionnaires, and in consequence they are now carried as deserters. (2) Deaths. At least 2,726 reported deserters are found to have died and for that reason to have failed to return questionnaires, the local board at the time of making the reports not having been advised of such deaths. It is also probable that the death of other reported deserters .has not been discovered. (3) Alien enemies. More than 33,107 persons who were alien enemies failed to return the questionnaire, or failed to submit to the local board any proof of German or Austrian citizenship. They too were reported as deserters; although the regulations, if the facts had been known at the time, required their exemption whether or not the questionnaire was returned. The number of reported deserters is, therefore, too large by at least 111,839; the number of registrants who, at any time, have actuaUy been in the status of desertion does not exceed 363,022. Enlistments in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps, and in the armies of the allies, deaths, and alien enemy citizenship, yet to be dis- covered, will reduce this number still further. (c) Desertions disposed of. Of these 363,022 net reported deserters, 67,838 have been reported to have been apprehended or their cases otherwise to have been locally disposed of, leaving 295,184 deserters now at large and yet to be disposed of. The methods by which this large number of draft deserters have been apprehended are explained in the preceding paragraph 2. Although the figures are not available, it is known that the majority of those deserters who were appre- hended and sent to camp were either restored to duty without trial, DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 205 having been able to show to the satisfaction of the commanding officer of the camp that their offense was not willful, or were dis- charged as physically disqualified. Only a comparatively small number have been brought before a court-martial. 4. Reported desertions, by color, compared. Of the 474,861 reported deserters, 369,030 are white registrants, and 105,831 are colored registrants; the ratio of white reported deserters to white registrants being 3.86, and the ratio of colored reported deserters to colored registrants being 9.81. Table 76 shows the figures in detail; in Ap- pendix Table 76-A, the variances in the several States are given. TABLE 76. Reported desertions, by color, compared. Reported desertions, by color, compared. Number. Per cent of total deser- tions. Per cent of deser- tions by color. 1 Total colored and white registrants, June 5, 1917, to Sept 11 1918 10, 640, 846 100 00 2 Total reported desertions 474, 861 4 46 Total colored registrants 1, 078, 331 100 00 . Reported desertions. . . . 105, 831 99 9 81 5 Total white registrants 9, 562, 515 100 00 Reported desertions 369, 030 3 47 These figures of reported desertions, however, lose their significance when the facts behind them are studied. There is in the files of this office a series of letters from governors and draft executives of southern States, called forth by inquiry for an explanation of the large percentage of negroes among the reported deserters and delin- quents. With striking unanimity the draft authorities replied that this was due to two causes; first, ignorance and illiteracy, especially in the rural regions, to which may be added a certain shiftlessness in ignoring civic obligations; and secondly, the tendency of the negroes to shift from place to place. The natural inclination to roam from one employment to another has been accentuated by unusual demands for labor incident to the war, resulting in a considerable flow of colored men to the North and to various munition centers. This shifting reached its height in the summer of 1917, shortly after the first registration, and resulted in the failure of many men to keep in touch with their local boards, so that questionnaires and notices to report did not reach them. With equal unanimity the draft executives report that the amount of willful delinquency or desertion has been almost nil. Several describe the strenuous efforts of negroes to comply with the regula- tions, when the requirements were explained to them, many regis- trants traveling long distances to report in person to the adjutant general of the State. The conviction resulting from these reports is 206 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OP REGISTRANTS. that the colored men as a whole responded readily and gladly to their military obligations once their duties were understood. 5. Reported desertions, by nationality, compared. Of the 474,861 deserters reported, the registration cards of 185,081 state that they are aliens. Of this number 22,706 had declared their intention to become citizens, and were, therefore, subject to draft, while 129,268 had not declared such intention, and were, therefore, on proper proof of alienage, entitled to exemption. There were also 33,107 enemy aliens, who of course would not have been accepted hi any event. Table 77 shows the figures for these groups; Appendix Table 77-A shows the variances for the several States. TABLE 77. Reported desertions, by citizenship, compared. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Reported desertions, by citizenship, compared. Number. Per cent of regis- trants. Per cent of deser- tions by nation- ality. Total alien and citizen registrants June 5, 1917 to Sept 11, 1918 10, 679, 814 474, 861 1, 703, 006 185, 081 8, 976, 808 289, 780 100.00 4.45 Total desertions . . Total alien registrants 100.00 10.87 100.00 3.23 Reported alien desertions 1.73 Total citizen registrants . ...... Reported citizen desertions 2.71 There are two main reasons for the large proportion of alien deserters. The first is that many aliens, knowing that under the selective service law (and also, for many countries, by treaty) they were entitled to exemption, believed that, by stating on the registra- tion cards that they were aliens, they had performed their full duty with respect to the draft; they ignored the regulations which required them to submit proof of alienage. The second is that many of them did not speak English, were ignorant of the laws and customs of this country, did not know that they were required to keep their local boards informed of their addresses, and failed to realize their obliga- tions to this country under the selective service law. And the difficulty experienced by the local boards in reading and writing their names frequently caused the mail notices addressed to these registrants to go astray. Apart from the foregoing explanations, however, which would suffice to show that such aliens did not desert in the ordinary sense, but merely failed to come forward to claim their exemption, there was undoubtedly a large exodus of aliens from some of the border States, and those near the seaboard, where the easiest course for these ignorant and misguided persons seemed to lie in a flight beyond the national boundaries. The percentages for the States of Arizona, Florida, New Mexico, Connecticut, and Massachusetts reveal this, and the same feature was pointed out in my report for 1917. DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 207 6. Resistance to the draft. Resistance to the enforcement of the selective service law, while in some sections of the country finding expression in open violence, was from the national point of view negligible in amount; and it never obstructed or retarded in the slightest degree the raising of the new armies. There were, it is true, in a few scattered localities, some pitched battles between resistors and county and State forces, and possibly 15 or 20 persons were killed; but in every case the local authorities handled the situation without assistance from the National Government. And in every case it was found that the cause of the disturbance was due not to a lack of local patriotism, nor to the administrative methods of the draft, but rather to the pernicious influence of radicals charged with the spirit of anarchy and to ignorance and misinformation as to the purpose of the draft and the aims of this Nation in the war. Texas: For several years prior to the entrance of the United States into the war there existed in Texas an organization known as the Farmers' and Laborers' Protective Association, the leaders of which were active radicals. Its announced purpose was the forming of a cooperative organization for the advancement and protection of farming and laboring men, and for the purchase of supplies of various kinds. Its members, of whom there were several thousand, were required to take a binding obligation to secrecy and to assist other members even to death, if necessary. Little if anything of the cooperative program was accomplished, however, and the organiza- tion did not become active until the fall of 1916. 'Phen, when the Nation was on the verge of war, the members were informed that the organization was opposed to war, and was pledged forcibly to resist war or military service. When the United States declared war upon Germany, the agents of the organization increased their activities. Secret meetings were held in various sections of the State and forcible opposition to conscription was openly advocated and urged. On May 5, 1917, a State convention was held and the leaders strongly denounced the war, the President, the Congress, and the intention to raise an army by draft. Delegates were advised to return to their home lodges and urge every member of the order to obtain a high-powered rifle and 100 rounds of ammunition. Resolutions were also passed at this meeting looking toward amalgamation with the I. W. W. in Oklahoma and with the Working Class Union, an organization of similar character. When the local delegates returned to their homes, many of the members became alarmed at the extent to which the thing was being carried, and communicated the facts to the county officials. It was learned that a committee had been appointed to kill one of the members who had given information to an officer, and that an attorney who had made a vigorous speech in favor of the draft was also 208 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. marked for death. The situation became so acute that citizens armed themselves and patrolled the streets in localities where the agitation was most threatening. At this point the Department of Justice was called upon to take action. In a few weeks the leaders of the organization were arrested, indicted by the grand jury, tried, and convicted on a charge of con- spiracy. The Farmers' and Laborers' Protective Association there- upon disbanded. Thus was brought to an abrupt end an organiza- tion which for a time threatened to interfere most seriously with the operation of the draft. Oklahoma: In August, 1917, the people of Oklahoma were as- tounded to learn that there was organized resistance to the orderly administration of the draft in portions of Seminole, Hughes, and Pontotoc Counties. These were adjoining counties, and the dis- turbance was really in but one community. It was very quickly put down by prompt action of the authorities of the three counties, resulting in the arrest of some 500 persons, the indictment of 184 of these men, and the conviction of 150, of whom 134 pleaded guilty. About half of the number convicted were given terms in the peni- tentiary, and the remainder jail sentences. The outstanding feature of this case was the appalling ignorance of practically all of the men involved, other than three or four leaders. The so-called "draft resisters" were the poorest and most densely ignorant tenant farmers of a poor and isolated section of the State. The draft law was not the basic cause for this uprising; it was merely the excuse for the outbreak. The trouble started in what is commonly known as the Working Class Union. This organization originated at Van Buren, Ark., on the western border of the State, in the fall of 1913, and spread into eastern Okla- homa. Its chief object, at the time of organization, was to secure more advantageous conditions from the landowners and better rates of interest from the country bankers and merchants who financed the tenants engaged in raising cotton. It was not an unusual thing, in the years prior to this organization of the association, for tenant farmers to pay from 20 to 60 per cent interest on money borrowed for the purpose of putting in crops. The situation became unbearable. These tenant farmers readily lent ear to the pleading of the men who organized the Working Class Union, some of whom were erratic dema- gogues of exceptional ability. The enactment of a law in this State preventing banks and merchants from charging exorbitant rates of interest reacted against the Working Class Union, and resulted in a majority of the local unions dying out of existence. It is a matter of common knowledge that the disturbance in August, 1917, in Seminole, Hughes, and Pontotoc Counties, led by the Working Class Union officials, was not so extensive nor so serious as the disturbance in 1914 and 1915, in the extreme eastern part of the State, centering DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 209 in Sequoyah County, where the Working Class Union practically captured the county seat and violently protested against conditions. In the Working Class Union an oath or initiation was provided, which bound the men to absolute obedience to their superiors, and not a few men, who declined to follow the leadership, were treated to severe punishment by members of the organization. After the se- lective service act was passed in 1917 the semi-monthly meetings of the unions became nightly meetings; agitators made violent speeches, telling their audiences that 6,000,000 men in America had organized, and would operate with them; that these men purposed to resist the draft; and that as a part of this scheme railroad communication would be cut and local authorities defied. In some communities Socialistic speakers and agitators then took charge of this union to spread their propaganda. This was especially true in the community wherein the draft disturbance occurred. For a good many weeks Socialistic leaders had been distributing literature and propaganda violently opposing the war. There was practically no opposition to registration; but when the men were ordered to report for physical examination and the opera- tion of the draft was in full swing, the leaders counseled open resist- ance, and as a part of this program seemed to have planned the assassination of county authorities. A number of bridges were burned, and members of the W. C. U. gathered at a point distant from any town and declared their intention of resisting the enforce- ment of the draft. The local authorities of Pontotoc, Hughes, and Seminole Counties at once took steps to suppress this lawlessness. There was some shooting, though not a great deal. There was no really organized resistance; and when armed parties went out into the hills to arrest the resi^ters, they readily gave up. Men who accompanied the sheriff's posses, and whose judgment may be accepted, declared that not one out of a dozen of these men had the slightest idea of what it was all about. They had lived in a condition of unbelievable poverty, and had been denied the fruits of their own labor; and when agitators appeared on the scene and told them that there was a way to prevent this, they readily lent themselves to any plan presented. The outbreak was a protest against local conditions, which were not only unbearable but which (as the officials of this State frankly admit) were a disgrace, and have since been corrected in some degree. Montana; Open opposition to registration for the draft occurred in Butte, Mont., in the early part of June, 1917. Handbills, urging men not to register and advocating resistance to the draft law, were strewn about the streets. Several hundred men and women, all of whom seemed to be of foreign extraction, paraded the streets, shouting against the war and the draft. Policemen who attempted to break up the procession were attacked and several shots were fired, although 97250 19 14 210 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. no one was hurt. Citizens gathered in the path of the marchers, blocking their progress, and State troops who had been held in their armories were ordered to clear the streets. Several arrests were made and the crowd was dispersed. Again in August, 1917, antidraft sentiment in Butte and in the neighboring county of Silver Bow came to the surface when the examination of registrants began. The situation in this quarter was aggravated and was closely related to labor troubles in the adjacent copper and zinc mines. As a whole the citizenship of the city was intensely patriotic, and there seemed to be no doubt that the difficulty was caused chiefly by the foreign element and radical agitators. In Chicago, in the spring of 1918, during the trial of 112 I. W. W. leaders, witnesses testified that the trouble in Butte was caused by I. W. W. agents who, by the use of force, terrorized the 15,000 miners in and about that city. To counteract the misinformation spread abroad by these men, the chairman of the Butte City board selected 50 leading business and professional men and assigned to each a list of delin- quents. For a week these 50 loyal and patriotic citizens spent their tune, day and night, hunting up the men on their lists and explaining to them thoroughly the meaning and purpose of the selective service law. North Carolina: In North Carolina a condition of grave danger to the effective administration of the draft developed among the moun- taineers of Mitchell and Ashe Counties in the summer of 1917. Through ignorance, many of the young men failed to register ; others who had registered refused to answer the call to the colors. High up on the mountains they hid in caves or were concealed in the homes of relatives. Every trail was guarded, and the approach of the sheriffs was signaled back along the trails, so that every attempt to capture them failed. In Mitchell County there were also hidden in the mountains a number of deserters drafted men who had been given furloughs from their camps and who had overstayed their leaves. The local authorities planned a roundup, by a great armed posse, that would encircle the mountains so that every cave and trail would be combed thoroughly. It was never necessary, however, to put the plan into execution, for about that time a special agent of the Department of Justice, who was assigned to the case, rode alone up to Tar Heel Mountain. The rest of the story is best told by a journalist (Robert W. Hobbs), who afterwards chronicled the results : Way back in the hills of Carolina, where runs undiluted the blood of. the early English settlers, old Tar Heel Mountain rears its wooded crest. Tar Heel is loved by every Carolinian. Its name is inwoven in the history of his State. Such a great figure has it been, that the familiar State name of the Carolinian is "Tar Heel." as is the Indiana "Hoosier" and the Wisconsin "Badger." The people of Tar Heel read no newspapers and have few schools. They know little of the war, and understand nothing of the necessity of "making the world safe DELINQUENTS, DESERTERS, AND RESISTANTS. 211 for democracy. ' ' Many of their men are still voting for Andrew Jackson for President. They have seen telephone wires and a few have ridden on trains, but to most of them the fastest means of communication is horseback, when the woman still rides on a pillion behind her man; and the movement of freight is by oxen, yoked six and eight to a rough wooden cart, "geed" and "hawed" over the narrow corduroy roads by walking drivers brandishing long goads. Their language is a corruption from the old Elizabethan English; and to most of them the "outlander" is a "revenuer," or at least an object of suspicion. Into this land came the draft, and with the draft came resentment that they should be taken from their homes to fight on alien soil. Many refused to register; others failed to respond when called to the colors; and it was only by the most diplomatic use of the mountain clan leaders that the Government here was enabled to make a showing in the National Army. Wonderful fighting men they were, reared from the cradle to use the rifle and knife; wonderful material for raiders in No Man's Land, when taught the self-restraint of discipline, but suspicious and resentful. The mountain and its people were a problem to the draft boards. Gradually the men were won in, until but 9 were left who had refused to report to the draft boards. Hiding with these far out in the caves of the mountain, or concealed in the homes of their mountain kin, were 13 deserters, who had been called in the draft and sent to camp, whence they had fled. The reward offered by the Government for deserters and the pride of the law officers stirred them to every effort at captures. But as they rode the mountain trails, their approach was signaled by the hooting of an owl or the call of the dove, closely imitated by the mountain sentinels. Every trail was guarded. There was no way of approach so that the fugitives could be taken by surprise. And when the sheriff's posse too closely pressed the fugitives, the whining of a bullet across the road in some dark patch of trail was warning that it was not well to push farther along that path. The mountain was made for ambuscades, and its people knew every art of guerilla warfare. Posse after posse came back empty handed. The mountain boasted that it held its own, and about the sheriff's office in the courthouse at Bakersville gloom fought with tobacco smoke for the air. Local authorities, desperate, planned a huge roundup, an encircling movement of a grand armed posse on the mountain, to comb its trails and secret places until it had yielded up its all. The sheriff knew this meant a battle in which all the mountain men, armed and in ambush in the fastness they knew so well, would take bloody toll of the invaders. Then came Handy. The attack was called off. Alone and unarmed he rode into the mountains to speed the story of the war and its lessons of patriotism. He met the mountain men and their women, always sending messages of patriotism and service to the outlaws. None of these did he ever see. But at times he felt certain that they were under the same roof with him, and that from behind half opened doors and rude lofts their sharp ears gathered each word he left as messages for them. The deserters began to talk among themselves and with the draft evaders, and their friends bore word to Handy. He issued passes reading: " To all officers of the United States and the Sheriff and his deputies, and all citizens of Mitchell County, greeting: " You are directed not to arrest Bill L. Greene, and to allow him perfect freedom to come and go as he pleases till noon, June 9, 1918." Passes for all the 22 were sent out into the mountain by trusted friends of the outlaws, and they were told to report at the courthouse in Bakersville, Saturday afternoon, June 8, at 4 o'clock. It was just on the hour appointed that Handy walked into the courthouse. He found there grouped to meet him, in the jury box of the district court room, the 9 draft delinquents, while across the room, in tatterdermalion costumes of Army clothes and mountain homespun, were the 13 deserters from the Army. They glowered 212 CHAPTER V. SPECIAL GROUPS OF REGISTRANTS. sullenly at him, for already, since their arrival in town, their minds had been poisoned by the tale that he had lured them into the hands of the law to arrest them and carry them to camp in chains. Lifting his right-hand, palm forward, in the mountain gesture of peace, he addressed them: "Boys, if you believe that story, there is the door. Any of you who believe it, get out; and I promise you 24 hours to hide yourselves before any pursuit starts. Those who stay I keep my word to, and those who go I pledge that same word that they will be hunted down, if it takes years." There was a round of hearty cheers, and all 22 broke for Handy to shake his hand, the binding of their bargain. Handy gave them leave to do as they might wish until 10.30 the next morning, when they were to report. All were ready at the hour, and the occasion was celebrated by a parade through the city's streets. Leading, came the sheriff on horseback, carrying the United States flag. Then came Handy and John McBee, chairman of the local board, in a low- necked hack; then marched the deserters, followed by 50 men, women, and children from the mountain, their friends and kin. Out past the village they marched, 3$ miles to the nearest railroad station, Toscane, where they entrained for Spartanburg. The draft evaders in the meanwhile were left in Bakersville, to return to their homes and go through the regular selective service channels for induction into the Army. When the deserters arrived at Camp Sevier, Handy redeemed every pledge he had made, backed up the pleas of McBee, and the men were sent to join their commands, which had preceded them on the way to France. Before they told Handy good-by each man insisted on reimbursing the Government agent for the car fare from Tar Heel Mountain back to camp. They had not understood the war; but now they did, and they wanted to start with a clean slate. In Ashe County a similar method of inducing the delinquents to surrender was employed. The governor of the State rode through the county, addressing the people of the mountains, firing their patriotism, and promising that the draft officials would intercede for the men if they surrendered. Here, too, the method was effective; nearly every delinquent came down from the mountains and was sent to camp. Other regions: Forcible resistance to the draft, but in negligible degree, was encountered also in other sections of the country, notably in the mountains of Georgia, Virginia, and West Virginia, and among the Indians in Utah, Arizona, and other Western States. In Arkansas small bands of resisters hid in the woods and several persons were killed when officers attacked them. An incipient rebellion among the Creek Indians in Utah was put down without bloodshed by a company of troops from Fort Douglas. There can be little doubt that practically all of the opposition to the draft was directly traceable to the activities of radicals, whose fantastic dreams enchanted and seduced the ignorant and artless folk who came under their influence; while in the mountain regions the trouble seemed to be due principally to the ignorance and native sus- picion of the mountaineers who could not at first comprehend the pur- pose of the draft. CHAPTER VI. QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. 1. Quotas from September to December, 1917. For the purpose of describing the quota system for the year 1918, it is necessary first to review the quota situation for the year 1917. The selective service act, after empowering the President to raise by draft certain military forces enumerated in the act, provides : SEC. 2. * * * Such draft * * * shall take place and be maintained under such regulations as the President may prescribe not inconsistent with the terms of this act. Quotas for the several States. Territories, and the District of Columbia, or subdivisions thereof, shall be determined in proportion to the population thereof, and credit shall be given to any State, Territory, district, or subdivision thereof, for the number of men who were in the military service of the United States as members of the National Guard on April first, nineteen hundred and seventeen, or who have since said date entered the military service of the United States from any such State, Territory, district, or subdivision, either as members of the Regular Army or the National Guard. * * * SEC. 4. * * * Notwithstanding * * * exemptions * * * each State, Territory, and the District of Columbia shall be required to supply its quota in the porportion that its population bears to the total population of the United States. The apportionment of quotas and credits (as fully explained in my first report) was determined in accordance with the regulations gov- erning the apportionment of quotas and credits prescribed by the President on July 5, 1917, by virtue of authority vested in him by the terms of the selective service act (First Report of the Provost Marshal General, 1917, p. 15). For the purpose of apportioning quotas to the States and Territories and the District of Columbia, there was added to the total number of men 687,000, to be raised by the first draft tinder the selective service act, the further number of 465,985, by way of credits, thus composed: (a) 164,292 men who were in the military service of the United States as members of the National Guard on April 1, 1917; (6) 183,719 men who entered the military service of the United States as members of the National Guard during the period from April 2 to June 30, 1917, both dates inclusive; and (c) 117,974 men who entered the military service of the United States as members of the Regular Army during the period from April 2 to June 30, 1917, both dates inclusive. These four items made 1,152,985 in all. This levy was distributed among the several States hi the ratio which the population of the respective States bore to the popu- lation of the Nation. The quotas under the first levy are set forth in Quota Sheet No. 1, Appendix Table 78-A. 213 214 CHAPTER VI. QUOTA. BASIS AND" STATE QUOTAS. Prior to December 31, 1917, there had been inducted, on this levy of 687,000, a total of 516,212 men; these men being called as follows, by months : September 296, 678 October 163, 493 November 35, 721 December 20, 320 2. Quotas from January 1, 191 8, to date of fitting first levy of 687,000. On January 1, 1918, there was left uncalled, of the first levy of 687,000 men, a total of 170,788. This balance sufficed to cover the requisitions for the ensuing months, which were as follows: January 23, 288 February 83. 779 On requisition during the month of March all States completed their quotas of white men under the first levy. But the military program required additional white men. The procedure governing the calling of these men in excess of the first levy of 687,000 is here- after described. The last of the colored men remaining in the first quotas were called during the months of April and May. The delay in using these men was due to the inability of the Army to absorb into its organiza- tion the number of colored men available in the quota contingents, and also to the fact that southern negroes from States not having cantonments could not be sent North during the severe cold weather. In the Territories of Alaska and Porto Rico, physical difficulties were encountered, which postponed the mobilization of the quotas from these Territories. The last of its quota under the first levy hi Alaska was furnished on June 30, 1918, and in Porto Rico on June 20, 1918. Hawaii, having an excess of enlistments, had no net quota for the first levy. Quota Sheet No. 1, Appendix Table 78-A, shows the quotas of each State under the first levy of 687,000, the numbers furnished by each to December 31, 1917, and the date when the remainder was furnished by each. 3. Quotas from date of filling first levy of 687,000 to May 31, 1918. Meanwhile the classification method had been adopted; and on January 15, 1918, a joint resolution was introduced in Congress authorizing the President to apportion quotas, not by population, but by classes (as already set forth in Chapters III and IV), and omit- ting the requirement of deduct ing credits for enlistments. The terms of the resolution (as later enacted) were as follows : That if under any regulations heretofore or hereafter prescribed by the President persons registered and liable for military service under the terms of the Act of Con- gress approved May eighteenth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, entitled "An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. 215 United States," are placed in clashes for the purpose of determining their relative liability for military service, no provision of said Act shall prevent the President from calling for immediate military service under regulations heretofore or hereafter prescribed by the President all or part of the persons in any class or classes except those exempt from draft under the provisions of said Act, in proportion to the total number of persons placed in such class or classes in the various subdivisions of the States, Territories, and the District of Columbia designated by the President under the terms of said Act; or from calling into immediate military service persons classed as skilled experts in industry or agriculture, however classified or wherever residing. The plan of apportioning quotas upon the number of men in Class I was the necessary corollary of the classification method. If it had not been adopted, we should have witnessed the spectacle of one State or local board furnishing its quota from Class IV while another board still had an ample Class I. This same result would have followed the continuance of the credit system. Moreover, the equity of the credit system was contained within the classification method itself, which gave credit for men who voluntarily enlisted in the military or naval service; for it placed them in Class V, and thus they form no part of the basis on which the quotas were computed. Under this plan, all of Class I all over the United States was drawn upon coincidentally and exclusively, until its exhaustion, and Class II was not invaded except on special calls for skilled experts. The classification method was the scientific, equitable, logical, and practi- cal method. No State and no local board, so long as it had on its lists an ample supply of men who were available for military service could be heard to insist that another State or another local board should send men who were admittedly, by the very terms of the classification, not available for military service. The rule of popu- lation was a rule of bare numerical equality regardless of merit and fact. The Class I rule was a rule of scientific and political soundness, which regarded this Nation in war as one Nation, and not as 48 independent States. Meanwhile the military program called for a continuous supply of men to camps. Section 2 of the selective service act provides as follows : Organization of the forces herein provided for, except the Regular Army and divisions authorized in the seventh paragraph of Section one, shall, as far as the inter- ests of the service permit, be composed of men who come, and officers who are appointed from, the same State or locality. With this expression of Congress in mina, the calls under the next requisitions made for men in excess of the first levy, 687,000, were placed from localities adjacent to the camp. The United States had previously been divided into 16 regional divisions, each of which was contributory to a mobilization camp. The first call was based on population, pursuant to the original method under the act of May 18, 1917. No credits for enlistments 216 CHAPTER VI. QUOTA. BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. were computed; first, because the data were not available in the emergency, and secondly, because the impending adoption by Con- gress of the new proposed method would replace the credit system by another and simpler method of credits for enlistments. This call, based on population, and taken from the territory contributory to the several mobilization camps, produced unlevel percentages of men furnished in proportion to the population, running from 1 per cent to 9 per cent of the first gross quota of the respective States. During the months of March and April, therefore, population without credits was used as a basis. In the latter part of April, inasmuch as the new proposed method was not yet enacted, a state- ment of credits for enlistments was secured from The Adjutant General of the Army, and these credits were immediately applied to the May quotas; so that the entire levy to date in excess of the first draft of 687,000 was equalized on the original basis of population with credits for enlistments. A quota sheet was published, dated May 1, 1918 (quota sheet No. 2, Appendix Table 78-B). This quota sheet provided for a net levy of 554,543 men. The credits applied totaled 481,503, which represented enlistments hi the Regular Army, National Guard, and Enlisted Reserve from July 1, 1917, to March 31, 1918. The men produced by this levy were all entrained prior to May 31, 1918, with the exception of Alaska's quota of 542 men, Hawaii's quota of 71 men, and Porto Rico's quota of 12,007 men; these balances were carried forward into quota sheet No. 3, hereafter described. It will be noted that quota sheet No. 2 charges Arizona with 2,016 men. This State, however, did not have that number of men in Class I ; and in view of the pledges of this office, that Class II would not be invaded, and the further fact that the pending quota legisla- tion was proposed to be retroactive, Arizona's quota was reduced to 1,784, or the actual number of men available in Class I in that State. Subsequent to compiling and promulgating this second quota sheet, an emergency requisition was received hi this office for 50,000 men for delivery in seven days; the delivery on schedule time was abso- lutely necessary. This number was in excess of the number con- tamed in the second quota sheet; the men thus called were included in the third quota sheet hereafter explained; their entrainment took place between May 20, 1918, and June 1, 1918. 4. Quotas from June 1, 1918, to September 1 , 1918. The joint reso- lution of Congress, above quoted, was approved May 16, 1918. It provided for the apportioning of State quotas upon the basis of Class I registrants. In accordance with the resolution, the quota basis was on June 1, 1918, formally changed from that of population to that of the relative size of Class I in the respective States. QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. 217 Subsequently, the act of Congress of July 9, 1918, further provided as follows: Method of determining quotas for military service: That in the determination of quotas for the several States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, or subdivisions thereof, to be raised for military service under the terms of the act entitled "An act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States," approved May eighteenth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, the provisions of the joint resolutions approved May sixteenth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, providing for the calling into military service of certain classes of persons registered and liable for military service under the said act shall apply to any or all forces heretofore or hereafter raised under the provisions of said act for any State, Terri- tory, District, or subdivision thereof, from and after the time when such State, Terri- tory, District, or subdivision thereof has completed or completes its quota of forces called and furnished under the President's proclamation dated July twelfth, nineteen hundred and seventeen. This act made the apportionment on the Class I basis retroactive to the tune of completion by each State of the first levy of 687,000 men. Quota sheet No. 2 was therefore cancelled; and quota sheet No. 3 (Appendix Table 78-C) was prepared on the Class I basis as it stood on June 1, 1918. This quota sheet No. 3 included in Class I all men then remaining classified in Class I and all Class I men already inducted since the filling of the first levy of 687,000 men. Each sub- sequent quota sheet cancelled the preceding sheet in the same manner, reverting back always, for each State, to the date of completing its quota under the first levy of 687,000 men. This was accomplished by adding the men remaining in Class I on June 1, 1918, or on each succeeding date, to the number previously inducted, thus securing a complete Class I basis. The credits shown in column 6-b of quota sheets Nos. 3, 4, and 5 represent the number of men inducted and called for induction sub- sequent to the filling of the first levy of 687,000 men and prior to the date of promulgating each quota sheet. The credits do not quite equal the sum of column 3 (number inducted and called for induction since the date of completing quota on first levy) and column 4 (voluntary and individual inductions) for the reason that a few additional calls were made between the date of obtaining the reported strength of Class I from the respective States and the date of deter- mining the quotas, and the sum of these calls had to be added to the sum of columns 3 and 4. Up to the period hi question, enlistment in the Navy and Marine Corps was open to Class I registrants. Large numbers monthly were thus enlisting. As more fully explained in Chapter VII, the effect of these enlistments upon the computations for calls under the draft was serious. They made it impossible to regard 100 per cent of Class I as the quota basis ; for this would have resulted in certain States not having a sufficient number remaining in Class I to fill their 218 CHAPTER VI. QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. quotas. It therefore became necessary to reduce this percentage to a safe estimate ; and 80 per cent of Class I was therefore fixed upon as the quota basis. Careful computations had disclosed that such a percentage would produce a sufficient number of men to fill the then known requisitions, until such time as the new class of 21 -year-old men would become available. Column 6-a therefore shows the quotas computed as 80 per cent of the quota basis. The net current quotas shown in column 6-c of quota sheet No. 3 therefore sufficed to fill the calls for the month of June and a large portion of the month of July. It had originally been expected that the new quotas therein provided for would be able to take care of the July calls. An accelerated program was adopted by the War Department, however, and the inductions thus required exceeded by some 80,000 men the total of the 80 per cent quotas. In view of the fact that there was an ample reservoir hi Class I to fill the July calls, the percentage figures for net quotas, calculated as 80 per cent of the quota basis, was increased to 89 per cent. At this point, attention is directed to the variant elements affecting the interim computations of quotas based on Class I. Such an accounting was of course contingent upon the total registration, which was a constantly shifting mass of over 10,000,000. Registrants were constantly being reclassified in and out of Class I; deaths occurred; sickness was encountered; men were needed to replace rejections at camp; errors in telegraphic reports were found as well as occasional errors of computation by local boards and State head- quarters. Until enlistments were suspended, on July 23, 1918, the rapidly fluctuating amount of enlistments figured largely in disturbing the accuracy of reports of effectives in Class I; thousands of men were enlisting daily ; and a Class I report which was current one day was unreliable on the next. If this shifting had been uniform for all months and throughout the country, the problem would have been a simple one; but it was localized and sporadic. On July 20, 1918, a Class I report was called for, to be dated as of August 1, 1918. But at this time the registration of June 5, 1918, had not been classified entirely and physically examined ; a rectification of the classification of the June 5, 1917, registration was in progress; eiitramments were being made daily, a total of 401,147 men being called in July. Thus the July 20, 1918, Class I report was of value for provisional purposes only. The situation received relief when, on July 23, 1918, a War Depart- ment order issued prohibiting releases from Class I for enlistment in the Navy and the Marine Corps. This order helped to stabilize the computation of the Class I quota basis. The general bearing of this order suspending enlistments is more fully described in Chapter VII. QUOTA BASIS AND STATE QUOTAS. 219 The military program, however, now became so extensive that all Class I men of the first two registrations would be needed, and it was certain that all of Class I would be soon called. Hence no further percentage margin for safety was required. This same order there- fore provided that 100 per cent of Class I should constitute the quotas for the respective States. As soon as men were reported available in Class I they were called, and all remaining men known to be in Class I were called during the month of August. 5. Quotas in September. On August 15, 1918, a Class I report was called for as of September 1, and quota sheet No. 4 (Appendix Table 78-D) was prepared. Calls for September were levied on this basis. By this time the registration of June 5, 1918, had been entirely classified, and the rectification of the classification of the June 5, 1917, registration had been nearly accomplished. 6. Quotas in October. On August 24, 1918, a registration was held of men who had become 21 years of age since June 5, 1918. It therefore became necessary to call for another Class I report as of October 1, 1918. From this report was compiled a quota sheet as of October 1 (quota sheet No. 5, Appendix Table 78-E). The net quotas represented, 58,133 men, were required, under the statute, to be completely called in each State before any State was required to furnish men from the registration of September 12, 1918. The latter group would thus form the basis for a new computation of quotas. 7. Quotas in November. There remained on November 1, 1918, in the levy of October 1, 58,133 Class I registrants not inducted; but these men were all under call. The additional November calls described in Chapter VIII were made on a provisional computation based on 12 per cent of the registration of September 12, 1918. These calls were levied on the new group of ages 19 to 36; but they were canceled by tho President's order of November 11, issued upon the signing of the armistice. 8. Calls from Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, subsequent to the first levy of 687,000. Alaska, after filling its quota on the first levy, had 1,420 men in Class I; these men were all called. Hawaii had no net quota on the first levy ; but its Class I contained 5,420 men, and these were all called. Porto Rico was called upon to furnish 2,900 men in excess of its first net quota; but complications of transport service and other physical obstacles delayed the calling of additional men from Porto Rico. CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION AND INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 1 . Enlistment and induction, distinguished. Enlistment and induc- tion are two modes of entering military service. They differ in respect to the governmental agencies which control such entrance. Other modes of entrance to the Army are by commission as an officer and by appointment as an Army field clerk ; these two modes are under the direction of The Adjutant General of the Army. Enlistment in the Army is also under direction of The Adjutant Gen- eral of the Army, and is accomplished on the terms prescribed by statute, by Army Regulations, and by General Orders. It is always volun- tary that is, upon application by the person desiring enlistment though, for a given time, enlistment for one or more branches of the Army may be limited or suspended by the War Department. Induction is under direction of the Provost Marshal General, and was accomplished on the terms prescribed by the selective service act and the regulations issued thereunder. It might be either volun- tary that is, upon application by the person desiring induction or involuntary; that is, upon order from selective service officials, pur- suant to instructions from the Provost Marshal General. A person subject to registration under the selective service act might enter military service either by induction or by enlistment (so far as not forbidden by express rule) ; but a person not subject to the act could not enter by induction. The foregoing contrasts and likenesses should be kept in mind in considering the sequence of events and the changes of rule, as the raising of the Army proceeded. 2. Time of induction. The act of enlistment and the act of induc- tion each mark the point of tune when the person enters military service, i. e., passes from the civilian to the military status. Upon this change of status follows automatically a number of important consequences. Whether the person is subject to the jurisdiction of military courts; whether he has ceased to be subject to orders issued by the Provost Marshal General under the selective service act, and is thereafter subject to orders issued by The Adjutant General of the Army; whether he is guilty of desertion in failing to appear for duty; whether he is entitled to pay and allowances, or to the benefits of war-risk insurance, or is subject to the obligation of making a family allotment these and other questions depend more or less upon the 220 INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 221 determination of time of entrance into service by enlistment or by induction. The act of enlistment is effected by the proper officer's acceptance of the applicant and by the applicant's taking the oath of enlistment. Under the selective service act, no oath was provided for entrance into service by the selective draft. Hence, the point of time could not be determined by any act of taking the oath. But it was early held, in the administration of the act, that the decisive point of time was the time duly set by the local board (or the State adjutant gen- eral) for the registrant to report to the board for military duty, preliminary to entrainment for camp. The original regulation of August 8, 1917, read (P. M. G. O. Form 31, Mobilization Regulations, Sec. 5) : From the time specified for reporting to the local board for military duty, each man in respect of whom notice to report has been posted or mailed shall be in the military service of the United States. The later editions of the regulations (S. S. R. 2d ed., sees. 133, 159-D) made only minor changes of phraseology in this rule. The question of principle involved was a novel one; but the solu- tion thus early adopted by this office was a logical consequence of the second article of war, and it was fully and consistently con- firmed by the opinions of the Federal courts (Franke 'v. Murray, C. C. A., 248 Fed., 865) and of the Judge Advocate General of the Army (Opinions of Mar. 6, 1918; Mar. 26, 1918; May 1, 1918; July 5, 1918; July 29, 1918; printed in full in "Source Book of Military Law and War-Time Legislation 1 .") At the day and hour specified for reporting for duty, the local board formed the men in single rank, called the roll, appointed the party leader and the squad leaders, and read a short address, in- structing them in the preparations to be made, and declaring them to be now "in the military service of the United States." This was the moment of induction. They were then dismissed until the second roll call, prior to entrainment. That the crucial moment of induction often marked the transi- tion from civil to military status in more than a merely technical sense, can be gathered from the folio whig incidents : A colored boy was called for service. When he appeared at headquarters he had a bottle of liniment in each pocket and was leaning heavily on a stout cane. The roll was called and he hobbled up to his place in line, complaining of his "rheumatics." The contingent was taken out for its preliminary drill and instructions. Willie lagged behind his squad. When the company returned for entrainment Willie was acting as right guide, with the bearing of a real soldier. While at drill he had thrown away his cane, destroyed his liniment bottles, and "caught the spirit." One contingent of some 50 boys was about to be sent to camp and the leader was designated by the board chairman. One of the soldiers objected, claiming that they should have the right to elect their own leader. He was told that the regulation pro- St. Paul: West Publishing Company; 1918. 222 CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION. vided how the leaders should be selected, and that this was his first taste of Army life, in that he would have to obey orders. He still insisted that this was not democratic, and that they should have a right to select their own leaders. He was, of course, given to understand that there was no appeal in this case, and that he must submit to the regulations, and he was warned to be on his good behavior until he arrived at camp, where he would be reported by the leader and a proper reprimand meted out. Before leaving on the train he made apologies and promised to be good. 3. Total inductions. Induction being the distinctive moment which marks the addition of a new unit of man-power to the military forces, we may now notice the results of the Selective Service process, in terms of man-power raised. The total number of registrants inducted and accepted at camp be- tween September 5, 1917, and November 11, 1918, was 2,810,296 (Table 79). Of these the total inducted from selectives of the first and second registrations was 2,666,867 (Table 79). (a) Ratio of inductions to registrants. For purposes of practical estimate of available man power in a given group of registrants the ratio of inducted men to registrants becomes important. This appears in the following table, covering the first and second registrations, of which the effective Class I man-power (with the exception of about 5 per cent, as noted in Chapter IV, par. (IX), had been virtually all utilized at the time of the armistice: TABLE 78. Inductions; ratio t registrants. Inductions; ratio to registrants. Number. Per cent of regis- trants. 1 Total registrants June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918, first and second registrations 10, 679, 814 100.00 2 Total registrants inducted by boards (and accepted at camp) Sept 5 1917 to Nov 11 1918 2, 666, 867 24 97 (b) Induction totals by months. The numbers of inductions depended, of course, entirely on the requisitions for men, issued to the Provost Marshal General by the General Staff through The Adjutant General of the Army. The method of calls by the Provost Marshal General, directing local boards, through the State executive, to effect the inductions, is described in Chapter VIII (mobilization). It is here material to note that the first inductions were made in September, 1917, and that they proceeded, in quan- tities varying from month to month, until the date of the armistice. Table 79 shows the monthly figures. INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 223 TABLE 79. Enlistments and inductions, compared by months. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Enlistments and induc- tions, compared by months. Total incre- ment by enlist- ment ami in- duction. Inductions. Enlistments. Total. Per cent of incre- ment. Army. Per cent of incre- ment. Navy and Re- serves. Per cent of incre- ment. Ma- rine Corps and Re- serves. Per cent of incre- ment. Totals from Apr. 2, 1917, to Nov. 11, 1918 4, 178, 172 2,810,296 67.26 877, 458 21.00 437, 527 10.47 52, 891 1.27 1917: April 113,633 146,866 150, 249 86,405 119,470 95, 18 73,887 59, 556 76.04 81.35 63.77 86.08 90.00 7.51 14.84 50.55 72.90 44.08 21.53 14.88 10.52 6.02 6.39 4.21 3.13 24,593 22, 174 50,502 8,698 4,641 2,025 15, 292 8,458 31,076 26,860 10,258 11,362 19, 921 24,537 97,158 23, 732 48, 137 8,103 21.64 15.10 33.61 10.13 7.01 .63 7.27 9.36 15.96 28.72 8.43 6.69 9.05 5.73 22.51 5.24 13.88 2.97 2,635 5,224 3,929 3,253 1,975 1,178 391 517 1,373 2,149 1,459 677 2,626 5,072 4,900 8,510 5,030 1,993 2.32 3.55 2.62 3.79 2.99 .36 .18 .57 .70 2.30 1.20 .40 1.20 1.18 1.14 1.88 1.45 .73 May June July 85, 838 66, 172 August September 324,248 210,392 90,395 194, 700 93,522 121,693 169, 791 220,079 428,466 431,582 452,417 34fi,924 273,080 107,363 7,331 296,678 163,493 35, 721 20,320 23,288 83,779 132, 484 174,377 373,063 301,941 401, 147 282, 898 262, 984 107,363 7,331 91.50 77.71 39". 52 10.44 24.90 68.84 78.03 79. 23 87.07 69.96 88. 67 81., 54 96.30 100.00 100.00 24, 387 31,216 45, 699 141,931 41,225 26, 197 25, 268 23, 155 25, 794 27,583 19,028 10, 859 October November 1918: February March April Mav June .' July August September October November Totcl, first and sec- ond registration . . 2, 666, 867 1918: Third registration. October 141,822 1,607 141,822 1,607 100.00 100.00 November Before comparing the results of induction and enlistment, as a source of man-power for the Army, it is necessary to note the effect of enlistments on Class I. 4. Effect of enlistments on Class I. At the outset of the selective draft, enlistment, as a door for entrance to the Army or the Navy, was freely open to persons registered under the selective service act. By the new regulations, effective December 15, 1917 (sec. 151), a registrant was not permitted to enlist in the Army, except in certain branches (Surgeon General, Engineers, Signal, Quartermaster); but enlistment in the Navy or the Marine Corps was permitted to all registrants except those in class I whose order number brought them within the current quota due under a call. On July 27, 1918, a presidential direction prohibited further enlistments of Class I reg- istrants in the Navy or the Marine Corps, and also prohibited entries of such registrants on the Emergency Fleet lists. On August 9, 1918, the Secretary of War announced (Official Bulletin, Aug. 9) that "the War Department to-day has suspended further volunteer- ing;" and the Secretary of the Navy on August 9 made a similar announcement for the Navy and the Marine Corps. The second edition of the Selective Service Regulations (Sept. 16, 1918) embodied the 224 v CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION. foregoing rules (with minor exceptions for reenlistments in Navy and Marine Corps, for American citizens abroad enlisting in the Army and for aliens enlisting in cobelligerent forces). This rule of prohi- bition, in its application to registrants, continued until the date of the armistice. What was the reason for this sequence of orders gradually closing the door of enlistment to registrants ? The reason was the reciprocal influence of the selective draft and voluntary enlistment upon each other. (a) Influence of the draft on enlistment. On the one hand, the selective draft, at certain stages, stimulated voluntary enlistment. A glance at Table 79 and Appendix Chart N will show that enlist- ments ran high in April, May, and June, 1917, and then gradually but emphatically dropped to 25 per cent of the highest figure, in the Navy in July and in the Army in September. In the Army this change was apparently influenced by the announcement of the order numbers of the draft in late July; for thereafter the certainty, implied by high order numbers, of not being liable to early call in the draft, removed for many persons the motive to enlist. Again in December the enlistment figures suddenly rise again, and to their maximum for the Army; and again one important influence was the classification system, promulgated on November 8, to be effective on December 15, 1917; for on that date all prior releases from the draft were to be canceled and no further Army enlistments of regis- trants were to be allowed, and an overwhelming rush of enlistments then marked the first half of December. As soon as the classification of January matured and the certainty began to arrive that a deferred classification would remove the registrant from immediate call the motive for enlistment in the Navy was once more lessened; and Navy enlistments dropped in February and March. Finally in May and June another upward rush of figures is found for the Navy (its high-water mark, in fact, totaling in June more than in the five months preceding); and this, too, was patently explainable by the sudden heavy increases in draft calls for May and June, which rapidly depleted Class I, thus placing the higher order numbers in unex- pected prospect of early call and bringing into play the motive for enlistment. In short, the selective draft, in the varying stages of its indirect compulsory influence, was an effective stimulant of enlistment. In spite of the general popularity of the selective service system as such, there persisted always for many, at least the desire to enter military service (if needs must) by enlistment rather than by draft that is, to enter voluntarily in appearance at least. Thus, whenever the prospect of the draft call seemed near, enlistments received the benefit of the dilemma thus created. This indirect effect of a selective INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 225 draft iii stimulating enlistment must be reckoned as one of its powerful advantages. (6) Influence of enlistment on the selective service mechanism. On the other hand, the selective draft itself suffered seriously, in its administrative aspect, by these fluctuations of enlistment by regis- trants. The Army (or Navy) gained the man equally, it is true, by whichever door he entered. But if the maintenance of the open door of enlistment should impair the effective workings of the draft, it ceased to be a matter of indifference. And such was the consequence when Class I came to be gradually depleted by reason of the heavy calls to camp in May, June, and July, 1918. Unless the numbers of Class I could be accurately known and located, the machinery for prompt and dependable deliveries of man power on requisition would lose its working effi- ciency. During May and June volunteering did not interfere mate- rially with the operation of the draft, for Class I still contained a sufficient surplus of men to fill the calls for those months and also to permit of a considerable number of enlistments. But when the July and August calls were announced to the States, it became apparent that voluntary enlistment and the selective draft could not well operate coincidently. Telegrams from State headquarters dis- closed the fact that it was impossible to administer the selective draft, due to the rush to volunteer before being called in the draft. A typical case is this: A State headquarters would call upon 20 local boards for 15 men each, advices, of the previous week having stated that each of these local boards had 25 men remaining in Class I; but immediately the local boards would begin to report that their 25 men had enlisted, and that the}^ therefore had no men remaining in Class I? These changes were so widespread and so large in quantity that it was impossible to ascertain seasonably where the Class I men were and how many they numbered. Hence the changes of rule already described. . Since the date of withdrawal from Class I registrants of the privi- lege of voluntary enlistment there occurred a slight increase (as might have been expected) in the number of voluntary individual inductions. The change was very slight, however, and the first appreciable increase was immediately after the September 12 registration, which brought a new 13,000,000 men under the selective draft. Voluntary individual inductions for the latter part of Sep- tember and the month of October were heavy, due to the fact that the Navy, the Marine Corps, and certain staff corps of the Army were, for the time, permitted to secure their men of occupational skill in this manner during the period when the selective service administration was overwhelmed with the process of classification of the registrants of the Class of September, 1918, and this became the more con- venient method of furnishing that type of man. OTLTX) 19 15 226 CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION. Sucli was the development of the successive steps above taken, in first restricting and finally suspending and closing the opportunity of enlistment to registrants subject to induction under the selective service system. A more detailed study of the story will reveal interesting conclusions of policy for the historian and the legislator. 5. Extension of induction to supply Navy and Marine Corps. It was of course a logical consequence that, upon closing one of the doors of entrance, the other door should at any rate be kept open. In other words, if enlistment in Navy or Marine Corps should be forbidden for registrants subject to selective draft, the Navy and the Marine. Corps should not be thus deprived of opportunity to obtain such men, but should share the products of the draft. These two arms of the service would be benefitted as before, and the draft system would be under complete control. This radical step, forming an important addition to the scope of the selective service act, received the assent of the Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of War, but required new legislation. Accordingly Congress provided, in the act of August 31, 1918, enlarging the registration ages, that "all men rendered available for induction into military service of the United States through registration or draft * * * shall be liable to service in the Army or the Navy or the Marine Corps, and shall be allotted to the Army, the Navy, and the Marine Corps under regulations to be prescribed by the President''; the regulations thus made took effect on October 1, 1918. The number of inductions for the Navy and the Marine Corps issued during the months of October and November was as follows : TABLE 79a. Inductions, Navy and Marine Corps; Oct. -Nor., 1918. Inductions; October-November, 1918. Calls. Individual inductions. Total. 1 Navy 2,100 1,294 3. 304 2 Marine Corps .. - 6, 529 6. 529 The application of the selective draft to the Navy and Marine Corps was of such short duration that it is difficult to state how satis- factory it would have been, as every change of this kind is attended with more or less experimentation. It is believed, however, that a continuation of the system would have resulted in complete satisfac- tion to the Navy and the Marine Corps, and at the same time would have enabled this office to keep that correct account of available man-power which is so necessary in the administration of the selective service law. On October 1, 1918, the Students' Army Training Corps (Sec. A, or collegiate branch) was established, with an authorized strength of 200,000 men (open only, for Class I men, to the new registrants). As the colleges opened only 18 days subsequent to the date of the new INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 227 registration, September 12, this office handled all inductions into that organization by the process of individual induction. The records show that 145,012 individual induction orders were issued on account of the Students' Army Training Corps to November 11, 1918. 6. Total armed forces raised by induction and enlistment combined. The armed forces raised by induction and by enlistment combined represent the total armed forces raised, if we add the numbers entering directly by commission. The respective contributions of these three methods, and the relation between the original armed strength and the increment produced for the purposes of the war, can be observed from the following table: TABLE 80. Total strength of Arm'/, Navy, and Marine Corps compared as to original strength and increments. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Number. Per cent of total forces. Per cent of total military forces. Per cent of mili- tary in- crement. Total United Stales armed forces raised to Nov 11 1918 4, 791, 172 4, 185, 220 605, 952 378,619 291, 880 127, 588 164, 292 86,739 69, 029 13, 599 4,111 4, 412, 553 3, 893, 340 203, 786 2, 810, 296 877, 458 390, 874 296, 978 189, 606 1,800 519, 213 462, 229 24, 702 437, 527 54, (i:)0 1,799 52, 891 2,294 100.00 87.35 12.65 7.92 Total military forces 100.00 Total naval forces ... Existin^ strength Apr 1 1917- Military forces . 6.97 Regular Army National Guard Naval forces Navy ... . Marine Corps Coast Guard Increments to Nov 11, 1918 92.08 Military forces 93.03 100.00 5.23 72.18 22.54 10.04 7.63 4.87 .05 Commissioned . Inducted 67.15 Enlisted Regular Army National Guard Reserve Corps and National Armv United States Guards (com- missioned and enlisted) '. Naval forces Navy ( 'omrnissioned Enlisted Marine Corps Commissioned Enlisted Coast Guard 1 While the strength of the United Slates Guards on Nov. 15, 1918, was 25,9W, yet only 1,800 of those who were assigned 1 o it prior to January, 1918, can be considered as an increment to the military forces, the later strength being supplied from inducted men assigned from the National Army. (a) It will be noticed that the total increment raised for the present war was 4,412,553, or 1,165.43 per cent of the entire original strength; while the increment to military forces only was 3,893,340, or 1333.88 per cent of the original military strength. 228 CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION. (6) Of the total military forces, 2,810,296, or 67.15 per cent, was furnished by the selective draft; i. e., two men in every three now in the Army came in by induction. (c) Of the total increment raised since the beginning of the war, the selective draft furnished 72.18 per cent, or nearly three-fourths. (d) All of the foregoing totals should be slightly reduced by an amount representing the duplications under "commissioned." A large proportion of commissions were issued directly to men not already in service, but a portion were also granted to men already in service by enlistment or induction. The records of The Adjutant General's Office do not enable the distinction to be here made. (e) The respective contributions of the several States are shown in Appendix Table 79-A. As between enlistment and draft, the three States furnishing by draft the highest percentage of their individual contributions were Alabama, South Carolina, and West Virginia; while the three States contributing the lowest percentage by draft were Oregon, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. It would be inter- esting to pursue this comparative aspect of the contributions in various geographical or other combinations of States. 7 . Ratio of forces raised to males of military age and to total male population.^ This leads to a culminating inquiry, vital in any retro- spect of the selective draft operations and any future contemplation of military policy, namely, the ratio of armed forces raised to males of ages 18-45 and to the male population of all ages. The figures are shown in the following Table 81: TABLE 81. Ratio of military strength to males of ages 18-45 and to male population all ayts. Tlatio of military strength to males of ages 18-45 and to male population all ages. Number. Per cent of male popula- tion. Per cent of culled and not railed to males aged 18-45. Per cent of effec- tives to males aged 18-45. 1 Total male population of all ages Rent 12 1918 54, 340, 000 100.00 2 Total males ages 18-45 (register- ed, and not registered but in service) .. 25, 347, 477 46.65 100.00 100.00 3 Awaiting call to the colors Nov 1] 1918 20, 556, 305 37.83 81.10 4 Effective Class I (esti- mated) . ... 2, 340, 000 9.23 5 Nonefi'ectives (estima- ted) under present law and regulations 18, 216, 305 71.87 6 Already called to the colors, Nov.' 11, 1918 4, 791, 172 8.82 18. 90 18.90 7 In service Apr 2 1 917 378, 619 1 Increment to Nov. 11, 1918 Total present and prospective armed forces available from effectives under present law and regulations (estimated) 4, 412, 553 7, 131, 271 28. 13 INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 229 (a) It will be observed that the ratio, to total population, of the males of ages 18-45, forming the reservoir of mules of military ages, was 46.65 per cent; the number being over 25,000,000. (&) It will further be observed that, of this reservoir, 20,500,000 or 81 .1 per cent, were still awaiting call to the colors on November 11, 1918, while nearly 5,000,000, or 8.82 per cent, were already called to the colors. (c) Of the number awaiting call to the colors, it may be estimated (from Appendix Table 64-A) that the effective Class I strength that would have developed is at least 18 per cent of the new 13,000,000 registrants, giving in all 2,340,000, which represents 9.23 per cent of all males of military age. (d) Finally, by combining lines 4 and 6 of the foregoing Table, it appears that the total armed forces which are and prospectively could have been made available in the year 1919, under the present law and regulations and without calling any of the deferred classes, would be 7,131,172. This would represent 28.13 per cent of the total males of military age ; and it would leave more than twice as many still uncalled belonging to the lesser degrees of availability. These figures may serve, to some extent, as a basis for estimate in future plans; and, in connection with the various ratios already given in Table 61 , they will indicate the possible effect, plus or'minus, that would be produced by changes of the law and regulations in one or another detail. 8. Armed forces of Great Britain raised l>y enlistment and by con- scription. The armed forces raised by the British Government from within the United Kingdom may serve as an interesting basis of comparison, with reference to the ratio of military man-power con- tributed. The following Table 81 a is based on estimates only, but is as accurat3 as is feasible under the circumstances: TABLE 81a. Ratio of I'nited Kingdom forces 7-aised to male ages 18-45 and to males all ages. Number. 1 'or cent of males of all ages. Per cent of males ages 18-45. 1 Total males, all ages in 1918 1 22, 827, 261 100.00 ?, Males, ages 18-45 1 9, 800, 000 42. 93 100.00 3 Awaiting call to the colors, Nov., 1918 1 3, 945, 041 17.28 40 26 4 5 Already called to the colors Remaining a< r es 5, 854, 359 13 027,261 25. 65 57 07 59.74 1 Estimated. The notable feature is that by May, 1918, after nearly four years of war, the United Kingdom had contributed (line 4) to the armed forces one quarter of its males of all ages, or three-fifths of its males of military ages 18-45. Relatively, therefore, it had far exceeded the ratio of contribution in the United States. What its total remaining available effectives would have amounted to can hardly become a subject of comparison, the law and regulations in the two countries being different in essential points. 230 CHAPTER VII. INDUCTION. For the purpose of studying the comparative speed and product of voluntary enlistment and conscription, the increment of forces raised in the United Kingdom may be divided into two parts, taking October 31, 1915, as the dividing line. As set forth in Appendix K, the British registration of man-power, which served as the basis for the later conscription measures, was completed during August and September, 1915; canvassing under Lord Derby's attestation plan began on October 23, 1915; the conscription bill was introduced on January 5, 1916, passed on January 24, 1916 (first Military Service Act), and became effective February 10, 1916. The indirect com- pulsory effect of the registration marks the month of October as virtually the termination of the purely voluntary plan; all additions to the forces after that month, of ages 18-45, though termed " enlist- ments," were in effect not to be ascribed to a purely voluntary system. The figures, thus allotted before and after October 31, 1915, are as follows : TABLE 81b. 1 L> 3 4 5 Enlistment and conscription in the United Kingdom. Number. Per cent of- Military age. Armed forces. Total military ages 18-45 (estimated) 9, 800, 000 5, 854, 359 883.. 457 2, 289, 774 2, 681, 128 100.00 59.74 Armed forces raised in United Kingdom to Nov. 11 1918 100.00 15.09 39.11 45. 80 Existing strength, Army and Navy, Aug. 1, 1914 (including reserves and territorials) Voluntary enlistments, Aug. 2, 1914, to Oct. 31 1915 23. 37 Enlistments, Nov. 1, 1915, to Nov. 11, 1918. . . It thus appears that in the United Kingdom, without conscription, and during the first 15 months of the war, the increment raised was 2,289,774. A reference to Table 79 will show that in the United States, during the 19 months of war, for more than 17 of which the draft system was in force, the increment raised was 4,178,172, and that of this increment 2,810,296 were raised by direct draft and 1,367,876 were raised by voluntary enlistment parallel with the draft (except for the first six weeks and the last three months). Any com- parison, however, based on mere numbers or ratios is of relatively little significance, not only because of the different psychological con- ditions of the war in the two countries, but also because the reservoirs of military man-power differed in the two countries, because the military ages for draft and for enlistment varied in both countries at different tunes, and because the quantitative product was in both countries conditioned from time to time by the available equipment and quarters and \>y other circumstances. INCREMENTS RAISED BY SELECTIVE DRAFT. 231 The foregoing figures lend themselves to other aspects of compara- tive study, for which space does not here permit a digression. Suffice it to suggest, in general, that, as indicated by the facts set forth throughout this report, the superior efficiency of the draft as a method of raising armed forces lies, on the one hand, in its ready and depend- able supply of military man-power in quantities and at tunes when needed, and, on the other hand, in its adaptability to those industrial needs which affect war preparations and the national welfare. CHAPTER VIII. MOBILIZATION. The process of mobilization, under the selective service adminis- tration, divides itself into three stages: The requisition, the call (in- cluding the order to report for duty), and the entrainment. 1. Requisitions. The Provost Marshal General, in levying men by the selective draft, acted only by authority of the Secretary of War upon requisition prepared by the General Staff, and issued through The Adjutant General of the Army, and specifying the number and the kinds of men needed; or (since Oct. 1 1918, as explained in Chap. VI) upon requisition from the Secretary of the Navy, issued through the Bureau of Navigation, Director of Mobilization. The only excep- tion to this principle occurred in the case of individual inductions, Which were issued on requisitions of the Chiefs of Staff Corps, or since October 1, 1918, of the Navy or the Marine Corps, the authority for these requisitions resting upon rules and arrangements otherwise existing between the General Staff and the Staff Corps; but these Staff Corps requisitions were all for individual inductions that is, vol- untary inductions; the involuntary inductions all rested upon the authority of a requisition from The Adjutant General. Whenever the Army's need for additional men matured, this office received a preliminary no.tice by telephone from the General Staff, in order that preliminary computations and arrangements might be made; at the time of such notice the entrainment date, as well as ether details, were specified. A formal requisition was later received from The Adjutant General of the Army. A sample form is given in Appendix E. To these requisitions were immediately assigned call numbers by this office. In appendix, Table 81-A, is given a list of all requisitions received from The Adjutant General of the Army from August 25, 1917, to November 7, 1918, both inclusive. 2. Kinds of calls. During the year 1917 all requisitions and all calls were made for "the run of the draft;" that is, the specifications were for men physically qualified for general military service and for either white or colored men, as the need might be. The selection of men was made by calling them from the board list in sequence of order numbers, regardless of occupation or education. But during the year 1918, new conditions arose and more varieties of men were designated in requisitions. The requisitions now included specifica- tions as to either physical, occupational or educational qualifica- tions. Moreover, the number of mobilization cr.mps to which men 232 MOBILIZATION. 233 could be sent was increased to include every camp, post, or station in the United States and in the territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, as well as to include hundreds of stations at schools and colleges. To meet these now conditions, it became necessary to devise new varieties of calls. Six brief designations were adopted for the several kinds of calls, viz: (a) General; (&) Voluntary; (c) Special; (d) Vol- untaiy-special; (e) List; and (/) Individual. Broadly speaking, these calls fell into three types: General, special, or individual. A general call signified a call for a quantity of men having certain physical qualifications. A special call signified a call for a quantity of men having specified occupational or educational qualifications. An individual oall signified a call for an individual. There were also permitted, under the regulations, voluntary induc- tions of individuals ahead of time, without call, at the request of the registrant himself, as provided in the Selective Service Regulations (2d ed.), section 150; but these inductions, being wholly dependent on the wish of the individual to enter military service without waiting for the call applicable to himself, were, by their irregularity in quantities, a source of disturbance to the computations of men to be delivered at camp; and during the greater part of 1918 the regula- tion permitting this variety of individual induction was suspended. Reverting to the six kinds of calls, their particular differences were as follows: (a) The general call (S. S. R., 2d ed., sec.!58A) was a call for men to be selected and inducted in sequence of class and order numbers ; as to physical qualifications it might include men qualified for general mil- itary service or men physically qualified for special or limited military service only; and it might further specify color; for example, 1,000 white men qualified for general military service. (&) Under the voluntary call (S. S. R., 2d ed., sec. 158B) volunteers were advertised for and were listed by the boards during a certain period; at the expiration of this period, allotments were made and the men inducted in the regular manner. (c) The special call (S. S. R., 2d ed., sec. 158C) was a call for men possessing certain occupational or educational qualifications, and the selection under a special call was made by the appropriate occu- pational or educational qualifications. For example, if a special call were made upon a particular local board for 10 carpenters, the local board immediately proceeded to examine its list and to select the 10 carpenters, possessing the lowest order numbers, eliminating all regis- trants who were not carpenters. (d) By the voluntary-special call (S. S. R., 2d ed., sec. 15SD) a period was authorized during which registrants possessing the quali- fications specified in the call might voluntarily present themselves to 234 CHAPTER VIII. MOBILIZATION. their local boards and be called. After the voluntary period had expired, and if a sufficient number of volunteers had not come for- ward, the local board proceeded to select a sufficient number of men to fill its quota, inducting them involuntarily in the sequence of their order numbers. () The list call (S. S. K,., 2d ed., sec. 158E) was a call for the induction of registrants known by this office to possess certain occu- pational or educational qualifications needed by the Army. This method of calling men was used in connection with the Industrial Index. For example, a requisition was received for all the white physicians who were physically qualified for special or limited military service only, classified in Class I; upon locating such men from the Industrial Index, calls issued for them, the State headquarters being notified of the local boards and the order and serial numbers of the men desired. (/) The individual call (S. S. K., 2d ed. ; sec. 158F) was utilized when the chief of a staff corps or other department of the Army, or of the Navy or the Marine Corps, desired to obtain a particular individual, by reason of his special qualifications. A requisition naming this individual was made by the department chief upon the Provost Marshal General, who in turn directed the local board to induct the registrant for the special duty in question, provided the registrant consented to such induction. In regard to these several kinds of calls, the most fundamental distinction, with reference to the availability of man-power material, was the difference between physical and other qualifications for general service and for limited service. The following Table 82 shows the total numbers inducted to November 11, 1918, grouped according to the most important practical distinctions : TABLE 82. Mobilization, by kinds of calls issmd. 1 2 8 4 5 Mobilization, by kinds of calls issued. Number. I'er cont of inductions. Total inductions to Nov. 11, 1918 2, 810, 296 2,381,026 54,779 127, 943 243, 548 100.00 84.83 1.95 4.55 8.67 Qualified only as to physical conditions and color (" Run of the draft ") Occupational qualifications also. ("Special Educational qualifications also. (" Schools " More specific qualifications ("Individual tions") . . . lists"). ) induc- The disposition made of the limited service men thus called has been already shown in Table 51 (Chapter IV, Physical qualifications). With reference to the further important distinction between voluntary and involuntary inductions, the following Table 83 shows their distribution. MOBILIZATION. TABLE 83. Indue/ tons compared as to voluntary and involuntary. 235 Inductions compared as to voluntary and involuntary. Number. Per cent of inductions. Percent of voluntary inductions. 1 Total inductions June 5 1917 to Nov. 11, 1918. 2,810,296 100.00 Involuntary 2, 365, 752 84. 18 '] "Mixed 160, 984 5.73 4 Voluntary 283, 560 10.09 100.00 5 Individual 243, 548 85.89 6 Ci eneral 40, 012 14.11 It thus appears that the number of men raised by involuntary induction in the draft was 2,365,752, leaving only a comparatively minor quantity to be credited to volunteering. As to the branches of the Army whose needs gave rise to the several requisitions and calls, only a small minority of the requisitions and calls were based on specified needs of the several staff corps and de- partments. The vast majority were by the requisition destined directly to depot brigades, recruiting depots, or line organizations, the sorting out being done afterwards, and the assignment to the special needs of the staff corps and departments being made by transfers between camps. The following Table shows the distribution of the requisitions and calls between the different branches: TABLE 84. Inductions, by branches of the Army, compared. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Inductions, 1>y branches of the Army, compared. Number. Per cent of inductions. Per cent of staff corps inductions. Total inductions to Nov. 11, 1918 2, 810, 296 2, 292, 022 6, 529 2,394 209, 693 239. 658 3. 453 550 54,984 37, 195 3,274 24, 927 22, 214 78 4. 304 7, 112 5,913 12, 074 41, 247 9. 296 L600 11,437 100.00 81.56 .23 .08 9.60 8.53 Depot brigades, recruit depots, and line organizations (Army) Marine Corps Navy Schools (Army) Staff Corps (Army) 100.00 1.44 .23 22. 94 15. 52 1.37 ]0. 40 9.27 .03 1.80 2. f7 2.47 5.04 17.21 3.88 .66 4.77 Aircraft Production Chemical Warfare Coast Artillery Engineers Field Artillery Medical Military Aeronautics.. Military Intelligence Motor Transport Ordnance Provost Marshal General Quartermaster Signal Tank Veterinary Sundries 236 CHAPTER YIII. MOBILIZATION. 3. Mode of allocating a call. The total quantity of men specified in a requisition had, of course, to be apportioned among the States and the local boards for the purpose of distributing the levy in the proper shares, and this apportionment had to be made before the call issued. A requisition, immediately on its receipt, was assigned a series of call numbers, a separate call number being taken for each camp to which a separate contingent was directed to be sent. The several calls to be issued under a particular requisition were then allocated to the States which were to contribute to the levy. In allocating a call many considerations had to be taken into account. Consideration, of course, was first given to the laws and regu- lations for apportionment of State quotas, as well as the quota situa- tion for the time being; the condition of accounts showing how many men were due from the several States. This subject has been fully described in Chapter VI. The next step was to ascertain what States could furnish the particular type of men specified in the requisition; for example, what States could furnish an appreciable postion of 20,000 colored men. Then, in sequence, the following considerations were weighed : First, the matter of transportation; this was necessary in order to save the Government needless expense in railroad fares, as well as to insure a sufficient supply of railroad facilities to handle the number of men to be entrained; secondly, the mobilization orders already pending for the same period, since, to insure an orderly mobilization, it was desirable to avoid calling on a local board to send men to several posts or stations at the same time; thirdly, climatic conditions, for it would not, of course, have been advisable to send men from Southern States to northern camps during the winter; fourthly, local conditions, such as an epidemic in a particular State, making it necessary to relieve that State from sending men until the epidemic abated; and, fifthly, agricultural conditions, for example, the prudence of delaying a call upon a particular State until the end of the month, so that the crops might be gathered by the men who were to be taken. The calls being allocated it then became necessary to issue induction telegrams calling on the respective States for the men to be entrained therefrom. The railroads were then consulted, the camp commanders were notified of the calls, the Surgeon General of the Army was noti- fied (in order that proper medical officers might be in attendance upon the arrival of the men), and the Staff Corps, if any, for whom the men were needed was notified, as well as some eight or ten other bureaus of the War Department that might be concerned. Immediately upon receipt of a call, each State headquarters pro- ceeded to allocate the call for that State among the respective local boards, taking into account similar considerations to those affecting the apportionment of the national levy. MOBILIZATION. 237 Effect of the influenza epidemic. During the month, of October, 1918, an epidemic of influenza swept the country. This epidemic interfered seriously with the mobilization of selected men. A call for 142,000 white men had been arranged for entrainment during the five-day period beginning October 7, 1918, but shortly prior to this date the epidemic became serious, and practically all of the camps to which the men were destined were quarantined, so that this entire call was canceled. Additional calls issued for entrainment during the remainder of October for some 163,946 men, but the entrainment of approximately 78,035 of these men had to be postponed until Novem- ber. Of this number 5,731 had actually entrained in November prior to November 11, but the calls for the remaining 72,304 were canceled by the President's order of November 11, the date of signing of the armistice. Besides causing these cancellations the epidemic made it necessary to divert men from one camp to another. These cancellations, suspensions, and diversions, occurring daily, made it extremely difficult to keep an accurate check on the mobilization. 4. Entrainment. The process of entrainment may be described under the heads of (a) assembly of selectives for entrainment, (6) railroad arrangements, (c) camp destinations, and (o 19 16 CHAPTER IX. FISCAI ARRANGEMENTS. 1. Compensation in general. The fiscal policy as described in chapter 8, page 28, of my report to the Secretary of War on the first draft under the selective service act, 1917, has been followed during the past year. This policy was, briefly, to offer an opportunity to all of those board members and clerks, who were financially able to do so, to render uncompensated services to the Government in the adminis- tration of the selective service law. This policy was set forth-in the original regulations governing disbursements issued June 15, 1917, which the President stated. The desire in all communities to render patriotic service to the Government has given rise to numerous assurances that civilian services required in connection with the registration, selection, and draft authorized by the selective service act will, in many cases, be rendered gratuitously. In order, however, that no person selected for such service may find himself compelled to decline to serve because the financial sacrifice involved is too great, compensation was authorized in cases in which the services referred to are not rendered gratuitously. Changes in the regulations, however, governing compensation of board members and salaries of clerks of local boards were found to be necessary, for reasons hereinafter stated. 2. Compensation of local l>oard members. -r-Several plans of com- pensation have been tried. In the beginning of the administration of the selective service law it was believed that the duties of board members would become comparatively light after a period of two or three months. Thousands of the members, with this idea in mind, offered their services without compensation. This form of service was encouraged by this office as being the ideal to be striven for. At the same time it was realized that many of the board members whose patriotism was unquestioned would be unable to devote the necessary time to their duties without causing a serious drain upon their limited financial resources. In order to retain the services of these men, many of whom were in every way desirable as board mem- bers, provision was made in the first regulations governing disburse- ments, issued June 15, 1917, thtit "members of district and local boards may receive compensation at the rate of $4 per day for each day upon which the board is in session and the member claiming compensation present." Experience proved that this plan was not thoroughly satisfactory. The daily basis of compensation left no choice to the board members 242 FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. 243 who were forced to claim compensation at the daily rate of $4, or none at all, regardless of whether they had been at the quarters of the board but a small portion of the day or not. It was then decided to place the plan of compensation on an hourly basis; and the Selec- tive Service Regulations issued in November, 1917, provided pay at the rate of $1 per hour, with a maximum of $7.50 per day and $150 per month per member. In December, 1917, the great problem of classification of question- naires became acute. There was urgent necessity for speeding up the work of the boards in order to complete the huge tasks as expedi- tiously as possible. This emergency brought forth the plan of com- pensating board members at the rate of 30 cents for each question- naire classified, which was to be equally divided among the members; upon the unanimous vote of the board, the moneys due could be paid in some other proportion, with the proviso that in no case could one member receive more than 15 cents of the allowance of 30 cents for each classification, and no two members more than 25 cents for each classification, to be distributed between them. At that time it was believed that upon completion of classification there would be little work for board members beyond attending occasionally at the quarters of the board, and supervising the work of their clerk or clerks. This expectation, however, was overthrown by the course of military events. With the expansion of the military program demanding more men, and the numerous war industries, shipbuilding, and agriculture, each demanding protection and assist- ance, numerous modifications of the regulations and rulings thereon were unavoidable. It also became necessary to order a rectification of the classification lists, and to issue the "Work or fight" regulations. Each of these measures added heavily to the work of board members. Together with the steady flow of orders for induction, both of groups and of individuals, the necessary action demanded practically all of the board members' time. While their spirit and willingness to serve did not decrease to any material extent, appeals for finan- cial relief reached the office from every part of the country. Finally these appeals for relief became so numerous and their insist- once so strong, that a meeting of adjutants general and draft execu- tives of 17 States, representing every section of the country, was called in Washington on July 9, 1918. At this meeting the whole subject was discussed at length. It was agreed that a change from the plan of compensation on the question- naire basis was necessary and that the members of boards should be paid for past uncompensated services after March 1 (the period win - i compensation for classification under the first registration had about ceased). Immediately upon the adjournment of the meeting above referred to, work upon a new plan of compensation was begun. 244 CHAPTER IX. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. Several memoranda on the subject were prepared. The plan finally evolved was briefly this : To compensate the board members for past services from March 1 to August 31 on the basis of $3 to the board for each man inducted into the military service and accepted at camp from its jurisdiction, and, after September 1, upon the basis of $1 per hour with a daily maximum of $10, and a monthly maximum varying from $150 for the smaller boards, to $600 for the larger boards, to be divided among all of its members. This was submitted in a memorandum to the Secretary of War under date of August 20, 1918, with the recommendation that the plan be adopted and that a request that the Provost Marshal Gen- eral be authorized to request the necessary appropriations from Congress. This memorandum was approved by the Secretary on August 24. 3. Clerical services for local boards. In the first disbursing regula- tions issued June 15, 1917, compensation of clerks was provided for at a rate of $2.50 per day. As was the case with the board members, many of the clerks performed their duties without compensation as a patriotic service, until it became apparent that the strain upon their resources would be too great. The Selective Service Regulations adopted in November, 1917, in section 43, provided for one chief clerk for each board at not to exceed $100 per month, and for one additional clerk for each 1,500 registrants additional, or a fraction thereof exceeding 700; the first additional clerk was to receive $80 per month and all other additional clerks $60 per month. In December, 1917, after the period of mail- ing questionnaires had been completed, this office urged upon local boards having a registration of 3,000 or under to dispense with the services of all but the chief clerk, on the theory that one clerk would be ample to attend to all of the work of the board thereafter. But the actual conditions previously described as confronting board mem- bers, applied also to the clerks, and it was found in most cases that one clerk would be insufficient. Many objections arose in the various sections of the country relative to the rigidity of the regulations fixing the pay of clerks. The local boards in many sections of the country were in competition with other Government departments and war industries, which were able to and did pay larger salaries than those provided for in our regulations. It was found that in many cases it was impossible to obtain competent clerks at the rates pro- vided, or to retain them at the old rates of pay. In some instances it was necessary to make special exceptions to the regulations to meet these abnormal conditions. A careful study of the subject, and a consideration of suggestions made from various parts of the country, resulted in the adoption of a plan of compensation based upon the number of registrants under FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. 245 the jurisdiction of the board. This plan provided that all local boards should receive for the first 2,000 registrants or under, 7 cents per registrant per month on the board lists: Provided, however, That no local board should receive less than $100 per month; that each local board having more than 2,000 registrants should, in addition to the foregoing, receive for each additional registrant above 2,000 and up to and including 2,500, 6 cents per month per registrant on its lists; that each local board having more than 2,500 registrants should, in addition to all the foregoing, receive for each additional registrant above 2,500 and up to and including 3,000, 5 cents per month per registrant on its lists; that each local board having more than 3,000 registrants should, in addition to all the foregoing, receive for each additional registrant above 3,000 and up to and including 5,000, 4 cents per month per registrant on its lists; that each local board having more than 5,000 registrants should, in addition to all the foregoing, receive for each additional registrant above 5,000 and up to and including 8,000, 3 cents per month per registrant on its lists; that each local board having more than 8,000 registrants should, in addition to all the foregoing, receive for each additional registrant above 8,000, 2 cents per month per registrant on its lists. The plan further provided that the monthly allowance to a board should be regarded as a budget from which they were to compensate their clerks, paying the salaries necessary in their particular locality to obtain efficient services, subject to the proviso that $100 per month should not be paid to any individual except upon specific approval of the governor, or $150 except upon the recommendation of the governor and approval of this office. The new plan further dif- fered from the old in that it was more flexible and permitted board members to carry forward to their credit from month to month, any balance from their monthly allowance that might not have been expended, and enabled them to use this balance at any time when the necessity arose for the employment of additional clerks, without being required to obtain specific authorization from this office through State headquarters, as had been previously required. This latter requirement had entailed a vast amount of correspondence on the part of the boards, State headquarters, and this office. This new plan involved practically no increase of ex- penditures over what would have been necessary under the new registration, had section 43, as promulgated in the regulations of November, 1917, been continued in operation after the registration of September 12. A memorandum setting forth this plan was submitted to the Sec- retary of War on September 3, 1918, with recommendation that it be adopted, and was approved by the Acting Secretary of War, September 4. 246 CHAPTER IX. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. This feature of the administration, however, was one in which it was virtually impracticable to devise a uniform method which would operate both equitably and economically in all regions, and would be acceptable to all types of members serving on the boards. In spite of all efforts made to profit by experience, the conflicting con- siderations could not be reconciled into a single fixed rule. To ascertain the operation of the new rules in the period between their promulgation and the date of preparing this report, the boards were asked, ' ' In your experience, how are the new rules for compen- sation working?" A large majority of the boards expressing an opinion replied that the new rules for compensation were satisfac- tory. Many of them, however, especially those whose members served gratuitously, declined to comment on the rules. And it can not be denied that criticism of the rules was both considerable in volume and vigorous in expression. A number of boards declared that the basis of compensation of board members was unsound. Thus a New York City board, refer- ring to the provisions of section 195, paragraphs B and C, expressed the view that any method of compensation based on the result of judicial action is vicious; "to give a member compensation accord- ing to the number of men he inducts, or the number of men he puts in a certain class, is as wrong as to give a magistrate compensation for every defendant whom he finds guilty." Referring to the provi- sions of section 195, paragraph A, a Detroit board says: The members of the board in all previous positions were never paid on an hourly basis, having been paid a stipulated amount for results accomplished rather than on the time employed. This ruling has had the effect of taking the joy out of the work; the zest displayed prior to this ruling has very much depreciated. The thought which can not be dispelled is that local board members can not be trusted. A number of boards complained that the compensation of board members was inadequate ; and a larger number expressed the opinion that the allowance for clerical assistance should have been more liberal. But the chief cause of dissatisfaction (though not always emphasized) lay not in the rules themselves, but in the difficulty that has been encountered in the proper preparation of vouchers and the consequent delay in the receipt of compensation. Many boards said in effect that they found it practically impossible to prepare their vouchers in a way satisfactory to the disbursing officers, and that as a result they did not receive any pay for many months. Not a few boards favored a "straight salary" for board members; while others believed that their services should in every case be gratuitous. Says a Philadelphia board: One of the greatest aids to the impression that has long obtained in our district, that no man was sent through our board into the Army ahead of his time, was the fact, once it became generally known, that the majority of the members of our board had FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. 247 declined to accept any pay for the work. We were of the impression at the beginning, and continue of that opinion, that with our country at war and our young men being called from their homes and from the useful and remunerative employments upon which a majority of them had'just entered, to risk their lives at $30 a month, it ought to be possible for those of us called upon to help as members of draft boards to give such comparatively small service free. 4. Appropriations. The total appropriations made by Congress for the administration of the selective service system amounted to $54,896,903 in all, divided among the following sums and dates: TABLE 87. Appropriations for registration and selection for military service. Appropriations for registration and selection for military service. (R. &S. forM. S.) Number. Per cent of total appro- priations. 1 Total appropriations to date $54, 896, 903. 00 100 00 2 R. &S. forM. S. 1917-18, act of June 15, 1917 2, 658, 413. 00 S R. & S. for M. S., 1918, act of Oct. 6, 1917 4, 000, 000. 00 4 Urgent deficiency, 1918, act of Mar. 28, 1918 8, 476, 490. 00 5 National Seeiirity and Defense, War Department; allotted by President, Apr. 15. 1918 4,000 000 00 fi R. &S. forM. S., 1919, act of July 9, 1918 15, 762, 000. 00 7 Urgent deficiencv, 1919, act of Nov. 4, 1918 20, 000, 000. 00 Total disbursements "to Oct. 1 , 1918 36.216 215.22 29.54 9 Unexpended Oct. 1 1918 38, 680, 687. 78 70.46 It will be noted that the sum of $35,762,000, forming the greater part of the total $55,000,000, was designed to cover the current fiscal year (July 1, 1918-July 1, 1919). Of this sum, the $15,762,000 of July 9, 1918, was based on the work then in prospect as needed to handle the 11,000,000 registrants of the first two registrations already classified; while the $20,000,000 of November 4, 1918, was provided for handling the additional 13,000,000 registrants brought in by the act of August 31, 1918, and registered on September 12, 1918. The heavy labor of classifying the new 13,000,000 registrants began immediately after September 12, and was proceeding, in a hundred- day drive, when the Armistice was signed; the completion of the classification for the age-groups 18-36 required until early December. Hence the monthly disbursements for September, October, and November, when finally liquidated, will much exceed those for July and August, the first months of the fiscal year for which the additional appropriations were made. 5. Disbursements. The total disbursements from the several appropriations, as shown in Table 87 (line 8) above, amount to $16,216,215.22. To this sum should be added three items represent- ing, respectively, the outlay for telegrams, the outlay for printing at the Government Printing Office, and the estimated sum, as yet unpaid, for increased compensation to board members from March 1 to August 31, 1918. (Appendix Table 87-A, columns 9, 10, and at the foot of column 1.) The first two of these items were expended 248 CHAPTER IX. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. out of appropriations charged to other Government agencies; the third item has not yet been entirely closed, pending the receipt of complete statements of accounts from State headquarters. All three of these items should, of course, be included for the purpose of establishing a per capita cost; the aggregate thus becomes $20,174,652.53, representing the total expenses, estimated and actual, of the Selective Service System from June, 1917, to October 1, 1918. A detailed statement arranged by States and showing the distribu- tion of this expense, will be found in Appendix Table 87-A. These figures are taken to October 1, 1918, and exclude the third registration of September 12, 1918, because the work of classifying the new group of registrants had only just begun at the time when the latest accurate figures were available, and because the task of registration alone was the smallest part of the labor and expense required in the ultimate disposition of this additional thirteen mil- lions of men. The amount expended to October 1, therefore, repre- sents the cost of disposing of the men included in the first and second registrations, and of producing the effectives resulting there- from up to October 1, 1918. At this time it is practically impossible to furnish any further details than are shown in Appendix Table 87-A. It is proposed in the final report to show by tables the expenditures of each of the State headquarters, district and local boards, each table to contain a state- ment showing the amount of compensation drawn by each board member by name, as well as the names of those who have served throughout the entire time without receiving any compensation for their services. 6. Per capita cost, National and State. (1) The per capita cost of the Selective Service System, nationally, from the beginning, in 1917, to October 1, 1918, is shown in the following Table 88, which presents two sets of figures, the one representing the per capita cost on the basis of disbursements from appropriations charged to this office, and the other representing the figur'es on the basis of total actual and estimated expenses of the system, regardless of the appropriation source. TABLE 88. Per capita cost of draft. Cost. 1 2 Total disbursements May 18, 1917, to Oct. 1, 1918 Per capita cost by disbursements from P. M. G. O. appropriations: Per registrant (10, 838, 315 total registration, June 5, 1917, to Sept 11 1918) $16, 216, 215. 22 1.50 3 Per man inducted (2 552 173 to Ort 1 1918) 6.35 4 Total expenses actual and estimated, for same period 20, 174. 652. 53 ^ Per capita cost by expenses: Per registrant . 1.86 <; Per man inducted . . 7.90 FISCAL AKRAXGEMEXTS. 249 It thus appears that the cost per registrant (based on all expenses, regardless of the source of appropriations) was $1.86; and that the cost per man inducted was $7.90. Of the two costs shown, the second, viz, per man inducted, is obviously the most significant, being the real measure of the money expense for each man effectively obtained for service. The first figure of cost, viz, per registrant, is important from the point of view of the individual States and boards. (2) The per capita cost in the several States is shown in Appendix Table 88-A and Chart O. Part of the expense was proportionate to the number of registrants in a given area; that is, a board having 5,000 or 6,000 registrants necessarily incurred larger expenses than a board having 500 or 600 registrants, no matter how many men wore inducted. The labor and time necessary to keep records, to answer inquiries, to pass upon claims for deferment and exemption, to search for delinquents, and to do a hundred other things were fairly proportionate to the number of registrants, even though the legiti- mate claims for' deferment and exemption ultimately reduced the number of effectives inducted to a relatively small number. For these reasons, it is only just to the several States to set forth also the cost per registrant; and it appears that in some States having a relatively high cost per man inducted the cost per registrant was much more moderate; the same would be found true of various local boards. Per man inducted, the cost in the several States ranged between $2.64 and $10.94. The lowest cost was in Florida and Oklahoma, and the highest cost was in Delaware and Arizona. The causes for this variance can not yet be stated with accuracy. 7. Per capita, cost in 1917 and 1918 compared. The foregoing figures cover the entire cost of* the system from June, 1917. But a comparison of the per capita cost in 1917 and in 1918 is worth while, because the classification system introduced in Decem- ber, 1917, while far more efficient, speedy, and accurate than the method used up to that time, involved more labor on the part of the boards and seemed likely to import a higher per capita cost. For these two periods, viz, June, 1917, to December, 1917, and January, 1918, to August 31, 1918, corresponding to the two systems employed, the comparison results as shown in the following Table 89: TABLE 89. Per capita cost 1917 and 1918 compared. Cost. Total disbursements May 18, 1917, to Dec. 1, 1917. Cost per man called for examination and heating in 1917 $5, 211, 965. 38 1.69 Total disbursements Dec. 1, 1917, to Oct. 1, 1918 11,004,249.84 ( 'ot. per man classified in 1918 (9,952,735) 1. 11 (3,082,949). 250 CHAPTER IX. FISCAL ARRANGEMENTS. It is therefore apparent that the classification method proved to be not more expensive, but less expensive, than the former method. The per capita cost above compared, viz., per man called and per man classified, is the only comparable basis for the two years. The other two per capita costs shown in my Report for 1917, viz, per man certified and per man of quota allotted, are of little value for comparison; the latter, because the quotas allotted had not been entirely filled by induction on December 15, 1917; and the former, because the men certified and ready on December 15, 1917, were twice as many as those actually inducted by that date, hence the expense of the system had not then produced its full results in ef- fectives; and there was no way of exactly allotting the cost of what had been effected. 8. Per capita cost of induction and enlistment compared. A com- parison between the per capita cost of enlistment under the volun- tary recruiting system prior to April, 1917, and of induction under the selective draft, results as shown in Table 90 : TABLE 90. Per capita cost of induction and enlistment compared. Per capita cost of induction and enlistment compared. Cost. 1 Enlistments, per capita cost: For 1914 $24. 48 9 For 1915 19.14 s For 1916-17 (9 months) 28.95 4 Inductions, 19171918: Per capita cost 7.90 The details of the figures for cost of recruiting were set forth in my first Report (Appendix Tables F and G, 1917). It appears, this year as last year, that the Selective Service system, besides its advantages as a rational, equitable, and necessary method of rais- ing a National Army, has the additional advantage of being a far more economical method than that of recruiting by voluntary enlistment. 9. Per capita cost in the Civil War. A comparison with the Civil War expenses means little in absolute figures, because of the changed standards of money values. But the comparison is worth while in revealing the beneficent difference between a draft law of the Civil War type (Appendix J) and a draft law of the 1917 type; the former embodying as essential elements a bounty system and a federalized administrative force. ., The entire forces raised in the Civil War, by the mixed system of draft and bounties for enlistment, numbered 2,690,401, at a combined per capita cost of at least 8227.71, or over $600,000,000. The armed forces raised under the Selective Service Act of 1917 alone,, during the first fourteen montlis of the war, numbered 2,552,173, at a per capita cost of only $7.90, or slightly over $20,000,000 in all. CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL OF THE SELECTIVE SERV- ICE SYSTEM. National summary. The administration of the selective service s} 7 stem under the Provost Marshal General was organized on the principle of "supervised decentralization." The terms of the act of May 18, 1917, lent themselves readily to this effective mode of linking the district and local boards (explicitly created by the act), through the State executives, with a small Federal directive agency, designated by the President through the Secretary of War and serving as a central source of instruction and guidance, to give uniformity, accuracy, and speed to the operations of the boards. Appurtenant to this main vertebral organization, there developed in course of time, at various points, a few additional agencies made necessary by the growth of the work and the dictates of experience. The entire administrative system thus consisted of the following coordinated parts, operating regularly and almost constantly: (1) The Provost Marshal General; (2) the State governors and draft executives; (3) the district boards; (4) the industrial advisers; (5) the local boards; (6) the Government appeal agents; (7) the medical advisory boards; (8) the legal advisory boards; (9) the boards of instruction. To these should be added (10) civic associations casually contributing volunteer assistance. The distribution of this personnel, and its numbers for each of the ' constituent parts, are shown in the following Table 91. The num- bers of persons in these different branches for the several States are shown in Appendix Table 91 -A. TABLE 91. Personnel of selective service administration. Line. Personnel of selective service administration. Number. Per cent of per- sonnel. 1 Total personnel Oct. 31, 1918 193,117 100.00 o Governors 54 .03 3 Military personnel 4,004 2.07 4 Commissioned officers 192 .10 5 Enlisted men 3,812 1 97 6 Civilian personnel 189 059 97.90 7 Board members and other officials 57, 104 29.57 8 Other civilians 131, 955 68. 33 9 Provost Marshal General's Office 429 ..22 10 Commissioned officers 45 11 National inspectors 12 12 Civilians 343 13 Enlisted men . . 29 251 252 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. TABLE 91. Personnel of selective service administration Continued. Line. Personnel of selective service administration. Number. Per cent of per- sonnel. 14 Total personnel Oct. 31, 1918 Continued. State headquarters 999 52 15 Governors * 54 16 Military officers 147 17 Civilians 624 IS Enlisted men w 174 19 District boards 2,539 1 31 20 Members 1,039 21 Industrial advisers 411 22 Other civilians 944 23 Enlisted men 145 24 Local boards 43 579 22 57 25 Members 14, 416 26 Government appeal agents 4, 679 27 Addition 9.1 fiTamining physicians. . 12, 039 28 Other civilians 9,227 29 Enlisted men 3,218 30 Medical advisory boards 10, 234 5.30 31 Members 9,577 32 Other civilians 411 33 Enlisted men 246 34 Legal advisory boards 119, 282 61.77 35 Members 110, 915 36 Associate members 108, 367 37 Boards of instruction 16, 055 8.31 1 Includes the Commissioners of the District of Columbia. The two notable features of the selective service organization, under the act of May 18, 1917, viz, the civilian quantity of its per- sonnel, and its decentralization into the several States, are strik- ingly exhibited by these figures. That the administration was essentially a civilian one is shown by the fact that the military officers were only 192, and the enlisted men (serving in clerical capacities, and coming into the system at the eleventh hour) were only 3,812; or a total of only 4,004, leaving a civilian force of 189,059. The spectacle is thus presented of the National Army being raised by the activities of a body of civilians. It is believed that in this respect the contrast of the system, not only with that of the Civil War in our own country, but also with the usual methods on the continent, is notable. The plan adopted by Congress one year and a half ago was without precedent, and was, therefore, an experimont made on faith; and that faith has b^en amply vindicated. The other feature, viz, that of decentralization into the several States, is even more emphatically illustrated when we compare the personnel of the Provost Marshal General's Office, only 429 in num- ber, with the aggregate personnel in the several States, 192,688 in all. This vast machinery was supervised from a headquarters of THE PBOVOST MARSHAL GENERAL. 253 relatively insignificant size in Washington. Every one of the 192,688 workers in the several States owed his immediate duty to some State superior under the State executive. The contrast here is again remarkable. It illustrates not only the wisdom of resorting to State agencies in handling an operation which involved State pride and responsibility, but also the prudence of committing to the hands of local officials the administration of a law which so intimately affected the homes and livelihood of the people. These figures only corroborate the great fact, already patent to all, that the Nation itself raised this National Army. It is now necessary to give some particular description of the several parts of the system. (I) THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL. 1 . Personnel. On May 22, 1917, the formal designation of a Provost Marshal General was made in the following Executive Order: GENERAL ORDERS, "l WAR DEPARTMENT, No. 65. / Washington, May 22, 1917. By direction of the President, Brig. Gen. Enoch H. Crowder, Judge Advocate Gen- eral, United States Army, is hereby detailed as Provost Marshal General, and vested with the execution, under the Secretary of War, of so much of the act of Congress entitled "An act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States," approved May 18, 1917, as relates to the regis- tration and the selective draft. By order of the Secretary of War: TASKER H. BLISS, Major General, Acting Chief of Staff. Official: H. P. McCAix, The Adjutant General. Meanwhile (as already noted in my report for 1917), the task of preparing plans for the execution of the law, when enacted, had already been undertaken. On May 22, 1917, the date of the above order, four days after the passage of the act, the administrative staff consisted of 8 officers and a small clerical force. By November, 1917, the staff of officers had increased to 35 and the clerical force to about 150, and during November and December some 25 more officers were added temporarily as a Division of Appeals, to brief the voluminous mass of cases then coming up on appeal to the President; in this heavy task some 45 members of the District of Columbia Bar ren- dered volunteer assistance. During the spring of 1918, the compila- tion of the Industrial Index required a large accession to the clerical force; and this extra force was trained by a deputation of 20 experts, loaned for the same period by the Director of the Census. By No- vember, 1918, the staff of officers numbered 45, the civilian and clerical force numbered 343, and the enlisted men 29. 254 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. A roster of the names of the military officers on duty here at various times and of the civilians holding positions of principal responsibility, is given in Appendix G. From the decisive day of May 18, 1917, the dominant and emphatic note for every worker on the force was the vital need of speed and promptness. There was never a moment of anything less than anxious energy. The spectacle of the allied European armies, eagerly awaiting the arrival of our forces to make the turn of the tide, was daily present in the consciousness of all. Imagination saw our camps gradually peopled by the selective contingents produced through the ceaseless efforts of the boards; and each day's work, however tedious and technical, was seen to speed the arrival of the day when the selectives thus raised would join the ranks of the fighters. Nor night nor Sunday signified a cessation of labors; and no conventional office hours limited the zeal of the workers. When- ever emergencies required, the clerical force cheerfully responded to the call; and on many occasions women who had worked all through the day remained until midnight to complete the tasks for which their assistance was necessary. To all who gave thus their unstinted con- tribution of faithful toil, the appreciation and gratitude of the Depart- ment is amply due. It was a period of anxious and fervid zeal and effort which will live in the memory of all who shared its privilege. It would seem invidious for me to call to your especial attention, in this place, particular officers who have been on duty in the Provost Marshal General's Office, for the reason that the enumeration of certain ones might appear to imply, by exclusion, that others have not performed a service as loyal and efficient. Such is not the case, for a complete acknowledgment of loyalty and efficiency would necessitate the mention of all who have been identified with the work in Washington, whether officers or civilians. 2. Divisions of the office. As the work of classifying the 10,000,000 registrants proceeded, and the heavy calls of the spring of 1918 began, the operations of the office called for a separation into divisions, each division with its chief and subordinate officers and a special clerical force. These divisions, after several alterations, stood on October 28, 1918, as follows: (1) Administration Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All questions relating to the personnel of local and district boards, legal and medical advisory boards, Government appeal agents, and State headquarters, including com- plaints from official sources, resignations, removals, increased membership of boards, appointments, rank of Army officers detailed as disbursing agents, and board activities. (2) Aliens Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All questions relating to the classification and deferment of aliens, declarants, re- cruiting by .foreign powers (other than those under treaties), citizenship, passports, and international law. THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL, 255 (3) Appeals Division, having jurisdiction of the following: Recommendations for the decision of cases sent on appeal to the President. (4) Auxiliary Agencies and Statistics Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters connected with the Industrial Index, the Students' Army Training Corps, boards of instruction, and all statistical work (and all such other work as may be specially referred by the Provost Marshal General) for the yearly report. (5) Classification Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All questions relating to classification, reclassification, transfers, matters relating to the apprehension and disposition of delinquents and deserters, furloughs, Emer- gency Fleet lift, and general questions relating to the status of registrants both before and after induction. In short, this division handled all questions arising from the time the Questionnaire was filed until the registrant acquired a military status or was undergoing civil punishment for delinquency, except those matters incident to induction and mobilization proper. (6) Finance Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters covered by Part IX (disbursement regulations) of the Selective Service Regulations. (7) Information Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All requests for general information, general correspondence not otherwise assigned, and the handling of personal calls upon the office. (8) Inspection and Investigation Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All information and material dealing with the activities of boards and coming from sources other than official (which were handled by the Administration Divi- sion'), ami investigation of complaints against boards, or draft executives, the execution in the field of speed-up programs, and handling of national inspectors. (9) Law Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All general questions of law other than those relating to citizenship, alienage, and international law. All matters involving amendments, changes, or interpretations of the Selective Service Regulations, and all matters relating to the jurisdiction, powers, and duties of boards and draft officers generally, including questions of procedure. This division also kept a record of general statutes of court decisions and the Judge Advocate General's opinions. (10) Medical Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters relating to rules and regulations covering physical requirements and examination of registrants, and, in connection with the Administration "Division, all matters affecting medical aids and^ medical advisory boards. (11) Mobilization Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters relating to the allocation, making, and filling of calls and the accom- plishment of individual inductions. All questions which, arising in the carrying out of the foregoing functions, dealt with the interpretation of the Selective Serv! <> Law and Regulations, or required change, modification, or suspension of the Selec- tive Service Law and Regulations were referred to the appropriate division for action, but that division conferred with the Mobilization Division in making its determina- tion. 256 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. (12) Publication Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters having to do with the publication of forms and documents and their distribution to the Selective Service officials. (13) Registration Division, having jurisdiction of the following: All matters relating to registration, the giving of serial and order numbers, the making out and filing of Questionnaires and listing on the classification list; "Work or Fight" regulations; registration and classification under treaty provisions; matters of personnel of industrial advisers; matters affecting registrants up to and including the filing of Questionnaires. 3. National inspectors. With the growth of the selective service system by reason of the added registrations of June 5, August 24, and September 12, 1918, the problems of the State draft executives became so great and so varied that I deemed it advisable to create a system of visitation and inspection, in order to establish a personal touch with each State headquarters. To secure suitable persons to be charged with this most important duty, inquiry was made of the governors and other selective service officials in various parts of the country. Thirteen men, skilled in the application of the selective service law, were chosen, and, after a careful course of instruction in Washington, were on September 3 assigned to different sections of the country. Since that date they have been on duty almost continuously. Every State headquarters has been visited by them, carrying the message of the national headquarters. With scarcely an exception the results have justified the appoint- ment. A quickened activity invariably followed the visit of a national draft inspector and the sense of personal contact which ensued was highly beneficial to the State and national headquarters. The national inspectors functioned in perfect harmony with the State draft executives. At the request of the latter, many visits were made to local boards which needed added incentive or a word of advice as to methods of classification or the keeping of records. Through the national inspectors a means of local inspection of the entire system was gradually being installed, with the assistance of State inspectors, and much good was accomplished. In the completion of the records of the selective service system, their verification, and their final lodgment in Washington, much will devolve on the inspection force thus created. 4. Correspondence with tlie field for ce. vEarly in the experience of the office, certain principles were developed to accord with the general plan of local administration, and to relieve national head- quarters of an excessive burden of detail. These principles were later embodied in section 25 of the Selective Service Regulations, and were consistently adhered to. Reference to that section will show that correspondence with the Provost Marshal General by individuals or by the local and district boards relating to the draft THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL. 257 was required to be conducted only through the adjutants general of the States, who were expected to deal with such communications. No opinions or rulings hi individual cases were given by the Provost Marshal General; and general rulings were communicated only through the State headquarters. Local and district boards were made the centers for all inquiries by individuals, to be referred by the boards to the State adjutant general, and thence to the Provost Marshal General, if necessary. Complaints against boards were to be addressed to State executives. The office of the Provost Marshal General undertook to answer all requests for information from State headquarters as expeditiously as possible. Accordingly, with every letter which according to these rules could not be answered from this office, there was inclosed a printed form explaining why the letter could not be answered, and quoting the pertinent parts of section 25 of the Selective Service Regulations. The justification of this procedure was obvious. This office controlled; through a system of supervised decentralization, and the cooperation of the governors of the several States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, an administrative machine comprising nearly 4,600 local boards, 160 district boards, and 52 State, Terri- torial, or District headquarters. Under the administration of the system there were from the very outset 10,000,000 registrants, and more or less directly interested in the registrants were perhaps 50,000,000 people. It was obviously impracticable and impossible to attempt direct correspondence either with the local and district boards or with the individuals who were affected by the system. It would have been inefficient and impossible to attempt to do so. There was another reason why this office could make no rulings and give no opinion directly to individuals concerning the circum- stances of individual cases. The law placed the determination of individual cases within the exclusive jurisdiction of local and dis- trict boards. For this office to attempt to make rulings on individual cases, on ex parte statements, and in the absence of complete infor- mation that was accessible to the proper board, would have been subversive of the law, and would have been an invasion of the juris- diction of boards. Such rulings, moreover, might have been used to embarrass the function of these boards. For these reasons direct answers to such inquiries were inadvisable and impracticable. However, it was desired to render the execution of the Selective Service law uniform and consistent throughout the country, and further, it was the purpose of this office to disseminate in the prompt- est manner and to the widest possible extent information and rulings concerning this law. To this end it was desired to make each local and district board a center of information for the community over 97250 19 17 258 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. which it had jurisdiction, and to make each State headquarters a center of information for all the local and district boards within the State. To accomplish this purpose the rules were framed for the Correspondence of this office, as indicated in section 25, Selective Service Regulations. By this system questions arising either in individual cases or from boards, were answered far more promptly than they would have been under any system of direct correspondence; uniformity and consistency in the execution of the. law were also secured; and boards became convenient centers of information, obviating the time and expense that would have been lost by individuals if any attempt had been made to carry on direct correspondence with this office. The system, moreover, has relieved this office from the labor of writing an average of from 200 to 250 letters daily. Through the same system of supervised decentralization, all in- structions, rulings, information of a general nature, and amendments to the Selective Service Regulations, with few exceptions, have been transmitted to the draft executives of the various States and Terri- tories, and by them communicated to the local and district boards. Whenever possible the mails were used. Often, however, the nature of the instructions made it necessary to use the telegraph, although fre- quently it was possible to communicate instructions to near-by States, and in some cases to all States east of the Mississippi River, by letter, using the telegraph for the remainder. To have attempted direct com- munication with the boards, rather than with the State executives, would have enormously increased the telegraph tolls of this office. Subsequent to the promulgation by mail or telegraph of rulings on and amendments to the Selective Service Regulations, it was the practice of this office, at first, to print them in pamphlet form. Seven such pamphlets were issued after the reprinting of the Regu- lations in September, 1917, but since the reprint of September, 1918, in which all amendments and important rulings and changes were included, it has not been necessary to issue any pamphlets. Volume of correspondence. Since January 1, 1918, over 3,500,000 pieces of mail have been received in this office, and over 340,000 letters and 30,000 telegrams have been sent out. Table 92 shows by months the number of pieces of mail and telegrams received and sent by this office to November 15, of this year. The large increase in incoming letter mail, beginning with June, is chiefly due to the heavy mobilization which began in the latter part of May. The further heavy increase, beginning in August and continuing through October, was caused by the continued heavy mobilization, and to the preparations for the September 12th registration and the sub- sequent classification of registrants. The summary of outgoing mail and telegrams shows increases in about the same degree. THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL. 259 TABLE 92. Summary of mail to Nov. 15, 1918. INCOMING. 1918 Letters. Telegrams. Other mail. January . 14, 612 2,307 25, 139 February 18, 059 2,445 50,940 March 17,100 2,394 142, 488 April 19, 494 2,046 214, 950 May 19, 938 2,604 286, 230 June 25, 020 3,270 359, 082 July 23, 010 2,448 464, 226 August 40,968 4,902 630, 264 September 49, 416 5,700 423, 546 October . . . 90, 864 6,246 478 536 November 15, 456 2,472 128, 880 Grand total 333, 937 36, 834 3, 204, 281 3, 575, 052 OUTGOING. 1918 Letters. Telegrams. Other mall. January ! 14, 334 17, 716 16, 775 19, 124 11, 130 35,700 25, 296 48, 936 36, 828 88, 698 26, 970 2,263 2,399 2,349 2,007 1,960 2,520 3,024 4,080 4,176 5,262 1,668 : ! i 2 I I I' I I' ! I 1 February * March ' April ' May.. June July August September October November Grand total 341, 507 31, 708 ( 2 ) 373, 215 1 Estimated. Handled by Publications Division; see paragraph 6. Filing system. The system of filing originally installed to care for the general records of the office was adapted from the numerical sys- tem, completely indexed. At all times it has been equal to the burden thrown upon it, and has proved entirely satisfactory. 5. Information Division. Though the District of Columbia boards were the appropriate headquarters for inquiries by registrants within the District, this office early became the Mecca for a vast volume of miscellaneous inquiries by telephone and by personal visits. To give the necessary satisfaction, the Information Division was established; and this division became a national mirror, in miniature, for the infinite variety of matters on which the Selective Service system was supposed, rightly or wrongly, to be able to cast some light. 260 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. On many days the number of visitors ran as high as 250; and there were equally as many telephone calls daily. In the minds of all of the inquirers there seemed to be the dominant thought that informa- tion on any subject connected with the war could be obtained at the headquarters of the Provost Marshal General. The majority of the inquiries dealt with matters entirely beyond the jurisdiction of this office. The questions propounded covered the entire gamut of things military. The inventor of a body armor, the originator of a new method of measuring skulls for the purposes of identification, the discoverer of a high explosive, and all kinds of efficiency experts, came seeking the Provost Marshal General's Office. The approach of any important event in connection with the draft such as the registrations, the beginning of physical exami- nations, heavy entrainments, the discontinuance of voluntary enlist- ment, the mailing of questionnaires always placed upon this division an exceptionally heavy burden. And always there was the steady, daily volume of visits of registrants, or their relatives, who sought to have this office arbitrate their differences with local boards. Without doubt, the most difficult phase of the work of the Informa- tion Division has been to counsel and to placate that class of visitors, large in number, who considered they had been unjustly treated. With but few exceptions, however, they were sent away calm and satisfied. This answer, sympathetically but firmly given, usually sufficed to close the interview: "There is probably some equity in your case, and it certainly deserves to be carefully considered by your local board, on which Congress and the President have conferred exclusive jurisdiction. Go back to your local authorities and abide by then 1 decision, because under the law and the regulations the Provost Marshal General has nothing whatever to do with this case." The majority of cases were of necessity handled in this manner. The experience in this division is a new proof that the conferring of authority upon local civilian boards to pass upon these questions was the master stroke of the Selective Service act. It was simply the carrying over, to the raising of an Army, of the familiar Anglo-Saxon principle of a local jury trial. That principle was understood by the people, and therefore* it was accepted by the people. Any reasonable and fair method of drafting an army, if based on this principle, would have succeeded. Cases involving technical questions and interpretations of the law and regulations generally were turned over to an officer having juris- diction in the matter. In this respect, the Information Division acted as a clearing house for the visitors, and the constant inter- ruption of officers by those seeking general information was prevented. The visits of limited service men and those who had been placed THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL. 261 in Class V as being physically unfit for military service, created a problem of no mean importance, as both groups of men were bent upon finding a place in the Army where they could render service. Some of the latter class, the physically unfit, pleaded for assistance in getting into the service. In a number of cases in both groups, where the defects were not too serious, suggestions were offered which led to the placing of the men. From the great volume of miscellaneous inquiries it was interesting to note, as the months went by, the turn of sentiment toward the draft. At first the question was : "How can I keep out of the Army?" Gradually that attitude changed, until finally the question became: "How can I get into the Army right away?" 6. Publications. The operations of the Publications Division embraced the printing and distribution of all printed regulations, instructions, and draft forms for the Selective Service system. It is easily conceivable that the registration and classification of 24,000,000 persons and the mobilization of 2,800,000 men for the Army would require many millions of forms; but not until it is stated that the administration of the Selective Service act required the printing and distribution to draft boards of more than 500,000,000 separate pieces of ^printed matter is a full realization gained of the magnitude of the the undertaking. Table 93 shows the quantities of printed matter, separated as to registrations. TABLE 93. Printed forms required for the Selective Service system. Registrations. Number. 1 Total 544,000 000 2 First registration, June, 1917-June, 1918 284, 000, 000 3 Second registration, June-August, 1918 27, 000, 000 4 Third registration, September-November, 1918 233, 000, 000 (a) Printing. The printing of this quantity of forms was a task of such proportions as to tax to the utmost the Government Printing Office. This institution, however, responded admirably to the un- precedented demands made upon it, and some remarkable records were made. The most notable of these was the printing of forms of all kinds for the registration, classification, and mobilization of the registrants of September 12, 1918. This immense task was per- formed during a period of 50 days. Several records for quantity and speed made during this time deserve special mention. Fifteen million questionnaires were printed in 34 days. Fourteen and one- half millions of one-page leaflets were printed within 60 hours after the presses were started, at an average hourly production of 240,000 262 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. copies. Thirty-two and one-half million registration cards were turned out in 8 days; and numerous other achievements could be mentioned. Historians of the future, in recording the many wonder- ful deeds to the credit of the Nation during this war, should not over- look the assistance rendered by the Government Printing Office in raising the National Army; and this Report would not be complete without an acknowledgment of the manner in which that establish- ment performed its portion of the work. For the purpose of enabling accurate reference in the future, by historians and other inquirers, to the literature of the selective service system, a list is given in Appendix H, of the principal printed forms issued from this office. (6) Distribution. The supplies were shipped to the various State headquarters and by them distributed to local boards. Under this decentralized plan, bulk shipments were made to 52 auxiliary depots at State headquarters for reshipment direct to nearly 5,000 boards. This resulted in marked economy and efficiency, without any resultant loss of control by this office. The responsibility for furnishing local boards with proper forms was thus placed squarely on the various State draft executives, who were in close touch with local conditions. The .distribution of these supplies was based on the number of regis- trants in each State; by a simple system of recording, it was possible to arrange the shipments so that actual requirements were met and at the same time losses and wastage held to a minimum. The shipment to local boards of all these millions of forms repre- sented a distribution problem of huge proportions. Lacking the necessary printed forms, the local Selective Service machinery would have been like an army without guns and ammunition. But at no time was the machinery in danger of even a temporary stoppage due to lack of printed supplies. (H) THE STATE EXECUTIVES. 1 . The governors. Section 6 of the Selective Service Act represented some of the deepest wisdom of its framers; for under this section it became possible to decentralize the administration, and to lay hold, for war purposes, of the time-honored traditions of local self-govern- ment which have been the bulwark of our national progress in times of peace. The act authorized the President "to utilize the services of any or all departments and any or all officers or agents of the States, Territories, and the District of Columbia," and required all persons so designated " to perform such duty as the President shall order or direct." It was obvious, from the outset, that for the vast task impending nothing less would suffice than the employment of the official energies of each State, already organized in the State THE STATE EXECUTIVES. 263 administrations. These 52 centers of power were ready at hand, and must be invoked. The President's letter of April 23, 1917, to the governors (printed in full hi my first Report, p. 7) referred to the "gratifying and evident eagerness of the States to do their utmost in aid of the Nation at this emergent moment," and expressed the conviction that State agencies " promise the swiftest and the most effective possible execution of the law." How promptly and effectively the governors responded to this preliminary call, in organizing the first registration of June 5, 1917, was told hi my first report. But it has remained for the succeeding months to demonstrate that this initial response was but the forerunner of a steady and increasing contribution of organized mass energy which ensured the success of the Selective Service system. During the Civil War there emerged half a dozen notable figures who have come down in the annals of history as "war governors" men whose vigorous patriotism set a pace for public opinion, organ- ized the war effort, and threw the whole strength of their States in support of the Federal Government war measures. But hi the raising of the Army for the present war we have had, it may be said, 51 war governors. Accepting with ready hands the charge com- mitted to them by the President under this act, they have turned the State and Territorial capitals into decentralized selective service agencies, and have labored unremittingly hi the thousands of de- tailed tasks necessary for mustering the manhood of their several States into the service of the Nation. In the report of Brig. Gen. James B. Fry, Acting Provost Marshal General, rendered at the close of the Civil War, bitter allusion is made to the stubborn and hostile attitude exhibited by some of the then governors to the President's requisitions in the early period of that conflict. From the governor of one State came this communication: "Your requisition is illegal, unconstitutional, revolutionary, inhu- man, diabolical, and can not be complied with." From the governor of another this protest was received: "Your despatch is received; hi answer, I say, emphatically, this State will furnish no troops for the wicked purpose of subduing her sister southern States." These States themselves were afterwards found contributing amply and generously of men to the armies of the North. They were misrepre- sented by their leaders; but these messages, and others of like tenor, brought dismay to those who bore the national burden at Washing- ton. It seems scarcely credible, living at this day, that the Union could have succeeded in its war effort against the undermining influence exerted within its own ranks by State leaders holding such views in opposition to the raising of the Federal Army. 264 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. But, looking away from those dark days to the present, we may well be thankful a hundred times nay, a thousand times that the contrast stands revealed with such startling brightness. There lies before me a typical telegram of 1918 from a State governor, sent to acknowledge receipt of a notice from this office outlining the measures needed for a new stage then approaching in the selective draft; it can not be read without emotion: I take pleasure in assuring you that the people of this State are unitedly and whole- heartedly in accord with these plans for the creation of an army that will bring vic- tory soon and decisively, and that any call which you may see fit to make upon them will be enthusiastically answered. The annals of our country will never yield a finer record of stanch and devoted cooperation by all State leaders in the common national cause. It is this hearty cooperation by the governors with the Fed- eral Executive that has made possible the success of the selective service system. The phrase "supervised decentralization" has come to be a short term descriptive of this relation. The task was a Federal one, but the agencies were the State administrations. Though they acted under presidential guidance and direction, yet the responsibility for success or failure in carrying out these directions lay upon each one for his State, and they retained the fullest measure of their inherent authority within their own jurisdiction. But it was never doubted that the States would respond to the call; and this faith was vindicated. The relation was an anomalous and a novel one. It lay between the extremes of voluntary independent State action, on the one hand, and local multiplication of direct Federal agencies on the other hand: the only two types hitherto recognized in our political system. But it proved efficient, amply efficient, and in a cause where inefficiency would have been fatal. Perhaps some lessons in the field of American government can hereafter be drawn from this experience. 2. The draft executives. It was inevitable that the President's -call upon the governors of the several States and the Board of Com- missioners of the District of Columbia, to supervise the execution of the Selective Service Law and Regulations in their respective juris- dictions, should add enormously to the labors, burdens, and respon- sibilities of the governors. The suggestion was therefore made at an early date that each governor charge his adjutant general with the duty of administering the details of the system, and generally to delegate to his adjutant general so much of his authority as he saw fit. This course was adopted, and all State headquarters were without delay authorized to obtain the necessary clerical assistants. THE STATE EXECUTIVES. 265 As time went on, and the intricacies and problems of the decen- tralized system became more numerous and multifarious, it became apparent that' each State adjutant general was in need of an as- sistant executive officer, who could give his entire time to draft activities. It was decided that this assistant should be paid by the Federal Government. Accordingly, the governors were called upon to recommond for appointment, as commissioned officers, men who had been connected with the execution of the Selective Service Law, and had disclosed the greatest qualifications for the accurate, fair, and expeditious execution of the selective service processes. It also become necessary to place at the disposal of State headquarters a medical officer. Consequently, each governor was asked to rec- ommend for appointment, as an Army officer, a physician and sur- geon who possessed particular skill and training in his profession and who could immediately acquaint himself with the Army physical examination regulations, so that he might become the adviser of the governor along those lines, and thereby secure a uniform application of the rules for physical examinations. From those recommended as requested, one medical aide and one military aide for each State were appointed and assigned to duty to assist the governor and his adju- tant general. In this way a most dependable and efficient organization was de- veloped for each State. These organizations owed immediate ac- countability to the respective governors and were under their direct supervision. The governors accepted the grave responsibility ten- dered them. Gladly and unselfishly becoming a vital part of the draft machinery, they continuously, promptly, and effectively gave their whole cooperation to this office. Notwithstanding the fact that each governor has retained in him- self authority to pass finally upon any question that might arise in relation to the draft, in a substantial number of the States the actual administration has practically been placed in the hands of the ad- jutant general or his commissioned assistant. As evidence of this fact, the governors of some States have designated either their adju- tants general, or the Army officers assigned to State headquarters, as their draft executives, and have requested this office to address all communications dealing with draft matters to such draft executives. 3. Duties of State headquarters. The functions and tasks of State selective service headquarters are epitomized in section 27, Selec- tive Service Regulations, which reads as follows : The governors shall be charged with general supervision over all matters arising in the execution of the selective draft within their States. The determination of questions of exemptions and deferred classifications is within the exclusive jurisdic- 266 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. tion of local and district boards, subject only to review by the President; but all other functions and duties of boards, departments, officers, agents, and persons within the State, except departments, officers, and agents of the United States not appointed, designated, or detailed under authority of the selective service law, shall be under the direction and supervision of the governor. Perhaps the most fundamental of the duties of the State head- quarters was the creation, establishment, and maintenance of regis- tration, selection, and auxiliary boards; under the selective service act the President appointed the members of these boards, but the actual selection of personnel was made by the governors; for ap- pointments, removals, and substitutions were made only upon the recommendations of the governors. Besides this primary task, however, they bore a heavy burden of miscellaneous work, which may be thus summarized: (1) The handling of delinquency cases as required by Selective Service Regulations (2d ech), sections 132- 139; (2) the purchase and distribution of supplies, the checking of vouchers, the payment of accounts, and the performance of all other duties required by the disbursement regulations; (3) the ap- portionment of quotas, the allotment of calls, the -routing and en- trainment of registrants, and the performance of other duties relat- ing to induction and mobilization; (4) the conduct of a heavy cor- respondence, not only with the. various selective service boards, but with other Government officials, with representatives of all kinds of organizations, and with individuals; (5) the assignment of serial numbers to late registrants, and the cancellation of registra- tions; (6) the general supervision and direction of the work of the selective service, boards, including medical advisory boards, fre- quently involving trips of inspection and meetings for conference and exchange of views; (7) the interpretation of the regulations, in- volving correspondence with this office and with the boards; (8) the selection and nomination of members of all the various selective service boards, the investigation of charges against boards or mem- bers thereof, and the maintenance of a sound morale throughout the system; (9) the preparation of reports called for, from time to time, by this office; (10) the preparation and distribution of bulletins or circular letters for the information of the boards; (11) the organiza- tion and supervision of boards of instruction; (12) the performance of all duties required of them as commanders of the force of enlisted men assigned to headquarters and to the offices of the various boards ; (13) cooperation with State councils of defense, the War Risk In- surance Bureau, and other organizations or bureaus in war work of all kinds. 4. State inspectors. When each of these State systems is envisioned in its decentralization the headquarters at the State capital; the local boards and the legal advisory boards and Government appeal THE STATE EXECUTIVES. 267 agents attached to them, scattered throughout the State; the medical advisory boards located at convenient points and each serving several local boards; and the district board established in each Federal judicial district the question naturally arises, How was it possible to maintain effective State supervision over so many instrumentali- ties ? It is apparent that the few officers on duty at State headquar- ters could not frequently leave their posts to advise with boards or members thereof. Yet experience had taught that, because of the intricacies of the selective service system, the changing presidential regulations, and the complexity of the domestic, industrial, and military conditions of this country, the best results were obtained, both from a national and individual standpoint, by conferences between the trained experts and board members. In order to provide for these conferences, to maintain closer contact, and to augment uniformity of decision, the governors were authorized to employ a limited number of State inspectors. The inspection, advisory, and checking system thus created has worked efficaciously and satisfac- torily. 5. Clerical force. In the early stages of the classification method there developed a class of registrants disqualified by physical condi- tion for actual combatant service but qualified for noncombatant service. The uses made of these group C men, in general, have been pointed out in Chapter IV. One of these uses was that of clerical service in War Department offices. The War Department accord- ingly, in the summer of 1918, authorized commanding officers of divisions, bureaus, branches, and departments, including that of the Provost Marshal General, to make requisitions for such men as could be used to advantage in such positions. By virtue of this authority, some 4,000 limited service men were brought into use as clerks, assistants, stenographers, etc., by local and district boards and State headquarters. The Army officer assigned as aid to the governor, or as assistant to the adjutant general in each State, was the commanding officer of such enlisted men in the State. The adoption of this expedient greatly relieved the clerical difficulties, and was an important factor in enabling the production of accurate, valuable, and enduring draft records. 6. Supervision and control. The foregoing outline indicates the vital part that the State organizations formed in the selective service mechanism. It should be emphasized that the system which has proven so successful is essentially one of National supervision but of State control. In the light of the accomplishments that stand out, and with the knowledge of the problems that have arisen, it is fair to indulge the opinion that the demands of this war for man-power could have not been met under a system controlled and supervised in every respect by one central office. 268 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. (HI) DISTBICT BOARDS. 1. Number and personnel. To the ordinary citizen the selective service law was personified by the local board engaged in dispatching to the camps his friends and neighbors. In the mind of every registrant the memories of the draft will be centered in that local board with which he registered, to which he mailed his questionnaire, and upon whose summons the whole course of his life, perhaps life itself, depended. While the local boards were thus vividly brought into the foreground of the war drama, winning the credit which will justly be theirs, the r61e of the district boards contributed scarcely less to the successful raising of our selective forces. Any account of the personnel of the district boards should therefore begin and end by recalling the importance of the functions intrusted to them by the selective service act. Their duties were twofold: First, to review the decisions of local boards upon appeal; second, to hear and determine as courts of first instance all questions of accepting or excluding from the draft persons engaged in necessary industries, including agriculture, or other necessary occupations or employments. Thus in their capacity as appellate tribunals they provided a check on irregularities by local boards, promoted uniformity in the application of the law, and assured to every registrant the opportunity of a rehear- ing before a court removed from local prejudice and influence. In the exercise of their original jurisdiction, they became not only agents of selection for the Army, but guardians of the industrial and agricultural interests of the Nation. These responsible and burden- some obligations demanded the selection of members not only representative of the leading divisions of our population, but possessed of experience, breadth of view, and executive ability. The normal board consisted originally of five members appointed by the President on the recommendation of the governors. The in- structions calling for such nominations required that the composition of the boards should be as follows : One member who is in close touch with the agricultural situation of the district, one member who is in close touch with the industrial situation of the district, one member who is in close touch with labor, one physician, one lawyer. The result was the enlistment in 155 boards of 780 men of recog- nized achievements and integrity, many of them possessing a national reputation. As the magnitude of the task of selection increased, their number was augmented from time to time until it reached a total of 1,039. Appendix Table 91-A shows their distribution by States. The immediate infusion into the selective service system of this group of able and highly, patriotic civilians went far in itself to vindi- cate the wisdom of intrusting to local agencies the raising of our armies. No such cooperation from proved leaders of our people DISTRICT BOARDS. 269 could possibly have been secured by any centralized or militarized organization devised for the purpose. 2. Scope of work. On the average the district board had within its jurisdiction 30 local boards, each of these with an aggregate aver- age registration of 5,000. Appendix I shows the jurisdiction of the respective district boards. It was important to establish successful working relations with these local boards. At the start, the appeals from local boards on behalf of both the Government and of the regis- trants assumed enormous proportions. All the boards were new at the work, the regulations allowed some elasticity, hence lack of uniformity was the rule rather than the exception, especially in the important field of dependency and the selection of married men. To reconcile the decisions of 30 lower tribunals, numerous reversals were made by the district boards, the reason for which was not always fully understood by the local boards concerned. Very often also the district boards did not follow the recommendations of local boards with respect to industrial and agricultural claims. A local board striving honestly to apply the regulations often felt aggrieved when repeatedly overruled by the district board which, with a broader field of action, read the rules from a slightly different angle. But, in the main, cordial and helpful relations were maintained, uniformity increased, and a constantly lessening number of cases were appealed to the district board. As the appellate work of the district boards diminished, the im- portance of their position as arbiters between industry and the Army steadily grew. The withdrawal of the first 687,000 men from the economic life of the nation did not impose a serious handicap on any activity which could in any wise be classed as necessary. But as the draft mounted into the millions, the problem became more serious. The r61e of the district boards commanded attentive study by all large employers of labor and became of vital interest to the farmer as the supply of labor waned. It was then that the caliber of the district boards received its severest test, and that its members performed their most valuable service to the country. Finally Congress, while enlarging the draft ages, opened a still broader field to the district boards, by giving them added jurisdiction of all claims based on engagement in necessary occupations or em- ployments. With a body of 13,000,000 new registrants, the majority of them upward of 31 years of age, with the already great depletion of man-power and with the uncertainty attending the definition of a necessary occupation or employment, the task facing the district boards at the termination of hostilities imposed still more resj on- sible and arduous duties. With rare exceptions, the district boards performed their duties with great fidelity and success. 270 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. 3. Necessary industries. Among these numerous groups of able men, accustomed to independent thought and action, uniformity of interpretation was not to be expected. Some confined their defini- tion of a necessary industry to agriculture and enterprises directly engaged in productive war work, hesitating at first to include even transportation operations. Others adopted a wider view and in- cluded undertakings of a commercial nature or those upon which communities were so dependent as to require protection. Through administrative suggestion and experience such variations were gradually narrowed. The idea was frequently advanced from many sources that a list or classification of necessary industries and occupations should be promulgated for the guidance of district boards, but such action was wisely avoided except as to the Emergency Fleet list. Nevertheless much popular misunderstanding and confusion arose, as already noted in Chapters III and IV, from the priorities list of the War Industries Board, and even from the group of nonproduc- tive occupations enumerated in the "Work or Fight" regulations. There can be no doubt that the elasticity gained by the untrammeled exercise of judgment by each board on the problem of protection for industry overbalanced the loss of any apparent uniformity that would have arisen from a classification of preferred activities. Congress obviously intended the district boards to settle this problem. An enterprise properly regarded as necessary in one part of the country might not require similar protection elsewhere. Lack of national uniformity, therefore, was not necessarily objectionable. Nevertheless, to ascertain how far in actual practice the rulings of the district boards, based on their own knowledge and judgment, did coincide with the national recommendations formulated in Sep- tember, 1918, by the War Industries Board, in its priorities list, this list was submitted to the district boards in November, 1918 (without disclosing to them its origin), and they were asked to mark those industries and products which they had treated as "necessary," in the administration of the selective service act during 1917 and 1918. The results are shown in Table 94, and will repay study. Appendix Table 94-A shows the variance by States. DISTRICT BOARDS. 271 TABLE 94. Essential industries (priorities list) found "necessary" by district boards. Industry. Agricultural implements. (See Farm implements.) Aircraft: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing air- craft or aircraft supplies and equipment I Ammunition: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing Barne for the United States Government and the allies I Army and Navy: Arsenals and navy yards I Army and Navy: Cantonments and camps I Arms (small) : Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for the United States Government and the allies I Bags: Hemp, jute, and cotton plants engaged principally in manufacturing same . . .' IV Blast furnaces (producing pig iron) I Boots and shoes: Plants engaged exclusively in manufac- turing same IV Brass and copper: Plants engaged principally in rolling and drawing copper, brass, and other copper alloys in the form of sheets, rods, wire, and tubes II Buildings. (See Public institutions and buildings.) Chain: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing iron and steel chain Ill Chemicals: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing chemicals for the production of military and naval ex- plosives, ammunition, and aircraft, and use in chemical warfare I Chemicals: Plants, not otherwise classified and listed, en- gaged principally in manufacturing chemicals IV Coke: Plants engaged principally in producing metallurgical coke and by-products, including toluol I Coke: Plants, not otherwise classified and listed, producing same II Copper and brass. (See Brass and copper.) Cotton: Plants engaged in the compression of cotton IV Cotton textiles. (See Textiles.) Cranes: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing loco- motive cranes II Cranes: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing travel- ing cranes II Domestic consumers: Fuel and electric energy for residential consumption, including homes, apartment houses, resi- dential flats, restaurants, and hotels I Domestic consumers: Fuel and electric energy not other- wise specifically listed Ill Drugs: Medicines and medical and surgical supplies, plants engaged principally in manufacturing same IV Electrical equipment: Plants engaged principally in manu- facturing same Ill Explosives: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for military and naval purposes for the United States Government and the allies I Explosives: Plants not otherwise classified or listed, engaged principally in manufacturing same v Ill Farm implements: Plants engaged principally in manufac- turing agricultural implements and farm-operating equip- ment IV Feed: Plants engaged principally in preparing or manufac- turing feed for live stock and poultry I Rating of War In- dustries Board priorities. Number of district boards ruling the industry to be necessary. 272 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. TABLE 94. Essential industries (priorities list} found "necessary''' by district boards Continued. Industry. Rating of War In- dustries Board priorities. Number of district boards ruling the industry to be necessary. Ferro alloys: Plants engaged principally in producing ferro- chrome, ferromanganese, ferromolybdenum, ferrosilicon, ferrotungsten, ferrouranium, ferro vanadium, and ferrozir- conium Fertilizers: Plants engaged principally in producing same... Fire brick: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same. II IV IV Foods: Plants engaged principally in producing, milling, re- fining, preserving, refrigerating, wholesaling, or storing food Tor human consumption embraced within the following description: All cereals and cereal products, meats (includ- ing poultry), fish, vegetables, fruit, sugar, sirups, glucose, butter, eggs, cheese, milk and cream, lard, lard compounds, oleomargarine and other substitutes for butter or lard, vegetable oils, beans, salt, coffee, baking powder, soda, and yeast; also ammonia for refrigeration I Foods: Plants engaged principally in producing, milling, Oaring, refining, preserving, refrigerating, or storing for human consumption not otherwise specifically listed, excepting herefrom plants producing confectionery, soft drinks, and chewing gum. - . - - - - Ill Food containers: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same IV Foundries (iron): Plants engaged principally in the manufac- ture of gray iron and malleable iron castings IV Fungicides. (See Insecticides and fungicides.) Gas. (See Oil and gas; also Public utilities.) Guns (large): Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for the United States Government and the allies I Hospitals. (See Public institutions and buildings.) Ice: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same Ill Insecticides and fungicides: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same IV Laundries IV Machine tools: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same II Medicines. (See Drugs and medicines.) Mines: Coal I Mines: Producing metals and ferro-alloy minerals II Mines: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing mining tools or equipment Ill Navy. (See Army and Navy.) Navy Department. (See War and Navy Departments.) Newspapers and periodicals: Plants engaged principally in printing newspapers or periodicals which are enterea at the post office as second-class mail matter IV Oil and gas: Plants engaged principally in producing oil or natural gas for fuel or for mechanical purposes, including refining or manufacturing oil for fuel or for mechanical purposes I Oil and gas: Pipe lines and pumping stations engaged in transporting oil or natural gas I DISTRICT BOARDS. 273 TABLE 94. Essential industries (priorities list} found " necessary" by district boards Continued. Industry. Rating of War In- dustries Board priorities. Number of district boards ruling the industry to be necessary. Oil aiid gas: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing equipment or supplies for producing Or transporting oil or natural gas or for refining and manufacturing oil for fuel or for mechanical purposes Ill Paper and pulp. (See Pulp and paper.) Periodicals. (See Newspapers and periodicals.) Public institutions and buildings (maintenance and operation of) other than hospitals and sanitariums Ill Public institutions and buildings (maintenance and opera- tion of) used as hospitals or sanitariums I Public utilities: Gas plants producing toluol I Public utilities: Street railways, electric lighting and power companies, gas plants not otherwise classified, telephone and telegraph companies, water-supply companies, and like general utilities II Public utilities: Plants engaged principally in manufactur- ing equipment for railways or other public utilities II Pulp and paper: Plants engaged exclusively in manufactur- ing same IV Railways: Operated by United States Railroad Administra- tion I Railways: Not operated by United States Railroad Adminis- tration (excluding those operated as plant facilities) II Railways (street). (See Public utilities. N Rope. (See Twine and rope.) Rope wire. (See Wire rope.) Sanitariums. (See Public institutions and buildings.) Ships (maintenance and operation of): Excluding pleasure craft not common carriers I Ships: Plants engaged principally in building ships, exclud- ing (a) pleasure craft not common carriers, (6) ships not built for the United States Government or the allies nor under license from United States Shipping Board I Soap: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same. . . . IV Steel-making furnaces: Plants engaged solely in manufactur- ing ingots and steel castings by the open-hearth, Bessemer, crucible, or electric-furnace process, including blooming mills, billet mills, and slabbing mills for same I Steel-plate mills I Steel-rail mills: Rolling rails, 50 or more pounds per yard II Steel: All plants operating steel rolling and drawing mills exclusive of those taking higher classification Ill Surgical supplies. (See Drugs and medicines.) Tanners: Plants engaged principally in tanning leather IV Tanning: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing tan- ning extracts IV Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing cot- ton textiles, including spinning, weaving, and finishing IV Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing woolen textiles, including spinners, top makers, and weavers IV Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing cot- ton or woolen ktiit goods IV Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing tex- tile machinery IV 97250 19 IS 274 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. TABLE 94. Essential industries (priorities list) found "necessary" by district boards Continued. Key No. Industry Rating of War In- dustries Board priorities. Number of district boards ruling the industry to be necessary. 66 Tin plates: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same '. Ill 73 67 Tobacco: Only for preserving, drying, curing, packing, and storing same not for manufacturing and marketing IV 57 68 Toluol. (See Coke; also Public utilities.) Tools: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing small or hand tools for working wood or metal III 93 69 Twine (binder and rope) : Plants engaged principally in man- ufacturing same IV 80 70 War and Navy Departments: Construction work conducted by either the War Department or the Navy Department of the United States in embarkation ports, harbors, fortified places, flood-protection operations, docka, locks, channels, inland waterways, and in the maintenance and repair of same II 130 71 Wire rope and rope wire: Plants engaged principally in man- ufacturing same . .. II 89 Woolen textiles. (See Textiles.) NOTE. The term "principally" means 75 per cent of the products mentioned. 4. Methods of work. Methods of work naturally varied also. A practice widely followed, when the questionnaires were received, was to assign the cases to the several members; the agricultural repre- sentative taking the claims of farmers, the industrial member the claims based on industry, and perhaps the labor member the depend- ency claims, and the lawyer the alienage cases. A majority of the claims could thus be disposed of on the recommendation of one member, while only the difficult minority required more extended consideration. The largest board in the country, that of New York City, comprising 30 members, operated in this way with a fully developed system of committees. At times, and often for extended periods, all of the boards worked under high pressure and for long hours, giving the best that in them lay, to hold the balance equitably between the demands of the Army and the necessities of the Nation's home and economic life. Numer- ous members served without compensation. In a few instances the entire board declined to receive pay; and it is estimated that about one-fifth of the total personnel labored without monetary recompense. Under the original regulations of June 30, 1917, appeals to the President were allowed without restriction to those whose industrial or agricultural claims were denied by the district boards. These rules required a minute of the reasons for the decision in each case. INDUSTRIAL ADVISEES. 275 Many of such notations forwarded with the records on appeal amounted to careful legal opinions, sometimes accompanied with dissenting views, and conclusively showing the intelligent and pains- taking efforts of the boards to be just to both the Government and the registrant. It was perhaps unfortunate that the restricted space provided on the questionnaire for a minute of the action by the boards curtailed a similar expression of recorded opinion. Not infrequently a case of local or even national notoriety arose in which great pressure was exerted for the discharge of a registrant. The record became voluminous, with affidavits pro and con, and occasionally the board patiently received extensive oral testimony. It is safe to say that in nearly all such cases the final decision received the approval of intelligent public opinion. The majority of the boards were liberal in the matter of reopening a decided case upon the presentation of new evidence. All were jealous of their independence of action and imbued with a desire to carry through to a successful conclusion this novel and drastic appli- cation of democratic principles. All classification by district boards ceased on November 16, 1918, when they were in the midst of a flood of cases arising from the September 12th registration. Thus their work continued about 16 months. During this period their members gave the strongest possible indorsement to the principles embodied in the selective service system. With unselfish patriotism they made, for the winning of the war, an unobtrusive contribution of far greater worth than has yet been generally recognized. (IV) INDUSTRIAL ADVISERS. It became necessary (as already explained in Chapter IV), after the amendment of the selective service act on August 31, 1918, to give special assistance to the district boards for obtaining complete data upon occupational claims for deferment. It was directed that each district board should appoint three persons, to be known as industrial advisers to the board; one to be nominated by the Department of Labor, one by the Department of Agriculture, and one by each district board. These advisei-s were to confer with the managers and heads of various industries and those familiar with the needs in other occupa- tions, including agriculture; to instruct such persons as to their right to file claims for deferred classification for registrants in their employ; and to furnish to the district boards all information in their possession which might be of use in the work of classification. Any adviser was authorized to initiate a claim for deferred classification on any ground within the jurisdiction of the district board, although no claim had 276 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. previously been made for the registrant; and this right could be exer- cised up to the day and hour fixed for the registrant to report for military duty. On the date of the armistice 126 out of the total of 155 district boards in the whole country had reported the appointment of the full quota of their advisers. But the cessation of military activities and of the further operations of the selective draft brought to an early end the work of the industrial advisers. There can be no doubt that their work would have increased greatly the efficiency of the system of deferment of registrants necessary for retention in civil occupations. (V) LOCAL BOARDS. The term ''local board" occupies a unique place in the thought of the Nation and in the hearts of the people. It has acquired a distinct individuality. Long after the selective service machinery will have been dismantled, and the processes of the draft will have faded from memory, the term "local board" will hold its place in our speech as the typical mark of the system that lifted America from "the most peaceful of Nations to a place of first magnitude among military powers. That mobilization of man power was chiefly accomplished, not by military officers, nor even by civilians peculiarly trained for such service, but by laymen from each community, chosen only for their unquestioned patriotism, fair-mindedness, and integrit}*, and impelled solely by the motive of patriotic self-sacrifice. 1. Character of membership. In framing the selective service act Congress definitely decided to entrust the draft directly to the people, and to enlist their full confidence by placing upon them the fullest responsibility. Thus was the draft, by the very terms of the act, made neither Federal nor military, but civilian and local. To effectu- ate the ideal of localizing the draft, it seemed necessary to have it administered by committees of men intimately acquainted with the lives and circumstances of the people of their communities. This intimate knowledge was reckoned to be physically possible only in a community not exceeding 30,000 inhabitants. The total number of boards has fluctuated slightly, owing to changes in county organiza- tion; but it finally stood at 4,648 (including the Territories), with a total roster of 14,416 members. Appendix Table 91-A shows the composition in the respective States. It was further realized that board members should be chosen from the standpoint of environment rather than with reference to their professions or calling. Neither legal nor governmental train- ing was the essential qualification. An intimate knowledge and appreciation of all varieties of local conditions being necessary, a composite board of capable, reputable, and representative men, hav- LOCAL BOARDS. 277 ing different careers and experiences, would be the best judges of th'e equities of the law in its application to their neighbors. Local boards were constituted on the principle of their peerage with the men whose cases they were to decide. That the boards were genuinely repre- sentative of their communities is demonstrated by the wide range of their occupations, given in Table 95. TABLE 95. Occupations of local board members . Occupations of local board members. Number. 1 Total, personnel, Oct. 1, 1918, 2 Medicine reporting as to occupations 13, 564 4,246 2,841 1,517 982 975 379 313 142 121 102 74 1,872 3 Public office 4 Law 5 Agriculture l> Commerce 7 Banking 8 Manufacturing 9 Education ' 10 Labor 11 Transportation 12 Clergy - 13 Other occupations How vital to the sj'stem was this feature of the local board compo- sition, viz, the local character of their membership, has already been dwelt on in Chapter I. But it is here appropriate to note some practi- cal consequences, due apparently to this feature. (a) One was that they became the buffers between the individual citi- zen and the Federal Government ; and thus they attracted and diverted, like local grounding wires in an electric coil, such resentment or dis- content as might have proved a serious obstacle to war measures, had it been focussed on the central authorities. Its diversion and grounding at 5,000 local points dissipated its force, and enabled the central war machine to function smoothly without the disturbance that might have been caused by the concentrated total of dissatisfaction. A disappointed claimant for exemption met a board member one day on the street, and burst out: ''Your ruling was rank and damnable." The board member replied: "We did our duty in the light of the facts." "All the same," replied the irate citizen, ' 'you went wrong. And if I only took the time and trouble to appeal to Washington, they would tell you that you were wrong, and I would get justice. They would never stand for such a ruling. They know what's right, and they would soon see that you were made to do the right thing. But I am not going to appeal. Only I want you to know what I think of your board." This was typical of the board's function as a buffer a deceritralizer of individual dis- content with the enforcement of the law. The war value of this 278 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. function was enormous, and it is a demonstration of one of the vir- tues of a decentralized administration. But the boards became the bearers of this burden; they, and they only, were the sufferers; while the Government was the gainer, and was all the freer to achieve its war measures. This feature must be counted, therefore, in footing up the national bill of gratitude to the devoted men who bore uncomplainingly the slings and arrows of such discontent. (&) Another feature, developing from the responsibility placed on local leaders, was the conscientious and fearless persistence shown in following up the technical draft register rich and poor alike, pow- erful as well as humble. To the genuine pleadings of a meritorious claimant, they were considerate and patient. But to the quibbling expedients of the man who sought to evade his obvious duty, they were relentless, especially when he sought the aid of legal technicali- ties. In such cases, they exhibited the qualities of the sleuthhound which never leaves the trail until the quarry is run down. Their official responsibility for raising the Army was touched to the quick; their personal efficiency was at stake ; and they made it their business to persist in that man's case till the end, and to demonstrate to him and to the public that the national claim on him was inexorable and immutable, and that neither fear nor favor would relax their enforce- ment of that duty. In this attitude they found ample support in the public sentiment of their community. In two or three instances of national notoriety the aid of the Department of Justice had finally to be invoked to fortify the efforts of the boards. But the following letter, from an Atlantic local board, exhibits the board relying sturdily upon its own pluck to cope with the problem, in the form of a whole family of technical evaders: SEPTEMBER 2, 1918. DEAR SIR: Our chief clerk says that you telephoned for a report on the X cases, which were in the United States district court. We would have written sooner but we were in the United States court Friday from 10 a. m. till 4.30 p. m. ; also on Saturday the board was there till 1 p. m., after which we had 42 hearings for the evening, which we finished at 11 p.m.; these cases involved the questions as to whether the condition occurred according to the new rulings as mentioned in the seventy-fourth section of the two hundred and eleventh amendment as embodied on the second page of the one hundred and ninth Bulletin; if we heard these cases the way they do in the United States court, we wouldn't have finished them in 26 years. John X's case was dismissed by the court in our favor at 1 p. m. Friday, August 23; John was inducted at 7 a. m. August 26; he failed to report, and the same afternoon was reported to the police as a deserter; at 9 p. m. we were served with a writ to show cause, etc., and stop further proceedings and come down to the Federal Building in the morning. We went down the next morning, and the United States court said to withdraw the order of arrest as John was not a deserter. We said he waa. The court said he wasn't. We said he was and the United States attorney said he was, Capt. A. LOCAL BOARDS. 279 said he was, and Inspector B. from The Adjutant General's Office said he was; so we telegraphed to Washington for instructions. John was given into our custody in the courtroom Saturday at 1 p. m. We still held he was a deserter, and took him right up to your office. Capt. C . held that it was up to the board whether he was a real deserter or a nonwillful delinquent. Neither Capt. C. nor Capt. A. offered to feed him, and the Government has given- us no allowance for meals (or for anything else since last February). So we took John over to Main Street at 1.15, and paroled him in his own custody so he could buy his own dinner. He reported back to the board at 5 p. m. (These fellows are big eaters). John is now at Camp Gordon, Ga. James X was previously brought down from Fort Blank by a lieutenant. His case was dismissed in our favor at 4.30 p. m. on Friday, and he is now back at Fort Blank. Jim's case was a haebus corpus. John had a certiorari. Joseph X, the last member of the family, has now taken out some new kind of a writ, which we argued some on Saturday morning, but don't quite understand. The United States court reserved decision in this case, but we think it will be finished to-morrow, Tuesday, so that Joseph can go with the band on Wednesday when the 240 boys go to Camp. This wipes out our class I. P. S. These writs are getting the board all balled up. We are taking a course in "writs " now, so we can do our bit and help make the world safe for democracy. (c) One further consequence of the method adopted in the selec- tion of local board members remains to be mentioned. In making the selection of some 14,000 individual officials from the local citi- zenship, it was inherent that an even standard of excellence could not be attained. Weaknesses in personnel occasionally developed; but this, it is believed, must be regarded as an inseparable incident in the prompt organization of any body of public servants of equal size, destined for an exacting task novel to the present generation. Time developed the necessity for the removal of only a very limited number of members. In a few instances this action was called forth by the discovery of irregularities either in connection with compen- sation or in dealings with registrants. Occasionally a member was found to lack the requisite administrative, capacity. In other scattered instances, neglect of duty required removal. The aggre- gate of these cases, however, was so negligible from a national stand- point that the efficiency of the draft administration was never threatened, and the high average quality of public service rendered by the boards was not appreciably lowered. 2. Duties. The duty of the local board was to mobilize the se- lectives as directed. But in this concise statement is comprised the entire gamut of a hundred complex processes. Except for the initial registration of June 5, 1917, the local boards had charge of every one of the steps in the transit from home to camp. The registration was the first main stage of the process. Then came the determination of serial and order numbers. The classi- fication was the next and largest stage. And finally came the call and the entrainment. But each of these parts became itself a center for many minor processes, and each of these in turn for others. 280 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. Moreover, each individual case had its own variety of peculiarity, and led to special inquiries and deliberations. Add to this, that rec- ords must accurately be kept of each act done in every part of every registrant's case. And, besides the attention necessary merely for reaching an official decision, there was added the time and labor demanded in almost every case for a cluster of tentative and informal inquiries appurtenant to matters coming before the board. The regulations composed a thick volume, numbering 250 sections and 433 pages, with more than 100 important forms; and these must be mastered for daily and instant use. In short, the duties of the local boards, even when considered merely in the dry enumeration of their several details, constituted a complete and intricate administrative system. It would be idle here to set them forth in detail; suffice it to say that there is scarcely a page in the entire volume of regulations which does not contain a half dozen times, in endless variety, that most familiar phrase of duty, "JTie local board shall proceed" to do this or that. But even these interminable duties of the selective service system were by no means the measure of the boards' task. For it soon came about that the community identified the board as the sole local agent and embodiment of affairs military; and there was ever-in- creasing resort to it for information on all subjects related to the war. A literally endless stream of inquiries submerged them, at all hours of day and night. Nothing in the broad range of national or local affairs was deemed unlikely to be known by the board, or to be un- worthy of their attention. Solomon himself would have been joalous of the wisdom and judgment attributed to them. This addition to their burden was an exhausting one, in time and energy. It brought some compensations, no doubt, in the gratifi- cation naturally to be gained from popular attribution of semi-omnis- cience and semi-omnipotence. But whatever the balance of burden or compensation, the boards accepted and discharged this additional portion of their duty with the same steady and genial devotion which marked all of their work. The annals of every board, no doubt, here run much the same. But the following letter to a State adjutant general, with its frank but good-humored repartee and its revelation of dogged perse- verance under a hopeless overload, may be taken as typical of the cheerful and manly American spirit which helped the boards to carry their heavy duties; the letter was written in response to a request for an immediate report of progress due to be made in the classification of registrants of September, 12, 1918: SIR: Because this board and its meager etaff is so busy Counseling registrants Reconciling mothers LOCAL BOARDS. 281 Patiently answering dozens of inquiries by mail, telephone, and telegraph Issuing permits for passports Writing to transfer boards and telling them what to do with Form 2008-A Making out induction papers for S. A. T. C. registrants Copying our 4,439 registration cards Writing up cover sheets Hunting up questionnaires without order numbers in order to append additional late arrival affidavits of the X. Y. Z. Co. for deferred industrial classi- fication in Class II of aliens (who are sure to be in Class V) Preparing routings and transportation requests for individual inductants under competent orders, who are to be entrained for Kelly Field, San Antonio, Tex., or Carlstrom Field, Arcadia, Fla. Counseling the poor innocents as to how many ' ' suits of underwear shall I take? ' ' Advising them firmly though with kindness that while requests for tourist sleep- ing-car accommodations will be issued to them, our experience is that there will be no tourist cars available, and that they will sleep on the floor Preparing seven meal tickets, three copies for each man Issuing new registration cards and new final classification cards to men who have "had their pocketbooks stolen " (?) and are afraid of being rounded up Issuing certificates of immunity to 46-year old men who present proofs of birth date so that they won't be rounded up Advising colored ladies (to their manifest satisfaction) as to prospective Govern- ment allotments and allowances to come from their casual spouses when in the service Telling anxious Y. M. C. A. recruits how they can apply to have their cases re- opened and claims for occupational exemption considered Advising by mail the assistant district attorney of county, who desires to prosecute a registrant for not supporting his wife Trying to keep several thousand questionnaires and registration cards, minus order numbers as yet, out of irremediable chaos due to lack of filing cabinets or other facilities Reconciling our hardworking limited service man to writing up his "daily morn- ing reports " on a form adapted for a full company of men, including mules- Conducting voluminous correspondence with perturbed mustering-in officers at distant cantonments about registrants who have been picked up without Form ]007 in their possession and shot into camp without proper induction papers in order that some yap deputy sheriff can get the $50 reward because he needed the money Futilely registering ex-soldiers and sailors discharged for physical disability Getting into a corner occasionally and going crazy trying to study out an abstruse legal problem from an interesting 433 page textbook called Selective Service Regulations, second edition, Form 999-A Classifying questionnaires- Engaging, for physical examinations of several hundred men, doctors who are already bereft of their vdts on account of the Spanish influenza Preparing dozens and dozens and" dozens of Form 1010 for these examinations, three copies of each Postponing the examinations after all, because the doctors simply can't come, and redating all the Forms 1010 Doing dozens more things daily and nightly and Sundays and holidays, of wh;< h the foregoing are mere samples Because, I say, the board and its meager staff are so busy with a number of such matters, I beg to report 282 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. That, though, probably about, half the questionnaires of the "First series, registrants of September, 1918, " have been classified, we haven't time or inclination or energy to count them, even approximately; about half the physical examinations have been concluded, and on Sunday we are going to try to catch up with our correspondence, if the master list doesn't come, which we presume it will, however, in which event, we hope to have four volunteer typists pound out five copies of Form 102 (the churches are all closed, so it won't matter), and, anyhow, we lost the "Progress chart" the very day it arrived. And it is our opinion, if we may be permitted the liberty to express it, that what the Government wants (or ought to want in the present urgency) is men, not classifications, and we firmly believe that the boys on the firing line in France don't care a whoop in hades how many registrants Local Board No. 3 of Union County classifies in Class V or in Class IV ? Division A, so we called out every man who made no claim or who waived all claims, or who had a manifestly insufficient claim, classified him at once, and called him for physical examination; if it were not for the blasted epidemic, we should be ready to report practically full comple- tion of physical examinations now; but we shall be in any event, within a week, even if we explode in the attempt and incapacitate for all time the few remaining distraught doctors that are still available to cajolery and patriotic urging; in the meantime, we shall classify now and then, when we can, an alien or two, to swell our general list of classifications. The fact is, we have been wanting to write this letter since we were appointed in May, 1917; so excuse it, please. Furthermore and we say this in no mood of rancor or in undue pride of spirit we don't care if you do send it to* the Provost Marshal General. In fact, we wish you would. No more benevolent attention could accrue to members of local boards than the gentle joys of court-martial and cool retirement somewhere in nice quiet cells, fed and cared for, during the period of the balance of the Emergency. And further deponent sayeth not (because his wife has just telephoned as to why the deuce he doesn't come home, he'll surely be sick), and will now quench the midnight shining bulb and go, and try to get around early in the morning and en- deavor to find that lost "Progress chart" (drat it!)" One of the remarkable and unexpected results of this congeries of responsibilities was that often the boards, incidentally to their mili- tary decisions, became also, and perforce, a beneficent welfare agency for the community. Obliged by their duties to gain ac- quaintance with the mtimate facts of the family life of their neighbors, they constantly assisted in the placation of domestic difficulties and the lightening of family burdens: John married a widow with a child, after May 18, 1917 and so was called for a hear- ing. The three of them appeared, accompanied by his 60-year-old mother. The neatly attired wife acted disdainfully intolerant of the old woman, who was bare- headed and shrouded in a well-worn shawl; but the trembling mother was too anxious about the welfare of her son" to mind that. John earned 100 a month and contri- buted $6 a month to his mother, who did washing for a living, although suffering from rheumatism. The young wife was angry, and John was uneasy, when we up- braided him for deserting in her old age the woman who had given birth to him, his best friend who had lovingly cared for him in his sickness, fed, clothed, and educated him; leaving her in an enfeebled condition, the only time she had ever needed his comfort and support. He was denied exemption on the dependency created by marriage, but was told that if he provided properly for his mother his claim would receive favorable consideration. The resiilt was a written agreement, signed by the son, wife, and mother, that John would give the old woman $20 a month, and that LOCAL BOARDS. 283 failure in a single month would mean his induction into the Army. Half a year later John was called in on the "Work or Fight" order. The whole family appeared. The old mother was comfortably dressed and wore a feathered hat. The wife acted in a kindly and considerate manner toward the mother. In one case an affidavit in support of a claim for deferred classification, which the wife had originally signed, was subsequently withdrawn by the wife. In the en- suing investigation it developed that both the man and wife were apparently person* of little moral character. There was present in the case the appalling feature of a fine little boy, perhaps 5 years of age, who was living in an environment that prom- ised nothing short of his absolute ruin if he were not placed in the hands of respon- sible and reputable persons. The final outcome of the case was that the man was certified for service and sent to an Army camp, a position was obtained for the woman, and through the instrumentality of the board, the little boy was placed in a home where he would have an opportunity to develop properly. 3. Moral responsibility for tlie selective draft. But to the strictly technical and administrative part of the boards' task, laborious as it proved, was added the momentous moral responsibility of mak- ing the selective draft a success in its human and patriotic aspect. The boards were the outer point of official contact, local and national, between the civilian life and the Army life. The task was theirs of so administering the system, in spirit and in conduct, as to recon- cile the people to its drastic requirements while effectively arid speedily raising the Army. To assist in keeping this great objec- tive ever before their conscience, the following letter was addressed to members of local boards on July 26, 1917, at the moment when they were to issue their first call to registrants to appear for exami- nation : You are entering on a difficult task, the gravity of which is beyond anything that can be said in the way of discussion. You realize the significance of what you are to do, and you know that a responsibility heavier perhaps than any you have ever faced, is upon you. War demands individual sacrifice to the common cause. No people ever approached war with a calmer appreciation of that sacrifice or a firmer resolve to bear it and to present themselves " to be classified for service in the place to which it shall best serve the common good to call them." This calm determination could not exist were it not for the confidence of the Nation in its institutions. In this public con- fidence is found the very spirit of the selective service law. The most sacred rights of country, home, and family are entrusted for adjudication to local citizens and officials, nominated by State governors and appointed by the President. The most equitable rules that could be devised have been prescribed for guidance, and the administration of these rules and the sacrifice that is offered by your neighbors is entrusted to your hands. From every one is demanded a sacrifice. But there is one thought to be kept always in your mind. The selected man offers his life. There is no greater giving than this; and that thought should guide you always. There may be a few who will urge upon you claims for exemption or discharge that, whatever may be your inclinations of sympathy or affection, you will know ought not to be granted. It will strengthen you to remember that for every exemption or discharge that is made for individual con- venience, or to escape personal loss of money or property, or for favor or affection, some other man, whose time would not otherwise have come, must incur the risk of losing hi.s life. There can be no room for hesitation in such a case. 284 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. Another fundamental thought is this: You are not a court for the adjustment of differences between trco persons in contro- versy. You are agents of the Government, engaged in selecting men for the Govern- ment and there is no controversy. You, acting for the Government, are to investi- gate each case in the interests of the Nation, and never in the interests of an individual. There is not one exemption or discharge in the law or regulations that is put there for the benefit of any individual. All are there for the benefit of the Nation and to the end that " the whole Nation may be a team in which each man shall play the part for which he is best fitted." There should be no rules like those of court procedure, no technical rules of evi- dence. You should proceed to investigate cases about which you are not satisfied exactly as you, as an individual, would proceed to inform yourself of any fact about which you are in doubt. Last of all, it is important to say a word about your own sacrifice. The place to which you have been called is one which no man would seek save in the performance of one of the highest of patriotic duties. There is not, in any real sense, any remu- neration. Because thousands of citizens urged that members of local boards should not be placed in a position of performing their grave duties for pay, the regulations provide that, ordinarily, the service shall be uncompensated. Beacuse it was not desired that any man be prevented from rendering the service by the necessity for earning his daily bread, a small remuneration was provided. The Nation needs men, and needs them quickly. The hours will then be long and the work absorbing. The duty is always to take and never to give, and human nature is such that there will be little praise and some blame. The sacrifice of many of those whose cases are to be decided is no greater than that of the men who are to decide them; and your only reward must be the knowledge that, at great personal sacrifice, you are rendering your country an indispensable service in a matter of the utmost moment. It will be seen that the responsibility of local boards was staggering. Men hitherto safe from the turmoil of life were being withdrawn from sheltered homes, to be thrown into the maw of a military machine. The course of lives was being radically and violently turned. Most of the selectives were severing family ties. All were called for the supreme sacrifice of their lives. Any Other than a democratic gov- ernment would have scouted the idea of intrusting to civilians, in most cases untrained in administrative capacities, such an enormous and complex task. The tremendous menace of the German military machine was never more obvious than at the time America took up arms. Many wise men of our own Government doubted the feasi- bility of creating an army entirely through civilian agencies. It is an irrefutable proof of the high capacity of our people for self-gov- ernment, and an everlasting vindication of true democracy, that a system so intimately affecting the lives of our people should have been intrusted to untrained representatives of the local community and that it should have been so well executed. 4. Popular support. A law directly affecting, and with sacrificial burden, the mass of citizens in their daily life, to be successful must be supported by popular sentiment. That the boards did achieve that success is undoubted. What were the reasons? LOCAL BOARDS. 285 (a) One reason undoubtedly is that the law itself and the regula- tions framed to apply it were essentially fair and reasonable. This is apparent, in theory at least, to all who have studied them. But the test of these qualities was in the practical application ; and if this test had failed, the board members themselves would have been the most sensitive to perceive the shortcomings of the system which their duty obliged them to enforce. Yet their testimony is unanimous that amidst all the complexities of local variety of conditions the law and the regulations emerged as thoroughly fitted to the task. A typical letter from a board member in the State of New York says: "The rules were so eminently fair and so perfectly adaptable to every case that there remained small room for debate. Personally I believe I have many more friends in this district than before the work began; and there was indeed not a little apprehension in the beginning as to how a Protestant Episcopal rector would get on with a population 90 per cent of which is composed of Russians, Aus- trians, and Roumanian Jews. The S. S. R. has made it all possible." A midwestern member, with rational appreciation of the difficulty of reconciling a uniform system to local conditions, thus expresses a general sentiment: " Things which might not appear to work the best with us we realized were probably better than some other sug- gestion might prove in actual practice; and the rule which might not exactly fit one locality was probably fitting better the country over than a different one." "All of our registrants/' says another board in Philadelphia, "are satisfied, whether at home or in the Army; for even if they do have to go to camp they leave with a feeling of having gotten the best treatment possible. I can honestly say that this system devised by the War Department meted out justice to all, regardless of religion, local standing, or color." "The selective service system," says another, "is the leveler of barriers between the classes and the masses; it is the only method which overcomes the often repeated complaint that 'the poor fight the battles of the rich.' It is the orly fair method of recruiting an army." And a Missouri board formally places on record the follow- ing conclusion: "We have no hesitancy in saying that in our official judgment the Selective Service Law is the greatest scheme ever conceived in the minds of men for raising an army. It is fair, just, equitable, humane, and admirable, even to its minutest detail. In our judgment a sufficient army could not have been raised without the comprehensive draft system." To the fairness and reasonableness of the law and the regulations must be ascribed a large part of the satisfaction with the system. (&) But the boards themselves must also be fair and reasonable if the law were to have its perfect working. It was necessary that the personal element in its administration be wise and impartial. Upon CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. the boards rested the task of developing confidence in the well-devised system of the draft. Many persons were at first pessimistic at the prospect of its administration. But the impression early gained ground that the system was and would be a fair one. As time went on, and the care, devotion, fairness, and sacrifice of board members became obvious, the confidence of the people grew steadily and surely. Those within its operation demanded nothing more than that it be impartially administered; this fact once obvious, even those least moved by the impulse of sacrifice awaited their turn philosophically. And as the war proceeded, and America'spart becameaniore important one and the boards' qualities of strength and wisdom became more and more obvious throughout all classes of the community, the tide of approval for the selective draft rose higher and higher, and the dominant sentiment finally became a readiness and oven an eagerness to enter the draft without waiting for a call. In short, the spirit of volunteering had been bred within the draft. The boards' letters chronicle this spirit abundantly. A few of those characteristic passages must be quoted: We thought it would interest you to hear with what fine patriotic spirit 99 per cent of the qualified registrants received the information that they had been selected to serve their country . Here are some of the things they said when so informed : ' ' Good , ' ' "I am glad," "Thank you," "I am very proud," "That just suits me," "Fine," "No objections," "Tickled to death;" and some of them seemed so pleased that nothing short of a hearty handshake would satisfy them. Many of them who were rejected showed signs of disappointment; one man went away with tears in his eyes. To show further the spirit animating the men, we must tell you that we had several married men, who not only made no claim for deferred classification, but also signed the waiver and got their wives to do likewise. One of such men, an Italian, who has been in this country 11 years, was rejected, as he thought, for underweight. He was so disappointed that the day after his examination he visited the ofRce of the chairman of the board and requested that he be given some medicine to build him up so that he might gain the weight necessary to enable him to qualify. When asked why he did not claim deferred classification on the ground of having a dependent wife and child, he answered with the wisdom of a simple mind, "If everybody claims exemption, who is going to do the fighting?" The youths of the land became more and more eager, and the younger they were, the more impatient were they to get away. This board had on the list to be advanced in their call at least 50 of the late registrants under 21 years of age. At such times as they could not be called in advance of their order, we were compelled to listen to their censures; but such censures were indeed music to our souls. A great change began to manifest itself among those who had been persistent in claims for deferred classifica- tion; and we observed a strong tendency among married men without children to have their classification changed. Wives were beginning to take a different view, perhaps beginning to feel somewhat envious of their married friend whose husband was in the service. Whatever other influences helped to this beneficient result, it must never be forgotten that a main cause was the solid popular confidence built up for the system by the conduct and spirit of the local boards. LOCAL BOARDS. 287 It can all be summed up in the concise phrase of one of the board members : We realized that we were expected to raise the Army with (as near as could be) exact justice to everybody. We tried to play the game squarely, and to do the busi- ness in man fashion. (c) The result was that, virtually everywhere and notably in the small towns, the entire community was transformed into a unanimous unofficial body of assistants to the boards. Everyone was interested; everyone was in favor of the system; and everyone was ready and eager to help. At the lift of the hand the boards could commandeer all varieties of contributions, to do honor to the town's contingent and to make the selective draft a success. The following description of this support, from an Oklahoma board, would probably be true for most others, and its concluding sentence expresses an important political truth: The public stood behind the local and district boards in their administration of the Selective Service law. The members of the board served without pay, and the assistance here mentioned was all rendered without monetary recompense. The newspapers devoted columns of space to these boards. They published the serial and order number lists and the lists of the men called for examination or induc- tion and gave publicity to whatever notices the board wanted to get before its regis- trants or the public. The lawyers served on the legal advisory boards and assisted the registrants in filling out their questionnaires. The doctors served on the local examining and medical advisory boards and exam- ined the men to see if they were qualified. The banks and industrial concerns loaned us their clerks and accountants to assist in the clerical work. The school-teachers prepared the industrial cards for the War Department and rendered other valuable assistance to our clerks. The Council of Defense and Red Cross assisted in making investigations, and the latter looked after the dependents of inducted men. Taxi companies, individuals, and corporations loaned their automobiles to aid in canvassing the county when that was necessary, in carrying through the registrations or in investigating cases, and furnished trucks to carry the men's baggage to the depot. The photographers came and took the pictures of the boys before they left and the band turned out to accompany thein to the station. The home guards and the police officers aided in maintaining order and managing the crowds. We had the undivided support of the entire community l>chind us. And the men sent to camp went cheerfully, and the families they left behind made very little complaint. The American public is easy to get along with when reasonable explanation is made of what.is expected from them and why. (d) In a still deeper sense this support of public sentiment became potent, for it supplied that solid drive of public opinion without which the lav/ alone remains often a barren record and a mere technical command. The community sentiment was present in the conscious- ness of every registrant; he knew that it was judging him; and it fairly drove him to do the honest and right thing. The sanction of 288 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. law was multiplied a hundredfold, and public opinion reached con- sciences which the law alone could never have probed. How potent was this force in supplementing the boards' action is well described in the following letter: Public opinion is kind and cruel, lenient and severe, just and unjust, but never corrupt. It passes sentence after hearing only one side of a case, but nevertheless in most cases it enforces its decree. It was public opinion that enforced the draft law. The local boards simply administered it. The entire population volunteered. Congress merely designated the method of selection, local boards determined who should be exempted and the order in which the selected men should go, and public opinion attended to all cases of opposition to the law. A was married late. He was inducted and later discharged. Public opinion declared that A married to evade service, and decreed that he should return to the Army. A stood out for a while. If it had not been for his family obligations he would have preferred to be in the service. Finally he could stand it no longer; he waived the deferred classification he had received and was inducted. Another instance. When B was examined the doctors disagreed regarding his physical qualifications; some said he was fit, and others said he was not. We sent him to another medical advisory board, where he was disqualified. But public opinion was not satisfied. I can still hear the rumblings of its dissatisfaction. And that man will never be able to forget that he has defied public opinion's decree. I have seen men who looked haunted because of the moral conflict raging within their breasts, between the duties they owed their country, their families, their business, or themselves. I know of cases where it took moral courage to enlist and others where it took more courage to stay out. . I know of cases where men displayed a lack of courage when they joined the colors, and of others where they showed a lack of courage because they did not. But in this emergency public opinion condemned no man who donned the uniform. It concerned itself only with those who did not. (e) This concentration of public opinion on the registrants will explain why we may well assume (as noted in Chapter V) that the successful slackers were few. The selective draft went into nearly every home; and thus every citizen, feeling its incidence in his own family, was determined that others also should do their full duty. Every registrant's case became the subject of observation and dis- cussion ; his action, in claiming or not claiming deferment was well known; the neighbors knew the truth about his circumstances even if the board members might not, and the boards were surfeited with information by visit and by letter, signed and unsigned. The most efficient detective force that the War Department could have organ- ized would not have been more productive of information than were the neighbors in their scrutiny of the registrants. 5. Spirit of the boards. The members of the local boards had need of all the manhood and courage that was in them, thus to "play the game squarely;" for the moral and mental burden was one to tax their endurance. The physical labors were enormous and exhausting; but the added strain of maintaining their moral hold on the community, while deciding these heavy matters of life and death, was one which none but those who passed through it can appreciate. ''Chastened LOCAL BOARDS. 289 in spirit, and calloused in body, but buoyant in the knowledge that they were serving to win the war," such is the description, by one of them, of the effect of their toil. Another board thus sums up, in fitting terms, the dominant spirit: The work, in many instances, has been disagreeable, and our way beset with thorns and thistles which pricked deep, and made the smarting, at times, almost unbearable. But deep down in our hearts we felt and we knew that we were serving our country and helping to fight its battles as effectively as the boys across the sea, and that the smarting of the thistles and the pricking of the thorns was only our part of the disa- greeable features of war. In many respects, financial loss has been sustained, friends have been sacrificed, social standing forfeited, hopes and plans blasted. But all this is only a part of the sacrifice we have been called to make for Liberty, Freedom, and Democracy. And our star of sacrifice is very dim compared with the sacrifice which the performance of our duties has-compelled fathers and mothers to make in giving their sons to the cause; many of whom have already been required to make the supreme sacrifice. And those who could take this largest view of their task were broadened and enlivened by the new views of human nature unrolled before them, and especially by the revelation of solid character and unpretentious patriotism among the plain people of our land. One of the local board members (now the draft executive for his State) has already faithfully depicted, with the genial and classic art of a Charles Lamb, the intimate drama of life as it was presented in the office of the boards. 1 The reports of the boards are full of acknowl- edgment of the inspiration gained from then' experiences, and, taken all in all, their revelations renew our faith in human nature and American character: "My work on this board," says one, ''has been the greatest experience of my life. To have come into such close contact with the men of this community, their families and friends, during this crisis, has increased my respect and admiration for their unselfish loyalty and patriotism. The mean and cowardly have been so few in num- ber as to be a negligible factor; their cases will soon be forgotten." "We came," says another, ''into most intimate contact with all classes of people, learned of their trials and tribulations, their fears and hopes, their opinions, prejudices, and feelings, and their histo- ries, sometimes containing faults and crimes carefully concealed from the world. While most was commonplace, there was also much that was sad and pathetic, much that was noble, as well as much that was amusing. There was very little that was base or cowardly. The patriotism which displays itself in frothy enthusiasm was the exception; the quiet, grim patriotism, based upon a sense of duty and a real regard for country, was the rule. This dominant feeling on the part of the registrants and their dependents was of the endur- ing character that lasts to the end; and it made the draft a wonder- ful success." i "Reflections of a Draft Ollicial," by Gordon Snow, Boston, Houghton Mifllin & Co., 1918. 97250 19 19 290 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. But it is idle to attempt to put into words here the full story of what the local boards achieved. Every military man must recog- nize what they did for the Nation's Army; and every civilian must recognize what they did for the Nation's liberty and welfare. And every American is proud of them. Whatever of credit is accorded to other agencies of the selective service law, the local boards must be deemed the corner-stone of the system. (VI) GOVERNMENT APPEAL AGENTS. 1. Appointment under original regulations. Local and district boards had exclusive authority to pass upon questions vitally affect- ing the interests of the individual and the Government. But there is fallibility in all bodies exercising judicial functions; and it was early foreseen that, whatever the character and ability of the per- sonnel of such boards, errors of judgment would undoubtedly creep in. These occurrences, unless an ample opportunity was given to correct them, would tend to raise doubt in the mind of the American public as to the fairness of the execution of the law relied upon to produce our armies. Provision was therefore made at the outset by which individuals were given adequate means, in cases affecting their interest, to make their appeal from the boards of original jurisdic 1 - tion to appellate tribunals. But it would have been manifestly unwise to provide such safeguards for individuals and yet to neglect to make similar provisions for the full protection of the interest of the Government. In consequence, the rules and regulations pre- scribed by the President, of date June 30, 1917, and the compiled rulings amendatory thereto, provided for the automatic appeal of all cases of discharge on account of dependency, and for discretionary authority to appeal in other cases. Governors of the various States were authorized to appoint representatives of the Government to take these appeals. In the majority of instances, county and city attorneys were appointed to perform these duties. There was at first no specific designation of title, but generally speaking, the appeals were taken in the name of the United States Government under the signature of the person so appointed. In all cases, except in the case under which automatic appeals were provided, the person so designated was required to keep himself informed of the action of the local boards; and, on his own initiative, or from information brought to his attention by other persons, he was required to take appeal to the appellate tribunal when, in his opinion, the best interests of the Government and justice to other registrants made such an appeal desirable. At the close of the first draft, and before the preparation of the Selective Service Regulations published November 8, 1917, it was fully GOVERNMENT APPEAL AGENTS. 291 realized that the work to be performed was one of magnitude, and that the agents constituted one of the mainstays to the selective service system. That their services might be made more available in the proper selection of registrants under the new scheme of classi- fication, provision was made for the enlargement of their duties and of authority. Even under the first draft it had been seen that Gov- ernment appeal representatives were called upon to perform arduous tasks beyond the scope of their regularly prescribed duties. No . provision had been made under the first draft for the legal advisory boards and other assistants to render advice to the local boards, dis- trict boards, and other draft officials and registrants; and the person so designated to represent the Government was called upon to advise the various board members, clerks, and other assistants upon any and all questions relating to the performance of their work under the selective service law; to formulate, for presentation to the higher draft officials, questions relating to the interpretations of the law which could not be easily answered. They were expected to famil- iarize themselves thoroughly with local conditions and with the circumstances surrounding each individual case passed upon by the local board, in order to determine whether or not the rights of the Government had been protected and whether injustice had been done to registrants. They were relied upon by the various district boards of the country to render exhaustive reports where the records forwarded to the district boards failed to disclose sufficient facts to enable the boards to reach a proper conclusion. Thus, because of their known familiarity with the draft law and the local administra- tion of it, they became practically centers of information, and regis- trants resorted to them at all hours of the day either to make inquiry or discuss claims. 2. Under the regulations of December, 1917. Under the Selective Service Regulations effective December 15, 1917, the governors of the various States were authorized to designate for each local board one or more persons to take appeals for and on behalf of the United States. There were 4,679 in all. Appendix Table 91-A shows their distribution by States. It was expected, and it resulted, that the persons heretofore acting as representatives of the Government for the purpose of taking appeals were designated by the various draft executives in this capacity as Government appeal agents. Thus, there was no up- setting of the organization already perfected. Their duties, however, were so enlarged that they were now required to appeal, from deferred classifications by a local board, rulings which in the opinion of fie appeal agent were erroneous; to care for the interests of ignorant registrants; to inform them of their rights, where the decision of the local board was against the interests of such persons, or where it 292 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. appeared that such persons would not take appeals, due to their nonculpable ignorance, and to assist them to enter appeals to the district board; to investigate and report upon matters submitted for such purpose by local or district boards; to suggest a' reopening of any case where the interests of justice might require; to impart to the local board any information which in the opinion of the appeal agent ought to be investigated; to furnish suggestions and informa- tion to the district boards; to instruct local boards to take additional proof; to receive information from interested persons affecting any case under the jurisdiction of the boards where such interested per- sons did not desire to make a personal disclosure to the boards; and to prepare appeals in any cases, whether by the registrant or by the Government, where he considered appeals to be to the interest of the Government. In these various capacities the Government appeal agent was authorized to administer oaths; and, in fact, a large proportion of the time of the appeal agents was taken up in assisting with the probate of questionnaires. 3. Performance of their duties. It can thus be seen that Govern- ment appeal agents were faced with a heavy task. To perform this task to a degree satisfactory to the Government, it was inevitable in a large proportion of the cases that the private livelihoods and business interests of these men would materially suffer. It was a task that meant unlimited sacrifice; and the records of this office show that the duties were fully realized, and that they were ade- quately performed. It was, of course, virtually necessary that the appeal agents should be selected from the members* of the legal profession. In the further draft that was made upon the legal profession at the same time by the appointment of members of legal advisory boards and their associates, it can readily be seen that the practice of the law for these officials, during the administration of the draft, became merely a secondaiy interest. In a large number of instances, such Govern- ment appeal agents served in the dual capacity of appeal agent and member or associate member of a legal advisory board. Numbers of instances were found where such officials pactically abandoned their own private offices, and stayed on continuous duty at the office of the local boards, in order that they might effectively keep in touch with the decisions rendered by such boards, and be in a position to to protect better the interests of the registrants and of the Govern- ment. It was not intended, nor did they interpret their duty to be, that they should be partisan representatives of the Government for the purpose, if possible, of placing every registrant hi military service, as would normally be the case of a prosecuting attorney trying his docket. They properly conceived their duty to be that of repre- MEDICAL ADVISORY BOAEDS. 293 senting the Government, by seeing that the selective principle of the selective service law was applied that no man escaped who owed the duty to go, and that the Government was not put to the expense of sending to the camps men who were better fitted to pre- serve the necessary industries at home and to protect the family integrity. Their province was to see that substantial fairness was observed; and the relative fewness of discharges at camps, of men finally accepted for service, is ample proof of the admirable manner in which that duty was performed. The outstanding fact that this duty was performed uncomplainingly and without any compensation whatever, places them in the enviable position of the patriot who is unrewarded, save in the consciousness of duty well performed, and in the knowledge that both the Government and the people composing it proudly acknowledge a debt which can not be liquidated. Such devotion to duty can only be described by the thought that these men were putting into their part of the great fight the con- science of the American people. (VH) MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARDS. When the Selective Service Regulations were promulgated, pro- vision was made for the creation and organization of medical advisory boards. Their functions were to examine physically those registrants whose cases had been appealed to them by a registrant, by a Govern- ment appeal agent, or on motion of a local board. Each board consisted of three or more members. The desired minimum con- sisted of one each of the following specialists: Internist; eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist; orthopedist; surgeon; psychiatrist; radiographer, and dentist. To these boards were referred doubtful cases of registrants who had obscure physical defects. By means of this highly trained technical agency, many obscure physical defects in registrants were detected, thereby materially assisting the local boards, which were not equipped to conduct an exhaustive exami- nation, to reduce materially the number of rejections at mobilization camps and also to detect malingerers. Originally these boards could pass finally on cases in a formal meeting only, at which a quorum was present ; but as their duties became heavier, it became necessary to consider cases in the most expeditious manner, and provision was made for the examination and consideration of cases by one or more of their members. The members of these boards were nominated by the governors of their respective States, and appointed by the President. There were 1,319 boards, with a total membership of 9,577. Appendix Table 91-A shows their distribution by States. 294 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. At this point a tribute is due to the American Medical Association. From this association came the suggestion for medical advisory boards and cordial assistance in their selection. The Journal of the American Medical Association, with a circulation of 66,000 copies, has been a valuable medium of information between this office and the medical men who discharged the duties of the profession to the Government through the draft. . The medical profession has re- sponded and served in a devoted manner that has received universally fax r orable comment. It is gratifying to note the part which the association has taken in thus assisting to raise our great Army, as well as its valuable contribution to the war generally. Medical advisory members served without compensation. The ex- acting details incident to the examination of tens of thousands of regis- trants, drawn from every precinct of the United States, have been accom- plished with a patient, prompt precision that impels me to express my personal appreciation for theirloyal services to our Government, through their cooperation with this office. It is keenly appreciated that their duties were an additional burden to busy lives, and were not publicly recognized either by uniform, or rank, or the applause of the multi- tude. They continued at their tasks unflinchingly, often far into the night, with only conscience as their commander, and with stern duty as their censor. To them, whose services were so cheerfully, assidu- ously, and efficiently rendered, the Nation owes a debt of gratitude. (Vm) LEGAL ADVISORY BOABDS. 1. Need for ffiese officials. The legal adage that "Ignorance of the law is no excuse "could not, as a practical proposition, be applied to the administration of the selective service law. After a very f ewmonths of the draft it was recognized that a law which applied alike to the literate and the illiterate, and the success of which depended upon the prompt compliance of registrants, could be successfully enforced only by careful instruction of the people as to its requirements and by assisting them in meeting those requirements. Some ready and competent means of bringing the selective service system to registrants of every description and of assisting them in discharging the duties imposed by the draft, were obviously necessary. The selective service law and regulations contained many technical requirements which people not versed in legal matters might find confusing. In searching the field for an agency which might meet the situation, the legal profession was naturally resorted to as the institution best fitted for the service. 2. Resort to th.e legal profession. No doubt was ever entertained as to the willingness of the lawyers of the country to contribute their services. The idea of utilizing their services had barely been con- ceived before plans for mobilizing the strength of the profession were LEGAL ADVISORY BOARDS. 295 formulated. A formal call to men of the legal profession, to offer their services for the purpose of instructing registrants concerning their rights and obligations under the selective service law, and of assisting them in the preparation of their answers to then- question- naires, was made on November 8, 1917, by the President in his Foreword to the Selective Service Regulations. The response of the profession at large was magnificent. Indeed, promptly upon the publication of the President's call, and before they learned of the definite plans of organization, attorneys became so impatient to respond to the call that meetings for preliminary organi- zation were held throughout the length and breadth of the land; meetings attended by hundreds and sometimes by thousands. With such splendid spirit to build upon, the success of the plan depended largely upon the organization of this willingness to serve. 3. Organization of the boards. The fullest success of the plan for availing the selective service system of the services of attorneys, and of other citizens in a position to assist registrants, could be attained only by the utilization of the maximum number of attorneys. It was, however, realized that greater efficiency would be had by constituting small committees. These could be held to strict accountability. For the assistance of those committees, as many other attorneys and other public spirited citizens as possible would be associated. Pursuant to this plan, there was constituted for each local board a legal advisory board, composed of three reputable attorneys, whose duties were to see "that there should always be a competent force of lawyers or laymen available to * * * regis- trants at any time during which the local or district boards within such district are open for business." To legal advisory boards fell the task of mobilizing assistant advisers for their districts and of distributing as evenly as possible the work to be exacted of them. These latter advisers were called associate legal advisers. 4. Appointment oftJie members. In accordance with the decentral- ized plan under which the selective service system was administered, the governors of the several States were assigned the task of constitut- ing legal advisory boards in such numbers and within such districts as would be convenient to every registrant. The governors were further charged with the duty of nominating, for the appointment of the President, legal advisory board members. Associate legal advisory members were appointed by the permanent legal advisers. The selection of the legal personnel, while most essential, was in many States a large undertaking. Yet promptness was of the utmost importance. To expedite that end, the Provost Marshal General on November 13, 1917, appealed to the good offices of the American Bar Association, and suggested for each State the assign- ment of the vice president and the State member of the general council 296 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. of that association, the President of the State Bar Association, and the attorney general of the State, as a central committee to assist their governor in the organization of legal advisory boards. The response of the American Bar Association was most encourag- ing. So promptly did its officers organize central committees and select and nominate the legal advisory boards attached to each local board, and so spontaneously did the members of the legal profession throughout the whole country respond to the call of duty, that one week later, nearly a month hi advance of the time when the legal advisory boards would be required to begin their actual labors, I was able to write to the Secretary of the American Bar Association as follows : By reason of the valuable services rendered by you and by the national officers of the association and by the vice presidents and members of the general council in the respective States, and by the prompt and almost universal response of the members of the association generally, legal advisory boards have been fully organized in many of the States and are being rapidly organized in the others; and I have no doubt whatever that the aid to be rendered by them during the classification of registrants, which will begin about December 15, will make the accomplishment of the classifica- tion completely successful. The members of legal advisory boards numbered in all 10,915, and the associate members 108,367. There were 3,646 boards in all; Appendix Table 91-A shows their distribution by States. 5. Method of work. Wide publicity was given the existence of legal advisory boards and their purposes, every effort being made to bring to the attention of registrants the fact that gratuitous profes- sional advice might be had upon the requirements of the selective service law. Letters of instruction w^ere issued along with question- naires to registrants, showing exactly where free legal assistance might be secured from legal advisory members in filling out questionnaires, as well as any other information concerning the operation of the selective service law and corollary acts. The question of compensation was early considered by the Amer- ican Bar Association and by this office, and it was unanimously decided that men leaving their homes and offering their lives for their country should not be charged fees in connection with the filling out of papers required by the Selective Service Regulations. Comparatively little difficulty was encountered in this respect. Wherever it was found that an attorney had charged a fee for assist- ing a registrant, he was, by his bar association or by the State legal advisory board, requested to discontinue such practice and return the fees collected. In practically every instance the reasonableness of this demand was seen, and compliance ensued. A very few scattered prosecutions against members of legal advisory boards for charging fees were instituted; and where the practice was clearly established, convictions were secured. LEGAL ADVISORY BOARDS. 297 The following quotation from a report of one of the States illus- trates the devoted industry of legal advisers in serving registrants: It will be remembered that the latter part of December and early January (1917-18) witnessed the coldest and worst weather this section of the country has suffered in many years; the ground was covered with snow 6 to 12 inches deep, and the ther- mometer frequently went below zero for days at a time, rendering the roads almost impassable and travel exceedingly difficult, especially in the rural and mountain districts. To meet this situation the legal advisory boards in the mountain districts arranged to organize branch boards in various parts of the county, so that the distance necessary to be traveled by the registrants was greatly reduced. In some of the mountain counties as many as four branches would be acting: and in the lowlands, where the roads were almost impassable, greater numbers were organized, so that the registrants could leave home, taking their dependents with them, and answer the questionnaires and make necessary affidavits and return home within the period of the day. Where registrants were ill, and could not come, members of the board would go to them, often traveling 10 to 20 miles through the snow and over the moun- tains, to render this service. The splendid services of legal advisers was greatly helped by the patriotic attitude taken by the various courts. Realizing that it would be impossible for legal advisers to render- efficient service if the courts continued in regular session, the judiciary of many States, during the first part of December, 1917, adjourned court for a number of weeks, or until the completion of questionnaires. The result was that courts practically ceased operation during the period the ques- tionnaires were being answered, and many of the members of the judiciaries lent their assistance to the legal advisory board nearest to them. Justices of the peace and city magistrates, when requested, followed the example of the higher courts. 6. Scope of the wor-k. Legal advisory members were constantly consulted with reference to legislation cognate to the selective service act. Particularly was this so in the case of the soldiers and sailors ' civil rights act and the war risk insurance act. Some boards pub- lished articles explanatory of the above statutes and did everything in their power to secure to drafted men the benefits thereof. Many patriotic organizations, such as the Council of National Defense, the War Service Leagues, the American Protective League, etc., found willing assistance from legal advisory members. The task of legal advisers lasted for the duration of the war. When it became apparent that Class I was not as large as had been reckoned upon, and that a general rectification was necessary, legal advisory board members were asked in May of 1918 to cooperate with local boards in accomplishing that reclassification. With this request there was a most hearty compliance. Again, in September, 1918, the' new registration laid upon the selective service officials a task equivalent to all that they had previously accom- plished, and legal advisory boards were again called upon to help meet the situation. Willingly and promptly they reconvened, 298 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. and placed themselves at the disposal of the new registrants, as they had done with respect to the old. Again the courts lent their assistance to the occasion, and adjourned entirely, or to such extent as to eliminate any delay in the work of assisting registrants. 7. Results. A large volume would not suffice to record the names of the lawyers of the country who lent their aid to the draft, and could contain but a bare summary of the labor and achievements. A brief citation of the figures of one State alone, and this not the largest, shows that there were organized within two weeks 850 permanent members and 3,000 associate members of legal advisory boards; that during the months of December and January these boards held more than 4,000 meetings and devoted more than 3,000,000 hours in aiding and advising more than 400,000 regis- trants. In the greatest city of the Nation, where half a million registrants were required to respond to the questionnaire, the permanent and associate members exceeded 3,000 in number. There is no brighter chapter in the history of the draft than that of the services rendered by the lawyers of the country. Legal advisers richly deserve 'the credit for upholding the tradition of American fairness in the administration of her laws. Not only did the expert advice accorded by the lawyers of the country contribute toward the expeditious creation of an army; but the impression of equity engendered by their services was of inestimable value in developing and in maintaining a healthy morale in the body politic. On the honor list of the war" must be numbered the thousands of law- yers and other public-spirited citizens who, without emolument and without the glory of the battlefield, served their country by support- ing and aiding in the administration of the most drastic legislation of the last half century. (IX) BOARDS OF INSTRUCTION. In a letter from this office dated July 4, 1918, local boards were advised to select and organize boards of instruction, one for each local board. The measure had its origin in suggestions made to the Secretary of War personally, and by him transmitted with approval to this office in June, 1918. The suggestions originated with a group of Cleveland men, whose experience in dealing with some 35,000 selectives sent to camp from that region, had developed available methods of pre- induction preparation in military morale. In many other regions local boards had taken various measures for the better preparation of the young men in their jurisdiction who were to become soldiers. But the peculiar efficacy of the Cleveland method was that it ap- proached the young men as individuals, secured their confidence, and BOARDS OF INSTRUCTION". 299 was thus enabled to exercise a stronger influence on their views and their conduct. 1. Object. The general object, in the appointment of boards of instruction, was concisely stated as follows : To put the selective sendee men into camp willing, loyal, intelligent, clean, and sober, and thus to fit them better for rapid progress in becoming good soldiers. And to accomplish this by systematic personal instruction given beforehand to each selective by members of a local committee of reputable citizens in each board .area acting under the auspices of the local board. Very few selectives had seen any military training before reaching camp. A larger number had some intelligent idea of what awaited them and why they were to go. A still larger number were loyally, though ignorantly, willing to go. But, after all these allowances, there remained many men, represented in every local board area, who were neither willing, nor intelligent, nor loyal, nor fit, in the proper degree. Moreover, the family surroundings often tended to empha- size this condition; family sentiments affected the drafted man, and might make him less ready to go. All this was especially true in the cities where foreign-born populations abound. Further, camp sur- geons reported that the man's mental attitude affected his physical condition. Any one of a score of small ailments might develop into a cause for discharge, if nurtured by a wrong mental attitude, or might become negligible, if the man had the will and the motive to overcome them. Thus the efficiency of the national Army was affected by the mental condition of the individual after selection in Class I and before arrival in camp. Moreover, the existence of these conditions among drafted men had entailed immense additional labor for the selective service boards in overcoming them. The foregoing elements of inefficiency could be largely removed by personal instruction. Experience had demonstrated this conclu- sively. To send a contingent of men who had been put into fit con- dition mentally and morally was to gam at least a month, and often more, in time, for the readiness of the division to leave for the battle field of human freedom. For this reason the work of such instruction required to be organ- ized, and on a large scale. To accomplish this, in the existing peculiar conditions cited, required a group of men that would devote themselves unselfishly and unreservedly to the immediate elimination of the obstacles, and to the presentation of the patriotic inducement in terms such as all types of American youth could comprehend. Recognizing that not numbers alone but also the morale of the American Army was a conquering factor, this group of men, by using their personal influence on the mental and moral make-up of the selectives, would be able to evoke and strengthen that fundamental 300 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. patriotic impulse which every true man possesses. The proven methods by which the results could be accomplished called for the most patriotic devotion by men whose only compensation would be the consciousness that they were contributing to that spirit in the American soldier which was to win the war. 2. Organization; local hoard of instruction in every area. The gen- eral plan of operation was to use local boards of instruction, the members to be appointed by the local selective service board. As the final result was to depend upon personal sympathetic contact with registrants, the members would be individually selected with reference to their local repute and standing; their character and human experi- ence; ardor to help win the war; willingness to serve without com- pensation or exploitation; appreciation of the possibilities of the plan; intelligent conception of the kind of soldiers the Nation needed; ability to analyze young men's difficulties, and to inspire in them a patriotic desire to serve. Wherever one or more existing agencies had already undertaken some part of this work, sanction was to be given by the local board, if it -approved the kind of work and the personnel in charge. The work already organized and under way in many communities would receive as ample recognition as possible. But it would rest with the local board to organize the personnel of the board of instruction in such manner as to insure conformity to the purposes and methods outlined, and to emphasize rigorously the main object of preparing the men to be better soldiers when the time came for their call to the colors. 3. Methods. The following methods were suggested in outline: (a) At the time of the medical examination the registrants would be assembled in small groups, for a personal interview, and particular information be given by individual members of the boards of instruc- tion, perplexities cleared, and encouraging suggestions made as to the personal value of military training, the chances for promotion, etc.; and the aid and friendly support of the Red Cross, the Army K. of C., the Y. M. C. A., the Hebrew Welfare Board, the Commis- sion on Training Camp Activities, would be mentioned. This personal interview would establish a relation of immense initial importance between the board member and the drafted men; he would be a friend, the one encouraging personality in a system which to many of them represents only compulsion. The power of this man to influence their estimates of the service and their patriotic ideals could not be overestimated. (6) During the pre-induction period the selected men would be called together once or twice at which time they would be met in groups for instruction as follows: (1) The provision which the Government had made for the protection and welfare of disabled soldiers and, in BOARDS OF INSTRUCTION". 301 event of death, of their families or dependents, through its War Risk Insurance Bureau; this information would assist in neutralizing the family opposition due to ignorance of such safeguard. (2) The Gov- ernment provision for allowances and allotments to soldiers' depend- ents; this information would relieve apprehension in the soldier's home and inspire respect for all the Government's demands. (3) Discussion of these topics: Why America Entered the War; Why America Must Win the War; The Necessary Character of the American Soldier; Sexual Restraint and the Avoidance of Liquor as a Patriotic Obligation; Camp Life. Free discussion of these subjects would develop the principles of American democracy, personal character, conduct, personal habits, patriotic abstemiousness, and soldierly ideals and obligations. (c) Preliminary military drill would be encouraged where feasible, to familiarize the men with first principles. Wherever local militia reserve organizations already existed, the selectives would be advised to join them for training during the period of waiting. (d) Each phase of this instruction was to supplement and not to duplicate any similar effort which already was or might be author- ized by the Government. The labor required from the selective service boards themselves, after appointing the boards of instruction, was to be confined to the issuance of two or three board orders, for the purpose of securing interviews with the men. 4. Publications. The boards of instruction naturally needed and sought more ample information than was possessed by many of them, for the purpose of answering inquiries of the selectives and of instructing them on the various necessary subjects. It had been recommended to the boards that every member should pay a visit to the nearest Army camp and to spend a day or so there observing the methods and incidents of camp life; for this experi- ence would give them a greater assurance of statement, and would add much to the confidence that would be placed in them by the men. But so widespread were the inquiries for additional infor- mation on special subjects that a number of bulletins were pre- pared, with the assistance of other agencies; and during August, September, and October these bulletins were distributed to the boards. "They were as follows: Bulletin No. 3, August 22 "Home Reading Course for Citizen Soldiers," a pamphlet prepared by the War Department and published by the Committee on Public Information in October, 1917, as War Information Series No. 9; this pamphlet is undoubtedly the most valuable concise account of the facts about the Army as the civilian and intending soldier needs to know them. 302 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. Bulletin No. 4 "War Aims; How to Conduct a Course of Talks on that Subject for Young American Soldiers," prepared by Frank Aydelotte, Assistant Educational Director, War Department, Committee on Education and Special Training. Bulletin No. 5 "How the Selectives Are Treated by Uncle Sam in Camp," pre- pared by Julius R. Kline, Lieutenant Colonel, Illinois National Guard. Bulletin No. 6 "Teaching English to nonspeaking Selectives," a vocabulary and phrase book employing words and phrases used in Army life, prepared by Capt. Emery Bryan, Cantonment Intelligence Officer at Camp Upton, New York, and approved by the Military Morale Section of the General Staff, and used also by the Bureau of Education, Department for the Interior. Bulletin No. 7 two pamphlets, one entitled "Before you Go," prepared by the Home Service Section of the American Red Cross, and the other entitled "Com- missions on Training Camp Activities, War and Navy Departments" prepared by those commissions. Bulletin No. 8 entitled "Hygiene," which announced a plan of the U. S. Public Health Service for lectures at the various local boards, and was accompanied by a pamphlet prepared by the Public Health Service, entitled "Come Clean." These bulletins could be distributed only in limited numbers, and the demand far outran the supply. 5. Work of the "boards. The proposal to appoint boards of instruc- tion received a hearty response in a large majority of the States and local boards. Representatives of the Cleveland Committee traveled throughout the country, gratuitously contributing their patriotic service, and attended meetings called for the purpose, either by the State adjutant general or by board members in various local- ities, or by the selective service associations m in some of the larger cities. The boards appointed numbered 2,952, representing a personnel of more than 16,000 men (as shown by States in Appendix Table 91-A). The most representative citizens of the community were found on the boards. And not the least of the benefits secured was the welcome opportunity thus afforded to many older men to take a direct part in helping to make a better Army. The grati- tude of these men for this privilege of rendering effective service has been notable; and their appreciation of its value to the young men is testified by the frequent suggestion, received since the armistice, that a similar work could be conducted voluntarily for civic purposes. The activities of the boards were in general those recommended by the original letter of July 4, 1918; although the boards differed widely in the attention given to one or another of these forms of service. In some States or boards the greatest interest was dis- played in the instruction in patriotism, or in Army methods, or in camp life. In others, different topics received emphasis. In still others, military drill was the subject of most interest; but in virtually all such cases the activities of the boards consisted chiefly in encouraging the selectives to join one of the State organizations of reserve militia or home guards, or one of the drill companies CIVIC COOPERATING AGENCIES. 303 already initiated by private effort. A remarkable disclosure, in the correspondence on this subject, was the great number of cities, all over the country, in which military drill companies of one sort or another had already sprung up spontaneously. Many thousands of young men were already voluntarily studying and practicing the manual of arms in preparation for their future military service. The value of this work in fitting them to become good soldiers more rapidly is shown by the numerous reports from the boards of instruc- tion, relating with satisfaction that a large number of their men who had taken this training were made noncommissioned officers within a short time after arrival at camp. Had the war continued, and had the new registrants of ages 18-45 been called into the military service, there can be no doubt that the work of the boards of instruction would have been a most effective means of improving the pre-induction morale of the selectives, and thus of making more effective the organized Army. (X) CIVIC COOPERATING AGENCIES. Over and above the personnel recorded in the roster of boards having a direct official duty under the selective service act and regulations, this office received a great amount of organized assist- ance from civic associations, as well as from Government depart- ments, at various times and for special purposes. These agencies lent their personnel, on request, for the work desired, or undertook special work of their own to assist some purpose of this office. Some of these agencies have been already expressly alluded to, with a description of their work and acknowledgment of their coopera- tion, in earlier parts of this report. The work of the Government Printing Office, in printing and distributing the forms and announce- ments, has been already described in the present chapter. The work of the American Railway Association, in assisting the mobiliza- tion of selectives to camps, was described in Chapter VIII. What was there said in acknowledgment of the achievement of the United States Railway Administration applies equally to the American Railway Association, which had charge of rail movements prior to the taking over of the railways by the Government. The Committee on Public Information, as already set forth in Chapter II, made possible the attainment of a complete registration on September 12, 1918. The agencies of the Department of Justice, in tracing and finding deserters, have been acknowledged in Chapter V. The Post Office Department extended invaluable assistance in securing the delivery of the vast number of mail notices addressed to registrants, as already noted in Chapters II arid III. The Bureau of the Census, in the Department of Commerce, generously lent a large force of experts in the compilation of the Industrial Index ; and from time to 304 CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL. time furnished this office with computations on technical topics of many sorts. The Council of National Defense, as already mentioned in Chapter II, devoted its extensive machinery to the stimulation of the registration of September 12, 1918; and from time to time used its State and local committees to secure popular response to many administrative measures promulgated from this office. Of the many civic bodies which gladly came forward to assist in securing the smooth operation of the selective service system, it is impracticable to mention more than a few of the principal ones. The American Red Cross, for example, in order to make comfortable the transit of the selectives to camp, furnished canteen service at the various railroad stations and distributed to local boards a list of these stations, for the information of the selectives en route; this ministered to the young men in the period between their departure from home and their arrival in camp a period when they were most in need of encouragement and friendly attention. The American Protective League placed its entire membership at the disposal of the Department of Justice and of local boards, in order to locate de- linquents and to furnish other useful information; and they formed an investigative body of extreme value. The representatives of the press gave freely of their time and their printed space, in order to bring home to every registrant and every family the duties required under the selective service act, and the stages of business reached by local boards from time to time; nearly every local paper in -the United States has carried a daily column of selective service informa- tion; and the extraordinary contribution of the press in the publicity measures for the registration of September 12, 1918, has already been described in Chapter II. The hearty and invaluable cooperation of the legal profession, especially represented by the American Bar Association and affiliated bodies, and the medical profession, especially represented by the American Medical Association and affiliated bodies, has been duly de- scribed in the present chapter. The work of the dental profession, especially represented by the National Dental Association, can not be passed over without a particular expression of admiration. The Preparedness League of American Dentists, organized February 27, 1916, was reorganized and expanded, for the purposes Of the war, on December 6, 1917. The purpose of the league was to furnish dental assistance to all persons in the military and naval service, and par- ticularly to the selectives; it pledged each member of the league to give one hour of free service. Its report for October 31, 1918, shows that it had enrolled 17,160 members; that it had examined 170,933 selectives and others in the military and naval service; and that it had performed a total of 613,285 operations. CIVIC COOPEEAT1NG AGENCIES. 305 Under the guidance of the Bureau of Education, Department of the Interior, virtually the entire body of school-teachers in the United States, including college professors, volunteered in the early months of 1918 to assist in transcribing 9,000,000 occupational cards for the Industrial Index; and the chronicles of the labors and sacrifices made for that urgent occasion would alone fill many chapters It is true that the raising of the Army by the selective draft was a measure which touched every home, every shop, every factory, and every farm in the country; and, therefore, there was a natural and universal popular interest in the processes of the draft. Nevertheless, this popular interest might have been that of mere curiosity, or it might have been one of sullen distrust or resistant hostility. In fact, it was one of active sympathy and desire to help. The obvious fairness of the system ; its direct relation to the raising of the Army, and there- fore to the winning of the war; and the opportunity for service which it presented to those who were not qualified to give direct help to the fighting forces in other ways these features enabled the system to rely upon the voluntary assistance of thousands upon thousands of men and women who gladly "did their bit" to help raise the Army. As one surveys the ever widening circles of citizens who thus con- tributed in the work of the system, the boundaries become more indefinite between the various groups of persons who gave their help for a longer or shorter time, until finally the numbers become count- less. The closing impression left upon the mind is one of pro- found gratitude and satisfaction gratitude for the destiny which has given us an entire people united in hearty support of the war, and satisfaction in the revelation that a peaceful Nation, ambitious only for its own prosperity and happiness, can none the less be relied upon in time of national danger to devote itself to the task of raising a defensive Army. 97250 19 - 20 < woiost Marshal General APPENDIXES. 307 APPENDIX A. THE PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION OF AUGUST 31, 1918. BY THE PRESIDENT OP THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. A PROCLAMATION. Whereas Congress has enacted and the President has, on the thirty-first day of August, one thousand nine hundred and eighteen, approved an act amending the act approved May eighteen, one thousand nine hundred and seventeen. And whereas said act, as amended, contains the following provisions: "SEC. 5. That all male persons between the ages of eighteen and forty-five, both inclusive, shall be subject to registration in accordance with regulations to be pre- scribed by the President, and upon proclamation by the President or other public notice given by him or by his direction stating the time or times and place or places of any such registration, it shall be the duty of all persons of the designated ages, except officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army; officers and enlisted men of the National Guard while in the service of the United States; officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps and enlisted men in the Enlisted Reserve Corps while in the service of the United States; officers and enlisted men of the Navy and Marine Corps; officers and enlisted and enrolled men of the Naval Reserve Force and Marine Corps Reserve while in the service of the United States; officers commissioned in the Army of the United States under the provisions of this act; persons who, prior to any day set for registration by the President hereunder, have registered under the terms of this act or under the terms of the resolution entitled "Joint resolution providing for the regis- tration for military service of all male persons citizens of the United States and all male persons residing in the United States who have, since the fifth day of June, nineteen hundred and seventeen, and on or before the day set for the registration by proclamation by the President, attained the age of twenty-one years, in accordance with such rules and regulations as the President may prescribe under the terms of the act approved May eighteenth, nineteen hundred and seventeen, entitled 'An act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the Military Establishment of the United States,' " approved May twentieth, nineteen hundred and eighteen, whether called for service or not; and diplomatic representatives, technical attache's of foreign embassies and legations, consuls general, consuls, vice consuls, and consular agents of foreign countries, residing in the United States, who are not citizens of the United States, to present themselves for and submit to registration under the provisions of this act; and every such person shall be deemed to have notice of the requirements of this act upon the publication of any such proclamation or any such other public notice as aforesaid given by the President or by his direction; and any person who shall willfully fail or refuse to present himself for registration or to submit thereto as herein provided shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction in a district court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, be punished by imprisonment for not more than one year and shall thereupon be duly registered: Provided, That in the call of the docket precedence shall be given, in courts trying the same, to the trial of criminal proceedings under this act: Provided further, That persons shall be subject to registration as herein provided who shall have attained their eighteenth birthday and who shall not have attained their forty-sixth birthday on or before the day set for the registration in any such proclamation by the President or any such other public notice given by him or by his direction, and all persons so registered shall be and remain subject to draft into the forces hereby authorized unless exempted or excused therefrom as in this act provided : Provided further, That the President may at such intervals as he may desire from time to time require all male persons who have attained the age of eighteen years since the last preceding date of registration and on or before the next date set for registration by proclamation by the President, except such persons as are exempt from registration hereunder, to register in the same manner and subject to the same requirements and liabilities as those previously registered under the terms hereof: And provided further, That in the case of temporary absence from actual place of legal residence of any person liable to registration as provided herein, such registration may be made by mail under regulations to be prescribed by the President. * * ' SEC. 6. That the President is hereby authorized to utilize the service of any or all departments and any or all officers or agents of the United States and of the several States, Territories, and the District of Columbia, and subdivisions thereof, in the execution of this act, and all officers and agents of the United States and of the several States, Territories, and subdivisions thereof, and of the District of Columbia, and all persons designated or appointed under regulations prescribed by the President, 309 310 APPENDIXES. whether such appointments are made by the President himself or by the governor or other officer of any State or Territory, to perform any duty in the execution of this act are hereby required to perform such duty as the President shall order or direct, and all such officers and agents and persons so designated or appointed shall hereby have full authority for all acts done by them in the execution of this act by the direc- tion of the President. Correspondence in the execution of this act may be carried in penalty envelopes bearing the frank of the War Department. Any person charged as herein provided with the duty of carrying into effect any of the provisions of this act or the regulations made or directions given thereunder who shall fail or neglect to perform such duty, and any person charged with such duty or having and exercising any authority under said act, regulations, or directions who shall knowingly make or be a party to the making of any false or incorrect registration, physical examination, exemption, enlistment, enrollment, or muster; and any person who shall make or be a party to the making of any false statement or certificate as to the fitness or liability of himself or any other person for service under the provisions of this act, or regulations made by the President thereunder, or otherwise evades or aids another to evade the requirements of this act or of said regulations, or who, in any manner, shall fail or neglect fully to perform any duty required of him in the execution of this act, shall, if not subject to military law, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction in the district court of the United States having jurisdiction thereof, be punished by im- prisonment for not more than one year, or, if subject to military law, shall be tried by court-martial and suffer such punishment as a court-martial may direct." Now, therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States, do call upon the Governor of each of the several States and Territories, the Board of Commissioners of the District of Columbia, and all members of Local Boards and agents thereof appointed under the provisions of said act of Congress approved May eighteenth, one thousand nine hundred and seventeen, and all officers and agents of the several States and Territories, of the District of Columbia, and of the counties and munici- palities therein, to perform certain duties in the execution of the foregoing law, which duties will be communicated to them directly in regulations of even date herewith. And I do further proclaim and give notice to every person subject to registration in the several States and in the District of Columbia, in accordance with the above law, that the time and place of such registration shall be between seven a. m. and nine p. m. on Thursday, the twelfth day of September, one thousand nine hundred and eighteen, at a registration place in the precinct wherein he then has his perma- nent home or at such other place as shall be designated by public notice by the Local Board having jurisdiction of the area wherein he then has his permanent home. All male persons in the United States who shall have attained their eighteenth birth- day and who shall not have attained their forty-sixth birthday on or before Thurs- day, the twelfth day of September, one thousand nine hundred and eighteen, the day herein named for registration, are required to register: Provided, however, That the following persons are hereby exempted from registration, to wit: Persons who, prior to the day herein set for registration, have registered under the terms of the Act approved May 18, 1917, or under the terms of the Public Resolution of Congress approved May 20, 1918, whether called for service or not; officers and enlisted men of the Regular Army; officers commissioned in the Army of the United States, and men of the forces drafted, under the provisions of the Act approved May 18, 1917; officers and enlisted man of the National Guard while in the service of the United States; officers of the Officers' Reserve Corps and enlisted men in the Enlisted Reserve Corps while in the service of the United States; officers and enlisted men of the Navy and Marine Corps; officers and enlisted and enrolled men of the Naval Reserve Force and Marine Corps Reserve while in the service of the United States; and diplomatic representatives, technical attaches of foreign embassies and legations, consuls gen- eral, consuls, vice consuls, and consular agents of foreign countries, residing in the United States, who are not citizens of the United States. A day or days for registration in the Territories of Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico will be named in later proclamations. As required by the regulations, every Local Board having jurisdiction in a city of 30,000 population or over will promptly cause the mayor thereof to be notified of the place or places designated for registration; every Local Board having juris- diction in a county, parish, or similar unit will promptly cause the clerk thereof to be notified of the place or places designated for registration, and every Local Board having jurisdiction in a State or Territory the area of which is divided into divisions for the administration of the Act approved May 18, 1917, will promptly cause the clerks of the townships within its division to be notified of the place or places desig- nated for registration. And I do call upon every mayor, county clerk, or township clerk receiving such notification to have a list of said places of registration posted, and do charge him with the duty of having all persons making inquiry informed of the place or places at which they may register. THE PRESIDENT'S PROCLAMATION OP AUGUST 31, 1918. 311 Any person who, on account of sickness, will be unable to present himself for reg- istration may apply on or before the day of registration at the office of any Local Board for instructions as to how he may register by agent. Any person who expects to be absent on the day designated for registration from the jurisdiction of the board in which he then permanently resides may register by mail, but his registration card must reach the Local Board having jurisdiction of the area wherein he then permanently resides by the day herein named for registration. Any such person should apply aa soon as practicable at the office of a Local Board for instructions as to how he may register by mail. Any person who has no permanent residence must register at the place designated for registration by the Local Board having jurisdiction of the area wherein he may be on the day herein named for registration. Any person who, on account of absence at sea, or on account of absence without the territorial limits of the United States, may be unable to comply with the regu- lations pertaining to absentees, shall, within five days after reaching the United States, register with his proper Local Board or as provided in the regulations for other absentees. Fifteen months ago the men of the country from twenty-one to thirty years of age were registered . Three months ago, and again this month, those who had just reached the age of twenty-one were added. It now remains to include all men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. This is not a new policy. A century and a quarter ago it was deliberately ordained by those who were then responsible for the safety and defense of the Nation that the duty of military service should rest upon all able-bodied men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five. We now accept and fulfill the obligation which they estab- lished, an obligation expressed in our national statutes from that time until now. We solemnly purpose a decisive victory of arms and deliberately to devote the larger part of the military manpower of the Nation to the accomplishment of that purpose. The younger men have from the first been ready to go. They have furnished vol- untary enlistments out of all proportion to their numbers. Our military authorities regard them as having the highest combatant qualities. Their youthful enthusiasm, their virile eagerness, their gallant spirit of daring make them the admiration of all who see them in action. They covet not only the distinction of serving in this great war but also the inspiring memories which hundreds of thousands of them will cherish through the years to come of a great day and a great service for their country and for mankind. By the men of the older group now called upon, the opportunity now opened to them will be accepted with the calm resolution of those who realize to the full the deep and solemn significance of what they do. Having made a place for themselves in their respective communities, having assumed at home the grayer responsibilities of life in many spheres, looking back upon honorable records in civil and industrial life, they will realize as perhaps no others could, how entirely their own fortunes and the fortunes of all whom they love are put at stake in this war for right, and will know that the very records they have made render this new duty the commanding duty of their lives. They know how surely this is the Nation's war, how imperatively it demands the mobilization and massing of all our resources of every kind. They will regard this call as the supreme call of their day and will answer it accordingly. Only a portion of those who register will be called upon to bear arms. Those who are not physically fit will be excused ; those exempted by alien allegiance ; those who should not be relieved of their present responsibilities; above all, those who can not be spared from the civil and industrial tasks at home upon which the success of our armies depends as much as upon the fighting at the front. But all must be registered in order that the selection for military service may be made intelligently and with full information. This will be our final demonstration of loyalty, democracy, and the will to win, our solemn notice to all the world that we stand absolutely together in a common resolution and purpose. It is the call to duty to which every true man in the country will respond with pride and with the consciousness that in doing so he plays his part in vindication of a great cause at whose summons every true heart offers its supreme service. In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed. Done in the District of Columbia this thirty-first day of August in the year of our Lord one thousand nine hundred and eighteen and of the independence of the United States of America, the one hundred and forty-third. WOODROW WILSON. By the President: ROBERT LANSING, Secretary of State. APPENDIX B. ESTIMATES OF MAN-POWER; AGES 18-20, 32-45. WAR DEPARTMENT, OFFICE OF THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL, Washington, July 27, 1918. From: The Provost Marshal General. To: The Chief of Staff, War Department, Washington, D. C. Subject: Changes of draft age. 1. Pursuant to your memorandum of July 24, transmitting a copy (secret) of the approved military program for 1918^19, and calling for the draft of a proposed bill lowering the draft age to 19 and raising it to 40, I transmit herewith estimates of the effectives obtainable by 'one enlargement of the draft ages, in the shape of three studie? covering age groups 32-40 combined with 19-20, 32-45 combined with 19-20, and 32-45 combined with 18-20, and showing the estimated effectives for each combination. 2. These figures were made by a careful calculation in this office, checking the calculations at various points with experience in the several items represented; the basic figures, viz, the total males of the respective age groups, were ascertained by comparison of reliable insurance actuarial figures with census tables projected to date. This explanation is made because the totals shown are considerably below what might have been supposed to be the ample size of the reservoir in the higher ages. The combination ages 32-40 and 19-20 (see Study No. 1) designated in your memo- randum would yield only a little over a million and a half men (or half a million less than the total amount called for by the program for the nine months October, 1918- June, 1919). By including age 45 at the top, the second combination (see Study No. 2) would yield only a million and three-quarters effectives. By taking the extreme step and adding age 18 at the bottom and including age 45 at the top (see Study No. 3) something over two million and one-quarter effectives would be obtained. 3. This seems to indicate that the bill as drafted should at least provide authority to call into service the extreme age of 45 at the top and 18 at the bottom; and it is accordingly recommended that the draft of a bill be prepared with those ages as the limits. 4. Furthermore, the authority to draw upon this new reservoir must be obtained immediately. The estimated number of class I men under the present ages (and including the class of 1918, age 21, that has been registered under the President's proclamation) will be only about 100,000 men (and may fall below that figure) on September 1, 1918, after filling the calls indicated for July and August, and making deductions for the unexpected heavy losses due to a rush in June and July to the Navy, Marine Corps, and Emergency Fleet. ******* E. H. CROWDER, Provost Marshal General. Estimate of effectives obtainable by enlargements of draft ages Summary of Studies 1, 2, and 3. ESTIMATED NUMBERS F EFFECTIVES FOR EACH AGE GROUP. I. Ages 32-40 448, 086 III. Ages 19-20 1, 121, 634 II. Ages 32-45 601, 236 IV. Ages 18-20 1, 797, 609 NUMBERS FOR COMBINATIONS OF AGE GROUPS. Study No. 1: By combining ages 32-40 and 19-20 Ages 32-40 448, 086 Ages 19-20 1, 121, 634 Total 1, 569, 720 312 ESTIMATES OP MAX POWER. 313 Study No. 2: By combining ages 32^15 and 19-20 Ages 32^5 601,236 Ages 19-20 1, 121, 634 Total 1, 722, 870 Study No. 3: By combining ages 32-45 and 18-20 Ages 32-45 601,236 Ages 18-20 1, 797, 609 Total 2, 398, 845 STUDY NO. 1. Ages 32^0 (inclusive) 448, 086 Ages 19-20 (inclusive) 1, 121, 634 Combined ages 1, 569, 720 Ages 32-40. 1. Totalmales 6,960,532 2. Less married (deferred) 5, 311, 952 3. Less deferred solely for industry and agri- culture 278,421 4. Less other deferments 139,210 5. Less delinquents 208, 815 g 030 300 6. Remainder (gross class I) 1, 022, 134 7. Less enlistments 150, 000 8. Lessaliens 91,992 9. Less Emergency Fleet 50, 000 291,992 10. Remainder 730, 142 11. Less physical rejects 292, 056 (a) Groups B, C 73,014 (6) GroupD 219,042 12. Net effectives 448, 086 Source of figures. 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. 4 per cent of line 1. 4. 2 per cent of line 1. 5. 3 per cent of line 1. 7. Special estimate. 8. 9 per cent 9f line 6. 9. Special estimate. (a) 10 per cent of line 10. (6) 30 per cent of line 10. EXPLANATION. 1. Line 1 is taken from Prudential Insurance Actuarial Tables of July, 1918, com- pared with census tables projected in this office. The actuarial tables are brought down to date by the actuaries, and the census tables thus brought down at the bureau are not yet available. 2. Line 2 is taken from same source as line 1. 3. Line 3 is taken from Industrial Index Ledger Sheets for occupational registrants; the ratios there shown are: Class I, 31 per cent; classes II to IV, deferred for indus- try and agriculture only, 4 per cent. The percentage here taken is the same as for ages 21-30 classification. This is too large, in that many more such men in ages 32-40 would get their exemption on depend- ency grounds, without invoking industrial or agricultural necessity. But it is too email, in that a larger proportion of men in ages 30-40 would be entitled to such defer- ment. ^ Hence, these two differences may be estimated to set off each other. 4. Line 4 represents the corresponding figure for the 1917 draft. This is too low, if anything, as the numbers of State officials, etc., increases in the higher ages. 5. Line 5 is taken from reports in this office on delinquents, figuring 3.9 per cent of total registration. This would be too high because the total delinquents include at least some portion of the marrieds; hence, 3 per cent is a safer figure. 7. Line 7 is thus figured: Total enlistments (Army and Navy) to date 1,400,000; of which, those about 30 are estimated at 10 per cent, or 140,000; of these, 120,000 may be estimated to be within ages 32-40; deduct 20,000 marrieds, leaving 100,000 now enlisted; add 50,000 more probable enlistments before liability accrues in the new draft, equals 150,000. 8. Line 8 is found thus: In the first registration, 13 per cent were aliens; and the census report shows that the percentage of aliens ages 20-30 and 30-40 or 45 is not 314 APPENDIXES. substantially different. But many aliens have left the country, and 12 per cent is u safe figure. Of these, one-quarter are subjects of Great Britain and Italy, who will presumably become liable and largely available; hence, the deduction should be cor- rected to 9 per cent. This might seem too large, by a considerable factor, because in the 1917 draft only 50 per cent of called aliens obtained exemption on that ground, another 33 per cent obtaining it on other grounds, while 17 per cent of all aliens were certified for service; this would seem to show that in any given number of aliens the net number to be deducted on that ground is nearer 50 per cent. But as the 33 per cent who were exempted on other grounds are already included under the deferments already deducted, and as the 17 per cent volunteers are likely not to reappear (partly because of the Slavic and Polish legions, etc.), there should be no reduction of the 9 per cent, which is the figure here taken on line 7. Declarants are not deducted; the neutrals being a negligible amount. 9. Line 9 is based on recent reports in this office. 11. Line 11 (a) is based on the returns of classification of 1918, showing 10 r>er cent. Line 11 (6) is based on similar figures, which show not quite 20 per cent, mclTiding camp rejections. To this must be added 10 per cent for ages 32-40, according to advices; from the Surgeon General's office. This gives 30 per cent in all. Ages 19 and 20. 1. Totalmales 2,106,386 2. Less married (deferred) 163, 812 3. Less deferred solely for industry or agricul- ture 10,532 4. Less other deferments 2, 106 5. Less delinquents 63. 191 239, 641 6. Remainder (gross class I) 1,866,745 7. Less enlistments 207, 777 8. Lessaliens 56,634 9. Less Emergency Fleet 264, 411 10. Remainder 1,602,334 11. Less physical rejects 480, 700 (a) Groups B, C 160,233 (6) GroupD 320,467 12. Net effective 1, 121, 634 Source of figures. 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. i of 1 per cent of line 1. 4. j'jof 1 per cent of line 1. 5. 3 per cent of line 1 7. Special estimate. 8. 3 per cent of line 6. 9. Not allowed. 11. (a) 10 per cent of line 10. 11. (6) 20 per cent of line 10. EXPLANATION Lines 1 and 2 are taken from the same tables as for ages 32-40. Line 3 obviously here can not use the same 4 per cent as for ages 21-30; the ratio one-half of 1 per cent is here taken. Line 4 similarly is taken at a negligible figure of one-tenth of 1 per cent. Line 5 is reckoned as for ages 32-40. Line 7 is based upon reports of July 26, 1918, from The Adjutant General's Office, as set forth later in study No. 3. Line 8 is based upon census figures showing that the numbers of aliens of ages 15 to 19 are less than one-half the number for the next 5-year period, while the native born are 10 to 20 per cent more numerous than in the higher age period. Thus the 9 per cent for ages 21-30 should here be reduced to 3 per cent. Line 9. Emergency Fleet withdrawals for these age years should not be allowed. Line 11 is based on the percentage for ages 21-30. Three officers of the Surgeon General's Office agree in believing that the ages 19-20 or 18-20 do not permit of any lower percentage than for ages 21-30. ESTIMATES OF MAN POWER. 315 STUDY NO. 2. Ages 32-45 (inclusive) 601, 236 19-20 (inclusive) 1, 121, 634 Combined ages 1, 722, 870 Ages 32-45. 1. Total males 10,028,973 2. Less married (deferred) 7, 734, 482 3. Less deferred solely for industry and 401,159 agriculture. 4. Less other deferments 200,579 5. Less delinquents 300, 8C9 8,637,089 6. Remainder (gross class I) 1, 391, 884 7. Less enlistments 170, 000 8. Lessaliens ; 125,270 9. Less Emergency Fleet 60,000 355 270 10. Remainder 1, 036, 614 11. Less physical rejects 435, 378 (o) Groups B, C..: 103,661 (6) Group D 331,717 12. Net effectives 601, 236 Sources of figures 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. 4 per cent of line 1. 4. 2 per cent of lino 1. 5. 3 per cent of line 1. 7. Special estimate. 8. 9 per cent of lino 6. 9. Special estimate. (a) 10 per cent of line 10. (6) 32 per cent of line 10. EXPLANATION. Lines 1 to 6 are reckoned as for ages 32-^10 in study No. 1. Line 7 is thus reckoned : Enlistments above age 30=140,000; deduct 30,000 married, leaving 110,000; add 60,000 more probable anticipatory enlistments, making 170,000 in all. Line 8 is reckoned as for ages 32-^0 in study No. 1. Line 9 is based on reports in this office. Line 11 is reckoned as for ages 32-40, but adding 5 per cent more for ages 40-45 (as recommended by the Surgeon General's Office) making 15 per cent; or an average of 12 per cent added for 32-45; or 32 per cent in all. Ages 19 and W. 1. Total males 2,106,386 2. Less married (deferred) 163, 812 3. Less deferred solely for industry or agri- 10,532 culture. 4. Less other deferments 2, 106 5. Less delinquents 63, 191 239,641 6. Remainder (gross class I) 1, 866, 745 7. Less enlistments 207, 777 8. Less aliens 56, 634 9. Less Emergency Fleet 264,411 10. Remainder 1, 602, 334 11. Less physical rejects 480,700 (a) GroupsB,C 160,2:13 (6) Group D 320, 467 12. Net effectives 1,121,634 Source of figures. 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. J of 1 per cent of line 1. 4. A of 1 per cent of line 1. 5. 3 per cent of line 1. 7. Special estimate. 8. 3 per cent of line 6. 9. Not allowed. 11. (a) 10 per cent of lino 10. 11. (6) 20 per cent of line 10. EXPLANATION. Lines 1 and 2 are taken from the same tables as for ages 32-40. Line 3 obviously here can not use the same 4 per cent as for ages 21-30; the ratio one-half of 1 per cent is here taken. Line 4 similarly is taken at a negligible figure of one-tenth of 1 per cent. Line 5 is reckoned as for ages 32-40. Line 7 is based upon reports of July 26, 1918, from The Adjutant General's Office, as set forth later, in study No. 3. 316 APPENDIXES. Line 8 is based upon census figures showing that the numbers of aliens of ages 15 to 19 are less than one-half the number for the next 5-year period, while the native born are 10 to 20 per cent more numerous than in the highest-age period. Thus the 9 per cent for ages 21-30 should here be reduced to 3 per cent. Line 9. Emergency Fleet withdrawals for these age years should not be allowed. Line 11 is based on the percentage for ages 21-30. Three officers of the Surgeon Gen- eral's Office agree in believing that the ages 19-20 do not permit of any lower per- centage than for ages 21-30. STUDY NO. 3. Ages 32^15 (inclusive) 601,.236 Ages 18-20 (inclusive) 1, 797, 609 Combined ages 2, 398, 845 Ages 32-45. 1. Total males ....................................... 10,028,973 2. Less married (deferred) ................. 7,734,482 3. Less deferred solely for industry and agri- 401, 159 culture. 4. Less other deferments ................... 200,579 5. Less delinquents ........................ 300,869 - 8,637,089 6. Remainder (gross class I) .. ................. 1,391,884 7. Less enlistments ................. . ...... 170,000 8. Less aliens .............................. 125, 270 9. Less Emergency Fleet .................. 60, 000 -- 355, ?70 10. Remainder ........................................... 1, 036, 614 11. Less physical rejects ........................................ 435, 378 (a) GroupsB,C ..................... 103,661 (6) GroupD ......................... 331,717 12. Net effectives 601, 236 Sources of figures. 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. 4 per cent of line 1. 4. 2 per cent of line 1 . 5. 3 per cent of line 1. 7. Special estimate. 8. 9 per cent of line 6. 9. Special estimate. (a) 10 per cent of line 10. (6) 32 per cent of line 10. EXPLANATION. Lines 1 to 6 are reckoned as for ages 32^40 in study No. 1. Line 7 is thus reckoned : Enlistments above age 30=140,000; deduct 30,000 married, leaving 110,000; add 60,000 more probable anticipatory enlistments, making 170,000 in all. Line 8 is reckoned as for ages 32-40 in study No. 1. Line 9 is based on reports in this office. Line 11 is reckoned as for ages 32^10, but adding 5 per cent more for ages 40-45 (as recommended by the Surgeon General's Office), making 15 per cent; or an average of 12 per cent added for 32-45, or 32 per cent in all. Ages 18-SO. 1. Total males 3,171,671 2. Less married (deferred) 158, 175 3. Less deferred solely for industry and agri- 15,858 culture. 4. Less other deferments 3, 171 5. Less delinquents . 95,150 272,354 6. Remainder (gross class I) 2, 899, 317 7. Less enlistments 244,326 8. Less aliens 86, 979 9. Less Emergency Fleet 331,305 10. Remainder 2, 568, 012 11. Less physical rejects 770, 403 (o) GroupsB,C 256,801 (6) GroupD 513,602 12. Net effectives 1, 797, 609 Sources of figures. 1. Insurance tables. 2. Insurance tables. 3. One-half of 1 per cent of line 1. 4. One-tenth of 1 per cent of line 1 . 5. Three per cent of line 1 . 7. Special estimate. 8. Three per cent of line 6. 9. Not allowed. 11. (a) 10 per cent of line 10. 11. (6) 20 per cent of line 10. ESTIMATES OF MAN POWER. 317 EXPLANATION. Lines 1-5, 8, and 11 are obtained as for ages 19-20, in study No. 1. Line 9, Emergency Fleet withdrawals for these ages should not be allowed. Line 11 is reckoned as for ages 19-20, in study No. 1. Line 7 is based on The Adjutant General's Office estimates of July 26, 1918, as follows: 1. On account of the present arrangement of records in the several offices it would require the services of some hundred clerks for months to obtain an accurate count of the number of men in the military service of the United States between the ages of 18 and 20. An accurate count can only be had from a study of all enlistment papers in The Adjutant General's Office, the Navy Department, and the Marine Corps. An estimate may be made from the actual number of enlistments since January 1, 1917, and the number in this age group in service at the present time is 244,326; of which number 36,549 are estimated to be under 19, and 207,777 are estimated to be of ages 19-20. 2. This estimate has been arrived at in the following manner: (a) Enlisted men in the Regular Army and National Guard between 18 and 20. The chief clerk of the recruiting department of The Adjutant General's Office makes the statement that "due to the Selective Service Regulations practically all enlistments in the Regular Army and National Guard since January 1, 1918, represent men outside of the draft age and of these about 70 per cent are under the age." This estimate was verified by his assistant, who thought that possibly the reenlistments of older men might place as many as 75 per cent below the draft age. Another assistant in the department, at First and B Streets, estimated between 60 and 70 per cent, so that the average estimate of 70 per cent has been used in this computation. An actual count of current enlistment papers selected at-random revealed 80 out of 115 to be below the draft age. The total number of enlistments in the Regular Army during this period was 113,794, which figure it is estimated is abcut 90 per cent of the combined figures for the Regular Army and National Guard. Therefore, the total enlistments in the above would be approximately 126,436. But this figure includes men registered on June 5, 1918, the percentage of which is estimated to be 45. The net figure then for the age group 18-20 is estimated at 69,540. Of these 15 per cent, or 10,430, are under the age of 19. For the years 1916 and 1917 an average estimate by the same experts divides the enlistments into three age groups by percentages, as follows: Per cent. Under 21 27 21-30 57 Over 30 16 On the basis of the 235,000 enlistments for 1916-17, exclusive of the National Guard, 63,450 would be between 18 and 20. Assuming that as many of these attained age 21 by June 5, 1918, as were enlisted during 1916 under age, it is estimated that this figure, 63,450, would be approximately the number of men now in the service enlisted prior to January 1, 1918. No figures for the National Guard are available. Hence, the total strength of the Regular Army between 18 and 20 is approximately at 133,000, and under 19 at 19,950. (b) Navy. The approximate strength of the Navy and Naval Reserve forces at this time is 400,000 enlisted men, or a little over about half in each. Of the 200,000 men in the Navy proper, very close to 50 per cent are between the ages 21-30. Of the 100,000 men outside of these ages it is estimated that 75 per cent are under and 25 per cent over. In the Navy, then, 75,000 are to-day under 21. Of the 200.000 in the Naval Reserves, between 80 and 88 per cent are within the ages 21-30. Assuming 170,000 to be a fair figure, 30,000 remain, which are equally divided into two age groups those over 30 and those under 21. Hence, the number of men in the naval forces under 21 is approximately 97,500. Of these it is estimated that 15 per cent, or 14,625, are under the age of 19. The above estimates are furnished by the clerk of the enlisted-personnel of the Navy. (c) Marine Corps. Total minors enlisted since April 1, 1917, 13,826, or applying 15 per cent, 1,974 are under 19. 3. Summarized estimate: 18 to 20. Under 19. 19 and 20. Army 133.000 19,950 113,050 Navy 97,500 14,625 82,875 Marino Corps 1,974 11,852 Total... 244,326 36,549 207,777 APPENDIX C. TERRITORIAL RETURNS. I. ALASKA. fFrom a report on the operation of the selective service law in Alaska, from July, 1917, to Sept. 30, 1918 submitted to the governor of Alaska by Capt. J. J. Finnegan, executive officer, Sept. 20, 1918.1 By proclamation dated June 30, 1917, the President set the period between July 2 and September 2, 1917, inclusive, as the time for registration in the Territory under the act of May 18, 1917. To accomplish the purpose of the act, 21 local and 4 district boards (one in each judicial division of the Territory) were created. Local board No. 15 at Chena was abolished in 1917. Local board No. 22 at St. Michael was created in 1918. Their jurisdiction extended over an area which is one-fifth that of the United States proper and is handicapped with inadequate and, at times, primitive means of transportation. In the greater portion an unsatisfactory and intermittent mail service prevails. In many instances three months elapse before replies to communications are received. These conditions have forced the omission herefrom of compiled data relative to many interesting features in connection with the effect of the draft on industries, partic- ularly those of mining and fishing. Eleven thousand seventy-one persons were registered at a cost of $380.90, or 3.2 cents per registrant, as compared to the national average of 54 cents in 1917. Thirty- eight per cent of the above were aliens, of whom approximately 1,000 were alien enemies, 326 being Germans. One hundred eighteen were colored persons. No Indians were registered. Under orders from the Provost Marshal General those registrants who claimed resi- dence in other States or Territories or who gave permanent addresses therein were transferred to their respective jurisdictions. Local boards state that these transferred cases have caused nearly as much work, investigation, and trouble as those remain- ing. Transferred cases numbered 4,496, leaving our net registrants at 6,575. Exceed- ingly few cards of Alaskans who registered in the States were transmitted to the Territory, although their number was considerable. The registration of July-September, 1917, and the inductions to November, 1918, are as follows: Local board. Registra- tion July, 1917. Accepted at camp. Local board. Registra- tion July, 1917. Accepted at , camp. Anchorage 1 739 461 Nenana 210 98 Cordova 412 118 Nome 243 62 Chena.. 1 Petersburg 135 35 Douglas. ...... .. 189 43 Ruby 67 31 Eagle 21 9 St. Michael Fairbanks 445 186 Seward 477 100 Haines 28 8 Sitka 155 54 Iditarod 122 35 Skagway 92 30 Junftan - 801 210 33 16 Ketchikan . 796 222 Valdez 293 77 McCarthy . 256 64 Wrangell 96 37 On September I, 1918, the report of registrants in class I disclosed the following: Remaining, finally classified in class I and examined physically and accepted for general military service 849 Limited military service 278 Remedial defective group 34 Emergency Fleet 120 Delinquents . 837 Not physically examined 223 Inducted and called for induction. . 295 Total 2, 636 To this number should be added the following: Inducted under call 193 696 Credits for enlistments, voluntary inductions, etc 164 Grand total 3, 496 It will thus be seen that 0.532 per cent of our registrants have been classified in class I. 318 TERRITORIAL RETURNS. 319 The 837 delinquents and the 223 not physically examined constitute 16 per cent of the number registered. This high ratio is due primarily to the following causes, listed in the order of their importance: (1) The high percentage of illiterate and non-English-speaking aliens in the Territory. (2) Vast extent of the Territory. Some registrants are from 500 to 1,000 miles distant from the nearest local board. (3) Infre- quent mail service to remote points and consequent failure to receive orders within the allotted time. (4) The absence of physicians in many localities. Many regis- trants are located several hundred miles from the nearest medical examiner. Many have traveled hundreds of miles at their own expense for purposes of examination and induction. By October 1, 1918, 2,200 registrants (or 33 per cent of the gross number) will have been inducted. In addition thereto many hundreds, impatient for action, enlisted prior to the registration period or joined the British and Canadian forces. Alaska nas furnished at least 3,000 men to the colors, or approximately 12 per cent of its present total white population. The expense of accomplishing the draft for the first 15 months will not exceed $12,000, or $5.45 per man inducted. The national average for 1917 was $4.93. Incomplete returns disclose that 118 men were physically rejected out of 1,220 examined by local boards, an average of 10 per cent, as compared to the national average of 29 per cent. Of those examined by local boards and accepted, who were again examined at mobilization camps, available data at this time discloses that 18 out of 681 were rejected by the camp surgeons, a ratio of 2.66 per cent as compared to the national ratio of 5.8 per cent. When this data is complete it will furnish a most interesting medical and sociological study. Under the provisions of the act of May, 1918, persons who attained the age of 21 years since September 2, 1917, were registered in the period between July 2 and Sep- tember 3, 1918. Returns thereof are yet incomplete. It is estimated the number will not exceed 250, including Indians. By proclamation on September 18, 1918, the President set the period between October 15 and December 16, 1918, inclusive, as the time for registration in Alaska, under the act of August 31, 1918. Indians will be included. To the members of the local boards too much credit can not be extended for their intelligent and loyal efforts. Their labors have been intense and, heretofore, uncom- pensated. The district boards, medical and legal advisory boards, and their asso- ciates, have performed a great work with efficiency and fidelity and deserve the grati- tude of the country. It is estimated that the total registration between October 15 and December 16, 1918, was approximately 9,800. Incomplete returns from all but three boards show the registration of Citizens 4, 238 Declarant aliens 1, 500 Nondeclarant aliens 1, 483 Total 7, 221 Whites 6, 585 Negroes ^ 26 Orientals and Indians (estimated) 610 Total 7, 221 II. HAWAII. 1. REGISTRATION. First registration (July 31, 1917) 28, 851 Second registration (July 31, 1918) 2, 349 Third registration (Oct. 26, 1918) 41, 541 Total.., 72,741 Transfers First registration (net) 28, 675 2. MARRIED AND SINGLE. First registration 28, 675 Married 12,752 Single 15,923 320 APPENDIXES. 3. AGE. Age. First registra- tion. Third registra- tion. Age. First registra- tion. Third registra- tion. 18 2,090 32 1,258 19 1,921 33 2,415 20 2,300 34 2,465 21. 2,713 591 35 1 2,514 22 2,774 173 36 2,492 23 2,504 119 37 2,411 24 2,262 103 38 2,642 25 2,423 102 39 2,340 26 2,246 86 40 2,473 27 4,035 83 41 2,366 28 ! 3,184 77 42 2,684 29 ! 3,186 79 43 2,580 30 3.348 106 44 2,469 31 ! 126 45 2,386 4. CLASSIFICATION (FIRST REGISTRATION). Class 1 7,028 Class II _ 1, 839 Class III 473 Class IV 2, 284 Class V 12,617 5. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION OP CLASS I (FIRST REGISTRATION). Failed to appear 1, 374 Qualified lor general service 4, 733 Qualified for limited service 793 Remediable defects 74 Examination postponed 54 ' 6. INDUCTIONS. Called 5, 464 Inducted 5, 529 Rejected at camp 583 7. ACCEPTED AT CAMP. Local board: Hawaii County No. 1 1, 759 Hawaii County No. 2 .- 516 Honolulu County and city No. 1 452 Honolulu County and city No. 2 1, 164 Kauai County 450 Mauii County 753 8. NATIONALITY OF MEN QUALIFIED FOR MILITARY DUTY. Per cent. American 11. 39 Japanese 11. 08 Chinese 4. 56 Hawaiian 13.08 Filipino 48.79 Portuguese 8. 08 Spanish 70 Korean 1. 48 Porto Rican 83 Colored American. . . 01 TERRITORIAL RETURNS. 321 III. PORTO RICO. 1. REGISTRATION. First registration (July 5, 1917) 109, 706 Second registration (July 5, 1918) 10, 744 Third registration (Oct. 26, 1918) 116, 403 Total 236, 853 First registration: 2 ' P HY ^AL EXAMINATIONS. Called for examination 58, 209 Failed to appear 2, 910 Accepted 38, 932 Rejected 16, 367 First registration: 3 " IN CTIONS. Ordered to report at camp 17, 855 Failed to report 139 Rejected at camp 2, 733 First registration: 4 ' CLAIMS AND EXEMPTIONS. Claims made for exemption or discharge 7, 573 Claims allowed 2, 546 Claims disallowed 5, 027 First registration: 5 " CARRIED AND SINGLE. Married registrants called and accepted 18 Single registrants called and accepted 26, 381 First registration: 6 " CITIZENS AND ALIENS. Citizens 107, 486 Called and accepted 39, 688 Aliens 2, 220 Called and accepted 165 Third registration: Citizens 114, 330 Aliens 2, 073 Declarants 136 Nondeclarants 1, 937 First registration: 7 - CoLOR - White 80, 551 Colored 25, 627 Third registration: White 89, 773 Colored 26, 611 8. AGE. (FIRST REGISTRATION.) Age. Number. Age. Number. 21 16,333 26 7.974 22 16,030 27 7,159 23 16.357 28 8,407 24 11,791 29 ti,920 25 9,710 30 12,025 97250 19 21 322 APPENDIXES. 9. REGISTRATION JTTLY, 1917, AND INDUCTIONS TO NOVEMBER 11, 1918, BY LOCAL BOARDS. Local board. Registra- tion July, 1917. Accepted at camp. Local board. Registra- tion July, 1917. Accepted at camp. 1 514 146 Laias . . 855 93 1 164 99 1 857 173 1 980 157 Las Marias . . '758 22 Aguas Buenas 766 80 Las Peidras 786 57 1 028 90 Loiza ... 1 160 122 1.298 123 Luguillo 553 51 Arecibo 4.497 511 Manati 1,719 150 595 57 Maricao 561 52 Barceloneta 436 143 Maunabo 534 40 828 69 Mavaeuez 4 159 497 1.143 109 Moca 1 194 109 2 960 278 1 093 102 Cabo Rojo 1 727 174 Naguabo 1 408 134 Caguas - 3.447 373 Naranjito 717 85 1 072 131 Patillas 1 098 118 Carolina 1,156 98 Penuelas 997 108 2 211 169 Ponce 6 607 745 Cefba 484 25 Quebradillas 669 54 dales 1 407 154 Rincon 714 46 Cidra 1 128 106 Rio Grande 965 84 Coamo 1,368 138 Rio Piedras 1,901 169 1 138 119 Sabana Grande 939 86 Corozal 1.039 113 Salinas 1,481 157 37 1 San German 1 788 156 567 50 San Juan 7,793 839 1 270 125 San Lorenzo 1 259 137 747 81 San Sebastian 1,595 164 1 942 192 Santa Isabel 822 77 927 85 Toa Alta 732 84 Guaynabo 603 63 Toa Baja 529 71 1 066 111 Trujillo Alto 770 10 Hatillo 1,046 98 Utnado 2,637 254 Hormigueros 425 50 Vega Alta 880 57 Humaco . . . 1 799 160 Vega Baja 1,263 107 1 377 118 Vieques 1,040 97 970 92 Villalba 1,008 92 1 722 175 Yabucoa 1,459 146 1 090 89 Yauco 2f286 256 APPENDIX D. CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS A LOCAL BOARD VIEW. " This board began its work of classification with the conscientious feeling that the selective service law had the right name, in that, as far as could be noted, it was wholly impartial in its treatment of the registrants, and that none was discriminated against intentionally nor unjustly impressed into active soldier life. " Our impression was that the framers of the law had been marvelously wise, honestly intent and soundly just in their considerations of what the Government should provide as right and reasonable requirements of a citizen in taking up the cause of his country against a belligerent nation. "With these convictions we entered upon our onerous work, prompted and en- couraged by the realization that we were to serve the department loyally and without the restraint of any scruples of violating the principles of brotherhood, fraternity, and Christian dealing with our fellow men. " We had progressed very little ere we found an obstacle that proved to us that there was a flaw in the legal enactment that made an open question of the just application of the conscription method of procuring fighting man-power. "We refer to the status given by the law to the so-called noncombatant class, who receive special classification because of religious objection to warfare or the taking up of arms. "We found many physically fit beyond their fellows in the examination classes, intelligent beyond compare, and in every way constituted to develop into splendid fighting men. "Simply because they had espoused a certain religious faith, confession, or creed, whether in Christian sincerity or not, according as our private opinion may have been formed, we were compelled to deprive Uncle Sam of a fit soldier, grant the examinee his freedom, and impress into the service some other man, who in sincerity and truth worshipped the Almighty equally as acceptably in the Divine sight, yet not trammeled nor held back by an article of faith that said in BO many words, ' Thou shalt not kill.' " We remonstrated with our consciences before we freely acquiesced in their right to plead for discrimination, but were compelled to succumb to the legal force of the argu- ment they produced, based upon the point in the selective law. "Having had personal contact and touch with supporters of the church notions of the Dunkards, Amish, Quakers, Menonites, etc., since boyhood days, we know whereof we spake when we demurred and reluctantly complied with the draft loophole that gave these professed religionists 'a way out of it.' In our immediate neighborhood we had tacit knowledge that these people refrained from taking part in any of the war activities. They refused to buy bonds, stamps, or contribute to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., or any patriotic movement that meant for the winning of the war. Sub- stantial proof stared us in the face, showing that they even withheld their crops from the market with the thought of prospective future higher prices. " We also noted that the young men who were trained in this school of faith attended church services since the war started, as never before, as a camouflage to justify their plea for exemption or special rating. "That they were 'Sayers of the Word, and not doers,' we know by association with them, for they are of the world, worldly, even as those of other church affiliations are inconsistent in religious living, and in our opinion, for them to take up arms would not lower them in the sight of their heavenly Father^as much as would their hypocritical actions, just to escape the military service. "Fortified as they were additionally by the assurance from our President that exoneration was theirs, they practically demanded the full granting of every minute protection, and thereby handicapped us more fully in our endeavors to seek a way by which we could get them to do their duty from our viewpoint. "These few reasons, gained from practical experience, prompt us to point out this section of the law as being pernicious, unjust, and in all respects a mistake, if not a blunder. " Had the lawmakers considered that once a nation is at war it is very difficult for dissenting opinion to make itself known or felt, the regulation would have been made more just, we opine. ' My country! may she ever be right; but right or wrong, My coun- try!' is a sentiment strong in America and in many other nations as well. It evi- dences faith in and loyalty to government that may be misguided, as far as the Scriptures are concerned, but, nevertheless, praiseworthy and laudable. " Nowhere is there much patience with the ' conscientious objector' to the policies of the government in time of war, and our experience convinces us that disregard for his scruples would have made the law definite as to its general application and free from criticism." 323 APPENDIX E. SAMPLE FORM OF REQUISITION FOR REGISTRANTS TO BE MOBILIZED. From: The Adjutant General of the Army. To: The Provost Marshal General. Subject: General call of the draft (white). 1. The Secretary of War directs that requisition be made on you for the calling into the service on October 21, 1918, of the following number of white drafted men classified for general military service, at the camps and stations as indicated below: Camps and stations. Number of men to report. Camps and stations. Number of men to report. Camp McClellan, Ala 5 000 Fort Howard, Md. 421 Camp Travis, Tex 8000 Fort Washington, Md 651 Camp fJrp.pTilp.afj Ga 15 000 Fort Monroe. Va.. 1.226 Camp McArthur Tex 10 000 Fort Caswell, N C - - 1 485 Camp Kearny . Cal . . 6 000 Camp Eustis, Va 2.000 Camp Cody, N. Mex 6,080 Fort Moultrie, S. C. . 312 Camp Wadsworth S C 12 000 Fort Screven, Ga 2,110 Camp Wheeler, Ga 5 000 Key West Barracks, Fla 154 P.amp fihplhy Kfjss 5 000 Fort Bade, Fla 425 Camp Bowie, Tex. . 5' ooo Fort Barrancas, Fla 55 Camp Forrest, Ga 5 000 Fort Morgan, Ala 222 Fort Williams, Me .... 1*897 Jackson Barracks, La 2,142 Fort Constitution N H 569 Fort Crockett, Tex. . 1,202 Fort Warren, Mass. . 877 Fort Tlosp^rans, Cal 1,531 Fort Rodman Mass 295 Fort McArthurJ Cal . 2,233 Fort H G. Wright, N Y 774 Fort Winfield Scott, Cal 3,950 Fort Totten, N. Y 987 Fort Stevens, Oreg. . . 236 Fort Hamilton, N Y 2 117 Fort Worden, Wash 2,204 Fort Hancock N J 1 714 Fort Du Pont' Del 'eoe Total. . . 114,395 324 (Signed) PAUL GIDDINGS, Adjutant General. SPECIMEN ENTEAINMENT SCHEDULE. 325 H Q K g 03 ft? ft, g, I C rH O f-t (N 9 H - fc U w PH 00 5 * !i IN COCO CS ^* O M : co ** Schedule No. 22 t^> 1^ C- ^H 5C 2 ^2 2" . aa Number of men. c c ^c _ \ c y 3 Ji rHOOOOOOO c S 0. | i o K rH 00 rH WIN y; g a '3 c a o S | o f. j= rt y o a ~ jj pc ^ O "o ? (Entrain Guion.) Newnort, . . 1 1 - \ f c c ! | C c H Walnut Ridge ! -, C c 1 (Entrain Gould.) 4 1 c < (See Pulaski Count Paris. . . i ^ 3 o ,3 i-erry vine (Entrain Perry.) ^ C J ^ P (Entrain Sprit Yell.ille r i C C f r a L sS c. 'c (Entrain Blyt Clarp.nrlon- .. 5 1 (Entrain Won Prescott . . I g (Entrain.Harr Camden "3 g O | 1 ^HC> Y, Independence Izarrt . . i I - Jefferson: Board No Board No | C t- 1 1 1 Lawrence Lee Lincohl . . . Little River . . Little Rock C Loian . . . Lonoke Madison Marion Miller Mississippi - - - Monrop. Montgomery . Nevada . . . Newton Ouachita..... Perry a. o ''CO CO1O COM 0-*CO U3 CO-* CO CO CO CO CO WIN ININ Schedule No. S" 5 . ., 2S " ^ otor-t-o coco T-* ng station. Dumber sc i II g" c. ^ 1 IN '" 2S52-* Spring) 1 -H| County seat and entraini Stuttgart Hamburg Mountain Home (Entrain Cotter.) Benton ville Harrison Warren Hampton Berry ville .... Lake Village.. Arkadelphia .... Plggott Heber Springs Risen Magnolia Morrillton Jonesboro VanBuren : Marion Wynne Ford.yce Arkansas Citv Monticello Conway Ozark Salem (entrain Mammoth a Knenaan Paragould TTnnp ^ IS ' Arkansas ..... Ashlpv iri ' S ' ' M .9 fe. 1 o I II P20000 00060 ooooQ ill Garland Grant . - Greene . TTpmnstp APPENDIXES. SUD O ; ; -o- Schedule No. 1 : -I O H "j Number of men. I 1 " 2- 1-1 e c iz ; i ;| s 1 ll 1 : :o 0) a fl S il County seat an Evening Shade . (Entrain Hare Forrest City Mountain View . (Entrain Sylaj VI TlnroHn 1 'i (Entrain Shirl Fayetteville Searcy : . . Augusta (Entrain New Danville !>> o O OQ COM t I ! > Wasllington White Woodruff. . Yell . . . ~ c fe ' tQ NWCO |CO ^ J 10 >OiO d COCO Schedule No. ^ ;233 :o Number of men. CO "3 00 _ rt *i 2 c G 1 " 1 C fc o o o 1 s ? d 1 2 S 1 O . . Helena. . . Murfreesboro . . Harrisburg.. . . Mena . . Russellvllle i < \ P (Entrain Deval o a ! I ' "*" K . . Waldron . . Marshall .. Fort Smith . . Greenwood . . De Queen i-l N^" : : ^ >. S ' c3 a '. '. do : : tt p _P. ; K s. 1 'i 7 & ' < K 1 C3 S'S'S . ..2 03 03 i t^-*^ O O .^ 4J ugMffi O 00) O MODCQ CO 11$ ,f. -M . J_i U B I .a a-i M W III O 03 ^ d 5-3 . ( i C3 SPECIMEN ENTBAINMENT SCHEDULE. 327 ' ^^ s . d d d d o g . ft as r s r s 1 ^ ON SCHEDULE. ,s follows: .30 a. m. and 8.30 a 11.30 a.m. and 1.30 (p.m. and 8 p.m. d d d d c,- s a a a N dddd E-t O O -i O CO ^^ CS i-t to 53 "" ^ t~ O ! :| C g cl 03 :o ^"S ^ j ; o ^ n 3 li 3^ is i* 3 * Pn'^ ? i J .1 g 5 |HlO sidf ? 12 ^ > > > IH' j> (JO d _0 aj 10 a 3 PH V ft d M o I sj K d fe d COOON S3 CO H ll o a> O^ ill i o O 7 a s, 1 a o 8 ^ 6 C3 odd 6 o 03 odd I d -s SSS a ftS a'as a d ddd P< h< -o- So 10 s .2 >o 1 fH ot-r- 2S S i ft M S o 9 o be 4* Inut Rid "tit? III mta . switch 03 nil Bg & t> c > $s ** IN CO-* OtD S, S s ft ft o PH i d d * 1H O i-l C<5 u> S 11 I B ^ 1 1 i! ^ !! WlH 1 328 APPENDIXES. 25S ocoo . d o o o o o os'o . III II "O P. 000 c . . . o o sa g g,aaa aa <> B jMs ^ P.P.P, aiooo *0 a !!* fe . . . ::S llll fi : : : eals will be pr Breakfastb Luncheon b Dinner bet? Hi HmfQ Benton Little Rock. . Pac. switch t S ^J^ ^1 rtOIQ ^C ^r oboe ri 1 J O tC CD ^ rococoeo c K o o fcfc c K o c 6 d d d X'Ztt i PN ci -- & ft !| Pk t$ h rt 5 S c5 PnPndH^ . o z o o SS c s o S c s llll| a ES a a a aaaa cs ..-: t- 03 03 IOO 1^ t^od 09 ~T 06 OS s 03 3 CO C3 03 03 P< ss^s-j^ d^^rtis^ 1 1 :8S : :;f! . > BU : :^ Texarkana.. . Nashville... Hope i o M Womble Gurdon c-3fi t -^^ ^ St-gS 8 O<5S^l PH > NJ W > >-3 2 < > > > H 2 ^^j^ a ""US 50 (^ oo o-. c c-< Texarkana Camp Pike Camp Pike 44 s i a O a re a d d MS i m d ^ a PH . 1 1-1 8* 001 CO 8 :S c :i i i Ashdown Texarkana . . . Washington.. (Entrain at os ; iJ E^> 5|| U*^ O - :S i! Little River. Miller Hempstead.. v >. a IN 1 .Jli H SS cwa SPECIMEN ENTRAINMENT SCHEDULE. 329 6622 cd QJJ OQ aaaa 5 .t3 "tcococoj . ^ ir* u* t~ ^ < ! IP- ! o 3oo.-^ ca OK f- ! c* c- j o o O O O.J d d O O O^^' aa rijf aa aaa| aa aa a'aa'tf P. p. ss 88 03^ s? III? P. P. om P. P. OtO ^^ ^^ odea p. -1 : : : s INi-l 1. Lv. Lake Village 2. Ar. Montrose -.5 >. : i i !S5 Hamburg . . Montrose. . . C = ; : Montrose Dermott . Warren . Monticell Dermott. Dermott. McGehee Arkansas McGehee i i| 1 ^"^ g) W 033 > IH' > t. > > tl > t~ & >> 3 COTS- mto t-000> cs F-! (MM -TIO<> <=><*- . : o D. Greenwood Fort Smith Lunc Fayetteville Fort Smith : : : : : : : :-2 25-glf 1 Sa M . "iSgSSog^ Hamburg Wynne Br Wynne . New Augusta Little Bock Lunc . Pac. switch to Ca 5% 5% ,5^,5^,5^^^ I g 53 > a ~HM COT ^as^ocoo;-^ co SCHEDULE No. 8. ENTRAIN AUGUST 24, ] -CM COTU5 CD ate. Junction. Camp Pike Fort Smith Camp Pike I 03 D, 1 5 M M 1 d r d feS d a PH 1 CO || CO N 1-H^H O 30.-IOO T CO T < t^ County seat or headquarters. Harrisburg Wynne Augusta i Greenwood (Board No. 2 Fayetteville ll| iflls? - ij o Sebastian Washington Poinsett Cross ^Woodruff (Entrain at New Augusta.) 1 1 SPECIMEN ENTEAINMENT SCHEDULE. 331 oo i-i 05 1-1 8 I P < K o & W >4 5 c * . CO C*"^ CO O O CO CO ; % <8 cs to o o od . Mammoth Springs 1:21 p. m. Frisco No. 101. Hoxie 3:18f>. m. Frisco No. 101. Dinner at Hoxie. . Hoxie 5:55 p.m. Mo. Pac. No. 33. Little Rock 11 :00 p. m. Mo. Pac. No. 33. . Pac. shuttle train to Camp Pike. 06 t, > t- o i i 553 > ^ o i i 01 i i >!> SCHEDULE No. 10. ENTRAIN AUGUST 22, CO". SCHEDULE No. 11. ENTRAIN AUGUST 22, SCHEDULE No. 12. ENTRAIN AUGUST 22, rt(NW* 1050 Kensett Camp Pike Hoxie Camp Pike c a, E a ' O Bridge Junction. Little Rock Camp Pike Bridge Junction. Little Rock Camp Pike k go s PH c | fedS '?co 8 S s 1 >- >. "S 1111 a a i ^ u oa i o e! 1 w3 Osceola i 1 ^ Newton (Entrain at Harrison.) Van Buren (Entrain at Shirley.) White Fulton (Entrain at Mammoth springs.) Union Ouachita Mississippi (Entrain at Blytheville.) Crittenden APPENDIXES. O W 2 OQ s odd C3 03 fl O CC "rf CO 'S t> > i-I 5 II a : d d oice COCO E ci Cv s S 03 O o ;i | 03 "^ -M ^ CC l^H A 1 i | i H j CM Stuttgart GO 03 s -S as .^ 03 03 8( SPECIMEN ENTRAINMENT SCHEDULE. SniKin I.K No. Hi.- KNTKAIN A riirsT 22. lf)18. (Page 5.) AUGUST 22. 1. Lv. Magnolia 6:30 p. m. L. & N. W. No. 10. 2. Ar. McNeil. 7*0 p. m. L. & N. W. No. 10. 3. Lv. McNeil 8:26 p. m. St. L. S. W. No. 4. AUGUST 23. 4. Ar. Pine Bluff 12:42 a.m. St. L. S. W. No. 4. 5. Lv. Pmo Bluff 7:35 a. m. St. L. S. W. No. 436. 6. Ar. N. Little Rock 10:15 a. m. St. L. S. W. No. 436. 7. Md. Pac. shuttle train to Camp Pike. SCHEDULE No. 17. ENTRAIN AUGUST 22, 1918. ^ rfSS NOTE. Lewisville contmgent will secure luncheon at Pine Bluff. Rison contingent will secure luncheon before departure. SCHEDULE No. 18. ENTRAIN AUGUST 22, 1918. ...^ 1 I i i o d o o o o d d d d d fetfc&j ^^'^ aD CQCQ CG CCGQ OQCQCOOQCQ *HJ ^ . ^HJ^^'^' MWCQ .WCQM COOJCOOJO! aaasaaa'g aaaaa? 03 03 P/3 ftpHPHg as*!!*! C . a . a .|""' e J AS ^ N ' i> a : : : : :o jj.-tjyf ! ! ! ! i C ; ; : j > 1 1 1 ^ 3 i \ 3 4 5 III ||^.| Lv. Jonesboro Lv. Clarendon Ar. Altheimer Lv. Altheimer Ar. N. Little Rock \Tn T>on ,.litiftln *^ rt n t- ~cinf*a '3 (H ll^l a i O to S^ 1 ^2 c3 C&7I 8 "1 8 1 c5 * ^3cp h3ft S v OO 1 S 1 3 a P si c o a *- s r *J 14 o -55 5 ^ ^ l-s p. ^^ 03 O ^ I-* ^ O (^ W ^ rt 3 ^ T3 ^ ,o < a o t CL| pj * & $ o i- * o w a M 1 CO d ,0 S as 0, CO JO 00 Ic . ^ 2 i | i X. BTBVKBMW, latertrjr. Jan. 14 1918 Maj. Louis L. KOBN, judge advocate Jan. IS, 1918 May 16,1918 Maj. FRANK BILLINGS, Medical Corps Feb. 1,1918 Mar. 14,1918 Maj J\MES BERRY KING, judge advocate Feb 5 1918 Sept. 30,1918 Maj. WINFIELD S. PRICE, Infantry Apr. 26,1918 Maj. EDWARD M. BAINTER, Ordnance do Maj DAVID CHESTER BROWN, Medical Corps July 27 1918 Dec. 12,1918 Maj JOSHUA REUBEN CLARK, jr., judge advocate Aug 1 1918 Dec. 18,1918 Maj CHARLES T. HENDLER, judge advocate Aug 7 1918 Maj. PEYTON GORDON, judge advocate Sept 6 1918 Maj. JOHN I). LANGSTON, Infantry do Maj. FRED K. NIELSEN, judge advocate Sept 12,1918 Capt. PERRIN L. SMITH, Infantry May 25,1917 June 12,1917 Capt. DAVID L. ROSCOE, Cavalry Apr 28, 1917 Aug. 14,1917 Capt. EDWARD W. CHATTERTON, Quartermaster Corps Apr 30, 1917 Mar. 26,1918 Capt. ROYAL G. JENKS, Quartermaster Corps Mav 26, 1917 Mar. 23,1918 Capt. CHARLES R. MORRIS, Quartermaster Corps ... . . Aug 22, 1917 Capt. DfyprsT.AS D. FF.i.nr, Infantry, ...... Oct. 3,1917 Apr. 15,1918 Capt. CLAUDE A. HOPE do Capt. ROBERT E. McCoRMiCK Oct. 5 1917 Capt. Lucius B. BARBOUE, Infantry Nov. 6, 1917 Capt. RICHARD H. HILL, Coast Artillery Corps Dec. 14,1917 Capt. JESSE I. MILLER Jan. 18,1918 Capt. JAMES H. HUGHES, Infantry Jan. 23,1918 Capt. DORRANCE D. SNAPP Feb. 6, 1918 Capt. ROY L. DEAL Feb. 11,1918 Capt. DAVID A. PINE Mar. 6, 1918 Capt. CASTER D. STAMPER Mar. 10,1918 Capt. WEBSTER W. HOLLOW AY, judge advocate Apr. 2, 1918 Capt. RAYMOND O. WH.MARTH, Infantry, adjutant Apr. 5, 1918 Capt. WILLIAM G. DE ROSSET June 10,1918 Capt. BRECKINRIDGE JONES, Infantry June 17,1918 Capt. .Town KVANS, Infantry .... Oct. 11,1918 Dec 5 1918 First Lieut. JOSEPH J. MACKAY, jr., Infantry Oct. 17, 1917 July 29 1918 First Lieut. WALTER B. WHITE, Infantry Jan. 1,1918 First Lieut. MALCOLM H. LAUCHHEIMER, Coast Artillerv Corps Feb. 6, 1918 Sept 7, 1918 First Lieut. CAREW F. MARTINDALE May 24, 1918 First Lieut. HENRY G. STEPHENS Mar. 15,1918 May 28, 1918 First Lieut. STANLEY H. UDY Mar. 29,1918 First Lieut. WILLIAM K. GILMORE May 6, 1918 First Lieut >CHARLES SCOTT MILLER, Medical Corps Aug. 31,1918 First Lieut. CHARLES S. DOUGLAS, judge advocate Oct. 1,1918 First Lieut. DUDLEY B. SNOWDEN Nov. 9, 1918 Second Lieut. Buz M. WALKER, jr Mar. 11,1918 CIVILIANS IN CHARGE OF SECTIOXS. Mr. G. Lyle Hughes, chief clerk. Mr. William E. Mattingly, assistant chief clerk. Miss Elmear C. Chinn, senior clerk, Personnel of Boards Section. Miss Katherine E. Cowan, senior clerk, Appeals Division. Mr. Clifton F. Balch, statistician, Statistics and Auxiliary Agencies Division. Mr. Howard E. Marker, senior clerk, Statistics and Auxiliary Agencies Division. Mr. Samuel R. Hinwood, senior clerk, Delinquency and Deserters Section, Classi- fication Division. OFFICERS ON DUTY. 337 Miss Mamie S. Crow, senior clerk, Finance Division. Miss W. Wellborn, senior clerk, Information Division. Mr. Cecil Scott, senior clerk, Quota Records Section, Mobilization Division. Mr. William N. Crymes, senior clerk, Individual Induction Section, Mobilization Division. Mr. Percy H. Skinner, senior clerk, Statistical Section, Mobilization Division. Mrs. Mary L. Noland, senior clerk, Publications Division. Mr. George T. Cunningham, senior clerk, Mail Section. Miss Orva V. Reynolds, senior clerk, Stenographic Section. Mr. James R. Dimond, senior clerk, Record Section. Miss Helen C. Vaughan, supply clerk. Miss Edith Campbell, civilian personnel clerk. 97250 19 22 APPENDIX H. LIST OP THE PRINCIPAL FORMS PRINTED FOR THE PROVOST MARSHAL GENERAL'S OFFICE. Form No. Title. Registration card. Summarization blank (first registration). Telegraphic report of board of registration to governor (first registration). Telegraphic report of governor to Provost Marshal General (first registration). Mailing label. Registrar's oath (first registration). Telegraphic report of readiness (first registration). Regulations governing physical examination. Regulations governing physical examination (modified to Aug. 27, 1917). Report of registration board. Rules and regulations prescribed by the President for local and district boards. Physical examination under the selective service act of May 18, 1917. Regulations governing disbursements incident to the registration and selective draft. Instructions to local boards. Estimates of population. Suggestions to local boards. Amendments to Regulations, Form 13. Information for persons registered. Compiled Rulings No. 1. Letter to members of local boards, July 26, 1917. Compiled Rulings No. 2. Supplemental Rules and Regulations, No. 1. (The disposition of persons called for examination who fail to report for or submit to examination.) Compiled Rulings No. 3. Letter answering inquiries, used in office of Provost Marshal General. Letter answering inquiries, used in office of Provost Marshal General. Compiled Rulings No. 4. Manual governing the use of records by local and district boards. Compiled Rulings No. 5. Mobilization regulations. Compiled Rulings No. 6. Distribution sheet (used when moving men to national camps). Compiled Rulings No. 7. Letter of Provost Marshal General to accompany marked copy of bulletins. Compiled Rulings No. 8. Supplement to bulletin of information concerning appeals for discharge of persons engaged in industries, including agriculture. Compiled Rulings No. 9. Letter by the President relative to operation of the selective sen-ice law, with particular refer- ence to its effect on agriculture. Compiled Rulings No. 10. Statement of gratuitous service. Compiled Rulings No. 11. Extracts from Selective Service Regulations, relative to organization of legal advisory boards Compiled Rulings No. 12. Letter of Provost Marshal General to members of the American Bar Association, relative to new classification system. Extracts from Selective Service Regulations, relative to organization of medical advisory boards. Letter of Provost Marshal General to physicians of the United States, relative to the new sys- tem of medical examinations. Letter of Provost Marshal General to superintendents and principals of public schools, relative to the new classification system. Important instructions to boards, relative to the Selective Service Regulations. Extracts from selective service regulations, relative to clerical assistance to medical and legal advisory boards. Suggested rules of procedure for medical advisory boards. Docket of examinations of medical advisory boards. Instructions for the preparation and use of Forms 1029 (new), 1029-A-B, and 1029-C-D. Letter of Provost Marshal General to members of all local boards, relative to the soldiers' and sailors' civil rehef act. Letter of secretary of the American Bar Association to members of the American Bar Asso- ciation and toalljudges of superior courts, relative to the soldiers' and sailors' civil relief act. Relief of soldiers and sailors. Insurance placards. Occupational list, indicating kind of men desired in the branches of service mentioned. Manual of instructions for Medical advisory boards. Amendment to Manual of Instructions for medical advisory boards. Correspondence post card. Inquiry as to address of registrants. General Orders, No. 31, relative to applications for farm furloughs. 338 LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL FORMS PRINTED. 339 Form No. Title. 66 66-A 66-B 67 68 69 69-A 69-B 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 90 90-A 91 92 93 94 95 100 101 101 102 102-A 103 103-A 104 107 108 110 111 112 to 144 145 146 146-A 146-B 146-C 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 159-A 160 161 161-A 162 163 164 Notice of intended requisitions for men. Requisition for men classified by occupation. Requisition for men unclassified. Registration Regulations No. 2. Registration certificate. Placard of instructions on how to answer questions (second registration). Placard of instructions on how to answer questions (for second registration in Alaska). Placard of instructions on how to answer questions (for second registration in Hawaii). Telegraphic report of readiness to Adjutant General ( second registration). Telegraphic report of local board to Adjutant General (second registration). Mail report on age 21 registration (summarization blank, second registration). Telegraphic report from Adjutant General to Provost Marshal General (second registration). Rules and regulations prescribed by the President for determining the order of liability (mas- ter list No. 2. second registration). Standards of physical examination (first and second editions). Boards of instruction to be appointed by selective service boards. Address to Class I selective service men. Physical examination chart. Standard accepted measurements. Telegraphic report o_f readiness to Adjutant General (third registration). Registrar's oath (third registration). Telegraphic report of local board to Adjutant General (third registration). Telegraphic report from Adjutant General to Provost Marshal General (third registration). Summarization blank (third registration). Registration Regulations No. 3. Circular to medical examiners relative to physcial examination of registrants. Letter of Provost Marshal General to members of all selective service boards relative to the classification of September, 1918, registrants. Local board progress chart. State progress chart. Rules and regulations prescribed by the President for determining the order of liability (mas- ter list No. 3, third registration). Index to master list No. 3. Letter of Provost Marshal General to employers and other representatives of industry rela- tive to classification. A manual for legal advisory boards. Letter of Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to allotments and allowances of select! ves. Chronicles of the selective draft. Receipt for records delivered to The Adjutant General of the Army. Appendix to rules and regulations ( Form 13) . List of names of persons whose registration cards are in possession of a local board (first regis- tration). List of names of persons whose registration cards are in possession of a local board (second and third registrations) . List of registrants in order of liability ( first and third registrations). List of registrants in order of liability (second registration) . mination. ixamination . lo Certificate of discharge because physically deficient. Certificate of postponement of physical examination because of temporary physical deficiency. Claim of exemption from military service when filed by person claiming exemption. Claim of exemption from military service when filed by person other than person sought to be exempted. Affidavits, certificates, and claims for exemption. Certificate of discharge from military service. List of persons calledinto the service of the United States not exempted or discharged. List of persons called by local board who failed to report and submit to examination. List of persons who are in military service and who have failed to report for duty. Report of persons ordered to report to local boards for military duty who have failed report. List of persons exempted or discharged from the service of the United States. Notice of certification to district boards when claim of exemption or discharge has been denied. Notice of certification to district board when claim of exemption or discharge made in respect of another has been denied. Notice of certification to district board when no claim of exemption or discharge has been made. Notice of claim of appeal by person certified to district board. Notice of claim of appeal by person other than person certified. Claim of appeal by person certified to district board. Claim of appeal by another in respect of person certified. Notice of extension of time for filing claim and notice of appeal . Record of the first and organization meeting of the district board. Notice of decision of district board on claim of appeal filed by person called . Notice of decision of district board on claim of appeal filed in respect of another. Certificate of exemption issued by district board on appeal. Certificate of discharge issued by district board on appeal. Notice to local board of decision of district board on claim of appeal filed by Provost Mar- shal General. Claim for discharge filed with district board by person certified. Claim for discharge of person certified to district board made by another. Certificate of discharge because engaged in a necessary industrial or agricultural enterprise. Claim of appeal to the President by person certified or by another on his behalf. Partial list of men selected for military service. 340 APPENDIXES. Form No. Title. List of persons ordered to report to the local board for military service. Postal card (notification of selection for military service). Postal card (notification date to report for departure for mobilization camp). Revocation of certificate of exemption by local board. Notice of revocation of certificate of exemption by local board. Revocation of certificate of discharge by local board. Notice of revocation of certificate of discharge by local board. Revocation of certificate of exemption or discharge by district board. Notice of revocation of certificate of exemption or discharge by district board. Revocation of certificate of discharge granted by district board to person engaged in neces- sary industrial or agricultural enterprise Notice of revocation of certificate of discharge to pers )n engaged in a necessary industrial or agricultural enterprise. Notice of denial of claim for discharge. Certificate to person claiming exemption under subdivision (i) of section 20 of the rules and regulations. Form prepared by Provost Marshal General that maybe used for application to be filed for an order that another local board be designated to make physical examination and hear and determine any claim for exemption or discharge filed by or in respect for a person, under section 29 of rules and regulations of June 30, 1917. Form of notice prepared by Provost Marshal General that may be used under terms of sec- tion 29 of rules and regulations of June 30, 1917. Form of notice prepared by Provost Marshal General that may be used under section 29 of rules and regulations of June 30, 1917, for designation of another local board to make physical examination and to hear and determine any claim for exemption or discharge. Docket for local board. Claim of appeal by _person authorized under section 27, rules and regulations June 30, 1917, by the Provost Marshal General to take an appeal from the decision of a local board. Notice of claim of appeal by person authorized under section 27, rules and regulations June 30, 1917, by the Provost Marshal General to take an appeal from the decision of a local board. Notice to local board of decision of district board on claim of discharge filed by or in respect of person certified to the district board by local board. Notice to local board of exemption or discharge granted on appeal from local board. Notice to local board of decision of district board, in accordance with the mandate of the President, on claim of discharge filed by or in respect of person certified to the district board by local board. Day book for local board. Docket book for district board. Day book for district board. Account of quotas. Report of accounts of quotas by local board. Report of accounts of quotas in camp. Oath of office. Acceptance of appointment by the President as a member of the local board. Notification of appointment as member of local board. Telegram for reporting organization of local boards to governor. Letter to member of local board directing organization. Record of first and organization meeting of local board (sheriff member). Record of first and organization meeting of local board (sheriff not member). Regulations governing the apportionment of quotas and credits. Quota form. Record of State apportionment of quota. Record of county or city apportionment of quota. Notice of governor to local boards of apportionment of quota. :ribed by the President for determining the order of liability (master lations prescr ristre Rules and re; list No. 1, first registration). Selective Service Regulations (edition of Nov. 8, 1917): Changes No. 1. Changes No. 2. Changes No. 3. Changes No. 4. Changes No. 5. Changes No. 6. Changes No. 7. Selective Service Regulations (second edition). Classification list. Questionnaire. Duplicate 01 first page of questionnaire. Cover sheet ol questionnaire. Duplicate of cover sheet of questionnaire. Key list of occupations. Explanatory memorandum for questionnaire. Important notice to registrants and public. Subpoena to witnesses to appear before district and local boards. Minute book of district and local boards. Notice of classification. Docket book of district board. Notice of final classification. Notice of exemption from combatant service. Notice to appear lor physical examination. Report of physical examination. Notice of decision on physical examination. List of delinquents reported to local police authority. ' List of persons who failed to report for physical examination or submit questionnaires. 1 Delinquent classification list. LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL FORMS PRINTED. 341 Form No. 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1021-A-B 1022 1022-A 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1028 and 1028-A 1028-A 1029 1029 New 1029-A-B 1029-C-D 1029-E 1029-F 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1045 1046 1050 2000 2001 2002-A 2002-B 2003 2004 2005 2006 2006 New 2007 2007 New 2007-A 2008 2008-A 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 3006 3050 3051 3051-A 3052 3052-A 3053 3053-A 3054 3054-A 3055 3055-A 3056 3056-A 3057 Title. Notice to delinquents to report to A. G. O. S. Order to delinquent to report to local board. Report to A. G. O. S. on appearance of delinquent ordered to report to local board. Notice from Adjutant General suspending order inducting delinquent into military service. Report of deserters to A. G. A. Order to delinquent to report to local board for entrainment. Report by State Adjutant General to Adjutant Generalof the Army of appearance of deserter. Certificate for police official apprehending a willful deserter. Report of disposition of deserters. Order to report to Medical Advisory Board for examination. Request to Medical Advisory Board to conduct examination. Notice of transfer for classification. Request for transfer of registrant to E. F. C. list. Report on registrant transferred to E. F. C. list. Application for passport permit. Permit for passport. Order of induction into the military service of the United States. Order of induction into the military service of the United States. Notice to men ordered to report for military duty. List of men ordered to report for military duty: Jacket sheet: Insert sheet. List of men ordered to report for military duty. Notice of acceptance or rejection tor military service. Notice of discharge from military service. Request for additional occupational information. Notice of change of classification. Order authorizing employment of clerical assistants . Travel order to be issued by governors. Travel order to be issued by district boards. Oath of office. Estimate of expenses. Application for furlough (agriculture). Notice to appear for reclassification on account of nonuseful occupation. Important notice to registrant and public regarding classification on account of nonuseful occupation. Certification in case of registrant claimed not to be engaged in a productive occupation or employment. Notice of reclassification on account of nonuseful occupation. Report of registrants whose deferred classification or order numbers have been withdrawn. Withdrawal of notices to become a citizen of the United States. Notice to neutral declarants. Property list. Supporting affidavit for Federal, State, and Municipal employees. Certificate for reenlistment in Navy or Marine Corps (printed copies not furnished) . Monthly report of local boards. Monthly report of district boards. Family status report on inducted men. Regulations governing the apportionment of quotas. Report of classification. Local board report of Class I. State report of Class I. Quota sheet. Notice of quota. Quota ledger sheet. Request lor individual induction. Request for individual induction. Competent order for induction. Competent order for induction. Competent order for induction. Report of action on competent order. Report of action on competent order. Regulations governing drafted men en route to mobilization camps. Warrant of leader or assistant leader and special police officer. Requests for release of registrant to volunteer in naval service for training as an officer. Order to release registrant for enlistment in Navy for training as an officer. Report of entrainment. Application for voluntary induction. Permit for transfer of entrainment. Statement of final account. Occupational list of registrants. Annual Report (1918), Statistical Data Forms: General instructions for preparing summary cards, 1918. Tally sheet No. 1, first registration. Tally sheet No. 1, second and third registrations. Tally sheet No. 2, first registration. Tally sheet No. 2, second and third registrations. Tally sheet No. 3, first registration. Tally sheet No. 3, second and third registrations. Summary card No. 1, first registration. Summary card No. 1, second and third registrations. Summary card No. 2, first registration. Summary card No. 2, second and third registrations. Summary card No. 3, first registration. Summary card No. 3, second and third registrations. Summary card No. 4, first, second, and third registrations. 342 APPENDIXES. Title. Notice of mailing summary cards. Reminder post card No. 1. Reminder post card No. 2. District board summary card A (first registration). District board summary card A (second and third registrations). District board summary card B (first registration). District board summary card B (second and third registrations). Emergency fleet data card. Letter from Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to Emergency Fleet data cards. Regulations governing the disposition of records of district, local, and medical advisory' boards. Tags for district, local, and medical advisory board records Inventory of records of district, local, and medical advisory boards. List of registrants recorded as delinquents or deserters. Dummy cover sheet. Bulletin A of May 24, 1917, relative to persons required to register. Boards of instruction: Letter of the Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to organization. (July 4, 1918.) Letter of the Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to class of June 5, 1918. (July 10, 1918.) Bulletin No. I (see Form 76). Bulletin No. II (see Form 77). Bulletin No. III. Bulletin No. IV-War Aims. Bulletin No. V, How Selectives Are Treated in Camp. Bulletin No. VI, Teaching English. Bulletin No. VII. Bulletin No. VIII, Hygiene. Letter of Provost Marshal General to members of local boards relative to disposition of regis- tration cards. (June 26, 1917.) Occupational card. Conventions providing for reciprocal military service with Great Britain and Canada. Convention providing for reciprocal military service with France. Report of the Provost Marshal General to the Secretary of War on the first draft. Information for male persons of military age desiring to leave the United States. Instructions No. 1, for preparing voucher for personal service. Instructions No. 2, for preparing voucher for services and duties other than personal. Instructions No. 3, for preparation of vouchers. List of district boards. List of district and local boards. Poster, "The New American Plan of Selective Draft and Service." Registration regulations, first registration. Placard of instructions on "How to Answer Questions" (first and third registrations). Roster, Provost Marshal General's Office. The selective service system, its aims and accomplishments its future. President's foreword to the selective service regulations. Circular of information relative to deferred classification of Government employees. Extracts from the revised selective-service regulations relative to classification with respect to engagement in industries, occupations or employment, including agriculture. Eye-test charts "B" and "E." Powers of the Congress and of the President over the land forces. President's letter relative to gratuitous services. Governor's letter relative to gratuitous services. The Nation's Want Column. Bulletin of information concerning appeals for discharge of persons engaged in industries including agriculture. (Sept. 24, 1917.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to local boards on classification of December, 1917. (Nov. f>, 1917.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to governors relative to selection of men for special train- ing. (May 22, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to handling individual inductions. (June 14. 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to draft executives relative to compensation of local board members. (Aug. 31, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to draft executives relative to individual induction of registrants into the Students' Army Training Corps. (Sept. 5, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to governors relative to classification of registrants of class of September, 1918. (Sept. 10, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to governors re advancement of classification and physical examination of certain registrants of class of September, 1918. (Sept. 25, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to members of district boards relative to classification of registrants of class of September, 1918. (Oct. 7, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal' General to State draft executives relative to monthly reports of local boards. (Nov. 2, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to boards of instruction relative to their activities. (Nov. 20, 1918.) Letter of Provost Marshal General to local boards relative to statement of final account. (Nov. 25, 1918.) APPENDIX I. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS, SHOWING LOCATION AND JURISDICTION. ALABAMA. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters^ Jefferson County Bank Building, Birmingham, Ala. Jurisdiction Counties, Bibb. Clay. Jefferson. Sumter. Blount. Cleburne. Pickens. Talladega. Calhoun. Greene. Shelby. Tuscaloosa. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Federal Court Building, Huntsville, Ala. Jurisdiction Counties. Cherokee. Fayette. Lauderdale. Morgan. Colbert. Franklin. Limestone. St. Clair. Cullman. Jackson. Madison. Walker. Dekalb. Lamar. Marion. Winston. Etowah. Lawrence. Marshall. MIDDLE DISTRICT. Headquarters, 709 First National Bank Building, Montgomery, Ala. Jurisdiction Counties. Autauga. Coffee. Geneva. Montgomery. Barbour. Coosa. Henry. Pike. Bullock. Covington. Houston. Randolph. Butler. Crenshaw. Lee. Russell. Chambers. Dale. Lowndes. Tallapoosa. Chilton. Elmore. Macon. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Federal Building, Mobile, Ala. Jurisdiction Counties. Baldwin, Dallas, Mobile. Wilcox. Choctaw. Escambia. Monroe. Clarke. Hale. Perry. Conecuh. Marengo. Washington. ARIZONA. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room 2, County Courthouse, Phoenix, Ariz. Jurisdiction Counties . Apache. Maricopa. Navajo. Yavapai. Coconino. Mohave. Pinal. Yuma. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Tucson, Ariz. Jurisdiction Counties. Cochise. Graham. Pima. Gila. Greenlee. Santa Cruz 343 344 APPENDIXES. ARKANSAS. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Pulaski County Courthouse, Little Rock, Ark. Jurisdiction Counties . Arkansas. Dallas. Jefferson. Ashley. Desha. Lawrence. Bradley. Drew. Lee. Chicot. Faulkner. Lincoln. Clark. Fulton. Lonoke. Clay. Garland. Mississippi. Cleburne. Grant. Monroe. Cleveland. Greene. Mongomery. Con way. Hot Spring. Perry. Craighead. Independence. Phillips. Crittenden. Izard. Poinsett. Cross. Jackson. Pope. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Fort Smith, Ark. Jurisdiction Counties. Baxter. Franklin. Madison. Benton. Hempstead. Marion. Boone. Howard. Miller. Calhoun. Johnson. Nevada. Carroll. Lafayette. Newton. Columbia. Little River. Ouachita. Crawford. Logan. Pike. CALIFORNIA. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. 400 City Hall, San Francisco, Cal, Jurisdiction Counties. San Francisco and Alameda. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. 704 Fourth Street, San Rafael, Cal. Jurisdiction Counties. Contra Costa. Del Norte. Humboldt. Lake. Marin. Mendocino. Monterey. Napa. San Benito. Santa Clara. Santa Cruz. San Mateo. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. State Capitol Building, Sacramento, Cal. Jurisdiction Counties. Alpine. Amador. Butte. Calaveras. Colusa. Eldorado. Glenn. Lassen. Modoc. Mono. Nevada. Placer. Plumas. San Joaquin. Sacramento. Shasta. Sierra. Siskiyou. Stanislaus. Sutter. Tehama. Prairie. Pulaski. Randolph. Saline. Sharp. Stone. St. Francis. Van Buren. White. Woodruff. Yell. Polk. Searcy. Scott. Sebastian. Sevier. Union. Washington. Solano. Sonoma. Trinity. Tuolumne. Yolo. Yuba, SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room F. Chamber of Commerce Building, 100 South Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal. Jurisdiction Counties. Los Angeles. Orange. San Diego. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 345 SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters, Courthouse, Bakersfield, Cal. Jurisdictio n Counties . Fresno. Imperial. Inyo. Kern. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Alamosa. Archuleta. Baca. Bent. Chaffee. Conejos. Costilla. Crowley. Custer. Delta. DIFISION No. 2. Headquarters. Adams. Arapahoe. Boulder. Cheyenne. Clear Creek. Denver. Douglas. DIVISION No. 1 Headquarters. Hartfield. Kings. Mad era. Mariposa. Merced. Riverside. San Bernardino. San Luis Obispo. Santa Barbara. Tulare. Ventura. COLORADO. -Room 19, Courthouse, Pueblo, Colo. Jurisdiction Counties . Dolores. Eagle. El Paso. Fremont. Garfield. Gunnison. Hinsdale. Huerfano. Kiowa. Lake. La Plata. Las Animas. Mesa. Mineral. Montezuma. Montrose. Otero. Ouray. Pitkin. Prowers. Pueblo. Rio Blanco. Rio Grande. Saguache. San Juan. San Miguel Teller. -244 Capitol Building, Denver, Colo. Jurisdiction Counties. Elbert. Gilpin. Grand. Jackson. Jefferson. Kit Carson. Larimer. Lincoln. Logan. Moffat. Morgan. Park. Phillips. Routt. Sedgwick. Summit. Washington. Weld. Yuma. CONNECTICUT. -18 Asylum Street, Hartford, Conn. Jurisdiction Counties . Litchfield. Tolland. Windham. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. County Courthouse, Waterbury, Conn. Jurisdiction Counties. Miidlesex. New London. New Haven, except the townsof Ansonia, Beacon Falls, Derby, Middlebury, Milford, Orange, Oxford, Seymour, Middlesex, New London, and Southbury. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. County Courthouse. Bridgeport, Conn. Jurisdiction Fairfield County and that part of New Haven County embracing the towns of Ansonia, Beacon Falls, Derby, Middlebury, Milford, Orange, Oxford, Seymour, and Southbury. 346 APPENDIXES. DELAWARE. DISTRICT BOARD FOR THE STATE OP DELAWARE. Headquarters. State Capitol, Dover, Del. Jurisdiction. Entire State. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. DISTRICT! BOARD FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Headquarters. Room 513, District Building, Washington, D. C. Jurisdiction. District of Columbia. FLORIDA. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Pensacola, Fla. Jurisdiction Counties. Alachua Bay. Calhoun. Escambia. Franklin. Gadsden. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Holmes. Jefferson. Jackson. Lafayette. Levy. Liberty. Leon. Okaloosa. Santa Rosa. Taylor. Headquarters. Tampa, Fla. Jurisdiction Counties. Baker. Bradford. Brevard. Broward. Citrus. Clay. Columbia. Dade. De Soto. Duval. Flagler. Hamilton. Hernando. Hillsborough. Lake. Lee. Madison. Manatee. Marion. Monroe. Nassau. Okeechobee. Orange. Osceola. Palm Beach. Pinellas. Polk. GEORGIA. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Fulton County Courthouse, Atlanta, Ga. Jurisdiction Counties. Banks. Barrow. Bartow. Campbell. Carroll. Catoosa. Chattahoochee. Chattooga. Cherokee. Clarke. Clay. Clayton. Cobb. Coweta. Dade. Dawson. Dekalb. Douglas. Early. Elbert. Fannin. Fayette. Floyd. Forsyth. Franklin. Fulton. Gilmer. Gordon. Greene. "Gwinnett. Habersham. Hall. Haralson. Harris. Hart. Heard. Henry. Jackson. Lumpkin. Madison. Marion. Meriwether. Milton. Morgan. Murray. Muscogee. Newton. Oconee. Oglethorpe. Paulding. Pickens. Polk. Quitman. Rabun. Walton. Washington. Wakulla. Pasco. Putnam. St. Johns. St. Lucie. Semtnole. Sumter. Suwannee. Volusia. Randolph. Rockdale. Schley. Spalding. Stephens. Stewart. Talbot. Taylor. Terrell. Towns. Troup. Union. Walker. Walton. Webster. White. Whitfield. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 347 SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Savannah Fire Insurance Building, Savannah, Ga. Jurisdiction Counties. Apphng. Bacon. Baker. Ben ffill. Berrien. Brooks. Bryan. Bulloch. Calhoun. Cam den. Candler. Charlton. Chatham. Clinch. Coffee. Colquitt. Crisp. Decatur. Dougherty. Echols. Effingham. Emanuel. Evans. Glvnn. Grady. Irwin. Jeff Davis. Jenkins. Lee. Liberty. Lowndes. Mclntosh. Miller. Mitchell. Montgomery. Pierce. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Public Utility Building, Macon, Ga. Jurisdiction Counties. Baldwin. Bibb. Bleckley. Burke. Butts. Columbia. Crawford. Dodge. Doolv. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Benewah. Bonner. Boundary. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Ada. Adams. Bannock. Bear Lake. Bingham. Blaine. Boise. Bonneville. Glascock. Hancock. Houston. Jasper. Jefferson. Johnson. Jones. Laurens. Lincoln. Macon. McDuftie. Monroe . Pike. Pulaski. Putnam. Richmond. Sumter. Taliaferro. IDAHO. -Sandpoint, Idaho. Jurisdiction Counties. Clearwater. Idaho. Kootenai. Latah. Lewis. Nez Perce. -Boise, Idaho. Jurisdiction Counties. Butte. Camas. Canyon. Cassis. Custer. Elmore. Franklin. Fremont. Gem. Gooding. Jefferson. Lemhi. Lincoln. Madison. Minidoka. Oneida. Screven. Tattnall. Thomas. Tift. Toombs. Turner. Ware. Wayne. Worth. Telfair. Upson. Warren. Washington. Wheeler. Wilcox. Wilkes. Wilkinson. Shoshone. Owyhee. Payette. Power. Teton. Twin Falls. Valley. Washington. ILLINOIS. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. 112 West Adams Street, Chicago. Jurisdiction. Local Boards Nos. 1-28, inclusive; 44, 45, 67-77, inclusive; 81, 82, and 83 of the city of Chicago. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Room 1122, 112 West Adams Street, Chicago. Jurisdiction. Local Boards Nos. 29^43, inclusive; 46-60, inclusive; 78-80, in- clusive; 84-86, inclusive, of the city of Chicago. 348 APPENDIXES. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3; Headquarters. Room 721, 112 West Adams Street, Chicago. Jurisdiction. Local Boards Nos. 1-9, inclusive, of Cook County outside of Chi- cago; and the counties of Boone, Dekalb, Dupage, Grundy, Kane, Kendall, Lake, La Salle, McHenry, and Will. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. Room 8, Fry's Block, Freeport, 111. Jurisdiction Counties. Carroll. Jo Daviess. Lee. Ogle. Stephenson. Whiteside. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room 601, Lehman Building, Peoria, 111. Jurisdiction Counties. Bureau. Fulton. Henderson. Henry. Knox. Livingston. Marshall. McDonough. Mercer. Peoria. Putnam. Rock Island. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. State arsenal, Springfield, 111. Jurisdiction Counties. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Mount Vernon, 111. Jurisdiction Counties,, EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Robeson Building, Champaign, 111. Jurisdiction Co unties. Winnebago. Stark. Tazewell. Warren. Woodford. Adams. Bond. Brown. Calhoun. Cass. Christian. Dewitt. Greene. Hancock. Jersey. Logan. Macon. Macoupin. Madison. Mason. McLean. Menard. Montgomery. Morgan. Pike. Sangamon. Schuyler. Scott. Alexander. Clinton. Franklin. Gallatin. Hamilton. Hardin. Jackson. Jefferson. Johnson. Marion. Massac. Monroe. Perry. Pope. Pulaski. Randolph. St. Glair. Saline. Union. Washington. White. Williamson. Champaign. Clark. Clay. Coles. Crawford. Cumberland. Douglas. Edgar. Edwards. Emngham. Fayette. Ford. Iroquois. Jasper. Kankakee. Lawrence. Moultrie. Piatt. Richland. Shelby. Vermilion. Wabash. Wayne. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 349 INDIANA. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Laporte, Ind. Jurisdiction Counties. Benton. Carroll. Cass. Clinton. Fountain. Fulton. Howard. Newton. Jasper. Porter. Lake. Pulaski. Laporte. St. Joseph. Marshall. Starke. Miami. Tipton. Tippecanoe. Warren. White. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Physician's Defense Building, Fort Wayne, Ind. Jurisdiction Counties . Adams. Allen. Blackford. Dekalb. Delaware. Elkhart. Fayette. Kosciusko. Franklin. Lagrange. Grant. Madison. Henry. Noble. Huntington. Randolph. Jay. Rush. Steuben. Union. Wabash. Wayne. Wells. Whitley. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. State house, Indianapolis. Jurisdiction Counties. Bartholomew. Boone. Clark. Clay. Dearborn. Decatur. Floyd. Hamilton. Montgomery. Hancock. Morgan. Handricks. Ohio. Jefferson. Parke. Jennings. Putnam. Johnson. Ripley. Marion. Scott. Shelby. Switzerland. Vermilion. Vigo. DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. Oliphant Building, Vincennes, Ind. Jurisdiction Counties. Brown. Crawford. Daviess. Dubois. Gibson. Greene. Harrison. Orange. Jackson. Owen. Knox. Perry. . Lawrence. Pike. Martin. Posey. Monroe. Spencer. Sullivan. Vanderburg. Warrick. Washington. IOWA. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Marsh Place Building, Waterloo, Iowa. Jurisdiction Counties . Allamakee. Benton. Blackhawk. Bremer. Buchanan. Buena Vista. Butler. Calhoun. Carroll. Cedar. Cerro Gordo. Cherokee. Chickasaw. Clay. Clayton. Delaware. Dickinson. Dubuque. Emmet. Fayette. Floyd. Franklin. Grundy. Hamilton. Hancock. Hardin. Howard. Humboldt. Ida. Iowa. Jackson. Jones. Kossuth. Linn. Lyon. Mitchell. Monona. O'Brien. Osceola. Palo Alto. Pocahontas. Plymouth. Sac. Sioux. Tama. Webster. Winnebago. Winneshiek. Woodbury. Worth. ' Wright. 350 APPENDIXES. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Statehouse, Des Moines, Iowa. Jurisdiction Counties. Adair. Adams. Appanoose. Audubon. Boone. Clarke. Clinton. Crawford. Dallas. Davis. Decatur. Des Moines. Fremont. Greene. Guthrie. Harrison. Henry. Jasper. Jefferson. Johnson, Keokuk. Lee. Louisa. Lucas. Madison. Mahaska. Marion. Marshall. Mills. Monroe. Montgomery. Muscatine. Page. Polk. Pottawattamie. KANSAS. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Statehouse, Topeka, Kans. Jurisdiction. Counties. Allen. Anderson. Atchison. Bourbon. Brown. Chase. Chautauqu a. Cherokee. Coffey. Cowley. Crawford. Doniphan. Douglas. Elk. Franklin. Greenwood. Jackson. Jefferson. Johnson. Labette. Leavenworth. Linn. Lyon. Marion. Miami. Morris. Montgomery. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Federal Building, Wichita. Jurisdiction Counties. Barber. Barton. Butler. Cheyenne. Clark. Clay. Cloud. Comanche. Decatur. Dickinson. Edwards. Ellis. Ellsworth. Finney. Ford. Geary. Gove. Graham. Grant. Gray. Greeley. Hamilton. Harper. Harvey. Haskell. Hodgeman. Jewell. Kearny. Kingman. Kiowa. Lane. Lincoln. Logan. McPherson. Marshall. Meade. Mitchell. Morton. Ness. Norton. Osborne. Ottawa. Pawnee. Phillips. Pratt. Rawlins. Reno. Republic. Rice. Riley. Rooks. Rush. Russell. Saline. Poweshiek. Scott. Shelby. Story. Taylor. Union. Van Buren. Ringgold. Wapello. Warren. Washington. Wayne. Nemaha. Neosho. Osage. Pottawatomie. Shawnee. Wabaunsee. Wilson. Woodson. Wyandotte. Scott. Sedgwick. Seward. Sheridan. Sherman. Smith. Stafford. Stan ton. Stevens. Sumner. Thomas. Trego. Wallace. Washington. Wichita. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 351 KENTUCKY. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Phoenix Hotel, Lexington, Ky. Jurisdiction Counties. Anderson. Fleming. Lawrence. Bath. Floyd. Lee. Bell. Franklin. Leslie. Boone. Gallatin. Letcher. Bourbon. Garrard. Lewis. Boyle. Grant. Lincoln. Boyd. Greenup. McCreary. Bracken. Harlan. Madison. Breathitt. Harrison. Mason. Campbell. Henry. Magoffin. Carroll. Jackson. Martin. Carter. Jessamine. Mercer. Clark. Johnson. Menifee. Clay. Kenton. Morgan. Elliott. Knott. Montgomery. Estill. Knox. Nicholas. Fayette. Laurel. Owen. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Federal Building, Louisville, Ky. Jurisdiction Counties. Adair. Edmonson. Larue. Barren. Grayson. Marion. Breckenridge. Green. Meade. Bullitt. Hardin. Metcalfe. Clinton. Hart. Monroe. Cumberland. Jefferson. Nelson. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Madisonville, Ky. Jurisdiction Coun ties . Allen. Ballard. Butler. Caldwell. Galloway. Carlisle. Casey ._ Christian. Crittenden. Daviess. Fulton. Graves. Hancock. Henderson. Hickman. Hopkins. Livingston. Logan. Lyon. McCracken. McLean. Marshall. Muhlenberg. Ohio. LOUISIANA. Owsley. Perry. Pendleton. Pike. Powell. Pulaski. Robertson. Rockcastle. Rowan. Scott. Shelby. Trimble. Wayne. Whitley. Wolfe. Woodford. Oldham. Russell. Spencer. Taylor. Washington. Simpson. Todd. ' Trigg. Union. Warren. Webster. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room 300, Federal Building, New Orleans, La. Jurisdiction Parishes . Jefferson. Orleans. Plaquemines. St. Bernard. St. Charles. St. John the Baptist. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. The capitol, Baton Rouge, La. Jurisdiction Parishes. Ascension. Assumption. East Baton Rouge. East Feliciana. Iberia. Iberville. Lafourche. Livingston. Pointe Coupee. St. Helena. St. James. St. Mary. St. Tammany. Tangipahoa. Terrebonne. Washington. West Baton Rouge. West Feliciana. 352 APPENDIXES. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. City National Bank Building, Shreveport, La. Jurisdiction Parishes Allen. Avoyelles. Acadia. Beauregard. Bossier. Bienville. Catahoula. Caldwell. Concordia. Caddo. Claiborne. Calcasieu. Cameron. De Soto. East Carroll. Evangeline. Franklin. Grant. Jackson. Jefferson Davis. La Salle. Lincoln. Lafayette. Madison. Morehouse. Natchitoches. Ouachita. Rapides. Riqhland. Red River. St. Landry. St. Martin. Sabine. Tensas. Union. Vermilion. Vernon. Winn. West Carroll Webster. MAINE. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. State house, Augusta, Me. Jurisdiction Counties . Androscoggin. Cumberland. Franklin. Kennebec. Oxford. Sagadahoc. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Federal Building, Bangor, Me. Jurisdiction Counties . Aroostook. Lincoln. Piscataquis. Hancock. Penobscot. Somerset. Knox. MARYLAND. DIVISION. No. 1. Headquarters. American Building, Baltimore, Md. Jurisdiction. Baltimore city. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Annapolis, Md. Jurisdiction Counties . Allegany. Carroll. Anne Arundel. Charles. Baltimore. Frederick. Calvert. Garrett. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Den ton, Md. Harford. Howard. Montgomery. Prince Georges. York. Waldo. Washington. St. Marys. Washington. Jurisdiction Counties. Caroline. Kent. Somerset. Wicomico. Cecil. Queen Annes. Talbot. Worcester. Dorchester MASSACHUSETTS. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. 31 Elm Street, Springfield, Mass. Jurisdiction. Chicopee, Holyoke, Pittsfield, Springfield, and Divisions No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 or the State of Massachusetts. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. 1020 Slater Building, Worcester, Mass. Jurisdiction. Fitchburg, Worcester, and Divisions No. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 32, 33, and 34 of the State of Massachusetts. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Essex County courthouse, Lawrence, Mass. Jurisdiction. Haverhill, Lawrence, Lowell, Maiden, Medford, Waltham, and Divisions No. 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30 of the State of Massachu- setts. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 353 DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. 514 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. Jurisdiction . Boston . DIVISION No. 5. Headquarters. 702 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. Jurisdiction. Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, Everett, Lynn, Newton, Salem, Somervillej and Divisions No. 23, 25, and 31 of the State of Massachusetts. DIVISION No. 6. Headquarters. County courthouse, Taunton, Mass. Jurisdiction. Brockton, Fall River, New Bedford, Quincy, Taunton, and Divisions No. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, and 43 of the State of Massachusetts. MICHIGAN. EAST RUN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters, Municipal Courts Building, St. Antoine and Clinton, Detroit, Mich. Jurisdiction. City of Detroit, village of Highland Park. EASTEUN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. 2130 Penobscot Building, Detroit, Mich. Jurisdiction Counties . Lapeer. Macomb. Monroe. Oakland. St. ('lair. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. llmdquarters. Post office, Lansing. Mich. Branch. Calhoun. Clinton. Jurisdiction Counties. Genesee. Ingham. Gratiot. Jackson. Hillsdale. Livingston. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. -City Hall, Bay City, Mich. Jurisdiction Counties. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Hindquarters. 409 Peck Building, Kalamazoo, Mich. Allegan. Barry. Jurisdiction Counties. Berrien. Eaton. Cass. Kalamazoo. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. City Hall, Grand Rapids, Mich. Jurisdiction Counties. 97250 Exclusive of Detroit and Highland Park. Washtenaw. Wayne. ' Saginaw. Shiawassee. Alcona. Alpena. Arenac. Bay. Cheboygan. Clare. Crawford. Glad win. Huron, losco. Isabella. Midland. Montmorency. Ogemaw. Oscoda. Otsego. Presque Isle. Roscommon. Sanilac. Tuscola. St. Joseph. Van Buren. Antrim. Kalkaska. Mecosta. Osceola. Beuzie. Kent. Missaukee. Ottowa. Charlevoix. Lake. Montcalm. Wexford. Emmet. Jveelanau. Muskegon. Grand Traverse. Manistee. Newaygo. Ionia. Mason. Oceana. -23 354 APPENDIXES. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Michigan College of Mines, Houghton, Mich. Jurisdiction Counties. Alger. Baraga. Chippewa. Delta. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Blue Earth. Brown. Cotton wood. Dodge. Faribault. Fillmore. Freeborn. Goodhue. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Anoka. Carver. Chippewa. Hennepin. Dickinson. Gogebec. Houghton. Iron. Keweenaw. Luce. Mackinac. Marquette. Menominee. Ontonagon. Schoolcraft. MINNESOTA. -Federal building, Mankato, Minn. Jurisdiction Counties. Houston. Jackson. Lac qui Parle. Le Sueur. Lincoln. Lyon. Martin. Mower. Murray. Nicollet. Nobles. Olmsted. Pipestone. Redwood. Rice. Rock. -Federal office building, Minneapolis, Minn. Jurisdiction Counties Minneapolis City. Isanti. Kandiyohi. McLeod. Meeker. Renville. Sherburne. Swift. Scott. Sibley. Steele. Waseca. Wabasha. Watonwan. Winona. Yellow Medicine. Wright. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Fourth floor new post-office building, St. Paul, Minn. Jurisdiction Counties. Benton. Big Stone. Chisago. Dakota. Douglas. DIVISION No. 4. 1 Headquarter s.- Aitkin. Cass. Carl ton. Grant. Kanabec. Mille Lacs. Morrison. Otter Tail. Pine. Pope. Ramsey. St. Paul City. Stearns. -Duluth. Jurisdiction Counties . Cook. Crow Wing. Itasca. Koochiching. Stevens. Todd. Traverse. Washington. Wilkin. Lake. St. Louis. DIVISION No. 5. 2 Headquarters. Crookston. Jurisdiction Counties. Becker. Beltrami. Clay. Clearwater. Hubbard. Kittson. Marshall. Mahnomen. Norman. Pennington. Polk. Red Lake. Roseau. Wadena. i Board No. 4 was created October 2, 1918, prior to which date Board No. 4 with headquarters at Duluth, had jurisdiction of the entire territorial area now under Boards Nos. 4 and 5. Board No. 5 was created Oct. 2, 1918, prior to which date Board No. 4, with headquarters at Duluth, had jurisdiction of the entire territorial area now under Boards Nos. 4 and 6. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 355 MISSISSIPPI. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Professional Building, Tupelo, Miss. Jurisdiction Coun ties . Alcorn. Attala. Benton. Bolivar. Calhoun. Carroll. Chickasaw. Choctaw. Clay. Coahoma. De Soto. Grenada. Itawamba. Lafayette. Lee. Leflore. Lowndes. Marshall. Monroe. Montgomery. Oktibbeha. Panola. Pontotoc. Prentiss. Quitman. Sunflower. Tallahatchie. Tate. Tippah. Tishomingo. Tunica. Union. Webster. Winston. Yalobusha. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Government Building, Vicksburg, Miss. Jurisdiction Coun ties . Adams. Amite. Claiborne. Clarke. Copiah. Covington. Forrest. Franklin. George. Greene. Hancock. Harrison. Hinds. Holmes. Humphreys. Issaquena. Jackson. Jasper. Jefferson. Jeff Davis. Jones. Kemper. Lamar. Lauderdale. Lawrence. Leake. Lincoln. Madison. Marion. Neshoba. Newton. Noxubee. Pearl River. Perry. Pike. Rankin. Scott. Sharkey. Simpson. Smith. Stone. Walthall. Warren. Washington. Wayne. Wilkinson. Yazoo. MISSOURI. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Boatmen's Bank Building, St. Louis, Mo. Jurisdiction. St. Louis County. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Canton, Mo. St. Louis city. Adair. Audrain. Chariton. Clark. Knox. " Jurisdiction Counties. Lewis. Monroe. Lincoln. Montgomery. Linn. Pike. Macpn. Rails. Marion. Randolph. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3 Headquarters. Poplar Blu%, Mo. Jurisdiction Counties. Butler. Bollineer. Cape Girardeau. Carter. Crawford. Dent. Dunklin. Franklin. Gasconade. Iron. Jefferson. Madison. Maries. Mississippi. New Madrid. Pemiscot. Perry. Phefps. Reynolds. Ripley. St. Francois. St. Charles. Schuyler. Scotland. Shelby. Warren. Ste. Genevieve. Scott. Shannon. Stoddard. Washington. Wayne. 356 APPENDIXES. WESTERN DISTRICT. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. 201 Railway Exchange Building, Kansas City, Mo. Andrew. Atchison. Bates. Buchanan. Caldwell. Carroll. Clay. Jurisdiction Counties. Clinton. Jackson. Daviess. Johnson. Dekalb. Lafayette. Gentry. Livingston. Grundy. Mercer. Harrison. Nodaway. Henry. Platte. Holt. Putnam. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Federal Building, Jefferson City, Mo. Jurisdiction Co unties. Barry. Barton. Benton. Boose. Callaway. Camden. Cedar. Christian. Cole. Cooper. Dade. Dallas. Douglas. Greene. Hickory. Howard. Howell. Jasper. Laclede. Lawrence. McDonald. Miller. Monitau. Morgan. Newton. Oregon. Osage. Ozark. Pettis. Polk. MONTANA. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. State Capitol, Helena, Mont. Jurisdiction Counties. Beaverhead. Big Horn. Broadwater. Carbon. Custer. Dawson. Deer Lodge. Fallon. Gallatin. Granite. Jefferson. Lewis and Clark. Madison. Mineral. Missoula. Park. Powell. Prairie. Ravalli. Rosebud. Sanders. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Great Falls, Mont. Jurisdiction- Counties. Blaine. Cascade. Chouteau. Ferges. Flathead. Hill. Lincoln. Meagher. Musselshell. Phillips. Richland. Sheridan. Teton. Toole. Valley. Ray. St. Clair. Saline. Sullivan. Worth. Pulaski. Stone. Taney. Texas. Vernon. Webster. Wright Silver Bow. Stillwater. Sweet Grass. Wibaux. Wheatland. Yellowstone. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. NEBRASKA. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Courthouse, Omaha, Nebr. Jurisdiction Counties. 357 Antelope. Cuming. Howard. Platte. Arthur. Custer. Keith. Rock. Banner. Dakota. Keyapaha. Sarpy. Elaine. Dawes. Kimhall. Scotts Bluff. Boone. Dawson. Knox. Sheridan. . Box Butte. Deuel. Lincoln. Sherman. Boyd. Dixon. Logan. Sioux. Brown. Dodge. Loup. Stanton. Buffalo. Garden. Madison. Thomas. Burt. Garfield. McPherson. Thurston. Cedar. Grant. Merrick. Valley. Cherry. Greeley. Morrill. Washington. Chevenne. Holt. Nance. Wayne. Colfax. Hooker. Pierce. Wheeler. Divisio\ 7 No. 2. Headquarters . I federal Building, Lincoln, Nebr. Jurisdiction Counties. Adams. Butler. Case. Chase. Clay. Dundy. Fillmore. Frontier. Franklin. Furnas. Gage. Gosper Hall. Hamilton. Harlan. Hayes. Hitchcock. Jefferson. Johnson. Kearney. Lancaster. Nemaha. Nuckolls. Otoe. Pawnee. Perkins. Phelps. Polk. Red Willow. Richardson. Saline. Saunders. Seward . . Thayer. Webster. York. NEVADA. DISTRICT BOARD FOR STATE OF NEVADA. Headquarters. Law library, county courthouse, Reno, Nev.' Jurisdiction. Entire State. NEW HAMPSHIRE. DISTRICT BOARD FOR STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. n<'(idqua.rtcrs. State House, Concord, N. H. Jurisdiction. Entire State. NEW JERSEY. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. City Hall. Jersey City, N. J. Jurisdiction Counties. Bergen. Hudson. Passaic. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Mutual Benefit Building. 752 Broad Street, Newark. Jurisdiction Counties. Essex. Morria Somerset. Sussex. Union. Warren. 358 APPENDIXES. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. 119 West State Street, Trenton, N. J. Jurisdiction Counties. Atlantic. Cape May. Huntingdon Monmouth Burlington. Camden. Mercer. Ocean. Cumberland. Gloucester. Middlesex. Salem. NEW MEXICO. DISTRICT FOR THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO. 1 Headquarters. Santa Fe, N. Mex. Jurisdiction. Entire State. NEW YORK. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Malone, N. Y. Jurisdiction Counties. Clinton. Fulton. St. Lawrence. Warren. Essex. Hamilton. Saratoga. Washington. Franklin. Herkimer. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Special term room, county courthouse, Albany. N. Y. Jurisdiction Counties. Albany. Montgomery. Rensselaer. Schoharie. Delaware. Otsego. Schenectady. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Room 311, county courthouse, Syracuse, N. Y. Jurisdiction Counties. Broome. Cortland. Madison. Oswego. Cayuga. Jefferson. Oneida. Tioga. Chenango. Lewis. Onondaga. Tompkins. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Glen Springs Hotel, Watkins, N. Y Jurisdiction Counties. Allegany. Chautauqua. Schuyler. Yates. Cattaraugus. Chemung. Steuben. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Grand jury room, county courthouse, Rochester. N. Y. Jurisdiction Counties . Livingston. Ontario. Seneca. Wayne. Monroe. i District Boards Nos. 1 and 2 for the State of New Mexico, with headquarters at Santa Fe and Ros- well, respectively, formerly had jurisdiction over the area now covered by this board. The two former boards were consolidated Sept. 25, 1918, into the District Board for the State of New Mexico. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 359 WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. 804 Iroquois Building, Buffalo, N. Y. Erie. Genesee. Jurisdiction Counties. Niagara. Orleans. Wyoming. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Room 200, courthouse, White Plains, N. Y. Columbia. Dutchess. Greene. Jurisdiction Counties. Orange. Rockland. Putnam. Sullivan. Ulster. Westchester. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Nassau County Trust Co. Building, Mineola, N. Y. Jurisdiction Counties. Nassau. Suffolk. DISTRICT BOARD FOR THE CITY OP NEW YORK. Headquarters. Room 411, Federal building, New York City. building.) Jurisdiction. New York City. NORTH CAROLINA. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Goldsboro, N. C. Jurisdiction Counties. (Old post-office Beaufort. Bertie. Bladen. Brunswick. Camden. Carteret. Chatham. Chowan. Columbus. Craven. Cumberland. Currituck. Dare. Duplin. Durham. Edgecombe. Franklin. Gates. Granville. Greene. Halifax. Harnett. Hertford. Hyde. Hoke. Johnston. Jones. Lee. Lenoir. Martin. Moore. Nash. New Hanover. Northampton. Onslow. Pamlico. Pasquotank. Pender. Perquimans. Person. Pitt. Richmond. Robeson. Sampson. Scotland. Tyrrell. Vance. Wake. Warren. Washington. Wayne. Wilson. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Statesville, N. C. Jurisdiction. Counties. Alamance. Alexander. Alleghany. Anson. Ashe. Avery. Buncombe. Burke. Cabarrus. Caldwell. Caswell. Catawba. Cherokee. Clay. Cleveland. Davidson. Davie. Forsyth. Gaston. Graham. Guilford. Hay wood. Henderson. Iredell. Jackson. Lincoln. Macon. Madison. McDowell. Mecklenburg. Mitchell. Montgomery. Orange. Polk. Randolph. Rockingham. Rowan. Rutherford. Stanly. Stokes. Surry. Swain. Transylvania. Union. Watauga. Wilkes. Yadkin. Yancey. 360 APPENDIXES. NORTH DAKOTA. DISTRICT BOARD FOR THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Headquarters. Federal building, Bismarck, N. Dak. Jurisdiction. Entire State. OHIO. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Post office, Canton, Ohio. Jurisdiction Counties. Carroll. Columbiana. Holmes. Mahoning. Portage. Stark. Summitt. Trumbull. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Old courthouse, Cleveland, Ohio. Ashland. Ash tabula. Ouyahoga. Erie. Geauga ' Huron. Jurisdiction Counties. Lake. Lorain. NORTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Courthouse, Findlay, Ohio. Allen. Auglaize. Crawford. Defiance. Fulton. Jurisdiction Counties. Hancock. Mercer. Hardin. Ottawa. Henry. Paulding. Lucas. Putnam. Marion. Sandusky. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Post-office building, Cambridge, Ohio Belmont. Coshocton. Guernsey. Harrison. Jefferson. Monroe. Jurisdiction Counties . Morgan. Muskingum. Tuscarawas. Wayne. Media. Richland. Seneca. Van Wert. Williams. Wood. Wyandot. Noble. Washington. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Room 15, Federal building, Columbus, Ohio. Jurisdiction Counties. Athens. Franklin. Licking. Champaign. Gallia. Logan. Clark. Hocking. Madison. Delaware. Jackson. Meigs. Fairfield. Knox. Morrow. Fayette. Lawrence. Perry. Pickaway. Pike. Ross. Scioto. Union. Vinton. SOUTHERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Room 710, Neave Building, Fourth and Race Streets, Cincinnati, Ohio. Jurisdiction Counties . Adams. Brown. Butler. Clermont. Clinton. Darke. Greene. Hamilton. Highland. Miami. Montgomery Preble. Shelby. Warren. LIST OP DISTRICT BOARDS. 361 OKLAHOMA. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Muskogee, Okla. Adair. Atoka. Bryan. Cherokee. Choctaw. Jurisdiction Counties. Oraig. McOurtain. Delaware. Mclntosh. Haskell. Marshall. Latimer. Mayes. Le Flore. Muskogee. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Tulsa, Okla. Carter. Coal. Creek. Garvin. Hughes. Jurisdiction Counties . Jefferson. Nowata. Johnston. Okfuskee. Love. Okmulgee. McClain. Pontotoc. Murray. Rogers. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Oklahoma City, Okla. Alfalfa. Beaver. Beckham. Blaine. Caddo. Canadian. Cimarron. Cleveland. Comanche. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Clackamas. Clatsop. Columbia. DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Benton. Coos. Curry. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Baker. Crook. Gilliam. Cotton. Custer. Dewey. Ellis. Garfield. Grant. Greer. Harmon. Harper. Jurisdiction Counties. Jackson. Kay. Kingfisher. Kiowa. Lincoln. Logan. Major. Noble. Oklahoma. OREGON. 'ourthouse, Portland, Oreg. Jurisdiction Counties . Deschutes. Hood River. Jefferson. Marion. Mnltnomah. Tillainook. -Eugene, Oreg. Jurisdiction Counties. Douglas. Klamath. Jackson. Lake. Josophine. Lano. -La Grande, Oreg. Jurisdiction Counties. Grant. Morrow. Harney. Sherman. Malheur. Umatilla. Ottawa. Pittsburg. Pushmataka. Sequoyah. Wagoner. Seminole. Stephens. Tulsa. Washington. Pawnee. Pottawatomie. Roger Mills. Texas. Tillman. Washita. Woods. Woodward. Wasco. Washington. Yamhill. Lincoln. Linn. Polk. Union. Wallowa. Wheeler. 362 APPENDIXES. PENNSYLVANIA. CITY AND COUNTY OF PHILADELPHIA (EASTERN JUDICIAL DISTRICT). 1 Headquarters. 401 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia. Jurisdiction. City and county of Philadelphia. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Lehigh County courthouse, Allentown, Pa. Berks. Bucks. Jurisdiction Counties. Lehigh. Northampton. Schuylkill. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. Courthouse, Lancaster, Pa. Jurisdiction Counties. Chester. Delaware. Lancaster. Montgomery. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Allegheny County courthouse, Pittsburgh, Pa., Jurisdiction. Allegheny County. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Erie, Pa. Jurisdiction Counties. Armstrong. Beaver. Butler. Clarion. Clearfield. Crawford. Elk. Erie. Forest. Indiana. Jefferson. Lawrence. McKean. Mercer. Venango. Warren. WESTER DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. Courthouse, Greensburg, Pa. Bedford. Blair. Jurisdiction Counties. Cambria. Greene. Fayette. Somerset. Washington. Westmoreland. MIDDLE DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Federal Building, Scranton, Pa. Jurisdiction Counties. Bradford. Cameron. Carbon. Clinton. Lackawanna. Luzerne. Lycoming. Monroe. Pike. Potter. Sullivan. Susquehanna. Tioga. Wayne. Wyoming. MIDDLE DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. State Capitol Building, Harrisburg, Pa. Jurisdiction Counties. Adams. Center. Columbia. Cumberland. Dauphin. Franklin. Fulton. Huntington. Juniata. Lebanon. Mifflin. Montour. Northumberland . Perry. Snyder. Union. York. i District Boards Nos. 1 and 2 of the eastern judicial district of Pennsylvania formerly had jurisdiction of the area now covered by this board. These two divisions were consolidated Sept. 4, 1918, into the District Board for the city and county of Philadelphia, eastern judicial district of Pennsylvania. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 363 RHODE ISLAND. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. 103 Smith Street, Providence, R. I. Jurisdiction. Local Boards for Divisions Nos. 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 of the city of Providence; Divisions Nos. 5 and 6, State of Rhode Island, and the city of Newport. , DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. 103 Smith Street, Providence, R. I. Jurisdiction. Local Boards for Divisions Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 of the State of Rhode Island ; Local Board for Divisions Nos. 1 and 2, city of rawtucket; Local Board for Division No. 3, city of Providence; and Local Board for the city of Woon- socket. SOUTH CAROLINA. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Union Bank Building, Columbia, S. C. Jurisdiction Counties . Aiken. Bamberg. Barn well. Beaufort. Berkeley. Calhoun. Charleston. Chesterfield. Clarendon. Colleton. Darlington. Dillon. Dorchester. Florence. Georgetown. Hampton. Horry. Jasper. Kershaw. Lee. Lexington. Marion. Marlboro. Orangeburg. Richland. Sumter. Williamsburg. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Greenwood, S. C. Jurisdiction Counties. Abbeville. Anderson. Cherokee. Chester. Edgefield. Fairfield. Greenville. Greenwood. Lancaster. Laurens. McCormick. Newberry. Oconee. Pickens. Saluda. Spartanburg. Union. York. SOUTH DAKOTA. DISTRICT BOARD FOR STATE OF SOUTH DAKOTA. Headquarters. Sioux Falls, S. Dak. Jurisdiction. Entire State. TENNESSEE. MIDDLE DISTRICT. Headquarters. First National Bank Building, Nashville, Tenn. Jurisdiction Counties . Bedford. Cannon. Cheatham. Clay. Coffee. Cumberland. Davidson. Dekalb. Dickson. Fentress. Franklin. Gilos. Grundy. Hickman. Houston. Humphreys. Jackson. Lawrence. Lewis. Lincoln Macon. Marshall. Maury. Montgomery. Moore. Overton. Pickett. Putnam. Robertson. Rutherford. Smith. Stewart. Sumner. Trousdale. Van Buren. Warren. Wayne. White. Williamson. Wilson. 364 APPENDIXES. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Federal Building, Knoxville, Term. Anderson. Bledsoe. Blount. Bradley. Campbell. Carter. Claiborne. Cocke. Grainger. Jurisdiction Counties. Greene. London. Hamblen. McMinn. Hamilton. Marion. Hancock. Meigs. Hawkins. Monroe. James. Morgan. Jefferson. Polk. Johnson. Rhea. Knox. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Y. M. C. A. Building, Memphis, Tenn. Jurisdiction Co un ties . Benton. Carroll. Chester. Crockett. Decatur. Dyer. Fayette. Gibson. Hardeman. Hardin. Hay wood. Henderson. Henry. Lake. Lauderdale. McNairy. Madison. TEXAS. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Fort Worth, Tex. Jurisdiction Counties. Armstrong. Archer. Baylor. Borden. Briscoe. Brown. Callahan. Carson. Castro. Childress. Clay. Coke. Coleman. Collingsworth. Comanche. Concho. Cottle. Crockett. Crosby. Dallam. Dallas. Dawson. Deaf Smith. Dickens. Donley. East land. Ellis. Erath. Fisher. Floyd. Foard. Garza. Glasscock. Gray. Hale. Hall. Hansford. Hardeman. Hartley. Haskell. Hemphill. Hood. Howard. Hunt. Hutchinson. Irion. Jack. Johnson. Jones. Kaufman. Kent. King. Knox. Lamb. Lipscomb. Lubbock. Lynn. Menard. Mills. Mitchell. Montague. Moore. Motley. Navarro. Nolan. Ochiltree. Oldham. Palo Pinto. Parker. Farmer. Potter. Randall. Real. Roane. Scott. Sequatchio. Sevier. Sullivan. Unicoi. Union. Washington. Obion. Perry. Shelby. Tipton. Weakley. Reagan. Roberts. Rockwall. Runnels. Schleicher. Scurry. Schackelford. Sherman. Stephens. Sterling. Stonewall. Sutton. Swishcr. Tarrant. Taylor. Terry. Throckmorton. Tom Green. Wheeler. Wichita. Wilbarger. Wise. Yoakurn. Young. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 365 SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Room 622, Binz Building, Houston, Tex. Jurisdiction Counties . Aransas. Austin. Bee. Brazos. Brazoria. Brooks. Calhoun. Cameron. Chambers. Colorado. De Witt. Duval. Fayette. Fort Bend. Galveston. Goliad. Grimes. Harris. Hidalgo. Jackson. Jim Hogg. Jim Wells. Kleberg. La Salle. Lavaca. Live Oak. McMullen. Madison. Ifatagorda. Montgomery. Nueces. Polk. Refugio. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Federal Building, Tyler, Tex.: Jurisdiction Counties. Anderson. Angelina. Bowie. Camp. Cass. Cherokee. Collin. Cooke. Delta. Denton. Fannin. Franklin. Grayaon. Gregg. Hardin. Harrison. Henderson. Hopkins. Houston. Jasper. Jefferson . Lamar. Liberty. Marion. Morris. Nacogdoches. Newton. Orange. Panola. Rains. Red River. \V K ST E It N D ISTRICT . Headquarters. Federal Building, Austin, Tex. Jurisdiction Counties. Andrews. Atascosa. Bandera. Bastrop. Bell. Bexar. Blanco. Bosque. Burleson. Brewster. Burnett. Ctilrhvell. Comas. Coryell. Culberson. Dimmit. Ector. Edwards. El Paso. Falls. Freestone. Frio. Gaines. Gillespie. Gonzales. Guadahipe. Hamilton. Hays. Hill. Hudspeth. Karnes. Kendall. Kerr. Kimble. Kinney. Jeff Davis. Lampasas. Lee. Leon. Llano. Limestone. McCulloch. McLennan. Martin. Mason . Maverick. Medina. Midland. Milam. Pecos. UTAH. San Jacinto. San Patricio. Starr. Trinity. Vitoria. Walker. Webb. Wharton. Willacy. Zapata. Rusk. Sabine. San Augustine. Shelby. Smith. Titus. Tyler. Upshur. Van Zandt. Wood. Presidio. Reeves. Robertson. San Saba. Somervell. Terrell. Travis. Upton. Uvalde. Valverde. Ward. Washington. Williamson. Wilson. Winkler. Zavalla. DISTRICT BOAED FOR THE STATE OF UTAH. Headquarter s. Room 207, Federal Building, Salt Lake City, Utah. Jurisdiction. Entire State. VERMONT. DISTRICT BOARD FOR THE STATE OP VERMONT. Headquarters. Statehouse, Montpelier, Vt. Jurisdiction. Entire State. 366 APPENDIXES. VIRGINIA. EASTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Richmond, Va. Jurisdiction Counties . Accomac. Gloucester. Lunenburg. Prince George. Alexandria. Goochland. Mathews. Prince William. Amelia. Greenesville. Mecklenburg. Princess Anne. Brunswick. Hanover. Middlesex. Richmond. Caroline. Henrico. Nansemond. Southampton. Charles City. Isle of Wight. New Kent. Spotsylvania. Chesterfield. James City. Norfolk. Stafford. Culpeper. King and Queen. Northampton. Surry. Dinwiddie. King George. Northumberland. Sussex. Elizabeth City. King William. Not to way. Warwick. Essex. Lancaster. Orange. Westmoreland. Fairfax. Loudoun. Powhatan. York. Fauqu,rer. Louisa. Prince Edward. WESTERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Roanoake, Va. Jurisdiction Counties. Albemarle. Alleghany. Amherst. Appomattox. Augusta. Bath. Bedford. Bland. Botetourt, Buchanan. Buckingham. Campbell. Carroll. Charlotte. Clarke. Craig. Cumberland. Dickenson. Floyd. Fluvanna. Franklin. Frederick. Giles. Gray son. Greene. Halifax. Henry. Highland. Lee. Madison. Montgomery. Nelson. ^ e - , - Patrick. Pulaski. Pittsylvania. Rappahannock. WASHINGTON. Roanoke. Rockbridge. Rockingham. Russell. Scott. Shenandoah. Smyth. Tazewell. Warren. Washington. Wise. Wythe. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room 208, Federal Building, Spokane, Wash. Chelan. Douglas. Ferry. Jurisdiction Counties . Grant. Okanogan. Lincoln. Pend Oreille. Spokane. Stevens. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Yakima, Wash. Jurisdiction Counties. Adams. Asotin. Benton. Columbia. Franklin. Garfield. Kittitas. Klickitat. Yakima. Walla Walla. Whitman. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. Room 118, Public Safety Building, Seattle, Wash. Clallam. Island. Jefferson. Jurisdiction Counties. King. San Juan. Kitsap. Skagit. Snohomish. Whatcom. LIST OF DISTRICT BOARDS. 367 WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. 1607 National Realty Building, Tacoma, Wash. Clarke. Cowlitz. Grays Harbor. Lewis. Mason. Pacific. Jurisdiction Counties . Pierce. Skamania. WEST VIRGINIA. NORTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Federal Building, Clarksburg, W. Va. Jurisdiction Counties . Barbour. Hancock. Monongahelia. Berkeley. Hardy. Morgan. Brooke. Harrison. Ohio. Calhoun. Jefferson. Pendleton. Doddridge. Lewis. Pleasants. Gilmer. Marion. Preston. Grant. Marshall. Randolph. Hampshire. Mineral. Ritchie. SOUTHERN DISTRICT. Headquarters. Federal Building, Charleston, W. Va. Jurisdiction Counties. Braxton. Boone. Clay. Cabell. Fayette. Greenbrier. Jackson. Kanawha. Lincoln. Logan. Mason. Mercer. McDowell. Mingo. Monroe. Nicholas. Pocahontas. Putnam. WISCONSIN. WESTERN DISTRICT. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. State Capitol, Madison, Wis. Jurisdiction Counties. La frosse. Lafayette. Monroe. Portage. Richland. Thurston. Wahkiakum. Taylor. Tucker. Tyler. Upshur. Wetzel. Wirt. Wood. Raleigh. Roane. Summers. Wayne. Webster. Wyoming. Adams. Green. Buffalo. Iowa. Columbia. Jackson. Crawford. Jefferson. Dane. Juneau. Grant. WESTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. United States Government Building, Eau Claire, Wis. Rock. Sauk. Trempealeau. Vernon. Wood. Jurisdiction Co u nties . Ashland. Barron. Bayfield. Burnett. Chippewa. Clark. Douglas. Dunn. Eau Claire. Iron. Lincoln. Marathon. Oneida. Pepin. Pierce. Polk. Price. Rusk. St. Croix. Sawyer. Taylor. Vilas. Washburn. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. United States Government Building, Milwaukee, Wis. Jurisdiction. County of Milwaukee. 368 APPENDIXES. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. County Courthouse, Racine, Wis. Jurisdiction Counties. Dodge. Fond du Lac. Green Lake. Kenosha. Marquette. Ozaukee. Racine. Sheboygau. Wai worth. EASTERN DISTRICT, DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. City Hall, Oshkosh, Wis. Jurisdiction Counties. Brown. Calumet. Door. Florence. Forest. Kewaunee. Langlade. Manitowoc. Marinette. Oconto. Outagamie. Shawano. WYOMING. DISTRICT BOARD FOR STATE OF WYOMING. Headquarters. State Capitol, Cheyenne, Wyo. Jurisdiction. Entire State. DIVISION No. 1. Headquarters. - Douglas. Haines. ALASKA. -Juneau. Alaska. Jurisdiction Local Boards. Juneau. Ketchikan. Petersburg. Skagway . DIVISION No. 2. Headquarters. Nome, Alaska. Jurisdiction Local Boards. Nome. DIVISION No. 3. Headquarters. - Anchorage. Cordova. Washington. Waukesha. Waupaca. Waushara. Winnebago. Sitka. Wrangell. St. Michael. -Valdez, Alaska. Jurisdiction Local Boards. McCarthy. Valdez. Seward. DIVISION No. 4. Headquarters. Fairbanks, Alaska. Jurisdiction Local Boards. Chena. Eagle. Fairbanks. Iditarod. Nenana. Ruby. HAWAII. Tanana. The District Board of Hawaii has jurisdiction over the territory of Hawaii. Headquarters. Executive Building, Honolulu, Hawaii. PORTO RICO. The District Board of Porto Rico has jurisdiction over the territory of Porto Rico. Headquarters. Allen No. 86, San Juan, P. R. APPENDIX J. A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT. 1 1. PRE-CONSCRIPTION ACTIVITIES. When the forces of the Confederacy fired on Fort Sumter, the total strength of the Union Army was 16,402 officers and men. On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln, under authority of the act of March 3, 1803, issued a call for 75,000 militia to serve for a period of three months. This number was promptly forthcoming, but before they could be properly organized their enlistment terms began to expire. The disastrous engagement at Bull Run constituted their only service of military importance. On May 3, 1861, the President issued a second call for 39 regiments of volunteer infantry and 1 regiment of volunteer cavalry, totaling 42,034 men, for three years' service. At the same time a call was made for 22,714 volunteers to recruit 8 addi- tional Regular regiments and for 18,000 seamen. No quotas were assigned to the loyal States, but more than the required number were quickly offered. Few men were obtained for the Regular Army regiments, but 71 volunteer regiments of infan- try, 1 volunteer battery of heavy artillery, and 10 volunteer batteries of light artil- lery were secured. The behavior of these then untrained units at the first battle of Bull Pain is notorious. Following the initial reverses of the Union forces in the spring of 1861, on July 22 and 25, 1861, Congress, in several acts, authorized the President to accept not more than 1,000,000 volunteers for terms of enlistment not less than six months nor more than 3 years. To the call for 500,000 men made pursuant to this authority there was a ready and eager response. Regiments and individual companies were organized and accepted through the States, although in many instances acceptance of units by the Federal Government was made without reference to the State authorities. By virtue of the foregoing acts and the calls detailed above, 807,557 men were secured for the service. However, a large number of these men had enlisted for short terms only, and included 18,000 seamen. As a result, in the spring of 1862 there were in the field 637,126 men, which was deemed a sufficient number for the expeditious subjugation of the southern forces. Therefore, on April 3, 1862, by gen- eral order, volunteer recruiting was discontinued. But the unfavorable events of the next two months, which included the disastrous peninsular campaign, depleted the armies in the lield and necessitated a revival of the recruiting services. On June 5, 1862, the order of April 3 was rescinded, and active recruiting was again comment ed. But the unfavorable outcome of military operations in the interval of two months exercised a most discouraging effect upon prospective recruits and impeded seri- ously the progress of recruiting. Up to this time, calls had been made upon the loyal States at large, and no effort had been made to distribute equally the burden of contribution. As a result, the initial strength of the Union armies was made up of contributions by the several States with no equalizing results and with the further effect that some States contrib- uted much more than their just share and other States exceedingly less. Since it hud bee ome apparent in June, 1862, that the progress of volunteering had reached a stage where ready response to calls was no longer to be had, it became necessary to issue calls with a view to equalizing the contributions of the several States. Hence, on July 2, 1862, the President called for an additional 300,000 men and made his demands upon the States to furnish quotas in proportion to their respective popu- lations. Population was employed as the basis of contribution at this time for the reason that the act of July 22, 1861, which authorized the enlistment of 1,000,000 volunteers, provided that they be furnished by the several States in proportion to population. This was the only guide to be had at the time, and the call of July 2. 1862, was, therefore, made upon a population basis. 1 Based on the "Final Report by the Provost Marshal General of the Operations of the Bureau of the Provost Marsha] General of tho. United States," from Mar. 17, 1863, to Mar. 17, 1866. (Washington, 1866.) 97250 19 24 369 370 APPENDIXES. 2. DRAFT or THE STATE MILITIA. On August 4, 1862, it became apparent that the call of July 2 would not be filled, and that if a portion of the number called was furnished it would be made up largely of new organizations rather than of individual recruits for replacements in old units, to fill which the call had been made. The President, therefore, on August 4 directed a draft of 300,000 militia to serve for nine months, and ordered the governor of each State to fill his quota with volunteers, but if the quota of the State was not filled on or before August 15 by this method, to fill the deficiencies existing by a special draft from the militia forces. .This was the first effort of the Federal Government to resort to compulsory methods in its efforts to secure troops. On September 3, 1862, the draft under the call of August 4 was commenced. Of the 300,000 men called for, about 87,000 men were, credited as having been drafted. Of this number, however, so many desertions and discharges for various reasons occurred that only a very small and negligible number ever joined the Arm'y. This constituted the first and last effort of the Government to raise men by draft prior to the organization of the conscription system in the following spring. It should be noted that while more than half a million volunteers were in the field in the spring of 1862 their enlistments had been accomplished, in a large measure, by the offer and pay of bounties. During this period the Federal Government paid a bounty of $100 to every volunteer who enlisted for a period of two years. After the enactment of the draft act as later detailed, bounties were materially increased by the Federal Government and a system of State and local bounties incorporated into the general scheme. The whole subject of bounties, however, will be more fully discussed hereinafter, and at this point nothing further need be said upon this point. 3. THE DRAFT ACT OF MARCH 3, 1863. With the failure of the call of July 2, 1862, and the call and draft of August 4 and September 3, 1862, it was apparent that the volunteer system had collapsed and was incapable of furnishing further recruits even though the dire necessity of the Nation made the raising of large numbers of men immediately imperative. It should be remembered that the failure of the volunteer system occurred at the very time when the cause of the Confederacy was in the ascendency and when the military reverses of the Union had been of the most appalling and disastrous nature. Since it had become apparent that the necessary number of troops could not be raised^by volunteering, and since it was essential that the armies in the field be replen- ished immediately and that means for keeping them recruited to full strength be em- ployed, the enrollment, or draft, act was passed by Congress on March 3, 1863. Its purposes were threefold. First, to hold liable for military service all citizens' between the ages of 20 and 45 capable of bearing arms and not exempted therefrom by its provisions; second, to call out the national forces by draft; and, third, to arrest deserters and return them to their respective commands. On March 17, 1863, Col. J. B. Fry was appointed Provost Marshal General pursuant to the terms of said act, which imposed upon him the duty of raising troops by draft. However, on May 1 an order was issued giving to the Provost Marshal General the supervision of the entire volunteer recruiting service to be operated in connection with the draft organization. At this point it may be well to examine briefly the salient features of the act of March 3. After declaring in section 1 that all males between the ages of 20 and 45, except as therein exempted, constituted the national forces and became liable to perform military duty in the service of the United States when called out by the President for that purpose, the act provided for exemption to seven classes of persons upon the grounds of dependency and employment in official capacities. Section 3 provided as follows: "That the national forces of the United States not now in the military service, enrolled under this act, shall be divided into two classes, the first of which shall com- prise all persons subject to military duty between the ages of 20 and 35 and all unmar- ried persons subject to military duty above the age of 35 and under the age of 45; the second class shall comprise all other persons subject to do military duty, and they shall not, in any district, be called into the service of the United States until those of the first class shall have been called." It therefore appears that registrants under the act of March 3, 1883, were divided into two classes, and that members of the second class could not be called for service in any district until the first class in that district had been exhausted. This provi- sion was later rescinded by the amendment of February 24, 1864, which made members of both classes equally liable for service. A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL WAE DRAFT. 371 Section 12 of the act provided as follows: "That whenever it may be necessary to call out the national forces for military service, the President is hereby authorized to assign to each district the number of men to be furnished by said district; and thereupon the enrolling board shall, under the direction of the President, make a draft of the required number, and 50 per cent in addition, and shall make an exact and complete roll of the names of the persons so drawn and of the order in which they are drawn, so that the first drawn may stand first upon the said roll and the second may stand second, and so on. And the persons BO drawn shall be notified of the same within 10 days thereafter by written or printed notice to be served personally or by leaving a copy at the last place of residence requiring them to appear at a designated rendezvous to report for duty. In assigning to" districts the number of men to be furnished therefrom the President shall take into consideration the number of volunteers and militia furnished by the several States in which such districts are situated and the period of their service since the commencement of the present rebellion, and shall so make said assignment as to equalize the numbers among the districts of the said States, considering and allowing for the numbers already furnished as aforesaid and the time of their service." It has been noted that all calls prior to August, 18G2, had been made upon the Nation as a whole, and that no effort had been made to equalize the number furnished by each State. The act of March 3, therefore, provided that in alloting quotas under calls made pursuant thereto, the whole progress of the volunteer system should be reviewed and subsequent quotas assigned with an eye to the equalization of all con- tributions from the commencement of hostilities in April, 1861. In other words, draft calls were to take into consideration all volunteers and militia furnished by the several States since the commencement of the war. The situation was further com- plicated by the provision quoted above that in making the equalization among the States the President was to make allowances not only for the number of men already furnished, but also for the time of their respective services. It will be noted that volunteers had been called for and furnished for terms of enlistment vary- ing from three months to three years, and the act made it mandatory that the equali- zation be accomplished only after taking into consideration wide discrepancies in enlistment periods. The act of March 3 made no provision for allowing credits for naval enlistments, but credit for such enlistments was later authorized by the amend- ment of February 24, 1864. Section 13 of said act provided as follows: "That any person drafted and notified to appear as aforesaid may on or before the day fixed for his appearance, furnish an acceptable substitute to take his place in the draft; or he may pay to such person as the Secretary of War shall authorize to receive it, such sum, not exceeding $300, as the Secretary of War may determine-fcr th.3 procuration of such substitute, which sum shall be fixed at a uniform rate by a gen- eral order made at the time of ordering a draft of any State or Territory, and thereupon such persons so furnishing a substitute, or paying money, shall be discharged from further liability from that draft." N It will be noted that section 13 prescribed three options, any one of which might be exercised by the registrant called for service, i. e., (1) he might appear and, having been accepted, contribute his personal services to the Army; (2) having been accepted he might procure a substitute to serve in his place and thereby escape personal service otherwise made requisite; or, (3) he might pay a sum of money not to exceed $300 ($300 was fixed as the sum to be paid for commutation) and thereby be discharged from any further liability to the draft under which he had been called. Construing the sections quoted together, the general scheme employed in the allo- cation and filling of quotas by the several States was as follows: The number of men required under the call was distributed among the several States in proportion to the population of the States. This rule was later changed so that the distribution of quotas was made upon the basis of men enrolled; that is, upon the basis of those within tne States who were liable for military service. The adoption of the latter plan fol- lowed bitter complaint on the part of certain localities whose enrollment was pro- portionately greater in respect of population than the enrollment of other jurisdic- tions. After much discussion the equitable rule was stated by the Provost Marshal General to be: "That the number of men to be taken at any one time from a community, whether they go voluntarily or be drafted, shall be in proportion to the number of men liable to military duty in that community and not to the number of its residents, in- cluding men, women, and children." After quotas had been assigned to the several States they were then allocated by the draft executives within the States to the various subdivisions thereof. Quotas were first credited with the number of prior voluntary enlistments. After quotas had been 372 APPENDIXES. announced they were required to be filled on or before a certain day by volunteers. If the full number of volunteers had not come forward on or before the day set, then a draft was held for the purpose of securing the deficit. It is evident that the basic principle employed in the execution of the draft was to secure the filling of allotments by volunteering and to resort to conscription only in the event a quota could not be otherwise filled. Conscription was used as a spur to voluntary enlistment. Local communities immediately upon the announcement of a quota began the most vigorous efforts to fill their allotments with volunteers and to escape what was conceived to be the stigma of conscription. In order to fill their quotas by volunteers large sums of money were raised by the communities and offered as bounties in addition to the bounties paid by the Federal Government for volun- teers. Bounties offered by the Federal Government varied from $100 to $400 accord- ing to the character and term of enlistment. Bounties offered by the States and sub- divisions varied greatly and in some States exceeded $500 per man. It is apparent, therefore, that a man enrolled and liable for draft, upon the announcement of a call, hajl several options, any one of which he might elect to take. First, he might offer himself as a volunteer and thus escape threat of conscription and in addition secure the Federal, State, and local bounties offered for those volunteering. Second, he might refuse the opportunity to volunteer and await the result of conscription. If drawn as a selected man and accepted for service, he might either furnish a substitute or might by the payment of $300 avoid entirely his military obligations. Failing to exercise any of the foregoing options, he would be held for personal service. ^ It is apparent therefore that the man liable to military service had the choice either of volunteering and receiving a bounty or of being conscripted and receiving nothing. Naturally by far the largest portion of men raised under the operation of the act of March 3, 1863, consisted of volunteers, eo called. On May 25, 1863, the enrollment of all men between the ages of 20 and 45 was begun and was completed as rapidly as possible in the several States. However, since the enrollment progressed at varying rates of speed in the different jurisdictions, it was impossible on July 2 to determine the number of men who would be finally enrolled. Therefore, on that day a call was made by the President-upon the States to furnish 20 per cent of the enrollment completed on that date. 4. THE CALL OP JULY 2, 1863. No quotas were allotted to the States under this call ; neither were credits contem- plated under the call, since it was not for a definite number of men, but was merely for a drawing of 20 per cent of the enrollment. Credits and adjustments under this call were subsequently accounted for under the draft of March 14, 1864. Accordingly, on July 7 ? the first drawing was made and 292,441 names were taken from the wheel, from which number the States were to produce whatever number they could. The results of the drawing were as follows: Number of names drawn 292, 441 Failed to report 39, 417 Discharged. 460 39, 877 Number examined 252, 564 Number exempted 164, 394 Number found liable for duty 88, 170 Paid commutation 52, 288 Remaining liable for service 35, 882 Found substitutes 26, 002 Held to personal service 9, 880 It will be noted that from the drawing of 292,441 names only 9,880 men were actu- ally held for personal service. The number who furnished substitutes and paid commutation were treated as a credit under subsequent drafts and adjusted under the draft of March 14, 1864, together with the 9,880 men who had been held for per- sonal service. Fifty-two thousand two hundred and eighty-eight men secured exemption by the payment of $300 each. Under the act of March 3, the money thus collected was to be used in the procuration of substitutes, which was done under the call of Octo- ber 17, 1863. A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT. 373 The weakness of the law, disclosed by the iirst draft, was apparent, yet the Nation was awakened to the fact that the Government was at last committed to a determined effort to reinforce its armies by measures as stringent as were necessary to the securing of the requisite numbers. While the first draft thus produced but meager returns in men, it furnished the basis for stimulating volunteering, which had up to that timc3 been practically at an end. Having applied the draft in the call of July, 1863, and having increased bounties materially, the Government on October 17, 1863, issued a call for 300,000 volunteers. 5. THE CALL OP OCTOBER 17, 1863. It has been noted that the call of July, 1863, was a draft of 20 per cent of the enroll- ment and that no quotas were assigned in pursuance of its execution. However, the call of October, 1863, was a call for volunteers amounting to 300,000 men with the proviso that if the call was not filled on or before January 5, 18G4, the deficiencies, if any, were to be supplied by conscription. Under this call was credited the num- ber of men secured under the call of July, 1863; that is, those who had been held to personal sendee, those furnishing substitutes, and those paying commutation, amount- ing in all to 88,170. Under the draft of July, 1863, over $15,000,000 had been secured from the 52.288 men paying commutation. Under the law this sum was to be employed in the procuration of substitutes, and the men so secured were to be applied as a fur- ther credit under the call of October, 1863. The anxiety of towns and cities to fill their quotas without conscription became great, and large sums of money were raised in all communities to induce the volun- tary enlistment of men prior to the time set for drafting. Contrary to the system employed by the Federal Government, which contemplated the payment of only a portion of the bounty upon enlistment and the remainder upon discharge, the cities and towns in their anxiety to secure volunteers paid the entire bounty upon enlist- ment not only under this call but under subsequent calls. As a result, an unlimited field for fraud and collusion was opened up. The procuring of volunteers and sub- stitutes became a regular business among certain elements, and it is reported that many men volunteered and collected bounties many times over, deserting upon receiving their bounty money and employing a portion of it to travel elsewhere for reenlistment. It is reported that one bounty jumper enlisted 32 times within a short period. As a result of the increased bounty and the dread of conscription on the part of citizens, the call of October 17 had progressed so well on January 5, 1864, the date set for the draft, that the drawing was postponed and on February 1 an additional call for 200,000 men was ordered, making a total called under the calls of October 17, 1863, and February 1, 1864, of 500,000 men. 6. THE CALL OP FEBRUARY 1, 1864. This call was treated as a combination of the draft of July, 1863, the call of October, 1863, and the call of February 1, 1864, and the total quotas were 500,000 men. Against this levy were credited the men raised under the draft of July, 1863, and under the call of October, 1863. On February 24, 1864, the act of March 3, 1863, was amended. In addition to the changes noted, it was further provided that quotas were to be credited by naval enlistments accomplished prior and subsequent to the call. The amendment also rescinded the provision of the original act permitting the payment of commutation in lieu of personal service. However, it continued in effect the privilege of hiring substitutes to perform personal military service required of the drafted man. Before the draft was resorted to under this combination call of February an addi- tional call was made on March 14, 1864. 7. THE CALL OF MARCH 14, 1864. Under the authority of the amendment of February 24, 1864, which authorized the President to raise a number of men limited only by military necessity, the calls of October, 1863, and February 1, 1864, were increased by 200,000 men, making a total of 700,000 men to be raised. This increase was made in order to secure a suf- ficient number of men for the army after allowing for naval enlistments prescribed in the amendment of February 24 and in order to create a substantial and available reserve force. The call of March 14 directed that quotas amounting, as stated above, to 700,000 were to be filled on or before April 15, 1864, by volunteers, but unless 374 APPENDIXES. quotas were filled on or before such date the deficiencies were to be raised by conscription. In order to raise the largest possible number by volunteering withoiit resort to the draft, bounties were raised and the increase authorized until April 1, 1864, after which date only bounties of $100 were to be paid by the Federal Government to one-year volunteers. On April 15 drafting was begun to fill deficiencies under these calls. The results of the calls which are treated collectively as a joint call for 700,000 men were as follows: Number called for 700, 000 Reduced by reduction in quotas after distribution among the States 45, 274 Reduced by credits on account of excess over all quotas previously assigned J 162, 901 Reduced by number who paid commutation 2 84, 733 292,908 Balance to be obtained 407, 092 Volunteers (white) 325, 366 Volunteers (colored) 11, 378 Veteran volunteers 136, 507 Regulars ' 7, 776 Seamen 7, 697 Marines. . 738 Total volunteer credits 489, 462 Number held to personal service 13, 296 Number substitutes for drafted men 34, 913 Total drafted 48, 209 Total secured 537, 671 Number required 407, 092 Excess 130, 579 It will be noted that under these calls there was an excess of contribution amounting to 130,579, which was credited on the next call, made on July 18, 18G4. 8. THE CALL OP JULY 18, 1864. This call was for 500,000 men, to serve for terms varying from one to three years. The levy of 500,000 was to be reduced by authorized credits for naval enlistments and by the excess of 130,579 men under the preceding call. The results of this call, which was filled partly by volunteers and the deficiency by conscription, were as follows: Number called 500, 000 Reduced by excess on former calls 130, 579 Reduced by correction of enrollment 22, 675 Reduced by naval credits ' 64, 882 Reduced by veterans not before allowed 11, 869 Reduced by credits allowed by adjustment * 35, 290 Paid commutation. . 378 Total reductions 265, 673 Number to be obtained 234, 327 Volunteers (white) 146, 392 Volunteers (colored) 15, 961 Regulars 6, 339 Seamen 17, 606 Marine Corps 1, 874 - 188,172 1 Includes excess on all calls previously made since April, 1861. s Includes call of July, 1863. A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT. 375 Number held to personal service 26, 205 Number of substitutes for drafted men 28, 502 Number of substitutes for enrolled men 29, 584 Total drafted 84, 291 Total secured 272, 463 Number required 234, 327 Excess 38, 136 Conscientious objectors only were allowed to purchase commutation under amend- ment of February 24, 1864. It will be noted that under this call there was an excess of 38,136 men. 9. THE CALL OP DECEMBER 19, 1864. This call was for 300,000 men net. Since there was an excess, the excess was added to the number to be furnished, making a gross quota to be furnished by the Nation. From this gross quota, as distributed, was deducted the excess of credits under the previous call, and the remainder, amounting to 300,000, was required to be furnished by the several States as allotted. The results of this call, which, as in all previous calls, was credited with volunteers up to a certain date and thereafter filled by draft, were as follows: Net number desired 300, 000 Volunteers (white) 130, 620 Volunteers (colored") 10, 055 Regulars ' 6, 958 Seamen 9, 106 Marine Corps 319 Total volunteers 157, 058 Number held to personal service r l 12, 566 Number substitutes for drafted men 12, 014 Number substitutes for enrolled men 12, 997 Number drafted 37, 577 Number secured 194, 635 Number desired. . . ; 300, 000 Deficiency 2 105, 365 It will be noted that the only credits for volunteers allowed under this call against the net quota of the State were those volunteers who entered the service after the call had been announced. In other words, this call differed from preceding calls in that it did not reduce the number to be furnished by reason of excess enlistment credits created prior to the date of call. 10. RESULT OP THE SEVERAL DRAFT CALLS. It appears that the aggregate calls from April 16, 1861, to April 14, 1865, were for 2,759,049 men; that the number placed in the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps was 2,690,401, leaving a deficiency of 68,648 when recruiting and drafting were ordered discontinued owing to the cessation of hostilities. The entire operation of the Civil War draft may be accurately and concisely shown by the following four tables: TABLE I. Source of armed forces. 1. Number of men secured for the fighting forces April, 1861-April, 1865. . 2, 690, 401 2. Number who entered the service by volunteering prior to March 3, 1863 1, 358, 470 3. Number claimed as furnished by Provost Marshal General (subtract line 2 from line 1) 1, 331, 931 1 1,404 of this number were not sent to the service on account of the termination of hostilities. 2 No effort was made to fill this deficiency due to cessation of hostilities. 3 Many of this number were short-term who reenksted one or more times and are therefore included more than once in this number. 376 APPENDIXES. 4. Number secured as volunteers March 17, 1863-April, 1865 l 1, 076, 558 5. Number drafted (subtract line 4 from line 3) 255, 373 6. Number paid commutation '86, 724 7. Number whose personal services were demanded (subtract line 6 from line 5) 168, 649 8. Furnished substitutes 117, 986 9. Remainder, being number whose personal services were actually con- scripted - 2 50, 663 TABLE II. Distribution of "volunteers" after passage of the conscription act, March S, 1863, as shown in line 4 of Table I. Call of October, 1863, and February and March, 1864 489, 462 Call of July 18, 1864 188,172 Call of December 19, 1864 157,058 Actual number of volunteers 834, 692 Credits for naval enlistments and excesses on quotas under calls prior to March 3, 1863 241,866 Total credits for volunteers under act of March 3, 1863 1, 076, 558 1 None of this number ever served, but commuters were counted as credits in furnishing quotas. 1 Of this number only 46,347 men were actually delivered to the Army. TABLE III. Disposition of men "drafted," as shown in line 5 of Table I. Callof- Number held to personal service. Furnished substi- . tutes. Total number furnishing personal service. Paid commuta- tion. July, 1863 October, 1863; February and March, 1864. July, 1864 December, 1864 9,880 3,416 26,205 11, 162 26,002 8,887 158,086 1 25, Oil 35,882 12,303 84,291 36,173 52,288 32,678 1,298 460 Total.. 50, 663 117,986 168,649 86,724 1 Includes substitutes for enrolled men as well as substitutes for drafted men. J Of this number only 6,845 were delivered, due to termination of hostilities. 3 Of this number only 46,347 were actually delivered to the Army for duty. TABLE IV. Results of the several drafts which secured men appearing in Table III. Call. Number drawn. Failed to report. Dis- charged, quota full. Dis- charged per order. Ex- empted. Held to personal service. Fur- nished substi- tutes. Paid commu- tation. July, 1863 March, 1864 July, 1864 December, 1864. Total.... 292,441 113, 446 231,918 139,024 39,415 27, 193 66,159 28, 477 447 1,227 26,416 18,011 13 69 807 46, 408 164,395 39,952 82,531 28,631 9,881 3,416 26,205 6,845 26,002 i 8,911 28,502 10, 192 52,288 32, 678 1,298 460 776,829 161,244 46, 101 47,297 315,509 46^47 * 73, 607 8(5,724 1 This figure, taken from Provost Marshal General's report is 27 greater than the corresponding item appearing elsewhere in the report. 2 In addition to these men who were furnished as substitutes for drafted men, 44,379 men were furnished as substitutes for enrolled men. A SUMMARY OF THE CIVIL WAR DRAFT. 377 11. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. It appears, therefore, that the total forces raised by the Union during the Civil War were 2,690,401, and that of this number 1,358,470 entered the service as volunteers prior to March 3, 1863, and that 1,076,558 entered as volunteers after that date. In other words, the total fighting forces included 2,435,028 volunteers. The remainder, 255,373 men, can be properly credited as conscripted. Of this last number 86,724 avoided military service by payment of commutation, leaving 168,649 actually drafted. Of this number, however, 117, 986 were substitutes for drafted men or enrolled men, leaving a balance of 50,653 whose personal service in the military establishment was conscripted. But of this number, only 46,347 men actually entered the ranks of the Army. Therefore, it is apparent that while the total effec- tives were 2, 690,401, conscription secured directly the personal service of .only 46,347 men or less than 2 per cent of the total fighting forces. 12. BOUNTIES. Any discussion of the draft act of 1863 would be incomplete without a reference to the enormous cost entailed in the effort to secure volunteers by the payment of bounties. Casual reference to this subject has been made in the preceding pages but it is now proposed to deal with it more fully. As has been seen, prior to March 3, 1863, the Government depended solely upon voluntary enlistment for the recruitment of its armies. It was soon found necessary to stimulate recruiting by offering to recruits inducements intended to compare favorably with the price of ordinary labor and at the same time to provide some sup- port for the dependents of the volunteer. With this object in view bounties were allowed by the Federal Government from time to time as follows: (1) From the commencement of the war to July 18, 1864, a bounty of $100 was allowed to all volunteers who served a period of two years or during the war, $25 of which was paid upon muster in and the remainder upon discharge. (2) From June 25, 1863, to April 1, 1864, a bounty of $400 was paid to all veterans reenlisting for three years of the war, $25 being paid upon muster in and $75 at the expiration of three years' service, and the remainder distributed during the interval of service in $50 amounts. (3) From October 24 to April 1, 1864, a bounty of $300 was paid to all recruits enlist- ing for three years in old organizations, $60 being paid upon muster in, $40 at the expiration of three years' service and the remainder distributed in sums of $40 during the interval of service. (4) From December 24 to April 1, 1863, a bounty of $300 was paid to new recruits enlisting for three years in organizations already in service. (5) From July 19, 1864, to the end of the war $100, $200, and $300 was paid to recruits enlisting for one, two or three years respectively. One-third of this bounty was paid on muster in, one third after the expiration of one-half the term of service and the remaining one-third upon discharge or expiration of the period of enlistment. (6) On November 28, 1864, a special bounty or $300 from the draft and substitute funds was paid to men enlisting in the first Army Corps upon being mustered into the service. This bounty was in addition to the bounties already authorized. It will be noted that the Federal bounties were distributed over a period of enlistment and that a substantial portion thereof was paid only after the completion of the enlistment period. On the other hand, while the Government distributed bounties over the whole period of enlistment, local authorities almost uniformly paid in advance. It should be remembered that the bounties paid by the local authorities were in addition to the sums paid by the Government and that the sums paid by the former were at least e [ual to and more often in excess of the sums offered and paid by the Federal Government. The payment of 'large sums was prompted by the nervous desire on the part of communities to fill their quotas completely before the arrival of the date for draft. > Under the pressure of conscription, local authorities did not take into consideration the encouragement which large cash bounties offered to desertion. The only object in mind was the securing of recruits and the fact that the payment of large sums of money in advance offered easy means of escape from the loca'ify in which a recruit had pledged his enlistment was entirely overlooked. In many dis- tricts exorbitant bounties were paid, while neighboring districts, unable to pay large sums, frequently lost men of their own districts who volunteered in other localities. The enormous profits which the system of local bounties yielded to those engaged in it soon produced a class of persons known as substitute brokers who sprang up in the various towns and cities and who finally monopolized the business of finding volun- 378 APPENDIXES. teers and substitutes. The corrupt practice of many of those agents constituted one of the most vicious outgrowths of the draft system. Taken as a whole, the Federal Government expended in bounties, prior to the enactment of the act of March 3, 1863, $90,586,900 and from October 17, 1863, to the end of the war, expended $209,636,600 for the same purposes. In other words, the total expended by the United States during the period of the war for bounties alone amounted to the enormous sum of $300,233,500. In addition to this, the State and local bounties during the same period of time amounted to $285,941,028. It is thus seen that during the period of the Civil War there was expended by the loyal States and the Federal Government for bounties to secure the voluntary enlistment of recruits 586,164,528. The total number of men raised during the period of the war was 2,690,401. It follows that the per capita cost for bounties alone was $217.87. In his report (p. 2), Acting Provost Marshal General Fry states that the per capita cost of recruitment under the act of March 3, 1863, was $9.84, exclusive of bounties. However, when there is added to the per capita cost as estimated by the Provost Marshal General, the per capita cost of $217.87 for bounty, the result does not argue well for the methods of economy employed in recruiting under the volunteer- conscription system then in operation. It is interesting to note that during the Civil War period 2,690,401 men were secured, with an expenditure in bounties alone of $586,164,528, and that during the first 14 months of actual operation under the present selective service law, 2,552,173 men had been furnished the Army at a cost of approximately $20,175,000. 13. CONCLUSION. A consideration of the foregoing discloses that conscription, as utilized in the Civil War period, produced in personal service of draftees less than 2 per cent of the total Union forces, and that primarily the draft act was mainly employed, in connection with the expenditure of enormous sums of bounty money, to coerce so-called volun- tary enlistments in the fighting forces. APPENDIX K. A STUDY OF CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, 1914-1918. I. The British Legislation on Conscription. By CHALLEN. B. ELLIS, of the District of Columbia Bar. The striking characteristic of British conscription, in contrast to the American, is that it was at first bound up with the idea that the war must be carried on by those who were willing to serve. The need for controlling and regulating entry into military service, so as to preserve the industries essential to maintaining the military establishment and to adjust the demands of the army to the demands of industry, was not apparent until the indiscriminate volunteering from all lines of business threatened disruption of the industrial structure. The recognition of the necessity for compelling all to serve, leaving to the State the selection of those who should be first used for the army^ came even more slowly. Conscription, passed by Parliament nearly a year and a half after the war began, was brought about, not because consid- ered wise or essential for its own sake, but because of its relation to voluntary enlist- ment: and the first conscription act, limited to single men of military age, was sup- ported because it was merely the redemption of the pledge to married men given in the previous recruiting campaign, that if the 'single men did not enlist they would be compelled. So the extension of the military service act to all men of military age, married or single, was supported rather on the ground of fairness to those who had enlisted than on the ground that bringing to the service of the State all men capable of serving would be the wisest way to utilize the man-power resources of the country. 1. COMPOSITION OF THE ARMY IN AUGUST, 1914. At the outbreak of the war the British Army consisted of some 700,000 men made up of the first line, composed of the regular army, the army reserve, and the special reserve; and the second line, composed of the territorial force. The professional soldiers making up the regular army were men enlisted for 12 years, part of the time with the colors and the remainder in the reserve. The period with the colors varied according to the arm of the service and was generally 7 years. The age limit for enlistment was from 18 to 25 and, in some cases, from 18 to 30. depending also upon the branch in which enlistment was made. The army reserve consisted of trained regular soldiers who had returned to civil life after service in the army and who remained liable to be called out. It was com- posed of those volunteering to serve when called to complete units, those liable to be called only on general mobilization, and those who enlisted for a further 4 years after 12 years' service, and who were to be called only after the other reserves mentioned had been called. The special reserve consisted of a fixed number of battalions constituting reserve battalions trained by the regular establishment, whose function was to act as a feeder to battalions in the field and to assist in the work of coast defense. The territorial force was a body for home service only (although at the outbreak of the war practically all the force agreed to foreign service). Enlistment in the terri- torial force was for 4 years and the age limit was 17 to 35 years, inclusive. As shown by the records, the British pre-war strength was 247,434 regulars, 214,834 in the army reserve and the special reserve, and 271,189 in the territorial force; or 733,457 in all. In the navy there was at the outbreak of the war approximately 150,000 men. 2. VOLUNTARY ENLISTMENT, 1914-15. In the first few days of the war there was an enthusiastic rush to the colors, much greater than the facilities for dealing with recruits could take care of. On August 6 Lord Kitchener was appointed secretary of state for war, and the next day he made his first call for 100,000 men. As set forth in the notice in the press, enlistment was asked for a period of three years or for the duration of the war, and the age limit was 379 380 APPENDIXES. stated to be between 19 and 30 years, with the provision that those having previous service in the army would be accepted up to the age of 42. Although not at first clearly indicated, it was later apparent that this additional force was not merely to increase the size of the regular army, but was to be a body in new formations called service battalions. Members of the territorial force were asked to transfer to the new army and for this purpose county associations were urged to cooperate in making a division of the territorial force into those who were able and willing to serve abroad and those who were precluded "on account of their affairs " from volunteering. Many of the territorials did join the new army, and by August 26, 69 whole battalions had volunteered for service abroad. There was no adequate provision for taking care of the great number of men who enlisted. The war office, accustomed to dealing under the old system with about 30,000 recruits per year, was suddenly confronted with the task of taking care of many thousands per day, and the recruiting force was totally insufficient for the task. Civil- ian volunteers were called on to help, but even with their assistance the situation merely of enrolling the men with the formalities required under the army act could not be met, not to speak of the provisions for taking care of men in camps. There was no organization for distributing the food; there were no barracks, and not even sufficient tents to take care of the men. On August 25 Lord Kitchener stated in the House of Lords that the first hundred thousand recruits had been practically secured. On August 28 Lord Kitchener called for another hundred thousand men. This time the age Jimit was raised, and enlistments were asked of those from 19 to 35 years and of all ex-soldiers up to 45 and of certain selected noncommissioned officers up to 50. Enlistment was required for the period of the war. Then began a more organized effort to stimulate recruiting. Mr. Asquith, in a communication to the lord mayor of London and others, proposed that meetings should be held throughout the United Kingdom for explaining the " jus- tice of our cause " and ' ' the duty of every man to do his part. ' ' There followed recruit- ing rallies in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland. A parliamentary committee took charge of this campaign and representatives of all opposing factions joined in supplying speakers and in the organized efforts to reach prospective recruits. Political organi- zations in every county, city, and village assisted in the campaign and the voters were canvassed very much as in a political campaign except that all parties united in the same appeal. A canvass by mail was conducted, and it was said that some 8,000,000 letters were sent out to men of military age. The work of speaking at rallies and individual canvassing was supplemented by advertising posters urging men to join the army, and the moving picture theaters were made use of to display advertisements. In a little over a month after the beginning of the war (September 10), it was an- nounced by the prime minister that over 438,000 men had joined the new army, exclusive of those who had enlisted in the territorial force, which had been recruiting up to its maximum strength and replacing men who had enlisted in the new army. But the time had not come when recruiting efforts could safely be relaxed. Although the new recruits could not be adequately taken care of, and the facilities for handling the men were being blocked, yet the prime minister stated, "We shall need more rather than less; let us get the men." He added, however, that thereafter the men who enlisted would not be required to go at once to the training fields but would be permitted to return to their homes until needed and sufficient accommodations could be found. But the authorities were still "blocked" with recruits and on September 11 the standard for enlistment was raised by requiring a height of 5 feet 6 inches. The moral effect of this doubtless was to suggest that more men were being received than were needed. At any rate toward the end of October recruiting had considerably fallen off. A general appeal was issued by the recruiting committee stating that the standard had again been lowered and that the age limit had been raised to 38 and, in the case of ex-soldiers, to 45. The efforts of the parliamentary committee were supplemented meanwhile by the action of municipalities and private individuals in' raising; local battalions, for which the municipalities and individuals assumed responsibility for clothing, eating, housing, and early training, to be afterwards reim- bursed by the war office. This plan was sanctioned by Lord Kitchener and numerous units of this character were raised. Various expedients were resorted to in the succeeding months to stimulate recruit- ing. In addition to an extensive advertising campaign with every conceivable form of poster there was a direct appeal, signed by Mr. Asquith and later by the parlia- mentary committee, sent to every householder in the country requesting a reply stating the number of members of the household who would be willing to enlist. It is said that by the middle of December some 4,400 ; 000 of such appeals had been sent out and 2,500,000 replies had been received, of which 225,000 contained promises to enlist. About the middle of November the prime minister stated in the House A STUDY OF CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 381 of Commons that no lees than 700,000 recruits had been received, not including those in the territorial force. On March 1, 1915, the prime minister declared the Govern- ment had no reason to be dissatisfied with the progress of recruiting and in the latter part of April, Lord Derby, in a speech at Manchester, declared the Government might be satisfied for the moment, but the time would come soon when there would have to be additional and redoubled efforts. On May 18 Lord Kitchener appealed for 300,000 more recruits, and the next day the age limit was raised to 40 years and the height standard reduced to 5 feet 2 inches. Toward the end of June it was realized by the Government, as had been frequently urged before, that the best way to utilize the resources of the country was to take an inventory of the man power so as to ascertain what men were available. This suggestion culminated in the introduction in Parlia- ment of a bill for the registration of all males and females between the ages of 15 and 65. Almost from the beginning of the recruiting campaigns, suggestions had been made that conscription ought to be introduced; but the war office announced from time to time during the progress of recruiting that the question of compulsion was not under consideration and conscription would not be necessary. On August 25 Lord Kitchener stated in the House of Lords, "While other countries engaged in this war have, under a system of compulsory service, brought their full resources of men into the field, we, under our national system, have not done so. I can not at this stage eay what will be the limit of the forces required or what measures may eventually be necessary to supply and maintain them." On August 26 the prime minister, in answer to a question in the House of Commons as to whether some measure of com- pulsory service should not be brought into force, answered in the negative. In a mani- festo issued September 3 by the parliamentary committee of the Trade Union Con- gress, it was stated: "In the event of the voluntary system of military service failing the country in its time of need, the demand for a national system of compulsory mili- tary service will not only be made with redoubled vigor, but may prove, too, so per- sistent and strong as to become irresistible." On January 8 it was declared in the House of Lords by Lord Haldane that, while the Government saw no reason to antic- ipate the breakdown of the voluntary system, "compulsory service was not foreign to the constitution, and it might become necessary to resort to it." On April 27 Lord Derby, in his speech before referred to, stated that in a short time there would be an appeal which none could resist, and that compulsory demand of the services of the country would be brought about. On May 18 Lord Haldane said in the House of Lords, "Although we may think, under ordinary conditions in a time of peace, that the voluntary system is a system from which it will be most difficult for us to depart, yet we may find that we have to reconsider the situation in the light of the tremendous necessities of the nation. We are not face to face with the problem at present, but I think that the time may come." On the following day it was stated in the debates in Parliament that "the problem is here now " and that it was time "to take stock of what we have got in the way of men in this country and the manner in which they may be most usefully applied." 3. THE REGISTRATION OF AUGUST, 1915. A national registration act was passed July 15, 1915. It provided that "a register shall be formed of all persons, male and female, between the ages of 16 and 65 (not being members of His Majesty's naval force or of His Majesty's regular or territorial forces)." It provided that the registrar general should be the central registration authority in England and the common council of the city of London and the councils of the metropolitan and municipal boroughs and of the urban and rural districts and the councils of the Scilly Islands should be local registration authorities for their respective areas; that each area should be a registration district; that the registrar general for Scotland should be the registrar general and the councils of counties and town councils of parliamentary burghs should be local registration authorities for their respective areas. 1 he act did not apply to Ireland, except as it was made to apply to certain small areas by order of the lord lieutenant. It required that the local registration authorities should cause to be distributed to every household, forms prepared by the registrar general showing the name, residence, age, married state, dependents, occupation, employer, skill in other employment, and nationality, if not British, of every person of the ages mentioned, and should cause such forms to be collected and filed and registration certificates issued to the persons registering. Under authority of regulations issued by the local government board and the secre- tary of Scotland, registration was begun as of August 15, 1915. Enumerators were appointed in each registration district to distribute the cards about a week before August 15 and to collect the cards within a week or 10 days after August 15, and thereafter to check them and tabulate the result. It is said that approximately 382 APPENDIXES. 150,000 voluntary workers were engaged in this task. The forms received from the registrants were subsequently sorted and divided into groups according to occupa- tions, and the men's groups divided also between the married and single. The men's occupations were divided into 46 groups and the women's occupations divided into 30 groups and a code number assigned to each group, which number was shown also on the registration certificates. As to the military purpose of this national registration , Lord Kitchener said , on Jul y 9 , of the proposal to pass such an act: "When this registration is completed, we shall be able to know the men between the ages of 19 and 40 not required for munitions or other necessary industrial work, and therefore available, if physically fit, for the fighting line. Steps will then be taken to approach, with a view to enlistment, all possible candidates for the army unmarried men to be preferred to married men as far as may be." Carrying out this idea, after the national registration was completed, the cards of all men between the ages of 19 and 41 (that is, those who had become 19 but had not attained 41 on August 15) were copied upon so-called "pink forms" for the use of the military authorities. Meanwhile, during the checking and tabulation of the regis- tration, organized efforts were made- to decide upon the comparative needs of the army and of industry. Various committees were appointed to determine essential industries and the requirements of men in munition work, agriculture, and other occupations. Lists of trades were prepared in the order of their national importance and were classified as "reserved occupations." With these suggestions as to neces- sary industries and industrial requirements before them the registration authorities examined the list of men of military age for the purpose of making tentative alloca- tions of the men necessary for industry and the men who were available for military service. The cards of those considered necessary for industry were marked or "starred." This was to indicate that such men were to be, at least for the present, exempt from recruitment. This process of starring was slow and tedious. Further, the number of reserved occupations and starred trades was changed from time to time and largely increased. Generally speaking, starring was brought about by the reservation of various trades as a whole, followed by the starring of all men engaged in such trades. For the month or more during which registration and tabulation was proceeding there had been a decided lull in recruiting. When copies of the "pink forms" were ready to be turned over to the recruiting staffs there began a very intensive effort to induce all men of military age who were in the unstarred class to enlist. The parlia- mentary recruiting committee, by means of its organizations in every county, under- took to canvass systematically all the available men of military age who were now definitely known by the national registration and the process of starring. The adver- tising campaign began with renewed vigor. Recruiting marches, parades, and a series of meetings were held to call the attention of the men to the nesds of the army. Enlistments, however, did not greatly increase and the results were disappointing. The total number of enlistments, however, since August 2, 1914, had probably been over 2,000,000. On September 30 the war office directed all recruiting officers to take whatever steps were considered most effective to induce unstarred men to join the army and to report the number of those who refused. Subsequently, upon the public announcement of this order, the drastic method of recruiting the unwilling was abandoned. 4. LORD DERBY'S AGE-GROUP ATTESTATION PLAN. On October 5, 1915, Lord Derby was appointed director of recruiting. Shortly after his appointment he proposed an innovation in the method of securing enlistments for the army. His proposal was, in brief, that all men of military age should be divided into classes according to age and whether married or single that is, unmarried men from 18 to 41 would be divided into 23 groups, and the married men from 18 to 41 into another 23 groups, a group for each age and that all men were to be given an opportunity to "attest," that is, signify their willingness to serve if needed. It was understood that men so attesting would not be called up for service until the age group in which they were placed was called, and that the single men and unstarred men would be called before the married men. He also proposed that tribunals be appointed and set up in each registration district before whom any man about to be called up for service could appear and consideration would be given and determina- tion reached as to his postponement to a later group if considered desirable. He explained that his system contemplated that recruiting should in the future be done by civilians instead of by the military authorities aided by civilians, and that in every registration district recruiting would be conducted by the parliamentary recruiting A STUDY OF CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 383 committee and the joint labor recruiting committee and their agents, and a direct appeal would be sent by mail to every unstarred man. In a letter to the press on November 3, Lord Derby said: "I hope by the present scheme not only to ascertain what is each man's right position, but to induce him voluntarily to take it. But before this can be done a man must actually enlist, not merely promise to do so. By enlisting men in groups, only to come up when called upon, and allowing them before actually joining to appeal to local tribunals to be put in later groups for reasons which can be specially urged, we shall be able to allot proper places to all men in the 'un- starred' list. Then we must carefully examine the whole of the 'starred' list, and where we find a man wrongly placed in that list, or a man who, though rightly placed in it, can be spared from his industry, that man must be placed in the ' unstarred ' list and dealt with accordingly. * * * There is no necessity under this scheme for a man when he enlists to join his regiment immediately. He can do so if he wishes; but if he prefers to be placed in such a group as his age and condition i. e., married or single entitled him to enter, and only come to the colors when his group is called up for service, he can request the recruiting officer to do this. He has this assurance: Groups will be called up strictly in their order, the younger unmarried men before the older men, and all unmarried men, except those who may be proved to be indis- pensable to their businesses, before any of the married men. The recruiting officer will inform the recruit of the number of his group, which is determined, as stated above, by age and whether married or single. Be it understood, however, that any man who has married since the date of registration will be placed in a group as if unmarried." No man was to be called up, however, until he attained the age of 19. In short, under the Derby scheme the men of military age had the option either of joining the army at once for immediate training or service, or of attesting and being placed in the group appropriate to their age and condition (whether married or un- married) . In the latter case they would be "posted to the army reserve, section B," would receive pay for one day's "service " and would be immediately returned to their civilian occupations, to be called up, upon reasonable notice, when the group in which they belonged because of age and condition or in which they had been placed by action of the local tribunals was called. The men so attesting under the group system were in an anomalous position. Though theoretically in the reserve, their civilian status was in all respects preserved, they received no army pay, could apply to tribunals to be excused from being called up or postponed to later groups, and their actual military status did not begin until they were called up, had not been exempted or postponed, and the time to report arrived. The plan did not apply to Ireland. Canvassing under Lord Derby's scheme began October 23. The previous day an army order was issued publishing the royal warrant necessary before the plan could be carried out of having men enlisted in the army transferred to the reserve with their consent and without pay while theoretically in "service." Canvassers had been appointed by local subcommittees of the parliamentary recruiting committee and the joint labor recruiting committee. The canvassing was carried out to a large extent by volunteer civilians, both men and women. Public halls, offices, and schools were used as district headquarters. The information on the "pink forms" was copied on blue and white cards the blue cards for the use of the canvassers and the white, on which results were recorded, for filing. The can- vassers were instructed to canvass for the regular army, the new army, the special reserve, or the territorials; to call personally upon each man listed on the card given them, to "put before him plainly and politely the need of the country," to record his reasons if he hesitated or refused and to report results daily at the district head- quarters. The rush of recruits came even before the plan could be put into full operation. Some uncertainty existed in the beginning, however, regarding the Government's intent as to the order in which the men would actually be called for service and whether the married men were to be really deferred , as suggested by Lord Derby. On November 2 the prime minister stated in Parliament that "the obligation of the married men to serve ought not to be enforced or held binding unless and until I hope by voluntary effort, if it be needed in the last resort by other means, the unmarried men are dealt with." On November 12, in a formal announcement by Lord Derby, this was inter- preted as a definite pledge of the Government that if single men (afterwards stated to mean the "vast majority ") not indispensable to industry of national importance did not come forward to serve, compulsion would be used before the married men would be called upon to fulfill their engagement to serve. And it was added that whether the men attesting were indispensable for industry would be decided by local tribunals which were being set up. The request for the appointment of the local tribunals referred to was made in a circular of the local government board about October 27. Such tribunals were to be 384 APPENDIXES. appointed by town councils, metropolitan borough councils, and urban and rural district councils. On November 16 the composition of the tribunals was definitely decided on. The members were to be five in number, three chosen from the council and two from outside, one of whom should be ajrepresentative of labor. Subsequently regulations for procedure before these tribunals were issued and a central appeal tri- bunal to sit in London was decided upon and its members appointed. At first, attesting was confined to the "unstarred" men on the national register, but later the "starred" men and those wearing badges showing they were in govern- ment work were asked to attest. As decided shortly after the campaign began, armlets bearing the royal crown were issued to all men who attested, but they were not at first generally worn. Medical examination of all the men presenting themselves was not possible, and although examination was attempted and to some extent carried out, hundreds of thousands were attested without any examination at all. "When the group plan of recruiting began, it was announced that a time limit would be fixed for the campaign. This time was originally set for November 30, but was subsequently extended to December 12. During the progress of recruiting under the Derby plan, enlistments directly in the army continued and some 215,400 men were taken for immediate training and service. Lord Derby's complete report an the results of the group recruiting system was sub- mitted December 20, 1915, but was not made public until several days later. It showed that the number of men of military age, 18-40, on the national register as of August 15 (exclusive of those already enlisted and those enlisting directly in the army between that date and October 23) was 5,011,441 (2,179,231 single, 2,832,210 married). Of these it was reported that 2,184,979 men (840,000 single and 1,344,979 married) had attested under the Derby plan up to the formal close of the campaign. This did not include 61,651 men whose attestations were received after the tabulation was made up. In addition, 428,853 men offered to attest but were rejected on physical examination. Inasmuch as only a part of the men attesting had been physically examined and such examination as was made was not considered final or complete, and as large numbers of the men taken were in "reserved occupations" or would likely be held "indispensable" to vital industries, the number reported did not represent the men really available for call to military service. Lord Derby estimated that out of the total, after making allowance for probable future rejections on physical grounds and exemptions on industrial grounds, about 831,062 men (343,386 single, 487,676 married) would be actually available to be called up. On December 20 there was issued a proclamation calling up groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 that is, unmarried men between the ages of 19 and 23, inclusive. The men of 18 were to be postponed until they were older. The men called were required to report in batches, beginning January 20, 1916. Between the time of the call and the time to report the men were given the opportunity to present claims for postponement to later groups or for exemption from call. Regulations governing procedure for such claims had been prepared and sent out. Claims had to be presented on printed forms and before January 20. Men who were "starred" on the national register by reason of their occupation, men authorized to wear a government badge showing they were engaged on essential work and men engaged in any one of the "reserved occupations," lists of which had been published, were not to be called with their groups (unless it was decided in the future that their employment in civil life was no longer necessary), and such men could apply to the tribunals for certificates of temporary exemption. Such men remained in the age groups to which they belonged but were for the time exempt from call. Men could also apply for postponement to later groups upon grounds of domestic or business hardship, but postponement would be for not more than 10 groups. The local tribunals which were to pass upon such claims had no legal sanction, but were unofficial committees appointed by local governmental bodies at the sug- gestion of the local government board. It was arranged with the military authorities, however, that the men whose claims for exemption or deferment were allowed would not be called for military service. As'both "starred" and "unstarred" men had attested, these local tribunals were to be called upon to do over again, largely, the work that had been attempted at the time the national register was completed. As shown by Lord Derby's report, of the 5,011,441 men of military age on the national register, 2,182,178 had neither attested, enlisted directly, or been rejected 1,029,231 of these, single men. Lord Derby said in his report: "I am very distinctly of the opinion that it will not be possible to hold married men to their attestation unless and until the services of the single men have been obtained by other means, the present system having failed to bring them to the colors. ' ' A STUDY OF C'ONSl KII'TIOX IX THE UXITKI) KINGDOM. 385 5. THE CONSCRIPTION MEASURES. On December 27 and 28 the cabinet debated Lord Derby's report and the question of redeeming the pledge to married men. On January 4, 1916, the prime minister stated in the House of Commons that a measure which it was proposed to introduce, providing for compulsory enlistment of single men, could be "sincerely supported by those who either on principle, or * * '' on grounds of expediency, are opposed to what is commonly called conscription." This bill, he said, was "confined to a specific purpose the redemption of a promise publicly given by me in the House in the early days of Lord Derby's campaign." The bill referred to was introduced January 5, 191G, and was passed and received the royal assent January 27. It was provided to come into operation on such day as should be fixed by royal proclamation. After its passage and before it became operative, the groups, under the Derby scheme, were reopened, and many additional men attested or enlisted directly. The new act became operative February 10 just about a year and a half after Great Britain's entrance into the war. In this period of a year and a half before compulsory service became law there had been a tremendous increase of the military forces through voluntary enlistments. But though there had been various kinds of designations of men as free from the attentions of the recruiting officers, there had not been developed and put in practice any systematic plan for surveying the entire man-power of the nation and making the necessary allocations to the respective needs of the army and the vital industries. (a) The first act of 1916. The first conscription law in Great Britain, known as the "military service act," was passed January 24, 1910, and became operative by royal proclamation February 10, 1916. It applied to single men between the ages of 18 and 41 that is, men who had attained 18 August 15, 1915, but had not attained 41 at the appointed date. The law made such men liable to military service by providing that they should be "deemed from the appointed date to have been duly enlisted in His Majesty's regular forces for general service or in the reserve and to have been forthwith transferred to the reserve." The appointed date was fixed on the twenty- first day after the act came into operation, which made it March 2, 1916. It should, therefore, be remembered that the term ' ' enlistment " was applied equally to those drafted under this act and to those already voluntarily entered. "Enlis- ment" signified merely the act of entering military service. The law provided for exemptions by application to local tribunals, which were established for each registration district as defined in the national registration act of ] 915. Exemptions were allowed on four grounds: (1 ). Expediency in national interest, of retention in present work, or other work desired, or continuation of education or training; (2) hardship, because of "business obligations" or "domestic position"; (3) physical disability; and (4) conscientious objection. Exemption was allowed to be granted also by "any government department" to men or classes or bodies of men in the service of the department, or "employed or qualified for employment in any work certified by the department to be work of national importance." Certificates of exemption were provided to be given to the men. Such certificates were to provide for absolute, conditional, or temporary exemp- tion, as the authority granting them might think best; and there were also to be certificates of exemption from combatant service only, for conscientious objectors. All certificates issued on the ground of exceptional financial or business obligations or domestic position or on the ground of continuance of education, were to be con- ditional or temporary only. No certificate should be conditioned on continuance in the employ of any specified employer or establishment. Provision was made for withdrawal of certificates on account of change of status, etc., and also for renewal of temj>orary certificates. Local tribunals were to be appointed by the registration authority of each district under the national registration act. Each local tribunal consisted of from 5 to 25 members. Appeal tribunals were to be appointed by the king (for such areas as might be desig- nated), to which appeals would lie from decisions or the local tribunals. A central tribunal for Great Britain, appointed by the king, was also provided for to which appeals would lie from the appeal tribunals. Appeals could be taken either by the individual aggrieved or by a government agent authorized by the army council. Regulations governing the constitution, functions, and procedure of the local tribimals, appeal tribunals, and the central tribunals were authorized to be made by order in council. As a matter of practice both men who had attested under Lord Derby's scheme and men who were conscripted by virtue of the military service act were dealt with by these tribunals. The procedure relating to the former was governed by "instruc- tions" to the tribunals and procedure relating to the latter by the "regulations'' made by the local government board. The "instructions" were modifications of the former rules made for the old \inofficial tribunals acting under the Derby scheme. !)7250 19 25 386 APPENDIXES. In strictness men who had attested under the Derby scheme were not within the provisions of the military service act (as being already in the reserve), and therefore were not authorized to make claims before the tribunals set up by the act. It was arranged, however, that applications of such men would be received and certificates granted to them were recognized as valid. The instructions for cases of attested men and the regulations for those conscripted in the act, did not materially differ. The regulations (and the instructions) provided for the appointment of the local tribunals by the local registration authorities as re- quired by the act. Applications for exemption were to be made to the local tribunals by mail or delivery at the office of the clerk; all applications were to be heard in public; except that under certain circumstances the public might be excluded. Disposition of applications upon papers submitted was the exception and not the rule ; in ordinary cases oral hearings were to be conducted; a military representative had the right to appear as a party to every application ; applications to any tribunal were confined to those persons within the jurisdiction of such tribunal, with certain exceptions in the case of employers within the jurisdiction having employees both within and without the jurisdiction. Notice of hearing was sent to the applicant and to the military repre- sentatives; the applicant had the right to be represented by counsel and cross-examina- tion could be conducted by a representative of a government department interested; decision was to be communicated to the applicant and to the military representative immediately after the hearing; record of the decision was entered on the form of application and a register of applications and decisions kept. The hearing on appeal was very similar to the hearing before the local tribunal, and the appeal tribunal was ' authorized either to grant or refuse exemption direct or return the papers to the local tribunal for such action as was required. One of the important features was the with- drawal from the jurisdiction of the local tribunals of all cases of men employed in coal mines and men engaged in certain prescribed occupations otherwise dealt with. No general rules were laid down to govern the tribunals in determining what business was in the national interest, what employee of such business was necessary, or whether the continuation of education or training of any man was necessary in the national interest or what would be considered a hardship because of exceptional financial and business obligations or domestic position, except that in the last case it was suggested that the ground of hardship would apply to the case of a man who was the sole proprie- tor of a business upon which the support of his family mainly depended. Provisions were made for proceedings with reference to applications for withdrawal or variation of certificates of exemption, and somewhat the same procedure was followed in disposing of such cases. The instructions and regulations were varied from time to time by circulars, orders, etc. In the appointment of the local tribunals established by the act, there was a con- tinuation largely of the former unofficial tribunals erected under Lord Derby's scheme. There were about 1,400 such bodies in Great Britain. Applications to the local tribunals were required to be made between the effective date of the law and the "appointed date," with power to allow later applications in exceptional cases. Much dissatisfaction with the action of the tribunals in various instances was voiced in Parliment. On April 25, 1916, the prime minister gave in Parliment the proposals of the govern- ment with reference to further plans for recruiting. He reviewed the expansion of the army from the beginning of the war, the various inquiries which had been conducted, and the number of men who could be safely spared from industry for military purposes, and the effect of calling out these numbers. It was shown that the results obtained to date had fallen short of the requirements; that this was not due to an overestimate of the number of men available, but to the length of time involved in settling individual cases. To meet the situation, the government proposed to continue the service of time expired men, to transfer men enlisted for territorial battallions to other units, to render exempted men liable for service immediately upon the expiration of the certificate of exemption, and to bring under the terms of the military service act all men who had attained military age as such age was attained. Further, the government proposed an immediate effort to obtain more men by voluntary enlistment from among the unattested married men, promising that, if at the end of four weeks 50,000 men had not been secured, the government would ask for compulsory powers. It was still not proposed to apply the military service act to Ireland. (6) The second Act of 1916. On May 2, 1916, the prime minister in proposing a second military service bill, stated: "There is the immense advantage of getting rid of the piece-meal treatment to which so much objection was taken in all quarters of the house and of the temporary injustice and inequality which that mode of treatment is apt to engender." A STUDY OF CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 387 The second military service act was passed May 16, 1916, and became a law May 25, 1916. The new act provided that every male British subject resident in Great Britain who had attained the age of 18 years and had not attained the age of 41 years (except men resident temporarily for education, those already in service, ministers, men discharged from service, and men holding certificates of exemption) should be deemed after thirty days to be "enlisted in His Majesty's regular forces for general service with the colors or in the reserve for the period of the war and to have been transferred forthwith to the reserve." The act contained a provision that steps should be taken to prevent so far as possible sending men to serve abroad before they had attained the age of 19. In addition the act extended the time of men in service, recalled to service time expired men under 41, required a review of medical certificates of those rejected since August 14, 1915, required a review of exemption certificates, required the transfer of the territorials into other corps or to the regulars without their consent and provided that the army council could transfer to the reserve any member of the regular forces or temporarily demobilize any member of the territorials in any case where the transfer or demobilization should appear expedient in the national interest. (c) The acts of 1917. The next military service act was the "review of exceptions " act, passed about a year later, April 5, 1917. That was an act "to enable the exemp- tion from military service of men exempted on the ground of previous rejection or the previous relinquishment of or discharge from military or naval service or unsuit- ability for foreign service to be reviewed." The act provided that the army council might by written notice require any man who was a member of the territorial forces, as not suited for foreign service, a man discharged from service for ill health, or a man rejected on any grounds, either after attesting or after becoming subject to the military service acts, to present himself for reexamination. There were excepted from the act men engaged in agriculture, certified as necessary, and men discharged from the service because of wounds. The effect of the notice to appear for reexami- nation was to make the man to whom the notice was sent come within the operation of the previous military service acts, and procedure with reference to him then took place as though no previous action had been taken. The next act was that relating to conventions with allied States, effective July 10, 1917. This act provided in brief that after order in council signifying that a con- vention had been made with the allied country imposing mutual liability to mili- tary service, subjects of the allied country with which convention had been made, should within 21 days after the convention be liable to service under the military service acts in the same manner as British subjects. There were certain modifica- tions not necessary to be noted. The next act of importance was the ministry of national service act, effective March 28, 1917. This provided that "for the purpose of making the best use of all persons, whether men or women, able to work in any industry, occupation, or service" there should be appointed a minister of national service with the title of director general of national service. He should have certain powers and duties theretofore conferred upon various Government departments. The work of the ministry was divided among eight departments recruiting, medi- cal, registration, labor supply, trade exemptions, statistics, finance, and women's corps. For administrative purposes, the country was divided into 11 regions and each region into a number of areas. In each region, and, to some extent, in each area, the organization of the ministry was reproduced in miniature. For each administrative department there was created an advisory board of representative men in touch with professional and industrial organizations. By order in council, as authorized by the act, certain -powers theretofore exer- cised by the army council and the secretary of state were formally conferred upon the director general of national service, including powers with reference to recruit- ing, enlistment of aliens, certificates of exemption, etc. In the war cabinet report for 1917 it is said of the establishment of the ministry of national service: "Henceforth a single agency will be responsible at once for pro- viding the army with approved complement or fighting men for home and foreign service and at the same time for meeting to the limits of what is possible the essen- tial demands of vital industries. ' ' It is said in the same report that, up to the end of 1917, not far from 5,000,000 men, excluding those already serving in the navy and army at the outbreak of hostilities in August, 1-914, had been raised in the United Kingdom for military service in the pending war. A further 2,797,000 were engaged in the latter part of 1917 on work in connection with the production of munitions and other war supplies. The num- ber of enlistments in 1917 was 820,646. (d) The acts of 1918. The first military service act of 1918 was passed February 6. Its purpose was to secure greater equality and greater speed. It withdrew certain 388 APPENDIXES. privileges which had attached to certificates of exemption, repealing the sections of the previous acts of 1916 authorizing renewal of certificates. The effect of this was to prevent a renewal of certificates on occupational grounds. It further authorized the director general of national service to withdraw, by order, certificates of exemp- tion from military service, whether granted by a tribunal or by a Government depart- ment, where the certificate was granted or renewed on occupational grounds. The order of the director general of national service could either withdraw an individual certificate or withdraw certificates of any class or body of men and could, as to such class or body of men. specify particular ages as to which the withdrawal of certifi- cates of exemption would apply. This still left to local tribunals the power to decide exemptions on grounds other than occupational. The power of the director general was widely used, but statistics showing the extent to which certificates were withdrawn are not available. Two "de-certification orders" were issued by the director general of national service on April 9 and June 6, 1918, by which the policy of withdrawing men from industry by age blocks was applied to a large number of industries. During the same period when the certificates of exemption were being withdrawn by age blocks, men were also being withdrawn from the army to be put into industry. For example, on February 14, 1918, it was announced in Parliament that arrange- ments had been made whereby men in the army, whose services could be utilized for ship-building purposes, could be transferred to the reserve and sent to shipyards, which could use them. Under this plan 20,000 men were to be released at the rate of 1,000 a week. The second military service act of 1918 was passed April 18, 1918, after the opening of the German offensive of March. It conferred further and more drastic powers than any of the previous acts. The principal features were: (1) To raise the age limit to 51 years and to 56 years in the case of medical practitioners, with the power to raise to 56 in all cases by order in council; (2) to render men liable to be called immediately upon attaining military age instead of thirty days later as theretofore; (3) to authorize by royal proclamation declaring a national emergency to exist, the withdrawal of certificates of exemption held on any specified grounds; (4) to author- ize by order in council the extension of the military service act to Ireland ; and (5) to empower the local government board and the Scottish office (as to Scotland) to make the necessary variation in the constitution and procedure of local and appeal tribunals. The act further provided that any man holding a certificate of exemption which had been withdrawn or had expired should transmit the certificate to the local office of the ministry of national service. It further required that every person to whom a certificate of exemption should be granted after April 30 should be liable to attend such drill, and undergo such training, and perform such military duty as a member of the "voluntary forces" as might be prescribed by order in council. It also repealed the "review of exceptions act" of 1917. Subject to the military exi- gencies, it was proposed by the war office to assign the older men to the home defense infantry and garrison battalions, and to certain auxiliary services, at home and abroad. Several proclamations were issued under the act declaring a national emergency and withdrawing certain certificates of exemption held by men of certain ages. 6. SUMMARY OF RESULTS. The results of the various methods resorted to in Great Britain to expand the armed forces of the nation for the requirements of the world war are best viewed by dividing the epoch into two periods. The first, extending from the beginning of the war to the institution of Lord Derby's scheme, may be considered the period of the voluntary Sstem, carried out under the stimulus or extensive recruiting campaigns but without e certainty of conscription, and relying upon the traditional method of raising armies. During this time, comprising the first year and a quarter of the war, Great Britain added to her armed forceSj by enlistments in the army and navy, 2,289,774 men. The second period, comprising the remainder of the war, was that during which compulsion, either as a pledge or as existing law, was the dominant factor in recruiting. While the first conscription act did not become a law until February, 1916, yet some form of compulsion had become a practical certainty during the early part of Lord Derby's scheme. Further, during the progress of that plan, the machinery of local and appeal tribunals, for selecting from those within military age the men deemed necessary for the army, and exempting those deemed necessary for industry, had been set up. During this second period, that is, from the last of October until November 11, 1918 ; the number of enlistments totaled 2,681,128. Out of the total increment of 4,970,902 to the British army since the outbreak of hostilities, nearly half had been raised under the voluntary system and before the pressure of conscription had been effectively used. A STUDY OF CONSCRIPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM. 389 II. THE INDUSTRIAL MAN-POWER SITUATION, 1917-18. [From a memorandum by Sir A. C. GEDDES, minister of national service, June 17, 1918.) On August 1, 1917, it was decided to transfer the functions of recruiting from the war office to a civil department of state which, under the war cabinet, should be generally responsible for the man-power polity of Great Britain. The exact status and the functions of the reorganized ministry of national service were settled on October 8, 3917. In November, 1917, the director general of national service presented to the war cabinet a review of the man-power situation. This stated in detail the demands of the armed forces for recruits in 1918, amounting to no less than 1,250,000 men, and the labor reinforcement asked for by the principal war industries, and submitted recommendations as to legislative and administrative measures to meet these require- ments so far as was possible. This report formed the subject of prolonged investi- gation by the war cabinet in the course of a series of meetings attended by representa- tives of the war office, the ministry of national service, and by the ministers repre- senting other departments during such parts of the discussion as affected their interests. In spite of difficulties with trade-unions, and of steady resistance during the winter mouths to recruiting on the part of certain sections of the community, much has been done. The following numbers of men have been raised as recruits month by month: Year and month. Army. Navy. Royal air force.' Total. 1917. May 88. 494 4,502 92,996 June . ... . . 81. 714 5, 371 88,085 July 60,367 5 724 66,091 A ujjust . 49, 359 5,565 54,924 Kept ember... .. . 37, 342 5,368 42, 710 October 36,543 4,711 41,254 November . 30, 823 4,162 34,985 December 24, 923 3,986 28,909 1918. January 35,150 2,021 37, 171 February 33,722 10, 074 43,796 March 30, 197 7,832 38,029 April... 78, 298 5,296 4,647 88,241 May.... 84,019 7,443 9,228 100,690 June 1-13 32 340 2 53-1 5 591 40 462 Total 70 !,291 74, 586 19,466 798, 343 i The royal air force as a separate service dates from Apr. 1, 1918. The figures of the army and the navy prior to that date include the figures of the royal flying corps and the royal naval air service, respectively. Simultaneously the home production of commodities formerly imported has been expanded. Timber, ore, and food production have each demanded large numbers of men. The output of new mercantile tonnage has been developed. The material equipment for the air service has been largejy increased. The output of munitions of all sorts, of clothing and equipment for the armies and the allies, has not been permitted to decline. By administrative action heavy quotas have been and are being levied from among the men engaged in vital industries. The nicety of the adj ustmente required to secure such levies without disorganizing the industries on which they are imposed is a matter requiring the most careful review of the whole position of an industry. To enable such reviews to be carried out the ministry of national service has constructed and maintains a register of all males of military age in civil life. Some of the adminis- trative arrangements whereby the man-power requirements for these industries have been met and the numbers being withdrawn from them for military service are detailed in Appendix IV, under heading "Essential industries and special quotas. " New legislative powers have also been obtained by the passage of the first and second military service acts of 1918, and extended use is being made of the powers thereby conferred. (Appendix V.) The position disclosed by the^complete review of man-power which the director general of national service has been able to obtain makes it clear that if the flow of recruits to the forces is to be maintained without serious dislocation of the civil side of the national war effort, it is necessary that far greater control must be exercised over the choice by men in civil life of the place and the nature of their employment 390 APPENDIXES. than has been attempted in the past. Steps have been taken to secure this. (Appendix VI.) Apart from such control over civilians it has been found necessary to employ a certain amount of military labor on civil work. The Canadian Forestry Corps is an example of this type of organization. Comparable British organizations exist in the docks and transport works, units with an aggregate strength of 17,000, and in the agricultural companies with an aggregate strength of 66,345. In circumstances like these of to-day prophecy is idle, and even carefully considered forecasts are not infrequently falsified by the event. But, looking forward, it seems not unreasonable to hope that during 1918, as in 1917, Britain will be able, provided there is no overwhelming disaster, to produce sufficient recruits to prevent a decline in the aggregate personnel of the forces raised within her borders. How those recruits after they have been raised are apportioned between arms of the sen-ice is a matter with which the ministry of national service is not concerned. ******* APPENDIX IV. ESSENTIAL INDUSTRIES AND SPECIAL QUOTAS. - The effort which Great Britain has made in recruiting has to a large extent ex- hausted the reservoir of the less essential industries, and the great bulk of the men, of what may be called the old military age, who are still in civil life, are to be found in the essential industries which contribute directly to the war effort of the country. The following levies have accordingly been authorized by the Government and are being raised from these industries at the present time: (a) Admiralty and munitions work 108, 500 (6) Coalmines 75,000 (c) Railways and transport 18, 000 ( 62 5 12 304 2 5 7 23 241 4 3 Germany 8 22 119 3 2 166 13 109 85 404 4 61 Peru 4 66 1 -133 Great Britain Portugal Belgium Greece Russia Brazil Guatemala Santo Domingo 1 2 592 216 99.5 971 4 Bulgaria Honduras Siam Chile Italy China Japan Sweden Colombia Mexico Switzerland Cuba Xot herlands Turkey Denmark . . Norway Venezuela Ecuador Total France Persia . . 5,852 APPENDIX TABLES. 401 APPENDIX TABLE 31-A. Married registered, deferred, and deferred for dependency. Total regis- trants June 5. 1917, to Sept. 11, 191 x. Total married. Percent- age of total regis- trants. Total married deferred. Percent- age of total married . Total married deferred for de- pendency. Percent- age of total married deferred. United States 10, (>:<). si 4 4,883,213 45.72 4,394,676 90.00 3,619,466 82.36 Alabama 206, 248 111,886 54. 26 93, 786 83.82 80,629 85.97 Arizona 40,517 15, 776 38.93 14,499 91.90 7,963 54.92 Arkansas 168,302 92,188 54.78 76,925 83.44 74,049 96.26 332 593 126 364 37 99 112 758 89 23 91 440 81 09 Colorado . 91,813 40,369 43.97 37,240 92.25 31,067 83.42 Connecticut 175,026 70, 251 40.14 65, 354 93.03 40, 273 61.62 Delaware 24,663 11,227 45.71 10,005 89.12 7,364 73.60 District of Columbia Florida 36, 741 94, 792 16,358 47,362 44.52 49.96 13, 533 38,988 82.73 82.32 10, 188 30,501 75.28 78.23 eor^ia . 260, 296 144,090 55.36 122, 468 84.99 111,311 90 89 Idaho 45, 982 18,555 40.35 17,077 92.03 14,993 87.80 Illinois 707,962 314,150 44.37 286,200 91.10 220, 777 77.14 Indiana 283,843 146,342 51.57 133,981 91.55 113,096 84.41 Iowa 240, 934 106, 873 44.36 98, 227 91.91 88,388 89.98 Kansas 167, 486 79, 660 47.56 73,162 91.84 63,162 86 33 Kentucky 215 936 114,548 53.06 97,088 84.76 91, 797 94.55 Louisiana 180,226 88,789 49.27 74,29 83.67 70, 751 95.24 Maine 68,214 30, 405 44.57 28,211 92.78 25, 129 89 08 Maryland 136, 552 65, 485 47.94 59, 987 91.60 49, 176 81.98 Massachusetts 398, 364 158,988 39.91 145,906 91.77 104,270 71 46 Michigan 411,596 185,485 45.06 168, 913 91.06 134, 116 79.40 Minnesotn 249,9^7 85,537 34. 23 79,337 92.75 69, 019 86 99 Mississippi 157, 607 82, 544 52.38 70,376 85.26 64.659 91 88 Missouri 335,012 163, 191 48.71 145,495 89.16 121,209 83.31 Montana 97, 762 31,721 32.45 28,816 90.84 25, 766 89 41 Nebraska . 132, 458 57, 246 43.20 52, 205 91.19 44,903 86 01 Nevada 13, 044 3,588 27.52 2,977 82 97 2,346 78 80 New Hampshire. 41,743 17,860 42.79 16, 404 91.85 12,923 78 77 New Jersev 332, 895 152, 770 45.89 141,686 92.74 107, 397 75 80 New Mexico 37, 300 17,547 47 04 14, 628 83 36 11,615 79 40 New York. 1,120,332 459, 176 40.99 421,933 91.89 32S, 496 77 86 North Carolina 228, 844 122,922 53. 72 111,554 90.75 101,147 90 67 North Dakota 73,341 24,970 34.05 23,917 95.78 20,600 86 13 Ohio . . 617,371 289, 997 46.97 265, 731 91.63 211.644 79 65 Oklahoma 19i,236 104, 831 54.26 90, 953 86.76 Si, 291 91.58 Oregon 70, 549 28,38? 40 23 25, 905 91 27 87 56 Pennsylvania 902 996 412 581 45 69 380 832 92 30 29s'l"9 78 29 Rhode Island 59 0.59 25 452 43 10 23, 774 93 41 18 768 78 94 South Carolina 144, 701 78, %S 54.57 66, 232 83 87 56 153 84 78 Sou fli Dakota. 66, 189 24, 625 37.20 23, 220 94 29 19,001 81.83 Tennessee 213 427 115 654 54 20 102 151 88 32 94 845 92 85 Texas 460, 326 238, 276 51 77 211,485 88 76 161,768 76.49 Utah 46,901 21,470 45.78 19, 905 92.71 17, 819 89.52 Vermont 30,884 14,912 48.29 12,819 85.96 10, 978 85.64 Virginia 206,190 95, 596 44 22 85,852 89.81 75 136 87.52 Washington 125/708 47,313 36.64 41,569 87.86 34,815 83.75 West Virginia 142,174 69,841 49.11 63,253 90.57 56, 421 89.20 Wisconsin 266, 691 101,912 OQ O1 94, 876 93.10 80, 636 84.99 Wyoming 25 151 9,179 36 50 8 195 89 27 6 849 83 58 97250- 19 20 402 APPENDIX TABLES. Chart A. P Nevada Montana North Dakota Minnesota Wyoming Washington ER CENT OF MARRIED REGISTRANTS TO TOTAL REGISTRANTS PER CENT 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 5 1 California Wisconsin Arizona Massachusetts Connecticut Oregon Idaho New York New Hampshire ksssss s *j Rhode Island Nebraska Colorado Virginia Iowa Illinois E Dist Columbia Maine Michigan Pennsylvania Delaware Utah New Jersey Ohio New Mexico Kansas Maryland Vermont Missouri = mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm mm mm mm mm - : 8 3 West Virginia, Louisiana Florida Indiana Texas 'Mississippi Kentucky North Carolina Tennessee Oklahoma Alabama South Carolina Arkansas Georgia ? : 1 APPENDIX TABLES. 403 Chart B.-RAT10 OF DEPENDENCY DEFERMENTS AND DEFERMENTS ON OTHER GROUNDS TO TOTAL MARRIED PER CENT 30 40 50. , 60 70 (f !.! Mimed Dtfcnri , 'f-fcmrf fcfc.-rtd (o. DtpndfK? -^ 404 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 36-A. Single men registered, deferred for dependency, and recent marriages. Total reg- istrants June 5. 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Single ' regis- trants. Per- centage of total regis- trants. Single deferred for depend- ency. Per- centage of single regis- trants. Recent mar- riages. Per- centage of total regis- trants. Reclas- sifled to Class I. Per- centage of re- cent mar- riages. United States 10,679,814 5, 796, 601 54.28 284,267 4.90 344, 872 3 23 122, 563 35 54 Alabama 208, 248 94, 362 45.76 5,018 5 32 10,223 4 96 3 851 37 67 Arizona 40,517 24, 741 61.06 692 2.79 1,040 2.57 293 28 18 Arkansas 168, 302 76,114 45.23 3,500 4 60 9,858 5 85 2 475 25 11 California 332,593 206, 229 62.01 11,257 5.46 8,0c9 2.42 3,136 38 91 Colorado 91,813 51,444 56.03 3,212 6.24 2,540 2.77 1,059 41.69 Cnrmfip.tifMit. , .. 175,026 104, 775 59.87 4,694 4.48 3,140 1 79 1,076 34 27 Delaware 24,563 13,336 54.30 495 3.71 851 3.46 229 26 91 District of Columbia Florida 36, 741 94, 792 20,383 47, 430 55.48 50.04 834 2,630 4.09 5.55 1,390 2,128 3.78 2.24 732 751 52.66 35 29 Georgia 260, 296 116,206 44 64 6,788 5 84 10, 828 4 16 7 650 70 65 Idaho 45, 982 27, 427 59.65 762 2 78 1,565 3.40 576 36.81 Illinois 707,962 393,812 55.62 20, 127 5.11 18, 749 2.65 7,452 39.75 Indiana 283, 843 137,501 48.45 5,352 3 89 9,379 3 30 2,976 31 73 Iowa 240,934 134,061 3,265 2.44 8,982 3.73 2,891 32.19 Kansas . . 167,486 87, 826 52 43 3,348 3 81 7,695 4 59 2 153 27 98 Kentucky 215,936 101,388 46.96 5,283 5.21 9,563 4.43 4,941 51.67 T-nYli^ifma- 180,226 91,437 50 74 5,001 5 47 6.871 3.81 2 658 38 68 Maine 68,214 37,809 55 43 1,470 3.89 1,646 2.41 760 46.17 Maryland . 136 552 71 067 52 03 3 525 4 96 4,881 3.57 > 694 34 71 Massachusetts 39S, :-,('A 239, 376 60 08 11,326 4 73 9,027 2.27 4,037 44.72 Michigan 411,596 226,111 54.93 9,443 4.18 11,118 2.70 4,089 36.78 Minnesota .. , 249,937 164,400 65 79 5,991 3.64 6,872 2.75 2,625 38.20 Mississippi 157,607 75,063 47.63 2,977 3.97 6,2C8 3.98 2,466 39.34 Missouri 335,012 171,821 51.29 10, 440 6.08 12,395 3.70 1,096 8.84 Montana 97, 762 66,041 67.55 2,334 3.53 2,373 2.43 972 40.96 Nebraska 132 458 75 212 56 76 1 754 2 33 4 641 3.50 1,335 28.77 Nevada.... 13.044 9,456 72.52 288 3.05 231 1.77 88 38.10 New Hampshire 41, 743 23,883 57.23 1,118 4.68 937 2.24 424 45.25 New Jersey. . . 332, 895 180, 125 54 11 10 241 5 69 7,556 2.27 2,752 36.42 New Mexico 37,300 19,753 52.96 702 3.55 1,093 2.93 537 49.13 New York 1 120 332 661 156 59 03 44 999 6 81 27,893 2.49 9 744 34.93 North Carolina , 228, 844 105, 922 46.29 5,844 5.52 7,552 3.30 2,540 33.63 North Dakota 73,341 48,371 65.95 1,061 2.19 1,501 2.05 482 32.11 Ohio 617,371 327 374 53.02 17,526 5.35 24,490 3.97 7,349 30.01 Oklahoma 193,230 88,405 45.76 3,277 3.71 8,588 4.45 2,710 31.56 Oregon 70, 549 42 166 59 77 1,168 2.77 2,148 3.04 846 39.39 Pennsylvania . 902,996 490, 415 54.31 24, 153 4.93 25, 148 2.78 8,558 34.03 Rhode Island.. . 59, 059 33,607 56 90 2 164 6 44 1,179 2.00 432 36.64 South Carolina 144, 701 65, 733 45.43 2,946 4 48 4,572 3.16 1,707 37.34 South Dakota 60,189 41 564 62 79 832 2 00 2,017 3.05 933 46.26 Tennessee 213, 427 97, 773 45.82 6,044 6.18 13,449 6.30 2,848 21.18 Texas 460, 326 222 050 48 24 12 397 5 58 18, 753 4 07 7,853 41.88 Utah 46,901 25, 431 54.22 883 3 47 2,165 4.62 838 38. 71 Vermont 30,88-1 15,972 51.72 479 3.00 577 1.87 157 27.21 Virginia 206,190 110,594 53.63 6,443 5.83 7,224 3.50 2,090 28.93 Washington 125, 708 78, 395 62.37 2,464 3.14 3,978 3.16 1,536 38.61 West Virginia 142, 174 72,333 50.87 2,617 3.62 5,154 3.62 1,362 26.43 Wisconsin 266, 691 164, 779 61.78 4,860 2.95 6,033 2.26 2,G47 43.88 Wyoming 25, 151 15, 972 63.51 243 1.52 552 2.19 157 28.44 APPENDIX TABLES. 405 APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. INDUSTRIAL INDEX STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF OCCUPA- TIONS, BY CLASSES. 1. The following table (Appendix Table 42-A) shows the occupational distribu- tion of registrants, as between Class I and the deferred classes, by totals for each occupation; there is also shown, for each of the occupations represented, the total number of persons of all ages and both sexee; tliis was obtained by projection from the thirteenth census, 1910, Volume IV, "Population; Occupation Statistics." These three series of figures will exhibit the ratio of the entire body of registrants to persons of all ages, within each occupation, and also the ratio of Class I, for each occupation, both to the total number of registrants and to the total number of per- sons of all ages. The registration represented is only the first registration, viz, that of June 5, 1917, covering ages 21-30, beginning with December 15, 1917, and thus excluding all those who before that date were sent to camps, deceased, deserters, etc.; the second regis- tration, covering ages 21 on June 5, 1918, and the third registration, covering ages is -0 and 32-45, on September 12, 1918, are not represented. 2. The first line of the Table shows the above figures and ratio for the total of all occupations. In this line, as in all the specific occupations, it must be noted that Class I exceeds in numbers the actual facts, by about 10 per cent. This is because the cards for the industrial index were transcribed between January and April, 1918, and during that period the physical examinations in Various regions had not been completed; therefore, assuming that one-half of the Class I men thus carded had not been physically examined, and taking 25 per cent as the probable figure for physical rejections from Class I to Class V, Class I figures are not less than 10 per cent and probably 12 per cent too high. This will bring it down to a figure consonant with the final classification figures shown in the text of this report. The number thus discounted from Class I should be transferred to Class V, thereby increasing correspondingly the total in the column for deferred classes. 3. The industrial index was compiled for four main purposes. The first was to assist in the individual selection, by local boards, under directions from the Provost Marshal General's Office, of registrants qualified by occupational experience to meet the needs of the several staff corps and also, to a limited extent, of the line divisions. The second main purpose was to enable the selective service officials to defec the calling of specific occupational groups, whenever either the Army needs required them to be held in reserve for future calls or the industrial needs required them to be deferred permanently. The third main purpose was to enable the local quotas, levied upon the principle of the joint resolution of May 16, 1918 ("to call into immediate military service persons classed as skilled experts in industry or agriculture however classified and wherever residing") to be so equitably adjusted, if the need arose, as to interfere least with the variant industrial conditions. The fourth main purpose was to provide an accurate survey of the effect of the war upon industries and occupations for whatever purpose of policy might prove important. The industrial index was used to only a small extent for the first two of these pur- poses, partly because it could not be made completely ready in season, but mainly because the special requisitions, issuing from the General Staff, for registrants of occupational skill proved to be comparatively small in number (as shown in Chapter VIII of this report), and also because the industrial situation never reached such a point when measures of temporary or permanent deferment of specific occupational groups proved to be necessary. The index was not used for the third-named purpose, because the rapidity with which the large levies of May, June, July and August were raised, and the consequent impossibility of sparing any numbers of Class I from mili- tary service, made any such allotment of quotas useless; nor did the industrial situa- tion call for SIK h allowances. 406 APPENDIX TABLES. For the fourth-named purpose the industrial index is now given publicity. How far the historian, the economist, and other investigators may find a use for it can not be foretold. But as it represents the only existing calculation of its kind for the United States, it seems necessary to place it here at the disposal of all the persons who may have use for it. 4. The data on which the industrial index was based were contained in the ques- tionnaires filed by the registrants; from those questionnaires were extracted the facts as to age, education, occupation, etc., and these were transcribed onto an occupational card, so-called, at the respective local boards. These cards were forwarded to the Provost Marshal General's Office, and were there assembled by occupations. 5. For the classification of occupations the Census "Index of Occupations, Alpha- betical and Classified," 1915, was used. The key numbers given in the following statistical summary correspond to the key numbers in the census index ; and the totals given in column 3 (persons of all ages and sexes) are made up from the figures given in Volume IV ("Population; Occupation Statistics") of the thirteenth census. Thus, and thus only, was it possible to establish correct ratios between the registrants in a given occupation to the total persons of all ages in that occupation, forming the basis of the percentage. No compilation of statistics as to the effect of the draft on industry can be of reliable service (certainly not for the entire national body of occupations), unless the classification employed is identical with the Census Bureau classification; and this was the reason for adopting and adhering exclusively to this system of classi- fication. In the actual filing of the occupational cards the respective occupations were further subdivided, by adding a fourth digit, so as to make possible the accurate location of persons possessing the requisite kind of detailed skill ; for example, under ' ' machinists " it was possible within a few hours to locate 200 automatic screw machine operators for the purposes of an ordnance factory. In any practical use of an index like this one, such a further subdivision by a fourth digit would be necessary. The possibilities of the system are extensive; but it requires necessarily a coordination with the classification employed by any other agency whose needs are to be served. The committee on classification of personnel, in the Office of The Adjutant General of the Army, did not employ the census classification, and coordination with their work was, therefore, impracticable. The key number lines bearing the suffix A (122A, etc.) represent special combina- tions of partial occupational groups prepared for certain purposes, and do not enter into the national total for each column. For the precise meaning and scope of the occupational descriptive names used, reference should be made to the census index above cited. For the study of the results for an entire industry, it is indispensable to refer to that index. 6. The occupational cards were placed in the files first by occupations, and then within each occupation by States and by local boards; the entire mass, however, being first divided into two parts, one representing Class I and the few deferred classes which, under the law, were liable to call irrespective of deferment (Pile 1), and the second part representing the remainder of the deferred classes (Pile 2). The national totals represented in the ensuing table were made up by adding the totals for each of these two parts or "piles." The totals for these separate piles were carried in a statistical summary known as the "interim ledger;" the combined totals for the two piles were carried in the "final ledger." The figures given in the ensuing table reproduce the final ledger. The occupational cards forming the industrial index will be retained in the custody of The Adjutant General of the Army. APPENDIX TABLES. 407 APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- plovees of'all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 1918. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. (5) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) >000 010 022 023 035 s Of 3 045 066 075 <079 086 086 087 088 6089 100 101 110 111 112 6 122 '133 "144 '155 10 160 122A 7 133A 8 144 A 9 155 A. "166 1*167 188 189 "190 Alk occupations 43,206,912 8,577,719 20 5,897,722 69 14 2, 679,997 31 6 Unknown ( 2 ) 112,603 13,633,161 31,690 4,982 314,497 4,360 168, 164 9,120 132, 820 2,467 6,460 17,477 17, 692 ( 2 ) 25,463 1,375 11,268 1,321 16,430 706,012 45, 160 63,751 57,043 ( 2 ) 706,012 45, 160 63, 751 57,043 22, 409 31. 930 29,396 5,020 f*l 277, 121 26,362 2,478,802 4,534 1,312 21,004 689 42,358 261 31,258 147 1,112 1,247 2,341 808 2,213 219 1,359 104 472 58,472 2,468 899 4,117 356 199,148 11, 109 13, 075 15,115 928 8,023 6,951 672 173 185,527 19,647 1,734,729 1,924 883 14,570 414 26,363 206 19,64,3 25 678 665 1,503 429 1,786 143 1,055 79 337 35,768 1,495 479 2,810 284 147,004 8,328 10, 107 11,506 390 1,606 4,546 508 143 67 75 70 42 67 69 60 62 79 63 17 61 53 64 53 80 65 78 76 71 61 60 53 68 80 74 75 77 76 42 20 65 76 82 91,594 6,715 744,073 2,610 429 6,434 275 15,995 55 11,615 122 434 582 838 379 427 76 304 25 135 22, 704 973 420 1,307 72 52, 144 2,781 2,968 3,609 538 6,417 2,405 164 30 33 25 30 58 33 31 40 38 21 37 83 39 47 36 47 20 35 22 24 29 39 40 47 32 20 26 25 23 24 58 80 35 24 18 Dairy farmers, foremen and laborers 23 18 14 26 7 16 25 2.9 24' 6 17 7 13 17 13 6 18 5 9 16 2.3 15 1 10 4 8 6 5 8 8 2 6 9 .6 9 5 7 3 5 Farmers Turpentine farmers and laborers Foresters Fruit growers, florists, orchard men Landscape gardeners and architects Lumbermen and raftsmen. Owners and managers of timber and log camps. . . Stock raisers Apiarists. . Corn shelters, hay balers, grain thrashers . Farm ditchers... Poultry raisers and poultry yard laborers. Pigeon fanciers and per- sons n. o. s. Foremen mines, oil and gas wells, salt works Inspectors, mine, quarry . . Managers, mine . 9 16 12 8 2.8 8 5 1.4 7 7 10 9 6 2 5 3 .8 5 2 6 3 2 .8 3 2 .6 2 Officials, mine Operators, mine.. Coal mine operatives . . Copper mine operatives . . . Gold and silver mine operatives... Iron mine operatives . Coal mine repairmen All coal mine operatives. . . All copper mine operatives All gold and silver miners. Iron miners 28 24 20 26 4 25 24 13 21 18 15 20 2 5 16 10 7 6 5 6 2 20 8 3 Lead and zinc operatives. . Mines not otherwise speci- fied Oil and gas well operatives. Salt wells and works oper- atives Crusher operators. . . 1 No census figure given. 2 No data. 3 Includes 027, 028, 042, 044, 054, 055, 056, and 057. < Includes 077. & Cards were combed from 088 and 089 (Census title "Other and not specified pursuits"). 6 To obtain 122A (all coal mine operatives) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 122 plus 71} per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive, plus the cor- responding items of Key No. 160. 7 To obtain 133A (all copper mine operatives) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 133 plus 4.4 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 8 To obtain 144A (all gold and silver operatives) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 144 plus 6.2 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 9 To obtain 155A (all iron mine operatives) enter in columns 4, 6. and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 155 plus 5.6 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 10 Combed from Key No. 122. 11 To obtain 106A (all lead and zinc mine operatives) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 166 plus 2.2 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 12 To obtain 167A (all other mine operators) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 167 plus 3.1 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. is Combed from 122, 133, 144, 155, 166, and 177. 408 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued. Key No. (i) 1 Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 191S. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. (5) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (85 Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 1166A M67A 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 202 <203- 311 5209- 511 210 . 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 6223 6229 ^223 229 224 225 226 227 228 230 231 232 233 234 235] 238 1 322 f 32f>J 239 240 241 242 All lead and zinc miners... All other mine operatives.. Diggers and muckers 22,409 31,930 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) (') ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 92,966 3) 3 ) 90,760 550,604 } ( 3 ) 102,960 267, 736 8,660 51, 475 194,812 200,585 18,803 48. 175 939,688 146, 727 29,094 516, 743 16, 157 5,249 14,111 54,024 7,696 1,982 26,371 92, 787 5, S97 4,556 486 2,723 1,023 251,933 95,466 40,479 47,727 6,991 25,264 33,279 8,699 2,275 19, 675 144, 794 47,370 5,221 176 3,007 72,287 23 44 3,807 6,420 37, 105 6,407 1,191 22,922 78, 462 3,678 3,378 259 1,746 129 190,379 58,571 29,546 35,908 5,471 18,522 23,176 6,441 926 14, 670 101,206 31,200 3,651 146 2,273 50,148 6,352 56,500 1,443 1,626 6,363 32,851 3,354 8,921 1,779 2,719 27,070 23,434 54,224 1,999 664 1,674 5.090 72 45 69 83 60 87 85 65 74 53 64 12 75 61 73 75 78 73 70 74 41 74 70 66 70 83 75 69 77 70 - 65 65 81 70 72 99 11 67 81 78 72 67 71 65 17 20 1.442 7,691 16.919 1,289 791 3,449 14,325 1,919 1,178 227 977 894 61,554 36, 895 10,933 11,817 1,520 6,742 10, 103 2,258 1,349 5,005 43,588 16, 170 1,570 30 734 22.139 1,948 24,087 763 868 1,455 13, 532 1,246 92 680 1,375 13,456 5,537 15,496 774 327 681 2.745 28 55 31 17 40 13 15 35 26 47 36 88 25 39 27 25 22 27 30 26 59 26 30 34 30 17 25 31 23 30 35 35 19 30 28 1 28 34 33 19 22 28 33 29 35 6 24 Drift runners Blasters, demolition, and powder men Laborers Miners . ... . Quarrvmen 6 4 2 Timbermen Topmen Tracklayers Apprentices to building and hand trades 1.1 46 .2 35 .9 11 ^Machinists fAuto and gas engine me- Bakers 29 18 80 49 18 4 12 40 15 32 18 .03 19 29 13 63 36 12 3 4 30 10 21 13 .02 14 10 5 17 13 6 1 8 10 5 11 5 .01 5 Blacksmiths Forgemen Boilermakers Brick or stone masons Builder and building con- tractors Butchers. Cabinetmakers Carpenters Printers . . ... Coopers ... Dressmakers and milliners (not in factory) Dyers Electricians. Electrical engineers 8,300 /Electricians and electrical \ engineers j. 155,847 5,023 9,358 16,691 265, 697 16,062 35,070 11, 771 10, 112 127, 935 201, 362 | 180, 714 17,898 6,620 12,225 IS. 614 80,587 2,206 2,494 7,818 46,383 4,600 9,013 2,459 4,094 40,526 28,971 69,720 2,773 991 2,355 7.835 52 44 27 47 17 28 26 21 40 32 14 39 15 15 19 42 36 28 17 38 12 21 25 16 27 21 11 30 11 10 14 27 16 16 10 9 5 7 2 5 13 11 3 9 4 5 5 15 Electrotypers Lithographers ... Mechanical engineers Enginemen ... Engravers . . Buffers and polishers (metal) Filers (metal) G rinders Firemen Construction foremen Holders, casters, puddlers, heaters, etc Glass blowers Goldsmiths and silver- smiths Jewelers and lapidaries (factory) Jewelers and watchmakers (not in factory). . . 1 To obtain 166A (all lead and zinc mine operatives) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 166 plus 2.2 per cent of the I. L. totals of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 2 To obtain 167A (all other mine operators) enter in columns 4, 6, and 9, the I. L. items of Key No. 167 plus 3.1 per cent of the I. L. total of the corresponding items of Key Nos. 190-199, inclusive. 3 No data. Combed from 202,311, and 31H. Census figure not given. In census 223 and 229 are given as one group. For statistical purposes they have been combined in Provost Marshal General's inrlox. In census index, 229 appears as a newly created number. APPENDIX TABLES. 409 APPENDIX TABI,K -12-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 1918. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. (V Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. () Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 243 244 245 255 256 257 258 259 263 204 265 266 270 271 275 276 277 278 280 281 282 283 284 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 300 301 302 305 309 310 312 313 General and not specified laborers 9W, S< 72, 245 11,324 18,150 232,750 55, 593 14,250 234,638 12,517 13, 324 9,136 S, 725 32,288 299,163 41,974 4,367 14, 133 38, 242 13,163 18,850 11,776 9,402 13, 149 5,186 5,538 5,600 10,629 5,370 38,988 10,068 12,935 17,881 21,685 12,897 15, 578 172,899 15, 242 10,652 119,841 214, 117 12,852 2,004 7,561 53,975 3,685 894 55,153 4,441 3,328 1,814 2,497 3,547 35,996 8,576 921 2,411 6,878 1,148 3,385 896 2,267 4,644 1,440 823 252 1,994 711 11,714 2,960 3,664 2,592 2,916 6,205 7,517 22,268 2. 5X4 is, ass 22,901 21 17 18 42 23 7 6 24 35 25 20 29 11 12 20 21 17 18 9 18 8 24 35 27 15 5 19 13 30 29 28 14 13 48 48 13 17 19 122,081 5,621 975 5,979 41,017 2,776 609 40,825 2,938 2, 791 1,444 1, 854 2,386 18,221 5,945 585 2,054 4,973 827 1,692 543 1,443 3,471 939 561 145 1,376 461 8,409 2,108 2,392 1,948 1,883 4,103 5,451 14. 239 2;i39 13,500 18, 191 57 44 49 79 76 75 68 74 66 84 80 74 67 51 69 64 ' 85 72 72 50 61 63 75 65 68 57 69 65 72 71 65 75 65 66 73 64 83 73 79 12 9 33 IS 5 4 17 23 21 16 21 7 6 14 13 15 13 6 9 5 15 26 18 10 3 13 9 22 21 IS 11 9 32 35 8 14 15 92,036 7,231 1,029 1,582 12,958 909 285 14,328 1,503 537 370 643 1,161 17, 775 2,631 336 357 1,905 321 1,693 353 824 1,178 501 262 107 618 250 3,305 852 1,272 644 1,033 2,102 2,066 8,019 445 4,888 4,710 43 56 51 21 24 26 32 26 34 16 20 26 33 49 31 36 15 28 28 50 39 37 25 35 32 43 151 35 28 29 35 25 35 34 27 36 17 27 21 9 10 9 9 '5 2 2 7 12 4 4 8 4 6 6 8 2 5 3 9 3 9 9 9 5 2 6 4 8 8 10 3 4 16 13 5 3 4 Building and hand trades, laborersand helpers Fertilizer factories (labor- ers) Automobile factories (la- borers) Blast furnaces and rolling mills (laborers) Car and railroad shop (la- borers) Wagon and carriage fac- tory (laborers) (Laborers) other iron and steel factories (Laborers) brass mills ( Laborers) copper factories (Laborers) lead and zinc factories (Laborers) tin and enamel ware factory (Laborers) furniture, pi- ano, organ factories . (Laborers) saw and plan- ing mills (Laborers) cotton mills (Laborers) silk mills . . (Laborers) woolen and worsted mills (Laborers) other textile mills (Laborers) charcoal and coke works (Laborers) cigar and to- bacco factories . . . (Laborers) clothing indus- tries (Laborers) electric light and power plants . . . (Laborers) electrical sup- ply factories (Laborers) bakeries ... (Laborers) butter and cheese factories (Laborers) fish curing and packing (Laborers) flour and grain mills. (Laborers) fruit and vege- table, canning, etc. . . . (Laborers) slaughter and packinghouses (Laborers) sugar factories and refineries (Laborers) other food fac- tories (Laborers) gas works . (Laborers) liquor and bev- erage industries . . . (Laborers) oil refineries (Laborers)rubber factories. (Laborers) other factories.. Loom fixers Tool makers and die sink- ers Managers and superin- tendents, manufacturing 410 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 1918. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent- of all ages. (5) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 314 315 316 317 1318 * 319 320 321 326 327 328 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 340 341 342 344 345 346 347 348 349 355 356 357 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 <368 369 370 Manufacturers 270, 373 24,706 3,738 4,292 31,974 No data. 26,624 6,277 16,115 3,449 384,509 29,423 27,093 54,834 170, 549 23,096 21,168 16, 189 49, 767 4,508 6,052 24,750 174, 247 15,428 48,158 9,828 . 9,820 18, 698 30,561 62,342 73,394 10,278 13,337 35,584 4,590 6,083 10,865 21, 118 ( 5 ) 26,047 24,037 8,120 1,840 2,050 1,097 32,118 8,287 3,386 761 5,594 1,026 78,268 3,660 7,870 10,061 72,034 8,328 7,880 2,793 7,855 1,390 14,946 15, 136 16,747 14,261 20,088 6,637 2,222 5,515 6,227 4,840* 10, 718 870 5,809 6,204 1,203 727 3, 16J 5. 733 2,093 5,684 11,259 3 7 54 25 6,169 1,476 1,452 764 21,908 6,511 2,623 615 3,927 798 53,680 2,403 6,081 6,954 48,585 5,564 6,494 1,761 5,310 1,003 9,879 11,544 11,761 9,821 13,539 5,022 1,740 3,885 4,802 3,645 8,086 408 4,316 4,254 689 482 2,276 3,979 1,792 3,966 9,527 76 80 71 70 68 78 77 81 70 78 69 66 77 60 67 67 82 63 68 72 66 76 71 69 67 75 78 70 77 75 75 47 74 69 57 66 72 69 86 70 84 2.3 6 38 18 1,951 364 598 333 10, 210 1,776 763 146 1,667 228 24,588 1,257 1,789 3,107 23,449 2,764 1,386 1,032 2,545 387 5,067 3,592 4,986 4,440 6,549 1,615 482 ,-1,630 ' 1,425 1,195 2,632 462 1,493 1,950 514 245 888 1,754 301 1,718 1,732 24 20 29 30 32 22 22 19 30 22 31 34 23 31 33 33 18 37 32 28 34 24 29 31 33 25 22 30 23 25 25 53 26 31 43 34 28 31 14 30 16 .7 1 16 7 Manufacturing officials Gunsmiths Wheelwrights Miscellaneous mechanics. . Millwrights Miller, grain, flour, feed, etc 13 12 35 29 20 12 29 18 42 36 37 17 15 31 10 10 24 23 14 8 22 12 28 24 31 11 10 22 3 2 11 6 6 4 6 6 14 12 6 6 5 9 Milliners and millinery dealers Oilers of machinery Enamelers . lacquerers, and japanners Painters Paper hangers Pattern and model makers, wood and metal .... Plasterers Plumbers, gas and steam fitters Pressmen, printing Roller and roll hands Roofer and slaters .... Sawyers (Semiskilled) paint factory (Semiskilled)powder,car- cartridge, etc., factory. . . (Semiskilled) other chem- ical factories 61 9 92 41 67 23 29 20 8 15 8 44 17 26 12 29 27 22 47 46 6 63 28 51 18 21 16 6 11 4 32 12 15 8 21 19 15 40 15 3 29 13 16 5 8 4 2 4 4 12 50 11 4 8 8 7 9 (Semiskilled) cigar and to- bacco factory (Semiskilled) brick, tile, or terra-cotta factory (Semiskilled) glass factory . (Semiskilled) lime, ce- ment, gypsum factory. . . (Semiskilled) marble and stone yards (Semiskilled) potteries (Semiskilled) hat factory. . (Semiskilled) suit, coat, cloak, overall factory (Semiskilled) other cloth- ing factories (Semiskilled) bakery . (Semiskilled) butter and cheese factory (Semiskilled) confectioner. (Semiskilled) flour and grain mills (Semiskilled) fruit and vegetable canning, etc. . . (Semiskilled) slaughter and packing houses (Semiskilled) other food factories . (Semiskilled) gas makers. . (Semiskilled) leather- workers (Semiskilled) automobile factorv... 1 Census figures lower than classified men of 1918. 2 Combed from 311 and 318. 3 In census code book, 328 and 329 were combined under 328. Hence the combination of building ana factory painters above. Combed from 463 and 750. 6 No data. APPENDIX TABLES. 411 APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 191S. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. ( r >) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 371 372 373 375 380 381 382 383 384 385 390 391 392 394 395 396 400 401 402 403 408 413 418 423 428 433 438 443 >445 446 460 461 462 463 464 (Semiskilled) blast fur- naces and rolling mills . . . (Semiskilled) machinists or mechanics 80.649 54,836 25, 509 ( 2 ) 19,417 17, 972 19, 148 2. 143 12,202 9.327 25. 104 3,960 7,163 72,233 75, 969 44,410 41,840 77,589 208,161 38, 566 19, 197 25, 891 28,549 34,494 85, 513 234,275 73,983 247,240 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 28, 378 20,580 34, 825 271,416 w 28,826 26,718 2,166 2,300 3,642 2,483 2,886 732 2,850 8,233 3,859 387 2,610 13,660 37,431 15, 162 19, 127 10,565 42,542 10, 705 1,901 1,320 2,537 2,335 7,366 28, 597 639 47, 111 1,276 828 9,438 2,431 18,627 54,387 5,275 35 48 8 23,575 19, 754 1,695 1,674 2,766 2,051 1,979 608 1, 819 4,549 2,814 264 1,732 9,808 23,418 10,217 13,888 7,358 28,786 7,964 1,368 969 2,028 1,836 5,453 21,997 438 38, 057 881 668 6,823 1,737 13,256 39, 823 4,492 81 74 78 73 76 83 69 83 64 55 73 68 66 72 63 67 73 70 68 74 72 73 80 78 74 77 69 81 69 81 73 71 71 73 85 29 36 6 5,251 6,964 471 626 876 432 907 124 1,031 3,684 1,045 123 878 2,852 14,013 4,945 5,239 3,207 13,756 2,741 533 351 509 499 1,913 6,600 203 9,054 395 160 X 2,615 694 5,371 14,564 783 19 26 22 27 24 17 31 17 36 45 27 32 34 28 37 33 27 30 32 26 28 27 20 22 26 23 31 19 31 19 27 29 29 27 15 6 12 2 (Semiskilled) wagon and carriage factory (Semiskilled) airplane mechanics (Semiskilled) metal finishers, brass mills (Semiskilled) clock and watch factory 19 14 15 34 23 88 15 10 36 19 49 34 46 14 20 28 10 5 9 7 8 12 .8 19 14 12 10 28 15 48 11 7 24 14 31 23 33 9 14 21 7 4 7 5 8 9 .6 16 5 2 5 6 8 40 4 3 12 5 (Semiskilled) gold and silver and jewelry factory. (Semiskilled)lead and zinc factory (Semiskilled) tin and enamel ware factory (Semiskilled) metal finishers (Semiskilled) breweries. . . (Semiskilled) distilleries. . . (Semiskilled) other liquor and beverage factories... (Semiskilled) furniture, piano, organ factories (Semiskilled) saw and plan- ing mills ... (Semiskilled) other wood- workinpfcfactories 11 13 5 6 7 3 1 2 2 2 3 .2 3 (Semiskilled) paper and pulp mills (Semiskilled) printing and publishing (Semiskilled) shoe factory. (Semiskilled) tanneries (Semiskilled beamers, workers, slashers . . . (Semiskilled) bobbinboys, doffers, carriers . . (Semiskilled) textile mills, carders, doffers, lappers.. (Semiskilled) drawers, roverSj and twisters (Semiskilled) spinners (Semiskilled) weavers (Semiskilled) winders, reelers, spoolers . (Semiskilled) other occu- pations (Semiskilled) canvas work- ers ... (Semiskilled) cordage workers 33 12 53 20 24 8 38 15 9 4 15 5 (Semiskilled) electrical supply factory (Semiskilled) paper box factory (Semiskilled) rubber workers (Semiskilled) other fac- tories (Semiskilled'' instrument makers or repairers 1 Census figure not given. 2 No data. Combed from 443, 470, and 790. 4 Combed from 443. 6 Combed from 312 and 463. 412 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of'all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 191 8. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. (*) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of ail ages. (11) 470 471 472 473 474 475 480 J481 482 483 484 485 "- 486 <487 6 488 489 490 491 9492 500 502 504 506 5065 374 508 510 512 514 516 518 520 522 524 525 527 529 530 532 534 536 537 539 540 542 544 (Semiskilled) sewers and sewing machine opera- tors 334, 890 80,005 2,186 7,628 6,173 3,342 41,090 13, 141 235, 299 3,921 64,886 23,254 8 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 6,099 ' 27, 878 72,285 53,486 I 238,531 40,682 52.652 } 469,739 6,070 72,896 40,014 17,937 14,114 5,474 11,970 106, 457 75, 444 65,471 80,423 624, 643 31,978 110,663 87,838 67,855 22,773 15.647 27,042 966 1,496 506 1,869 5, 321 13.802 72', 265 2,056 15,858 6,575 15,964 15,435 839 1,998 4,218 746 5,036 1,962 3,447 12,829 38,251 74,860 1,058 152,253 161,503 4,565 10,283 840 736 1,829 938 2,462 49,409 8,967 17, 777 9,934 83,221 28,872 15,975 48,462 15, 777 2,305 5 34 44 19 8 56 12 13, 463 20,400 . 760 1,129 395 1,419 3,908 9,545 55,801 1,609 10, 678 4,720 13, 123 12, 389 487 1,328 3,088 614 3,759 1,054 2,858 7,776 26,355 55 7 318 571 89.610 96,803 3,368 5,062 637 551 1,250 726 2,093 35,904 7,491 13,376 8,105 66,577 4,580 13,213 35,123 11,432 1,960 86 75 79 75 78 76 73 69 77 78 67 72 82 80 58 66 73 82 75 54 83 61 69 74 54 59 60 74 49 76 75 68 78 85 73 84 75 82 80 16 83 72 72 85 4 25 35 14 6 43 9 2,184 6,642 206 367 111 450 1,413 4,257 16,464 417 5,180 1,855 2,841 3,046 352 670 1,130 131 1,277 908 590 5,053 U,896 19,542 487 62,643 64,700 1,197 5.221 203 185 579 212 369 13,505 1.476 4,401 1,829 16,644 24,292 2, 762 13,339 4,3-15 345 14 25 21 25 22 24 27 31 23 22 33 38 18 20 42 34 27 18 25 46 17 39 31 26 46 41 40 26 r,i 24 25 32 22 15 27 16 25 18 20 84 17 28 28 15 1 9 90 5 2 13 3 Shoemakers and cobblers.. Skilled annealers and tem- perers (metal). Skilled piano and organ t.iTnnrs .. Skilled wood carvers . . Other skilled occupations. . Stonecutters Structural steel workers. . . Tailors 30 52 24 28 23 41 16 20 y 11 8 8 Coppersmiths . Tinsmiths Upholsterers Sheet-metal workers Crane operators Tire repairers Viilr-anizers , .... . Welders (cutters) Instrument makers and re- pairers Skilled riggers Boatmen, canal men, and_ lock keepers 32 12 18 71 31 2 17 10 11 49 23 1 15 2 7 22 S 1 Mariners or boatmen, mas- ter officers Stevedores (cargo handlers) Mariners or boatmen [(Semiskilled) other iron { and steel workers, mari- 1 ners, boatmen, calkers . . Carriage and hack drivers. Chauffeurs or auto drivers. /Foremen, teamsters, dray- \ men .... 34 75 14 2 4 13 17 20 46 12 27 12 13 90 14 55 23 10 20 55 1.5 3 8 13 17 33 10 20 10 11 14 12 40 17 9 14 20 7 .1 1 5 4 3 13 2 7 2 2 76 2 15 6 1 Garage keepers and man- agers Horsemen,hostlers, stable- men Livery stable keepers and managers Proprietors and managers of transfer companies. . . Baggagemen Freight agents Boiler washers and engine hostlers Brakemen, railroad . . Conductors, steam railroad Conductors, street railway. Foremen and overseers, railroad LaborerSj^steam railroad construe tion, main- tenance Laborers, street railway. . . Locomotive engineers Locomotive firemen .. Motormen .... Officials and superintend- ents, steam railroads 1 Census figure less than classified men. 2 Combed from 371, 374, and 484. 3 No data. * Combed from 227, 371, 374, 577, and 585. * Combed from 370, 387, and 482.. Combed from 370, 387, and 462. ' Combed from 312. 8 Combed from 374. 9 Combed from 374, 463, and 481. APPENDIX TABLES. 413 APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- plovecs of all ages. (3) Apes 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 1918. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. ) Num- ber. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 746 747 750 1752 753 754 755 757 759 760 761 762 764 766 767 768 770 772 774 775 777 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 790 792 800 802 804 805 6811 813 5820 822 830 Authors 5,023 39,539 18, 714 59,838 7,969 (-) 135,720 18,018 45,996 13,556 38,311 2,699 131,909 160,206 $ 36, 541 173, 801 "23, 110 4,520 684,602 94, 67P 13,399 18,028 8,561 1,840 7,859 8,614 9,447 18,365. 13,020 6,956 21.391 A 224,566 116,419 15,917 3,337 190, 269 16,123 39, 139 28,790 74. 179 355 7,011 12,764 15, 069 2,238 4,117 17,761 3,838 10,980 3,569 26,626 116 17,218 16,945 4,713 7,593 12,826 10,091 1,999 44,448 2,066 3,196 5,306 737 6 329 167 433 2,130 2,418 698 2,945 714 59, 768 14,375 1,673 298 200 4,827 2,150 10, 259 2.429 7 18 68 25 28 208 4,520 9,092 10,934 1,818 1,587 17,014 2,443 7,860 2,729 19,065 62 11,509 10, 262 2,591 4,905 9,401 7,021 1,167 26,271 725 2,397 3,698 542 5 305 120 299 1,402 1,625 292 1,611 451 42,300 8,992 1,112 170 136 2,998 1,758 5,807 1.696 59 64 71 72 81 39 96 64 72 76 72 53 67 61 55 64 73 70 59 59 35 75 70 74 83 93 71 69 66 67 42 56 63 71 63 66 57 68 62 82 57 69 4 11 48 18 22 147 2,491 3,672 4,135 420 2,530 747 1,395 3,120 840 7,561 * 64 5,709 6,683 2,122 2,688 3,425 3,070 832 18, 177 1,341 799 1,608 195 1 24 47 134 728 793 406 1,304 263 17,468 5,383 561 128 64 1,829 392 4,452 733 41 36 29 28 19 61 4 36 28 24 28 47 33 39 45 36 27 30 41 41 65 25 30 26 17 7 29 31 34 33 58 44 37 29 37 34 43 32 38 ""43" 30 3 7 20 7 6 Editors . . . Chemists or chemical work- ers Surveyors and civil engi- neers Mining engineers Surveyors Clergymen . . 14 21 24 26 70 4 13 11 13 14 17 20 50 2 9 7 "ii"" 5 31 26 4 6 18 21 7 .2 3.7 1.3 3 7 12 4 8 1 7 7 6 20 2 4 4 College presidents and professors ... Dentists Designers Draftsmen Inventors. I awyers, judges, and jus- tices Musicians and teachers (music) Musicians Photographers . . 21 7 44 44 6 2 24 29 9 3 4 l.P 4 11 18 10 14 7 2 13 19 2 1.4 6 8 2 .1 .3 .6 1 4 6 6 6 .... 4 4 4 .03 11 1 15 1 Physicians and surgeons . . Showmen Teachers of athletics, dancing, etc Teachers (school) Nurses or masseurs Veterinarians or farriers. . . Other professional pur- suits. Abstractors, notaries, and justices of peace Fortune tellers, hypno- tists, and spiritualists . . Healers (except physi- cians and surgeons) ." Keepers 01 charitable and penal institutions Officials oi lodges, socie- ties, etc . . Religious and charity workers Theatrical owners, mana- gers and officers . Other semi-professional pursuits Attendants and helpers. . . Statisticians Bar bers 27 12 11 9 .1 30 5 36 3 19 8 7 5 .07 19 4 21 2 Bartenders Billiard and poolroom keepers Dance hall, skating rink, etc .. keepers Boarding and lodging house keepers Bootblacks Charwomen and cleaners. . Elevator tenders Hotel keepers and mana- gers... 1 The census total includes surveyors, key No. 754. The Provost Marshal General's code numbers should be combined for comparison with census. 2 No data. * Combed from 766. 4 Combed from 780. 5 Females included in above figure. 416 APPENDIX CABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 42-A. Industrial index Statistical summary of occupations, by classes Continued . Key No. (1) Occupation. (2) Male em- ployees of all ages. (3) Ages 21-30 within selec- tive service law as classi- fied, 1918. Deferred classes within selective service law. Class I within selec- tive service law. Num- ber. (4) Per cent of all ages. (5) Num- oer. (6) Per cent of ages 21-30. (7) Per cent of all ages. (8) Num- ber. (9) Per cent of ages 21-30. (10) Per cent of all ages. (11) 1833 835 842 846 848 2855 866 868 870 873 874 875 876 877 888 895 896 897 898 899 900 <955 956 957 966 976 977 6978 987 988 998 9U9 Housekeepers and stew- ards 217,664 130,043 61.502 742,415 20,749 145,8P3 96,747 69,956 78,447 21,078 187 29,517 518,006 1,193,700 216,537 5,284 5,568 17,089 1,211 4,968 ( 3 ) ( 3 ) 21,384 41,109 559, 705 92,406 736, 166 (') 12,496 111,444 364,196 3,449 9,294 6,164 11,437 820 4,019 27,455 7,024 1,953 4.622 (3 410 59,106 13,927 42,285 148 145 11,287 72 546 41,306 10,867 1,193 4,257 139,728 28,566 293,763 20,948 248 4,379 44,886 1.5 7 10 15 4 3 28 10 3 22 2,165 6,070 3,565 7,818 611 2,008 13,071 5,038 1,505 1,964 (*) 226 32, 736 7,502 25,097 89 105 7,752 44 330 24,612 7,575 806 2,892 87,899 18,417 188, 136 12,449 121 2,263 25,045 63 65 57 68 75 50 48 72 77 42 1 5 6 10 3 1 14 7 2 9 1,284" 3,224 2,599 3,619 209 2,011 14,384 1,986 448 2,658 (3) 37 35 43 32 25 50 52 28 23 58 .5 2 4 5 1 2 14 3 1 13 Sextons Laborers, domestic and Laundrymen Laundry owners, officials and managers Nurses or masseurs (not trained) Porters (except in stores).. Restaurant and cafe keep- Saloon keepers Bell boys, shore boys, etc. . Chambermaids Coachmen and footmen . . . Cook 1 11 1 20 3 3 66 6 11 55 55 54 59 60 72 69 61 60 60 70 68 68 63 64 64 59 49 52 56 .5 6 .5 12 2 2 45 4 7 184 26,370 6,425 17, 188 59 40 3,535 98 216 16,694 3,292 ; J ,s7 1,365 51,829 10, 149 105,627 8,499 127 2,116 19,841 45 45 46 41 40 28 31 39 40 40 30 32 32 37 36 36 41 51 48 44 .5 5 .5 8 1 1 21 2 4 Other servants Waiters Bathhouse keeper and at- tendants Cemetery keepers Clothing cleaners Umbrella menders and scissor grinders Other domestic and per- sonal-service pursuits Students Canvassers 6 10 25 31 39 "19"" 4 12 4 7 16 20 26 .... 2 7 2 3 9 11 13 "io" 2 5 Collectors Cashiers and accountants . Clerical work ers shipping cierks Other clerks Stock clerks (store or fac- Bundle and cash boys Messengers, errand, and office boys JTypists and stenographers. 1 Females probably included in above census figure. 2 Females included in above, s No data. * Combed from 955. e Combed from 611 and 977. * No data on 998 in census index; combed from 999. APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 49-A. Physical groups by States. 417 Total exam- ined physi- cally. Physi- cally qualified, Group A. Per cent of exam- ined. Reme- diable Group B. Per cent of exam- ined. Limit- ed service Group C. Per cent of exam- ined. Physi- cally disqual- ified, Group D. Per cent of exam- ined. United States 3,208,446 2,259,027 70.41 88,436 2.76 339,377 10.58 521,606 16.25 Alabama 69,284 53,717 77.53 1,363 1.97 4.814 6.95 9,390 13.55 Arizona 8,979 4,941 55.03 166 1.85 738 8.22 3,134 34.90 Arkansas 58,928 46,560 79.02 929 1.57 3,732 6.33 7.707 13.08 California 67, 772 41. 135 60.70 1,375 2.03 10, 578 15.61 14,684 21.66 Colorad o 30,087 17, 769 59.06 587 1.95 5,131 17. 05 6,600 21.94 38,631 22,721 58.82 1 700 4 40 6,411 16 00 7,799 20.79 Delaware 7,003 4,599 65.67 25 .36 1,473 21.03 906 12.94 Disl net of Columbia Vlorida 12,538 32,780 9,069 24,659 72.32 75.23 490 573 3.91 1 75 1,530 2,794 12.21 8.52 1,449 4,754 11.56 14.50 84,191 61, 527 73.08 1,705 2 02 7,362 8.74 13, 597 16.16 15, 871 11,250 70.89 762 4 80 1,506 9.87 2,293 14.44 Illinois 225, 127 163, 507 72.63 5,727 2 54 21,334 9.48 34,559 15.35 Indiana 74,356 53,811 72.37 1,604 2 15 7,576 10.19 11,365 15.29 78, 272 60,364 77 13 1 797 2 29 5,181 6.62 10,930 13.96 48, 669 38, 148 78.38 1 215 2 50 3,287 6. 75 6,019 12.37 Kentucky 75,024 58,356 77.78 1 208 1 61 4,478 5.97 10,982 14.64 66,142 50 571 76 46 1 464 2 21 4 888 7 39 9,219 13 94 22,646 14 765 65 19 '617 2 73 3 378 14 92 3,886 17 16 3S, 392 26 237 68 35 943 2 45 4,197 10 93 7,015 18.27 Massachusetts 108, 356 62 216 57.42 3 747 3 46 22,192 20 48 20,201 18.64 Michigan 115,412 70, 726 61.28 4 089 3 54 13 844 12 00 26,753 23.18 81, 862 62,199 75.98 1 155 1 41 5,930 7 24 12, 578 15.37 55,615 43 376 77 99 '951 1 71 3 467 6 24 7,821 14 06 115,030 83 949 72 99 2 742 2 38 9 319 8 10 19, 020 16 53 31,547 23 159 73 40 '727 2 33 3 657 11 59 4,004 12 68 41, 646 32 555 78 18 850 2 04 2 864 6 87 5,377 12.91 \ T pva/; i^- -- c* ^ ^ t^- r*- cs -^ t-- & 01 o o s i o , '-r. 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S ^ O^OCMrO^ CC(NOSciOr-r-< * -rTjri o ^> fit-Ill c>r ga*sa5 'asess8S83||ftse65~=a-eBa 1 *s * I 8" O OO f-* "V OJ 95|sSlSS8gSIIS|lsai-8SSSg i * ni 1 ' a b t* GO IO *Q *u O^HCOCOOGO Soi'-Hroc/:ooO'fti^'^a>cscMi^.OTfo ^^i;^i-Hr^3^ ^t E; ^ rH CM cc^,-,^,^^ rH^CMr-,-1 CN-l o CO t- t~ CM ^ CM CO >O rH CO co 1 I sllsB3 &g25!li83si!22iii!c!!ii B >< co^^o. APPENDIX T. United States.. | | fe|l| g Illlbl* 11 |l|l rs? & *" "^5 5= g S,,^. o .=? ^ = :-~--2^ cj o a ty a> o o APPENDIX TABLES. 423 o ~* t-- IM 3-. -~ o> : -f cc in r- o w o f - r-< CO 10 -> --O -H Tf ; o -r 50 r-- ?i i - i - -i - M o IN >o 3CogCNOJCCC!COOt~.-< 4t^O -I CN T-I T-HCS T!J ts 10 f^ co ce 01 CN f- p o r~ 1-1 oo ^ o .'. 1 * ? S M yj ^ M.a '^ a ^ f 1 - - 424 APPENDIX TABLES. p S, r o ijl * 00 e ts 13 ON-JI- 1 lOO-i>t-. ill 10 - CS "" rt ' ^rt 10 1 W rl <00 iOCS-* j ,x t- OiOO w^cq-^ -*coooeoocoOQC(NOusoortsoC>^HCeO-< H CO COrt Oioocoas cot-u5;a:i-.--ot~t-^co(Ni-.t-aot-oto-roj''^c<3U5 S-goi ^ .00 CO-.NOCO o.co^^^i^g - 1 ** ^^.H^ ^ rt ^ rt ^^^ rt ^^^^C.^^^^^^^, ^^^ ^ . t^ix, CO CO 30 i>tO(Noo ^ooo o^*o>f-o-<-HO.uS'9.-ON(N ~ +* +3 ,..!. . 00 0-^ ccoc^^-f- ot-oeococc.u5eo-*-rco(Ncooot-Trt-ooootprtOOO^ sJJff CO -,... .c^o.^cocc-.s..^:^.....^... |ti* s o.oc,^ oi^aog^cis^asg^ssg^gaigri-g c/T i llO-4<-eOOOCNeOU9lO>0-e4-VWeO>OiO-6l>-llQ JL co w fl'w ID cot- ^CO^^vo VT!.U5--S f -OCt-ce.(5U5U5to-2^sS tnca'Offl'o ' ' ! I ! c?S '." ~ c sr J 8i3s ; - ::: 426 APPENDIX TABLES. N tQ I ^ s 3 - ** to 2 w I e ~ o 1-1 o> o o S i-HCO > -HPOO ^ Tf to O r T-< ^ SlOOOlOCON O -f 1^ * O - c t^ cs i^ * S K co oo (M Oi C5 * Sr^ 1-1 ( -HO ? r> Cj CN **< CN O CO 00 CO t- :c co TP u -<* t~- CO t- COCNCNOOUJCMCMCMrt O r^OC'f'^'CNt-i CO l-H T-l 'CO .^tTCr-X - CM ^< oo t^ co " co ^*rc'- CSJ'-tr-lCS i 10 r-< to x? re 10 c~. :a> *i-ri.Or-ti-i 'JCOC^ rt t- -c TT ^ .-; f- OO CNt~t-O'OT-i - Oi '.-0 t^ CO ^ CO rt CO co 3iir7CO i .^ ^i . I-- -H CM 3 * C^ CO ifl CO >0 TJ- CO Or;COCMCM-< CM :c -. co 10 ^ -< -- O CO -^ CO t^ O i-lCMrH CMCO CM* C*~1'+ i tO CM t- 'f O CO ^H ^H - ^ O> ^H 00 O * O C3i O CO 00 CO IO -< S SO 01 CO CO CO -1 <} S rp CS CO - - 9 --iCM " COC Oft ^T 9 V V 9 CM-H OOO-*i--3Tt< S : jli^l-. i : - : : i- : : : ^ Iglllsfil^i XjOcsS^gaisS-ci APPENDIX TABLES. 427 ftroc^^H^t^cs i a: c: --o >3 ;c CS t-H l-H "?< CM CO S o c-i 10 co c tr; to CO O CN Tj* CO - tr; to i-r O -H * *O tf: CO CN O O - c ' 10 r? w - -^H -OCOCOO n oo i O O < rH S !>. * CN CO -H * * CN CO -H . ~. O C 1 ! l O r-i if : \~i >656ig OQ a o Sis gl II 03 V OH 428 APPENDIX TABLES. O I-t !* ' 00 "5 CO "5 00 O "5C * O CM *J"O IN i-l O> t>- * .i-IO500 ICJ CM C< I IN CO CO -< o r oo >o cotoooao CM Tji 00 i-l O >C CC a>o OONOOCM COO !- C-. C-. 1-1 C-< -I- "} CM O CO OC OC ^i-^o" eo"t^ .CNI tcoc^u;'"? eo -= CM 1 u; T i-i co APPENDIX TABLES. 429 CO C* * O t- C5 .CsiO I O ?* 3 CO CO O co :o -* c^ ^-< t- r*- o* o - 10 co * oo w os o oi oi o oc i^ -< 1-! o -^- o5 oo c4 cc r-i . oc n c co cc os c* oc oo o N ' ?* ttj T? CO fr> rH -^ rH irf C^ " 430 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 60 -C. Causes of physical rejections by camp surgeons, compared by States (series Y). I. FIGURES. Disqualifying defects. Total. Ala. Ariz. Ark. Cal. Colo. Conn. Del. D.C. Fla. Total 172,000 7,189 272 3,056 2,842 1,092 1,178 312 480 2 068 1. Alcohol and drugs 1,238 9 2 16 45 1 10 15 16 4 2. Bones and joints ..- 19 623 833 39 308 262 136 108 47 38 261 3. Developmental defects. ... - . . 11. 538 504 9 73 75 73 79 31 31 68 4. Digestive system 448 10 6 3 \ 1 5. Ears 6, 455 108 15 71 76 85 78 17 31 23 6. Eves. . ... 15. 367 417 34 328 159 83 97 35 51 146 7. Flat foot 13.234 409 20 419 263 88 94 38 24 72 8. Genito-urinary (venereal) 2.744 64 5 27 58 7 14 6 19 47 9. Genito-urinary (non venereal).. 2 226 112 1 11 12 7 26 g 4 16 10. Heart and blood vessels 19,268 729 33 573 328 105 140 23 62 130 11. Hernia 18,353 651 6 359 216 112 136 20 30 229 12. Mental deficiency 6,293 614 4 297 81 55 49 11 10 29 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) .... 7,319 10 792 285 396 18 26 98 233 149 341 72 116 53 69 13 17 13 25 82 120 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 3 483 68 5 90 17 23 38 8 19 40 16. Skin 213 1 1 3 2 1 17. Teeth 9,952 254 12 37 150 47 32 22 39 75 18. Thyroid. 3,697 37 2 19 14 29 23 5 30 6 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 159 2 3 2 20. Other defects 1,373 84 3 16 16 27 4 4 25 21. Defects not stated . . 18 225 1,614 37 66 ."-71 15 118 24 19 694 II. PERCENTAGES. Disqualifying defects. ' Total. Ala. Ariz. Ark. Cal. Colo. Conn. Del. D.C. Fla. Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1. Alcohol and drugs 0.72 0.1 0.7 0.5 1.6 0.9 1.3 4.7 0.0 0.2 2. Bones and joints 11 41 11 6 14.3 10. 1 9.2 12.5 9.2 13.7 7.9 12.6 3. Developmental defects 6.71 7.0 3.3 2.4 2.6 6.7 6.7 9. 1 6.5 3.3 4. Digestive system .28 .0 .0 .3 .2 .0 .3 .3 .2 .0 5. Ears 3.75 1.5 5.5 2.3 2.7 7.8 6.6 5.0 6.5 1.1 6. Eyes 8.93 5.8 12.5 10.7 5.6 7.6 8.2 10.2 10.6 7.1 7. Flat foot 7.69 5.7 7.4 13.7 9.3 8.1 8.0 11.1 5.0 3.5 8. Genito-urinary (venereal) ..... 1.60 .9 1.8 .9 2.0 .6 1.2 1.8 4.0 2.3 9. Genito-urinary (non- venereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 1.30 11.20 1.6 10.1 .4 12.1 .4 18.7 .4 11.5 .6 9.6 2.2 11.9 2.3 6.7 .8 12.9 .8 6.3 11. Hernia 10.67 9. 1 2.2 11.7 7.6 10.3 11.5 5.8 6.2 11.1 12 Mental deficiency 3.66 8.5 1.5 9.7 2.9 5.0 4.2 3.2 2.1 1.4 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) 4.26 6.27 4.0 5.5 6.6 9.6 3.2 7.6 5.2 12.0 6.6 10.6 4.5 5.9 3.8 5.0 9.0 5.2 4.0 5.8 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16 . Skin 2.02 .12 .9 .01 1.8 .4 2.9 .1 .6 .0 2.1 .2 3.2 .0 2.3 .0 4.0 .0 1.9 .05 17. Teeth *5. 79 3.5 4.4 1.2 5.3 4.3 2.7 6.4 8.1 3.6 18. Thyroid 2.15 .5 .7 .6 2.7 2.0 1.5 6.2 .3 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20. Other defects .09 .80 .0 1.2 .0 1.1 .07 .5 .1 .6 .0 2.5 .2 .3 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 1.3 21. Defects not stated 10.t>0 22.5 13.6 2.3 20.1 1.4 10.0 7.0 4.0 33.6 APPENDIX TABLES. 431 APPENDIX TABLE GO-C. Causes of physical rejections by camp surgeons, compared by Stales (series Y) Continued. I. FIGURES. Disqualifying defects. Ga. Idaho. 111. Iii'I. Iowa. Kans. Ky. La, Me. Md. Total 7,041 K5 9,368 3,ot; 3,346 2,844 3, 235 4,476 1,336 1,318 1 Alcohol and druses 13 110 5 13 23 32 10 2 8 2. Bones and joints 1,388 123 996 344 411 428 267 471 117 196 1.390 46 561 146 147 37 14rt 183 100 33 4 Digestive system 22 1 41 5 10 10 7 23 2 4 5. ELITS ' 128 42 339 134 149 78 99 81 14 92 6, Eves 545 59 850 210 361 264 302 290 51 170 7. F';it fiK>'. 425 116 -:nr, 156 339 198 60 223 227 116 8 C'Ciiito-urinarv (venereal) 94 8 243 42 15 46 69 30H 12 19 9. ( 1 enito-iiriiiary (nonvetiereal l 49 7 135 36 17 31 22 68 35 15 538 117 809 356 518 323 209 579 219 135 oil 88 1.014 43."> 416 446 377 387 140 111 12. Mental deficiency MB 23 278 103 108 71 323 246 84 93 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14 Respiratory (tuberculous) an 276 18 26 495 591 118 400 188 177 141 2.S6 199 768 205 476 43 51 65 106 15. Respiratory (nonlubereuious) It; Ssin 72 8 4 125 29 85 3 70 5 m 10 60 3 129 g 35 3 39 17. Tri'th 646 63 410 106 156 59 111 478 99 39 18 Thvroid 42 38 252 40 79 123 48 30 4 23 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20 Otlior defocts . . ,">2 1 s 15 55 1 33 5 16 1 33 5 27 82 7 1 11 21. Defects nut stated 279 67 1,216 289 146 98 101 198 91 42 II. PERCENTAGES. Disqualifying effects. Ga. Idaho. 111. Ind. Iowa. Kaus. Ky. La. Me. Md. Total . 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1. Alcoholand drugs 0.2 19.7 19.7 .3 1.8 7.7 6.0 1.3 .7 7.6 8.0 3.2 4.1 3.9 LO .1 9.2 .6 .0 .7 4.0 0.0 14.4 5.4 ..1 4.9 6.9 13.6 .9 .8 13.7 10.2 2.7 2.1 3.0 .5 .0 7.4 4.4 .1 .9 7.8 1.2 10. (i 6.0 .4 3.6 9U 8.6 2.6 1.4 8.6 10.8 3.0 5.3 6.3 1.3 .3 4.4 2.7 .2 .6 13.0 0.2 11.3 4.8 .2 4.4 (1.9 5.1 1.4 1.2 11.7 14.3 3.4 3.9 13. 1 2.8 .1 3.5 1.3 .03 1.1 9.4 0.4 12.3 4.4 .3 4.5 10.8 10.1 .4 .5 15. 5 12.4 3.2 5.6 5.3 2.1 .1 4.7 2.4 >> 4. 1 0.8 15. 1.3 .3 2.8 9.3 7.0 1.6 1.1 11.:; 15.7 2.5 5.0 10.1 4.9 .4 2.1 1. :'- .04 1.2 3.4 1.0 8.3 4.5 .2 3.1 9.3 1.9 2.1 .7 6.5 11.7 10.0 6. 2 23.7 1.9 .1 3.4 1.5 .2 .8 3.1 0.2 10. 5 4.1 .6 1.8 6.5 5.0 6.9 1.5 12.9 8.6 5.5 4.6 10.6 2.9 .2 10.7 .7 .0 L8 4.4 0.1 8.8 7.5 .1 1.0 3.8 17.0 . 2.G Ui.4 10.5 6.3 3.2 3.8 2.6 .2 T.4 .3. .0 .5 G.8 0.6 14.9 2.5 .3 7.0 12.9 8.8 1.4 1.1 10.2 8.4 7.0 5.0 8.0 3.0 .0 3.0 1.7 .08 .8 3.2 2 Bonesand joints 3 1 ) o velopmenta 1 defects 4. Digestive system 5. Ears 6. Eyes 7 Flat foot 8 (Jonito-ui'inary (veneroal). 9. Genito-urrnary (noavenereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 11. Hernia 12. Mental deficiency 13. Nervous and mentaldisorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) 15. Resmratory (uontuberculous) 16. Skin 17. Teeth 18. Thyroid 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20. Other defects 21. Defects not stated.. 432 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 60-C. Causes of physical rejections by camp surgeons, compared by States (series Y) Continued. I. FIGURES. Disqualifying defects. Mass. Mich. Minn. Miss. Mo. Mont. Nebr. Nev. K.H. X.J. Total 4.953 6.287 3,566 4,060 8,055 1,445 1,471 134 494 4 563 1. Alcohol and drugs 60 24 19 10 119 11 10 1 1 30 2. Bones and joints 404 561 435 525 815 204 205 13 40 484 3. Developmental defects 7-11 121 260 85 130 59 26 10 45 716 4. Digestive system 9 23 8 19 33 8 13 5. Ears 197 283 115 70 271 59 30 5 8 285 6. Eyes 261 515 229 339 851 103 133 6 20 457 7. Flat foot 458 430 335 395 767 159 126 15 69 319 8 Genito-urinary (venereal) 30 89 53 299 213 8 16 1 2 10 9. Genito-urinary (non venereal). 75 90 115 50 76 9 15 1 17 95 10. Heart and blood vessels 681 1,595 344 425 763 205 172 24 60 255 11. Hernia 450 1,042 358 543 1,047 178 204 15 52 495 12. Mental deficiency 117 170 112 261 335 15 31 2 15 39 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) 141 204 218 220 205 127 219 423 438 994 31 49 68 115 6 6 18 11 101 90 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin : 84 4 65 9 33 7 40 5 175 12 3 34 3 16 1 38 7 17. Teeth 526 553 387 142 151 174 56 5 55 564 18. Thyroid 13 121 127 30 425 33 28 1 1 57 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratorv) 20 Other defects 2 26 9 49 3 24 56 4 33 1 9 3 11 2 15 1 1 25 21. Defects not stated 470 100 270 124 403 135 177 21 47 482 II. PERCENTAGES. Disqualifying defects. f Mass. Mich. Minn. Miss. Mo. Mont. Nebr. Nev. N.H. N.J. Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1. Alcohol and drugs 1.2 0.4 0.5 0.2. 1.5 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.7 2. Bones and joints 8.2 9.0 12.2 12.9 10.1 14.1 13.9 9.7 8.1 10.6 3. Developmental defects 15.0 1.9 7.. 3 2.1 1.6 4.1 1.8 7.5 9.1 15.7 4. Digestive system .2 .04 .2 .5 .4 .0 .5 .0 .0 .3 5. Ears 4.0 4.5 3.2 1.7 3.4 4.1 2.0 3.7 1.6 6.2 6. Eyes 5.3 8.2 6.4 8 3 10.6 -7.1 9.0 4.5 4.0 10.0 7. Flat foot 9.2 6.8 9.4 9.7 9.5 11.0 8.6 11.2 14.0 7.0 8. Genito-urinary (venereal) .6 1.4 1.5 7.4 2.6 .6 1. 1 .7 .4 .2 9. Genito-urinary (nonvenereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 1.5 13.7 1.4 25.4 3.2 9.6 1.2 10.5 .9 9.5 .6 14.2 1.0 11.7 .7 17.9 3.5 12.2 2.1 5.6 11. Hernia .' 9.1 16.6 10.0 13.4 13.0 12.3 13.9 11.2 10.5 10.8 12. Mental deficiency 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) 2.4 2.8 4.1 2.7 3.5 3.5 3.1 5.7 3.6 6.4 5.4 10.4 4.2 5.4 12.3 1.0 2.1 3.4 2.1 4.6 7.8 1.5 4.5 4.5 3.0 3.6 2.2 .9 2.2 2.0 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin 1.7 .08 1.0 .1 .9 .2 1.0 .1 2.2 .1 .2 .0 2.3 .2 .0 .0 3.2 .2 .8 .2 17. Teeth 10.6 8.8 10.9 3.5 1.9 12.0 3.8 3.7 11.1 12.4 18. Thyroid .3 1.9 3.6 .7 5.3 2.3 1.9 .7 .2 1.2 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratorv) 20. Other defects .04 .5 .1 .8 .08 .7 .0 1.4 .05 .4 .1 .6 .2 .7 .0 1.5 3.0 .2 .02 .5 21. Defects not stated 9.5 1.6 7.6 3.1 5.0 9.3 12.0 15.7 9.5 10.6 APPENDIX TABLES. 433 APPENDIX TABLE GO-C. Causes of physical rejections by camp surgeons, compared by States (series Y) Continued. I. FIGURES. Disqualifying defects. N. Mex. N. Y. N.C. N. Dak. Ohio. Okla. Oreg. Pa. R.I. S. C. Total . . 463 17,194 4,517 1,028 6,551 3,520 1 451 14,996 673 3 653 1. Alcohol and drugs 3 307 2 54 35 4 94 8 6 2 Bones and joints 58 1,476 361 114 933 375 145 1 692 53 259 3. Developmental defects 38 1.648 254 31 417 190 106 1.085 38 175 4. Digestive system 27 5 15 7 3 44 1 6 5. Ears 27 865 54 50 226 203 56 1,129 39 20 6. Eyes 62 2,046 247 87 365 439 100 1.485 65 157 7. Flat foot 19 1,727 160 69 480 198 111 833 146 115 8. Geni to- urinary (venereal) 170 16 4 87 57 15 139 3 9 9. Genito-urinary (non venereal) 11 270 35 10 79 30 13 145 7 20 10. Heart and blood vessels 55 1,335 202 159 569 397 205 2,056 40 144 11. Hernia 34 1.717 204 123 756 424 96 1 385 85 194 12. Mental deficiency 24 240 104 43 124 182 26 412 11 46 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14 Respiratory (tuberculous) 19 61 794 735 133 288 42 42 282 352 112 189 61 94 685 728 24 45 106 101 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin 6 216 28 62 1 17 1 206 5 73 2 13 542 16 17 2 41 1 17. Teeth 12 1,202 88 164 338 44 117 1,031 31 92 18. Thyroid 6 267 54 22 183 28 46 538 3 23 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20. Other defects 1 6 26 142 39 3 11 40 11 26 1 5 18 75 4 31 21 Defects not stated 14 1 956 2 208 40 1 029 498 234 864 51 2 104 II. PERCENTAGES. Disqualifying defects. N. Mex. N.Y. N.C. N. Dak. Ohio. Okla, Oreg. Pa. R.I. S. C. Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1. Alcohol and drugs 0.6 1.8 0.04 8 1 3 6 1 2 2 2. Bones and joints.. . 12.5 8 6 8 11 1 14 2 10 7 10 11 3 7 9 7 1 3 . Developmental defects 8.2 9.6 5.6 3.0 6 4 5 4 7 3 7 2 5 6 4 8 4. Digestive system ... .0 1 1 o 2 2 2 3 \ 2' 5. Ears 5 8 5 1 2 4 9 3 4 5 8 3 9 7 5 5 8 5 6. Eves 13.4 11 9 5 5 g 5 5 6 12 5 69 10 9 7 4 3 7. Flat foot 4 1 10 3 5 6 7 7 3 5 6 7 6 5 6 21 7 3 1 8. Gcnito-urinarv (venereal) 1 5 1 4 4 1 3 1 6 10 '9 4 2 9. Genitourinary (nonvenereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 2.4 11 9 1.0 7 8 .8 4 5 1.0 15 5 1.2 8 7 .9 11 3 .9 14 1 1.0 13 7 1.0 5 9 .5 4 11. Hernia 7 3 10 4 5 12 11 5 12 6 6 9 2 12 6 5 3 12. Mental deficiency 5.2 1 4 2 3 4 2 1 9 5 2 1 8 2 7 1 6 1 3 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory (tuberculous) 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin... 4.1 13.2 1.3 4.6 4.3 1.2 2 2.9 6.4 1.4 02 4.1 4.1 1.6 1 4.3 5.4 3.1 08 3.2 5.4 2.1 06 4.2 6.5 .9 o 4.6 4.9 3.6 \ 3.6 6.7 2.5 3 3.0 2.8 1.1 03 17. Teeth 2 6 7 1 9 16 5 2 1 3 8 1 6 9 4 6 2 5 18. Thyroid 1 3 1 5 1 2 2 1 2 8 g 3 2 3 6 4 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratorv) 20. Other defects '. 21. Defects not stated .2 1.3 3.0 .1 .8 11.4 .0 .9 48.9 .3 .7 3.9 .2 .6 15.7 .3 .7 14.1 .07 .3 16.1 .1 . 5 5 8 .0 .6 7 6 .0 .9 57 6 97250 19 28 434 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 60-C. Causes of physical rejections by camp surgeons, compared by States (serie.s Y) Continued. I. FIGURES. Disqualifying defects. S. Dak. Tenn. Tex. Utah. Vt. Va. Wash. W. Va. Wis. Wyo. Total 1,208 4,825 4,851 525 492 5 667 1 425 3 755 4 273 459 1. Alcohol and drugs 1 33 16 5 7 9 10 19 7 2. Bones and joints 247 663 659 68 41 801 149 580 446 44 3. Developmental defects 11 544 428 27 26 210 60 83 216 20 4. Digestive system 4 12 32 5 1 7 3 1 15 i 5. Ears 26 78 169 19 3 126 51 174 136 21 6. Eyes 141 346 857 29 19 631 74 421 394 36 7. Flat foot 100 568 272 86 59 355 209 164 358 40 8. enito-urinary (venereal) 9 60 62 4 6 122 9 71 61 10 9. Genito-urinary (nonvenereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 14 147 68 445 78 610 3 59 22 82 68 1 032 4 253 33 573 158 411 3 44 11. Hernia 119 470 648 46 32 538 152 436 725 51 12. Mental deficiency 49 373 79 4 16 374 21 224 136 14 13. Nervous and mental disorders 45 101 99 271 191 301 16 18 23 16 230 298 52 57 136 193 1 223 144 2,') 19 15. Respiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin 35 3 103 4 78 4 3 16 250 4 6 190 3 48 13 8 o 17. Teeth 95 119 145 57 53 273 140 180 303 20 18. Thyroid 42 62 19 9 228 35 179 259 8 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20 Other defects 2 6 50 9 27 1 2 3 76 2 2 47 41 2 21 Defects not stated 79 457 167 &4 68 37 137 57 107 80 II. PERCENTAGES. Disqualifying defects. S. Dak. Tonn. Tex. Utah. Vt. Va. Vfash. W. Va. Wis. Wyo. Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1. Alcohol and drugs 0.1 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 0.4 1.5 2. Bones and joints 3. Developmental defects 19.5 .9 13.7 11.3 13.6 8.8 13.0 5.1 8.3 5.3 14.1 3.7 10.5 4.2 15. 4 2.2 10.4 5.1 9.6 5.7 4. Digestive system .3 .2 .7 1.0 .2 .1 o .02 .4 9 5. Ears 2.0 1.6 3.5 3.6 .6 2.2 3.6 4.6 3.2 4.6 6. Eyes 11.1 7 2 17 7 5 5 3.7 11.1 5.2 11.2 9.2 ' 7 8 7. Flat foot 7.9 11.8 5.6 10.4 12.0 6.3 14.7 4.4 8.4 8.7 8. Genito-urinary (venereal) .7 1.2 1 3 g 1.2 2.2 .6 1.9 1.4 2 2 9. Genito-urinary (nonvenereal) 10. Heart and blood vessels 1.1 11.6 1.4 9 2 1.6 12 6 .6 11 2 4.5 16.7 1.2 18.2 .3 17.8 .9 15.3 3.7 9.6 .7 9.6 11. Hernia.. 9.4 9.7 13.4 8.8 6.5 9.5 10.7 11.6 17:0 11.1 12. Mental deficiency 3 3 7.7 1 6 .8 3 3 6.6 1.5 6.0 3 2 3 1 13. Nervous and mental disorders 14. Respiratory ( tuberculous) 15. Rospiratory (nontuberculous) 16. Skin 3.5 8.0 2.8 .2 2.1 5.6 2.1 .1 3.9 6.2 1.6 .1 3.0 3.4 .6 .0 4.7 3.3 3.3 .0 4.1 5.3 4.4 .07 3.6 4.0 .4 .0 3.6 5.1 5.1 .1 5.2 3.4 1.1 .3 5.4 4.1 1.7 .0 17. Teeth v 7.5 2.5 3.0 10.9 10.8 4.8 9.8 4.8 7.1 4.4 18. Thyroid 3.3 1.3 .4 1.7 1.2 4.0 2.5 4.8 6.1 1.7 19. Tuberculosis (nonrespiratory) 20. Other defects .2 .5 .0 1.0 .2 .6 .2 .4 .0 .6 .0 1.3 .1 .1 .0 1.3 .0 1.0 .0 .4 21. Defects not stated 6.2 9.5 3.4 12.2 13.8 .6 9.6 1.5 3.9 17.4 APPENDIX TABLES. 435 APPENDIX TABLE GO-D. Physical rejections at ramp, showing anatomical and patho- logical defects in detail (series Y). Disqualifying defects. Total. Ala. Aril. Ark. Cal. Colo. Conn. Del. D.C. Fla. Total 172,000 7,189 272 3,056 2, 842 1,092 1,178 342 480 2,005 Bones: 2, 259 84 GO 58 32 26 12 5 2 29 Deformity 8.W8 150 9 71 49 19 21 14 11 64 Disease 1,547 103 2 12 5 20 4 1 1 31 2,564 lit) 10 45 53 10 19 7 2 27 Joints: Ankvlosis ...- 3,489 9 74 52 27 5 6 3,2, r >9 I -HW / 21 28 / 9 4 6 Dislocation 334 > 303 1 I 4 9 > 49 I 2 1 2 Spine 2,333 77 1 23 34 12 14 10 8 21 159 2 3 2 Pes cavus . . 2,528 89 g 100 44 28 7 5 3 13 Pes planus 9,607 297 9 299 180 53 68 30 20 59 Hallux valgus.. 1,039 23 3 20 39 7 19 3 1 Ear: Deafness . ... 852 29 2 9 8 10 4 6 2 14 Otitis media (puruieiit) 5,309 78 12 55 43 59 74 11 29 9 Eyes: Vision 12 , 549 334 26 203 149 72 92 27 33 135 98 14 2 Trachoma. 1,063 21 3 40 6 9 2 1 3 2 Teeth, deficient 9, 952 254 12 37 150 47 32 22 39 75 Height 1 ">()0 17 3 17 19 12 2 7 Weight: Over weight 899 1 1 2 4 . 2 16 2 1 Under weight O.O.v-; 486 8 68 54 52 50 27 30 60 Chest measurements.. 51 1 1 Varicose veins 2,176 31 2 29 24 5 22 4 1 14 Phlebitis 136 3 1 1 Mental deficiency .... 6,293 614 4 297 81 49 11 10 29 Mental and nervous disorders: Paralysis 1,029 43 3 23 15 5 11 4 2 10 Stammering. . - 694 13 2 4 10 2 3 2 2 Skin.... 213 1 1 3 2 1 Pellagra 3 3 1 Goiter 080 1 3 4 2 1 20 1 Goiter with hyperthyroidism 418 1 4 4 2 Hernia: Inguinal 9 973 5 312 191 134 10 18 Umbilical 587 20 3 2 3 Not classified 7, 793 651 1 27 22 112 7 12 229 Fistula 317 4 1 2 1 1 476 1 12 2 1 1 Venereal diseases: Syphilis .... . . 1.987 65 4 22 30 7 12 5 15 18 G onorrhea 473 4 1 4 as 1 2 28 Other 284 5 1 2 2 1 Genito-urinary (non venereal): ] i ydrooele . . .... 359 12 2 3 1 3 2 . 1 3 Varicoi ole 468 14 2 3 5 2 Testis in canal 914 8 1 5 6 6 46 2 6 Other 307 20 2 2 1 2 Tach vcardia, persistent 2,420 124 1 23 12 4 14 36 Eye defects 1 C57 62 71 2 2 3 7 12 9 Ear: Perforated drum . . 253 1 1 4 25 16 Other disease. ... 41 3 Respiratory system: Asthma 1 917 58 5 80 9 17 18 5 c 35 Chronic bronchitis SCO 10 3 3 4 7 1 , ;i93 2 4 2 5 2 11 Pleurisy 5 1 g 2 Tuberculosis 10, 792 390 20 233 341 116 69 17 25 120 Heart and blood vessels: Heart, disease of 11,820 440 2S 284 297 76 102 17 42 67 Hvpertsiision 12 1 5 6 1 8 Other disease 134 1 213 3 5 4 2 2 5 II vpcr th yroidisra 2,599 32 1 14 7 25 21 4 8 5 Nervous system: Epilepsy ... 1 379 59 3 34 32 21 9 1 C 32 Neurasthenia 470 1 1 8 32 3 7 1 7 1 Hysteria 313 1 n 24 1 Psvchoneurosis 169 8 18 56 41 22 5 M 34 Alcoholism 377 1 1 9 6 r, 1 Drug addict 801 8 2 15 36 4 9 15 4 Diabetes y 20 1 2 1 1 Nephritis 158 57 :j 2 Digestive system i:u 6 5 l Dyspitratarisni 121 1 Other defects 1,197 81 3 is 15 27 4 4 21 Not stated is :&.> 1 614 37 CO 571 15 ll.s 24 19 694 436 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 60-D. Physical rejections at camp, showing anatomical and patho- logical defects in detail (series Y) Continued. Disqualifying defects. Ga. Idaho. 111. Ind. Iowa. Kans. Ky. La. Me. Md. Total 7 041 855 9,368 3,047 3 316 2 8-12 3 233 4 476 1 336 1 318 Bones: Amputation 95 17 115 57 68 64 31 61 12 17 Deformity 116 11 239 70 120 76 63 66 28 35 Disease 104 6 35 29 - 11 28 8 79 7 5 Fracture 104 15 118 39 46 98 24 45 7 12 Joints: Ankylosis 415 32 294 89 95 69 76 33 25 ' 28 Disease / 14 74 20 42 48 11 f 17 13 Dislocation 408 1 2 26 6 6 10 3 } 160 { a 3 Spine 146 26 95 34 23 35 51 >? 18 83 Tuberculosis, other than lungs . . . 1 15 1 5 1 5 1 Pescavus.. . . .. 39 26 73 40 49 10 19 63 53 18 PCS planus 355 83 681 91 265 177 39 149 147 88 Hallux valgus 31 7 51 25 25 11 2 11 27 10 Ear: Deafness ... 39 1 51 7 69 11 9 34 1 1 Otitis media (purulent) . . 76 29 286 125 80 52 89 44 13 87 Eyes: Vision 530 55 717 132 336 218 139 219 48 141 Nystagmus 5 1 4 3 3 Trachoma 5 3 77 41 5 13 143 25 1 5 Teeth, deficient 646 63 410 106 156 59 111 478 99 39 Height... . 21 21 35 8 4 7 1 5 6 1 Weight: Overweight 40 88 7 21 5 8 5 15 6 Under weight - - 1 329 24 435 129 121 25 136 173 78 26 Chest measurements 1 3 2 1 1 1 Varicose veins. ... 72 g 198 37 18 18 13 33 25 7 Phlebitis. . 10 1 g 1 7 2 1 1 Mental deficiency 222 23 278 103 108 71 323 246 84 93 Mentaland nervous disorders: Paralysis . . ; 30 1 45 22 34 32 18 19 g 11 Stammering 28 1 43 16 9 6 33 18 10 8 Skin g 29 3 5 10 3 9 3 Pellara 4 2 Goiter 19 30 81 7 6 8 1 6 1 Goiter with hyperthyroidism 3 24 6 22 15 4 Hernia: Inguinal 79 530 260 348 414 253 87 73 Umbilical 27 70 2 3 41 14 Not classified 5C1 9 457 105 66 29 83 387 53 24 Fistula 22 32 1 6 6 6 23 2 s Prolapse with hemorrhoids. . . . 35 43 3 8 7 3 18 6 4 Venereal diseases: Syphilis 58 3 158 36 13 44 64 192 7 17 Gonorrhea 32 3 53 5 2 1 1 42 4 Other 4 2 31 1 1 4 74 1 2 Genito-urinary (nonvenereal): Hydrocele 4 2 29 5 4 3 8 12 5 9 2 33 5 (j 1 3 16 4 3 Testis in canal ? 12 2 51 19 7 15 5 22 18 5 Other 15 1 12 6 4 11 4 20 1 1 Tachycardia, persistent 130 3 70 32 22 97 10 138 13 28 Eve defects 10 1 51 36 16 33 17 46 2 21 Ear: Perforated drum 13 12 1 15 3 1 Other disease 1 2 1 3 Respiratory system: 35 1 93 49 55 28 53 119 21 19 Chronic bronchitis- 36 16 28 9 19 2 9 9 15 Sinusitis 1 2 6 7 2 3 4 1 2 3 Pleurisy. . 1 10 1 4 88 1 3 2 Tuberculosis 276 26 591 400 177 286 768 476 51 106 Heart and blood vessels: Heart , disease of 246 105 437 246 398 189 152 327 165 CO 27 22 14 4 - 5 9 14 10 1 18 31 23 61 7 20 48 34 Hyperthyroidism 23 5 147 27 51 100 43 24 4 22 Nervous system: Epilepsy 54 4 77 21 16 16 44 103 10 7 Neurasthenia 8 1 55 3 7 11 4 7 1 7 Hysteria 1 17 3 9 11 11 3 3 Psych oneurosis 171 10 258 53 113 65 89 58 11 29 1 82 3 1 4 22 1 3 Drug addict 12 28 2 12 19 10 10 1 5 1 1 9 9 1 7 2 1 9 4 4 4 1 1 1 11 6 2 15 6 Other defects - . 48 7 44 27 14 18 21 80 7 11 Not stated 279 67 1,210 289 148 9S 101 198 91 42 APPENDIX TABLES. 437 APPENDIX TABLE 60-T). Physical rejections at camp, showing anatomical and patho- logical defects in detail (series Y) Continued. Disqualifying defects. Mass. Mich. Minn. Miss. Mo. Mont. Nebr. Nev. N.H. N.J. N. Mex. Total 4,9.53 6,287 3,566 4,060 8,055 1,445 1,471 134 494 4,563 463 Bones: Amputation 2G 38 86 63 85 21 21 1 5 44 4 Deformity 85 192 71 80 239 40 48 3 4 138 18 Disease 25 38 16 88 62 5 8 1 2 11 Fracture 62 85 85 28 146 22 29 4 6 44 14 joints: j\ nkvlosis 95 116 76 23 90 72 48 3 10 88 9 Disease . 28 40 33 210 97 27 21 7 31 8 14 14 26 9 5 6 1 5 2 Spinf 69 38 42 33 87 12 24 1 5 123 3 Tuberculosis, other than lungs 2 9 3 4 1 3 15 1 1 Tes cavus 24 125 25 113 78 41 18 1 15 13 11 PCS plains . 415 264 280 271 658 103 103 14 39 280 6 19 41 30 11 31 15 5 15 26 2 Ear: 26 28 16 32 27 6 63 2 Otitis media (purulent) .. 109 253 96 37 238 31 23 1 8 196 21 Eyes: ' Vision 359 442 209 248 636 91 122 6 20 380 51 Nystagmus 10 13 1 1 2 1 4 14 3 7 77 2 2 13 6 Teeth deficient 636 553 387 142 151 174 56 5 55 564 12 Height 240 12 37 6 15 26 2 5 4 361 2 Weight: Over weight 55 24 45 2 11 1 9 80 3 Undr weight 439 75 177 77 104 33 22 5 32 275 33 Chest measurements 7 10 1 1 Varicose veins 110 121 126 39 47 19 9 2 12 61 2 Phlebitis ... . 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mental deficiency 117 170 112 261 335 is 31 2 15 39 24 Menial and nervous disorders: I 'iTpl VS1S 7 25 26 28 50 6 11 3 20 5 Stammering 14 20 17 25 25 7 10 3 7 Skin 4 9 7 5 12 3 1 Pellagra 2 1 Goiter 5 34 42 3 21 12 3 1 1 Goiter with hvperthyroidism . . . 39 6 100 10 7 2 4 Hernia: Inguinal 205 798 60 949 161 175 10 30 182 28 hib'cal 10 131 2 29 5 1 5 Not classified 175 113 296 543 69 17 24 4 22 308 6 Fis< ula 5 16 4 19 24 2 g 1'rol ii'-c with hemorrhoids 17 7 1 13 20 2 1 8 2 Venereal diseases Svphilis 19 73 39 147 179 5 14 2 5 5 ( i oiiorrhea 4 12 4 113 32 3 1 1 1 1 Other 7 4 10 39 2 1 4 1 Genitourinary (nonvenereal): Hvrocele 10 7 17 6 17 3 1 2 15 67 8 34 5 24 2 2 1 2 42 Test is in canal 9 63 56 12 16 3 9 11 22 9 Other 5 9 6 22 16 2 1 15 2 Tachycardia persistent 36 165 8 93 203 1 26 5 27 3 Eve defects 4 49 17 84 125 9 8 62 4 Ear: Perforated drum 1 2 1 1 3 10 1 4 23 4 Other disease 1 2 3 11 3 Respiratory system: Asthma 47 41 24 28 102 29 2 15 2 Chronic bronchitis . 20 8 4 10 26 12 H Sinusitis 9 9 1 2 8 1 1 2 7 4 Pleurisy g 7 4 34 2 4 5 Tuberculosis 204 220 127 423 994 49 115 6 11 90 61 Heart and blood vessels: Heart, disease of 475 1,017 195 260 417 175 115 21 41 127 44 Hypertension 13 19 7 11 17 3 1 6 1 Other disease 29 265 8 g 59 8 17 1 1 25 3 Hyperthvroidism 8 48 79 27 304 11 18 1 54 2 Nervous system: Epilepsy 29 40 22 85 53 4 9 2 4 25 5 Neurasthenia 18 3 20 5 81 3 1 1 7 1 Hysteria 7 4 4 47 1 5 . 1 6 2 Psvchoneurosis 66 126 116 76 182 13 30 3 6 36 6 Mcohdlisru 39 8 4 46 3 > 1 6 1 Drug addict 21 16 15 10 73 8 8 1 24 2 Diabetes 1 Nephritis 1 3 2 4 3 1 1 1 1 Digestive system 4 7 4 9 6 5 Dyspituitarism . . . 6 j s 6 1 3 Other defects 26 43 24 52 24 I 5 2 1 24 3 Not stated 470 100 270 r>4 403 135 177 21 47 482 14 438 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TA.BLE 60-D. Physical rejections at camp, shovring anatomical and patho- logical defects in detail (series Y)~- Continued . Disqualifying defects. N.Y. N.C. N. Dak. Ohio. Okla. Oreg. Pa. R.I. S. C. S. Dak. Tenn. Total 17,194 4,517 1,028 6,551 3,520 1,451 14,996 673 3,653 1,269 4,825 Bones: Amputation 156' 368 55 171 249 186 25 266 26 319 1,274 134 98 750 1,791 10 158 1,202 137 . 219 1,291 1 258 5 240 105 81 28 1 23 58 1,132 34 65 55 24 36 )" 50 13 41 2 13 27 f 9 1 ! 3 18 45 6 8 38 71 1 6 164 2 2 27 146 229 29 148 190 77 44 70 11 14S 303 29 15 209 292 4 13 338 9 38 370 46 75 11 59 98 50 4 32 11 28 154 16 18 150 282 4 97 44 27 15 146 2 26 2 182 30 7 2 2 2 6 355 18 51 5 10 46 8 3 4 5 15 5 44 56 34 1 45 9 5 14 189 220 22 73 20 23 1 6 45 2 33 19 16 6 14 52 7 5 26 1 106 5 155 260 IK 366 305 173 57 221 18 188 533 112 38 1,087 1,225 10 36 1,031 202 47 830 6 19* 34 10 9 1 10 11 3 23 50 43 35 14 h 19 26 62 12 53 35 f 32 X o? 2o 2 80 88 127 45 72 | 188 63 Deformity. Disease ... Fracture Joints: Ankylosis Disease i Dislocation . . Spine 9 Tuberculosis, other than lungs. . . Pes cavus 30 100 30 14 33 212 33 103 10 2 37 45 1 13 31 16 89 10 11 1 105 10 74 16 3 18 118 133 393 42 15 63 272 Pes planus Hallux valgus Ear: Deafness 5 35 93 Otitis media (purulent)... . Eyes: Vision Nystagmus.. . ... Trachoma 4 88 19 5 230 i 117 41 2 62 1 15 15 92 14 2 159 7 95 1 10 119 3 14 527 Teeth, deficient Height Weight: Over weight 5 33 Under weight 10 Chest measurements Varicose veins 10 7 104 25 9 1 4 5 18 139 3 124 45 2o 5 1 32 36 616 57 83 11 11 73 9 5 7 9 52 6 73 56 $ 17 1 7 40 6 373 39 15 4 Phlebitis Mental deficiency 43 3 5 1 26 5 2 412 104 63 16 11 5 46 11 12 1 3 42 16 5 3 Mental and nervous disorders: Paralysis 8t.ArtiTnpring Skin ... 2 Pellagra Goiter 2 5 97 8 18 16 21 86 1 9 14 13 935 113 337 21 7 1 3 Goiter with hyperthyroidism Hernia: Inguinal . 74 98 TJnihiliral 12 573 16 33 149 9 12 22 96 107 24 150 87 14 3 115 28 38 35 735 773 21 95 186 130 43 58 377 51 256 4 17 11 12 129 1,956 Not classified . . . . 204 5 6 12 4 11 194 6 7 7 21 1 2 8 1 470 12 22 53 5 2 8 3 33 11 69 64 Fistula Prolapse with hemorrhoids 1 4 54 111 13 15 1 2 1 Venereal diseases: Syphilis 3 12 Gonorrhea Other 2 Genito-uriuary (nonvenereal): Hydrocelo . 5 8 19 3 40 31 7 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 9 2 16 34 18 63 20 203 214 3 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 7 4 45 16 3 Varicocele Testis in canal. 14 4 28 37 Other Tachycardia, persistent 4 9 4 2 1 Eye defects. Ear: Perforated drum Other disease 2 152 40 7 7 352 315 16 12 115 81 9 16 125 19 35 2 Respiratory system: Asthma 36 17 v 9 10 5 1 5 2 94 179 1 1 9 11 4 1 38 ... 2 "T ...... 234 198 42 278 24 728 1,455 ioa 10 511 75 48 34 361 24 70 3 7 23 17 58 86-1 13 3 34 7 32 1 43 54 1 Chronic bronchitis Sinusitis. . . . 4 3 42 111 S 17 15 7 1 2 24 Pleurisy 1 45 20 2 7 3 5 3 3 & 4 4 2 Tuberculosis 288 100 11 19 49 32 4 101 48 30 13 23 13 3 101 77 8 8 34 3 3 2 271 283 12 13 59 20 12 Heart and blood vessels: Heart, disease of Hvpertension. . . Other disease Hyperthyroidism Nervous system: Epilepsy Neurasthenia Hysteria. Psvchonourosis 63 2 67 3 3 16 ..... 13 3 30 1 12 Alcoholi sm Drug addict Diabetes .... Nephritis 5 4 1 38 1,020 1 2 4 20 49S 1 1 1 3 51 Digestive system 3 Dyspituitarism 1 34 2,208 -y 40 1 30 2,104 3 3 79 1 49 457 Other defects Not stated APPENDIX TABLES. 439 APPENDIX TABLE 60-D. Physical rejections at camp, showing anatomical and patho- logical defects in detail (series Y) Continued. Disqualifying defects. Tex. Utah. Vt.' Va. Wash. W. Va. Wis. Wyo. Alas- ka. Ha- waii. Porto Rico. Total 4,851 525 492 5,667 1,427 3,755 4,273 459 74 581 694 Bones: Amputation 87 4 5 85 24 72 83 6 2 Deformity 135 6 g 110 26 52 95 5 Disease 21 1 1 129 7 133 11 1 1 Fracture 114 11 7 49 13 26 65 9 Joints: Ankylosis 167 IS 6 53 42 55 88 12 4 Disease 71 g I 12 f 39 4 3 Dislocation 19 2 3 | 263 \ 9 | 142 I 4 3 1 Spine 45 lg 9 11? 1 m 100 61 4 Tuberculosis, other than lungs . . 9 1 2 Pescavus.... 69 14 B 99 49 5i 50 4 3 Pesplanus 174 59 50 218 119 93 295 33 7 1 Hallux valgus . 29 13 3$ 11 17 13 3 Ear: Deafness 37 1 1 25 4 9 33 1 1 Otitis media (purulent) 127 16 2 100 31 163 101 16 1 Eyes: Vision . 755 26 18 444 69 271 365 28 3 1 Nystagmus 5 2 1 Trachoma . . 64 2 13 1 69 4 3 2 Teeth, deficient 145 57 53 273 140 ISO 303 20 12 1 1 Height 50 g 10 10 31 22 9 9 Weight: Over weight 46 3 17 1 6 23 Under weight 330 18 13 183 28 177 16 1 Chest iiK'(isuri i nieiits 2 1 7 1 V aricoso. veins . 61 4 12 68 31 50 89 7 1 Phlebitis g 1 19 6 2 Mental deficiency 79 4 Itj 374 21 224 136 14 1 Mental and nervous disorders: Paralysis 36 2 8 29 2 12 32 3 1 11 1 2 64 4 17 26 1 Skin 4 4 3 13 Pellagra 4 24 Goiter 4 2 g 24 51 167 2 Goiter with hypcrthyroidism ti 1 1 7 10 1 Hernia: 003 39 17 129 381 39 2 2 1 Umbilical 4 2 1 1 2 Not classified 41 5 15 538 22 436 343 10 1 Fistula 28 4 1 7 1 1 10 Prolapse with hemorrhoids 47 2 4 43 1 6 10 i Venereal diseases: Sy.pllllis 49 3 3 98 5 64 41 g 1 Gonorrhea 4 1 3 6 3. 4 11 i Other 9 18 i 3 9 i Genito-urinary (non venereal): Hydrowlp ... 16 4 26 2 17 2-1 K Varicocele g 7 B 64 i Testi 1 -* in canal 44 3 5 *15 12 56 2 1 Other g 5 18 1 3 12 : ont GO 1 2 239 6 92 24 5 1 Eve defects 33 1 1 174 4 81 23 4 1 Ear: Perforated drum 4 2 1 10 <> 1 4 1 Other disease 1 1 Respiratory system: Asthma .... 43 2 13 90 2 47 34 2 Chronic bronchitis 17 1 46 3 Sinusitis 6 136 1 97 3 2 Pleurisy 12 1 2 3 g 4 Tuberculosis 301 18 16 298 57 193 144 19 12 1 Heart and blood vc Heart, disease of 225 50 59 508 213 315 27S 26 g 1 Hypertension 3 2 1 18 4 2 Other disease 20G 1 3 103 1 80 6 1 Hyporthvroiriism 13 4 3 220 4 128 82 g Nervous system: Epilepsy P6 5 - 26 g 22 34 c Neurasthenia 4 1 10 3 2 3 ; 1 Hysteria 4 2 1 3 g 1 Psvchoneurosfis 70 6 6 101 32 83 90 13 1 Alcoholism It 4 Drug addict 10 5 9 10 3 2 Diabetes 2 Nephritis 2 1 3 1 ] Digestive sv1 P!a rkila Heiji^ Overweight Underweight ( r.rs i1--!:'-erients GF'Ji'.:? I-TAL Hearisg, Defects of Otitit Hit Ait, Chronic Perforate:* Drtun GROUP TOTAL Trachoma Otaer Dueue of Eye Meatat Deficiency Goitre rtlfe Hyperteniioa PUebitit arcose ens Vein a Other CtrcL. Astluaa Bronchitis, Chrocic Piearisy Sicotidt GROUP TOTAL ;l:/';^':v.. Diso-dt-;? Fistnia in Ano Heaorrhoids with Prolapse Skin Syphilis Gonorrhea Chancroidal Disease GROUP TOTAL Nephritis Testis D Casal Varicoeele and Hydrocele OthCT G.-U. DtseMes Ota-Yesi.) GROUP TOTAL APPENDIX TABLES. 441 Oart F.-TOMPARISON OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REJECTIONS OF (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918) FOR THE STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS PEB CENT 1 .2 34 6 6. 7 8 9 10 11 13 18 1416 i Jsne Disease 1 r Fracture 1 KB 1 Joint Disease ] B mm mu Spin* . _ foCanu El tiaflin Vbnis Heijht mm a mm mm n Orerweisht mm L . Chest Measurement* Hesrinz, Defects of ... m Otitu Media, Chronic W-S; ^K.* mm m Perforated Dram . Trachoma __ ' Other Disease of Eye I Meatal Deficiency HE H * Epflepsi Psycfioncnrosis *f&? VM Paralysis J . . Stuaaterinf Aicobobsn t B?- Dm; Addiction GROUP TOTAL E?^ mm mm mm em ma uc!trs 1 nyperuyroidiiB 1 CROUP TOTAL ra.ffn;.lirntMfr 1 1 nyperteosion t . _. 1 Phlebhi. Varicow Veins BS m i Other Card.-Vas. Disease B- Asthma i Bronchitis, Chronic Plenrisy 1 Siuutitii 1 Tnbcrcvlosii of Lun| sat H mm mm Tubtrcnloris, Otfeer Parb Digestne Disorders Fistula in ADO . Hemorrhoids with Prolapie i GROUP TOTAL m Skin j Syphilis r Gonorrhea Cbaacroidai Disease GROUP TOTAL E9 Neohritis Varicocele and Hydrocele u s Other G.-U. Diseases (NM-Vea.) GROUP TOTAL EK Ali other Causes 442 APPENDIX TABLES. Chart G- OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL RDECTIONS OF INDUCTED MEN FROM CAMP (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1U18) FOR THE STAT OF NEW YORK PER CENT 0.1 2 3 4 .5 6 78 9 10 11 12 Bone Disease Fracture JE9M .Spin? BM Haliux Valjns BHL Hewbt HKA Chest Measurements Hearing, Defects of B Perforated Drum 6 Other DUeasej>f Eye Mental Deficiency , Epilepsy Psycbneurosis SU_ zap H- Paralysis Stammering BB Alcoholism Drug Addiction BOH L_ Gtitre a GROUP TOTAL mmm HL- Hypertension i Tachycardia BHL I . , PbkbHis 1 Varicose Veiat Otbe L Card.-Vajc. Disease BBH L_ 3 a ' Bronchitis. Chronic I "r Pleurisy I Sinusitis I GROUP TOTAL BB BBKSI 1 IL_ H 1 alii TubercoUsis of Lung i " Tuberculosis, Other Parts . * GROUP TOTAL BBS a* DBB H__ Digestive Disorders 3 Fistala in Ana 1 Hemorrhoids with Prolapse * GROUP TOTAL Ski. Syntulis BHft 1 GcDorrhea Ckaicroklai Disease b GROUP TOTAL H i Nephritis Testis in Canal BHL_ VaricBcele aad'Hydrocele EHL_ 1 OtisrG.-U. Diseases UwVea.) APPENDIX TABLES. 443 H.-COMPAR1SON OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REJECTIONS OF INDUCED MEN (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1S!8) FOR THE STATE OF ALABAMA PER CENT, CAMT 1. 2 6 7 s 10 ii, ia is Amputation Boas Duease Fracture Jurat Disease Pei Caros 1ROUP TOTAL Heigkt Overweight Underweight Chest Mtatnrementi GROUP TOTAL Hearing , Dtfecta of Otto Media. CL-onk Perforated Drun GROUP TOTAL Trackema Otfcer Diseatt o( Eye GROUP TOTAL Me.UlDef.ae Fiychoaeurosu Akokaln Goitre Hypertkyraifeai GROUP TOTAL ifeurt ttteue, Orgaax UyMrteeuoa Tack PWebitu Vriese Veie* Other CyJ.-Vt. TOTAL Aithns Braacfeitu, Ckroak Plurey Sh>o4i GROU? TOTAL HBBi T.S. Tibtrcniont, Otkcr Parts Dittrders HE morrhoidii witk Prolapst GROUP TOTAL Skin GoDorrhea Chaucroidal Diiea.ve Hepkritii Testii in Canal Varicocele and Hydrocefe GROUP TOTAL All other CaDKt 444 APPENDIX TABLES. Chart 1-COMPAR1SON OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REIECHONS OF INDUCED MEN FROM CAMP (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918) FOR THE STATE OF ILLINOIS PER CENT 01 2345 6 7 8 9 10 11 18 Hearing. Dfft-cti o( Oiitii Media, Cbrocit Chart J -COMPARISON OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REJECTIONS OF INDUCTED MEN FROM CAMP (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918) FOR THE STATE OF COLORADO PER CENT < > 1 2 3 4 1 6 7 a 1 y 11 IS ) 13f GROUP TOTAL Hailax Val'-ui am ma ma BB mm )verweight * Underweight Hi mm mm ma I Chest Measurements GROUP TOTAL Hearing, Defect* of Oiit>; Medi?, Chronic mm GROUP TOTAL j mm mm ma mm Ba ma mm BH- Other Diteue of Eye 1 Mental Deficiency s^ B^ 2f PfycVoneorosi* mm mm Hi Paralysis Stammering I Dnsc Addiction Goitre GROUP TOTAL OB mm BL Hypertension tachycardia mm PhfcliJis Varicose Veins tm Other Cart-Vase. Disease m Asthma &F^ ;rfii Bronchitis, Chronic Pleurisy SinasilU | Tuberculosis, Other Parts GROUP TOTAL Teeth EBB 1MB OKI m Digestive Disorders r^ Fistula in Ano B Hemorrhoids with Prolapse GROUP TOTAL 1 Skin 1 Syptuits Gonorrhea Chancroidal Disease GROUP TOTAL Nephritis , Testis in Canal n Varicocele and Hydrotfle i i Other G.-U.Dis-ajes(Noi>.Vea) GROUP TOTAL HL i 445 446 APPENDIX TABLES. Chart K.- OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REJECTIONS OF INDUCTED MEN FROM CAMP (FEBRUARY 10 TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918) FOR THE STATE OF TEXAS PER CENT ^ 01 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16 171S Bone Diwase Spice Pes_P> Hallm Valgns Heirht Overweight Umierweiji Chest Meunrcmentt GROUP TOTAL Otrlu M?dia, Chronk Perforated Dram GROUP TOTAL Trathoma Othtr DotMt of Eye GROUP TOTAL MtaUl Deficiency Sunattriaf Akoloiio briif Addiction A.tkm' itii, Chronic Pleamy SllDiitit TnbtnuioMi, Other Parti Teeth Digestive Disorders Fistula in ADO Hemorrhoids with ProUp GROUP 10 FA!. Goiorrhea ChaacroMlal Div GROUP TOTAL Nephritis Tesfii in Cnl ViricBcc!; UK! !i;Jrace) Ot!ier C.-U. Duea^s (NM-Vtn) GROUP TOTAL AH ether Cause* APPENDIX TABLES. 447 dart L-COMPA83S08 OF CAUSES OF PHYSICAL REJECTIONS OF INDUCTED 8SN FROM CA1> (FEBRUARY 19 70 NOVEMBER I. 1918) FOR THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 1 VER CENT 5 6 7 10 11 12 Sore DIK&SC Fracture Spir* mam OBL Halitii Vate MB HeiEhi BBff Orrv?i|b( I Underweight ksm H3BL Cb*!t Mfa?rn)eatl Htzmc, Defects of , Otitis Media, Chronk BOH P" Perforal-d Drum BESS. GROUP TOTAL BBI &sm BW_ Tncboraa Otbcr i.)isaw cf ifi 1 CSOIJP TOTAL Ewkp-y PKinE mm PmlLoearom " Paraiytii PT-- Stamaitrmj Akoboiitio a_ Dru{ AdiJiction BBM Goitre P Hyperthyroidiim GROUP TOTAL m , , _- HygerletsioB TatliTcaidia Phlebitis i Varicost Vfin V4 Ofbtr Crd.-Visc. D;;?*M i Aitlima -T BrornbilU, Oironic | Pltarisy StB8itij | GROUf TOTAL m Taberculesu, Otiiw Parts 1 Ttb D;jjcs!i7t Disorders i b H Fislnla in Ano lleraorrboids witb Prolapse GKOUP TOTAL i Skin Syph.ii* RBBB Gonorrbea CiJS Cbantroidal Diieise 1 GROUP TOTAL at BBR Nepbntis Tectis ia Canal B Varicocc!? and Hjdrcxtlt H Otlwr G.-U. DisM 3 (Hcn-Vra.) GROUP TOTAL ^ All other Coatei K 448 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 60-E. Mental and nervous disorders as cause for rejection by local boards and camp surgeons, and for discharge from the Army. Total rejec- tions for stated causes. Local board. Camps. Army. Totals. Per cent of stated causes. Mental defi- ciency. Nerv- ous and mental dis- orders. Mental defi- ciency Nerv- ous and mental dis- orders. Mental defi- ciency Nerv- ous and mental dis- orders. Mental defi- ciency. Nerv- ous and mental dis- orders. Mental defi- ciency. Nerv- ous and mental dis- orders. United States 442. 275 6,293 7,319 3,804 5,464 14,417 10,945 24,514 23,728 5.54 5.36 Alabama 11,430 1,632 9,692 3, 138 5,064 9,197 405 663 3,998 18,664 1,020 27,382 13,955 14,355 7,9R4 9,376 10,209 1,801 5,840 21,748 10,7C4 15,540 10,902 14,007 3,219 4,618 586 1,320 5,483 1,401 22,711 13, 258 3,936 18.293 9,012 3,575 28. 1G2 2,704 6,847 1,389 12,640 23,600 2,501 888 11,317 4,737 8,872 14,631 1,002 614 4 297 81 55 49 11 10 29 222 23 278 103 108 71 323 246 84 93 117 170 112 261 335 15 31 2 15 39 24 240 104 43 124 182 26 412 11 46 42 373 79 4 16 374 21 224 136 14 285 18 98 149 72 53 13 43 82 291 18 495 118 188 141 199 205 43 65 141 218 205 219 438 31 68 6 18 101 19 794 133 42 282 112 Gl 685 24 106 45 99 191 16 23 230 52 136 223 25 192 2 81 29 16 64 6 23 31 125 2 203 80 37 27 120 169 42 163 98 142 87 108 201 9 14 2 13 85 5 262 74 20 303 87 4 251 36 46 13 110 91 3 13 145 19 68 79 4 114 14 80 s 74 27 60 8 22 69 117 16 465 153 78 58 75 146 36 100 218 174 58 111 213 26 26 7 20 153 14 647 108 21 450 101 17 471 37 55 20 194 205 13 19 117 18 103 127 9 358 11 361 9 110 298 205 19 291 9 150 395 1,164 17 739 119 181 411 17 36 161 9?3 28 1,216 777 859 446 812 733 137 537 840 1,022 900 836 793 68 189 10 59 164 50 645 1,108 246 1,014 566 104 1,354 101 504 56 1,032 961 72 32 873 144 543 780 35 40 600 51 469 232 249 508 21 69 198 774 41 1.646 776 .570 409 501 532 93 379 893 949 729 542 854 115 '246 24 76 286 59 1,613 701 190 1,448 466 170 1.654 120 427 67 622 1,051 110 83 609 207 429 788 48 30 10.18 1.04 7.62 3.79 3.58 447 4.20 5.43 4.03 5.27 2.75 4.44 5.57 5.98 5.59 8.66 7.18 7.61 9.20 3.86 5.17 5.79 7.67 5.66 2.11 4.09 1.71 4.47 2.99 3.42 2.84 8.36 6.25 5.54 6.28 2.91 4.81 3.71 7.36 4.03 8.16 4.18 2.S8 3.60 7.72 3.04 6.12 5.33 3.49 5.28 3.13 4.84 7.39 4.92 5.52 5.19 10.41 4.95 4.15 4.02 6.01 5.56 3.97 5.12 5.34 5.21 5.16 6.49 4.11 4.80 4.69 4.97 6.10 3.57 5.33 4.10 5.76 5.22 4.04 7.10 5.29 4.83 7.92 5.17 4.76 5.87 4.44 6.24 4.82 4.92 5.10 4.40 9.43 5.38 4.37 4.84 5.32 4.79 Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware . . . District of Columbia. . Florida 3 101 636 3 735 594 714 348 369 318 11 281 625 710 701 467 257 44 144 6 31 40 21 143 930 183 587 297 74 691 54 412 1 549 791 65 3 354 104 251 565 17 40 4 47 366 7 686 505 304 210 227 181 14 214 534 557 466 212 203 58 152 11 38 32 26 172 460 127 716 253 92 498 59 266 2 329 655 81 41 262 137 190 438 14 30 Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa -Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine . . . Marvland Massachusetts Mi"hi?an Mimiosnf-,3. Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska . . Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York. . . North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont. . Vircn'nia Washington V.'est Virginia Wi'srvmsin Wyoming Not allocated 1 APPENDIX TABLES. 449 APPENDIX TABLE 62-A. Deferments and exemptions in general, by States. Registrants June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Reported exemp- tions and de- ferments. Per cent of regis- trants. Class II. Class III. Class IV. Class V. United States 10,679,814 6,973,270 65.29 1,093,515 649,317 3,106,613 2,123,825 Alabama 206,248 120,067 58.21 20,850 8,630 72,685 17,902 40, 517 30,332 74.86 2,165 1,470 7,734 18,963 Arkansas 16S,302 97,237 57.78 12,919 5,083 65,209 14, 026 California 332,593 91,813 229, 113 61,505 68.89 67.09 13, 177 6,591 13, 595 4,603 88,736 29,386 113, 605 21,015 Connecticut 175,026 127,019 72.57 17, 808 10, 572 38,837 59, 802 21 563 17,439 71.00 4,946 1,614 6,365 4,514 District of Columbia 36, 741 22, 676 61.72 4,540 3,270 9,339 5,527 Florida 94, 792 54,021 56.99 4, 525 3,681 29,917 15, 898 Georgia 260 296 157, 196 60.39 18,205 10,542 103, 181 25,268 Idaho 45, 982 28,901 62.85 3,621 2,023 15, 147 8,110 Illinois 707 962 469, 675 66.34 122,609 70, 567 120,358 156, 141 283 843 190, 242 67.02 21,798 12, 794 111,228 44, 422 Iowa 240, 934 152,863 63.45 26, 563 10,447 82, 071 33, 782 167, 486 111,794 66.75 13, 695 8,804 63 454 25 841 Kentucky 215 936 129, 654 60.04 13,978 8,079 85,932 21 665 180 226 97, 541 54.12 5,619 5,750 68,004 18 168 68 214 45 415 66.58 9 543 3,468 20 609 11 795 136 552 91 390 66.93 18 123 8,110 45 558 19 599 Massachusetts 398 364 276, 994 69.53 31,330 21,153 99,644 124 867 411 5'6 2SO 972 68.26 84 601 47, 051 43 256 106 OS4 249 937 154 448 61 79 22 257 17 132 69 985 45 074 Mississippi 157 607 92 659 58 79 15, 497 5,894 56,466 14,802 Missouri 335, 012 211,745 63 21 89, 289 47, 530 23, 953 50 973 97 762 58 205 59 54 8 582 4 694 26 539 18 390 132 45S 85, 599 61 f/> 14 649 7 866 43 715 19 369 Nevada 13 044 7 663 58 75 609 446 2,154 4 454 41 743 29 112 69 74 4 898 2 726 11 744 9 744 332 895 231 735 69 61 23,905 17,222 103 049 8"' 559 New Mexico 37 300 22 8C5 61 30 2,832 1,388 10 799 7 846 Ne .v York 1 120 332 765 301 68 31 74, 715 69,796 316 831 303 959 North Carolina 228 844 145 1S6 63 44 20 799 10 189 91 822 22' 376 North Dakota 73 341 47 213 64 37 8,882 4,374 21 880 12' 077 Ohio 617 371 418 557 67.80 47, 467 33, 724 209 582 127 784 193 236 112 817 58 38 11 312 4 278 76 330 20 897 Oregon 70 5-19 46 162 65 43 8,024 3 278 21 117 13 743 Pennsylvania 902 996 618 048 68 44 79, 794 47, 306 283 168 207 780 Rhode Island 59 059 44 354 75 10 4 853 3 769 17 584 18 148 South Carolina South Dakota 144, 701 66 189 85, 728 38,541 59.24 58.23 23,462 3, 736 6,718 3, 652 42,783 21 623 12,7ti5 9 . r >30 Tennessee 213, 427 132, 482 62.07 11^920 8 553 90 3-49 21 630 Texas 460 326 294 4''S 63 96 88 550 50 533 84 832 70 513 Utah 46 901 32 467 69 22 2 448 1 4% 17 054 11 469 Vermont 30, 884 21,145 68 47 3,608 1,211 9 932 6 394 Virginia 206 190 127 665 61 92 18 6H7 10 830 71 533 26 615 Washington 125, 708 80 988 64 48 9 227 4 276 34 016 33 469 West Virginia 142, 174 85 707 60.28 9,902 4 021 52 025 19 759 Wisconsin 266, 691 176,884 66.33 24,393 14,359 83,220 54,912 Wyoming 25, 151 13 430 53.40 2,012 720 5 878 4 820 97250 19- -29 450 APPENDIX TABLES. CWt SI-DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTRANTS, BY CLASSES PER CENT 90 100 Mastachiuetts Michigan APPENDIX TABLES. 451 APPENDIX TABLE 62-B. Deferments and exemptions in general, by divisions. Total deferments and exemptions 6, 973, 270 CLASS II. Div- ision. A. Married man with children, or father of motherless children, where such wife or children or such motherless children are not mainly dependent upon his labor for support for reason that there are other reasonably certain sources of adequate support (excluding earnings or possible earnings from labor of wife) available, and that the removal of registrant will not deprive such dependents of support . . 183, 770 B. Married man, without children, whose wife, although registrant is engaged in a useful occupation, is not mainly dependent upon his labor for support, for the reason that the wife is skilled in some special class of work which she is physically able to perform and in which she is employed, or in which there is an immediate opening for her under conditions that will enable her to support herself decently and without suffering or hardship 503, 221 C. Necessary skilled farm laborer in necessary agricultural enterprise 138, 487 D. Necessary skilled industrial laborer in necessary industrial enterprise . 122, 542 X. Recent marriages, etc 37, 955 0. Noncombatants 3, 593 Division not reported 103, 947 CLASS III. A. Man with dependent children (not his own), but toward whom he stands in relation of parent 14, 816 B. Man with dependent aged or infirm parent 236, 553 C. Man with dependent helpless brothers or sisters 32, 898 D. County or municipal officer 2, 767 E. Highly trained fireman or policeman in service of municipality 2, 885 F. Necessary customhouse clerk 577 G. Necessary employee of United States in transmission of the mails 6, 381 H. Necessary artificer or workman in United States armory or arsenal .... 4, 619 1. Necessary employee in service of United States 9, 857 J. Necessary assistant, associate,- or hired manager of necessary agricul- tural enterprise 67, 018 K. Necessary highly specialized technical or mechanical expert of neces- sary industrial enterprise 20, 424 L. Necessary assistant or associate manager of necessary industrial enter-' prise 6, 042 O. Noncombatants *. 2, 282 Division not reported 242, 192 CLASS IV. A. Man whose wife or children are mainly dependent on his labor for sup- port 2, 932, 475 B. Mariner actually employed in sea service of citizen or merchant in the United States 16, 128 C. Necessary sole managing, controlling, or directing head of necessary agricultural enterprise 61, 482 D. Necessary sole managing, controlling, or directing head of necessary industrial enterprise 6, 283 O. Noncombatants 9, 410 Division not reported 80? 435 452 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 62-B. Deferments and exemptions in general, by divisions Contd. CLASS v. A. Officer legislative, executive, or judicial of the United States or of State, Territory, or District of Columbia 6, 695 B. Regularly or duly ordained minister of religion 18, 067 C. Student who on' May 18, 1917, or on May 20, 1918, or since May 20, 1918, was preparing for ministry in recognized theological or divinity school, or who on May 20, 1918, or since May 20, 1918, was preparing for practice of medicine and surgery in recognized medical school . . 1C, 673 D. Person in military or naval service of United States 619, 727 E. Alien enemy 334, 949 F. Resident alien (not an enemy) who claims exemption 589, 003 G. Person totally and permanently physically or mentally unfit for mili- tary service 52L G06 H. Person morally unfit to be a soldier of the United States IS, G20 I. Licensed pilot actually employed in the pursuit of his vocation 1, 705 J. Person discharged from the Army on the ground of alienage or upon diplomatic request ! 344 K. Subject or citizen of cobelligerent country who has enlisted or enrolled in the forces of such country under the terms of a treaty between such country and the Unitd States providing for reciprocal military serviqe of their respective citizens and subjects 1 , 064 L. Subject or citizen of neutral country who has declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States and has withdrawn such inten- tion under the provisions of act of Congress approved July 9, 1918, and Selective Service Regulations O. Noncombatants... 2. 554 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 64-A. Class I, nominal and effective strength, September, 1918, registration, ages 19-20; 32-36. Total number boards in State. Total from whom data were received by Dec. 19,1918. Total reg- istrants Sept. 12, 1918, reported. Total reg- istrants ages 19-20; 32-36, reported. Reported number classified Class I. Percent Class I to regis- trants 19-20; 32-36, reported. Total Group A reported. Percent Group A reported to regis- trants 19-20; 32-36. United States 4 544 1 424 3, 602, 589 1,551,191 461,491 29.7 270,314 17.4 Alabama 78 7 19, 101 8,500 3,222 37.9 1,903 22.3 Arizona 14 7 40, 175 20,961 3.979 1&9 2,008 9.5 Arkansas ! ; 11 22, 147 10, 133 3,427 33.8 2,211 21.8 California 125 13 37,704 16, 188 5,843 36.0 2, 856 17.6 Colorado . - 38 60, 006 26,564 6,602 24.8 2, 203 8.5 Connecticut 44 9 36,927 15, 905 3,478 21.7 1,413 8.8 Delaware 2 8,180 3,799 1,048 27.5 591 15.5 District of Columbia. . 11 20.0 Florida 59 Georgia 165 31 36, 924 16,076 5,511 34.2 3,241 20.1 Idaho 42 6 5.193 2,243 732 32.6 438 19.5 Illinois . 227 140 54x 4(11 237,725 71, 777 30.1 42, 971 18.0 Indiana 124 88 239, 332 103, 357 31,187 30.1 18,940 ias Iowa 112 110 279,059 121, 455 37,983 31.2 20,382 21.7 Kansas 11") 56 89,356 39, 538 10,525 26.6 6,131 15.5 Kentucky 131 78 5 3,693 1,443 39.0 924 25.0 Maine 24 3 11,757 5,110 1,260 24. 297 5.8 53 3 5 445 2 248 666 29.6 332 14 7 iisotts . 122 44 154,315 67 141 20,753 30.9 9,130 13.5 Miclii-Mn 136 55 167,617 73,741 18,594 25.2 7,924 10.7 Minnesot a 121 5 6,366 1,553 24.3 1.104 17.3 Mississippi 80 55 184 090 '47,981 16,328 34.0 10.746 22 3 Missouri 106 61 157,927 64,329 21,095 32.7 12, 715 19.7 A^oiitrna 44 Nebraska 100 56 74, 477 33,829 13, 285 39.2 5,887 17.4 Nevada 16 17. -5 16 New Jersey 106 New Mexico 22 1 1,318 588 156 26.5 144 24.4 New York 354 59 229, 581 98,738 24,056 24.9 12,761 12 9 North Carolina 109 74 148,633 62,982 20, 843 33.0 12,325 19 5 North Dakota 53 Ohio 155 34 139,460 59,509 14, 526 24.4 S,480 14.2 Oklahoma 85 70 190,348 83,682 27 332 32.6 18 579 22 2 Oregon 47 22 42,180 17,911 5,515 30.7 2,S9F 16.1 Pennsylvania 282 Rhode Island ... 22 11 35, 703 U, 479 3 978 27 4 1 647 11 3 South Carolina 66 4 3,573 1,452 40.6 824 23 South Dakota. 65 38 46 514 21 192 7 240 34 1 3 991 Tennessee. . . 113 42 88, 139 38 416 11 070 28 8 5.950 15 4 Texas 279 69 86,890 40 015 11,817 29.5 8,625 21 5 Utah 34 32 54,700 24,689 6,522 26.4 4,799 19.4 Vermont 15 Virginia 113 58 118, 369 51 782 16 230 31.3 8 891 17 1 Washington 66 41 63,352 27,963 7,837 28.0 4,631 16.5 West Virginia 65 18 53 721 23 975 6 921 28.8 4 199 17 5 Wisconsin ... 104 42 116,834 51,293 14 013 27.3 10,468 20 4 Wyoming 21 4 7,454 3,462 1,092 31.5 702 20.2 NOTE. It will be noticed that the net effectives here average 58.59 per cent of the nominal Class I, instead of 71.83 per cent, as in Table 64 in the text. Table 64 represents the percentage as found in the entire first and second registrations, i. e., ages 21-30. while the present Table represents ages 19-20, 32-36, as reported from one third of the boards for the third registration. It wiil also be noticed that the percentage of effectives to total registrants here averages only 17.4 per cent, as against the average of 30.16 per cent shown in Table 68 of the text. The differ- ence is duo to two circumstances. In the first place, Table 68 includes age 18, \vhose effectives number much larger, both absolutely and in percentage, than any other age: hence the inclusion of that age would have raised considerably the lower figure of Table 64-A. In the second place, Table 68 was obtained in November, from State headquarters, for the purpose of ascertaining the results by ages, and furnished only the estimated gross Class I, the ratio of effectives being computed in this office: while Table 04- A was obtained from the local boards, in early December (just before going to press, too !aie for use in Table 08) and showed the results of the physical examinations, but without discrimination of ages. Thus, Table 64-A, for the age group covered, represents a closer approximation to the probable final result of the classification. 454 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 66-A. Registration; age-distribution by States. Total registration June 5, 1917, to Sept. 12, 1918. Age 18. Age 19. Age 20. Age 21 . Age 22. Age 2.J. United States 23,908,576 939,875 761,007 757,791 958,739 1,018,407 978.975 Alabama 444,842 94,310 365.904 839,614 216,820 374,400 55,277 90,361 209,248 549,235 105,337 1,574,877 639,834 524, 456 382,065 486, 739 392,316 159,631 313,489 886,728 873,383 541,607 344, 724 765,045 201,256 287, 414 30,808 95,158 762,485 81,013 2,511,046 482,463 160,292 1,389,474 435,668 179,436 2,069,407 134,515 307,350 145, 706 474,347 990,522 103,052 71,484 465, 439 328,466 325,266 586,290 59,977 27,084 2,026 19,638 21,259 7,790 11,304 2,188 3,620 9,949 33,594 3,731 50,618 23,798 20,247 15,578 25,309 20,549 5,740 13,552 27,384 27, 370 20,102 21,594 29,971 4,130 11,309 532 3,476 25,292 3,279 79,931 29,392 5,931 44,984 20,982 5 581 73,531 4 557 20,615 5,642 26,611 47,956 3,816 2,819 27,232 9,140 15,183 22,335 1,624 17,802 1,675 14, 147 18,651 6,642 9,807 1,816 2,757 6,628 21,311 3,149 44, 137 20,955 18,538 13,355 19,402 14,887 5,191 10, 707 23, 914 24,444 18,541 13,555 25,774 3,572 10,158 477 3,140 20,930 2,701 69,420 19,172 5,512 40,817 16,594 4,827 62,613 3,916 12,078 5,251 18, 834 37,474 3,326 2,565 17,596 8,024 12,054 20,773 1,398 16, 738 2,002 14,074 19,499 6,503 10, 107 1,893 3,091 6,701 20,108 3,005 44,291 20.381 17,818 13, 153 18,816 15,274 4,948 11,347 23,611 24,866 18,231 13,266 25,862 3,682 9,877 566 2,914 21,616 2,561 70,542 17,731 5,257 41,311 16,499 4,805 64,414 4,107 10,868 5,226 18,615 36,897 3,286 2,490 16,694 8,042 12,229 20,402 1,575 20,750 2,881 17,505 24,840 8,164 13,271 2,369 3,482 8,076 23,354 3,977 57,597 23,965 22,622 16, 536 23,234 18, 746 6,392 13,457 31,948 32,459 23,300 16,444 32, 217 5,443 12,258 819 3,549 26,268 3,025 90,712 21,983 6,483 55,569 20,741 5,969 82,097 5,106 14,405 6,462 23,196 46,680 3,905 3,065 20,006 10,151 15,107 26,137 2,017 24,379 3.936 18, 198 26,019 7,283 15,685 2.382 3,180 10,540 39, 795 4;094 62,200 25,666 22,159 15,985 21,186 19,154 7,259 12.368 35,268 32.656 21,520 22,037 30,346 8,707 13, 210 910 4,052 27,399 3,624 86,456 32,585 6,706 52,787 18,827 5,590 79,432 5,068 23,490 6,758 23,216 50,007 4,091 3.248 27,541 9,980 14. 513 25,050 1,865 21,999 4,282 16,464 27,911 8.246 15.969 2,408 3. 153 9,500 28,614 3,901 60.743 2o. 247 21,098 15,890 20.966 18,323 5,972 12.904 35.265 3o. 464 21,814 14,837 30.141 7,515 12.155 1,007 3,959 28,860 3,852 97.428 23,570 6,709 53,996 18, 494 5,595 80,834 5,204 16,051 5,848 21,300 46,144 4,054 2,868 21,896 10,354 13. 41") 23,935 2,131 Arizona Arkansas . California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida. Georgia Idaho . Illinois Indiana Iowa . Kansas ... Maine .... Massachusetts Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico.. New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma.. . . . Oregon Pennsylvania. . . Rhode* Island South Carolina . . South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah... Vermont Virginia .... Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming. APPENDIX TABLES. 455 APPENDIX TABLE 66-A. Registration; age-distribution by States Continued. Age 24. Age 25. Age 26. Age 27. Age 28. Age 29. Age 30. United States 1,010,287 997,544 967, 576 956,494 960,460 974,555 948 857 Alabama 21,397 19, 472 17,825 17,227 16,726 16,880 15 149 4,301 4,224 4,259 4,092 4,181 4,171 4 092 16, 168 15,869 15,334 14,388 14,517 14,469 13 291 California 30,007 30,294 30,755 31,305 32,947 34,173 34 904 8,856 8,718 8,756 8,595 8,583 8,715 8 690 Connecticut 16,804 17,034 15,952 16,322 15,795 16, 471 16*036 Delaware 2,476 2,277 2,276 2,070 2,256 2,106 2 048 District of Columbia. Florida - 3,569 9,246 3,857 9,239 3,633 8,601 3,263 8,598 3,357 8,140 3,256 8,238 3,284 7 8g5 Georgia 25,690 24, 246 22,235 21,667 20,371 20,430 18*000 4,193 4,384 4,288 4,047 4,2% 4,383 4 514 64,802 66,082 64,800 64 474 66,147 66,858 67*050 26,468 26,403 26,273 25,294 27,698 25,738 25*506 Iowa 22,787 22,219 22,390 21,997 21,770 21, 795 20*629 Kansas 16,265 15,784 15, 421 15, 117 15,281 15,269 14*722 20,821 20,376 19,109 18,804 18,987 18,399 17 152 17, 755 17,370 16,296 16,184 14,939 15, 213 14*986 Maine 6,269 6,205 6,208 6,062 5,970 6,146 6 067 Maryland 13, 162 12,889 12, 164 12. 165 12, 026 12, 458 11 736 36, 266 36,453 36,806 37 585 36,323 37 295 37 136 38, 738 39,557 38, 497 38 792 39, 193 39,256 38 703 23,254 23,548 22,777 22,658 22,662 22,847 22*825 Mississippi. 13,208 14,903 13,425 12, 421 13,008 12, 721 11*472 Missouri 31,542 30,394 30,493 30,337 29,417 30,545 29*635 8,254 8,840 9,365 9,415 9,938 10,277 9 866 Nebraska 12,557 12,199 11,876 11,957 11,886 11,864 11*606 Nevada 1,143 1,183 1,331 1,208 1,352 1,441 1*404 New Hampshire. . . 3,988 3,876 3,694 3,889 3,778 3 698 3 670 New Jersey 31, 105 30,974 29,763 30,400 30,982 31, 870 32* 813 3,891 3,801 3,661 3 390 3 339 3 366 3 361 New York 104,626 104,911 101,648 103, 051 104,490 107,720 107*697 North Carolina 21, 775 20.638 19, 172 18,384 18,486 18 804 16 737 North Dakota 7 235 6,941 6,753 6 381 6 587 6 597 6*623 Ohio .. , 58, 059 56,828 56,813 55, 438 56, 682 57,971 55*242 Oklahoma 18,801 18, 257 17,658 17 165 16 635 16 768 15*840 6,100 6,291 6,259 6 561 6 702 7 284 7*154 84 625 83 554 80 659 80 590 81 502 85 152 84* 168 Rhodo Island . 5,673 5 553 5 351 5 395 5 473 5 558 5*554 South Carolina . . 14, 745 13 337 11 608 10 997 10 653 10*606 9*201 South Dakota 5,993 6,018 5 999 5 809 5 995 5 913 5 777 Tennessee 20,975 19, 733 19 034 18 128 17 861 17 722 15*930 Texas 46, 610 44 833 43 262 41 051 39 482 39 283 37*544 Utah 4,386 4 400 4 397 4*143 4*147 4*519 4*505 Vermont 2,903 2 751 2 691 2 790 2 659 2 639 2*741 Virginia 20, 750 19, 158 17 55Q 17 067 16 658 16*555 15*262 Washington - 11 184 11 447 11 343 11 634 12*190 12* 416 12* 443 West Virginia 13. 781 13 146 12' 630 12*034 12* 317 12*276 11*666 Wisconsin 24 737 24 604 24 018 23 879 23*617 23*926 24*034 Wyoming 2,347 2,474 2 449 2 274 2*460 2*498 2*507 456 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 66-A. Registration; age-distribution by States Continued. Age 31. Age 32. Age 33. Age 34. Age 35. Age 36. Age 37. Age 38. United States 1, 043, 492 499,902 927,968 920,355 804,778 813, 581 823,150 836,280 Alabama. . 17,025 7,546 15,580 15,649 13,454 14,268 15,057 15,154 Arizona 4,290 1,762 3,527 3,888 3,392 3,458 3,108 3,459 Arkansas ... 13,927 6,292 13,085 13,631 11,129 12,607 12,667 12.983 California 38,460 19,454 36, 010 35,050 31,417 31,931 31, 693 32, 718 Colorado 9,010 5,151 9,471 8,975 7,918 7,785 7,548 7,807 Connecticut 17,614 7,981 15,075 14.496 12,799 12.660 12.542 12,057 Delaware 2,158 1,115 2, 1-17 2,115 1,903 1,769 1,825 1,964 District of Columbia 3,226 1,956 3.702 3,589 3,047 3,020 3,616 3,801 Florida . 8.287 3.595 7,997 7.952 6.497 6,883 7.415 7,733 Georgia 18,908 8,465 18,506 18 672 15.822 16,490 18, 398 18 557 Idaho .". 4,649 2,506 4,511 4,363 3,763 3,846 3 535 3,751 Illinois 72, 712 34,958 63,071 62,993 54,478 54,108 54,007 54, 430 Indiana 27,520 14,094 24,498 25,028 22,528 22,568 22,199 22,824 Iowa 22,463 12,081 19, 379 19,050 17, 398 16,956 16,831 17, o;,6 Kansas 15,854 8,531 13, 719 14,267 12,694 12, 721 12, 619 12, 757 Kentucky 18.731 9,353 17, 486 17,846 15, 133 15,786 16, 789 16,784 Louisiana 14,055 6,530 13,993 14,624 12,243 13,536 13,418 13, 461 Maine .... 6,418 3,297 5,809 5,794 5,177 5,325 5,436 5,661 Mary&nd. 13,225 6, 324 11,950 12, 131 10,252 10, 362 10,620 11,108 Massachusetts 41,226 18 446 34 001 33 565 29,382 29 757 29 999 30 \\f) Michigan 40,736 19, 770 35,989 34.244 30,325 29,645 29 624 29 557 Minnesota , 24,609 13,270 21, 798 20,679 18, 125 17,756 17,208 17. 195 Mississippi 15,713 4,819 11,862 12,204 10,646 11,909 11,794 12, 4SO Missouri 33,089 16, 216 29,346 29,313 25,518 25,704 27,279 26.589 Montana 10, 643 4,595 8,028 7,740 6,710 6,348 6.164 6,048 Nebraska 12, 151 6,739 10,999 10,654 9.849 9,450 9,311 9,207 Nevada 1,524 750 1,540 1,334 1.229 1.277 1,142 1. 188 New Hampshire 3 957 2.121 3 548 3,121 2 748 2 857 2 967 3 103 New Jersey 35,961 16, 087 31, 702 31,251 27.506 27,323 27,432 27 577 New Mexico 3,767 1,823 3 570 3 243 2 798 2 637 2 389 2 .537 New York . 127, 930 54,822 97 944 99,022 87, 357 85,952 87 6% 89 088 North Carolina 19,252 7 552 15 231 15 904 13 887 14 373 15 223 15 282 North Dakota 6,903 3,794 6 585 6 310 5 455 5.512 5 279 5 369 Ohio 62,760 29,793 56,493 55. 632 48 625 47,985 48 675 49. 393 Oklahoma 16, 470 8 433 16 617 16 476 13 870 14 537 14 929* 15 285 Oregon 7,659 4,759 8,037 8,062 7,129 7,394 7,217 7,172 Pennsylvania 91,041 44,104 84,589 82,954 73,538 74, 195 74.252 75, 599 Rhode" Island 5,846 3,039 5,148 5,110 4,491 4,728 4,635 4,589 South Carolina 11,485 4,399 9,714 10, 038 8 907 9,216 10, 389 10, 153 South Dakota 6,322 3,552 6,016 5,678 5.077 4.941 5,025 4,883 Tennessee 18 607 8,572 17,509 17 122 14 511 15 3% 16 071 16 534 Texas 39, 133 19, 393 35,650 35, 586 30 422 32.240 31,188 32 513 Utah 4,893 2,471 4,195 4,021 3,626 3,596 3.493 3,517 Vermont 2,912 1,505 2,540 2.509 2,408 2, 419 2,416 2,555 Virginia 16, 358 7,782 16,300 16,526 13,929 14,581 16 693 16, 539 Washington . 13, 987 8,159 14, 515 14, 136 12 265 12,651 12,410 12, 499 Wp.st Virtnnia .... 12, 976 6,438 12, 778 13,074 10. 649 11,188 11. 597 11, 514 Wisconsin 24,390 14,090 23,040 21,748 20,325 19,437 19,044 20,327 Wyoming 2,660 1,615 3.168 2 986 2,427 2,498 2,286 2,404 APPENDIX TABLES. 457 APPENDIX TABLE 66-A. Registration; age-distribution by States Continued. Age 39. Age 40. Age 41. Age 42. Age 43. Age 44. Age 45. Age not reported. United States 725,416 688,918 648,599 693,657 654,915 624,129 688,002 284,867 Alabama 12,296 2,557 10, 436 29,104 6,933 11,232 l,t!49 3,084 5,955 14,448 3,331 47,406 20,360 15,323 11,303 14,012 11,804 4,900 9,561 27,816 25,796 15,435 9,327 23,425 5,339 8,141 1,146 2,776 24,609 1,955 80,039 13,504 4,868 42,953 12,574 6,316 66,064 4,230 8,126 4,410 13,652 26,670 3,237 2,452 13,380 11,128 9,671 18,554 2,069 11,181 3,270 9,700 27,354 6:467 10,662 1,513 2,798 5,466 14,006 3,202 45,331 19,313 14,816 11,211 14,061 10,331 4,928 9,021 26,203 24,250 14,795 9, 122 22,744 4,673 8,097 1,079 2,772 23,583 2,053 74,842 12,918 4,327 41,635 12,233 6,103 61,517 4,092 7,703 4,030 13,295 25,505 3,003 2,331 12,905 10,617 9,347 16,623 1,851 9,603 2,350 8,530 26,462 6,326 10,183 1,454 2,898 5,097 11,808 3,115 42,208 18,267 14,558 10,608 13, 144 8,909 4,722 8,623 24,933 23,278 14,223 7,452 21,611 4,599 7.556 988 2,700 22,325 1,971 71,831 11,495 4,223 38,790 11,460 5,962 59,641 4,048 6,708 3,996 11,991 23,381 2,589. 2,234 12, 250 10, 135 8,812 16,878 1,674 9,990 3,075 8,632 27,942 6,944 11,131 1,672 3,001 5,580 12,505 3,185 45,477 19,781 15, 505 11,296 13,534 9,427 4,991 9,607 27,593 25,376 14,851 7,688 23,002 4,754 8,018 1,070 2,924 24,826 1,982 77,760 11,853 4,519 42, -181 11,705 6,250 64,652 4,229 7,553 4,038 11,768 24,478 2,935 2,418 12,752 10,808 9,010 17, 192 1,897 9,122 2,407 8,455 25,361 6,289 10,514 1,562 2,723 5,131 11,836 2,965 43,165 19,231 14,662 11,183 13,448 8,800 5,112 9,158 26,676 22,978 14,122 7,342 22,515 4,501 7,704 970 2,767 22,682 1,931 74,035 11,356 4,221 40,095 11.779 5,731 60,006 4,106 6,403 3,844 11,487 23,338 2,583 2,296 12,053 9,686 8,815 16, 168 1,631 9,233 2,041 8,127 24,466 5,921 10,009 1,465 2,470 4,865 11,125 2,859 41,186 18,444 14,086 10,534 12,211 8,459 4,733 8,828 26.034 22,239 13,738 6,986 20,973 4,274 7,355 877 2,743 22,074 1,751 70,853 10,687 4,016 37,744 10,780 5,557 58,756 3,997 6,340 3,645 10,568 20,921 2,422 2,161 10,957 9,323 8,116 15,614 1,566 13,527 3,051 10,783 26,027 6,333 10,942 1,651 3,006 6,632 14,562 2,820 42,520 19,291 14,658 10,968 14,458 10,144 5,100 9,590 27,220 23,583 14,330 8,926 22,716 4,293 7,445 940 2,822 24,513 1,853 76,737 12,256 4,085 39,955 12,287 5,706 63,046 4,171 8,660 3,734 13,546 24,678 2,568 2,360 13,444 9,699 9,136 16,563 1,667 2,729 2,553 848 33,571 2,400 3,343 691 922 2,822 5,712 974 37,028 496 3,025 3,444 ' 1,403 2,906 3,739 2,194 17,654 5,989 5,395 3,593 8,331 13,543 1,826 381 3,549 4,762 902 27,506 3,261 1,105 19,962 2,972 1,664 12,253 1,541 2,902 H76 2,563 8,203 928 1261 5,016 18,100 1,794 11,150 i 41 Arizona Arkansas Ca;ifornia Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho . Illinois Indiana . . Iowa . Kansas Kentucky.. Louisiana . . ... Maine Maryland . Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota ... Mississippi Missouri Montana. Nebraska ... . Nevada New Hampshire .... New Jersey New Mexico New Yrrk North Carolina North Dakota Ohio. . ... Oklahoma Oregon . Pennsylvania Rhode" Is hind South Carolina . . South Dakota Tennessee.. Texas Utah Vermont . Virginia Washington . West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming i The age returns from this State show an apparent excess in age distribution over the total registration reported. 458 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 71-A. Colored and white registration, compared by States. Total colored and white regis- trants. Colored regis- trants, June 5. 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Colored regis- trants, Sept. 12, 1918. Total colored regis- trants. Percent oftotal regis- trants. White regis- trants, JuneS, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. White regis- trants, Sept. 12, 1918. Total white regis- trants. Per cent of total regis- trants. United States 23,779,997 1,078,331 1,212,196 2,290,527 9.63 9,562,515 11,926,955 21,489,470 90.37 Alabama 444,692 81,963 81,410 163,373 36.74 124,247 157, 072 281,319 ftf 21 i Arizona 93, 078 295 680 975 1.05 39,884 52, 219 92,103 9S. 95 Arkansas 365, 754 51, 176 53,659 104,835 28.66 117,111 143,808 26Q, 919 71.34 California 787, 676 3,308 6,404 9,712 1.23 312,994 464,970 777,964 98.77 Colorado.. 215, 178 1,103 1,867 2,970 1.38 90 453 121, 755 212,208 98 62 Connecticut 373, 676 3,524 4,659 8,183 2.19 171,296 194, 197 365,493 97.81 Delaware 55,215 3,798 4,448 8,246 14.93 20, 761 26, 208 46, 969 85.07 District of Columbia Florida 89, 898 208,931 11,045 39, 013 15,433 43,019 26,478 82 032 29.45 39.26 25, 625 55,572 37, 795 71, 327 63,420 126,899 70.55 60.74 Georgia 549, 020 112, 593 108, 188 220, 781 40.22 147, 604 180,635 328, 239 59.78 Idaho 103, 740 254 255 509 .49 45, 224 58,007 103, 231 99 51 Illinois 1, 571, 717 21,816 35,597 57, 413 3.65 685,254 829,050 1,514,304 96.35 Indians^ 639, 431 11,289 16,549 27,838 4.35 272, 442 339, 151 611, 593 95.65 Iowa 523, 957 2,959 3,022 5 981 1.14 237,744 230, 232 517, 976 98,86 Kansas 381,316 5,575 7,448 13,023 3.41 161, 691 206,602 368, 293 96.59 Kentucky 486,599 25,850 30, 182 56 032 11.52 190,060 240, 507 88.48 Louisiana... 391,664 76,223 82, 256 158 479 40.46 103, 718 129, 467 2;i:j, is.) 59. .54 Maine 159,350 163 179 342 .22 67,941 91,067 159, 008 99.78 Maryland... 313,255 26, 435 32, 736 59 171 18.89 110, 066 144,018 254,084 81. 11 Massachusetts 884,030 6,044 8,056 14,100 1.60 391, 654 478, 276 869, 930 98.40 Michigan 871,410 6,979 8,950 15 929 1.83 404, 040 451, 441 855, 481 98. 17 Minnesota 540,003 1,541 1,809 3 350 .62 247, 750 288,903 536,653 99.38 Mississippi 344,506 81,548 91,534 173,082 50.24 75, 977 95,447 171, 424 49.76 Missouri.... 764,428 22,796 31, 524 54 320 7.11 372, 106 398, 002 710, 108 92. 89 Montana 198, 999 320 494 814 .41 96, 753 101,432 198, 185 99.59 Nebraska . 286, 147 1,614 2,417 4,031 1.42 130, 493 151,623 282, 116 98.58 Nevada 29,465 59 113 172 .58 12,581 16, 712 29, 293 99. 42 New Hampshire New Jersey. 95,035 761, 236 77 14,056 98 19, 340 175 33 396 .18 4.39 41,617 18, 615 53,243 409,225 94,860 727,840 99.82 05 61 New Mexico. . 80,158 235 360 595 .74 36, 776 42,787 79,563 99.26 New York 2,503,290 25, 974 35,299 61, 273 2.44 1,092,061 1,349,956 2,442,017 97.56 North Carolina 480,901 73, 357 69,168 142, 525 29.63 155. 102 183, 274 338,376 70.37 North Dakota... 159,391 65 165 230 .15 72,837 86,324 159, 161 99.85 Ohio.. 1,387,830 28,831 35, 156 63,987 4.61 588,170 735, 673 1,323,843 95.39 Oklahoma 423,864 14, 305 23,258 37,563 8.86 173,851 212,450 386, 301 91. 14 Oregon 176,010 144 534 678 .38 69, 376 105, 956 175, 332 99.62 Pennsylvania. . . . 2,067,023 39, 363 51,111 90,474 4.38 803,106 1, 113, 443 1,976,549 95. 62 Rhode Island. 134, 232 1,573 1,913 3 486 2.59 57, 433 73,313 130, 746 97.41 South Carolina 307,229 74, 265 74, 912 149, 177 48.56 70, 395 87,657 158, 052 51.44 South Dakota Tennessee . 142,783 474,253 144 43, 735 171 51, 059 315 94,794 .23 19.99 64,896 169, 074 77, 572 209,785 142, 468 379, 459 99.77 80.01 Texas 989, 571 83, 671 82, 775 166,446 16.82 376, 385 446, 740 823, 125 83.18 Utah 100, 038 169 392 561 .56 45, 930 53,547 99,477 99.44 Vermont 71,464 63 89 152 .21 30, 819 40,493 71,312 99.79 Virginia 464,903 64,338 75, 816 140, 174 30.15 141, 714 183, 015 324, 729 69.85 Washington.. 319, 337 373 1,353 1,726 .54 123, 752 193, 859 317,611 99.46 West Virginia Wisconsin, ... 324,975 584,639 13,292 718 14,652 1,117 27,944 1,835 8.60 .31 128, 852 265,501 168, 179 317, 303 297,031 582,804 91.40 99.69 Wyoming 58,700 280 570 850 1.45 24,612 33,238 57,850 98.55 APPENDIX TABLES. 459 APPENDIX TABLE 73-A. Colored and white inductions, compared by States. Total col- ored and white reg- istrants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Colored regis- trants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Per- centage of color- ed and white regis- trants. Colored in- ducted, June 5, 1917. to Nov. 11, 1918. Per cent of colored regis- trants. White regis- trants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Per cent of colored and white regis- trants. White induc- tions. Junes, 1917, to Nov. 11, 1918. Per cent 01 white regis- trants. United States 10,640,846 1,078,331 10.13 367, 710 34.10 9,562,515 89.87 2,299,157 24.04 Alabama 206,210 81,963 39.75 25,874 31.57 124,247 60.25 33,881 27.27 40. 179 295 .73 77 26.10 39,884 99.27 8,036 20.15 Arkansas 168,287 51,176 30.41 17,544 34.28 117,111 69.59 31,768 27.13 California 316,302 3,308 1.05 919 27.78 312,994 98.95 66, 148 21.13 Colorado 91,556 1,103 1.20 317 28.74 90,453 98.80 22,487 24.86 Connecticut 174,820 3,524 2.02 941 26.70 171,296 97.98 31,598 18.45 24,559 3,798 15.46 1,365 35.93 20,761 84.54 3,628 17.48 District of Columbia. Florida 36,670 94, 585 11,O15 39,013 30.12 41.25 4,000 12,904 36. 22 33.08 25,625 55,572 69.88 58.75 5,631 12,012 21.97 21.62 Georgia 260, 197 112.593 43.27 34,303 30.47 147,604 56.73 32,538 32.04 Idaho 45,478 254 .56 95 37.40 45', 224 99.44 12,471 27.58 Illinois 707,070 21,816 3.09 8,754 40.13 685, 254 96. 91 168,729 24.62 Indiana 283, 731 11,289 3.98 4,579 40.56 272,442 96.02 65,170 23.92 240, 703 2,959 1.23 929 31.40 237, 744 98.77 65,935 27.73 Kansas 167, 266 5,575 3.33 2,127 38.15 161,691 96.67 39,778 24.60 Kentucky 215,910 25,850 11.98 11,320 43.79 190,060 88.02 47,010 24.66 Louisiana 179,941 76 223 42.36 28,711 37.67 103,718 57.64 27,494 26.51 Maine 68,104 163 .24 50 30.67 67,941 99.76 15,216 22.40 136,501 26, 435 19.37 9,212 34.85 110,066 80.63 24,655 22.40 Massachusetts 397, 698 6,044 1.52 1,200 19.85 391,654 98.48 75,367 19.24 Michigan 411,019 6,979 1.70 2,3^5 34.32 404,040 98.30 94,085 23.29 Minnesota 249, 291 1 541 .62 511 53 16 247, 750 99.38 73,169 29.53 Mississippi 157, 525 81,548 51.77 24,066 29.51 75,977 48.23 19,296 25.40 334,902 22 796 6 81 9 219 40 44 312, 106 93.19 83,624 26.79 Montana 97,073 '320 .33 'l98 61.87 96,753 99.67 27, 142 28.05 Nebraska 132, 107 1 614 1.22 642 39.78 130,493 98.78 29,165 22.35 12,640 59 47 26 44 07 12,581 99.53 3,138 24.94 New Hampshire New Jersey 41,694 332,671 77 14,056 .18 4.23 27 4 863 35.07 34.60 41,617 318,615 99.82 95.77 8,377 66,527 20.13 20.88 New Mexico 37,011 235 .63 51 21 70 36,776 99.37 8,811 23.96 New York 1,118,035 25, 974 2.32 6 193 23.84 1,092,061 97.68 247, 396 22.65 North Carolina 228, 459 73 357 32.11 20 082 27.38 155, 102 67.89 38,359 24. 73 North Dakota 72,902 65 .09 87 72,83* 99.91 18,508 25.41 Ohio 617,001 28,831 4.67 7,861 27.27 588, 170 95.33 130, 287 22. 15 Oklahoma 188, 156 14 305 7 60 5 694 39 ft) 173,851 92.40 59,247 34. OS Oregon 69,520 'l44 .21 ' 68 47 22 69,376 99.79 16,090 23.19 Pennsylvania 902, 469 39, 363 4.36 15 392 39.10 863,106 95.64 185,819 21.53 Rhode Island ... 59,006 1 573 2 67 291 18 50 57,433 97.33 10,885 18. 95 South Carolina 144,660 74 2P5 51.34 25 798 34.74 70, 395 48.66 18, 261 25.94 South Dakota 65,040 144 .22 62 43.06 64,896 99.78 21,193 32.66 Tennessee 213,409 43 735 20 59 17 774 40.64 169,674 79.51 42 104 24.81 Texas 460,056 83 671 18. 19 31,506 37. 65 376,385 81.81 85,889 22. 82 Utah 46,099 169 .37 77 45.56 45,930 99.63 " 10,711 23.32 Vermont 30, 882 63 .20 22 34.92 30,819 99.80 6,607 21.44 Virginia 206,072 64,358 31.23 23,541 36.57 141,714 68.77 34, 796 24. 55 Washington 124, 125 373 .30 173 46. 38 123,752 99.70 28,513 23. 04 142 144 13 292 9 35 5 492 41 32 128 852 90 65 39 863 30.94 Wisconsin 266, 219 718 .27 224 31.20 265 501 99.73 70,758 26. 65 Wyoming . . 24 892 280 1.12 95 23.93 24,612 98.88 7,828 31.81 Alaska 5 1 957 Hawaii 5,4P6 Porto Rico ' 15 734 ' 460 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 75-A. Desertions: Reported and outstanding. ' Total reg- istrants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Total reported deser- tions. Per- cent- age of regis- trants. Account- ed for as not de- serters. Net reported deser- tions. Per- cent- age of regis- trants. Appre- hended or cases disposed of. Out- stand- ing de- sertions. Per- cent- age of regis- trants. United States 10,679,814 474,861 4.45 111,839 363,022 3.40 67,838 295,184 2.76 Alabama 206, 248 14,507 7.04 2,850 11,657 5.65 1,532 10,125 4 91 Arizona 40,517 7,003 17.28 1,780 5,223 12.90 1,023 4,200 10.37 Arkansas 168,302 7,246 4.31 2,151 5,095 3.03 1,294 3,801 2 26 California 332,593 15,591 4.69 2,420 13, 171 3.96 1,748 11,423 3 43 Colorado 91,813 5,001 5 45 1,583 3,418 3 72 549 2,869 3.12 175 026 13 098 7 48 3 375 9 723 5 56 2 248 7 475 4 27 Delaware 24,563 989 4 03 310 679 2.76 679 2 76 District of Columbia. Florida 36,741 94 792 1,006 10 142 2.73 10 70 174 1 839 832 8,303 2.26 8 76 159 475 673 7,828 1.83 8 26 Georgia 260,296 13,468 5.18 3,106 10. 362 3.98 1,079 9,283 3 57 Idaho 45 982 2 350 5 11 775 1 575 3 43 346 1 229 2 67 Illinois 707, 962 24,589 3 47 4,904 19,685 2 78 3 977 15, 708 2 22 Indiana 283 843 6 451 2 27 2 271 4 180 1 47 1 551 2 629 93 Iowa 240 934 5 779 2 40 1,933 3,846 1 60 854 2 992 1 24 Kansas 167, 486 3,427 2.05 1,007 2,420 1.44 419 2,001 1 19 Kentucky . 215 936 3 854 1 79 551 3 303 1 53 1 004 2 299 1 06 Louisiana 180, 226 8,212 4.55 221 7,991 4.43 428 7,563 4 20 Maine 68 214 2 582 3, 79 876 1 706 2 50 450 1 456 2 13 Maryland 136 552 6 241 4 57 1,417 4,824 3.53 593 4,231 3 10 Massachusetts 398 364 20 506 6 87 6 139 14 367 4 81 2 661 11 706 3 92 Michigan 411,596 18 237 4 43 6,619 11,618 2 82 2 921 8,697 2 11 Minnesota .. 249 93-7 10 729 4 29 3 059 7 670 3 06 1 859 5 811 2 33 Mississippi 157 607 9 825 6 23 1,873 7 952 5 05 1 689 6 263 3 97 Missouri 335 012 12 340 3 68 1 909 10 431 3 11 1 2% 9 135 2 73 Montana. 97,762 8 009 8 19 1 297 6 712 6 87 1 748 4 964 5 08 Nebraska 132.458 2,837 2.14 592 2,245 1.69 255 1,990 1 50 Nevada 13 044 1 395 10 70 399 '996 7 64 204 792 6 07 New Hampshire New Jersey 41,743 332 895 1,431 16 649 3.43 5 00 490 4.880 941 11 769 2.25 3 54 91 3 122 850 8 647 2.02 2 60 37 300 3 257 8 73 778 2 479 6 69 474 2 005 5 38 New York . 1 120 332 61 083 5 45 14 716 46 367 4 14 13 860 32' 507 2 90 North Carolina 228 844 6 112 2 67 292 5,820 2 ."4 595 5 225 2 28 North Dakota 73 341 2 539 3 46 947 1 592 2 17 226 1 366 1 86 Ohio 617,371 26 894 4 36 6,494 20 400 3 30 2 370 18 030 2 92 Oklahoma 193 236 7 083 3 67 1 493 5 590 2 89 441 5 146 2 66 Oregon 70,549 2 041 2 89 381 1 660 2 35 336 1 324 1 88 Pennsylvania .. 902 996 38 338 4 25 8 874 29 464 3 26 3 131 26 333 2 92 Rhode Island 59 059 2 591 4 39 304 2 287 3 87 111 2' 176 3 68 South Carolina 144 701 5 696 3 94 949 4 747 3 28 2 445 2 302 1 59 South Dakota 66 189 1,270 1 92 584 686 1 04 94 '592 89 Tennessee.. 213 427 7 953 3 73 2 014 5 939 2 78 448 5 491 2 57 Texas 460 326 24 597 5.34 2,856 21 741 4 72 4 209 17' 532 3 81 Utah 46 901 1 746 3 72 575 1 171 2 50 348 823 1 75 Vermont . 30 884 694 2 25 286 408 1 32 107 301 97 Virginia 206 190 8 025 3 89 2 324 5 701 2 76 1 295 4 406 2 14 Washington 125,708 7,291 5 80 3,049 4 242 3 37 233 4 009 3 19 West Virginia ... 142 174 6 816 4 79 2 435 4 381 3 08 671 3 710 2 61 Wisconsin 266,691 4,736 1 78 1.385 3.351 1 26 796 2 555 % Wyoming ..... 25 151 1 797 7 15 223 1 574 6 26 70 1 504 5 98 Alaska.." 609 80 529 529 Hawaii 184 184 184 Porto Rico 15 15 15 APPENDIX TABLES. 461 APPENDIX TABLE 76-A. Reported desertions by color, compared by States. Total white and col- ored regis- trants, June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Total white regis- trants. Report- ed deser- tions, white. Per cent of total regis- trants. Per cent of white regis- trants. Total colored regis- trants. Report- ed deser- tions, colored. Per cent of total regis- trants. Per cent of col- ored regis- trants. United States 10,540,846 9,562,515 369,030 3.47 3.86 1,078,331 105, 831 - .99 9 81 Alabama 206,210 124,247 3,672 1.78 2.96 81,963 10,835 5.25 13.22 Arizona 40,179 39,884 6,939 17. 36 17.40 295 64 .16 21.69 Arkansas 168, 287 117,111 2,476 1.47 2.11 51,176 4,770 2.83 9 32 California . 316,302 312,994 15,323 4.84 4.90 3,308 268 .08 8.10 Colorado 91,556 90,453 4,910 5.36 5.43 1,103 91 .10 8.25 Connecticut 174,820 171,296 12,416 7.10 7.25 3,524 682 .39 19 35 Delaware 24,559 20,761 686 2.79 3.30 3,798 303 1.23 7.98 District of Columbia. Florida 36,670 94,585 25,625 55,572 390 1,823 1.06 1 93 1.52 3.28 11,045 39,013 616 8,319 1.68 8.71 5.58 21.32 Georgia 260, 197 147,604 4,499 1.73 3.05 112,593 8,969 3.45 7.97 Idaho 45,478 45,224 2,242 4.93 4.96 254 108 .23 42.51 Illinois 707,070 685, 254 21,678 3.07 3.16 21,816 2,911 .41 13.34 Indiana 283,731 272,442 5,252 1.85 1.93 11,289 1,199 .42 10.62 Iowa 240,703 237, 744 5,262 2.19 2.21 2,959 517 .21 17.47 Kansas 167, 266 161,691 3,172 1.90 1.96 5,575 255 .15 4 57 Kentucky . . .. 215,910 190,060 2,330 1.08 1.23 25,850 1,524 .71 5 90 Louisiana 179,941 103,718 2,250 1.25 2.17 76,223 5,962 3.31 7.82 Maine . . . 68,104 67,941 2,553 3.74 3.76 163 29 .04 17 79 Maryland 136,501 110,066 3,831 2.81 3.48 26,435 2,410 1.77 9. 12 Massachusetts 397,698 391,654 19,841 4.99 5.07 6,044 665 1.67 11.00 Michigan 411,019 404,040 17,222 4. 19 4.26 6,979 1,015 .25 14 54 Minnesota 249,291 247,750 10, 108 4.05 4.08 1,541 621 .25 40.30 Mississippi 157,525 75,977 1,713 1.09 2.25 81,548 8,112 5 15 9 95 Missouri 334,902 312,106 10, 549 3.14 3.38 22,796 1,791 .53 7 86 Montana 97,073 96, 753 7,895 8.13 "8.16 320 114 .12 35.63 Nebraska . ... 132, 107 130,493 2,608 1.97 2 00 1,614 229 17 14 19 Nevada 12,640 12,581 1,392 1.10 11.06 59 3 .02 5.08 New Hampshire New Jersey. 41,694 332,671 41,617 318,615 1,428 15,114 3.42 4.54 3.43 4.74 77 14,056 3 1,535 .01 .46 3.90 10.92 New Mexico 37,011 36,776 3,217 8.69 8.75 235 40 .11 17.02 New York 1,118,035 1,092,061 57, 021 5 10 5 22 25,974 4,062 36 15 64 North Carolina 228,459 155, 102 1,175 5.14 .76 73,357 4,937 2 16 6.73 North Dakota 72,902 72,837 2,520 3.46 3.46 65 19 .03 29.23 Ohio .. 617,001 588,170 22,846 3.70 3 88 28,831 4,048 66 14 04 Oklahoma 188, 156 173, 851 5,860 3.11 3.37 14,305 1,223 .65 8.56 Oregon 69,520 69, 376 2,023 2 91 2 92 144 18 03 12 50 Pennsylvania 902, 469 803,106 31,739 3.52 3.68 39,363 6,599 73 16. 76 Rhode Island 59,006 57, 433 2,340 3 97 4.07 1,573 251 43 15 96 South Carolina . 144,660 70, 395 1,107 .77 1 57 74,265 4,589 3 14 6 18 South Dakota 65,040 64,896 1,243 1.91 1 92 144 27 04 18.75 Tennessee 213,409 169, 674 4,380 2 05 2 58 43,735 3 573 1 7 8 17 Texas 460,056 376, 385 19,209 4 18 5 10 83,671 5,388 1 17 6 44 Utah 46,099 45, 930 1,735 3.76 3.78 169 11 .02 6.51 Vermont 30,882 30,819 690 2.23 2.71 63 4 .01 6.35 Virginia 206,072 141,714 3,090 1.50 2 18 64,358 4,935 2 39 7.67 Washington 124,125 123, 752 7,261 5.85 5.87 373 30 .02 8.04 West Virginia 142, 144 128,852 4,803 3.38 3.73 13,292 2,013 1.41 15.14 Wisconsin 266,219 265,501 4,663 1.75 1.76 718 73 03 10.17 Wyoming 24,892 24,612 1,734 6.96 7.05 280 63 .25 22.50 Alaska 601 Hawaii 184 Porto Rico 15 462 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 77-A. Reported desertions by citizenship, compared by States. Total registrants June 5, 1917-Sept. 11, IftlS. Total alien regis- trants. Report- ed deser- tions, alien. Per cent of total regis- trants. Per cent of alien regis- trants. Total citizen regis- trants. Report- ed deser- tions, citizen. Per cent of total regis- trants. Per cent of citizen regis- trants. United States 10,679,814 1,703,006 185,081 1.73 10.87 S, 971 ',808 289,780 2.71 3 23 Alabama 206,248 1.558 179 09 11 49 204,690 14.328 6 95 7 00 Arizona . . 40,517 15, 283 4 388 10 83 28.71 25, 234 2,615 6 45 10 36 Arkansas 168,302 652 40 .02 6 13 167,650 7,206 4 28 4 30 California 332, 593 86,954 8,713 10.02 245,639 6,878 2.07 2 80 Colorado .......... 91,813 10,144 2 179 2 37 21 48 81 699 2,822 3 07 3 46 Connecticut 175,026 64,924 9 239 5 28 14 23 110,102 3,859 2 20 3 50 Delaware 24,563 3,892 407 1 66 10 46 20 671 582 2 37 2 82 District of Columbia. Florida 36,741 94,792 1,590 4,543 74 441 .20 .47 4.65 9. 71 35, 151 90,249 932 9,701 2.54 10 23 2.65 10 75 Georgia 260, 296 1,383 54 .02 3 90 258,913 13,414 5.15 5 18 Idaho 45, 982 4,622 1,270 2 76 27 48 41,360 1,080 2 35 2 61 Illinois 707, 962 143,299 9,919 1.40 6 92 564 , 663 14,670 2.07 2 GO Indiana 283,843 22, 751 2,514 .89 11 05 261,092 3,937 1.39 1 51 Iowa 240,934 16, 847 1 656 69 9 S3 224,087 4,123 1 71 1 84 Kansas 167,486 5,441 1 176 .70 21 61 162,045 2,251 1.34 1 39 Kentucky 215,936 1,256 199 .09 15.84 214,680 3,665 1.69 1.70 Louisiana 180, 226 2,829 607 .34 21.46 177, 397 7,605 4.22 4.29 Maine 68, 214 9,413 1 406 2 06 14 94 58,801 1,176 1 72 2.00 Maryland 136, 552 9,546 895 .66 9.38 127, 006 5,346 3-91 4. 19 Massachusetts 398, 364 139, 766 12,070 3.03 8.64 258,598 8,436 2.12 3.26 Michigan 411,596 106, 830 11 939 2 90 11 18 304,766 6,298 1.53 2.07 Minnesota . ." 249, 937 40, 260 5 022 2.01 12.47 209,677 5,707 2.2S 2.72 Mississippi 157,607 572 231 .15 40.38 157,035 9,594 6.09 6.11 Missouri . 335,012 11,719 1,703 .51 14.53 323,293 10, 637 3.18 3.29 Montana 97, 762 19, 793 4,242 4.34 21.43 77, 969 3,767 3.85 4.83 Nebraska 132,458 8,897 1 057 .80 11.88 123,561 1,780 1.34 1.44 Nevada. 13,044 4.030 669 5.13 16.60 9,014 726 5.57 8.05 New Hampshire New Jersey 41,743 332, 895 10, 896 80,932 705 7,948 1.69 2.39 6.47 9.82 30,847 251,963 726 15,699 1.74 4.72 2.35 6.23 New Mexico 37,300 4 364 1 914 5.13 43.86 32, 936 1,343 3.60 4.08 New York 1,120,332 374 308 36 753 3.28 9.82 746,024 24,330 2.17 3.26 North Carolina 228, 844 597 62 .03 10.39 228,247 6,050 2.64 2.65 North Dakota 73,341 9,245 I,4fi9 2.00 15.89 64,096 1,070 1.46 1.67 Ohio 617, 371 113,000 10 746 1.74 9.51 504,371 16,148 2.62 3.20 Oklahoma 193,236 2,684 773 .40 28.80 190,552 6,310 3.27 3-31 Oregon . 70,549 11,048 832 1.18 7.53 59,501 1,209 1.71 2.03 Pennsylvania 902, 996 215, 070 20,718 2.29 9.63 687, 925 17. 620 1.95 2.56 Rhode Island 59,059 20, 037 1,405 2.38 7.01 39,022 1,186 2.01 3.04 South Carolina .... 144,701 654 30 .02 4.59 144,047 5,666 3.92 3.93 South Dakota 66,189 4,532 463 70 10.22 61 . 657 807 1.22 1.31 Tennessee 213,427 745 52 .02 6.98 212,682 7,901 3.70 3.71 Texas 460, 326 35,437 7,358 1.60 20.76 424,889 17,239 3.74 4.06 Utah 46,901 7,502 1,107 2.36 14.76 39,399 639 1.36 1.62 Vermont 30,884 2,472 340 1.10 13.75 28.412 354 1.15 1.25 Virginia 206,190 2,500 593 .29 23.72 203,690 7,432 3.60 3.65 Washington 125,708 19,287 3,481 2.77 18.05 106,421 3,810 3.03 3.58 West Virginia 142, 174 10. 744 2,320 1.63 21.59 131,430 4,487 3.16 3.41 Wisconsin 266,691 35,068 2,376 .89 6.78 231,623 2,360 .88 1.02 Wyoming 25,151 3,090 763 3.03 24.69 22,061 1,034 4.11 4.69 Alaska 469 140 Hawaii 106 78 Porto Rico 15 APPENDIX TABLES. 463 APPENDIX TABLE 78-A. Quota sheet No. 1 Statement of men called under first levy of 687,000 men. Gross quotas. Enlist- ment credits. Net quotas. Fur- nished to Dec. 31, 1917. Due Jan. 1, 1918. Date last of these men were called. United States . . 1, 152, 985 465, 985 687,000 516, 212 170, 788 Alabama 21.300 7,651 13, 612 10, 926 2,686 Mar. 29,1918 Arizona 4,478 998 3,472 2,999 473 Mar. 4, 1918 Arkansas 17, 452 7,155 10, 267 6,521 3.746 Apr. 26, 1918 California 34.907 11,786 23,060 23.079 -19 Nov. 2 1917 Colorado 9,797 5,027 4,753 4,105 648 Mar. 4, 1918 Connecticut 18, 817 7,807 10.977 9.739 1.238 Apr. 30 1918 Delaware 2, 569 1.363 1,202 925 277 Mar. 4 1918 District of Columbia 3 796 2,860 929 941 12 Nov. 2 1917 Florida 10, 129 3,786 6,325 2,224 4,101 Apr. 30 1918 Georgia 27,209 8,825 18,337 8,215 10,122 Apr. 26, 1918 Idaho 4,833 2,538 2,287 2,302 15 Nov. 2, 1917 Illinois 79.094 27, 304 51, 653 33,940 17, 713 Apr. 26.1918 Indiana 29,971 12,409 17, 510 11,500 6,010 Do. Iowa 25. 465 12, 672 12, 749 6,456 6,293 Feb. 23 1918 Kansas 17, 795 11, 325 6,439 5,712 727 Do. Kentucky 22, 152 7,878 14,236 9,687 4 549 May 1 1918 Louisiana 18, 481 4,867 13,582 8,297 5,285 Apr. 26 1918 Maine 7,076 5.243 1,821 1,899 -78 May 1, 1918 Maryland 14, 139 7,018 7,096 7,118 22 Nov. 2 1917 43 109 22 448 20 586 18 342 2 244 Apr 30 1918 Michigan 43, 936 13, 569 30,291 23 309 G' 982 Mar 29* 1918 Minnesota 20, 021 8,198 17, 778 9,312 8 466 Feb. 23 1918 Mississippi 16 429 5 600 10, 801 6 103 4 698 Mar 29 1918 Missouri 35, 461 16,740 18, 660 15.664 2 9% Apr. 26 1918 Montana . . - - - 10 423 2 533 7 872 7 911 39 Nov 2 1917 Nebraska 13,900 5 691 8,185 7 085 1 100 Mar 4* 1918 Nevada 1,435 382 1,051 1,053 2 Nov. 2 1917 New Hampshire 4,419 3 207 1 204 1 180 24 Apr 30 1918 35 623 14 896 20 665 12 740 7 925 Mar 4* 1918 New Mexico 3 856 1*558 4 102 1 972 *320 Do ' 122 424 52 971 69 241 57 828 11 413 Apr 26 1918 North Carolina . . 23' 486 i 471 15' 974 9*992 5*982 Do North Dakota 7 737 2 452 5 272 2*652 2*620 Mar 29 1918 Ohio 66 474 27 586 38 773 31 754 7 019 Mar 15* 1918 Oklahoma 19 943 4 344 15 564 12*292 3*272 Apr 26* 1918 Oregon 7 387 6 657 717 741 24 Nov 2* 1917 Pennsylvania . ... 98 277 37 248 60 859 51 081 9 778 Mar 29* 1918 Rhode Island 6 277 4 055 2 211 2*090 *121 Apr 30* 1918 South Carolina 15 147 5 040 10 081 6 717 3 364 Feb 23* 1918 South Dakota 6 854 4 125 2 717 2*325 *392 Mar 4*1918 Tennessee 22 158 7 592 14 528 11 061 3 467 Apr 26 1918 Texas 48* 116 17 488 30' 545 24*451 6*094 Do Utah 4 945 2 566 2 370 2 383 13 Nov 2 1917 Vermont 3 243 2 188 1 049 990 53 May 1 1918 Virginia 21 354 ?'522 13' 795 13 809 14 Oct 2?' 1917 Washington 12 768 5 450 7 296 7*327 31 Nov 2* 1917 West Virginia 14 848 5*721 9' 101 7* 613 1 488 Mar ' 4* 1918 Wisconsin 28 199 15 274 12 876 9 033 3 843 Apr 26* 1918 Wyoming '. 2 683 l' 868 'sio *811 1 Nov 2* 1917 710 13 696 696 June 30* 1918 Hawaii 2,403 4,397 Porto Ric-o 13 480 624 12 833 12 833 June 20 1918 464 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 78-B. Quota sheet No. 2 Interim quotas from date of completing respective quotas under first levy of 687,000 to May 31. 1918, on basis of population with credits. Popula- tion. Propor- tion. Gross quotas. Credits for enlistments from July 1,1917, to Mar. 31, 1918. ' Net quotas. Fur- nished under sec- ond draft. Bal- ance due on net quotas. Regu- lar Army. Na- tional Guard. En- listed Re- serve. Total credits. Total United States... Alabama 105,366,056 1.000000 1,036,046 209,895 114,404 157,204 481,503 554,543 254,543 300,000 1,946,536 409,203 1,594,835 3,189,998 895,336 1,719,623 234, 710 346,856 925,641 2,486,544 441,684 7,227,952 2,738,893 2,327,079 1,626,226 2,024,353 1,688,862 646, 588 1,292,091 3,939,561 4,015,053 2,377,938 1,501,345 3,240,679 952,478 1,270,301 131,232 403,884 3.255,407 352,392 11,187.798 2,146,266 706,992 6,074,771 1,822,470 675,092 8,981,082 573, 583 1,384,203 626,359 2,024,893 4,397,097 451,932 296,426 1,951,521 1,166,855 1,356,907 2,576,931 245,226 64,912 219, 580 1,231,880 .018474 .003884 .015136 .030275 .008497 . 016320 .002228 .003292 .008785 . 023599 . 004192 .068599 .025994 .022086 .015434 .019213 .010029 .006137 .012263 .037389 .038106 .022568 .014249 .030756 .009040 .012056 .001245 .003833 .030896 .003344 . 106180 .020370 .006710 .057654 . 017297 .006407 .085237 .005444 .013137 .005945 . 019218 .041732 .004289 .002813 .018521 .011074 .012878 .024457 .002327 .000616 .002084 .011691 19,140 4,024 15,682 31,366 8,803 16,908 2,308 3,411 9,102 24,450 4,343 71,072 26,931 22,882 15,990 19,906 16,607 6,358 12, 705 38, 737 39,480 23,381 14,763 31, 865 9,366 12,490 1,290 3,971 32,010 3,465 110,007 21,104 6,952 59,732 17,920 6,638 88,309 5,640 13,611 6,159 19,911 43,236 4,444 2,914 19, 189 11,473 13,342 25,339 2.411 638 2,159 12, 112 2.409 465 1,563 10, 738 2,244 3,730 384 952 1,639 3,143 1,318 12,749 9,107 6,411 3,395 3,519 1,520 1,232 2,227 11,687 8,750 5,402 1,133 6,030 3,046 4.248 751 1,006 6,588 691 20,511 1,538 1,440 11,081 4,748 2,666 22,270 1,250 1,050 1,828 2,613 6,918 1,401 566 2,085 3,377 2,443 3,192 640 47 70 84 776 144 1,810 5,510 832 1,592 453 580 1,024 1,169 410 8,192 3,216 2,055 1,941 1,686 628 985 1,649 3,411 2,311 1,409 1.467 3,751 555 1,808 38 605 4,207 500 10,766 2,758 1,928 6,766 1,121 812 9,021 910 776 504, 2,882 9,673 369 560 2,420 1,278 601 3,628 850 5 1,997 5 2,450 438 974 10,052 1,344 2,839 269 1,750 1,044 4,336 794 13,599 3,498 3,600 1,714 1,218 1,100 947 1,962 11, 122 7,725 4,231 998 4,600 1,350 1,762 242 649 5,166 472 18,295 1,195 646 6,217 1,103 2,240 15, 114 632 1,517 499 2,182 5,251 787 443 1,755 3,496 885 2,455 166 44 21 16 5,635 1,047 4,347 26,300 4,420 8,161 1,106 3,282 3,707 8,648 2,522 34,540 15, 821 12,066 7,050 6,423 3,248 3,164 5,838 26,220 18,786 11,042 3,598 14,381 4,951 7,878 1,031 2,200 15,961 1,663 49, 572 5,491 4,014 24,064 6,972 5,718 46,405 2,792 3,343 2,831 7,677 21.842 2,557 1,569 6,260 8,151 3,929 9,275 1.656 % 2,088 105 13,505 2,977 11,335 5,066 4,383 8,747 1,202 129 5,395 15, 802 1,821 36,532 11,110 10,816 8,940 13.483 13,359 3,194 6,867 12,517 20, 694 12,339 11, 165 17,484 4,415 4, 012 259 1,711 16,049 1,802 60, 435 15,613 2,938 35,668 10,948 920 41,904 2,848 10,268 3,328 12,234 21,394 1,887 1,345 12, 929 3,322 9,413 16,064 755 542 71 12,007 4,543 961 3,679 7,879 2,251 4.735 575 851 2,141 5,719 1,012 17,253 7,200 7,053 3,827 5,211 3,862 1,673 3,105 9,898 10, 191 7,500 3,465 8,686 2,207 2,984 300 1,084 7,977 806 27, 560 4,965 1,678 14, 632 4,253 1,644 21,725 1,540 2,818 1,469 5,108 9,415 1,060 743 4,725 2,770 3,204 6,025 581 8,962 2,016 7,656 2,813 2,132 4,012 627 -722 3,254 10,083 809 19,279 3,910 3,763 5,113 8,272 9,497 1,521 3,762 2,619 10, 503 4,839 7,700 8,798 2,208 1,628 -41 627 8,072 99(> 32, 875 10, 648 1,260 21.036 6, 695 724 20,179 1,308 7,450 1,859 7,120 11,979 827 602 8,204 552 6,209 10,039 174 542 71 12.007 Arizona Arkansas California ...,. Colorado Connecticut Delaware . . . District of Columbia . . Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa . Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota....... Mississippi Missouri.... Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma. Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina. South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia . ... Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wvominc Alaska . Hawaii Porto Rico APPENDIX TABLES. 465 APPENDIX TABLE 78-C. Quota sheet No. 3 Class I quotas as of June 1, 1918. (1) Class I. Current quotas. (6) Remaining on June 1, 191 8, finally classified in class I and exam- ined physi- cally and accepted for general military service. (2) Inducted and called for induc- tion since the date of com- pleting quotas, first levy. (3) Volun- tary and individ- ual in- ductions. (4) Total of (2), (3) and (4)= quota basis. (5) Quotas (80 per cent of quota basis.) (a) Credits (previous indue-' tions). (b) Net current quotas not called. (c) Total United States 1,166,317 255,414 61,095 1,482,826 1,186,262 627,405 559, 439 Alabama 26, 549 1,836 23, 405 18,432 9,441 9,501 1,989 4,049 11,488 25,659 6,899 82,308 28,417 36,757 22,399 30, 305 31,201 8,977 13,214 29, 634 34,440 35,718 24,603 45,930 12,743 14,787 977 4,148 27,430 3,879 102,277 25, 680 8,882 57, 160 27, 357 9,373 69,518 6,131 20,665 16,028 30,172 51,140 3,384 2,770 32,215 9,604 22,213 38,745 5,888 4,504 961 3,679 7,879 2,251 4,735 575 851 2,141 5,719 1,012 17,253 7,200 7,053 3,827 5,137 3,862 1,673 3,105 9,898 10,191 7,500 3,465 8, 686 2,207 2,984 300 1,084 7,977 806 27, 560 4,965 1,078 14,632 4,253 1,644 21,725 1,5-10 2,818 1,469 5,108 10,415 1,060 743 4,709 2,770 3,204 6,025 581 946 289 290 3,870 624 508 134 362 233 430 454 3,470 2,783 1,582 733 379 764 230 460 1,475 3,255 2,238 530 1,319 1,264 911 215 151 1,210 192 5,146 846 1,012 2, 881 2,310 632 4,817 184 137 388 868 2,610 712 636 459 1,046 3,071 1,716 323 31,999 3,086 27, 374 30,181 12,316 14,744 2,698 5,262 13,862 31,808 8,365 103,031 38,400 45, 392 26,959 35, 821 35, 827 10, 880 16,779 41,007 47,886 45,456 28, 598 55,935 16,214 18, 682 1,492 5,383 36,617 4,877 134, 983 31,491 11,572 74, 673 33,920 11,649 96, 060 7,855 23,620 17, 8S5 30, 148 64, 165 5,156 4,149 37,383 13,420 28,488 46,486 6,792 25,599 2,469 21,899 24,145 9,853 11,795 2, 158 4,210 11,090 25,447 6,692 82,425 30, 720 36,314 21, 567 28,657 28,662 8,704 13,423 32,806 38, 309 36,365 22, 878 44,748 12,971 14,946 1,194 4,306 29,294 3,902 107,985 25, 193 9,258 59,738 27,136 9,319 76, 848 6,284 18, 896 14,308 28,918 51,332 4,125 3,319 29,906 10,736 22,790 37,189 5,434 12,567 3,051 8,512 13, 348 6,783 9,244 1,191 1,938 3,038 8,*44 2,311 55,608 17,412 12,706 11,059 14,521 9,361 3,960 6,644 17,242 23,957 15,011 8,212 18,225 5,874 5.617 525 2,530 17,855 3,087 72,883 14,237 3,945 41,277 15,966 3,861 49, 359 3,771 5,459 4,553 11,751 23,357 2,870 2,572 12,199 4,923 13,710 18,536 2,643 13,032 1582 13,387 10, 797 3,070 2,551 967 2,272 8,052 17,303 4,381 26, 817 13,308 23,608 10,508 14,136 19,301 4,744 6,779 15,564 14,352 21,354 14,666 26, 523 7,097 9,329 669 1,776 11,439 815 35,102 10,956 5,313 18,461 11,170 5,458 27,489 2,513 13,437 9,755 17,167 27,975 1,255 747 17,707 5, 813 9,080 18,653 2,791 Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia ... Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South C'arolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas -Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 97250 19 30 i Excess. 466 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 78-D. Quota sheet No. 4 Class I quotas as of Sept. 1, 1918. (1) Class I. Current quotas. (6) Remaining on Sept. 1, 1918, finally classified in Class I and examined physically and accepted for general military service. (2) Inducted and Called for induc- tion since the date of com- pleting quotas on first levy. (3) Voluntary and individual inductions. (4) Total Of (2), (3), and (4) = quotas. (5) Credits (previous inductions). (a) Net current quotas not called. (b) Total United States Alabama. . 290,820 1,506,405 85,990 1,883,215 1,744,159 139,056 9,032 477 7,116 4,777 714 2,037 291 942 1,517 7,298 896 20,994 9,212 11,576 5,275 8,121 10,410 1,932 1,828 5,223 6,095 9,231 10,681 10, 813 2,321 7,783 128 658 5,6-15 785 14,972 3,809 3,793 16, 2.50 5,957 1,079 21,940 38 4,498 1,934 11,573 19, 173 1,044 443 4,400 2,396 6/073 6,700 940 33,497 3,374 29,231 29,617 14, 677 16,929 2,884 6,057 15,426 37, 693 7,981 99,537 40,251 41, 287 27, 683 39,369 29,798 10,768 21,831 42, 191 49,502 40,418 24,017 55,408 15,653 17,087 1,492 5,586 37, 130 5,406 135,090 38,339 10,104 77, 788 37,490 11,924 105,618 7,852 27,534 16,264 30,676 66,899 5,733 3,918 37,012 14,925 25,849 45,757 5,853 1,289 318 414 4,705 818 801 186 602 383 745 537 5,164 3,350 2,197 1,203 567 954 348 875 2,312 4,350 2,992 747 2,369 1.551 1.188 252 342 2,296 485 9.113 1,309 1,087 3,959 2,823 993 6,937 336 258 507 1,141 3,813 592 684 866 1,332 3,479 2,045 346 43,818 4,199 36, 761 39,099 16, 209 19,767 3,361 7,601 17,326 45, 736 9,414 125, 695 52, 813 55,060 34, 161 48,057 41, 162 13 048 24,534 49, 726 59,947 52,641 35, 445 68,590 19,525 26,058 1,872 6,586 45,071 6,676 159, 175 43,457 14,984 97,997 46,270 13,996 134, 495 8,226 32,290 18,705 43,390 89,885 7,369 5,045 42, 278 18,653 35,401 54,502 7,139 40,086 4,129 33,593 38,530 16,038 18,480 3,188 7,159 16,490 42,434 9,230 110,243 47,849 51,607 33,493 40,636 36, 570 11,828 23,364 46,611 56,329 45,945 30,807 63,627 18,222 19,371 1,850 5,958 43,523 6,502 156, 722 40,923 12, 401 92, 325 44,607 13,817 123, 473 8,194 29,434 17,412 38,847 80,411 7,230 4,854 40,403 18,274 34,530 50,111 6,499 3,732 70 3,168 569 171 1,287 173 442 836 3,302 184 15, 452 4,964 3,453 668 7,421 4,592 1,220 1,170 3,115 3,618 6,696 4,638 4,963 1,303 6,687 22 628 1,548 174 2,453 2,534 2,583 5,672 1,663 179 11,022 32 2,856 1,293 4,543 9,474 139 191 1,875 379 871 4,391 640 Arizona . Arkansas California . . . Colorado . . Connecticut.. Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia... Idaho . Illinois Indiana . Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana . Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi . . Missouri Montana . . Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire .... New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina. . North Dakota Ohio . . Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota. Tennessee Texas. Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia. Wisconsin Wyoming . . APPENDIX TABLES. 467 APPENDIX TABLE 78-E. Quota sheet No. 5 Class I quotas as of Oct. 1, 1918. (1) Class I. Current quotas. (6) Remaining on Oct. 1. 1918, finally classified in Class I and examined physically and accepted for general mili- tary service. (2) Inducted and called for induction since the date of completing quotas on first levy. (3) Voluntary and individual inductions. (4) Total of (2), (3),and(4)= quotas. (5) Credits (previous inductions). (a) Net current quotas not called. (b) United States 193,712 1, 774, 381 93, 797 - 2,061,890 2,003,757 58,133 3,272 328 3,026 4,155 858 2,087 239 575 1,206 5,435 755 18,120 7,532 5,893 1,485 9,449 2,180 916 1,556 6,733 5,931 8,357 3,039 7,017 1,789 8,630 109 731 4,294 600 13,361 2,131 3,474 7,645 4,322 980 12,749 453 2,216 1,783 4,045 10,477 442 425 1,829 2,361 1,398 6,783 541 42,634 3,935 36,509 35,367 15,764 18,881 3,370 7,201 17,438 45,220 9,097 113,051 46,303 50,483 33,024 42,805 40,199 11,990 24,535 48, 272 56,197 45, 133 34,294 64,161 17,616 19,405 1,719 6,215 43,760 6,251 159,470 43,186 11,667 93,023 43,280 13, 363 127,481 8,353 32,443 17, 759 41,040 82,349 7,136 4,520 42,312 17,758 32, 180 49,681 6,551 1,225 410 455 4,989 878 914 202 787 421 832 515 5,509 3,495 2,468 1.181 732 989 374 975 2.654 4,425 3,226 2,453 2,669 1,089 1,295 256 300 2,647 252 10,325 1,056 1,072 4,280 2,685 965 7,764 274 289 520 1,131 4,023 787 705 835 1,331 3,391 2,331 416 47, 131 4,673 39,990 44,511 17,500 21,882 3,811 8,563 19,065 51,487 10, 367 136,680 57,330 58,844 35,690 52,986 43,368 13,280 27,066 57,659 66,553 56, 716 40, 786 73,847 20,494 29,330 2,084 7,246 50,701 7,103 183, 156 46,373 16, 213 104,948 50,287 15,308 147,994 9,080 34,948 20,062 46,216 96,849 8,365 5,650 44,976 21,450 36,969 58,795 7,508 45,981 '4,545 38,926 41,903 17,292 21,021 3,732 8,333 18,433 48,562 10,083 133,820 55, 774 57,351 34,930 51,932 42,258 13,280 26,296 53,294 64,172 55,109 39,554 71,845 20,005 28,120 2,075 7,084 49,328 6,908 178, 208 45, 787 15,859 102, 193 48,945 14,964 144,515 8,837 33,838 19,564 45,006 94,454 8,223 5,525 44,097 20,993 36,056 57,447 7,300 1,150 128 1,064 2,608 208 861 79 230 632 2,925 284 2,860 1,556 1,493 760 1,054 1,110 California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine 770 4,365 2,381 1,607 1,232 2,002 489 1.210 ' 9 162 1,373 195 4,948 586 354 2,755 1,342 344 3,479 243 1,110 498 1,210 2,395 142 125 879 457 913 1,348 208 Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Wash ington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 468 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 79-A. Enlistments and inductions, Apr. 2, 1917, to Oct. SI. 1918, . under first and second registrations, compared by States. Total incre- ment, armed forces. Inductions under first and second registrations. Enlistments. Na- tional Army. Per cent of incre- ment. Army. Per cent of incre- ment. Navy. Per cent of incre- ment. Marine Corps. Per cent of incre- ment. United States 1,034,743 2,666,867 66.10 877, 458 21.75 437,527 10.84 52,891 1 31 Alabama 73,543 11,410 65,311 131,484 38, 751 55,218 7,985 17,945 36,211 86,973 20,467 272,235 101,973 101,638 66,645 77,983 71,271 26,602 51,700 157, 101 142,397 106,918 56,740 140,257 39,049 49,614 5,488 14,970 118,350 13,586 410,569 74,705 27,253 205,852 84,909 34,430 313,297 22,270 54,284 30,130 80,139 174,061 19,421 11,223 78,524 55,433 55,895 101,696 12,223 2,105 5,733 16,490 1,286 59,755 8,113 49,312 67,067 - 22,858 32,539 4,993 9,631 24,916 66,841 12,566 177,483 69, 749 66,864 41,905 58,330 56,205 15,266 33,867 76,567 96,480 73,680 43,362 92,843 27,340 29,807 3,164 8,404 71,390 8,862 253,589 58,441 18,595 138, 148 64,941 16,158 201,211 11,176 44,059 21,255 59,878 117,395 10,788 6,629 58,337 28,686 45,355 70,982 7,923 1,962 5,466 15, 734 81.25 71.10 75.50 51.00 58.99 58.93 62.53 53.67 68.81 76.85 61.40 65.19 66.44 65.79 62.88 74.80 78.86 57.39 65.51 48.74 67.75 68.91 76.42 66.19 70.02 60.08 57.65 56.14 60.32 65.23 61.77 78.23 68.23 67.11 76.49 46.93 64.22 50.18 81.16 70.54 74.72 67.44 55.55 59.07 74.29 51.75 81.14 69.80 64.82 93.21 95.34 95.42 9,562 1,854 11,699 38,992 9,670 13, 151 2,003 4,442 6,834 14, 160 4,955 61,938 25,847 28,389 18, 217 13,934 7,570 7,290 10, 144 41,985 32,403 20,272 9,044 29,863 7,331 14,416 1,888 4,408 28,333 3,649 89,031 10,573 6,611 48,885 14,105 10,626 78,671 5,436 6,505 7, OSS 13,563 37,704 5,335 3,088 10,556 12,761 7,359 22,349 3,554 143 267 756 254 13.00 16.25 17.91 29.66 24.95 23.82 25.08 24.75 18.87 16.28 24.20 22.75 24.62 25.96 27.33 17.88 10.62 27.40 19.62 26.72 22.76 18.96 15.94 21.29 18.77 29.06 34.40 29.45 23.94 26.86 21. 6S 14.15 24.26 23.75 16.61 30.86 25.11 24.41 11. 9S 23.51 16.92 21.66 27.47 27.51 13.45 23.02 13.17 21.98 29.08 6.79 4.66 4.58 3,938 1,269 4,025 23,058 5,075 9,319 919 3,500 4,375 5,382 2,450 28,264 8,313 7,832 5,907 5,163 6,782 4,025 6,913 36,884 11,463 10,588 4,069 14,132 3,281 4,944 350 2,100 17,457 1,050 61,779 5,250 1,838 14, 176 5,513 6,694 29,446 5,600 3,675 1,663 5,425 16,889 2,494 1,488 9,144 12,382 2,625 7,569 656 0.35 11.12 6.16 17. 54 13.10 16.88 11.51 19.50 12.08 6.19 11.97 10.38 7.92 7.71 8.86 6.62 9.52 15.13 13.37 23.48 8.05 9.90 7.17 10.08 8.40 9.96 6.38 14. 03 14. 75 7.73 15.05 7.03 6.74 6.89 6.49 19.44 9.40 25.15 6.77 5.52 6.77 9.71 12.84 13.26 11.64 22.34 4.70 7.44 5.37 288 174 275 2,367 1,148 209 70 372 86 590 496 4,550 1,064 553 616 556 714 21 776 1,665 2,0,-,1 2,378 265 3,419 1,097 447 85 58 1.170 2.3 6,170 441 209 4,643 ' 3.-0 9.V2 3,9G9 58 45 129 1,273 2.07'i 804 18 487 1,604 556 796 90 .40 1.53 .43 1.80 2.96 .37 .8 2.08 .24 .68 2.43 1.68 1.02 .54 .93 .70 1.00 .08 1.50 1.06 1.-14 2.23 .47 2.44 2.81 .90 1.57 .38 .99 .18 l.iO .59 .77 2.25 .41 2.77 1.27 .26 .09 .43 1.59 1.19 4.14 .16 .62 2.89 .99 .78 .73 Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware ......... District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas.... Kentucky .. Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts . Michigan . Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska. Nevada. New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico.. New York.... North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania . , . ..... Rhode" Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont , . .... Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska. .T. Hawaii Porto Rico Not allocated 394 638 APPENDIX TABLES. 469 4 _,- h* ^ 3 f ^' -.- ,-' 'I "5. 1 / / -" X ; < en 1 A < _ *J \ X Ol < "a~a I S. <* -!> -^ - '- ^ ^* ^ s s i ff x-S _o as QO O r-l V S o> >* "- 1 - ~~ - ^> < s ~ v^^ '1 cc: o! up requir( traents du ew draft. M >, co- 4 z: s *' *~ ^^ ^ i -^ rt p^ S Q *~" ^ % < ~ "~ ~\ \ \ 1 i s N x^ ^ I i"S < i 2 ^ X K. X / .a 1 G 11 1 S = 3 - ^ -^ 1 y "> ^lj S i ~-0 si o Q yr < ^ ^ ^ ^ i / I a S 1 s. fi 5 I i ^^^ ^^ "^. y I J UJ <- 5- ,' _-4 *~ *" \ 0^ a t fi^ ^ OS CO r' } i 1 V ^ 1 ^H 60 *2< / / J . w "3 / y r ^ -> { / s .a 4 >> si \ \ cxa o. i i < \ \ " L I '= i " o o O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o .O O o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 o" CNJ Tf o Tt o 00 M o to ro o Tf to CM CO o o CO oo cs o to CM 3 o CM CM o 8 o 50 t eg o o 00 o <> ^ CM 1 1 470 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 81-A. List of requisitions for men, received by the Provost Marshal General from The Adjutant General of the Army, Aug. 25, 1917, to Nov. 7, 1918. Date received. Qualifications. Number of men. Aug. 25,1917 Aug. 8, 1917 Sept. 22, 1917 Oct. 13,1917 do Nov. 6,1917 Nov. 5,1917 Nov. 21,1917 Nov. 15,1917 Dec. 8,1917 Dec. 7.1917 Dec. 14,1917 Dec. 29,1917 Dec. 31,1917 Jan. 3,1918 do Jan. 19,1918 Feb. 2,1918 Feb. 11,1918 Feb. 20,1918 Feb. 27,1918 Feb. 28,1918 Mar. 1, 1918 Apr. 10,1918 L Mar. 3,1918 Mar. 12,1918 Mar. 11,1918 Mar. 1,1918 Apr. 10,1918 Mar. 1,1918 Mar. 15,1918 Mar. 10,1918 Mar. 11,1918 Apr. 10,1918 Apr. 18.1918 Mar. 22,1918 Mar. 30,1918 Apr. 3, 1918 Apr. 1, 1918 Apr. 2, 1918 Run of the draft to 16 mobilization camps . .do. Run of the draft to 18 mobilization camps. Run of the draft to 12 mobilization camps . Run of the draft to 2 mobilization camps . . Run of the draft to 1 mobilization camp . . . .do .do. Run of the draft to 15 mobilization camps .'. Run of the draft to 21 coast defenses Run of the draft to 1 mobilization camp Run of the draft to 8 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 9 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 3 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 2 mobilization camps Spruce producers Cost accountants Run of the draft to 13 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 2 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 5 mobilization camps Run .of the draft to 1 mobilization camp 1,470 airplane mechanics and assemblers; 972 apprentice gunsmiths, machinists, and instrument makers and repairers; 1,200 engine airplane mechanics or auto mechanics; 978 rigger airplane mechanics, auto mechanics, or general repair men; 240 gen- eral auto mechanics: 120 general blacksmiths; 96 journeymen joiner cabinetmakers; 180 boat, carriage, or house carpenters or pattern makers; 1,200 truck chauffeurs; 378 general clerical work- ers or stenographers; 372 cooks; 108 coppersmiths or tinsmiths; 12 draftsmen: 150 electricians; 12 engine Dlock testers; 66 camera re- pairmen or engineering, general, mechanical, nautical, or watch and clock instrument makers or repairmen; 150 general machin- ists; 150 magneto and ignition auto mechanics; 54 general sheet metal workers; 270 motorcyclists; 12 motorcycle repairmen; 12 molders; 24 painters; 12 pattern makers; 72 propeller makers or testers; 108 wireless constructors; 60 wireless operators; Gsaddlers; 108 stock keepers; 186 tailors or awning, tent, or sail makers; 54 truck masters; 54 vulcanizers: 54 welders: 30 telegraphers; 30 wireless telephone operators. Photographers ^Inspectors for gas defense Chemists 50 meteorologists; 95 physicists; 90 mechanical engineers; 50 civil engineers; 10 instrument makers or repairmen; 5 clerical workers. 2 lithographers; 31 instrument repairmen: 5 propeller makers; 8 sailmakers; 10 tailors. 100 surveyors: 15 lithographers Laborers Photographers Run of the draft to 16 mobilization camps Run of the draft to 1 coast defense Telephone operators with extensive knowledge of German 442 locomotive engineers: 368 conductors; 1,075 brakemen and flag- men; 326 locomotive firemen; 53 yardmasters; 76 switch tenders; 8 engine house firemen: 6 engine dispatchers; 323 railroad shop me- chanics; 84 locomotive inspectors; 149 airbrake inspectors; 58 flue repairmen; 223 boiler makers and helpers; 46 plumbers; 2 elec- tricians; 78 carpenters; 29 stationary engineers and firemen; 58 locomotive hostlers: 4 car inspectors; 23 riveters and helpers; 137 car repairmen; 15 machinist foremen; 8 boiler maker foremen; 32 acetylene welders; 26 pneumatic riveters; 26 hand riveters; 20 buckers up; 40 structural steel rivet heaters; 40 structural steel punchers; 44 tinsmiths; 16 boiler inspectors: 11 railroad shop draftsmen : 28 electric crane operators; 40 steel railroad car workers. Grammar-school education with mechanical experience for 14 schools. Grammar-schoo^ education with mechanical experience for 10 schools. Run of the draft to 16 mobilization camps 42 buglers; 40 building construction foremen; 395 carpenters: 48 chauffeurs; 34 clerks; 68 cooks; 300 bricklayers; 24 blacksmiths; 195 levelers; 3,420 laborers. Photographers 31,643 265,035 126,800 31,790 18,471 6,454 10,7% 8,440 6,408 9,000 1.000 Unlimited. Unlimited. Unlimited. Unlimited. 5,000 200 74,116 8,000 Unlimited. Unlimited. 9,000 800 40 60 300 56 ns 1,000 (it 94,808 11,5^-*''^<'i-r *** **" ' S 22 fe rt rH^C^i-lCS 7)Ki-~XOro flOrt "I'C^lCeO co cs o o CO i Tj* i 1 C5O *C w co"^ Oi cooi oio coi- o* co --r I-H = I' 2 o ' C i j LSal O5 ^H -< C >. o O 13 *^ s** i* cc >c cTcp cTcTo c^ c^ o o"co 3- o es r-o s -'3 : J * 9 8 M'5 a s o s O O O *-< r- < CO Ot-'700cO~T'liOe tO rtCO rt JH i-l 1-1 ^ ;>occ^cot^;MOioo '^-~' 'Oioix CO O O fr* 8-n"r> o o? o b- r^ o 10 oc rH o co Q ocoOTC;rHt^.i^-Tj-^HCct--coioo c^ CN ^rtOi-i i-iaototoo to O C^ /^ l~ ~ *r i" ~ -f -^ 3i O O ^O O> >O to -HCOXiOOSCOjOCO^^MOO'O'H r- 8 o co" 10" cf r~ IM co - ' \* 1 5 c? I -2 "S 1 till! lliIP^iJ ill I Hi tii . 3 & " i ^ g 3 1 3 476 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 8&-A. Total and per capita cost of selective service system. June, 1917, to Oct. 1, 1918. Costto Sept. 1, 1918. Cost from Sept. 1, 1918, to Oct. 1, 1918. Total cost. Registrants from June 5, 1917, to Sept. 11, 1918. Cost per regis- trant. Inducted June 5, 1917, to Oct. 1, 1918. Cost per man in- ducted. United States.. $18,965,186.46 $1,209,466.07 $20,174,652.53 10,838,315 $1.86 2,552,173 S7.90 356,294.75 76, 123. 85 282,314.80 556,449.82 137,266.84 197,696.11 49,890.14 29,256.17 155, 126. 52 432,976.10 . 48,378.69 1,161,987.91 357, 150. 63 237,664.30 243,741.50 348 573.21 221,838.95 110,321.52 258,539.60 612,565.13 816,544.20 357,726.22 255,068.34 538,839.22 124,598.19 135,648.50 16,010.29 56,245.04 479,027.75 72,334.90 2,119,517.63 412,054.92 97,490.38 988,563.33 148,313.45 75,154.09 1,455,036.29 73,370.99 244,208.12 99,032.68 387,907.42 895,743.97 44,999.58 50,718.14 349,859.09 229,510.15 246,710.68 365,267.33 39,097.31 8,567.00 27,891.22 38,443.11 1,841,530.39 8,968.00 5, 517. 13 12,330.09 31,651.15 8,952.88 11,563.96 2,321.45 3, 138. 16 9,778.77 25,331.13 3,141.23 18,095.80 37,172.62 29,185.80 16,425.96 21,323.68 49,421.93 3,385.27 14,229.62 46,319.72 78,230.08 21,914.38 23,691.13 45,591.92 5,304.32 6,667.02 990.62 2,831.83 23,635.93 4,446.65 81,525.48 11,817.11 6,200.02 53,547.28 15,079.90 7,621.31 86,623.01 3,641.32 12,272.93 6,668.45 17,565.26 40,527.54 8,786.96 2,451.14 16,079.83 16,951.03 14,788.93 13,396.18 3,350.91 2,092.88 3,472.14 4, 708. 16 203,740.07 365,262.75 81,640.98 294,644.89 588,100.97 146,219.72 209,260.07 52,211.59 32,394.33 164,905.29 458,307.23 51,519.92 1,180,083.71 394,323.25 266, 850. 10 260,167.46 369,896.89 271,260.88 113,706.79 272,769.79 658,884.85 894,774.28 379,640.60 278,759.47 584,431.14 129,902.51 142,315.52 17,000.91 59,076.87 502,663.68 76,781.55 2,201,043.11 423,872.03 103,690.40 1,042,110.61 163,393.35 82,775.40 1,541,659.30 77,012.31 256,481.05 105,701.13 405,472.68 936,271.51 53,786.54 53,169.28 365,938.92 246,461.18 261,499.61 378,663.51 42,448.22 10,659.88 31,363.36 43,151.27 2,050,270.46 206,248 40,517 168,302 332, 563 91,813 175,026 . 24,563 36, 741 94,792 260,296 45,982 707,962 283,843 240,934 167,486 215,936 180,226 68,214 136,552 398,364 411,596 249,937 157,607 335,012 97, 762 132,458 13,044 41,743 332, 895 37.300 1, 120, 332 228,844 73,341 617,371 193,236 70,549 902,996 59,059 144,701 66,189 213,427 460,326 46,901 30,884 206,190 125,708 142, 174 266,691 25,151 6,851 31,200 120,450 1.77 2.01 1.75 1.77 1.59 1.20 2.13 .88 1.74 1.76 1.12 1.67 1.39 1.11 1.55 1.71 1.51 1.67 2.00 1.65 2.17 1.52 1.77 1.74 1.33 1.07 1.30 1.42 l.ol 2.06 1.96 1.85 1.41 1.69 .85 1.17 1.71 1.30 1.77 1.60 1.90 2.03 .15 .72 .77 .96 .84 .42 .69 1.56 1.01 .36 19 57,459 7,777 47,221 63,192 21,381 30,847 4,771 9,050 24,186 62,966 11, 747 171,109 67,473 65,7.81 40,680 57,826 54,581 14,205 32,668 71,856 91,109 66,402 43,073 85, 722 26, 731 29,019 2,981 7,722 67, 165 8,774 239,499 57, 748 18,117 136,461 61,621 14,916 194,604 10,833 42,857 20,938 55, 770 115,724 10, 275 6,275 56,975 25, 715 44,687 64,841 7,709 1,937 5,464 13,733 6.36 10.49 4.33 9.31 6.83 6.78 10.94 3.57 2.64 7.27 4.39 6.90 5.84 4.05 6.39 6.39 4.96 8.00 8.35 9.16 9.82 5.71 6.47 6.81 4.85 4.90 5.70 7.65 7.48 8.75 9. 19 7.34 5.72 7.63 2.65 5.54 7.92 7.11 5.98 5.04 7.27 8.09 5.23 8.47 6.42 9.58 5.85 5.83 5.50 5.50 5.74 3.14 .80 Arizona California....... Colorado ....... Connecticut District orCo- liunbia . Florida Idaho Illinois Kansas Kentucky Maryland Massachusetts . . Mississippi Montana Nftvada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York .... North Carolina. North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma. . . Pennsylvania... Rhode Island... South Carolina. South Dakota. . Texas Utah Vermont ..... Virginia ........ Washington West Virginia . . Wisconsin Wyoming Alaska.......... Hawaii Porto Rico Not allocated (Table 87-A, col. 1, lines 4, 5.7.frombot- ' 1 """ APPENDIX TABLES. 477 478 APPENDIX TABLES. sewg Xq pnuosoed IB^OX c^ co ^ M co i-Ti^T t^ccTTj^co^^c^c^oo^e^^c^rw^F-T''^ ^jT sjaqraaoi jo jqtnn>f CO OO O CN Oi CN CN l^ >0 CO 00 .-< i-t 00 O5 OS TP 00 CN CD CN i-H ** O CO ~H OS CO -r CN t*- OS t~ 0500co3>CNrtt-iepCt~t~t>- OOJCCi-i-rriOcoVH i-t csco-fliiocN co co 10 to H * noi^orujsm jo spjBoq jo ' * t CO TH 00 -* ~H 00 rt 1-H O -tCO CN'-J'.-i tOOOO > oo oo co 10 to o> i >o oo r jo jraqnm>{ peoipetn jo visory ds. siaqraera ajmoossy st*-^f-iiQr*-aiooc^Tioi>-i>-NTji^Trw< soequrom jo oeqtntiN .- rt D CO CO ^1 TT iO CN i)' O>l CO I 1-4 t-lWCNf-fC^CN n* <> (CS* CO CXI 00 O i-H O O> -H . O O 00 - 1- --H ; rt C 1C CS CO CO CN U5 x)< CO -H 1 CO CO S S C . Ji 1 -4 ^Ji OJ i (C >^ coooc e CN sjeqtnem jo jeqtmiN .. . Oi i^ TJI -^ f-1 cN suaqraeia t^nonippv co-*r co -cs spjBoq jo CN i 1 CN tH CO -4 i^ i < i-H s:ju?ntpB o^ KJH^STSS v SJOUJ9AOO - ca o <= . ; ; ; '. , o ' - ca o . . > . d i 1 ^^^SooooSoSS^.SMW.SllsSiSsSlz^zzI APPENDIX TABLES. 479 gjCN ~'* f *~ c "5^ CO~ r-T _, .r. J^^cSo 1 i-H OTC IINCO '^H CO I rH | V i-t ^H CN CO CN 1O -H S 1C t-t T tN T-I CN irCiC'. ---*^coO'fCqo}t~cNioosr~ocococNio ei ^HlO"TQOOQOCNiOCN--H^CO^H O> -COCN O cDratN -J--H M T t^ c^ i "S ;Ol |COt~-H-rco tDiM '^OS < -U500 *(!' i IH II! ', ! ! ! ! '. ! ! COCO -INCNeOINCOr-i ;-CO.-i '"rcO-fOCO -r CN 111 : Illl : : : : ia'l = : : : i j^ 9 jd J B 3 P Jd J ' o - rt, J . _ P 480 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 94-A. 1-Far Industries Board priorities list Key No. Industry. 'S . ."^ ti rH'SS ,& United States. Ala- bama. 1 2 3 4 6 (i 7 8 37 38 39 Number of district boards reporting 149 4 Agricultural implements. See Farm implements. Aircraft: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing aircraft or aircraft sup- plies and equipment I I I I I IV I IV II III I IV I II IV II II I III IV III I III IV I 11 II IV I III IV IV I III IV IV II I II 132 138 134 118 130 68 104 89 97 78 137 79 111 74 56 77 77 93 65 104 103 134 105 107 77 79 77 69 128 103 95 119 127 75 45 37 115 113 104 3 4 4 4 4 1 3 1 1 1 4 1 4 3 Ammunition: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for the United States Government and the allies Army and Navy: Arsenals and navy yards Army and Navy: Cantonments and camps Arms (small): Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for the United States Government and the allies Bags: Hemp, jute, and cotton plants engaged principally in manufacturing same . . .. Blast furnaces (producing pig iron) Boots and shoes: Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing same Brass and copper: Plants engaged principally in rolling and drawing copper, brass, and other copper alloys in the form of sheets, rods, wire, and tubes Buildings. See Public institutions and buildings. Chain: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing iron and stoel chain Chemicals: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing chemicals for the pro- duction of military and naval explosives, ammunition, and aircraft, and use in chemical warfare .. ... Chemicals: Plants, not otherwise classified and listed, engaged principally in manufacturing chemicals Coke: Plants engaged principally in producing metallurgical coke and by- products, including toluol Coke: Plants, not otherwise classified and listed, producing same Copper and brass. See Brass and copper. Cotton: Plants engaged in the compression of cotton Cotton textiles. See Textiles. Cranes: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing locomotive cranes 1 1 1 Cranes: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing traveling cranes Domestic consumers: Fuel and electric energy for residential consumption, including homes, apartment houses, residential flats, restaurants, and hotels. Domestic consumers: Fuel and electric energy not otherwise specifically listed . Drugs: Medicines and medical and surgical supplies, plants engaged princi- pally in manufacturing same 1 2 4 1 Electrical equipment: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same Explosives: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for military and naval purposes for the united States Government and the allies Explosives: Plants, not otherwise classified or listed, engaged principally in manufacturing same Farm implements: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing agricultural implements and farm-operating equipment Feed: Plants engaged principally in preparing or manufacturing feed for live stock and poultry .. .. Ferro alloys: Plants engaged principally in producing ferrochrome, ferroman- ganese, ferromolybdenum, ferrosilicon, ferrotungsten, ferrouranium, ferro- vanadium, and fernuirconium 1 Fertilizers: Plants engaged principally in producing same Fire brick: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same Foods: Plants engaged principally in producing, milling, refining, preserving, refrigerating, wholesaling, or storing food for human consumption embraced within the following description: All cereals and cereal products, meats (in- cluding poultry), fish, vegetables, fruit, sugar, sirups, glucose, butter, eggs, cheese, milk and cream, lard, lard compounds, oleomargarine and other sub- stitutes for butter or lard, vegetable oils, beans, salt, colfee, baking powder, soda and yeast; also ammonia for refrigeration " 1 1 1 3 4 Foods: Plants engaged principally in producing, milling, preparing, refining, preserving, refrigerating, or storing food for human consumption not other- wise speciacally listed; excepting nerefrom plants producing confectionery, soft drinks, and chewing gum. . . Food containers: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same Foundries (iron): Plants engagea principally in the manufacture of gray iron and malleable iron castings Fungicides. See Insecticides and fungicides. Gas. See Oil and gas, also Public utilities. Guns (large): Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same for the United States Government and the allies Hospitals. See Public institutions and buildings. Ice* Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same Insecticides and fungicides: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same . Laundries Machine tools: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same 3 3 3 Medicines. See Drugs and 'medicines*. Mines: Coal . . Mines: Producing metals and ferro-allov minerals. . . APPENDIX TABLES. compared with district board rulings as to necessary industries. 481 Arizona. Arkansas. California. Colorado. Connecti- cut. Delaware. District of Columbia. Florida. Key No. 1 2 5 2 3 1 1 . 2 1 1 1 I 2 2 2 j 5 5 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 1 5 4 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 5 6 1 1 5 1 2 1 7 1 4 2 s 1 1 4 1 3 9 1 2 3 1 10 1 2 5 4 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 1 11 12 1 1 1 2 1 1 13 2 1 2 1 14 1 1 2 I 2 2 15 1 3 2 1 15 1 3 1 2 1 17 1 2 3 1 2 1 18 1 4 1 1 19 1 3 2 2 1 1 20 1 4 2 2 1 1 2 21 1 1 1 5 4 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 22 23 1 4 2 3 1 2 24 1 4 2 1 1 1 25 1 1 4 2 1 1 26 2 4 1 2 1 1 2 27 1 2 1 28 1 2 1 1 - 5 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 29 30 1 4 1 3 1 1 1 31 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 32 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 1 ' 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 a 1 33 34 35 1 2 1 1 36 1 1 2 2 4 3 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 37 38 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 39 97250 19- -31 482 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 94-A. War Industries Board priorities list com," Georgia. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Ken- tucky. Louisi- ana. Maine. Mary- land. 3 2 8 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 1 7 8 4 4 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 8 7 4 3 2 2 2 2 a 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 7 3 2 2 2 2 1 ) 2 5 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 6 4 1 1 3 2 1 2 2 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 7 4 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 5 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 3 1 1 8 4 5 4 3 4 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 4 3 1 1 3 2 2 2 - 3 2 1 1 1 3 2 3 4 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 4 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 2 5 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 1 7 3 1 1 2 3 2 3 "l 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 7 6 8 4 s 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 3 2 2 , i 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 3 2 o 2 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 5 5 4 2 3 2 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 7 8 1 4 4 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 . 2 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 i i 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 8 7 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 2 2 i 2 2 2 2 5 3 2 2 2 2 i 2 APPEXDIX TABLES. pared with district board rulings as to nectssary industries Continued. Massa- chusetts. Miphijjau. Minne- sota: Missis- sippi. Missouri: Montana. XP- braska. Nevada. New Hamp- shire. New Jersey. 6 7 5 2 5 2 2 1 1 3 6 6 e 6 6 3 7 7 7 6 7 4 5 5 5 5 3 2 2 2 2 2, 1 5 5 5 5 8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 5 2 2 2 2 1 3" 4 5 1 3 4 1 5 4 4 2 2 2 3' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 6 3 7 2 4 2 2 2 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 2 5 3 5 1 4 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 4 2 3 2 1 1 2 2 5 5 4 3 a 5 3 3 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 1: 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 5 5 2 3 1 1 1 3 5 6 6 5 5 6 4 . 3 5 4 5 2 2 2 2 2 5 5 4 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 2 2 1 1 2 4 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 5 4 5 3 3 5 4 5 5 2 2 ' 2 9 3 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 6 5 5 5 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 6 5 2 3 r 3 5 4 2 5 2 1 1 2 4 4 5 2 2 2 1 2 484 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 94-A. War Industries Board priorities list com- Key No. New Mexico. New ' York. North Caro- lina. North Dakota. Ohio. Okla- homa. Oregon. Pennsyl- vania. Rhode Island. South Carolina. 1 9 2 1 6 2 3 9 2 2 1 9 2 1 C 1 3 9 2 2 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 9 7 6 9 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 6 5 3 6 2 1 1 1 2 3 3 1 9 9 9 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 6 3 1 3 1 4 2 1 7 6 1 1 6 9 1 2 8 3 2 1 4 1 6 2 1 7 1 1 4 2 7 2 2 10 4 1 1 6 1 7 1 2 11 9 2 1 6 1 1 9 2 2 1 3 2 3 1 6 2 1? 1 6 2 6 7 2 1 ]1 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 ]"> 2 2 2 2 2 1 Ti 5 1 4 1 5 1 1 17 4 1 5 1 5 1 1 11 1 5 2 2 1 3- 6 2 1 10 i 2 1 1 2 4 2 1 T) 9 8 2 6 1 1 6 2 1 "1 8 2 5 1 8 2 1 9 2 6 2 1 8 2 2 *>? 5 1 1 3 * 8 2 2 'M 7 2 1 5 1 1 9 1 1 "i 1 6 1 4 1 1 6 2 1 % 1 3 1 1 5 7 1 1 >7 4 2 6 1 7 2 1 28 2 2 4 9 1 1 29 ?n 1 1 8 7 2 2 1 1 5 4 1 3 2 9 7 2 2 1 1 ti 4 1 1 4 1 3 7 2 1 T> 8 2 .1 6 1 3 9 2 2 "n 9 1 1 6 1 2 9 2 1 T4 4 2 3 1 2 8 1 2 TT 3 1 2 1 2 1 1 Ti 2 2 1 3 1 87 8 2 1 6 1 9 2 1 3S 3J 1 1 5 4 2 2 1 1 5 4 2 1 2 2 9 7 2 1 1 2 APPENDIX TABLES. 485 pared with district "board rulings as to necessary industries Continued. South Dakota. Tennes- see. Texas. Utah. Vermont. Virginia. Wash- ington. West Virginia. Wis- consin. Wyom- ing. 2 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 5 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 5 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 ;, 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 3 1 2 2 4 1 3 2 1 2 3 2 5 2 4 2 1 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 5 3 3 1 2 1 2 1 5 2 3 1 1 3 4 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 1 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 2 2 4 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 2 3 2 3 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 1 2 1 5 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 , 2 1 3 3 1 2 3 2 5 1 2 3 1 2 2 2 1 4 1 3 1 1 3 5 1 4 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 1 3 4 1 1 2 3 2 5 1 1 4 1 1 2 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 3 1 5 2 3 1 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 5 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 1 2 5 1 486 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE. 94-A. War Industries Board priorities list com- Industry. S he 0.3 United Stales. Ala- bama Mines: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing mining tools or equipment . Navy. See Army and Navy. Navy Department. See War and Navy Departments. Newspapers and periodicals: Plants engaged principally in printing newspapers or periodicals which are entered at the post office as second-class mail matter. . Oil and gas: Plants engaged principally in producing oil or natural gas for fuel, or for mechanical purposes, including refining or manufacturing oil for fuel, or for mechanical purposes - Oil and gas: Pipe lines and pumping stations engaged in transporting oil or natural gas Oil and gas: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing equipment or supplies or producing or transporting oil or natural gas, or for refining and manufactur- ing oil for fuel or for mechanical purposes Paper and pulp. See Pulp and paper. Periodicals. See Newspa . . lapers and periodicals. Public institutions and buildings (maintenance and operation of) other than hospitals and sanitariums Public institutions and buildings (maintenance and operation of) used as hos- pitals or sanitariums Public utilities: Gas plants producing toluol Public utilities: Street railways, electric lighting and power companies, gas plants not otherwise classified, telephone and telegraph companies, water- supply companies, and like general utilities Public utilities: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing equipment for railways or other public utilities Pulp and paper: Plants engaged exclusively in manufacturing same Railways: Operated by United States Railroad Administration Railways: Not operated by United States Railroad Administration (excluding those operated as plant facilities) Railways (street). See Public utilities. Rope. See Twine and rope. Rope wire. See Wire rope. Sanitariums. See Public institutions and buildings. Ships (maintenance and operation of): Excluding pleasure craft not common Ships: Plants engaged principally in building ships, excluding (a) pleasure craft not common carriers, (6) ships not built for the United States Government or the allies under license from United States Shipping Board , Soap: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same , Steel-making furnaces: Plants engaged solely in manufacturing ingots and steel castings by the open-hearth, Bessemer; crucible, or electric-furnace process, including blooming mills, billet mills, and slabbing mills for same Steel-plate mills - Steel-rail mills: Rolling rails, 50 or more pounds per yard , Steel: All plants opertaing steel rolling and drawing mills exclusive of those taking higher classification Surgical supplies. See Drugs and medicines. Tanners: Plants engaged principally in tanning leather Tanning: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing tanning extracts Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing cotton textiles, includ- ing spuming, weaving, and finiahing Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing woolen textiles, in- cluding spinners, top makers, and weavers \ Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing cotton or woolen knit goods . . Textiles: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing textile machinery.. Tin plates: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same . Tobacco: Only for preserving, drying, curing, packing, and storing same not for manufacturing and marketing Toluol. See Coke; also Public utilities. Tools: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing small or hand tools for working wood or metal - Twine (binder and rope): Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same.. War and Navy Departments: Construction work conducted by either tho War Department or the Navy Department of the United States, in embarkation ports, harbors, fortified places, flood-protection operations, docks, locks, channels, inland waterways, and in the maintenance and repair of same Wire rope and rope wire: Plants engaged principally in manufacturing same . . W r oolen textiles. See Textiles. Ill IV I I III n i I n ii IV i I IV I I II in IV IV IV IV IV IV in IV in IV 9."> 77 102 85 51 109 103 129 109 88 141 116 120 108 72 106 99 96 107 90 73 90 97 93 77 73 130 89 APPENDIX TABLES. pared ivith district board rulings as to necessary industries Continued. 487 Arizona. Arkansas. California. Colorado. Connecti- cut. Delaware. District of Columbia. Florida. Key No. 1 4 2 2 1 2 40 2 2 2 1 2 41 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 42 1 2 3 1 2 1 43 1 1 4 1 2 1 44 3 1 1 1 45 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 4"> 1 4 2 2 1 2 47 1 2 2 3 4 2 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 48 40 . 1 2 1 3 1 1 1 53 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 51 52 53 54 1 2 2 2 1 55 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 56 * 57 58 59 60 1 3 1 1 1 81 1 4 1 3 1 1 62 1 4 1 3 1 1 63 1 3 1 3 1 1 64 1 3 1 3 1 1 65 1 1 3 1 3 1 6 1 2 1 1 67 1 3 2 :i 1 1 68 1 3 1 3 1 69 1 2 1 4 4 2 1 3 3 1 1 2 1 70 71 488 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 94-A. War Industries Rftard priorities list mm- o y, >> \4 Georgia. Idaho. Illinois. Indiana. Iowa. Kansas. Ken- tucky. Louisi- ana. Maine. Mary- land. 4T 2 6 3 1 1 3 2 2 41 62 2 3 1 1 1 5 3 4 2 2 1 2 2 2 * 3 3 1 2 2 n 2 5 3 1 2 2 3 2 1 ' 2 5 2 1 2 1 3 2 Uj 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 M /- 3 2 1 5 6 4 4 2 1 2 1 3 1 3 3 2 3 2 4S 4') ' ) 3 2 2 2 1 5 7 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 51 52 63 3 3 2 2 2 8 5 5 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 '! 1 5 4 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 6 4 1 2 2 2 3 , r 7 2 6 4 1 1 1 2 3 sa 2 5 4 1 1 2 2 3 VI 2 c 4 1 1 2 2 3 6T 2 5 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 61 2 5 2 1 1 1 - 2 1 2 6? 3 4 3 1 1 2 2 1 2 (H 2 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 H 3 6 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 cs 3 5 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 83 2 5 4 1 1 2 2 2 <>7 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 2 6S 2 6 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 6^ 2 6 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 70 71 3 2 1 8 8 4 3 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 APPENDIX TABLES. pared with district board rulings as to necessary industries Continued. 489 Massa- chusetts. Michigan. Minne- sota. Missis- sippi. Missouri. Montana. Ne- braska. Nevada. New Hamp- shire. New Jersey. 3 4 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 <> 4 1 1 2 4 1 3 2 4 1 1 2 | 3 2 1 1 1 ,-, 3 4 1 4 1 1 2 6 G 4 1 4 1 1 3 6 7 2 4 1 1 1 2 5 4 5 2 1 1 1 2 5 2 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 6 7 6 5 4 2 2 5 5 2 1 ......... 1 1 1 1 2 2 G 6 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 6 4 2 4 2 1 1 3 4 4 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 1 2 4 5 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 4 2 3 1 1 1 4 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 3 4 2 3 1 1 1 2 4 3 2 2 3 1 1 1 2 4 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 4 2 3 1 4 3 5 2 3 1 1 2 4 1 5 2 1 1 2 6 4 . 7 2 6 4 2 2 5 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 490 APPENDIX TABLES. APPENDIX TABLE 94-A. War Industries Board priorities list com- Key No.] New Mexico. New York. North Caro- lina. North Dakota. Ohio. Okla- homa. Oregon. Pennsyl- vania. Rhode Island. South Carolina. 40 1 1 5 1 1 9 1 1 41 3 2 L> 2 1 5 2 42 4T 1 6 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 2 2 1 7 9 2 1 2 2 44 3 1 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 -I 2 1 4 1 3 48 47 1 8 7 2 2 1 1 6 | 1 1 1 7 2 2 2 1 48 4 ( ) 1 1 9 7 2 1 1 1 6 5 1 3 2 8 8 2 2 2 2 r ,n 6 2 1 6 1 8 1 1 r>i 52 53 54 n 1 1 1 1 9 B 8 7 3 2 2 1 2 1 .1 1 1 1 5 4 4 4 6 3 1 2 2 3 1 2 2 1 8 7 7 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 V, 7 1 1 6 . 2 8 1 2 ->7 5 1 1 5 1 9 2 2 6 2 1 3 1 i 5 2 2 r,, 7 2 1 4 2 2 6 2 2 (VI 7 2 1 4 2 6 2 2 in 3 2 1 6 6 2 2 t'K) 4 2 1 2 8 1 1 fi" 2 2 1 6 1 3 1 f,^ 7 2 1 5 2 8 2 1 (W 3 2 1 5 1 1 5 2 1 70 71 1 1 7 4 2 2 1 1 4 4 2 3 1 9 8 2 2 2 2 APPENDIX TABLES. pared with district board rulings as to necessary industries Continued. South Dakota. Tennes- see. Texas. Utah. Vermont. Virginia. Wash- ington. West Virginia. Wis- consin. Wyom- ing. Key No. 1 3 . 1 1 2 2 3 40 2 3 4 1 2 1 1 M 2 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 43 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 n 4 1 1 2 2 2 44 1 2 4 1 1 1 4". 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 tr. 1 3 4 1 1 2 1 4 47 1 1 1 2 4 3 l 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 1 4 3 1 IS 4') 1 | ] 1 2 2 1 2 r J) 1 1 1 1 4 3 l 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 5 1 5i V 7 1 1 4 1 > 2 2 1 4 1 3 2 4 -,4 3 3 1 1 2 2 SI 3 1 1 2 2 3 ">fi 2 1 I 2 2 3 17 2 :i 1 1 2 2 3 .H 1 2 3 \ 1 1 2 2 3 V) 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 110 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 111 3 4 1 2 2 4 (.> 2 4 1 1 3 , 4 (ft 2 4 1 2 5 M 1 :j 1 j 2 2 tn 3 1 j 2 1 2 'Hi 1 2 1 1 t>7 1 4 l 2 1 4 liS 2 3 1 1 a 1 fi't 1 1 4 . i 1 2 2 70 1 3 1 1 2 3 71 APPENDIX TABLES. '-Hi i rH I-- C5 - (N i-i O O- O OS O -< c C -r O I- O I~ ~r n < c ' -H oo CCCC giS -, _0 HOIOOO O'.OiCtOt^OOC^l rH ^ oe<5 i^c^i^c^"frc^^ t3 ^ T3 T3 'C/ g_?S^ : i : : : p, 0! 5H i ^^. a. S^'a o c s g s s g s S S ~ 5 ~ 3 33353 z, g g g g g illli 5 -*iili"l oC c* co I-H Cc oa cc i-< oo w c ; c co f 1 ' : : : ' i ,.s w> _w E ; : ; i : : : i : . : . o : : : : ' o ' ' fe o> 'St.*" ^2 P CJ ^ ^S CJ ;$ *~s i^r^OCI-t^ : io : c : ^llisf^ 1 S j i : /n !Ir3C.SlCCor^U"r H ' ' rj " O cjC3CC3CJ I i illi Tuscaloosa Jasper Chatom Camden Double Springs. . . ; ; |i-i c ^O H C ^ o g,!H 3 if 3 >? F" K" "--K- K-Hi C* r~ r* r~ r*" -*COO 00-(N 00-^ i-l -^ iCT rHCO W^ (N ll|l i 06 eo 10 o'c-i co en co t ^ cc ^ en o o i-^ co i-*. to co co t^ooc^toccicc^cot -c>coco *o t^- to o Tj*t- os IF! jp i~ o> 8 rt^o to C co . 5:"3rtOmcro^"OiHM>o^t-ot-^i^^.^ B a "s ISfflllslia. 1 I S t-^cc*ci t-Tio ^Tr-ro'ef oi ee**KerHrtcae9.r^r-.cac.-e>ea-r*cfe 1 2i liH OCO iiOcOO'-HO^f5 OS 4 OS. a O co O3 >o cc cc oo & Rliailllll M < 2 Hs"* 13 <3 1 jj|HJ^j i il i : : : :j : ia : i i : : i^ i tfiliMWj^lil^fil - FIJI'S ^ 1 g|.,|||| I'gl e| R"S|"g 1 S I'i'S ts.i.s"i a i , , , t *>,-', C3'' APPENDIX TABLES. 495 - io ** e* "***> e* o o o o o- o o 41 ae at -"O- o o oao o C^ i-t CO- ~ ~ ^ 8^ ^ CO ^^ CS;: *3'* r M CV;| S'' jX '^2* I 'Sc : 4 4 "' r ""~ 1-1 s-sas^ss^'^aww- ^ ^^ S ^ t^ *^^ *^O> J* *^*^^*^ "^ C<^ i* & a QO O t- efr ^ ^ iO 00 O* i- < O(Ml-*tCOOx5-^Ci CO C33miS6tt5!!HS!;i338$3-gi3&9 IS i X) CC C^* ' -^ O t- O O X - - ? T^ o *r ^-< :n ^^ o *-* o I-^^ cocsjiCCjOffii-toOoOiOQ o c5 o x: -r i cs^ L- O o cs TO ^o o -^* co. r- a5^CC^^ M r: : - -', . *? -~ ~ \ ? ^t^ot^^^ooas^*oo OOOO^ > -OC5^OC^CDrHiiOi^ f 5 .* riaTStc J '^ M or 3 ' =? w 5 So ^^r 3 ^^ c-s p :-''. 2 ?- a J?S5ja J a o **' 2-^' j^ 'EfccOTH : H'^"- o N: '3iS^ s iSi5^ d Lf c '-S 5iJ>2L35~o"*c3o5'3cJ .2 S;5oo^5 L cr! iS : - o o o oooi QOtaiMoc^W^s^SS^fH .u^^SM^uni-;K^enQ, fli^gMfra 496 APPENDIX TABLES. 1! co cc *x c o S8II1S 3 sffiiii *$i*iiiSs$g^iisiiss5iisB s COWCOCO-*-* cOt^CN N."5CO--H CO CO C* :::::::: :w J Illll? APPENDIX TABLES. 497 CO iO ^^COOCfr^.(XcOrJ'iO--O CO O O rH O CJ O O Ol r- Cl t * f co -f o ^f -< V i-co > ci-oco - 00^00*50 CD CD *-cD wccD cc co ^ T-c t^o s^ .. > t oooo 11 S I! 13 si I-N co * m o r- ; a o o G e o Ilililllll^lllillllllfllg 24^8,3 ^33333, oooccooooooddooooooSoooo o.S.cl S 3 fe o o o a .<- ------ 97250 19 32 498 APPENDIX TABLES. D.'OOOOOOOOOOOOOjdo K ' APPENDIX TABLES. 499 CO CO t^ 00 00 IN -< 00 00 00 CO CO 00 <-< ^H 01 o t>- o Cl 01 O -1- !N t J"2c e-i in co 01 co co c^i 1- co c-i ^ -^ * >O o O O CO 5 ^-^ r-- -M 10 I-H TI* i C-J C^l -1 cc c o x x> o *o in i-*" coVi" rT~ ? r 11 Red Bl Weaver Visalw Lindsa Sonora County Court Woodland Marysville . g ' Z '' Z < CO CO -H i-l !N C^ CS r-< IM r - -^o ooo 5 r^co oon T|< ^^ i^ ^H c^ IN < 0(5 1^ O O i/3 t-l O IN^ 5o--l CO i-HNCOOKNtNCimcOCO >r-ii3>i^wo6incoococoio^-ic Bfl -"ww ;8j g.-a-o?3-9 a >^s ; > os^ g^-t^ :1 j 2 y P^'S.ao'a g a ^ "' sf SNw.l'gl|il|ell|| : i 2gi825tf9sosoei3^o ooooooooo 500 APPENDIX TABLES. >-i ooooo o ^ M * N cs oo e lii ft a> OOCIO * r-O (NCCOOOI 00 OO 00 O 1C CO CJ i-< T-I >O t^ '-i-no--'7'CT-^o^ggOT-o"i-<'c APPENDIX TABLES. 501 t-H CO - ~ i-i CNCC i-l .-H CS I-H i- * ?S CO >O CN1 ^ Ci CO C: O ?CC 1^- C"J f -O O t^. OO *-; O --f Os 00 CO *r< Ill West Main Street County Courthouse Wells Hall, East Hartford Phinville. __ S2 Main Street, Thomsonvllle Brrmfnrd t c '~ I - -1 Ansonia Municipal Building, New London. Norwicn 217 Plant Building, New London.. Bethel Courthouse, Bridgeport Norwalk Greenwich E i c t: f- Courthouse, Willimnntic Town Clerk's Office, Torrington... Canaan Town Clerk's Office, New Milford. Municipal Building, Middletown.. Been River... 502 ls ls g.2 4. ft APPENDIX TABLES. SSSSSSg - ^4* Q O "O 00 3 _ ,_| 1 CD CO CS *O CO ^* l*- ^ CD OO iO OO CO JO CO i-HOOtN Oi 00 Q CO CD >O CO OO rH O CO iO i-t CO Ol CD d t^- CD 00 ) OJ CO !* r rt^Tt^Toot "O O CO OO O C < t>- t^ CD OS t Oi CO i ' CO CO CO CO C O5 CD CO *cf CjO OC i outh State Stree ell Hall, Newark ty Building, Georgetown urthouse, Tenth and M S 314 P Cou Old C d d d Kent Newcastle Sussex WI ILMINGTON No. WILMINGTON No. WILMINGTON No. WILMINGTON No. -* CO -< ^f CO f OS CO OC^OOSOOOl COM OOOO-* :: dddo'dcjdddd 00 OC^ I O -H r-l OO CD CO i co* i-T^ APPENDIX TABLES. 503 .-5 co < CM 1^1 ! iH( * iH 5 O CM f.CM CO rt >O O O O -KNi "r~ ' .' I I ' I t C3 1 j I i I I [!' I !!!!! ! !''';;*! i !!' ! ''I''!''''''' ' ' 8 :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ^ , , . . . , . : o . . M > I ! 1 I ! 68 ; q ; i > a ' -^.iiit.itiiiiiii tiim .;;;;;;;; ;^ -'II ' ' ' p " IS i!t!.!II!!*!j!!II!:!IJ!!I!Jai!5 l J! "pQjii 1 ;.. ,c^ ''> ^, : : : : : : i^aco : i ::::::::: ;| :::: I i ;"< 02 : : b : : oj : : H : :5? : : : : : :g :::::::::: : : : :S .^m m vC,tMt ^.pC3i .'. v ._.... *...H> I ^ *M gi 10 < > o i 9>12> o d aai ;;;;;;;O6d;|; i i jil jsjjjj I i : ^.E g 4!llllIllllIli,ifill^I : iliHliiJllil!ISSIIlli 504 APPENDIX TABLES. oo >o r-< -H MIM O5 CO M ^ rH 1C CO < CO C^ CS rt o" 3 S O "i^^^^ CO" o . s oo of cfco cc r-Tci cfof i-T T-H cs r-Tcs i-T t-T ci of ' a i A *B gt- lll I I APPENDIX TABLES. 505 "5-ltO . >-iO$00*OOOCiOeOOQC' t i|JIj||jj|i fiJilliiiii^iMJlls icoWa2OP3^P?ooPHWonoOOi-^oOccnHK(iiSP-iOi2;SW>- 506 APPENDIX TABLES. O t- MOO cc o ? I-H r cs cs i-! o> -i 5 -H 10 o co c^ 10 c I ^T-tO Tf 'Jj CO ! CO >o CD ^ cp QO eo IH to > " c*Tco f-T^T CN" APPENDIX TABLES. 507 co - co T 10 w w iCOcoooe*i-H - i-H ^-t r. / - -. . . .- - <>LO'fr-taoco *-* O *O ~4 ^l 1-1 C4 CO O - cc IN cc T-* O CD * O iO O ^ 00 CS CO CO -< 00 *! O O -' ii - i -- ;OiOiOcnh.> TfCO"5r-l SOrHt^O OOIMCO IN -H COO * S5S C'l Ol ^H CO I s - O t CO O CO CO O C>4 " G) CO CO 00 GO O . o-o S S.E^o S 508 APPENDIX TABLES. CO COT-lC(NO (Ni-ltOOO.-IO IM T-< -J O oojraNt~- i-1 -H CO C*O>i 1 - O CO O tC 00 * t>- 1 ^OiiOi-H^CRO^ eOt~-cCcO-i I ^O "CO^-iC^iiO^^iO fil i-l t^ 1C rt r-H t^ 00 00 < * CO C COCOCO C CM C35 CO O5 O CC t^. OO CO t>- t>i O5 CO -3" ^** t^ OS O ^H CO CO CO *-t (N i-t CO O CM -t< O5 Q i-H t~ >O 11 d 3 II CO CO ^H CN O IO t* Oi O C35 O3 ^ t^ O Or~MC>0"5COO)OC-HOO <-< * co I-H >-i 1-1 o co 1-1 co O OOtMClCOC^OCO(NlO^HOSCOi-l"C^f^-OC(MO MOHO-t~ 5 * O O >^Scs HGO>-iot. ,-t 3 ^^N IH o CO^OOCOOCOOO-HrtON^CONOO CO r-KNOOi-1 o -o ^ 1-1 -< ""* CS ^ rH i-* i-< i-ti-H COCO F3 c^ c5--l-H i-l -H ?5 (M CO IM CO C^l "H C^ 3 IM^- 0) COCTJt^cOOO O5COOO IN a 9 IOI>- -f iO 'HCO C^'.DOr-tt-l^rHCO o3 CD Ci ^ CM -T i-H ft s?sssss^g^??ssss 9 C < co CJ> ssssasa-fcss aas-? |s 00 * e e 5 00 c3 8SSssaHsa6S*aE3* 1 t*St>-ODCOC^'COOCDt^-^oO"5 O ( O Cl CO - 'I-H' e^c ii ^ ; a, 1 ^ ra MS ;jl '3-<>Sg^^^ ! ..SoQ.gt?^ ^ si< 3 ZJ_- ^ H -J^^^PTS ?> HtiS? M ^^3 T2r^-*->cQ o*^ t c^j_j" - 1 *- c -J3 2 <^ '' J ^^S^S.^ 5 " f O CO ^ C I iH I-O O O O 510 APPENDIX TABLES. 3 rt u "*"* CO O O* *" CO OO CO -< W mi--o * co oT co"^^c^r Sssiiliils -sisi o oa cp oo T-< o r- i-- 1- "X ~. -M coo^r--^.S <* ^S^ilfe-i- IgS^ o o o o o o o o o o o o o o oooooooooooo oooo oooo o oooo oooooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooo oooo oooooooooooooo oooooooooooo oooo oooo APPENDIX TABLES. 511 OONCO -H IM rH o .-c o o co CJ c -H c Ol (N 00 "* O O> O Ir^ 1^ C r-*aif- "fi-t f-H i-t T-( O4 O O CO O O5 i-l O** CO OCOO-^ ^-Ht lil ^t^i^^ rrt j c3 " oeoooo oottoocaoo.S <<- T-H b- o o>o - - SNOi I-HT Id 13 O t-t-C"3^CO-*J00 1 *?'Oi-o GO co t-H * (N i co i * Tt< co co i ic CD OS r- 1 ^H i coocso^ i-Hrt^Hr-SCOC^i-^N iCSCOOO'-fCOOO' 1-^f - llilifljjfll j|y llnnUNn! City Hall, Madison Courthouse, Salem Lacon Havana Temple Building, Metropolis Courthouse, Petersburg Aledo Waterloo Hillsboro 200 Ayers Bank Building, Jacksonvil Sullivan Oregon 312 Government Building 31 J Government Building. . . Ijftfpjj t I fa -| c p. Room 6, Anna National Bank Buildi Iloopeston Georgetown Mount Carmel Monmouth Nashville Fairfield .. Carmi... 10 East Third Street, Sterling Courthouse. Joliet Woodrufl Building, Joliet ' 201i Public Square, Marion JU :| :| 5 2|||f | || og*o3C f cJjj&S t( ooc3Q^ic3'-H r o;^73<^''QTH Q.2oc3 F oo2o^oot^S5 t - J t^^'^^'^^^?^c OSSSOSOPnOOc5u*OfeOPrtP2SCNE- co ; ; o I ! : : : : : : d 6 : : : a : : i^* o *3 ,_; o a * ; SSs-^S^ JS5 ioi ; ...:::::::. . - - :::::: :oo : : : ^^ : : : : : ' ! a ^ ' ' J 3 S " " S c h .. i~'rv'i~'^>;r;r's.5'S. l si:;Si^?t:,^^^-><'-i-;"i'i":'i'i'i SSSSasSS!iaa5 97250 19 3J 514 APPENDIX TABLES. ill CO ooo-< "OCOO o-oco a20> |o^o r-lfO - to F-< cc QO t t- t ' ^Kiidlidd ;-o E oS c'5S s SdSSg g - 5; p-- ^ffi S a Iwi fe<:o gs^ ass APPENDIX TABLES. 515 ic -M o> o> . cs co CD w c aO^^ ^^c^ OOOOC}.-M>> 3 o. 3o; 32pHCO COTira S3 t- CKO!. ; d d d d 6 c d d d d : 22^22^x5^22 : o c Kl^ H t- 6 6 6 +r.'7.>7. :: cij gjjg o looooooooooo : - '-<* :^N J 'do ZZ '22 516 APPENDIX TABLES. co 5 oo -r .-< >oo-*O5'*fr>-r-f*oto- > C'i *f *- I-H 1^- CC iC C'l O C II CO CO i-< K5 CO I> C35 iH O rH O H OD O < OC C5 ( i ' i ' ^^ ^P co co co ci ' : 'X o c^' co -- >c co C 1 ! co : 'X o c^' O3CO-I co co T-T^ cToo coV-TcN M 3 5 ||H : o id : cJ- fl^l APPENDIX TABLES. 517 53 rt ,-. (NO -i * -*.-. -gs- 5 -^S-2-2^f:--&fe-g-,-- 1O CM O C") O i 1 *8sa=s?8sgas S a-g-SaajaS-feg-gBg-ss-grS U5COOO-**S' CM O i < O CO Cl O f OIC OOOCO g'.Sff 8335288 SSSSgffi 2!5SgS33Sg^^SS5ffiS5S5f2g ro SSSS:3 >o to oo co co oo 1-COO CO i-t^HC'1(NCO-J*'^^(N'-iOS'-tCOo6 ^Ht^ O C/2 CO Tl- CM CO CO CO t - 0^^t-^>CtOt-INCOCOt-OC50Tt.t-0l (M5^(M^- lrtl M s ; ;^ : j 1 ill |l llllllliliiilil 3 : : ', ::::::: :c ::: :.S5 :::::::::: :; '2 ' : os^ a !| ||f | Washington WAYNE No. l WAYNE No. 2 Wells White Whitley .tsBlsslSsllgfeS^ 03 cj 03 &13 ayoOoS^i-=" o-c = ^,3^.2o^s^=-5 c 3S :;:;:;::::: 6 d ;:; o d d 6 ; ; ; ; |Illll>>t||g|iliiil2S5??llI ^ ! g'-5i p ^c3c3c3.5.5SCc3^<;<5cj'oWWWW.iJt>3 518 APPENDIX TABLES. 1C O O CO CO 00 05 188 . l-l O CO iM *-tO? 1-tM OS 00 0> O CO iM CO O (N rH - (N I-H CO 3 O> O O CO ^O ^ CO O ^ CO CO~IH i^.C^CSrHCSIi-Hi-lr-l nu iS* ^0,0! co ufco" c co c J T-TeC'^t*^t*coO'^^r>-T^TtO t- * O> i-H -H * to i-H CJ -( N O t- O fH -O5CO C^l 1O T-< (C 00 T-H rH CO >O t- CS N OOtDi-lt-T(< OOt^OO't" tO O 00 IN N rH IO CO rH o r^.T.T*^ry*r--' l r^ ; 5i 1 ^ 1 ^" ro 2lM s : : c : ' : : : ~ : " : :-a : : :=! ' 'CO ' o ' > m "^ ' *rl ^ ' S Sll JS S| g : o| g'| o : |gl || w.s-^> b S " 5 5 ^^ ' 2^ cjo-^o^S^E+Ji HC/20QO' iOt-HwCOC/3^ MMM>-5tJh5i-4i4MHlSSSSSS38HSS fe g|I : IliilifMiilsiIll ""^"^^MMMMtncccoaaMSStBH 522 APPENDIX TABLES. fl^ 00 ' SCOOU3 * OilfJTfOOO ^^HOi eo co in o 'o -" o'd : aj : fl'25 : : : O i- T ^rTrc w fc^ c-f ^^f- 80OCOi-(C OiO*O 'jrflUiiiJUijfdjh APPENDIX TABLES. 523 NOJOCOCO Ortiooo>oococ3Oi"<*- O T< O ^< MOOOOrtCO OOCTi-^INOOO C*l -^ v< Oi O ' CO OtOrt OOJONCNCO r~i-iOCMC>*OOOO-.O30OO'H'0'-O O O < i ^HOl -* CO t-l CO i-4 *-t *KO -ng'OrtMO'.'J OOTO"i-toc>Q'**^O5i iin-^c3st>-t^- coco-^oict^Oi^OTO-fl'Os^tooco'OOiO r-ll^t^O<* 4 '*^>tOt^ 1 1i IO CNrH I^COTP J2 CO CO OO Cl CO 00 tO tOO CN *H Oi^HO^ OlOSCOCOI~toOOOICOCO~OCOOOC>OO O 1 - * 00 to t^col^i-HCOCOtOCOCNiOCNtOCVI^'* C^O-HMCOlNO3r-lrt05'*COO>-)O t^-^osc-5(NC35t^(Ncqo6oocj>--.5iAo5 OS otootj CO ICO < O*O to CO C*CN -TIN OeNOt~CNa>COOJ'*O>i-l'0O ^*CO*OCMC^r-*C^ 4Ol 1 CO OirH f < C*< ^a>(N cocoes lOO t^^ ,-1 00 >O i-H 00 >O CM r~ * 1C O5 TO TO CO O * IN O> 00 >H TH i-HOJO'Ot^- Oi-Hc5OOr ONi-HSO^O 1-4 t^'* CN O Oi if to CO Q OCNCO OS :O T & to (NOtOOCDt^OSC^COIOOtOOCOOOOO-fOSCOI^OCO -rrOCSOt-Ci*M-raitO'rCTi'^ t Obl^COO>O^O ?q O -! CO (N O C^l N fj -"f -9< if) -V tfi 65 r* 5 (N " -< t i t.T !* t-1 t - 7-J O5 ?7 O5 *C OO 00 O ?P t^- o CO O O IO -^ "^ QO CO C^ O CN I-H CO CO to -^ N f-t CO M O>-H -t> * CO O5 *c^c^icoco w cs co co c-a co I-H ^*o co~co wTcs c^t^c^ToTc* ^co'c^T-^^-i co^co^c-Ti-HV'.f crTotTc' 1 ' efvfmcf** coVo"iM*i^W*H* ?Q7O5w5r^O< ) O <-< O 00 -! Ol OC I- I- C rH^^HCSCS^-l 1-ti-tCOWrHOI NCOr- *THlCi-INC^1-4N*-"N^t-l C^i^-H-i-* -cD^OlOOOOCf-OlCOlCOOOiC^t-*COO^Ht-.OOQOSOO.OO 3i^cqocoC^rorcoi^t^c^oiooaic^cDOiO'-^t^co-HTr(No)t--c^-*t'X)O.>cDi-H ^cDOOiCXDCOQQOCOCDOOCOt^OC c^io-rtooo- 'Oc/^oocooOoococ I t CMOiCOCOCO^O'XOOOfOt^-t--* scstNn'Oicto^cs t-( rHt-I^HT-IC^'-l M CO i-ti-< r-( i-iT-H C-|i- fl a5 :? s^s^ :r :S : : lad : aiSgafi ; ?5 3 s ? s a c s j iiiaiJIlllllldllillllil^ 3c8c84i:^ f S^OOCD c3 ^'^EO^ w z;^M^c3c3-i^0 ^g| 0-*0(NOOOOOr~t~iH 00 OO CO rt o^^=c o. g^-sa-oj- rt j. 'd t> c w SSlSS3i^gl IN OC CO of Physical groups. g-p S28SScS^it^|S a S-*T-HIMCO T)it>. j-co-H^-a< ooo-r 8 lili 2SgS2S S3 3 COCJ Rss-a? sssssa-sft g ' ii t-CO CD 1 " 1 CO llKgsgggsSllc1lsHSilllllgnllSglgili rt rt ^COCOC,^CO ^ ~CS C, CO C- liji feSS5,t^?5^gSS:gggc??SSSS5^Sfe?5ScS^SS5|SgSSS -T P' ii||8S||JSg||S5S|5S||||gS|||g||ggg| 1 c i C ^ UN |; ..1 Pikeville .. Smithland .. Russelville . . 515 Louisville Trust Build . . 501-502 Inter-Southern Bu . . Ill West Chestnut Street. . . Masonic Temple Building . . Louisville Trust Building .. 1221 West Market Street. . . 408 Inter-Southern Buildi .. Eddyville . . Paducah .. Stearns . . Calhoun li :4 : illlllflillillllill la E -t CS CO *! C CO t I | I c d o d d o c : i _ W W K W K W B ' ~ ; c ' 9 ^ c; d :2 c; : : : : : & : : : : : : ::;:: I : * j ' ' ' g 1 CH APPENDIX TABLES. 525 S5'^5?'T^ ; ''^ c ' ) ^'"" :: '24ri oc '"'" < 5 ~H O> t OJ O5 O fH t~ OS < ' *S< CO t~ CO < CS V r^ > cc'o C^" M 1 -^ *r*'c*' 00 ' -~ I- < i-l CC -< -W O * C* t~- CO O S S tO >O "9" "5 TCOO) CO-fl-OiTr >-c f 1C 2 O to (3 o w -H COM- O O5 -^ O (OOOOOO' 00 *O Oi CO -V Q Q W CO CO O *O CO O Oi i-r M t-i C '^'CO'OtOOOtjDt-f---r-OasOO-T' COCOCMC i1 0* rr'O I-H i (N rH c 1O O CO "^ 00 O M- I t^ O CS O O O W O O CC **T OO O CC *-" C^l I - CC ' ~ '-j: S- r~ ^. I - TJ- i-H ^rcCOt-QOCCCCCiCDOlCS'-'iOiOCCOCSGO'-'t-O OOCOOOtOCNtOOt-^iOC^OiC^QOOOit^-OO OOOCOOOCO' cfcfT-Tt-Tco"c t>. to * t- O "-I OOCOIM COC< C^ *-< CD O O O r~cc'OOico -H i-H -H o "O 3 fl S-2 ' i *tOC*TO'-<'-l'-l-*!N H HCNfHfHC$OlT-^ " t " * ' ' i :;!; i : : : : : J,IP&J; i^ ::::::::: : g^S^^w^ : . :"? : : j J :l^^lll o 2 o' tt-'- i-(CX3COOiOOCO r* 10 W F-t r-< "5 -^ CO CO CD -< i-H f^ r Oo CO O ^* 53 "<* Is ' - <:3 ' ^^-HIN ^ '^ 0l| tS d6 illli- 528 APPENDIX TABLES. q O CS 00 CO > 5OHOIMOCO1OCO O O -H I -sl < 3 i-HOCO .-> 5? a o ft 3 c P 00 --O (N m -H i-l t^ O '.-5 iO t~ ^ O: - O OS 00 "1* ^ OO Q ' re * o os 1-1 oo o i-i oo co N ffl 5* * 58 S M O ^-*(NO5OOHOI -HIMOJCO -#0> CO i < fH CO Tf * O < i-H (^C NO' c^cso ~ t>- - O5 t- t O t>- Ift 1C ^ C O t^ CO 1-- (N CO <& : x o; cs 'C c: ' c; Oi T^^^ ^' 3COCOCMCMNCOCOCO CM i-H i-< I^NCOTjllOOt-00 C--r-lr-l ^l^lrtrt-Hrtl-I^H 8 ^,'esj^J 6 6^ 6 6 6 6 6 666 66666666 6 6666^ ^ .,ZZZZ ; a pSBjosctfoop W a H H W W H 03 PS O O O O C O O O (d W H S o o o , Tj* **< O lO f^ ^ iC '^ I go^co 'osoci^9i^* 00 :t O 00 * "3 CO CO i-lr-eCNf-t' - COOOtf? OOtt r-t O r-t O OC C^iC i -f OC O W wl CO i (C^t^- i ' -^ cc- -i 1 'S. ~; ^ c: j ^ M ~r -j: O *-t C 1 " C*"' l^- OC CO 7C "-C "C>.'^CiJ--*'-^'CCC;-*'CO^ J}5 o * S < w ^,3 x w w w j w feg w g w 530 APPENDIX TABLES. "c'S 2co^SSSofeS N '^^rSS-N' CMCTCM COO30O35 rM T" r-. -j; 30 ' 1^ CO O5 r^ ^ ic co co co a; co -s ^ & c-i ;^ en co CM r-< ^ o r-i-3 s^ ^32cs t ^TO^HS 0f "' -3?3 COCOO O^-^-O ON-HN(NOOO-=fO ft irl ' Oi CE OC I - O Ot^ 1 O O CO 1O Ot--<^m-^CNOCMOO CX)t-HOO CO-^^-<^^7> ^' CO ' "? C-J O C5 C"- 1~ - iO OOO&O OiOOl^^i XJO>Osl-t^-OiCOl^.C)C5 ASd SSS'SSSSSSS OIN05CNCO cs 15 2 CO O *^ C-l C5 cN t^ O ^ O 35 O ~ X V ' " 4 i" O './? &b ^ -- 1 '" 1 ^1 -r05O50CMCt^COOO "CO rn V iifi I3C3S Baa BBsag ii& T3 O ^gt p^c3 E fl +S o> c3 00 OOO f C*D 10 30 -rt* -* rt* iQ CO 'O *O O CO Cl 13 N tO CO ^ r^H O 1-- O O 1^- -H -c -^ O1 'rf i &o o 06 cs do t^ S o S SB S *ft tts S f-2 -^-^ i CO O OO 4 CO O l^. C-l C^ OO i-- to -r X OiCNQOOC*} -^OOrrc^coi-or^o c; CI.I-H o* -* oo 3 cS ** eg CD 10 GCJ- J^ CD ^ ^ ^ CO 10 o oo N co o ^ o^ oo *o ."D ^ i - t^ '-^ i-~ o *> o o of O *i'~ l CD CO OO W >O PO O 1 'O CO lilSS OGOOSOG^fNC^-fO CDDDOtDCi^CcOOrO^ TO w -v ^r co -* co co co co COCOCOMCC C4iOrrOt^*co-*"^ cocowco coco cccc rocs co I Iljl S33BSaS83 S8gS| CO'O Ol 'O O '-O d CO t - Ol ^> ^2 " TJ- O -" CC C^ i O I-H -t* tc O 'O 'M M O i - c? cr, c^ -.-; :-i ) - i;: <--; -r d i- (NrOCS^r-^COCOC ' Siilsills Slitlciclllsl i : g : : : : ; i iib^ j M iifj iiiiiy 1 li | : I : : tJ : : ^ P ^S =SS : :jSa (-< f. . . li^illil "il^Jtlll^ l s . . . i IS :! ! 1 1 . Old Courthouse ....... . Town Hall . 18 Treinont Street, Bos . 1 Mason Building . Town Hall . Selectmen's Office . Memorial Hall, 807 Wa. G Town Hall . 323 Union Street 27 Bedford Street . Town House . Courthouse . Town Hall, Mansfield. . TownIIn.ll . County Courthouse. . . ilSllPjl^ '-S23 ; i c. rr^>^ K^? "ao^"^ t.'r-< S32 8^^C=3-?o=c.2?(N-T-S5^ 3w<^'-s |!sa5a2sslSKS :::::::" o :::::: d & 5) -HCMCO ; ; ; ; 2-! : : : : it-^oid odd' ' ' ' 5 d . ~j ^ ^i ' . . . . 2 '' * g '"Jdco'-t; wSS =5^1 d^ ^SJJJ : * |^o-c'd S 'o^^^^ 1 ."^ddSEo* cSs?~3 gEEsSssggSU Sjj^-HKK^Utnc OpswiewSSg-c - ; tt^WfaKKGoaPJW r' p3 cs S PJ ^^.^OOOO^o-, ^a^'^'^O^ggtijw S &7>'/z;^)g553 x yj co *5 u. ft c'x EA TO '-j rj X S>^ X vj X ^ C sj : ^^>-^QQOQOQ QOOOOOOOwOO 5 5 APPENDIX TABLES. 531 i-7 T* C!> 00 O '" O N CO i-H ^H < *jj i-M r? .-; ~r c- CM * * i~ co o i o o co > - r. o-co O> o * P* O - ^^< ' C^r- 1 T-lT-1r-iC^CNC^lMrHC^ o c^ to 10 oo M o r- O I-H m co l^r-.C^OC^'^ClCSCOC^CMT^'-t ^c O i-t tD n*. >7 -**'/:' *M X l-TOCOX'O' (t-^"*iCCNO*OOCO'X>OOi-li i O CO CO O ClT-iOl lOOO 1 - -M -r -r- :? r? i - -r c: x >.~ -r r: *o o i as -? ^ c/, i- ** oo i- c ess co -f -^ co cc Bo fr 00 co co o -4' -. ro r: ^. i- i* TT co i i- -^n M co s oo ^ -^ s& o xr ^: o - - T- i- co -f -^ co cc Bo fr 00 3 rf "5 53 '"^ *^ O o * tt>a -v c-i ^r o co co w oo i o co -^ co o o i < t ~ O4 o o o co o o ?* iC eo'^oji-- OO'CtNC/^oc^coo-^t co 1 **'' ' -f ^> ~ >-^ c^ o oi' O * O 'O -t ' * C-1 C*l O I- C/5 C1 CO CC -^ CO t^- O5 l^- -^ ^ O oo t- o - CO I Si : ! - : - 1 - I- tO 00 O O O O CO O >'" OO -O CT t.3 CM ^-< *-H Tt< C9 '*> i-O r 01 o " ^o o i - ^i o --5 N -yj ** o "^ ^i co o >o -^ .o i-- oo c^i -^ o e* co c^ -** o i- i- i- o -^ - o wo ^^? t : c o co CN to o co o eo o > ^ f: o S S S gj 1 ^ > tSocSt^K 5u . . Room 10, Medford Building Fire Engine House, Acushnet Aveni . . Care of the Evening Standard . . Third District Court Building . . No. 11 Fire Station, 754 Brock Aven . CitvHall... Qumcy Courthouse Room 2, Masonic Temple Police Building. Bow Street State Armory, Highland Avenue Branch Library, College Avenue . . . . 289 Main Street . 470 Main Street 35 ; ill 1 Is|t? fplll Pnoi SSSWal ,O 10 oft* c ! <* :::::::::::;;::::: S 5 ^ ~ ^ tr KKKK -? r! ^l^nOC tj^Cin.C^'^ OO oJ C3 02 C2 *s- ^ y yE % SS ttZ w w s w C5 -J >J lilallillllllsieilllllllil .-i O OC >O c^ <* 'O o c^t o t** re "* "i *-. oc I-H c*i til' c 61 ^5 c. CM c/ u^ c s| )rocctc i ^toHi^-NOJoci>-coc i )oc.c^t i rO'<} i cocico aS C* _,,_( ^^H,-. rH >- r-H rH oil 91 " 8 8i rHWr-1 r-.COCI^H.-H C*5i-Hii ^H T < i ( 1 groups. iin COCO Oi -^ O CS CO O CCCN TO CO ^ -< i > 1 COC^ t-H Cl r-i CO CO Cfl ^S?2^^|2SggS^gco^^ 2 | 11 88 8ass * s o s s5saaa-aao-s Ills IE 3SISIS 53SSWaSSSSS38ISS9BS 11 *H ssississi ^t^C^t^.^CirHOit-.C^COi-" 'C.COt^.Tf*OOtCOOiOlO *t O X ^ Cj 1-1 * j y_ -^- * re V, p iC I- Tf i-t CS Ol O C;l 3 3SlliS5SS gfSclslSlIll^illlsgliil .-JOOCOCJIOOCTIOJOOJ . d CN" isslsliil .-; oc c-. co -r co HS O s j [I }:[! i J I j i Post-offlce 2 is bi o 1 a gl f if >; 55^3 5 15 ? x ^'3 5a -SM^H^'S^ e ^sleifig i-^rS^st-a^ g-3 S^ c ao-S^ iwillSlll l^gis^si 9 i6io{SSg(5a ' "2 S 2 "g c '-g j^-c -3 1^-2 ^^^"g o^'gii'C "S w I ' -( N CO ^ W3 .rHCii ,0 1-1 5 J . -I. * lot* '^^ : ^'S 2 APPENDIX TABLES. 533 VH ,H VH C4 1-4 .i-H-*< OOOO OOr-OlOQCiOiO CO CO ^ ""f T-H C^ CO CO o O ee I-H c* a|i ^ Ci i 1 (M CO -l c^i-i co GC-fX.COCO>;tCO t-H CO *O TM>. i iOCcC^fiCCiCl-^^i-( r-4 CO O ^ CO '.X -H OC - . - ' i ' 1 "-7 -r O O O5 ''- - _ ? CO GO CO OC t^iOC^OGcpCOl^COO3CiOQCC^t^COC^CC^^aC^''*^iOC'3O-TftOtO ....... .-1 ^J ..,....,...., ::::::: : ::::::::::::::::;;;::::: :g> : ; 1 .1 1 1 1 1 1" II i 3 [ n ] j H [ H 1 1 1 1 1 [ 1 1 ] 1 1 N I |l 1 1 ::::::: : H -g g :::::::::::::.'::::::::::::: i : i :::::: a "^ o ;;:::::::: i : : i :::::::::: :^ : : :::::::<-< . d s:::::::::::: :::::::::::::: ; ;U: : :is 1 sa ^ : :J ill :' : : : : : i .. Grayling .. Escambia . . 408 County Building . . Municipal Court Buildin .. Ho !il! .. Bessemer . . 8J Monroe Avenue, Mom ...do I? Ill ^| f||| 9 "^ o -H <^>Cf 6 6 c "2 H H * i i ; ; : : : : i :::;::;:;;:;:; i ; : i : i i ; o : ^.J c. ci sdad-ssssas's'siassss i i j bic >JD RAPIDS N *JD RAPIDS N -c 1$ ooooooq o o ooooooooooooooo5o| c "S'^'^'5 s S" w w w w w w w w w 5 5 S S S 3 S S 5 S S 5 S S S S S.SJ~S S s 5 ~ ^S S S 2. OOftftftftflftPlft ft ft ftpftfiftftftftflftftfiftftfiftftftWW^^OOOOOOOC! 534 APPENDIX' TABLES. oc -r i o cs *c o ic ~p *-( -* .*: co o r~ c ic t^ .-* co c*i co co t^ co c<] TO.-fiO-r.rt or -r co ^ -' ~* o >r. o P . - 1 C-l O 00 OS yj i-H X C yO OC i-l r-. O: O3 CO O . os 10 cs c-3 x w o o i ^H T I rHrHCCi I -p o N Oi cr> ^r- re v: co r- ^f 10 o o ao o ^ <- ' -M t - i - i- co o r- ro cs ao --c i- -^ o r- -r < r-i ro ^- -. cc- --: as o C^i (i-< C^i IC^C^T * ^*r- CC"~1 OO i ( -) CT. X r. x. o: r - K -? ?o ^ a: r - i - a Mi A KciSJ^S <- ^ : : |s ;- 1 ' _ - S 'y ''do: APPENDIX TABLES. 535 -< CN CM CO -- 5 <- -r i T-O -' to * o co~i> to to "^ CO'N *cotNC^iro"'-i"* 1 coco >G co cs C~3 * FM T :::::: :=5 : c s : .......... ns -' CO CO CO 0* c Ci o; c^ o C3 T-I ci OD i- 1 ' Ci ^> i ( CO 1 Ci ^> i ( CO 1^. OO ^ CS CD *^ iO PO 00 O CO CO >-^ ^T* CO OJ d W iO CO to o ^t* co oo oooo c^ ^ oo co t^*o o- _| ^ C-l r-1 T 1 N r-l r-l rH CT I-KNIN * * ' ' '.'!.*! o >.J ! ; IJ fill lj|g| .a jiif >,5^!^! sf i 536 APPENDIX TABLES. - MS "-. 4 3 ^T-i~i.^~T co to o o co-co CJ co co -< c; ro >o o co - en ^t 1 c< *< cc co co -< co w ^ i~ cs co ^oo>jo; CO o o o c^i c - i- o 01 :-7 ' c: r *'_n'3^r tB H 'd 1 ^ aM : : :-2 IMH : :s -a'^-2 t-Q &2 M-W a JiJ.SJ -s 5-005 J ja jJ55 3 *3 jg - 873 oS w 2 P 1 S^SSoio^g^o^o-^SCSc.-Tj^^Swgs^s^'cs.-ti-C-jso^fl ^SrtS^pqfc^tfwB^fec^^S^aSae-JMScS^fe^^iS^ H APPENDIX TABLES. 537 I^H I^COOOO^^OC^^O^OI^MI^QC'CCSCO *OO-*'OC v *GCOOC'$cOsN"-i>OI i O I-H CO CO i (i 4 i i si i t 11 t-H ;5 * * ^HOOOOOC J OC-) 1O 1C - ' O *o oo o ' 4 r 8 co oo o OG T - SH T-I oco-Ht co C w O> to > i -^- ' ~ x 31 *< co w Ci i~ cc i^- co .^ io oo - w a S r 5 co NN-*O< r-l (N COCO t^O>OCO'OCOCOCCOT C r O O co T < J'O'-* 1 O'-^' iC^CCOOi' ttC - v_ ci :? f^ *c y: "M i 1 1^- r i-* '^'^C5-lCCOC<; O ^O CO *O 4 i-t o -s O '> O -^r I-H sN i-t x '^ o uToT ^ *rTco"'co' > c O if. i C3 W HSS ,(JC22 "c3T3 : i r< e JT IlllISs il|i|i|!f ^! II jjf iiljili I KL:tll S cOKw gS" feotoo oo" ^- , O 00 i-H * 1-H ? sa 538 APPENDIX TABLES. fi o o ' O CO O O C3 f~- 'O ;O O TT O C- O -^ >O I s - - O 1-* Ci O -H "JC^T- ~ --; QO CO ^ CO C^i T-I 1C CN C^ ' W 1-1 (M -* CO iO ^ i - X '-T t^ I - t < C nC(N'Vt^-< COOi 'XfOO'OiOG I - -^ 1^- X O CS -H CD * - --- X; CO < ' sO ^OOi-tt ^* ( ^o Oi CN ~ . eo cs *o o o o o r-t * T-M "*< * I> O O -t I-H i-i i i o c oo co X? O co o CO I.-3 CO iO O CM -i O> -T O - O CO ^ O 00 i CO CC ^ -r oo cc t 00 *O O :O Q O co u5 CQ co u? co f-i *- oo x o o IN CO ts. CO T- C^ DC O "-I -H CO CO ^Hi-H Is. CO (P ZQ O CO O i-O O O i i s ' co fo i- u- oo co 1 co co c^ cs co " o T V TO '3"j 'X "/) -T Oi 5 O 'O Ofl CO M CO GC CM Cl Ji r- -0 C^ '3 -* 1^. (M CO OJ t* C4OOCOOCCOcOoOO*HCiQC ^3 ro APPENDIX TABLES. i^^,^iOO r* r- o i- - ^o CD T-I Q CO O Q t^US tt f>^ Ok M C4 Q O 4 A 4 oo >O -< ti; o ci co c cj o: CM c-i -t< -* o-i > t>- M CO CS -^'-O o - T'- co oo i o 10 TJ< i 10 C^J 01 t'OOO>o^^ i I-H -t' -t co i - ^ O o ' Oj C) c-i -f CTJ i- eft 04 Ci o cs 'O i - o -* t* o oo ^ o i-- - - ~~ i ^ - cj ^r "O co 'O t^> o * c 1 * ' "is'Iltil 3 g-|s.^;3-E.2l 2lbtl|||-| r jj jijjjj i O S3 JS Oil on Davis jj ,o :::: j :::::::: J: i i i 1 : i : i :b : r i j S2 8 ' ' I : : - : ' | s : ' gj-l | jjj : ;ifeS .C^t^oc^ an 0^3 a s is o a 3 : I O *- Ifil CS 1; II lllt-ll-t'TjP-sl-jl-jt-jt-s latr ^33, ill1$ : |lll||||llll ij^^t-S^s^asasaa^^of >> 2 fcS H ^1 -* l'3 fi<5 +=-^ l| MM 540 APPENDIX TABLES. 373 "fl 1-1 "^ 1 geu.*.. fermen tc*3 H rrlCo s co 3 oc,o 2SS co N rt I-H " ^ o3 IN "3 SP ' -5 'e! '2 XX d : :?" : :-S : :d :M ^OH'^^^ . : <3 ;j3gc3 '^g-SoSgoS .'- : 3"S.2-.2 |fi3fe J^^SteCcJ JllpjyijNji APPENDIX TABLES. 541 ,- " OOOOOJOi-iOO ^ ,-T *f ,-T CS^-Tof i-T i-T cor^-oc.p'-(-^! -^ oo O C3 QC 'O 00 *t' Ci CC 00 eas%* zsRS*****s2aaz%5%33aa*Rxs**xz%3$33%% sS^Ss-sis tttfstf*mrom4^^ R^SSSSQSSS o. g,,. gj5o a o^ ^o ; S oo 2 tcco,o.co gS o ? ,c,.03co. S CN i-l -< CN n t-H I c ?< T: C-l 33 -p I- 10 O O I- t - f -? r~ co o ^^ t^ i- c". ^ :- : co to c^i a; r*< i^ to cs to co cc t ro'N-H-Hi:i^i"T--C302'OO3 ire 'Oo ii^-^oi^^t M - ^i '~ - ^ c-i t- c-4 1- co o c 'O -r * o -p oi --H o c>t co -i ci ro c i ro !-- i^ co 'T ^ co to to ^^ ro o co oj 35 o o t^ ^ -T 1 x to to -rtH 06 ic^oocot^-c^'roosc^roc^oii^oco ) r-tO-HOC3^ :c 'O -r i^ c^ x co -r t^ x :-? i u fc- 3 : j i a n"^ s^^i^ :^a J ; 3 . S ^ :& : . ;-! ^^ :^ j =: .-S o tt O Ul i fe-gps .l^-Sli^SggSOojlH 542 APPEXDIX TABLES. Deferments. 2_; 52 ;N go 2::s : --,o2o<: c* ^ S ^ ,-4 wwo^^o^jo 111 i-HO-HOC* ^ rt c4 o c ' -HOC CM *" -- -- s "-rf-^ T^l^-:^^ ~ i; i^ '-7 Q a SMS 1- l-?i J- - S 1 _ r ~ 3 ^ Physical groups. s|l MOl^NOX TOCO O TH O O TO -* i- S 8 a|8g883a|sa2 S 2*I 6'g c5 ;_- 383338939882; AS " rtcq T-H CO ^ ri ** CO " ^ .-c 1-1 "^ Cfl> ' SS3S2 sssss p 8 8 O r^ re ^ J c^ ?7 ..^ C a> &-S - 1 Is <- a5 3j"S O c: J3 5? ?3 '-1 2J -I 00 CN SC r; eg ^ ~~ o^ \^ '-O ^ ^r \r\ ~ IM >: o Registration. "3 "o EH -*t< O C*4 u-2 O li-^ie c^. ?i ^ *-r -f O tC t F;S 1 11 ii | i X O O CO CT : /: i- i - -r ^t^^^tr3^NO^C^WOMMtOCSI^OCO^COMWO*0OC^W^ONI>W-^CO at ,-ei 2 i 3"- t^ :0 C* *C ro -f 3C cc o *** / s. i~ iii c^ o ^ v :- r; ^ i^K 1 j . -^ >.? r? : : . i - o ; - i- -^ ac o TO > i o ^H TO 1.- l-r- W l|| .a* 1 " 1 OO 00 O C* O T-I OO C4 OO *O r-l ^4 OJ l-M 5iz 2 c; r~ < aISK5 |l lilii iiil 11 1 s ^ '-'C^ rCi !Oi^ - :-t O X M iiUiii Post-office address. .... 3 129 Toorst Avenue .... 419Glovd Huildins,' .... 330-331 New York Life Uitiluliii,'. . .... 41501 East Fifteenth Street. . . .... 107 .South Hardest? Street :' 2 : S e J|~l I'HI Macon .... Fredericktow'n.. ' J| _ - . a ^ .... Callfotnla ' ^ i, S 5 o r 5 x,^>i35e<3 9 .S a ~"|3 ^ "5 S Local board. IN -H*>OO C ( C ( G O OOQOS 03 03 OQ 03 X i>inooin I -inn ston... McDonald.... J : P o ce J 5' I I'o .' o co -X-* -H o .-i -f ^ I W" X -H C: '-T i i i i r7 :? :* -- - - r / t . ~; o !; o c? tc -r ?i P> re co i.- r: c-j i- i~ r-i o o M oc r-i Or-lOO S i - - c : : t - i . r -~ - o .-i O i-i r-< 1-3 i- -i. . '-. c; ^H 1 O O i-< D O O N CO O.CO fH ,-H ^ ' ' ": r- ^H :c ~ -M ^-< ~: - _-, i T> ^ w: i ^ ^-< i- TT o -r -^ c~. ~ ^r *r ^ i~- f-t c: f< ^J *-< t~ CJQ I~ -C --T T-C Cn t^ < O r? " C- c- f: : - -T- CO-3' OSOOT'CO i'. cc n * cq r~ ^ ) -T oo (N c:^;N*r5 06 00*i-l lOt- C-4 f as r^- O3 o r ~-< t^. :/j cv >~ ~i 'C O r^ O o -* )mcOC <-l . j~ -n- < o *-< -r c-J -~C- c-a i ^ cc ?< c^ co V!MC^i-n--3-or^oio Sas o -< -^ "-r '-r r: (> -r rx a: ^ c^ -o o o t^ t^t^oiciftooo-^.t^i-cC'a'OsOTrccicoo S oco CO IO CO CS ^r c^ o co cc I.T cc o i- ' i ^. > ~ - ^ N co CM o c CM c^ t- c - co o ' ac o *-< c ift " c^ c- c 1 ! x ^ ro cc ^r ^7 o i- c^ : --< o o c> co c -^ ^J o oo : i - -~ -i r - -~ -y> C- ' i r- i- O) *-< - T-I i- -rr O 07 re Ci O ic GC^ O I- CO OO 00 ^- -c >-* ^ ^ c o i- i^ i- oo cc ic oo oc a> cc os o 01 c; N c_> co oo o oc -< o O 1-- CO O (N Ci ^-< 10 C^'^aiOOOOlC^COC^CNC k lCCr^^C^C v I^^^C^C^ t-1C^ rH O 01 _ C. '. t- O Ci W I Ci cjoc^csc i ^r^QOi^a>T^r^OrHC^ci-^H^or<^ i ^ot-i^cftO'^>^t^?oco .-- .-- t --- I - S. -- -* r-^ 00 GO CO *- 'r CO X) CN 0-: O CC ^ O S3 O rr -t CO CO Gi t- CC I- C^ C O o? t- Ci CC -2 -V O OC C^ OC O Ol -< ~-rO C^ CD OC 1 CS O CC CO I - Oi CO CC CXj -rr CjC Cl C^ T-" n- * i O t - " 5 1O 00 < i 00 CJJ llj! CCKSw 544 APPENDIX TABLES. 1! o to os o* oc co r C cc oc T '" *r co o '- - CO ^-t CQ 5'~lOiO'^ l ^t''^C s lCiOiOC I oc cc ci - : -. - r. i - ^ r- CO to Ci CS X) ^2 *J - ^OOiCit cX>C co co w * o w ci T-J t-T of 1 ^ o ^^i-^I^ C"- S. C-l I - i~ '-t ^" C^ 1^ 00 '" O O c cc -^ c-. 35 oo. c^ -^; cc -.0 1-1 llll^llllllllllllll APPENDIX TABLES. 545 t- 1-1 c5 -Nr^-woooTr*ooo*oi ti-HiooO'- -i- 90 eo t^ w oo *c c C4 o ^r cl -9 1 CSCO CS CS^H C^T-lr-t i-( COCO 97250 19 - 35 C* CD T-I CO CO 1 - 00 -rH T^ C r-tT-tT- / ft a- a Gffl JO --O O O LO 3: 3- ,-H 10 C O O - - M JO --O O O LO 3: - ,-H 10 Cr- o c^ c; t~ -? *r i - (^ i-- i- 5O O O s -r -^ p -p o. oa i^- w T i-t ic *a *- o ac ^) c^ O I-H c: o oo so i- r-< y. r- ^ -^ -r irj rHi ICJTJ'O C^CN| Or-1 rH t'-tNrH i I C s JCS- ir-lCSt-HC^i tCDOil^-CS CCCCC^rHI *T O 'TOO Vr-I06r- >> O>-> -^ ss os o> to c w' O c^ o r~ -^ " : r". '; c: ! ~ n >t 'S v: o o < " O di -^ >;;;;; c ; ; ;;;: APPENDIX TABLES. 547 'S- CO R^rto^rt >O O W ^ CM r-l 00 O l>- T-* r- Oi CO OS W t- W CO O ft i-t O QT> O O CO Oi p ^*H OAOD $ > t so i - 1- i- : 1-1 -< - 'X 'S. *r -* 3T rtrt icO^i-KNTOMIN CO (M i c r-t r I - (N ro co c Q . CO O I- Ol -T Oi O Cl C O I - CC' O 00 O r-4 -^ OS I - CC' O 00 O r-4 -^ i-H 'X O CO CJ r- < CS I - ^ iO f-i ^ i ai o co v oo os o -H ao ^-< O : :1 J0 3S 3 sg .'I? : : : : :> :5 i -1 :33s ; : diiji iffjysbi A8|is|2j"lf!ii2|M8fl jfllllllll^l^ipSilll ^E-iSuO^oiSz;^ to 10 c -< t-- co io oo5 6S9338S!!S8S;ga ferment Mg| COiO-^CCI^-COOl OQN U3CS CO >Q- v: r- TT ^ O x '" '" ^r re '" -r *T -r "3 lisllsllScIl '-: ~" cr. v '^ c: ft i - t~ ^ re c: -r ^j- o o '^ cc c; '-i- r^. cc i - c.- ~. -^ c< fi " r^oo gl^llliilSS H iii2gigiiii | f O3 rt rt r-1 COCO M 3 n ^ m << >o ce co cc CM m ee N -^Tet 1 llfc aaassas 22 02 K S <; ^ g^ilglsssIS ^ |5g|2iiglsiigll Ha""* w K 1 S 1 AH L j : : : : o d o' o' d ^ OOO> Or- O>OOO>r^ -l IN IN I OOOOIOIN-HOIN O> O i-T 00 CO ^ CO I s I^ OO (N f- OO I-H O i-H INlOOOINCO I oo us i^: c cs C5 O *^ 00 I-H t~ I~INO'*''HCCC-HCOCO(NC-CS 0= ^ ' 00 TT 1 1- r: c-: o ' oo c- i '. ; co oo i ~ 06 CN |1; 'M^--rcv'M -.o - ~* t-t ic 04 i o i O N IN -r t-< o - co cr> o ~* i-t CO ^r O X >-- ct CO . -r X T T r~ t^ c? CO r*- CO 1-C C". OC X O -r oo o> O3 1^~ cs o o CO i-i -* "O 00 o o t~ TIC O O ST.. I "1 co co oo - - O CC -T O .-I rt o -r i o c o-*c:cco Si-< oc < x i~ i.~ --o cc r~ L- u- ^ f-s is ^r o oo g? c351'-OiOcc-OiOtO-^--^-iCC:cO'^ t CiC^t^O S (3 -2-2 o cocoas -t roco ;-T5Dooco coo i o ^SsS -r^ ^ : : '-: -i o o o t^. I-o{O ".- OiO r-.C-l 00 CO C-JTOC^ala; <(MOC5"Oi: CC CC OC r C O O QC "-: C. CO CM t rr X T O 00 C -!,-i> C^I-|i-lC cc. r? 01 co O o o - X CO C* C-* t^ -* CO JCMOJCMr-lr-ii-H-H saaf :3 : :c- *si5s5jS2lisil*Kd XXX X~~~~ 000 V999O9a3!7>7^MMMt4M ?- V- M w r-. o S r-. f -" f - O-?3 ""'iMCOUJCO "coflCS'Vrt ^CO'-l'-t'^l^COrHL'SCO * C v l * C". C*J i i O iC i C4 I-H O C^ ' ~ ^> so r- co *c i- I-H c5 i38S8S8l8S8i S^5ss|s*^iiiiiigisgii ^CCT-HO(NQCr-<(^C*- t CO Ci CO t - OC^-t CN :cO*- ft 4 CiCO'Ot > -- to cc O >i O QG ^ CO iO rr g||||g|g|i|Sgg ggllSSSIiaiiilS^ISIsIiiSS 3 ^ -r i-^ CM CM COgg_j -J K 3 .J -J 1 J 1 -J ^ 14 2o 2 f-3 o * C- S B oKo^io uwoof^o 2 ; : : : : : : : S : : : : : : i''!!!! ** ' \ ', jlj-gSog !||f !"! I ||l 8^*1 o i i-l OJ : : i i : : : *' PATEIISON Nc T"ATF.nS(l\ T \'( \ /* ! I ' \ o3 "S ! o . 2 Pt ' ! >> -^ii ^flcD I?J TO S^-'S'S . : 8 S3 & S b"** S-^S a g g J? ? 2 S.S 3 o oS .2 1 C 1 53 B d O O fi fl W O Ot-W iJ S S O OW P5 02 oo M OQ ia oa - 552 APPENDIX TABLES. n 3 a* fermen t|| OOCO ?5co ft if s rii s-g 1 groups. HP OCB:OI-<-^O * "2 O t, OC Oi rH ,H i-l r-l t-1 fc ^ : 60606060060666 gg ;^jz;^^^^^^^^^^^;^ SS '.ooooooocoooooo APPENDIX TABLES. 553 ;cor*QiT-tr^r^cocoo5!O- co t I*- oo OD co oo O c-i o ro i-- co cc t^- tr t* c c^ r- i-( 1-1 i-* CS CO >oi r* ooi-H oo> cofq co^r coio- cs oc cs o - -r ro" ro'T^i co'co'c^j oic-i co' c>i ci -r CONN co' co'o'-i v"c 1-- 1- 10 ^ 10 ^'-'*^ < r^T'- -^ i- >~ ~ " c; S c^ ro5o"O ciitcio.-i x; i- o x c5 o{ -H S i- to c &C r - 04 tS 10 itj ,-< C-. COCOOOCMOi'NCCtpOO-- i:: 71 ^- ^- _ -- :~ T ^^ - - * CD dmii,i . . . Care of S. C. Crandall. AVest field Caro of J. F. McCarthy, Silver Creek . . . . . . Courthouse Annex, Almira . . Box 147, Courthouse, Norwich . . County Court Building, Margaret Street, burg. . . . Au Sable Forks . . . Court house, Hudson ... 15 Court Street, Cortland Delhi _ I . . 574 Main Street, Beacon . . Beekman Arms, Rhinebeck . . City Hall City Hall, l.ackawunna . . Room 5, Hamburg Bank Building, Han . . Collins Community House, Collins . . Town Hall, Lancaster . . County Clerk's Office, Elizabethtown. .. . . County Clerk's Oflice, Malone . . 20 Church Street, Saranac Lake . . State Armory, Washington Street, Glove . . County Clerk's Building, Johnstown... . . Courthouse, Batavia . . Courthouse, Catskill . . Long Lake . . City Hall, Little Falls Courthouse, HerViiner . '. City Hall, East Third Street . . Courthouse, Watertown . Continental Hotel, Adams ... U "3 '3 S C i _3 ^ . . . Courthouse, Geneseo . . . Courthouse, Wampsvillc . . . City Hall, Rochester ... City Hall, Fairport Courthouse, Fonda ... City Hall Glen Cove Bank Building, Glen Cove . . . Denton Building, Mineola 78 Church Street, Freeport Fireman's Hall, Lawrence .... 237 Main Street BUFFALO No. 15 BUFFALO No. 16... ^H'NCO - N c d y G~ C = sIl'S OOtP '. : d o'** : i.2.2 t | *o do o Ijigjl 3 8 Jg If |sl| o c. |l32 1 1 'i'-g'-S Sss 3Trct:ti . 2 s s ^^.saj C , S ^ W WKKpL, fefefm C ClUSE : : fc :.'.'. :::: :d o o o' o o o ; ; ; SBS 3 ::: 3 ; : o u ^--'- o 1 o 1 o* M M5 Ills*! slf- ~ ~ ~ ~ ^z- 9*2 ^~aj: ji5'.s s. A fi s 03 O O ~fefct: < O) 4, a, >-S 1-31-5 1-5 i J a o 6 6 fc w o 6 o d g - & C3 c8 C3 03 W 554 fi Hid id 2-2 APPENDIX TABLES. M CO O CM CM -"Ii CM C4CCCM CM i-l CM n o ~H o o ~ -.-I -O CO -3- 3> ?S CM rtCM rtOO CMSC.-I O O O-H CMO.-I i-l O O-< O;- CM-910CM 3 CO i-* Q? Cl Ol N i-< CO i-"? 10 CM "5t~- N^ ^oo SB n co pH CM C** C5 CN - c5o Oj- 1-1 CM CM C*4 C -OCO 22 O OCB O CT r-lirj X> >O i-l t-TT CO >-l i-c CM eo ^ C1 ^j Flip g-e^ - ^i- *c S 3 H * - Pi;>-i > "O KTS s^ ? g^lC & g?;l ?1 |jiSla3||s-5* II! Sgo s| ,-5 2.B'S II i=a gS^I s^5-gB |^ &! ^ o" -a a 8 a.5 0O M- TJ N *-'JO K CN o) CD o co co co cSJ I 1 - t^ os 8 H SM g fico^-rcc^csco cs COCO CNOCNM- M 00 CO CO -.-. Si co iS r - S s o CO* i^CN CN "ilCN COCN CD CO 00 s:i?s CN COi-c S CO>CCOCOCN^ICO "> 1C CN CO CM OS 03 ~f CN i-l^Hi-1 MCNCN CN T-H <5 or. 1- 1- CN i.o -r CNtbl^ t^COCO CN COOO^H Oi-H SS 2 CNOOCOOSOcOiCt^ iO osic5oscoo-rcN T CN- t~ -w Q " '' -" c? CO CN 1C CO :N CO ?> -sss aa- - ass s 5 5 sss CO ^OSCNOOCNCOOSl-O CN CN CO CO CO < ! CN CN CO F 2 CN O OS -i OS 1C SO tc I- >C - T FHci5 tCl^OO j ^rfio 00 O s a or, CNCC SCS CN 1C 1C s OCOCOOi-l^ .tOlCOOlCI^.CN ^* CNrr^itXCN-TCSI^ ^J 1C l> OS OS C3S I s . Cs CO CO tc'cT c t- c-j o cj 10 o COO*-^r Ot-O O CC-C^ OiCO ii g 9SS CO C C^ i ic cs o y CN * CN 'j* *r or oc ' ^H oC' i.o T os -< CO O CN -H CO ^-< M* 1C OO c ~ i - '.-: to >-o in O OC Oi t-^ ? C3i QC oTl>- O t>- O t^ i'. r~ r-t^o CO c t^ oo cs t^V. oo oo ic F -2 CO ro -O CO OJ CO CN ^ l~ :: cs O O H / ^i *r '-O co oo J7 < as * c^ CNr- co WCN -10 CO GC COCO S i CO >~ O 'C Q ^' co t'- O ci c^ cc & S5 cj ?i ^i ?I cs CJ c^ 818 HI s -4 i-S CN CN CO CN CN S CN CN ^ O OS CO :~ X C-) -^ CO CO O CO tO I Q? t^- OCO-H TT ^HX-O O-M Ci CO CO OMO I siggsgii s ?J : : (N CN CN H NCO 1 ^ C3O1CO CO COCSW COC* C^I J ...i 174 Nassau Street, Brooklyn ... Public Library, Clinton and 1 ninn Slrec Brooklyn. . . . 10o Uapelye Street, Brooklyn ... Municipal Court, 6 Lee Avoivi'', Brooklyn... . . . Forty-seventh Regiment Armory, Lynch Sir and Maivy Avenue, Brooklyn. ... 411 Lewis A" venue, Brooklyn. ... 219 P:\tehen Avenue, Brooklyn ... 115 Stockton Street, BrooUlvn . Annex Public School 25, 335 Kosciusko Stre : c &3- ;r S a^SS 5 I IS 1 1 J M 2 -a i "d S i 10 +> A : S 3 8 9 = 1 it I J - la iiUJ!liifii :3^ ^c w .d s 0^-3 |ll-l&f ^ i.i|^s ^Zrf 1 Ocro-gS^o P?^^^^^ S ?25 |? Bl^Smlg&^dtf^Ql^g s^'s.s S K 5? = Slllllll<|ll!2liS|a|.,lfl ^ooJSJru,;:^ -^es-o'^s^-xjEo-^ u^ r 9 9 J3 fPsll a PslPll*a-p3|>S SAliiiisbl^s^assn'gissixs tH^M-t^.^PHOS^ !o ok ^< 2^3 &52 *"" ^ !" ^ t-^-i i ^o-*^ -wr^ 3 < -j^^^ ^-^^ ^-^S -rc^ ^CZ^-ft: S^ S^S Rgfi B 2S (5 s 5S6 Driggs Avenue, Brooklyn 87 Herbert Street, Brooklyn 99 Mcserole Street, Brooklyn 2215 Coney Island Avenue, Brooklyn 1770 Eighty-sixth Street, Brooklyn 1215 Avenue Q, Brooklyn 7024 New Utrecht Avenue, Brooklyn Public School 134, Ocean Parkway and Eig teenth Avenue, Brooklyn. . . . Bedford Avenue and Monroe Street, Y. M. C. i Brooklyn. SCN cN-fir? S3 8 35 I-O 'Jt 1 ^ OC * O *-> ^1 C7 -P I.O to S3 5 SS3 3 ^^goJ g NEW YORK No NEW YORK. No OOO O C O O WWW W W W [i PS as M p.- s: as K O O p O p O C w w H a a a a ooo oco o pop co WWW WWW W WWW WW K fi a PS as P; PS PS PS as KM p o p ,c p p p ooo o p zzz zzz z zzz zz NEW YORK No N EW YORK No NEW YORK No NEW YORK No N EW YORK No NEW YORK No NEW YORK No p o p p p o p p p p p p p o o p p p 556 APPENDIX TABLES. Il ^3* *$* OC O CO W C*4 ""f C T" >c ' $$ N 9 8*a * OO rHO 5 2 ^^ a !l iH O OfH >O O rtO >o CO ooo o C^O o * OOi-lOJOO 1 S iS 1 s CO 1 c-> 835 S3 r-M *f ~. ^ 1 t- o o o x re eo c ^H 10 PiV ~~ rt w "3 ^ ft sfl a s sa a a 52 g CO g SS a CO o co > to - i^> CO COrtNCS 1 IIP C TC COiO g> rt Is s g Sis 8 i-^- i X -^ 00 Ol SSSB83 i I g 1 II IN CO to CO 00 O CO CO C*CO iH ^4 c s ~ l^s to u? 9 s 88*28* Hii 1-1 r^- r- to -^ r* CO CO ^* ^* ^ CO coco 1 K ss oc -^10 0- "O 1 " ^ O a CO fl+s H "^ s co oo o o o> o -^ to c s 1 us i r-5? -^ i- 1 00 asgga 3 I-H ^ O O OO ^H t CO "OO 00 CO to oo 3 s CO>MiO ^ r 10 3 P g Rllg^S o ft 10 to cTto t^ >o 5-* * t^uio to iC '- * ** tor- 30 to to t^. 1 of ja 03 W t^ t^ r~ to t^. 38 OiO co~ 5 BI CO CO co" c: Jt '.i ?$ :- CO s i-4 1>- N O N CS X X 5 CO to O 1 0? Illl 2 10 o> oo o co s* c^ -^ TT 10 o co IS i -C ^ 00 o co t^ 10 o cc & to :? -r i-- -* -r :j: -* --T o oo cc o T-I to o i^ o 01 1-1 c co Qo'ir9>aoF* cc w >-> cc t~ c; cc oc CN o "* O O CN t- 49 r- 1 tO OCCto-'*CCCCt^-fCCOi-ICNOO'-<'-< ^J cccc*c*cccctoccCN*j'C":i ' O I~- t"- >O t^ cc O> f -< CO CC CO CN CN lOt~ i-lQ 00r-lt>. COCNCO ** CO 25 O O 00 CN O I i iCi'-'C^i it*- trHi-HC^C co CS - ?2 ?5 '-5 =5 -~ - i i 1-1 N CO ; CN O CN CN CC 'O O r- ~ c': l~- O " CC CC CC t- CO t- 1-1 T-H CN C-. ?5 t~ 1^ C i-- -*co cc ^-c^otocctoc OOO O i-l< ; -? cc c' cc CN CC C 00 CO Q O cr: O *O >o < t to o cc _ - cr ;; c: c t>- cc-t cr cci^^fccc-ococo COCN oo to otoo ^CNC ocr^ oci-^or^cioooccccc .t- >or~ ^'^* COCM OOt^ C^L^C >.-r-n .-i CN t^tN'* CO^-C t- co I- -^ I-H m CN i oc cico 1 fo"fo~ T)T'nr l f3' nT^fc it^cocoi "*-icNoocC'--'*xic!M'^-oai CN cctN o c3.i'- cr*-* ob* omcc -*^-co o * - J ~ r? -r -T c: V- '. j '. i r- - i - cc r~ oc a; ^H c^ p: co t^ *r cc o >o -i cs co COt"Mf]CCC^CC5)^lC^CNCN!MCOC^CN CN CMCN CO COCNfOC^COC^CS ^HCN CNCS CNCNCS i-lrtrt i < CO O*TOOOO'C-r ^OC^-'T' toio^f: *i-< 1- CC I ' ~. COOCCOCtiOtOCCCt-tCi co~co" ^cTcc'co"co'co'cN''*"co'co'cN~cc"co''c / r^o''cc"co'' cc" cc"' cr. co to ~ -r ?: . oo o> o - CN e f ( ( t < rH T-< o' o' o' d o' o' o' o' o' o 2 II i c c p c p c 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 c c" o" o' c o' d W waWWWWMU!U!WW W W WWWWWWg g^ g^ e: p^KKsiMPi^c^&iciKpiKWKfcJM M tfw w KKK*^ V ^*^ tfw w KKW co oooooocoooooooooo o co o cccoocP op pp pop pop W W WWW 558 APPENDIX TABLES. t>- 1*> L^O rH CO!N 3 OOO-^ Elfcs COt* Ot> CCM lO OO -^i-*QOlt* -H ^H 3-COCO5-^ O -^ OCOO CO CO*O 6 . s a o o . . _u w rH CM tj IJ3 CTp OO OS OO 1OODCS*OCO 00 oo" CD'OO" aJ'to'to'io'oo' oo" tC<-? cT OISV4" t~T Wf e"?"? ufro'co'cN''o' "*!' * * COM to" ? V 13" -"iT corn t^.r-'Cs-rj'i^ i-i co CSO LCOSOCCOOl CO O C-l-l C>i i-l rt rt i-l o oiOJiocorH t- eico co'c4'< 2~c3CiJ- w -";X' k 'N~' : i;" / ' ; '^^i.~ ai-siBfi5aaS*glelaai.la5o8a8|>flSl|^^ss =.t- s^; -!fcHrd ir g.,.S e-= j;-3= S-JC. ^ HtJS? - pr^-' 5.31 s w>^b 32:3 S&5U r -fi5|<3-5 < '^ 4 .S^S-siisr5 SSosg^a ?-S - s W d C'-'C CM CO CO r t~oo oso T-I CCCO CCrr -cr d c o d ^ '- W fed W K & -C'?CO rH 1O IO t- ^ --C "-^ K t- i-cOO to *" t- loco 00 3 10 i> tot- to tor- to octo o>-toc- IN to r- 06 O CO O-l OO Hi i "* % 3 3 IS s K f; K 1 i OC^C-4INl--r-rHOO rHt OSrH-*tO tC O-> rn -J. n -S 1 00 00 IN 00 rH O O r-OClCI-l-'rt'lOrH CNl OrHrHTj- r- CO CO CO COfCO CO CO to^co CO W f COCO * 10 04 CO CO CO CO CO CO * CO Tl. o r- to C-l CM rH W 10 s '-? s CO r; III n a 01 t- r-r- -- a CO 8 COrHCSC^CJrHCNrH CJ W COOlrHC^ rH OO IN <0 3 3 S J? '? "S s g 151 i i g 11 I i OS S COOOOOCJsOCld COrH tOOOtO StO>, rHCJiOlOO ^1*00 tOOOOOO r- 00 rH t t.O tO C3 -^ 1 O5 O5 rH t- * M N CO IN CO CO CO CO *CN CO C-. CS C4 W CO * 04 CO'IN'IN'CO IN"0 West Tllirteenil'. Street, New York . . Public School 80, Ninty-sixth Street and Lex- ington Avenue, New York. . 72 East One hundred and eighth Street, New York. ~z -^ -^ s A C c- CO a New York. . 14S2 Broadway, New York . 121 E'ist Fift y-first Strf ei , New York . 174 East One hundred and tenth Street, New York. .. 161 East One hundred and eleventh Street, New York. .. 121 East One hundred and sixteenth Street, New York. . . Central Park Arsenal. Fifth Avenue and Sixtv- fourth Street, New York. . . 51 East E ighty-tliird Street, New York . . Public School 159, 241 East One hundred and nineteenth Street, New York. .1 1C5 East One hundred and twenty-first Street, New York. .. 57 East One hundred and twenty-fifth Street, New York. .. 31 West One hundred and tenth Street. New -00 -60 73_{ i ; ; ; ; ; -o. & York. . . 144 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York . . 20 Lenox Avenue, New York . . !) Jackson Avenue, Long Island . . 158 Grand Avenue, New York . . 442 Tenth Avenue, Long Island City . . Public School 11, Woodside, Long Island... . . 15 Whitney Avenue, Elmhurst, Long Island .. 23A South Eighth Avenue, Whitestone, L Island. . . 14 Grand Street, Maspeth, Long Island . . Seneca and Bleeker Streets, Ridgewood, L Island. . . 2404 Myrtle Avenue, Ridgewood, Long Islan .. Glendale, Long Island -. 372 Boulevard, Rockaway Beach, Long Isls . . 4110 Jamaica Avenue, W T ildhaven, Long Isla 3 rH ^ rH ss-i 52 i * O O s 3 S | g S O Hr ^ *^r ^ r^H ^H r-f F-t ff Pi PS P P U- '-- U- U- p [S p ^ r^ y [4 W X X J? fc o o o WWW is a; o o c K S O X W 1 o a X w X CO WWW O O WWW X s w X o X w S X NEW YORK No. NEW YORK No. NEW YORK No. NEW YORK No. NEW YORK No. NEW YORK No. c' o' o' o o o' 6 6 o' o* o' o' o" o XX&XXXXK KX XXXX tdMMWWMMM WW WWWW >CCCCiCr PSft! fdP-KPH 1 oooooooo oo c - oo ?r^r*r^r^r*^r^ p^^ r^^^r^ XXXXXXXX XX XXXX 560 APPENDIX TABLES. cO"3-*t3'*t-OCC CN 11^ OC iO'':i-OOcrJCNCOC5OC3>- O i-( C: r-i y .iS. J- -* rt u5 C O OCO C5>-tCNCOl^Csl^t^CJSO:OCcOOOOr^OCt^CiiO-^^0 i-H i-H i-H CN rH I-H i-H CO CO rH r-H i-H CN CN *" 53 CN ' C5 C$ rH rH CN 1O 1O " CO i-H CN i-i i-H 1 CO rH -^ OO CO Ml Ml t^> U3 O: O t-- CN 00 O f^- T-H rH 00 f t~ OO M< rH O M" **- CO US C U i-l i-H (N i-H i-l i-l i-l I- COi-HCOi-HrHrHrHO CO V O O CCO rH * OCO COOCtCCCCNOCOCO'OO ^XC:c^r;:Tir:-'"-~i.'i^O *" tiT *'co > <*" co" co~oT -*~IN~IC"CN~~CO"CN~IN"CO"CO"^CO"CO~CO~C^C^IM~CN"CN"CN~ 00 Ml OO CO CO 1-^00 CN^CNOCNOlC'XglOOOOOCSCNCNUJO-. 1OOOOC-HCO CN" CN" IN"CN" CN" CN" cfi^-" co"cN"VrH"c,^96c r S) ^ * " a' ^i ^Sfe _ _ __ __ '> r?l do' M a o o 5Z OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOP4ft APPENDIX TABLES. 561 iO^-^QC^(MOeOOiI--O C$ - 1 ^. ^H oc co '-^ co oo oo w -^ c* S85S HSS^8SS Bl?!5S8SSt|S?8 5cggco CO i-H i 1 i-H M i-l f-H CO j ?'i-l CO'-HCO'-li-l 8&r gg-. sa sr ^ s -OCiO'fOO O5 OOO500 OJtDcDcDf-'-'OCJl O l 3>t' CDcCO OlOlOiCC^CDiCO4 C^ iCC CO CD CS OC- i- "- 1 *C O5 to W O C-l C*J (^- TT tO CO 1^H^Ht7CFHC l 4 o & oc,oo a , sai8 ,, as . 111! Tf 'JO J> O >O iO CO CO I 1 - GJ *" C*J Jf, O s2*53g|Siigl5 73 O C'-S - 6 r! 283353!5S55g3S "3 iillislasiilSiS / :T -^ CM O t- t- *C X CO X) 1- : i < X! -r -r I - 74 ^ X- -/^ ~ i ~. O .(vwsoious^.reuj^.wwooust- 0 ^ s-. 2 ^ : ; , ScSv^! S^g 2 I '. ' i "ftsp i &3 E*- 5 jH t-lg 2 -.* c gj;JS3 =-^-3 1 APPENDIX TABLES. 563 I N WM W 50 ** '.C ?l ?l 1- -t i O i 1- rHt-irt i!J ,-1 ) -< -H O O O O O 2 C^ ^1 CO d - -- ;-. i - r. /> i - r r-- r - ^ re i - :" '-'-Ht^'* 'M^ o t~ t^ i~ cv o 00 C M M O r-< or -,S -.O X! 7*1 l~ CO ^ C*l rt CO - o C i~ :r vo r-< t~ i^ " r~ ~- o ^ to --O -.0 o ri r^ o - , . :r vo r-< t~ i^ " r~ ~- o co a; co>o co co ro i- 8rO^OS o c" >o >OOCO^^^OCO^t~e*-^T)-; o v> -fi cr- ci cs * t-i (M ~ o -H o b-i co c-i 5 c^ c-t -ft i- -H ,-. # i- n o i^ '^'^Xi'^Q CC CO CDt-t '^ - i _ ^c to to cr cs o r- oa o c-i o r ro co f M o effi{V4^ OO GOO<^-t t-- 00 CD O O t- ' -J> ^ OO t'- r - r C: / O 7< r O O O 71 OO CO O :/> -H ^oic-ioi-^^ eo^rMO>a>^t^oo^o(Xic^cooOrtcoM30 t-H COX5COOOIOO CO rO I- -n- O -r OJ 31 ^ CM "3 1M CS i->-)o . ^i"> ' ' f 1 ='2 : w 8 ^2-3? e o'PS^c e-J3s?5sJ5& < 5.l iklm shall iamston ity Courthouse, Charlotte... evsville nt Gilead hage ' > p : : c g 3 : G ,1 1 E If 1 i : ; d o o s wood derson ford... a c. T? S - stoa No. 1 . . . stonNo. 2... ~ :> Z~ c w ^lii^Us iiifiiiiijii 564 APPENDIX TABLES. Deferments. il as t~o ^c^oo^ ^ 5 o 2 oo gS ,oco. '5,3 2 < U 5 oc^ CO -HCC-< < I 1 r-if-*OC'l"T s CO OOOM *"' CO C7CM 41 to o (M(N S3? IOSO cr p "X c-i cr. C -r i-*: C; iO c: c: rc 'S_ o '.'i * cc cc CJ ^H ci C t^ ^-* co r^ 7. 8 1 C~. :; x ;s 5 * ia '":C" C, ^ . ^H^^CM^^ a ! i a >> 5|l WOO 8" coo- o>- "*5 ^ S.S ss ss C 1 ) -*f SO CO O"J f~ClOCOa3C v J^*'.- CC ^ ill I! g" ^^I t00 S ^o^o, SS o, f: CO ^ot-co x ^ ss -ssaas IIP 1C ^ ^t p g =!^S2?cg^^gS2 - g sss?s o '-t 11 I^ISH 4 . O_o hH o ss 2gfe SSS5 Sg,-SSgSSg3SS 1 M HIS s r-*~ 8S8 ! sg < acs 5 5 8 - - Registration. 3 "S e S3 life 5rco x ^g|.|fcS||:S|5| 5-- n. IflS ^i M ssSssS CC-H^l^coCOC^NCOOOrtiOiOO-*t~00>0CO'OCO0. i?5 ^j< ^H -^ c rf rt O) Ct O 1- * (NCNINC-l-^^OICO r- ^ 3 00 I|2 CO !' ^ ": s l S3M9SSIM8 s C? ^ CJrt CO !N-* tl "^-HCOC-ICN T . s< 2 P-s"" 1 ^ oo" Is! m if Siil^I RSS abcoo@ocoo ooiOi-it- 1 x r- CO " Lt ^ 7) O iO O Post-office addre NavShville Wilmington Jackson Jacksonville Chapel H ill Bavsboro Elizabeth City Burgaw : : : : is '* : :3 ; . ; : 5 c ^ --^ ^X= rfl^f^bl ^~ " tjL ~?~s 1 ^- g CJ^'SJtC fe^J Isllill'silll Laurinburg A Ibermarle R. F. D. No. 1 , Daiibury Mount Airy Bryson City Brbvard Columbia Monroe Henderson... ^ : i 3 1"; a : W ill d ,a I o Nash ^ew Hanover Northampton...'.... Onslow Orange... I'amlico I'asciuotaiik Pender l|s|l|||i||| ~ ll C'=j a ^ xz 1^ 11 APPENDIX TABLES. 565 OJC5C! CO T-l **- CO CO oo * o 5> 5 5 o 5> 5 5 1 i-l i-l ^H i-l C<5 JO CO C-J 00 CC CO !C t^ CO O CO C>l M 00 ^ CO *-l C^ * ft i-l CO N IN * ! 1C-* to O iO 10 M CC -^ r-( 00 CO CO O tO O5 "^ ^-1 ti "(fl ( lO i-H Tf t* CO Os I s - ro ro -< co CCC- C^'* 1 "/"- C4OCCCCO' ' X ^-7 cr a. 1 1-- o o O i- * t- -^ co ^ cc cs 01 c^ o c-i o Ci '-c ic --r --C t*^^^i^^coo3ai^cocOf^^i^oo^ocoocci^oiooioc '^ > 7 s C < : :g : : d H^ lil s: IfPl&il^&^^s sl-sllit?ll^gc- ;i; O K O o O Q f-sss i "^ ^ iz 1003 S:a^^ : ;gjai JliSjgllg^ p 5 C-t c 2c5 b "S >s^ = r.'i ^.a-iS S c~,2 lg' S <- T-. - J *- C ^ . ? -H C = X ^ fcjclr 3 S^-2 566 APPENDIX TABLES. |i 5aai2j;5gs^sa-aag^ ferment til < 5 oo^SoPRi^ C* N ^-* C*4 >C C*l rH r __ s| ^, r ^ ig , ss O jii J-- O O -W OC- r* '> O C^ C tO O i-< pf'-i "f c^ ra * < * v'o co^o^o '-o of 'i o o" oo~i^ t^"-r ri~>o" ifn * - "6 ** 5 1 | ~- Ssllllsill ISIBsSlSIillsiilSIpi 1 M K H|s W o M ^ glsSlilsll sliSliiliSiliiSsili i w S e< g 1 fc < I s t 1 3 i H M o .5 W t-offlce address. fr K -< 8 a x S v a cS8S :|a :- iiipii*ii 1 ilii? "S c! I :jv : i|| : i'J ^" ::-:: 3 Jiipd^ji 3% S ^'^^jf S APPENDIX TABLES. 567 -H r- oo o i-t t- oo 00 O -V CO I- O Oi-T-^ t -r ( - O O CO C^ I- ^> I- ' i-no*ra> T-I CN i- co to a> - o co A to t-t a> * O :O C^-OO ',0 -H i! -H ,-1 a- -yj rr -*r O c TM -H ON CO OJ CO ,- T o co oo r I-H co "4 CO rH f-H oo r-- oo o CO CO C-1 -< -* i-H - CO - OOC5r^iX)Tf i THOcOG:o^ I --C OO ro O O CO' C '^i CN O OC 1^- 'O t- 00 O . ( C-l i.-> CO ^ CO i b- n *^ ooo o>o oo o o ^* so ^0 w ^ M ^*4o GO as** 1 ^i* *O T O O wot. .a-wONWi-' l'tO'*'00.-U~i/H>'"O=C;OOOia "O-t^- 00 CN 5O M 00 CO t "t^CO^O&CftTpt^'OOcOC^C^ TT^*CS ISSS giS WMSKIBS83SSKSSSH8! CO ^ O O CO C4 (O <> ' ^2 Z* : : : : :;;::;: : : : : : : : : : :::::::::::: a gg 2-^ il *o 2 5 h .... i:::::::::::::::::::::: :::: : :| : : : : : : : : : : ; : . s : 3 : >o E sg,D C C CM i-< i-n-iCM CCi-H CM ro oo T cc oc ut t^ -r- ^^ cr. c; cr. tc - o TP - --: -r cj cj SB -r x o L-; -_ c-j c-i c-i c -^ '- < O co >o CM t^ o o c -i cc t^ -^ ^ co *r co c tc cr. oc >o -r T-J t^ o "O oc cvi y? re *-< c: c ^ '-^ "X fc t*--vooOi-roocM^-oocc>o^pCi^Ht^ic--t^oot^^H^rCftect>-o:oa:c:recc i o i ^''- J ocM(O g cq r-- OC r- CB C jr jr -* C-l >--: t - jr =. /. t_- _/\ _.p .- -r. i - - ,_- , . -_, , -f - :- K: ~i re c<. g (X>ccOi--'r^^^?ecece2occScS^-~'^fI;?c?5-^'C?5c?rSS?cei~'-;ocSro S *rH M oo 55 iH ^ Cft

C flO ^ C* O> r* 00 ^ 1*^* CO CM CD 1C OO^T G3 1C CO CD O 00 ** CO QC>% Q g rj S COCMCM CMCCceee-T!N^MeMr-< cCMCMCOCOCMCMCeCMCOMrC'^-CM'-ilCCOCMCMCM'' :::::::: g i ; :;:;::: i :: ' ' a a ', ; o M> o o. t '~''flf C fc, CB ' ' 'Ji ' '3 : c wcSi.'ggiisr....- S ^' ' : : : : ' i i : > "g SK : :^ : : : :> j-i 'O ' i I ' 4> * -*a ^^ O..5* ^r*^ 1 ! I ! ^ r||^|2d*.s-fi afSlssl : l2.l-cs52=|^||||| s C --^ 'fflMOO ' ~'^*^r-r*r'-^-C'^'"r^O^(^SO Ijj 1 "^ ^ ^ -r """ -^ P SOO^'OO'^O&^S^OOP^^^w'C^ T3 idiij.i| c ijrj.^ APPENDIX TABLES. 569 i-c i-fi-l CO -H I-HC (N "tf- CN 1C *- r-< mm it~i-i eo re "7 =o i~ ^irtrtor-oCt^M-^r^ 'iCfoe^MCCcocooi OC t^ 00 -H >O 1^ 00 i-l -JN 1O O '^.CIMOl.-iOVOOlOJ-COOO-J'IN.-ICL'MrHOWOiOCDCn'-KNCO 'CC-2 OOOOrHi-OC/Dl~OXCCGOr^CClCiO;OGCl~TCOC"3C'OOiOCOOTC v )COO o co >o i-- j o t 'O oo ^ re OI-H S oc i-cs >C> 10 t^- TC o i- c >00 OOTTOiOCJOcDiOCOOOiCirO 1 ^'-HGOfXjC s )'-HaiOO^'-Hl'~CO , Somerset. 2 1 ' '. ' ' ' '. !'P-S : : : d : : 203 Federal Building, Dayton McConnelsville Courthouse, Mount Gilead . . . Courthouse. Zanesville do Second floor. Courthouse, Ne\ .... I.O.O.F. Building, Caldwel Port. Clinton Paulding Citizens' State Bank Building Courthouse, Circleville Wnvsrlv 111 East Main Street, Ravenn .... O fflce of H. R. Gilmore, Eato Otl n.wn Courthouse, Mansfield .... 5 Federal Building, Chillicoth .... Elks Block, Fremont. Portsmouth Courthouse, Tiffin Courthouse, Sidney New County Building, Spring CitA'TTnlLMnssillon c c ' < _ ^ - C "C o l|l|||j||!|| Pcoc5o?O'-^c^ Qo Poc^'f t- s t - City Building, Lebanon Courthouse, Marietta Courthouse, Wooster. Courthouse, Bryan 129 Court Street, Bowling Ore Upper Sandusky Courthouse, Youngstown do do.... ! ill* i o d is a a K a .5 g, ffi 6 g la ; ; ; J ^ '. '. I J "1 ** 5 <$ s^^^^asssgsicdsoss! 5 c : : : : : : o o o : o : : o o o 1 to 2 o m ^ g.3s ITJOOC r3.s&?; 570 APPENDIX TABLES. _. *o -2 C 00 -*OC.-<-*o:>0OI-^C-Jr^.l-C^r-WO^J COCOCSOOCO'-t'f-t t 3 r-< I 0^ 3D CO CO -< CS| .0 01 CS - CO CO CM ggfc ~^ ^ 1 i CO O o o> o> t~ to ^ i -4 to CD cs t- > -* o> o> r -- O-HOOO ~H -g i- co CO I! '^ 1~ ^ 10 o -v* : -*""r = t-c-i ^oor- 6 . ^w ,5> y>^~^c^^^* SoiS 5 e^-s, APPENDIX TABLES. 571 f-t rH -< iJO to 00 -< ^ 'H -T - oo CT o r e^ 1-1 - ~H '^j CM 1^- O U'. re CO >O O i 1 f^ 1 O O TO CO , O 1^- CO 1^ ^ co^*HOi O t- O5 *- -J CJ o^or^ 00 W CO O ;> OO CO co *^ cv n ^ ^ o ra bo w eo 9 ao cj - -o c^ ^> c^ en Oi -H 56 ^ 01~lt--t!'0-?' i'oTi-MNWcO (N'l-Ti-Ti-rM'N'' i-Ji-T r^r-Tof OC'^ 00 -4 rH O> O< ^5* Q 49 o^coo ::::::::::::::: : : : : : : :w : : : : : :>> : : : : iliiiii if i I i ! i ?''&''''.''' :: i ;: :g : i ::::: i :: i : : :. ; i : :^ : ii- i.i'j i :w : : : : : JI ^ ; : o '5c^~ S'3'c*^'? : ?"- : ? |i?llliii|ll S3 * 3 ^ 3 ^ ^ ^ ~ r*3?^'^'~^'O | ~ 1 'L.f^"ci r 3 r ^ ^jtfT*E lllfl :3go^3 : :l!!| hSSwS :sp-i2;oo : ^cjOPnS Si F* oi' c ' 'Ci-^Sr^aoJc P^^UO >Q>P-^3ryoOfc Pa"< s^ 3 S" a 3 3 fe 5 'Oci-^^sj^^d?^;}^ P^DoSW-J : t* *^ o S o> "* I 0^" hXi'5'S * feEi ?^wo<; ^ i i i :^ i i i :^^:S-^ : : : :::::: '^ft 'Cjoy, ^ : o< =:sa::: >1 ' . - i t ' i * Q t 2 : 2 ^ % 5 ' : -3^ 3 i,liJ31isgli 3 S*9 2^ S ^'^^^^o O K^l V/l >,y , ^ "~^ T ^V-*W-**r-l 'MM ii '-i;ij-r!"''' t< : : : : w w g : ; -S8| :^S22g^ : iliiiipiilliillii i3^J^J3OO^4XWW^^4^ ^ ^ tp 1 572 APPENDIX TABLES. (MOOtOr-ITi-li-i.-lCM.-U-~ 00 oo o cr or >/: -l TO "H IN-a-ClrH'rt' c3 a> 2 * o ^"S S 00^ ^O C I-H CC C~4 C5 Oi ^ . - - " oc cp oo C4 co co co oo T-H ca cT cf co" cTrHC^W of IH <6 cd^cc'-^cc'c O3tOOir- 5T t-HQOC^iOOiC't"- ^H ^ w eo sc co 53 a> t* c5 -v dS o QQ 53 Q 25 10 -4 O O5 O3 r*- CO CO O>OOC5O^HC* ; (^J*0' C^ ^C^^CS-^CO f-4 " ^ ^C^rHC^^-lr-lM U^ 1 "" OC^'-gOj^t^'O'.*' CM 00 O5 CM - ssggsg a ,- Bi^-^a ~o . B8 . r , r - 93 88gs g*53f3 t^- c co *i r-t-- to c- Jilgsigi 3 g gligggg|p ^*****^ gss Ssg , gsi r 8gsS8gs ss Ma8SBgs , co 10 ec co T- i i 1 ( o re *" -H - 1 p : '- J "* >O t^ C*l 1 I s * C^r- rH ^f'X'OC^CO CC^O "3* "

"i * Cl CC I CO <-H oooOi-n - OoC"-t-CicOo6 OO^ OicOX/Ot^-t^-t^ t^-ift cOt-"Oii IC^t^cOcO? Ssliniiisi sl i CiCOOC^t^-iCcO iOT< OC^ltOOsNClO WCO C^OOOCOCOCOOt l~- r- .-H r-i to co C-Ot s 00 OO CCCOOOO^O^OOS I^CO t^-OOOOC^i-HOt^-cOcO I 1 .'*- '". ' t 1 O ^* O i-H CO C5 t O l>- OC CO O SSS g O "OtO T- iililS g. isss^s II ifellslSsS ,-imC* r-^H f CC' OO t^ -*r CC OO Ci 1 O *-H OO t'; CMCOCO' CMCOCOCM^^CMCO -*T^ COCMcOCOCM'cM"-t 1 COCM CM^CO^CoT^'^ "^ CM C* CM : . g ::::.. .^ :-i . . . : A :-g :::::::: [ Law Library, Courthouse , Gettysburg .... Public Safety Building, Coraopolis Municipal Building, Charters Avenue, Mel port. . Bridirftvillfl_-_ : : : : : :o :% : : : :| -" dS :::::::: JiiM II liill = 13 i ;|;|| lii yiii 5>|i iFJll s IL" iliisS Slrjll 2a S^S-S>^ -a -S'S^^o-.Ss : 3-5^"-33o 2 >-S.S"=<;^ g3 g^s5^o ; -_(-,_ r-r'^f. fl frt ^*>^3'-'2^^.-5 ~2 f D I-* l-"l i H^^_^i ^, K V - = |>sa C H S M js St^ S b g ^^iscH'S ti-a g c o-c .Sf Soo S.-s^'o Br- o-C^H o OCM g o S-2 OQN; o t a ~ *J fflSSSocrt n SeMSMffo ^S g^c^oSSK ; 0; & 1C' c Tillamook .... Clerk's Oiik-e, PendleloT T/a. GmnHp, . . Enterprise The Dalles 1 s ... Hillsboro Fossil McMinnville PORTLAND NO. 10 Shp.mmn Adams Allegheny No. 1 Allegheny No. 2 Allfhenv No. 3. 6666666 66 666666^ o c,r*c*n ' ' ' ZZZ'&ZZZ KZ, &&Z,'Z,'Z,Z,X ", ^MMddd l^" 'a'd c'c'a c d ci S" cn'c'S'ccO o^ ^ o^'^'^,-'5'S CJOO>r* l ^-'^i;^; ^^^^<^^< <^ < < ^ < < < <1 n-fcw< -o )< o> CM ^ ; ^'f CT~co"c^^c4V3%'~e^c^cq"co~ci^"N%^c^c^i^co*oJ'^ 1 S- : :3 : :^ : :S m : : :22 :::::: :2 : : : :a : : :a :J S ; r^S ^ :^5 ^* :.;13 o JJ . ; ;%^ 30 > ' Baffiffl! >.-s5U 5 - S g ^'.2 f " *> - ii :in;j .? i^Il JKJO sS'g-sS-s f t - s .---=T:r r .^ c , < llllllllliiilfllllllllil , -- ~i_^;p:^^~.' r ' APPENDIX TABLES. 575 oo i- p > co o 06 co ro o O -f Oi ~. :o r O Ci t* O I 00 C co *-H 10 o o ^ Ssa era OT & Q t COiO^iOO o poos eg ^f " -*- - (>i o i - * >j ^i * O3 OO CO CO t^ OO *>- o i * o T-HOOCNVJOQ^H^OO ais w o * 8 C- CO C^ ( c^.^ g.2 J a aal^^J a55|^^ ) ','.'.'. II-INCO :-iw^i<9 : i^^^li^ d d d c d m >o * i-HCOrH COCSCOC01-- APPENDIX TABLES. 577 COCO CMt-O - CS O CO -* O 1C CM CO t~ <-H IO rH O -H O ! CO -H O i 1 O O O W i-H W UO rH CN >C CO O ~f CO tooto cboo>o OO>OTH cct *-to>^ -^^C3 coooi -4 irtrtOO iOOC.CS (NOOO -lt- CO 'H OO . 1 ^ r-1 CN -^'i 1 1^002 IO o o o T-I en -< IOOOO--I .-( r- i-i oosco r-it-cococ oosco r-it-cococD ft:? 5 3"5? to o> (N o < co co-*i~ >f o> 33 cs 'O o o: t- * "5 N CO COr-trt i-l CN rl r-t i-l i-l ^-1 CN IN I COOSCO *-HIMO5 OI^-t-1 OOOOO i ' ~. c; ', ~'< i I^-OOOINO ^C'^^C^Ooi-^ COM t'.iOCOOvCO CO I s - > 1 O CO ^ *OCO ^C5 CO'O -^CC> OCCSCicStO COCO 00O^COCO ^OOS COCO"^ 1 O C5 00 Ci OO r-<-HOCXCN Oi-icOOOCO - OCNt-- (OO CO*OOO It- I CO CO CO CO 'O IN t gt-lrHCOO O'OOOOCNi-H OOO5C-J rlCOCO'JS TH'Ot^ OOCOt- rH oo^oo^ -rc^ric^o^o occi^ *^coooo O50o-i oooo-^ cot i-l 00 00 CO CO O200O51-r-HN OCNC5 COOO^^i COt^OS (NCOCO t-C MOOr^ Cit-llO -H^-r oooco O>COO ^OSCO OOOCS^-l N rt _ I--COOINOO-* ocO O5 tt io co O co ^ CO~O~CO"' OCOOCOO ;7! OO -f < l^ OI>C^COIN t^OOT^ t^-(NO OS T-^ r- ( ^HOSCOCO^H t^^ COCOCOt^ CNOO^H OOCOCS -^rHr-HCOOO ^C OOOOroiN OCOO> O>IN-!t< >O 1 O 'O O3 COC *cococo-fl<Q-t*CO INOOC3 CNi-tc !NIC>Or-00 OCCO^HC-ICOO >0 1- I ^ft^OIN CROi-O OOCNCO OOt^oScOOlS --HCMCl OOCOC '^'OC-Ji-H CN-HCO CIN-*CO r-M^HIN INCOIN COININININ (NUJ--! COi-I CNOOCXCOCO INCN' oVr O>Or^- 00 'O *OOOC t ICSIO CO CO CC *C O O 00 CO OOO3T-lt-.^i CO~CO"CN > CO'CN'CO'N'CO" CN'O'N "5 CM CO c . III J3 502 if g^(2 s^Sc3 n llil"sgii|g IS-sgig Ilss*5*55i5 5s5S|i gowg a C OS72S M t<+i C T. C.-S ,9 cs^^gsasf-sg^ocgcj o M m Wfl aSP-SoSflfl *S5 r 43^;S ||||p|||p|5||i|| le . OOO ISTsS nM-^So^^ llili istS sa -fowc^ S3 3^ s^s :< 5Sfe :|a S"^ ' B ^ ^ H lag (NCOCOCOCO CO ooooo oooooo C'OO coco o'co ooo ooooo oO H J B n n PH 3 3 ,j p* CL, W W M W W W o a a a o a < < "\ <*'$ S(fifi< i d d 2! i s d B B B B B B B a a a a f-- f t - -* -r \Z ~ ?7 CO (N m g -ss!ss*a O QC co O x O o co i-c. -* to tr cc re i-n tr; t- ^- ce e* o CC 1 C T < -^ r- "^* C O> OO'CQ Ol CO-CO- 1* t^* CQ CC o HP *l- O-I^T-I1-I ^H^H 7i t--'/! \^ */: cc y? ~ ?-i *M c: ' ce * *^ y re *^ cc ?? ~ o *-* D i f ^ A PH li S asss:aaaas5S? ^ - 10 ue ^c 7) :c -^ ce o c-i o cc r- c^-r r^ re x r^- -r ^i c 1 1^ '-i i Ilii i ^- "2 ' i -v ; -C "" -"i ' ~ -^ *~* "^ i" ~~- -C ' " 2 I S o jlsf S Sg|li|ilSSSiseSggg^ b t i "^s \ 3 3 1 ilisgglfiHg -t- ^ -r, o 1 - ^ ce i - c. 71 >.^ x r: ce ,- t- r- -s -f. ic :/ c-j v, i^. -r rt :- r~ i- "-T ^ -r rr r~ ~ TJ '-:?* _, -- r - -O OCOCMt^>OOa>*QOt^ 1-1 -^ ^ -^ r '^ ' x '- :=, - r " *** ^ ^J ^ ^ IC ^ *- - 3 S -i D i ~ "cc s ii s g s S8slia i f B 3 m <0 ^*.-eOM9-*OtS!-*05 i s i * i lljl I f re d i fi u; c. i - "~ > ~ ~~ "^ s is 2- f- s iSliiSSSEIi r :* 'C -.- '" ' - PENNS 2 l-s I U-ll'jj-yfJl ::::::::: -J :::::: :2 : : : i a q q 4 H < ; 1 H 4 j Post-offlco address. . Southwest corner Fourth Street and Br A venue. . Fiftieth Street, and Chester Avenue . Sixty-fifth and \Voodlawn Avenue . York lioad and Nedro Street . 3967 ( i erinanlown Avenue . 3447 (lermnntown Avenue . Forty-eighth Street and \Y ,'aliislng Aveni . Richmond and Kirklund Streets . Fifty-seventh and Spruce Streets . . Fifty-lift ii and Pine Streets . . Nineteenth and Oxford streets . . Stephen (iirard School, Kighteenth and Si Avenue. ...... .02 g . . . 3 m ^T - fc j*'' e x*^>- 'C^-^ 5 "" ^^ JUlifflil^l^llill d Jc, : : J.,' 5 V : ^o : - g o" d d d d d d d d d d d -H'^m^.odt~'-4 O -< t- O -< c^ c*. i-< r- tr -r : t x - ' it f- i - T. -.-3 t y -- > T t- ' ^ y: co ro o -r c-j o oo o o r- C* I- O X; I - t- C-J Cl T O -*f t-- CO 00 -r o -< TC -o "i TO y, A -i o o Cl 3 S3 t-f-i S ; >' Ki 5? ; i > , -, i (^ O i r- i^- i" o ~- ri c~- 'C *-* axr^- c o o - *< -r -M ( t - 1 -^ ic c5 o - cc co co c^i c^ as r 1 1- O -" - a> o *& r~ o -rf -i c^ *r ic "X' c: - r-< o ^ r- ^ as CO CO O LO .-* O O -_: iC O t- J T-( Cl r-i M CC - i- O O -7 1' c; 'O 'O re x ro i- c " C CC I- X 1 31 1C 'X) i-t CO ^H W 00 i-^ O CO - s -' : < ' y -^ r. 1 "S 52 r e: /- ?* ^ -2 ^ ~ :cooocoor-*t^-fOCit ^ioo< ) t 1 ^ to t* ) O "O CO T t CO ^j* -^ CC ' CN rc r i - -* Ci -" ~s, f t ~ '' f~ -r '^ c^" i '."*' f - ^ y c~- t- -o co '-O -o >o -* x -* 1 'C c T ^: t- c-< i- r- x x ^i o& o i^- < 5 CT > Oi 06 o co O'C> o co o -"i '. " i "i r CO *O O 'V, iO 'O 1^ tC CvO Ot Jl O ri Ol CO r- C O XT 'C tC Ci <7 '7 "-C C< O I-H 7^ - CX:"'X! O C* C-4 -^ (N O CO O ** CC ^- Q 'OO C* to i-^. i -^ o :o y -^ i - cr- cr^ ~ * -: y c i ^ * - -r :c r-- r- -c -M -r * c. -r r^> r ^ 10 en t- o c^ i - y f c. -- O X" '& C3 C*? l^ CO . 07 t- ^ X -r C; T C; r- i- & QC CC / / -- VI - y. -* r-, r- . X t - -r ^- C-* rJH O CO CO C* -*'-f 1^> O> 04 04 O - n -jr - r-- * : -- : -^ ri O ' re r ) - -. - i - ~ - -- i - -j- : j : s ^ ; - :c ~ r ri c-4 1- co re o 7-3 ^ cc Ji c? CM r r~- -^ o -r o r~ -T- -^ -^ * ~ a*. ~* -T o 55 o 5: c co" ro -T* i" ro" cs" oi tc' co re" co" co' crTco -r -< T ~ T-I co -T'T- t'c - -o c*i o Oi o rr r* u; ^ " " c ^ -^ - r : - ci '7 r - -- re "^ * i-- r-i ^c Q oo o co I-H 1-4 1^ c-i c ei "- - - * i-- r-i y ? : -~ rr ': -t "- cr -T' o o -_ (N Ol CO CO CJ CO CC W O* CO CO CO TN* (N C^4 C-* C^ i- C-l ^4 M S- '.c ' r i- - -c ~ ^- -r i 1 o ;M c^j ^ r~ '.c co o ct **- r: n i ^, ^ -^ M x - c* x co 10 oc x *t* oo os as t-- o -o - c co T j : : / r- ^. r: > r* i - ^. 7 1 1 i- .7 -^ y .-< o _ 7 1 :** x t - y r-- ci c^4 cc o -^ -^ c-i o ^o o> (N oo CO -'T 7 >- 7 X- ( ^ O ^T t- CO CO CS -O X ^J ^r C& t- *J X C (N't^- i-'CJCOT-'Cat-H^OcncOt^-'fOC'^'-^fN ^*t-H-OO^C5C5'dC^O 1 co r <-< '-* -r c- c-i i c-i -- Ci ro c^ ri T ri ri re :N -r co n- *c -^- c-t cc rj co ?* CN Tf c^ ^ T-I co" r^i^T COO 2^ S 3E < "3 < H MM pi^M 580 APPENDIX TABLES. A . oo c*:'CO J O 1-^ C^ -" O 'J< ^ CC H ' "" C: ?T ' : Ci -r 7 '> c^r Cl '-O CO o 11 o e 8a 9 OB oisi n e ce o H 9 oo >3?4 Fi OD e O 1-^ ^^^^ c ^ ' r^ x 1 1^ c; --^ c/ ^^ cc co :*; 01 CSCO r-l C^ Cq & 1M r-( ,-c CM CS M ^'--OOOt^OCiOO r-l CO 1-1 (N (N rH CO N M CO rH OJ -"J" rH CO iO^OCO ^r ro r-i 10 r-t -** CO O O Cl d IM O C^ -H OC t~ OC O CO C-* CO i-O -H Oi icof-i^ocoMO < co -r o y. I-M osr. co>o SCtOlOTCOiOCOl~-t~-CCCCCOCO - * J <'"*'COC'2t~'^'Ga ^o co cc c/; cs o -^ c. ^- ~ ^t x ;_ "j "tc o '^ o o c 1 ) O -- rHc3?<2c32?lS C |?!?3rHS?iSSrtH?5c ; ic : )Co' : S v II pS yd cog "-'-*-' o-^t^T-Hr-tt^c^io (MO (N rH M< rH "-0 i- ! - ^ CO tC O (N C^OCCX' *t-OOO^ SSgJllsa* ^sassas C s- < s o s55; - i-T t^-r- *Ol^iOtO-Ht^.CC slisSgSii "'*> w '**"*** o SslsiKSsS O CQ : S : 5 S llsfiiflsll r^.^-i!^;Cc3c3oO i cico' . . . . ; o o o ; ; ; APPENDIX TABLES. 581 3 tO *-< rH c-3 CC 00 t- O O C CO t- -i CO C5 O F^w ~-i^-iOC;j 'OCc^c^^oy^' Qt^>-H- 1 -Hcpc^(-^cc OOOOi lt>-CSt t-~-*J ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; o ; ; m\\m iijjjiHJiJjjfflffiiJii ;' H _ c ^;;;;;;;;;; ilr-ici'';'^ 1 ^" ; O O ; : l : : : ;-!c$co ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ^ ^ 'odd ! d d d I 582 APPENDIX TABLES. o 03 O O m TH to O -( O O O N * -* CO O -!0 O -< .-< O O O O r-1 -H ? '3 if 6 Rod sll 35 o os co i- o t~ co r- ^* CTJ ^H i- co c^ -r- -^ i^ ci 03 ** 10 co oo 07 co Ti-ivr ooco-Oi-ip>t-->rpO s"-i^'C'it^cococci~c^-r i - r- - - r. f> -r '.- -r m cc o t~ o >s >- ^ CO:>- CO >OWi-re?'iSt.C <> OO rf -< N SO WC* i-l'TK iH IH r-t U5 . li s i - : : ; j >? 2 APPENDIX TABLES. 583 C*J 00 X> ^ X> *T r-* j-i CM ^T Tf 1 1 i-H tO QO <04 1-v . - -r CT- 'O 1 CO r- 3SSi ~. 7. r^ t i g S -o SH r^- c-j ( n -o i 'o * "ps oo oo os co CO CJ X, ** -' -*' ' C^J C 1 r-j > f -O grea ~^ -^ Z a ;1U r 2 s S s i ' 'X UO ^' f-< i- o :-f '** o o gsr -a4 CO '~'~ irl i'.- ^H o ^-i 1-1 CCt-H 0" 1 CO to CD CO*- !-< S i-H '"" S CN^T-H U S^ " oi "' N J rt '^ ~ * r " " oj /- *-^- o o o ,-: 0> COCN ec SISi r~ O -H 5 1 ;r 00 IN iia CO ^ CN "^ O C'KJi i-H CN CO CN ^ ^ mi si^ :-.' " ~: 1 S !NCC CV '" I.-: r j -5 ** ^ * 'O CO OO CO O-l^ 05 S co cs S 3 W OOO-^Ol ococo p N too CO G? Ot 5i.RI8 i O ~ -X ^ CN * O4 M i - oo -TO ^r S o O i-HWOD O n- so 53 c-i ^C"-ic^c; CiC^^-^Hi^io-^rocsoo C-1COCO-.(N-H re ^ >o ; i" co cor- 3=iSSS=gsIs2s^i co^co-^^co^^^., ^~ ic ci o 'a =T O c^ co o- i o :o N Cl O t^- i ^ O i - -^r T C " I - X l - I - ^ co i-< co-i- o --HCIO oo r-- en i >o <-i f adison o ;;;;;:; c ; ; ::::::::::::: *;;; E*~" ^" C cj * ! ^slis* ftlliiis Britton Sturgls Whltfe Rivet. . Ilowanl... ^ '--J ' X^S C 3 S cxo 2~ #-2 II |l -S.u * d _ PS JlsjlJl l-S'l^S'll' : :::.::::- r; cj >,;::::: ; a : ' ' ' ^g^ 021 ? a : : : -' : lif Illl'll^ill ll ! 1 .S a - ci g^c, al s? 1 _.:^^^?:wSc?S^SH6^S^ Kingsbury Lake Lawrence Lincoln : ' - ^*-J t ( + tf*if*< 1 S 53 | Minnehaha Moody I'ennington Perkins Sw ij "S 'C r "S , fl S cHHc^'^^^N o o :;.:.:,:.. o o :. i ..: EfeB^^Ji'SSSi.'Hf-^cyfe ^'^! a 2 584 APPENDIX TABLES. 1*8^ ij -iO>-^ o x i^: T -=r o -^ i- f ci re Lt oc re Q O O fr* O9 V pO O O w O ^**r^ 49 cc u-; oc n o ub ao o et & >* o 05 o e > -n3a S SfS ^"1" Jwggsg^S^gfegw^Sg S^SsgfSSsS^S^^^ cs re i"- cs ^r "7 v t- t5 cc ci ^ '-c r:- 1- i 1 1 K -. s : d c d a s s s.a APPENDIX TABLES. 585 rHOCOCOCM OC CMOCOb-O .CiC'^T-t^t^OiOO^rOCi.-HOcCCCt^W^MCDOOO CC^Cr-tCC i-HCCl-C^C^ CCt-1 W i-l 'TrH iOCOCMO I-H OC -r C T-* I-H CM o f- 2^3|S; CCC^iCt-t-O-^CCOiCCNcCO'n-CCOOC^tDt-ClcCC^^ ^ I-H *-< i i CS i-4 C >^ * CS OO T 1-1 rH 00 i-i TfiCi 'Qit^-CMOOi-lCMCMOO COCM CM O CO CM * (N -f-*OCC^OOL'5(X;iOCO' 1 *t*OOI>'CO r ^Ci~Tl"^C: CCr-iircC: '-C-CCi" ^T'C 1 "' 'fO'TCiCi^t^-OS OCiOiCC^^rCSO-iCOCCCJO-rrC'lOCOtOOOrHCOtCi-lOi Cl^CMiOT^t^-CM-fiO^ OC"CCOgOl(Nt^COOt--00 TCOl^OrHCMCM'^ 1 '^I'rH(O SSS^S r-c*r> r-( t-n C*l f ^ -^ iO W 00 o r- co c lOiOCOOOO- ,-t re o >-^ "ci- c c co COCNr-li-< rH CM i-t CM i-l rH 1-HrHCM CM OOiCOOOl-OOiOOCMM rHrHO^CM^.COrHCMC i 1 r- 1 h*. O t-- 1C CM CM *c T 1 1 :c :C C3 -rf CO CD M -^ W ^7 C5 "O 'C C^ i ( iO^Ot^QCCO-^i-HGi0^rOCCOOr-iCi 1 -4Oi-HOiCMiOQO'r Ct^^rO W3C'H-SC-n'iC^CMWWcOCMcOiC5f-( CM ^.CSC5T-rOCr^*OCOiO iC rH CM i-( OC CM rH i-i rH *.) -, |H 1-1 00 ^ CO t CO rH ^ rH rH CM r-t r-( i-H co *-< O 3C OT C C: >^ O O o O &c o .v: co -+ -~ 1^. 1^. t~. C7i "T OOcOOCTsOcOCM-^COCMC;cD(N'TOOC5COOr-(|^.i-*Tr0 CM CO CC CO CC Oi CM Cl CC T-H I-H -T i.t CC C 4 ^ C; C^ O " C-i O C-c^ i fHrHtcc^-^o^^ COrH CSCMCO' - ICOCNCO * Idfjftfilfifi ^O o O h O M W W W 3 a a a a W W W W W c 586 APPENDIX TABLES. 1 r^ 02 ts to Si, W s a .S 55 H E-i X Q H S 11 i i w X" i i 111 S SS2 . - 4f ~~, '" ' r :~^ n *ii O r? -! O O * ep C O; O C*"> CO groups. 3-- 1~ 5 fSSS 1 * fi tij i-H SS 1-1 si 5*^s - tD O CC tO A . s a g.2 4ff OOT- CO -< "W Oi O CC ^T 1 -l T-H E ) ** Oi >-T '-- I - 1 < i r*- ft oo L" r: cc ~. g ~~oc I gsi 1 OQ M^TO-CMCM .2 K |-gl ^r o; w c^ ooo & ai.lgg . -2 CH -< CM i- -1 CM S V 1 1 c"S a . ~ IIIIll c o C ' ' ' ' ; ! ; o ; Cd)" fi rj 2 r ^ -S .S o .- .co -- - - i.i i- -i i - -c i- CM < : ^ ? x * i cl ?4^i : ^ o 32 o rr -* cj x tN 00-^4 ^ T-H H u; i o z o -< i-V- ^ C" 3^C~ 'dX^J^JTC^ 1C O -T O a -r OC C.N CM -f -J O -T 01 ^ M V. M rt -T i-l C^ '" '-2 CM c -~ O -f -T C: ^1 3 O O *3 ^Dt^- ^-< 'f "OO^f TO O*N ^ i-< 00 i-l C. ^H t^ c-i ^ i ~ ." ir. -^ o " i^ i o -f o> o r~ -.= -M :c > r^ y. -_- r; 03 -MX x r- o ro >^ := or ! -* ^. t- i T-J c~. o ~ -~ o ^J ^- ^; O t - : - . ' -.'. -~' i '-": ^ ~ --< ^- r-- -^ -r l? 1^ ^r O Ci Oi -7 CM C: ^ : - :- ZJ L-~ r7 -^ -^ O t- t^ c^ " "^ !" *^ 'C r^ -^ c: d ^H ri > " TI -7 _ - r- -; :r- -. - ~ : re-."'- c-i *.-. y. n ii < LI rD cc X 1 -^ ^H -^3 c-j ^r < ^ 1^ ^ cr; '.o o C*l s \ T^J o v. t- o i~ -s -' -r c-i c*a r~ c: ^ ^r t o> CM o iai.-s-.-f 1 1~ ; i- z; -3. -< c CM" T rt'rT^H' CM 1 CM'CM'CM' rH~rc'rH"cM~ i-T J : : : : : : ; : : - iif" :? -' ' APPENDIX TABLES. 587 co-^o-*'* o o-co or- 4 T-J "^ to o o co r i 71 ro OOCr-li-*dpJpt*30lr*-OOC^' ii OOOO*^OOCO-^^-t--O o-3*!:r'3 ? 7, 7, S3SKS ^ i CO -/"_- C-l T ( -3* x O 'P ro rj* ;o -f -t* *-c i o v, ^ - 1 o 7j o cr */: ^t< t-< ^ o c> -^ - *-** --- s*g-3fc333-?.3 -.O CO S5 71 70 p fl 3S O CO ^H y t- :o 7* ?i ?( ?i tg*fcg||^a?rgS3S8^5tS8gS|2g coco ^-c, a CO ^,^=: ;i ^ lf _ < ^,^ 3'-- "S 8 - - Ma WOJCqOCX> ^> r-4 -<** r- * :n re . -t c s x ': -" r c M " / - TI -r r i i * -t ->\ ai t- I-H - - ---- ' ^fC^>-O^HiMO!N O ^ir>-CNr3 CO^-^^H^^+rpf rH I-H S30CC5CC4 OOI^-CO ^f-t^^i JCJ ^*O CJO hio -^00001^000001 CO ^ v. *o C +* I s *- i X) i-O O O X> I-H 1^- ^f "O 'O X^ CC ^O 71 O O O OC 71 ^* O C-) O h*O ^t* C c^ _< C 1 * -<:: i *9 OO J9 CC OO QD C4 (^ < f-H CO cJ ta c *S 9i5 ^ a P.S^ OT w o 1 mi 1 ri |ff fl &|||||1| i i i il 588 APPENDIX TABLES. APPEXDIX TABLES. 589 >3S3S"S" r-l CO "co cOO t-HCOiOOOi iOdCO^CC^ T I ^ --5 ^^ r: M O 1 tO ift G Oi iM lO i-t i-H OO * CN T-1 s ^ ?5 sSII= ~lilli^l--l >^ O "^ w^ CN O CO 00 IIIIIISI --gllisfsililigs 1 r-H i 1 T-H T-H ^ T-t T-H r-l rH rH rt SS*cSS roc$So22^3 Tt ''* p i I o g; r-ico 10 ir OS OO r JJ O 1- (M O C 01 ^ o '.c o cs c^ -r -ssasga-s-gisasas "coS3;Sg3K OsC s *oc^5t^c*rcs'rr'OO' T t | f''-O >O M O x ftafe-ft r-- Ofco' c^Too" ^-Too''^"co'or i-" CCC-ICOCDCOCO COCN THi-Hi-H t^CO TOCO COi-lIM i-ICO ) rH (N rl r-l CO i-l T-l CO M CO CO 1-1 i| t"t ' >- , , ME * *H . b *X^> A 5 ^"-*&0_!O ' s .a a t a Sii&la 3 3 rl [rH B :OKr4 W?-i eaiee. J O ft O S r^l O r4 Q S IfSdallblaCba C3C303C303C3CCS.S.2 1 - ^r-lr-llJPr-l^r-;^ 590 APPENDIX TABLES. O *** cO 1-* O C c*i ps i* 10 o x ^ CD Oi C i-l (NC ^ C> ^ NN i-i THC* eOr-i^OTt-i'~ < ^Hi-i;oS O^H^-' i-l r-l i-l" Hja r-Tcf r-?Ti<'o~ ^TTJ."^". 1-1 cs IM i-i i-T cT rJ" *" of IN" ' i-T ec^cc c-Ti-T of IM'C " ,j yj . O ^H y? CC i < ^C I"* O CO CO t^- O 'S' "^T O ~ 1^ ^-< 1^ CC r^ >C C T ( C 1 ! f *5- O C-~> X X) to *- "* 'J^ '^ C "H ?_2 OICNi-1 i-l CO C^^Hi-tMC^icN *r-i" i-IC- i '^.iH '[a 'O iQ '(-'(^ O :>.r ' " " "^ "n-i ij ri ^irt ! :>-;=; 5.2Ci~ -.&._ i3 p a ! _oa3B^^S^^a6lfiaa<3o I S5fiA^oS ) iao>oaS^ s ^3 I O ^ C3C3 c3c3rtGJG>.-o o >o s38-"S- s c-. ? i c: t^ ri cc w -~* ^ R 8 X oa co o o rH co i^rHX'COiOcocooococcr^moi-oOrH oo ! co T-I T-I coco o >o oi^ i g co O5 co co i~ aasai-sassa CO 1 S ^ X' t-H ssgaa is CC CO T-H ""c5""rHrOCOt-CO"rrHCOT-H N32 " C "^" S *O CS O Oi CD M *0-OrHCOOCl-CCOrHOJeO CO rH T-H CO CO rH CO T-H rHOOlOOO O TH ^HOOOiCO ^^^ a3 g &**&**wsm*Ktt l-e 3 *s5e isgss a 33S3i 33^ ^ S * I33*ia.f*f$5 s- ^w*$*rtr*s*ae ' ' 3ss " 3gc " s Sg^S^i^^SH!H8iiSSSS Br-c^Ot^-(NCOCS"O'^'OCO^t 1< C^OQ tC'C^Ci-*T,NC.v-rJ't'O'-'O*'t)gsOI CMiMOO OC .-* ^ V-H51CC. Sinias -r -T g^IIs,ilSlllSSiiisi.l^ -I^-i7XiO' i | O'*fC^OOOi 'O^O'TOO- D TO OO lf> *O D r.r r- 'jO O t~ CO ~' O CO O CO CO rH CO I- O CO rH CO ,~ V C fliOOOC^l-OiOOi-rfM-OCOOiaO; Ijchocor-t^ocRoo^.^ rS. to co T-H to *r: <-- o ' -^ -r co co -^ -r i iCOC-lLCiOOCOCO^CiOOCOrHO OO iff C6 -. i~ ^ oo ! - cc TH ro co -r Co i CO I- r f. Ci T ro"coco*'co"'T 't^CCM(MO 'CO O) V CM OC 3> rC I- O w Oif8 *-. a ijnui : : :.cs ! .' w i Jll- jli i i jli^j iiljllj o o o o = y. ,': ^~, ?.& S, River I'Ste'is! : d d o d fi H H fH ' T 1^ ^ jfllii a^HjA.oo's < llji St:-3.iq-sSof > jckmorton. S- 1 O '/ -r ^* 3 C 7J 592 APPENDIX TABLES. K i! CO " " " TF S W "~ LO i-fl^TjiNIMOOO fermeni |ii ^cooo'j-r jo^oojH^-oco 30rt, -saas-o- ft tf 8K;8g*ftSR3l>*B "gi S| Oi-^COCSO O5i 1 *CO t* OO i-it-- M CM 'O 3 CM O groups. 1*8^8 ^"05.3 M"* CO 'cOCOt- i-l uicMCO * i-l CM " r-l Sfe89a!8aa S | ,d PI II C j2 OO-*>O CO OOSC5CMOT) r^ S -f " _; rj r_- ' 7 -f ~ c OCM <<~. s o ^ ^s .2 aaaa^ .9^ o s > s* ! v ' '. ' ; ! ,j2 : fl ' : g "o APPENDIX TABLES. 593 OO OMOCNCNOOOOOOCNOrHUJ T* * i-H U3 O O O W ^2858 WJ^BI!*- *. o 3 o s .o s ,_. s .asseg B^lg ^S|S S Sg S - 8 O f o r~ t-- o d 55 c~ co -^ 0; c^ r -3 "5tCiPO C^T-tCCCOOCC3COCNlOOO CO QO *& t^- V5 1 C l ^ O 'X c5 I-H CM O CO T-* ~-* O) -H i-M " W -< 1-4 r-l O CS O CO rH CS^OO "CCCOCC^^^-T-ICO T-4^-li-(OC I-H t-1 COOO^CO t^OQO'-iCiO'-f-H-*(N COCl^i i t s "t^iOCOt^-^C"J''f^ l rr T* tc T--J ^ *; "~ ~ ^i j -^ i* c*i o; c. ^~ i^ ^ tj; '~ / 1^7 ~ ^fi co oo W CN CO ^ W CO r; xi C-i X> 01 - ^---'T--^ -f "^J 1 - :c :*. 1- 1 ': t^. o r - TM ^ O CO QO r4 CO ^l OO 00 C< * : o K ;-tm : rt!U erst imattox... ista '."3 fi. 'tN Ml E ,- : ' tj.'o oi S'S e : i? :'G S o O terfleld.... :e... ;73 J- ^ P/E BO CiX! ensoD riddle beth City : j| Q n "i..^ ,7: i|s| 33^ o ^- APPENDIX TABLES. 595 to co ic to .^HO-*cnco.Oi-t LO OO T-I CO C-J CO CO O -J CO CO S CO l . '-i r*3 co t^ oo m 00 O O O O O < CO COO3COTC iCO^H Si.O o t^ M M * t- co o ira o * co i iTfaO(MCOCOf-II^COCOi I ccooo^Hcc o -i I-H co co c> Oi ^ M ^ rj 1 ' *^- "* cx> r~i o i < o co o co *o t co co -^ co -*t o co co i>- 1- co <> CN -~ i-l rHi-4M^CCO!NOO-l'COOOh-'*O-. n.-rpOCO-JCO CO CO Tf rH I-- M t^ CM 10 rt ss^aag v ft li 9SSS5 B|I gS8ftffe8S 2 t^^Sg^^8a " s ^" a ^ groups. Illl 5-gsssts9srs89aat^f-s^ --( f FH OO CO CO -! 1C t-t C^ 5 >o co ^ rO t, ^o^^o^^co^- ^ ^ 5 3 g pi" SggSliS8il51iSISli5 CC O CB CO -< OJ O C-> 53 CO rt 1^ CO O * 1 2 w co' cs c< CO^IM c^ fl i a .2 o-d^oo SSS^SSc3gSf2SSfeS;88?1S8S EH O -^ -D W5 CS OO CO 53 s n _--H 3 ^H rt '8 v> fe cc 5C CC "0 00 00 .H C iftS Ot> M- CO O O r 2 H-5 2 o r 1 w 9 [j i i j i j'H|i-i ill j II I I'll l : j 'ENDIX T.A S 1 " : :.^ ::::::::::::::..: .3 .: : : ;::::::::;::::::: :a : : jj! jfj|:[ : jjS|!!l!!i ; !j : : M : : : : : :| : s G -< & b -3 "3 : : : : : : :5 :: :&::. 88l88 g 8 OOgOOgjO 'O o :^^ : : : : : : :S : : : : : 5 c d i -' "! 'S 1 .JijO o o o o S"g^ g'g ,5 ~ 2 g ,J ,J ^ .j ^ .^S ii APPENDIX TABLES. t^-ftlfOrtlN-HOCTOt-rt^iO^^-H 597 > ^-"-< o jo r* i-4 it CO *-H GQ O OC f 1 CM iO iO "S: & OC- -f CMCC CMiOfCM 5GOt-^OCO!OO5^-lCM O OiOCCl^.CSO CSf-l A ff IN CNCS .^f-HCS -H.-I *. c. < ; ; rn ^-. -'; t-- (N CO ^ -^ CO ' ( >- - - l T-t O C*J O i i C/l 1-- O CO oo o to i O ?-> -- '- aS^^SfwSBiS*! 3*aa SSK2SS3S 5^-s^s| sssssss S?SS8fe rfef llfglplllgf i^llli iissiOsl llll ^glslil SSgfel i-HCS W Wi-HrS C< 1 CM CM -^ T-* fH CO O B ::::::: : : : : : j L j ; jji-j:; i : : : : :pq i i i Ms ::::::: e II jjj.il liiiiiri : : ;-S : ; : o ;>, SIS 2 j O s lists null : : : : : : : : : \\ M : : :o t>> : : ^-o^ w c^ t: 2 JjsS^aJ^I &5ilil3l||i ^go-gocHoSOjsSci ::::: : :g1 : : :S : : *? 1 : i^ z |a : 'S% ' ' i 1 i^liilllpiii tspiiiw||iliiiigg^ 1 1| i^^i^i o3_g^! g= = o.S O(= H 5 r. ^ W t > c ac^ t 1 - .1^4 A :fe!3 ^J . tn 1-1 . a a \.^ fl R&l SS2^ OOOt^ C d d iii! !aas -C ~ 5 s |'S ^H > . . -1 CN CC C' "^KC> t^ 00 CS 'H F-t i-* ; i^i-I M' iddd^dddddddd^ SSS' I 3P O^HtHHHHHHHHHHH'B] q2 c o aJflOOt^-'30O-<*'i-'00 * I i I i-H T ( CS CO P-4 os a - i, ^ 1310 Nation 5243} Union Olympla Cathlamet. Walla Wall Blamo Colfax Yakim O O> i-l M C<1 > ^'M''i-c;W7>* O C- CM --O re O> re --OCCO5rOO'.D-t "5-* .-I.-I -'t Cj c~- ^ '*' x> o o o c-4 ~. - -i r*. >~ ~~ ~ ; i ' i - c^ ~. i ---- c- - i^ :o co o -i 5 t^ co "T * ~ *r ' o ci -H o cs ^f r* c-i o iCi-HC^ItOC'5CCOO'-"r**O'-*CCC^iOI^-X'-i:' OO O CC "^ **fC-ICSC>C^CSGOCDC^ r-t'if} CV *?* *-* * t - GO O4 m?^ C4Q t*O ^ CQ@ *-*OO Cp M uSc f-CSf-*C^-H^^HCOr-(F-(CQr-)^H C^i-H^H CC CC i-t ^ CS I -^''- So ^^ APPENDIX TABLES. WISCONSIN. 599 d tg Ci O CO O ~ N ~ OQ O< ^-t ^< CO CS t^ O b- O 2^^ =5j^ |fiHlIsSiipl ii8Si5 rt i?5 * 0^ >O QC t-*- 0^ C^> O ?7 CC >-H C^ :~ ? ] -* 6 X' c^ ^H c*3 cccs^^a6t--c^?ot^.o-Hi>.ac^-?oco -r nm -Ji^f ggssssressgssress --.. ^^ n ^^ ~z ^s .-c 00 00 5 1C CO ^gs 3 a-aa" i i ; . i^g^-* s^ ^0,0,0,000^^0 gON o CO (^ GO CM t ^J ^J ** ^^ . : < "*^ *" "* ^t, 1 ^ "' H0 < * co * to co en t-^co ^ to O t^. 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Chilton Chippewa Falls Neilisville ] 'ovluKO Prairie du Chien South Carroll Street, Madison . . Courthouse, Madison I Toricon. ] (caver Dam Sturgeon Bay :::::::::: ::::': : :::::::: i i i ! i ! i i J : i '. i ~ ! :M ' ; ' ' ' ' ^^-u e S'S$5'~ i ^ x^ >>3^j xS-^ S^o '^ o 1 1^ i-S|"2 g IxSl-^tll >.l g "Illl >/3 *-" ^ 5 ^S c " 5c : 5^."t^^^ i ~~o^-"^^.~'-^ : i"' :: '^"'~'-"ti C/lSp^r^^ i lpHO^'^^O^*'l~^^* 1 *'~~^-'^ ; ^'^'"^^^ h ~ 1 " < ^'^>^" Local board. '',' ' 'i-IiN :j? i.2-odd|| illJliMBj gSS'^S a $ 5^^ = -*9^4* r- ? OO IO -i-l enied to certain declarants, 99. Of Indians, 196. City officials to assist in third registration, 27. Civic cooperating agencies, 303. Civil War, draft, 7, 20. Civilian: Administration of Selective Service system, 8. Personnel, Selective Service system, 251. Claims: Filed with district boards, 51. Granted, ratio to claims mad 3, 51. Made for certain classes, 4it. Making and granting of, 48. Number made and granted, 49. Ratio to registrants, 49. COS 604 INDEX. Class I, 2, 172. As quota basis, 215. Depletion, owing to enlistments and emergency fleet listing, 24. Effect of enlistment, 223. Effective, elements of complication in using, 175. Effectives, 174. Exhaustion, 176. Nominal, 172. Ratio to deferred classes by occupations, 136. Third registration. 176. Class H-A, 111. Class H-B. 111. Classification, 2. Aliens, 90. Briti^i system, 171. Cobelligents, 91. Colored and white compared, 191. Deferred, fluctuation of, 171. Economic aspectj 12. Economic necessity for, 3. Enemy aliens, 92. Extended age groups, 189. Married and single registrants, compared, 118. Neutral aliens. 91. Registrants, age groups, 188. Classification system, 45, 93, 110. As regards dependency, 111. Clerical force, 267. Cleveland, method of preinduction training, 298. Coal-mining, as affected by draft, 141. Cobelligerent, nondeclarant, and neutral defer- ments, compared, 91. Cobelligerents: Classified, 91. Reciprocal treaties of conscription with, 93, 99. Recruiting, 102. Colored: Classification, compared with white, 191. Desertions, compared with white, 204. Inductions, compared with white, 192. Physical rejections, 159. Registration, compared with white, 190. Color groups, 190. Commissioned personnel, Selective Service system, 252. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, report, 97. Committee on Public Information. 303. Participation in third registration, 29, 31. Work among Negroes, 195. Compensation: Clerical services, 244. Local board members. 242. Selective Service officials, 242. Compulsory-work movement, expressed by State legislation. 85. Conscientious objectors, 56. Board of inquiry to investigate, 60. Court-martial trials, 61. Disposition, 61. Furloughs for agricultural work, 60. Segregation, 60. Conseription,reciprocal treaties with Cobelligerents, 93, 99. Consuls, to accomplish registration, 35. Correspondence : Volume of P. M. G. O., 258. Rules, P.M. G. O.,256. Cost of draft, per capita, for 1917 and 1918, compared, 249. National and State, 248. Cost per capita, of induction and enlistment, com- pared, 250. In Civil War, 250. Councils of national defense, 304. To assist in third registration, 29. County officials: Deferment of, 125, 132. To assist in third registration, 27. Court-martial trials of conscientious objectors, 61. Crowder, Maj. Gen. E. H., designated Provost Marshal General, 253. Customhouse clerks, deferment of, 125. Czecho-Slovaks, recruiting, 105, .'.07. Decentralization, 257. Declarants, 98. Deferments: Based on agriculture and industry, 135. Based on specified vocations, 124. Blanket, 139. Compared as to ages, 188. Comparison of grounds for, 1917-18, 168. Compulsory, 13. Divisions within classes, 170. Emergency fleet- Ratio of deferred to employed, 69. Ratio to other deferments," 69. Reduction of, 68. Federal employees, 128. Governmental employees, 126. Indians, 197. Industrial enlargement, 146. In general, 170. Marriage dependency, as ground for, 116. Means of evasion, 9. Nondeclarant, Cobelligerent, and neutral, com- pared, 91. Ratio of different classes, 169. Single men, 118. Summarization, 168. Deferred classification, fluctuation of, 171. Delinquents, 10. Class I effectives, 174. Detection and apprehension of, 199. Department of Justice: Alien registrations, 90. Apprehension of deserters by, 200. Dependency, 108. As cause for deferment, figures, 116. As cause for deferment of sm?le men, 118. Classes, distribution of registrants, 117. Marriage, divisions of, 117. Presidential appeals, 138. Under British classification system, 172. Deserters, 10. Class I effectives, 174. Detection and apprehension of, 198, 199. Desertions, 202. Compared by color, 204. Compared by citizenship, 205. Reported and net reported, 202. Diplomatic protests re aliens, 94. Diplomatic requests for discharge of aliens, 97. Disbursements, 247. Discharge: From Army for physical disability, 161. Ratio of different grounds for, 168. District boards, 268. Claims, appellate and original jurisdiction, 51. Disposition of claims, 51. Final decisions re work or fight cases, 79. Jurisdiction, 10. Methods of work, 274. Number and personnel, 268. Original jurisdiction, 20. Scope of work, 269. Divinity students, exemption of, 125, 128. Draft: Achievements of, 1. Age, extension of, 25. Alien enemies, as affected by, 104. Civil War, 7. Coal-mining, effect on, 140. Evasion of, 198. Executives, 264. Influence on enlistment, 224. Moral responsibility of local boards for, 283. Per capita cost, 248, 249. Railroad occupations, effect on, 139. Resistance to, 206. Resistants, 198. Drawing of order numbers, 41. Drug addiction, 167. Effectives: In Class 1. 174. In general age groups, 189. Emergency Fleet classification list, 62. Class I effectives, 174. Complaints regarding, 69. Conditions of entry, 64. Deferments Ratio to employees, 69. Ratio to other deferments, 69. J? educed by later action, 68. INDEX. 605 Emergency Fleet classification list Continued. Etfect of the system. 72. Entrance prohibited, 223. Handled by Industrial Relations Division, 6C. Increased entries requiring additional registra- tion. 24. Local board check suspended, 65. Navy Department, 65. Operation by private concerns, 66. Operation cf the system, 69. Emergency Fleet Corporation, 64. Employments: Classed as industries, MR. Normal and nonproductive, 18. Enemy aliens, 92, 104. Enlistments: Army and Navy, as affecting quota, 217. As alfected by draft, 224. As affecting Class I, 217. As affecting desertion record, 203. By months, 223. Defined, 220. Increased, requiring additional registration, 24. Navy and Marine Corps, prohibited, 218. Per capita cost, compared with inductions, 250. Selecthe Service system, influence on, 225. Voluntary, 6, 13. Enlisted personnel, Selective Service system, 252. Entrainment, 237. Epidemic, interference with mooilizntion, 237. Essential industries found "necessary"' by district boards, 271. Exemption: Based on specific vocations, 124. British and Canadian sunjects, 36. Divisions within classes, 170. Ratio of different classes, 169. Ratio of different grounds for, 168. To noncombat ant religious-creed members, 57. Extension of draft age: Legislative measures, 2-". Reasons for, 24. Farmers' and Lalx>rers' Protective Association, 206. Federal: Etnployees, deferment of, 126. Officers, exemption of, 133. Felony, as ground for exemption, 147. Firemen, deferment of, 129. First registration, 22. Late registrants, 22. Slackers, 1S5. Fiscal arrangements. 240. Forms, distribution to boards, 262. Four Minute Men, third registration, 29. France, proportion male population, 32. Fry, Brig. Gen. James B., report of, 263. Furloughs, industrial and agricultural, 144. t General military service, qualifications for, 152. Germany: Subjects registered, 90. Subjects in Army, 104. Government appeal agents: Appointment of, under original regulations, 290. Under regulations of December, 1917, 291. Performance of their duties. 292. Recommendations of. on presidential appeals, 49. Statement of, to accompany presidential appeals on dependency, 49. Government 1 Tint ing Office, 201, 303. Governors of States, 262. To provide additional registration places, 27. To supervise third registration, 26. Great Britain: Exemption under reciprocal military service conventions. ::ti. Forces raised by enlistment and conscription. 229. Proportion male population, 32. Registration under reciprocal military service conventions, 35. Greece, reciprocal draft convention with, 38. Groups, physical, 151. Hawaii: Quota, 219. Registration, 33. Height, standards of, 156. Indians: Deferment, 197. Induction. 197. Registration. 32. Relation to the draft, 196. Induction : Colored and white compared, 192. Comparison of voluntary and involuntary, 235. Defined, 220. Indians. 197. Individual, 232. Navy and Marino Corps, 220. Per cipita cost, compared with enlistment, 250. Ratio to registrants, 222. Students' Army Training Corps, 226. Time of, 220. Total, 222. Industrial: Advisers, 142. Claims, recommendation by local boards, 48. Conscription, 85. Deferment, enlargement of, 146. Under British classification system, 172. Furloughs, 144. Grounds for deferment, 135. Transfer, compulsory, 14. Workers, deferred , 137. Industrial index, P. M. G. O., 130, 136, 138, 141. Industry : Necessary, 13. Necessary occupations, 135. Statutory enlargement of, 146. Industries, essential, found "necessary" by district boards, 271. Inspectors: National, 256. State, 206. Instruction, boards of, 298. Involuntary induction', 235. Italy, reciprocal draft convention with, 38. I. W. W.,207, 209. Jurisdiction of district boards, 10. Justice, Department of. See Department of Justice. Labor: Distribution, local and national, viewpoint, 19. Effect of work or fight order, 15. Efficiency resulting from draft, 16. Potential effect of draft on, 16. Transfer of, 14. Lawyers, utilization of, 294. Legal advisory boards, 294. Limited service men: Detailed to Selective Service organization, 266. Qualifications, 154. Local boards, 276. Additional registrars recommended by, 23. Aliens, treatment of, 95. Dependency classification Lack of uniformity, Iff?, 120. Opinions concerning, 114. Duties, 279. Emergency Fleet classification list, check, 65. Members As chief registrars, 23. Occupations, 277. Moral responsibility for the selective draft, 283. Organization and personnel, 276. Physical examinations, revised by camp surgeons, 161. Physical rejections, 156. Popular support, 2S4. Recommendation in work or fight cases, 79. Recommendation on industrial ehiini' . !->. Registrars for third registration, appointed by, 23. Registration accomplished by, 22. Spirit, 288. Statement of member to accompany presidential appeals, 4. Provost Marshal General's Office, 233. Administrative divisions, 251. Correspondence rules, 250. Filing system, 259. Information Division, 259. Mail, 258. National inspectors, 256. Personnel, 254. Publications Distributed by boards of instruction, 301. Provost Marsfial General's Office, 261. Publicity for registration, 27. Questionnaire, the, 45. As basis of compensation, 243. Quota basis, effect of aliens on, 92. Completion of, under first levy, 214. Disturbing elements affecting computation, 218 Quota sheets, 216. Quotas: Allotment under questionnaire system, 47. State, 5. Race groups, 190. Railroad arrangements for mobilization, 239. Railroad occupations, effect of draft on, 138. Recent marriages, 9, 119. Change of rule. 121. Reciprocal conventions, Great Britain, Canada, and 'other countries, 35. Recruiting, a disturbing factor, 6. Registrar, chief: Board member to act as, 23. Duties, 23. Registration, 1, 22. Age groups, 181. Aliens, 89. Cards and certificates, accountability for, 27. Central registration committees, 27. Citizens, for each registration, 89. Colored and white, compared, 190. First (June 5, 1917) 22. Foreign countries, 35. Indian reservations, 32. Individual ages, 183. Local boards to accomplish, 23. National parks, 33. INDEX. 607 Registration Continued. Numbers under second registration, 40. Of age 21 group, 22. Places for, responsibility for providing, 23. Publicity, 27. Second (June 5, 1918), 27. Supplemental (Aug. 24, 1918), 24. Third (Sept. 12, 1918), 24. Totals, 31. Registrants: First registration, total, 22. Ratio of inductions, 222. Total enrolled, all registrations, 31. Second and supplemental registrations, 24. Rejections: Physical, at camp, 162. Specific causes of, 164. Total physical, 156. Religious bodies opposed to war, 56. Religious-creed claimants, opposed to military service, 57. Hoard of inquiry to investigate, 60. Remediable, 153. Class I effectives, 174. Requisitions, 232. Resistants, 19S. Rewards for deserters, 199. Rural physical rejections, 159. Scott, Kmmett J., special assistant to Secretary of War. 194. Second registration (June 5-Aug. 24, 1918), 22. Supplemental (Aug. 24, 191S), 24. Total, 24. Selected men: Entrainmcnt regulations, 237. Occupations of, 5. Selective Service system: Influence of enlistment on, 225. Organization and personnel, 7, 251. Serial numbers: Assignment of, 39. Assignment, when improperly recorded, 44. Late registrants, method of assignment to, 44. Shipbuilding, labor power obtained by Emergency l-'lfui classification list, 68. Single men: Deferred, contrasted with married men, 118 Dependency claims allowed, 116. "Slacker raids,'' 200. Slackers, 185, 1