>
 
 A FAG-SIMILE OF THE SKETCH PRESERVED IN THE 
 Mas.OFTHE BRITISH MUSEUM.
 
 VESTIGES 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS 
 
 EAST ANGLIA. 
 
 WITH APPENDICES AND AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 THE REY, M. MARGOLIOUTH, LL.D,, PH.B., 
 
 KTC., ETC. 
 
 AVTHOR OF "A PILGRIMAGE TO THE LAND OF MY FATHERS," "THE HISTORY 
 OF THE JEWS IN GREAT BRITAIN," ETC., ETC. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMANS, GREEN, READER. AND DYER. 
 
 1870.
 
 TO 
 SIR ROBERT PIGOT, BART., 
 
 THIS VOLUME IS, 
 
 WITH SENTIMENTS OF GREAT REGARD AND SINCERE ESTEEM, 
 RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED 
 
 BY 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 2114386
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS volume is one of the effects issuing from the 
 labours of the " Royal Archaeological Institute for 
 Great Britain and Ireland." Having been asked, in 
 the spring of this year, by some friends interested in 
 the researches and prosperity of that useful Association, 
 to contribute a paper at their annual meeting, to be 
 held this year at Bury St. Edmund's ; I acquiesced, 
 and fixed upon the subject which gives the title to this 
 publication. I considered it a proper theme for an 
 Essay to be brought under the notice of an assembly 
 of archaeologists, \vho were to meet in the town which 
 bears the name of one of the kings of the East Angles. 
 The subject commended itself to the Honorary Secre- 
 tary of the Institute, and I forthwith set to work to 
 isolate some materials for this particular purpose, from 
 MSS. on kindred subjects, upon which many a year's 
 hard work and study had been bestowed. 
 
 When I had arranged the joints of my skeleton, I 
 began to feel apprehensive about its probable propor- 
 tions, should I venture to clothe it with the sinews, 
 flesh, and skin commensurate with its gigantic stature. 
 I therefore, by sundry expedients, reduced the struc- 
 ture of my skeleton to a dwarfish size ; but even 
 then I was dubious as to whether it might not 
 be considered out of proportion, for the time usually 
 allowed for one paper. It took me nearly three
 
 VREl-'ACE. 
 
 hours to accomplish a private perusal of the first 
 abridgment. The dissecting knife was once more 
 applied, and a further series of excisions achieved. 
 Naturally, I had my misgivings as to the effect which 
 the mutilated and maimed thesis might produce upon 
 a highly educated audience, such as form the attend- 
 ance at such conferences. I confess that whilst I 
 hoped for the best, 1 was prepared for the worst. 
 However, the meeting was kinder to me than my 
 apprehensions foreboded. 
 
 It was my good fortune to read my paper when a 
 NOBLEMAN, well worthy of the name, an accomplished 
 Scholar, and a learned Divine then the Venerable 
 Lord Arthur Hervey, Archdeacon of Sudbury, now 
 Bishop of Bath and Wells occupied the chair. 
 The President's generous indulgence seemed to per- 
 meate and pervade the whole audience. I had an at- 
 tentive and encouraging hearing notwithstanding 
 the great length of my paper, mutilated though it was 
 accorded to me. That was not all. When I had 
 finished, the noble President, as well as the assembly 
 generally, was good enough to speak in terms of com- 
 mendation of my humble performance. I was asked 
 by many, then and there, to publish the production ; 
 and often, since then, have I been importuned to give 
 ihe"opuscula,pro bono publico." Refusing compliance 
 might have been construed into an affected modesty. 
 I have deferred therefore to the wishes of my partial 
 critics, as I must call those friends who have urged on 
 the publication of this paper. In doing so, I have re- 
 stored,^ the shape of notes and appendices, some of the
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 parings which I had made from the original plan ; and 
 have also added an apropos Essay, on the qualifica- 
 tions which the historian of Jewish annals must 
 possess. 
 
 It is not improbable that some of the readers of this 
 Brochure, may be already acquainted with my works 
 on the annals of the Anglo-Hebrews, namely, " The 
 Jews in Great Britain ; being a Series of Six Lectures 
 delivered at the Liverpool Collegiate Institution, on 
 the Antiquities of the Jews in England," and " The 
 History of the Jews in Great Britain" such would 
 no doubt feel somewhat struck at my altered inter- 
 pretation of certain men and things, words, thoughts, 
 and deeds, from that propounded in my former works. 
 " Live and learn," though a trite saying, is yet a true 
 and sound aphorism. The first-named work was 
 written upwards of a quarter century ago ; the 
 second more than a score of years ago. One learns, 
 and has to unlearn, a great deal during such a period 
 of time. On several subjects, I frankly own, my 
 opinions were then formed on imperfect information, 
 and but crudely digested. Twenty years' hard 
 reading, travelling, and thinking, wonderfully enlarge 
 one's information, and ripen considerably one's 
 judgment. 
 
 Let me instance two of the principal features in 
 the following pages the purport of the bronze vessel 
 found in a Suffolk river, (p. 46,) and the identi- 
 fication of Nicolaus de Lyra with a Franciscan Monk 
 of Lynn, (p. 56.) When I first treated of the 
 former, I was led principally by Dr. Tovey's account
 
 8 PREFACE. 
 
 of the vessel. I then lived far away from Town, and 
 could not avail myself of the unpublished literary 
 treasures of the British Museum. The sketch of the 
 vessel fhefac simile of which forms the frontispiece 
 as preserved amongst the MSS. of the National 
 Archives, is as different as possible from the print 
 of the same vessel, as given by Dr. Tovey.* I had 
 not then visited Prague, and had not read the " Ser- 
 mons in Stone," with which the ancient Jewish 
 cemetery, in that place, abounds. When I first treated 
 of Nicolaus de Lyra, I was not aware that there 
 flourished a Nicolaus de Lynn at the latter part of 
 the thirteenth, and the early part of the fourteenth, 
 century. My former works, just named, are out of 
 print ; I am prepared for a new History of the 
 Jews in Great Britain, up to the present day, founded 
 on materials carefully collected, and critically sifted, 
 since the publication of the works alluded to. 
 
 Let me close my few prefatory remarks with a hope 
 that my readers will accord to me the like indulgence 
 which my hearers have done; and will generously 
 credit me with a conscientious desire to give them the 
 truest attainable information in my power, weeded of 
 the tares which ignorance, prejudice, bigotry, and 
 superstition disseminate. 
 
 M. M. 
 
 BRANCHES PARK, NEWMARKET, 
 December 1869. 
 
 * The stamp on the cover is a miniature of Lady Pigot's 
 grand artistic diagram, which her Ladyship kindly prepared, for 
 the purpose of illustrating the part of the paper which it con- 
 cerned. (P. 46.)
 
 THE YESTIGES 
 
 HISTORIC AMLO -HEBREWS OF EAST AJTGLIA.. 
 
 WITTINGLY, or unwittingly, the Royal Archaeological 
 Institute, in common with certain other scientific and 
 literary unions, has an important mission. The con- 
 gress, moving about from place to place in the United 
 Kingdom, affords an opportunity to Englishmen every- 
 where to learn from the past how to improve the 
 present, and how to provide against the future. 
 
 There are cycles in history as well as in nature; both 
 are ordained and controlled by the first great cause, the 
 moral governor of the universe; both are intended 
 to inculcate the sublimest of lessons. They point 
 thoughtful minds retrospectively and prospectively. 
 When our physical eyes are strained by gazing at 
 eclipses, conjunctions of planets, the reappearance of 
 certain comets, meteoric showers, &c., our mental 
 eyes look back upon the world and the inhabitants 
 thereof, when the same phenomena took place in times 
 past. We have before our mind's eye the men and 
 women who walked this earth then, who hoped and 
 feared, loved and hated, did good and evil; some were
 
 10 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 meek, and some were arrogant; some were gentle, 
 and some were rude and rough. They gazed then on 
 the same objects as we now gaze. Where are they ^ 
 
 Our eye of imagination pierces through also the 
 vista of futurity. We contemplate beings beholding 
 the same wondrous things in years to come ; when we 
 shall be gathered hence. Verily, the revolving cycles 
 of nature are great moralists and levellers. 
 
 The same feelings and thoughts impress us when 
 we roam over the sites of ancient cities and temples ; 
 such as Thebes, Memphis, Heliopolis, Nimroud, 
 Ninevah, Baalbeck, Palmyra, Ephesus, Corinth, Car- 
 thage, Sidon, Tyre, Jerusalem; or to begin at home 
 the ancient Castles, Cathedrals, Minsters, Abbeys, 
 Monasteries and Convents of Old England. The 
 same eclipses, the same conjunctions of planets, the 
 same comets, the same meteoric showers interested 
 the teeming multitudes who once lived, moved, and 
 had their beings in all those places. Where are 
 they now? 
 
 The periodical bringing before the world the 
 vestiges and traces of our predecessors, is intended, like 
 the revolving cycles of nature, to enforce the truth 
 taught by the inspired penman : " O my God, Thy 
 years are throughout all generations. Of old hast 
 Thou laid the foundation of the earth ; and the 
 heavens are the work of Thy hands. They shall 
 perish ; but Thou shalt endure, yea all of them shall 
 wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt Thou 
 change them, and they shall be changed: but Thou 
 art the same, and Thy years shall have no end. The
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 11 
 
 children of Thy servants shall continue, and their seed 
 shall be established before Thee."* 
 
 Such thoughts are induced by the researches of 
 archaeological, literary, and scientific institutions. The 
 researches of those organisations spread a table at 
 which the minds of all sorts of literati can feast ; at 
 which the wisdom of the profoundest savants may 
 grow stronger and stronger ; and the crumbs which 
 fall from it must be nourishing to the masses. The 
 respective Councils make good use of their opportuni- 
 ties ; they hold their meetings annually in different 
 parts of the kingdom, so that they make their 
 existence to be felt all over this realm, and thus 
 awaken inquiry, and set intelligent minds to think of 
 the things that have been, that are, and that may be. 
 
 There is one branch of archaeological and historical 
 research which may be compared to a tree which has 
 taken deep root in every part of the earth, whose 
 shadow covers every hill, and whose boughs are like 
 mighty cedars. The fruit thereof may serve as the 
 most nourishing aliment for the mind of every nation 
 under heaven. Or, to use a metaphor befitting the 
 present occasion, it is that of a shattered ruin of the 
 most magnificent temple which the Great Architect of 
 the universe had ever designed, and which the Grand 
 Master Mason had ever reared, whose fragments have 
 been scattered over " the wide, wide world." It is 
 the archaeology and history of the Jewish people. 
 The interest which that history awakens is cosmopo- 
 litan in character, inasmuch as the outcasts of Judah, 
 * Psalm cii. 2428. 
 B 2
 
 12 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 and the dispersed of Israel, are everywhere to be found. 
 Go from Moscow to Lisbon, from Borneo to Arch- 
 angel, from Hindustan to Honduras, from Japan to 
 Britain, and you will meet in the course of your mul- 
 tifarious peregrinations, with representatives of the 
 scattered but sacred race. He that adventures him- 
 self to the snows of Siberia, meets with Jews there ; 
 he who traverses the sands of the burning desert, 
 encounters members of the tribes of that wandering 
 race ; the European traveller hears of their existence 
 in regions which he cannot reach. Surely, there must 
 be a great and instructive design in the dispersion of 
 that ancient people, for the improvement of mankind 
 all over the world. 
 
 Of late years, this branch of archeology has enlisted 
 the interest of the devout, learned, and curious ; and 
 in no country more so than in this. I venture to 
 hope that this paper may conduce to the stirring up 
 of critical enquiry and research into the early annals 
 of the Jews in this country. I am only dealing this 
 time with a few fragments of the great theme, even the 
 Vestiges of the Historic Anglo-Hebrews of East Anglia. 
 
 As this subject, in an exclusive paper, is for the first 
 time treated in the annals of the Royal Archeological 
 Institute, I may perhaps be pardoned if I advert, for a 
 few moments, to the earliest acquaintance of some of 
 the sacred race with this island. I do not apprehend 
 any successful contradiction when I state that some Jews 
 may have dated their earliest landing on British soil, 
 long ere "Romans, Saxons, Danes, or Normans coveted
 
 HISTORIC AXGLO-HF.BRKWS OF EAST ANOI.IA. IS 
 
 the possession of the British isle. I have elsewhere 
 demonstrated* the migratory character of the Hebrew 
 race, and the reason thereof, ever since " the Father 
 of the faithful," i.e., their Patriarch Abraham, was en- 
 joined to get him out of his country, and from his 
 kindred, and from his father's house, unto a land that 
 would be shown him ; and promised that he should 
 be made a great nation. f I have already established 
 a strong probability that some Jews were personally 
 acquainted with this " isle afar off " from their own 
 land, as early as the time of Solomon, when that 
 monarch's navy accompanied that of Tyre and Sidon.J 
 That opinion, which I formed on the strength of 
 irrefragable evidence, I still maintain, the ingenious 
 arguments of the late Sir George C. Lewis notwith- 
 standing. Sir Edward S. Creasy, in his " History of 
 England from the Earliest Times," the first volume of 
 which has just been published, after careful research and 
 critical examination of evidence, has come to the ma- 
 ture conviction that " the British tin mines mainly 
 supplied the glorious adornment of Solomon's Temple." 
 A small remnant of that monarch's subjects re- 
 mained in Cornwall since that time I have traced 
 that remnant by the paths of philology, and the by- 
 ways of nomenclature. I might adduce an array of 
 whole sentences, exactly alike in the languages of 
 Hebrew and the ancient Cornish. I might adduce 
 some of the proper names which prevailed amongst 
 the aboriginal Britons long before they knew any- 
 * " The Jews in Great Britain." f Genesis xii. 1, 2. 
 
 See Appendix A.
 
 14 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 thing of Christianity, such as Adam, Abraham, Asaph, 
 Benyon, Daniel, Solomon, of which latter name the an- 
 cient Britons, according to Lloyd's Cambria, had three 
 kings. We read of a Duke of Cornwall, Solomon by 
 name, openly professing Christianity about the middle 
 of the fourth century. Solomon was not his baptis- 
 mal name, but one by which he was known before 
 that sacrament was administered to him. 
 
 Let me just glance at a few fragments, from the 
 ruins of Jewish history, to show that considerable 
 numbers of the sacred, scattered nation were in this 
 island in the time of the Romans. A copy of a letter 
 preserved by the Jewish apocryphal historian, Jose- 
 phon ben Gorion, which the Jews of Asia sent to 
 Hyrcanus and the nobles of Judah, contains the fol- 
 lowing passage : "Be it know unto you, that Augustus 
 Caesar, by the advice of his ally, Antoninus, has sent 
 throughout all the countries of his dominions, as far 
 as beyond the Indian sea, and as far as beyond the 
 land of Britain, that is, the land in the midst of the 
 ocean, and commanded that in whatever place there 
 be man or woman of the Jewish race, man servant, 
 or maid servant, to set them free without any redemp- 
 tion money. By command of Caesar Augustus and his 
 ally Antoninus." * 
 
 In the Tzemach David, a Hebrew Chronicle of 
 some importance, written by Rabbi David Ganz, we 
 have the following brief record : " Caesar Augustus 
 was a pious and God-fearing man, and did execute 
 judgment and justice, and was a lover of Israel. 
 * See Appendix B.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 15 
 
 And as to that which is reported at the commence- 
 ment of the book, ' Sceptre of Judah,' that Ceesar 
 Augustus caused a great slaughter amongst the Jews, 
 the informant misled the author ; for I have not met 
 with a hint even, respecting it, in all the chronicles 
 that I have ever seen. On the contrary, in all their 
 [i.e.. Gentiles'] annals, and also in the fifteenth chap- 
 ter of Josephon, it is recorded that he was a faithful 
 friend of Israel. The same writer records, in the 
 forty-seventh chapter, that this Caesar sent an epistle 
 of release to the Jews in all the countries of his 
 dominion; to the east as far as beyond the Indian 
 sea, and to the west as far as beyond the British 
 territory (which is the country Angleterre, and which 
 is designated England in the vernacular.)" * The 
 Jews in this country chronicle the same event 
 annually, in their calendar, in the following words: 
 " C. JEi. 15. Augustus' edict in favour of the Jews 
 in England." 
 
 The enquiring archaeologist into the antiquities of 
 the Jews in this country, encounters the same diffi- 
 culty which the wise Gildas experienced. That 
 proto-Anglo-historian lamented in the beginning of 
 his epistle, in which he has undertaken to give some 
 account of the ancient British Church, the want of any 
 domestic monuments to afford him certain informa- 
 tion. " For," saith he, " if there were any such, they 
 were either burnt by our enemies, or carried so far by 
 the banishment of our countrymen, that they no 
 * See Appendix C.
 
 16 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 longer appear ; and therefore I was forced to pick up 
 what I could out of foreign writers, without any con- 
 tinued series." So it is with the archaeologist who 
 desires to construct a history of the Anglo-Hebrews 
 previous to their banishment from this country in 
 1290. We have, nevertheless, proof positive that the 
 Jews were settled in this country to a significant 
 extent, as has been already stated, before either 
 Roman, Saxon, Dane, or Norman found their way 
 hither. 
 
 Gildas' performance is not redolent of interest of 
 any kind, and affords evidence neither one way or 
 the other. The very next English author, the 
 Venerable Bede, incidentally mentions the Jews, in 
 such a manner as to prove that they must have been 
 in this country anterior to his time. Bede, in describ- 
 ing some of the controversies which raged between 
 the Romish and the British Monks, mentions the 
 festival of Easter as a casus belli. The Britons 
 celebrated Easter on the very day of the full moon 
 in March, if that day fell on Sunday, instead of wait- 
 ing till the Sunday following. The Britons pleaded 
 the antiquity of their usage ; the Romans insisted on 
 the universality of theirs. In order to render the 
 former odious, the latter affirmed that the native 
 priests once in seven years concurred with the Jews 
 in the time of celebrating that festival 
 
 This incidental circumstance proves that there 
 must have been Jews in Britain, where they had 
 synagogues, and observed the feast of Passover. The 
 Jews must also have had learned men amongst them
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBE EWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 17 
 
 to arrange their calendars : and such an arrangement 
 requires a fair astronomical knowledge, or else the 
 charge would have been totally unintelligible to the 
 Saxons. This charge, moreover, accounts for the 
 edict published soon after by Ecgbright, Archbishop 
 of York, in the " Canonical Excerptiones," A.D. 740, 
 to the effect that no Christian should be present at any 
 of the Jewish feasts.* That edict establishes the 
 facts that the Jews must have resided in this country 
 at the time of the heptarchy in considerable numbers, 
 and celebrated their feasts according to their own law ; 
 and what is more, that they desired to live peaceably 
 with their Christian neighbours. 
 
 It also appears from a charter, granted by Whit- 
 glaff, King of the Mercians, to Croyland Abbey, 
 ninety-three years after the above edict was issued, 
 that there were Jews in this country at that period, 
 and that they possessed landed property to some 
 extent ; and, what is more remarkable still, they 
 endowed Christian places of worship. Ingulphus, in 
 his " History of Croyland Abbey," relates that in the 
 
 * The 146th paragraph of the " Canonical Excerptiones" of 
 Archbishop Ecgbright runs thus : " A Laodicean Act. That no 
 Christian presume to judaize, or be present at Jewish feasts." 
 To which Johnson, in his collection of Ecclesiastical Laws and Can- 
 ons, adds, " By this, one would suppose there were in this age 
 Jews in the north of England. The following is the 149th 
 paragraph of the same " Canonical Excerptiones" : "A Canon of 
 the Saints. If any Christian sell a Christian into the hands of 
 Jews or Gentiles, let him be anathema : for it is written in 
 Deuteronomy, c If any man be caught trafficking for any of the 
 stock of Israel, and take a price for him, he shall die." Johnson's 
 Collection of Ecclesiastical Laws.
 
 18 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 year 833,Whitglaff, King of the Mercians, having been 
 defeated by Egbert, took refuge in that Abbey, and 
 in return for the protection and assistance rendered 
 him by the Abbot and Monks on the occasion, granted 
 a charter, confirming to the Abbey all lands, tene- 
 ments, and possessions, and all other gifts which had 
 at any time been bestowed upon them by his prede- 
 cessors, or by any other faithful Christians, or by 
 Jews.* 
 
 Lindo, in his very learned " Jewish Calendar for 
 sixty-four years," published in 1838, chronicles the 
 following : " C. M. 1020. Canute banished the Jews 
 from England." Basnage also asserts that the Jews 
 were banished from this country in the beginning of 
 the eleventh century, and did not return till after the 
 Norman conquest. The authority upon which these 
 two statements rest is not given. On the contrary, 
 there is cogent evidence that Jews resided in England 
 towards the middle of the eleventh century, and prior 
 to the invasion of William I. By the laws attributed 
 to Edward the Confessor, it is declared " that the 
 Jews, wheresoever they be, are under the King's 
 guard and protection ; neither can any one of 
 them put himself under the protection of any 
 rich man without the King's license, for the 
 Jews and all they have belong to the King; 
 and if any person shall detain them or their 
 
 * "Omnes terras, et tenementas, possessiones, et eorum 
 peculia, quse reges Merciorum, et eorum Proceres, vel 
 alii fideles Christiani, vel Judsoi dictis Monarchis de- 
 derunt."
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 19 
 
 money, the King may claim them, if he pleases, 
 as his own."* 
 
 So much for the pre-Norman Conquest Jews of this 
 country. The few rays of historic evidence which 
 pierce through that dark unhistoric period, converge 
 to point out that a few of the dispersed of Judah had 
 found their way into this country as early as the 
 Phoenicians; that a good sprinkling of that race settled 
 here during the Roman occupation, when they chose 
 the principal garrisoned places of the island for their 
 local habitation, and their early synagogues ; such as 
 London, Lincoln, York, Norwich, Leicester. Those 
 places were selected, after the withdrawal of the 
 Roman legions, for monastic establishments, to which 
 were added such institutions as Oxford, Cambridge, 
 Bury St. Edmund's, &c., &c. As all the intelligence 
 and learning, such as they were, among the mongrel 
 and mixed Gentile races, were then confined to those 
 ecclesiastical and scholastical organizations, some of 
 the Jews remained in their orginal settlements, and 
 others repaired to the newly established places of 
 learning and religion. In those places they lived on 
 friendly terms with their Christian neighbours ; the 
 former making grants even of land and other property, 
 to the abbeys and monasteries of the latter. They 
 
 * 22. De Judais. " Sciendum quoque quod omnes Judsei 
 ubicunque in regno sunt sub tutela et defensione Eegis ligea de- 
 bent esse, nee quilebet eorum alicui diviti se potest subdere sine 
 Eegis licentia. Judsei enim et omnia sua Eegis sunt. Quod si 
 quispiam detinuerit eos vel pecuniam eorum, perquirat Eex si 
 vult tanquam suum proprium." Spelmari's Concilia Decreta, Sfc., 
 vol. i., p. 623.
 
 20 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 felt no compunction in holding social intercourse at 
 their fetes and festivals, when not interfered with by 
 fanatical or over zealous hierarchs. The Jews had 
 already well organised schools in London, York, 
 Oxford, Lincoln, Cambridge, Norwich, Lynn, Bury 
 St. Edmund's, and other towns. Those schools were 
 attended by the higher classes of Christians as well as 
 by the Anglo-Hebrews. Some of those seminaries 
 were more colleges than mere schools. Besides the 
 Hebrew and Arabic languages, which were thoroughly 
 taught in those schools, a sound education was also 
 given in Geometry, Algebra, Astronomy, Logic, 
 Music, Chemistry, Medicine, in those Jewish scholastic 
 establishments ; and the head masters were generally 
 distinguished rabbis. Not the slightest hint occurs 
 anywhere of any misdemeanor, or misconduct, on the 
 part of the Anglo-Hebrews, previous to the Norman 
 conquest, nor during the reign of the first three 
 Norman Kings in this country. 
 
 Soon after the Norman conqueror had established 
 his rule in this land, the British synagogues received a 
 large accession of Continental Jews, and those of 
 East Anglia among the rest. During the Conqueror's 
 lifetime, there is every reason to believe the Jews 
 were permitted to enjoy the sunshine of prosperity, to 
 thrive in their various avocations peaceably and 
 quietly. The King took them under his special 
 care,* but did nothing which would gender jealousies 
 and hostilities between his subjects who professed to 
 
 * The wording of the charter is pretty much the same as that 
 of Edward the Confessor. See note on preceding page.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO- HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. .'M 
 
 follow the law, and those who professed to have been 
 converted to the Gospel. 
 
 William Ilufus seemed disposed to patronise his 
 Hebrew subjects even more than his sire did; but 
 his patronage proved the germ of a prolific harvest 
 of misery and wretchedness to the proteges. Being 
 of an irreligious turn of mind, William II. moreover 
 betrayed a bias for making sport of religion by setting 
 his Jewish and Christian subjects to play at theologi- 
 cal polemics. He thus aroused the most passionate 
 animosities of the combatants towards each other. 
 Not long after his accession to the throne of England, 
 he surprised the Church and the Synagogue by sum- 
 moning to the metropolis the Bishops of the former, 
 and the Rabbis of the latter, for the express purpose of 
 discussing the evidences and merits of their respective 
 creeds. He took his favourite oath by St. Luke's 
 face that if the Jews got the better in the dispute, 
 he would embrace Judaism himself. At the con- 
 clusion as is generally the case in public theological 
 controversies both parties claimed the victory. The 
 effect of the dispute was that the heads of the Church 
 had conceived a Hamanic antipathy towards the Jews, 
 and the chiefs of the Synagogue began to deport them- 
 selves with a Mordecai-scorn towards their Christian 
 neighbours. The bitter feeling became aggravated 
 by the Jews having induced the King, by bribes, to 
 force such of their nation as became Israelites indeed, 
 that is, such as professed the whole of the Jewish 
 religion ; not only that part which was veiled in 
 allegory and illustrated by symbol, in the Old Testa-
 
 22 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 ment, but also that part which unveiled and revealed 
 the brightness of its glory in the person of Him who 
 declared " It is finished." " Jewish Converts," the 
 Gentiles style such Israelites, " forgetting in the con- 
 fusion of ideas," as the author of " A Political 
 Biography " observes, that the Gentiles are the con- 
 verts, and not the Jews ; the latter are but " the 
 natural branches graffed into their own olive tree." 
 Bear with the digression.* 
 
 Well, then, to return to the thread of my narrative. 
 The nominal Jews bribed the king to compel the 
 " Israelites indeed " to renounce the creed which con- 
 viction and conscience prompted them to confess ; for 
 there were then many eminent Jews in this country, 
 and especially in East Anglia, who became zealous 
 advocates of the doctrine taught in the New Testa- 
 ment. William was not above becoming the required 
 tool to bring about the desired apostacy.'f That 
 
 * This looseness of talk, "this confusion of ideas," is owing 
 its existence to the great ignorance which prevails respecting 
 the grandest chapter in the history of the world even that 
 relating to the ushering in of the Christian dispensation. That 
 wonderful chapter tells us that Jewish believers in Christ were 
 first called Christians, (Acts xi. 26,) and not Gentile converts to 
 the Christian religion. The latter eventually monopolised the 
 name as well as the promises made to the " Israel of God." 
 (Gal. vi. 16.) The Apostle evidently means, by " Israel of God," 
 Jewish followers of Christ Jesus. As for residuary Israel those 
 who oppose themselves to the " New Covenant " dispensation 
 " He that is holy, He that is true, He that hath the key of David, 
 He that openeth and no man shutteth, and shutteth and no man 
 openeth," emphatically and positively denieth them the appella- 
 tion " Jews/' (Rev. ii. 9 ; iii. 9.) 
 
 | See Appendix D.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 23 
 
 prince, of unenviable notoriety, added insult to the 
 injury which he had already inflicted upon the Church, 
 and thus heaped fuel upon the unholy fire of ani- 
 mosity which he had already kindled. When a 
 see, abbacy, or benefice fell vacant, of which he 
 happened to be the patron, he was in the habit of 
 retaining it in his own hands until he became ac- 
 quainted with its revenues, and then selling it to the 
 highest bidder. The royal simonist used, whenever 
 the opportunity occurred, to appoint Jews to take care 
 of the vacant benefices, to farm them, and to manage 
 the negociations for his benefit. Thus he dealt for five 
 years with the revenues of the see of Canterbury, after 
 Lanfranc's death ; and thus he treated for three years 
 the abbacy of Bury St. Edmund's, after the death of 
 Baldwin. As far as the historic Anglo-Hebrews were 
 concerned, William Rufus' reign was most advanta- 
 geous to their prosperity, in a worldly point of view. 
 Equally so was the long reign of Henry I. The 
 Jews are mentioned but seldom in the annals of his 
 government, the omission may be considered as a sure 
 token that no evil had befallen them. They strength- 
 ened their positions in their places of residence in East 
 Anglia, built synagogues of which Moyses' Hall, at 
 Bury St. Edmund's, is a fair specimen zealously 
 preached their version of Judaism, and actually 
 attempted to proselytise amongst the Gentile converts 
 to Christianity. The learning and the influence of 
 the Jewish sages of Norfolk, of this time, are fre- 
 quently quoted in the Hebrew literature of the middle 
 ages. The Church found it necessary to send the
 
 24 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 most accomplished monks to several towns in which 
 the Jews were numerously established, for the express 
 purpose of preaching down Judaism. In East Anglia, 
 Cambridge and Cottenham are particularly men- 
 tioned as some of the places to which monks, from 
 Croyland Abbey, were sent to preach against the Jews. 
 The latter may have had their zeal provoked by some 
 benefactions to the Church, on the part of " Israelites 
 indeed," in different parts of the kingdom. In that of 
 East Anglia I may mention Manasses whose name 
 at once reveals his nationality a powerful Norman 
 Baron, founded a convent for nuns at Redlingfield. 
 About the same time the old monastery founded by 
 Fursseus, a holy Scot, at Burgh Castle, near Yarmouth, 
 into which King Sigibert is said to have retired after 
 his conversion, became the property a.nd residence of a 
 Jewish family. None but a family of Israelites indeed 
 would then have made their abode in that of a 
 Christian order. The ruins of that monastery were to 
 be seen about 150 years ago ; there was then an old 
 road leading to the principal entrance, which went by 
 the name of "the Jews' Way."* 
 
 * A. friend of mine, the Rev. J. J.. Raven, of Yarmouth, who 
 has lately visited Burgh Castle, in the course of a letter thus 
 adverts to the above monastery : " The remains of the Priory 
 now form part of the Rectory out-buildings. There is very little 
 left the base of a short flint wall, of which the upper part is 
 later, containing, however, one interesting stone, an arch-stone 
 of the Norman period, with a double moulding, zigzag and 
 cable. Now there is no part of the present church to which this 
 stone can be referred, though there is a great peculiarity about 
 
 the chancel, which may lead to some theory It might be 
 
 worth while to see whether this moulding exists in Moyses' Hall."
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 
 
 the reign of Stephen, the Jewish troubles in 
 this country commenced, and the remnant of the scat- 
 tered and sacred race settled in East Anglia, came in 
 for a terrible share of those troubles. The bitter re- 
 vengeful feelings which had been pent up during the 
 reigns of the first three Norman kings, were now let 
 loose, and raged with impetuous fury. The Christians 
 of East Anglia must be credited with the fabrication 
 of the foulest calumny ever coined against their Jewish 
 neighbours, which proved most disastrous to the latter. 
 In the ninth year of that reign, the Jews were, for the 
 first time, accused of the crime of crucifying a Christian 
 infant, William by name. The alleged cruel murder 
 was said to have been perpetrated at Norwich. It 
 was the inauguration of a long series of such allega 
 tions, in the various countries where the Jews were 
 dispersed, against whom, for a time, sympathy had 
 been permitted to become steeled, and for whose 
 rights justice had been deprived of balances. 
 
 It may not be considered irrelevant if I state here 
 the various and extraordinary reasons which the 
 Gentile converts had invented to account for the 
 flagrant calumny against the Jews. Some asserted 
 that the scattered nation required Christian blood for 
 the celebration of the Passover, ignorant of the Jewish 
 law that a dead body renders a whole neighbourhood 
 defiled. Others affirmed that the Hebrews required 
 Christian blood to put it into their unleavened bread 
 on the above-named festival, forgetful that blood was 
 strictly prohibited in the law of Moses. It was also 
 gravely stated that the Israelites used Christian blood
 
 26 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 for personal deodorization. Others seasoned the 
 charge with a spice of sensational romance Forsooth, 
 the Jews wanted Christian blood to make love potions. 
 Others maintained that with Christian blood the Jews 
 stopped the bleeding of their infant sons, induced by 
 the administration of the Abrahamic covenant seal. 
 Some mysteriously stated that Christian blood was 
 used at the celebration of Jewish weddings. Others 
 vehemently asserted that the Jewish priests were 
 obliged to have their hands tinged with it when they 
 pronounced the Aaronic benediction in the syna- 
 gogues. Others again asserted that the members of 
 the synagogue used Christian blood to make their 
 sacrifices acceptable. The most common story, how- 
 ever, was that Christian blood was used for the 
 purpose of anointing dying Jews; that at the point of 
 death, the rabbi anointed his departing brother, and 
 secretly whispered into his ear the following words : 
 " If the Messiah, on whom the Christians believe, be 
 the promised true Messiah, may the blood of this 
 innocent murdered Christian help thee to eternal life." 
 Pierius Valerianus assures us " that the Jews purchase 
 at a dear rate the blood of Christians, in order to raise 
 devils, and that by making it boil, they obtained answers 
 to all their questions " Such was the profound know* 
 ledge, of Jews and Judaism, which the Christians of 
 East Anglia possessed in bygone days. Something 
 akin to the knowledge which the ignorant peasantry of 
 Spain possess of the English now-a-day, who have 
 lately accused a British Consul of eating their children, 
 which accusation nearly cost the Englishman his life.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. Zl 
 
 During the reign of Henry II., it transpired that 
 the ecclesiastics were already debtors to the Jews, and 
 they therefore began to charge their creditors with 
 usury, which was on all occasions held up, by the 
 clergy, as a crime of the greatest magnitude. Had the 
 ecclesiastics been really impressed by this belief, they 
 should not, for the sake of moral consistency, have 
 resorted to such sinners when they wanted money. 
 Yet we learn that bishops, abbots, and monks of those 
 days, pledged with the Jews the sacred vessels of their 
 churches. In the records of this reign, we find it 
 stated in connection with the Abbey of Bury St. 
 Edmund's, amongst other things, that Isaac, the son of 
 Rabbi Jocee, held a security for three hundred pounds. 
 Benedict, the Jew of Norwich, held a security for 
 eight hundred and fourscore pounds, which debt ori- 
 ginated in a loan for rebuilding the parlour of the 
 Abbacy, which was destroyed by fire. Another Jew, 
 Jurnet by name, held security for sixty pounds. We 
 also have it recorded, that a Jew of Bury St. Edmund's, 
 Sancto by name I wish that name to be borne in 
 mind was fined five marks for taking, as security for 
 a loan, from the monks of that place, certain vessels 
 dedicated to the service of the altar. Another Jew of 
 Suffolk. Bennet by name Bennet was a common 
 Jewish name, I have never yet met a man of that 
 name, who was not marked with strong characteristic 
 Jewish features was fined twenty pounds for taking 
 some consecrated vestments as security. A curious 
 story is related by Brompton, a monkish chronicler 
 of the twelfth century, respecting William de Water-
 
 28 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 ville, Abbot of Peterborough. That dignitary was 
 deposed for having entered the abbey, at the head of 
 a band of armed men, and having taken thence the arm 
 of St. Oswald, the martyr, in order to pawn it to the 
 Jews.* One of the claims advanced by Henry II. 
 against Archbishop Thomas a Becket, was in reference 
 to a sum of 500, for which that prince had been se- 
 curity for the primate to a Jew. 
 
 It is a faithful picture of the English of those days, 
 " that when churchmen and laymen, prince and prior, 
 knight and priest, come knocking at Isaac's door, they 
 borrow not his shekels with these uncivil terms. It is 
 then, Friend Isaac, will you pleasure us in this matter, 
 and our day shall be truly kept, so God save me and 
 
 * It is problematical whether the Jews would have advanced 
 much upon that withered arm, but in the eyes of the members 
 of the abbacy it was of great value, on account of its healing 
 virtues. At the dissolution of the Abbey of Bury St. Edmund's, 
 these relics, which the monks had in great esteem, were found, 
 viz. : the sacred remains of King Edmund, enshrined ; the same 
 king's shirt, entire ; certain drops of St. Stephen's blood, which 
 were shed out of his body when he was stoned ; some of the 
 coals on which St. Lawrence was broiled ; certain parings of the 
 flesh of divers holy virgins ; a sinew of St. Edmund in a box ; 
 several skulls of ancient saints and martyrs among which was that 
 of St. Petronill, which the people believed would cure all the dis- 
 eases of the head by applying it to the aching part ; St. Edmund's 
 sword, and St. Thomas of Canterbury's boots ; St. Botolph's 
 bones in a coffin, which the monks made the people believe 
 would procure rain when carried in procession in a time of 
 drought ; certain wax candles, which being carried lighted round 
 their corn-fields in seed-time, no darnel, tares, or any noisome 
 weeds would grow among the corn that year ; with many others 
 which, by the relation of the monks, would work wonderful effects.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 29 
 
 kind Isaac, if ever you served a man, show yourself a 
 friend in this need. And when the day comes and I 
 ask my own, then what hear I, but the curse of Egypt 
 on your tribe, and all that may stir up the rude and 
 uncivil populace against poor strangers."* 
 
 The king and the priests, however, very often 
 adopted a different mode from borrowing, when they 
 stood in need of money. For instance, in the year 
 1179, when both the royal exchequer and the treasury 
 of the Abbacy of Bury St. Edmund's were at their 
 lowest ebb, from natural causes, the Jews of that town 
 were all of a sudden charged with the unnatural crime 
 of crucifying a boy, Robert by name, which device 
 proved an important revenue both to the king and the 
 abbot. The former took advantage of the supposed 
 crime, and banished the wealthiest Jews of Bury St. 
 Edmund's out of the country ; and, as a matter of 
 course, confiscated their properties. Those Jews he 
 allowed to remain in the place, he fined very heavily. 
 The abbot and the monks, on the other hand, caused 
 a body of a child to be interred, as that of a martyred 
 saint, with great ceremony and every mark of respect ; 
 the shrine was declared capable of producing super- 
 natural effects, and it speedily became renowned for 
 the miracles it wrought. Persons from all parts, led 
 either by curiosity or credulity, visited the shrine. 
 The offerings which were made on the occasion proved 
 a most yielding mine of wealth. 
 
 The inauguration of the reign of Richard I. was the 
 * Sir Walter Sr-ott.
 
 30 THE VKSTIGES OF THE 
 
 ushering in of a new series of spoliations and murders, 
 by British Christians, of Anglo-Hebrews ; and the poor 
 Jews who lived in East Anglia suffered as much as 
 those who resided in any other place in this kingdom, 
 except York. In the spring of 1190, when Richard 
 had passed over to the continent, to join the king of 
 France in the crusade to Palestine, and whilst the 
 soldiers of the cross were preparing to follow him, 
 " the people," using the word s of a quaint old histo- 
 rian of Suffolk, " almost with one accord, through the 
 whole nation, as if they had been summoned by a bell, 
 fell upon the Jews, and slew many of them ; and 
 among other places such as inhabited Bury St. 
 Edmund's were set upon, March 17, 1190, and many 
 of them were slain, and the residue that escaped 
 through the procurement of the abbot, named 
 Sampson, were expelled the town. 
 
 Neither Jocelin of Brakelond, the contemporary 
 monkish chronicler, nor his recent translator and 
 editor, Mr. T. E. Tomlins, seem to me to have 
 apprehended the real motives of Abbot Sampson, 
 on the occasion. I believe those motives were of 
 a humane and Christian character. The Jews and 
 the heads of the Abbacy of Bury St. Edmund's had 
 hitherto lived on very amicable terms. Brakelond, 
 who was a thorough hater of his Saviour's kinsfolk, 
 thus once introduced the latter into his chronicles. 
 " The Jews, I say, to whom the sacrist [William] was 
 said to be a father and protector, whose protection 
 they indeed enjoyed, having free ingress and egress, 
 and going all over the monastery, rambling about the
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST AlsGLIA. 31 
 
 altars and by the shrine, while high mass was being 
 celebrated. Moreover, their monies were kept safe in 
 our treasury, under the care of the sacrist, and what 
 was still more improper, their wives with their little 
 ones, were lodged in our pitancery in time of war." 
 Now, Abbot Sampson was a just and upright man of 
 a different spirit from his pupil and biographer he 
 was determined therefore to secure the right of pro- 
 tecting the Jews of his town, " he alleging that what- 
 soever is within the town of St. Edmund, or within the 
 liberties thereof, of right belongeth to St. Edmund. 
 Therefore the Jews ought to become the men of St. 
 Edmund's." The king naturally demurred to the 
 claim ; by acquiescing he would not only have es- 
 tablished a precedent upon which all the other monas- 
 teries, where the Jews resided, would have been ready 
 to act, but he would have lost his great gold-mine. 
 The demand was therefore negatived. Sampson, who 
 evidently took no pleasure in the sport of persecuting 
 the Jews under his very eyes, demanded permission to 
 expel them altogether from his town. The license was 
 readily granted to the determined abbot. He took 
 care, however, that the exiles " had all their chattels, 
 and the value of their houses and lands." That no evil 
 might befall them on their way to the divers towns 
 where they were going to, armed forces were ordered 
 to protect them. It was also provided, that " if the 
 Jews should come to the great pleas of the abbot to 
 demand their debts from their debtors, on such oc- 
 casions they might for two days and two nights lodge 
 within the town, and on the third day bo permitted to
 
 32 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 depart without injury." So far, there is no evidence 
 of malevolent hostility on the part of that abbot 
 towards the Jews of Bury St. Edmund's. Was 
 Sampson the name bewrayeth him a descendant of 
 those Hebrews who professed the whole of the Jewish 
 religion an " Israelite indeed ?"* 
 
 The Jews of Cambridge, Norwich, and Lynn, 
 suffered similar outrages of rapine and murder. It 
 must be owned that the Jews of Lynn were them- 
 selves the authors of their sufferings then. A 
 member of their own community saw cogent reasons 
 to admit the second part of the Jewish faith, namely, 
 the full development of that religion as revealed in 
 the New Testament. The unbelievers in that part of 
 their religion saw proper to take vengeance upon the 
 believer. They waylaid him, and one day, as he 
 passed through a certain street, they were determined 
 to get him into their power. He made his escape to 
 
 * His personal appearance, as well as his character, seems to 
 favour the supposition. Jocelin of Brakelond describes him "of 
 middle stature, having an oval face, a prominent nose, thick lips, 
 clear and very piercing eyes, ears of nicest sense of hearing, lofty 
 eyebrows .... having a few grey hairs in his reddish beard, 
 with a few grey in a black head of hair, which somewhat curled 
 
 a man remarkably temperate, never slothful, well able 
 
 and willing to ride or walk till old age came upon him and mo- 
 derated such inclination." Respecting the abbot's kinsmen, the 
 same chronicler says, "He had not, or assumed not to have had any 
 relative within the third degree. But I have heard him state, that 
 he had relations who were noble and gentle, whom he never would 
 in any wise recognise as relations; for, as he said, they would be 
 more a burden than an honour to him, if they should happen to 
 find out their relationship."
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 33 
 
 a neighbouring church, to which he was pursued by 
 some of the Jewish persecutors. Whereupon some 
 sailors belonging to a ship lying in the harbour raised 
 a cry that the unbelievers intended to put the believer 
 to death. The sailors were joined by the townspeople, 
 under the plea of saving the life of the persecuted 
 one, drove the persecutors to their houses, and then 
 followed themselves, murdered the would-be mur- 
 derers, carried off whatever valuables they could find, 
 and then set fire to the rifled houses. The sailors, 
 enriched by the spoil, embarked immediately on 
 board their vessel, set sail, and got clear off. * 
 
 It was aptly said of the Anglo-Hebrews of those days, 
 by a French historian, that they were used as sponges^ 
 allowed for a time to absorb a large amount of wealth, 
 which, when filled, were wrung out into the coffers of 
 the crown. As an illustration of the pertinency of 
 the simile may be adduced the first few years of King 
 John's reign. As soon as that monarch succeeded 
 to the throne he began by giving all sorts of encou- 
 ragement to the devoted race ; he not only permitted 
 the exiles to return to the towns and homes from 
 which they were banished, and granted charters in 
 their- favour, f but he also threw out baits for foreign 
 Jews, in order to lure them to take up their residence 
 in this country. The synagogues in East Anglia 
 that of Bury St. Edmund's included were re-opened. 
 Again three times a day morning, noon, and even- 
 ing were they attended by Jewish worshippers. 
 * See Appendix E. f See Appendix F.
 
 34 THE VJiSTIGES OF TUB 
 
 But as soon as his majesty perceived that his human 
 sponges were sufficiently filled out, he began to wring 
 them with a fierce tenacity, with a cruel grasp, with 
 a murderous grip, that only John was capable of. 
 Many a Jew was tortured to death, in order to dis- 
 cover his supposed riches ; whilst many more were 
 thrown into dungeons for the same purpose. 
 
 That sovereign's Gentile subjects must also have 
 felt severely the effects of that remorseless pressure, 
 as may be inferred from the 12th and 13th clauses in 
 the Magna Charta which instrument, by the bye, 
 was drawn up at Bury St. Edmund's they are the 
 following : " If any one have borrowed anything of 
 the Jews, more or less, and died before the debt be 
 satisfied, there shall no interest be paid for that debt, 
 so long as the heir is under age, of whomsoever he 
 will hold ; and if the debt fall into our hands, we 
 will take only the chattel mentioned in the charter or 
 instrument. If any one shall be indebted to the 
 Jews, his wife shall have her dower, and pay nothing 
 for the debt ; and if the deceased leave children 
 under age, they shall have necessaries provided for 
 them according to the tenements of the deceased, 
 and out of the residue the debts shall be paid, saving 
 however the service of the Lord." 
 
 On the death of John, the Jews experienced an 
 interval of respite from persecution, on the part of the 
 state. Happily, the government of the country, dur- 
 ing the minority of Henry III, fell successively into 
 the hands of men of distinguished ability and virtue.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO- JIEBRKWS OF EAST AKGL1A. 35 
 
 As soon as the Earl of Pembroke entered upon his 
 exalted office, as guardian to the youthful King, he 
 adopted measures for the special relief and protection 
 of the persecuted Anglo-Hebrews. Many individuals 
 amongst them were exonerated from the burdens 
 which had been previously imposed upon them ; and 
 numbers were immediately liberated from imprison- 
 ments, to which, upon various pretences, they had, 
 under the late King, been condemned. Writs and 
 letters patent were issued, directed to the principal 
 burgesses of each of the towns where the Jews resided, 
 commanding that they should be held secure from 
 any injuries, both as to their persons and their pro- 
 perties ; and particularly that they should be guarded 
 against any violence from the hands of the crusaders. 
 In addition to these measures, a confirmation of the 
 charter, which the Anglo-Hebrews had obtained in 
 the beginning of the late reign, was granted ; by the 
 terms of which most important privileges were 
 accorded to them, and their persons and estates were 
 shielded from violence. At the same time, with the 
 confirmation of their former charter, the Jews were 
 further exempted from the jurisdiction of the ecclesi- 
 astical courts. 
 
 Hubert de Burgh who, upon the death of the Earl 
 of Pembroke, succeeded to the administration of the 
 government, continued his predecessor's humane 
 deportment towards the Anglo-Hebrews. During 
 the fifteen years that those ministers, respectively, 
 wielded the sceptre of this land, no instances are 
 recorded of any acts of violence having been com-
 
 36 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 mitted against the Jews. On the contrary, we are 
 informed that many unlooked-for privileges were 
 lavished upon them. 
 
 The protection thus extended to the remnant of 
 the scattered nation in this land, again inspired them 
 with confidence ; those who had survived the atro- 
 cious oppressions of the last reign, began once more to 
 accumulate wealth ; and numbers of their co-religion- 
 ists were induced once more to come over from the 
 continent, and settle in this country. 
 
 The clergy, it would seem, took umbrage at the 
 privileges which the Jews enjoyed, and resolved to 
 attempt, by an exercise of ecclesiastical authority, to 
 counteract the effects of the protection which had 
 been afforded by the measures of the government. 
 Stephen Langton, Archbishop of Canterbury, in con- 
 junction with Hugo de Velles, Bishop of Lincoln, 
 published a general prohibition, by which all persons 
 were forbidden to buy anything of the Jews, or sell 
 them any victuals or necessaries, or to have any com- 
 munication with them. The primate, moreover, 
 promulgated at his provincial synod the following 
 edict : 
 
 " That the Jews do not keep Christian servants ; 
 and let the servants be compelled by ecclesiastical 
 censure to observe this, and the Jews by canonical 
 punishments, or by some extraordinary penalty con- 
 trived by the diocesan. Let them not be permitted 
 to build any more synagogues, but be looked upon 
 as debtors to the churches of the parishes where they 
 reside, as to tithes and offerings.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 37 
 
 " To prevent, moreover, the intimacy of Jewish men 
 and women with Christians of either sex, we charge 
 by the authority of the General Council, that the 
 Jews of both sexes wear a linen cloth, two inches 
 broad and four fingers long, of a different colour 
 from their own clothes, on their upper garment, before 
 their breast ; and that they be compelled to do this by 
 ecclesiastical censure ; and let them not presume to 
 enter into any Church." 
 
 The Jews appealed to the Crown for protection, and 
 obtained relief. Directions were sent to the sheriffs 
 of the different counties and cities, to prevent the pro- 
 hibitions being enforced; and orders were given to 
 imprison all persons who, by reason of the commands 
 of the Church, refused to sell provisions to the 
 Jews. 
 
 When Henry III., at the age of sixteen, in the year 
 1223, assumed the reins of the government himself, 
 the conduct of public affairs appeared under a different 
 aspect. From henceforth the Jews, in place of the 
 security which they had previously enjoyed, were 
 subjected to ceaseless violence and arbitrary exactions. 
 This monarch began by seizing the whole of the pro- 
 perty of any Jew who admitted the divine character 
 of the Judaism proclaimed from Calvary, as well as 
 that from Sinai, and thus joined the Christian Church. 
 It is a pleasing consideration, that notwithstanding 
 such cruel anti-Christian conduct, on the part of a 
 nominal Christian king, there were Anglo-Hebrews 
 of great celebrity who hazarded everything in obe-
 
 38 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 dience to conviction and conscience, and became 
 Israelites indeed. Those thorough-going Jews I am 
 not disposed to pity ; they counted the cost of their 
 confessing the faith, and gloried in the bargain which 
 they had made. But those Jews who were neither 
 convinced nor conscious of the incompleteness of their 
 Judaism are to be pitied by every feeling heart. 
 Scarcely a year in the long reign of Henry III. was 
 allowed to pass without heavy taxes, to an enormous 
 amount, being exacted from the Anglo-Hebrews. 
 Those taxes were enforced by imprisonment, by 
 seizure of property, and the persons of wives and 
 children. Punctuality of payment was secured by 
 compelling the richest Jews to become securities for 
 their respective communities, under the above-named 
 penalties. 
 
 In the year 1232, the king having taxed the anti- 
 Christian Jews to the amount of 18,000 marks, and 
 having robbed the Christian Jews of their all. his ma- 
 jesty was moved, it is said, by the wailing and gnash- 
 ing of teeth, which the purgatorial fire wrung from 
 his tormented sire the most cruel oppressor of his 
 Jewish subjects determined on establishing a home 
 for those Jews who sacrificed everything to their con- 
 victions of the divine character of the New Testa- 
 ment, where they had board, lodgings, and the means 
 of instruction.* Be it known, however, that the king 
 was no loser by the establishment- -the house itself 
 was, on some pretext, taken from a Jew, John Her- 
 berton by name and he took care to indemnify him- 
 * See Appendix GK
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGL1A. 39 
 
 self more than enough by the exorbitant imposts 
 which he put upon the Jewish community from time 
 to time. In these days, when the spoils of the old 
 times are being restored to the representatives of the 
 spoiled, and when Hebrew-Christians are being daily 
 added to the Church, it would be but an honest act to 
 restore the property, under trustees, to the represen- 
 tatives of the Anglo-Hebrew Christians of former 
 days.* 
 
 The Jews of East Anglia were at that time exceed- 
 ingly rich, and suffered proportionately whenever the 
 king was in need of money. As an illustration, let 
 me name the year 1235 the year in which Henry 
 spent a great deal on his sister Isabella's marriage to 
 the Emperor of Germany, as well as on his own contem- 
 plated marriage with Eleanor of Provence. Seven of 
 the most opulent Jews of Norwich were accused of 
 circumcising a little boy of that city. The accused 
 were brought before the king himself, whilst he was 
 celebrating his nativity at Westminster. The poor 
 Jews were condemned to be drawn and hanged, and, 
 of course, their property to be confiscated ; and thus 
 were the king's wants supplied for that time. That 
 charge, of circumcising little Gentile boys, against the 
 Jews, became a source of lucrative income to the 
 needy Church and State of that period. One of the 
 most famous mock trials of that reign took place in 
 1240, when a very rich Jew of the city of Norwich, 
 Jacob by name, was accused of stealing a small Gen- 
 * See Appendix H.
 
 40 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 tile boy from his parents and circumcising him. I 
 cannot enter here into a detailed account of that 
 cause celebre.* Sufficient to say, that after the case for 
 the prosecution had ominously broken down, notwith- 
 standing the hard perjury of certain witnesses, four 
 very opulent Jews were condemned to be dragged by 
 horses' tails, and then hanged. The populace who, 
 as usual, waited for an opportunity to rob and plunder, 
 set fire to the houses of the Jews, and reduced them 
 to ashes. So barefaced were those murderers and 
 robbers, that when the sheriff of Norfolk ventured to 
 interfere on behalf of the sufferers, they complained 
 to the king of the sheriff's interposition. 
 
 In the very next year the Anglo-Hebrew communi- 
 ties throughout the kingdom were startled by writs to 
 elect a certain number out of their respective congre- 
 gations, to meet the king at a Parliament at Wor- 
 cester, iii order, as the writs ran, " to treat with the 
 king both concerning his own and their benefit." 
 Many of the oppressed people began to entertain 
 sanguine hopes that the king was about to pass a 
 "gracious and generous" measure in their behalf; 
 but to their dismay they soon found that the bill 
 which the king proposed was "severe and sweeping," 
 in other words, it was a bill of "pains and penalties." 
 The purport of his majesty's most gracious preamble 
 was that the king wanted money, and that of the bill 
 that the Jews must raise him twenty thousand marks. 
 That convention is called by the chroniclers of the 
 time Parliamentum Judaicum. East Anglia furnished 
 * See Appendix I.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 41 
 
 nine representatives to that singular Parliament ; 
 namely, Cambridge six, Isaac ben Samuel, Jacob ben 
 Deusestra, Aaron ben Isaac Blund, Josce de Wilton, 
 Dyaye ben Rabbi, Levi ben Solomon ; and Norwich 
 three, Henne Jurninius ben Jacob, Deucreseben Dyaya 
 de Manecroft, and Dure de Resing. The other Jewish 
 communities in East Anglia must have dwindled 
 away by this, both as regards numbers and wealth, 
 and were not in a position to send deputies to that 
 extraordinary Parliament. A melancholy monotony, 
 as regards the Anglo-Hebrews, pervaded the fifty 
 years' English history after that Parliament, when the 
 sacred unmixed race were finally banished from this 
 then inhospitable country, by the mixed races who 
 subjugated it. The history of the Anglo-Hebrews, 
 during the last jubilee of their residence in Britain, 
 may be summed up in three words robbery, torture, 
 and murder; varied now and then in the ferocious 
 barbarity of the inhuman robbers and murderers. 
 
 As has been hinted, the Anglo-Hebrews, the oldest 
 settlers in this island, were ruthlessly banished from 
 this country in 1290. The expulsion was accom- 
 panied by atrocities on the part of the banishers 
 the comparatively new settlers the thoughts of 
 which make one's blood run cold. 
 
 Very scanty indeed are the vestiges of the historic 
 Anglo-Hebrews in this realm. Antiquarians and 
 archaeologists have now and then brought to light 
 some fragments belonging to some monuments of the 
 ante-expulsion Jews, which though comparatively
 
 42 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 trifling in themselves, are yet endowed with solemn 
 interest to the thoughtful student of Jewish history. 
 It is difficult now to point out clearly the ancient 
 Hebrew houses, whether public or private ; for though 
 Edward I. ordered a strict inventory to be made of all 
 the Jewish estates, with the design, as he promised, 
 to convert them all to pious purposes, yet nothing was 
 more remote from his royal intentions. The inven- 
 tory was indeed made, and an auction too, but the 
 proceeds were converted to anything but pious pur- 
 poses. The English Justinian squandered away the 
 money in a most reprehensible manner, without a 
 single penny having been applied to those pious uses 
 of which the devout king talked. Whole rolls full 
 of patents relative to Jewish estates are still to be 
 seen in the archives of the metropolis, which estates, 
 together with their rents in fee, pensions, and mort- 
 gages, were all seized by the king. Besides those 
 Jewish records on parchment, there are some in stone, 
 namely, a few Christian churches which were formerly 
 Jewish synagogues ; also some streets and walks, 
 which are distinguished by the names of Jewry, Jews' 
 Way, Jews' Walk, Jewin Street, Jews' W'all, Jews' 
 Mount, &c., &c. 
 
 One of the most interesting reliques of the historic 
 Anglo-Hebrews, in pretty good preservation, is found 
 in the town of Bury St. Edmund's, namely the present 
 police station.* It was known by its original 
 
 * A considerable portion of the east end of the original build- 
 ing was cut off about a century ago, to widen a lane or street. 
 For further particulars, see Appendix J.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA.. 43 
 
 possessors and founders as ntMD rhftp , " the Syna- 
 gogue of Moses." It was, no doubt, a Jewish place of 
 worship, and so named, either because it was dedicated 
 to the service of Almighty God, as prescribed by 
 Israel's deliverer from Egypt, or because the founder 
 was an Anglo-Hebrew whose name was Moses. The 
 modern Jewish synagogue at Ramsgate was founded 
 by a Jewish baronet, well known for his extensive 
 philanthropy, and goes amongst the Jews by the 
 name of " Sir Moses' Synagogue." 
 
 On examining the one at Bury St. Edmund's, I 
 found it to correspond, in its architectural details, 
 with the oldest existing synagogue in Europe, that of 
 Prague. The rabbi's, or the founder's house prob- 
 ably the founder was one of the early rabbis of the Bury 
 St. Edmund's Synagogue was not only contiguous 
 to it, but communicated with the synagogue. After 
 a careful survey of the adjoining places, I have come 
 to the conclusion that the whole of the south side of the 
 square of the market-place belonged to the synagogue 
 establishment, and premises; including seminary, 
 official residences, baptistries, &c., &c. in fact, a sort 
 of Hebrew abbacy of Bury St. Edmund's. According 
 to the Jewish ritual males and females have to per- 
 form, at sundry times, certain ablutions by immersion. 
 Every synagogue is provided therefore with baptis- 
 tries, in its immediate vicinity, for that purpose. I 
 happened to visit the synagogue of Rotterdam in the 
 course of last year, and four such baptistries were 
 pointed out to me. On examining the premises ad- 
 
 joining the police station at Bury St. Edmund's, I 
 
 D 2
 
 44 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 found an old well, which was evidently one of the 
 baptistries, as well as traces of others, plainly vestiges 
 of their primitive Jewish use. 
 
 The synagogue proper consisted of the ground floor ; 
 the centre was occupied by the nft'Q/'Bimah," a square 
 raised platform where the law was read on Sabbaths, 
 feasts, festivals, Mondays, and Thursdays ; the east 
 end was dedicated as the ark, in which the scrolls of 
 the Pentateuch were deposited, in front of which was 
 a raised platform, for the Aaronites to stand upon on 
 certain grand festivals, when it is their office to pro- 
 nounce the sacerdotal benediction, as prescribed in 
 Numb. vi. 2326. From that platform was also 
 delivered an occasional discourse. In front stood the 
 nine-branched candlestick, for the celebration of 
 "the Feast of Dedication."* There was a niche by the 
 side of the ark, in which was placed a lamp, ever burn- 
 ing, in accordance with Levit. xxiv. 1 4. The west 
 end, below the "Bimah" was apportioned to stran- 
 
 * A festive anniversary, under the name of nD3n , or " Dedica- 
 tion," has been ordained in the house of Israel, by Judas 
 Maccabeeus, to commemorate the inauguration of the Temple 
 which was restored by him. To the present time, throughout 
 the Jewish world, this festival is observed for eight days, be- 
 ginning with the 25th of the ninth month ; which generally 
 falls about the end of December. The great feature of 
 the commemoration is the ceremonial of lighting lamps or 
 candles in the following manner, immediately after sunset, for 
 eight successive evenings : The first night one lamp or candle 
 is lighted ; the second night two ; the third night three ; and so 
 on, till the eighth night. In most synagogues there is a nine- 
 branched candlestick for the purpose, the ninth light, or lamp, 
 serving as the illuminator of the respective one, two, three, &c.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANOLIA. 40 
 
 gers and mourners; the rest was occupied by the regu- 
 lar male members of the congregation. Beyond the 
 west end arches there must have been an ante-room, or 
 portico, which contained the laver, the different alms' 
 chests, &c. Over the portico there must have been a 
 latticed gallery, to ascend which a staircase would be 
 required, for the female members of the community. 
 The floors of the synagogues of Orthodox Jews were 
 considerably below the level of ordinary houses, to 
 which the worshippers descended by a flight of steps, 
 conformably to Psalm cxxx., which begins with 
 the words, " Out of the depths have I cried unto 
 Thee, O Lord !" The synagogue under review must 
 have been very deep ; it evidently had no windows. 
 Be it remembered that the historic Anglo-Hebrews had 
 been often prohibited, under severe pains and penalties, 
 making their supplications audible, lest the sensitive 
 ears of the Gentile Christians of those days should 
 be irritated. This synagogue must have been illumin- 
 ated by day, as well as by night, by artificial light. 
 
 There ought to be also traces of a tower, from 
 whence the moon, at a certain age, was monthly 
 apostrophised in the form of a short service. In the 
 places where the Jews are numerous, that monthly 
 service is solemnised out of doors, when the moon is 
 between seven and fifteen days old. * 
 
 * Since the above was written, my attention has been directed 
 to Mr. Hudson Turner's "Domestic Architecture of the Middle 
 Ages," and Mr. Tymms' " Hand-book of Bury St. Edmund's," 
 which works indirectly confirm the opinions I have formed from 
 personal observations. See Appendix J.
 
 46 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 In connection with this archaeological specimen in 
 stone, I have to bring under your notice another 
 one in bronze, which I believe to have been one of the 
 vessels which once belonged to the synagogue of Bury 
 St. Edmund's. I regret very much that it is out of my 
 power to exhibit the relic itself, but I venture to 
 hope that Lady Pigot's drawing of it, enlarged from 
 a small pen and ink sketch preserved amongst the 
 MSS. in the British Museum,* and my humble des- 
 cription of it, will give some idea of its character 
 and probable use. I ought to tell you that her 
 ladyship's drawing is considerably larger than the 
 original vessel was ; the latter measured eight quarts. 
 
 About two hundred years ago, as a fisherman was 
 dragging a brook in the county of Suffolk, probably 
 the Lark, he nearly broke his net by some heavy cap- 
 ture. On landing it, he discovered that he had fished 
 up a curious vessel, upon three legs, which had on its 
 outside cincture certain characters which were Greek 
 to him. Let me in the first place state the reason why 
 I think that the vessel was found in the immediate 
 vicinity of Bury St. Edmund's. When the fisherman 
 secured his prize, he sold it immediately to the Rev. 
 Dr. John Covell, then Master of Christ's College, 
 Cambridge. Now, Dr. Covell was a native of Horn- 
 ingsheath, or Horringer, and educated in the Gram- 
 mar School of Bury St. Edmund's. He often visited the 
 places in which he was born and bred, whenever vaca- 
 tionfrom his various duties afforded him an opportunity 
 to do so. I do not think that I am wrong in sup- 
 * See Frontispiece.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANOLIA. 47 
 
 posing that the vessel was found and bought on one 
 of the doctor's visits to this neighbourhood. 
 
 The acquisition proved a very perplexing study to 
 the Master of Christ's College. He knew sufficient 
 of the Hebrew alphabet to be aware that the inscrip- 
 tion on the cincture of his purchase was not Greek. 
 For all that, the inscription was a most inexplicable 
 philological problem to the purchaser. His own 
 University seemed, at that time, destitute of a single 
 Hebrew scholar who could help him to a solution of 
 his problem. I find among the MSS. in the British 
 Museum two letters addressed to Dr. Covell, evidently 
 in answer to queries about that very vessel ; one by 
 the then Marquis of Northampton, who was a dabbler 
 in Hebrew antiquities, and another by a Mr. Isaac 
 Abendana, a learned Jew of Oxford. But as the doc- 
 tor would not trust the vessel out of his keeping, and 
 as his delineation of it, and its inscription, was far 
 from lucid, his correspondents' conjectures were 
 anything but enlightening. With them I will not 
 trespass upon the attention of my indulgent audience 
 at present ; their proper positions are as footnotes 
 or appendices.* 
 
 At the doctor's death, in 1722, the vessel was pur- 
 chased by the then Earl of Oxford. His lordship 
 did according to the light which he possessed the 
 proper thing ; he sent the vessel to Oxford, in order 
 to have the inscription deciphered and explained 
 by Mr. John Gagnier, the Professor of Oriental 
 
 * See Appendix K.
 
 48 THE VESTIGES OF THB 
 
 Languages in that University.* We are indebted 
 to that Orientalist for a tolerable copy of the letters 
 of the inscription, but we owe him nothing either 
 for his grouping, or for the explanation of the 
 same; they only serve, as circumstantial evidence, to 
 prove how little knowledge of eastern languages was 
 then required from a Gentile Professor of Oriental 
 Literature. I am pleased to think that there are 
 several Hebrew scholars amongst my hearers,-]- 1 shall 
 therefore read the inscription, in the first instance, in 
 the original. For the large diagram of the inscription, 
 I am also indebted to Lady Pigot's skill in Hebrew 
 caligraphy. It consists, as you must perceive, of the 
 names concerned, the principal personage being des- 
 cribed in two rhymed couplets, one short and one long, 
 and closes with a line which explains the object of 
 the vessel 
 
 it an 
 
 rrr Tpn 
 
 Vp's'i 
 
 mrrf? 
 rn nron 
 
 * Mr. Gagnier was a Frenchman, which may account for his 
 ingeniously improvising the name of a town, in default of knowing 
 the meaning of certain Hebrew words. (See Appendix L.) 
 
 f Lord Arthur Hervey, the present Bishop of Bath and Wells,
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 49 
 
 Of which the following is a literal translation: 
 " The offerer is Joseph, the son of Rabbi Yechiel 
 Sancto, (the memory of a righteous man, who is holy, 
 is to be blessed,) who answered and questioned the 
 congregation as he thought proper. That he may 
 behold the face of Ariel, with the writing DATH 
 YEKUTHIEL. And may righteousness deliver from 
 death." 
 
 I must trouble you with a few annotations ere I 
 make the purport of the inscription intelligible. 
 First about Rabbi Yechiel Sancto. >np, or Sancto, 
 was evidently a family surname, and of old standing 
 at Bury St. Edmund's. It will be remembered that 
 in an earlier part of this paper, an individual of 
 that name was mentioned as having been fined 
 for taking the sacred vessels of the abbey as 
 security for a loan.* Rabbi Yechiel is a well-known 
 name in the Talmudical literature of the middle ages, 
 and frequently quoted in the addenda to the Talmud, 
 termed TOSEPHOTH. The Rabbi Yechiel named in 
 the inscription, I consider to have been one of the 
 later rabbis of the synagogue of Bury St. Edmund's, 
 as the first couplet, 
 
 "Who answered and questioned 
 The congregation as he thought proper," 
 
 evidently implies. This rabbi was the author of a 
 work on the Pentateuch, under the title of DATH 
 
 occupied the chair when the paper was read, and there were, 
 besides, several other Hebrew Scholars amongst the audience. 
 
 * See p. 27.
 
 50 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 YEKUTHIEL, or " the Law of Yekuthiel " Yekuthiel 
 being a name by which Moses is known in Rabbinical 
 writings. With the MS. of that work the author was 
 determined to undertake a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to 
 submit it to the Masters of his people in the Holy 
 City not an uncommon occurrence in the middle 
 ages which I clearly discern in the second couplet, 
 
 " That he may behold the face of Ariel,* 
 With the writing of Dath Yekuthiel."f 
 
 That is, that the pious pilgrim may enjoy a safe 
 
 * Ariel is a term used for Jerusalem. See Isaiah xxix. 1. 
 
 f The words bsiro and bsTHp s occur in a couplet, being 
 part of a poem recited in the synagogue, on the Festival of the 
 Law, called min nnatP. The couplet runs thus : 
 
 rat? m 
 
 " Yah rested from work as He deemed proper, 
 And sanctified the seventh day, as [it is recorded] in the 
 writing of Yekuthiel. 
 
 A work under the title of bs^mp" 1 m, the burden of which 
 was an exposition of the 613 precepts, supposed to be inculcated 
 in the Pentateuch, was actually published in 1696, (by a strange 
 coincidence, the very year in which the vessel was discovered,) at 
 Zolkiew, by Siiskind ben Solomon Yekuthiel. Whether the pub- 
 lished work was an original one, or an appropriation of the work 
 of our Eabbi Yechiel, will remain a problem. The latter sup- 
 position is not without instances in the history of Hebrew works. 
 An example of it was afforded in this country, when a certain Jew 
 published a Hebrew Commentary on one of the Prophets, under 
 his own name, which was the work of an author long since 
 dead and buried, and little known to Biblical students in 
 England no, not even to the well-read Mr. Zedner, late of 
 the British Museum, who was betrayed to father the work 
 upon the plagiarist.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 51 
 
 and prosperous journey and attain his object, his son 
 Joseph made the offering of that vessel to the syna- 
 gogue of which his father was chief. But for what 
 use or purpose was that vessel intended 1 The last 
 line answers the question, 
 
 " And righteousness delivereth from death ;" 
 
 which, with the post-Biblical Jews, means " Alms- 
 giving delivereth from death." * Such is the inscrip- 
 tion on every alms' receptacle to be found in 
 the porticos of every well-ordered synagogue. 
 I have noticed last year, in the course of a con- 
 tinental tour, that inscription on the vessels 
 placed in the porticos of the synagogues, for the re- 
 ception of alms. This vessel, therefore, I conclude 
 was placed in the portico of the synagogue of Bury 
 St. Edmund's, for the reception of votive offerings 
 from the members of the congregation, for the safety 
 of their pilgrim rabbi ; which offerings were intended 
 to be forwarded for the benefit of the poor Jewish 
 saints at Jerusalem. When the banishment of the 
 then Anglo-Hebrews took place, the unhappy exiles 
 either buried or sunk in rivers and brooks many of 
 their valuables and sacred things, that the articles 
 might not fall into the hands of the rapacious Anglo- 
 Gentiles. Hence the finding of that vessel in a Suffolk 
 river. The lid which belonged to it has never been 
 heard of as yet. Time may yet bring both to light 
 I am, moreover, led to conjecture that the expulsion 
 *For Professor Gagnier's interpretation, as given by Tovey, 
 see Appendix L.
 
 52 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 of the Jews from this country took place between that 
 rabbi's departure for Jerusalem and his return to 
 Europe. On reaching the latter, he had learnt the 
 calamity which had befallen his people in England, 
 and after spending some time in Paris, where he dis- 
 puted with a certain Hebrew Christian, Nicolaus by 
 name, whom I shall presently introduce, he took up 
 his abode at Prague, where his family had probably 
 taken refuge. He. and his posterity after him, whilst 
 preserving the name Yechiel, assumed the surname 
 " Yerushalmy,'' that is, De Jerusalem. On examining 
 some of the epitaphs in the ancient Jewish cemetery 
 of Prague, I found one which marks the burying-place 
 of a Rabbi Yechiel ben Joseph De Jerusalem, dated 
 1598. The late Chief Rabbi of Prague, Solomon Je- 
 hudah Rappoport, a man of vast antiquarian learning, 
 remarked in his Hebrew biographical essay, on some 
 of the celebrities whose remains rest in that cemetery, 
 that Rabbi Yechiel was descended from a very ancient 
 Jewish family, whose ancestor came from Jerusalem 
 a long time ago, and settled at Prague. Many of his 
 descendants are even now men of mark. One of 
 his scions was ennobled by the late Emperor of 
 Austria, and assumed the name of Baron Salemfels. 
 
 Let me just mention the vicissitudes of the Suffolk 
 vessel, as far as I could trace it. My young friend, 
 Mr. Arthur Pigot, put a query respecting its where- 
 abouts in the " Notes and Queries." The question 
 elicited the answer that " at the dispersion of the 
 antiquities belonging to Edward, Earl of Oxford, on 
 March 8, 1741 2, there was a bell metal Jewish
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 53 
 
 vessel upon three legs, purchased by Rawlinson for 
 1 5s." Another friend, Mr. Bernal Osborne, who 
 takes an interest in the discovery of the vessel, wrote 
 to me a short time ago, " I have seen Sir Christopher 
 Rawlinson, who is a descendant of the antiquary in 
 whose possession the bronze vessel was traced. It 
 appears some of the effects of this Dr. Rawlinson were 
 sold at his death, but he left his pictures, books, MSS., 
 to St. John's College, Oxford. Whether the vessel 
 was sold or left to the college, I could not ascertain." 
 Probably one of the results of this meeting may prove 
 the discovery, if it still exists anywhere, of that most 
 interesting relic of the historic Anglo-Hebrews of 
 East Anglia.* 
 
 Besides those vestiges of the scattered nation 
 amongst you in bygone days, in stone and brass, there 
 are vast numbers in flesh and blood. Strange as it 
 may sound, it is yet true, notwithstanding the twofold 
 persecution to which the " Israelite indeed " was 
 subjected, on his repenting of his former rejection of 
 the second part of Judaism, and accepting the dictum 
 of the Deliverer greater than Moses ; I say, notwith- 
 standing the double persecution which awaited those 
 Nathanaels the loss of all things to the king, and the 
 loss of personal safety amongst his brethren after the 
 flesh many members of the historic Anglo-Hebrews' 
 synagogues courageously braved, with Pauline forti- 
 tude, every danger, and boldly maintained that Christ 
 was the end of the law for righteousness to every one 
 * See Postscript.
 
 54 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 that believeth. Considerable numbers, on the other 
 hand, joined the Church to save themselves from a dire 
 and dreary exile, when the edict of expulsion was 
 about to be put into effect. I trace the descendants 
 of those historic Anglo-Hebrews in the names and 
 physiognomies of the so-called " true-born English- 
 men." I see vestiges of them in every assembly I 
 have an opportunity of observing. Others may think 
 what they please ; but I consider that it is an in- 
 finitely higher honour I mean for people who seek 
 honour one from another, in consideration of pedi- 
 gree to be able to trace one's descent, be it ever so 
 remotely, to the sacred race, than to the equivocal 
 races of Saxon, Dane, Norman, Batavian, &c., &c. 
 De Foe's satire has the sting of stern truth when he 
 apostrophises the bragging Briton in the uncouth 
 lines : 
 
 " Thus from a mixture of all kinds began 
 
 That het'rogenous thing, an Englishman. 
 # # # * # 
 
 Fate jumbled them together, God knows how ; 
 Whate'er they were, they're true-born English now." 
 
 There is one name in particular amongst the historic 
 Anglo-Hebrew believers in both covenants which 
 deserves a passing notice. It is a name which once 
 rang through the halls of learning all over Europe, 
 during the transition of the Church from a deformed 
 to a reformed state; a name which furnished op- 
 portunity for more than one Latin pun. It is the 
 name of Nicolaus de Lyra. Both Roman Catholics and 
 the early Protestants gave to that erudite and learned
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 55 
 
 writer the credit of Luther's illumination. Pflug, 
 Bishop of Naumberg, had improvised the couplet : 
 
 " Si Lyra non lyrasset 
 Lutherus non saltasset." 
 
 A Protestant scholar played upon the name to the same 
 tune, but with a variation, and made the couplet 
 
 run thus : 
 
 "Nisi Lyra lyrasset 
 Totus mundus delirasset." 
 
 Wickliife has also profited much by De Lyra's writ- 
 ings, he used them frequently when translating the 
 Bible. Those writings were formerly very famous. 
 Pope, in giving the catalogue of Bay's Library, in his 
 " Dunciad," finds 
 
 " De Lyra there a dreadful front extend." 
 
 I believe that I am in a position to solve a bio- 
 graphical problem which has hitherto defied those 
 interested in such matters. I believe the celebrated 
 " Israelite indeed " was an East Anglian, a native of 
 Lynn. The writers of biographical dictionaries, 
 copying one another, thus begin their sketch of that 
 celebrity : " So called from the place of his birth, 
 Lyra in Normandy," &c., &c. I never could discover 
 whether there is, or ever was, such a place as Lyra in 
 Normandy; nor have the gazetteer makers and 
 guide-book compilers succeeded in making the dis- 
 covery. But what I did discover is this, that De Lyra 
 himself, in the title-page of one of his works, gives 
 England as his native country. There can be but 
 one opinion, that he must have been better informed
 
 56 THE VESTIGES OF THE 
 
 on this subject than his biographer L'Advocat who 
 lived about 500 years after De Lyra who, because 
 Nicolaus happened to have been at Paris for some 
 time, and was known by the surname of De Lyra, 
 made a Frenchman of the illustrious stranger.* Bishop 
 Bale, himself a native of East Anglia, who flourished 
 about a century after Nicolaus De Lyra positively 
 states that the great harbinger of the Reformation 
 was an Anglo-Hebrew Christian.-]- 
 
 Now, I find in an old history of Norfolk, that 
 about the same time that the great author I am speak- 
 ing of flourished i.e., the latter part of the thirteenth 
 and the first part of the fourteenth century there 
 flourished at Lynn a learned monk, who was a native 
 of that town, and was known as Nicolaus of Lynn. 
 That book tells me that that monk was a very learned 
 man, a great scholar, a great divine, a great mathe- 
 matician, an astronomer, and a great musician ; that 
 he was educated at Oxford, and that he belonged to 
 the Franciscan order. Exactly the same is affirmed of 
 Nicolaus de Lyra. If there were two such persons, 
 then Oxford must have been the Alma Mater of re- 
 markable twins, christened by the same name ! I do 
 not believe in the coincidence. There was only one 
 
 * The "Nouvelle Biographie Generale," published in 1860, is 
 indeed circumstantial on the subject, the notice of the celebrity 
 under review begins as follows : " Lyra (Nicolas de) exegete 
 theologien frangais, ne vers 1270, a Lyra, bourg situe pres 
 d'Evreux, mort a Paris, le 23 October, 1340." But who does 
 not know the facility with which a certain class of French 
 literati coin names. As an instance, see Appendix L. 
 
 f See Appendix M.
 
 HISTORIC ANGLO-HEBREWS OF EAST ANGLIA. 57 
 
 Nicolaus at Oxford, my " Israelite indeed," but he 
 was one and the same with the Nicolaus of Lynn, 
 and by reason of his musical proclivities, his friends 
 and admirers turned De Lynn into De Lyra. I have 
 no doubt in my own mind that the eminent Anglo- 
 Hebrews I have just spoken of, namely Rabbi 
 Yechiel and Father Nicolaus the former an anti- 
 Christian Jew, and the latter a Christian Jew met 
 at Paris towards the latter end of the thirteenth cen- 
 tury, when a fierce theological dispute took place 
 between them, the result of which was a small Hebrew 
 volume by the unbelieving Jew, couched in the most 
 intemperate and blasphemous language.* 
 
 De Lyra was not the only Jew of high attainments 
 about that time, who found out that the law without 
 the gospel was but Judaism unveiled. In the same 
 century there flourished in Spain a Rabbi Solomon 
 Halaywee, a native of Burgos, and founder of the 
 cathedral in that place. He is known in ecclesiasti- 
 cal history by his baptismal name, as Pablo de Santa 
 Maria, Bishop of Carthagena. A contemporary 
 Spanish poet said of him " that he possessed all 
 human learning, all the secrets of high philosophy ; 
 he was a masterly theologian, a sweet orator, an 
 admirable historian, a clear and veracious narrator, 
 one of whom every person spoke well. He continued 
 
 " 'Twas my delight to sit with, him 
 Beneath the solemn ivy tree 
 
 * It is preserved by "VVagenseil in his Tela lynea Satana. It 
 shows of what spirit anti-Christian Jews are made, and how- 
 unchangeable is the hostility of the unbeliever towards the 
 believer. 
 
 K
 
 58 THE VESTIGES, ETC. 
 
 To hide me from the sunny beam 
 Beneath the laurel's shade, and see 
 
 The little silver streamlet flowing : 
 While from his lips a richer stream 
 
 Fell, with the light of wisdom glowing 
 How sweet to slake my thirst with him !" 
 
 I cannot close this paper without remarking on the 
 great change of feeling towards the sacred race in 
 civilized Christendom. It was truly said by an 
 eminent living Anglo-Hebrew, " In exact proportion 
 as we have been favoured by nature, we have been 
 persecuted by man. After a thousand struggles ; 
 after acts of heroic courage that Rome has never 
 equalled ; deeds of divine patriotism that Athens, and 
 Sparta, and Carthage have never excelled ; we have 
 endured fifteen hundred years of supernatural slavery, 
 during which every device that can degrade or des- 
 troy man has been the destiny that we have sustained 
 and baffled." 
 
 Yes ! baffled ! the very sees, whose Archbishops 
 and Bishops had once fulminated anathemas against 
 the Anglo-Hebrews, are at this present moment filled 
 by prelates nominated by an Anglo-Hebrew. The 
 present Primate of all England, the Bishops of Lon- 
 don, Lincoln, and Peterborough bear rule by the ap- 
 pointment of the ex-Prime Minister of England ; and 
 the present Prime Minister is beholden for his seat, in 
 the House of Commons, to the superior influence of his 
 colleague, a modern Anglo-Hebrew, David Salomons ; 
 and he who has had the honour to address you, and to 
 whom you have listened with such patient indulgence, 
 has the privilege to belong to the same race.
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 AFTER the Paper had been read, approved of, and 
 commended, a short discussion ensued, the principal 
 burden of which was the disputing on the part of the 
 Rev. J. J. Raven, Head Master of Yarmouth Gram- 
 mar School the purpose of the bronze vessel (pp. 
 46 53.) as I described it. He resolutely maintained 
 that he saw one like it, of about the same date, at the 
 York Museum, with a Latin inscription, which pur- 
 ported that the vessel was intended as a mortar 
 for compounding drugs, and he therefore conceived 
 such to have been the use of the vessel which I de- 
 scribed. In vain did I appeal to the purport of 
 the Hebrew inscription of the vessel which I brought 
 under notice, Mr. Raven clung to his conception with 
 exemplary parental tenacity. However, our differ- 
 ence of opinion only tended to produce a cordial 
 friendship between us. The following extracts from 
 letters on the subject, which he has subsequently ad- 
 dressed to me, may be perused with interest, on 
 account of the hints which they suggest. 
 
 Yarmouth, 29th July, 1869. 
 
 I am very desirous of tracing the history of the bronze vessel 
 found in a Suffolk river, of which you produced a drawing at the 
 meeting of the Royal Archaeological Institute, at Bury, last week. 
 Whether it be a receptacle for alms, according to your view, or 
 
 E 2
 
 60 POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 a mortar for compounding drugs, according to mine, it is clearly 
 amongst the earliest specimens of bronze- casting in England. 
 I understood you to say that it was in the collection of the 
 second Harley, Earl of Oxford, and that it may possibly be in 
 the hands of the Pesident and Fellows of St. John's College, 
 Oxford. When you elicit the truth as to this conjecture, I 
 shall be greatly obliged if you will let me know. In the mean- 
 while I have a request to make, which I can only justify on the 
 ground of my long and obscure labours in the history of bell- 
 casting, &c.* It is, that you would let me have a copy, or 
 tracing, of the smaller sketch of this vessel, which you exhibited, 
 and of the inscription upon it. I think of having a photograph 
 taken of the mortar in the York Museum, of which I spoke in 
 the discussion after your paper, and I much wish to compare the 
 outline, position of inscription, and general -bearing of the two 
 vessels. I fear that the vessel itself has perished. That at 
 York was accidentally saved from the furnace in 1811, at Bir- 
 mingham, by Rudder the bell-founder, and presented to Mr. 
 Blunt, a surgeon in the town, whose collection was sold in 1835, 
 when a Mr. Kenrick, of West Bromwich, bought it for a large 
 sum, and presented it to the York Museum. The inscription on 
 it is : 
 
 MOETAEF? : SCJ - TONIS - EWANGEL 
 DE - IFIEMAEJA - BE - MAEIE - EBO. 
 
 And on the lower rim ; 
 
 FE - WILLS - DE - TOVTHOEP - ME - 
 FECIT - A.D. - M.CCC.VIII. 
 
 It weighs about 76 Ibs., and stands, I should say, some 18 in. 
 high. The history of the Harleian vessel may serve to connect 
 the Anglo-Hebrews with the early history of founding in 
 England. The only name of a founder discovered by me which 
 has any hint of Jewish origin is Symon de Hatfelde, who appears 
 
 * Mr. Raven read a most interesting Essay on " The Church Bells of Cam- 
 bridgeshire," on the same day that I read my Paper. This has just been 
 published, in a handsome volume, at Lowestoft, by Samuel Tymms.
 
 POSTSCRIPT. 61 
 
 to have flourished about the beginning of the fourteenth century, 
 and I fear we cannot put much faith in the Symon, as the 
 " Norman thieves" were rather fond of the name. 
 
 Yarmouth, 2nd August, 1869. 
 
 I am greatly obliged to you for sending me full particulars of 
 the history of the vessel fished up in a Suffolk stream in past 
 days, and to Lady Pigot for the sketch of it. On further 
 examination, I begin to grow dissatisfied with my own theory. 
 The neck is narrowed, and the lower part of the bowl too much 
 expanded for the mortars with which I am familiar. At the 
 same time, the fact of its being made of bronze, with solid handles 
 and feet of stoutness, would seem to indicate that it was intended 
 for some purpose requiring unusual strength and durability; and 
 as my York specimen is dated 1308, and Eabbi Sancto lived 
 before that time, it may be the form of an older style of mortar. 
 I will write to York for a photograph, and send you a copy, but 
 the effect of it will not be to strengthen my case at all. I really 
 do not know, however, why anything but English obstinacy 
 should prevent my acknowledging that your theory is as likely 
 to be correct as any other. I am beginning to quake upon 
 another point whether the vessel was cast at all, whether it was 
 not rather the work of the smith than the founder. If the 
 inscription were in high relief, it would make my mind comfort- 
 able again ; but there is no way, I suppose, of eliciting this point. 
 The reason for my doubting as to the vessel coming from a mould 
 is the claw-like ending of the handles they look so like rivet- 
 ing. I noticed the other day, at Hardwick, a bronze Etruscan jug 
 with the lower end of the handle of something the same form, 
 and loose, which would hardly be the case with a handle cast to 
 the vessel ; but at the upper end I could detect no trace of a 
 joint. I managed to put a quiet question to Professor Churchill 
 Babington about it ; but he would not enter into the technology 
 of the vessel. In the sketch which you kindly sent me, there is 
 a distinct joint between the handles and the band which passes 
 round the vessel connecting them. I dare not go further than 
 express my suspicions as to the vessel ever having come from the 
 mould.
 
 OxJ POSTSCRIPT. 
 
 Yarmouth, 6ih October, 1869. 
 
 I put myself into communication with Mr. Fairless Barber a 
 short time ago, on the subject of Yorkshire metallurgy ; and the 
 result has been a photograph of a vessel found at Wharncliffe, 
 of the history of which he could tell me nothing. I enclose it 
 for your acceptance, worthless as I fear it is. I must hunt up 
 a certain Minor Canon of York, who was at Cambridge with me, 
 and get a photograph of the York mortar for you; I am convinced 
 that I am in the wrong about your vessel, and when I lecture on 
 Bells, at Bury, at Christmas, all well, I will openly recant that 
 my wicked error in canonical form.
 
 APPENDIX.
 
 APPENDIX, 
 
 A. See page 13. 
 
 An eminent Cornish scholar of last century, who devoted a 
 great deal of his time to prove the affinity between the Hebrew 
 and the ancient Welsh languages, observed, "It would be 
 difficult to adduce a single article or form of construction in the 
 Hebrew grammar, but the same is to be found in Welsh, and 
 that there were many whole sentences in both languages exactly 
 the same in the very words." From two columns of quotations 
 which that writer adduced I give the following as examples, and 
 shall translate them according to their signification in the ancient 
 Cornish : 
 
 J D^N "^ Ps. xxix. 1 . 
 
 Beni Elyv. 
 Beared ones of power. 
 
 rrna 
 
 Mychweii MetJiion. 
 Thou dost quicken those that have failed. 
 
 s ns ^TK sba Lam. ii. i. 
 
 By-llwng adon-ydh holl neuodh lago. 
 The Lord has swallowed up all the tabernacles of Jacob. 
 
 : T$ !T nrrs -pn Prov. vii. 8. 
 
 Dyrac buth hi ai-i-sengyd. 
 The avenue of her dwelling he would go to tread. 
 
 : rnn *-nn bs m-m> nn-2 bistt? *yn Prov. vii. 27. 
 
 Dyracei sal buth-hi ea-warededh ill cadeirian meth. 
 
 That leads to vileness is her abode, going the descent to the 
 
 seat of failing.
 
 66 APPENDIX. 
 
 n -jba Tnbs mrp nns ina * 
 
 Barwch wytti id el-eini tnaelog y-hwylma. 
 
 Seat of increase art Thou, Supreme, our intellectual Power, 
 Possessor of the space of revolution. 
 
 y Tan Ps. vii. 11. 
 
 Meigen-i Jiwyl elyv. 
 My protection is from the intelligences. 
 
 -fba sin msas mrp -nasn -yba m sin >n Ps. xxiv. 10. 
 
 :nbo -na^n 
 Py yw-0 sy maeloc y-cavad T-A-YW-VO savwyod yw-o ma-elo c 
 
 y-cavad. Sela. 
 
 Who is He that is possessor of attainments? I THAT AM 
 HIM of hosts, He is the possessor of attainments. BEHOLD. 
 
 Now, if the aboriginal Britons knew not the Jews, where 
 could they have got hold of such whole Hebrew, purely 
 Hebrew, sentences? 
 
 B. See page 14. 
 
 b:n mn DwaiiMN msn TD II P Ditaoias nbtp -o 
 
 ntz?s is tz^s in i^s Dipa ^ ns ts^i oias'-pis 
 sbn n^sn nnbtz7b ns is nn3 
 
 Ditaoias 
 
 C. See page 15. 
 
 n>n ^ 
 
 smsi n-rsi 
 
 ib tt?nD Taan sbn D'Hirm m ain 
 snins : ^'a ^n^sitt? n^aripn b^n nta tan ^nsso sb > 
 nnis n-^n^ ana va "12 ps^Dva aa nn^nianat neo br 
 nnn ana nbiz? ntn -iD^pn^ ana T"a 'nsa na : bs-it 
 nin n>b laua ir mtab inbi&oo nisns bra 
 m^bsaas nria s^rr) ns^asti^a v" 1 ^ ">S5O n^ 
 
 : (lasbaa^? s"ba snpan 
 
 * The first sentence of almost all Jewish thanksgivings to this very day.
 
 APPENDIX. 67 
 
 D. See page 22. 
 Hollingshed relates the following episode : 
 
 "The king being at Bhoan on a time, there came to him 
 divers Jews, who inhabited that city, complaining that divers of 
 that nation had renounced their Jewish religion, and were become 
 Christians ; wherefore they besought him that for a certain sum 
 of money, which they offered to give, it might please him to 
 constrain them to abjure Christianity, and to turn to the Jewish 
 law again. He was content to satisfy their desires. And so 
 receiving their money, called them before him, and what with 
 threats, and putting them otherwise in fear, he compelled divers 
 of them to forsake Christ, and to turn to their old errors. Here- 
 upon the father of one Stephen, a Jew converted to the Christian 
 faith, being sore troubled for that his son was turned a Christian, 
 (and hearing what the king had done in like matters,) presented 
 unto him sixty marks of silver, conditionally that he should 
 enforce his son to return to his Jewish religion ; whereupon the 
 young man was brought before the king, unto whom the king 
 said, ' Sirrah, thy father here complain eth that without his 
 licence thou art become a Christian : if this be true, I command 
 thee to return again to the religion of thy nation without any 
 more ado.' To whom the young man answered, ' Your Grace, 
 (as I guess,) doth but jest.' Wherewith the king being moved, 
 said, 'What! thou dunghill knave, should I jest with thee ? Get 
 thee hence quickly and fulfil my commandment, or by St. Luke's 
 face, I shall cause thine eyes to be plucked out of thine head.' 
 The young man, nothing abashed thereat, with a constant voice 
 answered, 'Truly I will not do it; but know for certain, that if 
 you were a good Christian you would never have uttered any 
 such words, for it is the part of a Christian to reduce them again 
 to Christ which are departed from Him, and not to separate them 
 irom Him which are joined to Him by faith.' 
 
 " The king, herewith confounded, commanded the Jew to get 
 him out of his sight. But the father perceiving that the king could 
 not persuade his son to forsake the Christian faith, required to 
 have his money again. To whom the king said, he had done so 
 much as he promised to do, that was, to persuade him as far as
 
 68 APPENDIX. 
 
 he might. At length, when he would have had the king deal 
 further in the matter, the king, to stop his mouth, tendered back 
 to him half the money, and kept the other himself. All which 
 increased the suspicion men had of his infidelity." 
 
 E. See page 33. 
 
 Dr. Jost, in his " Geschichte der Israeliten," vol. vii., p. 119, in 
 common with all anti-Christian Jews, (see Apropos Essay,) betrays 
 all the venomous partiality which characterises the enemies of 
 " truth and justice, religion and piety." That Jewish historian 
 takes upon himself, without any reason whatever, to assert that 
 " den Anlass dazu gab ein getaufter Jude, oJine Zweifel durch seine 
 Schuld, von seinen ehemaligen Genossen auf offener Strasse verfolgt 
 tcurde." " The occasion for it was afforded by a baptized Jew, 
 who without doubt, [! ! !] through his own fault, was persecuted 
 in the open street by his former co-religionists." 
 
 F. See page 33. 
 
 The following three charters are of so remarkable a character, 
 that I deem them to be worthy of re-production, in their original 
 entirety. 
 
 (I-) 
 
 Rex omnibus fidelibus suis, et omnibus et Judeeis et Anglis 
 salutem. Sciatis nos concessisse, et prcesenti charta nostra con- 
 firmasse, Jacobo Judeeo de Londiniis Presbytero Judseorum, 
 Presbyteratum omnium Judseorum totius Anglise. Habendum 
 et tenendum quamdiu vixerit, libere, et quiete honorifice, et 
 integre ; ita quod nemo ei super hoc molestiam aliquam, aut 
 gravamen inferre praesumat. Quare volumus et firmiter prseci- 
 pimus, quod eidem Jacobo quoad vixerit, Presbyteratum Judseo- 
 rum per totam Angliam, garantetis, manuteneatis, et pacifice 
 defendatis. Et si quis ei super ea foris facere preesumpserit, id 
 ei sine dilatione (salva nobis emenda nostra de forisfactura nostra) 
 emendare faciatis, tanquam Dominico Judseo nostro, quern 
 specialiter in servitio nostro retinuimus. Prohibemus etiam ne 
 de aliquo ad se pertinente ponatur in placitum, nisi coram nobis, 
 aut coram Capitali Justiciario nostro, sicut charta Regis Richardi 
 fratris nostri testatur. 
 
 Teste S. Baethoniens, Episcopo, &c., Dat. per manum Huberti
 
 APPENDIX. 69 
 
 Cantuariensis Archiepiscopi, Cancellarii nostri, apud Rotho- 
 magum 12 die Julii an. Reg. nostr. primo. 
 
 (2.) 
 
 Johannes Dei Gratia, &c. Omnibus fidelibus suis ad quos 
 literse praesentes pervenerint tarn ultra mare quam citra. Man- 
 dans vobis et praecipiens, quatenus per quascunque villas et loca 
 Jacobus Presbyter Judaeorum, dilectus et familiaris noster tran- 
 sierit, ipsum salvo, et libere, cum omnibus ad ipsum pertinentibus, 
 transire et conduci faciatis ; nea ipsi aliquod impedimentum, 
 molestiam, aut gravamen fieri sustineatis, plus quam nobis ipsis 
 et si quis ei, in aliquo, forisfacere prsesumpserit, id ei sine 
 dilatione, emendari faciatis. 
 
 Teste Willelmo di Marisco, &c. Dat. per manum Hu. Cantuar. 
 Arcbiep. Cancellarii nostri apud Rothomagum 31. die Julii anno 
 Reg. nostr. primo. 
 
 (3.) 
 
 "Johannes Dei gratia, &c. Sciatis nos consessisse omnibus 
 Judaeis Anglise et Normaniae, libere et honorifice habere re- 
 sidentiam in terra nostra et omnia ilia de nobis tenenda quse 
 tenuerunt de Rege Henrico, avo patris nostri ; et omnia ilia quse 
 modo ration abiliter tenent in terris et feodis, et vadiis et akatis 
 suis : et quod habeant omnes libertates, et consuetudines suas, 
 sicut eas babuerunt tempore prsedicti regis H. avi patris nostri, 
 melius et quietius et honorabilius. Et si querela orta fuerit 
 inter Christanum et Judaoum, ille qui alium appelaverit ad 
 querelam suam dirationandam, habeat Testes, scilicet legitimum 
 Christianum et Judaeum. Et si Judaeus de querela sua breve 
 habeurit, breve suum erit ei testis. Et si Christianus habeurit 
 querelam adversus Judaeum, sit Judicata per pares Judaei. Et 
 cum Judseus obierit, non detineatur corpus suum super terram, 
 sed habeat haeres suus pecuniam suam et debita sua, ita quod 
 non inde disturbetur, si habeurit haeredem qui pro ipso res- 
 pondeat, et rectum faciat de debitis suis et de forisfacto suo. 
 Et liceat Judaeis omnia quao eis apportata fuerint, sine occasione 
 accipere et emere, exceptis illis quae de ecclesiao sunt et panno 
 sanguinolento. Et si Judaeus ab aliquo appellatus fuerit sine 
 teste, de illo appellatu erit quietus solo Sacramento suo super li-
 
 70 APPENDIX. 
 
 brum suum, et de appellatu illarum rerum quse ad coronam nos- 
 tram pertinent, similiter quietus erit solo Sacramento suo super 
 Eotulum suum. Et si inter Christianum et Judseum fuerit dis- 
 sentio de accomodatione alicujus peeunise, Judeeus probabit 
 catallum suum et Christianus lucrum. Et Liceat Judees quiete 
 vendere vadium, postquam certum erit, eum illud unum annum, 
 et unum diem tenuisse. Et Judsei non intrabunt inplacitum, 
 nisi eoram nobis, aut coram illis qui turres nostras custodierint, 
 in quorum ballivis Judsei manserint. Et ubicunque Judsei 
 fuerint, liceat eis ire ubicunque voluerint, cum omnibus catallis 
 eorum, sicut res nostrse proprise ; et nulli liceat eas retinere, neque 
 hoc eis prohibere. Et prsecipimus quod ipsi quieti sint per totam 
 Angliam et Normaniam de omnibus consuetudinibus et Theolo- 
 niis et modiatione vini sicut nostrum proprium catallum. Et man- 
 damus vobis et prsecipimus quod eos custodiatis, et defendatis, 
 et manu teneatis, et prohibemus nequis contra chartam istam de 
 hiis supredictis eos in placitum ponat super forisfacturam 
 nostram; sicut cnarta Eegi H. patris nostri rationabiliter 
 testatur. Teste T. Humf. filio Petri Com. Essex. Willielmi de 
 Meerscal. Com. de Pembr. Henr. de Bohun Com. de Hereford. 
 Robert de Turnham, "Willielmo Brywer, &c. Dat. per manum 
 S. Well. Archidiac. apud Marleberg, decimo dei Aprilis Anno 
 Eegni nostri secundo. Charta 2 John, n 49. 
 
 The above gracious charter might well have been considered a 
 fabrication, had the following one not been added soon. 
 
 Judsei Anglise dant Domino Eegi M. M. M. M. marc, pro Cartis 
 suis conformandis, et missse fuerunt Cartse Gaufrido filio Petri et 
 Stephano de Pertico, ut eas faciant legi eoram se, et eoram Dom. 
 Londoniensi et Norwicensi Episcopis, et cum acceperit securi- 
 tatem de illis quatuor mille marcis reddendis, tune eis illas cartas 
 eoram prsedictis liberet oblata 2 ~Fo. M. 3. 
 
 G. See page 38. 
 
 This was the first royal interest taken in the conversion of the 
 Jews. Individual cases of interest in the spiritual welfare of the 
 house of Jacob were to be met with in earlier times than those of 
 Henry III., even in John's time. In 1213, Richard, the then 
 Prior of Bermondsey, built a house for the reception of Hebrew
 
 APPENDIX. 71 
 
 Christians, which he called " The Hospital for Converts." A 
 much earlier institution for the same purpose was founded at 
 Oxford, and flourished for a considerable time. 
 
 Whilst scarcely a vestige of those institutions which were 
 organised by private individuals can now be traced, the vestiges 
 of the royal one stand out to the present day, in bold relief, and 
 seem to demand examination as to the legitimacy of the transfer 
 which has been inflicted upon the Domus Conversorum. A brief 
 sketch of the vicissitudes of the institution up to the present time 
 may not be altogether uninteresting. 
 
 The royal idea seemed to have found favour with some of the 
 prelates of that period. Ten years after the idea was carried out, 
 the then Bishop of Winchester endowed it with one hundred pounds, 
 a considerable benefaction, as money was then valued. In the 
 year 1248, a very rich Jew of London, Constantino Ahef by name, 
 had the misfortune to be convicted of felony, whereby he 
 forfeited all his houses, lands, tenements, &c., to the crown. 
 The king bestowed the forfeitures upon his best establishment. 
 
 When Edward I. succeeded to the throne, he ordered that every 
 Jew who made an avowal of THE FAITH, and possessed more 
 property than he absolutely required for the maintenance of him- 
 self and family, should hand over the surplus to the fund of the 
 House of Converts. The same king also made over to that institu- 
 tion all the fines to which the Jews might be subjected for the 
 seven years following his accession. He also granted to the said 
 "House" the poll-tax which was levied on the Israelites, and 
 all deodands that might come to the crown from similar sources. 
 The establishment was put on a more business-like footing. He 
 remodelled the management thereof, and insisted upon proper 
 accounts being kept of all the revenues belonging to the House, 
 as well as of the outlays in its behalf. Those accounts were 
 periodically to be rendered to the royal exchequer. Should a 
 balance be realised, the same was to be applied towards the im- 
 provement of the fabric, and towards the promotion of further 
 means for the service of God. 
 
 After the expulsion of the Jews, in 1 290, the usefulness of the 
 Institution gradually declined, and the fabric fell into compara- 
 tive decay. A report to the same effect was made in 1310,
 
 72 APPENDIX. 
 
 which, brought about a thorough repair of the house, the 
 chapel, cloisters, and tenements, but it unfortunately also 
 paved the way for the future misappropriation of the pro- 
 perty, and the diverting it from the object of the charity, which 
 the royal founder had in view. The "Wardenship of the " Domus 
 Conversorum " was annexed to the Mastership of the Rolls. It 
 is true that when the conjunction of the functions took place, it 
 was stated that no transfer of the revenues of the institution was 
 contemplated, but rather " to secure the care and preservation of 
 the House of Converts, with its edifices, chapel, enclosure, and 
 recent buildings ;" but the spoliation eventually followed for all 
 that. 
 
 It is a fact well worthy of notice, that there were 
 some Hebrew-Christians in this country between the periods 
 of the banishment and return of the Jewish people. There 
 is no consecutive chronicle of them during that period, but 
 detached accounts are now and then met with which warrant 
 the affirmation. For instance, in the thirtieth year of Edward 
 III., we read of one John de Castell, who was admitted into the 
 " Domus Conversorum " by the following writ : " The king to 
 his beloved chaplain, Henry de Ingleby, the guardian of our 
 House of Converts, in our city, London, sends greeting. Because 
 we wish that John of Castell a convert from the Jewish religion, 
 who lately came into our kingdom of England may have such 
 support in our said house, from our alms, as others of the same 
 sort have had in the same house before his time. We command 
 you to admit the same John into our house, and that you cause 
 him to have from that house the prescribed allowance for one 
 convert. The king being witness at Westminster, on the first of 
 July." We also read of a Jew, William Pierce by name, who 
 was converted to Christianity in the fifth year of Richard II., and 
 had a daily allowance of twopence from the funds of the " Domus 
 Conversorum." In the following reign of Henry IV., we read of 
 a Jewess, Elizabeth, the daughter of a famous Rabbi Moses, who, 
 having embraced Christianity, had a pension allowed her from 
 that fund, of "one penny a day above the usual allowance." 
 The endowment was recognised and made available as late as the 
 year 1 686, when two Hebrew Christians received pensions out of
 
 APPENDIX. 73 
 
 the property. It is somewhat suggestive, that notwithstanding 
 that a goodly number of the house of Israel were added to the 
 Church in this country during the eighteenth century, no instance 
 is on record that claims were made on the endowment on the part 
 of the Jewish believers. It shows that the members of the 
 synagogue who had joined the Church were men of considerable 
 wealth. It is also curious to find that in 1738 the royal 
 exchequer granted out of the endowment, an annual allowance 
 of five hundred pounds, for maintenance of " converts from 
 Popery." The crowning achievement of misappropriation was 
 effected in the first year of the reign of Her Most Gracious 
 Majesty, when an Act of Parliament (1 Viet. c. 46) was passed, 
 which converted the whole of the Hebrew- Christian estates into 
 Crown property. It is a very puzzling act, and might afford 
 ingenious Chancery lawyers a grand theatre for the exhibition of 
 legal skill. The preamble of the bill states that the Bolls' estate 
 was formerly " the site of the House or Hospital of Converts, 
 or Converted Jews," and that the hereditaments thereto belong- 
 ing had been granted by Edward III. to the Bolls' Office. The 
 fact, however, is that Edward III. only assigned those estates to 
 that office IN TRUST for carrying out the object of the endow- 
 ments. 
 
 I never can pass through Fleet-street without casting a wistful 
 glance towards the archway which leads to the chapel which 
 originally belonged to the " Domus Conversorum." Very often 
 indeed have I loitered about the sanctuary itself, with a yearn- 
 ing heart that it might be restored to its original object. It has 
 still its ancient and strong walls of flint and cement, in the same 
 style of building as the white tower of the Tower of London ; an 
 upper portion of it having fallen in ancient times, has been 
 replaced by modern brickwork. This stands in the Rolls' Court, 
 and the chapel is still in use for divine service, for the benefit of 
 lawyers and others in the neighbourhood.
 
 74 APPENDIX. 
 
 H. See page 39. 
 
 Some thirty years ago a statement of the particulars contained 
 in the preceding Appendix was drawn up and submitted to a 
 London solicitor, but he gave his opinion that it was then too 
 late to agitate the subject, as the Act of Parliament had settled 
 it for ever. Eecent repeals of Acts of Parliament by other Acts 
 of Parliament would seem to lead one to believe that if it were 
 too late then to agitate, it is not too late now. All honour is due 
 to the Eev. W. Gray, the worthy Principal of the flourishing 
 Domus Conversorum, Palestine Place, Bethnal Green, for having 
 had the courage to initiate a new agitation. He has kindly 
 permitted me to make use of the following reply which he 
 received from Mr. J. S. Brewer, of the Public Record Office, 
 to a letter which he had addressed to that gentleman on the 
 subject : 
 
 [COPY.] 
 
 PUBLIC EECORD OFFICE, 
 24th May, 1869. 
 
 DEA.R SIR, The Bolls' Estate was originally given for the 
 conversion of the Jews, as early as the reign of Edward I., but 
 as the cause did not prosper, it was converted to its present pur- 
 poses by Edward III. Even if it had not been so, all the 
 property was given up to the Government in the life of the late 
 Lord Langdale. And the Treasury now pay 5000 a year to the 
 Master of the Eolls, with the allowance of 600 a year for a 
 house, and 220 a year for the Eolls' Chapel, including the 
 salaries of Eeader, Preacher, and Organist, and all other 
 expenses. I am afraid, therefore, that the hope of receiving the 
 endowment to which you refer in your letter to me, is not very 
 cheering. Tour proper course would be to submit the case to the 
 Lords of the Treasury. 
 
 Yours truly, 
 (Signed) J. S. BEEWEE.
 
 APPENDIX. 75 
 
 With all due deference to Mr. Brewer's opinion, I should 
 venture to suggest to the large body of Hebrew Christians 
 in London, to petition, petition, petition, until even a Parliament 
 which " feared not God nor regarded man" restored that property 
 to its original purpose, spiritual and temporal. 
 
 I. See page 40. 
 
 The Monkish historians tell us that it proved a case of such 
 difficulty that the posted was thought proper to be returned to 
 parliament. Parliament could not decide. Indeed, the strange- 
 ness of the accusation would have puzzled any body of men to 
 decide. Four years were allowed to elapse before the charge was 
 brought, and the principal witness was a little boy of about nine 
 years of age, who stated that when he was about five years old he 
 was playing in a certain street; the Jews allured him into the house 
 of one Jacob, where they kept him a day and night, and then 
 blindfolded him, and circumcised him. Yet strange to say, with 
 his eyes blinded, and amidst the confusion of so painful an 
 operation, the youthful boy was able to notice several minute 
 particulars, which he narrated, but which certainly never had 
 any existence, inasmuch as the particulars he related to have 
 taken place after the circumcision have no connexion with that 
 rite. In addition to the boy's unlikely story, there were no 
 symptoms of any kind that witness had ever gone under such an 
 operation. Under such circumstances, and with such unsatis- 
 factory evidence, the poor Jews would doubtless have been 
 honourably acquitted, but as this calumny originated, in all 
 probability, with the ecclesiastics, they could not brook dis- 
 appointment, and contrived therefore to become accusers, wit- 
 nesses, and judges themselves. 
 
 The bishops accordingly insisted upon the matter being tried in 
 their courts, and as soon as the charge was dismissed by parlia- 
 ment, as incapable of being proved satisfactorily, the profess- 
 
 F 2
 
 76 APPENDIX. 
 
 ing ministers of Christianity, who stated that the boy was circum- 
 cised in derision and contumely of their Lord and Master, 
 determined to take the law into their own hands. They main- 
 tained that such questions belonged exclusively to the jurisdic- 
 tion of the church, and that the state had no right to interfere. 
 Baptism and circumcision, they argued, being matters of faith, 
 the ministers of that faith had, therefore, alone the right of 
 deciding cases of that kind. The poor Jews were therefore once 
 more dragged before a judge and jury, who were most inimical 
 to them, whose avaricious affections were set on their hard-earned 
 riches. One can easily guess the result of the judgment-seat, 
 and the fate of the unfortunate Norwich Jews. 
 
 William Ealegh, Bishop of Norwich, acted as judge : the arch- 
 deacon and the priests as witnesses, who deposed on oath that 
 they saw the boy immediately after he was circumcised, and that 
 there were then all the signs that such an operation had been 
 performed upon him. Why and wherefore the archdeacon and 
 priests kept it so long, the judge did neither ask nor care. How 
 it came to pass that the signs had, in the short space of four 
 years, totally disappeared, the judge did not investigate. A 
 certain Maude also deposed, in confirmation of the charge, that 
 after the boy had been taken home, the Jews called upon her to 
 warn her against giving him any swine's flesh to eat. The 
 Jews in Great Britain, pp. 231 4. 
 
 J. See page 42. 
 
 Mr. Hudson Turner, in his "Domestic Architecture of the 
 Middle Ages," and after him Mr. Samuel Tymms, gives the 
 following account of Moyses' Hall: 
 
 The police station, or Moyses' Hall, called also the " Jews' 
 House," or the " Jews' Synagogue." A singular specimen of a 
 dwelling-house of the end of the eleventh or beginning of the 
 twelfth century, and one of the most interesting remains in the 
 town.
 
 77 
 
 In plan, the building is nearly square, measuring in round 
 numbers about fifty feet either way. The ground floor is 
 vaulted and divided into three alleys, by ranges of three arches 
 of stone, springing from either round or square pillars, having 
 Norman capital bases. The arch-ribs of the western alley are 
 semicircular ; in the others they are early pointed. The western 
 division differs from the others, too, in being of greater width ; 
 the space between pillar and pillar being about sixteen feet, 
 while in the others it is less than eleven feet. These differences 
 in form and size, coupled with the fact that the western range 
 has been in comparatively modern times dissevered from the 
 others, and made to form part of the adjoining inn, have led 
 some to suppose that they must have originally belonged to 
 distinct though conjoined tenements ; but this notion was satis- 
 factorily set aside a few years since by the discovery of the 
 original staircase to the upper floor, in the first arch between the 
 western and middle alleys, with its perfect well, lighted by two 
 email apertures, one pointed and the other square, and having a 
 doorway into each alley. On the west side the vaulting was, 
 within the memory of persons still living, eight feet deeper than at 
 present, and the descent was by a small staircase from the 
 present staircase. It appears originally to have had no windows 
 on the ground floor. 
 
 On the upper, over the eastern vaultings, are two good transi- 
 tion Norman windows, each of two lights, square headed and 
 plain, under a round arch, with moulding and shafts in the 
 jambs, having capitals of almost early English character. It is 
 a good example of the external and internal details of windows 
 of this date. 
 
 It will be observed that internally the masonry is not carried up 
 all the way to the sill of the window ; by this arrangement a 
 bench of stone is formed on each side of it. The other part of 
 the house has a perpendicular window, which may have replaced 
 a Norman one. 
 
 The sculpture under this window, representing the wolf guard- 
 ing the crowned head of St. Edmund, is worthy of notice. The 
 upper part has been too much altered to enable us to make out 
 exactly what it originally was ; it may have been a tower, of
 
 70 APPENDIX. 
 
 which the upper part is destroyed, or it may have contained a 
 doorway. 
 
 The fireplace is in the wall of partition on the first floor, and 
 not towards the street, as in the Jews' house at Lincoln; but this 
 fireplace is not part of the original work, though it probably re- 
 placed an older one. The principal entrance to the house would 
 appear to have been on the east side. The present east wall is 
 no part of the genuine building, but was erected in 1806. That 
 tradition should have assigned the name of the "Jews' House " 
 to this building, and also to the two tenements of the Norman 
 period at Lincoln, is a fact not without significance, and worthy 
 of attention. Being the wealthiest members of the communit}, 
 it is not unlikely that the Jews constructed substantial habita- 
 tions, as much for the security of their persons and property as 
 from any other motive. 
 
 It is certain that in all early deeds relative to the transfer of 
 tenements once held by Jews, those tenements are usually 
 described as built of stone. It was not till the thirteenth century 
 that the Israelites were subjected to that long- continued system 
 of oppression and exaction which terminated in their expulsion 
 from the country by Edward I., in the year 1290. That expul- 
 sion was accomplished in a manner so sudden and violent, that 
 the memory of it was likely to be strongly impressed on the 
 popular mind, and, indeed, to remain so impressed in any place 
 where substantial monuments of their former residence still 
 survived. This house is mentioned in the will of Andreus Scar- 
 bot, 1474, as the " ten. Auquet ' Eegis, vocat' Moyse Hall." It 
 was the residence in 1514 of Eichard Kyng, a benefactor to the 
 town. 
 
 The Guildhall feoffees bought the hall about 1614, and con- 
 verted it into a workhouse and house of correction. In 1721 it 
 was a hospital or workhouse for thirty boys and girls, who were 
 clothed in blue, faced with yellow ; but on the consolidation of 
 the two parishes for the government of the poor, in 1740, the 
 hospital was removed to the workhouse. 
 
 The building is now used as a police station. In 1858 it was 
 repaired from designs by GK GK Scott, Esq., principally by 
 subscription. The changes rendered necessary in the outside
 
 APPENDIX. 79 
 
 repairs, have been carried out in a style more in harmony with 
 that of the ancient building ; the low-pitched gable having been 
 replaced by one of greater elevation, and the Italian turret which 
 crowned its summit, has given place to a plain square substan- 
 tial one of oak, covered with shingles, and terminated by a vane 
 adopted from the former one. 
 
 Warton, in his " History of English Poetry," speaks of a 
 magnificent stone synagogue extant, at Bury St. Edmund's, in 
 his day. 
 
 K. See page 47. 
 
 The then Marquis of Northampton, in the course of a letter to 
 Dr. Covell, dated " Castle Ashby, August 26, 1696," thus alludes 
 to the vessel : "The Rabbinical porridge-pot is a great mystery. 
 I can conceive it nothing but what is carried about in the 
 synagogues in imitation of the pot of manna,* whose form is not 
 very different from the description of this, as may be seen on the 
 shekel, one of which, if I remember, you have by you, and 
 several are exhibited in Walton's Prolog, to the Polyglott. I 
 guess this because " [Here follows a maudlin attempt to explain 
 the transcript of the inscription, which neither the copyist nor the 
 marquis could read. The latter then proceeds,] " To me the 
 whole result of this groping in the dark seems to be this, that 
 the dedicator had made a visit to the Holy City, (the merit of 
 which is as much amongst them [the Jews] as the Papists to 
 Loretto, or the Mahommedans to Mecca,) and upon his return de- 
 dicated this vessel to his church. How far I am from the mark 
 
 * The above item of information will astonish the Jews ; it will be so new 
 to them, like many other Gentile interpretations of Jewish customs and 
 manners.
 
 80 APPENDIX. 
 
 I can't tell ; but this is all the light I can gain, at this distance, 
 from the thing itself," &c., &c. 
 
 The following is an extract from Isaac Abendana's letter to Dr. 
 Covell, dated " Oxon, October 9th, 1696:" "As to the picture 
 of the pot, it is a hard matter to conjecture with any certainty 
 without some farther circumstances that may clear it. First, 
 whether there was anything in when found ? Whether it had 
 any cover ? The name of the place where it was found ? If you 
 can satisfy me thereof, may be will conduce much toward the 
 finding out something. In the meantime I have set down as I 
 can. I do not know of any vessel that is used at present in 
 our synagogue but these : a vessel for the priests, or of the 
 seed of Aaron, to wash their hands, when they go to bless the 
 people ; secondly, a vessel to go about the synagogue to 
 collect alms. There is sometimes made such a vessel to preserve 
 the ashes of some eminent man that died a martyr for his religion, 
 and so it is difficult to know for which of these uses it was 
 intended. I leave you to conjecture the most probable of the 
 two last," &c., &c. [Here follows a poor attempt at an analysis 
 of a nondescript inscription.]
 
 APPENDIX. 81 
 
 L. See page 51. 
 
 The Latin interpretation of the inscription, by Mr. Gagnier: 
 
 Votum. 
 
 Josephi filii Totyta/c/Vou Kabbi Jechielis, 
 Memoria Justi -rovfiaicap^ov fit in Benedictionem, 
 Qui reddit id, quod cominodato acceperat,* 
 
 Synagogso ^ahwelensi ; 
 
 Quatenus mereatur videre faciem 2 Arielis, 
 
 In coetu,f in Lege 3 Jekutielis ; 
 
 Et Justitia I'ib&rdbit d Morte. 
 
 l Kahwel, nomen urbis Provinciee Volhyniee, in Polonise.J 
 2 'Ariel, i.e., Leo Dei, nomen Altaris Templi Hierosolymitani. 
 3 Jekutiel, i.e., Expectatio Dei, sic appelatur populus Judaiicus 
 
 adventum Messiso, de quo in precibus suis quotidie dicunt : 
 
 Venial cito in diebus nostris. 
 
 M. See page 56. 
 
 The following brief account of De Lyra is given by Bishop 
 Bale in his " Illustrium Majoris Brittanise Catalogue. " 
 
 Nicolaus Lyranus ex Judsoorum genere Anglus ; atque 
 Hebrseorum Rabbinos in literis Hebraicis ab ipsa pueritia 
 
 * Ignorance of the technical phrase for Rabbinical expositions and disqui- 
 sitions dictated the above translation. 
 
 t The interpreter had here mistaken the grouping of the letters; 
 instead of reading, as he ought to have done, m 2TO3> he read 
 m^ r\D2> hence the eccentric translation. 
 
 J This is an ingenious invention, in the absence of a better knowledge of the 
 Hebrew language ; else the otherwise learned Frenchman would have trans- 
 lated the word vSin2> according to its import. 
 
 Nor was Mr. Gagnier more successful here ; the information respecting 
 the Jews calling the coming of the Messiah Jekutiel, is by no means reliable.
 
 52 APPENDIX. 
 
 nutritus, illud idioma sanctum ad unguem, ut loquuntur, novit. 
 Qui mox ut frequentasset scholas publicas, ac minoritarum 
 quorundam sincerioris judicii audisset conciones ; abhorrere 
 coepit a Talmudicis doctrinis, atque ita a tota sua gentis insania 
 stultissima. Conversus ergo ad Christ! fidem, ac regenerationis 
 lav aero lotus, Franciscan orum families, se statim adjunxit. Inter 
 quos scripturis sanctis studiosissimus ac longa exercitatione 
 peritus, Oxonii et Parisiis, cum insulsissimis Rabbinis, qui 
 plebem Judaicum vana Messise adventuri pollicitatione lactave- 
 rant disputationibus et scriptis, mirifice conflictavit. Denique 
 contra eorum apertiseimas blasphemias, utrumque Dei testamen- 
 tum diligentiori examine et elucidatione explanavit. Si in 
 plerisque, ut ei a multis imponitur, deliravit, tempori est impu- 
 tandum, in quo fere omnia erant hypocritarum nebulis obscurata. 
 Meliorem certe cseteris omnibus per earn setatem navavit in 
 scripturis operam. De verborum simplicitate non est quod con- 
 queritentur homines, cum a vocabulis eestimanda non sit seterni 
 patris veritas. Prseclara scripsit opuscula, ut prsedictus Tritemius 
 habet, quibus nomen suum celebriter devenit ad posteritatis no- 
 titiam. Doctor Martinus Lutherus, in secundo et nono capitibus 
 in Grenesim, se ideo dicit amavisse Lyranum atque inter optimos 
 posuisse quod pree cseteris interpretibus diligente fuerit historiam 
 prosecutus. Claruit A.C. 1337, quo Danielem exposuit, ac 
 Parieiis demum obiisse fertur.
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY.
 
 AN APEOPOS ESSAY, 
 
 WHATEVER opinion the intelligent reader may have 
 formed touching the manner in which the subject, in 
 the preceding pages, has been treated ; he must have 
 come to one conclusion only respecting the matter, 
 which has been brought in bold relief, under 
 consideration in those pages. Every sober, serious, 
 thoughtful reader must admit that the subject matter 
 is prolific of manifold suggestions. It suggests an 
 indissoluble connexion between sacred and secular 
 history ; especially as regards the chronicles of the 
 nation and people of Israel. It suggests that the 
 best and shortest method by which to put to silence 
 shallow-minded sceptics, would-be philosophical free- 
 thinkers the so-called rationalistic neologians of 
 the present day is to recommend the modern disciples 
 of Spinoza, or Voltaire, a more critical study of the 
 annals of Israel ancient and modern than their
 
 86 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 masters, just named had ever enjoyed.* It suggests that 
 Israel is a sort of KOSMOS, that the history of the na- 
 tion is as peculiar as the people themselves. PECULIAR 
 in the Bible sense, and in the modern secular sense. 
 It suggests that in whatever country the scattered seed 
 of Israel had been sown I use advisedly a prophetic 
 idiom -\ there it not only took deep root, but 
 when it sprang up into a tree, with wide spreading 
 branches, the latter became so entwined with the 
 branches of the native trees, that to describe the 
 growth of the one without that of the other, would 
 prove an imperfect, and therefore unreliable descrip- 
 tion. It suggests the truth and the applicability of 
 it to all times of the great apostolic dictum, " Even 
 so, then, at this present time, there is a remnant 
 according to the election of grace. " The Jewish 
 people bitter and intolerant as their national hostility 
 has hitherto been to the terms of the NEW TESTAMENT, 
 
 *The most erudite, philosophical, and masterly exposure of 
 Voltaire's attacks in his Philosophical Dictionary and other 
 works upon the Hebrew Scriptures and nation, has been pub- 
 lished, just a century ago, under the title of " Letters de quelques 
 Juifs, Portuguais, Allemandes, et Polonais." The work has gone 
 through many editions, in the original, since it was first pub- 
 lished. In England, or rather in Ireland, a very indifferent 
 translation of it appeared soon after the first original edition was 
 published, and has been out of print a few years short of a hun- 
 dred. A new translation of the last French edition, edited with 
 ability, so as to embrace the sceptical lucubrations of recent 
 years, would prove a most valuable defence of THE FAITH, at this 
 present day. I am glad to say that Lady Pigot has courageously 
 undertaken the task of TRANSLATOR and EDITOR. 
 
 f Hosea ii. 23. J Eom. xi. 5.
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 87 
 
 or COVENANT have never been without some of " the 
 Israel of God."* In the darkest and gloomiest 
 hours of the Christian Church at Rome, there was a 
 Saul, or Paul, who could boldly stand up and trium- 
 phantly ask, " I say, then, Hath God cast away His 
 people 1 " Answer, " God forbid ! For I also am an 
 Israelite, of the seed of Abraham," &c., &c.,f i.e., 
 " I am a living and moving argument against the 
 preposterous supposition." 
 
 I might contrive to gather in a very large harvest 
 of suggestions, for the fecundity of the subject matter 
 is in this respect almost illimitable, but let every 
 reader be his own reaper. There is only one sugges* 
 tion more that I wish to name, as the starting-point of 
 this little Essay ; namely, that the annals of the Anglo- 
 Hebrews provide as fine a field for a Niebuhr as the 
 History of Rome ever proved. The Tower, the Chap- 
 ter-House, Westminster Abbey, the Public Record Of- 
 fice, &c., &c., ^ abound with materials for such a 
 literary enterprize. But a stubborn question arises. 
 "What class of Her Majesty's subjects, in this 
 country, can present so candid, impartial, and critical 
 a Niebuhr at once so equal to the task, and disposed 
 to do justice to every portion of the Jewish nation in 
 this country 1 The Gentiles, or the Jews themselves "? " 
 It may be answered by the former : 
 
 * See Note* p. 22. 
 
 f Rom. xi. 1. 
 
 J Mr. J. Burtt, of the Public Record Office, is now engaged 
 upon a catalogue, for the printer, of the ancient deeds in all the 
 above-named archives ; he assures me that the Hebrew 
 Shetars are both numerous and interesting.
 
 88 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 " Of course we have the men equal to the task. 
 Look at our Stanley, our Froude ; they are only repre- 
 sentatives of large classes, of our able historians, 
 in Church and State." I reply, 
 
 " Neither your Stanley nor your Froude fair repre- 
 sentatives though they be of large classes of your able 
 historians in Church and State possess the peculiarly 
 requisite qualification for writing the history of the 
 dispersed of Israel, since the dismemberment of the 
 nation. To write such a history, it is necessary to be 
 conversant with the whole range of Hebrew literature, 
 since the close of the canon of Scripture. Very often 
 a single sentence only, may be detected in a scarce 
 Hebrew volume, which gives the clue to the solving 
 of a perplexing historical problem. Such an ac- 
 quaintance neither a Gentile Stanley, nor a Gentile 
 Froude possess." 
 
 " Not a Stanley ! Did he not publish a sparkling 
 * History of the Jewish Church ! ' 
 
 " Yes, yes ; that was the Jewish Church of the Old 
 Testament. His materials for it were made ready to 
 his hand, in the existing translations of the Hebrew 
 Scriptures, as well as other auxiliaries, such as 
 Ewald's productions, &c. Even with all those acces- 
 sories, he fell into many grave errors, by reason of not 
 possessing a critical knowledge of the original. A 
 specimen error I pointed out in a note to an article 
 which I wrote for the ' Scattered Nation,' for January 
 1866." 
 
 "Cannot the Anglo-Hebrews themselves, who, 
 undoubtedly, have many learned men amongst them,
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 89 
 
 produce a historian equal to the task of writing the 
 annals of the Jews in this country 1 " 
 
 Hitherto, whilst the English Jews have distin- 
 guished themselves in various literary and scientific 
 pursuits, they have not attempted a history of their 
 people in this country. I cannot conceal my convic- 
 tion that a Niebuhr- Jewish historian cannot be found 
 in any of the synagogues of Europe. The Jewish 
 people of the present day may be thus classified, (1) 
 Talmudical, (2) " Reformed," and (3) Christian. The 
 antipathy which exists between the two former, to- 
 wards one another, is almost as virulent as that be- 
 tween Ultramontane Roman Catholics and Hibernian 
 Orangemen. They cannot speak of one another with im- 
 partiality, much less write so. They brand each other 
 with the most disparaging stigmas. Such persons 
 as are in the habit of reading the Jewish newspapers 
 and periodicals, published at home and abroad, will 
 endorse the truth of my statement. Let me be 
 thoroughly understood, I am speaking of the writing 
 members of those two sections. There are many 
 noble exceptions, in either body, to specimens ot 
 which I shall presently allude ; but those exceptions 
 for reasons that I shall anon make plain do not trouble 
 themselves about controversial subjects, or Jewish 
 history. 
 
 Whilst the former two sections of the " House of 
 Israel " are at constant feuds amongst themselves, 
 they invariably coalesce in vilifying the last-named, 
 and smaller, section of their people, namely, the 
 Christian Jews. Implacable virulence, and deadly
 
 90 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 hate, marks the attitude of the two former towards 
 the latter. Their organs in this country, as well as on 
 the continent, breathe uncharitable denunciations 
 against the " remnant according to the election of 
 grace." Yet a historian of the annals of the Jewish 
 nation would have to notice the existence of that 
 remnant it is on the increase every day ! Would 
 either the Talmudical Jew, or the " Reformed " Jew, 
 treat them with candour and justice 1 Certainly not. 
 Let any one peruse the Jewish Weeklies in this 
 country, and he will see the gratuitous and frenzied 
 obloquy heaped, by their penmen, upon the Christian 
 Jews; those the scribblers repeat, unabashed, over 
 and over again, after the falsehood of their statements 
 has been exposed a hundred times. Just like so 
 many Codruses and Welsteds, whom Pope, the prince 
 of English satirists, appropriately described in the 
 following lines : 
 
 " Who shames the scribbler ? Break one cobweb through, 
 He spins the slight, self-pleasing thread anew ; 
 Destroy his fib or sophistry ; in vain, 
 The creature's at his dirty work again. 
 # # # # # 
 
 Pull ten years slandered did I e'er reply ? 
 
 Three thousand suns went down, on "Welsted'e lie ! " 
 
 " The remnant according to the election of grace," 
 may change the first three words of the last-quoted 
 couplet into " Full eighteen hundred years." Such 
 has been the experience of " Jhe remnant," from the 
 nation's Scribes, Pharisees, Sadducees, and Priests, 
 ever since the Redeemer began to call sinners to
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 91 
 
 repentance. Many a time did the fourfold hostile 
 element of unbelief coalesce to crush out THE FAITH 
 from the midst of the nation; but THE FAITH has 
 been leavening the nation now more, now less ever 
 since it was promulgated, and never more so than at 
 this present time. The above-named coalition was 
 never more rampant, more fierce, more reckless in their 
 libellous statements against " the remnant," than since 
 the beginning of this century. The historians which 
 either the Talmudical, or the " Reformed" Jews have 
 since produced have proved themselves partial, narrow- 
 minded, unscrupulous, unjust, and unreliable, when 
 they spoke or wrote of Christian Jews.* It will be 
 long ere the virulent attack is forgotten, which the 
 Jews of London made upon Mr. Samuda, at the late 
 general election ; simply because he dared to be 
 obedient to the dictates of his conviction and con- 
 science, and own the divine claims of Israel's New 
 Testament as well as the Old. Well might a Gentile 
 Christian have exclaimed, " Ah ! what a fate for 
 Christians, if such Israelites as scribble in the Jewish 
 papers swayed the sceptre of political authority ! M 
 
 I have named this Essay APROPOS, for more 
 reasons than one ; the most apparent one will be found 
 in the several digressions, which occurred to my mind, 
 as I was carried along in the train of thought on the 
 main subject, but I considered them at the same time 
 apropos to the grand junction. There is an episode in 
 the life of the late Dr. M'Caul, the most faithful and 
 true Gen tile-Christian-friend that the Jewish nation has 
 
 * As a specimen, see Appendix F. 
 G 2
 
 92 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 ever had, which seems to me to be relevant to the topic 
 under review. 
 
 Whilst Dr. M'Caul resided at Warsaw, a very 
 learned chief rabbi, upwards of fifty years of age, 
 from, a neighbouring town, called upon him, and 
 solicited further instruction in the Christian religion ; 
 as he was convinced that Judaism without Christianity 
 was only " the shadow of death." On entering into 
 conversation with the enquirer, Dr. M'Caul found 
 him a man of great learning, having a soul deeply 
 solemnized, a spirit profoundly devout, and a heart 
 breaking to be at peace with God. No Gentile knew 
 the Jews better than Dr. M'Caul did, he therefore 
 said to his visitor : 
 
 "My good rabbi, you know the animosity which 
 your people evince towards one of themselves who 
 returns to the teaching of the Bible, with regard to 
 their Redeemer. You know that they will not scruple 
 to accuse you of the most heinous crimes, and 
 inconsistencies, the moment that they find out that 
 you are feeling your way back again to the fold of 
 Israel's Shepherd." 
 
 " Yes," rejoined the sorrow-stricken rabbi, " I 
 thought of that too. I know that, though to-day I am 
 esteemed by my people as one of the saints of the 
 earth, to-morrow when the step which I am deter- 
 mined to take shall transpire my name shall be cast 
 out as evil, and all manner of false accusation will be 
 hurled against me. I have, however, provided against 
 THE FAITH being sullied on my account. Here is 
 the means of rebutting any attempt against my charac-
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 93 
 
 ter. I told my people that I was about to resign 
 my post, and remove to Warsaw. As I was a stranger 
 in the Polish metropolis, I asked the heads of the 
 congregation to testify to my religious and moral cha- 
 racter, according as they conscientiously thought of 
 me. Read what they say, and keep the paper by you." 
 
 Dr. M'Caul read the testimonial, numerously and 
 influentially signed; it endorsed the high opinion 
 which he had formed of his visitor, and Rabbi Abra- 
 ham Jacob Schwartzenberg became one of his catechu- 
 mens, preparatory to receiving the sacrament of bap- 
 tism. When the leading men, of the rabbi's ex-congre- 
 gation, heard thereof, they came to Warsaw, sought out 
 Dr. M'Caul, and overwhelmed him with hideous charges 
 of dishonesty, immorality, and impiety, against their 
 former pastor. To whom the Christian minister quietly 
 rejoined, "Possibly Rabbi Abraham Jacob Schwartzen- 
 berg is as disreputable as ye represent him to be; but in 
 what repute do ye hold the men who signed THIS 
 TESTIMONIAL!" He suited the action to the word, and 
 held up the instrument before the eyes of the accusers, 
 that they might see their own names. Of course they 
 left the house covered with shame and confusion of 
 face. But did the slanderers cease their revilings ] 
 No; they circulated a report that their late rabbi had 
 gone mad. 
 
 One word more about Schwartzenberg. He lived for 
 upwards of twenty years after his admission into the 
 Church by baptism; he never laid aside his long 
 national dress, he mixed amongst his brethren, 
 notwithstanding their cruel ill-treatment, and lovingly
 
 94 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 preached the Gospel to them. The Jews labour under 
 a sort of hallucination, that every Hebrew-Christian, 
 on his death-bed, recants his Christian profession of 
 faith, by repeating the words, " Hear, O Israel, the 
 LORD our God is one LORD;" the Jews of Warsaw were 
 therefore on the qui vive when the vital spark in that 
 venerable "Israelite indeed " was about to quit the 
 mortal frame. They crowded the dying saint's cham- 
 ber. "What were his very last words on earth to be"? 
 "Brethren, you wish to know in what faith I am 
 dying! If every drop of blood in me were vocal, 
 endowed with speech, each such drop would cry aloud 
 that I am dying full of joy and peace, believing in 
 the redemption of Israel, through the Lord Jesus 
 Christ." He spoke no more on earth after that.* 
 
 " Blush, Calumny ! and write on his tomb, 
 If honest eulogy can spare thee room, 
 Thy deep repentance !" 
 
 The Jewish Codruses and Welsteds are very fond of 
 telling their readers what certain " Christians " think 
 of " the remnant." Let me put them in possession of 
 the view of " the remnant " touching this part of the 
 story. As for the opinion which the spiritually igno- 
 rant, i.e., the mere nominal Gentile "Christian," forms 
 of the Hebrew Christians, picked up from some anti- 
 Christian Jew, it is to the maligned a matter of perfect 
 indifference. Those "Christians" can as much under- 
 
 * A portrait of that Christian Israelite appears as a frontis- 
 piece to the first edition of my "Fundamental Principles of 
 Modern Judaism Investigated."
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 95 
 
 stand the soul's conversion, as the born blind can 
 comprehend the beauty of the colours of the rainbow, 
 or as the born deaf can appreciate the melody and 
 harmony of the " Creation," or as the poor demented 
 maniac can understand the connexion between the 
 subject and predicate of a logical syllogism. Those 
 " Christians " are probably altogether ignorant that 
 
 " 'Twas a Jew that shed His blood 
 
 Our pardon to procure ; 
 'Tis a Jew that sits above, 
 Our blessings to secure." 
 
 The fact would probably be new to those " Chris- 
 tians" that Hebrew Christians were moved by the 
 Spirit of God to pen the sublime records contained in 
 the New Testament. Such " Christians " may well 
 sit at the feet of anti-christian Jews, and learn of them 
 how to revile " the Israel of God." 
 
 Those Jewish masters, along with their Gentile dis- 
 ciples, affect to sneer at Hebrew Christians, because 
 the latter have renounced the religion which was 
 invented by the Talmudists, and withal so repugnant 
 to sound reason, revelation, and common sense in 
 which they were born.* It is a pet, though a very 
 silly, phrase, with such sapient philosophers, that a man 
 ought to die in the religion in which he was born, be 
 it ever so untenable ; and that, notwithstanding that 
 
 * I am revising and enlarging the last edition of my " Funda- 
 mental Principles of Modern Judaism Investigated." It will 
 appear under the more comprehensive title, "The Whole Plan of 
 Post-Biblical Judaism."
 
 96 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 revelation has made known ONLY ONE, "Holy, Just, 
 and Good !" Were the aboriginal Britons wrong in 
 having given up their hideous and murderous form of 
 idolatry for " the glorious Gospel of the living God V 
 In what condition would now the British sages have 
 been, if all their ancestors had died worshippers of 
 Odin, or Thor 1 Were Copernicus and Galileo 
 wrong in accepting a different creed, with respect 
 to the solar system, from that in which they were 
 born, bred, and educated 1 No, no ; principles are 
 not necessarily sound, simply because our forefathers 
 espoused them ; nor are creeds inevitably tenable, or 
 orthodox, because they were instilled into our minds 
 from our cradles. 
 
 The goodwill which the Hebrew Christians value 
 they possess. The spiritually-educated Gentile 
 Christians know full well that the former were the 
 founders of the Christian Church. They are well 
 aware that the " Israel of God " are, at the present 
 moment, most important witnesses for God's truth in 
 the midst of a perverse and gainsaying generation, 
 and they treat them accordingly. Let me just adduce 
 an illustration. Last year was held a very influential 
 meeting of the clergy of the deanery of East Chester, 
 at Gateshead, under the presidency of the Archdeacon 
 of Durham. There were about thirty clergymen 
 present; the subject for consideration was the "Con- 
 vocation of the two Provinces." Who was selected to 
 draw up a paper on the important question ? We 
 were informed through the public press, metropolitan 
 and provincial, that the Rev. Samuel Asher Herbert,
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 97 
 
 Rector of St. James's, Gateshead, " read an able and 
 interesting paper upon the defects in the constitution 
 of Convocation of the Church." The paper was un- 
 animously adopted by the meeting of learned and 
 Christian gentlemen ; and those who have read the 
 Brochure must pronounce it a masterpiece.* Who is the 
 Rector of St. James's, Gateshead 1 An Anglo-Hebrew 
 Christian grandson of the founder of the Bedford 
 synagogue. He was introduced into the Christian 
 Church, by the sacred ordinance of baptism, in 1836, 
 at the ripe age of twenty-three; the officiating minister 
 being the catechumen's uncle, himself a former rabbi 
 of Bedford. Upwards of twenty persons from that 
 single family are now consistent members of the 
 Christian Church. 
 
 A worthy relative of mine, at Paris, has published 
 this year a clever work, entitled " Eighteen Centuries 
 of Christian Prejudice,"^ being an appeal on the part 
 of the Jews to the Gentiles, against the long and 
 deep-rooted hatred which the latter entertain towards 
 the former ; as well as a protest against the unjust 
 calumnies with which the Gentiles aspersed the Jews 
 during those long eighteen hundred years. Mutatis 
 mutandis, it would be an apposite title for an appeal, 
 on the part of " the remnant," to the residuary of the 
 Jewish nation, on the same score which my Jewish 
 kinsman pleads with Gentile Christians. 
 
 * " Convocation : Its present constitution, and its requirements 
 for the work of the Church." 
 
 f " Dix-huit Siecles de Prejuges Chretiens," Par Leon Hol- 
 lamdersky.
 
 98 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 Let me now, after this long, though apropos di- 
 gression, return to the principal topic of the Essay. 
 Every well-informed scholar must maintain that 
 neither the representatives of the Talmudical, nor 
 those of the " Reformed " Jews, are qualified to write 
 an unprejudiced history of the Anglo-Hebrews, or of 
 the Hebrew nation anywhere. I would go a step 
 farther, and maintain that the eighteen centuries of 
 prejudice has disqualified the representatives of the 
 residuary I mean the Christ-rejecting Jews, to write 
 soberly, critically, with a " literary conscience," on 
 any subject which appertains, directly or indirectly, to 
 their system of theology. As an illustration, I need 
 only mention the notoriously highly-coloured and 
 romantic article, which appeared a couple of years ago 
 in the " Quarterly Review," under the title Talmud. 
 I dare say, I may be reminded of one of Seneca's old 
 " saws," "Gallus in suo sterquilinio plurimum potest." 
 But I venture to affirm that no bantam has ever had the 
 assurance to make such a jubilant noise, over so 
 unsavoury a heap notwithstanding the few-and-far- 
 between grains which may be scratched out of it as 
 some Jews have made over the Talmud since that 
 article was published. The marvel is, that many 
 sceptical Gentile "Christians" should take the writer's 
 ipse diosit for sober truth. 
 
 " Then where is the Niebuhr for an ANGLO-HEBREW 
 HISTORY to be found?" I answer, fearlessly, amongst 
 Anglo-Hebrew Christians. The majority of those 
 men have passed through a discipline which fits them
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 99 
 
 for the critical examination of the most complex 
 questions. They were bom and bred in a system which 
 they were led to hold as utterly incontrovertible ; by 
 a process of most scrutinising enquiry, and searching 
 examination of evidence pro and con, they have at last 
 arrived at the conviction that the Judaism which they 
 had hitherto professed, was not only defective, or 
 incomplete, but also fearfully corrupt. So strong 
 was their conviction, that they braved the greatest 
 losses that a Jew can possibly experience, even 
 the severance of the nearest and tenderest ties. 
 Nothing short of the most irrefragable and over- 
 whelming evidence could have induced them to 
 become obedient to THE FAITH in the covenant com- 
 pleted on Calvary. The structure of the Hebrew 
 Christian's mind is such as to refuse to take in any 
 theory, or statement, on trust ; it must weigh every- 
 thing in the justest balances; it must try every thought 
 in the most refining crucible. The Hebrew Christians 
 are, moreover, jealous of their nation's honour ; they 
 take every opportunity to point out that which is 
 great, good, and noble amongst the members of the 
 Jewish community. Though the latter revile, the 
 former bless ; the latter persecute, the former bear 
 patiently ; the latter defame, the former live down. 
 
 " But we are constantly assured, by the Jews them- 
 selves, that only the poorest and most ignorant of their 
 nation change their religion, and that from sordid 
 motives." There can be no doubt that there are some 
 poor and ignorant Jews in the Christian Church, as well 
 as in the Jewish synagogue, and possibly, now and
 
 100 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 then, an unprincipled Jew, as well as an unprincipled 
 Gentile, trades upon religion ; but such are rare in- 
 stances indeed amongst Hebrew Christians. Though 
 Christianity does not profess to improve a poor man's 
 temporal prospects, it professes, and carries the pro- 
 fession into effect, to improve the ignorant and wicked 
 man's mental and moral character. The young 
 woman, Esther Lyons, whose case attracted lately so 
 much attention, is now a far better educated person 
 than she was whilst in her unhappy home, at Cardiff. 
 Such cases, however, as I have said, are but very 
 seldom to be met with amongst Hebrew Christians. 
 Their Jewish enemies try to persuade you, Gentile 
 Christians, that the rare exception is the rule. Be 
 on your guard ; take not the communications of your 
 informants, on that subject, as emanations from oracles 
 of truth. The enlightened, better educated, and 
 liberal-minded Jews do not treat those calumniators as 
 oracles of truth they feel an irresistible shrinking 
 from the touch of such bigots, though they, now and 
 then, hold out a reluctant hand to the slanderers. The 
 enlightened, well informed Jew is no bigot, no railer, 
 no false accuser. There are noble and impartial 
 spirits amongst the Jews everywhere, who, with 
 praiseworthy liberality, do justice to such of their 
 brethren as have seen reason to recognise the Divine 
 authority of the New Testament. 
 
 I will illustrate this, my statement, by a couple of 
 quotations from Jewish works of this present century. 
 
 The late Rabbi Isaac Beer Levinsohn, of Krem- 
 nitz, in Russia, in his well-written Hebrew work
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 101 
 
 DDtf, Ephes Damim, purporting to be a series 
 of conversations, at Jerusalem, between a patri- 
 arch of the Greek Church, Simmias by name, and a 
 chief rabbi of the Jews, Abraham Maimonides by 
 name, concerning the foul charge against the Jews, of 
 using Christian blood, which was then revived. 
 .Rabbi I. B. Levin sohn puts the following candid 
 confession into the mouth of Maimonides : 
 
 DVH D^DIDH 
 IK marmi rrw nint^o DHD^D :m 
 
 DVH XVD' 1 ^Ipm ...... 
 
 :pm mi t^K nvro 
 
 " The majority of converts now-a-day are from the 
 nobles of the children of Israel; and are generally 
 learned in various languages and sciences, or wonder- 
 fully wealthy ...... And with difficulty can now- 
 
 a-day a convert be found, who is either unlearned, 
 or uninformed." 
 
 That northern rabbi's sentiment found an echo in 
 the mind of a rabbi in the east, in the very place 
 where anti-christian Jews were so fearfully branded, 
 at Smyrna. (Rev. ii. 8 10.) I happened to be, in 
 1848, in " the queen of the cities of Anatolia" known 
 in the days of yore as " the crown of Ionia," " the 
 ornament of Asia." I found the Jews numerous there, 
 learned, and generally well-to-do. I paid a visit to 
 their chief, and really great, Rabbi Chayim Palagi. 
 That master in Israel received me cordially. In the 
 course of a long interview, we conversed on various 
 subjects touching the state of parties, and their
 
 102 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 respective conditions, amongst the Jews in Europe. 
 I particularly dwelt on the three classes into which the 
 Anglo-Hebrews are ranged, Talmudical, " Reformed," 
 and Christian. I asked the venerable man whether 
 he had heard of the interest which the Anglo- 
 Hebrew Christians took in the sufferings of their 
 anti-christian brethren at Damascus, when the latter 
 were accused, a few years ago, of murdering a Roman 
 Catholic priest, in order to secure his blood for the 
 Passover festival 1 The question put the rabbi in the 
 very best of humours, for he had an opportunity of 
 referring to a work of his, which he had published on 
 the subject, in the shape of a sermon. He spoke in 
 the same breath of Sir Moses Montefiore, and of Mr. 
 Pieritz now Rector of Hardwicke, diocese of Ely 
 the Anglo-Hebrew Christian who personally pleaded 
 the cause of the persecuted Jews before the pacha. 
 The rabbi owned that the latter did more than the 
 former for the exculpation of the Hebrews from 
 the foul calumny. He went up to one of his book- 
 shelves, and took down a volume it was his pub- 
 lished sermon, which he dedicated to Sir Moses 
 Montefiore and read out the following passage : 
 
 DKPJ om Tronic lw D^nnD HDD 
 :"oi mn 
 
 " And even the many of our wise men who have 
 changed their religion, does any one of them believe 
 in this thing]" &c., &c. 
 
 " This will convince you," said R. Chayim Palagi 
 to me, " that I have great respect for Jewish Christians.
 
 ATS T APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 I do not deny that many wise and many learned are 
 to be found amongst them. May I ask you to accept 
 this volume, as a memento of sincere friendship on 
 my part 1" Of course I accepted the book.* 
 
 The late Sir J. L. Goldsmid, a Jewish baronet, 
 when addressing a meeting, on the 28th of May, 
 1844, respecting the Jewish Literary and Scientific 
 Institution, said, " I will just mention a fact which has 
 just come to my knowledge, that out of the one hun- 
 dred and forty-two professors in the Berlin University, 
 fourteen of them are Jews, certainly converted ones, 
 but still Jews." The candid Jew everywhere ac- 
 knowledges that the change of sentiment, for the 
 better, amongst Gentile Christians, towards the 
 Jewish community, is owing, in a great measure, to 
 the pleadings of Hebrew Christians in its behalf. 
 
 Such exceptional Israelites as the three examples 
 which I have just adduced, are neither scarce nor un- 
 common. Unfortunately, however, those enlightened 
 and liberal-minded Jews do not care to become his- 
 torians of their nation. There are many things in the 
 annals of the people of which free thinking Jews I 
 use the term not in an opprobrious sense have reason 
 to be ashamed. They know, moreover, the enormous 
 capacity for abuse which bigotry possesses and 
 employs. Not having gone through the school and 
 discipline of most Hebrew Christians, they have not 
 the courage of the latter. They feel somewhat like the 
 late Duke of Wellington, when he said to Rogers, " I 
 
 * " A Pilgrimage to the Land of my Fathers." Vol. II., 
 pp. 159, 160.
 
 104 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 should like to tell the truth, but if I did, I should be 
 torn to pieces, here or abroad." Indeed there are 
 many highly respectable Jewish families, in this 
 country, who have joined the Church, and keep the 
 fact an inviolable secret. The Nicodemus type of 
 Hebrew Christians was at all times to be found 
 amongst the Jewish people. 
 
 At the close of the year 1862, when I resided in 
 Huntingdon, I was invited to London to baptize 
 privately a whole Sephardim family, consisting of 
 twenty-two members aged father and mother, six 
 sons, three daughters, four daughters-in-law, and 
 seven grandchildren. The interesting catechumens 
 particularly stipulated that the sacrament should be 
 administered to them under the seal of secrecy, as 
 they had an irresistible antipathy to publicity. 
 As a clergyman of the Church of England, I 
 could not minister in another man's parish with- 
 out the permission of " the powers that be." I was 
 obliged, therefore, to put myself into communica- 
 tion, on the subject, with the then Bishop of London 
 the present Archbishop of Canterbury and the Rev. 
 H. Howarth, Rector of St. George's, Hanover Square. 
 To both those authorities I have made known all the 
 particulars of that most interesting case. My com- 
 munications to them were, respectively, dated Novem- 
 ber 24th, 27th, and December 1st, 1862. 
 
 There are certain impertinent persons amongst the 
 anti-christian Jews, who have the assurance to ask for 
 the publication of the names of the Hebrew Christians 
 in England ! What for ? That they might indulge in
 
 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 105 
 
 coarse abuse against some of the best men, and most 
 consistent Christians, when a parliamentary election 
 shall again take place. To vilify other Hebrew 
 Christian candidates as they have maligned Mr. 
 Samtida ! ! ! 
 
 There are, however, many eminent Hebrew 
 Christians, whose moral prowess is invincible. "Truth 
 against the world," though only recently adopted by 
 the Laureate, has been their motto for upwards of 
 eighteen hundred years. A reliable, sound, critical, 
 and unbiassed history of the Jews, either in this land 
 or in other lands, can only be got from the pens 
 of the learned amongst the " Israelites indeed." A 
 college for such men not the bantling of a society 
 a chartered college, under the government and chan- 
 cellorship of distinguished Anglo-Hebrew Christians, 
 might prove the nursery of the purest literature 
 and soundest science. 
 
 -' How do I propose to raise the money for the 
 required fabric and endowment \ " By Act of Parlia- 
 ment ! Repeal the Spoliation Act of Anno Primo 
 Victoria? Reginse, cap. XLVI. Let the vast accumu- 
 lated property of the " Domus Conversorum," in 
 Chancery Lane, and Fetter Lane, be restored to its 
 proper object ; and a well-endowed college with its 
 chapel, and residences for professors, students, 
 porters is ready to hand. The new Public Record 
 Office would not be a bad college to begin with. 
 \Vhy not add " Sion College " to it \ 
 
 "When the Hebrew Christian, Sir Francis Palgrave, 
 was appointed Master of the Rolls, some facetious
 
 106 AN APROPOS ESSAY. 
 
 humourist, at the time, put a question in the " Notes 
 and Queries," to the effect, " How long since was it 
 that the property of the ' Domus Conversorum ' had 
 been restored to its original purpose "? " When I read 
 it, I could not help observing, " Many a true word 
 spoken in jest." Some may probably be disposed to 
 treat this, my proposition, as a jest. Let me assure 
 my readers that I am thoroughly and soberly in 
 earnest. 
 
 Is there no cause for courageous earnestness in the 
 matter! Nay, has not the time arrived for Anglo- 
 Hebrew Christians to be the most outspoken, of 
 all her Majesty's subjects, in this land ! There is no 
 department in the realm whether it be political, 
 ecclesiastical, civil, literary, or commercial which 
 some Hebrew Christians do not adorn. The " Israel- 
 ites indeed " have their representatives in the Senate, 
 at the Bar, in the Church, on the Exchange, and in 
 the Mart. The arts and the sciences count the children 
 of " the remnant" amongst their most genuine sup- 
 porters. Thank God, the Anglo-Hebrew Christians 
 are ornaments to every profession, quality, or trade 
 with which their names happen to be associated. 
 
 Printed at the Operative Jewish Converts' Institution, Palestine Place, Bethnal Green, E.
 
 Jurtjror. 
 
 i. 
 
 ABYSSINIA: ITS PAST, PRESENT, AND PROB- 
 ABLE FUTURE. A Lecture, with Notes and Appendices. 
 Published by Request. Price 3s. 
 
 "We felt whilst reading it that it is the production of a man thoroughly 
 acquainted with the subject : of one who enters into it fully equipped with 
 all that is required to do it justice, for he possesses Biblical, geographical, 
 and historical knowledge. The book reads like a romance, and has all the 
 charms which a loving heart alone can impart even to the writing of 
 truth." The Scattered Nation. 
 
 " Besides the direct object of the lecture, the writer has treated on several 
 important Biblical matters, in the preface, notes, &c." The ClericalJournal. 
 
 " Dr. Margoliouth has stated the case against the Foreign Office very 
 clearly, and it is impossible not to admit the force of his reasoning." The 
 A then<Bum. 
 
 " To those who desire to read for themselves an authentic account of the 
 Abyssinian martyrdoms, we cordially recommend the perusal of a brilliant 
 little brochure, entitled 'Abyssinia : its Past, Present, and Probable Future,' 
 from the facile pen of the Rev. Dr. Margoliouth. It is a book that will 
 repay an attentive consideration." Bell's Weekly Messenger. 
 
 II. 
 
 THE HAIDAD; A HARVEST THANKSGIVING 
 
 SERMON. With Preface and Appendices intended for careful perusal. 
 Price Is. 
 
 " I beg to thank you for your learned sermon, entitled ' Haidad.' Your 
 exposition of that word is a very interesting one, and it seems to have the 
 marks of probability, and to open out a view of joyful religious associations, 
 especially in connection with Harvest Thanksgiving." Extract from a Letter 
 of the Venerable Archdeacon Wordsworth. 
 
 " A learned Harvest Sermon." The Guardian. 
 
 " In the discourse will be found much matter of interest to those who 
 wish to gain an insight into that abstruse subject, the metrical, or poetical 
 anatomy of the Psalms in the original Hebrew." The Musical Standard. 
 
 III. 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF PROPHECY: being an Exposition, 
 
 in Four Sermons, on Revelation i. 7, xxii. 20. Preached on the Morn- 
 ings of the Sundays in Advent, 1863, with Appendices. Price 2s. 6d. 
 
 "The author displays, with some power, the sublime incidents of the 
 second coming of our Lord." Church Review. 
 
 " We shall always be glad to receive from his pen Expositions of Holy 
 Writ, at once so full of learning, and so free from extravagances as those 
 contained in the work before us." Clerical Journal.
 
 WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 IV. 
 
 ENGLAND'S CROWN OF REJOICING: a Sermon 
 
 preached on the Sunday before the Marriage of the Prince of Wales. 
 With an Appendix : being a Translation of the Hebrew Poem presented 
 to the late Prince Consort, at the Baptism of H.R.H. the Prince of 
 Wales. Price Is. 
 
 " This is a sermon extremely appropriate to the occasion on which it was 
 preached, from a text of singular beauty and significance." Literary 
 Churchman. 
 
 V. 
 
 THE TRUE LIGHT: a Farewell Sermon preached on 
 
 the evening of St. Bartholomew's Day, in the Parish Church of Wyton, 
 Hunts, on retiring from the spiritual charge of the Parish. Price 6d. 
 
 " We do not know when we have heard any one speak out more plainly 
 on the sin and danger of schism than does Dr. Margoliouth. * * * 
 We thank him for giving the weight of his name to the present protest 
 against schism on the part of the Clergy." The Clerical Journal. 
 
 VI. 
 
 THE END OF THE LAW: Two Sermons preached 
 
 at the Church of St. Edmund-the-King, Lombard Street. To which is 
 added A LETTER, with numerous Notes, to the Rev. William J. C. 
 Lindsay, B.A., Rector of Llanvaches, Monmouthshire ; being a Pre- 
 liminary Examination of the "Essays and Reviews." Rivingtons. 
 
 " A valuable work." Bishop of Rochester. 
 
 "A learned and useful work profitable to the Church at the present 
 time." Rev. Dr. M'Caul. 
 
 "A most well-timed and important work, calculated to do immediate good. 
 Interesting and zweckmassig ." Rev. Dr. Jelf. 
 
 " Your strictures on the ' Essays and Reviews ' are appropriate and well- 
 timed." Rev. Thomas Hartwell Home. 
 
 " No one can peruse a single page of this admirable work without being 
 
 struck at once by its profundity as well as its clearness The style 
 
 is easy, lucid, and pleasant to read, even when expounding matters which 
 are usually served up as pieces de resistance for the delectation of savans 
 alone." Weekly Messenger. 
 
 VII. 
 
 THE GOSPEL AND ITS MISSION. Second Edition. 
 
 "It is an admirable Sermon." Rev. Dr. Marsh.
 
 WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 VIII. 
 
 SACRED MINSTRELSY. A Lecture on Biblical and 
 
 Post-Biblical Hebrew Music. 
 
 " A great deal of interesting matter is given in these pages. The Jewish 
 airs will please the lovers of ruusic." Clerical Journal. 
 
 IX. 
 
 THE QUARREL OF GOD'S COVENANT. A Fast- 
 
 Day Sermon. Wertheim, Macintosh, and Hunt. 
 
 X. 
 
 THE LORD'S ANOINTED. A Coronation Sermon, 
 
 preached in the British Chapel at Moscow, on the Sunday before the 
 enthronement of Alexander II. Booth. 
 
 "May claim attention as a historical document, as well as a pulpit 
 discourse." Literary Gazette. 
 
 XI. 
 
 THE PENITENTIAL HYMN of JUDAH and ISRAEL 
 
 after the SPIRIT: an Exposition of Isaiah liii. Second Edition. 
 Longman and Co. 
 
 Extract from a letter to the Author, by the late Bishop of Kildare : 
 "My dear Margoliouth, I return the two last of a series of Sermons 
 which it would be unjust to withhold from the public at large," &c. 
 
 " Able, learned, and most profitable throughout ; to the scholar it will be 
 most interesting." Presbyterian Review. 
 
 " The author's whole aim is to demonstrate its vital importance, for 
 which purpose he takes it verse by verse, and comments upon each ex- 
 pression critically, historically, polemically, and practically "We feel 
 
 that we are quite safe in commending these Lectures to the attentive perusal 
 of all who are interested in this most wonderful prophecy." English Review. 
 
 XII. 
 
 GENUINE REPENTANCE, and its EFFECTS. An 
 
 Exposition of the Fourteenth Chapter of Hosea. Longman and Co. 
 
 " You have selected a very interesting portion of Scripture, and one 
 peculiarly suited to our moral and political state ; and I cannot doubt of the 
 effect that address will have upon your hearers." One of the Last Letter* 
 of the late Chancellor Raikes, of Chester, to the Author. 
 
 "The discourses are earnest and practical." The Literary Gazette.
 
 WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 XIII. 
 
 THE APOSTOLIC TRIPLE BENEDICTION. A 
 
 Farewell Sermon, preached at St. Bartholomew's Church, Salford. 
 XIV. 
 
 HOLMFIRTH'S SOLEMN VOICE. A Sermon preached 
 
 in St. Bartholomew's Church, Salford, in behalf of the Sufferers from 
 the calamitous visitation of Holmfirth. Wertheim and Macintosh. 
 
 XV. 
 
 THE HISTORY of the JEWS in GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 In Three Vols. Post 8vo. Richard Bentley. 
 
 " The minute and patient research here bestowed on the History of the 
 Jews in England has brought to light a mass of curious information, of 
 which few have any idea. The "work is one of real value, in more ways 
 than one ; especially as containing fragments of history almost inaccessible." 
 Presbyterian Review. 
 
 " These volumes are invested with great historical value and importance." 
 Caledonian Mercury. 
 
 " A. very complete and interesting History of the Jews in England. The 
 Author writes with candour and impartiality." Weekly Chronicle. 
 
 XVI. 
 
 A PILGRIMAGE TO THE LAND OF MY FATHERS. 
 
 Two Vols. 8vo. With numerous Illustrations. Richard Bentley. 
 
 " The Letters which he (Mr. M. M.) addressed to me were replete with 
 interesting information. The friends to whom I communicated them, read 
 them with as much pleasure as I had done ; and I believe him not only to 
 be singularly qualified to draw out and discover what is curious in the 
 countries that he visited, but likewise very happy in his manner of de- 
 scribing them." The Worshipful and Rev. Chancellor Raikes. 
 
 " So ends our review of a work which has entertained us with a variety of 
 topics, treated in an original way." Literary Gazette. 
 
 " The work abounds with curious details concerning the condition and 
 opinions of the Jewish populations of the various countries in Europe, Asia, 
 and Africa, which the Author visited. Some of the disclosures, too, are 
 as astounding and romantic as anything in Mr. Disraeli's fictions, and with 
 the additional advantage of being not inventions but truths Of the
 
 WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
 more learned portions of the work, its critical and antiquarian discussions, 
 we despair of giving an adequate account. They embrace a great variety 
 of subjects, and are highly creditable to the Author's learning and ability." 
 Daily News. 
 
 " It is replete with information as varied as it is valuable, as curious as it 
 is attractive." Britannia. 
 
 " He appears to be thoroughly conversant with Hebrew literature, and 
 his notices of Hebrew poetry, and occasional specimens of Hebrew music, 
 are curious." Examiner. 
 
 XVII. 
 
 THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF MODERN 
 
 JUDAISM INVESTIGATED. One Vol. 8vo. Wertheimand 
 
 Macintosh. 
 
 " Your luminous book, which suggests a most valuable alteration in the 
 course hitherto pursued by students of Theology, has not yet been a suf- 
 ficient time before the public to excite attention Your 
 
 investigation of Modern Judaism I have read several times throughout with 
 great attention. That work, with Mr. Chancellor Raikes' Preface, and your 
 short Memoir, form a compendium of much value to Theological Students, 
 because it brings together one whole subject of Talmudical learning, which 
 they have had to collect from different authors." Extract from a Letter of 
 the late Bishop of Kildare to the Author. 
 
 XVIII. 
 
 ISRAEL'S ORDINANCES EXAMINED. 8vo. Wert- 
 
 heim and Macintosh. 
 
 "We do not know any one whose reply we should look for with more 
 interest than Mr. Margoliouth's ; and on the perusal of his little pamphlet, 
 we found it just as happy in its spirit as it is conclusive in its arguments." 
 Christian Examiner. 
 
 &c., &c., &c., &c.
 
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 In Five Quarto Volumes. 
 
 The Author humbly trusts that, with the blessing of God, the 
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 useful to the advanced Theological Student, but also prove an im- 
 portant auxiliary to the ordinary Bible reader, who may be altogether 
 unacquainted with the Sacred tongue. 
 
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 of the Author's life ; he has diligently studied the writings of 
 Moses and the prophets in their original tongue, with a view to 
 their elucidation. During his various travels in the East, the West, 
 and the North, he has ever borne in mind his great enterprise, viz., 
 the illustration of the " Scriptures of Truth." 
 
 A great number of new references have been added in the 
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 siderable number of new readings have been discovered, which 
 make many passages, hitherto obscure, clear and intelligible. 
 
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 MISCELLANEOUS LECTURES. Two Vols. 8vo. 
 
 &c., &c., &c.
 
 39 PATERNOSTER Ro-w, E.G. 
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 INDEX. 
 
 ACTON'S Modern Cookery 20 
 
 Afterglow (The) 19 
 
 ALCOCK'S Residence in Japan 16 
 
 ALLIES on Formation of Christianity 15 
 
 Alpine Guide (The) 16 
 
 APJOHN'S Manual of the Metalloids 9 
 
 ARNOLD'S Manual of English Literature .. 5 
 
 AESOTT'S Elements of Physics 8 
 
 Aruiidines Cami 18 
 
 Autumn Holidays of a Country Parson .... 6 
 
 AYHB'S Treasury of Bible Knowledge 14 
 
 BACON'S Essays by WHATELT 5 
 
 Life and Letters, by SPEEDING . . 3 
 
 Works 4 
 
 BAIN'S Mental and Moral Science 7 
 
 on the Emotions and Will 7 
 
 on the Senses and Intellect 7 
 
 on the Study of Character 7 
 
 BALL'S Guide to the Central Alps 16 
 
 Guide to the Western Alps 10 
 
 Guide to the Eastern Alps 16 
 
 BARNARD'S Drawing from Nature 12 
 
 BAYLDON'S Rents aud Tillages 13 
 
 Beaten Tracks 16 
 
 BECKER'S Chariclcs and Gallus 17 
 
 BENFEY'S Sanskrit-English Dictionary c 
 
 BLACK'S Treatise on Brewing 20 
 
 BLACKLEY'S Word-Gossip 7 
 
 BLACKLEY and FRIEDLANDER'S German 
 
 and English Dictionary 6 
 
 BLAINE'S Rural Sports 19 
 
 Veterinary Art 19 
 
 BOOTH'S Epigrams 6 
 
 BOURNE on Screw Propeller 13 
 
 's Catechism of the Steam Engine . . 12 
 
 Examples of Modern Engines .. 13 
 
 Handbook of Steam Engine .... 13 
 
 Treatise on the Steam Engine.... 12 
 
 BOWDLER'S Family SHAKSPEARE 18 
 
 BRANDB'S Dictionary of Science, Literature, 
 
 and Art 9 
 
 BRAY'S (C.) Education of the Feelings .... 7 
 
 Philos' >phy of Necessity 7 
 
 On Force 7 
 
 BRINTON on Food and Digestion 20 
 
 BRODIE'S (Sir C. B.) Works 10 
 
 BROWNE'S Exposition of the 39 Articles. ... 13 
 
 BUCKLE'S History of Civilisation 2 
 
 BULL'S Hints to Mothers 20 
 
 Maternal Management of Children. . 20 
 
 BUNSEN'S Ancient Egypt 3 
 
 God in History 3 
 
 Memoirs 3 
 
 B CNSEN (E. De) on Apocrypha 15 
 
 '9 Koys of St. Peter 15 
 
 BUKBURY'S Mary's Every Day Book 20 
 
 BURKE'S Vicissitudes of Families 4 
 
 BURTON'S Christian Church S 
 
 Cabinet Lawyer 20 
 
 CALVERT'S Wife's Manual 15 
 
 CANNON'S Grant's Campaign 2 
 
 CARPENTER'S Six Months in India 16 
 
 CATES'S Biographical Dictionary 3 
 
 CATS and FARLIE'S Moral Emblems 11 
 
 Changed Aspects of Unchanged Truths .... 6 
 
 CHESNEY'S Euphrates Expedition 17 
 
 Indian Polity 2 
 
 Waterloo Campaign 2 
 
 CHILD'S Physiological Essays 10 
 
 Chorale Book for England 11 
 
 Churchman's Daily Remembrancer ! 
 
 CLOUGH'S Lives from Plutarch 2 
 
 COBBE'S Norman Kings 3 
 
 COLENSO (Bishop) on Pentateuch and Book 
 
 of Joshua It 
 
 Commonplace Philosopher in Town and 
 
 Country U 
 
 CONINGTON'S Chemical Analysis 9 
 
 Translation of Virgil's .SSneid 18 
 
 CONTANSEAU'S Two French Dictionaries . . 6 
 CoNYBEAREandHowsoN'sLife and Epistles 
 
 of St. Paul 18 
 
 COOK'S Acts of the Apostles 13 
 
 Voyages 4 
 
 COPLAND'S Dictionary of Practical Medicine 10 
 
 COULTHART'S Decimal Interest Tables 20 
 
 Counsel and Comfort from a Cily Pulpit . . 6 
 
 Cox's (G. W.) Manual of Mythology 17 
 
 Talc of the Great Persian War 8 
 
 Tales of Ancient Greece 
 
 (H.) Ancient Parliamentary Elections 
 
 History of the Reform Bills 
 
 Whig and Tory Administrations 
 
 17 
 1 
 1 
 1 
 CRESY'S Encyclopaedia of Civil Engineering 12 
 
 Critical Essays of a Country Parson 6 
 
 CROSS'S Old Story 19 
 
 CROWE'S History of France a 
 
 CRUMP on Banking, &c 19 
 
 CULLBY'B Handbook of Telegraphy 12 
 
 CUSACK'S History of Ireland 2 
 
 DART'S Iliad of Homer 18 
 
 D'AUBIGNE'S History of the Reformation hi 
 
 the time of CALVIN 2 
 
 DAVIDSON'S Introduction to New Testament 14 
 
 DAYMAN'S Dante's Divina Commedia 18 
 
 De:id Shot (The), by MARKSMAN 19 
 
 DE LA RIVE'S Treatise on Electricity 8
 
 22 
 
 MEW WORKS PUBLISHED BY LONGMANS AM, < (). 
 
 DE TOCQUEVILLE'S Democracy in America . 2 
 
 DOBSON on the Ox 19 
 
 DOVE'S Law of Storms 8 
 
 DYEE'S City of Borne 2 
 
 KASTLAKE'S Hints on Household Taste 
 H istory of Oil Painting 
 
 EDGINTON'S Odyssey 18 
 
 EDWAHDS'S Shipmaster's Guide 20 
 
 Elements of Botany 
 
 ELLICOTT'S Commentary on Ephesians 14 
 
 Destiny of the Creature 14 
 
 Lectures on Life of Christ .... 14 
 
 Commentary on Galatians .... 14 
 
 Pastoral Epist. 14 
 
 Philippians.&c. 14 
 
 Thessaloniaus 14 
 
 Essays and Reviews 15 
 
 EWALD'S History of Israel 14 
 
 HEWITT on the Diseases of Women 10 
 
 HOLMES'S Surgical Treatment of Children. . 10 
 
 System of Surgery 10 
 
 HOOKEE and WALKEE-ABNOTT'S British 
 
 Flora 9 
 
 HOENE'S Introduction to the Scriptures . . 14 
 
 Compendium of the Scriptures . . 14 
 
 How we Spent the Summer 16 
 
 HOWABD'S Gymnastic Exercises 10 
 
 HOWITT'S Australian Discovery 16 
 
 Northern Heights of London .... 17 
 
 Rural Life of England 17 
 
 Visits to Remarkable Places 17 
 
 HUGHES'S Manual of Geography 7 
 
 HULLAH'S Lectures on Modern Music 11 
 
 Part Music, Sacred and Secular. . 11 
 
 Sacred Music 11 
 
 HUMPHBEYS'S Sentiments of Shakspcare . . 11 
 
 HCTTON'S Studies in Parliament 6 
 
 Hymns from Lyra Germanica 14 
 
 FAIEBAIEN'S Application of Cast and 
 
 Wrought Iron to Building 12 
 
 Information for Engineers .... 12 
 
 Treatise on Mills and Millwork 12 
 
 FAIEBAIEN on Iron Shipbuilding 12 
 
 FAEEAE'S Chapters on Language 5 
 
 FELKIN on Hosiery & Lace Manufactures. . 13 
 
 FFOULKES'S Christendom's Divisions 15 
 
 FITZGIBBON'S Ireland 2 
 
 FLIEDNEB'S (Pastor) Life 3 
 
 FOEBES'S Earls of Granard 4 
 
 FBANCIS'S Fishing Book 19 
 
 FEOUDE'S History of England 1 
 
 Short Studies G 
 
 GAXOT'S Elementary Physics 8 
 
 GILBEBT'S Cadore 16 
 
 and CHUBCHILL'S Dolomite Moun- 
 tains 16 
 
 GILLY'S Shipwrecks of the Navy 17 
 
 GIBTIN'S House I Live In 10 
 
 GOLDSMITH'S Poems, Illustrated 18 
 
 GOODBYE'S Elements of Mechanism 12 
 
 GOULD'S Silver Store 6 
 
 GEAHAM'S Book About Words 5 
 
 GBANT'S Ethics of Aristotle 5 
 
 Graver Thoughts of a Country Parson 6 
 
 Gray's Anatomy 10 
 
 GEEENE'S Corals and Sea Jellies 9 
 
 Sponges and Aniinalculae 9 
 
 GEEENHOW on Bronchitis 10 
 
 GHOVE on Correlation of Physical Forces . . 8 
 
 GWILT'S Encyclopaedia of Architecture .... 12 
 
 Hare on Election of Representatives 5 
 
 HABTWIG'S Harmonies of Nature 9 
 
 Polar World 9 
 
 Sea and its Living Wonders .... 9 
 
 Tropical World 9 
 
 HATTGHTON'S Manual of Geology 8 
 
 HAWKEE'S Instructions to Young Sports- 
 men 19 
 
 HENDEESON'S Folk-Lore 6 
 
 HEESCHEL'S Outlines of Astronomy 7 
 
 Preliminary Discourse on the 
 
 Icelandic Legends, SECOND SEEIES 17 
 
 INGELOW'S Poems is 
 
 Story of Doom 18 
 
 Instructions in Household Matters 20 
 
 JAMESON'S Legends of Saints and Martyrs . . 11 
 
 Legends of the Madonna 11 
 
 Legends of the Monastic Orders 11 
 
 Legends of the Saviour 11 
 
 Study of Natural Philosophy 
 
 JEN-SEE'S Holy Child 18 
 
 JOHNSTON'S Geographical Dictionary 7 
 
 JOEDAN on Vis Inerti.ie in Ocean 8 
 
 JUKES on Second Death 15 
 
 on Typi'S of Genesis 15 
 
 KALISCH'S Commentary on the Bible 5 
 
 Hebrew Grammar 5 
 
 KEITH on Destiny of the World 14 
 
 fulfilment of Prophecy 14 
 
 KEEL'S Metallurgy, by CEOOKES and 
 
 ROHBIG 13 
 
 KESTEVEN'S Domestic Medicine 10 
 
 KIEBY and SPENCE'S Entomology 9 
 
 LANDON'S (L. E. L.) Poetical Works 18 
 
 LATHAM'S English Dictionary 5 
 
 River Plate 7 
 
 LECK;Y'S History of European Morals 3 
 
 Rationalism 3 
 
 LEIGHTON'S Sermons and Charges 13 
 
 Leisure Hours in Town 6 
 
 Lessons of Middle Ace & 
 
 LEWES'S Biographical History of Philosophy 3 
 
 LicDELLand SCOTT'S Greek-Engiish Lexicon 5 
 
 : Abridged ditto 6 
 
 Life of Man Symbolised 11 
 
 LINDLEY and MOORE'S Treasury of Botany 9 
 
 LONGMAN'S Edward the Third 2 
 
 Lectures on History of England 2 
 
 LOUDON'S Encyclopedia of Agriculture IS 
 
 Gardening 13 
 
 Plants 9 
 
 8 LOWNDES'S Engineer's Handbook 12
 
 NEW WORKS PUBLISHED BT LONGMANS AND GO. 
 
 23 
 
 Lyra Domestica 15 
 
 Eucharistica 15 
 
 Germanica 11, 15 
 
 Mcssianica 15 
 
 Mystica 15 
 
 MACAULAT'S (Lord) Essays 3 
 
 History of England . . 1 
 
 Lays of Ancient Rome 18 
 
 Miscellaneous Writings 6 
 
 Speeches 5 
 
 Works 1 
 
 MACFARREN'S Lectures on Harmony 11 
 
 MACLEOD'S Elements of Political Economy 4 
 
 Dictionary of Political Economy 4 
 
 Elements of Banking 20 
 
 Theory and Practice of Banking 19 
 
 McCuLLOCH's Dictionary of Commerce .... 19 
 
 Geographical Dictionary .... 7 
 
 MAGUIRE'S Irish in America 17 
 
 MAGUIRE'S Life of Father Mathew 3 
 
 MALLESON'S French in India 2 
 
 31 AN x ING'S England and Christendom 15 
 
 MARSHALL'S Physiology 10 
 
 MAESHMAN'S History of India 2 
 
 Life of Havelock 4 
 
 MARTINEAU'S Endeavours after the Chris- 
 tian Life 16 
 
 MARTINEAU'S L'.-tters from Australia 16 
 
 M AS8E Y'S H istory of Eu.L'land 1 
 
 M \-<SINGBERD'S History of the Reformation 3 
 
 MAUNDER'S Biographical Treasury 4 
 
 Geographical Treasury 7 
 
 Historical Treasury 3 
 
 Scientific and Literary Treasury 9 
 
 Treasury of Knowledge 20 
 
 Treasury of Natural History . . 9 
 
 31 AURY'S Physical Geography 7 
 
 31 AY'.S Constitutional History of England. . 1 
 
 3lKiss.\ER's Biographical and Critical Essays 4 
 
 31 ELI A on Virgin Mary 14 
 
 MELVILLE'S Dip>y Grand 17 
 
 General Bounce 17 
 
 Gladiators 17 
 
 Good for Nothing 17 
 
 Holmby House 17 
 
 I nter pretcr 17 
 
 Kate Coventry 17 
 
 Queen's Maries 17 
 
 MKXDELSSOHX'S Letters 4 
 
 MERIVALE'S (H.) Historical Studies 1 
 
 (C.) Fall of the Roman Republic 2 
 
 Romans under the Empire 2 
 
 Boyle Lectures 2 
 
 MERRmEi.n and EVERS'S Navigation 7 
 
 MILES on Horse's Foot and Horse Shoeing. 19 
 
 on Horses' Teeth and Stables 19 
 
 MILL (J.) on the Mind 4 
 
 3IiLL ( J. S.) on Liberty 4 
 
 on Representative Government 4 
 
 on Utilitarianism 4 
 
 's Dissertations and Discussions 4 
 
 Political Economy 4 
 
 System of Logic 4 
 
 Hamilton's Philosophy 4 
 
 Inaugural Address at St. Andrew's . 4 
 
 MILLER'S Elements of Chemistry 9 
 
 Hymn Writers 15 
 
 MITCHELL'S Manual of Assaying in 
 
 3I(xlern Ireland 2 
 
 MONSELL'S Beatitudes 15 
 
 His Presence not his Memory. . 15 
 
 ' Spiritual Songs ' 15 
 
 MOORE'S Irish Jlelodies 18 
 
 Lalla Rookh is 
 
 Journal and Correspondence 3 
 
 Poetical Works 18 
 
 (Dr. G.) First Man 8 
 
 Power of the Soul over 
 
 the Body 15 
 
 MORELL'S Elements of Psychology 7 
 
 Mental Philosophy 7 
 
 3IorNTFiELD on National Church 14 
 
 MULLER'S (Max) Chips from a German 
 
 Workshop 7 
 
 Lectures on the Science of Lan- 
 guage 5 
 
 (K. O.) Literature of Ancient 
 
 Greece 2 
 
 MURCHISON on Continued Fevers 10 
 
 on Liver Complaints 10 
 
 3IuRE's Language and Literature of Greece 2 
 
 New Testament Illustrated with Wood En- 
 gravings from the Old Masters 11 
 
 NEWMAN'S History of his Religions Opinions 3 
 
 NICHOLAS'S Pedigree of the English People 6 
 
 NICHOLS'S Handbook to British Museum.. 20 
 
 NIGHTINGALE'S Notes on Hospitals 20 
 
 NILSSON'S Scandinavia 8 
 
 NOHTHCOTE'S Sanctuary of the Madonna . . 14 
 
 NORTHCOTT on Lathes and Turning 12 
 
 NORTON'S City of London 17 
 
 nimal Chemistry 10 
 
 Course of Practical Chemistry . . 10 
 
 Manual of Chemistry 9 
 
 Original Designs for Wood Carving 18 
 
 O\vi:Vs Comparative Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of Vertebrate Animals g 
 
 OwEJi's Lectures on the Invertebrata 8 
 
 PACKE'S Guide to the Pyrenees ie 
 
 FACET'S Lectures on Surgical Pathology . . 10 
 
 Palm Leaves ig 
 
 PEREIRA'S Manual of Materia Medica 11 
 
 PERKINS'S Italian and Tuscan Sculptors . . 12 
 
 PIIII.LIPS'S Guide to Geology 8 
 
 PHILLIPPS'S Horse and Man 19 
 
 Pictures in Tyrol ie 
 
 PIESSE'S Art of Perfumery 13 
 
 Chemical, Natural, and Physical Magic 13 
 
 PIKE'S English and their Orhnn 6 
 
 Playtime with the Poets 18 
 
 PLOWDEN'S Abyssinia 17 
 
 POLKO'S Reminiscences of Mendelssohn .... 4 
 
 PRATT 's Law of Building Societies 20 
 
 PRESCOTT'S Scripture Difficulties n 
 
 PROCTOR'S Handbook of the Stars 7 
 
 Saturn 7 
 
 PYCROFT'S Cricket Field 19 
 
 Quarterly Journal of Science 9 
 
 QUICK'S Educational Reformers 4
 
 24 
 
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