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 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE 
 
 OF 
 
 PHRASE- WRITING 
 
 By WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY 
 
 OFFICIAL STENOGRAPHER OF THE NEW YORK 
 SUPREME COURT SINCE 1862 
 
 ROCHESTER, NEW YORK 
 MCMV
 
 Copyright, 1904 
 BY WILLIAM W. OSGOODBY
 
 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF 
 PHRASE-WRITING. 
 
 Brevity, Legibility, Speed these are the essentials of a good 
 system of Shorthand. A system which lacks any one of these 
 qualities is of little practical value. 
 
 A system may be rapid, and illegible ; or a system may be 
 legible, and slow. Neither of these is desirable for the re- 
 porter's use. 
 
 To be of value, a system must be legible. A system in which 
 lengthy outlines are mainly used may be legible, but it cannot be 
 rapid enough for the higher grades .of stenographic work. Its 
 only merit is its legibility, and even this quality, under certain 
 circumstances, may be of transient or evanescent character; for, 
 if the hand-movement be accelerated, as it must be in the attempt 
 to write fast enough for rapid note-taking, i.ts legibility is seri- 
 ously affected, if not destroyed, by the unavoidable distortion of 
 its outlines, which, owing to their undue length, require a slower 
 hand-movement for accurate formation. 
 
 To be of value, a system must be rapid, and to be rapid, a sys- 
 tem must be brief; but great brevity of outline is also likely to 
 cause illegibility, for the briefest outlines, besides being less sug- 
 gestive than longer ones, are oftentimes the most difficult to 
 write, and are therefore easily distorted when not written with 
 extreme care. 
 
 In the one case, legibility is secured at the expense of speed ; 
 in the other, speed is secured at the expense of legibility. 
 
 How to secure brevity and retain legibility, is a problem the 
 solution of which must be of the highest interest to all sten- 
 ographers. 
 
 BREVITY SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 No system of Shorthand can be considered as perfect as it 
 should be unless all superfluous pen-motions are eliminated from 
 
 452273
 
 LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 it. Every pen-motion, however slight, consumes time. As the 
 average word, when written in a phrase- form, does not require 
 more than one pen-movement, the time required for writing one 
 word is saved whenever two words are joined, for the lifting of 
 the pen between words always involves more time and effort 
 than the writing of a single stem. When this saving is multiplied 
 by a thousand phrase-signs in a single report, the effect upon the 
 brevity of the writing is at once apparent, and further argument 
 would be superfluous. That those who do not use phrasing 
 appreciate the importance of saving time, is shown by the fact 
 that they use fountain pens, or stiff, unyielding pencils, for the 
 purpose of obviating the comparatively trifling loss of time occa- 
 sioned by dipping; and it is amazing that any reporter can be 
 satisfied to work, year after year, without an attempt to avail 
 himself of the great advantages which phrasing affords. 
 
 As phrasing secures greater brevity of writing, the labor of 
 reporting is naturally decreased. An adept at phrasing will 
 write less than half the number of pages in a day's work that 
 will be required for the report of one who writes without phras- 
 ing, and yet his report will contain fully as many words prob- 
 ably more, if the work be extremely rapid. It is always a source 
 of gratification to the reporter to be able to write fast enough 
 to make his report verbatim, although required to put forth every 
 effort to accomplish that result, even to the limit of utter exhaus- 
 tion, as is frequently the case with writers of a disconnected 
 style; but it is much more satisfactory to be able to do the work 
 more easily and without exhaustion, by the use of rapidly-written 
 phrase-signs. 
 
 LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 Every writer of disconnected outlines knows how very difficult 
 he has often found it to be to read his hurriedly-written notes, 
 and how anxiously he has searched the context for some clue to 
 the meaning of an outline which has become distorted beyond 
 recognition in his effort to make a literal report. Text-book 
 writers have been disposed to encourage the student to rely too 
 much upon context for deciphering outlines lacking inherent
 
 LEGIBILITY SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 legibility. In practical reporting, this constant and necessary 
 reliance upon the context is a standing confession of the inade- 
 quacy of the system used, or of the writer's lack of training in 
 the proper use of it. When one has formed the habit of using 
 the few simple phrase-signs contained in the meager lists of his 
 text-book, he knows that he never has any trouble in reading 
 them, and that they are entirely distinct and unmistakable with- 
 out the aid of the context. This should be to him a sure indica- 
 tion that any further improvement in his writing is attainable 
 only by the adoption of a more extended and more systematic 
 method of phrasing. 
 
 If the writing of an expert in phrasing be examined, there will 
 be found, in every sentence, standing out, as it were, in bold relief 
 and entirely distinct from ordinary word-forms, phrase-signs 
 which are readable at sight and without the slightest aid from 
 the other words of the sentence. While the writer of the dis- 
 connected style is compelled to rely constantly upon the context, 
 and oftentimes cannot determine the meaning of a particular 
 word-form without scanning with careful and cautious delibera- 
 tion the whole sentence in which it is found, the use of phrase- 
 signs in the writing of an expert renders such entire dependence 
 unnecessary, for the phrase-signs, by reason of their inherent 
 legibility when properly made, not only suggest their own mean- 
 ing, but also furnish a key to the meaning of the context ; while 
 oftentimes two or three phrase-signs constitute a complete sen- 
 tence. 
 
 Besides enabling the reporter to do his work with ease, the 
 increased legibility which results from the use of phrasing enables 
 him to turn his notes over to a copyist for direct transcription, 
 thereby obviating the labor of copying them himself or the neces- 
 sity of devoting time to dictating them which could be more 
 profitably employed. In an experience of more than forty years 
 as an official reporter of the New York Supreme Court, it has 
 been the author's uniform custom to have all his transcripts made 
 from his original reports by copyists having no knowledge of the 
 matter they were to write except what they derived from the 
 reading of the notes. Without the use of phrasing, this could
 
 SPEED SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 not be done with the other styles of Shorthand except by the 
 most careful and accurate writers. 
 
 SPEED SECURED BY PHRASING. 
 
 The student need not be surprised to find, now and then, a 
 professional reporter who uses but few phrase-signs, who will 
 assure him with all earnestness that phrasing is a snare and a 
 delusion that he has never found it an aid to speed, and thai 
 the use of it should be avoided. There are always individuals 
 to be found, in every profession, devoid of both the ambition and 
 the ability to work their way, by dint of application and effort, 
 to the highest rank of their profession, or even to the accom- 
 plishment of anything beyond the reach of mediocre talent. Such 
 persons are ever ready to ignore the cause of their inferiority, 
 especially when it is due to their own shortcomings, and they 
 take particular pains to induce themselves and others to believe 
 that the standard to which they have attained is the extreme 
 measure of all that is possible in their profession. Probably 
 there is not one of these wise ones who "do not believe in 
 phrasing " who has not committed to memory, by rote and 
 without reference to scientific rule, the few simple phrase-signs 
 of his text-book, which he uses constantly, and which even his 
 own statements of belief would not induce him to abandon. The 
 very fact that he uses them, is a refutation of his assertion that 
 phrasing is not a valuable aid in reporting; while the fact that 
 he uses no others is proof that he is lacking in that application 
 and persistency of purpose which always characterize the expert 
 in any line of work. 
 
 That the use of phrasing does greatly increase the speed of 
 Shorthand, is manifest from the material lessening of the motions 
 of the hand which results from its use. It is scarcely necessary 
 to say that in a hurried report the stenographer has enough to do, 
 without making thousands of unnecessary pen-movements. All 
 respectable authorities are agreed as to the speed value of phras- 
 ing. Prof. F. G. Morris, author of The Phrase the most 
 scientific w r ork ever written on the subject says: "The phrase 
 increases speed by obviating pen-liftings. The act of pen-lifting
 
 WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED. 7 
 
 is quite complex. In addition to raising the pen, moving it 
 along a little space, and reapplying it to the paper, there are the 
 mental acts of ending one word and beginning another. Of 
 course, all these processes may be executed quickly, but time is 
 time. It is not easy to estimate a point like this, but probably 
 a pen-lifting requires as much time as the writing of two strokes, 
 possibly three. One pen-lifting, it is true, does not require much 
 time, but many hundreds or thousands occurring in close succes- 
 sion are a serious drawback." Mr. Moran, author of The Report- 
 ing Style, says: "Every pen-lifting costs nearly half a second, 
 or the loss of a word ;" and that " the practice of phrase-writing 
 lessens the labor of reporting, and also adds to speed and legi- 
 bility." Mr. D. A. Brown says : " Mere phonography, pure and 
 simple, is hardly adequate for practical work." Mr. Longley 
 places the average gain in speed by the use of phrasing, at twenty- 
 five per cent. Mr. D. W. Brown says : " In all our Shorthand 
 writing, we need to economize time by indulging as little as pos- 
 sible in the ' unregistered movement,' " i. e., the lifting of the pen 
 between outlines ; and he quotes the statement of another writer, 
 to the effect that no less than forty per cent, of the pen-move- 
 ments are thus made " in the air." He also quotes with approval 
 the statement of Mr. Cremer, that by the adoption of a system 
 of phrase-writing his own speed was " literally hoisted thirty or 
 forty words a minute." These statements from some of the best- 
 known experts in the profession should certainly carry great 
 weight with those who have not investigated the subject in actual 
 practice. It may be safely asserted that every real stenographic 
 expert of the present day uses phrasing very largely in his work, 
 and that those who do not use it are those only who have neg- 
 lected to familiarize themselves with its principles and rules, or 
 who, for lack of special practice, have failed to acquire pro- 
 ficiency in applying them. 
 
 WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED. 
 
 In most of the text-books, whatever is said on the subject of 
 phrasing is deferred to the latter stage of the study, and it is 
 generally confined to brief lists of the simplest phrases. Few,
 
 O WHEN PHRASING SHOULD BE LEARNED. 
 
 if any, rules are given to guide the student in the formation of 
 phrase-signs outside of these lists, but he is left to learn by expe- 
 rience what can be done in the way of phrase-writing. But 
 experience is a hard schoolmaster, and the result is usually what 
 might be expected. With nothing to guide him, the young sten- 
 ographer often finds that all his efforts result in hesitation which 
 lessens his speed, and in phrase-signs which cannot be read be- 
 cause of improper groupings of words. It is not surprising, 
 then, if he soon abandons all attempts at the formation of phrase- 
 signs, and in the end condemns all phrasing as worse than useless. 
 
 The student of Shorthand should learn the theory and practice 
 of phrasing in his regular course, in connection with the study 
 of each rule governing the various abbreviating principles. It is 
 by the employment of these principles in the representation of 
 words that the most useful phrase-signs are formed. Those who 
 have made some progress in the study without doing this, should 
 at once review the Manual and make up for their neglect. They 
 will find themselves amply repaid in the increased brevity, legi- 
 bility, and rapidity of their notes. 
 
 No doubt, many writers hesitate to incorporate phrasing into 
 their systems because of the amount of study and practice that 
 might be necessary. Well, one cannot get something for nothing. 
 "All things are yours," if you are willing to pay the price. The 
 silver dollar, lying at your feet in the street, will not pick itself 
 up for you. One man will do his work with a defective tool, 
 grumbling as he works. Another will use the necessary time and 
 effort to repair it and put it in order, and will then finish his job 
 quicker and better, and with a happier heart. 
 
 Other writers who use the simpler styles of Shorthand would 
 gladly make the change but for the fear that the attempt to use 
 the shorter signs might cause so much hesitation as seriously to 
 affect their speed, or that they might not be able to read the 
 unfamiliar signs with readiness. This fear is very natural, and 
 one might well hesitate to do anything that might have such 
 results. There is no danger ot this, however, if the matter be 
 taken up systematically. A single rule should be used while 
 engaged in actual work, until it can be applied with readiness ;
 
 WHAT WORDS SHOULD BE JOINED. 
 
 then another should be taken up in the same manner; and this 
 should be continued until the whole art of phrasing has been 
 acquired. If this is done while engaged in reporting work, no 
 perceptible loss of speed will occur, but a decided gain will be 
 seen with the incorporation of each new principle into the writing ; 
 and the mind of the writer being upon the particular principle 
 while doing this, he will readily read whatever new signs he may 
 use. It is in this manner that reporters are able to change from 
 one Pitmanic system to another without losing speed and without 
 confusing their notes. 
 
 WHAT WORDS SHOULD BE JOINED. 
 
 What words should be joined in a phrase-sign, is a matter that 
 should engage the attention of every thoughtful student. Any 
 joining of words that may be made without difficulty will doubt- 
 less add to the speed of the writer; but it would be utterly unsafe 
 to rely upon any such easy way of solving the problem. It is 
 not every junction of words that may be made easily that will 
 make a good Shorthand phrase. Very many such junctions 
 would be illegible and one of the principal objects of phrase- 
 writing is to increase legibility. Prof. Morris says : " With a 
 very few exceptions, words should be joined, not merely because 
 they can be, but also, and principally, because they belong to- 
 gether;" that " to make the best Shorthand phrase, the relation 
 must be such as to produce the impression of completeness." 
 This is an admirable statement of the fundamental rule of correct 
 phrasing. To the same effect is the statement of Mr. Irland, 
 that Shorthand phrasing " should, as nearly as possible, follow 
 the groupings of natural speech." 
 
 The ideal phrase, then, is made by the joining of such words 
 as, taken together, mean something. Because of its completeness 
 in meaning, such a phrase is always legible without the aid of 
 the context ; and even when it happens, as it sometimes does by 
 reason of the character of the outlines of the words involved or 
 of some other inherent difficulty, that all the words cannot be 
 joined readily, the phrase may be divided, and the separate parts, 
 read together, are equally legible.
 
 A WORD TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 Unfortunately, there are instances when necessity and con- 
 venience require that words be joined which do not belong to- 
 gether in the strict meaning of the rule stated by Prof. Morris, 
 but it is possible to bring these exceptional cases within such 
 definite rule that legibility may be preserved while speed is greatly 
 increased. The proposition may be stated generally in this way: 
 That words that do not conform to the general rule should not 
 be joined unless the immediate context is such as to render the 
 phrase entirely clear. It is believed that in the following pages 
 such phrases are so classified, illustrated, and explained, that the 
 diligent student need have no difficulty in using them intelligently 
 and effectively. 
 
 A WORD TO THE STUDENT. 
 
 The value of this book to a student, depends upon the manner 
 in which he uses it. The mere possession of the book, or a cur- 
 sory examination of it, will not repay him for his investment in it. 
 It is not to be expected that he will commit to memory the exten- 
 sive lists of phrases here given, and yet he cannot know too many 
 of them ; but it should be his endeavor, by patient and intelligent 
 practice upon .them, to familiarize himself with the different prin- 
 ciples upon which they are formed, and especially with the reason 
 for each rule, that he may always be able to apply them quickly 
 and correctly. Speed in writing depends not so much upon 
 manual dexterity as upon perfect knowledge of principle and 
 familiarity with outlines. The rapid writer is he who knows 
 what to write, at the instant he hears a word or phrase pro- 
 nounced, and who is able to put it upon paper promptly ; but he 
 is a slow writer who hesitates and deliberates as to the forms of 
 his outlines before he is able to decide how they should be 
 written. 
 
 The number of valuable phrase-signs that may be formed from 
 the rules hereafter stated, is incalculable. Nearly all the signs 
 given in the lists may be extended by prefixing or adding other 
 words, and as the student progresses he will soon find that phrase- 
 signs formed under any particular principle may be combined 
 with those formed under other principles ; and not until it is seen 
 to what extent this may be done will the whole power of the sys-
 
 SIMPLE PHRASING. 
 
 tern be understood. Thus, the phrase did you is formed 
 by using the word-sign for did and the Y-hook; for did 
 you ever, the V-hook is added; and for did you ever knoiv 
 him, the word-sign for know and the M-hook are added; 
 and the completed phrase of five words is written with 
 two stems. Written separately, five stems and four lifts of 
 the pen would be required. The phrase why did you say it 
 was not there, is formed by the word-sign for why, short- 
 ened to add did; the you-semi-circle joined to the word- 
 sign for say, which is shortened for it; and the word-sign 
 for was, with the N-hook for not, the stem being length- 
 ened for there, and the phrase of eight words is written 
 with three stems. Written separately, eight stems and 
 seven lifts of the pen would be necessary. 
 
 SIMPLE PHRASING. 
 
 Simple Phrasing may be divided into the following classes : 
 
 1. Phrases formed by joining words without change of outline ; as, ...-r 
 
 It may be ;--V^^^v-- after many days; ...S ? ,=^_ v .. for a time;-->^. 
 
 nothing has been done; ....^C^... whether or no;....^ she has J been 
 
 away. i 
 
 2. Phrases containing one or more words which are contracted more than 
 usual, for convenience in joining, the legibility of such words being preserved 
 
 by their relation to the other words of the phrase; as, f As far as: 
 
 o v_J Vo 
 
 --.-- human life;..-.vL..eternal life; .--7\e.--his conversation ;. ^^~^- 
 
 \^ ^_ / I 
 
 must not be;..-./--- much more:---Xf-..for instance; v---to that extent. 
 
 ^ if. 
 
 3. Phrases in which a word usually abbreviated when written separately, is 
 
 written in full, or changed in form, for convenience in joining, or because it 
 might conflict with another word of similar formation; as, X. Did 
 
 i * ^-7^ 
 
 she know; J it belongs ;...kn. for his party; Z in 
 
 ~X^<> ^/\f 
 
 his letter;. L> the night time; ...^Lr^?., .there is time enough. 
 
 4. Phrases in which it is necessary to insert a leading vowel, to distinguish 
 a particular word which is thrown out of its usual position ; as, < 
 
 In no case;... ^TTT... there is none ; . . .vrT". did he own them; ...77-1. in 
 
 doubt ;.-.AT^^P... adjourned my cause. 
 
 5. Phrases from which one or more words are omitted by the writer, but
 
 GROUP PHRASING. 
 
 which are so certainly suggested by the remaining words that they are natural- 
 ly supplied in reading; as, .. .TS... Might have been; :. cause and 
 
 effect; cause of action; right of way; seems to 
 
 me; how long have you lived; how long have you been 
 
 acquainted. 
 
 6. Phrases that are divided, to avoid some difficulty in joining, the too fre- 
 quent repetition of the same stems, or .the extending of the outline too far 
 from the line of writing; as, , ..J^r.-i He ascertained what was done; 
 
 in many important cases; Unv-.y tell me how 
 
 much; ..-V.-'V- paper parcel. 
 
 7. Phrases that are divided in order to prevent their being mistaken for 
 other phrases or word-forms; as, --..i!R-..Be sustained; / be con- 
 sistent ; ... l. . . a judgment ; 7. . . _^_ . . a large amount. 
 
 8. Phrases from which one or more words are omitted, but which are read- 
 ily suggested to the reader by the peculiar form of the phrase-sign; as, ...II... 
 
 From day to dayj-.-^TT^ from time to time; __f-__._from year to year; 
 
 \V_.. .Better and better; quicker and quicker; 
 
 less and less ; <rt. . . . greater or less ; - - -<^J ready to begin ; 
 
 to return. 
 
 GROUP PHRASING. 
 
 In Group Phrasing, all the regular attachments to stems, such as circles, 
 loops, and hooks, as well as the halving and lengthening principles, are used 
 for the representation of words. By means of such modifications and attach- 
 ments, the reporter is able to write, in a most convenient and rapid manner 
 and with perfect legibility, many words which, if written in their usual form 
 and phrased in the ordinary way, would necessitate a much greater number 
 of pen-motions and an undue length of phrase outline. For the purpose of 
 utilizing these expedients to the fullest extent and certainly to an extent im- 
 possible in any other system of shorthand and to avoid any exceptional and 
 confusing use of them, the word-signs of this system, with a very few excep- 
 tions, are written with full-length stems, to each of which all these expedients 
 can be readily and uniformly applied. 
 
 Very frequently, the words of a phrase occur in such relation to each other 
 as to permit two or more word-signs, with their modifications and attach-
 
 GROUP PHRASING. 
 
 ments, to be used in the same phrase-sign; as, -_.k^_ -Did you ever know 
 
 him; V___why did you say it was not there; ^-j-.by which it may 
 
 have beeni/; _._A^.state whether or not; .___^T5.-why did you go there. 
 
 Group Phrasing is further extended to the joining of a contraction or an 
 uncontracted_word-form to a phrase that is written in accordance with these 
 
 rules; as, SrP_._ ..Did you know his father; T when did you 
 
 X_k^-s T^ 
 go there again; >..what did you mean by it; v^> did you pay 
 
 the man. 
 
 Contractions and uncontracted word-forms may be joined, and attach- 
 ments and modifications applied to them, so far as stenographic rules permit ; 
 as, -y I believe there was not;..-~^i^-~.-- the picture resembled 
 
 him ;..-%. ..I paid him the money; - < \ s --. ? number of instances; 
 
 C l^~>- ' _J ig 
 
 .-.-W^^... withdrew the money; ^ sne P a 'd ner rent - 
 
 In some cases, a word usually indicated in a phrase-sign by an attachment 
 to or a modification of a word-sign, is written with its ordinary outline, for 
 convenience in joining; as,-.trr>>__ At the time; ...J-^^... what did you say to 
 
 him; --^ cannot say it was ;... -^~- -- about what time ; - - 4x-_- - - - at 
 
 the present) time. 
 
 As in simple phrasing, one or more words that are clearly suggested by the 
 
 character of the phrase-sign, are sometimes omitted ; as, Lfe... It must have 
 
 been; ...-r^r^... gave it to him. 
 
 A phrase is sometimes divided into two parts, on account of difficulty in 
 joining the words; as, -.--j---l^^.. He was not there at the time; ../?*- __k.- 
 
 when did he tell you so; .... *^r? we gave him the contract; .J^C-.JL... 
 
 it is better than the other; -..-rs ^....did you go there in the evening. 
 
 The usual outline of a word may often be changed in form, or shortened, 
 
 for greater convenience in phrasing; as, /L---.I do not recollect the occa- 
 
 1 *-***> I 
 
 sion;....!^^-- did you hear the testimony ; .. ...in writing; ___Aa__. 
 
 physician and surgeon; S^ very much like it; o^....he has been 
 
 there;. .-"p -.. I went down there;. ..77^.. in your statement j.-.^L^-. you 
 have no recollection. 
 
 Many very valuable phrase-signs are made by an exceptional use of certain 
 
 word-forming principles; as, ___!y. Further than; ..^rrQ may there 
 
 have been ;....Trt.-. instead of ; . he did not.
 
 14 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS. 
 
 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS. 
 
 There are many contractions and a few word-signs which, 
 when standing alone, cannot be written out of their proper posi- 
 tions without risk of their conflicting with other words. Most of 
 these, when joined with other words in a phrase-sign are perfectly 
 distinct and unmistakable, because of their intimate relation to 
 such other words. There are a few, however, that require special 
 treatment, as will be seen by the examples given below. 
 
 Accident, Exclude, etc. In some systems of Shorthand, initial 
 K-stem is omitted in such words as accident, exclude, extent, etc. 
 This expedient makes necessary the utmost care in writing, and 
 frequently causes much hesitation in reading, owing to the exces- 
 sive brevity of the outlines. The expedient is in many cases 
 unnecessary, and should be avoided. In a phrase-sign, how- 
 ever, it is often an advantage to omit the K-stem ; as, Railroad 
 accident, 7?rsDnt; to that extent, TDhsTnt; they were excluded, 
 DhrsKIDd; cause of the accident, KsVtsDnt; full extent, FlsTnt. 
 
 After. This word should be written with the lengthened stem, 
 Ftr, when the word would otherwise be out of position. 
 
 Any, No. As any and no occupy different positions, there is 
 no chance of their conflicting when standing alone or when be- 
 ginning a phrase. Elsewhere in a phrase, no should be vocalized 
 wherever it is not distinguished by the other words to which it 
 is attached. The use of the J-tick for other, distinguishes any 
 other from neither, and no other from another. 
 
 Autumn should be vocalized, in a phrase-sign, as it is some 
 times necessary to write time with the same outline. 
 
 Conversation. The hook may be omitted when the full form 
 of the contraction cannot be joined easily to a preceding word. 
 
 Belong. When written out of position, belong should be writ- 
 ten BINg, to distinguish it from believe. 
 
 Do not. When out of position, it is sometimes necessary to 
 insert the vowel O, in this phrase, to avoid conflict with did not 
 or had not. 
 
 Doubt should be vocalized, when written out of position.
 
 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS. 15 
 
 Change. The word-sign cannot be used out of position. The 
 word should be written ChJ, in such case. 
 
 Copy. The final vowel should be inserted, whenever the verb 
 copy might conflict with keep. 
 
 Ever. Ever may be written with a V-hook in the middle of 
 a phrase. At the end of a phrase, it should be written Vr, in any 
 case where it might conflict with have. 
 
 Else, Less. Else should always be written downward, when 
 possible, in a phrase, and less upward. It is permissible to write 
 else upward after the phrases any one and no one, but it should 
 always be vocalized if written upward in other cases. 
 
 Half. This word sometimes occurs in such connection with 
 other words as to conflict with after, in which cases the vowel 
 should be inserted. 
 
 Is it is written Zt in the first position, as a special phrase, or 
 when beginning a phrase. 
 
 Gentlemen. When written out of position in a phrase, the 
 outline JtMn should be used. 
 
 Know their should be vocalized, if written in the third position. 
 
 Large amount. These words should not be joined, as they 
 would have the same form as the word judgment. 
 
 Lately should be vocalized, in a phrase-sign, to avoid conflict 
 with little.- 
 
 Not necessary. If these words occur after another word in a 
 phrase-sign, care should be taken that not be written so short 
 that the words cannot be read unnecessary. 
 
 Men, Women. The vowel should be inserted, when either of 
 these words is written out of position. 
 
 Neither should be vocalized, when written out of position. 
 
 Old, Late. To distinguish these words, old should be vocal- 
 ized, or written downward, in a phrase-sign. 
 
 Own. When used as a verb, own should always be vocalized, 
 if written out of position. 
 
 Pond, Point. Where both these words occur in the same 
 report, pond should be vocalized. 
 
 Parted, Party. These words should be written in full, in a 
 phrase-sign.
 
 l6 DISTINGUISHING WORDS IN PHRASE-SIGNS. 
 
 Recollect, Recollection, may in a few cases he written with the 
 straight R struck downward, where the upstroke cannot be easily 
 joined; as in the phrases, / do not recollect; you have no recol- 
 lection. 
 
 Remember. The hook may be omitted, to facilitate joining 
 with a previous word. 
 
 Say. Say should be vocalized, whenever it is necessary to 
 write the word with a stem. 
 
 Same, Some. If any danger of conflict between these words 
 be apprehended, some should be vocalized. 
 
 Should. This word should always be written with the tick, 
 when the stem word-sign cannot be placed in the third position. 
 
 Take, Took. In cases where either of these words is liable to 
 be read for the other, the vowel may be written to the stem word- 
 sign, without using the K-stem. 
 
 The other. This phrase is written with the lengthened stem, 
 Dhtr. 
 
 Thought. This word should be written with the half-length, 
 Tht, when the full-length stroke cannot be placed in the first 
 position. 
 
 Thoughts should be written with the half-length, in any 
 position. . 
 
 These, Those. In phrasing, it is occasionally necessary to 
 vocalize these, when out of position, to distinguish it from this 
 and those. Those should also be vocalized, whenever it is likely 
 to conflict with these or this. 
 
 Time. This word should be written in full, Tm, if neither the 
 M-hook nor the stem word-sign can be joined; as in the phrases, 
 night time, NtTm ; there is time enough, DhrsTmNf. 
 
 To is usually omitted in reporting, and indicated by writing 
 the words near each other between which it occurs; and the 
 words to the may often be indicated in the same way. In a few 
 cases, to is more quickly and easily indicated by shortening the 
 last stem of the outline preceding it. After an S-circle, to is 
 sometimes indicated by changing the circle to a loop. When to 
 is followed by a word that can be added by the use of a circle, 
 loop, hook, or other expedient, in accordance with the rules of
 
 TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 17 
 
 group phrasing, it is generally better to write it with the T-stem, 
 with the subsequent word so added. At the beginning of a sen- 
 tence or clause, to is indicated by writing the succeeding word 
 entirely below the line. If the succeeding word be horizontal, 01 
 half-length, it should be written a little lower than the normal 
 position of a third-position horizontal word-sign. 
 
 Why should never be written out of position, unless vocalized ; 
 and it should be vocalized in the few cases in which it might pos- 
 sibly conflict with without when written in the first position. 
 
 POSITIONS OF PHRASES. 
 
 The general rule as to the positions of words in phrases is, 
 that the first word of a phrase should be written in the position 
 it would occupy if written separately. This rule is modified, 
 however, in the following particulars : 
 
 1. When a phrase begins with either of the tick word-signs 
 for A, An, And, He, I, or The, or with a semi-circle, the second 
 word of the phrase should be written in position, and not the tick 
 or semi-circle. 
 
 2. The tick word-signs for All, Awe, Already, and On, are only 
 used initially, and are never written out of their regular positions ; 
 except that either of them may be slightly raised or lowered, when 
 prefixed to an outline beginning above the line of writing, in 
 order to bring the second word of the phrase to its proper 
 position. 
 
 3. When a phrase begins with a first-position horizontal or 
 half-length word-form, or with the circle for Is or His, such 
 word-form or circle may be slightly raised or lowered to bring 
 the second word of the phrase to its regular position. 
 
 TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 
 
 The tick word-signs play a very important part in phrase-writ- 
 ing. If used properly, they are of great value. If used improp- 
 erly, the value of the phrase may be seriously impaired, and in 
 some cases even its meaning may be reversed. This is especially 
 true as to the ticks for He and /, and particular care should bt
 
 l8 TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 
 
 taken that neither of these words be written with the sign appro-, 
 priated to the other. For these reasons, and in order that the 
 uses of the ticks may be thoroughly understood, full illustrations 
 are given of every possible manner in which they may be attached 
 to stems. 
 
 When two or more ticks are provided for the same word, that 
 tick should be chosen in each particular case which will make 
 the most distinct angle with the stem. 
 
 It is very much better that final ticks be used rather than initial 
 ticks, and the latter should not be used when the word can as 
 readily be indicated by a tick attached to the preceding outline. 
 Exceptions are made to this rule in respect to the ticks for 7 and 
 How, as well as to those word-signs which are only used initially. 
 
 A, AN, AND AND. 
 
 A, An, or And, is indicated by the T- or K-tick, before or after 
 any simple or hooked stem; except that before Lay the K-tick 
 should always be used. 
 
 HE. 
 
 The Chay-tick is the word-sign for He, and should always be 
 used for that word at the beginning of a phrase, when it will 
 make a distinct angle with the stem following it. When this 
 tick is used before Lay, the stem should be given a little extra 
 slope, to make the tick more distinct. He is never indicated by 
 any other tick, either when standing alone or at the beginning 
 of a phrase-sign. 
 
 The word He must be attached by a tick to the preceding out- 
 line, or written separately, before any stem with which the Chay- 
 tick would not make a distinct angle. 
 
 He must be attached to the preceding outline, or written sepa- 
 rately before LI, Rl, R\, Ml, Wl, or HI. To all other L-hook 
 stems He is prefixed by the Chay-tick. 
 
 He must be attached to the preceding outline, or written sepa- 
 rately before Kr, Gr, Lr, Rr, Rr, Mr, and Hr. To all other 
 R-hook stems He is prefixed by the Chay-tick.
 
 TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 19 
 
 In the middle or at the end of a phrase-sign, He may be indi- 
 cated by the Chay-, P-, or Ray-tick. 
 
 HIM. 
 
 Him may be indicated by the P-tick, after a final hook, when- 
 ever it would be inconvenient to use the M-hook or the H-stem 
 for that word. 
 
 HOW. 
 
 How is indicated at the beginning of a phrase-sign, by the 
 Chay- or Ray-tick written immediately below the line of writing. 
 
 In the middle of a phrase-sign, How may be indicated by either 
 of these ticks, following the positions of the stems to which it is 
 attached. 
 
 I. 
 
 / is indicated by the T-tick, before R and W; by the P-tick, 
 before Lay, Ray, M, and H ; and by the Ray-tick before any 
 other stem. 
 
 In the middle or at the end of a phrase-sign, / may be indicated 
 by the K-tick, but only in cases where the T-tick cannot be used. 
 
 / is never indicated by an inclined tick in the middle or at the 
 end of a phrase-sign. 
 
 IT. 
 
 It is indicated by the Chay-, P-, or Ray-tick, after any simple 
 or hooked half-length stem, or after a loop. 
 
 OF, TO. 
 
 The P-tick may be joined after an N-hook, to add the word 
 Of or To, in a few phrases; as, By means of; he means to; 
 kind of; kind to.
 
 20 TICKS USED IN PHRASING. 
 
 OX 
 
 When written alone or joined to a succeeding stem, On may 
 be indicated by the Ray-tick written above the line. In a few 
 instances, where this tick will not join at a distinct angle, the 
 word On may be written with the Chay-tick. 
 
 SHOULD. 
 
 Should is indicated by the Ray-tick, if that can be more easil> 
 joined to a following stem than the stem Sh. When preceded 
 by He, I, or You, or when used initially, the tick must rest on 
 the line. 
 
 THE. 
 
 The is indicated by the Chay- or Ray-tick, before or after any 
 simple or hooked stem ; except that before Lay The is always 
 indicated by the Chay-tick, the stem being a little more inclined 
 than usual to accommodate the tick. In a very few cases, The 
 may be indicated by the P-tick. 
 
 THEIR, THERE, OTHER. 
 
 After a final circle or hook, or a half-length curved stem, a 
 shaded tick, struck in the direction of B or J, is used for Their 
 or There. 
 
 This tick is occasionally used for Other, especially after the 
 N-stem. 
 
 The N-hook, followed by this tick, expresses the word Another. 
 
 CIRCLES AND HOOKS. 
 
 The small circles and hooks may be used in connection with the 
 tick word-signs, with the same effect as when attached to stem 
 word-signs. These combinations should not be made by careless 
 writers, as they are likely to be illegible unless made with ex- 
 treme care.
 
 TICK PHRASE-SIGNS. 21 
 
 TICK PHRASE-SIGNS 
 
 He not 
 
 * All he-the 
 
 !, Owe what 
 
 
 3 All we-would 
 
 
 i_ -were 
 
 1 On the 
 
 >--- How have 
 
 -\_--I Will 
 
 *< 
 
 .t On to 
 
 
 ^l^.On what 
 
 <\ . , 
 
 1 were 
 
 .?. And all 
 
 On you-r 
 
 
 We and you 
 
 On all 
 
 
 >; We should 
 S-.-Were the 
 
 _ -.On or 
 
 -.-.And how 
 
 ~* And 1 
 
 
 .r Who he-the 
 
 </ Should all 
 
 
 jt-.Who should 
 .$ Who would 
 
 , Should have 
 
 
 - Should not 
 
 __ __And we-what 
 
 V_You and he 
 -1-, You and I 
 
 v_ Two have-of 
 
 -would-were 
 
 
 asYou should 
 _\ All will 
 
 1 Who were 
 
 He and I 
 
 P Who will 
 
 x. He should 
 
 All were 
 
 All is-his-as-has 
 
 i.-He would 
 
 
 
 -^ How he-the 
 
 Already will 
 
 _o ... -has 
 
 . _ -How we- were 
 
 Already were 
 
 
 "would 
 
 Already have 
 
 
 
 ^= And will 
 
 
 < Should a-an 
 
 =: And were 
 
 - And as he-the 
 
 ^.--Should he-the 
 
 ^ And have-of 
 
 He is 
 
 
 p^How is-his-has 
 
 ^f-_ Should their 
 -there 
 
 -I He will 
 
 /-..Heor 
 
 j> Should his 
 
 x~ -Should you-r 
 
 
 A Whn i-ha 
 
 
 
 NOTE. When two or more phrases are written with the same sign, the fact is indicated by 
 hyphens. Thus, " If-Form it-the," shows that the same phrase-sign is used for If it. If the, 
 Form it, Form the.
 
 12 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 
 
 Is all f> As- 
 
 Was he-t 
 >hould 
 say 
 :ady say 
 say 
 say 
 
 y 
 
 TO 
 
 he * 
 
 Should say 
 Who say 
 And first 
 I first 
 The first 
 And is there 
 And as-has there 
 
 on 
 
 p 
 Is already x -_As 
 
 6 
 
 Is a-an-and - All 
 
 3 
 
 f. Is he-the . _t -Air 
 
 2? 
 
 " Is on -c> Anc 
 
 
 a- As-Has a-an ... He 
 
 P 
 
 P. -As [ ~-f I sa 
 
 
 TICKS JOINEI 
 A. 
 
 - A piece 
 
 J 
 
 STEMS. 
 
 _A surety 
 
 i ^ 
 
 > 
 
 A.. .A belief 
 
 -? 
 
 -g- 
 
 -A slight 
 
 ^ 
 
 A time 
 
 -f\.. A practice 
 .N ____A book 
 
 rCJ 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 * A remark 
 
 \ A subject 
 
 
 
 ^ A brother 
 
 -^_ 
 
 . A manner 
 
 1... A talk 
 
 -^ 
 
 ..A scene 
 
 J _A tree 
 
 s 
 
 A wheel 
 
 ---.J--.A delivery 
 
 r 
 
 ._A young 
 
 
 
 .-A hat 
 A thing 
 
 _/t> A consideration 
 Z_ A check 
 
 ^3"^ 
 
 -<4_ 
 
 A song 
 
 :__ A juror 
 
 
 An. 
 
 " E r_A claim 
 
 .rv 
 
 -An apprehens 
 
 -r^7 __A care 
 
 -1 
 
 An ode 
 
 1 y A cane 
 
 
 
 A description 
 
 7, 
 
 An etching 
 
 -..__ \P A face 
 
 x. 
 
 
 j^> ! --' A saving 
 
 3o _ 
 
 .-An event 
 
 . ^v_ _A very 
 
 7 
 
 An oath 
 
 _y A house 
 _._.^_ A show 
 
 
 .-An ocean 
 
 5 
 
 

 
 TICKS JOINE1 
 
 3 TO STEMS. 23 
 
 fe. An election 
 
 - Cannot a-an-and 
 
 ^ An argument 
 
 rr?_Govern a-an-and 
 
 i An error 
 
 .S-^ For a-an-and 
 
 ____-* ff_An emotion 
 
 i Have a-an-and 
 
 An honor 
 
 / ^ 
 Ji' Within a-an-and 
 
 ,.5L-/- An only 
 
 .; _ Assign a-an-and 
 
 And. 
 
 
 _>^ __And remember a-an 
 
 
 
 Mean a-an-and 
 
 ._ ."X And about a-an 
 
 ^^ 
 
 v ^~ Known a-an-and 
 
 And trim 
 
 
 __ ^ And did a-an 
 
 All. 
 
 7 
 
 \ All people 
 
 _t And which a-an 
 
 
 u_ , 
 
 a. All principles 
 
 And give a-an 
 
 
 T 
 
 ^_ All had 
 
 _Vi And offer a-an 
 
 
 
 __ ^ .-All delivered 
 
 \___And have a-an 
 
 _4> All directions 
 
 _S And thought a-an 
 
 
 
 7 All which 
 
 __7_ And that a-an 
 
 
 \ \ 
 
 . All can 
 
 
 
 
 -A-"_A11 questions 
 
 ~_i^l-_And shall a-an 
 
 ^-_ All of it 
 
 _/C._.__And allow 
 
 
 ^ s. 
 
 All over 
 
 _____ji And where a-an 
 
 
 
 All other 
 
 rfr^rrj And make a-an 
 
 <T_A11 will 
 
 -------- And in a-an 
 
 
 
 J^ All right 
 
 
 All may 
 
 
 __^ All ways 
 
 p ..Open a-an-and 
 
 ^--All you-r 
 Already. 
 
 
 Already built 
 
 
 
 _ __ Whatever a-an-and 
 
 ..Already delivered 
 
 If- Whichever a-an-and 
 
 ^..Already arranged 
 
 Achieve a-an-and 
 
 Already made 
 
 y Join a-an-and 
 
 _ Already signed 
 

 
 24 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 
 
 He. 
 
 .^. He applied 
 
 -Jjp-.He supposed 
 
 /T^ ..Will he have 
 
 - - - A?i Were he not 
 
 
 \ 
 
 J\> He remembers 
 
 
 He tried 
 
 >=^ Know he was 
 
 r _He told 
 
 f He delivered 
 
 
 -l._ He drew 
 
 
 -,/t He challenged 
 4-=^L He claims- 
 
 Him. 
 
 He agreed 
 
 
 -. He offered 
 
 1 T 
 
 ~--He valued 
 -"- He threw 
 y He savs 
 
 
 
 ..U Offend him 
 
 ./. He was 
 
 J.-He should 
 -3 He measured 
 
 --Around him 
 
 
 i^~ He will 
 
 Wound him 
 
 _T>-^ He remained 
 
 _ -5 
 ^ Behind him 
 
 /rs^.He may be 
 r\ __He would 
 
 How. 
 
 How about 
 
 ^-.He would be 
 +* He hated 
 
 
 _. -_ How much 
 
 
 _ How large 
 
 **~ ' . Did he know 
 
 
 -t Didn't he say 
 A^SL Which he intended 
 . Can he make 
 
 . How fast 
 
 __How often 
 
 , How thick 
 
 
 
 1- After he went 
 L Thought he was 
 y That he may 
 <L. Shall he not 
 
 
 How shall 
 
 2 
 
 jx^T-How will 
 ^__ How were
 
 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 25 
 
 How many 
 
 _~y [ adjourned 
 
 
 I can 
 
 
 9 T. - I seek 
 
 
 __-_W=.I claim 
 
 How long 
 
 ^rr-_ I care 
 
 __-_V,-- About how much 
 
 ^ I question 
 
 m I give 
 
 |j I OCCUDV 
 
 ^ ..I began 
 y I agree 
 
 i\ --I hooe-oav 
 
 _i__I forget 
 
 V .1 nut 
 
 -v=.--- I value 
 
 -y.---- 
 
 -____^-_I speak 
 
 ____;^ I offer 
 
 \>_ . I suppose 
 
 _i I saw-see 
 
 -"\---I happen 
 ^ I bid 
 
 ) I say 
 
 _2 _ I was 
 
 S I believe 
 
 /...I shall 
 
 > I remember 
 
 1 I should 
 
 ' --I ought 
 
 T._ I assure 
 
 4 I took 
 
 v^r I recollect 
 
 VI 
 
 v I try to have 
 
 ^X - - 1 recovered 
 _y^~. . I will 
 
 ti 
 r _I strive 
 
 1 I state 
 
 ...tf~ I sell 
 
 f I told 
 
 
 
 I am 
 
 ^ I did 
 
 I mean 
 
 f___I said 
 
 g -X 
 
 I remark 
 
 r __I delivered 
 
 /** 1 know 
 
 ^...I'drew 
 
 / I changed 
 
 .^N. [ would 
 
 
 V I would be 
 ^ N 
 .A 1 always was- 
 
 I think 
 
 ./. 1 challenge 
 ' I object 
 
 -j. 1 judge 
 / I suggest 
 
 
 -^Tb^ ][ I remember 

 
 26 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 
 
 ^-., For I told you 
 
 
 T-^ If I could be 
 
 xv._Should be 
 *L Should have thought 
 
 ' ' .1 know I can 
 
 __How can I 
 
 *?s<--Shou]d nothing else 
 /r^rtT Should not know 
 
 "-"VJT- When I agreed 
 
 ---_-V-Why 1 thought so 
 p^ ' .Shall I make 
 
 -j Should that occur 
 /Sr^- Should never 
 ~ The. 
 
 _\__Where I have 
 ^r3<r=^_I know I am 
 ^-^ For I recollect 
 
 
 
 . -\-The bank 
 
 1 
 
 J The talk 
 
 __ ^-w/_ Whether I need it 
 
 r?i-~i_-When I know 
 . J But I think I am 
 
 !|---The truth 
 ,|_ The delivery 
 
 Should. 
 fc\_ It should be 
 
 Ir^.It should not be 
 -it------It should have 
 
 I The doctor 
 
 
 
 ti__It should not have 
 
 
 -V" . We should not 
 
 
 ..J^.We should have 
 -?k^. Always should have 
 v^.,1 should be 
 i^tx 1 should not be 
 VS^_ .I should suppose 
 v^_ 1 should have said 
 --J-tLHe should have 
 f~^-. He should not have 
 *\._He should be 
 f^r? He should know 
 
 .7 The jury 
 
 < The company 
 
 4=-_ The claim 
 
 -* 
 
 __ The form 
 
 _ The offer 
 
 ^* ~ The safe 
 
 __._Sr__The evil 
 
 _ The thought 
 
 C The three 
 
 *f Why should he 
 
 _i The house 
 < The show 
 
 <rrv< When should he 
 ----^^j-How should he 
 n^ 5 -.-.You should have seen 
 

 
 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 27 
 
 
 j-~~- He made it-the 
 
 
 
 ^L The railroad 
 
 &-i I sent it-the 
 
 <s The railway 
 
 - -. ^t.We need it-the 
 
 
 In regard to it-the 
 
 *3 --The errand 
 
 On. 
 
 ^o On suspicion 
 
 The master 
 
 1 On it 
 
 ^ s The remark 
 
 Y On trial 
 
 ^-^ --The only 
 
 .'__; J On duty 
 
 ^ '-.The manner 
 
 -/ On which 
 
 r y The unknown 
 
 On the committee 
 
 -V.The weather 
 .I The work 
 
 On account 
 
 "l^ On having 
 
 6 The youngest 
 
 _C On them 
 
 ^ The heat 
 
 .1 On that 
 
 The thing 
 
 L 
 
 to On these 
 
 It, The. 
 
 / . ..Occupied it-the 
 
 On this 
 
 ^ He opened it-the 
 
 / On those 
 
 ^- _ . I believed it-the 
 
 / 
 
 / On the other 
 
 :V-.He remembered it-the 
 
 --. . ..I tried it-the 
 
 
 .. _i?---He told it-the 
 
 
 i. 1 delivered it-the 
 
 
 1 1 changed it-the 
 
 
 .- 1 imagined it-the 
 
 
 ^7-.He gained it-the 
 
 Their, There. 
 _/i Open their-there 
 
 
 V^Been their-there 
 /J Taken their-there 
 
 
 ^..-They shut it-the 
 j/3. I loaned it-the 
 
 Down their-there 
 
 * Continue their-there 
 
 ^x--I allowed it-the 
 -'V - He heard it-the 
 
 Because their-there 
 
 ~? Gain their-there 

 
 28 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 
 
 x\ Forgotten their-there 
 
 Another. 
 .^.- - -Upon another 
 
 
 
 -X--Pav another 
 
 G Learn their-there 
 
 
 -- _r-._By another 
 
 s a 
 
 ^-- Before another 
 
 Means their 
 
 \._About anothei 
 
 .k~- Knows their 
 
 J-. At-Take another 
 
 7Ji Earn their-there 
 
 
 V 1 
 
 J.-.Did another 
 
 
 jj. Do another 
 
 Other. 
 Begin other 
 
 J Had another 
 ' Give-n another 
 
 
 ,/... Imagine other 
 -^77 Call other 
 
 J* Worth another 
 
 
 .-...Cannot other 
 
 
 . , ~ 
 ' . - Like other 
 
 .-r^.May another 
 
 TT?. Gain-Again other 
 
 TL - If other 
 
 .- Beyond another 
 
 ^ -For other 
 
 
 Jkik_ Then other 
 
 s?^ -When another 
 Of, To. 
 
 i After other 
 
 * Wish other 
 
 
 "^ Kind of 
 
 -J -.Should other 
 Any-In other 
 
 
 
 ^s^t No other 
 
 * Continue to 
 
 Nor other 
 
 
 Q 
 
 Seen other 
 
 "^ Kind to 
 
 
 Means to 

 
 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. 
 
 The A-tick is written in the place of the Con-dot, for A con-, A coin-, 
 And con-, or And com-. 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 _ A combination 
 
 _^..And combine 
 
 3i> And complain 
 
 \j And condemn 
 
 ^c? A compensation 
 
 And contract 
 
 A A construction 
 
 Aa A confession 
 
 1 And completed 
 
 Srs-p- A conveyance 
 
 The con- or The com- is expressed by writing a diagonal tick in the place of 
 the Con-dot. 
 
 > 
 
 The contention 
 __ _ x ^P_-The comparison 
 A ______ The concession 
 
 ___ ^Q ___ The composition 
 \ _______ The complaint 
 
 The contest 
 
 condemnation 
 
 The control 
 
 .3 The concern 
 The consignee 
 
 The A-tick is written in the place of the Ing-dot, for Ing a, Ing an, or 
 Ing and. 
 
 ?f=i. Becoming a-an-and 
 
 .'.Calling a-an-and 
 
 Costing a-an-and 
 
 [ Doing a-an-and 
 
 J_ Changing a-an-and 
 
 Giving a-an-and 
 
 .-"TJ-Forming a-an-and 
 
 Acknowledging a-an-and 
 
 _|. Considering a-an-and 
 
 Trying a-an-and 
 
 A diagonal tick, written in the place of the Ing-dot, adds the word The after 
 the syllable Ing. 
 
 _!? Enriching the 
 
 -_ ^\- Representing the 
 
 ._ Signing the 
 
 \__-Abusing the 
 
 vj Containing the 
 
 A small circle, written in the place of the Ing-dot, adds the word f/w or 
 after the syllable Ing. 
 
 S_ Referring the 
 
 x^ N __ Losing the 
 
 J Taking the 
 
 -._J_ -Trying the 
 rr3<- Connecting the 
 
 ^. Asking his-us 
 
 >v 
 _\ Bringing his-us 
 
 Calling his-us 
 
 _L Delivering his-us 
 
 _^__Enriching his-us 
 
 _V2ft Furnishing his-us
 
 30 
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 
 -Giving his-us 
 Leaving his-us 
 .Making his-us 
 
 jy. Observing his-us 
 
 o< Serving his-us 
 
 .o : Trying his-us 
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 Is, His, As, Has, Us, or Say, is added to another word by the S-circle. 
 
 Property is 
 
 \> Hope-Pay is 
 
 V _Part-y is 
 
 * I 
 
 .What is 
 -It is 
 
 i But is 
 
 I b 
 -X Difference is 
 
 a Defendant is 
 
 4. Each is 
 
 o Which-Change is 
 
 ./ Charge-Much is 
 
 "...Object is 
 
 &. Age- Agent is 
 
 JL-- Advantage-Judge is 
 
 ^ o 
 
 Committee is 
 
 -f.-Form-Wife is 
 
 ^. Half is 
 
 ?. ..Thought is 
 
 ia__. ...Oath is 
 
 >p- Ever is 
 
 .to Month is 
 
 /. That is 
 
 . So is 
 
 _}__. .__ As- Whose is 
 
 of. Usually is 
 
 SL Here is 
 
 _^ Where is 
 
 ..._-^._Or is 
 
 s?.+ There is 
 
 _^. Recovery is 
 
 ' D T" 
 
 __ lime is 
 
 _^_ Year is 
 
 . IWhy is 
 
 STD When is 
 
 How is 
 
 >^ Length-Nothing is 
 
 The word It or The is added by changing the small circle to a small loop. 
 
 ^. Occupies it-the 
 
 ^._Pays it-the 
 
 ^ Puts it-the 
 
 -^..Appraise it-the 
 
 .^ Buys it-the 
 
 ^-.Believes it-the 
 
 \ Obeys it-the 
 
 b-.- Takes it-the 
 
 A Tries it-the 
 
 /C77-I.ikes it-the 
 -L- Tears it-the 
 
 I 
 
 b.-.Does it-the
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. .51 
 
 L . ...Adds it-thc 
 
 Y. Sees it-thc 
 
 * 1 
 
 " Draws it-the 
 
 $ Says it-the 
 
 ^ Watches it-thc 
 
 j?J Shows it-the 
 
 o ..Changes it-the 
 
 / Issues it-the 
 "^ Hears it-the 
 
 Charges it-the 
 
 _A Arranges it-the 
 J- Judges it-the 
 Gives it-the 
 
 
 j Rouse it-the 
 
 -v^Z- Knows it-the 
 Owns it-the 
 
 x ' Revise it-the 
 
 ^ Forms it-the 
 
 .--Nears it-the 
 
 
 ~5 ..Weighs it-the 
 
 L That is it-the 
 
 ^^ Thinks it-the 
 
 
 His. 
 
 *. Against-Gave his 
 
 5^__Form-If his 
 
 \> Hope-Pay his 
 
 
 L^ After his 
 
 V. 
 
 'Be-Buy-By his 
 
 ^ Of his 
 
 .\j Before his 
 
 vj.-Ever his 
 i Have-Above his 
 
 X^.About his 
 Between-What his 
 
 -Thought his 
 
 D At-Take his 
 
 J- But-To-Took his 
 
 * L 
 *> Did his 
 
 7 Thank his 
 / 
 
 * With his 
 
 Though his 
 
 t Do his 
 
 1 Had his 
 
 
 , 
 
 r Saw-See his 
 
 
 .cL-.Sav-So his 
 
 6 Watch his 
 
 0. . .Was his 
 
 / Change- Which his 
 
 A--As his 
 X. . .-Shall-Show his 
 
 / Charge his 
 ' __Adjoin-ed his 
 
 ^.-.Tssue-Should his 
 _- .-While his 
 
 Accompanv-ied his 
 
 
 .--^?-.Wil! his 

 
 32 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 .<ra __ Allow his 
 
 
 - ---From his 
 
 P Are as 
 
 _ 0- _-Were-Where his 
 
 
 ^ Or his 
 
 ^p.-Know as much 
 
 ^ Recollect-There his 
 
 ^--Are-Recover his 
 - - In his 
 
 x _Yoti are as 
 
 Has. 
 
 Know his 
 
 ._ Bevond his 
 
 
 ^..You are his 
 
 
 - Whv- Without his 
 
 -tIt has 
 
 j3 - Whether his 
 
 rv Would his 
 
 I 
 
 _ -:T^_VVhen his 
 
 
 
 o Which has 
 
 As. 
 
 \> - Pay as 
 
 Such has 
 
 -- --\j Happy-Put as 
 Be-Buy-By as 
 
 J Much has 
 / 
 6 Object has 
 
 ^--About as 
 o Change as 
 
 o -\ge-Agent has 
 
 _/ Advantage-Judge has 
 ^ Wife has 
 
 / Charge-Much as 
 
 j_ That has 
 
 Object as 
 
 ct So has 
 
 
 \ As-Whose has 
 
 
 She has 
 
 
 _a/ -Usually has 
 
 -- Saw-See as 
 
 a .-Where has 
 ??. Or has 
 
 
 ^ Was as 
 
 ^ .There has 
 
 
 "^ Whv has 
 
 <y 
 Of. Show as 
 
 -_--<r^ -When has 
 
 
 __^ How has 
 ? Vothing has 
 
 Or as 
 

 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 33 
 
 Us. 
 _:? Upon us 
 
 _ Without us 
 
 
 Occupy us 
 
 a Say ' 
 
 \i _ _ Pay us 
 
 ^..Part-Put us 
 ^S By us 
 
 
 
 __-_>o Before us 
 
 
 V. About us 
 L 
 r Between us 
 
 
 
 _t At -Take us 
 
 Can -ou sa ^ 
 
 _L To-Took us 
 J ...Had us 
 
 < ^ 
 _t__I you say 
 
 
 / 
 o Watch us 
 
 (ly-After you say 
 
 _fi Change us 
 
 1 Charge us 
 . Adjoin-ed us 
 
 
 
 - Accompany us 
 
 
 f- 
 
 
 NOTE. See rule for the Y-hook. 
 
 -.-e-Against-Gave us 
 JSC For- Forget us 
 
 4 The 
 
 ^.After us 
 i Have us 
 
 She say 
 
 
 Thought us 
 
 
 A Thank us 
 
 
 ? With us 
 
 
 -V-- Has u-s 
 
 /*" . , Y^MI ^ay 
 
 \ 
 
 __ ..5 -We say 
 
 A Sue us 
 
 
 "N Would say 
 
 
 ^o Allow us 
 
 
 "^--From us 
 
 
 _In us 
 
 
 
 <r^3 .Must say 

 
 34 THE S-C1RCLE. 
 
 Is, His, As, or Has, may be prefixed to another word by the S-circle. This 
 should not be done, however, when these words can be added as conveniently 
 to a previous word by a circle. 
 Except in a few phrases in which the signification of the second word of 
 the phrase is dependent upon its position, the circle is written above the line 
 for Is and His, and on the line for As and Has. 
 
 Is UDOIl Is nhicrtcil to 
 
 -\-_ls up 
 
 Is just 
 
 ^> Is placed 
 
 _p Is largest 
 _- Is joined 
 
 Is proper 
 
 Ow 
 
 Is perfect 
 
 _2 Is larger 
 
 .---^y. Is practiced 
 
 ^re^Js accustomed 
 
 QL 
 
 Is particular 
 
 Is equal 
 
 X__.Is punished 
 
 o i.Is careful 
 
 ^ Is by 
 
 J~** Is continued 
 
 -\.-Is before 
 
 Is given 
 
 Q Is about 
 
 o Is against 
 
 X Ts based 
 
 s".. Is greatest 
 
 - Is bad 
 
 " .Is begun-again 
 
 \/ Is better 
 
 ?r..Is off 
 
 
 .So Is forgotten 
 
 
 ^-_.Is after 
 
 C -Is told 
 
 .fi. Is fast 
 (\.-Is full 
 _ _ .- Is free 
 
 3 -Is true 
 
 
 i i s different 
 
 ?, Is afraid 
 
 Ts due 
 
 _ - Is found 
 
 
 
 J-T.-Ts of 
 
 3. 
 
 _v- Is ever 
 
 C Is deaf 
 
 . .-^ .Ts above 
 
 j Is done 
 
 - ..Is valued 
 
 Ts watched 
 
 v. r> 
 . -.*-. .Is thought 
 
 
 -V Ts worth 
 
 ..-/..-Is charged 
 
 f Ts through 

 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 35 
 
 ^ Is with 
 
 
 
 Is that 
 
 a v 
 
 \> Is this 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 r 3 
 
 Is beyond 
 
 . V i s either 
 
 e. 
 
 
 ) Is so 
 
 
 
 ^ Is established 
 __ Is easy 
 
 <a 
 
 -Is long 
 
 _^ 
 
 ___Is she 
 
 <u? 
 
 
 jj Is shown 
 
 ^ 
 
 His. 
 
 a Is issued 
 
 .. Is shattered 
 
 i 
 
 
 r<-_ls usual-ly 
 
 
 
 
 J? Is measured 
 
 ] f 
 
 
 T-.Is lost 
 
 r 
 
 
 -- Is here 
 
 p 
 
 
 _-__T) Is where 
 
 
 
 
 ..f.. 
 
 -His agent 
 
 ^/--Is recovered 
 
 
 _His advantage 
 
 --&- 
 
 .His judgment 
 
 <S Is referred 
 
 s^i Is rented 
 
 ^ 
 
 -His wife 
 
 . Is mv-time 
 
 c 
 
 
 ff^ Is made 
 
 
 
 (Ti.--Is meant 
 
 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 _His house 
 -His wish 
 
 j 
 
 , 4~<._Is no 
 Is influenced 
 
 0* 
 
 His recollection 
 
 a~* 
 
 -His recovery 
 His time 
 
 ---^-^ Is only 
 
 o^ 
 
 -His own 
 His need 
 
 
 Is neither 
 
 *-^ 
 
 
 * a -*'- Is another 
 
 0\ 
 
 ..._ Is without 
 
 *~7 
 
 .His knowledge 
 
 > 
 
 

 
 36 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 In or In the is prefixed by an initial back-hook to a word beginning with the 
 S-circle, when the N-steni cannot be used as conveniently. 
 
 -, - In his allowance I hi* minp 
 
 -ft In his allusion 
 In his agreement 
 
 In his might 
 
 
 "^ In his argument 
 ."i^ In his approval 
 o In his arrest 
 
 '*t i .In his method 
 
 -a )r In his omission 
 
 ^ In his opportunity 
 
 In his art 
 
 
 <\ 
 
 _ .. In his brain 
 
 v In his proof 
 
 A 
 .- In his brief 
 
 ...A-- In his character 
 _? In his chair 
 
 ^*\ In his proper person 
 
 _V _In his remembrance 
 a v T i 
 
 In his charity 
 
 
 0, ' 
 
 In his contract 
 
 i_^ In his training 
 
 
 j- In his transcript 
 ' In his wav 
 
 t _ - In his dread 
 
 -_ d 3 In his grave 
 
 1 In (the) consideration 
 
 -T_ In considering 
 
 ? 
 '0 In (the) construction 
 
 Tn his grief 
 
 
 
 --._-- -In experience 
 
 
 - _ v~^ _In the same 
 
 
 In silence 
 
 ~^ i n his lease 
 
 - In similar 
 
 
 . -_ In the slightest 
 
 
 -g> In solution 
 
 
 J9TTi. In some 
 
 In his light-lot 
 
 In somewhat 
 
 ~ In his line 
 
 Jn.. .-In the supreme court 
 
 
 
 
 _}S __In surprise 
 
 
 .TV In expression 
 

 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 37 
 
 As. 
 jt As part 
 a. -As about -be fore 
 .P As had 
 
 --a. As usual 
 ^CT.As will-well 
 _4 As little 
 
 T As well as 
 _<L-\ As will be 
 
 yo__As much as 
 
 
 
 p As charged 
 
 p_--As large as 
 p. __As just as 
 
 -<*y<L As early as 
 <K As our 
 .^e As are 
 
 -fcrtjt>_As accustomed 
 .ftrr As against 
 
 <?v As heard 
 
 - ~s. As begun 
 
 _<a* As good as 
 
 _-__o~"^ As mine 
 
 0" As great as 
 
 -"O-s As many as 
 <o _As most-must 
 ,<&s As not 
 
 jo As if they 
 
 o As for that 
 
 p l__As far as 
 
 a iAs another 
 -<S_P- As near as 
 ft^_As now 
 
 
 o As forgotten 
 
 p As of this date 
 
 o j _As ever-have 
 
 <r> _As when 
 
 ^>--As they-that-though 
 j As was 
 
 - - / As vours 
 
 
 
 _ o As she 
 
 j3_A^As long as possible 
 
 with a half-length Z-stem, when stand- 
 
 e. 
 
 C Is to have 
 
 a_-As shall 
 
 Is to. As to, and Has to, are written 
 ing alone or at the beginning of a phraf 
 
 -\ Is to pay 
 
 \r-_Is to become 
 -\. Is to take 
 -j-_-Is to do 
 ' Is to continue 
 
 Is to make 
 
 irtL- Is to inform you 
 __As to it- the 
 
 V 
 
 As to his-us 
 
 __Is to go 
 
 V 
 
 As to giving-going 
 
 
 
 452^73
 
 38 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 .v As to that 
 
 -v- As to him-when-how 
 
 As to them 
 
 y _ As to having-living 
 
 Has to be 
 
 j As to her-our-where 
 
 
 _Y- . As to me-mywhom 
 
 -y-.l Has to come 
 
 ^..-As to some 
 
 
 
 "O 
 
 j As to anything 
 
 
 y As to vou-r 
 
 
 
 Has. 
 o Has hoped-put it 
 
 --o Has shown 
 -^--Has issued 
 >-- Has usually 
 
 a Has happened 
 
 o Has beforc--about 
 
 ffi.-.Has our 
 _<T 1 -- - Has made 
 
 .-.Has been 
 fHas taken 
 
 
 A. .Has much-charged 
 
 IT? Has mine 
 
 tt^ Has heard 
 a s- Has another 
 a ^Has never 
 -"i_2--.-Has known 
 Q_, Has n"t 
 
 f- Has done 
 -*ra Has begun-gone-again 
 p Has forgotten 
 
 Q. Has formed 
 o Has ever 
 
 -S ^ Has now 
 -Q_^- -Has no 
 s& Has your 
 
 CL -_ Has thought 
 
 e> Has that 
 
 D Has then 
 
 /i. .Has yet 
 ja 1^-3. .Has long known 
 
 v 
 p Has this 
 
 _o Has she 
 
 After a final circle, the back-hook expresses the word Own. Been. Than, 
 or One. 
 
 jo Hope-Pay his own 
 
 \ Before his own 
 X. About his own 
 
 -V. Put his own
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 Between-What his own 
 
 <b At-Take his own 
 
 J To-But-Took his own 
 
 1 
 
 * Did his own 
 
 Jk Do his own 
 
 J Had his own 
 
 / 
 J* Watch his own 
 
 * Change- Which his own 
 
 .1 Charge his own 
 
 _ Adjoin-ed-his own 
 
 ./ Judge his own 
 
 ___j.-Can his own 
 
 Give-n his own 
 
 ____TT&-Gave-Against his own 
 
 .h*. If his own 
 
 ^ For-Forget his own 
 
 -L. After his own 
 
 ( 
 _* Of- Live his own 
 
 4_- Have-Above his own 
 
 * -Thought his own 
 
 y/ Should-Issue his own 
 
 9^_- Usually his own 
 
 _i Was his own 
 
 ^ As-Has his own 
 
 x-6 * 
 
 L While his own 
 
 oT--Will his own 
 
 y^ Allow his own 
 
 ___Froni his own 
 
 -wfc Were-Wherc his own 
 
 "^T-.Ot his own 
 
 ^C- Recollect his own 
 
 r^T-They are his own 
 
 -^- Are-Recover his own 
 
 <rar.May his own 
 
 -^P Whom his own 
 
 * In his own 
 
 ZirA. Know his own 
 
 -Own his own 
 
 A Worth his own 
 
 __,.- Thank his own 
 
 L 
 
 f. With his own 
 
 > Though his own 
 
 J. That his own 
 
 \ 
 
 ? Saw-See his own 
 
 A Sue his own 
 
 *_ Wish his own 
 
 9/ Shall-Show his own 
 
 Its own is expressed by halving a final stem and adding the circle and back- 
 hook. 
 
 s- c 
 
 *. Beyond his own 
 
 . You are his own 
 
 .-? Without his own 
 
 J7fc_- Whether his own 
 
 -T^, Would his own 
 
 <T3t-When his own 
 
 How his own 
 
 f 9 
 
 Think his own 
 
 -*~A! Among his own 
 
 _-^_Along his own 
 
 
 -Upon its own 
 -Pay its own 
 
 Put its own 
 
 _- By its own
 
 40 
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 -4- 
 
 Before its own 
 
 ^_ About its own 
 
 What its own 
 
 b At-Take its own 
 To- Took its own 
 
 . Did its own 
 
 Jb. Do its own 
 
 , Had its own 
 
 .4 Which-Change its own 
 
 ~ Charge its own 
 
 Can its own 
 
 Give-n its own 
 
 -re Gave-Against its own 
 
 _ If its own 
 
 .Se For-Forget its own 
 
 ..-.After its own 
 
 .*? Of its own 
 
 ..-.Have its own 
 
 *. With its own 
 
 P.-Though its own 
 
 .. That its own 
 
 ...See-Saw its own 
 
 
 Has Been. 
 
 Property has been 
 
 -V- -Hope-Pay has been 
 
 X Part-Party has been 
 
 ...A- What has been 
 ia. It has been 
 
 But has been 
 
 i 
 .* Difference has been 
 
 Each has been 
 
 J, ...Which-Change has been 
 
 Is its own 
 
 ^1 Was its own 
 
 _. As-Has its own 
 
 4 
 
 g!._-Shall-Show its own 
 
 .., Should-Issue its own 
 
 While its own 
 
 . Will its own 
 
 -A,-- Allow its own 
 
 _~?L From its own 
 
 *-_Know its own 
 
 -~^ Were- Where its own 
 
 Or its own 
 
 -<- Recollect its own 
 
 . Are its own 
 
 ^fi In its own 
 
 ^._ Why- Without its own 
 
 "f. Beyond its own 
 
 ^5_ When its own 
 
 How its own 
 
 J!f_ Think its own 
 
 >. Among its own 
 
 .. Along its own 
 
 -L Much-Charge has been 
 
 _-6 Age-Agent has been 
 
 .^ Advantage-Judge has been 
 
 Committee has been 
 
 --=*. Company has been 
 
 >^._Ever has been 
 
 -^. Above has been 
 
 J That has been 
 
 J 
 .?- She has been 
 
 Issue has been
 
 THE S-CIRCLE. 
 
 X Usually has been 
 
 x?-_ Whole has been 
 
 Here has been 
 
 
 _& Where has been 
 
 _~^ Hour has been 
 
 ^^ 
 
 .""-.Or has been 
 
 ii? There has been 
 
 Any has been 
 
 * Why has been 
 
 1^> Way has been 
 
 _r Year has been 
 
 ^S-When has been 
 
 -_~ How has been 
 
 X* ^6 
 
 Thing has been 
 
 -ST& Length- Nothing has been 
 
 It has been is expressed by halving a final stem and adding the circle and 
 back-hook. 
 
 V Hope it has been 
 
 \> Before it has been 
 
 A What it has been 
 
 j. But it has been 
 
 d Which it has been 
 
 How much it has been 
 
 -* How large it has been 
 
 i 
 f, If it has been 
 
 -Ve For it has been 
 
 .___ After it has been 
 
 V Ever it has been 
 
 & Though it has been 
 
 _,- That it has been 
 
 N 
 
 ? See it has been 
 
 A Say- So it has been 
 
 . As it has been 
 
 Than. 
 
 /__ Less than 
 
 crVj-More or less than 
 
 -O-.CT. Not less than 
 
 JC^ Worse than 
 
 -d- Show it has been 
 
 9* Usually it has been 
 
 While it has been 
 
 Here it has been 
 
 -~?t Where it has been 
 
 o 
 
 Or it has been 
 
 . There it has been 
 
 Time it has been 
 
 ..y Whom it has been 
 
 & Know it has been 
 
 Own it has been 
 
 Why it has been 
 
 C9> Whether it has been 
 
 <3S__When it has been 
 
 -^ How it has been 
 
 : Think it has been 
 
 
 One. 
 
 Occupies one 
 
 \> Pays one 
 
 X_- Puts one 
 
 J? Buys one
 
 THE SES-CIRCLE. 
 
 V> Obeys one 
 
 
 What is one 
 
 
 "t It is one 
 
 i * 
 
 ft Takes one 
 
 9\. Shows one 
 
 J- But is one 
 
 1 
 . _._. Does one 
 
 I Issues one 
 *^ Usually is one 
 
 "o. _- - Changes one 
 
 ' Leases one 
 
 J Charges one 
 
 /* Allows one 
 
 1 * 
 -. Adjoins one 
 
 " Here is one 
 
 / Judges one 
 Commits one 
 
 JX Where is one 
 
 Accompanies onf 
 
 JQ 
 
 __ -'' Or is one 
 
 _ Gives one 
 
 
 - _ <^-Gave us one 
 
 
 ^ e Forms one 
 
 
 \p Faces one 
 _\^ Ever has one 
 
 ../. -Recovers one 
 
 ( - That is one 
 
 - Influences one 
 
 . f> 
 
 s3__ This is one 
 
 _ Why is one 
 
 --.Sees one 
 
 -Always is one 
 
 _^_ So is one 
 
 ^f When is one 
 
 -^J.-Sues one 
 -?__. . She has one 
 
 __How is one 
 ^rf Thinks one 
 
 THE SES-CIRCLE. 
 
 Is his. As has, and similar phrases, are prefixed or added by the Ses-circle, 
 Is his being written above the line, and As has on the line, when used initially. 
 
 Is or As may be prefixed to an initial S-circle, or added to a final one, by 
 enlarging the circle. 
 
 pv\r>r+t> !c v.;<! b It is as-his 
 
 Property is his 
 Na.-Hope his is-has 
 Before his is-has 
 
 ---- V.--About as is-has 
 
 L ^ 
 
 ...What has-is his 
 
 1 But as-is his 
 
 .b Defendant is as-has his 
 
 .1 Much as is-his 
 
 - r~ 
 :_Gives us
 
 THE SES-CIRCLE. 43 
 
 j?_ __lf his is-has 
 
 -p As is taken 
 
 Q 
 _li__Is as truthful 
 
 'o.-For his is-has 
 -I After his is-has 
 
 ... Is as bad as 
 
 Vfo__Ever has his 
 
 
 
 L That is his-has as 
 jy. So his is-is his 
 
 f 3 - Is as large as 
 
 Op 
 
 Is as good as 
 
 A.. .As his is-has 
 tx Usually has his-is as 
 
 3. Is as familiar as 
 
 ^ Js as if 
 
 so 
 ' While his is-has 
 
 P Is as far as 
 
 _*%.-- ...... Here is his 
 
 P Is as fast as 
 
 o.__Where is his-his is 
 
 SO 
 
 ^___,As has ever been 
 
 o Were as his 
 
 Or as is-has 
 
 P 
 ^~* Is as even 
 
 ^ There is his-his is 
 
 /o 
 ._ --Is as thin 
 
 .^p-.-Are as is-his 
 " _.Why has his-is his 
 
 \. Is as though-they 
 
 >T Is as worthy 
 
 "5 __. Whether his is-has 
 
 P Is as that 
 
 * t> When has-is his 
 
 ** -Is as easy as 
 
 How has his-is his 
 . Think his is-has 
 
 
 Q 
 _Is as she 
 
 ...^".-Nothing is his 
 
 
 
 J2 As is about 
 
 a As is best 
 \> 
 a As has been 
 
 A small circle may be written with 
 or H<w. 
 
 ^o -For as his is-has 
 
 -_Is as we like 
 
 _? Is as you say 
 
 Qa T 
 
 ^^ _Ts as long as 
 
 in a final large circle, to add fo, His, 
 ^ She says his 
 
 
 as Usually his is as 
 
 
 J.- ,Or as his is-has 
 
 fe 
 ^ 4 This is as 
 
 v^6>__. Knows his is-has
 
 44 
 
 THE SES-CIRCLE. 
 
 -. Yes his is-has 
 
 _ We say his is-has 
 
 _<7 Whether his is as 
 
 When a circle word-sign is followed 
 circle, a large circle is used to represent 
 
 fd Upon his examination 
 
 oc^r. Spends his money 
 
 -y? By his suggestion 
 
 >~ Is said 
 
 Is secure 
 
 -Is seen 
 
 J^ Is spoken 
 
 f^ It is such 
 
 4^. It is safest 
 
 .b It is sufficient 
 
 J^- It is as far as that 
 
 ___Jv__It is serious 
 
 h__^ It is seldom 
 
 _Jo. It is suggested 
 
 J3~S> It is sometimes 
 
 'T5i When his is as 
 
 Thinks his is as 
 
 ^p As long as-his is 
 
 by an outline beginning with a small 
 both. 
 
 -P At his station 
 
 d^__Does his best 
 
 5^_ Close his business 
 
 o 
 / His consideration 
 
 -^2 Physician and surgeon 
 
 >ft-For his success 
 
 -V This is said 
 
 f^ She has spoken 
 
 --J Lease his house 
 
 J^iXi-In his certificate 
 
 _l In his circumstances 
 
 Influence his action 
 
 -<3~^ It is simple 
 
 _-_^ Thinks as much 
 
 A small circle may be written within a final large circle, to add 7/w or 7^. 
 
 ^S> Opposes his-us 
 
 ^ffi-.Places his-us 
 
 m^ei Impresses his-us 
 T_^e>.. Exposes his-us 
 3e> Supposes his-us 
 
 
 
 - Surprises his-us 
 
 5o Blesses his-us 
 
 ^.-Entices his-us 
 
 -f~Q Dismisses his-us 
 
 _7b Induces his-us 
 
 ^JQ Reduces his-us 
 
 1 Chooses his-us 
 
 ^Q. Rejoices his-us 
 
 __ Ci - Excuses his-us 
 
 >taC?_ Engrosses his-us 
 
 XL Faces his-us 
 
 -Aj- Refuses his-us 
 
 / . ,. 
 : Leases his-us 
 
 1^ Arouses his-us 
 
 Misses his-us
 
 THE SES-CIRCLE. 45 
 
 Has Been. 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 2 What his has been 
 
 \C Forgets his own 
 
 
 
 U. Much as has been 
 
 1 'U 
 
 . If his has been 
 
 *g Ever is his own 
 
 e Thanks his own 
 
 jL For his has been 
 
 
 
 jfo Though his has been 
 
 ^ Sees his own 
 
 
 ** Says his own 
 
 si. So his has been 
 
 _<? So is his own 
 
 
 <s* _Was as his own 
 
 or 
 <y Show his has been 
 
 SL Wishes his own 
 
 " -Here his has been 
 
 ____QL Shows his own 
 
 "5 1 Where his has been 
 
 ^j Issues his own 
 
 ~Q 
 
 Or as has been 
 
 / Should say his own 
 Lease his own 
 
 iC. .There his has been 
 
 1^- Whether his has been 
 
 _ ^-.Allows his own 
 jal As well as his own 
 
 _ -Think his has been 
 
 His Own. 
 
 What is his own 
 
 ft Hears his own 
 
 ^ Here is his own 
 
 o 1 Where is his own 
 
 to It is his own 
 
 Or is his own 
 
 'Q _ Takes his own 
 
 Z There is his own 
 
 
 ^? Recollects his own 
 
 i c 
 
 Watches his own 
 
 ;,-. Recovers his own 
 Time is his own 
 
 
 
 Any is his own 
 
 
 _. Influence his own 
 
 7 Charges his own 
 _/ Judges his own 
 
 ___.v._Knows his own 
 ^ Year is his own 
 
 __.:_!Y--Why is his own 
 
 
 . Alwavs his own 

 
 46 THE SES-CIRCLE. 
 
 
 
 -.^.-How is his own 
 
 
 The word Business may be expresse* 
 to those given below. 
 
 Vj About business 
 ___L_ Above business 
 
 I by the large circle, in phrases similar 
 
 -r 
 
 L-- Liquor business 
 
 ^.-Mercantile business 
 
 4- After business hours 
 _ __v.__ Before business 
 
 
 >^_No business 
 
 ^"^ Big business 
 
 _ Of business 
 
 
 Oil business 
 
 L&. Clothing business 
 -Commercial business 
 
 Q Open business 
 
 r>_.Our business 
 
 - Did business 
 
 Own business 
 
 b. Do business 
 
 , Ay Paper business 
 
 \ *> 
 _i o Peculiar business 
 
 
 !3CT Retail business 
 
 
 -fCj--i.--Small business 
 
 Jl_-Feed business 
 
 
 
 From business 
 
 C. That business 
 
 f Further business 
 ___e-3__ Grocery business 
 i Had business 
 
 Qj.-Usual business 
 What business 
 
 ~" 
 
 l___Have business 
 
 ^ What has been your business 
 What is your business 
 
 
 __-_7i--_Her business 
 
 
 \ Whose business 
 
 
 With business 
 
 _/ Large business 
 
 Session is expressed by the large cir< 
 About the session 
 
 _s. Your business 
 
 le and back-hook. 
 -Allow the session- 
 
 After the session 
 
 .>- Annual session 

 
 LOOPS. 47 
 
 As the session 
 
 New session 
 
 3e Before the session 
 Between the sessions 
 
 ^2 
 
 Of the session 
 
 j2 
 
 Beyond the session 
 
 & Shall the session 
 
 But the session 
 
 Short session 
 
 -b y. 
 
 __ By the session 
 
 < *~*^ Small session 
 
 _ , .- Can the session 
 
 d> So the session 
 
 Si. Change the session 
 
 
 Did the session 
 
 
 Different session 
 
 J2 There the session 
 
 ~P- Each session 
 
 ** Think the session 
 
 __ji Evening session 
 
 ___^s_ Though the session 
 k Thought the session 
 
 ^C. Ever the session 
 
 >p Every session 
 
 JTo the session 
 
 S&. For the session 
 
 -b 
 J> _Was the session 
 
 ____^_ From the session 
 
 o What session 
 
 Had the session 
 
 ^ ^What the session 
 
 ~-b 
 
 .Have the session 
 v> __ 
 Has the session 
 
 s$ When the session 
 
 j^- Where the session 
 
 How the session 
 
 "/fT 
 
 v Tf the session 
 
 ^ Which session 
 & While the session 
 
 ~~^ In session 
 
 ^> Will the session 
 
 / Large session 
 
 With the session 
 
 "---" 
 Light session 
 
 & Wish the session 
 
 ^ ^Long session 
 
 Would the session 
 
 _r3L__May the session 
 - */" Morning session 
 
 -S 
 
 NOTE See rule for halving. 
 
 >PS. 
 
 Has the, is added by the small loop. 
 i Which is it-the 
 
 LOC 
 
 Is it, Is the, As it, As the, Has it, or 
 " What is it-the 
 
 (L___ It is it-the 
 
 , How much is it-the 
 
 j . But is it-the 
 
 / That is it-the 
 
 

 
 48 LOOPS. 
 
 1 As is the 
 
 Why is it-the 
 
 - --} -Whose is it-the 
 
 ~1) Whether is it-the 
 
 _<?_ Usually is the 
 
 ^** When is it-the 
 
 ~fr Where is it-the 
 
 . ^.^ How is it-the 
 
 "^ Or is it-the 
 
 
 
 It or The is added to a word ending with a small circle, by changing the 
 circle to a small loop. 
 
 _5 Occupies it-the Fnrme it 
 
 _sj Pays it 
 
 .a Face it 
 / That is it 
 
 X Puts it 
 
 ^L.Buys it 
 
 ) 
 _ Sees it 
 
 .^ Obeys it 
 
 
 L_-Takes it 
 
 
 Jl Does it 
 
 
 l___Adds it 
 
 t^~ 
 
 TT 'i 
 
 A Watches it 
 
 
 
 _y2__Rouse it 
 
 _y Charges it 
 
 /Judges it 
 Gives it 
 
 
 Thinks it 
 
 By changing a final S-circle to a loop, and adding the back-hook. The one 
 is added. 
 
 -_-_^3-__Pays the one 
 
 
 Buys the one 
 
 
 -___v$! _ Obeys the one 
 
 
 - What is the one 
 
 
 It is the one 
 
 
 A Takes the one 
 
 
 1 But is the one 
 
 Forms the one 
 
 _W Face the one 

 
 LOOPS 49 
 
 Convicts the one 
 
 
 si__Conveys the one 
 
 Where is the one 
 
 I V'PW "IP r>p<> 
 
 & 
 
 ^L Thanks the one 
 .X That is the one 
 Sees the one 
 
 -___-ii__ There is-Recollects the one 
 
 / Recovers the one 
 
 
 .<t Says the one 
 
 j^r^L Knows the one 
 
 _ --X Sues the one 
 
 
 .^i As is the one 
 
 Why is the one 
 
 She is the one 
 
 o Whether is the one 
 
 jzf Shows the one 
 
 
 
 _^._How is the one 
 *^ f> 
 
 ,ja Allows the one 
 
 One is added by the back-hook, after a loop. 
 _^ Cheapest one v Last one 
 
 - \) Best one 
 
 
 
 
 Taste one 
 
 
 -Trust one 
 
 
 f Stoutest one 
 _ _ . Dearest one 
 
 i Lowest one 
 
 f & Laziest one 
 
 j^-.-Fast one 
 L- Lost one 
 
 * Easiest one 
 
 .Longest one 
 
 J Largest one 
 A final circle may be added to a loop, 
 _ Possibly it is-has 
 
 fiL Worst one 
 for Is or Has. 
 1 That as it is 
 
 \ Hopes it is 
 
 * / 
 t This it is 
 
 I But as -it is 
 
 s Thus it is 
 
 d 
 * Choice it is 
 
 * Sees it is 
 
 
 f Says it is 
 
 Of course it is 
 
 
 
 -p?, Allows it is 

 
 LOOPS. 
 
 r? Wise it is 
 
 s$> Whence it is 
 2tf_ .Thinks it is 
 
 _? Hears it is 
 
 __..-srf>__ Knows it is 
 
 Owns it is 
 
 _-JZC__ Yes, it is 
 
 In the middle ot a. phrase, To may be expressed by changing a small circle 
 to a loop. 
 
 L 
 
 ^\ What is to be 
 
 v^- It is to go 
 -IT^ it is to our 
 
 *T It is to his interest 
 
 -lr But is to become 
 
 0\__/ 
 
 T!T_Each is to know 
 
 L?. Which is to begin 
 
 State is prefixed to another word, and State, Stated, or Stating, is added, 
 by the small loop. 
 
 _6\_ Change is to be 
 
 ,_/ Much is to be done 
 
 i 
 _AL_-_--Such is to have 
 
 All-Object is to know 
 
 _/ Advantage is to be 
 
 That is to inform yoti 
 
 I State what 
 
 State each 
 
 _'! State which 
 
 State that 
 
 -C State them 
 
 !_1 State where 
 
 -f- State your 
 
 !^-_- State why 
 
 -J State whether 
 
 ^d State when 
 
 -_t State of New York 
 
 State-d, Stating. 
 -Upon stating 
 
 _ By stating 
 
 _5. Before you state-d 
 
 ^> Before stating 
 X, About stating 
 
 
 -What you state-d 
 
 ___JL Did you state 
 
 _L Had state-d 
 
 K / 
 f._ -Each state-d 
 
 -/ Which state-d 
 
 .-^-Can you state 
 
 n <^ 
 .^ If you state-d 
 
 ?=__For you state-d 
 
 _(K After you state-d 
 
 ^s- -Have you stated 
 
 _ With stating 
 
 fc They state-d 
 
 -6 They have stated 
 
 5 Though stating' 
 
 - That state-d 
 
 -^..-As stated 
 
 .She stated 
 
 *
 
 LOOPS. s ' 
 
 _<2_ Shall state 
 
 
 J_ Should state 
 
 
 g}- Should have stated 
 ...JZ. Usuallv state-d 
 
 /. You have stated 
 
 _" We state-d 
 
 x 
 
 While stating 
 
 
 -.-.L-- Will state 
 
 "^_- Would state 
 
 & 
 Or state-d 
 
 .----^"--Are stated-stating 
 
 
 ^^ May state 
 ----rC^--May have stated 
 
 
 NOTE See rules for tht F- and Y-hooks. 
 / That first 
 
 First is added by the small loop, 
 i At first 
 
 / Which first 
 
 She first 
 
 1> Where-Were first 
 
 -if You firt 
 
 ^ If first 
 
 ~*b We first 
 
 i - After first 
 
 ^cs:. When first 
 Hnw first 
 
 6 They first 
 
 // first or The first is expressed by halving a stem and adding the small loop. 
 
 ^* Pav it-the first 
 
 
 V By the first 
 
 Give the first 
 
 _--V>- . Before the first 
 
 -&-- Gave- Against the first 
 10 If the first 
 
 About the first 
 
 ^ L 
 
 Between the first 
 
 -.^ For the first 
 
 A At-Take the first 
 
 After the first 
 
 
 Of the first 
 
 i b 
 Did the first 
 
 Have the first 
 
 b --Do the first 
 
 ^...With the first 
 
 Had the first 
 
 _o Though the first 
 
 IT 
 During the first 
 
 That the first 
 
 o 
 ^ Which the first 
 
 \ ? 
 _. _Saw-See the first 
 
 6 Change it-the first 
 
 o Sav-So the first 

 
 52 
 
 LOOPS. 
 
 d Was the first 
 
 As-Has the first 
 
 i Shall-Show the first 
 
 _., Should the first 
 
 C. While the first 
 
 <r...Will the first 
 
 Allow the first 
 
 ?_. .From-Hear the first 
 
 J>- Where Were the first 
 
 ..-.-f -There-They are the first 
 -Are-Recover the first 
 .In the first 
 
 /- 
 
 ~S 
 
 >> Know the first 
 
 Own the first 
 
 f _ Beyond the first 
 
 !?___ Without the first 
 
 >._. -.Whether the first 
 You are the first 
 When the first 
 How the first 
 
 ^o 
 
 Think the first 
 
 >?___ Among the first 
 Along the first 
 
 
 b 
 
 The word Street may be added by the small loop to the name oi a street. 
 
 ^f__, Aurora street 
 
 .Beecher street 
 
 Carroll street 
 
 _.-<sr*_ Crescent street 
 
 ...Danforth street f^-- Lake street 
 
 1 
 
 Elizabeth street 
 Exchange street 
 Finney street 
 _C^j-_Genesee street 
 
 Their or There is expressed by the large loop written in the place of the 
 S-circle. To this loop, the word Own may be added by the back-hook, or the 
 S-circle may be used for Is or Has. 
 
 Their, There. 
 
 ^ About as there is 
 
 0_.-Wha1 is their-there 
 
 .b. It is their-there 
 
 L But as they are 
 
 A Which is their-there 
 
 jL Much as there has been 
 
 Because there is 
 
 __:5^?-Of course there is 
 
 _IL For as there is 
 
 / That is their-there 
 
 d. So is there 
 
 ._A Was as their-there 
 
 j 
 
 As is their-there 
 She has their own 
 
 _P Here is their 
 
 U Where is their-there 
 
 ... Or is their-there 
 
 Any is there 
 
 Why is their-there 
 
 i-a.-When has their-there 
 - s ^?- Nothing is there
 
 LOOPS. 53 
 
 Their own. 
 Occupies their own 
 
 _vi Where is their own 
 
 
 -S. Hopes-Pays their own 
 
 
 Puts their own 
 
 V 
 
 --.-Buys-Buy us their own 
 
 __ Recovers their own 
 
 
 What is their own 
 
 s3 
 
 v It is-Takes their own 
 
 
 A, But is their own 
 
 
 i 
 
 . D Does their own 
 
 Tj ^ Wh 
 
 
 -. /fc> When is their own 
 ._ How is their own 
 
 u. Which is their own 
 .^ Charges-Charge is their own 
 
 0. Adjoins their own 
 
 There is. 
 
 ._- -Possibly there is 
 
 -A Advantage is their own 
 ,* How large is their own 
 
 -430 
 
 Gives-Give us their own 
 
 
 
 rft-_Gave us their own 
 
 
 
 
 iO Face their own 
 
 ^ That as there is 
 t> Thus there is 
 
 JO Conveys their own 
 
 ~--<k Thanks their own 
 
 
 
 
 Sees their own 
 
 
 -Q. Says their own 
 ----Y_-_As is their own 
 
 t& Allows there is 
 
 
 f? Shows their own 
 
 "~f > Knows there is 
 
 
 
 |<2> 
 
 /T_ Lease their own 
 
 & Yes there is 
 
 ^2--Allows their own 
 ^ Hears their own 
 
 ^s Whence there is 
 
 ^ Thinks there is 
 
 
 
 ^ Faster than 
 9 -Juster than 
 
 - __Moister than 
 
 L-2 Vaster than 

 
 S4 LOOPS. 
 
 A few convenient phrases may be formed by using the large loop word- 
 signs for Is there or Has there, as shown below : 
 
 < -^ Is thereupon Has tVierpforp 
 
 Is thereafter 
 
 
 ~C^ Is thereby 
 
 
 js Is therefore 
 
 
 Z^te Is there ever 
 
 
 ^ Is there never 
 
 cr- 
 
 y Is there usually 
 
 -~^- Has there never 
 
 Is there not 
 
 Is there any 
 
 
 Is there another 
 
 
 
 ^~^^ Is there anything 
 
 -/P^~^' Has there anything 
 
 *^C!I__Is there nothing 
 
 - ^-Has there nothing 
 r the large loop. 
 CTCL- Grocery store 
 ^^Z.Hat store 
 Her store 
 
 The word Store may be expressed bj 
 " -Adjoining store 
 
 7)~ Against the store 
 
 
 _____Any store 
 
 ...J? 7 - In the store 
 
 ^-' Big store 
 
 JK_L Jewelry store 
 --a Know the store 
 
 Vo _Book store 
 
 ^2 China store 
 
 
 ^\c? Clothing store 
 
 
 Corner store 
 
 Oil store 
 
 -.Different store 
 
 -^7) --Our store 
 
 -7? Dry goods store 
 ?__Drug store 
 
 ^W- Paper store 
 ~V Retail store 
 
 ~L --Each store 
 
 
 <5 ^ v ^ Small store 
 
 Tv Feed store 
 
 
 Tea store 
 
 7 
 
 JSA. Furniture store 
 
 _/ That store
 
 HALVING. 55 
 
 !A> Upper store 
 
 & Which store 
 
 5 What store 
 
 /C Your store 
 
 'ING. 
 last or only consonant stem of a word. 
 
 SL Said it-the 
 
 HAL\ 
 
 It or The is expressed by halving the 
 _ Upon-Occupy it-the 
 
 i> Hope- Pay it-the 
 
 f Study it-the 
 
 Put it-the 
 
 n 
 
 _\. Draw it-the 
 
 
 Speak it-the 
 
 1 Doctor it-the 
 
 
 _1 Stop it-the 
 
 During it-the 
 
 Apply it-the 
 
 f___Deliver it-the 
 
 Practice it-the 
 
 / Watch it-the 
 
 . i Open it-the 
 
 / Change-Which it-the 
 
 ._ Buy-By it-the 
 
 I Charge it-the 
 
 ^ Before it-the 
 
 / /o 
 
 Switch it-the 
 
 About it-the 
 
 Challenge it-the 
 
 ^ Believe it-the 
 
 " 1 
 _ .Cheer it-the 
 
 i\ 
 
 Adjoin it-the 
 
 "\ Remember it-the 
 
 Commit it-the 
 
 Number it-the 
 
 Can it-the 
 
 A | 
 
 Ought- What it-the 
 
 !l_. Call-Kill it-the 
 
 1 At-Take it-the 
 
 _^ Qaim it-the 
 
 But-To-Took it-the 
 
 Decree it-the 
 
 p ' 
 r Sight-Sought t-the 
 
 Describe it-the 
 
 P State it-the 
 
 j?TL~Prescribe it-the 
 
 T Tell it-the 
 
 Secure it-the 
 
 f Settle it-the 
 
 o- <J _ 
 Inscribe it-the 
 
 Try it-the 
 
 ._ .Unscrew it-the 
 
 T Instruct it-the 
 
 a 
 ____"7_ Continue it-the 
 
 ' Did it-the 
 
 r?__ Connect it-the 
 
 1 Do it-the 
 
 71 Give it-the 
 
 , Had-Add it-the 
 ' P 
 
 Gave-Against it-the 
 
 c-_.Grow it-thc 

 
 5* 
 
 HALVING. 
 
 ^ 
 
 If-Form it-the 
 
 <f. Stole it-the 
 
 IS- 
 
 
 
 
 After it-the 
 
 
 C'" 
 
 Fill it-the 
 
 ^* Were- Where it-the 
 
 e 
 
 -Offer it-the 
 
 
 c 
 
 Of it-the 
 
 1 Store it-the 
 
 
 Have-Above it-the 
 
 'I. Or it-the 
 
 x 
 
 -Valile it-the 
 
 :^1_. There-Recollect it-the 
 
 <L c - 
 
 Over it-the 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 Worth it-the 
 
 - , Rule it-the 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 
 With it-the 
 
 Whom it-the 
 
 ( 
 
 
 
 
 That it-the 
 
 . Remark it-the 
 
 1 > 
 
 
 ' In it-the 
 
 > 
 
 Say-So it-the 
 
 
 > 
 
 Is it-the 
 
 
 ) 
 
 Was it-the 
 
 ... .Seen it-the 
 
 
 Has it-the 
 
 ^-.Only it-the 
 
 ' 
 
 
 Nor-Near it-tht 
 
 2 
 
 Aleasure it-the 
 
 Beyond it-the 
 
 j 
 
 Wish it-the 
 
 W r hy-Without it-the 
 
 j 
 
 Shall-Show it-the 
 
 -..-^.. . Whether- Weigh it-the 
 
 
 Should it-the 
 
 __. Would it-the 
 
 -j 
 
 While il-the 
 
 > Work it-the 
 
 c 
 
 Will-Lav it-the 
 
 " *.. When it-the 
 
 
 Allow it-lhe 
 
 How it-the 
 
 f r 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sell it-the 
 
 
 <r 
 
 Steal it-the 
 
 .- Sinp it-the 
 

 
 HALVING. 57 
 
 To may be expressed in the middle 
 stem. 
 
 v^-. Hope to go 
 ^x-.Pay to him 
 .y. About to leave 
 .-.5f> ^Able to state 
 *v Ought to be 
 
 of a phrase, by halving the preceding 
 J~. Show to me 
 
 Sure to be 
 
 IW-X- -Where to go 
 -_-J\-.-Were to be 
 Or to send 
 
 C<- Give to them 
 
 Are to believe 
 
 \. ..Gave to me 
 
 -\ 
 
 ^\^ They are to be 
 
 ir^_ . Say to him 
 ^ Is to be 
 
 Am to make 
 
 ...JUt-Was to go 
 Has to be 
 
 
 
 \ As to the 
 
 - How to make 
 
 Halving any pronoun or adverb, adds the word Did. 
 1 What did > So A\A 
 
 1 It did 
 
 _^_.She did 
 
 But did 
 
 "\ Where did 
 
 / Each did 
 
 ^ Or did 
 
 / Which did 
 
 ."! We-Why did 
 
 
 You did 
 
 
 .? He did 
 
 ( They did 
 
 A-.When did 
 
 That did 
 
 How did 
 
 Not is added by the N-hook to any stem halved to express Did 
 J What did not That did not 
 
 J...lt did not 
 
 <J 
 ---.She did not 
 
 J? We did not 
 
 J 
 
 . .--, .You did not 
 
 
 ...He did not 

 
 LENGTHENING. 
 
 The word Had may be added to any stem word-sign representing a pro- 
 noun or an adverb, by halving such stem provided the immediate context is 
 such as to show clearly that Had and not Did is to be implied. 
 
 The words Have^Has,Had t may also be halved to express an added Had. 
 
 Not is added by the N-hook, to any stem halved to add Had* 
 
 \ What had been 
 
 o 
 
 L It had become 
 
 _ But had gone 
 
 Had had time 
 
 U- , 
 ^- 1 have had it 
 
 Each had come 
 
 _^_ Which had been 
 
 \o~ Ever had said 
 
 ^TtS. Never had done 
 
 ^____Have had many 
 
 _<j They had done 
 
 .That had it 
 
 ) So had you' 
 
 .. 
 _>__ 
 
 As had been 
 
 Was had 
 
 - r Has had 
 
 _.She had not 
 
 Z>i Where had you 
 
 ^ _Or had been 
 
 -rf^=\_ There had never 
 
 ->> We had heard 
 
 __-.-- You had 
 
 _1 We had not 
 
 ^sr__W'hen had he 
 
 __-^ How had she 
 
 Halving any preposition which is written with a curved stem, adds the 
 word What. 
 
 -^\_ For what purpose 
 
 -After what happened 
 
 ,._ 
 
 Of what they did 
 
 /. With what advantage 
 
 _iTr' From what money 
 I!^IlT_In what manner 
 
 _\_ Beyond what place 
 
 I)_-Without what was 
 
 LENGTHENING. 
 
 Any curved stem may be lengthened to add Their, There, or They are. 
 
 \- ----- If-Form their-there 
 
 ---- iu For-Forget their-there-they are 
 
 -\- ------ After their-there-they are 
 
 ---- J^--For all their 
 
 -TA.- In reference to their 
 
 \- ---- Of their-there 
 ---- L For ever there 
 
 .L ------ Ever their-there-they are 
 
 ---- ^-.Have-Above their-there 
 
 __ Never there 
 / ------- Thought their-there 
 
 ____ L... Worth their-there 
 
 \. ______ With their-there 
 
 ___ .___With all their
 
 LENGTHENING. 
 
 59 
 
 / 
 
 1 
 
 /I 
 
 _ f 
 _J 
 
 J 
 
 A., 
 
 
 
 J\ 
 
 ____,/_ 
 
 ..J. 
 
 ~ 
 
 . 
 _ 
 
 Though their-there-they are 
 
 That their-there-they are 
 
 That were there 
 
 That all their 
 
 Saw-See their-there, 
 
 Say-So their-there-they are 
 
 Was their-there 
 
 Was all their-there 
 
 As-Has their-there 
 
 Wish their-there 
 
 Shall-Show their-there-they are 
 
 Should-Issue their-there 
 
 While their-there 
 
 While all their-there 
 
 Will-Lay their-there 
 
 Allow there-their 
 
 From-Hear their-there 
 -From all their 
 -Where Were their-there 
 
 -=cT7i--_-May their-there 
 -.--j^-. Am- Whom their-there 
 ^I^L Any-In their-there 
 
 In all their 
 
 ^=^K..__Know their-there-they are 
 
 Own their-there-they are 
 
 -~ Beyond their-there 
 
 _X_Why-Without their-there 
 
 -_^ Why will their-there 
 
 ~^\ Whether-Weigh their-there 
 
 ."^ Would-Away their-there 
 
 ,=_ When their-there-they are 
 
 crr> When were their-there 
 
 _^__How their-there-they are 
 ..,_- How were their-there 
 
 Think their-there-they are 
 
 5? Among their 
 
 5rr=r-Among all their 
 
 Along their-there 
 
 A curved stem may be lengthened to add the word Other, in a few phrases. 
 
 -\- Several other 
 
 a^nn^-,Some other 
 / 
 My other 
 
 X-- Every other 
 
 -_^\_Her other 
 
 - The other 
 
 other 
 
 other 
 
 Has been is added by the circle and back-hook, to a lengthened curved stem. 
 
 \__ ----- If there has been 
 
 ____ L ___ For there has been 
 
 ^_ ------ After there has been 
 
 --.-L-.-Ever there has been 
 ./[ ______ Though there has been 
 
 ___ J ____ That there has been 
 
 _1 See there has been 
 
 Q 
 
 \ Say-So there has been 
 
 _\ As there has been 
 
 )_ Show there has been 
 
 _V_ ..Usually there has been 
 
 _.S__ While there has been
 
 60 LENGTHENING. 
 
 JIV____Why there has been 
 ...^V Whether there has been 
 _/l Yet there has been 
 j- a_.When there has been 
 
 ./J Well, there has been 
 
 ....^"..Allow there has been 
 "^ .Where there has been 
 
 i^feKnow there has been 
 > o- Another has been 
 
 _^, How there has been 
 >V ~ J ^ Think there has been 
 
 Neither has been 
 
 Therefore may be expressed by leng 
 F-stem. 
 
 L. If therefore 
 ! For therefore 
 ^_ Have therefore 
 1 Thought therefore 
 / They therefore 
 -_/ That therefore 
 _l__Jir--See therefore 
 J So therefore 
 A Was therefore 
 
 Thereupon may be expressed by a 
 Thereby, by a B-stem ; and Thereafter 
 
 X_ If thereupon 
 V_-.If thereby 
 L. If thereafter 
 1 For thereupon 
 A ...For thereby 
 
 thening a curved stem and adding the 
 
 .-J- She therefore 
 _y__Shall therefore 
 _-J-Vi Should therefore 
 !*. t" Will therefore 
 
 ^- > May therefore 
 
 -.-^r^-Know therefore 
 ^^rs. When therefore 
 _ % !TrrX.Think therefore 
 .>_ri s --- Nothing therefore 
 
 ?-stem attached to a lengthened curve; 
 by a half-length F-stem. 
 
 _j Wss thereupon 
 
 _i \ Was thereby 
 
 _j--__-_Was thereafter 
 
 ^-Z-.She thereupon 
 --/. She thereby 
 --/--She thereafter 
 -J. Shall thereupon 
 $ J Shall thereby 
 
 __7^L. For thereafter 
 \=- Of thereupon 
 ^--Of thereby 
 X-- Of thereafter 
 ^ . Have thereupon 
 
 _-J._i. r Shall thereafter 
 
 . -j Will thereupon 
 
 ____^ Have thereby 
 _L_ \Have thereafter 
 
 ^^ Will therebv 
 
 _/__ Will thereafter 

 
 THE L-HOOK. 61 
 
 >-<v -Know thereby 
 '^ff^Knovi thereafter 
 
 A straight stem having a final hook 
 There. 
 
 \ Pin their-there 
 A-.-Pain their-there 
 V. Perform their-there 
 
 i Think thereupon 
 
 ^Think therebv 
 
 may be lengthened to add Their or 
 
 / Each one there 
 / Chain their-there 
 1 -Down their-there 
 
 \ 
 
 -X.- -Combine their-there 
 
 _yl Join their-there 
 
 V Been their-there 
 
 X Bank their-there 
 1 
 L Whatever their-there 
 
 3 Connect their-there 
 
 Cannot their-there 
 
 1 Contain their-there 
 1 
 
 Can have thcir-there 
 
 
 1__ -Difficulty there 
 1 Advise their 
 1 Done their-there 
 
 THE L- 
 
 The L-hook is used to add the word 
 
 S Upon all this 
 Ac? .By all means 
 5k Before all 
 __.S^. About all that 
 /- Between all these 
 tzt At all times 
 _p To all men 
 
 
 
 = Begun their-there 
 
 HOOK. 
 
 5 All, Will, and Well. 
 
 S^.- Have all been 
 .---- Above all that 
 ___i._With all that is 
 
 T/ --As all are 
 
 ...2... Shall all be 
 _D_ --Should all things 
 
 ---Srr._ -Against all this 
 
 C 
 
 
 --P Were all delivered 
 
 
 r After all that 
 < S^-Of all things c 
 
 Without all 
 
 .- -^^ - Whether all were there 

 
 62 
 
 THE R-HOOK. 
 
 -Qy _____ Would all 
 ____ /__. Beyond all 
 
 WilL 
 p 
 Jl ______ What will you 
 
 ____ LIt will be 
 
 Jl ------ But will you 
 
 /* 
 __rr>r^_Each will make 
 
 -J-.Q 
 
 _S^-- 
 ' 
 
 ./. _____ Which will be 
 ---- f Much will 
 ./?. _____ Such will 
 _v^_Ever will be 
 .C ------ They will 
 
 The stem word-sign for Will should be used, after a stem which may be 
 halved to add It. 
 
 -P. That will do 
 
 ^ As will be seen 
 
 will be 
 Here will 
 
 _3> Where will you 
 
 Or will 
 
 ^-- There will 
 
 ^._We will be 
 
 Why will he 
 
 (2 You will 
 
 Sss 1 - Nothing will 
 
 Hope it will 
 
 
 _What it will 
 
 .^-. But it will 
 
 -Which it will 
 -If it will 
 i/___For it will 
 
 .^ After it will 
 
 ,./_ That it will 
 
 .\C. Say-So it will 
 
 . ,.As it will 
 
 .. Hear it will 
 
 VT- Where it will 
 
 _W_ Know it will 
 
 __.._Why it will 
 -"V^" _ Whether it will 
 
 i^T.When it will 
 
 -j^~- How it will 
 . ,-T Think it will 
 
 O As well as not 
 
 THE R-HOOK. 
 
 The R-hook adds the word Or, Were, or Her, to another word. 
 -V. Before or after 
 
 L._At or about 
 
 1 
 
 i-'-, At or near 
 
 Q_-_Have or have not 
 
 iC^_ When or where 
 
 A^: Book or two 
 
 f\ 
 Dollar or two 
 
 J Day or two 
 
 j_--Hour or two 
 
 Jf._ ...Month or two
 
 THE R-HOOK. 63 
 
 
 
 Week or two 
 
 V a. At her mother's 
 
 s> 
 
 Year or two 
 
 \c^ Take her time 
 T2_To her room 
 Did her 
 
 Were. 
 J What were 
 
 I It were 
 
 1 Do her 
 
 3 But were 
 
 \ Had her 
 
 r y 
 i Each were 
 
 v (, Give her this 
 
 ^L Which were 
 
 s T Gave her that 
 
 ^2 Much were 
 
 g >.p Against her interests 
 
 /_ Such were 
 
 ^l If her health 
 
 .-_>* Ever, were 
 
 ^L For her father 
 
 V They were 
 
 5^i^iJ!T. Forget her name 
 ^.^^ After her marriage 
 -t^ Of her business 
 ^-X^-Have her reply 
 
 S^/f Above her reach 
 /i 
 
 _ -' She were 
 
 J Usually were 
 
 
 
 57,. Of were 
 
 
 .(L Thank her 
 -\-j-.With her family 
 
 o* 
 
 Cv 
 
 __1 Why were 
 
 ---jTX.When were 
 
 J2 That her brother 
 
 How were 
 
 <\ A 
 
 ^?_-You were 
 Her. 
 
 \> Upon her journey 
 
 _<r^-Was her answer 
 -). As-Has her 
 . ^Wish her 
 
 ~" \ Occupy her 
 
 ,m2 Shall-Show her 
 
 \^> Pay her rent 
 
 .2. ..Should her 
 -C. While her 
 
 i\ Put her money 
 
 Vv-- - 
 By her account 
 
 ...JC...W\\[ her 
 ,sz Allow her 
 _JL From her house 
 .*!> Were-Where her 
 
 ..X^xo -Before her return 
 
 A About her brother 
 
 \ T 
 >-~3> What her means 

 
 64 
 
 THE N-HOOK.. 
 
 _i=rt Without her knowledge 
 
 ?L_Why her 
 
 ^ Whether her 
 
 S* 
 
 j- Beyond her 
 
 When the word In occurs before an outline beginning with Ray, the R-hook 
 is often used instead of the stem. 
 
 .(2 You are her 
 
 <r^. _ When her 
 
 Think her 
 
 S ^_ Among her 
 
 rrT_) In rapidity 
 
 ---IVX-In rebellion 
 
 -I~l In receipt of 
 
 ^5_ In recognition 
 
 -Tin In reference to 
 
 7T>T2ln refinement 
 ^T^j=rr__In refunding 
 
 In regard to 
 
 -Iv In registering 
 
 -^. 
 
 .In rejecting 
 
 i 
 
 .In reorganizing 
 
 .In reply (to) 
 
 In resigning 
 
 -7A, In respect of 
 
 .TN.-In respect (to) 
 
 -T_b In response 
 
 review 
 In Rochester 
 
 THE N-HOOK. 
 
 -Upon an occasion 
 
 ^.-.Occupy an office 
 
 _^ Be an artist 
 
 .ty_By an exchange 
 -^ Before an hour 
 
 . A _What-Between an 
 
 J At-Take an 
 
 J--.But-To-Took an 
 
 ^. Did an errand 
 
 J- Had an interview 
 _</- Change- Which an 
 
 J Charge an individual 
 
 </ "^^ 
 
 s Adjoin-ed an 
 
 The N-hook is written to the last or only stem of a word-form, to add the 
 word An, And. Not, One, Own, or Than. 
 
 IT?V Commit an error 
 -.-Can an act 
 
 Give an undertaking 
 
 -"=^?--Gave- Against an 
 If an enemy 
 
 -^ For-Forget an 
 A^^H After an instant 
 -V^--Half an hour 
 -~^i' Of an understanding 
 ^ Have-Above an 
 
 -^- Thought an introduction 
 
 v-=-?- Worth an opinion 
 
 ~(i That an assignment
 
 THE N-HOOK. 65 
 
 ~ Saw-See an 
 
 __y Hear and observe 
 3\ Hour and a half 
 C-^Tl Me and my 
 
 \ As-Has an 
 
 _y From an office 
 
 ___"]^=ft-Where an exhibition 
 
 st 
 
 \_. Year and a half 
 _/-. You and yours 
 o '^\ Him and her 
 
 ___^--_ Recollect an 
 
 yga Recover an account 
 - " ^ In an hour 
 
 ^s, When and where 
 fYou and they 
 Not. 
 
 t^ 3 Beyond an installment 
 
 ---.jC- -You are an 
 
 _^ Why- Without an 
 
 
 --- JUy-.Whether an individual 
 -"V e Would an organization 
 ?^*f When an accident 
 TT-V= Think an arrangement 
 ^lAlong an alley 
 
 \ -Ought not lo be 
 
 L But not now 
 
 &^ 
 ^i Did not faiow 
 
 J Do not have 
 _1 Had not been 
 .-^J I do not recollect 
 .3 I do not remember 
 A I don't remember the time 
 
 And. 
 
 v Upon and after 
 
 ^..Bye and bye 
 -V. Before and after 
 
 Cannot be sustained 
 
 ^ At and after 
 
 5?il^il not now 
 
 
 \--~- Have nol known 
 L Thought not 
 
 * Come and go 
 
 rr^.-_. .Came and wenl 
 TJ.-.Give and take 
 "^^ _ Go and come 
 
 i _ Have not come 
 
 I It was not 
 J Shall not 
 
 T^.__Together and apart 
 - Off and on 
 
 ^V.Will not be 
 
 __ You are not 
 ' - You will not 
 
 
 
 
 
 >r^._He may not 
 _T am not positive 
 
 |i Say and do 
 
 i From and after 
 
 <s_2_Tknow not
 
 66 THE N-HOOK. 
 
 I knew not 
 
 a~~& Some one's 
 
 JiiZ We are not 
 
 ___<rT>ri2Some one or other 
 Any-In one 
 
 Why not 
 
 _ rVTL Whether or not 
 _x You are not 
 
 . s> 
 Any-In one's 
 
 " ' No one 
 
 I think not 
 
 ^a? No one's 
 
 One. 
 
 
 - - - ^?- _ Only once 
 
 cT" 
 ,1 But once-one's 
 
 J At one 
 
 
 
 4. At once-one's 
 
 Long one 
 
 Between one 
 
 Long ones 
 
 v Into one 
 
 _^r^ Among one's 
 
 
 Along one 
 
 Each one's 
 
 Own. 
 
 -_j Her own 
 
 \L Which one 
 
 Which once-one's 
 
 ^\ Our own 
 
 Such (a) one 
 
 t_. -- Their own 
 
 
 
 -^t Beneath one 
 H 
 V -If one 
 
 <\ I 
 
 ^ __ Occupy-Upon her own 
 
 _--_^.-_Pav her own 
 
 J^. If once-one's 
 
 !\ ..Put her own 
 v --Before her own 
 
 ^J^z for one 
 ^-9 For once 
 
 c \__. About her own 
 
 i After one 
 
 5 -i 
 4 _At-Take her own 
 
 J After once-one's 
 
 " Did her own 
 
 >w Every one 
 _v Every one's 
 
 J Do her own 
 
 \ - - Had her own 
 
 
 j 
 
 Can her own 
 
 v*. -Never once 
 
 Give her own 
 
 ^ -.Either one 
 
 ----TTa.Gave-Against her own 
 Sd For- Forget her own 
 
 v Other one 
 
 cca.-Some one 
 
 -..-(l-_-After her own
 
 THE N-HOOK. 67 
 
 r 
 Of her own 
 
 ( i 
 
 Fitter than 
 
 ^-..Have-Above her own 
 - Thoutrht her own 
 
 
 
 r 
 
 With her own 
 
 ^-X 1 - Harder than 
 Hotter than 
 
 Jj _ Though her own 
 
 -.-That her own 
 J Was her own 
 
 ..-C^..- Later than 
 
 / 
 
 - _ Lighter than 
 
 
 
 
 
 J) Should her own 
 
 0. 
 
 _j* From her own 
 
 f ^ Lower than 
 
 __ J_ - Leaner than 
 
 ^ Were- Where her own 
 
 Mightier than 
 
 <^> 
 _Or her own 
 
 <T5 More than 
 -j.^ Much more than 
 C, Older than 
 
 -X? Are her own 
 
 *s 
 i._Wtthout her own 
 
 (L- Other than 
 r^C. Prettier than 
 
 - Whether her own 
 
 ~-_When her own 
 
 __Quicker than 
 
 _/a Rather than 
 . _^rOr3.Rather more than 
 s - --Rougher than 
 
 -___S^. Among her own 
 
 Think her own 
 
 Than. 
 
 \^ Better than 
 
 --Shorter than 
 
 .^-^ Sooner than 
 i: .Straighter than 
 
 
 ^^^ Brighter than 
 
 .!: . ..Sweeter than 
 
 .^--Broader than 
 
 Tighter than 
 
 .JfTZ Weaker than 
 
 --JV^)-Earlier than 
 .7^ Easier than 
 
 The N-hook may be made into a circ 
 
 ^^.-Whiter than 
 
 ^m. Wider than 
 
 e, to add Say. 
 J .._Did not say 
 
 \ But not to say 
 
 ? Did you not say 
 
 d
 
 68 THE N-HOOK. 
 
 a Do not say 
 
 Cannot say 
 
 J Do you not say 
 
 His own may be added, by changing 
 back-hook. 
 
 "^ .Ought not his own 
 
 
 the N-hook to a circle and affixing the 
 <\_ _Do not his own 
 
 . 1 But not his own 
 1 * 
 Did not his own 
 
 _L Had not his own 
 
 The word State, Stated, or Stating, 
 to a small loop. 
 
 -L- .__But not stated 
 
 may be added, by changing an N-hook 
 <ji-. They are not stated 
 
 " \ 
 
 v _ Be not stated 
 
 ^f_-Are not stated 
 ^"<3 - I may have stated 
 
 A About not stating 
 2_ Did not state 
 
 s>_.He may have stated 
 _tra5____Who may have stated 
 
 n 
 
 d_ Do not state 
 
 
 
 1 Had not stated 
 
 
 
 
 J 
 Ought not to state 
 
 
 A large class of useful phrase-sig 
 Interest by the use of the N-hook in co 
 
 is is formed by indicating the word 
 nnection with the halving principle. 
 
 -L Dower interest 
 J 
 
 *J 
 
 About interest 
 
 o 
 
 
 As much interest 
 
 u 
 
 ^ From interest 
 
 4 C - Future interest 
 
 Can interest 
 
 _q^ Certain interest 
 
 Had (an) interest 
 
 ,_Charge interest 
 
 J 
 
 >3 Claim interest 
 3 Considerable interest 
 
 Has (an) interest 
 
 1} 
 Have (an) interest 
 

 
 THE F-HOOK. 69 
 
 Jv> Her interest 
 
 - That interest 
 
 b___If interest 
 
 
 
 In interest 
 
 ^ Upon interest 
 
 -, Large interest 
 Larger interest 
 
 What interest 
 
 _7> __ Were interest 
 
 i -Legal interest 
 
 
 Much interest 
 
 
 My interest 
 
 3 Whether interest 
 
 j ' No interest 
 
 
 
 
 o 
 
 -\ Paid 'ntTPst 
 
 With interest 
 
 ^ Pay interest 
 
 Without interest 
 
 J5 Prior interest 
 
 f Will interest 
 
 _<S?__Rate of interest 
 * Shall interest 
 
 -Would interest 
 
 
 Should interest 
 
 - ---- "Your interest 
 
 _ <T ~ v0 Small interest 
 
 o 
 
 icning principle, the words Own and 
 phrases : 
 
 ^cra May their own 
 
 By an exceptional use of the lengt 
 Than are indicated as in the following 
 
 J Thought their own 
 - L Worth their own 
 
 \i 
 
 J _-_ Thank their own 
 
 How their own 
 
 jt--(,--_With their own 
 / Though their own 
 
 L-.-Farther than 
 
 .. Further than 
 
 /^ 
 j Later than 
 
 l> 
 
 / That their own 
 
 THE F 
 
 The F-hook adds to a stem the wor 
 or The may be added to such phrases, 1 
 
 Property of 
 
 -HOOK. 
 
 d Of, Ever, Have, Having, or Live. It 
 >y halving the stem. 
 
 ^ What of 
 
 v^ Part of 
 _V_ Be of 
 
 . L Talk of 
 
 I Out of 

 
 70 THE F-HOOK. 
 
 " City of 
 
 Form of 
 
 E___ State of 
 
 X .Thought of 
 
 Difference of 
 
 Worth of 
 
 t Day of 
 
 ^ That of 
 lL Was of 
 
 A Each of 
 
 L Change- Which of 
 
 /? Allow-Whole of 
 
 
 ^ Or of 
 
 jt Much of 
 . _ - Object of 
 
 y -Are of 
 
 
 I _ Agent of 
 
 
 / Advantage-Judge of 
 
 
 Week of 
 
 
 Any frequent and well known word-form, the last or only stem of which 
 is a half-length straight letter, may take the F-hook for an added Of. 
 
 . Accept Of ' P. T'ntpar1 nf 
 
 ^___Body of 
 
 
 n 
 Contract of insurance 
 
 > ^j 
 In the habit of 
 
 i^-^Deed of conveyance 
 - 1 " 3 Good of 
 
 
 
 - _ a - Grade of 
 
 .^2_Report of 
 -^ Under date of 
 
 p 
 
 
 Ever. 
 -^ Whatever was 
 _Did ever know 
 
 ./ That ever was 
 d Was ever 
 
 d Shall ever 
 
 -L-_ Had ever known 
 t ..Can ever be 
 
 JL- -Should ever 
 
 .klZh-If ever 
 
 
 -is Forever and ever 
 ^^TT^L Of ever knowing 
 
 Ji Whatever 
 
 L Whichever 
 SP Forever 
 
 ^j- Have ever been 

 
 THE F-HOOK. 71 
 
 t) Soever 
 
 _ Which having 
 
 Q. Wherever 
 
 =?._ Against having 
 
 
 If having 
 
 
 
 Have. 
 
 _L After having 
 
 Of having 
 
 What have 
 
 _^O Ever having 
 
 A Did have 
 
 U Worth having 
 
 
 
 Can have 
 
 U Was having 
 
 
 O They have 
 
 ii_ From having 
 
 /-..That have 
 \_ As have 
 
 
 ^ Our having 
 Or having 
 
 c) Shall have 
 
 
 ----- x C--Their-Recollect having 
 
 
 -^2 Are having 
 
 /*" Will have 
 
 Am having 
 
 _lX__Where have 
 - Or have 
 
 *"""' _In having 
 
 _ y. Beyond having 
 
 ---.s'* There have 
 
 ,s ._Your having 
 Live. 
 " Did live 
 
 -<S. May have 
 1L We have 
 
 _tx Would have 
 
 L_ Do live 
 
 m Ye have 
 
 -L Had lived 
 
 
 js? Ever live-d 
 
 Having. 
 Upon having 
 
 U. They live-d 
 
 
 / That live-d 
 
 
 _<5^-.Shall live 
 -A Should live 
 While living 
 
 Between having 
 -j. But having 
 Each having 
 
 /^ Will live 
 

 
 72 THE F-HOOK. 
 
 Where (do you) live 
 
 .( You live 
 
 We live 
 
 You are living 
 
 "^ Would live 
 
 To have is added by the F-hook, in the following phrases: 
 .v .Hope to have = Gointr to have 
 
 <\ 
 
 _. -.--.Appear to have 
 
 *o_ Safe to have 
 
 'J Expect to have 
 
 _I Have to have 
 
 jp._ Supposed to have 
 \ About to have 
 
 -^ _ Sure to have 
 
 Easy to have 
 
 __ -\-_Able to have 
 
 u Was to have 
 
 A Ought to have 
 
 cs Usual to have 
 
 Sought to have 
 
 Were to have 
 
 
 Try to have 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 7 
 4 Which were to have 
 
 ^ .-Like to have 
 
 ., Care to have 
 -=7?_Claim to have 
 
 _ Anything to have 
 
 ^-^ Nothing to have 
 
 The word //, The, or Had, is added 1 
 \L Hope to have it-the 
 
 o these phrases by halving: 
 
 A 
 
 Appear to have had-it-the 
 
 
 . Expect to have it-the 
 
 
 jg-.Supposed to have had-it-the 
 ...About to have it-the 
 
 
 Have to have it-the 
 
 V 
 
 S; Able to have it-the 
 
 Vs 
 
 
 \ (S 
 
 p 
 Sought to have it-the 
 
 
 1 
 
 Try to have it-the 
 
 
 _ --.- Said to have had-it-the 
 
 
 Had to have it-the 
 
 
 li 
 2 Which were to have had-it-the 
 
 Soon to havp it-thp 

 
 THE F-HOOK.. 
 
 7.5 
 
 When the immediate context will clearly indicate the meaning, the follow- 
 ing phrases, in which stems are halved to indicate the past tense may be used 
 
 . -nupcu lu nave 
 <\j 
 
 .Hoped to have 
 -Appeared to have 
 -Expected to have 
 
 .Tried to have 
 .Cared to have 
 .Claimed to have 
 
 The phrase ---- Set off may be written as here indicated. 
 expressed by the F-hook, or by the stems FTh. 
 
 Forth mav be 
 
 Call forth 
 
 \___Put forth 
 
 _ Set forth 
 
 ___A-_ Step forth 
 -tlt,Calls forth 
 
 ^ Goes forth 
 
 ...S^ Puti forth 
 . J-Sets forth 
 .J.^c... Steps forth 
 
 The useful phrases ... ____ W hat if-for; ___{___ but if; and -.-.- that if; 
 may be written as here indicated. 
 
 The F-hook on a curved stem, with the inner N-hook, adds the words Have 
 been. Having been may sometimes be indicated in the same manner. 
 
 _S3 Ever have been 
 
 ^j.--Have ever been 
 
 L They have been 
 
 ^ That have been 
 
 V. So have been 
 
 .eL Shall have been 
 
 .g). Should have been 
 
 --.&- Usually have been 
 .(P. Will have been 
 
 _O Where have been 
 
 .^53 May have been 
 
 ^*& ' 
 Any have been 
 
 Ye have been 
 
 . You have been 
 
 ."P. We have been - 
 
 " Would have been 
 
 ji For having been 
 
 ----Uy After having been 
 
 _ Of having been 
 
 v2 Ever having been 
 
 _y> They having been* 
 
 ^ That having been* 
 
 J$ So having been 
 
 ___ She having been 
 
 While having been 
 
 5l From having been 
 
 .^ Our having been 
 
 P. --Her having been 
 
 My having been
 
 74 
 
 THE F-HOOK. 
 
 .In having been 
 
 jfj. Your having been* 
 
 : We having been* 
 
 Whether having been 
 
 - Nothing having been 
 
 'Use Ing-dot. 
 
 There may have been is indicated as shown below, after another stem. 
 
 Or there may have been 
 There there may have been 
 Neither may have been 
 
 N there may have been 
 ?&. Another may have been 
 
 {- Yet there may have been 
 
 -t> 
 
 Whether there may have been 
 
 Ticex-When there may have been 
 _. How there may have been 
 Think there mav have been 
 
 1 For there may have been 
 
 \___Ever there may have been 
 
 / Though there may have been 
 
 / That there may have been 
 
 A Wa 
 
 -).- 1 see there may have been 
 
 J_--So there may have been 
 
 ,\ As there may have been 
 
 ^..Usually there may have been 
 
 ^.L While there may have been 
 
 -..-Xo-FIere there may have been 
 ^N Where there may have been 
 
 The following very useful phrase-signs are formed by an exceptional use 
 of the lengthening principle : 
 
 .L-. If there have been 
 
 L For there have been 
 
 J_ After there have been 
 
 ^__Ever there have been 
 
 -L Have there ever been 
 
 L Though there have been 
 
 J That there have been 
 
 b \ 
 
 jy See there have been 
 
 \ So there have been 
 
 J Was there ever one 
 
 --J Shall-Show there have been 
 
 j Should there have been 
 
 oJ. Usually there have been 
 
 .'_ While there have been 
 
 ----/--- Well- Will there have been 
 
 __$. Here there have been 
 
 ^ Where there have been 
 
 f?^* May there have been 
 
 
 Any there have been 
 
 ^=^S Know there have been 
 
 -___-0 Why there have been 
 _7\ Whether there have been 
 
 ,__:N Would there have been 
 
 V 
 _^-55 When there have been 
 
 _How there have been 
 ' ^ Think there have been
 
 THE W-HOOK. 
 
 Avenue is indicated by the F-hook, or the V-stem. 
 
 Central avenue -4rr^- Douglas avenue 
 
 Lake avenue if-^-- Leigh ton avenue 
 
 Monroe avenue -V^. East avenue 
 
 : avenue 
 
 ilS=-_R 
 
 ose avenue 
 
 p 
 I "I Between what stations 
 
 l~-^-At what time 
 
 ^But what is that 
 
 P To what subject 
 
 hr Did what you could 
 
 [L__Do what you can 
 
 JX Had what you wanted 
 
 711 -Give what they did 
 
 THE W-HOOK. 
 
 The W-hook is used for the word We, Would, What, Whether, Aivay, or 
 Way. 
 
 \- Before we went 
 
 n 
 
 P. What we said 
 
 .p, But we cannot 
 
 2 Did we not 
 
 [. Do we make 
 
 ___/i_-_Had we 
 
 .. Which we have 
 
 <-__-Can we not 
 
 ^}. Or we shall 
 
 ---^^a.-Are we not 
 
 Would. 
 
 K What would you 
 
 ,1 It would not be 
 
 II But would you 
 
 /> 
 ( Each would have 
 
 j-> Which would seem 
 
 /ITTMuch would require 
 
 ( ^_\ Or would they 
 
 {/" _There would not 
 What. 
 
 -{? Upon what is that 
 
 N^?_By what means 
 
 _Vr- Before what court 
 
 About what time 
 
 _<^o Or what they have 
 
 ___c/C!TlThey are what you need 
 
 _f^^. Are what you think 
 
 Whether. 
 
 _T But whether we have 
 
 -.-.e.-- About whether that 
 
 j^__ Or whether he was 
 
 C<<?-- Recollect whether they did 
 
 Away, Way. 
 
 . Part way 
 
 Put away 
 
 Be away 
 
 By way of 
 
 J What way 
 
 1 Take away 
 
 -P--- --Took away 
 
 c
 
 76 THE W-HOOK. 
 
 f 
 
 
 n 
 
 . _J Do away 
 
 
 Each way 
 
 
 /_ Which way 
 
 
 
 
 The same words may be indicated by the W-semi-circle, when the W-hook 
 cannot be used. 
 
 X For we were 
 i After we were 
 
 
 
 .Sj. Ever were 
 
 
 .L Have we 
 
 
 . _.t Thought we were 
 
 Put it away 
 
 1 Though we were 
 
 
 1 That we were 
 3 _ See what we 
 
 
 About the way 
 
 ) So we were 
 ) Say we were 
 
 -. What it would 
 
 J Take it away 
 
 3 
 \ As we were-would 
 
 JL/ As we are 
 
 
 
 
 J . ..Shall we not 
 
 
 \ Should we go 
 C While we were 
 
 How much it would 
 
 c--Cut away 
 Give it-the way-away 
 
 ^^ Here we are 
 
 _\ Where we-would 
 
 
 TX_ Were we connected 
 <^_ May we take it 
 .__>_< .Know we-whether 
 fYet we were 
 
 
 
 
 If it would-were 
 
 --..X^lWhy we are 
 "\ ..Whether we can 
 
 .^ For what we-would-were-way 
 
 ~~^ When we-would 
 
 ^ -way
 
 THE VV-HOOK. 
 
 77 
 
 ./5 Of what we-would-were-way 
 
 ?fc Ever did what 
 
 _ Have had what 
 
 Thought it would 
 
 A With what we-would-were-wav 
 
 Though it would-were 
 
 .. With it away 
 
 That it would-were 
 
 A. Saw-See it would 
 
 .5 Say-So it would 
 
 _i Was it away- Was the way 
 
 .As it would-were 
 -Wish it would-were 
 
 J. Usually it would 
 
 ____ 
 
 . While it would 
 
 i__From what we-would-were 
 
 -way 
 -""^ Where it would 
 
 Or it would 
 
 ,<^ There it would 
 
 In what we-would-were-way 
 
 -^-c Know it would 
 
 -j_-.Why it would 
 
 __z Why did we 
 
 ."^ Whether it would-the way 
 
 _-= When it would-the way 
 
 Think it would-the way 
 
 Along the way 
 
 In the middle of a phrase, the semi-circle may be joined without an angle 
 to a succeeding K-, G-, Ray-, or N-stem. 
 
 All we know 
 
 fnj-.All we can do 
 
 3r^ All we can expect 
 
 TT^L All we can say about it 
 
 JT^\ What did we know about it 
 
 Could we not' 
 
 Could we know 
 
 j/I f we are 
 
 _^r^_ If we cannot have it 
 
 _--t^__ If we could have it 
 
 A t _ - ^. For we gave it to him 
 
 ?~?_If it were known 
 
 _r^l If it were not 
 
 ^cXlFor we are not 
 
 -S^-- For we were not 
 
 .5-Alf we knew about it 
 
 {--*. After we are 
 
 .(.. After we came there 
 
 _L__ .After we knew 
 
 _L Have we anything 
 
 ^ Have we known 
 
 -(5-- Have we not been 
 
 L That were known 
 
 - That were not 
 
 L That we know 
 
 _ That we knew 
 
 l know we are 
 
 we not know 
 
 you know whether there is 
 / 7 -. Do you know whether or not 
 Urt/VDo you know whether or no 
 
 _Wtx^?-.Do you know whether they 
 
 are there 
 
 . . _L^ Do you know whether we can 
 *^ have it
 
 THE Y-HOOK. 
 
 o you know we received it 
 I /^Do you know whether we are 
 
 1 think we are not 
 
 1 think we were not 
 
 you know whether there 
 
 was 
 you know whether there 
 
 are 
 Do you know whether they 
 
 are or not 
 
 you know whether there 
 were 
 
 The semi-circle may be used after a small circle, in such phrases as the 
 following : 
 
 _ <s _____ I trust we shall be 
 _>__<^_-_Such as we would 
 > _____ For as we were 
 ___ 4_ ^-Says we may 
 >=-_ __ Knows we cannot 
 
 . Possibly we shall 
 
 _V__ Believes we have 
 
 ni Because we thought 
 
 _L*__ Asks whether they did 
 
 -Sa ; I suppose we shall 
 
 ___ !^ ___ Remembers we were 
 
 THE 
 
 The Y-hook is used for the words 
 
 - Thinks we are 
 
 ----- Upon you 
 A Hope-Pay you 
 
 /V Put-Part you 
 
 <\ 
 ___By you 
 
 _3 Before you-you are 
 
 <\__About you 
 
 f\ 
 
 .1 What you-you are 
 
 Q_ At-Take you 
 
 .^. But-To-Took you 
 
 Did you 
 
 -J Do you 
 
 ..-^Hzd you 
 
 .1. Watch you 
 
 /---Which you-you are 
 
 .O Charge you 
 
 Commit you 
 
 Y-HOOK. 
 
 You, Your, You are, and Year. 
 
 Can- Accompany you 
 
 Give-n you 
 
 _<=T- Gave-Against you 
 
 --*-~- Or you-you are 
 
 -C. Recollect you-r-you are 
 
 / Are you 
 
 ->M If you-you are 
 
 A- For you-you are 
 
 -Q- After you-you are 
 
 >--Of you 
 
 -S- ----- Ever you 
 
 ---- fl Have you 
 
 
 .} ------ Thought you 
 
 ____ p ___ Thank you 
 
 * 
 .^ ______ With you 
 
 .Though you-you are
 
 THE Y-HOOK. 
 
 ? That you-you are 
 
 Saw-See you-you are 
 
 _/. Say- So you-you are 
 
 9- Sue you 
 
 J) As you-you are 
 
 ^i Wish you 
 
 _J? Shall-Show you-you are 
 
 _n Should you 
 
 */. Usually you-you are 
 
 <2 While you-you are 
 
 -6. Will you 
 
 X" Allow you 
 
 3>- May you 
 
 ___-_Whom you-you are 
 
 In you-r 
 
 ^-^--Know you-you are 
 
 Beyond you 
 
 ..._ll_-Why-Without you 
 
 Jt^ Whether you-you are 
 
 O) Would you 
 
 _C> When you-you are 
 
 How you-you are 
 
 Think you-you are 
 
 Sr^._ Among- Nothing you 
 
 rx Your, 
 
 -.r Upon your own 
 
 --__^__Hope your statement 
 
 ->-3 Pay your account 
 
 C\ Put your question 
 
 _> By your own 
 
 _.- f \<?__Before your recollection 
 
 <\ _ .About your own 
 
 1 
 
 J What your own 
 
 _! At-Take your books 
 
 -fl^-.- But you may 
 
 .-fl To your brother 
 
 fl Took your own 
 
 T 
 
 . -r^--Did your work 
 
 _t- Do your best 
 
 .1 .Had your opportunity 
 7 \ 
 
 '--\- Watch your business 
 
 Z^._Which your method 
 -t-r? Change your course 
 
 ..-7- --Charge your account 
 
 -j-p ^^Can your statement 
 
 ^. ^Or your own 
 
 _<J__ Recollect your 
 
 ,/ri__Are your own 
 
 ^...Recover your standing 
 
 You Are. 
 hope you are willing 
 
 -\^J. Before you are ready 
 
 ..s What you are able to do 
 
 -']_---But you are not going 
 _/ ~^-^_AVhich you are making 
 
 ..--Hovf much are you willing 
 .Or you are not 
 
 _.._c^ Recollect you are 
 
 4;, What if you are not 
 
 _ _S=<^rT3 For you are mistaken 
 
 _Q_ After you are away 
 
 _s^_.Ever you are 
 
 _( Though you are 
 
 ^. That you are 
 
 ,_ See you are 
 
 ). Say- So you are 
 
 S) As you are doing 
 
 --_=et-_Show you are capable
 
 8o THE Y-HOOK. 
 
 ^ 
 
 Year. 
 
 n 
 
 ' Where you are 
 
 c ^-' ..Know you are 
 
 n 
 
 
 _/ Each year 
 
 C-s 
 
 ' Why you are 
 
 /.-.Which year 
 
 S Whether you are 
 
 _/) That year 
 
 .O. When you are 
 How you are 
 
 Any year 
 
 ^-^ Think you are 
 
 ^t No vear 
 
 The Y-semi-circle may be used to indicate the same words, when the hook 
 cannot be used conveniently. It may also be used for yoiw.s and FVars. 
 
 ^ Bv the vear Whv thp war 
 
 V\.-Before the year 
 About the year 
 
 rV. Whether the year 
 Would the year 
 
 \r\ 
 
 But-To the year 
 
 *> 
 
 L. ^\ 
 
 Did the year 
 
 How the year 
 
 jd . Which the year 
 
 Think the year 
 
 ._ If the year 
 
 
 _^. Half a year 
 V.-,. A bout a year ago 
 * - _ For a year and a half 
 
 ^-n ..For- Forget the year 
 
 . After the year 
 
 ^..Of the year 
 
 From year to year 
 
 Thought the year 
 
 _v-i__ Two years ago 
 ^ Two or three years ago 
 .X* 1 Last year 
 
 ,_ That the year 
 i Say-So the year 
 
 Is the year 
 
 M Year after year 
 
 X. Was the year 
 
 
 ... Should the year 
 
 A 
 
 ._ -.Year by year 
 
 From the year 
 
 
 Or the year 
 
 _- What did you-r-s 
 
 s~ Recollect the year 
 
 _._ But did you-r-s 
 
 . In the year 
 
 n f 
 
 _ X Which did you-r-s 
 ,, After the years 
 
 
 
 After what vou-r-s-vear-s 

 
 THE Y-HOOK. 
 
 .Affect you-r-s 
 
 Wo Effect you-r-s 
 
 Of what you-r-s-year-s 
 
 Avoid you-r-s 
 
 Ao_ Evade you-r-s 
 
 ..Thought the year-s 
 
 With what you-r-s 
 
 That the year-s 
 
 . . That had you-r-s 
 
 .) Say to you-r-s 
 
 _)-_,. So did you-r-s 
 _ Is it you-r-s 
 
 Was it you-r-s 
 
 ... As to you-r-s 
 
 r) 
 
 , Allowed you-r-s 
 
 From what you-r-s-year-s 
 
 rVi Where did you-r-s 
 
 ">>. Heard you-r-s 
 
 -an Made-Met you-r-s 
 
 In what you-r-s-year-s 
 
 Need-Not your-s 
 
 ^i.Know the year-s 
 
 -Vi' Under you-r-s 
 
 Beyond the year-s 
 
 JZ Yet you-r-s 
 
 -^.-.You had your-s 
 
 ^^ ft 
 
 _^2 Why did you-r-s 
 
 _"%) _:_Whether the year-s 
 
 _ Would the year-s ' 
 
 r^._When did you-r-s 
 
 How did you-r-s 
 
 The Y-semi-circle may be used after a small circle, in phrases like the 
 following : 
 
 ** ' 
 
 .Possibly you may 
 
 V^T.Hopes you will 
 Jdu_ Suppose you go 
 
 __^V=_ Believes you can 
 
 L<* 
 J?l ----- What is your recollection 
 
 \ 
 
 _ s your mpresson 
 
 -~^/'- We trust you will 
 -(k^rr^ .Does your mother 
 
 I7-.lV -Because you were 
 _. C- Gives you that 
 
 Where is your brother 
 
 you go 
 5rrr__Knows you can 
 __*__ Why is your 
 
 m When is your 
 
 ---XThinks you have 
 
 The semi-circle may be used initially, for You or Your. 
 
 _-_ Your property 
 
 7\._Your hope-pay 
 
 _^V You put 
 
 M 
 1 You ought-talk 
 
 You take 
 
 _^j You took 
 
 3 You do 
 -} . You had 
 
 ' y 
 
 '. You watch 
 
 / You change
 
 82 
 
 THE M-HOOK. 
 
 _i You charge 
 
 .'_ You object-ed 
 
 _y You judge-d 
 
 , You give 
 
 iVrt. You gave 
 
 M 
 -^ You form-ed 
 
 -W You forget-forgot 
 
 i You thought 
 
 *\ 
 
 -L You saw-see 
 
 1 You say 
 
 Ji Your house 
 
 4 
 rl-_You wish 
 
 .You shall 
 
 .^ You should 
 
 _-i.-You usually 
 
 j^TI You will 
 
 -'^_2_You also 
 
 --^~- You allow 
 
 o/l.You recollect 
 
 --f- Your recovery 
 
 ^./1-You are 
 
 _ocTi You may 
 . __-cvr< You must 
 .*<. You know 
 -.You think 
 
 In the middle of a phrase, the semi-circle for You may be joined without 
 an angle to a succeeding stem. 
 
 ^ft 
 
 -?\. By what you say 
 
 i=O Could you say it was 
 
 "Vi ) 
 
 "V" 
 
 .can ----- When did you say it was 
 
 can 
 
 ----it^-When did you see him 
 
 J^s Where did you see him 
 
 A Which did you say 
 
 X / 
 
 -_J Why did you say that 
 
 __ ----- 
 
 ---- Jj-.With what you had 
 
 From what you say about it 
 -^.How did you happen 
 
 -!| What did you do 
 
 J What did you say to him 
 
 -<?KX When did you pay him 
 
 THE M-HOOK. 
 
 The M-hook is used to indicate the words May, Him, Make-ing, My, or 
 Time. If it is desired to indicate the termination ing in Making, it may be 
 done by the Ing-dot, or by the inner N-hook. 
 
 May. 
 
 -rV, ---- What may be said 
 
 ---- liwTt ma y be referred 
 
 _y ------ Each may choose 
 
 ... .CM. Which may not be 
 
 _. ---- Much may be said 
 
 w-Ever may be 
 
 '. They may not 
 
 . She may 
 
 ^ Where may you 
 
 Or may 
 
 -gC.--There may 
 I -_~>L__We may be able to 
 You may know
 
 THE M-HOOK. 83 
 
 _>? What you may say 
 
 >J For- Forget him 
 
 _---0_ But you may say 
 "* Each may say 
 
 ^ After him 
 ^ Of him 
 
 V 1 They may say 
 
 ^_ Have-Above him 
 hi Thought him 
 
 -L That may say 
 She may say 
 
 _- ./ Thank him 
 
 K Did you hear him say 
 Or may say 
 
 C^^; 
 With him 
 
 
 
 _^__ Sue him 
 
 
 <J Owes him 
 
 Him. 
 
 \ Has him 
 
 ... fr{--Wish him 
 
 \) Pay him 
 
 x __- Show him 
 
 f> Allow him 
 
 \ Put him 
 \-L_.By him 
 
 - From-Hear him 
 
 
 
 ___Or him 
 
 \i Before him 
 
 * Recollect him 
 
 _-__Y__- About him 
 \i .Between him 
 
 j. ,_In him 
 
 Near him 
 
 l>___At-Take him 
 
 ."^--Know him 
 
 . Knew him 
 
 ^^ ~~ 
 
 Beyond him 
 
 J To-Took him 
 
 i But him 
 
 y Did him 
 
 _ Without him 
 
 L Do-Due him 
 
 Think him 
 
 J Had him 
 y___Watch him 
 
 
 __^ .Occupy himself 
 
 
 Upon himself 
 
 / Charge him 
 _y _Adjoin-ed him 
 
 ^ Pay himself 
 
 _\.^_.Put himself 
 _j* By himself 
 
 / Judge him 
 
 Commit him 
 
 \3- -Before himself 
 
 .j. Accompany him 
 
 \ _ About himself 
 
 
 1 
 ** Between himself 
 
 
 .1 To-Took himself 

 
 84 THE M-HOOK. 
 
 Is Did himself 
 
 .y -_ By making 
 
 ___.b Do himself 
 
 1 .. ...Had himself 
 ts / 
 
 6 -Watch himself 
 
 \j__ Before making 
 
 -V, About making 
 L It make 
 
 / Charge himself 
 __ y Judge himself 
 
 3 V 
 
 -1 But-To make 
 
 G 1 
 
 " Did make 
 
 
 Give-n himself 
 
 .~__Each make 
 
 s Gave-Against himself 
 
 _^-- Which make 
 
 VJ For-Forget himself 
 Of himself 
 
 Q Such make 
 
 ^ Have-Above himself 
 
 -- -^^ Against making 
 
 _S? Thought himself 
 
 
 (?___With himself 
 
 
 -V9-- Though himself 
 
 
 --._*L_ .See himself 
 
 
 si~ - Owes- Was himself 
 
 
 ^ As himself 
 _d Wish himself 
 
 -_-_L___Above making 
 
 &l Shall-Show himself 
 -?_ Will himself 
 
 r With making 
 
 -Ci They make 
 
 / That make 
 \ v 
 _si Was making 
 
 fS Allow himself 
 ^__ Or himself 
 
 x^__ Recollect himself 
 
 She make 
 
 .,2 Recover himself 
 !r3>~May himself 
 -v2> Know himself 
 Knew himself 
 
 .ex. Shall make 
 
 ,}-- Should make 
 While making 
 
 C Will make 
 
 f 
 
 -^. From making 
 
 
 
 ___JiL Her-Were making 
 
 
 ."> Our make 
 
 Make, Making. 
 
 P 
 
 Or make-ing 
 

 
 THE M-HOOK. 85 
 
 Am making 
 
 ^ Of my 
 
 In making 
 
 v> Ever my 
 
 _:? We make 
 
 
 
 Thought my 
 
 u_ Whether making 
 
 _u Worth my 
 
 ~N Would make 
 
 ---./.-. -Thank my 
 ~ With my 
 
 
 ^i.-Your-You are making 
 My. 
 
 
 / That my 
 
 
 \j Pay my 
 
 J Was-Owes my 
 
 \ Put my 
 
 } Has my 
 & Wish my 
 
 ^*-- Bv-Buv mv 
 
 ->i--. --Before my 
 
 frj _ Shall-Show my 
 
 V;-- About my 
 _y Ought-What-Between my 
 
 . J Should my 
 
 <_ While my 
 
 .U At-Take my 
 -j_ ---But-To-Took my 
 k.-Did my 
 
 ^ . Will my 
 
 ^~> . Allow my 
 
 
 -L- Do my 
 
 
 I_--Had my 
 .if Watch my 
 
 ' Or my 
 
 / Recollect my 
 
 
 /_ They are my 
 
 J Charge my 
 
 .^2. Recover my 
 _ 7 Are my 
 In my 
 
 ^ Adjoined my 
 
 
 .4..Adjourn-ed my 
 
 >? Know my 
 
 .-Knew-Own my 
 
 
 __k Beyond my 
 
 
 _--j^_--Why- Without my 
 
 
 -y Whether my 
 
 
 ^ Would my 
 
 .Si__ For- Forget my 
 
 x^ When my 
 ^> Among my 
 
 .U. After my 

 
 86 THE M-HOOK. 
 
 My Own. 
 Occupy my own 
 
 
 
 \3 
 
 .--..Upon my own 
 
 
 .S? Hope- Pay my own 
 
 
 -Nyj.-Put my own 
 Be-Buy my own 
 
 \ _As-Has my own 
 
 
 
 
 -\5 About my own 
 
 / Should my own 
 
 
 -v At-Take mv own 
 
 
 
 _/3 Allow my own 
 o 
 
 ^ Did my own 
 
 v Do my own 
 
 
 i Had my own 
 U / 
 V Watch my own 
 
 << ..Recollect my own 
 
 _^2 Are-Recover my own 
 --Hear my own 
 
 
 j Charge my own 
 " Adjoin-ed my own 
 
 _ Were- Where my own 
 
 r^-t-May my own 
 ...Am my own 
 
 _> 
 
 -- o Can-Accompany my own 
 
 <T 
 
 . You are my own 
 
 y 
 
 _Yet mv own 
 
 
 -.. Why-Without my own 
 
 
 o. Whether my own 
 
 l^.-After my own 
 
 
 .<t> When my own 
 
 
 How my own 
 
 
 Think my own 
 
 xD / * 
 
 ^3. -Among my own 
 
 
 -Alone my own 
 
 L Thank my own 
 
 Time. 
 .^.^ About time 
 ~ What time 
 
 \$ Though my own 
 

 
 THE TER-HOOK. 87 
 
 _L> Take time 
 
 - Usual time 
 
 L But-Took time 
 ; Each time 
 
 j_L_ Were-Her time 
 
 -~\. Our time 
 
 Which time 
 
 
 _ C Change time 
 
 Mv time 
 
 / Charge-Much time 
 i " 
 _ If time 
 
 
 - ^=5 Many times 
 
 >J For time 
 
 -ili.No time 
 .xi Your time 
 
 i After time 
 
 S^ Of time 
 
 f 
 
 Bevond time 
 
 -U-----Have-Above time 
 ^J Every time 
 
 -. . -.Without time 
 
 
 r With time 
 
 Long time 
 
 Y. That time 
 i -Has time 
 
 _>r?__ Length of time 
 
 R-HOOK. 
 
 e'vr, There, or They are. In the exam- 
 also. 
 
 <J_ Which-Change their 
 
 THE TE 
 
 The Ter-hook is used to indicate Th 
 pies given, it is used to indicate Other, 
 
 Their. 
 _~ Upon their 
 
 
 -.0 Hope-Pay their 
 
 A Put their 
 
 \ 
 
 rf -- Be-Buy their 
 
 _/_ Judge their 
 -...^---Charge their 
 Commit their 
 
 i Before their 
 
 ..Can their 
 
 
 
 J Ought-What-Between their 
 
 r>.-Gave-Against their 
 
 J At-Take their 
 
 _. Or their 
 
 L But-Took-To their 
 
 ..../?- -Recollect their 
 
 J i 
 ^...Did their 
 
 _x^i Are-Recover their 
 There. 
 ^ Up- Pay there 
 
 J ..Do- Due their 
 
 Had their 
 V Watch their 
 
 ^ .Hope- Pay there 
 

 
 88 THE TER-HOOK. 
 
 ^ -Be-Buy there 
 
 
 
 They Are. 
 
 
 I 
 What-Between there 
 
 o Before they are 
 
 I Out-To-But there 
 
 r. . What they are 
 
 1 
 
 J Did there 
 
 -j. But they are 
 L Which they are 
 
 J Do there 
 
 _ I Had there 
 Y, Watch-Each there 
 
 How much they are 
 
 <J 
 .. ___! judge they are 
 
 J Which-Change there 
 
 .. _ Or they are 
 
 / Much-Charge there 
 
 ,-^i There they are 
 
 J Object-ed there 
 
 ^2. -Recollect they are 
 
 y Came-Come there 
 
 Other. 
 _fl Each other 
 
 3 ' Company there 
 
 . Can there 
 ~> 
 
 ' Given there 
 
 -<^_-_Such other 
 -J. Much other 
 
 ->. Go there 
 3 Together there 
 
 
 -^\- Are otherwise 
 -^3\_ Recollect otherwise 
 
 ^ Or there 
 
 ^ .Recollect there 
 
 ./Try'' -Sometime or other 
 
 In the following phrases, the N-hook may be omitted : 
 _ Combine their J rvme tkpn> 
 
 v. Been there 
 
 _L Down there 
 Cone there 
 
 il Contain their 
 
 The inner N-hook is Used within the Ter-hook, for Own or Not. 
 
 Upon their OWn ** WViat-Rptwoon thmr /mm 
 
 ? Occupy their own 
 
 Ought their own 
 
 _e Hope-Pav their own 
 
 cl At-Take their own 
 
 V Put their own 
 
 ...J But-To-Took their own 
 " Did their own 
 
 Be-Buy their own 
 
 ^ Before their own 
 
 J Do their own 
 
 \ . About their own 
 
 J Had their own 
 
 3
 
 THE TER-HOOK. 
 
 
 .Watch their own 
 
 ..SL Which-Change their own 
 
 / Charge their own 
 
 -J?_ Adjoin-ed their own 
 
 .^ Judge their own 
 
 Commit their own 
 
 -_--_ Can their own 
 
 o 
 
 Give-n their own 
 
 -=t>. Gave- Against their own 
 
 Or their own 
 
 ^?- Recollect their own 
 
 <^_They are their own 
 
 _,.x5Z Are. their own 
 
 ./^.-Recover their own 
 
 Not. 
 . Hope they are not 
 
 ....What they are not 
 
 A Ought there not 
 
 ^ But they are not 
 
 -. Did there not 
 
 cL-.Do there not 
 
 _J Had there not 
 
 c/... Which they are not 
 
 -^ Much they are n6t 
 
 T/~- Judge they are not 
 
 -_- Can there not 
 
 / 
 / Or they are not 
 
 J?_ Recollect they are not 
 
 /a Rather not 
 
 In a few phrases, Been or Than may be added to the Ter-hook by the inner 
 N-hook ; as, -._J Had there been;.. ..^3 Rather than. 
 
 Therefore is written with the F-stem after the Ter-hook. Thereby may be 
 written in a similar manner, with the B-stem after the hook. 
 
 \ 
 ___ V_ 
 
 J 
 
 ..-.I 
 
 Hope therefore 
 .Pay therefor -e 
 Be therefore 
 Ought- What therefore 
 It therefore 
 Take therefore 
 Took therefore 
 Did therefore 
 Do therefore 
 Had therefore 
 
 *4 Which therefore 
 
 'J- Much therefore 
 
 Jfc{ Object therefore 
 
 ./ Judge therefore 
 
 .rrp. Come therefore 
 
 Can therefore 
 
 -/3-- - ^n Are therefore 
 -../^--Recollect therefore 
 _/?. Recover therefore
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 Any word or portion of a word that will naturally be suggested by the form 
 of a phrase-sign, may be omitted for the sake of a more easily written outline. 
 
 "A" and "And" Omitted. 
 
 A^_ About a year ago 
 
 ^^, Again and again 
 
 J At a glance 
 
 Jo _At such a time 
 
 \ *~\ 
 
 l^s Ayes and noes 
 
 ...NV/_ Better and better 
 
 _ Black and blue 
 
 r 
 .---$ Blacker and blacker 
 
 Brighter and brighter 
 
 o 
 
 __.77-~-.Cause and effect 
 
 1 Deaf and dumb 
 
 v II 
 
 Ih-. Deeper and deeper 
 
 L Easier and easier 
 
 _J__^)--East and west 
 
 ^f, Easterly and westerly 
 
 _.__Ty.- Eastern and western 
 
 A Farther and farther 
 
 --VsL,.- Faster and faster 
 
 V.CT. For a great deal 
 
 isc^lFor a great while 
 
 5s^jj For a long time 
 
 ^j>_For a longer time 
 
 _^. For a year and a half 
 
 L Forever and ever 
 
 ..Further and further 
 / 
 .Greater and greater 
 
 .Higher and higher 
 ^ 
 T7._Horse and carriage 
 
 .T!?- Horse and wagon 
 
 p- ___ In such a case 
 
 In such a position 
 
 jQ _____ Ladies and gentlemen 
 ---- ^---Larger and larger 
 ^T--:_.,Less and less 
 
 Lighter and lighter 
 
 Longer and longer 
 
 -yd^-t\_ Looser and looser 
 f^y^\ Lower and lower 
 
 .>* Lord and Saviour 
 
 -<C7O>___More and more 
 _-t-_North and south 
 
 -T&T Northerly and southerly 
 
 -JL -Northern and southern 
 
 -"-/-- Now and then 
 
 H. 
 
 -- -\^-Over and above 
 -J^- Over and over 
 
 -JP Physician and surgeon 
 
 Quicker and quicker 
 
 . Right and left 
 
 __-JL Shorter and shorter 
 -T- Stronger and stronger 
 
 ~* Such a time 
 -J> Such and such 
 
 Sum and substance 
 
 -L --.That is a-the question 
 . Through and through 
 ^ Tighter and tighter 
 
 -Time and again 
 
 J To and fro
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 y_2_- Twelve and fifteen 
 
 2J^_Twenty-five and thirty 
 
 A Up and down 
 
 -U -Vaster and vaster 
 
 T^ra Ways and means 
 
 Weaker and weaker 
 
 _X"_ Wise and good 
 
 Tky- Worse and worse 
 
 ,j> Yeas and nays 
 
 ^ Years and years 
 
 4_^ Yes and no 
 
 "Do You" Omitted. 
 
 -. How do you do 
 
 -L._.--_How do you do it 
 
 How do you know' it 
 
 .How do you know that 
 How do you know they are 
 
 do you know there is 
 
 anything 
 
 _. How do you fix the date 
 
 'V f 
 
 ___ How do you fix the time 
 
 -^rTrT-How do you imagine 
 
 -i^ How do you recollect it-the 
 
 do vou recollect the fact 
 
 _. How do vou remember the 
 
 V -* time 
 
 . How do you suppose 
 
 'So . 
 -^^ LHow do you think they did it 
 
 -V-- Where do you live 
 
 IA Where do you reside 
 
 ! How did it occur 
 
 -..-.-How did it impress you 
 low did you find it 
 
 .How did you come to the 
 > conclusion 
 
 How did you get acquainted 
 
 -- How did you go there 
 
 "From to" Omitted. 
 
 -II From day to day 
 
 ^.-From hour to hour 
 
 -V From place to place 
 
 From time to time 
 
 .From week to week 
 
 L( From month to month 
 
 _- From year to year 
 
 "Have" and "To Have" Omitted. 
 
 ^ Before there have been 
 
 --} But there have been 
 
 Can there have been 
 
 Cannot have been 
 
 t 
 
 -. -----Cannot have done 
 
 .-Try. -Could have been 
 
 _^i Could have done 
 
 r^.Could not have been 
 
 .=-=^4 Could not have done 
 
 <a Hope there have been 
 
 -y * 
 
 - 1 have been 
 
 J. I have done 
 
 -1$ 1 have not been 
 
 _. / j3_-I have not done 
 
 fv 
 
 .I. 1 shall have been 
 
 -_-.*: I shall have done 
 r <*,. ____ I shall not have been 
 ___ <^__May not have been 
 _> ____ May not have done 
 
 ___ -a*-y 
 
 have been 
 ____ Must have done 
 Must not have been
 
 92 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 iO=ri Must not have done 
 J] 
 _X.--Ought there to have been 
 
 \-v Could not have been 
 
 
 (^-.After I have been 
 
 A Seems to have been 
 
 
 ._J Seems to have done 
 
 _/-. That I have been 
 
 ---D Seems not to have done 
 \ Shall have been 
 
 
 _..^,__As I have been 
 
 -J--L Shall have done 
 J Should have been 
 
 -^..Should I have been 
 
 --^.s Should have done 
 A__pL__So as to have been 
 
 _ So as to have done 
 
 1 ^ 
 ot-^-So as not to have been 
 
 _cL So as .not to have done 
 x^_There have been 
 
 
 ">. 
 
 
 -<^>. May I have been 
 
 --^ Own I have been 
 
 ^..Usually have been 
 -\/ Which there have been 
 "Have You" Omitted. 
 _--, How long have you been 
 
 _^Q. Whether I have been 
 
 <^5-.-When I have been 
 
 
 
 acquainted 
 -^^ How long have you been 
 X away 
 
 "Ing" Omitted. 
 J:IZ According to that 
 :)- Building contract 
 
 "o there 
 
 ~\_^ engaged 
 
 -%-- Boarding school 
 ^j--Concerning the case 
 
 
 
 
 *""\^ there 
 _-~ How long have vou resided 
 
 
 -_How long have vou resided 
 
 l.He was going there 
 
 * t 
 ^^ In the evening 
 
 ^f there 
 "I" Omitted. 
 
 CJL- .Lodging house 

 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 y^-.^r?. Looking glass 
 .VI -Observing that 
 _b ------ Pending decision 
 
 ----- j-.Preceding clause 
 
 Reading room 
 -_-.Sv. Riding hcrse 
 ^. Saving clause 
 
 /ri-.Sewing machine 
 
 ? ^ 
 ______ Sitting room 
 
 >v.-- Wedding present 
 
 "Of" and "Of the" Omitted. 
 _ vf> - ___ Act of Congress 
 . -Act of Parliament 
 
 Acts of Congress 
 Acts of Parliament 
 
 ___ 
 Tl ____ Acts of the legislature 
 
 of them 
 
 - Best of my knowledge 
 --rvC-Bgjt of my recollection 
 -*-^^--- Best of my remembrance 
 
 /---Bill of exchange 
 .^^--Bill of lading 
 -.-^.--Bill of sale 
 -? ----- Bills of exchange 
 .. STTlBills of lading 
 -? _____ Bills of sale 
 rv^.-- Board of directors 
 -'V -- -Board of claims 
 ...yT(-Board of health 
 Aq _____ Board of trade 
 ___ !Vl_ -Board of underwriters 
 -^_- ---- By virtue of 
 ___ ^C..E wa of illustration 
 
 ^. ----- Cause of that 
 
 ---- p^--Certificate of stock 
 
 -4^1* ..Chamber of commerce 
 ---^T-._ Child of God 
 _ _____ Children of God 
 
 ---- 4-a.. Children of men 
 
 -J- ----- Church of England 
 
 --3L /.-Church of God 
 -/o- ----- Church of Rome 
 
 ^i_B 
 
 ---- a~fL. Circumstances of the case 
 -<=^ o Course of business 
 
 ----T) -Course of trade 
 -Irrc ---- Day of the week 
 
 Day of the month 
 -k.- ---- District of Columbia 
 Each of my 
 
 _r\ 
 
 1 
 
 __\ 
 
 _r\ Each of our 
 
 1 / 
 _ Each of your 
 
 _W\_ For the purpose (of) 
 
 For the sake of 
 Freedom of speech 
 
 *1 History of the "world 
 
 -^. House of God 
 
 .^XV-House of Representatives 
 
 -j.a Houses of Congress 
 
 JJL Houses of Parliament 
 
 >^2. Length of time 
 
 -"^.Liberty of the press 
 
 _/!/T_ Love of God 
 
 <rr^/-Many of them 
 
 ,-rr-^crfLMatter of course 
 --..s-rr^ Matter of fact 
 
 of importance
 
 94 
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 -Member of Congress 
 ^.Member of Parliament 
 
 ,_VT?_ JMember of the legislature 
 
 .. <nc^Most of the time 
 rmC Neither of them 
 
 ^V One of the best 
 
 J=-tiOne of the most 
 
 _Zi One of them 
 
 IX-One of the worse 
 
 ._<, Point of fact 
 
 >y- Point of order 
 
 -ITI^ Point of time 
 
 --X. Point of view 
 
 -arrr^l. President of the common 
 
 P. council 
 
 .JO ----- President of the United States 
 
 o { Agriculture 
 -if ----- Secretary of State 
 oTs-^Secretary of the Navy 
 -O^. Secretary of War 
 _-_.xj^._Sotne of them 
 
 of the time 
 _Jrr~>_ Space of time 
 .trw. State of the market 
 _^cv^ii.Sum of money 
 Ori __ Sums of money 
 
 / .United States of America 
 
 I 
 i U .What time of day 
 
 1 i 
 id.What time of night 
 
 -^ Word of God 
 
 ... < 5>r^ Words of my text 
 r^,.^.- Words of our text 
 __/>f?-Words of the text 
 - < ^-- World of fashion 
 
 World of nature 
 .World of spirits 
 -*- Years of age 
 
 "On" Omitted. 
 
 On either hand 
 
 "5-.On one hand 
 
 -JS- On the contrary 
 
 .C.On^the other hand 
 
 "Or" Omitted. 
 
 -^ One or two 
 
 \ Two or three 
 
 -X. Three or four 
 
 ' 7f ,-, 
 
 ^- rour or five 
 
 Five or six 
 
 or seven 
 Seven or eight 
 Eight or nine 
 .Nine or ten 
 
 LL Eleven or twelve 
 
 J.?- .Twelve or fifteen 
 
 LL.Q Forty or forty-five 
 
 O 
 ,13. Forty-five or fifty 
 
 -^-_-- Black or white 
 .-_TL_ .Greater or less 
 
 ..Has it or has it not 
 .!- -Heirs or assigns 
 
 _ e rfy In or about 
 
 JL^-Is it or is it not 
 
 -A-_^_-. Large or small 
 
 irger or smaller 
 May or may not 
 May it or may it not 
 
 r
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS. 
 
 95 
 
 .Might or might noi 
 
 : or less 
 o/?- More or less than 
 
 ^...Once or twice 
 
 ""N 
 -A One or the other 
 
 .--.A_-On or before 
 
 Right or left 
 
 ..-^-.-Sooner or later 
 .\ L-.Was it or was it not 
 .. A- --White or black 
 
 ."X Would or would not 
 
 y.Yes or no 
 
 The, To The, With the. 
 
 - t As to the money 
 
 
 
 .. As to the time 
 
 V * 
 
 =-.. -.Come to a-the conclusion 
 Fix the date 
 the time 
 
 In the meantime 
 
 >j>- -Under the circumstances 
 
 P. Under the necessity 
 -fTT/LWhat is the matter 
 "To" Omitted. 
 
 According to it-the 
 
 ^..According to that 
 
 -\Z According to which 
 
 ^..According to you-r 
 
 -Appears to me 
 .As it seems to me 
 -Entitled to consideration 
 w5__.Forty to forty-five 
 
 X Forty-five to fifty 
 
 ,-ltL.In reference to that 
 
 <i o~~> 
 
 -7L. In regard to them 
 
 In relation to 
 
 _I_Vv^_-In reply to your letter 
 ~ ~Ac^n respect to my intention 
 _rio^---In response to his letter 
 it^r\_ Intend to be 
 
 -=~d Intend to do 
 
 o^- It is not for me to say 
 L* It is not to be mentioned 
 
 ^TTn 
 
 Jj^It will have to be 
 
 -.\ Mean to be 
 
 _)._Mean to say 
 
 -<^- Meant to be 
 
 c^._Meant to have been 
 
 ,c> Meant to say 
 
 Hy. -Ought not to be 
 
 _^- Ought not to have 
 
 .>j .Ought not to have been 
 
 Seemed to make 
 
 Seemed to me 
 
 -X Seems to be 
 
 .Seems to me 
 
 So as to be 
 
 .So as to become 
 
 .So as to make 
 '.Something to have 
 
 -fc. This is to be 
 
 ..-.\-jWant to be 
 
 .] Want to say 
 
 jy.- With reference to 
 
 "With regard to 
 
 . h With relation to 
 
 \ With respect to
 
 96 SPECIAL PHRASING CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 -v 
 
 __ -Without reference to 
 
 >, 
 
 -_T Without relation to 
 
 Without regard to 
 
 %_ Without respect to 
 
 G CONTRACTIONS. 
 
 -TI Catholic church 
 cf- -Certain extent 
 
 SPECIAL PHRASIN 
 
 All together 
 
 I.A11 right 
 
 
 .._ -^.--.And so forth 
 P AS far as that 
 
 a 
 o^^ -Certificate of stock 
 
 ^---As far as I (he-we-they)fcnow 
 As regards 
 
 1 Debenture bond 
 
 * 1 
 
 jr7 Episcopal church 
 _\fz_ Estimated cost 
 i Estimated weight 
 3 Eternal life 
 
 /*" Electric chair 
 h 
 
 _/_ Electric energy 
 /]__Electric engine 
 
 y Electric fluid 
 S^----~ 
 
 \ f- Electric light 
 
 
 J At hand 
 
 j> At least 
 
 J" At length 
 
 K,-- At the present time 
 r Authorized to say 
 
 _^-_ Authorized version 
 >y^__Back stairs 
 X Bank stock 
 ^ Baptist church 
 
 _<$\ Electric light wire 
 ^"^ Electric meter 
 
 rv --..Boarding school 
 __j\. Brother in law 
 
 V C_^ 
 
 - 10 Buying their goods 
 
 ^- v Electric motor 
 
 <Y Electric wire 
 _tr*l---Electro-magnet 
 .Enacting clause 
 
 _-.~b_ .Calls-Call his attention 
 
 ' - -Call their attention 
 
 <&, . Except as charged 
 
 Call my attention 
 
 r . 
 
 bso For instance 
 $s*^-_ For writing 
 .?? -Good deal 
 -r -Good deal less than 
 
 Calls my attention 
 
 J^l.Call your attention 
 
 _<L_ .Calls your attention 
 _. -.Cannot tell vou 
 
 .---r^-_Good investment 
 -S~ Good while 
 
 5L & Cash book 

 
 SPECIAL PHRASINI 
 
 3 CONTRACTIONS. 97 
 
 Hand writing 
 
 ^ Last month 
 
 i Have been able to 
 
 _yC?^.-Last night 
 
 ^ N He has gone there 
 
 _y*ITl Last time 
 
 ' High pressure 
 
 ^^-T.Last week 
 
 * v "~^ High water mark 
 
 Long after 
 
 "^ Honorable gentleman 
 
 N_f> 
 
 A Long distance 
 
 c -~t-^> Honorable gentlemen 
 
 _ jv>. Long distance telephone 
 
 Human life 
 
 ^= Looked like it 
 
 .. - 
 I am not sure 
 
 -,f^- Look like 
 
 -^J_ I do not recollect 
 
 ^- Looks like it 
 
 
 
 ^1 I don't know as I do-did-had 
 1 ' I don't know as I can 
 
 /^? Low pressure 
 
 _>J__Jfc-rr 
 
 c -w^ If writing 
 
 mTTMeat market 
 
 c -\ 3 In all respects 
 
 -TT^. Medical treatment 
 
 ^b- In combination with 
 
 .^jo -Methodist church 
 
 ^~-f In conjunction with 
 
 s^ Most likely 
 
 --Le 
 
 ^~^p In his conversation 
 
 <ra^.Must be 
 
 ^~ a ^*~' In his handwriting 
 
 <?**-r Must not tell 
 
 ^Vp_ In the conversation 
 
 <ns^-Must remember 
 
 " * 'In like manner 
 
 My text 
 
 **~*d _In other words 
 
 -^-* National bank 
 
 ^~* In settlement 
 
 ->--*=^. National government 
 
 ^"3 In so far as 
 
 ^--f Next day 
 
 ^~f In such words 
 
 1 
 
 _v/> iNext month 
 
 ^ In the street 
 
 T 
 -N_a . Next thing 
 
 x ~ e Insurance company 
 
 _s~8rr> Next time 
 
 ~^Jn writing 
 
 ^a Next week 
 
 ^ Joint committee 
 
 -"s~0 Next year 
 
 * Joint stock company 
 
 j^v: No security 
 
 ~^ Kind words 
 
 ^*^No, sir 
 
 ._ ^\-n Laboring classes 
 
 J^t^> Once more 
 i Our text 
 
 
 "\_^>
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 -U ------ Out of place 
 
 ^- Postage stamp 
 Jf* ---- Post mortem 
 
 ---- 4 cfsrpQst mortem examination 
 -\D- ----- Post office 
 
 -Vxi_Post master 
 V ----- Post route 
 
 ___ \*._ -Presbyterian church 
 ars ----- Present time 
 ___Hl-_Prima facie 
 
 Revised version 
 
 R'ght angle 
 
 Sabbath school 
 
 Sewing machine 
 Cr__ __ Sister in law 
 
 _ _ Sitting room 
 ^}_ _____ Steam engine 
 
 _ < ^_Sleam pressure 
 V ______ Step by step 
 
 ...J-9 ..Take it for granted 
 ..... __Took it for granted 
 
 ___ j_^__To a certain extent 
 
 To the present time 
 
 __Yr?k __ Tuesday afternoon 
 _L ______ Tuesday evening 
 
 _t Tuesday morning 
 
 t> Tuesday night 
 
 _v Two or three 
 
 -k_-.Type writer 
 
 J^Tl Typewriting 
 
 vj>... Under consideration 
 
 vo Under the circumstances of 
 
 cf-^ the case 
 
 States 
 
 -g United States of America 
 
 J5X Up stairs 
 
 V Up to the present time 
 
 _^, Very much like it 
 
 _S- Very much more than 
 
 .--._:- Vice president 
 _; Vice versa 
 
 ___X___Viva voce 
 
 Which has been said 
 
 _"Vrl. Waiting room 
 
 _j^_ Water works 
 
 -0---West line 
 
 "Vy- What has been said 
 
 .TH. Without security 
 
 . Yes. sir 
 
 . ^C.-Your recollection 
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 51. According to advice 
 
 ..JCVT.- According to agreement 
 
 rri According to their contract 
 
 -71-- According to your contract 
 
 ._-_-- 77 -Account current 
 
 Account of damage 
 
 -^-/.Account of loss 
 
 Account of overcharge 
 
 ..?-P- Account sales 
 
 .2r. Actual damage 
 
 __|__. Additional cost 
 
 _l Additional expense 
 
 --_<r>- Adjust the matter 
 J Advance charges
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 99 
 
 '-z *~i 
 
 Advise us 
 
 Al] charges guaranteed 
 Amount of commissions 
 Amount of premium 
 .-TV. .^~i And greatly oblige 
 
 J- And much oblige 
 >rf ----- Annual meeting 
 
 "^ Annual premium 
 
 -., Answer by telegraph 
 -Answer by wire 
 Answer soon 
 
 ;= ^ 
 >r^-T- 
 
 
 . -Apply this rate 
 
 - -Arrived behind time 
 ___ r^__.Arrived late 
 /-^I* -Arrived on time 
 ...Pv^-.As per rate 
 
 -t\-- ---- As per schedule 
 
 / 
 
 o^-As per tariff 
 
 -<3~( j --.-As soon as convenient 
 
 fl-S^.As soon as possible 
 -Q-fc^l As soon as ready 
 ___ .o_$_.As soon as received 
 -^------As to the matter 
 
 ..^ ----- As to this matter 
 
 . ------- As to those matters 
 
 first cost 
 p 
 .h ...... At all stations 
 
 ... k^C.At less rate 
 
 J. ------ Attach copy billing 
 
 z vp-- 
 
 ---- orT^At schedule rate 
 \s. ____ At tariff rate 
 . .-\.-- Back and forth 
 >y . . ___ .(Back charges 
 
 o 
 
 _V__- .--Bad order 
 
 
 ---- \ Baggage checks 
 
 A. ----- ^Balance due 
 
 v 
 ..bA Balance of our account 
 
 v-> 
 5^- ---- Balance of your account 
 
 5^ Balance sheet 
 .\? ----- Best attention 
 ..->^-- ft Best figures 
 -^j/ Best finish 
 
 V-^.Best of my ability 
 -V. ----- Best of our ability 
 _-_}jrr5-Best of their ability 
 -\> ..... Best of your ability 
 
 -.-^..Best quality 
 
 \l 
 ..... Best price 
 
 _.-V---Best rate 
 .V ..... Best thanks 
 
 .\...Best terms 
 p ti 
 
 -| ------ Between all stations 
 
 ---- .^-.-Bill of exchange 
 
 ."V^.-.Bill of lading 
 .--!Sr^-Bill of lading attached 
 .5^. . . . Bills of lading 
 
 ___ Jp. ..Bills payable 
 _V ______ Bills receivable 
 
 \V^ 
 
 ___\* Business letters 
 
 Business relations 
 By Adams Express 
 By American Express 
 ___ .TXg . By express 
 _V ..... By fast freight 
 our line 
 our road
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 By return mail 
 
 -By railroad 
 
 -By railway 
 
 -By your line 
 
 -By your road 
 --^- Cattle yards 
 
 -Cancel order 
 
 .Car load 
 -^f^- Car load or less 
 
 -.yflCar record 
 T>=^ Cause for delay 
 
 t-Cause (of) delay 
 
 it Change of destination 
 
 -/Charge expense account 
 
 ^^-L JTL Claim for rebate 
 I3rfC Classification rate 
 -Collect on delivery 
 -Construction train 
 
 < Contents noted 
 
 Correction sheet 
 
 .^- Cut rate 
 
 \c--o Daily abstract received 
 U-^ Damaged freight 
 
 rl Date of delivery 
 -Lrx-^--Demurrage charges 
 --jLj -Declare a dividend 
 T Directors' meeting 
 
 ^' UA s' report 
 
 ?l Discontinue rate 
 
 eta-, -Discount for cash 
 
 -s 
 , Division of rate 
 
 From your letter 
 From your reply 
 
 Early attention 
 Early consideration 
 . Early convenience 
 _--^V?is- Early reply 
 
 _& East bound track 
 
 i . Eastern division 
 
 _V East rail 
 
 --5*=SL.Enclose-d bill 
 
 Enclose-d invoice 
 
 find 
 
 Enclosed please find 
 
 Errors and omissions excepted 
 
 Faithfully yours 
 enclosed 
 
 First-class rate 
 ___ Sa^z_First installment 
 };So ____ First instant 
 ---^>-n. First class 
 >?^?_ ___ First cost 
 ___ W_L- First notice 
 .Stv. ----- First opportunity 
 
 V_.-_First quality 
 
 Financial affairs 
 
 .Financial standing 
 
 >?t^ Financial responsibility 
 
 Y Fourth class rate 
 
 .^\--lf_Free on board (F. O. B.) 
 
 5^ Freight engine 
 
 ^j .Freight shipment 
 
 __J2_I From the last report 
 
 Q^_ Full rate 
 
 ^. Further particulars 
 
 !. Give the matter attention
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 the matter consideration 
 investment 
 
 >3 
 
 -B^ Good for the amount 
 
 . <^-- Gross receipts 
 
 f&\ Gross weight 
 
 ---^ Half rate 
 
 - Hoping this will 
 
 e^j-I am glad to know 
 
 v 1 am not sure 
 
 "fc^yl am very glad to know 
 
 Sri I did not know 
 
 _-.J 1 do not think 
 
 J_^ 1 do not know 
 
 . /v-fr=g^_l enclose statement 
 
 1 I had not heard 
 
 ___d I had not learned 
 
 U^-v I have agreed to make 
 
 I hand you 
 
 l I have concluded 
 
 ._jQ I have received 
 
 :L I have your favor 
 
 __J^!Se<ni hope you will 
 
 In my opinion 
 
 In my report 
 
 In their opinion 
 
 In your opinion 
 
 In your report 
 
 I may not be able to 
 
 I / Lc_^'_^_T see there is likely to be 
 
 
 __A I shall not be able to 
 
 __ 'I send you 
 
 I think there is 
 
 CJ_- I trust you will consider 
 
 ^/.^..V..v,..^.^ tbematter 
 
 I trust you may 
 
 ^ J was not able to 
 
 ^.^ In reply to that 
 
 -7\.In reply to your favor 
 reply to your letter 
 reply would say 
 In your reply 
 
 n your reply to my last letter 
 n exchange 
 
 b- It is not possible 
 
 J^2L_ It is hardly possible 
 
 Ata- It is possible it is 
 
 _<L. It is possible there is 
 
 will attend to the matter 
 _I will just say 
 
 /__! will try to have it-the 
 
 -TrTr??--In any quantity 
 _--7^ -In reference to that 
 
 -V In relation to that 
 
 -_J!!j_Insure stock 
 
 AA It is not practicable 
 
 C^.-Just possible 
 
 .A Just received 
 
 ... S?C~ Less rate 
 
 ./^m Less than car load 
 
 Live stock 
 
 Local agent 
 freight 
 tariff 
 rate 
 
 -C7I- Lowest commission 
 1^0 -Lowest prices 
 sCjs Lowest terms
 
 RAILROAD ABBREVIATIONS. 
 
 an appointment 
 aximuin rate 
 -Middle division 
 -Minimum rate 
 
 - x ^&- No attention 
 
 ^^--No discount 
 -"^---Necessary attention 
 -_>J>?5- Necessary arrangements 
 
 -..ft North bound track 
 
 Ss-^- Notify consignee 
 
 -Ti One day after date 
 
 On hand 
 
 _^_ On this basis 
 
 ??_._ Ordinary rates 
 
 5? Otherwise specified 
 
 ..ry^L.Our last advices 
 ^y^_._Our last letter 
 
 _->. Our risk 
 
 7-.- ...Overcharge statement 
 Owner's risk 
 
 CH~ 
 
 __ Passenger car 
 
 x Passenger engine 
 
 \ Passenger train 
 
 __~v Passenger traffic 
 
 _Vf-IT_ Please acknowledge receipt 
 
 Ji_. Please advise us 
 
 _V Please forward 
 
 let me know 
 quote us 
 
 Please refer to my-our last 
 
 letter 
 , Please inform us 
 
 -*c_- Please note 
 Premium rate 
 
 .i, Quarterly dividend 
 
 -^V-5-Quarterly premium 
 
 c^?. Railroad accident 
 
 cTI.- Railroad signal 
 
 <^h Railroad station 
 
 P 
 .- .^----Railroad stock 
 
 Railway accident 
 Railway signal 
 
 JO 
 
 '*** Railway station 
 
 .J^Ii- Railway stock 
 
 A. Rate of speed 
 
 --/$n_ Recent letter 
 <r^r!s___ Reclaim freight 
 . ./Til . Regular rate 
 
 to your letter 
 _ Replying to yours 
 .Referring to your letter 
 to your report 
 Resolution of the board 
 .c._ .Resolution of the directors 
 
 < o T?/cr*v-f fnlKf yours 
 
 >_ Revised classification 
 
 Right of way 
 fb^^l. Second class rate 
 
 i Section men. 
 
 South bound 
 
 _n 
 
 Acri Special rate notice 
 
 ._Jt23i Statement of account 
 
 Statement of balance of account 
 
 To whom you refer 
 
 .^ To your credit 
 
 .'W-Trade mark 
 
 A Truly yours
 
 LEGAL PHRASES. 
 
 ~-<_-_ Under bill of sale 
 
 .4=0-^-. -.Which will give us time 
 
 v^. Under chattel mortgage 
 
 J^/*. Will not return 
 
 -y._._r~ TTndcr the agreement 
 e Under the circumstances 
 --^ Under the contract 
 
 ^5 With much respect 
 _-4---- Witn this letter 
 -Yard master 
 
 ---Q. Value of the contents 
 S^rr? Verbal agreement 
 v^u -Verbal contract 
 
 .-/.Your bill 
 T^-^. Your order received 
 ri Your letter 
 
 \-, Very truly yours 
 
 / You may ship it 
 
 ~\ Way bill through 
 
 Si You may ship the goods 
 
 ^iVl-L-.We are in receipt of your letter 
 
 .in 
 . Yours at hand 
 
 -l^rSy^.- Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Ex- 
 .. ^~~ press Co. 
 
 J 
 
 Yours respectfully 
 
 ^/7\_ You will be able to 
 
 ..'.TV?: -West rail 
 
 aX_You will oblige 
 s^\- You will not fail 
 
 
 /l.-^Your risk 
 
 A What is best rate 
 
 
 LEGAL 
 
 _Vj Abstract of title 
 
 /7--TS- According to the evidence 
 
 According to the testimony 
 
 r-.Act of bankruptcy 
 litem 
 
 of agreement 
 
 .^1 Assignment of contract 
 
 -.-^OrrAssignment of mortgage 
 
 I Administrators and assigns 
 
 a) ,-3_/Amended answer 
 
 \/i Appellate division 
 
 __^fr?_7Articles of incorporation 
 
 j(^_ Assault and battery 
 
 1. _Attorney for defendant 
 
 PHRASES. 
 
 Attorney for plaintiff 
 - Attorney general 
 
 ---- W- 
 
 \ Bankruptcy court 
 
 Y 
 
 -~\ Bankrupt estate 
 
 Bankrupt stock 
 
 Beneficial estate 
 
 2^ Beneficial interest 
 
 V^o O 
 
 i J Beyond a reasonable doubt 
 
 }i? Bill of exceptions 
 
 Bill of particulars 
 fides 
 
 .. 
 
 Vc 
 .. ___ .:>9 
 
 and mortgage 
 jfl^"!^-- Bonds and mortgages 
 ...a Bond and warrant
 
 LEGAL PHRASES. 
 
 _p Bond of indemnity 
 
 Av Burden of proof 
 
 .3 Breach of contract 
 
 -\^Breach of promise 
 
 Cause of action 
 
 Caveat emptor 
 
 7"-- Chattel mortgage 
 
 .-.-T^ Circuit Court of the U. States 
 
 _ Circumstantial evidence 
 
 ---..-. -.Clerical error 
 
 ^=7? Close corporation 
 
 __ ..Collateral circumstances 
 
 -__ Collateral inheritance 
 
 Collateral security 
 
 Common carrier 
 
 Common law 
 
 ___>=!--- Confidential communication 
 ] X^P 
 'o Contributory negligence 
 
 -- -.-County attorney 
 ----- County clerk 
 
 .-County treasurer 
 iCome to a-the conclusion 
 
 ^.Counsel for the defendant 
 
 --yTV-- -Counsel for the people 
 
 .-/^Counsel for the plaintiff 
 . C TX Court of Appeals 
 
 ^- 5TV._Court of bankruptcy 
 - of chancery 
 
 L Court of claims 
 
 r . Court of equity 
 
 cf\__ Court of errors- 
 
 cy Court of general sessions 
 
 L_i Court of justice 
 
 57,. 
 I 
 
 c^L_ Court of last resort 
 
 F7_. -Court of record 
 
 .c* Court of special sessions 
 
 ETVT-Criminal conversation 
 
 c-P 
 
 -v 
 
 -Criminal negligence 
 -Cross examination 
 -Cross question-ed 
 
 ^ De bene esse 
 
 Defendant's case 
 'endant's counsel 
 
 \^ Defendant's evidence 
 
 dr^-x.Defendant's testimony 
 
 J^ Defendant's witnesses 
 
 1 .. - Deni ed ; ex ception 
 
 1y--.-J- Direct evidence 
 
 It-Direct examination 
 
 Jk-s / Direct testimony 
 
 JL District attorney 
 
 Jji District court 
 
 .TX _ Documentary evi dence 
 
 jx Duces tecum 
 
 .T^-_'Entitled to a-your verdict 
 
 --K. Entitled to recover 
 
 Equity of redemption 
 
 Evidence in chief 
 
 Examined conditionally 
 
 ^>--<^i_-Except as charged 
 
 r^*_ Excluded : exception 
 
 mi^P Executors and assigns 
 
 parte testimony 
 -.Expert testimony 
 xpert witnesses 
 Fiduciary capacity
 
 LEGAL PHRASES. 
 
 -Final decree 
 S*lf--For and in consideration 
 
 \o For the consideration 
 
 Ns.--For you to say 
 
 *Q_p Full consideration 
 
 ^.--Gentlemen of the jury 
 
 -^ Goods and chattels 
 
 "^---Grant and convey 
 e "t~ Grant, bargain and sell 
 - - Uury 
 
 .Guilty of negligence 
 
 .Guilt or innocence 
 ^j--- Habeas corpus 
 j^/-._Heirs at law 
 
 -dL._ Heirs and assigns 
 
 & 
 a Heirs, administrators and 
 
 -x $ u - a ? si " s 
 
 k--- -Heirs, executors and assigns 
 
 
 . 
 
 Vs 
 
 In accordance with the evi- 
 
 .crp dehce 
 
 __.J-=-:-Jn accordance with the testi- 
 
 mony 
 
 .Interlocutory decree 
 .Interlocutory judgment 
 .3 In words or substance 
 
 A It is for you to say 
 
 ._- e .7L- -Joint stock 
 
 Joint stock company 
 
 _ _ ,_ ^ . .Judicial decision 
 
 n 
 
 Judicial sale 
 
 -~_4 Judgment for the defendant 
 
 / _F Judgment for the plaintiff 
 
 ^T 
 
 </ Justice of the peace 
 
 .0^ Justice of the Supreme Court 
 
 .-.<<CT!_Last will and testament 
 fa_^ Letters of administration 
 
 / Letters patent 
 
 -. ^TJrvl'Lctters testamentary 
 
 x? 
 
 :.'. 'Life estate 
 
 pendens 
 fides 
 ie insurance 
 
 .%^ Measure of damages 
 
 r?\._ Medical expert 
 
 Medical jurisprudence 
 Medical testimony 
 ..Memorandum of agreement 
 
 court 
 of kin 
 
 VrzNolle prosequi 
 
 rri Notice of pendency 
 
 _<i'__ Objected to, as before 
 
 _rn Obj. to, as immaterial 
 
 ---^mObj. to, as imm. and in- 
 J competent 
 
 Obj. to, as incompetent 
 
 Obj. to, as inc., imm., and 
 
 irrelevant 
 -----Obj. to; overruled; exception 
 
 j. to; received; exception 
 
 Obj. to; sustained; exception 
 
 _>rVOffered in evidence 
 
 7^ Offered conditionally 
 
 jt^,. Overruled ; exception 
 
 A- Party of the first part 
 
 ... -\--_Party of the second part 
 .^.- -A -Patent office 
 . -Patent right 
 
 ?V Personal estate 
 
 _S- Petit jury 
 
 _f__. ..Plaintiff and defendant
 
 io6 
 
 LEGAL PHRASES. 
 
 _XT1 Plaintiff's case 
 
 -?!?. Plaintiff's counsel 
 
 _3L Plaintiff's evidence 
 
 .Z_rr_Plaintiff's testimony 
 
 -?5 Plaintiff's witnesses 
 
 \C_~_Police court 
 
 \_ Power of attorney 
 
 .^-^Preponderance of evidence 
 
 _a-^-r Preponderance of testimony 
 
 J^.--Prisoner at the bar 
 
 ._^_r^Z?_ Privileged communication 
 
 \ Put in evidence 
 
 c=^. Question of fact 
 
 -.-C=J-- Question of law 
 
 ?hn Quitclaim deed 
 
 ...rr^miQuo warranto 
 
 Pi_L Real estate 
 
 o 
 Reasonable doubt 
 
 .Rebutting evidence 
 ing testimony 
 
 ^\ Received conditionally 
 
 <^- Received ; exception 
 
 .Referee in bankruptcy 
 
 Refresh your (my-his-their) 
 
 recollection 
 Res inter alios acta 
 
 ^-Res judicata 
 S^l*^ Secondary evidence 
 
 -<ii_ Sell and convey 
 
 \i>. Special jury 
 
 A Statute of frauds 
 
 ^2- -Statute of limitations 
 
 3=^. Struck jury 
 
 (STv<r3 Summary proceedings 
 
 tsn^ Summons and complaint 
 
 yT-_Superior Court 
 
 \x Supplementary proceedings 
 
 -_-_;St Supreme Court 
 
 J^ Sustained; exception 
 
 J Taken conditionally 
 
 ^L^i Testimony of the defendant 
 
 ___<rrvc Testimony of the plaintiff 
 
 _j^7_ Trial jury 
 
 j. Trover and conversion 
 
 "^X^5 
 
 _T__7__Trust funds 
 
 __r> Valuable consideration 
 
 t _?___Verdict for defendant 
 ' 6 Verdict for plaintiff 
 t Verdict of guilty 
 
 ^_^ Verdict of not guilty 
 ^v __V' unlar y bankruptcy 
 ' ^-> Voluntary assignment 
 _-f_,____.Writ of error 
 
 "f Written instrument 
 *^>--
 
 INDEX. 
 
 A, tick, 21, 22. 
 
 com-, con-, 39. 
 
 omitted, go. 
 
 All, tick 21, 23. 
 
 L-hook, 21, 23, 61. 
 
 Already, tick 21, 23. 
 An, tick 21, 22. 
 
 N-hook, 21, 23, 6^. 
 And, tick ai, 23. 
 N-hook, 65. 
 
 -omitted, 90. 
 
 Another, N-hook and tick, 20, 28. 
 As, final circle, 32. 
 
 initial circle, 37. 
 
 has-is, etc., Ses, 42. 
 
 it-the, by loop, 47. 
 
 to, by Zt, 37. 
 
 Authorities cited, 6, 7. 
 Avenue, F-hook, or stem, 75. 
 Away, Way, W-hook, 75. 
 Been, after F-hook, 73. 
 
 -after S-circle, 38, 41. 
 
 after Ses, 45. 
 
 after Ter-hook, 89. 
 
 Brevity secured by Phrasing, 3. 
 
 Business, Ses, 46. 
 
 But if, F-hook, 73. 
 
 Change of Systems, How to make a, 9. 
 
 Circle-S, 30. 
 
 Circle-Ses, 42. 
 
 Circles joined to ticks, 20, 21. 
 
 Combinations of circles, 44. 
 
 of phrases, 10. 
 
 Context, undue dependence upon, 4, 5. 
 
 Phrase-signs furnish key to, 5. 
 Contractions, Special phrasing, 96. 
 Did, by halving, 57. 
 
 not, by halving, etc., 57. 
 " Don't believe in phrasing," People 
 
 who, 6. 
 
 Do you, omitted, 91. 
 Distinguishing words in phrases, 14. 
 Ever, K-hook, 70. 
 
 on ticks, 21. 
 
 Familiarity with outlines necessary for 
 
 rapid writing, 10. 
 
 F-HoOK. On ticks, 21 ; Of, 69; Of, added 
 to half-lengths, 70; Ever, 70; Have, 71; 
 Having, 71; Live, 71; To have, 72; It, 
 The, Had, added, 71; To have. 72; 
 Set off, 73; There may have been, 74; 
 Exceptional use of hook, 74, Avenue, 
 
 First, by loop, 51. 
 Foi, F-hook, 73. 
 Forth, F-hook, 73. 
 
 by FTh. 73. 
 From to, omitted, 91. 
 
 Had, by halving, 58, 72. 
 
 not, by halving, etc., 58. 
 
 after F-hook, 72. 
 
 HALVING. Is to, As to. Has to, 37; It, 
 The, 55; To, 57; Did, 57; Did not, 57; 
 Had, 58; Had not, 58; What, 58. 
 Has, added to loop, 49. 
 
 added to Ses, 43. 
 
 been, after lengthened stem, 59. 
 
 or As, Ses, 42, 43. 
 
 final circle, 32. 
 
 initial circle, 38. 
 
 it-the, by loop, 47. 
 
 been, after S-circle, 45. 
 
 been, by circle and hook, 40. 
 
 their- there, loop word-signs, 54. 
 
 to, by Zt, 37. 
 
 Have, F-hook, 71, 73. 
 
 been. Having been, 73. 
 omitted, 91. 
 
 you, omitted, 92. 
 Having, F-hook, 71. 
 He, tick, 17, 21, 24. 
 Her, R-hook, 63. 
 Him, M-hook, 83, 
 
 tick, 24. 
 
 Himself, M-hook and circle, 83. 
 His, after Ses, 43, 44. 
 final circle. 31. 
 
 initial circle, 35. 
 
 own, added to S-circle, 45. 
 
 own, circle and hook, 38. 
 
 own, after N hook, 68. 
 
 Hooks on ticks, 20, 21, 
 
 How, tick, 21, 24. 
 
 How to change systems, 9. 
 
 I, tick, 17, 21, 25. 
 
 final tick, 26. 
 
 initial tick, 25. 
 
 medial tick, 25. 
 
 -omitted, 9?. 
 
 Ideal phrase. The, 9. 
 
 In, In the, initial back-hook, 36. 
 
 Inherent legibility of phrase-signs, 5, 9. 
 
 Inner N-hook, 73, 74, 86, 88, 89. 
 
 In r-, 64. 
 
 Ing a-an-and, 29. 
 
 his- us, 29. 
 
 omitted, 92. 
 
 the, 29. 
 
 us-liis, 29. 
 Interest, 68. 
 Irland, Rule of Mr., 9. 
 Introduction, 3. 
 Is, final circle, 30. 
 after loops, 49, 53. 
 
 aftei Ses, 43. 
 
 after St-loop, 49. 
 
 107
 
 io8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Is, after Str-loop, 53. 
 by final circle, 30. 
 by initial circle, 34. 
 
 it-the, by loop, 47. 
 
 1 heir-there, loop word-signs, 54. 
 
 to, by Zt, 37. 
 
 It, by halving, 55, 72. 
 first, 51. 
 
 or The, added to S-circle, 30, 48. 
 
 or The, by tick, 27. 
 
 has been, 41. 
 
 Its own, 39. 
 
 Knowledge of principles necessary for 
 rapid writing, 10. 
 
 Legal Phrases, 103. 
 
 Legibility secured by Phrasing, 4. 
 
 L-HooK. All, 61; Will, 62; Well, 62. 
 
 LENGTHENING. Their, There, They are, 
 58; Other, 59; There has been, 59; 
 Therefore, 60; Thereafter-by-upon, 60; 
 Their, There, added to straight stems, 
 61. 
 
 Lengthening straight stems, 61. 
 
 Live, F-hook, 71. 
 
 LOOPS. Say, added, 33; Is it-the, added 
 to S-circle, 30; The one, added to circle, 
 48; Words indicated by, 47; State, ini- 
 tial, 50; State-d-ing, final, 50; First, 51; 
 It first. The first, 51; Street, 52; Their, 
 There, 52; Their own, 53; There is, 53; 
 Than, ^53; Is there. Has there, loop 
 word-signs, 54; Thereupon, etc., 54; 
 Store, 54. 
 
 M-HooK, May, 82; Him, 83; Himself, 
 83; Make-ing, 84; My, 85; My own, 86; 
 time, 86. 
 
 Make-ing, M-hook, 84. 
 
 May, M-hook, 82. 
 
 May have been, exceptional, 74. 
 
 Morris, Rule of Professor, 9. 
 
 My, M-hook, 85. 
 
 own, M-hook, etc., 86. 
 
 N-HooK. An, 64; And, 65; Not, 65; 
 One, 66; Own, 66; Than, 67; Say, 
 added, 67; His own, added, 68; State, 
 Stated-ing, added, 68; Interest, 68; 
 Own, Than, exceptional, 69. 
 
 N-hook omitted, 88. 
 
 Not, N-hook, 65. 
 
 after Did, 57. 
 
 after Had, 58. 
 
 after Ter-hook, 88, 89. 
 
 Of, after half-lengths, 70. 
 
 F-hook, 69, 70. 
 
 - -or Of the, omitted, 93. 
 tick, 28. 
 
 OMISSIONS OF WORDS, etc. A, And, 90; 
 
 Do you, 91; From '0,91; Have, To 
 
 have, 01 ; Have you, 92; 1,92; Ing, 92; 
 Of, Of the, 93; On, 94; Or, 94; The, To 
 the. With the, 95; To, 95. 
 
 On, omitted, 94. 
 
 On, tick, 21, 27. 
 One, after loop, 49. 
 
 after S-circle, 38, 41. 
 
 N-hook, 60. 
 Or, omitted, 94. 
 
 R hook, 62. 
 Outlines, Familiarity with, necessary for 
 
 rapid writing, 10. 
 Owe, tick, 21. 
 Other, by lengthening, 59. 
 
 Ter-hook, 8a. 
 
 tick, 28. 
 Own, after lengthening, 69. 
 
 after S circle, 38. 
 
 after Ses, 45. 
 
 after loop, 53. 
 
 after M-hook, 86. 
 
 N-hook, 66. 
 
 after Ter-hook, 88. 
 
 Phrase, The ideal, means something, 9. 
 
 Incomplete, rule for, 10. 
 Phrase-signs, Distinguishing words in, 14. 
 
 Inherent legibility of, 5, q. 
 Phrases furnish key to context, 5. 
 
 Combinations of, 10. 
 
 Legal, 103. 
 
 Positions of, 17. 
 
 Railroad, 98. 
 
 Rule for exceptional, 10. 
 
 -Special, 96. 
 
 Phrasing, Group, 12. 
 How to adopt, 8. 
 
 lessens labor of reporting, 4, 5. 
 
 Rule of Mr. Irland, 9. 
 
 Rule of Professor Morris, 9. 
 
 Simple, ii. 
 -Ticks used in, 17. 
 
 What words should be joined, 9. 
 
 When it should be learned, 7, 8. 
 
 Why students sometimes fail iu, 8. 
 
 Positions of phrases, 17. 
 
 Principle, Knowledge of, necessary for 
 
 rapid writing, 10. 
 Railroad Abbreviations, 98. 
 Rapid writers, Who are, 10. 
 R-HooK. Or, 62; Were, 63; Her, 63; 
 
 In r-, 64. 
 Rule of Mr. Irland, 9. 
 
 of Professor Morris, 9. 
 
 Saving of labor by phrasing, 4, 5. 
 Say, after N-hook, 67. 
 
 after loop, 33. 
 
 after ticks, 21. 
 
 circle, 30, 33. 
 
 S-CiRCLE. Joined to ticks, 21; Is, final, 
 30; It, The, final, 30, 48; His, final, 31; 
 As, final. 32; Has, final, 32; Us, 33; 
 Say, 33; Is, initial, 34; His, initial, 35; 
 In, In the, before circle, 36; As, initial, 
 37; Has, initial, 38; Its own, 39; Has 
 been, 40; It has been, 41; Than, added, 
 41; One, added, 41.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 109 
 
 Semi-circles joined without an angle, 77, 
 82. 
 
 used after circle, 78, 81. 
 
 SES-CIRCLE. Is his, As has, etc., 42; Is, 
 His. Has, added to circle, 43; Combi- 
 nation of Circles, 44; His, Us, added, 
 44; Been, added, 45; Own, added, 45; 
 Business. 46; Session, 46. 
 Should, tick, 21, 26. 
 Session, 46. 
 Set off, 73. 
 
 Slow Writers, Who are, 10. 
 Something for nothing, 8. 
 Special Phrasing Contractions, 96. 
 Speed secured by Phrasing, 6. 
 State-d-ing, after N-hook, 68. 
 
 final loop, 50. 
 
 initial loop, 50. 
 
 Store, Str-loop, 54. 
 Straight stems lengthened, 61. 
 Street, St-loop, 52. 
 Student, A Word to the, 10. 
 Systems, How to change, 9. 
 TER-HOOK. Their, 87; There, 87; They 
 are, 88; Other, 88; N-hook omitted, 
 before Ter-hook, 88; Own, added, 88; 
 Not, added. 89; Been, added, 89; Than, 
 added, 89; Thereby-fore, 89. 
 Than, after lengthening, 69. 
 
 after circle, 41. 
 
 after Str-loop, 53. 
 
 after Ter-hook, 89. 
 
 by N-hook, 67. 
 
 That if, F-hook, 73. 
 The, after loop, 47, 48. 
 
 after S-circle, 30, 48. 
 
 after half-length, 72. 
 
 by halving, 55, 72. 
 
 com-, con-, 29. 
 
 final tick, 21, 27. 
 
 first, by loop, 51. 
 
 initial tick, 21, 26. 
 
 one, after circle, 48. 
 
 or To the, omitted, 95. 
 
 Their, There, They are, tick, 21, 27. 
 
 by lengthening curves, 58. 
 
 by lengthening straight stems, 61. 
 
 by loop, 53. 
 
 by Ter-hook, 87. 
 
 is, after S-circle, 53. 
 
 may have been, 74. 
 
 Thereafter-by-upon, etc., after lengthen- 
 ing, 60. 
 
 after loop word-signs, 54. 
 
 with Ter-hook, 89. 
 
 There have been, exceptional, 74. 
 They are, Ter-hook, 88. 
 Tick Phrase-signs, 21. 
 
 TICKS JOINED TO STEMS. A, 22; An, 22; 
 And, 23; All, 23; Already, 23; He, 24; 
 Him, 24; How, 24; I, 25; Should, 26- 
 The, 26; It, The, 27; On, 27; Their, 
 There, 27; Other, 28; Another, 28; Of, 
 To, 28; A com-, A con-, 29; The com-, 
 The con-, 29; Ing a-an-and, 29; Ing 
 the, 29; Ing his-us, 29. 
 Ticks joined to circles and hooks, 20, 21. 
 
 used in phrasing, 17. 
 
 Time, M-hook, 86. 
 To, after S-circle, 50. 
 by halving, 37, 57. 
 
 by tick, 28. 
 
 have, F-hook, 72, 73. 
 
 have, omitted, 91. 
 
 or To the, omitted, 95. 
 
 Us, S-circle, 33. 
 
 after Ses, 44. 
 
 Way, Away, W-hook, 75. 
 by semi-circle, 77. 
 What, by halving, 58. 
 by W-hook, 75. 
 
 by semi-circle, 76. 
 
 if-for, F-hook, 73. 
 
 We, W-hook, 75. 
 Were, R-hook, 63. 
 
 W-HoOK. We, 75; Would, 75; What, 
 75; Whether, 75: Away, Way, 75; Same 
 words indicated by semi-circle, 76. 
 Whether, W-hook, 75. 
 Well, L-hook, 62. 
 
 When Phrasing should be learned, 7, 8. 
 Will, L-hook, 62. 
 
 after half-length, 62. 
 
 With the, omitted, 95. 
 
 Would, W-hook, 75. 
 
 Words Distinguished, in Phrases, 14. 
 
 Whit, should be joined, 9. 
 
 W-semicircle, joined without an angle, 
 
 77' 
 
 Words indicated by, 76. 
 
 used after circles, 78. 
 
 Why students sometimes fail in phras- 
 ing, 8. 
 
 Year, Y-hook, bo. 
 
 Y-HooK. You, 78; Your, 79; You are, 
 79; Year, 79; Same words indicated by 
 semi circle, 80. 
 
 You, Y-hook, 80. 
 - are, Y-hook, 79. 
 
 Your, Y-hook, 79. 
 
 Y-semi-circ)e, joined without 'an angle, 
 82. 
 
 joined to ticks, 21. 
 
 used after circles, 81. 
 
 used initially, 81. 
 
 Words indicated by, 80.
 
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